title
stringlengths 4
300
| selftext
stringlengths 0
9.63k
| answers.text
stringlengths 47
11.4k
| answers.score
int64 2
32.7k
| title_urls.url
sequence | selftext_urls.url
sequence | answers_urls.url
sequence | sent_vec
sequence |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
is it possible to make robotic worms to eat up our garbage ? | what could happen in the future with advances in biological engineering is to make the fungus that digests plastic into some sort of plastic recycling system. it would be nice to actually have plastics going back into nature. i will be happy for the day when we can truly live symbiotically with our environments. with that being stated, genetics and biological engineering are not my specialty so i don't actually know what it would take to create such a creature and if i did, we would not be able to do it today. | 3 | [] | [] | [] | [
-0.8339102268218994,
-0.14964741468429565,
0.4029967784881592,
0.25035759806632996,
-0.22626182436943054,
-1.743558406829834,
0.5798737406730652,
0.030400127172470093,
-0.6504753828048706,
-0.5697969198226929,
0.28793442249298096,
-0.822765588760376,
-0.13386772572994232,
1.017582893371582,
0.4165714681148529,
-0.0397317111492157,
0.27112019062042236,
-0.31009960174560547,
-0.6948387622833252,
1.1446480751037598,
-0.11807912588119507,
1.011858582496643,
-0.04667128622531891,
-0.39354538917541504,
-2.2857398986816406,
-0.45382508635520935,
-0.9441158771514893,
-0.7982407808303833,
-0.015964403748512268,
-0.8321963548660278,
0.8481820225715637,
0.8969814777374268,
-0.5387011766433716,
-1.3264009952545166,
0.4919321835041046,
1.3997063636779785,
0.004743605852127075,
-0.8425825834274292,
1.3519110679626465,
-0.03319379687309265,
-0.9460341334342957,
-0.6256346106529236,
-0.5254541635513306,
0.05404846370220184,
-0.42164069414138794,
-0.1010359525680542,
0.01331605389714241,
-0.2966156005859375,
0.3297220468521118,
-1.0155673027038574,
-0.12121063470840454,
-0.43238645792007446,
-0.3107699155807495,
-1.1336456537246704,
-0.21689563989639282,
1.4739434719085693,
0.19415439665317535,
-0.16709953546524048,
-0.7736831307411194,
-1.4804513454437256,
0.8316547274589539,
-0.14031974971294403,
0.34842222929000854,
2.30470609664917,
1.312302827835083,
-0.22621747851371765,
-0.7852272391319275,
1.3203842639923096,
-0.5702894926071167,
-0.14211678504943848,
0.539871335029602,
-0.131913959980011,
-0.1808902621269226,
0.9792138338088989,
1.4492396116256714,
-0.2732713222503662,
0.4859049618244171,
-0.16610825061798096,
0.463163822889328,
0.5344659686088562,
-1.667518138885498,
-0.002045929431915283,
-0.5176800489425659,
-0.09646793454885483,
-0.42511487007141113,
1.0457661151885986,
-0.01698237657546997,
0.7962141036987305,
-1.072265863418579,
0.9649916887283325,
-0.38370221853256226,
-0.2664673626422882,
0.9572367072105408,
0.28258228302001953,
-0.4018290638923645,
1.6738225221633911,
-0.3561306595802307,
-1.1733062267303467,
0.2600021958351135,
0.6125271320343018,
-0.41900283098220825,
0.6254932284355164,
-1.338059425354004,
-0.6599489450454712,
0.5672951936721802,
-0.5610986948013306,
-0.41168904304504395,
-0.15903039276599884,
1.8552179336547852,
0.2813718914985657,
-0.7423242926597595,
0.08818645775318146,
0.46367955207824707,
0.40829452872276306,
-0.9159294366836548,
-0.28774863481521606,
0.11437055468559265,
-0.5074987411499023,
-0.07202470302581787,
-1.8920373916625977,
0.17045973241329193,
0.1497955024242401,
-0.7352180480957031,
-1.1136014461517334,
-0.75599604845047,
0.10590697079896927,
1.2233046293258667,
1.3466113805770874,
-0.06494355946779251,
1.029218316078186,
1.283776044845581,
-0.6053487062454224,
1.2383759021759033,
0.18797734379768372,
-0.17042981088161469,
-0.3750166594982147,
-0.24483078718185425,
-0.9710408449172974,
-0.6315837502479553,
-0.81908118724823,
-1.212242603302002,
0.8167613744735718,
1.342782974243164,
-0.929759681224823,
-0.27472537755966187,
0.6547452211380005,
0.94429612159729,
-0.15450938045978546,
-0.4201123118400574,
-0.8610825538635254,
-1.3992193937301636,
-0.9616655111312866,
0.3829866051673889,
0.3162676692008972,
-0.8746851682662964,
-0.5701369047164917,
1.508232831954956,
0.3192381262779236,
0.3459312915802002,
0.9809279441833496,
-1.3418309688568115,
1.1777873039245605,
0.10846228897571564,
-0.5986522436141968,
-0.9845401048660278,
-0.41701892018318176,
-0.2410547435283661,
-0.8819416165351868,
1.143578290939331,
0.2733199894428253,
0.21085602045059204,
-0.12273368239402771,
1.292750597000122,
-0.022552073001861572,
1.5915709733963013,
0.725848376750946,
-1.8799813985824585,
-0.48782700300216675,
0.8282911777496338,
1.40413498878479,
0.7856022119522095,
-0.8624741435050964,
-0.3072570562362671,
-0.1449221819639206,
1.2925457954406738,
-0.9401838779449463,
0.21806791424751282,
0.48165127635002136,
-1.3229784965515137,
0.5241233706474304,
0.2828322947025299,
0.5714321136474609,
-0.044380903244018555,
1.120208978652954,
-0.8631748557090759,
-0.3433718681335449,
0.19299641251564026,
-0.01628147065639496,
-0.43332725763320923,
-0.8324300646781921,
-1.860154628753662,
0.3424902558326721,
-0.7325548529624939,
-0.5036337971687317,
0.8555411100387573,
-0.20404694974422455,
0.37972015142440796,
0.3495141863822937,
-0.05078968405723572,
0.5266855955123901,
-0.8221766948699951,
-0.8101209402084351,
1.1092866659164429,
0.2821291983127594,
1.0516843795776367,
0.1237628161907196,
1.487332820892334,
0.2486288994550705,
-0.22003057599067688,
-1.217986822128296,
-0.13050778210163116,
-0.12010478973388672,
0.8780746459960938,
-1.5203657150268555,
1.4173661470413208,
-0.3380143344402313,
0.6825718283653259,
0.15905851125717163,
0.38017335534095764,
-0.3690999448299408,
-0.20513927936553955,
0.7718876600265503,
-0.01149526983499527,
0.3747232258319855,
-0.44369789958000183,
0.8021120429039001,
1.4941433668136597,
-0.8422611951828003,
-0.2254188060760498,
0.14560863375663757,
0.5202292203903198,
0.5555731058120728,
-0.2688179016113281,
-0.30739685893058777,
-1.086917757987976,
1.8809173107147217,
-0.7146704196929932,
0.38559550046920776,
-2.1117477416992188,
2.2739174365997314,
-1.2859658002853394,
0.5795494914054871,
-0.8338475227355957,
-0.19006602466106415,
-0.4287440776824951,
-0.6324162483215332,
-1.7470755577087402,
0.4086412191390991,
-0.21424788236618042,
0.6137418150901794,
0.39288729429244995,
-1.286950707435608,
-0.557756245136261,
-1.4974782466888428,
1.2286186218261719,
-0.5296639204025269,
-0.9123018383979797,
3.0386643409729004,
-0.04172047972679138,
-0.5837433338165283,
-0.481195867061615,
-0.5176839828491211,
0.8899686932563782,
0.08134716749191284,
0.29997384548187256,
0.09218187630176544,
0.49813956022262573,
-2.0982143878936768,
0.29902026057243347,
0.9765681028366089,
0.6516053676605225,
-2.454664945602417,
-0.5284143686294556,
1.5211855173110962,
0.03568841144442558,
0.9731422662734985,
0.5377399325370789,
-0.08092203736305237,
-0.3774828612804413,
-0.611906886100769,
0.10662959516048431,
1.9209023714065552,
-1.5813491344451904,
-1.5379780530929565,
2.1659226417541504,
1.5466898679733276,
-1.042931079864502,
1.7397868633270264,
0.4183606803417206,
-0.7449748516082764,
-0.4754232168197632,
-0.6692955493927002,
-0.5281712412834167,
-0.19870315492153168,
-1.3023202419281006,
1.0892759561538696,
0.8814836740493774,
-0.28839296102523804,
0.8099510073661804,
-2.1682419776916504,
-0.06953868269920349,
-0.7617027759552002,
0.4269829988479614,
0.14063413441181183,
0.08894038200378418,
1.3133351802825928,
-0.5127514600753784,
1.034780502319336,
0.7910481691360474,
0.7209517955780029,
0.6328838467597961,
0.6809640526771545,
0.8321512937545776,
0.5106438398361206,
-1.1687761545181274,
0.13671939074993134,
0.4685506820678711,
0.1401195526123047,
0.11738111078739166,
-0.36293119192123413,
-2.12495756149292,
1.0692819356918335,
1.0507638454437256,
1.9391430616378784,
1.0471603870391846,
1.1660187244415283,
0.1380079984664917,
-0.8462126851081848,
-1.65562903881073,
-0.24355970323085785,
-1.0746228694915771,
-0.29684150218963623,
0.9434049129486084,
1.5307713747024536,
-0.026246799156069756,
-0.7359298467636108,
0.7654040455818176,
0.8569176197052002,
-0.5967719554901123,
0.2763175368309021,
0.27192071080207825,
-0.1121613159775734,
-1.510345220565796,
1.395902395248413,
0.016475588083267212,
-1.978600025177002,
-1.4035087823867798,
-0.1256754845380783,
0.4544839859008789,
-1.7243843078613281,
-0.24467366933822632,
-0.10269946604967117,
-0.18997149169445038,
2.175018310546875,
-0.6708187460899353,
0.35085418820381165,
-0.9686625599861145,
-0.3397354483604431,
-0.7395597696304321,
1.4827231168746948,
1.2410752773284912,
0.1299026608467102,
0.24787315726280212,
-0.8657536506652832,
-0.15897873044013977,
0.004514962434768677,
-0.3753874897956848,
1.2781789302825928,
-1.5121047496795654,
0.17907296121120453,
-0.3703770041465759,
-0.7106293439865112,
2.30267071723938,
-0.3376213312149048
] |
|
question about reproductive physiology | i have a question about the viability and process of becoming pregnant from a physiologic point of view. im pretty versed in human physiology, but i can never seem to get a consistent answer to this question. to see where i may be confused i'm posting this question in the form of multiple statements to either be confirmed or corrected. my statements will be make concerning normal physiology, barring any anomalies which can occur. 1) to become pregnant an egg and sperm must come together 2) an egg can only encounter a sperm in either the fallopian tube or the uterus. 3) once an egg is released it takes about a day to travel the tube/uterus to become implantable. 4) this one day is the only day an egg can be fertilized by a sperm (this is where i think my knowledge falls apart). 5) sperm are viable for about 2-3 days and can live in the uterus for this amount of time 6) including the day single day that an egg is released, and accounting for the 2-3 days on either side of this release in which a sperm can live in the uterus, it is only possible to become during this 4-6 day period of time. 7) it is impossible (again barring any abnormal physiology) to become pregnant at any other time during the reproductive cycle. assuming this is all true, what is the incidence of pregnancy outside of this time frame due to abnormal physiology? | well, first of all fertilization takes multiple sperm cells. the oocyte is surrounded by a membrane called the zona pellucida. this membrane can be degraded by enzymes in the sperm cells. by the time the fertilizing sperm cell reaches the egg, many others have already begun to work through the zp. secondly, the egg isn't that longliving. fertilization should take place in the 12 hours following ovulation. the oocyte reaches the uterus after about 5 days. (transport through the fallopian tube is really slow, as opposed to sperm cells that can 'swim' pretty fast). this means that fertilization always takes place in the tube. however sperm cells can live up to a few days, so if you can determine with certainty when the ovulation takes place, there's a window of a few days before to about a day after ovulation. in reality it's pretty hard to determine the exact date, since the ovulation doesn't always happen 14 days after the start of the menstrual cycle. it can be more or less. | 9 | [] | [] | [] | [
-0.48914551734924316,
0.25357645750045776,
1.0342199802398682,
-0.28417813777923584,
-2.804759979248047,
-1.927275538444519,
-2.9705190658569336,
-0.6737010478973389,
1.6519603729248047,
0.1465378850698471,
1.367112636566162,
1.932859182357788,
-2.1152591705322266,
1.3983122110366821,
-0.6255924701690674,
-2.672664165496826,
-0.14130479097366333,
-3.082292079925537,
-1.5581270456314087,
1.039123773574829,
2.349961280822754,
-0.4852924048900604,
0.2755890488624573,
-1.635428786277771,
0.8807172179222107,
-1.15794837474823,
-0.08780920505523682,
0.19764013588428497,
-0.04511691629886627,
-1.2447603940963745,
-1.8540928363800049,
1.585849404335022,
0.4747788906097412,
-1.8870813846588135,
0.944341778755188,
0.7548303604125977,
-1.5792804956436157,
-0.6690716743469238,
0.35980159044265747,
1.0150350332260132,
2.3567354679107666,
-2.4878323078155518,
-1.5114545822143555,
2.0209970474243164,
1.5225849151611328,
3.510922908782959,
2.942615032196045,
0.7145852446556091,
-0.4001099467277527,
0.8596662282943726,
0.06147569417953491,
-2.2312188148498535,
0.67425936460495,
-0.7660892009735107,
-0.6346322298049927,
0.4540335536003113,
0.22743059694766998,
-2.8613290786743164,
0.689064085483551,
-0.05721689760684967,
-2.7474968433380127,
2.419365644454956,
-1.2223411798477173,
0.7027252912521362,
3.0456135272979736,
-1.0008463859558105,
0.36967992782592773,
-1.6017534732818604,
0.7614984512329102,
0.8137238621711731,
1.0874595642089844,
1.1943999528884888,
-0.7729021906852722,
-0.23850087821483612,
-3.327071189880371,
1.0335297584533691,
1.9080536365509033,
1.7705403566360474,
0.27540695667266846,
-1.141679286956787,
1.253316044807434,
-0.3136771023273468,
0.4699767231941223,
0.4334767162799835,
-0.9991574287414551,
1.9061888456344604,
-0.6483398079872131,
1.5973525047302246,
-0.6832923889160156,
-0.7857296466827393,
-2.868147611618042,
0.019158191978931427,
-2.836129665374756,
-0.11962225288152695,
0.08492603152990341,
0.9485468864440918,
-0.3047921657562256,
-1.2708176374435425,
0.015019401907920837,
-2.6948471069335938,
-2.0044360160827637,
0.4902119040489197,
-0.6456294655799866,
0.8996044397354126,
-0.06312699615955353,
-0.2763687074184418,
-1.9599846601486206,
0.35972437262535095,
0.9178624153137207,
-0.13148435950279236,
-2.0861387252807617,
0.22755874693393707,
2.248117208480835,
1.3709572553634644,
0.12300191819667816,
2.095839023590088,
0.5550616979598999,
1.0882136821746826,
0.40603339672088623,
3.0858914852142334,
-1.247330665588379,
-3.063521385192871,
-0.7087470889091492,
-1.8504809141159058,
-0.01683799922466278,
-0.18451467156410217,
-0.12758532166481018,
0.9570528864860535,
1.839373230934143,
-0.7838684320449829,
2.6079471111297607,
-0.3082631230354309,
-2.6755318641662598,
0.2198590636253357,
0.5323712229728699,
-2.4259517192840576,
1.201711893081665,
-2.2513654232025146,
-2.1820549964904785,
-1.3057533502578735,
-0.35083311796188354,
-1.346892237663269,
-0.41125649213790894,
-2.636913299560547,
0.5361850261688232,
0.6221107244491577,
1.09895920753479,
1.6556727886199951,
-1.1915403604507446,
-3.221498489379883,
-2.7309346199035645,
-1.503371000289917,
1.237898826599121,
-0.8181667923927307,
-0.5706285238265991,
-1.3319807052612305,
-3.631495237350464,
0.4132944345474243,
0.8163789510726929,
-0.5325926542282104,
-2.105271577835083,
1.2787549495697021,
-0.621864378452301,
-0.4036029875278473,
1.487424612045288,
-0.253500759601593,
0.9213518500328064,
-0.3275356888771057,
-0.3356729745864868,
-1.4279844760894775,
-0.233518585562706,
-0.4065791070461273,
1.1926485300064087,
-3.5254101753234863,
0.04718829691410065,
0.37959766387939453,
0.4899764955043793,
0.6708272695541382,
0.7235745787620544,
3.0782837867736816,
0.9297623634338379,
-2.745640993118286,
1.8934497833251953,
0.009873718023300171,
1.3757808208465576,
-2.343841552734375,
-2.1290276050567627,
3.1573708057403564,
0.745874285697937,
-0.09902752190828323,
0.2552339732646942,
1.1294910907745361,
-1.8278294801712036,
0.8196467161178589,
-0.7392588257789612,
-1.308687686920166,
-1.6978371143341064,
3.682398796081543,
0.384797602891922,
-1.2907631397247314,
-1.144561529159546,
-1.554486870765686,
1.8296332359313965,
0.602797269821167,
1.8939309120178223,
-0.765394926071167,
-0.5635364055633545,
0.5271702408790588,
2.43818998336792,
0.10617974400520325,
-0.9826998114585876,
0.7510750889778137,
1.2469300031661987,
-0.13156557083129883,
0.06022447347640991,
3.392681121826172,
-0.055766407400369644,
-1.1564090251922607,
1.7888855934143066,
-1.7727032899856567,
1.3668724298477173,
-2.2560291290283203,
1.3922791481018066,
-1.461648941040039,
-0.2727719247341156,
-1.6861274242401123,
1.0496318340301514,
2.6778135299682617,
1.2725250720977783,
0.893487274646759,
2.166822671890259,
3.468306064605713,
-1.9058420658111572,
1.3570677042007446,
0.7969883680343628,
0.3117983937263489,
0.16438138484954834,
-0.05337017774581909,
0.3730085492134094,
1.6000635623931885,
-0.125564306974411,
0.7129336595535278,
0.9192684292793274,
1.0990259647369385,
-0.8444614410400391,
1.1197336912155151,
0.727350115776062,
-2.30092191696167,
1.8626902103424072,
0.8448904752731323,
-2.12180495262146,
0.3596612215042114,
-1.0998895168304443,
-0.5658748149871826,
-3.2040655612945557,
-2.3518788814544678,
-0.9059776067733765,
2.158310651779175,
1.1807881593704224,
1.1959840059280396,
1.6925971508026123,
0.4091673493385315,
2.5140299797058105,
-1.721183180809021,
0.9506062269210815,
-0.028880953788757324,
0.7492666244506836,
-0.7509586811065674,
-1.5630592107772827,
3.3643300533294678,
1.606992483139038,
2.4656708240509033,
0.8587138056755066,
1.6931145191192627,
0.0005263611674308777,
1.1611013412475586,
-0.3403352200984955,
-1.4269827604293823,
0.7439483404159546,
0.1381651759147644,
-0.5698032975196838,
-2.941323757171631,
-1.3261879682540894,
1.8536827564239502,
0.0681196004152298,
-2.6175291538238525,
2.421196699142456,
-0.34375014901161194,
0.0007629692554473877,
0.05425137281417847,
0.3813765048980713,
3.257288694381714,
1.0306332111358643,
0.788209855556488,
-0.595067024230957,
1.4939974546432495,
-1.2371056079864502,
-0.36983099579811096,
0.3689858317375183,
-1.0258443355560303,
-1.153218150138855,
-3.2800004482269287,
-2.2127749919891357,
-1.6217994689941406,
-2.0408711433410645,
0.7852889895439148,
-0.4428808093070984,
0.4362528622150421,
0.7007896900177002,
-2.0433919429779053,
-0.7857533693313599,
-1.3767616748809814,
1.1144518852233887,
-0.4013640582561493,
-0.9879173636436462,
1.7648670673370361,
0.6904278993606567,
0.5998470783233643,
0.9086551070213318,
0.10360462963581085,
0.27670860290527344,
-0.3283882737159729,
1.3449773788452148,
-1.527341365814209,
3.43097186088562,
0.35574716329574585,
1.766074299812317,
-0.13176600635051727,
2.1160998344421387,
1.2663865089416504,
0.06685339659452438,
2.501865863800049,
2.2448108196258545,
-3.773001194000244,
0.20089468359947205,
0.6843166351318359,
0.7593562602996826,
-1.566648244857788,
-0.4177335798740387,
-1.262044906616211,
-0.55197674036026,
-0.1931796371936798,
-0.4465498626232147,
2.190951108932495,
1.2224644422531128,
0.9731405973434448,
1.330505609512329,
1.8681397438049316,
-1.2013510465621948,
-1.7002068758010864,
2.286515235900879,
0.4516632556915283,
1.218950629234314,
0.12884706258773804,
-3.4253287315368652,
-1.1698367595672607,
-1.2773832082748413,
0.647765040397644,
-0.07346297800540924,
-1.0595358610153198,
-1.4921225309371948,
-0.8157917857170105,
0.020708441734313965,
3.399599075317383,
-1.258882761001587,
-0.5945444107055664,
0.9403152465820312,
-0.12609443068504333,
-2.201909065246582,
0.8313543796539307,
0.07322759181261063,
0.9751750826835632,
1.8479175567626953,
-1.1126694679260254,
1.0043463706970215,
-1.3841105699539185,
-2.520164728164673,
-0.9814696907997131,
2.7387568950653076,
2.29134464263916,
-2.230185031890869,
3.315122604370117,
3.8648126125335693,
-2.885127067565918
] |
how does data/data structure persistence/serialization work? | the true answer to your question would require writing a whole book. data structures are a vast topic. by definition a data structure is a data type that can be decomposed into simpler types, which may be elementary types (integer numbers, fractionals, characters, etc) or in turn be data structures themselves. the most trivial case of a data structure is an array of n elements of the same type, this can be serialized just by writing out all elements in sequence (provided that the reader knows it's an array and the type of the elements, otherwise you need an appropriate header). all data types are stored as numbers in a computer's memory. sometimes this requires an appropriate conversion, e.g. colors are stores as the intensities of rgb, [the lowercase alphabet is mapped in the numbers 97 to 122](_url_0_), etc. the tricky element that makes things more complex is the pointer type: it's a data type whose content is a memory address. (the type of the element in the pointed-to memory address is metainformation, though it's considered part of the pointer type in most high-level programming languages (c, java, etc)). these are a little bit trickier to serialize because a memory address is a temporary thing (it becomes meaningless as soon as you shutdown and ram is erased) and because they won't match the address in permanent storage. so all pointers are converted into file offsets at the time of serialization. the operating system exposes api calls to programs to move the "write cursor" a given position in a file, in unix-like systems this is the lseek() call. the program that serializes data must be aware of the file offset where a given element was written in order to convert all pointers to the new number value. many data structures are stored in non-contiguous spaces in memory. this includes linked lists, in which each cell contains a pointer to the next cell, and trees, in which each node contains pointers to descendents. this is because structures grow unpredictably depending on the program's input. when they are serialized, most cells will be written contiguously in a file, so addresses will change. last but not least, serialization isn't always written to a file. it can also be a network socket or a peripheral device. in such cases read "file" as "stream" above, but the rest doesn't change much. persistence is a slightly different thing. some data structures reside permanently on disk and memory addresses are never used - pointers are always file offsets instead. the rest doesn't change much, but there's a meaningful difference: since disk i/o always involves reading a whole sector at a time, it's preferable to store contiguously all cells that are likely to be read together. b trees and hashtables are very suitable for this purpose. other data structures can still reside on disk but may not be very efficient. | 2 | [] | [] | [
"http://www.asciitable.com/"
] | [
-2.6628170013427734,
-0.8409630656242371,
-6.079130172729492,
-5.180961608886719,
-4.072770595550537,
-6.324926853179932,
-2.7162883281707764,
3.110597848892212,
1.1868066787719727,
2.9274346828460693,
-0.06630110740661621,
0.5665825605392456,
1.528234601020813,
-0.8236737847328186,
-0.5426253080368042,
-3.54459547996521,
-1.974992275238037,
3.7261598110198975,
-2.9763119220733643,
3.7897534370422363,
1.703101396560669,
2.421431064605713,
-2.179133176803589,
-0.5023367404937744,
-0.7324010133743286,
2.20320200920105,
3.2295897006988525,
-0.9585334062576294,
-0.681025505065918,
-2.4137938022613525,
-1.1481602191925049,
4.895349025726318,
1.205636978149414,
4.687163352966309,
0.3132411241531372,
2.0595381259918213,
-1.0993471145629883,
-0.8942596316337585,
-1.8314493894577026,
-2.816854953765869,
-0.8557966947555542,
2.2744140625,
1.0995047092437744,
4.469159126281738,
-0.654196560382843,
1.2460781335830688,
-3.268472194671631,
2.1761066913604736,
-4.650819778442383,
1.0385891199111938,
-1.5410574674606323,
4.776400089263916,
-4.894829273223877,
3.726079225540161,
-3.9758994579315186,
0.3669154644012451,
0.2290603667497635,
-1.017521858215332,
-0.5883224606513977,
-1.373857855796814,
4.984794616699219,
-3.7825088500976562,
5.163601398468018,
0.0022538676857948303,
5.972711086273193,
-0.6438882946968079,
2.3939003944396973,
-0.7699747085571289,
2.0853376388549805,
-3.481231689453125,
0.0157477967441082,
2.2735159397125244,
-7.578408241271973,
5.25028657913208,
3.314385414123535,
2.2898411750793457,
-5.590047359466553,
3.5769660472869873,
0.5751632452011108,
-3.736006736755371,
-2.4935340881347656,
0.5350245237350464,
-0.5458918809890747,
-2.2812187671661377,
0.47271186113357544,
2.5489423274993896,
2.992480754852295,
-3.2102179527282715,
-0.226668119430542,
2.741060256958008,
2.801036834716797,
-3.706451654434204,
0.40925362706184387,
1.1642847061157227,
-2.4477591514587402,
0.5750064849853516,
3.8620922565460205,
-2.3917083740234375,
2.973782777786255,
0.5542213916778564,
-3.7433876991271973,
5.088833808898926,
-2.457012891769409,
3.2563209533691406,
1.7457307577133179,
-6.50651741027832,
1.022470474243164,
3.522270917892456,
-1.1570799350738525,
-2.4227256774902344,
1.3813865184783936,
-0.5107747316360474,
-0.5135924220085144,
-5.204775333404541,
-0.19409988820552826,
-5.161024570465088,
-2.5320487022399902,
1.8936710357666016,
-0.09687367081642151,
-3.0237162113189697,
-0.33476710319519043,
-4.575755596160889,
-5.051680564880371,
1.7523777484893799,
3.5069973468780518,
-1.2836225032806396,
-3.983888626098633,
2.253772497177124,
1.317490577697754,
-0.08081108331680298,
4.677830696105957,
-5.093930721282959,
1.9537672996520996,
-2.006502151489258,
2.642213821411133,
1.468724250793457,
-1.5606756210327148,
-4.009387493133545,
-9.809473037719727,
2.0693166255950928,
2.8585667610168457,
4.246902942657471,
3.811204433441162,
-0.09027081727981567,
1.7345480918884277,
7.289597988128662,
-4.614365577697754,
-4.9873270988464355,
-1.1597886085510254,
6.035836219787598,
2.475908041000366,
-5.4308319091796875,
0.7018499374389648,
-4.60655403137207,
-2.705432415008545,
-3.8884594440460205,
0.16771557927131653,
-0.45480045676231384,
-2.6616344451904297,
-2.1158814430236816,
-1.3155637979507446,
6.196866989135742,
4.543318271636963,
5.145229816436768,
2.6984922885894775,
-0.07366010546684265,
2.7328333854675293,
-1.642730951309204,
-0.2982324957847595,
0.3909143805503845,
3.900416851043701,
-1.3007357120513916,
-0.6916714906692505,
-3.2275774478912354,
2.259474277496338,
0.3649047613143921,
-2.8678131103515625,
-1.4403901100158691,
2.419739007949829,
1.2893296480178833,
1.9589930772781372,
0.9639976620674133,
6.095086574554443,
0.6315536499023438,
-0.46363237500190735,
-2.136192560195923,
2.715719223022461,
6.087120056152344,
-1.0982372760772705,
1.3851094245910645,
2.0014374256134033,
1.9884856939315796,
-2.618954658508301,
0.12056192755699158,
-0.8678920269012451,
-9.335034370422363,
6.0364603996276855,
5.953416347503662,
1.656707763671875,
1.0015721321105957,
0.16159479320049286,
2.5866189002990723,
-0.005086585879325867,
2.7815539836883545,
0.08543159067630768,
-1.318420171737671,
-3.5680737495422363,
-0.24831226468086243,
-6.069494724273682,
3.302666187286377,
-5.552337169647217,
0.09845724701881409,
-7.085892677307129,
-1.6173514127731323,
0.4702165722846985,
-5.293924331665039,
-3.6448848247528076,
-0.8065332770347595,
1.169145941734314,
1.6825557947158813,
0.06760996580123901,
-4.361735820770264,
1.9482530355453491,
-4.345349311828613,
-2.230512857437134,
0.2934994101524353,
-0.7653207778930664,
2.2505757808685303,
-4.489283561706543,
-2.4579505920410156,
2.3129682540893555,
-3.110701084136963,
-0.5933455228805542,
-0.08625045418739319,
-4.15089225769043,
2.0703539848327637,
0.7140913605690002,
-3.488299608230591,
1.3840316534042358,
-2.6596646308898926,
-4.080787658691406,
-3.058858633041382,
-3.1176319122314453,
-1.0805472135543823,
-3.6443676948547363,
1.8406133651733398,
1.7710187435150146,
2.1356658935546875,
6.205687046051025,
-1.676558256149292,
-8.96257209777832,
2.6810665130615234,
1.8373346328735352,
-0.3209986984729767,
-0.472867488861084,
-5.059225082397461,
-2.263425588607788,
-2.0194480419158936,
-1.542982578277588,
-1.5218112468719482,
4.314279079437256,
0.33152440190315247,
3.5304393768310547,
2.391404390335083,
3.948753833770752,
3.8475797176361084,
0.2515524625778198,
1.8193309307098389,
-1.1856696605682373,
-1.0459095239639282,
1.1011276245117188,
6.863870620727539,
3.7982375621795654,
0.9922584891319275,
5.219024181365967,
-1.5340213775634766,
2.6728270053863525,
-4.61380672454834,
0.10010607540607452,
4.11216926574707,
-1.6957961320877075,
2.8810901641845703,
-2.730046510696411,
2.0387091636657715,
3.0120272636413574,
-5.370115280151367,
2.3251914978027344,
0.36191073060035706,
0.06680504977703094,
-4.378501892089844,
1.5052905082702637,
-4.329733371734619,
-5.129211902618408,
-1.8346070051193237,
3.7038309574127197,
-1.714718222618103,
-0.16887925565242767,
-2.608846664428711,
3.9336190223693848,
-1.8633489608764648,
-0.29449570178985596,
-3.3787455558776855,
-4.895782470703125,
2.228034019470215,
-1.2924418449401855,
2.03324818611145,
2.6464285850524902,
6.912075996398926,
6.689060688018799,
-3.362516164779663,
1.446669340133667,
0.1830120086669922,
-1.3940579891204834,
0.29956135153770447,
-0.8122991323471069,
3.8240785598754883,
-3.581392765045166,
5.1103925704956055,
-0.3743099272251129,
3.2043240070343018,
-3.408143997192383,
-6.068957805633545,
-3.5841243267059326,
0.8675335645675659,
3.8139753341674805,
-1.444522738456726,
0.03230280429124832,
1.600158929824829,
2.9088616371154785,
4.524059295654297,
2.2655327320098877,
-1.23580002784729,
-4.5406904220581055,
-4.287291049957275,
2.3024392127990723,
-1.3214526176452637,
-2.1680068969726562,
-2.0991508960723877,
-3.5453054904937744,
3.663241147994995,
-2.6731491088867188,
0.4071427881717682,
-6.499442100524902,
0.8951733708381653,
3.4748241901397705,
-0.9086595773696899,
2.2610068321228027,
5.072821140289307,
2.492445707321167,
-1.8359295129776,
2.991382598876953,
1.640750765800476,
6.9510579109191895,
-0.5780597925186157,
3.629977226257324,
2.0972628593444824,
1.3211345672607422,
2.711066961288452,
-0.4657723307609558,
-0.34747517108917236,
-1.7475473880767822,
-2.400181770324707,
-3.8946340084075928,
5.627324104309082,
-1.8073712587356567,
-0.556475818157196,
-0.5474973320960999,
3.7281551361083984,
1.4120378494262695,
1.5191134214401245,
-3.984191417694092,
3.9488744735717773,
2.1722071170806885,
1.0781540870666504,
-0.8740604519844055,
-1.7321175336837769,
-1.8993031978607178,
-3.9934208393096924,
1.203334093093872,
5.374696731567383,
2.216872215270996,
1.5697020292282104,
6.819786071777344,
0.4730367064476013
] |
|
given a concentration of airborne lead, what is the typical absorption rate into the body? | when it comes to airborne lead exposure, you can find various limits and guidelines, which are usually in the form of ug/m^3 . what i'm having difficulty finding is a reference for the typical absorption rate into the body from airborne lead. so, for example, if you were in an environment with airborne lead at 20 ug/m^3 for x number of hours, how would you determine how much lead actually got absorbed by your body? i understand that the actual amount differs based on a number of factors, but there must be a way to approximate the range, or perhaps an average value. if anyone can point me in the direction of an authoritative reference, i would be grateful. | i think the best bet you would have is to monitor the pb levels in your blood before and after exposure as thats where the pb tends to be absorbed into in the short term. here some slightly but not quite related material from [osha](_url_0_). from [the who](_url_1_)most of the lead in ambient air is in the form of sub-micron-sized particles. some 30–50% of these inhaled particles are retained in the respiratory system. virtually all of this retained lead is absorbed into the body. particles in the size range of 1–3 μm are also efficiently deposited in the lungs. larger particles are deposited with variable efficiency, mainly in the upper respiratory tract with incomplete absorption. all lead particles that are cleared by the lung can be swallowed and result in further lead absorption from the gastrointestinal tract. so as you can see it also depends on the size distribution of lead inhaled. but if we take their magic number of 50% as the retained lead and assume as they did that nearly all of this is absorbed then we can say that the amount of lead you are dosed (d)=(conc in air)*(avg air in-take per unit time)*(exposure time)*(0.5). osha pel limit is 50 ug/m^3 for 8 hours day and the average human consumes 11,000 l of air a day or 3700 liters, lets say 4000 liters since they are working hard. 4000 l of air is 4 m^3 .so working a 8 hr shift at pel limit will result in roughly (50 ug/m^3 )*(4 m^3 )*(0.5)= 100 ug. | 3 | [] | [] | [
"https://www.osha.gov/laws-regs/regulations/standardnumber/1910/1910.1025AppA",
"http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0020/123077/AQG2ndEd_6_7Lead.pdf"
] | [
-1.176781415939331,
2.4319138526916504,
0.9760957956314087,
1.3217841386795044,
-0.3420735001564026,
-1.229245901107788,
3.1309711933135986,
1.627914309501648,
1.4894802570343018,
1.0004216432571411,
1.816227674484253,
-3.5750250816345215,
1.1144906282424927,
0.46796733140945435,
-1.0940064191818237,
-1.5083458423614502,
-1.700848937034607,
-0.8584231734275818,
-4.504514694213867,
1.0319187641143799,
0.9355021715164185,
2.83018159866333,
-0.3920815587043762,
-2.6826493740081787,
0.49842506647109985,
-0.9613062143325806,
0.7665213346481323,
-0.37045449018478394,
1.3044846057891846,
0.6864678859710693,
-0.5843713283538818,
-1.3982439041137695,
0.47567105293273926,
-1.1501747369766235,
1.0412609577178955,
-2.8883254528045654,
0.4200848340988159,
-0.7091072797775269,
-0.7614210844039917,
-0.8336928486824036,
-0.5652284622192383,
-0.7513425350189209,
-0.5894005298614502,
3.763850212097168,
-2.419229745864868,
1.7285401821136475,
-0.504533052444458,
0.7817964553833008,
-0.8875185251235962,
0.13294972479343414,
-0.5925472974777222,
-0.38553473353385925,
-2.3778128623962402,
5.121668338775635,
-2.5665431022644043,
-2.639554738998413,
-0.27395614981651306,
-2.3884639739990234,
-3.6958961486816406,
-0.8614165782928467,
-0.5552217960357666,
0.4022415578365326,
0.4383561909198761,
0.1842704713344574,
3.430936336517334,
0.12865155935287476,
-0.8378884196281433,
-1.01065993309021,
-0.4165673851966858,
1.4897452592849731,
-0.3103363513946533,
1.5540274381637573,
-1.5728976726531982,
-2.6671595573425293,
1.6783685684204102,
1.2962090969085693,
-2.40252947807312,
-0.3835618793964386,
1.3981385231018066,
-0.05908775329589844,
0.9563865661621094,
0.23788052797317505,
-1.561464548110962,
1.6244999170303345,
-1.1710593700408936,
2.391773223876953,
-0.9442777037620544,
2.0470046997070312,
-3.1526496410369873,
-0.06473997235298157,
-0.6193561553955078,
-1.8174200057983398,
-1.63340163230896,
1.9352160692214966,
0.33169522881507874,
3.2176706790924072,
-0.9541047215461731,
0.8426247835159302,
0.37674134969711304,
0.2606145739555359,
-1.5354340076446533,
0.8608779311180115,
-4.797488689422607,
-1.2222483158111572,
-3.4101717472076416,
0.06532073020935059,
0.319145143032074,
3.845018148422241,
0.03239215165376663,
1.3854327201843262,
-1.7966480255126953,
-0.41474100947380066,
0.5163933038711548,
0.4466160535812378,
1.1420658826828003,
-1.0038785934448242,
2.4632866382598877,
-1.6821526288986206,
-2.5399742126464844,
-4.019780158996582,
-0.075005903840065,
-0.07038406282663345,
-0.37292155623435974,
-2.3740789890289307,
0.2594718337059021,
-0.7688578963279724,
2.4439399242401123,
0.8073790073394775,
0.14691218733787537,
2.2068772315979004,
2.703207492828369,
-0.6125665307044983,
0.05907663702964783,
-0.9624119997024536,
-0.4606616199016571,
0.1489175260066986,
1.6429604291915894,
0.7285183072090149,
-3.6995396614074707,
3.2699384689331055,
0.2887308597564697,
2.0246899127960205,
-0.4017118215560913,
0.11250510811805725,
0.853807806968689,
3.8888585567474365,
-0.0021718740463256836,
-1.7171592712402344,
0.902296781539917,
-1.5028592348098755,
0.3183997869491577,
-1.2256927490234375,
1.9988571405410767,
-0.4463003873825073,
-1.3645732402801514,
-2.173128128051758,
-2.5008764266967773,
1.0967481136322021,
1.5894360542297363,
1.5001119375228882,
-5.001503944396973,
-0.5081697106361389,
-0.5411628484725952,
3.2865166664123535,
0.593005359172821,
2.2425825595855713,
0.014791369438171387,
-2.2695839405059814,
1.4886881113052368,
0.699853777885437,
1.127084493637085,
-0.42055296897888184,
0.3113420903682709,
-3.5881800651550293,
-2.8722147941589355,
-1.1503726243972778,
-4.262021541595459,
3.3421688079833984,
-0.013861387968063354,
0.2381972074508667,
0.4443334639072418,
1.0594570636749268,
2.1314280033111572,
1.0195426940917969,
-0.6468294858932495,
-1.0154658555984497,
0.6883254051208496,
2.88581919670105,
-0.7596791386604309,
1.437276840209961,
-0.3768501877784729,
3.396780490875244,
-1.6308726072311401,
1.4480631351470947,
-1.4133180379867554,
-2.823651075363159,
-2.131524085998535,
1.5416803359985352,
-0.88129723072052,
0.7562124729156494,
0.5093156695365906,
-0.5248469710350037,
-2.1227164268493652,
-0.6971065402030945,
2.9558475017547607,
1.0712127685546875,
1.7075910568237305,
-1.5706400871276855,
-0.36043205857276917,
0.744361162185669,
-1.4017835855484009,
-3.0318198204040527,
-0.7048951387405396,
-1.825518012046814,
0.46598511934280396,
0.6430869698524475,
-0.330475777387619,
-0.010734915733337402,
-0.6071736216545105,
-0.6064122915267944,
-1.7292016744613647,
-0.21727538108825684,
-0.814512312412262,
-2.40901255607605,
0.7593687176704407,
0.9765170216560364,
1.341934323310852,
0.32728907465934753,
0.9211429953575134,
0.4634142220020294,
2.5819106101989746,
2.043905258178711,
2.847337484359741,
2.2562785148620605,
1.3843315839767456,
0.6734949946403503,
-0.39719918370246887,
0.9362112283706665,
3.1065618991851807,
-1.574798822402954,
0.6835742592811584,
-3.0410451889038086,
-1.2166948318481445,
-0.005574611946940422,
-1.8311786651611328,
1.044211745262146,
0.5839873552322388,
1.5283516645431519,
-1.0177425146102905,
1.9447890520095825,
-4.645951271057129,
-0.3157908320426941,
0.9678232073783875,
0.707351803779602,
0.9613980054855347,
-0.2865375876426697,
-0.7174285650253296,
-1.2419946193695068,
-1.8570948839187622,
-2.98549222946167,
0.8822697401046753,
2.0673861503601074,
0.22241468727588654,
-1.85794198513031,
2.6024413108825684,
-0.9891935586929321,
1.4692161083221436,
1.994889497756958,
-3.2369964122772217,
-0.9611719250679016,
3.239934206008911,
-4.960662841796875,
-1.4625284671783447,
0.6973926424980164,
3.9785144329071045,
-1.4348204135894775,
-1.979801058769226,
1.2203783988952637,
1.293947458267212,
3.716322183609009,
0.552105188369751,
-2.6732723712921143,
1.452100157737732,
-2.0706846714019775,
1.1586742401123047,
-1.2238843441009521,
-2.0558536052703857,
-1.5932255983352661,
-0.3441786468029022,
-0.003500118851661682,
0.7109866738319397,
2.3410024642944336,
0.26742619276046753,
-1.6028618812561035,
2.1627821922302246,
1.4006550312042236,
1.4124488830566406,
-0.2554434835910797,
-0.217081218957901,
-3.110851526260376,
-2.3863210678100586,
0.6306435465812683,
-1.1140697002410889,
2.5250701904296875,
-5.172115802764893,
2.0101077556610107,
0.3698124289512634,
0.6510134935379028,
4.04268741607666,
-2.650540590286255,
-0.5372219681739807,
-3.7915613651275635,
-0.20346853137016296,
-0.37579894065856934,
-3.74658203125,
1.524046778678894,
-0.7988075017929077,
1.052193284034729,
2.256514072418213,
2.780583143234253,
-0.7875810265541077,
-0.005273610353469849,
2.5658679008483887,
2.391324043273926,
2.0519933700561523,
-0.07978363335132599,
1.2705453634262085,
0.46212315559387207,
0.7023375630378723,
1.4497032165527344,
1.627226710319519,
1.7536768913269043,
3.6320812702178955,
-1.4825834035873413,
1.1596953868865967,
1.659406065940857,
-1.6454477310180664,
-1.7993156909942627,
-2.3093221187591553,
-1.8278604745864868,
-0.6652371883392334,
1.27854585647583,
2.2885708808898926,
0.6161885261535645,
2.590287446975708,
1.5162192583084106,
-1.331670880317688,
0.8937770128250122,
-2.728419780731201,
0.5389911532402039,
0.6561292409896851,
2.755655288696289,
2.049929141998291,
-0.9577876329421997,
-0.7468975186347961,
-1.5039682388305664,
2.790764808654785,
-0.561967134475708,
-1.0704702138900757,
0.8406318426132202,
-2.453878402709961,
-3.1525607109069824,
1.1586887836456299,
3.9293060302734375,
-2.29219126701355,
0.7513271570205688,
-2.1316332817077637,
1.5530517101287842,
-2.308152437210083,
0.5239823460578918,
0.6795357465744019,
1.3525712490081787,
1.8105590343475342,
-0.5212157368659973,
-1.5760667324066162,
-0.8240916728973389,
0.6988354921340942,
-1.1280640363693237,
-2.798576831817627,
0.3291129767894745,
-0.10728740692138672,
-1.2158958911895752,
0.35419631004333496,
1.541439175605774
] |
hey askscience, can you help my medical school study group understand referred pain? | we are currently taking gross anatomy and we are in the middle of learning the abdominal and pelvic cavities. we understand the basics of referred pain. we know that, for example, if the diaphragm or another internal (visceral) organ becomes irritated (usually chemical irritation or distention) that the gva fibers of the autonomic nervous system will sense the pain. we also know that referred pain is felt in the dermatome (area of cutaneous innervation) served by the same nerve that sensed the pain from the organ. what we don't understand is why. pain is sensory input, which from the way we understand it, is a one way signal from the gva fibers to the brain. how does the feeling get from the organ to the site of the dermatome where you feel it? also, we asked the professor last night and he told us gva fibers are not well understood and that we should consult a textbook written by an anesthesiologist or pain specialist. at this point, we understand it well enough for the purposes of our class and the standardized tests. however, after so much energy has been spent thinking about it, we want to know for the sake of curiosity. | my understanding is that it's related to very strong stimulus coupled with the nerve terminals being in close proximities. like the classic example of referred pain during a mi: there is a "spillover" of neurotransmitters that are picked up by other dendrites that are not directly related to where the pain is coming from. so the pain is from cardiac tissue, which synapses with the spinal cord and has a massive release of neurotransmitters, which are picked up by many other neurons rather than just the intended. so you have the pain in your chest, but also feel pain in your arm. i hope this answer makes sense, it has been awhile. | 4 | [] | [] | [] | [
-0.8430045247077942,
-1.8966999053955078,
0.5478733777999878,
0.11502079665660858,
-0.5227228999137878,
0.3029046654701233,
1.1280860900878906,
0.6224665641784668,
1.4522868394851685,
0.21266239881515503,
0.8942805528640747,
0.5099766254425049,
0.038921087980270386,
0.8709996938705444,
0.03757176920771599,
-0.5546900629997253,
-0.24526241421699524,
-0.2792713940143585,
-0.5688832998275757,
1.4211297035217285,
-0.2449105679988861,
1.2955888509750366,
0.24844440817832947,
-0.17633214592933655,
-1.2918424606323242,
0.22426854074001312,
1.4856098890304565,
-0.7284988164901733,
-0.1778557300567627,
-0.17792442440986633,
0.4346165657043457,
0.2013559341430664,
-1.5458346605300903,
-0.31796157360076904,
-0.09690666198730469,
1.3826427459716797,
-1.3232707977294922,
0.5880283713340759,
-0.18838033080101013,
-0.13612961769104004,
0.06655795872211456,
-0.15242142975330353,
-0.06770555675029755,
1.8778762817382812,
1.288733959197998,
2.0853002071380615,
0.541886568069458,
-0.9528603553771973,
0.2989407777786255,
0.3363546133041382,
0.4030842185020447,
0.15298756957054138,
0.39529305696487427,
2.245507001876831,
0.07867780327796936,
0.12899936735630035,
-0.8443590402603149,
0.22382336854934692,
-0.9323145151138306,
2.0702719688415527,
-0.6828973293304443,
-0.14455679059028625,
-0.2998489439487457,
-0.13580450415611267,
0.7054654955863953,
-0.5800990462303162,
0.4307420551776886,
-1.1935338973999023,
0.2994866371154785,
1.8170535564422607,
-0.29066213965415955,
-0.6007137298583984,
0.8592164516448975,
-1.0605943202972412,
1.2851111888885498,
-0.6883745193481445,
0.02832167036831379,
0.2928185760974884,
-0.6505432724952698,
-0.7033026814460754,
1.5772264003753662,
0.6080341339111328,
-0.5588690042495728,
0.4557896852493286,
0.40442919731140137,
0.7542346119880676,
0.37996360659599304,
-1.5672823190689087,
-0.9606490135192871,
0.6303725838661194,
-0.5662856698036194,
-0.9401590824127197,
-0.475940465927124,
-1.0367748737335205,
-0.03433949872851372,
0.2181466668844223,
-0.014063775539398193,
1.7084217071533203,
-1.3538535833358765,
-0.5051876306533813,
-0.549914538860321,
1.6038037538528442,
-2.0369315147399902,
1.1968070268630981,
-0.0277208611369133,
-0.1919645369052887,
0.14221200346946716,
-0.7297605872154236,
-0.8724340200424194,
-0.25076788663864136,
-0.2221670150756836,
-0.23431706428527832,
0.23272573947906494,
-0.24562904238700867,
0.4289488196372986,
0.48553407192230225,
-0.06535054743289948,
0.6475149393081665,
1.4048473834991455,
0.13514801859855652,
0.1973239928483963,
-1.1759570837020874,
-0.8651089668273926,
0.053343020379543304,
0.6288715600967407,
-0.3536679148674011,
-1.3613299131393433,
0.44602319598197937,
1.8781547546386719,
-0.5872631072998047,
-0.16398465633392334,
-0.12582936882972717,
-0.3651902377605438,
-0.2077907919883728,
-1.2082017660140991,
0.021516460925340652,
1.4758979082107544,
-0.2694242000579834,
-2.2412374019622803,
-0.3557422161102295,
0.8373198509216309,
0.6217812895774841,
-0.0024924464523792267,
-0.48638179898262024,
-1.9416052103042603,
-0.7802000641822815,
0.05266520380973816,
-1.680554747581482,
0.31976914405822754,
0.6416814923286438,
-1.727026104927063,
-0.7224923372268677,
0.8700505495071411,
0.38986754417419434,
0.3414238691329956,
0.006004244089126587,
0.028905123472213745,
-0.5769568085670471,
-1.3662455081939697,
-0.25017398595809937,
-0.37631237506866455,
0.5858010053634644,
-0.7126550674438477,
2.3525567054748535,
1.272542119026184,
-0.4081472158432007,
0.3288683295249939,
0.010164186358451843,
0.2637704312801361,
-0.96356201171875,
-0.9065139293670654,
-0.23288612067699432,
0.29760825634002686,
-0.9208664298057556,
-0.12441027164459229,
-0.10695426166057587,
-1.8089009523391724,
-1.8077119588851929,
0.5737332701683044,
-0.004955366253852844,
1.337522268295288,
-0.5932685136795044,
0.2769145965576172,
0.947023868560791,
-1.4839236736297607,
-0.19126814603805542,
-0.14494338631629944,
0.7742553949356079,
0.2731989622116089,
-1.0466201305389404,
0.10996979475021362,
0.21374976634979248,
0.4533282220363617,
0.5137050151824951,
-0.472568154335022,
-0.8427462577819824,
-1.2228829860687256,
0.8734567761421204,
-1.4588165283203125,
1.1718791723251343,
0.2052585482597351,
-0.696490466594696,
-0.6712493300437927,
0.3750763535499573,
-1.05023992061615,
0.8808907270431519,
-0.8671543598175049,
-0.6292709708213806,
-1.5978553295135498,
-1.4236516952514648,
-0.6233649253845215,
1.9507036209106445,
1.8655574321746826,
0.4616812765598297,
0.4156429171562195,
-1.1965574026107788,
-2.5725021362304688,
-0.21973136067390442,
0.10364960134029388,
-0.17636601626873016,
0.6613806486129761,
-0.6788321733474731,
-0.2587502896785736,
-0.5420480966567993,
-0.9728358387947083,
-0.09627802670001984,
-0.45260220766067505,
1.0403258800506592,
-0.44863736629486084,
0.9668999314308167,
-0.07844516634941101,
1.1437723636627197,
-0.9892367124557495,
0.5674513578414917,
-0.21727357804775238,
-0.5831480026245117,
-1.2803080081939697,
0.2154720574617386,
0.05417031794786453,
-1.13951575756073,
-0.9997915029525757,
1.0649501085281372,
-0.4804442822933197,
0.31045129895210266,
0.03756505250930786,
1.4248778820037842,
1.1845718622207642,
-0.18085914850234985,
1.7668732404708862,
-0.17354105412960052,
0.6904975771903992,
-0.286798357963562,
-1.4870705604553223,
1.1754379272460938,
-0.1559077352285385,
0.044286854565143585,
-0.4614427983760834,
-0.022577732801437378,
-0.8914974927902222,
1.0094611644744873,
-1.2859843969345093,
-0.5404740571975708,
-0.11798737943172455,
-1.9199808835983276,
0.4430663287639618,
1.2789124250411987,
1.520959734916687,
2.390155076980591,
-0.8958829641342163,
0.32870033383369446,
-1.4512583017349243,
-0.4572420120239258,
-0.2999817728996277,
1.2944918870925903,
1.1673929691314697,
-0.3965620994567871,
-1.504908800125122,
-0.5585849285125732,
-0.49456796050071716,
-0.27083253860473633,
-0.6603490114212036,
-2.859086513519287,
1.1975066661834717,
-0.19790467619895935,
0.5462238192558289,
0.06964950263500214,
-0.31196191906929016,
-1.3021230697631836,
2.4995877742767334,
0.6598013639450073,
-0.23762525618076324,
0.34425750374794006,
1.5436657667160034,
1.1713128089904785,
0.9999682903289795,
1.0921969413757324,
-0.6610279083251953,
0.5847643613815308,
0.03539648652076721,
0.8321143388748169,
-0.07936055958271027,
-1.43523371219635,
-1.409838080406189,
-0.6125881671905518,
-1.4494880437850952,
-0.5166292190551758,
0.1563223898410797,
-0.7823691368103027,
-0.6675546765327454,
0.5230438709259033,
-0.5867481231689453,
1.5293900966644287,
-0.5930954217910767,
-0.3209128677845001,
-0.2745031714439392,
0.9207037091255188,
-0.800854504108429,
0.28499114513397217,
-0.22028803825378418,
0.7091802954673767,
0.6997871994972229,
-0.12407554686069489,
-1.680232048034668,
-0.8745066523551941,
0.11979019641876221,
-0.10494086146354675,
0.4708768427371979,
-0.2459799349308014,
-0.8998264074325562,
0.44313883781433105,
0.7790895700454712,
1.0283766984939575,
-0.4389834403991699,
0.2095106840133667,
0.9644033312797546,
1.5610991716384888,
-0.9670273661613464,
1.0114667415618896,
-1.3831098079681396,
-0.8295891284942627,
0.09391000866889954,
-0.3708078861236572,
0.4076108932495117,
0.42607250809669495,
0.7390702962875366,
0.06516854465007782,
-0.4160797894001007,
1.7457940578460693,
-1.7197374105453491,
-1.938097596168518,
0.6216137409210205,
1.220255732536316,
1.329364538192749,
-0.3769235610961914,
1.0872374773025513,
0.32829228043556213,
0.224885493516922,
-0.8240934610366821,
0.42591923475265503,
0.319121778011322,
-0.833026111125946,
-0.8392887115478516,
0.7140825986862183,
2.2287192344665527,
-2.083988904953003,
0.39322784543037415,
-0.13617843389511108,
-0.046316616237163544,
-0.07097306847572327,
0.48302897810935974,
0.7840279340744019,
1.391980767250061,
1.3922288417816162,
0.08521521091461182,
-0.7078714370727539,
0.5225117802619934,
-0.4086505174636841,
0.9874261617660522,
-1.4179068803787231,
-0.02165568619966507,
-0.04449453949928284,
2.1842963695526123,
1.8214136362075806,
0.6296713352203369
] |
why is action minimized in a dynamical system? | _url_0_ is "the path of least action" just a postulate? or is it derived from other principles? | in the lagrangian formulation of classical mechanics, it's just a postulate. if you want to start with quantum mechanics, then the path integral formalism of quantum mechanics (perform an integral over all possible paths, and that sum gives you what happens) is your foundation, and the principle of least action emerges from that -- the method of stationary phase shows that the contributions to the path integral around the path of least action dominate. | 5 | [] | [
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action_(physics)"
] | [] | [
-0.612983226776123,
-0.08409123867750168,
0.7624869346618652,
-0.12661796808242798,
-0.5435380935668945,
0.6768935918807983,
0.019635900855064392,
0.7539623379707336,
1.2197048664093018,
0.05207337439060211,
0.7616391181945801,
0.43140465021133423,
0.7005361318588257,
0.4935537576675415,
0.6600584983825684,
-0.041343361139297485,
-0.1453828066587448,
0.2574538290500641,
-1.5757474899291992,
0.361021488904953,
-0.01370500773191452,
-0.2166518270969391,
0.1338815540075302,
0.010145246982574463,
-1.0639119148254395,
-0.33060070872306824,
0.3823649287223816,
0.050722137093544006,
0.6747618913650513,
-0.5198643803596497,
-0.013860642910003662,
-0.5727252960205078,
-0.6955354809761047,
-0.5532121658325195,
-0.733257532119751,
0.4027178883552551,
0.414312481880188,
-0.4764134883880615,
0.19027581810951233,
-0.30624136328697205,
-0.12278567999601364,
0.6296128630638123,
0.374756395816803,
0.9362994432449341,
0.23796874284744263,
-0.4509638547897339,
1.1748453378677368,
0.3824450969696045,
-0.6848646402359009,
-1.215704083442688,
-1.8549306392669678,
0.6889955997467041,
-0.4398321509361267,
-0.054772719740867615,
-0.16107875108718872,
0.9660585522651672,
1.0455783605575562,
0.08692791312932968,
0.5892343521118164,
-1.1357746124267578,
0.2645452320575714,
-0.04115862026810646,
-1.2416400909423828,
0.11842750012874603,
2.380981206893921,
0.775556206703186,
0.4313863515853882,
0.32155197858810425,
-0.12865476310253143,
2.2330081462860107,
-0.3080410361289978,
-0.06294485926628113,
-0.9559208154678345,
0.387912780046463,
0.962222158908844,
-0.6739408373832703,
-0.45074886083602905,
1.499469518661499,
0.18515457212924957,
0.11462533473968506,
0.43736693263053894,
-1.055140733718872,
-0.7869899272918701,
0.875644326210022,
-1.364326000213623,
1.8274083137512207,
0.2167784422636032,
-0.08488864451646805,
1.4247289896011353,
-0.5483653545379639,
-0.5335566997528076,
-1.8025617599487305,
-0.8187519311904907,
0.10048104077577591,
-0.05340594798326492,
0.39031797647476196,
0.6573143005371094,
0.10623548924922943,
1.170735478401184,
0.06894923001527786,
-0.452040433883667,
1.1577868461608887,
-0.964694082736969,
-0.9175148606300354,
-0.15282632410526276,
-1.2639118432998657,
0.08997711539268494,
0.18856091797351837,
-0.05719277262687683,
0.5074905157089233,
-0.19013835489749908,
-1.026216745376587,
1.39188551902771,
-1.0783765316009521,
0.22532112896442413,
-1.163044810295105,
1.1613006591796875,
0.6728659272193909,
1.1783018112182617,
-2.106658458709717,
-0.0998423770070076,
-0.36896032094955444,
0.7744990587234497,
0.2567158341407776,
-0.16677629947662354,
-0.21408575773239136,
0.03806845843791962,
0.3342738151550293,
0.5387091040611267,
-0.5102511644363403,
0.8061187863349915,
0.413093239068985,
-0.6564633846282959,
-0.7931146621704102,
-0.3779107332229614,
-0.8651434183120728,
0.5593927502632141,
0.6617984175682068,
-1.0112452507019043,
0.6464660167694092,
-1.0426698923110962,
-0.2621844410896301,
0.3914165198802948,
-0.9308494329452515,
-0.02632082998752594,
0.2792068123817444,
0.3507823944091797,
0.10534517467021942,
0.613738477230072,
-0.4072708487510681,
-0.6244519948959351,
0.009098753333091736,
0.6644873023033142,
-1.0288636684417725,
1.009924292564392,
0.3947327136993408,
-1.331600546836853,
-0.20389363169670105,
-0.7513314485549927,
1.0232937335968018,
-1.9486953020095825,
0.7451423406600952,
0.743567943572998,
0.08483314514160156,
-0.2619589567184448,
0.5784816741943359,
-0.033415328711271286,
-0.919092059135437,
0.48466646671295166,
0.0426030158996582,
-0.2721920311450958,
-0.44490450620651245,
0.780203104019165,
-0.14691519737243652,
0.10407516360282898,
-0.06422004103660583,
-0.7618559002876282,
-1.052417278289795,
0.4312562346458435,
1.1744459867477417,
1.0599195957183838,
-1.385758638381958,
0.35091036558151245,
-0.18712086975574493,
-0.5930624008178711,
0.3782016336917877,
-0.6006225943565369,
0.02332707867026329,
-0.1601543128490448,
-0.48124268651008606,
-0.32674890756607056,
0.11901509761810303,
0.22182902693748474,
0.33595120906829834,
-1.3130074739456177,
-1.1549954414367676,
0.5882317423820496,
0.8623856902122498,
-0.021946832537651062,
0.011970877647399902,
0.23168279230594635,
0.07804974913597107,
0.8047266602516174,
-0.7156065702438354,
-0.5115221738815308,
-0.21607515215873718,
0.6832358837127686,
-0.410352885723114,
-1.2475776672363281,
-1.2808154821395874,
-1.3539862632751465,
-0.5511389970779419,
0.7525543570518494,
-0.29273661971092224,
-0.4418240189552307,
0.29534316062927246,
-0.9209722876548767,
-1.3875653743743896,
-1.3644180297851562,
-0.6825718283653259,
0.16543954610824585,
1.6828070878982544,
0.2578507661819458,
-0.846973180770874,
-0.27292385697364807,
-0.7127175331115723,
0.15663479268550873,
0.9492371082305908,
-0.03814530372619629,
0.5877695083618164,
-0.23173421621322632,
-1.4867066144943237,
2.1722750663757324,
0.8124562501907349,
0.8480129241943359,
0.06980594992637634,
0.1730930209159851,
1.3334156274795532,
-0.2555343210697174,
-0.44587069749832153,
0.13982921838760376,
-1.6068329811096191,
-0.019235700368881226,
0.13694268465042114,
-0.26944172382354736,
-0.41503119468688965,
-0.6952147483825684,
-0.35293319821357727,
0.5565545558929443,
0.9374486207962036,
0.5037614107131958,
0.8976492881774902,
-0.2993611991405487,
0.47215402126312256,
0.42617174983024597,
-0.15072116255760193,
-0.5441886186599731,
-0.30280590057373047,
-1.544122338294983,
0.6757990717887878,
0.4615827202796936,
0.7372921109199524,
-0.11711779236793518,
-1.0114834308624268,
0.610913097858429,
0.6322727203369141,
0.35383909940719604,
-0.4186168313026428,
1.015409231185913,
-0.07563236355781555,
0.4856637120246887,
-0.394379585981369,
-1.508976697921753,
-0.09512892365455627,
0.6187928915023804,
0.22111916542053223,
0.8306248784065247,
-0.914740800857544,
-0.5239983201026917,
1.2984719276428223,
-0.49329087138175964,
-0.8450746536254883,
0.3041524887084961,
-0.36774560809135437,
0.08083325624465942,
0.02046198397874832,
0.7389402389526367,
1.291382074356079,
0.008234985172748566,
-0.1422846019268036,
-1.0908509492874146,
1.258833408355713,
0.090245321393013,
-0.24121028184890747,
-0.4733995795249939,
1.8694809675216675,
0.19518199563026428,
0.18623828887939453,
0.8213933706283569,
0.3343174457550049,
1.287566900253296,
-0.4166758954524994,
-0.8259530663490295,
-0.9180476665496826,
-0.4617130160331726,
-0.5249464511871338,
0.5719770193099976,
-0.05672716349363327,
0.25849592685699463,
-0.2052289843559265,
-0.9390223026275635,
0.16808730363845825,
1.0335493087768555,
0.770885705947876,
-0.526570200920105,
0.42030537128448486,
-0.1891355812549591,
0.20353850722312927,
-0.25647515058517456,
-0.26089298725128174,
0.7425450086593628,
-0.3751378357410431,
-0.7991160750389099,
-0.3365415632724762,
0.6837390065193176,
1.4961940050125122,
-0.6620997786521912,
-1.0528359413146973,
-0.36423391103744507,
0.08827690035104752,
-0.20961344242095947,
1.51641845703125,
0.14018940925598145,
0.2813783288002014,
0.32117927074432373,
0.7737569212913513,
-0.024993419647216797,
-0.05540228635072708,
-1.40220308303833,
-0.27833622694015503,
1.7459948062896729,
0.09084377437829971,
0.6270190477371216,
-0.08647915720939636,
0.32099655270576477,
-0.4413059949874878,
-1.0971087217330933,
-0.02080295979976654,
-0.7620196342468262,
0.7881976962089539,
-0.37810686230659485,
0.7776613831520081,
-0.1882455199956894,
0.6857157945632935,
0.21025489270687103,
-0.20951023697853088,
0.4173769950866699,
-0.7649683952331543,
-0.29018592834472656,
0.17364928126335144,
-0.21872299909591675,
0.2957603931427002,
-0.2134132981300354,
1.1015108823776245,
-0.8988889455795288,
1.153601050376892,
-1.5301966667175293,
-0.4919325113296509,
-0.10308969020843506,
0.7160547971725464,
-0.17510589957237244,
1.9649851322174072,
-0.1645139455795288,
-0.5160055160522461,
0.14685942232608795,
0.04830580949783325,
-0.10593047738075256,
-0.1017642468214035,
-1.5423016548156738,
-0.4760313630104065,
0.044222183525562286,
1.298206090927124,
0.9528809189796448,
0.30220723152160645
] |
why can't a detached piece of an ionic compound lattice easily reattach? | i am reading in my chemistry textbook about why a chunk of a sodium chloride crystal "cleaves"... "when the crystal is struck, layers of ions move slightly, and the ions of like charge become nearest neighbors. repulsions between ions of similar charge cause the crystal to cleave". my question is, if that's true why can't you take the cleaved piece and re-attach it by putting back to it's original place? i would think the ions of the piece would be attracted back to the original crystal, assuming it was aligned correctly. | because molecules aren't perfectly arranged so that you can just slide them back together. you don't have 2 perfectly symmetrical planes of molecules. but there is something very similar to the concept you're thinking of. look up "cold welding" | 2 | [] | [] | [] | [
-1.2531369924545288,
-0.018107054755091667,
-0.4666630029678345,
-0.19797097146511078,
-0.7534960508346558,
-0.47813430428504944,
0.21420903503894806,
0.6821447610855103,
0.8236500024795532,
-0.2862514555454254,
0.31917306780815125,
0.5865489840507507,
-0.013369061052799225,
0.2724498212337494,
0.8786404132843018,
0.011114734224975109,
-0.7096592783927917,
0.6950782537460327,
-1.4085869789123535,
0.19353044033050537,
-0.08968576043844223,
-0.32581257820129395,
-0.48982396721839905,
0.021888844668865204,
-0.18248017132282257,
0.8533107042312622,
0.5662704110145569,
-0.27094078063964844,
-0.1647290587425232,
-0.04560587555170059,
-0.4403238296508789,
0.44759273529052734,
-0.8626072406768799,
0.3112078905105591,
0.8254070281982422,
-0.28860777616500854,
-0.09381898492574692,
0.947036623954773,
-0.16279637813568115,
-0.3008255958557129,
-0.3899257779121399,
-0.4225093126296997,
-0.13314244151115417,
-0.18824243545532227,
0.12055438756942749,
-0.49300843477249146,
0.5633879899978638,
0.33562660217285156,
-0.033405616879463196,
-0.5886232256889343,
-0.0712352842092514,
0.0375688374042511,
-0.17748159170150757,
-0.2739405632019043,
-0.052463263273239136,
0.28589844703674316,
0.2957209348678589,
-0.28099554777145386,
-0.10476471483707428,
-0.869091272354126,
0.38289588689804077,
-0.17146548628807068,
-0.36336958408355713,
0.4319610595703125,
1.0595924854278564,
-0.14367690682411194,
0.9447020888328552,
-0.4378962516784668,
-0.6190682053565979,
0.9380921125411987,
0.005605109967291355,
0.5232125520706177,
-0.2006416767835617,
0.15211403369903564,
0.8322066068649292,
-0.044778525829315186,
0.29173094034194946,
0.31554797291755676,
0.14097662270069122,
0.1719769835472107,
-0.08183711767196655,
-0.16020502150058746,
-0.1072096973657608,
0.27149149775505066,
-0.8985991477966309,
0.6558745503425598,
0.5475637912750244,
0.638304591178894,
-0.12804602086544037,
-0.5513424873352051,
-1.0736273527145386,
-0.2180938571691513,
0.00911162793636322,
0.11066228151321411,
-0.6734241843223572,
0.8402493596076965,
0.16850508749485016,
-0.09312165528535843,
-0.0081796795129776,
0.1042594164609909,
-0.022639712318778038,
-0.19131287932395935,
-0.4307560622692108,
-0.22903794050216675,
-0.18600499629974365,
-0.4583890736103058,
0.49875715374946594,
0.13771747052669525,
0.39287781715393066,
-0.3479216992855072,
-0.5413851141929626,
0.02666391432285309,
0.40877485275268555,
-0.44098201394081116,
-0.8851220607757568,
-0.6317947506904602,
0.1819891482591629,
0.5948729515075684,
-0.23671114444732666,
-0.11517903953790665,
-0.37323376536369324,
0.008279182016849518,
-0.31113165616989136,
0.48835355043411255,
0.18010136485099792,
0.012425854802131653,
-0.14627815783023834,
0.2418583482503891,
0.9417904615402222,
0.5061280131340027,
1.0158590078353882,
-0.49393904209136963,
-0.1526549905538559,
0.3041715621948242,
0.1068958193063736,
-0.09038540720939636,
0.06517746299505234,
0.48879432678222656,
-0.8755397796630859,
0.24724015593528748,
-0.013879090547561646,
-0.2885116636753082,
0.1490587592124939,
-0.3390980660915375,
-0.2794918119907379,
0.1441255509853363,
-0.26728755235671997,
0.07004615664482117,
-0.179115891456604,
0.4068618416786194,
-0.24471068382263184,
0.1343664824962616,
-0.18050923943519592,
0.05091671273112297,
0.21024145185947418,
-0.025064080953598022,
-0.1586942821741104,
0.16898497939109802,
-0.4278683066368103,
0.9365366697311401,
-0.26235756278038025,
0.443686842918396,
-0.09482075273990631,
0.0887264683842659,
-0.34598714113235474,
0.027541669085621834,
0.486155241727829,
-1.3016120195388794,
0.11811741441488266,
0.1548692286014557,
-0.32749587297439575,
-0.016148507595062256,
0.15270382165908813,
0.32047340273857117,
-0.718515157699585,
-0.13479606807231903,
-1.058956503868103,
-0.6484151482582092,
0.31924939155578613,
0.6807479858398438,
0.16425640881061554,
0.1534774750471115,
0.5886371731758118,
0.045022279024124146,
0.31122976541519165,
-0.1505814492702484,
0.2667355537414551,
0.22685664892196655,
-0.7113807201385498,
0.34746041893959045,
0.12114223092794418,
-0.47132423520088196,
-0.2901240587234497,
0.2735312879085541,
-0.2802984416484833,
-0.7546147108078003,
0.08213253319263458,
-0.4660862982273102,
-0.2575802206993103,
-0.005208225920796394,
0.5799102783203125,
-0.12830716371536255,
0.05583174526691437,
-0.6484708786010742,
0.4873482286930084,
-0.4683406352996826,
0.6229100823402405,
-0.1452282965183258,
-0.693305492401123,
-0.05637800693511963,
0.03638140857219696,
-1.0193122625350952,
-0.6506460905075073,
-0.2701317369937897,
-0.2117665708065033,
-0.46891656517982483,
-0.2978197932243347,
-0.8682540059089661,
-0.6938166618347168,
-0.38703563809394836,
0.20330047607421875,
-0.11032320559024811,
0.10176126658916473,
-0.4531172215938568,
-0.5327467322349548,
-0.9589985609054565,
-0.29178929328918457,
0.1634843498468399,
-0.045244984328746796,
0.1470167487859726,
-0.34167975187301636,
-0.21625322103500366,
0.12461933493614197,
0.830432653427124,
0.5425225496292114,
-0.23656737804412842,
-0.3060060441493988,
0.0875926986336708,
0.5206438302993774,
-0.20174437761306763,
0.33152270317077637,
0.23744098842144012,
0.45382028818130493,
0.08277300745248795,
0.3265627920627594,
0.4271968603134155,
-0.11587342619895935,
0.2537049949169159,
-0.17161738872528076,
0.38787129521369934,
-0.010446615517139435,
0.16773363947868347,
0.08242104947566986,
0.910810649394989,
-0.06568549573421478,
0.17156630754470825,
-0.07940565049648285,
-0.33709731698036194,
-0.4870893359184265,
-0.07855476438999176,
-0.13072660565376282,
-0.5598791241645813,
-0.16711604595184326,
-1.4963029623031616,
-0.6635276675224304,
0.536841869354248,
0.1427513062953949,
0.5397112369537354,
0.3513941168785095,
-0.39843523502349854,
0.4883694648742676,
-0.3192175030708313,
0.433060884475708,
-0.4439355731010437,
0.15195560455322266,
-0.6501365303993225,
-0.5189032554626465,
-0.587921142578125,
-0.225025475025177,
0.12559351325035095,
-0.25647151470184326,
-0.9252915382385254,
0.2103896141052246,
0.0672343447804451,
0.3001558184623718,
-0.47147899866104126,
0.47396320104599,
-0.0639643594622612,
0.38897714018821716,
-0.8237487077713013,
-0.11231032013893127,
0.5497486591339111,
0.5136540532112122,
-0.08390972018241882,
0.5990610718727112,
0.46220850944519043,
0.3129417598247528,
0.9973700046539307,
1.0263738632202148,
-0.2735613286495209,
0.17578651010990143,
-0.24802006781101227,
-0.9889539480209351,
-0.3115183115005493,
-0.1352933943271637,
0.09466436505317688,
0.17353247106075287,
0.9231011867523193,
-0.06169973313808441,
-0.07779094576835632,
-0.060832951217889786,
0.03074093908071518,
-0.16706795990467072,
-0.5467232465744019,
-0.2143271118402481,
0.3333699703216553,
0.5389326810836792,
1.3083863258361816,
0.5084897875785828,
0.4065028131008148,
0.845268726348877,
-0.32401132583618164,
0.6508551239967346,
-0.12612274289131165,
-0.888992190361023,
-0.08847665041685104,
0.17042610049247742,
0.34070461988449097,
0.1746787130832672,
-0.8030384182929993,
-0.6502645015716553,
0.278197318315506,
-0.01658172905445099,
0.35002899169921875,
0.4210287630558014,
1.0245786905288696,
-0.5473890900611877,
-0.0957164540886879,
-0.2381276786327362,
0.6381393671035767,
-0.1696545034646988,
0.29811984300613403,
0.12830762565135956,
0.04809732735157013,
0.46218836307525635,
-0.2498054802417755,
-0.20340685546398163,
-0.471332848072052,
-0.1207895427942276,
0.5431969165802002,
-0.6690211892127991,
0.5364350080490112,
0.9951096177101135,
0.8779901266098022,
0.6451759338378906,
-0.4028405547142029,
-0.2783094048500061,
0.47725969552993774,
0.491777628660202,
-0.24811169505119324,
-0.8064261674880981,
0.07445453107357025,
-0.41766083240509033,
1.149834156036377,
0.11202827841043472,
0.42162224650382996,
0.30368608236312866,
0.19123424589633942,
-0.41143739223480225,
0.49573761224746704,
0.003326892852783203,
0.9053689241409302,
0.13525845110416412,
-0.47174206376075745,
0.08455437421798706,
-0.2751876711845398,
-0.5974448323249817,
0.1572040617465973,
-0.26784735918045044,
-0.6228062510490417,
0.14924603700637817,
0.11429650336503983,
0.5182929039001465,
0.11693833768367767
] |
what does a nuclear fission reaction look like in real life up close? | what does a nuclear fission reaction look like in real life up close? as in, a chunk of uranium starts undergoing it and you are looking at it from 3 feet away? i understand that there's no way to record this on camera but i am curious about things like color, sound, light, shock-waves, etc. that should theoretically be happening. let's say the fission reaction of enriched uranium such as in a nuclear bomb. | first off, if you have a chunk of uranium it is always undergo some fission. that is because you have u-238 that decays by spontaneous fission sometimes. in addition, there are neutrons caused by cosmic rays that can fission uranium in the sample. both of these cases only cause small amounts of fission in the sample. lets say you are in a terrible situation and the uranium sample goes prompt critical. first off, if you are 3 feet away you are dead. the amount of gamma rays coming from that uranium would be lethal by either immediate disruption of your nerve signals or long term cell death of your gastrointestinal tract. the sample would heat quickly. the intense radiation from the uranium would ionize the air causing a blue-greenish glow. the sample will heat up continually until it blows itself apart or melts into a non critical situation. depends on the initial shape and condition that caused the criticality event. | 7 | [] | [] | [
"http://www.realclearscience.com/lists/worst_lab_accidents_in_history/criticality_accidents.html",
"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=orNP1wMmPK4",
"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AQ0P7R9CfCY",
"http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fusor"
] | [
-1.9707683324813843,
0.46714523434638977,
2.412998676300049,
1.5818626880645752,
1.1208475828170776,
-0.937301754951477,
-0.46651241183280945,
2.6892952919006348,
0.6289897561073303,
0.2775651812553406,
1.0826694965362549,
0.04632778465747833,
0.3152080476284027,
-0.48486778140068054,
1.083014726638794,
-0.6690607070922852,
-1.938136100769043,
-1.2446815967559814,
-2.9224753379821777,
-0.4077685475349426,
-0.1865217387676239,
-0.8938801288604736,
-0.29621994495391846,
-1.1414742469787598,
-0.8493966460227966,
-0.41554975509643555,
0.7377702593803406,
0.4804517924785614,
0.4583054184913635,
-0.32637977600097656,
-0.8051932454109192,
-0.534606397151947,
0.9486373662948608,
-0.6559606790542603,
1.5770407915115356,
-1.2220947742462158,
0.03922078013420105,
-0.5162546038627625,
-0.9538328647613525,
-0.9891778826713562,
-0.57180255651474,
0.08832108974456787,
0.5159978866577148,
3.157224178314209,
-2.120811700820923,
2.230490207672119,
3.259859085083008,
-1.3340859413146973,
-0.8294642567634583,
-0.6004908084869385,
0.942807674407959,
0.20009255409240723,
0.3048211336135864,
0.8061994314193726,
-1.7434742450714111,
-2.8222429752349854,
1.728914737701416,
-0.882360577583313,
0.5412434339523315,
-1.101773738861084,
-0.45854270458221436,
-1.075011968612671,
-0.29768064618110657,
-0.24386653304100037,
5.2035603523254395,
-0.5710492134094238,
1.9348796606063843,
-0.6918694376945496,
1.5341525077819824,
2.855936288833618,
0.1310657560825348,
1.7431135177612305,
-1.0012781620025635,
-0.08041945099830627,
-0.9491185545921326,
-0.2531564235687256,
0.864683985710144,
2.243684768676758,
0.1552356779575348,
0.7458871006965637,
-0.245891273021698,
-1.164518117904663,
-1.5307767391204834,
-2.9555697441101074,
-1.6699962615966797,
1.012401819229126,
1.1437065601348877,
1.2020026445388794,
0.597203254699707,
0.6868321895599365,
-2.017698287963867,
0.19256067276000977,
1.8938723802566528,
0.6243406534194946,
0.5143018364906311,
2.7172598838806152,
1.1986234188079834,
-0.9297999143600464,
1.7256066799163818,
-0.41732168197631836,
1.6778768301010132,
0.17118024826049805,
-3.898120641708374,
1.1931208372116089,
-0.2646216154098511,
-0.35768523812294006,
-0.885708749294281,
1.2719162702560425,
-0.14002376794815063,
1.0186357498168945,
1.9323066473007202,
0.4429309368133545,
2.6958258152008057,
-1.5685030221939087,
0.14371219277381897,
0.7837163805961609,
1.0090889930725098,
2.1375951766967773,
-3.374995470046997,
-1.6085796356201172,
0.7487996220588684,
-1.1842223405838013,
-0.7646608352661133,
-0.03910265862941742,
1.2080250978469849,
-1.3094807863235474,
-0.08467857539653778,
1.1619449853897095,
0.8316528797149658,
-1.1466095447540283,
-0.1268334537744522,
-1.5718837976455688,
-0.3419794738292694,
-0.9534177184104919,
-1.5652059316635132,
-0.1170843243598938,
1.0706275701522827,
0.8511240482330322,
-0.7497023344039917,
0.26217079162597656,
1.46165931224823,
-0.8879525661468506,
-2.046445369720459,
-0.4837576448917389,
-1.5783064365386963,
0.664069414138794,
-0.24271632730960846,
2.060229778289795,
-0.9277829527854919,
-2.704876661300659,
0.33543580770492554,
0.08412507176399231,
0.27731478214263916,
0.7001752853393555,
0.31511595845222473,
-0.971682608127594,
-0.8283158540725708,
-0.20915824174880981,
0.3706018626689911,
1.3866724967956543,
-0.8669522404670715,
1.9096897840499878,
0.49363642930984497,
1.6934449672698975,
0.47120657563209534,
0.7183128595352173,
0.8144629001617432,
-0.18437790870666504,
1.4758459329605103,
0.09747333824634552,
0.7834734320640564,
0.8034602999687195,
3.647723913192749,
-3.0904417037963867,
0.3305479884147644,
0.3633595108985901,
-1.4393811225891113,
-0.03120332956314087,
0.6335428953170776,
2.268871307373047,
0.7843093872070312,
-0.17733928561210632,
2.959763765335083,
2.6178059577941895,
-0.13312466442584991,
-1.9428081512451172,
-0.4681849479675293,
-0.30031585693359375,
-0.17710712552070618,
-2.407820224761963,
-0.5574372410774231,
1.8029131889343262,
1.1133332252502441,
-0.4274635314941406,
-1.9151198863983154,
-0.4187313914299011,
-2.3374345302581787,
0.03456342592835426,
-2.216059684753418,
0.5120906829833984,
0.16653603315353394,
-2.620999813079834,
-2.0146405696868896,
0.19812878966331482,
0.21609050035476685,
0.033827006816864014,
-0.004840493202209473,
-0.24894240498542786,
-2.7174642086029053,
-2.053562879562378,
-1.713826298713684,
-3.2458555698394775,
-2.6346864700317383,
1.2228071689605713,
-1.9589016437530518,
-0.6499671936035156,
-1.1534664630889893,
-0.4260029196739197,
1.940460443496704,
-1.4253311157226562,
3.1286563873291016,
-1.0092077255249023,
0.42950063943862915,
-1.5164992809295654,
-0.8693532943725586,
0.29663780331611633,
-0.9511184692382812,
0.6965557336807251,
0.7955080270767212,
0.751897931098938,
-1.4767173528671265,
2.1410579681396484,
-1.2542861700057983,
2.0577826499938965,
3.038735866546631,
-0.640586793422699,
-3.2551963329315186,
-0.2019171416759491,
-1.4646155834197998,
0.29376113414764404,
3.839005947113037,
1.2105473279953003,
0.9793586134910583,
0.854326069355011,
0.381460964679718,
1.328400731086731,
-0.5828422904014587,
-0.7813400030136108,
0.27636510133743286,
1.125040054321289,
-0.7939597368240356,
-2.177180290222168,
-0.9644500613212585,
1.8228168487548828,
0.502007782459259,
0.9278621673583984,
-1.5970255136489868,
-0.4108355641365051,
-0.4175785183906555,
-1.5094984769821167,
1.4198905229568481,
-1.134117841720581,
-1.1698172092437744,
-2.7502713203430176,
0.18498246371746063,
1.901361107826233,
2.025461435317993,
1.5220047235488892,
-3.254368305206299,
-0.5843148231506348,
2.4353044033050537,
0.5962655544281006,
1.2273037433624268,
1.2852004766464233,
1.115317463874817,
-1.3106318712234497,
0.2621074914932251,
-0.9446778893470764,
-0.9045473337173462,
0.28438735008239746,
-0.5062597990036011,
-0.6031309366226196,
-0.00817328691482544,
0.432275652885437,
-0.24126972258090973,
0.7633402347564697,
1.407863736152649,
-2.9334959983825684,
0.10557958483695984,
-0.38942983746528625,
-2.7885994911193848,
2.7374727725982666,
1.8290239572525024,
0.5255553722381592,
1.3344515562057495,
0.5543127059936523,
-2.0620272159576416,
-0.24396270513534546,
0.17813684046268463,
-0.04673779010772705,
-0.9398717880249023,
-1.5411930084228516,
-2.4895105361938477,
-0.08135953545570374,
-2.1702489852905273,
1.5017043352127075,
0.26939496397972107,
0.19035938382148743,
2.0023326873779297,
-1.7827726602554321,
-1.9571118354797363,
-1.9940464496612549,
1.7527981996536255,
-0.7984819412231445,
-2.3768463134765625,
-0.32937368750572205,
0.13479362428188324,
-2.113081455230713,
0.9224935173988342,
0.6648924350738525,
2.2806429862976074,
-1.8556458950042725,
-1.3896706104278564,
0.14115938544273376,
1.307112693786621,
0.6969484686851501,
0.02320726215839386,
-0.5310311317443848,
-0.25513583421707153,
0.4006211757659912,
-1.071470022201538,
0.5041018724441528,
1.6360920667648315,
-1.3105758428573608,
1.964514970779419,
1.3892295360565186,
-0.5836653709411621,
-1.1190589666366577,
-1.1292760372161865,
-1.2376749515533447,
-1.5870561599731445,
-1.6504621505737305,
1.4928820133209229,
2.0297152996063232,
0.35716158151626587,
3.2560927867889404,
2.1141202449798584,
-0.9221716523170471,
-3.7340941429138184,
0.010864866897463799,
-1.7590023279190063,
1.082646369934082,
1.6964579820632935,
-0.7484831809997559,
2.55672287940979,
-0.021267592906951904,
-0.4008006751537323,
-0.49432146549224854,
1.4050142765045166,
-1.5660343170166016,
-2.0546905994415283,
2.3214783668518066,
1.394469141960144,
3.298236846923828,
-0.8089545369148254,
1.2862653732299805,
-2.610168218612671,
-0.060370564460754395,
0.17127184569835663,
0.7224211692810059,
0.7402117252349854,
0.12645119428634644,
0.5749940872192383,
-1.6710824966430664,
1.5873488187789917,
-0.31075191497802734,
1.6943087577819824,
-0.07701475918292999,
-1.3002150058746338,
1.2282297611236572,
0.4673345685005188,
0.3215130567550659,
3.1997451782226562,
-1.8856929540634155
] |
is it possible for black lions to exist ? | saw this _url_0_ and raised the question for me. we know there are white lions.. but black ? | it is possible if they developed a similar melanin production mutation as the black squirrels. black squirrels who are truly black have two copies of this mutant gene and brown-black squirrels have one. in order for this to become prevalent in lions it would need to not have a negative effect on survival and reproduction. a black lion would stand out on the savannah and could have a harder time hunting effectively. female lions may also not be attracted to this color as they have been selecting for the "normal" or "wild type" coloration of current lions. mutations happen and produce odd animals, so yes it is a possibility. these genes however would be unlikely to continue on within a population. | 3 | [] | [
"http://hotanimalnews.com/black-lion/"
] | [] | [
-1.2299578189849854,
-1.001173734664917,
-0.08510121703147888,
1.8670589923858643,
1.096696138381958,
0.06308630108833313,
-0.10985738039016724,
-1.0676695108413696,
0.3244290351867676,
0.19157786667346954,
1.1832090616226196,
-0.011808931827545166,
-0.7324894666671753,
-0.3858225345611572,
-0.29981306195259094,
0.07977951318025589,
-0.5005757808685303,
-0.5121448040008545,
-0.8756732940673828,
-0.16635236144065857,
-1.471689224243164,
0.9374199509620667,
-0.05684918165206909,
0.28816550970077515,
-4.480011463165283,
-3.349538564682007,
-2.2213172912597656,
0.3376719057559967,
0.2097145915031433,
-0.9132322072982788,
-0.4773995876312256,
0.5948240160942078,
-0.5561962127685547,
-0.6644436120986938,
-0.6642431020736694,
-1.638678789138794,
-0.8937080502510071,
-0.47120752930641174,
-0.09320595860481262,
0.3139016032218933,
0.7321030497550964,
-0.02301938086748123,
-0.05712583661079407,
-0.25208157300949097,
-0.9119439721107483,
1.1398996114730835,
-0.771497905254364,
0.036302149295806885,
-1.3604700565338135,
-0.5054954886436462,
-1.2832746505737305,
0.49043548107147217,
-1.9817311763763428,
-1.6452574729919434,
-0.08129119127988815,
-0.25939100980758667,
-0.9168063402175903,
0.14778617024421692,
1.8889930248260498,
-0.9082626700401306,
0.1642858237028122,
2.00968337059021,
0.09236468374729156,
0.6626620292663574,
1.1862393617630005,
-1.2564343214035034,
-1.6770756244659424,
-0.21825355291366577,
-0.10900041460990906,
1.4571342468261719,
2.681938409805298,
-0.49349090456962585,
-1.9825482368469238,
1.8152447938919067,
-1.487275242805481,
2.360476493835449,
2.0953705310821533,
0.26129233837127686,
1.456147313117981,
-1.2944345474243164,
-2.464815616607666,
1.664209246635437,
-0.07773755490779877,
-0.5934474468231201,
0.9135785698890686,
-0.49635642766952515,
-0.2214539349079132,
-1.1584036350250244,
-1.3762032985687256,
0.5840857028961182,
1.389151692390442,
-1.176868200302124,
2.2391910552978516,
0.28381723165512085,
-1.2714991569519043,
3.715068817138672,
1.3709383010864258,
-0.9448490142822266,
-1.2698845863342285,
-0.40259575843811035,
-1.7513633966445923,
-0.7123450040817261,
-0.8337016105651855,
1.4814722537994385,
-2.331428050994873,
-1.590283989906311,
-1.683415174484253,
-0.873793363571167,
0.08076269924640656,
0.0012060701847076416,
0.8109227418899536,
-0.9937166571617126,
0.36035656929016113,
1.2866333723068237,
0.426248699426651,
-1.1623517274856567,
-0.8867292404174805,
-1.4642391204833984,
-0.5832268595695496,
-0.1284484565258026,
-0.18754369020462036,
-0.9396752715110779,
0.8730142712593079,
0.7521605491638184,
2.7044825553894043,
0.9588871002197266,
-1.7693175077438354,
1.6870440244674683,
1.5624765157699585,
0.01830051839351654,
1.068875789642334,
-0.4635522961616516,
0.08520309627056122,
0.09992659091949463,
-2.532433271408081,
-0.3113572895526886,
0.6711835861206055,
-0.3479769825935364,
-0.7419623136520386,
0.2672671675682068,
0.6165752410888672,
-1.1940447092056274,
0.5291175246238708,
1.0902464389801025,
1.7082538604736328,
-0.6797667145729065,
0.8454779386520386,
-0.9455199241638184,
-0.38791975378990173,
-0.0011009573936462402,
-0.19294990599155426,
-1.9324089288711548,
-1.40030837059021,
0.5882664322853088,
-2.5046133995056152,
-1.7579927444458008,
-0.08065430074930191,
0.8760812282562256,
1.1890788078308105,
1.6812583208084106,
0.45791155099868774,
0.8984602689743042,
0.3161323666572571,
0.4610271453857422,
0.4822466969490051,
-0.011517614126205444,
-0.28822779655456543,
0.5818202495574951,
2.125793695449829,
0.5981012582778931,
-0.6909605264663696,
0.16245406866073608,
1.8833723068237305,
-1.8023240566253662,
1.2852528095245361,
-0.7826852202415466,
-3.5689127445220947,
1.0210078954696655,
0.41148772835731506,
2.3656117916107178,
1.9870984554290771,
-0.21848635375499725,
1.249049186706543,
2.093266248703003,
0.17768725752830505,
-1.4822397232055664,
0.09519727528095245,
-0.8708093166351318,
0.8525914549827576,
-0.2198227047920227,
0.9751092195510864,
0.061392322182655334,
2.1976335048675537,
0.008730173110961914,
-0.8847707509994507,
-0.5401093363761902,
-0.48551037907600403,
0.36136960983276367,
2.302981376647949,
-1.691537618637085,
-0.642650842666626,
-1.9544788599014282,
-0.6862524747848511,
-0.874106764793396,
-0.13786906003952026,
0.29148465394973755,
0.4842144846916199,
-0.7555463910102844,
-0.9318398237228394,
1.2378427982330322,
-1.5225529670715332,
0.12553560733795166,
0.7772141098976135,
-0.8624060153961182,
1.458451747894287,
0.8794693350791931,
1.056269645690918,
-0.5677931904792786,
2.636152982711792,
0.7312793731689453,
-1.4623875617980957,
-2.313005208969116,
0.4765632748603821,
-0.9468789100646973,
-0.7626526951789856,
-0.14074820280075073,
-0.5628958940505981,
0.15690910816192627,
-1.4201281070709229,
0.1575363129377365,
-0.66257643699646,
0.43011215329170227,
-0.8856602907180786,
-0.7814782857894897,
-0.3145782947540283,
0.9701361656188965,
2.286588668823242,
-1.0203404426574707,
0.9226963520050049,
-0.7517802119255066,
0.3571561872959137,
3.161912441253662,
-0.6963558197021484,
0.46556031703948975,
-1.6839905977249146,
0.0015184283256530762,
-1.21998131275177,
1.4262279272079468,
-0.6122530102729797,
-0.07920849323272705,
-0.9783180952072144,
1.8559825420379639,
-2.5907256603240967,
-1.2087640762329102,
0.7775790691375732,
0.5010498762130737,
-0.5012706518173218,
1.0121748447418213,
1.692859411239624,
-0.14233042299747467,
0.2689110338687897,
-0.6997665166854858,
-0.7544828653335571,
-0.9871197938919067,
1.1322112083435059,
-0.98308926820755,
-0.5270827412605286,
1.6066629886627197,
1.6776286363601685,
1.061969518661499,
1.3182506561279297,
1.7171854972839355,
2.7731854915618896,
0.43219292163848877,
1.9203592538833618,
0.9701515436172485,
0.13617555797100067,
0.8116961717605591,
-0.877003014087677,
-2.6605277061462402,
0.441062867641449,
-0.4490833580493927,
-1.2133400440216064,
1.5975708961486816,
0.14574307203292847,
0.626901388168335,
-0.6421542763710022,
-1.7020998001098633,
-0.06361231207847595,
-0.4265938401222229,
-0.47837337851524353,
1.1735844612121582,
0.7270668148994446,
-2.0286600589752197,
2.916100025177002,
-0.4906485080718994,
-0.07606084644794464,
-0.7521042823791504,
-1.4001437425613403,
0.8738579750061035,
1.155815601348877,
-0.7680424451828003,
1.054157018661499,
0.3342059254646301,
-1.8007731437683105,
-1.2022019624710083,
2.568997859954834,
-1.5697968006134033,
2.1332809925079346,
-1.5896363258361816,
-2.2353477478027344,
1.0346837043762207,
1.407369613647461,
1.3166342973709106,
-0.8537437319755554,
-0.6653706431388855,
0.0585627555847168,
-0.597248375415802,
1.2941185235977173,
1.6380181312561035,
1.060375452041626,
-0.4867563247680664,
0.020978331565856934,
1.8674097061157227,
-0.060171693563461304,
1.0622344017028809,
0.19396114349365234,
-2.1046576499938965,
0.8933188915252686,
1.8691155910491943,
-0.6700707674026489,
0.5709880590438843,
1.4007476568222046,
0.762790322303772,
0.9785910248756409,
3.1719260215759277,
0.36816561222076416,
-0.6704185009002686,
-0.933430552482605,
0.9721089601516724,
-2.774240255355835,
1.0609368085861206,
1.6634937524795532,
1.5420550107955933,
-1.8792895078659058,
-2.645888090133667,
-0.45080170035362244,
-1.9046818017959595,
0.0427769273519516,
0.17107689380645752,
-1.292283296585083,
0.7435271143913269,
0.49509790539741516,
-0.12114600837230682,
2.2778947353363037,
-1.8342188596725464,
-1.747029423713684,
1.708395004272461,
2.400534152984619,
-3.175905227661133,
1.38101327419281,
0.4883394241333008,
-0.6295032501220703,
1.6170592308044434,
0.44705718755722046,
-0.877788245677948,
-0.4022168219089508,
-1.2410496473312378,
0.21468834578990936,
-2.2035696506500244,
-0.06227552890777588,
0.6253106594085693,
0.07334694266319275,
-2.2456934452056885,
-1.581288456916809,
-0.3738967478275299,
-0.31813547015190125,
1.6369271278381348,
-1.028823733329773,
0.6772669553756714,
0.8328062295913696,
-1.1963001489639282,
1.5252453088760376,
-0.25270217657089233
] |
i can't remember the name of this theorem | i remember reading about a theorem that stated something like "if f and g are continuously differentiable analytic functions for all real numbers, and f = g on some interval i, then f = g everywhere." i may have gotten the conditions wrong, but i very vaguely remember this. any help? | the theorem you stated is definitely not true. are you thinking of the [identity theorem](_url_0_) for holomorphic functions? edit: i'm not sure how widespread the name "identity theorem" is, i just picked it up from wikipedia. none of my books on complex analysis give it a name. | 8 | [] | [] | [
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Identity_theorem",
"http://www.mathreference.com/cx-pow,extend.html"
] | [
-0.9370719194412231,
0.3165736496448517,
-0.36927351355552673,
-0.03304045647382736,
-0.4663570821285248,
-0.44176948070526123,
0.6136548519134521,
0.21209630370140076,
0.9315535426139832,
-0.2656271755695343,
0.6550527215003967,
-0.3352097272872925,
0.5888354778289795,
0.4867047369480133,
0.033471107482910156,
0.7141262888908386,
-0.3911014199256897,
0.011455804109573364,
-0.5398449301719666,
-0.23243644833564758,
0.7549552321434021,
0.7898620367050171,
-0.7378408908843994,
0.12362474948167801,
1.019325613975525,
-0.570900559425354,
0.9940026998519897,
0.5861048698425293,
0.3253270983695984,
-0.42719805240631104,
0.07831676304340363,
0.517728865146637,
-0.09834778308868408,
0.2878483235836029,
-0.5283445119857788,
0.1140698492527008,
-0.8441535234451294,
0.18966206908226013,
0.8295349478721619,
0.8028175830841064,
0.005629904568195343,
-0.14227688312530518,
-0.2480602264404297,
0.6497331857681274,
-0.1653715968132019,
0.508148193359375,
0.0027754008769989014,
0.6644437909126282,
-0.597160816192627,
0.023774713277816772,
-0.4424722492694855,
0.2961254119873047,
-0.8280860185623169,
-0.1391109824180603,
0.036625199019908905,
-0.4118087887763977,
-0.6369439363479614,
-1.2347116470336914,
-0.07205581665039062,
-0.9701224565505981,
0.5269292593002319,
0.2143867015838623,
-0.49727949500083923,
0.710944414138794,
0.8155112266540527,
0.7146180868148804,
0.4987426996231079,
-0.6203591227531433,
0.36769336462020874,
0.03497004508972168,
0.31676191091537476,
-0.0034179091453552246,
-0.4649961590766907,
0.18962740898132324,
-0.5409351587295532,
0.35453781485557556,
-0.8433366417884827,
0.23075193166732788,
-0.7458522915840149,
0.19137533009052277,
-0.00691588968038559,
-0.5508740544319153,
0.20692521333694458,
0.4935256540775299,
-0.13457143306732178,
0.6815379858016968,
0.5706827640533447,
-0.4920157790184021,
-0.42272984981536865,
-0.22257347404956818,
-0.12317785620689392,
-1.020723819732666,
0.2553383708000183,
0.0045994482934474945,
0.7287824749946594,
0.23680859804153442,
-0.38616520166397095,
-0.9730029702186584,
0.9720396995544434,
0.4471636116504669,
-1.0569695234298706,
0.4441884756088257,
-1.2362589836120605,
-0.7857071161270142,
0.018499508500099182,
-0.46899282932281494,
-0.24509581923484802,
-0.1989048421382904,
0.6608092784881592,
0.10584129393100739,
-0.6849548816680908,
-0.7989096641540527,
0.3778221309185028,
0.015517935156822205,
-0.35375532507896423,
-0.4668736159801483,
0.7587135434150696,
0.7914453744888306,
0.5216264724731445,
-0.3086209297180176,
-0.5057753920555115,
-0.10064523667097092,
0.4988268315792084,
0.5952603220939636,
-0.09151345491409302,
0.6749885082244873,
-0.2844061851501465,
0.15871454775333405,
-0.2823795974254608,
-0.2047797441482544,
1.1463818550109863,
-0.2591550350189209,
0.18598423898220062,
-0.22604136168956757,
-0.029579579830169678,
-0.49795347452163696,
0.000472433865070343,
0.6187407970428467,
-0.1665218472480774,
0.6836157441139221,
0.1231648251414299,
0.47998133301734924,
-0.004569061100482941,
0.617233395576477,
0.08212269097566605,
0.5465631484985352,
-0.22235602140426636,
0.14855636656284332,
0.4609519839286804,
0.7396984100341797,
0.5129392743110657,
-0.16771304607391357,
-0.24210093915462494,
-0.34338241815567017,
0.25540652871131897,
-0.20202738046646118,
0.5431333780288696,
0.0989886075258255,
0.5354241728782654,
-0.13610026240348816,
-0.28607138991355896,
0.4408944249153137,
0.42563194036483765,
0.8210640549659729,
0.7263849973678589,
0.1013297289609909,
0.13228251039981842,
-0.21451550722122192,
0.3046618700027466,
-0.06553295254707336,
0.07014326751232147,
0.06161347031593323,
0.08161595463752747,
0.8841478228569031,
-0.22028465569019318,
0.17771252989768982,
0.04682750254869461,
-0.2279188334941864,
0.11688783764839172,
1.144202470779419,
-0.09347562491893768,
-0.7562472820281982,
0.10426443815231323,
-0.20189228653907776,
-0.5000826120376587,
0.7791556119918823,
0.12337194383144379,
0.08081893622875214,
-0.6643403768539429,
0.1902213990688324,
-0.8998963236808777,
0.3975738286972046,
-0.30224981904029846,
0.0342794731259346,
-0.48469042778015137,
-0.6004905700683594,
1.679195523262024,
-0.3883913457393646,
0.33826926350593567,
0.2845804691314697,
-1.3145790100097656,
0.5455746650695801,
0.3282361328601837,
-0.574993908405304,
-0.48293036222457886,
-0.7257436513900757,
0.8011263012886047,
0.2651786506175995,
-1.6912554502487183,
0.7287361025810242,
-0.06406792253255844,
-0.6293929219245911,
-1.3160417079925537,
-0.4555128216743469,
-0.2903541624546051,
0.6787563562393188,
0.0896613597869873,
-0.3160567283630371,
-0.345314085483551,
0.8731595277786255,
-0.6989565491676331,
0.393306702375412,
-0.02736818790435791,
-0.8432039022445679,
-1.0193777084350586,
-1.5887818336486816,
-0.7946760058403015,
0.5296418070793152,
-0.1630101501941681,
-0.5113458037376404,
0.1680084764957428,
-0.18651169538497925,
0.8554208278656006,
0.5014534592628479,
-0.3323702812194824,
0.19326846301555634,
0.44800865650177,
-0.010134799405932426,
0.22217683494091034,
-0.4620174467563629,
-0.7966846227645874,
-0.47316259145736694,
-0.6138346791267395,
0.7720509767532349,
-0.9252129793167114,
0.657478928565979,
-0.36171621084213257,
-0.4248035252094269,
0.4105008542537689,
0.7686017155647278,
-0.4580541253089905,
-0.49850088357925415,
0.3197801411151886,
0.46981245279312134,
-0.4211554229259491,
-0.030982457101345062,
-0.38882774114608765,
-0.3939692974090576,
-0.8522695302963257,
0.5101017951965332,
0.24157372117042542,
-1.2677263021469116,
0.5359184741973877,
-0.4147922992706299,
-0.21982228755950928,
0.4015564024448395,
0.3366388976573944,
-0.2760281264781952,
0.6710784435272217,
-0.18179897964000702,
0.17972812056541443,
0.11643941700458527,
0.5188396573066711,
-0.6417955756187439,
0.5080710649490356,
0.0932525098323822,
0.5263912677764893,
-0.21103179454803467,
-0.28842395544052124,
-0.6060189008712769,
0.16043169796466827,
-0.7487255334854126,
-0.32319092750549316,
-0.0979171097278595,
-0.4100748300552368,
0.22628018260002136,
0.7972867488861084,
1.5813398361206055,
-0.639345645904541,
0.017455369234085083,
-0.5199918150901794,
-0.026023507118225098,
0.06887562572956085,
-0.19111748039722443,
0.27941298484802246,
0.5883246660232544,
-0.9486038088798523,
-0.7476140856742859,
0.27200788259506226,
0.9361883401870728,
-0.013469316065311432,
0.6338185667991638,
-0.4384905993938446,
-0.0027224868535995483,
-0.9744912385940552,
0.2084030658006668,
0.639999508857727,
0.32644572854042053,
0.647528886795044,
-0.06858180463314056,
0.03196807950735092,
-0.410831481218338,
-0.12165225297212601,
0.8265398740768433,
-0.061745163053274155,
-0.5841724872589111,
-1.307355523109436,
0.8682693243026733,
0.5527272820472717,
-0.22265753149986267,
0.5218273401260376,
0.15612104535102844,
0.5028423070907593,
0.31731510162353516,
-0.5004314184188843,
0.8034417033195496,
0.35054895281791687,
-0.1026206910610199,
-0.17287738621234894,
0.3861631155014038,
-0.05575358867645264,
1.0439084768295288,
-0.6683323979377747,
0.6115381717681885,
-0.27519503235816956,
-0.14857077598571777,
-0.5055069923400879,
0.6165604591369629,
-0.45244330167770386,
0.1734473556280136,
0.19596150517463684,
-0.2186218500137329,
0.18931767344474792,
-1.1975053548812866,
-0.29162219166755676,
-0.27085962891578674,
0.11471712589263916,
0.2837912440299988,
-1.234816551208496,
-0.2422356903553009,
-0.039374034851789474,
1.219504952430725,
-0.2738889753818512,
-0.09019441157579422,
1.141390085220337,
0.22588375210762024,
0.44067665934562683,
0.3799862265586853,
0.27516549825668335,
0.0654340386390686,
-0.6437207460403442,
0.24358344078063965,
-0.44399967789649963,
0.5336326360702515,
0.4263641834259033,
0.49807602167129517,
-0.31247007846832275,
0.47513845562934875,
0.057621777057647705,
-0.15176407992839813,
0.047295212745666504,
0.4912656247615814,
-0.039915621280670166,
-0.5525884032249451,
-0.055168651044368744,
-0.03561624884605408,
-0.5366072654724121,
-0.20186831057071686,
-0.7837693095207214,
-0.6374450922012329,
0.5509136915206909,
-0.15203610062599182,
1.1742366552352905,
0.18201705813407898
] |
what is the difference between cutting a material and breaking/ripping it? | for example if i cut a piece of paper with scissors, i get a nice, clean separation between the two pieces. however, if i rip it using my hands, the break is very jagged/serrated, and isn't smooth at all. the same is true for lots of other materials (i.e cutting verse ripping bread). what is the difference, on an atomic/molecular level, between cutting something and breaking or ripping it? | when you cut a piece of paper, the pressure you're applying is localized along the blade of the scissors. this pressure is enormous (pressure is force/area, and the area on the tip of a blade, as you can imagine, is extremely tiny), so the paper breaks effortlessly along the blade. when you tear a piece of paper, you're stretching the material in opposite directions with your hands. this applies an internal stress all along the inside of the paper (as opposed to along a nice straight line, as with scissors). the part of the paper that tears first is whatever area is weakest in the region of stress. this results in a ton of very tiny tears, one right after the other, determined entirely by which direction will rip most easily next. the resulting line formed could be a perfectly straight line, but it's extremely unlikely and there's no reason it should be. the tear essentially follows the path of lowest resistance to tearing within the paper. that's why perforated* paper is so easy to tear - the path of 'least resistance' is along the perforated line, resulting in a clean tear. to answer your last question, there isn't a difference on an atomic/molecular level between cutting and ripping. both methods involve severing the wood fibers in the paper. * edit - perforated, not serrated. thanks shilosw. | 12 | [] | [] | [] | [
-4.500781536102295,
2.0520265102386475,
0.7842711210250854,
0.05553364008665085,
0.47961804270744324,
-0.942226231098175,
-0.9377710819244385,
2.70526123046875,
1.0831652879714966,
-0.35861629247665405,
1.9924391508102417,
0.7469797134399414,
-0.058862656354904175,
0.68950355052948,
0.21262183785438538,
-0.6217878460884094,
-1.4298149347305298,
1.7447360754013062,
-2.7423095703125,
4.60720682144165,
2.2563633918762207,
2.6807162761688232,
0.760985255241394,
0.4719739258289337,
-0.2422308623790741,
1.5372580289840698,
-1.5183837413787842,
0.9825534820556641,
0.2145206332206726,
-1.684263825416565,
-1.6748322248458862,
-1.5088013410568237,
-1.1354352235794067,
-0.3632428050041199,
3.143188953399658,
1.2661564350128174,
-0.2136840522289276,
0.6876415014266968,
0.9087264537811279,
-1.0863113403320312,
-1.6447652578353882,
-0.018918484449386597,
-2.4768829345703125,
2.2193522453308105,
1.8500888347625732,
2.8118951320648193,
1.242748498916626,
-2.0046091079711914,
-1.3444408178329468,
-0.6936796307563782,
-1.6055535078048706,
1.4386316537857056,
-2.4901413917541504,
0.18095949292182922,
-0.9251914620399475,
-0.39512985944747925,
0.8155145049095154,
0.971051037311554,
0.11593388020992279,
0.17019470036029816,
0.008337780833244324,
0.8474674224853516,
-2.2675719261169434,
2.7129411697387695,
3.9474358558654785,
-0.3447927236557007,
1.5623191595077515,
1.1693658828735352,
-4.332057476043701,
4.387090682983398,
2.417778730392456,
-1.853010654449463,
0.5267143249511719,
-0.12055450677871704,
2.3761093616485596,
-1.4021812677383423,
-2.8687281608581543,
1.652714490890503,
-1.554660677909851,
-0.3652167022228241,
-0.7808994650840759,
-2.8646399974823,
-2.45281720161438,
3.4389939308166504,
-2.714994430541992,
1.2476377487182617,
5.262643337249756,
0.35243842005729675,
1.65416419506073,
0.25215238332748413,
0.36994579434394836,
0.2844110131263733,
-0.16574594378471375,
4.130743503570557,
0.8874413371086121,
1.5000085830688477,
-2.4419403076171875,
-0.5095017552375793,
-1.685487151145935,
-0.8275028467178345,
-1.3345931768417358,
-0.24661414325237274,
-3.8131723403930664,
-1.0510629415512085,
0.21516317129135132,
-1.8597067594528198,
-0.47577571868896484,
-1.658101201057434,
-2.1598920822143555,
-0.005272954702377319,
0.1781090497970581,
-0.532457709312439,
-0.5221163034439087,
-0.3026346266269684,
0.8930050730705261,
-2.1978046894073486,
4.778397560119629,
-2.6183600425720215,
-2.3436577320098877,
-0.708501398563385,
1.259793996810913,
-0.04235096275806427,
-4.781216621398926,
1.1837505102157593,
0.3807305693626404,
-0.6147280931472778,
-0.774450421333313,
2.789320230484009,
4.294036865234375,
-0.26147279143333435,
-0.9519467353820801,
-1.8798996210098267,
1.3097920417785645,
0.08577395975589752,
-2.83215069770813,
1.1703217029571533,
-0.5348536372184753,
-0.10296502709388733,
-0.37497854232788086,
-1.2419365644454956,
1.5095982551574707,
0.6972500681877136,
-0.04115280508995056,
-1.0573755502700806,
0.2642466127872467,
-0.008791893720626831,
-5.156671524047852,
1.540372610092163,
-0.7369187474250793,
0.5948052406311035,
-0.6995357275009155,
-1.6345332860946655,
-0.9711748957633972,
-1.1839045286178589,
-0.8192994594573975,
-4.6403117179870605,
-1.3460636138916016,
1.8782012462615967,
-0.0022462010383605957,
-0.9871434569358826,
-1.359183430671692,
0.5172264575958252,
-1.2920591831207275,
3.67414927482605,
0.21401339769363403,
0.19391536712646484,
-0.21348299086093903,
-2.6058104038238525,
0.23674753308296204,
0.8990477323532104,
2.7644872665405273,
0.12488526105880737,
2.9311819076538086,
-0.09709735214710236,
-0.08242373168468475,
1.700283169746399,
-6.0447282791137695,
0.6416535377502441,
1.6606093645095825,
4.1743669509887695,
4.416489601135254,
1.7660329341888428,
0.9047499895095825,
1.9428876638412476,
0.42935141921043396,
-1.0946894884109497,
-1.0424071550369263,
-0.0694521963596344,
-1.1346056461334229,
1.3470287322998047,
-1.090743899345398,
-1.086696982383728,
0.2731638550758362,
3.4674689769744873,
-2.8528316020965576,
3.442331314086914,
-0.3681912124156952,
-3.9579875469207764,
-5.633965015411377,
-1.2913095951080322,
0.6210784316062927,
0.943914532661438,
-4.1235480308532715,
-1.5079501867294312,
0.18883076310157776,
-0.3439829349517822,
3.2174646854400635,
-5.361483573913574,
-2.6161365509033203,
1.1165050268173218,
-1.1959258317947388,
-5.922400951385498,
-2.2378790378570557,
-0.7540736198425293,
1.504675030708313,
0.2369382381439209,
-0.9781944751739502,
-0.008607055991888046,
0.37800833582878113,
-2.3095357418060303,
1.0547170639038086,
-1.547523856163025,
1.4112507104873657,
-3.5575127601623535,
-0.7639180421829224,
-0.8373842239379883,
-0.7014188766479492,
3.6743242740631104,
0.11577394604682922,
1.4201092720031738,
-2.1715431213378906,
1.8637630939483643,
0.9093875885009766,
3.1281349658966064,
0.006816774606704712,
-1.7008841037750244,
-3.3696720600128174,
1.5697741508483887,
-0.0615086667239666,
-1.078369140625,
-1.799651026725769,
2.794539213180542,
-0.2822875380516052,
1.4379065036773682,
0.6986744999885559,
0.09660619497299194,
4.5390520095825195,
1.9366998672485352,
2.6256155967712402,
1.310807704925537,
-2.0750370025634766,
-0.7030235528945923,
-1.3673646450042725,
0.3174231946468353,
-2.2618680000305176,
-0.5034425258636475,
-2.4921329021453857,
-2.0449392795562744,
-2.083216667175293,
0.25834184885025024,
0.25933629274368286,
1.9831944704055786,
0.3614901304244995,
-2.6949563026428223,
2.3289146423339844,
2.5277669429779053,
2.3305485248565674,
-0.010732769966125488,
-3.114264726638794,
0.0784323513507843,
0.3646695017814636,
-2.473623275756836,
-1.717099905014038,
2.0788612365722656,
1.1532412767410278,
1.1772605180740356,
0.9000809788703918,
2.4782681465148926,
-0.32660964131355286,
0.2612420320510864,
-3.555915117263794,
-3.044248580932617,
-2.5302326679229736,
4.976659297943115,
1.3245747089385986,
1.5309951305389404,
-0.9253701567649841,
-2.414893627166748,
4.764153480529785,
-1.0124338865280151,
-1.5558526515960693,
-0.12240143120288849,
2.404575824737549,
-0.507623553276062,
-0.7997552156448364,
4.105659008026123,
-0.07752276957035065,
-0.057861775159835815,
1.3931549787521362,
-1.0350801944732666,
-0.8978399038314819,
-1.079063892364502,
-3.725750207901001,
1.7522088289260864,
-1.0208264589309692,
1.7732412815093994,
-1.078575849533081,
2.2518815994262695,
-0.012424439191818237,
-1.2814414501190186,
0.32779866456985474,
1.6430269479751587,
-1.7366145849227905,
-0.44994214177131653,
-1.8194098472595215,
2.4961445331573486,
3.9287819862365723,
0.4827951192855835,
-0.4347173571586609,
-0.2988678216934204,
2.1223528385162354,
0.5855146646499634,
-0.24440419673919678,
0.28143075108528137,
0.4616909623146057,
1.9254772663116455,
-1.349009394645691,
-1.7458462715148926,
-0.4367268681526184,
-0.8151014447212219,
0.9453235864639282,
-0.20517538487911224,
-1.7450692653656006,
0.5395246148109436,
-1.891985535621643,
0.06714880466461182,
-0.32584673166275024,
-1.5481904745101929,
-1.878272294998169,
-0.7180976271629333,
-1.4722700119018555,
-0.2265152782201767,
1.0994576215744019,
1.834511160850525,
2.0310988426208496,
-0.13984061777591705,
-1.4488965272903442,
-1.0783216953277588,
-3.5409555435180664,
0.9726828932762146,
2.4214043617248535,
1.9248323440551758,
1.2396351099014282,
2.3349225521087646,
0.3023216128349304,
0.7093390226364136,
1.3180533647537231,
1.9503352642059326,
-1.7089273929595947,
2.752591848373413,
-0.3380873501300812,
-3.4487600326538086,
-0.5244309306144714,
2.904860496520996,
1.7495595216751099,
0.975357711315155,
0.8168365955352783,
-0.9981430768966675,
-1.8115513324737549,
-0.4319685101509094,
5.379527568817139,
1.3471524715423584,
0.7919844388961792,
-0.5923991799354553,
0.21274012327194214,
-0.7980564832687378,
1.7090824842453003,
2.761810302734375,
-2.8336143493652344,
1.29204261302948,
1.7172465324401855,
-0.9908086061477661,
5.799759864807129,
2.9076898097991943
] |
chemistry - what was in that test tube rocket motor? | in my grade 12 physics class as pre exam treat, our teacher showed us a test tube rocket that was ignited with hydrochloric acid. how did he make it? edit: i did not realize i could categorize my post after, that is why it is in the title. | it can be done many different ways but is usually just a strong oxidizer like _url_0_, a fuel like sugar or rubber and a ignition source from a open flame or reactive chemical. | 3 | [] | [] | [
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potassium_chlorate"
] | [
-1.1591743230819702,
0.4808925986289978,
-0.3446633219718933,
0.4738699793815613,
0.6524645090103149,
-0.09570452570915222,
0.5651313662528992,
0.8529940247535706,
0.03691823035478592,
0.03832608461380005,
-0.06536135822534561,
0.10341459512710571,
-0.520568311214447,
0.20634272694587708,
0.6027439832687378,
0.046020474284887314,
0.2376287430524826,
0.2213289588689804,
-0.29313749074935913,
-0.03946998715400696,
0.7041844725608826,
0.4230554699897766,
-0.014357320964336395,
-0.3601645827293396,
-0.5368269681930542,
-0.053124986588954926,
-0.14209699630737305,
0.5501797795295715,
0.24084439873695374,
0.06096421927213669,
0.5474247336387634,
0.35011887550354004,
-0.7433875799179077,
0.18582046031951904,
-0.29591333866119385,
-0.41711515188217163,
-0.6208419799804688,
0.24248839914798737,
-0.27598676085472107,
-0.13878023624420166,
-0.4475570321083069,
-0.1142854243516922,
0.23921000957489014,
0.4493086338043213,
-0.3202080726623535,
0.011665992438793182,
0.33009588718414307,
-0.5502828359603882,
-0.05274859070777893,
-1.062524437904358,
-0.3120715916156769,
-0.09504377841949463,
-0.7668659687042236,
0.39625313878059387,
0.22123555839061737,
-1.4087588787078857,
-0.05773603171110153,
0.23278871178627014,
-0.3908911347389221,
-1.2934355735778809,
0.12035568058490753,
0.040364980697631836,
-0.3112163543701172,
-0.13135755062103271,
1.0145690441131592,
-0.40798869729042053,
0.017772331833839417,
-0.2232513129711151,
0.6758887767791748,
-0.14466188848018646,
-0.12342169880867004,
-0.294053316116333,
0.6975350379943848,
-0.12223786115646362,
-0.37622126936912537,
0.31530144810676575,
-0.2595338821411133,
0.5583705902099609,
-0.0034111179411411285,
0.04146561771631241,
0.2872849404811859,
-0.36971020698547363,
-0.5950078964233398,
-0.04139029234647751,
-0.24768590927124023,
1.0552496910095215,
0.8238715529441833,
-0.14921537041664124,
0.2187882661819458,
0.4979148507118225,
-0.599640429019928,
0.9919919967651367,
0.39189261198043823,
0.304200679063797,
0.14972737431526184,
0.231345072388649,
1.136832594871521,
-0.39065131545066833,
-0.2539317011833191,
0.5218632221221924,
0.36259153485298157,
0.07690836489200592,
-1.4857290983200073,
-0.4867238998413086,
-0.7186180353164673,
-0.04199806600809097,
0.10349030792713165,
0.6545122265815735,
0.3218354880809784,
0.23221611976623535,
0.04489726945757866,
-0.0021503381431102753,
-0.35771793127059937,
-0.7956239581108093,
0.16755086183547974,
-0.5122276544570923,
-0.14368298649787903,
-0.4438434839248657,
-0.6810619831085205,
0.05478727072477341,
0.1355985403060913,
-0.05804973840713501,
-0.06848787516355515,
0.5394371747970581,
0.4314616918563843,
-0.08623640239238739,
0.5419455766677856,
0.08202299475669861,
-0.3454227149486542,
0.9541189670562744,
0.29355841875076294,
-0.4469662308692932,
-0.09555400907993317,
0.051128946244716644,
0.06369584798812866,
0.5669061541557312,
0.06200984865427017,
0.4845235049724579,
-0.49807876348495483,
1.4194276332855225,
-0.39732158184051514,
0.6691972017288208,
-0.6041483283042908,
-0.4784640073776245,
-0.36920639872550964,
-0.26348716020584106,
0.3439963459968567,
-0.6908001899719238,
-0.30610889196395874,
0.12496244162321091,
-0.44249099493026733,
-0.7846636772155762,
-0.40239638090133667,
0.2446068823337555,
0.3858688175678253,
-0.0053007700480520725,
-0.29161763191223145,
0.29337018728256226,
1.0634944438934326,
0.3510031998157501,
-0.5197775363922119,
0.36440011858940125,
0.0022086636163294315,
0.14526671171188354,
-0.6293057203292847,
-0.47430315613746643,
-0.14260149002075195,
-0.34898117184638977,
-0.5349022150039673,
0.03786905109882355,
0.6084684729576111,
-0.1304021179676056,
0.657172679901123,
-0.5004945993423462,
-1.7747397422790527,
0.3928203582763672,
-0.6356633901596069,
0.0029857903718948364,
-0.0462462417781353,
0.7680894136428833,
0.9233351945877075,
0.9050194025039673,
-0.015972966328263283,
0.5695807337760925,
-0.6818867325782776,
-0.04362647235393524,
0.1723504662513733,
-0.11350119113922119,
-0.20787250995635986,
0.288268119096756,
-0.3742797374725342,
-0.04347449541091919,
-0.26927250623703003,
0.13166967034339905,
-0.3072441816329956,
0.0735473558306694,
-0.20930665731430054,
0.000945746898651123,
0.13375923037528992,
-0.38373470306396484,
0.4947350025177002,
-0.06636159121990204,
-0.330889493227005,
-0.14589235186576843,
0.2687223255634308,
0.1048901379108429,
0.8781891465187073,
-0.07900358736515045,
-1.1667709350585938,
-0.44518911838531494,
-0.4958527982234955,
-0.8396963477134705,
-1.0693509578704834,
-0.5075047016143799,
-0.18548157811164856,
-0.12382111698389053,
-0.16517028212547302,
-0.41760390996932983,
-0.449676513671875,
-0.6162995100021362,
0.8533046245574951,
-0.7199573516845703,
0.34452179074287415,
-0.43272894620895386,
0.4026661813259125,
-0.05690082162618637,
-0.5259444713592529,
0.7046332359313965,
-0.03246806934475899,
0.4710814356803894,
-0.3655981123447418,
-0.7755733728408813,
0.4176292419433594,
0.9949221611022949,
0.38013845682144165,
0.08193008601665497,
0.5518442392349243,
-0.2166486531496048,
0.5333921909332275,
-0.30039018392562866,
-0.1592176854610443,
0.08129322528839111,
0.22593839466571808,
0.44277480244636536,
-0.95756995677948,
0.4065439999103546,
-0.8817051649093628,
0.1839953362941742,
-0.23285126686096191,
0.13894547522068024,
-0.16436059772968292,
0.03950574994087219,
-0.39875689148902893,
0.9594718217849731,
1.0589945316314697,
0.637536883354187,
-0.8226718902587891,
-0.6725053191184998,
-0.7652760744094849,
-0.32694730162620544,
0.02043728530406952,
-0.4736191928386688,
-0.14346778392791748,
-0.5142785310745239,
0.6317259073257446,
0.24897697567939758,
0.026976926252245903,
0.613536536693573,
-1.084878921508789,
-0.03755129873752594,
-0.6037617325782776,
-0.4382365047931671,
0.7771940231323242,
0.34756219387054443,
1.1253703832626343,
-0.8126438856124878,
0.09551256895065308,
-0.10395398736000061,
0.3502018451690674,
0.2941024899482727,
0.21631364524364471,
-0.5977655649185181,
-0.39799296855926514,
0.5250500440597534,
0.6652677059173584,
0.011864788830280304,
-0.08109179884195328,
-0.30052658915519714,
-0.3736364245414734,
-0.5508745908737183,
-0.4604976177215576,
0.6529232263565063,
0.7005395889282227,
-0.6788111329078674,
1.0403306484222412,
0.2787488102912903,
0.5360634326934814,
0.25151288509368896,
-0.11552073061466217,
-0.44151419401168823,
0.6133555769920349,
-0.21872322261333466,
-0.4255879819393158,
0.17235979437828064,
-0.08949624001979828,
0.2162041813135147,
0.1556212604045868,
-0.41289541125297546,
0.5927177667617798,
-1.139115571975708,
-0.31214532256126404,
-0.02719508856534958,
0.48419690132141113,
-0.4235546588897705,
-0.14785419404506683,
0.33201873302459717,
-0.03600114583969116,
0.4807025194168091,
0.025134339928627014,
0.10997457057237625,
0.007407388649880886,
-0.2659730315208435,
0.7586673498153687,
0.1357877552509308,
-0.1872672140598297,
0.39482635259628296,
0.15497083961963654,
-0.39666974544525146,
-0.193567156791687,
-0.7382182478904724,
0.7449650168418884,
0.22621050477027893,
0.8816894292831421,
-0.04495754837989807,
0.5009976625442505,
0.45273318886756897,
-0.08312173932790756,
-0.2308868169784546,
-0.5417214632034302,
-0.1423020362854004,
-0.4353577494621277,
0.10287581384181976,
-0.28759706020355225,
0.026636244729161263,
0.33477574586868286,
-0.22256362438201904,
0.1663171350955963,
0.03450760990381241,
-0.5061325430870056,
0.39727258682250977,
-0.2903056740760803,
0.603976845741272,
0.7577909231185913,
0.45959314703941345,
0.42029204964637756,
0.34384801983833313,
0.4866834878921509,
-0.19178363680839539,
-0.5270310640335083,
-0.004660509526729584,
0.046269312500953674,
-0.23881739377975464,
-0.2420007884502411,
0.15928220748901367,
-0.7623919248580933,
0.6086541414260864,
-0.8001651167869568,
-0.1850285828113556,
-0.26163625717163086,
0.8592220544815063,
0.5408439040184021,
0.5735653638839722,
0.7523922324180603,
-0.5202512145042419,
-0.22243864834308624,
-0.14985649287700653,
-0.3658334016799927,
0.27913105487823486,
-0.0946052223443985,
-0.11103212833404541,
0.7721850275993347,
-0.0036164671182632446,
1.6001920700073242,
0.23033201694488525
] |
what are the long term consequences of forcing our rivers to stay on the same path? | the effects vary wildly depending on the location and river and it is a very complicated topic, but here are some basic impacts. ecological impacts are almost always involved. often man-made barriers that prevent river convulsion or migration are much different than the natural river banks, and so it can easily completely disrupt the local riparian ecosystems (which can then impact other nearby ecosystems). there are low-impact ways to keep rivers on the same path, but they tend to require a lot more money, planning, and maintenance, so they are not always used. redistribution of sedimentation is another major impact. rivers will usually be forced to stay on a single path in places where they are depositional, rather than erosional (since erosional portions of rivers are usually highly channelized naturally). in most cases, rivers naturally build up sediment in one location until the channel becomes unstable, at which point they will convulse to a different location on the flood plain and start building up sediment there, and so on. forcing a river to one location will force the sedimentation to only occur in one place. this can be problematic for a whole slew of reasons, but one famous example is with new orleans. naturally, the sediment from the mississippi would offset the subsidence of the area. but since the river has been constrained, the sediment is all transported offshore. because the city was built on this subsiding land it is now below sea level and at a huge risk from flooding. which is why it is the home of the most expensive natural disaster in the united state's history. also, forcing a river to follow a single path usually means you make the river "straighter". such as taking a meandering river, straightening it out, then using the extra land that creates for development. but this effectively increases the gradient of the river, which can have major impacts on upstream and downstream sedimentation and erosion, which can be problematic and expensive. the process of channelizing a river can also change how it transports and processes pollutants. of course, forcing a river to a single permanent channel can also do a lot of good for nearby human communities, and in some cases can help with ecological conservation efforts. so it's complicated. | 12 | [] | [] | [] | [
2.251812219619751,
-0.7629605531692505,
5.822414398193359,
2.3691177368164062,
3.0461156368255615,
-5.97219181060791,
-0.4013359248638153,
-0.14471465349197388,
-3.842622995376587,
3.3827946186065674,
-2.892486095428467,
-0.5278733968734741,
-2.6197187900543213,
3.877568483352661,
-2.2567574977874756,
4.049735069274902,
-2.3215527534484863,
-0.15301069617271423,
-4.023189067840576,
1.555521011352539,
2.411512851715088,
2.006176233291626,
-4.063384532928467,
-1.5187840461730957,
0.41023629903793335,
1.0911670923233032,
-0.1228913962841034,
1.5950037240982056,
1.5665967464447021,
-3.4559402465820312,
-4.005263328552246,
2.0050384998321533,
-7.491307735443115,
-1.3554308414459229,
1.0170613527297974,
2.4182467460632324,
1.089407205581665,
-0.39165884256362915,
0.4429607093334198,
-1.764573097229004,
1.7465014457702637,
2.2254395484924316,
0.5604950189590454,
0.6422114372253418,
-4.651479721069336,
-0.010963335633277893,
5.790409088134766,
-1.6700512170791626,
0.35737162828445435,
-3.3703842163085938,
2.903991937637329,
-2.5031683444976807,
-2.0504684448242188,
-3.892152786254883,
-5.044383525848389,
-0.9881061315536499,
0.19323250651359558,
0.6106370687484741,
0.1060992181301117,
0.3341946005821228,
0.21253162622451782,
-0.6794854998588562,
-0.7340205907821655,
2.682708501815796,
6.489500999450684,
2.368760347366333,
-2.8218960762023926,
5.0785088539123535,
0.8645881414413452,
2.584211587905884,
0.6174105405807495,
-0.9800602793693542,
-0.7970045804977417,
-5.70089864730835,
2.1518070697784424,
-3.193075656890869,
0.40639418363571167,
6.0511250495910645,
2.5487027168273926,
-1.484976053237915,
-0.1862894743680954,
-0.20826007425785065,
-1.5267843008041382,
-4.211792469024658,
-2.3400959968566895,
0.6548824906349182,
-0.5381771326065063,
1.5476713180541992,
8.449520111083984,
1.8113396167755127,
3.7208850383758545,
-2.9248595237731934,
5.322923183441162,
-0.7170897722244263,
1.3531315326690674,
5.5316667556762695,
-1.8744803667068481,
-2.4649038314819336,
5.30423641204834,
-4.4472174644470215,
-0.8554354906082153,
2.5870158672332764,
-5.193727493286133,
0.7935330271720886,
3.5762836933135986,
1.583979606628418,
1.6132010221481323,
0.04340851306915283,
3.322160005569458,
2.115187406539917,
1.7746416330337524,
-1.075673222541809,
3.766201972961426,
-1.1618725061416626,
-2.860065460205078,
-0.9765937924385071,
-2.0475311279296875,
-3.46842360496521,
-6.539480209350586,
-6.453922748565674,
-2.5057880878448486,
-6.30650520324707,
1.007123351097107,
3.7002251148223877,
6.404345512390137,
2.3658344745635986,
-3.2332186698913574,
2.812873601913452,
1.2772397994995117,
-5.437265872955322,
-0.5507262349128723,
-4.103734493255615,
5.411380290985107,
-4.643651008605957,
-1.4968323707580566,
0.06755666434764862,
1.458932638168335,
-2.9911770820617676,
-6.172140121459961,
-0.22454646229743958,
0.03819316625595093,
1.9726673364639282,
1.9033912420272827,
-4.379521369934082,
-1.394493818283081,
1.5066190958023071,
-0.43801966309547424,
-3.495039939880371,
-3.02836012840271,
-2.9774222373962402,
-0.6914063096046448,
-5.622258186340332,
-3.3190786838531494,
-6.5639729499816895,
-0.12708230316638947,
0.21177074313163757,
-0.4280177354812622,
0.3027969300746918,
1.6179143190383911,
2.506295680999756,
-1.9902129173278809,
4.111804962158203,
-0.3933935761451721,
3.778503656387329,
1.3438572883605957,
3.2549567222595215,
-0.8132057189941406,
-1.2080605030059814,
-0.9717510938644409,
-2.48490047454834,
-3.472646474838257,
3.121126890182495,
4.138765335083008,
-6.799108028411865,
4.841345310211182,
2.1521389484405518,
-9.278112411499023,
-1.904752492904663,
-0.8502771258354187,
3.4095630645751953,
-1.7019318342208862,
1.7431211471557617,
-0.9666721820831299,
0.6376639604568481,
0.9105209112167358,
-3.790193557739258,
-0.7144588232040405,
-0.6212076544761658,
-3.020599603652954,
-0.8769225478172302,
0.23369790613651276,
1.8298059701919556,
6.852914333343506,
2.291088819503784,
2.2578489780426025,
6.831393718719482,
-1.1875295639038086,
-0.9139932990074158,
-0.6078892946243286,
-1.7106939554214478,
0.23489615321159363,
-1.5904216766357422,
-6.414484024047852,
-0.699908971786499,
-0.46473217010498047,
-0.7678278088569641,
5.41811466217041,
0.6137698888778687,
-7.869463920593262,
-1.53092622756958,
0.3319055736064911,
1.370143175125122,
0.6879546642303467,
-4.521233558654785,
0.31435447931289673,
-3.583362340927124,
-0.31557852029800415,
0.18913495540618896,
0.2611059546470642,
2.4261562824249268,
3.5883400440216064,
0.09562088549137115,
10.127885818481445,
-5.428586006164551,
2.1224122047424316,
0.6412402391433716,
1.2739509344100952,
1.144850730895996,
-4.714191913604736,
-1.1908966302871704,
2.5520780086517334,
-2.398824691772461,
0.22739224135875702,
1.1336357593536377,
-10.096363067626953,
1.3242400884628296,
4.390916347503662,
0.5175291299819946,
-0.048761796206235886,
-6.158257484436035,
1.4798250198364258,
1.8863894939422607,
-1.5378923416137695,
1.8024026155471802,
-3.696321487426758,
-0.9420861601829529,
-3.8534505367279053,
0.9832144379615784,
-0.6667953729629517,
-0.6568493247032166,
-8.866914749145508,
-2.631979465484619,
-4.503282070159912,
1.6842113733291626,
-3.143045425415039,
5.024853706359863,
-2.1991095542907715,
-8.53898811340332,
-6.058720111846924,
7.539999961853027,
4.630812168121338,
1.1468076705932617,
-4.35006856918335,
-1.6436870098114014,
4.763341426849365,
-1.7576550245285034,
1.749029278755188,
-2.300255298614502,
-0.10065123438835144,
3.321399211883545,
1.2830727100372314,
1.0612716674804688,
-2.784311056137085,
3.0986831188201904,
3.7503132820129395,
2.896522283554077,
0.4603898227214813,
1.785468578338623,
4.964993000030518,
-0.699173092842102,
4.474982738494873,
-1.3236440420150757,
-7.667527675628662,
3.856872320175171,
2.265557050704956,
0.023015819489955902,
-1.007859706878662,
1.5778982639312744,
5.363749027252197,
1.1040747165679932,
0.21765850484371185,
2.484506845474243,
-0.024775534868240356,
0.12542064487934113,
0.5706841349601746,
-2.1231701374053955,
-1.6109037399291992,
0.26535463333129883,
3.0447497367858887,
-2.4051876068115234,
1.026056170463562,
1.3648227453231812,
-2.770303964614868,
0.41572457551956177,
-3.165672540664673,
4.371779918670654,
3.016906976699829,
0.8553050756454468,
5.241827964782715,
-8.29852294921875,
0.06234696879982948,
-7.458855628967285,
2.2289531230926514,
5.708186149597168,
0.09686410427093506,
-0.9252758026123047,
-6.736786842346191,
0.4973311722278595,
-1.6840404272079468,
1.200987458229065,
0.385783314704895,
3.250087022781372,
0.10170603543519974,
1.9465728998184204,
3.487924575805664,
-1.466316819190979,
3.263497829437256,
5.921262264251709,
-2.1066641807556152,
1.3860067129135132,
-1.8818233013153076,
2.310358762741089,
1.281226396560669,
2.851226568222046,
3.038459300994873,
1.173364281654358,
0.5636489391326904,
-2.929152488708496,
-5.795376300811768,
0.3039904832839966,
-1.4082691669464111,
2.0216684341430664,
-0.8049095869064331,
7.034584045410156,
3.1120502948760986,
-1.2146717309951782,
2.1273233890533447,
4.091994762420654,
0.21894121170043945,
-1.228119134902954,
2.7818686962127686,
2.015267848968506,
-3.071805000305176,
2.446894645690918,
3.255253314971924,
2.1153488159179688,
-2.284127950668335,
1.693648338317871,
-4.231401443481445,
-3.3066256046295166,
-4.306944370269775,
1.9501338005065918,
3.4026663303375244,
4.270969390869141,
4.2385101318359375,
7.270770072937012,
-7.725983619689941,
3.3341381549835205,
3.5311362743377686,
-0.08179819583892822,
1.5353103876113892,
3.3660809993743896,
2.7109975814819336,
1.8099111318588257,
3.168098211288452,
-1.0532337427139282,
-2.0008327960968018,
-1.911337971687317,
-3.848273754119873,
2.9488766193389893,
-4.57591438293457,
3.7778782844543457,
5.03196382522583,
-2.2669568061828613
] |
|
what happens if the beta decay of a diproton into deuterium is unsuccessful? | * do the two protons go back to being sole protons? * how do they get back the energy that they lost earlier through gamma radiation when fusing into a diproton ? * does the star's core have any way of giving it back to them? * if not what happens then? | the diproton almost always decays to two protons. the beta decay to a deuteron has a very small branching fraction. they don't. | 2 | [] | [] | [] | [
-0.5415378212928772,
-0.13414420187473297,
0.38685575127601624,
0.3026072084903717,
-0.19451993703842163,
-0.3978257179260254,
-0.3324199914932251,
0.3397350311279297,
0.4301052391529083,
-0.30670255422592163,
0.3051990866661072,
0.21855182945728302,
-0.05395900830626488,
-0.2506173253059387,
-0.04708845913410187,
-0.3548998236656189,
-0.9435139298439026,
0.18710020184516907,
0.04778646305203438,
0.18276533484458923,
-0.3522719144821167,
0.039165742695331573,
-0.28075727820396423,
0.4007008373737335,
-0.17223505675792694,
0.017093338072299957,
0.055849771946668625,
-0.011888439767062664,
0.003456566948443651,
0.06781463325023651,
0.21275556087493896,
0.1576310247182846,
0.09763795882463455,
0.17145346105098724,
0.1135513186454773,
-0.10639667510986328,
0.309291809797287,
0.1542431116104126,
-0.15652227401733398,
-0.09924862533807755,
-0.11651819944381714,
0.07024320960044861,
-0.1960960328578949,
0.0305816438049078,
-0.06606736034154892,
0.02917071059346199,
0.18615365028381348,
-0.09660069644451141,
0.15652485191822052,
0.14694532752037048,
-0.195186048746109,
0.18080969154834747,
-0.1158885583281517,
0.2104082703590393,
-0.0027593527920544147,
-0.2946045398712158,
0.11968648433685303,
-0.0679372251033783,
0.19720768928527832,
-0.2770995497703552,
-0.0327741913497448,
-0.16923245787620544,
-0.36509400606155396,
0.07400508970022202,
0.5401745438575745,
-0.062937892973423,
0.44457370042800903,
-0.20747610926628113,
-0.2688003182411194,
0.460946261882782,
-0.05533301457762718,
0.3320290744304657,
-0.2945374548435211,
0.3274037539958954,
-0.30970460176467896,
-0.077008455991745,
0.05612882226705551,
0.0930243507027626,
0.12430530041456223,
-0.05525340884923935,
0.08418792486190796,
-0.18147562444210052,
0.3015080988407135,
-0.16594508290290833,
-0.249430850148201,
0.109701968729496,
0.011230227537453175,
-0.1269712746143341,
0.2521577477455139,
-0.06167152151465416,
-0.35650208592414856,
-0.2208976298570633,
-0.10545424371957779,
0.16596461832523346,
-0.4131736159324646,
0.4214218258857727,
0.35167035460472107,
-0.12717638909816742,
0.09851071238517761,
-0.11764289438724518,
0.06936586648225784,
0.39166387915611267,
-0.3563202917575836,
0.3452572226524353,
-0.02363765984773636,
-0.058280616998672485,
0.1760357767343521,
0.20014959573745728,
0.4068053066730499,
0.002690669381991029,
0.008412010967731476,
-0.13945698738098145,
0.6411762833595276,
-0.07309750467538834,
0.16310489177703857,
0.0174651388078928,
0.1539831906557083,
0.17926982045173645,
-0.09878707677125931,
0.027880718931555748,
-0.03469673544168472,
0.29662156105041504,
0.10896901041269302,
0.16761484742164612,
0.3512771725654602,
-0.016600875183939934,
-0.1924741417169571,
0.22506915032863617,
0.7072387933731079,
0.20586851239204407,
0.46408811211586,
-0.18175365030765533,
-0.48103469610214233,
-0.07428617775440216,
-0.19511891901493073,
0.11079816520214081,
0.18853677809238434,
-0.060082320123910904,
-0.3043840527534485,
-0.1661531627178192,
0.1074165478348732,
-0.5084366202354431,
-0.6024525165557861,
0.003541346872225404,
0.23676103353500366,
-0.26675641536712646,
0.3166191875934601,
-0.04670490324497223,
-0.09039551764726639,
-0.12555481493473053,
-0.033777881413698196,
-0.019657788798213005,
0.16155874729156494,
-0.3058815002441406,
0.18742090463638306,
0.10104469954967499,
-0.24727167189121246,
-0.02181413769721985,
-0.30387839674949646,
0.08681061863899231,
-0.05287952348589897,
0.3008156716823578,
0.25735679268836975,
0.18160036206245422,
0.1153431311249733,
-0.05814046785235405,
-0.1195213720202446,
0.20807354152202606,
0.19075502455234528,
-0.21989423036575317,
-0.1443479061126709,
-0.3322996497154236,
0.16252559423446655,
-0.5592291355133057,
0.17763136327266693,
-0.21631093323230743,
-0.37402433156967163,
0.06570218503475189,
0.023011088371276855,
0.47948455810546875,
-0.13015396893024445,
0.006249952130019665,
0.40684807300567627,
-0.03336191177368164,
-0.008164414204657078,
-0.15127988159656525,
-0.09413749724626541,
-0.10380773991346359,
-0.12841975688934326,
-0.1065669059753418,
-0.3591194748878479,
0.03222241625189781,
-0.021377665922045708,
0.05630595237016678,
-0.1645491123199463,
-0.41720056533813477,
-0.5881131887435913,
0.4243723452091217,
0.1455085724592209,
-0.008687715977430344,
-0.055358558893203735,
-0.1579715758562088,
0.43571147322654724,
0.2450830191373825,
0.021896984428167343,
-0.15353447198867798,
-0.10945829749107361,
-0.20219503343105316,
-0.24426177144050598,
-0.34464031457901,
-0.3644958734512329,
-0.2481609582901001,
-0.33705297112464905,
-0.004358130041509867,
-0.09385855495929718,
0.2936757206916809,
0.025214653462171555,
-0.3493236005306244,
0.2799278795719147,
-0.28469038009643555,
0.20261947810649872,
-0.12586462497711182,
0.15578798949718475,
0.06450468301773071,
-0.43120816349983215,
-0.16878563165664673,
-0.2824046015739441,
0.1962108016014099,
-0.3136066496372223,
0.16622191667556763,
-0.31050291657447815,
0.315891295671463,
0.03433595970273018,
0.04181141033768654,
0.4518551826477051,
0.14348949491977692,
-0.45660606026649475,
-0.02698667347431183,
0.41598740220069885,
0.10146192461252213,
0.31996679306030273,
0.5270390510559082,
0.20087987184524536,
-0.05747087299823761,
-0.04823071509599686,
0.5875378847122192,
0.04102097079157829,
-0.0548614002764225,
0.18480047583580017,
-0.3351721465587616,
0.2197870910167694,
-0.03637378662824631,
0.05140681937336922,
-0.0415717251598835,
0.36159634590148926,
-0.1759440004825592,
0.4712730348110199,
-0.34629374742507935,
0.0618729330599308,
-0.1369825154542923,
-0.3032715618610382,
0.029454782605171204,
0.17178082466125488,
-0.3612194061279297,
-0.6649599075317383,
0.063770592212677,
0.5411215424537659,
-0.06026088073849678,
0.09006325155496597,
0.2753031849861145,
0.24576732516288757,
0.08234193176031113,
0.40373578667640686,
0.030718466266989708,
0.3489362299442291,
-0.16205289959907532,
-0.13601264357566833,
0.16214092075824738,
0.23454034328460693,
-0.12351807206869125,
-0.14605145156383514,
0.4024556279182434,
-0.10164608806371689,
-0.36117061972618103,
-0.29746201634407043,
-0.49464187026023865,
-0.14601139724254608,
-0.21956245601177216,
0.01205268781632185,
0.059524182230234146,
-0.21389396488666534,
0.19982396066188812,
0.2406989187002182,
0.16553480923175812,
-0.1883866935968399,
0.17844164371490479,
-0.0947098582983017,
-0.12186714261770248,
-0.3891899585723877,
-0.12328128516674042,
0.16117055714130402,
-0.3745693266391754,
-0.350387305021286,
-0.17585133016109467,
-0.022946814075112343,
0.01607636921107769,
0.2986004948616028,
-0.21079790592193604,
-0.038210030645132065,
-0.40571385622024536,
-0.5308520793914795,
-0.25836384296417236,
-0.020051972940564156,
-0.38290104269981384,
-0.01668371446430683,
-0.21313776075839996,
0.5527892708778381,
-0.215401291847229,
0.5528272986412048,
0.19153578579425812,
0.40039944648742676,
-0.24571622908115387,
-0.10850372165441513,
0.03971174731850624,
-0.005086875054985285,
-0.163059800863266,
0.12661822140216827,
-0.35166385769844055,
0.15689726173877716,
0.030070805922150612,
-0.10237632691860199,
0.3201926052570343,
0.12631522119045258,
-0.39020466804504395,
0.385423481464386,
0.20949509739875793,
0.05042063072323799,
-0.21414056420326233,
-0.24849668145179749,
0.011109535582363605,
-0.1772698312997818,
-0.20623061060905457,
0.012557310983538628,
0.17529065907001495,
-0.2494230568408966,
-0.1031152606010437,
0.6842087507247925,
-0.3497810363769531,
-0.28629881143569946,
-0.2718997299671173,
-0.18207576870918274,
0.09462106227874756,
0.21626271307468414,
-0.05193335562944412,
0.4121410846710205,
-0.17398831248283386,
0.09386568516492844,
0.17081719636917114,
0.3001355826854706,
0.2896744906902313,
-0.3684069514274597,
0.079957015812397,
0.021723775193095207,
0.20636054873466492,
-0.3936292827129364,
0.22866015136241913,
0.1644268035888672,
-0.022433776408433914,
0.02896082028746605,
-0.14408373832702637,
0.40536385774612427,
0.32818636298179626,
0.46361902356147766,
-0.15011735260486603,
-0.14201711118221283,
-0.16860747337341309,
-0.12917014956474304,
0.0018495832337066531,
-0.02925834059715271,
-0.1255735158920288,
0.1391066163778305,
0.24898439645767212,
0.6430705785751343,
-0.39505085349082947
] |
"laws of physics vary throughout the universe, new study suggests" - has there been any new information on this? | [essentially the article](_url_0_), and an episode of 'through the wormhole', is explaining that a few scientists have a theory that the electromagnetic spectrum is stronger in one direction, when observing from earth, and weaker in another. or rather, it's different depending on where you look. i understand the point of the other scientists in this article when he says it's probably a problem with the telescopes themselves. either way, does anybody know if this has been proven / disproven? has any further study been done on this subject? | they used two different telescopes (keck and vlt) for observations in two different directions, and they claim to have found that the fine structure constant varies by 1 part in 100,000 along some axis. if this axis is coincident with the two directions they took observations in, i think it's dramatically more likely that there is some small inconsistency in the way they calibrated data from the two telescopes than that there is spatial variation in the laws of physics. this most certainly hasn't been proven (strictly speaking, nothing in science except for mathematical theorems is ever 'proven') but i'm not sure if it's been totally debunked either. in any case, variation in the fine structure constant would suggest that we should see some variation in the cosmic microwave background from one side to the other, and we don't see that. | 5 | [] | [
"http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2010/09/100909004112.htm"
] | [] | [
-0.0864635705947876,
-1.240118145942688,
-0.2182588279247284,
0.4613357186317444,
0.7112705707550049,
-1.6645859479904175,
-0.9693564176559448,
-0.4013791084289551,
1.182379961013794,
-1.8521826267242432,
-0.0008417069911956787,
-1.3458205461502075,
0.1270495355129242,
-1.1496232748031616,
-0.05314493179321289,
-1.1643993854522705,
-0.7869596481323242,
-1.8239061832427979,
-2.103745460510254,
-0.09943818300962448,
0.20318618416786194,
-0.4301517605781555,
-0.6165624856948853,
1.0446505546569824,
-0.10425380617380142,
-0.78854900598526,
-0.11293119192123413,
-0.22890496253967285,
0.5400112271308899,
-0.6148004531860352,
-0.6789531707763672,
1.8663818836212158,
-1.779606819152832,
-1.3888957500457764,
-1.1875725984573364,
-0.4355177879333496,
1.0226027965545654,
0.607857882976532,
-1.237345576286316,
0.4010178744792938,
-0.23334753513336182,
0.7555575966835022,
1.0802711248397827,
1.4171781539916992,
0.10830330848693848,
2.1927034854888916,
0.3792274296283722,
0.5319889187812805,
-1.5311427116394043,
-0.3900451064109802,
-1.3739275932312012,
0.7551705837249756,
0.12836715579032898,
-0.9327685236930847,
-0.2457522749900818,
-0.6659350395202637,
0.12008799612522125,
-0.19387267529964447,
-0.3726596534252167,
-0.9462902545928955,
1.0250880718231201,
0.22739501297473907,
-0.6252569556236267,
-0.6671466827392578,
3.6345064640045166,
0.4952678382396698,
0.3808709383010864,
-2.295834541320801,
0.02302781492471695,
1.093892216682434,
1.1369725465774536,
0.8921424150466919,
-0.5289977788925171,
-1.0271434783935547,
1.818174958229065,
-0.1680622398853302,
0.855726420879364,
1.5503520965576172,
0.7962043285369873,
-0.900834321975708,
1.036444067955017,
-1.2003530263900757,
-0.9212129712104797,
-0.8484104871749878,
-0.3675718903541565,
0.2881063222885132,
0.5099523663520813,
0.8157504796981812,
-0.5829114317893982,
-0.9521487951278687,
1.1095120906829834,
-1.6477789878845215,
-2.1160855293273926,
-0.07946300506591797,
-1.3637895584106445,
1.6784085035324097,
0.2728511095046997,
0.2529600262641907,
3.238854169845581,
1.3819721937179565,
-1.4360346794128418,
-0.25913119316101074,
-2.8756556510925293,
2.260035276412964,
-0.19733713567256927,
-1.603590965270996,
0.568343997001648,
0.9581007957458496,
0.6607820391654968,
0.2718530595302582,
0.561760425567627,
-0.6526480913162231,
0.5169339179992676,
-1.3748420476913452,
-0.11468568444252014,
-2.203965425491333,
0.07032547146081924,
1.6173937320709229,
-0.9017060995101929,
-1.6914230585098267,
-1.037878155708313,
0.6369518637657166,
1.5491868257522583,
-0.46280884742736816,
0.7188961505889893,
1.372639536857605,
-1.481428861618042,
0.6334372162818909,
1.077275037765503,
-0.7164367437362671,
1.0125588178634644,
-1.6433515548706055,
-0.12507575750350952,
-0.47937726974487305,
-0.31125372648239136,
-0.07077024132013321,
2.795537233352661,
0.02544170618057251,
0.2076513171195984,
2.305845260620117,
0.22698098421096802,
0.31733566522598267,
0.7638640999794006,
0.8349355459213257,
1.533267617225647,
0.25176024436950684,
-0.13682682812213898,
-0.2782687246799469,
0.46592578291893005,
-1.52242112159729,
0.14869877696037292,
-0.8951172828674316,
1.0094499588012695,
-1.0303163528442383,
0.8575263619422913,
0.895783543586731,
-1.798577070236206,
-0.5099430680274963,
-0.4072854518890381,
1.4013051986694336,
-0.6458842158317566,
1.284773588180542,
-0.4349619448184967,
0.33795422315597534,
-0.04592934995889664,
1.8522069454193115,
0.16342619061470032,
-1.2599611282348633,
1.5282076597213745,
0.5473066568374634,
0.3467556834220886,
-0.6107783317565918,
1.4340404272079468,
-0.9943709373474121,
-0.7862447500228882,
-0.12334781140089035,
-2.839378595352173,
0.778070330619812,
0.14298737049102783,
1.1464388370513916,
-1.2857816219329834,
-1.1489667892456055,
2.416990280151367,
1.41892671585083,
0.30988335609436035,
0.013515040278434753,
1.0004079341888428,
0.6563198566436768,
0.10435795783996582,
1.1690545082092285,
0.2685876488685608,
-0.6170331835746765,
-0.37513336539268494,
1.6078429222106934,
-0.4038951098918915,
-0.666265070438385,
-0.08771401643753052,
-1.2171977758407593,
-0.21324749290943146,
0.6056972146034241,
-1.380335807800293,
-0.7885468006134033,
2.423447847366333,
0.07670667767524719,
-0.9106241464614868,
-1.0812616348266602,
1.754394769668579,
0.5850196480751038,
-1.3089451789855957,
0.7809957265853882,
0.2167692482471466,
-1.2436437606811523,
-2.853602409362793,
-1.0275520086288452,
-0.2482539415359497,
1.5716875791549683,
-0.9249657988548279,
-3.2184360027313232,
-1.177408218383789,
1.1237493753433228,
0.6676839590072632,
-1.6563806533813477,
0.24489670991897583,
-1.232149362564087,
-1.1982207298278809,
-0.1291504204273224,
0.44047170877456665,
2.0072591304779053,
-0.5865776538848877,
0.5160092711448669,
1.7663135528564453,
1.4177849292755127,
2.051802396774292,
0.6616885662078857,
1.7773467302322388,
-1.468440055847168,
-1.1687766313552856,
-0.5967938899993896,
-0.17848742008209229,
-0.7059804797172546,
-1.018309473991394,
0.27029603719711304,
0.2420034408569336,
0.31657934188842773,
-0.411399245262146,
-1.501807451248169,
-0.5669674873352051,
-1.4017939567565918,
-0.3050324022769928,
-0.4596577286720276,
-1.3798112869262695,
-1.2430847883224487,
-2.031672716140747,
-0.12391308695077896,
-0.06225199997425079,
0.6872445940971375,
1.302894115447998,
-0.15108615159988403,
-1.11103355884552,
0.4891854524612427,
1.8003840446472168,
-0.14417997002601624,
-1.2940006256103516,
-0.40402787923812866,
0.47224512696266174,
3.5532333850860596,
0.7963893413543701,
0.7379023432731628,
-0.7415744066238403,
-0.8274388909339905,
-0.08536559343338013,
-0.19363588094711304,
0.6950536370277405,
-0.9617608189582825,
1.9396638870239258,
0.5484403371810913,
0.6592159271240234,
-0.6861576437950134,
-1.8035506010055542,
0.20521968603134155,
-0.3188055157661438,
-0.20492634177207947,
0.6341018676757812,
-0.33947378396987915,
1.1887779235839844,
-0.8202524185180664,
-0.8939267992973328,
-0.3648950457572937,
1.335585594177246,
0.06646588444709778,
-0.14024904370307922,
2.412818431854248,
1.0431652069091797,
0.3644794225692749,
1.6580235958099365,
-0.1440546214580536,
-0.9638644456863403,
-1.4569380283355713,
0.7870957851409912,
0.26844924688339233,
1.1182384490966797,
-0.7455727458000183,
-0.45044779777526855,
0.860984206199646,
-0.1443939507007599,
0.011777624487876892,
1.0713411569595337,
1.3637148141860962,
0.9709413051605225,
0.20016556978225708,
-0.24560555815696716,
-2.848935842514038,
0.7299407124519348,
1.2401084899902344,
-0.868659257888794,
1.280970811843872,
-0.014842607080936432,
0.6985777616500854,
1.829045057296753,
1.4716960191726685,
0.6401013135910034,
-0.8980273008346558,
-1.042393445968628,
-0.31118759512901306,
0.09559224545955658,
-0.3298720717430115,
0.10973361134529114,
-1.5054128170013428,
-1.2062710523605347,
0.7980411648750305,
-1.5069844722747803,
1.2498795986175537,
-0.9694047570228577,
-0.7804625630378723,
2.347437858581543,
1.3359484672546387,
-1.325742483139038,
-1.6430108547210693,
-1.1904263496398926,
1.3503854274749756,
-0.212553009390831,
-0.15713874995708466,
1.211690068244934,
-0.280600905418396,
0.9315434694290161,
0.6519147157669067,
-0.8409742116928101,
0.8394189476966858,
-1.0467575788497925,
-0.18618451058864594,
-0.6935781240463257,
0.18633058667182922,
0.6902872323989868,
-1.1541831493377686,
0.909689724445343,
-1.7250572443008423,
-1.4603865146636963,
0.8471812605857849,
0.6149494051933289,
-0.049473367631435394,
-1.6594337224960327,
-0.7717608213424683,
1.2840821743011475,
2.402771472930908,
0.3484148681163788,
1.1694896221160889,
-0.4706108570098877,
0.5571078658103943,
-0.601804256439209,
1.2363684177398682,
0.8400595188140869,
2.8626184463500977,
-0.25515231490135193,
-2.3834969997406006,
0.25592437386512756,
0.02485102415084839,
-0.5776500701904297,
-0.5375102758407593,
-2.5629019737243652,
-0.8317034840583801,
-0.0873308852314949,
0.9390932321548462,
1.308422565460205,
-0.6394347548484802
] |
suspended water and sound? what is going on here? | _url_0_ i just saw this video on youtube, and i'm not exactly sure what is going on here. is it focused on just one frame of the video and then the screen is moved around in addition to the sound of running water? this is purely out of curiosity. thanks (: | it's explained in the info in that video. it's the same effect as [this](_url_0_). when you use a strobe light at a stream of falling water droplets, you only see the droplets a fraction of the time. if the strobe light is adjusted so that there is a droplet at the exact same space each time the light pulses, it appears as though the droplets are floating. in the video you posted, it is said that no strobe light is used, but with adjusting the frame rate of you camera, the same effect can be achieved. | 3 | [] | [
"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_PkgQQqpH2M&feature=share"
] | [
"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oqUNd5wPGbU"
] | [
-0.443086713552475,
-0.016123391687870026,
0.5721688866615295,
0.3406504988670349,
1.224311351776123,
-0.6086216568946838,
0.6819846034049988,
-0.21056073904037476,
1.0853544473648071,
-0.39955323934555054,
1.173282265663147,
0.3536725640296936,
-0.6537958383560181,
0.24353867769241333,
-0.15058240294456482,
-0.5985957384109497,
-0.5066898465156555,
0.3586808145046234,
-1.9377620220184326,
-0.1509462296962738,
1.8874855041503906,
-1.2521040439605713,
-0.6499234437942505,
-0.572624921798706,
-0.13434475660324097,
0.44592976570129395,
-0.22384974360466003,
-0.4902265667915344,
0.19711077213287354,
-0.5898234844207764,
0.7189270853996277,
1.282039761543274,
-0.35202547907829285,
-0.07427693903446198,
-0.16553497314453125,
-0.881859540939331,
-0.1401614248752594,
-0.29681921005249023,
-0.8822468519210815,
-0.5106878280639648,
-0.5674834251403809,
-0.7148424386978149,
0.029460594058036804,
-0.2408832162618637,
0.05985887721180916,
0.43212008476257324,
0.7503496408462524,
-0.4506736695766449,
0.4076228439807892,
-0.5350568890571594,
-0.9779416918754578,
-0.020526736974716187,
-0.13778871297836304,
-0.11334346234798431,
0.03337469696998596,
0.5512142181396484,
-0.10699743032455444,
-1.2367416620254517,
0.3517664670944214,
-0.6199198961257935,
0.26357823610305786,
0.5979510545730591,
-0.9826923608779907,
0.9012251496315002,
-0.1465579867362976,
-0.8873425722122192,
-0.46958762407302856,
-1.623407244682312,
-0.6654298305511475,
-0.3847173750400543,
-1.2150553464889526,
1.0143400430679321,
0.193925678730011,
-0.7079449892044067,
-0.9390673637390137,
-0.2868938744068146,
-0.12616580724716187,
0.9299702644348145,
-0.5465213060379028,
-0.027080044150352478,
2.049657106399536,
-0.772655725479126,
-0.5132293701171875,
0.19253100454807281,
-0.06518344581127167,
1.1482017040252686,
0.45450079441070557,
-0.41078877449035645,
-0.350816011428833,
0.30819040536880493,
-1.8920221328735352,
-0.03231982886791229,
-1.3448607921600342,
-0.2972448468208313,
-0.07934821397066116,
-0.765094518661499,
0.16615991294384003,
-2.077428102493286,
0.7478381395339966,
0.0014615356922149658,
-1.2487010955810547,
-0.9010277986526489,
-0.9397449493408203,
1.2208880186080933,
0.4260731041431427,
-0.1817261427640915,
0.09356710314750671,
1.7202630043029785,
0.2858791947364807,
0.4241856038570404,
0.5138723254203796,
0.20953696966171265,
-0.1330595314502716,
0.06646843254566193,
-0.033949002623558044,
-0.04221808537840843,
0.10039949417114258,
-1.1443899869918823,
-0.7408391237258911,
-0.10137439519166946,
-0.013661623001098633,
0.12216369807720184,
-0.8169317841529846,
-0.40368878841400146,
1.181303858757019,
0.22114363312721252,
0.9132917523384094,
0.8006138801574707,
-0.6595034003257751,
-0.3359214663505554,
0.4961206018924713,
-1.8902876377105713,
1.4799461364746094,
-0.09824587404727936,
-0.617628276348114,
1.1194944381713867,
0.8541197776794434,
-0.35856401920318604,
-0.029714882373809814,
0.5960819721221924,
0.31829509139060974,
0.8138198256492615,
-0.24997815489768982,
-0.28947579860687256,
0.9303995370864868,
0.564376950263977,
-0.12234783172607422,
0.07732106745243073,
-0.37241584062576294,
-1.3221220970153809,
-0.7432743310928345,
-0.7639225125312805,
-0.31821194291114807,
0.041401512920856476,
-0.24234655499458313,
0.09116974472999573,
0.4487438201904297,
1.0239392518997192,
0.30782216787338257,
0.8457915782928467,
0.314220666885376,
0.4368668794631958,
-0.6089614629745483,
0.0719636082649231,
-0.1536710560321808,
0.4122181534767151,
0.07274677604436874,
0.21872849762439728,
-0.523343026638031,
0.6152800917625427,
-0.4670892059803009,
-0.7593365907669067,
-0.4463861584663391,
-0.9005657434463501,
-0.7810717821121216,
0.46150389313697815,
-1.156351089477539,
0.9199047088623047,
0.410489559173584,
0.8529258370399475,
-0.3527587056159973,
0.7361474633216858,
1.474364161491394,
0.6116710901260376,
-0.2807087004184723,
-0.7084542512893677,
-0.24218322336673737,
-0.21668201684951782,
-0.3568108081817627,
0.09543176740407944,
-1.1906335353851318,
-0.7165572643280029,
0.2834357023239136,
0.4480271339416504,
0.46670493483543396,
1.6466264724731445,
-0.7316422462463379,
-0.36928507685661316,
-1.0283691883087158,
0.3344385027885437,
-0.273343563079834,
-0.982221245765686,
-0.02001066505908966,
0.3320767283439636,
-0.2693251073360443,
0.6469606161117554,
0.7690382599830627,
0.4026363790035248,
-0.4784664213657379,
0.4237123131752014,
1.189033031463623,
-2.0274159908294678,
-1.949574589729309,
0.4409046769142151,
0.5275154709815979,
0.745265781879425,
-1.584978461265564,
-1.0988579988479614,
-0.4466753900051117,
1.5266515016555786,
1.124228596687317,
-1.167306661605835,
0.5366330742835999,
-0.9338238835334778,
-0.06361991167068481,
0.36858606338500977,
-0.49055027961730957,
1.1581181287765503,
-0.16476476192474365,
0.6383549571037292,
0.46881699562072754,
0.6291215419769287,
0.7191050052642822,
0.49065959453582764,
-0.6866328120231628,
-0.15115010738372803,
-1.9133446216583252,
0.21164461970329285,
-0.5674123764038086,
-1.3347711563110352,
0.15909750759601593,
-0.10009033977985382,
0.1717216670513153,
0.66060870885849,
-0.09778940677642822,
0.12380331754684448,
1.4589736461639404,
0.30771154165267944,
0.5540947318077087,
0.02226889133453369,
1.2779579162597656,
-0.007927753031253815,
-0.7839342355728149,
-0.2498389184474945,
0.6854211091995239,
-0.5158149600028992,
0.21816565096378326,
-0.9293001294136047,
0.10751713067293167,
0.15605881810188293,
0.27912795543670654,
0.27094852924346924,
0.00420282781124115,
0.010053545236587524,
-0.12269753217697144,
0.12006232142448425,
1.232628345489502,
-0.03229649364948273,
-1.249398946762085,
-0.12847900390625,
-0.06767819821834564,
-0.5643001794815063,
0.5718004107475281,
-0.10992240905761719,
-0.27326422929763794,
-0.9428896307945251,
-0.3519873321056366,
0.7517015933990479,
-0.20620855689048767,
-0.21056002378463745,
1.2700600624084473,
0.037127699702978134,
-0.24280992150306702,
0.46386322379112244,
0.4053521752357483,
-0.5646844506263733,
-0.7560789585113525,
-1.1822772026062012,
1.9728665351867676,
-0.430410772562027,
0.4152657091617584,
1.287282109260559,
1.7878830432891846,
0.038466669619083405,
1.2233703136444092,
-0.29887306690216064,
0.20110994577407837,
0.4166029691696167,
0.4411696195602417,
-0.44618040323257446,
-0.3537236452102661,
0.053293272852897644,
-0.15386298298835754,
0.2973310947418213,
-1.1595356464385986,
0.15205760300159454,
0.30023398995399475,
0.30106568336486816,
0.4279467463493347,
-0.944695770740509,
0.279264360666275,
-0.8119654655456543,
0.03899692744016647,
0.9769355058670044,
-1.283843994140625,
1.1722197532653809,
-0.01157999038696289,
-0.021701958030462265,
0.7421672344207764,
0.48350340127944946,
-0.26473426818847656,
-0.07665956765413284,
-0.17278075218200684,
-0.5906022191047668,
0.517453670501709,
0.25762295722961426,
0.5998006463050842,
0.21226400136947632,
-0.0643918365240097,
-1.82111656665802,
-0.019124746322631836,
-0.04950784519314766,
1.3255407810211182,
0.5772834420204163,
0.8560858368873596,
0.42768916487693787,
-0.9377365112304688,
-1.6773611307144165,
0.25101780891418457,
0.6437473893165588,
-1.3757480382919312,
0.2785959541797638,
-0.3968096077442169,
0.5195353031158447,
-0.07667423039674759,
-0.047609634697437286,
0.023554477840662003,
0.14282025396823883,
-0.26111629605293274,
-0.2329324632883072,
-0.3891792893409729,
1.113487720489502,
0.3600786328315735,
1.1184905767440796,
0.03612507879734039,
-0.40856802463531494,
-0.6014385223388672,
-0.4023211598396301,
0.1618548333644867,
0.9812490940093994,
0.4523170590400696,
-0.08831343054771423,
0.04265834391117096,
1.1233346462249756,
-0.21711507439613342,
1.2499282360076904,
0.933201789855957,
-0.9758663773536682,
-0.47400927543640137,
2.055356979370117,
-0.26105624437332153,
1.3061217069625854,
-0.24865680932998657,
0.48000943660736084,
0.0820569097995758,
-1.6737940311431885,
0.6479121446609497,
-0.33387964963912964,
-0.30194470286369324,
0.07406838983297348,
-0.40412086248397827,
1.199723482131958,
0.321993887424469,
0.41556745767593384
] |
why can't causality be violated? is there a physical basis for this idea, or is it a matter of convention? | as an inexperience student and physics enthusiast, i hear a lot about things like closed timelike curves and how they *cannot* exist because it would violate causality, along with other ftl phenomena. is there any actual reasoning behind this? i ask because the definition of causality seems rather arbitrary; it seems to me that the sequence that events occur in as they are perceived by humans have nothing to do with the individual properties of the events themselves. however, i really don't understand any of this well enough - am i mistaken? | so, first of all, what does causality mean in physics? an event has spatial and temporal coordinates (t,x,y,z) in spacetime. in sr, we know that different inertial observers will disagree on the temporal or spatial distances between two events, because of effects like time dilation and length contraction. however, the quantity ds^(2) = c^(2)dt^(2)-dx^(2)-dy^(2)-dz^(2) is agreed upon by all observers, where the "d" refers to the difference in that quantity between two events. now fix some inertial observer. suppose for two events a and b, the interval between them satisfies ds^(2) remember that not all inertial observers will agree on the exact coordinates of a and b. that is, you might say dt = 3, and i might say that dt = 1. but *everyone* agrees on the value of ds^(2). and if ds^(2) note that if ds^(2) < 0, then cdt < dx, so that the two events could not have been connected by a light ray. the two events are not causally connected. indeed, in that case, some observers would say a occurred before b and other observers would say b occurred before a. so what ultimately ensures that causality is preserved in sr? simple: inertial observers cannot travel relative to each other faster than light. | 7 | [] | [] | [] | [
-0.10226795077323914,
-0.9307452440261841,
1.1805438995361328,
0.4219897985458374,
0.6598207950592041,
0.17966219782829285,
0.004251301288604736,
1.2349449396133423,
3.8074846267700195,
-0.9258350729942322,
2.9415769577026367,
0.4805663526058197,
0.041126787662506104,
-0.714012622833252,
-0.6437460780143738,
-1.8797494173049927,
0.18886533379554749,
-0.8974952697753906,
-5.239994525909424,
0.49917423725128174,
2.9766902923583984,
-2.5426511764526367,
-1.5979965925216675,
-0.23792627453804016,
-1.411853551864624,
0.7593303918838501,
1.7890795469284058,
0.40339183807373047,
1.8460147380828857,
1.1143274307250977,
-0.6371117234230042,
-0.2652762234210968,
-2.8176257610321045,
-1.7220450639724731,
-1.5194817781448364,
0.41331925988197327,
1.519519567489624,
0.0005261898040771484,
0.030346989631652832,
-0.11235009133815765,
0.73069828748703,
0.40910273790359497,
0.9524534940719604,
1.8865389823913574,
-1.1961134672164917,
4.102076530456543,
1.2266108989715576,
-0.1481461375951767,
-2.787834405899048,
1.4356859922409058,
-0.8852493166923523,
2.6842191219329834,
-1.229352593421936,
-0.6364447474479675,
-1.5484100580215454,
0.9528486132621765,
-0.37693971395492554,
-0.08241081237792969,
1.5307962894439697,
-0.17225871980190277,
0.6115694642066956,
1.0888875722885132,
-1.1249737739562988,
1.4338538646697998,
3.009071111679077,
0.5398905277252197,
0.1720203161239624,
-2.5087876319885254,
0.37700703740119934,
1.1227701902389526,
0.06285767257213593,
2.8072593212127686,
-2.1722657680511475,
-1.453068733215332,
0.6436296105384827,
-3.0754125118255615,
-0.16343337297439575,
3.4207677841186523,
-0.8325384855270386,
-3.1337852478027344,
3.4708449840545654,
-1.7380274534225464,
-1.9630906581878662,
0.8482033014297485,
-2.047344923019409,
-0.4383678436279297,
0.21166473627090454,
1.375813603401184,
0.36720460653305054,
-1.375130534172058,
-1.3314192295074463,
-1.8583283424377441,
-0.3613094985485077,
-0.6909450888633728,
-0.5217788219451904,
1.3996689319610596,
0.2237832397222519,
1.8635780811309814,
4.142380714416504,
0.5806425213813782,
-1.9104621410369873,
0.7242603302001953,
-6.475281238555908,
4.1183180809021,
1.0041166543960571,
-0.8547638058662415,
-1.3346855640411377,
-1.8004730939865112,
-0.10698311775922775,
2.2519798278808594,
-0.131095290184021,
-1.445159912109375,
2.9105286598205566,
0.09778676927089691,
-1.879957914352417,
-0.9605169296264648,
-0.8160263895988464,
2.859449863433838,
0.08866176009178162,
-3.373396396636963,
-0.939507007598877,
-0.7543916702270508,
1.782271146774292,
-0.2778399586677551,
1.7471405267715454,
-1.4358341693878174,
2.3550477027893066,
1.8480302095413208,
-2.010474443435669,
-2.390024423599243,
3.709489107131958,
-2.5305285453796387,
-1.6412568092346191,
0.38197726011276245,
-1.020271897315979,
0.5927663445472717,
3.5993876457214355,
-2.446645975112915,
-2.7266592979431152,
0.011844843626022339,
1.610969066619873,
0.5846019983291626,
-0.2952196002006531,
1.7470393180847168,
1.9641362428665161,
2.1429736614227295,
1.8658562898635864,
1.0454635620117188,
2.2093000411987305,
-2.89546537399292,
-0.6267127394676208,
-0.025744915008544922,
-1.340726613998413,
0.00972326472401619,
-0.7978289127349854,
2.02700138092041,
-1.730419635772705,
-0.46943697333335876,
-1.7474796772003174,
0.4537956118583679,
0.1037328839302063,
1.3885953426361084,
0.4526924788951874,
0.9641540050506592,
0.9323155283927917,
1.8850995302200317,
-0.5178964734077454,
-2.376739263534546,
0.4434490203857422,
0.7178807258605957,
-1.534801721572876,
-2.608245611190796,
-2.3661704063415527,
-0.5426497459411621,
1.346073031425476,
-0.4341028332710266,
-3.5145938396453857,
0.8769867420196533,
-1.0996932983398438,
0.7667252421379089,
1.2289323806762695,
-2.8852462768554688,
2.747870922088623,
1.8094414472579956,
0.24549876153469086,
-0.1847413182258606,
-1.4548871517181396,
2.096787214279175,
-0.10441933572292328,
0.2457689642906189,
1.5160926580429077,
-1.4174062013626099,
-0.016029536724090576,
1.6450822353363037,
0.6173728704452515,
-2.0826172828674316,
2.132659435272217,
-0.9625315070152283,
0.10545018315315247,
0.6267456412315369,
-0.9697996377944946,
-1.9489562511444092,
-0.43393266201019287,
-1.828560471534729,
-0.9577450752258301,
1.4875370264053345,
0.6755825281143188,
-0.5935811400413513,
-2.693286180496216,
-0.6171359419822693,
1.084629774093628,
-2.782223701477051,
0.2282380759716034,
-1.0986948013305664,
-0.24109631776809692,
-0.43894022703170776,
-4.06476354598999,
-0.08757646381855011,
-0.17512677609920502,
0.7622404098510742,
-0.8916749358177185,
-0.1648670732975006,
-0.07987008988857269,
-1.447229266166687,
-0.6516453623771667,
-0.056360095739364624,
-0.6406442523002625,
-0.553483784198761,
-0.9930698275566101,
2.0551939010620117,
1.175262451171875,
0.18627259135246277,
2.75942325592041,
1.7189584970474243,
0.12500394880771637,
-1.8642909526824951,
-1.117695927619934,
0.717674195766449,
-0.23156648874282837,
-1.530365228652954,
0.8617204427719116,
0.09172046184539795,
-2.4262900352478027,
0.312880277633667,
1.559070348739624,
0.07369920611381531,
0.4528834819793701,
-2.5099897384643555,
0.8706598281860352,
2.108551502227783,
0.9673799276351929,
-0.10331177711486816,
-5.61099910736084,
0.07104945182800293,
0.03044790029525757,
-1.3892086744308472,
-0.7259700894355774,
-0.015893280506134033,
0.039752617478370667,
2.013481855392456,
3.3765275478363037,
0.8673610687255859,
-2.041424512863159,
-2.3602707386016846,
1.0151264667510986,
3.7538177967071533,
3.1328892707824707,
-0.0931859016418457,
0.3946608901023865,
-1.0328130722045898,
-1.2045856714248657,
-1.1419150829315186,
0.26733994483947754,
-0.26935017108917236,
-2.279900550842285,
-0.7323251962661743,
-0.4577952027320862,
-1.0000884532928467,
-1.9691749811172485,
-0.15639251470565796,
-1.0925418138504028,
-2.543100118637085,
1.5803190469741821,
0.5197727680206299,
1.4034720659255981,
-2.6885194778442383,
-0.30514901876449585,
1.1703822612762451,
0.9292950630187988,
0.4505804479122162,
0.06575852632522583,
0.8292911648750305,
4.624129295349121,
-0.8146251440048218,
3.6632840633392334,
-0.4295845329761505,
-3.3680338859558105,
-0.8411350846290588,
1.152942419052124,
0.059544190764427185,
-0.4876140058040619,
0.2437831163406372,
-1.5658729076385498,
0.6400021314620972,
-2.1334311962127686,
-0.2162727415561676,
2.0528857707977295,
1.1786341667175293,
-0.7590941786766052,
-0.015453994274139404,
-1.1097701787948608,
-2.1020758152008057,
1.3075836896896362,
2.2419588565826416,
-2.4099936485290527,
3.528629779815674,
-0.7217592000961304,
0.37470218539237976,
-0.17030861973762512,
2.1078619956970215,
0.34382203221321106,
-2.121337890625,
-3.109022617340088,
-2.755075454711914,
-0.9127357006072998,
-1.946128249168396,
-0.7936265468597412,
-0.5160518884658813,
-1.9166173934936523,
1.7760002613067627,
-1.4131836891174316,
1.4625741243362427,
2.8767850399017334,
0.6540384292602539,
2.2968873977661133,
-0.6244916915893555,
-1.1281509399414062,
-2.1992580890655518,
-2.2459709644317627,
1.2315232753753662,
0.04049912095069885,
-0.2261212319135666,
1.4661781787872314,
1.8645522594451904,
1.685021162033081,
1.5486664772033691,
-0.6856309771537781,
-0.10727542638778687,
-1.9616905450820923,
0.7300761938095093,
-1.0389914512634277,
2.1560208797454834,
0.8625894784927368,
1.227611780166626,
1.6904042959213257,
-3.6152138710021973,
2.525824546813965,
2.898235321044922,
1.3900437355041504,
1.555436611175537,
-0.1711997389793396,
0.5298125743865967,
-2.0821990966796875,
4.90326452255249,
2.606294870376587,
1.736335039138794,
-0.6359583139419556,
-1.7321561574935913,
-1.0985193252563477,
0.2964988648891449,
-1.2018866539001465,
4.2525811195373535,
-1.4671021699905396,
-2.0732526779174805,
2.2405834197998047,
-1.7254858016967773,
-1.2197895050048828,
-0.7844949960708618,
-1.5169484615325928,
-0.36690932512283325,
0.17649683356285095,
3.4482767581939697,
-0.5323830842971802,
-0.6662219166755676
] |
what are the active or passive differences in a school of fish between the fish in the lead and the fish in the rear? [swarm/herd behavior] | [this picture inspired the question.](_url_0_) would there be biological, physical, or "personality" or social traits that would determine whether a fish would be swimming in the front or the back? or, is the formation of a school of fish random with fish constantly shifting? do the strongest fish muscle their way to the front? do most of the fish emulate and follow a select few? or, did some fish happen to be farther from the rest of them when they decided to travel in a certain direction? this also applies to other animals that travel in groups. i know mammals tend to have alphas or leaders, like lions or wolves, but what about antelopes or wildebeest? geese or other birds? insects, like ants or bees? | the photo shows a shoal of fish. [the caption on the photo](_url_3_) identifies the fish as bigeye travellies gathered together to spawn. the term [swarm behavior](_url_2_) refers to the dynamics of many types of animals, including flocks of birds, schools of fish, and herds of land mammals. [computer modeling](_url_1_) has shown that it is possible to get this behavior if the animals in the swarm follow three simple rules: (1) stay close to everyone else, (2) but not so close as to crash, and (3) move in the same direction as your neighbors. so, it is not *necessary* to have any leadership or differentiation among the fish. in fact, it is better for the fish to try to behave as much like their neighbors as possible, as [predators will preferentially act any individual that is noticeably different, a phenomenon referred to as the oddity effect](_url_7_). as you point out in the original question, this is distinct from social structures like packs, where there is a clear hierarchy and differentiation among members of the group. the collective behavior of ants is also more complicated, [here's one paper about it](_url_4_). swarming bees [follow the role of leaders who have better information than other members of the group](_url_6_). in the case of migratory birds like geese [flying in a v formation](_url_0_), they try to maintain a certain separation and angle to get the best aerodynamics. the bird at the front of the formation expends the most energy, so the flock will cycle through that position, similar to [a paceline of cyclists](_url_5_). | 5 | [] | [
"http://www.reddit.com/r/pics/comments/1e2xga/diving_is_one_thing_buterwow/"
] | [
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V_formation",
"http://www.red3d.com/cwr/boids/",
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swarm_behaviour",
"http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/photo-contest/2012/entries/188944/view/",
"http://www.ulb.ac.be/sciences/use/publications/JLD/221.pdf",
"http://www.ifp.illinois.edu/~smallik/cycling/Paceline.html",
"http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00265-010-0913-4",
"http://www.bbc.co.uk/nature/17689297"
] | [
-0.32002052664756775,
1.9996825456619263,
1.3326013088226318,
-2.839390277862549,
-1.6226633787155151,
-2.4171457290649414,
2.9904115200042725,
-2.8792128562927246,
1.1927671432495117,
1.3849098682403564,
3.230381965637207,
-1.2119642496109009,
0.1613466739654541,
1.334195852279663,
1.2905795574188232,
1.677156686782837,
0.26039648056030273,
-0.3421737849712372,
-4.600440979003906,
1.6403160095214844,
1.7964314222335815,
1.170090675354004,
-0.6881275773048401,
1.1214613914489746,
-3.665353536605835,
-0.5220910906791687,
-4.040692329406738,
1.6869548559188843,
0.9195500016212463,
-1.4207096099853516,
0.16424784064292908,
2.258270025253296,
-2.5089950561523438,
-1.7604396343231201,
-1.492260217666626,
1.7439734935760498,
-2.777209758758545,
-2.861799478530884,
1.4352883100509644,
2.8387703895568848,
2.6054296493530273,
-1.398748755455017,
0.919033944606781,
-0.009966433048248291,
-3.2135744094848633,
0.8216590881347656,
-2.817141056060791,
1.9488651752471924,
-1.5369759798049927,
-0.38836538791656494,
-3.6863741874694824,
-0.3448922038078308,
-3.136017322540283,
-0.08234095573425293,
2.2972893714904785,
1.3269920349121094,
-1.001680612564087,
-1.522477149963379,
-1.1741183996200562,
-3.379639148712158,
3.671977996826172,
1.876251459121704,
0.0489048957824707,
3.3380799293518066,
0.6748945713043213,
-1.8746451139450073,
-1.936797022819519,
1.3630554676055908,
-0.2713162302970886,
2.657135248184204,
1.5207672119140625,
-0.4574510455131531,
-2.5412158966064453,
2.827697515487671,
0.5369001626968384,
1.227042555809021,
-0.3281964063644409,
-0.2133716195821762,
-0.07247364521026611,
-2.5673584938049316,
-2.2536420822143555,
-0.37464526295661926,
-0.9066082239151001,
1.1688108444213867,
1.8632240295410156,
0.3559666872024536,
0.044673144817352295,
-1.624626874923706,
-0.07256299257278442,
2.631941318511963,
-1.542238712310791,
-1.445097804069519,
2.184299945831299,
-1.975587010383606,
0.8353886008262634,
4.780642986297607,
0.7673670053482056,
-3.117461681365967,
-0.40122857689857483,
1.4979220628738403,
0.16281020641326904,
0.8199329376220703,
-0.18502157926559448,
1.4093221426010132,
-0.6338128447532654,
-0.6851485967636108,
-1.871577262878418,
-0.6102631092071533,
0.9351415038108826,
3.930328845977783,
-2.5851995944976807,
-2.005756139755249,
1.4303719997406006,
0.5311208963394165,
-2.507284164428711,
-2.7059872150421143,
-1.690444827079773,
-1.2817093133926392,
-0.5605193972587585,
1.4419798851013184,
1.4631109237670898,
-2.0530853271484375,
1.2950559854507446,
2.35343599319458,
4.6752424240112305,
1.1851770877838135,
-2.2851531505584717,
0.5940382480621338,
-0.6231651306152344,
0.16692975163459778,
2.6606955528259277,
-1.7244585752487183,
1.5027564764022827,
-2.1272780895233154,
-1.8979398012161255,
0.8728539347648621,
2.5116941928863525,
-2.3743722438812256,
-4.3505144119262695,
1.4787012338638306,
2.558072805404663,
0.5059407949447632,
3.0194339752197266,
-0.8439657688140869,
3.6907012462615967,
2.6502747535705566,
-0.3142361640930176,
-2.2801353931427,
-0.41035711765289307,
-1.9975777864456177,
-1.7742729187011719,
-1.667236089706421,
0.7790132761001587,
-0.7682955265045166,
-1.9047411680221558,
-2.091768741607666,
1.0119338035583496,
3.40584135055542,
1.7055633068084717,
0.13107270002365112,
-1.9316517114639282,
3.5146868228912354,
1.7702754735946655,
3.3574066162109375,
1.709053874015808,
-1.2208911180496216,
-1.6118273735046387,
-2.6224799156188965,
-2.211629867553711,
-1.005014419555664,
-0.38237491250038147,
0.2698446214199066,
0.05069741606712341,
0.273324191570282,
1.05800461769104,
0.3329080641269684,
-4.569794178009033,
1.0148497819900513,
1.872636318206787,
1.0744662284851074,
2.8546457290649414,
-0.12476935982704163,
2.282824993133545,
0.13140419125556946,
-0.8858264684677124,
1.4098284244537354,
-3.801549196243286,
0.5426104664802551,
-1.4383389949798584,
-1.1396061182022095,
-0.015928730368614197,
0.28049635887145996,
3.964646816253662,
0.6362597942352295,
-0.33401328325271606,
0.6267443895339966,
3.0252013206481934,
-0.1036226749420166,
3.1165575981140137,
0.9642596244812012,
-2.886787176132202,
-0.7859134674072266,
-2.6097817420959473,
-2.445669651031494,
-1.3660780191421509,
-0.28135958313941956,
-0.21209809184074402,
-1.5612797737121582,
-1.6471173763275146,
2.208552598953247,
-0.8868287801742554,
-3.0192837715148926,
-2.3126766681671143,
-4.027470588684082,
3.9272680282592773,
-0.1718093603849411,
1.9257689714431763,
3.0280044078826904,
-1.5142648220062256,
0.30178573727607727,
-1.1293487548828125,
-0.5334490537643433,
-1.6939804553985596,
-3.745501756668091,
-3.6753599643707275,
2.0611915588378906,
-0.6420296430587769,
0.07895445823669434,
-2.257585048675537,
0.08345116674900055,
0.957258403301239,
-0.29721951484680176,
1.4907066822052002,
1.9363960027694702,
-5.235769271850586,
0.4677430987358093,
3.521324634552002,
0.015681862831115723,
2.382540464401245,
-2.523956775665283,
1.411955714225769,
0.024480700492858887,
0.19864268600940704,
1.622771143913269,
-0.548907995223999,
-0.3584440350532532,
-2.836716413497925,
1.8021348714828491,
-1.3178315162658691,
2.4014992713928223,
0.7567822337150574,
0.9293465614318848,
-3.1917965412139893,
-0.2637144923210144,
-0.6720741987228394,
-1.9730584621429443,
-1.546161413192749,
-2.0709140300750732,
-0.09537266194820404,
2.561525821685791,
-0.07935136556625366,
1.1654571294784546,
0.4377439022064209,
-1.1153286695480347,
2.0261130332946777,
-1.851153016090393,
0.1000056117773056,
2.144436836242676,
-0.26347848773002625,
-1.0390962362289429,
-0.5539159178733826,
0.15879297256469727,
-1.8385084867477417,
-0.6875624656677246,
1.8318387269973755,
-0.7262574434280396,
1.2921942472457886,
-2.7899787425994873,
1.1235069036483765,
-0.5856849551200867,
-1.0779871940612793,
-1.813625693321228,
-0.5337157249450684,
0.29485541582107544,
-1.418616533279419,
-0.9101715087890625,
-1.398197889328003,
1.6649374961853027,
-0.06121423840522766,
-3.5344290733337402,
-1.8722091913223267,
1.9650769233703613,
-0.728487491607666,
-0.283343642950058,
-0.41162922978401184,
1.7058967351913452,
-1.4161896705627441,
-1.1353930234909058,
0.30789902806282043,
-0.9970024824142456,
1.056598424911499,
-0.6031742691993713,
0.010249465703964233,
0.04563689976930618,
-3.1817128658294678,
1.433552622795105,
2.0653491020202637,
-0.6744964718818665,
1.6633031368255615,
-1.9424564838409424,
1.3115737438201904,
-0.18595249950885773,
1.8691293001174927,
0.9716763496398926,
1.8905330896377563,
1.0140851736068726,
-3.5264205932617188,
3.2194223403930664,
0.7148666977882385,
0.8037503957748413,
2.0766122341156006,
-0.9056400060653687,
1.7307100296020508,
3.360755205154419,
2.907839775085449,
1.0189311504364014,
-1.3747879266738892,
-0.8776982426643372,
-1.7718247175216675,
3.2607908248901367,
2.231614589691162,
1.787516474723816,
3.468855857849121,
-0.058741576969623566,
1.8821898698806763,
-0.19914746284484863,
-0.7544995546340942,
-0.09523454308509827,
-2.1741538047790527,
-0.49446815252304077,
-2.2061924934387207,
0.33668991923332214,
-0.35644882917404175,
1.2529832124710083,
-0.5368373990058899,
-3.005134105682373,
-1.6249415874481201,
-1.2779335975646973,
-0.45514988899230957,
1.0598418712615967,
0.278457373380661,
3.359255313873291,
-1.6395477056503296,
1.4151997566223145,
1.792439579963684,
0.18854424357414246,
-3.345229148864746,
1.0585838556289673,
1.8058243989944458,
0.07728186249732971,
3.2663779258728027,
1.3199657201766968,
-0.8744713068008423,
3.292489767074585,
1.3267766237258911,
1.8881057500839233,
1.528883934020996,
-1.2918474674224854,
2.3253095149993896,
-3.2241320610046387,
-2.697514057159424,
0.36012405157089233,
1.949115514755249,
-0.4290505051612854,
-1.0068068504333496,
-0.9284867644309998,
-0.7983887195587158,
-2.4167563915252686,
0.48526665568351746,
2.0252318382263184,
0.748155415058136,
2.5142722129821777,
2.104543924331665,
2.3248345851898193
] |
why are commutators so important in theoretical physics? | i took a course in elementary particle physics. we worked some with commutators but i never quite understood why they were so important. (just that they were very important :) i am a bachelor in physics so advanced answers are accepted. | i come from a solid state physics background, so not particle physics, but they're quite important here too. the first example that comes to mind is that commutation relations between two operators tell you wether they have a common basis for diagonalization or not, that is, whether you can measure both at the same time. (i recommend checking the derivation of the uncertainty principle which is exactly about this, and it's on wikipedia if you need it) another example you will definitely deal with in your bachelors if you haven't already, are bosonic and fermionic commutation relations that come from the symmetry of the wave functions. it isn't obvious to think that if you first create electron 1, and then create electron 2, you get a different state than if you first create electron 2 and then electron 1 and in the end, when you simplify the formalism, that isnt explicitely given anywhere, so knowing the commutation relation is the only way you can avoid screwing up when working with fermions/bosons. in the end we are constantly working with things that aren't just simple numbers or functions, and there's certain rules as to how those objects behave together that one must take into account when working with them and that will not be explicitly given. commutators are one of the most basic operations you can do with two "things" to obtain basic information about how they behave with each other that might not be so obvious at first, they're important in a similar way to how derivatives are important in my opinion. | 6 | [] | [] | [] | [
-4.6194329261779785,
-0.7997280359268188,
-2.5716359615325928,
0.4575905203819275,
-1.1499793529510498,
-1.701406478881836,
2.5139153003692627,
-0.05023550987243652,
2.299309492111206,
-1.2687538862228394,
1.2964377403259277,
-0.8734563589096069,
-1.614084005355835,
-0.17695879936218262,
3.0127646923065186,
-1.7731138467788696,
0.6357837915420532,
0.0125952810049057,
-6.048951625823975,
-1.3949215412139893,
1.5531425476074219,
-1.103458046913147,
-2.42826509475708,
0.5630679726600647,
-0.5092624425888062,
1.9151785373687744,
2.7267978191375732,
-0.6941261887550354,
1.3270750045776367,
-0.47267016768455505,
1.6124545335769653,
1.3093010187149048,
-0.0028853267431259155,
0.967766284942627,
-3.144071102142334,
-0.7953579425811768,
1.217200756072998,
1.5162688493728638,
2.6494791507720947,
0.047382909804582596,
-0.23734623193740845,
-0.21240884065628052,
0.9422265291213989,
0.8522135019302368,
-0.27422258257865906,
-0.22493921220302582,
1.607957363128662,
1.1744015216827393,
-2.2039873600006104,
-0.22726160287857056,
-0.26112619042396545,
2.7057249546051025,
-1.9763743877410889,
-0.3819156587123871,
-0.515997588634491,
0.3175555169582367,
1.090695858001709,
-0.9093196988105774,
-1.608057975769043,
-2.355984926223755,
-0.46698519587516785,
-1.446385145187378,
-1.2776157855987549,
0.8821106553077698,
4.096323013305664,
0.08322197198867798,
2.0637385845184326,
-0.6516385674476624,
-0.5831224322319031,
2.7142043113708496,
-1.069144368171692,
2.3056883811950684,
-0.9619778990745544,
1.767940878868103,
-0.49991822242736816,
0.8896147012710571,
-0.44640761613845825,
2.0557329654693604,
-0.17262983322143555,
-1.077185869216919,
-2.840398073196411,
-2.292323350906372,
0.4844208359718323,
0.8883355855941772,
-1.0674662590026855,
2.758145809173584,
0.2750617563724518,
-0.9609158039093018,
1.1767044067382812,
-1.6330490112304688,
0.04836128652095795,
-2.3332033157348633,
0.25924772024154663,
0.600775957107544,
-0.7150374054908752,
3.861886978149414,
1.5047852993011475,
-0.4748673141002655,
1.825330138206482,
1.3607192039489746,
-3.043037176132202,
0.8389357924461365,
-3.773913860321045,
-0.5634909868240356,
0.3740750551223755,
-3.100466251373291,
-0.1332426220178604,
-0.636428713798523,
1.0191090106964111,
-1.1099048852920532,
0.5543813109397888,
-1.9968961477279663,
1.361132264137268,
-0.804625391960144,
-0.24317124485969543,
-1.642602562904358,
1.624768853187561,
2.8560190200805664,
2.8397023677825928,
-2.369882106781006,
-1.3684868812561035,
0.04946171119809151,
0.2130395770072937,
0.759969174861908,
0.9921383261680603,
-2.0047831535339355,
0.8120849132537842,
0.5769131779670715,
-0.03831362724304199,
0.2738349437713623,
3.3612465858459473,
-0.6678665280342102,
-1.7396907806396484,
0.5781723260879517,
-0.6075037717819214,
-1.3278520107269287,
3.078293561935425,
0.5695455074310303,
-1.0221973657608032,
2.9248263835906982,
1.614454984664917,
0.38435080647468567,
1.1510915756225586,
0.33391642570495605,
-0.6305558681488037,
0.010781049728393555,
0.9387130737304688,
-0.11408685147762299,
-0.7178997993469238,
0.9198093414306641,
0.17617368698120117,
-1.2927501201629639,
1.278419017791748,
-1.9364159107208252,
1.008690357208252,
-0.1306666135787964,
-2.2681946754455566,
-0.1645887792110443,
0.909700870513916,
1.4000109434127808,
-1.984468698501587,
3.9326608180999756,
-0.6915273070335388,
1.9864883422851562,
0.08202579617500305,
0.3464144766330719,
0.817155122756958,
-2.5149104595184326,
-0.1333204060792923,
-0.0537409633398056,
-1.565737247467041,
-1.2299448251724243,
-0.3227671980857849,
-1.1095013618469238,
-0.4852503538131714,
0.17342394590377808,
-2.964907646179199,
-1.8653171062469482,
-0.4491336941719055,
1.4464647769927979,
1.7249501943588257,
-1.0919320583343506,
2.843954086303711,
-0.07976996898651123,
0.25376951694488525,
2.3753676414489746,
0.4613136351108551,
0.9709197282791138,
-1.8127566576004028,
1.2958496809005737,
-0.45649412274360657,
-0.14183583855628967,
-0.9779950380325317,
2.111062526702881,
-0.31678301095962524,
-4.355669975280762,
1.4118046760559082,
-0.20839837193489075,
-0.5798359513282776,
1.0827468633651733,
-1.2540940046310425,
0.2529776096343994,
1.726844310760498,
-0.9095397591590881,
-0.26772719621658325,
-1.7887104749679565,
0.5366576313972473,
-0.0933271124958992,
-3.3239879608154297,
-0.11412787437438965,
-0.2215016782283783,
-1.982053279876709,
-3.160618543624878,
-0.2671334147453308,
-1.5292531251907349,
1.4170637130737305,
-0.6224343776702881,
-1.9918447732925415,
-0.7409882545471191,
0.05062822252511978,
1.3183010816574097,
0.22112545371055603,
1.4522590637207031,
-2.338963270187378,
-4.010643005371094,
-1.6923961639404297,
-0.8755025863647461,
0.3827173113822937,
-0.5801979303359985,
-0.10063895583152771,
0.5507310032844543,
-4.041458606719971,
2.1264123916625977,
2.607837200164795,
0.6406322717666626,
-0.7779026031494141,
-1.6079872846603394,
-0.9395895004272461,
1.4439301490783691,
-1.8262758255004883,
-0.7036813497543335,
-0.5024222135543823,
1.2136739492416382,
-1.401639699935913,
0.5907715559005737,
1.7107689380645752,
-1.0009238719940186,
0.011165410280227661,
0.23454366624355316,
1.3582396507263184,
-3.2496490478515625,
-0.9196649789810181,
0.06581440567970276,
1.1116751432418823,
-0.720677375793457,
0.384315550327301,
-0.4913969039916992,
-0.7053890228271484,
-2.5048577785491943,
-0.8280250430107117,
1.089428424835205,
-0.11463409662246704,
1.7722944021224976,
-1.7376223802566528,
-0.9857689738273621,
1.8875277042388916,
2.410221576690674,
0.5824823975563049,
-0.22549492120742798,
0.04442477226257324,
-0.23134198784828186,
1.9621567726135254,
-1.0880091190338135,
-1.8033713102340698,
2.331606864929199,
-0.9309970140457153,
-2.188185214996338,
-3.0438716411590576,
-1.8086817264556885,
0.4456895589828491,
0.2550492584705353,
-3.298651695251465,
0.9359109401702881,
0.5672001838684082,
-0.2131323218345642,
-1.0718988180160522,
2.976999282836914,
3.634260654449463,
0.7527809739112854,
-1.9478205442428589,
-1.9055970907211304,
2.7539219856262207,
2.664029121398926,
-1.2228362560272217,
1.116005539894104,
1.6275866031646729,
-1.697808027267456,
-1.428937554359436,
0.553928017616272,
0.29612791538238525,
2.008514404296875,
-1.190321445465088,
-2.784855842590332,
0.4761914610862732,
-0.8762562870979309,
0.721664309501648,
2.0711019039154053,
1.1366989612579346,
0.048585277050733566,
-1.0537625551223755,
-0.6799812912940979,
-1.3793065547943115,
2.067673683166504,
0.7422658205032349,
-1.8361361026763916,
2.4293012619018555,
-0.9137450456619263,
2.62121844291687,
1.357321858406067,
1.7303260564804077,
0.5042963027954102,
-4.184814929962158,
1.1072888374328613,
-0.5682675838470459,
-0.034561723470687866,
0.5839695334434509,
-0.9296156764030457,
-1.0346059799194336,
-1.0988253355026245,
0.2756921648979187,
-0.5103076100349426,
1.7102488279342651,
-1.1041035652160645,
-0.22238406538963318,
3.8908445835113525,
3.947460889816284,
0.1538236141204834,
-2.4344911575317383,
-2.2895169258117676,
3.012799024581909,
0.6928143501281738,
1.1210898160934448,
-1.4889557361602783,
1.8835145235061646,
1.6478791236877441,
0.343590646982193,
0.9996510744094849,
0.9435280561447144,
-0.2904711365699768,
2.2106456756591797,
-2.1430366039276123,
2.4433741569519043,
3.3692963123321533,
1.625917673110962,
4.083775043487549,
-2.2751104831695557,
-0.5667464733123779,
-0.10475467890501022,
-0.004598494619131088,
-0.4619300961494446,
-1.968797206878662,
-1.4282877445220947,
-2.246828556060791,
4.733658313751221,
1.5109188556671143,
0.10255885869264603,
-1.29775869846344,
-1.338952660560608,
-0.47705042362213135,
1.094757080078125,
-1.71498441696167,
2.8578758239746094,
1.8489922285079956,
-1.9628710746765137,
0.12299998849630356,
-0.7870270013809204,
-1.9652042388916016,
-1.4264392852783203,
-1.4871037006378174,
1.2577570676803589,
1.4304779767990112,
1.8604696989059448,
5.201628684997559,
-0.18890254199504852
] |
why do different people from different parts of the world look different? | i have always wondered why people from different parts of the world look different. for example, why do people from asia typically have narrower eyes, why are africans typically black, why are people from the north lighter-skinned, and questions like those. i've always assumed they were caused by evolution or adaptation. but i just need an explanation of how it works and why it works. thanks in advance. | here is a simple example: say someone lives in africa and has a rare mutation for blue eyes. he leaves africa, settles down in europe, and has a large family of blue-eyed children. in a few thousand years, the population in europe will have a large amount of blue-eyed alleles all tracing back from the african. since the mutation was rare, most people in africa have brown eyes and thus, the two populations look different. i'm not saying this is how it happened but imagine this process happening on a huge scale. people with genetic variations are isolated in different parts of the globe and spread those variations to their offspring. | 2 | [] | [] | [] | [
-0.3219330310821533,
0.801124095916748,
-0.9074954390525818,
-0.25027430057525635,
-0.12504999339580536,
0.013299969024956226,
0.6143618226051331,
-0.04641888290643692,
0.7438405752182007,
0.7805033326148987,
2.12115740776062,
-0.9611837863922119,
1.033333420753479,
-0.42584094405174255,
-0.31127482652664185,
0.61916184425354,
-2.783473253250122,
-1.3305829763412476,
-1.7019081115722656,
-0.03954430669546127,
-0.3334081470966339,
-0.3023831248283386,
0.18406300246715546,
0.02846664935350418,
-0.42854195833206177,
-1.0223808288574219,
-0.09894629567861557,
-1.301754117012024,
0.004212699830532074,
-0.31411445140838623,
0.1402546614408493,
0.96111661195755,
0.1725766807794571,
0.2664099335670471,
0.8523853421211243,
-1.2492388486862183,
-1.0391051769256592,
1.0007613897323608,
-0.28646862506866455,
-0.2851288914680481,
0.7361828088760376,
-0.1840870976448059,
-0.2941581606864929,
-0.3668612837791443,
-0.412891685962677,
1.1391513347625732,
0.2550731301307678,
1.9532785415649414,
-0.7338955402374268,
-0.41564127802848816,
-1.3409525156021118,
-1.6231566667556763,
-0.706026554107666,
0.005226984620094299,
-0.532643735408783,
-0.3305157423019409,
-0.6508904695510864,
-1.1151092052459717,
1.3723373413085938,
-0.5588740110397339,
-0.620562732219696,
0.11231173574924469,
0.7462224960327148,
0.5556923747062683,
1.2685898542404175,
-0.25776174664497375,
-0.015750110149383545,
0.008297979831695557,
1.582991600036621,
-0.026305541396141052,
1.7195042371749878,
0.13675284385681152,
-1.826066255569458,
2.1965060234069824,
-0.8972819447517395,
-0.3191695213317871,
-0.367376446723938,
0.6098232269287109,
0.0412830151617527,
0.020105555653572083,
-0.8991096019744873,
-0.06255754828453064,
0.552798330783844,
-0.08220052719116211,
0.8427690267562866,
0.4827173352241516,
-0.2953457534313202,
-0.20530056953430176,
-2.480456829071045,
0.5665903687477112,
-0.2819749712944031,
-0.3435041606426239,
1.7222174406051636,
-0.47000980377197266,
-0.29613006114959717,
0.9697598814964294,
0.6005962491035461,
-0.3375500440597534,
0.6336057186126709,
0.30805128812789917,
-1.291308045387268,
-1.144324779510498,
0.9410702586174011,
1.6110342741012573,
-1.4827004671096802,
-0.4293299615383148,
-1.1161253452301025,
-0.21737688779830933,
0.44520583748817444,
0.38181406259536743,
-1.3027881383895874,
-1.4212645292282104,
-0.7177437543869019,
0.567075252532959,
-0.9387155175209045,
-2.4339849948883057,
0.5554324984550476,
-1.319960355758667,
-0.2561168074607849,
0.7764718532562256,
-0.5613492131233215,
0.42161622643470764,
0.8479738235473633,
-0.30138441920280457,
1.9977219104766846,
1.212833046913147,
-0.7441056966781616,
1.1379207372665405,
0.7816563844680786,
-0.09106747806072235,
0.7355738282203674,
0.4718489348888397,
-1.019923210144043,
0.10140273720026016,
-0.7141542434692383,
-0.6575307250022888,
-0.49869319796562195,
-0.5945793986320496,
-1.6816407442092896,
0.22981299459934235,
1.6956669092178345,
-0.6307744979858398,
0.6687121987342834,
1.1932415962219238,
0.7171757817268372,
0.9020075798034668,
0.2488333284854889,
0.5142738223075867,
-0.2043660283088684,
0.5554862022399902,
0.8837383389472961,
-0.6813840866088867,
-0.024865709245204926,
-0.5376395583152771,
-0.9239977598190308,
-1.4236063957214355,
-0.15333165228366852,
1.259399175643921,
0.4044535756111145,
0.6032132506370544,
-0.5819015502929688,
-0.17995493113994598,
-0.5520037412643433,
0.9240624904632568,
1.8616137504577637,
-0.6838957667350769,
-1.2616899013519287,
0.150100976228714,
0.7226863503456116,
-0.2094598412513733,
0.3978922665119171,
0.4648283123970032,
0.7208346128463745,
-0.6316421031951904,
1.5688780546188354,
-0.029613345861434937,
-1.9538177251815796,
1.437553882598877,
-0.8636088371276855,
0.4834820628166199,
0.45025521516799927,
-1.854313611984253,
0.6621477603912354,
0.6995459198951721,
0.2570131719112396,
0.13545390963554382,
1.2043633460998535,
-0.5820822715759277,
0.9627822637557983,
-1.056938648223877,
-0.06151881814002991,
-0.22922539710998535,
1.6834784746170044,
-0.5942553877830505,
-0.4218344986438751,
0.21598392724990845,
-0.6676989793777466,
-2.100294589996338,
1.502301573753357,
-0.5932314395904541,
-1.2911574840545654,
-0.004748895764350891,
-0.44283539056777954,
-0.6780143976211548,
1.3696554899215698,
0.39598333835601807,
0.671051025390625,
0.11392001062631607,
0.48859530687332153,
1.4414540529251099,
-0.7552494406700134,
0.8939849734306335,
-0.16009700298309326,
-0.9661456942558289,
0.016269102692604065,
0.5107834935188293,
-0.9744613766670227,
-0.7846237421035767,
1.7594228982925415,
0.8873863816261292,
-1.118758201599121,
-0.9455710649490356,
-0.44191837310791016,
-1.2642654180526733,
-1.4358148574829102,
-0.5304810404777527,
-0.5039699673652649,
-0.2529141306877136,
0.8275200724601746,
-1.0735926628112793,
0.7869590520858765,
2.0274481773376465,
0.8401461839675903,
0.059626899659633636,
0.2554354667663574,
-1.7642122507095337,
2.3088736534118652,
-1.0161799192428589,
-0.3669227957725525,
-0.21094828844070435,
0.3689858317375183,
1.5861740112304688,
0.6170938014984131,
-0.12299361079931259,
-1.2108553647994995,
0.18481643497943878,
-0.19873881340026855,
-1.041445255279541,
-1.0018272399902344,
0.8283072710037231,
-2.151881694793701,
-0.44380372762680054,
-1.6397809982299805,
0.21093827486038208,
-0.4821425676345825,
0.6850180625915527,
-0.8404152989387512,
0.05425304174423218,
-0.8135989904403687,
0.7998387813568115,
-1.3181160688400269,
-0.7641925811767578,
-0.26614582538604736,
-1.36473548412323,
0.4584168791770935,
0.7932305335998535,
0.626313328742981,
0.4541893005371094,
1.095106601715088,
1.0376819372177124,
0.9710133075714111,
1.6380891799926758,
0.530524492263794,
0.02177508920431137,
1.5535739660263062,
2.8451242446899414,
-0.1307099461555481,
0.19283954799175262,
0.1414881944656372,
-1.8346185684204102,
0.38866671919822693,
-1.3966004848480225,
-1.4264626502990723,
0.656367838382721,
0.21001237630844116,
-0.3279491066932678,
-0.5132983922958374,
0.5614234805107117,
0.849169909954071,
-0.279407262802124,
-0.5196592211723328,
1.1400365829467773,
-0.4874269366264343,
-1.465150237083435,
1.3918583393096924,
-2.472410202026367,
-1.9582066535949707,
-0.9973803758621216,
0.4880356192588806,
0.1685105860233307,
-1.0014671087265015,
0.38183802366256714,
0.6853730082511902,
-0.10553174465894699,
-2.3289380073547363,
-1.1608173847198486,
2.041666269302368,
-0.14063410460948944,
1.8319400548934937,
-0.6353212594985962,
-0.9236127734184265,
-2.209561347961426,
1.5607448816299438,
1.5594555139541626,
-2.277029514312744,
-0.23802165687084198,
-0.9502952098846436,
-0.061301425099372864,
0.8953544497489929,
0.543046772480011,
2.3757736682891846,
0.0958511009812355,
0.845111072063446,
1.0865223407745361,
0.6268453598022461,
-0.10681208968162537,
-0.7481650114059448,
0.847561240196228,
-0.10764671862125397,
2.180414915084839,
-1.754315972328186,
1.115454077720642,
1.292803406715393,
0.8123083114624023,
1.7507350444793701,
1.1853710412979126,
-0.6200840473175049,
0.2211208939552307,
-0.7152541875839233,
0.7756001949310303,
-0.7487245202064514,
1.0561295747756958,
1.7303365468978882,
1.8741692304611206,
0.7863186597824097,
-1.0393900871276855,
-0.7188617587089539,
-0.8606831431388855,
-0.7634126543998718,
-0.17882513999938965,
0.34549373388290405,
0.34802761673927307,
0.5528577566146851,
0.5130234956741333,
0.3062070906162262,
-1.6612951755523682,
-2.103473663330078,
0.6540791392326355,
0.3981647491455078,
-1.6474320888519287,
-0.04207698255777359,
-0.4946185052394867,
-0.3171418607234955,
1.809810757637024,
0.8423510193824768,
0.0934106633067131,
-0.5270821452140808,
-0.08907479047775269,
-0.7204526662826538,
-0.2634817063808441,
-0.2771836519241333,
-0.035637274384498596,
-0.45068687200546265,
-0.23695319890975952,
-0.3736565113067627,
-1.7918893098831177,
1.1968235969543457,
-0.05678275227546692,
-0.3236827254295349,
0.24071402847766876,
0.4666743874549866,
0.7382889986038208,
0.9075645804405212,
0.7417138814926147
] |
relativistic space travel thought experiment: time dilation, how does it work? | so i have some difficulties understanding the "real world" implications of special relativity time dilation. most examples you find on the internet deal with one observer at rest and one observer moving *past* the first tangentially at near light speed. they also all deal with magical telescopes that ignore redshifting and the actual distances traveled. this of course doesn't take into account how it'd look like for an observer at rest at the start or end of the journey so that the crew moves directly away from/at them respectively. so the spaceship z by virtue of the wonderdrive(tm) is able to accelerate to 99.999x% of light speed within a day without disintegrating. this is used to make the trip from earth to proxima centauri that is exactly 4 light years away in this experiment. now what i am interested in is what the observers named earth, proxima and spaceship-z see in their respective frames. the predictions i'd make is what is so paradoxical to me since in my opinion point 2 and 3 contradict the usual examples when taking account the actual propagation of the light waves: 1. earth sees a massively redshifted spaceship-z that appears to accelerate progressively much slower than it actually does due to length contraction. it also seems to slow down during its journey which it appears to have completed after 8 years. during that time the redshifted images observed showed the crew at a near standstill. **this should be analogous to the usual examples.** 2. spaceship-z sees a massively redshifted earth *with clocks moving at the same rate at spaceship-z's*. they themselves perceive their journey to take, say, 1 hour. the distance from earth to proxima is massively contracted for them. 3. proxima doesn't see anything for almost 4 years in the frame at rest relative to earth. then in the end they see a flash of massively blueshifted light from spaceship-z whose clock looks on the one hand slowed down according to the time dilation experienced by spaceship-z, on the other hand sped up immensely because the light that is emitted at the start of the journey reaches proxima only seconds before the ships arrival, like a bow wave. 4. during travel its own light emissions appear to move at c in relation to spaceship-z because in their back the distance is contracted and in the front the distance covered by the photons emitted and the spaceship is in line with the massively dilated time. so i am sure a lot of my assumptions here are wrong because i adhere to classical mechanics wave propagation too much. it'd be nice if an astrophysicist could drop in and explain to me why my hypotheses 2 and 3 are at odds with the notion that spaceship z should in turn see time slowed at proxima and earth at the same rate as they should see it slowed in the spaceship. | no, the effects of time dilation are symmetric when the ship is in an inertial frame. the crew sees earth's clocks moving slower and the earth seems the crew's clocks moving slower. | 3 | [] | [] | [] | [
0.5427278280258179,
0.058584555983543396,
0.5843989253044128,
-0.0308256633579731,
0.23743240535259247,
-0.8541561961174011,
-0.6970240473747253,
-0.19858592748641968,
0.9568576812744141,
-0.19416053593158722,
0.5533251762390137,
0.5374499559402466,
-0.39170920848846436,
0.07348562031984329,
-0.41533568501472473,
-0.8724029660224915,
-0.11970889568328857,
0.38067081570625305,
-0.02614477276802063,
0.3144775331020355,
-0.5931403040885925,
-0.660345733165741,
-0.4880680441856384,
0.8551154136657715,
-0.23848679661750793,
1.070784330368042,
-0.6046633124351501,
0.007521219551563263,
0.24872371554374695,
0.40319857001304626,
-1.159134864807129,
-0.40168297290802,
0.07294592261314392,
-0.9814026355743408,
0.5875898003578186,
1.0868663787841797,
0.6478813886642456,
-0.22278322279453278,
0.03299880027770996,
0.1996816098690033,
0.21139684319496155,
-0.3263556957244873,
0.16131220757961273,
0.45204442739486694,
-0.713782787322998,
1.5641148090362549,
0.838837206363678,
-0.21892312169075012,
-1.0036938190460205,
0.1801357865333557,
-0.28520190715789795,
-0.09945238381624222,
0.43105775117874146,
-0.7061514854431152,
-0.8907172679901123,
0.2710254490375519,
0.334023118019104,
-0.00800158828496933,
0.2737012505531311,
-0.6714190244674683,
-0.5055359601974487,
-0.20844456553459167,
-0.003993719816207886,
-0.40139931440353394,
0.5993815660476685,
0.8191578388214111,
-0.18507391214370728,
-0.5526906251907349,
-0.7618980407714844,
-0.5243798494338989,
-0.8589683771133423,
-0.10945240408182144,
-0.255059152841568,
-0.8296489119529724,
0.10906192660331726,
-1.3717525005340576,
0.8023103475570679,
0.2611801028251648,
-0.15810175240039825,
-0.3087970018386841,
-0.034197449684143066,
-1.6551915407180786,
-1.309919834136963,
-0.016893159598112106,
-0.2217046320438385,
-0.912280797958374,
0.4907340109348297,
0.15360678732395172,
0.5891754627227783,
-0.9366239309310913,
0.02672969549894333,
-0.20247362554073334,
-0.25784844160079956,
0.08352013677358627,
-0.03355924040079117,
0.8503251075744629,
-0.2079349160194397,
1.0631892681121826,
0.3699039816856384,
-0.12819263339042664,
0.11650736629962921,
0.23262076079845428,
-0.917870283126831,
1.5652859210968018,
0.008397217839956284,
-0.1888609677553177,
-0.08796574175357819,
0.20147305727005005,
0.21448132395744324,
0.3414615988731384,
0.002845562994480133,
0.1325652152299881,
0.45011627674102783,
0.271034300327301,
-0.7361978888511658,
-0.39504262804985046,
-0.5655428171157837,
0.6709165573120117,
-0.6908994913101196,
-0.2058328241109848,
0.2746759057044983,
-0.28596144914627075,
0.4467211961746216,
0.5704871416091919,
0.43843212723731995,
-0.4373806416988373,
0.254416286945343,
0.15370042622089386,
-0.634124755859375,
-0.03531235083937645,
0.8476043939590454,
-1.2865867614746094,
-0.3331461250782013,
-0.038004253059625626,
-1.1139355897903442,
0.4816815257072449,
1.6884682178497314,
-0.11226673424243927,
-0.7801423072814941,
-0.5579826831817627,
-0.048740219324827194,
0.4674246907234192,
0.4312669634819031,
-0.6233441829681396,
1.186654806137085,
0.6373677253723145,
0.5829720497131348,
0.49900877475738525,
0.2586188316345215,
-0.5810124278068542,
-0.6126368045806885,
-0.20778438448905945,
0.47759515047073364,
0.030953286215662956,
-0.04177919775247574,
0.19093985855579376,
-0.4851362109184265,
-0.13415023684501648,
-0.7547022104263306,
-0.07439283281564713,
-0.19963741302490234,
0.429696261882782,
0.1664677858352661,
0.06966002285480499,
-0.09031516313552856,
0.7989799976348877,
-0.17525207996368408,
-0.4557220935821533,
-0.6129006147384644,
0.5240184664726257,
-0.08395054936408997,
-0.5214352011680603,
0.33536121249198914,
-0.5243542790412903,
0.7986830472946167,
0.7706414461135864,
0.0767449140548706,
0.816604495048523,
0.057678207755088806,
-0.42205289006233215,
-0.6969088315963745,
0.05418679118156433,
1.4398205280303955,
0.152528315782547,
1.0736424922943115,
-0.5148324370384216,
-0.4270380139350891,
0.9014208316802979,
-0.8325464725494385,
-0.32122713327407837,
-0.2280375212430954,
-0.734323263168335,
1.1905498504638672,
0.6031378507614136,
-0.2497582584619522,
0.5896962881088257,
-0.5019828081130981,
0.18979285657405853,
-0.03376056253910065,
0.15319541096687317,
-0.6645946502685547,
0.7481880187988281,
0.809092104434967,
-0.29705750942230225,
0.24665112793445587,
0.06780628114938736,
-0.3192868232727051,
-0.3173459470272064,
0.03807726502418518,
0.39495402574539185,
0.14914146065711975,
-1.2360577583312988,
0.3051542043685913,
-0.061423834413290024,
0.6134995818138123,
0.737569272518158,
0.34942132234573364,
-0.38049301505088806,
0.059007227420806885,
-0.2550523281097412,
-0.19421285390853882,
0.6076887845993042,
-0.5836582183837891,
-0.5545425415039062,
-0.15533411502838135,
-0.5574496984481812,
-0.01938629150390625,
0.24241676926612854,
0.17025327682495117,
-0.18189628422260284,
0.5335421562194824,
0.3962779939174652,
-0.15945616364479065,
0.3752000629901886,
0.03263196349143982,
-1.0062830448150635,
-1.32218337059021,
0.14258375763893127,
0.4193221628665924,
-0.2477162778377533,
0.4885103106498718,
0.14674803614616394,
0.3539083003997803,
0.3804173469543457,
1.0341308116912842,
0.230208158493042,
-0.3608592748641968,
-0.3632422685623169,
0.7336653470993042,
-0.23763565719127655,
-0.20649480819702148,
0.22830313444137573,
-1.2683335542678833,
0.2822030782699585,
-0.8880424499511719,
-0.5686501264572144,
0.9375919103622437,
-0.41569945216178894,
-0.25858521461486816,
0.02239184081554413,
-0.27853071689605713,
0.8679094314575195,
0.07374639809131622,
-0.4582560658454895,
0.43363821506500244,
0.7267708778381348,
0.3357561230659485,
-0.13694292306900024,
-0.5484587550163269,
0.23069608211517334,
-0.5393862724304199,
0.29848194122314453,
-0.8557800054550171,
-0.012328855693340302,
0.5838785767555237,
-0.7407616376876831,
-0.04634310305118561,
-0.293198823928833,
-0.6337498426437378,
0.39984825253486633,
-0.6507244110107422,
-0.14127308130264282,
0.18691599369049072,
0.11760079115629196,
0.26168376207351685,
-0.3833687901496887,
0.2836383581161499,
0.15322624146938324,
0.535754919052124,
-0.13102252781391144,
-0.06682765483856201,
0.9770112037658691,
0.6640518307685852,
0.6569058895111084,
0.2697482109069824,
-0.48314082622528076,
-1.4069466590881348,
-0.03922928124666214,
0.06387589871883392,
-0.8441847562789917,
-0.002071872353553772,
0.01780525967478752,
-0.11621776968240738,
-0.3105383813381195,
0.31364986300468445,
0.6684616804122925,
0.46513831615448,
0.36922550201416016,
-1.2601189613342285,
0.6121842265129089,
-1.51182222366333,
-0.582846999168396,
-0.2930592894554138,
-0.15161721408367157,
0.11022038757801056,
0.4835427701473236,
1.055800199508667,
0.948727011680603,
-0.819042980670929,
0.055749163031578064,
0.02490316331386566,
0.29782843589782715,
-0.05384185165166855,
-0.7957305908203125,
-0.3298918306827545,
-1.0531744956970215,
0.8409348130226135,
0.4652435779571533,
-0.8322492837905884,
-0.5741702318191528,
0.40380099415779114,
-0.5719643235206604,
0.5430647134780884,
0.3381500542163849,
0.8425568342208862,
0.21088530123233795,
0.5707383155822754,
-0.43095171451568604,
-0.4197859764099121,
0.24533724784851074,
-0.04925558343529701,
-0.3544439673423767,
0.8667306303977966,
0.2198760062456131,
0.5220975279808044,
0.654151201248169,
0.3346214294433594,
1.011425495147705,
0.25170817971229553,
-0.39639416337013245,
0.11426985263824463,
0.09872031211853027,
0.8810613751411438,
0.7688440084457397,
0.16216875612735748,
-0.6535716652870178,
-0.6520740985870361,
0.6961022019386292,
0.2113698571920395,
0.10819703340530396,
-0.545470118522644,
0.6832826137542725,
-0.7587704658508301,
0.3652838468551636,
1.256608247756958,
0.09241260588169098,
0.030765771865844727,
-0.5894782543182373,
-0.28504717350006104,
-0.27584388852119446,
-0.09333014488220215,
0.5444177985191345,
0.656006932258606,
-0.8210516571998596,
1.0103120803833008,
-0.01677641272544861,
0.14251498878002167,
-0.6705796718597412,
-0.373399555683136,
0.5315824151039124,
-0.7357423901557922,
0.6965495944023132,
-0.14655344188213348,
-0.029462642967700958
] |
how does an electrical signal cause a mechanical deformation in heart tissue? | i am somewhat familiar with microelectromechanical systems (mems) but i'm not sure if the same principles apply to the generation of heartbeats. i am looking for an explanation for the specific material property that allows heart cells to respond to an electrical input signal. | the same principles do not apply, since the electrical signal does not *directly* cause the contraction. the electrical signal causes voltage-gated channels on the cell to open and allow calcium ions in. this increase in intracellular calcium kicks off a signalling cascade which causes the cell to contract. | 6 | [] | [] | [] | [
-1.3899295330047607,
-0.24232515692710876,
0.09463565796613693,
0.4575025737285614,
-0.6214812994003296,
-0.0202398132532835,
-0.04239295423030853,
0.5052830576896667,
0.41357553005218506,
0.858283519744873,
0.6247010231018066,
0.07297806441783905,
-0.8754003047943115,
0.7875813841819763,
-0.18026545643806458,
-0.1627911478281021,
-2.0823416709899902,
0.6543990969657898,
-1.0348079204559326,
0.359649121761322,
1.0542598962783813,
-0.35665079951286316,
-0.3800596296787262,
-0.681023359298706,
-0.8648049235343933,
-0.7198857069015503,
0.7977616786956787,
-0.237677201628685,
0.15940096974372864,
-0.1916685551404953,
-1.0106384754180908,
0.6142243146896362,
-0.04493504762649536,
0.4609832167625427,
-0.08514614403247833,
0.25101664662361145,
0.07150474190711975,
0.19916614890098572,
-0.3041435480117798,
-0.36084306240081787,
1.0281428098678589,
-0.6733090877532959,
-0.5182863473892212,
1.3778507709503174,
-0.10332775115966797,
1.1940851211547852,
1.7361507415771484,
-0.5139580965042114,
-0.4696706533432007,
-0.5161887407302856,
0.019919363781809807,
0.31699642539024353,
-0.38574445247650146,
0.8823697566986084,
-0.910405158996582,
0.31607887148857117,
-0.11214287579059601,
0.24390846490859985,
0.953565239906311,
-0.4107438027858734,
-0.19266580045223236,
-0.07211088389158249,
-0.7418102025985718,
-0.08563864231109619,
0.1978309154510498,
-0.8427603244781494,
0.38702574372291565,
0.11561828851699829,
-0.09353502094745636,
0.3903987407684326,
0.2963828146457672,
0.0032548904418945312,
0.07233734428882599,
0.3456840515136719,
1.2090200185775757,
0.27329885959625244,
-0.4745742380619049,
1.0503547191619873,
0.17309045791625977,
0.3240744471549988,
1.0033633708953857,
-0.2049979269504547,
-0.007915690541267395,
0.3493210971355438,
-0.020858101546764374,
1.1515259742736816,
0.34989121556282043,
-1.437187671661377,
-0.218413844704628,
0.06841717660427094,
-0.09396044909954071,
-0.646964430809021,
-0.3790552020072937,
-0.10381713509559631,
-0.3622051477432251,
0.43757548928260803,
0.730441689491272,
-0.5444668531417847,
-0.8378648161888123,
-0.6228891611099243,
-0.3220173716545105,
0.08162632584571838,
-1.4589775800704956,
0.9539276361465454,
-0.16200792789459229,
-1.0341769456863403,
-0.29255133867263794,
-0.09310854971408844,
-0.2624567449092865,
0.09145992249250412,
0.7481728196144104,
-0.007255196571350098,
-0.049106016755104065,
-0.22394153475761414,
0.48944398760795593,
1.1105308532714844,
0.5267648100852966,
0.5721076130867004,
0.353320449590683,
-0.12544167041778564,
-0.7936001420021057,
-1.2708194255828857,
-1.1271069049835205,
0.18086647987365723,
-0.0972202941775322,
-0.06251143664121628,
-0.9805260896682739,
0.7960021495819092,
0.45388537645339966,
0.177031010389328,
-0.027254164218902588,
0.05352240800857544,
0.07715310156345367,
-0.10300154238939285,
-0.6379147171974182,
-0.3417474925518036,
0.4688228964805603,
0.17738786339759827,
-1.7383183240890503,
0.25120246410369873,
0.7917653322219849,
1.0407360792160034,
-0.29702478647232056,
0.04060613363981247,
-0.3815765082836151,
-0.7151901125907898,
0.014335352927446365,
-0.49883517622947693,
0.5411215424537659,
-0.3191942572593689,
-0.42316189408302307,
-0.6217648983001709,
0.20347517728805542,
-0.7846822738647461,
-0.3289732336997986,
-0.715038537979126,
-0.3347318172454834,
0.1419134885072708,
0.04461529850959778,
0.34444281458854675,
-0.46950799226760864,
0.835761547088623,
0.17986193299293518,
0.44933414459228516,
0.7156069278717041,
-0.37800079584121704,
0.8190184235572815,
-0.3342597782611847,
0.09263139963150024,
0.3926204741001129,
0.08319365233182907,
-0.33168718218803406,
0.4495650827884674,
-0.18658459186553955,
-1.1647028923034668,
0.03199310600757599,
-0.04968924820423126,
-0.9516242742538452,
0.655631422996521,
0.9372751712799072,
1.2401962280273438,
-0.12206754088401794,
1.2116445302963257,
0.39824315905570984,
-0.6541818976402283,
-0.8112211227416992,
-0.3398090600967407,
-0.015152297914028168,
0.03278903663158417,
-0.06810427457094193,
-0.15048038959503174,
1.0549416542053223,
0.18681970238685608,
0.3824974596500397,
-1.0908026695251465,
-0.8527396321296692,
-0.5569685101509094,
-0.34078848361968994,
-0.865337610244751,
-0.36194097995758057,
0.5924577713012695,
-0.22796334326267242,
-0.9286758899688721,
0.5322248935699463,
0.49136820435523987,
0.3346107602119446,
0.07030025124549866,
-0.8714503049850464,
-0.5130895376205444,
-0.6336879730224609,
-0.2680637836456299,
-0.3075387179851532,
0.06957022845745087,
-0.3652780055999756,
-0.09063033014535904,
-0.6108211278915405,
-0.2235567718744278,
-0.21858111023902893,
0.7405688762664795,
0.07686492800712585,
0.5053240060806274,
0.45858627557754517,
0.3396458029747009,
-0.7639170289039612,
0.32608240842819214,
-0.8380254507064819,
0.20246759057044983,
0.26423007249832153,
-0.3948011100292206,
0.968856692314148,
0.17564556002616882,
0.19172489643096924,
0.31588196754455566,
0.7641140222549438,
1.727989673614502,
0.19500018656253815,
-0.972257137298584,
0.04068924859166145,
0.4456672668457031,
-1.5012094974517822,
-0.1939462125301361,
0.7254427075386047,
-0.08112750947475433,
0.7853865623474121,
-0.27689382433891296,
0.38504910469055176,
0.606132984161377,
0.20693904161453247,
1.0801758766174316,
-0.10637599229812622,
-0.22282063961029053,
1.0363054275512695,
-0.25553974509239197,
0.4948130249977112,
-0.1420539915561676,
0.3282782733440399,
-0.7534278035163879,
-1.0977869033813477,
0.30347657203674316,
0.4004020690917969,
0.20625808835029602,
0.5842297077178955,
0.959827184677124,
-1.0615187883377075,
1.05307936668396,
0.9325667023658752,
1.0643516778945923,
0.784457802772522,
0.1256173849105835,
0.38162580132484436,
0.7547966837882996,
-0.20693665742874146,
-0.6823874711990356,
0.20362073183059692,
0.6324023604393005,
-0.37179315090179443,
-0.13246223330497742,
-0.4796445369720459,
-0.260859876871109,
0.6642158031463623,
0.7719811201095581,
0.05976225435733795,
-0.10975702852010727,
-0.024625003337860107,
-0.32309287786483765,
-0.8565995097160339,
0.5241585969924927,
-1.846169352531433,
0.5954618453979492,
-0.31951087713241577,
-0.0572153776884079,
-0.06579276919364929,
1.9959412813186646,
0.15192259848117828,
0.5346734523773193,
1.2359108924865723,
-0.7652512192726135,
-0.7480089664459229,
-0.14563219249248505,
-0.22276560962200165,
-0.6463314890861511,
-1.5779080390930176,
-1.1775834560394287,
-0.6645902395248413,
0.15283463895320892,
0.3613124489784241,
0.40794849395751953,
-0.1796705573797226,
0.626722514629364,
-0.7621399164199829,
0.3211020231246948,
0.3536112308502197,
0.32934635877609253,
-0.300730437040329,
-0.5659022927284241,
0.0699070394039154,
-0.29520130157470703,
0.2417551875114441,
0.7725807428359985,
0.18481332063674927,
0.11557765305042267,
-0.10765871405601501,
-0.615066409111023,
-0.8326476812362671,
0.23268967866897583,
-0.39088377356529236,
-0.1833849847316742,
-0.38246282935142517,
0.020375564694404602,
-1.0225830078125,
-0.20150014758110046,
1.4261195659637451,
0.6333603858947754,
0.07019168138504028,
1.2253732681274414,
0.7629184722900391,
-0.4625893831253052,
0.027517005801200867,
-0.18336379528045654,
-0.23245540261268616,
-0.6028248071670532,
0.21375498175621033,
-0.5266624689102173,
0.96805739402771,
0.15876315534114838,
-0.9759799242019653,
0.7176814079284668,
0.4828386902809143,
-0.9454832077026367,
0.032544106245040894,
-0.04499140381813049,
0.4106551706790924,
1.128747582435608,
0.5795783400535583,
-1.1296098232269287,
0.4288165271282196,
-0.10729147493839264,
-0.5634429454803467,
-0.23435147106647491,
-0.43689924478530884,
-0.9428504109382629,
-0.6780728697776794,
-0.03147941827774048,
0.8356455564498901,
-0.9326627850532532,
0.9086182117462158,
0.7614601850509644,
0.6431179046630859,
-1.007041573524475,
1.7591419219970703,
0.19214054942131042,
1.5963001251220703,
0.836660623550415,
-1.1460247039794922,
-0.8827215433120728,
-1.3202946186065674,
-0.7694556713104248,
0.7337203621864319,
-0.9783452153205872,
0.005178168416023254,
-0.9012239575386047,
0.7010589838027954,
1.718354344367981,
-0.8636775016784668
] |
how can digital numbers control path of electricity? (i.e. computers, microcontrollers...) | for instance you can program a microcontroller to have power at a certain port. how can a line of code affect path of eletricity? thank you for answers. | with [transistors!](_url_0_) they are clever little circuits that let one electrical current turn on or off another one. that line of code is really just a set of electrical activity in some electrical switches, that flip other electrical switches, that flip other ones, and so on. transistors in computers work on [boolean algebra](_url_1_), which is a kind of logic of ones and zeroes. using boolean algebra, you can design a set of transistors that compute any kind of function you like, so long as its made up of ones and zeros. | 11 | [] | [] | [
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transistor",
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boolean_algebra"
] | [
-2.2378671169281006,
0.2482496201992035,
0.3062673807144165,
-1.036292314529419,
-3.037278890609741,
-2.5819671154022217,
2.127103090286255,
0.38458436727523804,
0.8041922450065613,
0.014880731701850891,
0.15806713700294495,
0.3794075846672058,
0.6916958093643188,
0.5314735174179077,
0.565460741519928,
-0.11201153695583344,
-0.9664164781570435,
-1.0203051567077637,
0.6090154647827148,
-0.5134064555168152,
1.2271898984909058,
-1.2857474088668823,
-2.3854386806488037,
-0.2895366847515106,
-0.9824641942977905,
0.11920106410980225,
0.8765859007835388,
0.609102189540863,
-0.048429425805807114,
-0.5873578786849976,
-0.2862599194049835,
2.008511781692505,
-0.35662513971328735,
0.8480613231658936,
-1.0947072505950928,
-0.047705844044685364,
0.0852668285369873,
0.01094508171081543,
0.42808055877685547,
0.0032903552055358887,
-1.4230090379714966,
-0.2079487442970276,
0.6258997917175293,
0.9521819949150085,
0.2977045178413391,
0.6861631274223328,
-0.24836347997188568,
1.8006969690322876,
-0.39337897300720215,
-1.4196827411651611,
0.9909078478813171,
1.8521080017089844,
-0.8838610649108887,
0.8857470154762268,
0.55461186170578,
-1.0974663496017456,
0.0231550931930542,
-0.6420551538467407,
-0.8696459531784058,
-1.4691367149353027,
0.5628724098205566,
0.06851276755332947,
0.2820870280265808,
0.09332163631916046,
0.5931050777435303,
0.8979682326316833,
1.350701093673706,
-1.0689444541931152,
-0.40091413259506226,
1.4862918853759766,
-1.4797333478927612,
-0.3494764566421509,
0.30995917320251465,
1.119572401046753,
0.7195442318916321,
0.5848510265350342,
-0.9170271158218384,
1.5738157033920288,
-0.59923255443573,
-0.14619168639183044,
-1.707924246788025,
-1.329951286315918,
-0.5499255061149597,
-1.1091454029083252,
1.150782823562622,
1.323725938796997,
-0.29987043142318726,
-0.8839524984359741,
0.7666993141174316,
-0.6698746085166931,
-0.5395015478134155,
0.8097766637802124,
-0.6410309076309204,
0.4820539653301239,
-0.32247960567474365,
0.8650718331336975,
2.147047281265259,
-1.3919872045516968,
0.2524287700653076,
1.922632098197937,
-0.19914110004901886,
1.0938825607299805,
-0.6958919763565063,
-0.5010371804237366,
0.35374653339385986,
-0.6052333116531372,
0.9886043071746826,
-0.013346672058105469,
-0.10962492972612381,
-0.6441946625709534,
-0.010419419035315514,
-0.8909768462181091,
0.8137746453285217,
-0.6144818067550659,
0.9531539082527161,
-0.7213175296783447,
-0.4294400215148926,
0.7408016324043274,
1.8140720129013062,
-0.7424780130386353,
0.5172838568687439,
0.23761016130447388,
-1.0487086772918701,
-0.32512855529785156,
-0.17881128191947937,
-0.7197736501693726,
1.1973729133605957,
-0.11689186096191406,
-0.5801332592964172,
1.9471651315689087,
-0.7978030443191528,
-0.649651050567627,
0.2848499119281769,
1.2412455081939697,
0.09484077990055084,
0.994105339050293,
1.5283739566802979,
0.898525595664978,
-0.9285237193107605,
0.5798858404159546,
0.0781121551990509,
1.453325629234314,
2.7662947177886963,
-0.4470996558666229,
1.0670713186264038,
-0.5209803581237793,
-1.124650001525879,
0.7014292478561401,
0.04922623932361603,
0.8247168660163879,
0.8486005067825317,
-0.06318561732769012,
0.5950552821159363,
-0.15468770265579224,
-0.9560801386833191,
-0.2817906141281128,
-0.5545495748519897,
0.6441053152084351,
-0.36190012097358704,
0.9962247610092163,
0.19068393111228943,
1.4514740705490112,
0.1652025431394577,
1.3112214803695679,
0.4576336145401001,
0.6513692140579224,
0.5179808139801025,
-0.47752246260643005,
-1.732337474822998,
0.29197731614112854,
1.5818053483963013,
-0.7540906667709351,
0.6609058380126953,
-1.5530275106430054,
-0.4579624533653259,
-0.7126293778419495,
-1.0677602291107178,
0.18217682838439941,
-0.6759417057037354,
0.489955335855484,
-0.6921266317367554,
0.7323471903800964,
1.136040449142456,
-0.5561015009880066,
-0.25719571113586426,
0.3275848627090454,
0.2554780840873718,
1.6952776908874512,
-0.6403428912162781,
0.6820726990699768,
-1.6309807300567627,
-1.42891526222229,
-0.9391820430755615,
0.571276068687439,
0.23817266523838043,
-2.7910962104797363,
0.5224034786224365,
0.49664056301116943,
-0.24773934483528137,
0.040869150310754776,
-0.18015113472938538,
-0.45698949694633484,
0.2856762111186981,
0.2619156241416931,
-0.21650248765945435,
-0.48797956109046936,
0.3807917833328247,
-0.611280083656311,
-1.1309115886688232,
0.43533921241760254,
-0.7182611227035522,
-1.7653398513793945,
0.9302287697792053,
-1.0293856859207153,
0.8007211685180664,
-0.5299768447875977,
-0.15762051939964294,
-1.9581356048583984,
-1.16965651512146,
0.7226641178131104,
1.105993390083313,
-0.614215612411499,
0.9438707828521729,
-1.1855038404464722,
-1.7922067642211914,
0.8875523209571838,
0.4785529375076294,
0.8026164174079895,
-1.6438323259353638,
-0.9051627516746521,
1.5357621908187866,
-1.804999589920044,
0.6553774476051331,
-0.37785568833351135,
0.4296206831932068,
1.4188638925552368,
-1.3385581970214844,
-0.44199448823928833,
0.27462977170944214,
-1.1165705919265747,
-0.38996976613998413,
-1.9317619800567627,
0.22159163653850555,
-0.401295006275177,
0.2587573230266571,
1.342896580696106,
-0.6317826509475708,
0.24897333979606628,
1.010051965713501,
1.120247721672058,
-1.1941051483154297,
1.997148036956787,
-0.6524367332458496,
1.3289510011672974,
0.8768091201782227,
0.48689398169517517,
1.4079968929290771,
-0.288189172744751,
-0.21428202092647552,
-1.6475090980529785,
1.8319573402404785,
1.1656420230865479,
2.293433427810669,
-0.33057597279548645,
1.3406972885131836,
1.0441139936447144,
1.4001544713974,
1.3992524147033691,
-0.3873811960220337,
-0.7021957635879517,
-0.825623095035553,
0.8583235144615173,
-0.29953497648239136,
-0.9651029109954834,
1.5213109254837036,
-0.7937355041503906,
-0.2193581759929657,
-1.1000337600708008,
-1.3671127557754517,
-0.6849619150161743,
-2.0371956825256348,
-0.019069254398345947,
0.5877712965011597,
0.13953879475593567,
-0.7473370432853699,
-1.2830454111099243,
0.4325229525566101,
0.2867380380630493,
-0.020781904458999634,
-1.5564544200897217,
-0.34131067991256714,
0.839073657989502,
1.1851096153259277,
-0.4372308552265167,
0.0023005977272987366,
0.7711808681488037,
-1.4417753219604492,
-2.71064829826355,
-1.2740384340286255,
-1.1685341596603394,
-0.21272824704647064,
-0.17914582788944244,
-0.8668917417526245,
-0.16494151949882507,
1.0620176792144775,
0.8677228093147278,
0.4842953383922577,
1.1014827489852905,
0.49693822860717773,
-1.9821562767028809,
-0.022344112396240234,
0.4692087471485138,
0.5797410011291504,
-0.6753923296928406,
-0.34972870349884033,
1.6392873525619507,
-0.39257073402404785,
2.3675849437713623,
0.881985604763031,
0.9916550517082214,
-0.0958498865365982,
-0.3589025139808655,
-0.14028185606002808,
-0.9882340431213379,
1.3376034498214722,
-0.972882866859436,
-0.6010797023773193,
-0.6958879232406616,
0.9802061319351196,
-1.2789127826690674,
1.2711597681045532,
1.4382718801498413,
-1.8630545139312744,
-0.09595650434494019,
1.5665531158447266,
1.4330544471740723,
-1.3243229389190674,
-1.1412086486816406,
-0.26153433322906494,
0.9952539801597595,
-0.253221720457077,
-1.467503309249878,
-2.1554815769195557,
0.16779103875160217,
0.8125733137130737,
-0.697178840637207,
0.7521917223930359,
-0.09401929378509521,
-1.3445730209350586,
-0.9307857751846313,
-1.328311800956726,
0.11393401026725769,
2.067847728729248,
1.0422680377960205,
2.455111026763916,
-0.29133808612823486,
-0.1838078498840332,
0.5090544819831848,
1.5811173915863037,
-0.26607638597488403,
-0.502530574798584,
-2.0256454944610596,
-1.9796181917190552,
0.4780171513557434,
-2.1812584400177,
-0.44729065895080566,
-0.33939504623413086,
-0.2358078956604004,
-0.45392945408821106,
1.3052157163619995,
-0.8553277254104614,
2.2446675300598145,
0.6676400303840637,
-1.0508017539978027,
0.25145477056503296,
-0.9156639575958252,
0.13301342725753784,
-0.7712041735649109,
-0.8214658498764038,
1.361328125,
0.08820009231567383,
1.2751212120056152,
2.145329236984253,
-0.007155701518058777
] |
in dna replication, what is meant by 5'-3' orientation and vice-versa? | it has to do with the carbon number in the furanose molecule. the five prime end (5') is the fifth carbon in the ring and the 3 prime end (3') is the third carbon. the polymerase that forms the strand can only attach new nucleotides to the 3 prime end. so the first part of a chain would be a 5 prime end since it will continue from the 3 end. 3 prime to five prime is that in reverse. | 3 | [] | [] | [] | [
-0.13599826395511627,
0.4844873547554016,
-0.21086254715919495,
-1.1443043947219849,
-0.7123240232467651,
0.022118747234344482,
0.94794762134552,
1.2665417194366455,
1.0512375831604004,
0.6233930587768555,
0.8238503932952881,
-1.190521001815796,
-0.4486391842365265,
0.26392674446105957,
0.2376265823841095,
0.2951270341873169,
-1.7553426027297974,
-0.14373302459716797,
-0.9161885976791382,
0.19579416513442993,
0.7717337608337402,
1.1176010370254517,
0.40650349855422974,
0.565828800201416,
-0.4908825755119324,
-1.0330537557601929,
-0.34754812717437744,
0.3501918315887451,
-0.022455185651779175,
-0.5638425350189209,
0.20688100159168243,
0.9445546865463257,
-0.12832874059677124,
0.5050988793373108,
0.6995630860328674,
-0.22247742116451263,
-0.20752696692943573,
1.0689127445220947,
0.14488659799098969,
0.38509759306907654,
0.4836253523826599,
-0.8220349550247192,
-0.7633177042007446,
0.40236544609069824,
0.2119898647069931,
0.5151949524879456,
0.5153898000717163,
0.38515713810920715,
0.39239832758903503,
-0.14662232995033264,
-0.22947022318840027,
-0.2431325763463974,
-1.5010453462600708,
0.006726965308189392,
0.6866468191146851,
-0.30738088488578796,
-0.32038384675979614,
-1.1755142211914062,
0.3700961470603943,
-0.3438659608364105,
0.16744115948677063,
-0.7527416348457336,
-1.8833837509155273,
1.7167896032333374,
2.1136343479156494,
0.03543265163898468,
0.16816677153110504,
-0.8153162598609924,
-2.902604341506958,
1.7504854202270508,
-0.3352259397506714,
-0.5449066758155823,
-0.5469635128974915,
-1.0116745233535767,
-1.0036402940750122,
1.0536748170852661,
0.0247032567858696,
0.3888273239135742,
-0.31381744146347046,
0.003032386302947998,
-0.7309569120407104,
1.0101655721664429,
0.12828224897384644,
-0.28922751545906067,
-0.48117244243621826,
1.4465492963790894,
0.2789747416973114,
0.07978834211826324,
-0.6770946979522705,
-0.4448208212852478,
-0.9305360317230225,
-0.9142453074455261,
1.3730419874191284,
1.0694580078125,
-1.0956392288208008,
1.076704740524292,
1.3379125595092773,
-2.187025785446167,
0.18087507784366608,
1.914808750152588,
-0.5829525589942932,
0.6471089124679565,
-1.25450599193573,
-2.0100860595703125,
-1.2028751373291016,
0.0762501060962677,
0.2735055088996887,
1.302722454071045,
0.40458789467811584,
-0.173755943775177,
-0.47610709071159363,
0.1492736041545868,
0.31681111454963684,
-0.24334898591041565,
-0.6283425092697144,
0.9749299883842468,
0.6200914978981018,
0.24126026034355164,
0.6812599897384644,
-0.8696345090866089,
0.5219540596008301,
0.5671097040176392,
0.40044519305229187,
0.25049707293510437,
-0.5792233347892761,
-0.8849964737892151,
1.8444459438323975,
0.6210062503814697,
0.4525640606880188,
0.15472649037837982,
1.7028813362121582,
-0.3617064952850342,
0.151381716132164,
0.8528264164924622,
-1.0711205005645752,
-1.1805598735809326,
0.3386983871459961,
0.8161582946777344,
-1.1307569742202759,
-0.6651934385299683,
0.0438900925219059,
-1.2297090291976929,
-0.972826361656189,
-0.4712449312210083,
-0.2240178883075714,
0.557433545589447,
-1.3549351692199707,
-0.6877855658531189,
0.2512286305427551,
0.8896947503089905,
-0.39533376693725586,
-0.6383665800094604,
0.6293058395385742,
0.30832111835479736,
0.401140034198761,
-0.7165920734405518,
1.1305921077728271,
0.42363908886909485,
0.11606880277395248,
1.1617858409881592,
-1.1029365062713623,
1.5660984516143799,
0.6757633686065674,
1.0944490432739258,
-0.11830484867095947,
-0.30494505167007446,
0.13840225338935852,
-0.5465240478515625,
0.13052813708782196,
0.13810372352600098,
-0.6313022375106812,
0.34903258085250854,
-0.1863303929567337,
-0.9692504405975342,
-0.20872686803340912,
-0.6291747093200684,
-0.811420738697052,
0.6342154741287231,
0.44887638092041016,
1.3301507234573364,
-0.32681772112846375,
0.015558149665594101,
0.5018640160560608,
-0.07936306297779083,
-0.2306504249572754,
-0.14775629341602325,
-0.2619692087173462,
-0.06644734740257263,
-0.25071924924850464,
-0.2412857711315155,
-0.8605042695999146,
0.5252060294151306,
-0.6402202248573303,
2.3006558418273926,
-0.9518715143203735,
-0.9070857167243958,
0.6366262435913086,
0.41040703654289246,
-0.1589677333831787,
0.16324107348918915,
0.47609496116638184,
-0.08359038829803467,
0.5415031313896179,
-0.6500582098960876,
-0.8596446514129639,
-0.5991467237472534,
0.5858026146888733,
0.1596580147743225,
-1.0934711694717407,
0.5029097199440002,
-1.6457977294921875,
-1.4763150215148926,
-0.09243147075176239,
0.1742670238018036,
0.6811928749084473,
0.07262444496154785,
0.8026098608970642,
-1.5723365545272827,
-0.46281540393829346,
-0.09386275708675385,
1.3307619094848633,
0.6014784574508667,
0.03689516335725784,
-1.2310218811035156,
0.9524661898612976,
-1.024579644203186,
-0.47645440697669983,
1.0941828489303589,
0.8645040392875671,
-0.49349793791770935,
-0.29627522826194763,
-0.44808080792427063,
-1.6509226560592651,
0.7701364159584045,
1.066758155822754,
0.5528280138969421,
1.0199295282363892,
0.7911083102226257,
1.5609571933746338,
-0.02350039780139923,
-0.20789946615695953,
-0.42780792713165283,
0.456952303647995,
0.7825236320495605,
-0.2724591791629791,
-0.5729289650917053,
-2.0331647396087646,
1.296768307685852,
-0.657082200050354,
0.08304622769355774,
-1.6028226613998413,
-0.1398475617170334,
0.35920512676239014,
0.2938424348831177,
-0.5622430443763733,
-0.797484278678894,
-0.3408390283584595,
0.38697054982185364,
-0.47205621004104614,
-0.1663127839565277,
0.31775933504104614,
-1.7187845706939697,
-0.10255792737007141,
-0.04984767735004425,
0.387885719537735,
-0.3711361885070801,
0.48994678258895874,
1.9081292152404785,
-0.5375847816467285,
-0.40194815397262573,
0.8799856901168823,
0.08803735673427582,
0.21925920248031616,
0.327161967754364,
-0.2169407308101654,
-0.17337489128112793,
-0.3988877534866333,
-1.3866878747940063,
0.5355337858200073,
0.950522780418396,
-0.26395025849342346,
-0.3568302392959595,
-0.1716892570257187,
0.20106270909309387,
-1.0883464813232422,
-1.1169148683547974,
1.8173648118972778,
-0.23333480954170227,
0.7356927394866943,
-0.7268099784851074,
-1.4097915887832642,
0.5396605730056763,
-0.7835079431533813,
0.19623756408691406,
0.24234314262866974,
0.9902423024177551,
-1.1237893104553223,
0.11485446989536285,
-0.18172064423561096,
0.017547190189361572,
-0.7073424458503723,
-0.2960048019886017,
-0.33854278922080994,
-0.9634835720062256,
-0.5062749981880188,
0.11865177750587463,
0.7755997180938721,
0.8367521166801453,
1.1851496696472168,
-0.9875544309616089,
1.0101784467697144,
0.03393787890672684,
-0.6673521995544434,
0.48302191495895386,
-0.4976208508014679,
-0.44593608379364014,
0.8667738437652588,
0.18825876712799072,
0.7050801515579224,
0.3481176793575287,
0.5803214907646179,
0.07290064543485641,
0.5081546902656555,
0.79215008020401,
0.14995068311691284,
0.21451294422149658,
0.8121178150177002,
0.49244987964630127,
0.4333468973636627,
0.6863444447517395,
0.8895044922828674,
1.1107715368270874,
0.0916689932346344,
-0.12457560002803802,
0.5125381946563721,
0.7211105823516846,
-0.7762905359268188,
-0.03149806335568428,
-0.5266577005386353,
-0.2996411919593811,
-0.7510643601417542,
0.15507473051548004,
-0.3894636034965515,
-0.4174083173274994,
0.051292821764945984,
-0.41317635774612427,
0.08753369003534317,
0.8595978021621704,
-1.392412543296814,
-0.05646127462387085,
0.16348010301589966,
0.9992307424545288,
0.2862686514854431,
-0.38442084193229675,
-0.541218101978302,
0.3093474507331848,
0.3035239279270172,
0.8082218766212463,
1.0166075229644775,
-1.2104971408843994,
0.31694015860557556,
-0.1522146463394165,
-1.2831515073776245,
1.4676742553710938,
-0.975141167640686,
0.37352100014686584,
0.6222718954086304,
-0.04110697656869888,
-1.6460906267166138,
-1.132387638092041,
0.26496079564094543,
0.6253043413162231,
1.7378878593444824,
-0.7856091260910034,
0.934187650680542,
0.2391962707042694,
-0.3814888894557953,
0.03162325918674469,
-1.5058302879333496,
0.3411438465118408,
0.25570517778396606,
-0.767861545085907,
1.3603800535202026,
-0.8471639752388
] |
|
was there a flight test of the mars science labratory's sky crane descent system, and if not, why? | in the waning hours before the curiosity touches down [or not], i've spent my time looking up all the materials for the flight tests i can, and in particular the flight test of the entire sky crane system. all i can find is [this portion](_url_0_) of the system. the utter lack of material covering a test of the sky crane stage leads me to suspect that no such test took place, either because the rockets are powered for mars gravity or because other tests were considered satisfactory substitutes. if it did not take place, it seems to me like a major step was skipped in the prototyping process. | there's no practical way of simulating mars' lighter gravity and less dense atmosphere here that they could use to test it. | 14 | [] | [
"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YasCQRAWRwU"
] | [] | [
0.4335589110851288,
-0.09274643659591675,
0.10038944333791733,
0.2232893407344818,
0.24741990864276886,
-0.8944533467292786,
-0.5045875310897827,
-0.46862608194351196,
-0.24903225898742676,
0.027384338900446892,
0.32578757405281067,
-0.2542259395122528,
-0.09683811664581299,
0.008817405439913273,
0.19772134721279144,
-0.10624699294567108,
-0.48885369300842285,
0.15654192864894867,
-0.5375322699546814,
0.03771765157580376,
0.02890421263873577,
-0.21078339219093323,
-0.14380452036857605,
0.21918393671512604,
-0.23363491892814636,
0.07446718961000443,
-0.3628109395503998,
-0.4158646762371063,
-0.04027893394231796,
0.31018584966659546,
-0.10706605762243271,
-0.16930805146694183,
0.16385209560394287,
-0.5895290970802307,
0.7310451865196228,
-0.27675554156303406,
0.10499487817287445,
-0.11646408587694168,
-0.3979690968990326,
-0.12162838876247406,
0.21227149665355682,
-0.3426576256752014,
0.048245932906866074,
0.28029584884643555,
-0.033215999603271484,
0.06627587229013443,
0.2786201536655426,
-0.2590433657169342,
-0.26951712369918823,
0.04919680580496788,
-0.34683677554130554,
0.08517207950353622,
-0.14114715158939362,
-0.9189740419387817,
-0.38639312982559204,
0.3111768364906311,
-0.11295611411333084,
-0.2971903383731842,
0.3506312966346741,
-0.2777082324028015,
-0.27814942598342896,
0.3030577600002289,
0.23856551945209503,
-0.18549135327339172,
-0.06897290050983429,
-0.3165871202945709,
-0.38329097628593445,
-0.009110018610954285,
0.38420626521110535,
0.18744142353534698,
-0.04234536364674568,
-0.05533791705965996,
-0.09478248655796051,
0.12460760027170181,
0.005794265307486057,
-0.04280912131071091,
0.22693562507629395,
0.15675698220729828,
0.03631788492202759,
0.08164693415164948,
0.03375184163451195,
-0.013083125464618206,
-0.3348913788795471,
-0.3296416401863098,
0.1490209996700287,
-0.13474205136299133,
0.3266112804412842,
0.4375472068786621,
0.22062866389751434,
-0.11774451285600662,
-0.0013494172599166632,
-0.06627245992422104,
-0.4478152096271515,
0.2081742286682129,
-0.4882953464984894,
-0.11843887716531754,
0.12295238673686981,
-0.1703394204378128,
-0.17232444882392883,
-0.41234779357910156,
-0.03379252925515175,
-0.07465570420026779,
-0.32321304082870483,
0.8525734543800354,
-0.16595371067523956,
0.21975210309028625,
0.1330549269914627,
0.10216875374317169,
0.5732597708702087,
-0.14755675196647644,
-0.12324468046426773,
-0.14585068821907043,
0.3101373314857483,
-0.26230961084365845,
-0.09906984865665436,
0.36820507049560547,
-0.1438671499490738,
0.41801103949546814,
-0.2777653634548187,
0.2124086171388626,
-0.048255108296871185,
-0.5303992629051208,
0.23927715420722961,
-0.20679208636283875,
0.5852146148681641,
-0.4166453778743744,
-0.4422430396080017,
0.09051607549190521,
0.36382004618644714,
-0.0635010153055191,
0.28307807445526123,
-0.33288589119911194,
0.06823424994945526,
0.28965136408805847,
-0.03019954450428486,
0.07661308348178864,
0.31424739956855774,
0.22675810754299164,
0.16850291192531586,
0.1584872156381607,
0.12323371320962906,
0.3463914096355438,
-0.037506360560655594,
-0.06903830170631409,
0.2592630684375763,
0.0891541913151741,
-0.012609533034265041,
0.20265500247478485,
0.06177636608481407,
-0.6205191612243652,
-0.6731154322624207,
-0.22103199362754822,
0.1063460037112236,
0.09865020960569382,
0.02610340528190136,
-0.004596165381371975,
0.6653198599815369,
-0.25851669907569885,
-0.29078537225723267,
0.04102237895131111,
-0.027236567810177803,
0.34097909927368164,
-0.5255851745605469,
0.13932427763938904,
-0.026720985770225525,
0.20144367218017578,
-0.22544445097446442,
0.08959320932626724,
0.491992324590683,
0.19967544078826904,
0.5250852704048157,
-0.3762792944908142,
0.10130991786718369,
-0.19135205447673798,
0.08787532150745392,
-0.08000750839710236,
-0.27961912751197815,
0.07980770617723465,
0.28172188997268677,
0.13351519405841827,
0.18130731582641602,
-0.020426210016012192,
0.6508101224899292,
0.12458210438489914,
0.016228551045060158,
-0.05502079799771309,
0.09344922006130219,
0.4102683961391449,
-0.14826329052448273,
-0.27524787187576294,
0.29744458198547363,
0.07816597074270248,
0.04768315702676773,
0.19514746963977814,
-0.2126484215259552,
0.32459697127342224,
-0.04928703233599663,
-0.08283974975347519,
-0.3770955502986908,
0.07647524774074554,
-0.067749984562397,
-0.6803549528121948,
0.22424912452697754,
-0.3746373653411865,
-0.0512247160077095,
-0.18506084382534027,
0.053297244012355804,
-0.0673099160194397,
-0.2036888748407364,
0.48032501339912415,
0.11416284739971161,
-0.5474610924720764,
-0.2647577226161957,
0.24928773939609528,
-0.2550111413002014,
0.6201853156089783,
0.5511643886566162,
-0.6600671410560608,
-0.4058990478515625,
-0.07075577229261398,
-0.2913050353527069,
-0.3834390938282013,
-0.08396328240633011,
-0.16311690211296082,
0.021530667319893837,
-0.29143473505973816,
-0.024752501398324966,
-0.09522248804569244,
-0.3390403389930725,
0.48142749071121216,
0.14699353277683258,
-0.7090813517570496,
-0.23263099789619446,
0.2136903554201126,
0.20035116374492645,
-0.24411974847316742,
0.2741988003253937,
-0.405540406703949,
0.04536972567439079,
0.10091342031955719,
-0.6579362750053406,
0.7250522971153259,
0.0015500831650570035,
0.08446889370679855,
0.10686159878969193,
0.025988778099417686,
0.06054558977484703,
-0.18119753897190094,
-0.08823574334383011,
-0.3110637068748474,
0.3070676028728485,
0.05782396346330643,
0.2828039228916168,
0.21977555751800537,
0.09860682487487793,
0.5327855348587036,
0.19850018620491028,
0.22903837263584137,
0.16095519065856934,
0.3227413296699524,
0.18781740963459015,
0.3592756688594818,
-0.15210475027561188,
0.3800957500934601,
-0.4104768931865692,
0.27762630581855774,
-0.15467897057533264,
-0.04659424349665642,
0.18431486189365387,
-0.013222540728747845,
0.4651457965373993,
-0.16668292880058289,
-0.037234894931316376,
-0.17828615009784698,
0.27600744366645813,
0.13344214856624603,
-0.5240553021430969,
0.02712465263903141,
0.061805564910173416,
-0.4202917516231537,
0.02787199057638645,
0.18410588800907135,
0.004279136657714844,
-0.704619824886322,
0.15053172409534454,
-0.07711211591959,
-0.37691065669059753,
-0.5877307653427124,
-0.028198156505823135,
0.49535316228866577,
0.24417631328105927,
0.5176262855529785,
0.019146161153912544,
0.2419976145029068,
0.2849182188510895,
-0.3925006687641144,
0.5724660158157349,
0.35626301169395447,
0.7262596487998962,
0.36670735478401184,
-0.06994182616472244,
-0.327732115983963,
-0.2861230671405792,
-0.1776522397994995,
0.3485138416290283,
-0.037967998534440994,
0.4716367721557617,
-0.15674860775470734,
0.4110683798789978,
0.2858053147792816,
-0.7523573040962219,
0.04716750979423523,
-0.0538175143301487,
0.5613083839416504,
0.011786256916821003,
-0.2589464783668518,
0.3820517659187317,
0.22315463423728943,
-0.08985704183578491,
0.2000073343515396,
-0.0457991398870945,
-0.2216624915599823,
-0.20990821719169617,
0.04525633528828621,
-0.45433324575424194,
0.40832093358039856,
0.34425368905067444,
-0.09702388942241669,
-0.15603379905223846,
-0.15100093185901642,
-0.19081272184848785,
0.010070196352899075,
-0.0957769826054573,
0.3179325461387634,
0.07074080407619476,
0.439280241727829,
0.1853567361831665,
0.09734686464071274,
0.285373717546463,
0.34380605816841125,
-0.4535829424858093,
0.2487337291240692,
-0.15749721229076385,
-0.1042066141963005,
0.27443286776542664,
-0.00850712787359953,
0.14126649498939514,
0.15080603957176208,
-0.006592635530978441,
0.15807417035102844,
-0.13594098389148712,
-0.1956731379032135,
0.05038981884717941,
-0.07297804206609726,
-0.06882036477327347,
-0.25383156538009644,
-0.15067878365516663,
0.10731296986341476,
0.35938501358032227,
-0.06360625475645065,
0.01133191678673029,
0.30919069051742554,
-0.3124956488609314,
-0.3796819746494293,
-0.3098553717136383,
0.4181094765663147,
-0.485319048166275,
-0.35649654269218445,
-0.06861615926027298,
0.37071385979652405,
0.14979520440101624,
0.31594589352607727,
-0.12060483545064926,
-0.6524710655212402,
0.23481933772563934,
0.04943791404366493,
-0.13181433081626892,
0.06356753408908844,
-0.05198029428720474,
0.10458396375179291,
-0.11849349737167358,
0.407723993062973,
0.029717205092310905,
-0.02706344984471798
] |
were henrietta lack's cells special? | i was wondering if henrietta's cells were special to begin with, or if the same result, that is making the immortal cells so important in research, could have been achieved by using canceorus cells from any other person? | this is a great question! by today's standards, there is nothing inherently special about hela cells. not only do we have countless "immortal" cell lines from other people, we have very well established protocols for immortalizing cell lines ourselves. however, at the time henrietta lacks' cells were isolated, this was definitely not the case. these were the first human cells which were found to be able to divide indefinitely. prior to this, cells would last only a few divisions before either dying or changing dramatically. the use of hela cells allowed for: 1.) more convenient cell culturing; and 2.) more importantly, it allowed the scientific field to "normalize" their *in vitro* research in a profound way. all that said, hela cells were special because they were the *first* of their kind isolated, not because they were inherently special. in theory, cells of equivalent value could have been isolated from any cancer patient. | 75 | [] | [] | [] | [
-2.3861145973205566,
2.612980365753174,
-1.267853021621704,
-0.643211841583252,
-2.496948719024658,
-1.7538238763809204,
-0.8555805087089539,
0.2748417854309082,
-0.5187211036682129,
-0.4610525369644165,
2.464017152786255,
1.765528678894043,
0.26077553629875183,
-0.29212743043899536,
-0.7332596778869629,
-1.5925097465515137,
-3.593492269515991,
-0.33415961265563965,
-4.9711384773254395,
2.294872522354126,
-0.12111037969589233,
-0.4465004503726959,
-0.07901462912559509,
-0.20187188684940338,
0.6743552684783936,
-1.534802794456482,
0.5834591388702393,
-0.746770977973938,
0.6852273941040039,
-1.6311391592025757,
-1.3967751264572144,
2.2429726123809814,
1.502663493156433,
1.0500565767288208,
0.06768250465393066,
-1.4240587949752808,
-1.1244151592254639,
2.308004379272461,
-0.7428634166717529,
-1.4619991779327393,
1.038419246673584,
-0.48762524127960205,
-1.6877720355987549,
0.6987125873565674,
1.0552949905395508,
-0.4440374970436096,
-0.45864784717559814,
0.5283495783805847,
-0.8889315128326416,
0.505278468132019,
-0.291354775428772,
1.0695081949234009,
-0.6462047696113586,
0.46389204263687134,
-0.5619762539863586,
-1.4688491821289062,
-1.764531135559082,
-2.012202262878418,
0.6965947151184082,
1.214187741279602,
-0.7151908278465271,
-1.0353853702545166,
0.16723620891571045,
1.4950447082519531,
1.1574586629867554,
-2.4587764739990234,
1.5022070407867432,
-0.3534538149833679,
1.9923317432403564,
2.6499624252319336,
-0.06017459183931351,
1.069978952407837,
-0.14848870038986206,
2.0895392894744873,
-1.5678130388259888,
2.0142104625701904,
0.5636439323425293,
0.00032736361026763916,
0.559097170829773,
0.6790355443954468,
0.4089522659778595,
1.523880958557129,
1.8675674200057983,
1.032307505607605,
-0.7287948131561279,
2.1535468101501465,
-1.108415961265564,
-0.21689271926879883,
-0.688639760017395,
-0.7370823621749878,
-0.5947800278663635,
1.1045751571655273,
0.11665771156549454,
0.15261852741241455,
-0.9779735207557678,
0.624199390411377,
0.6474443674087524,
-0.7001186609268188,
0.5541254281997681,
-0.026955872774124146,
-1.9954590797424316,
-0.5896977186203003,
1.3444520235061646,
0.7671975493431091,
-0.2269946187734604,
-0.7382602691650391,
-1.7661964893341064,
-0.20512764155864716,
0.5838212370872498,
1.3061140775680542,
0.6001094579696655,
-1.585228443145752,
0.7250033617019653,
-1.5101284980773926,
-0.33255916833877563,
0.21268746256828308,
1.503685712814331,
1.4273725748062134,
0.44976216554641724,
-0.8477097749710083,
-1.304288387298584,
-2.1233556270599365,
1.4867329597473145,
1.0382698774337769,
2.7027931213378906,
0.8734725117683411,
-0.03850272670388222,
1.8497859239578247,
2.760668992996216,
-0.8684757947921753,
1.839913249015808,
1.3889487981796265,
-0.5136489868164062,
1.009177803993225,
-1.2805111408233643,
-2.5382633209228516,
0.4863412380218506,
-1.579223871231079,
-2.77899169921875,
0.9509539008140564,
0.8812108635902405,
0.029947638511657715,
0.5089633464813232,
1.6118122339248657,
0.12360486388206482,
0.7126266956329346,
0.4718882143497467,
-2.2419943809509277,
0.13502617180347443,
-0.19554796814918518,
-0.15420329570770264,
-2.47997784614563,
1.6773110628128052,
-0.8734599351882935,
-0.6581071615219116,
-0.8345673680305481,
-0.9681917428970337,
1.0480927228927612,
-1.224847674369812,
-1.7387328147888184,
-1.019907832145691,
1.9189753532409668,
0.2170642763376236,
2.960757255554199,
-0.32366546988487244,
-0.3352707028388977,
1.0634474754333496,
0.12807275354862213,
1.6491714715957642,
1.49776291847229,
1.3325238227844238,
-2.132288694381714,
1.1518193483352661,
-1.2001584768295288,
-0.6502234935760498,
-1.1616791486740112,
-2.6906886100769043,
0.03022986650466919,
1.2107611894607544,
2.696737051010132,
-0.07517378777265549,
-1.22860586643219,
1.1432387828826904,
1.1884468793869019,
0.13288477063179016,
0.1697155088186264,
1.6246060132980347,
1.1669657230377197,
0.31412234902381897,
0.14276334643363953,
-0.027604416012763977,
2.922227144241333,
0.13731662929058075,
0.39249640703201294,
-3.1136879920959473,
-2.566751480102539,
-1.6533703804016113,
-0.67360520362854,
0.626041054725647,
-3.5593042373657227,
-0.23232688009738922,
-0.575340986251831,
0.8015075325965881,
-0.3410857915878296,
2.306140661239624,
-0.13831958174705505,
-1.5026483535766602,
-0.30706167221069336,
-1.0903400182724,
-0.6057627201080322,
-3.4392716884613037,
0.834252655506134,
-1.9007453918457031,
0.9607522487640381,
0.8992348313331604,
1.8785147666931152,
-2.3378822803497314,
-1.2699002027511597,
2.8401968479156494,
-0.7596946954727173,
-0.30854111909866333,
-2.1478874683380127,
0.32460370659828186,
-0.9586561918258667,
0.6450835466384888,
-0.5331971049308777,
1.3569188117980957,
-1.0660669803619385,
0.6404748558998108,
0.9357956647872925,
0.16826751828193665,
0.5698102712631226,
0.40663301944732666,
1.024726390838623,
1.7414121627807617,
2.0827622413635254,
2.2678818702697754,
-1.3375535011291504,
-0.8639403581619263,
0.05380207300186157,
-0.5024983286857605,
0.9508914947509766,
-0.8806241154670715,
0.22112959623336792,
-0.5974521040916443,
1.960892677307129,
0.17373965680599213,
0.8781579732894897,
0.7011880874633789,
0.5822026133537292,
-3.7989234924316406,
0.5977010726928711,
0.20999079942703247,
-0.7640316486358643,
-0.8852921724319458,
-0.213872492313385,
-2.3128182888031006,
0.952832043170929,
3.4354045391082764,
-0.3868740200996399,
2.2681446075439453,
-0.4030197858810425,
2.0225284099578857,
-2.254753589630127,
-0.7573335766792297,
0.5475491881370544,
-2.6579535007476807,
0.8487243056297302,
1.6179291009902954,
1.7701051235198975,
2.4876277446746826,
1.5907771587371826,
0.24320805072784424,
-1.1610164642333984,
-2.133265495300293,
2.552518844604492,
-1.7320197820663452,
-1.1901018619537354,
0.374309241771698,
-0.921023964881897,
1.0803903341293335,
-1.9452232122421265,
-1.3898799419403076,
0.09916595369577408,
0.10258318483829498,
-3.5543696880340576,
0.013023942708969116,
-1.0576261281967163,
-0.7003951072692871,
1.015633225440979,
0.7520737051963806,
0.39118480682373047,
-1.722814917564392,
-0.9916095733642578,
0.24139532446861267,
0.5976497530937195,
-2.474036455154419,
-0.3400052487850189,
-0.42598921060562134,
0.6975428462028503,
-1.8761565685272217,
-1.7712851762771606,
0.32273632287979126,
-1.12810218334198,
-0.3677673637866974,
-2.330479145050049,
0.4687098562717438,
0.3690680265426636,
3.745173454284668,
-0.5012980103492737,
1.5455669164657593,
-2.3656694889068604,
0.8928934335708618,
1.6186848878860474,
-0.07996372878551483,
-0.4489782452583313,
-0.508147656917572,
2.4975900650024414,
0.14818140864372253,
1.5372661352157593,
2.9292025566101074,
-0.9255015850067139,
-0.36382925510406494,
-0.5650391578674316,
0.19789466261863708,
-0.9981814622879028,
-0.8548354506492615,
0.19145344197750092,
1.3584682941436768,
1.5736804008483887,
-1.3568079471588135,
3.82779860496521,
-0.18527348339557648,
0.8700802326202393,
1.4349231719970703,
1.650220513343811,
-0.46892067790031433,
-0.12980133295059204,
-0.6482461094856262,
0.4831777513027191,
-1.3589978218078613,
-0.02455538511276245,
-2.1374974250793457,
0.14475761353969574,
0.9364941120147705,
-0.17905497550964355,
1.0373047590255737,
-1.21346116065979,
0.6205487847328186,
0.30365678668022156,
1.42054283618927,
0.08989319205284119,
-0.1024988666176796,
1.4752318859100342,
-0.7483037114143372,
-1.1689600944519043,
0.7981411814689636,
-1.0943026542663574,
0.3159120976924896,
-2.2203757762908936,
-0.6339141130447388,
-0.48415040969848633,
-0.2324807047843933,
1.9521832466125488,
-0.9968545436859131,
0.3368838429450989,
0.7774916887283325,
1.021138072013855,
-3.5131986141204834,
-0.4331742823123932,
-0.15436553955078125,
1.1827757358551025,
1.310350775718689,
-2.7691876888275146,
-1.2192562818527222,
-1.9362624883651733,
-2.0861809253692627,
0.24409638345241547,
0.644534170627594,
0.36393409967422485,
-0.27199310064315796,
-0.020544469356536865,
2.7854533195495605,
-0.6050345301628113
] |
when i do something like correctly throw a paper ball into the recycling bin, is my brain doing any sort of subconscious calculations? or is it just muscle memory? | while i can't claim this answer will meet the scientific guidelines required for this forum, i can give you some insight as to what is happening. your brain "learns" things from experience. if you have seen similar things in the past, like the trajectory an object travels when thrown, it will process that information and use it in the future to make predictions. if you have thrown paper balls at recycling bins in the past (or had similar experience throwing other objects at other things) it will use that information in the present when you throw another object at something now. is it subconscious processing or "muscle memory"? probably a combination of both (but there would have to be a consensus on what the definition of "muscle memory" is in this case. i subconsciously walk down flights of stairs every day without consciously thinking about it, and my legs do what they are required to do without me falling over and killing myself). a professional basketball player who has practiced tens of thousands of shots in his lifetime is probably making his next shot somewhat subconsciously combined with muscle memory he has learned. now, put that same basketball player on the surface of the moon, where there is 1/6th gravity of earth. his first attempt at making the shot is basically going to be a wild guess as to how much arc and force to use to get the ball through the hoop. on subsequent shots he would have to consciously evaluate the results of his first (and most recent) new attempts, and make conscious adjustments to them to "zero in" on what he needed to do to make the shot. but as he does more and more shots, his brain will learn more and more about the forces required to propel the ball in the proper direction so it will arrive where he wants it to and "make the shot". given enough time and experience ("practice makes perfect", as they say), his brain would probably be able to make the shot using subconscious processing and "muscle memory" he acquired in that different environment. | 4 | [] | [] | [] | [
1.602306604385376,
0.48281800746917725,
-1.5197210311889648,
-3.3529112339019775,
-1.0700551271438599,
-0.7995514273643494,
6.158102035522461,
0.7210285663604736,
2.259493112564087,
0.3675535321235657,
0.6097779870033264,
0.23727908730506897,
0.8575818538665771,
1.4084235429763794,
2.801327705383301,
-3.2870633602142334,
1.4597793817520142,
1.8340437412261963,
-5.707949161529541,
0.7472829222679138,
-0.353210985660553,
1.3172106742858887,
2.2488083839416504,
-0.09219235181808472,
-3.8094863891601562,
0.5528934597969055,
0.96479731798172,
0.44335848093032837,
-1.173548698425293,
-3.294557809829712,
-1.9581960439682007,
-1.8260859251022339,
-0.5124341249465942,
-2.6310760974884033,
-1.342432975769043,
0.828064501285553,
-5.185506820678711,
2.1558403968811035,
-0.9958893060684204,
-1.7724955081939697,
1.9533742666244507,
-0.16211827099323273,
1.7989095449447632,
3.651810646057129,
0.05577579140663147,
7.554533004760742,
-2.081775665283203,
1.7041422128677368,
0.29911619424819946,
0.01929324120283127,
-3.0032596588134766,
-0.43691128492355347,
-0.7578250765800476,
-5.8151469230651855,
0.6311118006706238,
4.469613552093506,
1.376405954360962,
1.6153666973114014,
-3.0309760570526123,
1.2020094394683838,
-2.380136728286743,
1.132646918296814,
-1.859678030014038,
1.7998530864715576,
3.95363712310791,
-1.287163257598877,
-2.347473382949829,
0.44959545135498047,
1.4398350715637207,
4.6261067390441895,
5.163035869598389,
1.8941408395767212,
-2.6391167640686035,
-2.276057243347168,
2.870664119720459,
-1.0078572034835815,
-1.6539621353149414,
0.9021168947219849,
-1.7106961011886597,
-2.539687395095825,
0.627780556678772,
0.8176250457763672,
-1.8260282278060913,
1.1541475057601929,
-2.314237117767334,
2.4412789344787598,
2.336083173751831,
2.1817526817321777,
0.8049391508102417,
2.4710187911987305,
-2.620182514190674,
-5.521491050720215,
-2.1583027839660645,
-4.343713283538818,
-0.3915789723396301,
4.116484642028809,
-3.64082932472229,
-0.7494510412216187,
-0.4041394591331482,
-1.7116806507110596,
-2.17217755317688,
0.5392405390739441,
-2.71781587600708,
-0.4858808219432831,
0.9358834028244019,
-5.326836109161377,
-0.6605983376502991,
2.33798885345459,
0.5216070413589478,
-1.1508897542953491,
-1.8187705278396606,
0.6001783013343811,
2.1842381954193115,
0.08232754468917847,
-0.7254319190979004,
-0.42388254404067993,
-3.964097499847412,
1.0383988618850708,
-2.1421663761138916,
-3.461719512939453,
1.5755101442337036,
-2.9811172485351562,
-0.5215435028076172,
2.238677740097046,
-1.750390887260437,
-1.6092135906219482,
0.44045138359069824,
3.2488791942596436,
4.096621990203857,
-1.6938121318817139,
2.548703670501709,
-1.6596403121948242,
-0.03159309923648834,
-0.5445161461830139,
-1.2392284870147705,
-3.3199517726898193,
5.453717231750488,
-2.2675154209136963,
-0.701172947883606,
-0.7366615533828735,
1.8333990573883057,
7.907525062561035,
0.04829549044370651,
-0.10622698068618774,
-3.113983631134033,
2.1984336376190186,
1.1818054914474487,
-2.0398173332214355,
0.973124623298645,
-1.9952033758163452,
-0.1842842996120453,
-4.064591407775879,
0.3200346827507019,
2.0215437412261963,
-1.0652320384979248,
-1.6985371112823486,
-3.740060329437256,
0.6956338882446289,
-2.6172046661376953,
4.267904281616211,
-5.826392650604248,
1.873610258102417,
0.8353521227836609,
1.0082283020019531,
1.7284716367721558,
0.925629734992981,
1.4671255350112915,
-1.832162857055664,
5.678443908691406,
1.272861123085022,
-2.622065782546997,
-0.3369470238685608,
-1.4244579076766968,
-2.2735238075256348,
-0.9808692932128906,
-0.8891133666038513,
-5.676377296447754,
-1.6756926774978638,
3.4081642627716064,
0.6317893862724304,
4.475498676300049,
-3.0094990730285645,
2.7650821208953857,
2.9537320137023926,
1.3497483730316162,
0.1484004557132721,
-0.02406516671180725,
1.4274675846099854,
4.112829208374023,
0.6718869209289551,
0.9877169132232666,
3.738861322402954,
-1.5527600049972534,
2.510805606842041,
-2.165341854095459,
2.386220932006836,
1.918816089630127,
-0.7424072027206421,
-0.6056423187255859,
-0.44708842039108276,
-5.347186088562012,
-4.083785533905029,
-0.6140810251235962,
-3.0390048027038574,
-1.2292407751083374,
-1.0932928323745728,
-0.9135881066322327,
-2.8411319255828857,
2.350951671600342,
0.09938092529773712,
-3.827477216720581,
-2.14699387550354,
-1.3961811065673828,
3.1021652221679688,
3.1368541717529297,
-1.6468048095703125,
-3.6140129566192627,
2.186474323272705,
-2.3962514400482178,
-1.348638892173767,
-1.9899749755859375,
-0.4765910804271698,
-2.491284132003784,
-4.426310062408447,
-2.5216023921966553,
-0.7079402804374695,
0.3633577823638916,
4.810105800628662,
0.773372232913971,
1.0311379432678223,
0.4060926139354706,
0.34956300258636475,
1.0316340923309326,
1.0830515623092651,
-3.8551111221313477,
-0.4031451940536499,
-1.1829426288604736,
0.18268102407455444,
1.6995985507965088,
-3.628004789352417,
-1.496739387512207,
-0.11660347133874893,
-1.5401573181152344,
1.8279067277908325,
1.0944641828536987,
3.618565320968628,
2.8699944019317627,
-1.613967776298523,
0.9100015163421631,
0.2628962993621826,
-1.138596534729004,
2.3050529956817627,
-3.7686941623687744,
-0.6596201658248901,
-3.3428971767425537,
2.425445556640625,
-2.6745970249176025,
0.26259392499923706,
-1.5258724689483643,
-0.5698593258857727,
4.055497169494629,
1.2167774438858032,
-2.0897998809814453,
-3.0978219509124756,
4.241093158721924,
0.9606432318687439,
0.18481625616550446,
0.3644086718559265,
0.05055516958236694,
-1.511131763458252,
-2.800708293914795,
1.1028012037277222,
1.219437837600708,
3.757364273071289,
0.1519380360841751,
-0.1381908804178238,
-4.660331726074219,
-2.756145477294922,
-3.7754604816436768,
-0.0299740731716156,
1.0983320474624634,
-6.661045551300049,
3.411351203918457,
2.2275924682617188,
-1.1312545537948608,
-2.9712975025177,
0.17486801743507385,
-2.538358449935913,
2.6228339672088623,
3.729480028152466,
-1.1637046337127686,
4.493353843688965,
-1.1875,
0.4758511781692505,
2.7073144912719727,
2.752413034439087,
0.8069250583648682,
1.802422046661377,
-1.9152508974075317,
3.7114524841308594,
-0.5994102954864502,
-0.29244178533554077,
-0.46456044912338257,
0.059740930795669556,
-3.8836939334869385,
-2.729748249053955,
-1.8004541397094727,
2.856341600418091,
2.0930850505828857,
2.5749671459198,
-4.560293197631836,
-3.8643109798431396,
0.7653332352638245,
2.145806312561035,
-1.8984735012054443,
2.4927659034729004,
1.3250633478164673,
3.0447006225585938,
-3.9849252700805664,
1.9922049045562744,
-0.30351588129997253,
-4.198608875274658,
1.7159150838851929,
6.45712423324585,
0.6962694525718689,
2.173689842224121,
1.873278260231018,
0.15394192934036255,
-0.6194006204605103,
-0.11371344327926636,
0.10505691915750504,
-0.3809276223182678,
4.3062424659729,
0.27318650484085083,
5.054253578186035,
2.973813056945801,
0.22682848572731018,
0.42256927490234375,
-5.121635437011719,
-0.47499266266822815,
1.4391398429870605,
-0.3145490288734436,
3.113600492477417,
2.6068689823150635,
1.0411803722381592,
-0.7075153589248657,
0.20304951071739197,
3.2557225227355957,
-2.410935401916504,
-0.07237067818641663,
-1.158740520477295,
2.6600494384765625,
3.5553691387176514,
1.3136789798736572,
1.6252895593643188,
-4.546030044555664,
1.2463781833648682,
1.2344781160354614,
3.1426615715026855,
-3.6295294761657715,
-3.0647830963134766,
-1.624947428703308,
-1.6488697528839111,
7.507216453552246,
-0.03367328643798828,
1.1384966373443604,
1.3543801307678223,
-1.8128434419631958,
-4.9938859939575195,
3.250319242477417,
-0.2420578896999359,
5.547491073608398,
1.054451823234558,
-1.3695085048675537,
5.514118671417236,
2.8854405879974365,
1.0846809148788452,
-0.7829441428184509,
-3.7689590454101562,
1.2551244497299194,
1.5333397388458252,
3.160973072052002,
-0.018058836460113525,
-0.38463300466537476
] |
|
why do cosmologists/particle physicists think that the four fundemental fources are all different aspects of the same force, and why do they act differently at lower energies? | so scientists seem to think that at the big bang and for about .00000000001 or so secs afterwards all the forces were the same force. why do they think this and what would make them act differently now that there is less energy density? edit: whoops. *forces | well, at first we thought electricity and magnetism were two forces, and they turned out to be one. the recent history of physics is a story of unifications. electricity and magnetism, waves and particles, motion and rest, gravity and geometry, etc. so, physicists hope the trend continues. if someone else could talk about symmetries, that would be great | 5 | [] | [] | [] | [
-1.5981179475784302,
-0.31626254320144653,
0.021030068397521973,
0.5335198044776917,
-0.3909328579902649,
-0.3324141502380371,
-0.18246954679489136,
-0.3166235089302063,
0.44603124260902405,
-0.5884669423103333,
0.35542914271354675,
0.5365307927131653,
0.7580340504646301,
-0.5817645788192749,
0.36255162954330444,
-0.026570022106170654,
-0.5501117706298828,
-0.9229798913002014,
-0.47247713804244995,
0.17217567563056946,
-0.6490851044654846,
-0.1503678560256958,
-0.6803598403930664,
0.14789128303527832,
-0.6191694140434265,
0.03884545713663101,
-0.11599797010421753,
-0.6629244685173035,
-0.7917225360870361,
0.16618876159191132,
-0.3441036343574524,
0.45513173937797546,
-0.48530927300453186,
-0.057462986558675766,
-0.28191691637039185,
0.22633236646652222,
0.8087363839149475,
0.04704120010137558,
0.310358464717865,
0.748978316783905,
-0.4457970857620239,
-0.34346237778663635,
0.6604519486427307,
-0.03759593889117241,
-0.538882851600647,
0.3634626865386963,
0.6393719911575317,
0.1388421356678009,
-0.23630788922309875,
-0.28504276275634766,
-0.08906468749046326,
0.275537371635437,
0.49011802673339844,
-0.5578864812850952,
-0.38472849130630493,
0.553462564945221,
0.6889274716377258,
0.11130179464817047,
-0.295526385307312,
-0.9311600923538208,
0.8603676557540894,
-0.3510180115699768,
-0.34013545513153076,
0.6548348069190979,
1.9478065967559814,
-0.2499597668647766,
0.489407479763031,
0.692189633846283,
0.6648698449134827,
0.6087468266487122,
0.5934134721755981,
0.24869176745414734,
-0.2182113528251648,
0.16067491471767426,
0.6454421281814575,
-0.4233367443084717,
0.148089200258255,
0.2549430727958679,
-0.06351834535598755,
-0.9002922177314758,
-0.39185819029808044,
-0.6896094083786011,
-0.4847526550292969,
-0.10549972951412201,
-0.48739156126976013,
0.9075492024421692,
-0.08198069036006927,
-0.09998729079961777,
-0.1921827793121338,
-0.19531555473804474,
0.1616641879081726,
0.02313297986984253,
0.3190857470035553,
-0.02614031732082367,
0.2959773540496826,
0.9067690372467041,
-0.7391955256462097,
-0.3624041676521301,
1.1599276065826416,
0.30875879526138306,
-0.23035454750061035,
0.5891736745834351,
-0.1530379056930542,
-0.3278201222419739,
0.25821420550346375,
-0.8937742710113525,
-0.08968175947666168,
0.43475496768951416,
-0.11658824235200882,
0.14953604340553284,
0.5071896314620972,
-0.5043976306915283,
0.23916390538215637,
-0.46479862928390503,
-0.011365316808223724,
-0.7272794842720032,
1.1700046062469482,
0.7146607041358948,
0.3728224039077759,
-0.8715217113494873,
0.17051228880882263,
0.014248073101043701,
-0.09121130406856537,
-0.2483501434326172,
0.17617911100387573,
-0.4534469246864319,
-0.3292524516582489,
0.657301664352417,
0.2224082052707672,
-0.18150556087493896,
0.7046064138412476,
-0.4184601902961731,
-0.5619917511940002,
0.6698819398880005,
0.08509863913059235,
-0.354902982711792,
0.6151297092437744,
0.15783588588237762,
-0.3952813744544983,
1.69267737865448,
-0.1488063782453537,
0.13115641474723816,
0.3170034885406494,
-1.2964451313018799,
-0.06890937685966492,
0.1044454425573349,
-0.18189969658851624,
-0.6400210857391357,
-0.4286273717880249,
1.3676698207855225,
0.09898590296506882,
-0.42234861850738525,
1.1876978874206543,
-0.18189577758312225,
0.06116178631782532,
0.4205096662044525,
0.21533885598182678,
0.053226929157972336,
0.4893711805343628,
0.9799075126647949,
-0.017727598547935486,
0.9601664543151855,
0.10520722717046738,
0.5005079507827759,
0.8403480052947998,
-0.406000554561615,
-0.4238363802433014,
-0.4533320665359497,
1.038391351699829,
0.051438599824905396,
-0.26352614164352417,
-0.4514610171318054,
0.535528302192688,
-0.17250344157218933,
0.11293382197618484,
-0.5253384709358215,
-0.37654218077659607,
-1.0725748538970947,
-0.19075104594230652,
0.04601272940635681,
0.24312564730644226,
-0.7955794334411621,
0.9432562589645386,
-0.8388456106185913,
-0.2457527071237564,
0.8169434666633606,
0.2576155662536621,
-0.3728153109550476,
-0.37634482979774475,
-0.12281224131584167,
1.0778450965881348,
-0.6506862640380859,
0.22269535064697266,
-0.028462976217269897,
-0.4577368199825287,
-0.2635623514652252,
-0.1973830759525299,
0.38520586490631104,
-0.5242886543273926,
0.2731553316116333,
-1.6333801746368408,
0.05412319675087929,
1.0115077495574951,
0.044274136424064636,
0.7325201034545898,
-0.28497374057769775,
0.46540436148643494,
0.3177409768104553,
-1.2458438873291016,
-0.3660888373851776,
0.12876781821250916,
-0.011271156370639801,
-0.2271900773048401,
0.6130818128585815,
-0.05690369755029678,
0.3853537440299988,
-1.1541122198104858,
-0.7102177143096924,
-0.26667481660842896,
0.28647246956825256,
0.5411497354507446,
0.008626346476376057,
-0.7826461791992188,
-0.9390244483947754,
-1.473734736442566,
-0.4306321144104004,
-0.2966535985469818,
1.335078477859497,
0.4601844251155853,
-0.362371563911438,
-0.6001259684562683,
0.2293424904346466,
0.03168373182415962,
1.1146981716156006,
0.46215951442718506,
-0.713127851486206,
0.13530150055885315,
-0.3292000889778137,
-0.6688170433044434,
-0.5815170407295227,
-0.056565821170806885,
-0.598227322101593,
0.051825448870658875,
-0.004954934120178223,
0.6979451179504395,
0.868252158164978,
-0.01954028010368347,
-0.2350834757089615,
-0.09506462514400482,
0.061649054288864136,
-0.08939238637685776,
-0.8641246557235718,
-0.5024533867835999,
0.4731022119522095,
-0.1067323237657547,
0.4605473279953003,
0.10868284106254578,
0.11289197206497192,
-0.4674868583679199,
0.3623315095901489,
0.6848945021629333,
0.039785757660865784,
0.3492047190666199,
-1.0251822471618652,
-0.19599659740924835,
0.5306123495101929,
1.0257853269577026,
0.657539963722229,
-0.34871944785118103,
0.030925199389457703,
-0.0563240647315979,
0.626449704170227,
-0.6553107500076294,
-0.7799933552742004,
0.38055095076560974,
0.19660384953022003,
-0.3339250385761261,
-1.1370664834976196,
-0.7594012022018433,
-0.3945586383342743,
-0.4845183491706848,
-0.6938701868057251,
-0.39164304733276367,
0.43913155794143677,
0.39331090450286865,
-0.3007666766643524,
-0.1329428255558014,
0.7871144413948059,
0.380022257566452,
0.23702162504196167,
-0.05063188076019287,
1.0640982389450073,
-0.5575721859931946,
-0.2970890998840332,
0.9253788590431213,
0.02295462228357792,
-0.20807704329490662,
0.003952622413635254,
0.13995997607707977,
0.0421728640794754,
0.21566389501094818,
-0.7944766879081726,
-1.0116292238235474,
-0.05581577867269516,
-0.6037960648536682,
-0.49494823813438416,
0.3683435916900635,
0.4949643015861511,
0.3473324179649353,
-0.09112489968538284,
-0.6407454013824463,
-0.5441738963127136,
0.780005693435669,
0.6753692626953125,
-0.29176783561706543,
-0.40640777349472046,
-0.052237194031476974,
0.9775524139404297,
0.034299612045288086,
0.2812873125076294,
0.67633056640625,
0.5740915536880493,
0.7266598343849182,
-0.1302003562450409,
-0.24025556445121765,
0.8431309461593628,
-0.11076521128416061,
-0.44520771503448486,
-0.06587468832731247,
0.6984668374061584,
-1.3551535606384277,
0.3176042437553406,
0.05067571997642517,
-0.15955349802970886,
1.4680708646774292,
0.8022720813751221,
-0.051288723945617676,
-0.3020634353160858,
-0.8159698247909546,
0.565946102142334,
0.5783669352531433,
0.10404792428016663,
0.6235716342926025,
0.2783709466457367,
-0.16254787147045135,
0.8852890729904175,
0.05938601493835449,
-0.3354627192020416,
-1.0381789207458496,
0.23005694150924683,
-0.4891200661659241,
-0.45175328850746155,
0.45559683442115784,
-0.11934639513492584,
0.020143836736679077,
-0.32358282804489136,
-0.9890817403793335,
-0.25578248500823975,
-0.06036990135908127,
-0.5499318242073059,
-0.07741695642471313,
0.6484917998313904,
0.142701655626297,
1.7375311851501465,
-0.5655899047851562,
0.19825807213783264,
-0.26299554109573364,
0.5197336077690125,
-0.8165894746780396,
0.6771157383918762,
0.07240722328424454,
0.35521161556243896,
0.33406758308410645,
-1.029752254486084,
0.3479381799697876,
-0.07787792384624481,
-0.0633959174156189,
0.551103949546814,
-1.7578136920928955,
-0.009989716112613678,
0.6263266205787659,
0.2813429534435272,
0.4292880594730377,
0.14573460817337036
] |
i just saw this video about quantum levitation, and have a question | _url_0_ why is it that at 1:35, the superconductor is stuck in space, while at 2:30 it moves freely. i barely know anything about quantum trapping, but i wondered what the difference is between those 2 situations. | in the former case, you have two magnets generating a magnetic field. in the latter case, there is a row of magnets generating a "track" of uniform magnetic field. the analogy is if you have a "dip" on the ground - a ball will tend to stay there. however, if you have a _valley_ between two parallel ridges, your ball will be free to move along one axis. | 6 | [] | [
"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VyOtIsnG71U"
] | [
"http://www.quantumlevitation.com/levitation/The_physics.html"
] | [
-0.03419774770736694,
0.05133159086108208,
-0.015525147318840027,
-0.23260381817817688,
-0.15402387082576752,
-0.41769498586654663,
0.433140367269516,
-0.35984349250793457,
-0.079200379550457,
-0.2496398240327835,
0.6617947816848755,
0.6600968837738037,
1.1715953350067139,
-0.004656970500946045,
1.2043665647506714,
0.32211631536483765,
-1.1648682355880737,
0.5332749485969543,
-0.36171239614486694,
0.0074303001165390015,
-0.1743634194135666,
-0.1971261352300644,
-0.9337801337242126,
0.46978557109832764,
-1.5022830963134766,
-0.18673382699489594,
0.05833468586206436,
0.12121260166168213,
-0.7863383293151855,
-0.8611599206924438,
0.09428133815526962,
0.4138135313987732,
-1.2425496578216553,
-0.4110184609889984,
-0.3433303236961365,
0.3484809994697571,
-0.6445037126541138,
0.5140955448150635,
-0.1668212115764618,
0.6856200695037842,
-0.3410607576370239,
-0.7718414068222046,
1.666363000869751,
-0.5358509421348572,
-0.2817092537879944,
0.4355332553386688,
0.7882183790206909,
0.6070040464401245,
0.9381316900253296,
-0.3065573573112488,
-0.3497012257575989,
-0.1961878091096878,
-0.29611238837242126,
-1.1789777278900146,
0.21139778196811676,
1.443725824356079,
1.0716100931167603,
-0.533311128616333,
-1.1582504510879517,
0.2130572348833084,
0.7848129272460938,
0.19885239005088806,
-0.11345216631889343,
0.37923383712768555,
0.26817017793655396,
-0.6663153171539307,
-0.07945719361305237,
0.12391544878482819,
-0.2696625292301178,
1.1691821813583374,
0.16416515409946442,
0.13249653577804565,
-0.6212668418884277,
-0.17013035714626312,
1.1690258979797363,
0.5108785629272461,
0.5005360841751099,
0.7106198072433472,
0.38509517908096313,
-0.05435129627585411,
-0.4101617932319641,
0.3499510884284973,
-0.9406314492225647,
-0.8999046087265015,
-1.06388521194458,
0.49117785692214966,
-0.13023580610752106,
0.2762201130390167,
0.7868252992630005,
-0.409557580947876,
0.4182650148868561,
-0.11230605840682983,
-0.6594094634056091,
0.23460064828395844,
0.19117556512355804,
1.1280951499938965,
-0.8919343948364258,
-0.8676247596740723,
0.2850133180618286,
-0.1893969476222992,
-0.4571382999420166,
-0.05309771001338959,
-0.3269974887371063,
0.49725738167762756,
0.016513779759407043,
0.015267133712768555,
-0.20984140038490295,
-0.5377676486968994,
-0.1357230693101883,
0.26969724893569946,
0.28691619634628296,
0.2949443459510803,
0.5037667751312256,
0.006261721253395081,
-0.681185245513916,
-0.5828135013580322,
0.4922019839286804,
-0.025665350258350372,
-0.14457374811172485,
-0.0931883305311203,
-0.0586685836315155,
-0.8018457293510437,
0.41104230284690857,
0.004495769739151001,
0.5500746965408325,
-0.647890567779541,
-0.06532490998506546,
0.3237486183643341,
0.4456835091114044,
-0.07668012380599976,
0.8323990702629089,
-0.7238431572914124,
0.12750321626663208,
0.4049748480319977,
-1.126590371131897,
-0.17592698335647583,
0.7831771373748779,
0.8994194269180298,
-0.7200547456741333,
1.320341944694519,
0.7022290229797363,
0.8396499156951904,
0.29128414392471313,
-1.2134058475494385,
0.37611162662506104,
-0.6631985306739807,
-0.6564393043518066,
-0.5353515148162842,
-0.2901307940483093,
-0.1872158795595169,
-0.7441936731338501,
-0.4395429491996765,
0.4874061346054077,
0.7564034461975098,
0.08520578593015671,
0.5654231309890747,
-0.3214242160320282,
0.4665040969848633,
0.7554170489311218,
-0.17436574399471283,
-0.8167927265167236,
0.7481417059898376,
0.44103285670280457,
0.870272159576416,
0.4614211916923523,
0.1817423701286316,
-0.5304974317550659,
0.06868931651115417,
0.15857136249542236,
-0.3085947632789612,
-0.11420610547065735,
0.7111386060714722,
0.4839620292186737,
-1.064486026763916,
-0.11876946687698364,
-0.4063102602958679,
-1.7202329635620117,
-0.8160154819488525,
0.7537533640861511,
0.021136440336704254,
0.6122567653656006,
-0.0717407763004303,
1.1299020051956177,
-0.2338496446609497,
-0.5822120904922485,
0.6413294672966003,
-0.28960999846458435,
-0.17967934906482697,
0.5452325344085693,
-0.33592694997787476,
-0.2988726794719696,
-0.1356353908777237,
0.1692507117986679,
0.215028315782547,
0.2459842413663864,
0.755558431148529,
0.49666041135787964,
0.14990071952342987,
1.1408450603485107,
0.04441792145371437,
-0.23211683332920074,
-0.6143707036972046,
0.2391434758901596,
0.002995103597640991,
-0.7687413692474365,
0.28879591822624207,
1.656097650527954,
-1.286583662033081,
-1.1303027868270874,
0.01228603720664978,
-0.9286953806877136,
-1.1020148992538452,
0.10452757030725479,
0.8281819224357605,
-0.43823564052581787,
0.0014088302850723267,
-0.5131885409355164,
-0.7226883172988892,
-1.7034111022949219,
0.3866272568702698,
0.16867628693580627,
0.41175734996795654,
0.14671725034713745,
-0.47016221284866333,
-0.9678014516830444,
0.6669438481330872,
0.4644303321838379,
0.08421331644058228,
-0.08344870805740356,
0.23932406306266785,
1.0338711738586426,
-0.1956777572631836,
-1.0186468362808228,
0.9284533262252808,
-0.561423659324646,
-0.42402657866477966,
-0.12171031534671783,
0.06489238142967224,
0.6545392870903015,
-0.10521245002746582,
-0.8459581732749939,
-0.4007672071456909,
-0.7129517197608948,
1.126678466796875,
0.020589668303728104,
-0.34401339292526245,
0.32698526978492737,
0.12671317160129547,
-0.24672573804855347,
0.2332310974597931,
0.038675010204315186,
-0.917432963848114,
-1.2030898332595825,
0.9431425929069519,
0.10750427842140198,
0.5913548469543457,
0.8011912703514099,
-0.41453319787979126,
-0.9692027568817139,
-0.18776088953018188,
0.07603053003549576,
-1.096347451210022,
0.16368094086647034,
-0.8354994058609009,
-0.25991812348365784,
0.4836788773536682,
1.2926522493362427,
0.5868411064147949,
-0.5638496279716492,
-0.7816343307495117,
-0.47392895817756653,
0.01217302680015564,
-0.4054242968559265,
0.1245497465133667,
-0.49803048372268677,
-0.29842618107795715,
-0.5431193709373474,
-0.04400775581598282,
0.04841497540473938,
-0.636444091796875,
-0.960051953792572,
-0.7323833107948303,
0.3830271065235138,
0.7085329294204712,
-0.5782142877578735,
-0.38373851776123047,
-0.6118342280387878,
0.027681678533554077,
1.6297872066497803,
0.5951350927352905,
-0.07624435424804688,
0.6749959588050842,
-0.31940120458602905,
0.33273398876190186,
0.03794635832309723,
1.8173103332519531,
0.21092163026332855,
-0.8181805610656738,
0.07185009121894836,
0.9275993704795837,
1.3811743259429932,
0.041670456528663635,
-0.8669402599334717,
0.14592759311199188,
-0.8747155666351318,
-0.4858240485191345,
0.18006528913974762,
0.5715162754058838,
-0.4836921691894531,
-0.5139519572257996,
-0.3404276371002197,
-0.5358189344406128,
0.20226410031318665,
0.46644577383995056,
-0.07336363196372986,
-0.3372061550617218,
0.82063889503479,
0.8874989151954651,
0.42547932267189026,
0.382624089717865,
0.1127445250749588,
-0.09343654662370682,
0.7970696687698364,
-0.00263427197933197,
-0.44675546884536743,
0.47739535570144653,
-0.3780786395072937,
-0.8405753374099731,
0.28267911076545715,
-0.26655006408691406,
-0.11152873188257217,
-0.23243317008018494,
0.03745870292186737,
-0.011865690350532532,
0.5719524621963501,
1.0574097633361816,
-0.4918375313282013,
-0.03545907139778137,
-0.23474013805389404,
0.9438269734382629,
-0.6942564845085144,
0.2869243025779724,
0.41867589950561523,
1.144089937210083,
-0.2173682600259781,
-0.486225426197052,
-0.48041826486587524,
-0.7794392108917236,
-0.6006193161010742,
-0.5550858974456787,
-0.4575222134590149,
0.5968982577323914,
0.5751127600669861,
-0.03942982852458954,
0.3246404528617859,
-0.22816325724124908,
-0.1549980640411377,
-0.3965643346309662,
0.676082968711853,
-0.1107206642627716,
-0.49545425176620483,
0.024884991347789764,
-0.05433231592178345,
0.5266826152801514,
0.13677139580249786,
0.48004981875419617,
-0.745829701423645,
-0.5622268319129944,
-0.5373439788818359,
0.9791122674942017,
-0.3951067328453064,
1.5087273120880127,
0.5816820859909058,
-0.39360150694847107,
0.44365063309669495,
0.37327301502227783,
-0.26612570881843567,
0.8629395961761475,
-0.817458987236023,
0.3130198121070862,
-0.7622771263122559,
0.7334274649620056,
-0.06858912110328674,
-0.3271511197090149
] |
parallel and series centrifugal pump configuration | i understand why in series pump head is higher, but why when the pumps are in parallel is the pump flow rate higher than in series? | lets say you have a pump which has a flowrate of 1 gallon/minute when it's pressure ratio is 5 to 1. if you have two pumps in series, the pressure ratio is 25 to 1 at a flowrate of 1 gallon/minute. if you put them in parallel, the output pressure of each pump is the same (they each have 5 to 1 pressure ratio), and each will deliver 1 gallon/minute at this pressure. so you have 2 gallons/minute at 5 to 1 pressure ratio. | 2 | [] | [] | [] | [
-2.040557622909546,
-0.16275399923324585,
-0.11861038953065872,
0.77104651927948,
-0.9198576211929321,
-0.6156257390975952,
0.669842004776001,
0.304043710231781,
1.1874048709869385,
-1.1932737827301025,
0.03082888200879097,
0.12850388884544373,
0.2473555952310562,
0.7191561460494995,
-0.7909398078918457,
-1.1010503768920898,
-0.233008474111557,
-0.46268945932388306,
-0.1679724156856537,
-0.416681170463562,
2.2584118843078613,
-0.00820864737033844,
-1.3950668573379517,
-0.24205420911312103,
0.3324776291847229,
0.4599519968032837,
0.09777694940567017,
1.1315281391143799,
0.26657962799072266,
0.22143879532814026,
-0.9612918496131897,
-0.34820663928985596,
-0.04219946637749672,
-0.5247647166252136,
-0.04450727999210358,
-0.8511526584625244,
-0.09461495280265808,
0.13725009560585022,
-1.1291356086730957,
0.9091375470161438,
0.8420417308807373,
-1.2389963865280151,
0.4401693642139435,
-0.01987561583518982,
-0.02731960266828537,
1.4449338912963867,
-0.17647874355316162,
0.9055033922195435,
0.37274378538131714,
-0.7038078904151917,
-1.4350237846374512,
-0.17089000344276428,
1.0402886867523193,
1.1210674047470093,
-0.5678489208221436,
-1.3107149600982666,
0.34638577699661255,
-1.1697803735733032,
-0.12766510248184204,
-1.114100694656372,
-0.13572648167610168,
0.657700777053833,
0.3792700171470642,
0.6211405992507935,
0.6258876919746399,
-0.4550964832305908,
-0.5104978084564209,
1.1125754117965698,
-1.0124577283859253,
-0.07981926202774048,
-0.9339844584465027,
0.3171839118003845,
-0.2440657913684845,
-0.5868605375289917,
-0.03429636359214783,
-0.5279769897460938,
0.10029453039169312,
0.39557284116744995,
0.09738252311944962,
-0.5102238655090332,
0.03244379162788391,
-0.9344419240951538,
-1.0578491687774658,
0.05820205807685852,
-1.1984562873840332,
0.562296986579895,
1.243703007698059,
0.8036572337150574,
0.3846304416656494,
0.07106537371873856,
-0.4817992150783539,
0.7531067132949829,
-1.9878681898117065,
0.9165751934051514,
1.3503559827804565,
0.8609062433242798,
-0.9045929908752441,
-1.514331579208374,
-1.3396522998809814,
-0.10226636379957199,
0.0010955706238746643,
-0.47049784660339355,
-2.1076014041900635,
-0.0999796986579895,
0.14195367693901062,
-0.8763507008552551,
-0.6499550342559814,
0.8155471682548523,
0.9748056530952454,
0.4744689166545868,
0.4844784736633301,
0.30151423811912537,
0.9703027009963989,
-0.3479941487312317,
0.5288792848587036,
-1.1156737804412842,
-1.0166550874710083,
-0.13818003237247467,
-0.08799923956394196,
0.5302907824516296,
-1.3768047094345093,
-0.4501696228981018,
-2.451747417449951,
-1.1474885940551758,
1.29983389377594,
-0.23880556225776672,
1.0778559446334839,
0.3977906107902527,
-0.6967695355415344,
-0.5275188684463501,
0.901563286781311,
0.361810564994812,
-1.423915147781372,
0.6733180284500122,
-0.2839624881744385,
0.8597888946533203,
1.4030985832214355,
0.604161262512207,
-0.27756616473197937,
1.2412230968475342,
-0.0932178869843483,
1.061877727508545,
-1.9976062774658203,
-2.0064380168914795,
0.715731143951416,
1.152166485786438,
-0.49368420243263245,
-1.6369357109069824,
-1.0963917970657349,
-0.014714919030666351,
-0.5690557956695557,
-0.6921209692955017,
1.2542829513549805,
-1.2390220165252686,
-0.12303794920444489,
-1.2002756595611572,
-0.13133567571640015,
0.9769557118415833,
0.7357776165008545,
0.5217516422271729,
-1.711158037185669,
0.6767554879188538,
-1.2145084142684937,
-1.3709052801132202,
0.29679009318351746,
1.0971778631210327,
0.23743198812007904,
-1.0812523365020752,
0.94440758228302,
0.8563235998153687,
0.30289289355278015,
-0.791118860244751,
-0.08632959425449371,
-0.36668628454208374,
-0.25526708364486694,
0.4599647521972656,
-1.4453144073486328,
-0.3377108573913574,
0.46243637800216675,
0.6214644312858582,
0.47384148836135864,
1.261529564857483,
2.229999542236328,
0.23127128183841705,
-0.04002256318926811,
0.26866066455841064,
-0.20839688181877136,
0.3367938697338104,
-2.6733131408691406,
0.9505590200424194,
0.6736900210380554,
-1.6041653156280518,
0.7617040872573853,
1.8363425731658936,
-1.3391505479812622,
-0.7818493843078613,
-0.18633073568344116,
1.443154215812683,
-0.46032410860061646,
-0.7394356727600098,
-0.12549181282520294,
0.6098558902740479,
-0.5548011660575867,
-0.02062395215034485,
2.128192901611328,
0.6198944449424744,
0.9576330184936523,
0.3185822069644928,
-1.4085819721221924,
0.8034363389015198,
0.9320598840713501,
0.5368449687957764,
0.2771928310394287,
-0.6063309907913208,
0.7714237570762634,
-0.010427989065647125,
-0.8377821445465088,
0.20095086097717285,
0.24230465292930603,
-0.6443459987640381,
-0.22330936789512634,
0.3550136685371399,
1.0900404453277588,
-0.6914018392562866,
-1.4530293941497803,
0.6699087023735046,
-0.9444408416748047,
1.700669288635254,
1.2016019821166992,
0.24945777654647827,
0.35429614782333374,
0.8671082258224487,
1.4093124866485596,
1.6996427774429321,
-0.40960508584976196,
-0.5472203493118286,
-0.9789162874221802,
0.7807801961898804,
0.858267605304718,
-0.2956293821334839,
1.105519413948059,
-1.0002049207687378,
0.41638675332069397,
0.4790147542953491,
0.6196324229240417,
0.8174747228622437,
0.33724597096443176,
0.5053508281707764,
0.608854353427887,
-0.1126871407032013,
-1.1003813743591309,
-0.7565380334854126,
-1.6005619764328003,
-0.22758141160011292,
-1.2965106964111328,
0.04670305550098419,
-0.214784175157547,
0.21324342489242554,
-2.012138843536377,
-2.7203104496002197,
0.18155603110790253,
0.7652173042297363,
1.3353180885314941,
0.3219189941883087,
1.3979707956314087,
-0.2786690294742584,
1.509401798248291,
-0.3097994923591614,
-1.769052267074585,
0.12866024672985077,
1.6013376712799072,
-2.819125175476074,
-0.23528873920440674,
0.5748740434646606,
-0.504379153251648,
-0.4292960464954376,
-1.245131492614746,
1.6048027276992798,
-0.510040819644928,
-1.7356492280960083,
0.5982402563095093,
0.19728700816631317,
-0.5490043759346008,
0.035038843750953674,
1.758748173713684,
-0.8531193733215332,
0.4016464054584503,
-0.8223428726196289,
0.2673262059688568,
-0.06164257228374481,
1.2636818885803223,
0.5157787203788757,
1.0948799848556519,
-0.4877038598060608,
0.4908241331577301,
0.9875187873840332,
3.072051525115967,
-0.13292630016803741,
0.4045850932598114,
-0.3479105234146118,
-0.003129035234451294,
-0.08840495347976685,
-0.520121157169342,
-0.31031519174575806,
-2.7420215606689453,
0.973724901676178,
-0.03989877924323082,
1.6352794170379639,
0.27155643701553345,
-0.5816962122917175,
2.346019983291626,
0.7890399694442749,
0.9114618301391602,
0.5319048166275024,
-0.35973596572875977,
1.607100248336792,
0.0787959173321724,
-0.3932632803916931,
0.3424105644226074,
0.6721870303153992,
0.5234573483467102,
-1.355311393737793,
0.48631957173347473,
-0.6595099568367004,
0.16924650967121124,
0.826413631439209,
-0.8378477692604065,
-0.41442495584487915,
-0.6393495798110962,
0.20025122165679932,
2.085390567779541,
0.11594432592391968,
1.614633321762085,
-0.08714495599269867,
1.2231894731521606,
-0.021476343274116516,
-0.7436003684997559,
-0.8367933034896851,
-0.8900867700576782,
-0.02425301820039749,
0.17284049093723297,
-0.6085043549537659,
0.835054337978363,
1.252774715423584,
1.1263463497161865,
-0.267525851726532,
0.22963671386241913,
-0.9136073589324951,
-1.273575782775879,
-1.083666443824768,
0.05242718756198883,
0.6752463579177856,
0.23133186995983124,
-0.24639996886253357,
0.46826040744781494,
0.04533065855503082,
-0.31914398074150085,
0.2471638321876526,
-0.5871956944465637,
0.22727839648723602,
-1.0679128170013428,
-1.097548246383667,
-0.30815327167510986,
0.7931268215179443,
-0.7230443954467773,
1.0244791507720947,
-0.4550963044166565,
0.30931660532951355,
-1.031315803527832,
0.9658920764923096,
0.1002577394247055,
1.035996437072754,
1.4042606353759766,
0.019846931099891663,
1.542495846748352,
-1.2237755060195923,
-0.6675750613212585,
-0.03746521472930908,
-1.643923282623291,
0.1007956713438034,
-1.220520257949829,
0.9635462760925293,
-0.5491804480552673,
0.02990931272506714
] |
do women really have worse circulation than men, or is it some kind of confirmation bias-based myth? | i have always noticed women seem to have cold feet/hands compared to me, even if it isn't really cold. i was just watching an episode of scrubs which reminded me of it. googling provided come quite vague answers, the top one being from the daily mail. is this a real thing? why? | _url_0_ while it's true to an extent, i'm not sure whether that difference in arterial size would be enough to cause a significant difference in the temperature of the extremities. | 9 | [] | [] | [
"http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/115/7/823.full",
"http://advan.physiology.org/content/31/1/17.full"
] | [
-0.377241849899292,
0.5692722797393799,
0.6932325959205627,
0.4919353127479553,
0.15020005404949188,
-0.831241250038147,
-0.11151942610740662,
0.7718022465705872,
0.5994796752929688,
0.029966456815600395,
0.2982271909713745,
-0.3200927674770355,
-0.07118576765060425,
0.2140083760023117,
0.34739571809768677,
0.1173846647143364,
-0.32981884479522705,
-0.17006680369377136,
-0.2632322907447815,
0.5109205842018127,
0.6550008058547974,
0.5796414613723755,
-0.08338847011327744,
-0.19256749749183655,
-0.28469815850257874,
-0.45243534445762634,
0.2159346640110016,
0.778185248374939,
0.01358909159898758,
0.14273831248283386,
-0.22512851655483246,
-0.18875324726104736,
-0.7571819424629211,
-0.04527335241436958,
0.4726954698562622,
-0.11352184414863586,
0.08017052710056305,
-0.13692834973335266,
-0.826768696308136,
0.5975834727287292,
0.2715036869049072,
-0.5560184121131897,
0.31948694586753845,
0.3631204068660736,
0.3123685121536255,
0.9756548404693604,
0.14802426099777222,
0.18697209656238556,
-0.1302797794342041,
0.32480159401893616,
0.4153825044631958,
0.09729069471359253,
-0.5305874347686768,
1.0582053661346436,
-0.24431350827217102,
-0.18628564476966858,
-0.8833656311035156,
-0.4613470137119293,
-0.25837650895118713,
-0.26498767733573914,
0.21131327748298645,
0.80237877368927,
-0.4525333344936371,
0.09656020253896713,
1.2757420539855957,
-0.2623130679130554,
-0.22966700792312622,
-0.4245530962944031,
-0.12242843210697174,
-0.09499696642160416,
0.13058817386627197,
0.2221996933221817,
-0.14496701955795288,
0.5842061638832092,
0.1366424709558487,
-0.3515230119228363,
-0.507271409034729,
1.062723159790039,
-0.6257762312889099,
-0.5328062176704407,
0.03995826840400696,
-0.3553845286369324,
-0.22244134545326233,
0.17928189039230347,
-0.287656307220459,
0.7011794447898865,
1.1937958002090454,
0.14360728859901428,
-0.9345906972885132,
0.16763539612293243,
-0.5606217980384827,
-0.47947949171066284,
-0.5323632955551147,
0.13380730152130127,
0.021192796528339386,
0.12518368661403656,
-0.10642440617084503,
-0.23785124719142914,
-0.4746394753456116,
0.005839928984642029,
-0.337354838848114,
-0.04283800721168518,
-1.0700193643569946,
0.8879972696304321,
-0.4882564842700958,
-0.1602499783039093,
0.023477677255868912,
0.12576040625572205,
-0.046637631952762604,
0.33574551343917847,
-0.26163750886917114,
-0.17344234883785248,
0.22725829482078552,
-0.01917719841003418,
0.3631655275821686,
-0.5536231994628906,
-0.3733890652656555,
-0.04988551512360573,
0.08677612245082855,
0.10435707867145538,
-0.6389569044113159,
0.0701667070388794,
-0.6359237432479858,
-0.41408830881118774,
0.41496530175209045,
-0.15829278528690338,
0.23696331679821014,
0.26362866163253784,
-0.07083217054605484,
-0.4880196452140808,
0.7263040542602539,
-0.3667724132537842,
0.2634579837322235,
0.23660196363925934,
-0.3323296904563904,
-0.4516274034976959,
0.3939148187637329,
0.6487579941749573,
-0.7014963030815125,
0.4193461537361145,
0.4527404308319092,
-0.24210748076438904,
-0.35850048065185547,
0.2537796199321747,
0.0875532254576683,
0.2821887135505676,
-0.1374456137418747,
-0.5739349722862244,
-0.6204584836959839,
-0.2779049277305603,
-0.14574779570102692,
0.08990445733070374,
0.3820054531097412,
-0.3096070885658264,
-0.31775417923927307,
-0.5405727624893188,
-0.05330037325620651,
-0.1853155940771103,
0.37679654359817505,
0.20152656733989716,
-0.5298623442649841,
-0.07229790836572647,
-0.04451953247189522,
0.24962970614433289,
0.9323338270187378,
0.1291041225194931,
-0.01125645637512207,
-0.24304664134979248,
0.18104270100593567,
-0.3139779567718506,
0.2961670756340027,
0.23861801624298096,
0.2853772044181824,
0.44902855157852173,
-0.09019935131072998,
-0.404302179813385,
-0.3852583169937134,
-0.02857859432697296,
-0.08912837505340576,
0.34995731711387634,
1.1245180368423462,
-0.24029041826725006,
0.21472008526325226,
-0.4141492545604706,
-0.16746872663497925,
-0.6356618404388428,
-0.514771580696106,
0.31455668807029724,
0.33897966146469116,
0.12958939373493195,
0.6708845496177673,
-0.6596062183380127,
-0.48261895775794983,
0.005409218370914459,
-0.33594605326652527,
-0.2723832130432129,
-0.09359157085418701,
-0.4208301603794098,
0.1218138188123703,
0.2308019995689392,
0.5934982895851135,
0.2550765872001648,
0.031456805765628815,
-0.38809746503829956,
-0.0269118994474411,
0.16173937916755676,
0.12838822603225708,
0.05445999652147293,
-0.5599899291992188,
-0.1503700315952301,
0.5111340880393982,
-0.5572213530540466,
0.12276618927717209,
-0.6715267300605774,
-0.21901574730873108,
-0.18465811014175415,
-0.173411026597023,
0.28356167674064636,
0.1097538024187088,
0.4289926588535309,
-0.04721018671989441,
-0.11884577572345734,
-0.1926720142364502,
-0.5441434979438782,
-0.15919612348079681,
0.19923284649848938,
-0.6017796993255615,
0.19258227944374084,
-0.06405869126319885,
0.42524468898773193,
0.7467284202575684,
0.9103972911834717,
0.010356992483139038,
0.37907958030700684,
0.7041293382644653,
0.2854911684989929,
-0.17437845468521118,
-0.4761921763420105,
0.10293969511985779,
0.22885844111442566,
-0.563148558139801,
0.14874812960624695,
0.2790491282939911,
-0.10993634909391403,
0.22846996784210205,
-0.73829185962677,
0.23996469378471375,
0.07730711251497269,
0.12340927869081497,
0.044427573680877686,
0.22220109403133392,
-0.2733765244483948,
-0.7020462155342102,
-0.04586296156048775,
0.010700449347496033,
0.30424609780311584,
-0.7038220167160034,
-0.196665957570076,
-1.0078439712524414,
-0.3303064703941345,
-0.2754383087158203,
-0.5067182779312134,
-0.15572504699230194,
-0.2873265743255615,
0.7692211866378784,
0.1264365166425705,
1.0968174934387207,
-0.41669905185699463,
-0.03986906632781029,
-0.5410016179084778,
0.4940354526042938,
-0.6285772919654846,
0.6461185216903687,
-0.2860381007194519,
0.8484897613525391,
-0.09732894599437714,
0.3734349012374878,
0.274400532245636,
0.7471739053726196,
-0.21574406325817108,
-0.4091360569000244,
-0.743073582649231,
-0.10663586854934692,
-0.02369813621044159,
0.19629834592342377,
-0.6455830931663513,
0.25019869208335876,
-0.3399646282196045,
-0.1526694893836975,
-0.21642626821994781,
-0.07560407370328903,
0.26088374853134155,
0.5711888074874878,
0.09843001514673233,
0.9725395441055298,
-0.3038027882575989,
-0.16184139251708984,
0.08178999274969101,
0.4644969701766968,
-0.7153276205062866,
0.7288475632667542,
0.011028245091438293,
-0.7292076945304871,
0.1875293105840683,
-1.2233381271362305,
0.46183332800865173,
-0.47933727502822876,
-0.020566150546073914,
0.2772575914859772,
-0.6073254346847534,
-0.16973930597305298,
-0.6453600525856018,
-0.4173520803451538,
0.03793777525424957,
0.01299971342086792,
1.0941110849380493,
-0.7249232530593872,
-0.343209445476532,
0.051040828227996826,
0.18721678853034973,
-0.009115207940340042,
-0.45883268117904663,
-0.08271782100200653,
-0.25122761726379395,
-0.13049879670143127,
0.5498831272125244,
0.25757160782814026,
0.04685360938310623,
0.2374342679977417,
0.0916638970375061,
0.5437020063400269,
0.41355186700820923,
0.7125076055526733,
-0.3036746680736542,
0.30540740489959717,
-0.2077837884426117,
0.012053757905960083,
-0.4565790891647339,
-0.43736258149147034,
-0.004320651292800903,
-0.1916799694299698,
-0.10291748493909836,
0.029930904507637024,
0.39699119329452515,
0.4245658218860626,
-0.3336009383201599,
0.05938331037759781,
0.013188600540161133,
-0.9591821432113647,
0.17411504685878754,
-0.20115840435028076,
0.8681521415710449,
0.6781325936317444,
-0.05475457012653351,
0.203262597322464,
-0.6443633437156677,
-0.2998597025871277,
0.4701426923274994,
0.059674277901649475,
0.22932013869285583,
0.42063379287719727,
-0.25406479835510254,
0.20236581563949585,
0.9367222189903259,
-0.09297141432762146,
0.3739885687828064,
0.26272809505462646,
1.0710033178329468,
-0.05781629681587219,
0.16770057380199432,
0.7356317043304443,
0.8060462474822998,
0.4231628477573395,
-0.41816896200180054,
-0.5204687118530273,
-0.8631209135055542,
-0.8244906663894653,
0.5692335367202759,
-0.28788745403289795,
0.18327493965625763,
-0.055911123752593994,
0.18935751914978027,
0.30881527066230774,
0.35186123847961426
] |
with the jahi mcmath case back in the news, i'm wondering what the long term effects of being on life support are. does the body stay healthy? | she was diagnosed with total brain death following cardiac arrest. she's on life support with a feeding tube. do organs stay healthy? how long can someone stay like that? she's been declared dead already, so what is the state of a corpse like that? | it's unclear how long a body can remain on total life support. it's rare for one to last this long; the general teaching is that a body can stay on life support for a few weeks, but that in the absence of neurologic input, that enough systems will gradually fail to make life functions cease. her legal status is deceased, and will remain so. i note that her tracheostomy and other support apparatus are hidden in this photo. | 3 | [] | [] | [] | [
-0.20220035314559937,
0.2905614674091339,
0.163532555103302,
-0.33275970816612244,
-0.6061892509460449,
0.22457201778888702,
0.07874321937561035,
0.25401538610458374,
0.49810734391212463,
0.12126842141151428,
0.6078623533248901,
1.53811776638031,
-0.34507158398628235,
0.07648232579231262,
-0.6930146813392639,
-0.592930793762207,
0.10896989703178406,
0.18438586592674255,
-0.9120904803276062,
1.2457679510116577,
0.7780015468597412,
0.4706040918827057,
-0.2943744361400604,
0.8794669508934021,
-1.459001064300537,
-0.48786410689353943,
-0.9909886121749878,
-0.2607336640357971,
0.27074602246284485,
-0.18053263425827026,
-0.22914865612983704,
-0.5268573760986328,
-0.6677461862564087,
-0.5127143859863281,
0.7410551309585571,
0.3176090717315674,
-1.668672800064087,
-0.016788974404335022,
-1.1608209609985352,
-0.16564136743545532,
-0.27549266815185547,
-0.27646011114120483,
-1.4144655466079712,
1.1887497901916504,
0.1907329559326172,
0.6812141537666321,
-0.5539277791976929,
-0.43721356987953186,
-0.17281854152679443,
-0.00031441450119018555,
-1.9262158870697021,
-0.6106451153755188,
0.6090371608734131,
0.7061672210693359,
0.06147737801074982,
-0.4221775531768799,
-0.04973411560058594,
0.4498668313026428,
-0.5194565057754517,
0.9473704099655151,
0.2346002161502838,
0.9327649474143982,
-1.0320063829421997,
-0.1422399878501892,
0.35202839970588684,
0.4120851159095764,
0.907709002494812,
-1.1824191808700562,
1.4159963130950928,
0.11596596240997314,
0.6544508934020996,
-0.33614253997802734,
-1.3650330305099487,
0.44346949458122253,
-0.4149961471557617,
0.6935274004936218,
0.6310445070266724,
0.09084049612283707,
0.13679379224777222,
-0.46188080310821533,
-0.11913494020700455,
-0.2569432258605957,
-0.1342364102602005,
0.34189996123313904,
-0.6107597351074219,
0.6472551822662354,
-0.9762221574783325,
0.07908809185028076,
-1.8212041854858398,
-0.3908695578575134,
0.49091777205467224,
0.6636357307434082,
1.12923264503479,
-0.45932552218437195,
-0.9093151688575745,
0.41924670338630676,
-0.3542090356349945,
0.08636122941970825,
0.0011310577392578125,
-0.9897077083587646,
-0.0782439112663269,
0.6760478615760803,
-0.8214156031608582,
1.0367494821548462,
-1.029555320739746,
-0.3987424969673157,
0.4110226333141327,
-0.016220033168792725,
-0.21867568790912628,
0.9484432935714722,
-0.552211344242096,
-0.27453112602233887,
0.4870774447917938,
0.38544395565986633,
-0.2550899386405945,
0.8285236358642578,
-0.7312424182891846,
0.4648118019104004,
-0.41179847717285156,
-0.5532546043395996,
0.5596157312393188,
-0.2745416760444641,
-0.07836726307868958,
-0.6967889070510864,
0.7102625370025635,
0.29928869009017944,
0.016621217131614685,
1.2587107419967651,
1.2484009265899658,
0.1496409773826599,
1.0011513233184814,
-0.09622842073440552,
-0.6067677140235901,
-1.0245847702026367,
-0.44586074352264404,
0.3317308723926544,
0.5096068382263184,
0.2727755010128021,
0.06947247684001923,
0.3775080442428589,
-0.24270910024642944,
-0.538138210773468,
-0.8587731122970581,
-0.6803557872772217,
0.43745288252830505,
0.6763181090354919,
0.38886064291000366,
0.29264581203460693,
0.703156590461731,
-0.5073319673538208,
-0.6759190559387207,
-1.1906917095184326,
0.6516480445861816,
0.580707311630249,
-0.4911680221557617,
0.6999900341033936,
-1.5031743049621582,
0.5697612762451172,
-0.510892391204834,
-0.28199470043182373,
-1.1354854106903076,
0.01896931231021881,
0.44179999828338623,
0.8565100431442261,
0.21512916684150696,
-0.0005164444446563721,
0.345394492149353,
-0.7898753881454468,
0.2691348195075989,
-0.1624802052974701,
0.8506490588188171,
-0.2253379225730896,
0.7081724405288696,
-1.077408790588379,
0.46507248282432556,
0.16745631396770477,
-0.3660401999950409,
-0.6590499877929688,
0.5507473945617676,
0.8190192580223083,
-0.2949800491333008,
-0.6785454750061035,
-0.16393989324569702,
0.8814942240715027,
0.43352022767066956,
-0.4736506938934326,
0.6041306853294373,
-0.40664970874786377,
0.6184873580932617,
0.09984779357910156,
-0.8370835185050964,
0.15932661294937134,
0.8347346186637878,
0.9682666063308716,
-0.4333100914955139,
-0.11053445935249329,
-0.2290828675031662,
-0.33186617493629456,
0.19923245906829834,
-0.024688877165317535,
0.4521183371543884,
0.8891196250915527,
0.3752461075782776,
-0.02128538489341736,
0.0028173327445983887,
-0.7504993081092834,
-0.2538909316062927,
-0.28442299365997314,
0.8186125755310059,
-1.1421183347702026,
-0.4826407730579376,
0.3867117166519165,
1.3237100839614868,
-0.4038906991481781,
0.2494216412305832,
0.6489577293395996,
-0.942453920841217,
-0.011325381696224213,
-0.027346480637788773,
-0.11703182756900787,
-0.36677074432373047,
-0.5661458373069763,
0.4176139533519745,
-0.8352178335189819,
0.2631560266017914,
-0.12211166322231293,
-0.3104393184185028,
0.5820512771606445,
0.6178251504898071,
-0.11176428198814392,
-0.15202078223228455,
0.3414888083934784,
-0.41111013293266296,
0.5898516774177551,
-0.04532399773597717,
-0.7796745300292969,
0.2797607183456421,
0.2875082492828369,
-0.49298495054244995,
0.5178194642066956,
-0.681636393070221,
-0.8073463439941406,
-0.521388053894043,
0.12738046050071716,
-0.4548497796058655,
0.6621819734573364,
-0.31282204389572144,
1.312333345413208,
0.6074398756027222,
0.9149271249771118,
-0.883797824382782,
0.6124569177627563,
0.27074453234672546,
0.2954953908920288,
-0.6048757433891296,
-0.7108232378959656,
-0.7728332877159119,
0.8708332180976868,
-0.3827506899833679,
-0.7370692491531372,
-1.1355993747711182,
1.1921700239181519,
-0.05834558606147766,
-0.015865802764892578,
1.1994798183441162,
0.5434457063674927,
0.47201380133628845,
0.9228774309158325,
0.3734639286994934,
0.023506242781877518,
0.5547498464584351,
-1.5225839614868164,
0.5391350984573364,
0.5156158208847046,
0.07913428544998169,
0.09489479660987854,
0.5825639963150024,
0.49797773361206055,
1.0721890926361084,
0.3448331654071808,
0.13984274864196777,
-2.2530694007873535,
-0.6235140562057495,
-0.8138635158538818,
1.1181659698486328,
-0.18774428963661194,
-0.5849354267120361,
-0.3163911700248718,
1.336575984954834,
0.6920729279518127,
0.19168531894683838,
0.8034471869468689,
-1.2037097215652466,
-0.7680283784866333,
0.7865656018257141,
0.02027300000190735,
-0.6001548767089844,
-0.19245275855064392,
-0.02649405598640442,
0.5199054479598999,
0.2498513162136078,
-0.4592098593711853,
-0.10971570014953613,
-0.20394578576087952,
-0.4186539053916931,
-0.4972098469734192,
0.6759532690048218,
-1.0601142644882202,
1.0565056800842285,
-0.9052290320396423,
-1.2394607067108154,
-0.027181483805179596,
0.5873263478279114,
-0.005753820762038231,
-0.692291259765625,
0.6515467166900635,
0.14749160408973694,
-1.2360973358154297,
-0.6431808471679688,
0.4446943998336792,
0.24927020072937012,
0.6366679668426514,
0.3360591530799866,
0.2501729726791382,
-0.07912018895149231,
-0.6659349799156189,
1.170029878616333,
-1.650560975074768,
0.24405865371227264,
0.854216456413269,
0.17264080047607422,
1.349787712097168,
1.086522102355957,
-0.806046724319458,
0.3509867787361145,
0.040024757385253906,
-0.8731939792633057,
0.20898881554603577,
-1.1366649866104126,
-1.3699584007263184,
-0.8222056031227112,
-1.4560672044754028,
0.4493156671524048,
0.08216908574104309,
-1.025842547416687,
-0.6071504354476929,
0.21099340915679932,
0.7760164737701416,
-0.5479522943496704,
-0.38970890641212463,
0.3837449252605438,
0.4468911290168762,
0.9945549964904785,
1.0428178310394287,
-0.17309333384037018,
-0.46549785137176514,
1.1512523889541626,
0.7260309457778931,
-0.4442075788974762,
0.5982990264892578,
-0.807762086391449,
0.0338098406791687,
-0.09518077969551086,
1.4290200471878052,
-0.0424528568983078,
-0.030228078365325928,
0.03493818640708923,
-0.5586229562759399,
-0.7313644886016846,
0.8190504312515259,
1.6284253597259521,
0.34085512161254883,
0.3244873881340027,
-0.007001549005508423,
-0.26658695936203003,
1.246841549873352,
0.5014482736587524,
-0.09505878388881683,
-1.7999236583709717,
0.17574121057987213,
-0.4423932731151581,
0.021357357501983643,
1.3911789655685425,
0.4247034788131714
] |
what was the world like before life? | i am doing some amateur research on the origins of life, and am fascinated by the extent to which organisms effect their surroundings. i find it hard to imagine a world without trees or grass or micro-organisms. how different would the composition of the atmosphere or seas for example, be without the influence of living organisms? | indeed, life does have a significant impact on earth and its evolution through time. the presence of oxygen, amount of co2 etc. the earth before life is pretty hard to constrain with actual data as we don't have many rocks that are that old that give definitive evidence for the presence or absence of life. the isua rocks of greenland (3.8 billion years old) have evidence for a biologically mediated carbon cycle on the basis of stable carbon isotopes (cellular enzymes partition isotopes, more on this if you want). prior to 3.8 there were periods of heavy bombardment (asteroids and comets) that may have limited early life or could have provided the necessary molecules to get life started, as mentioned by stonerphysicist. we don't have a good handle on how, or if, plate tectonics worked. plate tectonics is one of the primary regulators of the chemical composition of the earth's surface and ultimately regulates the availability of nutrients for life (phosphorus, iron, molybdenum, sulfur). atmospheric composition is obviously different. no oxygen. not necessarily more nitrogen by mass, but a higher fraction. higher co2 (no life to make organic carbon and bury co2). the oceans were anoxic and iron (fe2+) rich but not necessarily saltier. the minerals that make up the salinity in the ocean are ultimately soluble and weathered from rocks regardless of the presence of plants. the fe would have been derived from the weathering of rocks or from hydrothermal vents. early in earth's history is is also unknown whether there was an ocean as we know it. some think that most of the water was brought to earth by comets and arrived in the late heavy bombardment or that it was mostly in the mantle and had to be 'degassed' interesting question...i can do some digging around if you have more specific questions. | 11 | [] | [] | [] | [
-2.7957804203033447,
3.4048376083374023,
2.5987188816070557,
3.2597804069519043,
2.625159978866577,
-2.6969244480133057,
-2.2801077365875244,
1.133620262145996,
2.035074472427368,
0.6664388179779053,
1.0072591304779053,
-2.133168935775757,
-0.5158581137657166,
-0.36776256561279297,
1.480088472366333,
0.6260180473327637,
-4.174875259399414,
-3.1457016468048096,
-3.185209035873413,
1.4463682174682617,
-0.025066137313842773,
2.822997570037842,
-0.6350447535514832,
0.04991409182548523,
-0.1999254822731018,
1.0754987001419067,
-2.754312515258789,
1.4360201358795166,
-0.2892853021621704,
2.0462646484375,
-1.8711695671081543,
0.3014008402824402,
-0.0646955817937851,
-1.243521809577942,
4.298652648925781,
2.0126779079437256,
2.910857677459717,
-1.546889066696167,
-0.02783370018005371,
0.24134191870689392,
-0.7427549362182617,
-1.1866531372070312,
2.1316018104553223,
2.667818307876587,
-2.920063018798828,
1.9178829193115234,
5.120830059051514,
-3.6074726581573486,
-2.9563052654266357,
-1.1109235286712646,
-1.5013096332550049,
-1.8803064823150635,
-1.4609627723693848,
-1.386427879333496,
-1.831733226776123,
-1.3890820741653442,
-0.5748002529144287,
-1.6913635730743408,
-0.8394270539283752,
-5.843780040740967,
-1.1810035705566406,
-2.8804030418395996,
-0.9822371602058411,
1.0800955295562744,
6.769484519958496,
0.8766089677810669,
-1.1078014373779297,
-0.8608061671257019,
-0.2520408034324646,
1.3765264749526978,
-0.6758509874343872,
1.5026795864105225,
-2.3896796703338623,
-4.359286785125732,
-1.6128053665161133,
-1.5611135959625244,
0.4122140109539032,
0.30972257256507874,
-0.4909909665584564,
-1.3845683336257935,
-0.6260091066360474,
1.7041350603103638,
-0.5400834083557129,
-1.5414987802505493,
-2.632805824279785,
0.3751027584075928,
0.3958033323287964,
2.204810857772827,
0.19218802452087402,
0.7477506995201111,
0.7717287540435791,
-0.4070979356765747,
3.3293581008911133,
1.6178961992263794,
-1.377693772315979,
6.0078864097595215,
0.42731642723083496,
-0.5217585563659668,
3.2731306552886963,
-2.182555675506592,
1.9042998552322388,
3.1191422939300537,
-7.1528825759887695,
0.1865772157907486,
-2.79822039604187,
0.12054705619812012,
-0.9897983074188232,
3.40136456489563,
2.275590419769287,
2.141648769378662,
-1.9120571613311768,
-0.06074914336204529,
0.2778734862804413,
-1.1737618446350098,
-0.5311338305473328,
-0.6134723424911499,
-0.11926694959402084,
-0.28460124135017395,
-3.912132501602173,
-2.747175931930542,
-0.6455127596855164,
-1.906957745552063,
3.692751169204712,
2.6287295818328857,
2.046551465988159,
-1.1241446733474731,
0.18561753630638123,
1.9684607982635498,
4.273252964019775,
-0.6857868432998657,
3.806058645248413,
-0.34184694290161133,
-1.419553279876709,
1.4869765043258667,
-3.0890464782714844,
-1.1635754108428955,
2.8796167373657227,
-1.9547498226165771,
-3.054023265838623,
4.018529891967773,
1.9899013042449951,
-0.11469802260398865,
-0.8909240365028381,
-1.1734424829483032,
-1.7273765802383423,
0.8883739709854126,
3.4034008979797363,
-0.6942865252494812,
0.12485378980636597,
-2.2915878295898438,
-0.8319534063339233,
-1.1440801620483398,
1.9722418785095215,
-0.796433687210083,
-0.4481891095638275,
-1.1703321933746338,
-1.9786524772644043,
-0.627436637878418,
2.77172589302063,
1.661145567893982,
-3.5859570503234863,
1.3652435541152954,
0.6769417524337769,
3.551196575164795,
-0.7182846069335938,
-0.6245479583740234,
-1.6072711944580078,
-1.6630682945251465,
4.83735990524292,
-0.6492785215377808,
1.0025465488433838,
-0.08525854349136353,
6.085478782653809,
-3.582993745803833,
2.059504508972168,
2.2204747200012207,
-1.974670171737671,
-0.6450729966163635,
1.134683609008789,
3.4961960315704346,
-1.4062070846557617,
-1.0104405879974365,
2.400017261505127,
1.315997838973999,
0.04491150379180908,
-1.8757431507110596,
-3.2422735691070557,
1.4078603982925415,
-0.8849157094955444,
0.6266147494316101,
2.6781601905822754,
3.002162456512451,
0.4204351603984833,
2.9704549312591553,
-1.8797557353973389,
1.9321718215942383,
-1.3668465614318848,
2.109341859817505,
-1.8819471597671509,
-2.5006000995635986,
0.3250415027141571,
1.3169231414794922,
-0.3981393873691559,
-0.9844167232513428,
0.42978665232658386,
-3.477907419204712,
5.3397088050842285,
3.0141377449035645,
-3.2158706188201904,
-1.8539948463439941,
-2.6381587982177734,
-4.494377613067627,
-3.8220744132995605,
-1.3603837490081787,
-1.0799847841262817,
2.916081666946411,
2.4614009857177734,
-1.0887218713760376,
-1.7023781538009644,
-2.5336506366729736,
1.3508161306381226,
-4.51449728012085,
-0.6527926325798035,
-2.4067482948303223,
0.7702329158782959,
-1.9835069179534912,
-2.397962808609009,
1.215460181236267,
-0.10708478838205338,
-0.7770017385482788,
-0.4701491594314575,
-0.8835136294364929,
0.38008731603622437,
0.8015716671943665,
2.0764167308807373,
-2.193077564239502,
3.392176628112793,
-2.1813554763793945,
1.6784358024597168,
-0.4274384677410126,
-3.1645641326904297,
-0.04115797579288483,
-0.3954121768474579,
0.2270895540714264,
-3.175187349319458,
-0.7790216207504272,
-2.2028648853302,
-0.27180296182632446,
-0.4475209414958954,
0.5540197491645813,
-3.5347445011138916,
-2.769056558609009,
0.41843709349632263,
2.4104526042938232,
-0.7496220469474792,
2.895348072052002,
-1.7991361618041992,
-1.1375688314437866,
-3.3368208408355713,
1.7745952606201172,
0.5138973593711853,
-2.015106439590454,
-1.7108887434005737,
-2.794623613357544,
2.380992889404297,
1.3621220588684082,
3.663400173187256,
1.7324371337890625,
-1.5938612222671509,
1.3610388040542603,
1.6380064487457275,
-0.19018512964248657,
0.285136878490448,
1.0235466957092285,
4.884718418121338,
1.2244131565093994,
-1.4818395376205444,
-2.6465890407562256,
5.1211161613464355,
0.20381446182727814,
-1.89951753616333,
-0.5400660037994385,
-1.3536492586135864,
-0.2968013286590576,
0.18327142298221588,
0.10302374511957169,
1.1614129543304443,
-1.7728455066680908,
-0.5364159941673279,
-0.42777419090270996,
0.2776435613632202,
3.6053647994995117,
-3.231666088104248,
0.9659373760223389,
4.45891809463501,
-2.618027687072754,
-0.6002334356307983,
0.3642685115337372,
2.262545585632324,
0.7913026809692383,
-1.6992467641830444,
-0.0283755362033844,
-2.1513993740081787,
-1.8428889513015747,
-4.272602558135986,
3.272372007369995,
1.781684160232544,
0.20114082098007202,
3.5485010147094727,
-3.5490224361419678,
-3.128223419189453,
-5.263832092285156,
2.1791939735412598,
0.822765588760376,
-0.7268307209014893,
-3.213824510574341,
-1.746051549911499,
0.7723244428634644,
0.08158239722251892,
1.7245957851409912,
3.9970269203186035,
2.402646541595459,
2.0966057777404785,
1.4061057567596436,
-0.229475736618042,
0.15046550333499908,
6.490904331207275,
1.1014275550842285,
0.41404855251312256,
0.7607936859130859,
-1.3284138441085815,
2.5786123275756836,
3.8415892124176025,
-0.9738651514053345,
3.02162504196167,
1.7326127290725708,
1.4986826181411743,
-3.6992273330688477,
-2.779235363006592,
-0.5341787934303284,
-1.272948145866394,
-0.07552647590637207,
1.4494621753692627,
1.9822237491607666,
1.7281081676483154,
2.4740653038024902,
3.724163293838501,
2.2014756202697754,
-4.500073432922363,
0.04133015125989914,
0.7516506314277649,
1.0282092094421387,
0.5440518856048584,
-1.603386640548706,
3.9318771362304688,
-3.7889881134033203,
-2.3132998943328857,
-1.092734456062317,
-0.6790171265602112,
-2.8530077934265137,
-3.273601770401001,
3.422260284423828,
1.6522021293640137,
3.8367834091186523,
-0.7948905825614929,
5.7423224449157715,
-6.5015363693237305,
2.0183956623077393,
-1.7600376605987549,
0.5562361478805542,
0.41536563634872437,
0.3328405022621155,
1.9746347665786743,
-3.9715070724487305,
0.13057948648929596,
2.0573787689208984,
-0.56464684009552,
0.29582780599594116,
-1.9975395202636719,
-0.16454124450683594,
1.4970126152038574,
-0.5806424617767334,
4.088983058929443,
-1.7849035263061523
] |
is there any explanation as to why neutrinos phase through matter? | matter isn't really solid. all interactions involve the fundamental forces: electromagnetism, strong force, gravity, and the weak force. neutrinos are electrically neutral, so they don't interact with electric charges. they are color-neutral so they don't interact through the strong force. the mass of neutrinos is currently unknown, but very small to zero, meaning they interact only slightly through gravity. that leaves the weak force which is short range and, well, weak. in order to react through the weak force, collisions need to be dead on. given that an atom is essentially empty space with an insubstantial amount of volume at its center taken up by the nucleus, (the electron is almost certainly not going to be hit) this leaves almost no chance for a neutrino to interact with anything, thus it passes straight through. | 8 | [] | [] | [] | [
-2.0634942054748535,
-1.0730640888214111,
-0.3611660301685333,
0.9151726961135864,
-0.6899744272232056,
-1.7176122665405273,
0.3397893011569977,
0.2727653384208679,
1.630423665046692,
-0.9908004999160767,
1.4595131874084473,
0.23304086923599243,
0.3198668360710144,
-0.4559396207332611,
1.0926626920700073,
-2.496151924133301,
-0.24527376890182495,
-0.10809308290481567,
-2.5115301609039307,
1.827199101448059,
0.14291247725486755,
-0.5487126111984253,
0.2627578377723694,
-0.966705322265625,
-1.8436386585235596,
0.4244077205657959,
1.588266372680664,
-1.0638214349746704,
-1.0978424549102783,
-1.3094420433044434,
0.99445641040802,
0.845011293888092,
0.6343379020690918,
0.18348869681358337,
-1.2360129356384277,
0.4413241147994995,
0.13878291845321655,
-1.0413589477539062,
0.25688648223876953,
-0.23456020653247833,
-0.5240329504013062,
-0.04215109348297119,
0.8427190184593201,
1.578100562095642,
-0.23595264554023743,
1.5965851545333862,
0.667137861251831,
-0.784803569316864,
-0.8907560110092163,
-2.0721380710601807,
-2.314685821533203,
0.3311183750629425,
0.33277881145477295,
1.0760445594787598,
-0.3064078390598297,
0.736150860786438,
0.46951544284820557,
-1.1431794166564941,
0.502345085144043,
-0.4510302245616913,
0.1779068261384964,
0.06260461360216141,
0.14209333062171936,
0.24448350071907043,
4.276681423187256,
-0.43598657846450806,
1.5877346992492676,
-1.2310136556625366,
0.06646914780139923,
2.3299758434295654,
1.3453960418701172,
0.6827696561813354,
-1.5185965299606323,
-0.21640554070472717,
0.9008688926696777,
0.06525324285030365,
0.7511358857154846,
1.560410499572754,
1.0168545246124268,
1.0713839530944824,
0.300624281167984,
-0.23236459493637085,
-1.1610796451568604,
0.14567244052886963,
-0.45650187134742737,
2.163173198699951,
0.9171640872955322,
-0.033767879009246826,
0.855536937713623,
0.2704833745956421,
-1.926469087600708,
1.2155333757400513,
-0.9364660978317261,
0.03750792145729065,
0.3007009029388428,
1.071181058883667,
0.30130112171173096,
-1.1521062850952148,
-1.4798269271850586,
-0.20525480806827545,
-0.2672080099582672,
1.840402364730835,
-2.2676873207092285,
2.4733328819274902,
-0.2867799401283264,
0.4636533558368683,
-0.30152609944343567,
0.4493598937988281,
-0.5129874348640442,
2.1410067081451416,
1.3006023168563843,
-1.5744385719299316,
-0.13380789756774902,
-0.4239122271537781,
0.5154289603233337,
-0.5967673063278198,
2.1798980236053467,
1.495901346206665,
-1.0962705612182617,
-0.22146782279014587,
-0.659959077835083,
-1.6130988597869873,
-1.8502689599990845,
0.2334272563457489,
2.1319169998168945,
0.5591862201690674,
-1.9399185180664062,
0.426980197429657,
0.11478040367364883,
-0.47030916810035706,
0.6674396991729736,
-2.222057342529297,
-3.9275736808776855,
0.35483983159065247,
-1.3194489479064941,
1.5526001453399658,
1.1457633972167969,
1.0599974393844604,
-2.6038882732391357,
2.0944387912750244,
2.056544303894043,
1.239852786064148,
-0.7078399658203125,
-0.556858479976654,
0.4237704873085022,
-0.9197602272033691,
0.7367174625396729,
-0.5467140674591064,
-0.03609377145767212,
0.6062875986099243,
-1.6165107488632202,
-0.0795293003320694,
0.10313060879707336,
-0.033197902143001556,
-0.5960018634796143,
0.1742485761642456,
-1.3793529272079468,
-0.9107721447944641,
-0.3456310033798218,
1.4506587982177734,
0.1289520263671875,
2.682865619659424,
0.9820248484611511,
1.9026540517807007,
-1.0740476846694946,
0.8797769546508789,
0.05331471562385559,
-0.46402111649513245,
0.6442707180976868,
0.286470890045166,
-1.9544832706451416,
-0.23477323353290558,
1.199052333831787,
-1.668945550918579,
0.6753342747688293,
0.27295956015586853,
-1.962770700454712,
-0.7075883150100708,
0.2672826051712036,
1.827163815498352,
0.008567363023757935,
0.3094499707221985,
2.589052200317383,
0.5034537315368652,
-0.27727147936820984,
0.39625856280326843,
-0.2707456350326538,
-0.5331391096115112,
-1.4955213069915771,
-1.3970028162002563,
0.0651206374168396,
0.03916637599468231,
2.449568033218384,
0.5536321401596069,
-1.960450530052185,
-1.5443843603134155,
-2.3654074668884277,
-0.6865723133087158,
-0.6873505115509033,
0.11756493151187897,
-0.03149980306625366,
0.1491638869047165,
0.49173933267593384,
0.2792928218841553,
0.3924354910850525,
-1.0823792219161987,
1.0897576808929443,
0.7925770282745361,
-1.291165828704834,
-1.1605920791625977,
-1.699704647064209,
-2.6056461334228516,
-1.860042929649353,
0.6885125637054443,
-0.4873497486114502,
-0.2133057713508606,
-0.1815183162689209,
-1.9774702787399292,
0.9781566262245178,
-0.49381163716316223,
0.1883411705493927,
-0.11129175126552582,
0.4628097414970398,
-1.7154457569122314,
0.14099527895450592,
-1.7495143413543701,
-0.9404390454292297,
2.5388383865356445,
-0.4086047410964966,
1.9048848152160645,
-1.076277732849121,
0.5969607830047607,
0.98283451795578,
2.575594902038574,
0.32107850909233093,
-0.16918593645095825,
-1.8629395961761475,
0.6451975107192993,
2.1396713256835938,
-0.7791475057601929,
-0.04345601797103882,
0.632449746131897,
0.2370234727859497,
1.3889083862304688,
0.7739847898483276,
1.3259124755859375,
0.5033148527145386,
-0.31566816568374634,
-0.017064571380615234,
1.4070688486099243,
1.962552785873413,
-0.6076644659042358,
-2.3538379669189453,
1.3133468627929688,
1.7502660751342773,
0.457256942987442,
0.3361307978630066,
-2.064750909805298,
-0.317809522151947,
-0.1428682953119278,
-0.922507643699646,
2.254903793334961,
-0.037981510162353516,
-3.321305751800537,
-2.0171148777008057,
2.93090558052063,
0.494362473487854,
2.1682846546173096,
-0.0743570476770401,
-0.837298572063446,
0.6925973892211914,
0.6206525564193726,
-0.9838556051254272,
-1.2771692276000977,
0.9343225955963135,
-1.8007547855377197,
0.02574092149734497,
-1.279620885848999,
-0.14370420575141907,
0.8102363348007202,
-0.693352460861206,
-1.6598703861236572,
0.8191738128662109,
-1.0655980110168457,
1.2169016599655151,
-0.899060070514679,
0.3031589984893799,
-2.4151253700256348,
0.5364170074462891,
-0.009107857942581177,
-0.9895099997520447,
3.949678421020508,
2.3119874000549316,
1.0239588022232056,
1.6149801015853882,
1.1215815544128418,
1.328343391418457,
-0.18877235054969788,
-0.7460668087005615,
0.211062952876091,
0.5640484094619751,
-2.3947174549102783,
-2.090263605117798,
-0.25018081068992615,
0.38603460788726807,
1.7333616018295288,
0.12072247266769409,
-0.42458006739616394,
0.37593647837638855,
0.2439507097005844,
-2.975508451461792,
0.0858307033777237,
2.1764426231384277,
-0.005504444241523743,
-1.7547825574874878,
0.924253523349762,
1.267684817314148,
0.052438002079725266,
0.6400638818740845,
-0.072362020611763,
2.3879175186157227,
-0.7412960529327393,
0.16864997148513794,
-0.37744802236557007,
0.48352256417274475,
0.2240166962146759,
-0.6680903434753418,
-2.783942461013794,
0.21737074851989746,
1.9755544662475586,
-0.32344508171081543,
0.48501336574554443,
0.3129469156265259,
-1.7641206979751587,
1.6428844928741455,
1.907645344734192,
-0.14098960161209106,
-2.1393237113952637,
-2.1223578453063965,
1.9404418468475342,
0.008067280054092407,
-0.2109318971633911,
-0.4650520980358124,
0.37182503938674927,
0.3719675838947296,
-0.8850076198577881,
0.7605887651443481,
0.05522555112838745,
-3.37688946723938,
-1.0366607904434204,
-1.2299937009811401,
1.0673160552978516,
1.7624256610870361,
0.9527563452720642,
-0.5281036496162415,
-0.8128133416175842,
-0.049775198101997375,
-0.18330475687980652,
-0.5588023066520691,
-0.17386282980442047,
-2.1693172454833984,
-0.2183537483215332,
-0.06226452440023422,
1.7893202304840088,
-2.975208282470703,
1.1545382738113403,
-0.6448397636413574,
-1.1601903438568115,
0.3895740211009979,
1.5348763465881348,
0.4071676731109619,
2.3902747631073,
-0.18049290776252747,
-0.8927764892578125,
0.24993740022182465,
1.0162794589996338,
-0.7269930839538574,
0.9670817852020264,
-1.4680089950561523,
1.0243858098983765,
0.21540148556232452,
0.32731327414512634,
2.190122604370117,
-0.4185110032558441
] |
|
what effects does voltage have at the subatomic level? | being a lifelong automotive electrical diagnostician, i have a pretty firm understanding on how electricity behaves in dc circuits. but one thing i've always been curious about is what i would see if i could look through a wire and observe electrons at a subatomic level. in an electrical circuit, if electrons were particles that i could see, and amperes is the count of those particles passing by me, what exactly is a volt? what would i see if i could visually observe these electrons flying by? what would the difference be between looking at electrons doing work in a 5v circuit as opposed to a 12v circuit? if i have a 1.5v battery and place it in series with another 1.5v battery, making it a 3v circuit, what is it about the behavior or characteristics of the electrons that changes? | sorry op, my [explanation](_url_0_) does not describe a basic conductor, i got mixed up. please see [this post ](_url_1_) for a correct explanation. | 2 | [] | [] | [
"http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/2i92f6/what_effects_does_voltage_have_at_the_subatomic/cl089jp",
"http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/2i92f6/what_effects_does_voltage_have_at_the_subatomic/cl0d4v1"
] | [
-0.37277427315711975,
0.8220590949058533,
0.03695138543844223,
0.0522569864988327,
-0.24957337975502014,
-0.3832997679710388,
0.7273831367492676,
0.9342160224914551,
0.01209723949432373,
-0.25379449129104614,
0.3836696147918701,
-0.13430261611938477,
-0.25328367948532104,
0.5083982348442078,
0.2538970708847046,
0.46469831466674805,
0.22392156720161438,
-0.8983163237571716,
-0.39652082324028015,
-0.07628225535154343,
0.5301229357719421,
-0.2537078559398651,
0.09229499846696854,
-0.017520159482955933,
-0.1774987131357193,
-0.13530202209949493,
0.23786509037017822,
0.5816062092781067,
0.22172826528549194,
-0.30265939235687256,
-0.4306163787841797,
0.3469712734222412,
-0.3510842025279999,
-0.07045035064220428,
-0.3237267732620239,
0.38864171504974365,
-0.2702241837978363,
0.005344800651073456,
-0.0701974481344223,
0.8648034334182739,
-0.04284447431564331,
-0.47115474939346313,
-0.1921723484992981,
0.2429438680410385,
-0.23692922294139862,
0.4066600799560547,
-0.09550364315509796,
0.15383458137512207,
-0.31028246879577637,
0.11152418702840805,
0.12019211053848267,
0.5262272357940674,
-0.3134204149246216,
0.15975993871688843,
0.2534100413322449,
-0.11816483736038208,
-0.39310914278030396,
-0.3207314610481262,
-0.19694401323795319,
-0.06325234472751617,
-0.055547233670949936,
-0.01637805998325348,
-0.3894575834274292,
0.9099656343460083,
0.8258942365646362,
-0.5603129863739014,
-0.05870182812213898,
-0.24029941856861115,
-0.16056102514266968,
0.8174958229064941,
0.11754637956619263,
-0.06868364661931992,
0.42654967308044434,
0.1705099493265152,
0.046061351895332336,
-0.6245113015174866,
-0.12441977858543396,
0.5985989570617676,
-0.4449231028556824,
-0.5185719132423401,
-0.07989248633384705,
-0.5769052505493164,
-0.5307326912879944,
-0.2148551046848297,
0.07409539818763733,
0.21946541965007782,
-0.003189556300640106,
0.19161686301231384,
-0.43796664476394653,
-0.11379002034664154,
0.11218404769897461,
-0.040857162326574326,
-0.6881454586982727,
0.5273871421813965,
0.5290117859840393,
0.5010114908218384,
0.22948162257671356,
0.44587403535842896,
-0.4834659695625305,
0.6149193048477173,
0.2997775971889496,
0.004579425789415836,
-0.9653976559638977,
-0.3047928214073181,
0.1409352719783783,
-0.39144277572631836,
0.20307867228984833,
-0.22706469893455505,
-0.20626597106456757,
0.15611693263053894,
-0.3777293860912323,
-0.415654718875885,
-0.16307096183300018,
-0.015286549925804138,
-0.18262001872062683,
0.053632620722055435,
-0.14025379717350006,
0.23610642552375793,
-0.006435751914978027,
-0.09984216094017029,
-0.39467501640319824,
-0.3773818910121918,
0.14197489619255066,
0.25655657052993774,
-0.1448238044977188,
-0.5128688812255859,
0.35292696952819824,
0.21454674005508423,
-0.4589729607105255,
-0.26070302724838257,
0.2806413173675537,
-0.6437128186225891,
-0.2560275197029114,
0.7046168446540833,
-0.11646974086761475,
0.45200687646865845,
0.7018605470657349,
-0.08380825072526932,
-0.2551116347312927,
0.15571852028369904,
0.18602721393108368,
0.3705216348171234,
0.038141243159770966,
0.0642932653427124,
-0.3341761529445648,
0.5513461232185364,
-0.13563738763332367,
-0.38268977403640747,
0.12665480375289917,
0.5432325601577759,
-0.000009894371032714844,
-0.4010068476200104,
0.28293105959892273,
-0.10005086660385132,
-0.48626625537872314,
-0.47835394740104675,
0.11786138266324997,
-0.013972640037536621,
0.44334521889686584,
0.285973459482193,
-0.29963505268096924,
0.5353648662567139,
0.1497899889945984,
0.6041663885116577,
0.26384416222572327,
0.04844542592763901,
-0.11564769595861435,
-0.8398386836051941,
-0.6626584529876709,
-0.12048041820526123,
0.1814887672662735,
0.33792611956596375,
0.3744840919971466,
0.1103602796792984,
-0.4775431454181671,
-0.6652094125747681,
-0.6287031173706055,
0.5260834693908691,
0.20121614634990692,
0.39962899684906006,
0.4098632335662842,
0.2353864163160324,
0.3848455846309662,
0.1902221292257309,
-0.4270227253437042,
0.7274331450462341,
-0.1698385775089264,
0.7099305987358093,
-0.11090847849845886,
0.328877329826355,
-0.5195624232292175,
0.005064677447080612,
-0.23251089453697205,
0.17575842142105103,
0.2425537407398224,
-0.06416605412960052,
0.475525438785553,
-0.10716670006513596,
0.023439625278115273,
0.38011330366134644,
-0.6132608652114868,
-0.19530904293060303,
0.35632261633872986,
-0.633821964263916,
-0.1885511726140976,
0.009052872657775879,
0.2929689288139343,
-0.6918859481811523,
-1.207209587097168,
0.5560332536697388,
-0.09447988867759705,
-0.4235389828681946,
-0.6137049198150635,
-0.2984943091869354,
0.1639774739742279,
0.6754658222198486,
-0.36426934599876404,
0.529281497001648,
-0.10682140290737152,
0.2578027844429016,
-0.18668147921562195,
0.031515348702669144,
-0.2232818305492401,
-0.6341975331306458,
-0.147293359041214,
0.16503509879112244,
-0.22943711280822754,
0.06975007057189941,
-0.1111699640750885,
0.6227022409439087,
0.09699182212352753,
-0.7195862531661987,
0.4291844964027405,
0.6350272297859192,
-0.5394889116287231,
-0.056510210037231445,
0.36110979318618774,
0.28996217250823975,
-0.7233699560165405,
-0.7235907316207886,
-0.5649368762969971,
-0.25440242886543274,
-0.15237461030483246,
0.03139466047286987,
0.38248324394226074,
0.15044119954109192,
0.08518724143505096,
-0.1306399703025818,
-0.3662678003311157,
0.5918728113174438,
0.613264262676239,
0.5107781887054443,
-0.24363744258880615,
0.32660967111587524,
0.07061111927032471,
0.2729230225086212,
-0.2923474907875061,
-0.6880685091018677,
-0.10891622304916382,
0.27264130115509033,
-0.23644697666168213,
0.19162824749946594,
0.34170037508010864,
-0.5437634587287903,
0.3495493531227112,
-0.12323448807001114,
0.35271498560905457,
0.42094507813453674,
-0.3764219880104065,
-0.34358543157577515,
0.04077650234103203,
-0.5250928997993469,
0.0004473040462471545,
-0.6563622951507568,
-0.060560476034879684,
-0.6319586038589478,
0.05149851739406586,
-0.5243510603904724,
-0.34650808572769165,
-0.5397977828979492,
-0.5561200380325317,
-0.672940731048584,
0.384185791015625,
0.08860793709754944,
0.3368091881275177,
-0.37416213750839233,
0.2507607340812683,
-0.2767881155014038,
-0.23234662413597107,
-0.354841947555542,
-0.11393554508686066,
0.498989462852478,
0.49156704545021057,
0.26128914952278137,
0.9977096915245056,
0.6432269811630249,
-0.574085533618927,
-0.3325154483318329,
0.13180796802043915,
0.20372065901756287,
-0.08081504702568054,
-0.0070043206214904785,
-0.40703436732292175,
0.36283186078071594,
-0.6977015733718872,
0.2521314024925232,
0.2649068236351013,
0.28469306230545044,
0.4200419783592224,
-1.094522476196289,
-0.034993067383766174,
-0.5151306390762329,
-0.08692826330661774,
0.1259438693523407,
0.8404294848442078,
0.34843477606773376,
-0.4784327745437622,
0.5532440543174744,
0.2136297971010208,
-0.0037520378828048706,
-0.018519163131713867,
-0.011794157326221466,
-0.1862107217311859,
-0.3275699019432068,
0.5221673250198364,
0.06720477342605591,
-0.2851356863975525,
-0.2666083872318268,
-0.5705676078796387,
-0.1531374454498291,
0.5273019075393677,
0.47014981508255005,
0.14055773615837097,
-0.5005859136581421,
0.37263017892837524,
0.11119085550308228,
-0.3422951102256775,
0.41252774000167847,
-0.3416488468647003,
0.7324521541595459,
0.32767122983932495,
-0.10680942237377167,
-0.14540694653987885,
0.42833855748176575,
0.49082237482070923,
-0.31193655729293823,
0.1571270227432251,
0.3707698583602905,
-0.35887157917022705,
-0.6867376565933228,
-0.03827156126499176,
0.7665805816650391,
0.21770741045475006,
-0.0441383421421051,
1.0430625677108765,
-0.5299988985061646,
-0.23337411880493164,
-0.09550125896930695,
0.378080815076828,
-0.31936830282211304,
-0.07018803805112839,
-0.062041424214839935,
0.024236567318439484,
0.543961763381958,
0.04892741143703461,
0.8922120332717896,
-0.24915176630020142,
0.8520985841751099,
-0.22195449471473694,
0.2641195058822632,
-0.18800950050354004,
0.22450658679008484,
0.2886514365673065,
-0.45662957429885864,
0.5469875335693359,
-0.618362545967102,
-0.575817346572876,
0.07631905376911163,
-0.8376373052597046,
-0.018004097044467926,
0.06383077800273895,
0.7177262306213379,
1.3992087841033936,
0.31128066778182983
] |
how many flops can a human do? | compute performance, often, is measured in floating point operations per second or flops, any decent processor will do billions, but how many could a human do? is a floating point calculation even something an organic can do? | the difficulty in answering this question is that unlike computers, humans don't take the same amount of time for every calculation on a given set of variable-types. this can be demonstrated with an example. floating point operations are operation on floating point numbers (no shock there, i hope). floating point numbers are the digital respresentation of real numbers (as opposed to integers). of course, while real numbers can have arbitrary precision (think of pi and its unending sequence of digits), floating point numbers have some restrictions with regards to precision on computers. anyway, i can take the two floating point numbers 2.5 and 2.0 and multiply them to obtain 5.0. i can do this pretty fast. however, if you'd ask me to multiply 3.14159 by 2.71828, then i won't be able to do that without at least using a piece of paper. and even then it would take me much longer than the 2.0 x 2.5 calculation. for computers, both calculations take the same amount of time. as an added complication to determining the amount of flops a human can do, is the fact that if we were to test it by simply giving the human a lot of calculations to perform while timing them, we'd get an inaccurate outcome since the human spends some time reading the question. cpu architectures are designed in such a way as to greatly minimize this downtime and have the next instruction ready when the current one completes. so in general, there is no easy and accurate way to determine the human flops count. | 3 | [] | [] | [] | [
-3.234649419784546,
0.7802227735519409,
-1.4456462860107422,
-1.3774034976959229,
-3.0577023029327393,
-4.820882797241211,
-0.08466315269470215,
1.770439863204956,
3.2003822326660156,
-0.5579292178153992,
1.570457935333252,
1.1926958560943604,
1.0553559064865112,
0.4215961694717407,
-0.9972668886184692,
-3.9640815258026123,
-1.0643867254257202,
-1.375307559967041,
-3.8268558979034424,
0.11428199708461761,
1.7971816062927246,
-2.0216262340545654,
-1.3147540092468262,
-0.44986337423324585,
1.6279432773590088,
1.949460744857788,
0.6346355676651001,
0.9306125640869141,
0.5526831150054932,
0.6297711730003357,
-1.7900429964065552,
2.9596359729766846,
3.191614866256714,
-0.8979471325874329,
-0.8873343467712402,
-0.024109721183776855,
0.1837029606103897,
1.9383301734924316,
-0.32605093717575073,
-1.004980444908142,
-0.04440959542989731,
-0.6593230366706848,
1.9355658292770386,
3.0193943977355957,
1.9795371294021606,
2.538482427597046,
-1.1761178970336914,
1.8432056903839111,
-1.3279790878295898,
2.112502098083496,
-0.8258600831031799,
2.900966167449951,
-0.6601998805999756,
0.4504714012145996,
-1.9045857191085815,
-2.0052573680877686,
1.3460484743118286,
-2.7431321144104004,
-1.6145079135894775,
-0.7295451760292053,
-1.5069681406021118,
-0.7892646789550781,
-0.15493249893188477,
-0.15564922988414764,
4.340446949005127,
1.3773808479309082,
1.661342740058899,
-2.889535427093506,
-0.8388546705245972,
2.09513521194458,
-0.3592775762081146,
1.9239511489868164,
-0.8362699151039124,
3.079075813293457,
0.13921332359313965,
-0.4726829528808594,
-3.313650131225586,
0.423600971698761,
1.0479923486709595,
1.7195414304733276,
-0.888031542301178,
-3.6702120304107666,
0.377957820892334,
-0.9020828604698181,
-0.5165354609489441,
0.3959159255027771,
2.7447056770324707,
1.704609751701355,
2.4124958515167236,
0.23859451711177826,
-0.19949959218502045,
-0.138127863407135,
-2.4281673431396484,
0.01929238811135292,
-2.0110628604888916,
1.0012617111206055,
1.2554551362991333,
-0.09308218955993652,
0.13952414691448212,
0.5996172428131104,
-2.324678421020508,
0.9182604551315308,
-4.817856788635254,
-0.6639695763587952,
0.02981455624103546,
-2.701763391494751,
-0.8062410950660706,
-0.2201247364282608,
2.171478033065796,
0.5531265139579773,
0.39919328689575195,
-1.207521915435791,
0.8854994773864746,
1.7226369380950928,
-0.2246621996164322,
-0.8996788263320923,
-0.7214576005935669,
0.8121358752250671,
0.3571147918701172,
-1.7324103116989136,
0.3845096230506897,
0.6899857521057129,
-1.7393362522125244,
-0.5435066819190979,
0.5459925532341003,
-0.2538412809371948,
0.056037917733192444,
1.7589316368103027,
-1.7467968463897705,
0.8966726064682007,
2.8510944843292236,
-2.8651394844055176,
-2.0482327938079834,
-1.394369125366211,
-0.15490932762622833,
0.9124115705490112,
4.322053909301758,
-1.3130089044570923,
-1.7378365993499756,
2.391862392425537,
4.160399913787842,
0.4851972162723541,
0.7351582050323486,
-0.5099210739135742,
3.3060736656188965,
4.065486907958984,
0.39955583214759827,
0.4280394911766052,
2.605576276779175,
-3.3148255348205566,
1.065114140510559,
-1.247374176979065,
0.07762546837329865,
-0.32830148935317993,
-2.3101754188537598,
-2.8754043579101562,
0.2424994856119156,
0.15113869309425354,
-1.139388084411621,
-0.3740098774433136,
-2.813072443008423,
1.1652227640151978,
1.2671520709991455,
-0.2195511907339096,
3.8971171379089355,
1.6097646951675415,
2.715935468673706,
-0.27651089429855347,
-1.0327479839324951,
2.815345048904419,
2.0455613136291504,
-0.5984004735946655,
-0.9079720377922058,
-2.0180325508117676,
1.056856632232666,
0.2357320487499237,
-3.455716848373413,
-0.6280151605606079,
-1.589966058731079,
1.710325002670288,
0.017797045409679413,
0.28742578625679016,
3.8308987617492676,
0.10169407725334167,
1.6406865119934082,
-2.283353567123413,
-0.6139743328094482,
4.200591564178467,
-0.9464274048805237,
2.093242645263672,
-0.5112143158912659,
-1.6166088581085205,
-1.8045912981033325,
2.224224805831909,
-0.9944121241569519,
-4.076347827911377,
1.7435290813446045,
1.3499140739440918,
1.1656063795089722,
-1.3824187517166138,
-1.2116756439208984,
-0.493084192276001,
0.0007355809211730957,
-2.247060775756836,
2.848389148712158,
-1.0412003993988037,
-1.3933701515197754,
-2.7145841121673584,
2.062167167663574,
2.4419426918029785,
-0.8530193567276001,
-4.228536605834961,
0.21128800511360168,
-1.1786760091781616,
-1.041306734085083,
0.17785821855068207,
-1.5181975364685059,
-2.3606226444244385,
-3.03905987739563,
1.257564663887024,
-1.635466456413269,
-1.4513423442840576,
-0.30163678526878357,
-2.2582831382751465,
-4.708386421203613,
-0.7524459958076477,
-2.068882703781128,
1.3835417032241821,
-0.5450544953346252,
-1.0824053287506104,
4.036082744598389,
-0.6240651607513428,
2.503385543823242,
-0.13464465737342834,
-0.8487868309020996,
-0.47693073749542236,
-3.36924147605896,
-0.7287747859954834,
0.4085563123226166,
-0.7386293411254883,
-2.6257472038269043,
-0.5904067158699036,
-0.14040550589561462,
-2.305283784866333,
-0.4139954447746277,
2.0377681255340576,
-0.5672000050544739,
-0.03043043613433838,
2.8807621002197266,
1.0118528604507446,
-3.5224359035491943,
-0.8183678984642029,
-0.15322349965572357,
0.6053172945976257,
0.3742179870605469,
-2.825540542602539,
1.8215523958206177,
0.9608680009841919,
-1.2581026554107666,
-0.7367047667503357,
3.4249751567840576,
1.2056280374526978,
1.8009856939315796,
1.1972570419311523,
2.646379232406616,
0.14777648448944092,
1.1057971715927124,
-1.2248412370681763,
-0.9019253849983215,
0.6512261629104614,
0.0292598158121109,
0.6770449280738831,
2.6248269081115723,
0.06746077537536621,
3.016822338104248,
-3.542832136154175,
-0.2915990352630615,
-0.2783145308494568,
-3.4226651191711426,
-0.5677792429924011,
-0.7035256624221802,
-1.7101771831512451,
0.4482772648334503,
-0.05158156156539917,
-1.0144271850585938,
-3.443004846572876,
1.712380290031433,
-1.0851962566375732,
1.6246497631072998,
-0.9845287799835205,
0.8031983971595764,
2.0616397857666016,
-0.6406356692314148,
-0.9544382095336914,
0.2026481330394745,
1.945494294166565,
1.5608137845993042,
-1.5942325592041016,
0.5236664414405823,
1.370565414428711,
-1.809267520904541,
1.7132513523101807,
-0.7966119647026062,
-1.2668888568878174,
0.28542035818099976,
2.7535548210144043,
2.354041576385498,
2.4909772872924805,
-0.2163616418838501,
0.49983662366867065,
1.5743744373321533,
-0.24106664955615997,
0.4857802987098694,
0.1813196837902069,
-1.2463496923446655,
3.478889226913452,
-1.3147289752960205,
1.6911746263504028,
-1.4141710996627808,
2.3185207843780518,
-1.3590275049209595,
-2.3924753665924072,
-0.6132795214653015,
2.6823794841766357,
0.3989861309528351,
0.19931352138519287,
1.3475512266159058,
-1.4096835851669312,
0.9379982352256775,
-2.05415415763855,
0.7881348133087158,
-1.7154128551483154,
0.0009353309869766235,
-0.27292996644973755,
2.868823528289795,
-0.12139226496219635,
-0.012348037213087082,
-1.4373512268066406,
-2.997817039489746,
0.00443558394908905,
-0.6703900694847107,
-0.30398404598236084,
-1.6128450632095337,
0.7715790271759033,
2.5284156799316406,
0.9992344975471497,
0.5336772799491882,
2.954235076904297,
-0.18441031873226166,
-1.7151962518692017,
-0.7238376140594482,
0.5708518624305725,
3.833829402923584,
0.4230700135231018,
3.348613739013672,
-2.021411657333374,
-0.8984873294830322,
1.0096148252487183,
1.1658591032028198,
-0.3899918794631958,
-3.517570972442627,
-1.9876397848129272,
-3.401495933532715,
5.036229610443115,
0.7191438674926758,
-0.44386303424835205,
-2.0444388389587402,
-2.242624282836914,
0.15913987159729004,
0.5887284874916077,
-0.022196032106876373,
3.065830707550049,
0.6743330359458923,
-0.9150334000587463,
3.736740827560425,
-1.5885239839553833,
-0.09352654963731766,
-2.798522472381592,
-2.0266308784484863,
2.3747177124023438,
1.0244866609573364,
0.9607646465301514,
1.2027696371078491,
-0.07535848021507263
] |
how do companies detect data breaches? | is it possible that bad technology practices could lead to a data breach that is never discovered? | there are a number of ways this can be detected. first, in some of the most recent large stories, such as in the target breach, it was detected by a security researcher who had infiltrated forums where credit card numbers are bought and sold. by buying some of the numbers, you can, with the cooperation of credit card companies, look for merchants in common with all of them in the same time period. in this way, they determined that target had been breached, and started an investigation to determine _how_ it had been breached. to attempt to catch them _before_ everything is stolen, the first line of defense are normal antivirus tools like symantec or kaspersky. there are also firewalls and network intrusion detection/prevention systems that analyze network traffic for suspicious patterns and can raise alerts. there is some evidence that the security software in use at target had detected suspicious activity but that target failed to respond correctly (note that these tools also generate large numbers of spurious warnings as well, so don't get your pitchforks out just yet). and of course best practice is to encrypt everything so that even if there is a breach the data won't actually be lost. in the case of target though, malware was installed that read the credit card numbers from memory at the point of sale before encryption could occur. however, it is not possible in general to create a system that will always be able to detect any breach because of certain impossibility results in computer science, so it's theoretically possible for a breach to occur in a way that leaves no trace afterward. it's an arms race between the attackers and the defenders, and the attackers often have an advantage. (source: i've worked for many years in the computer security field) | 4 | [] | [] | [] | [
-2.8894846439361572,
-1.2876054048538208,
-4.26954460144043,
-4.153728008270264,
3.341592311859131,
-0.6014172434806824,
0.5472029447555542,
-0.422200471162796,
-0.287693589925766,
-0.40958815813064575,
1.779893398284912,
2.090111017227173,
3.1854450702667236,
-2.942274808883667,
-1.448743462562561,
-1.6927785873413086,
0.5128202438354492,
-3.141038656234741,
-0.2819172739982605,
1.2278978824615479,
-1.0624102354049683,
-2.929291248321533,
-0.6744809150695801,
-0.6082854866981506,
-2.472686529159546,
1.8511137962341309,
-0.14543162286281586,
-0.172665536403656,
-3.2043049335479736,
-1.9889037609100342,
2.6026365756988525,
0.7240437865257263,
0.8012672662734985,
0.46080657839775085,
2.2592222690582275,
-1.8294275999069214,
1.5032680034637451,
-0.3316463530063629,
-0.4205831289291382,
-2.6362388134002686,
-0.6081879734992981,
0.14644083380699158,
0.3081296682357788,
0.8710262775421143,
0.23908209800720215,
1.7162905931472778,
-0.5893104672431946,
1.8186144828796387,
-1.0484095811843872,
-2.727818250656128,
1.516974687576294,
3.254561424255371,
0.6670679450035095,
-0.4324977993965149,
-1.4896892309188843,
-2.6406126022338867,
1.1158475875854492,
1.6434850692749023,
-1.3649922609329224,
2.0464630126953125,
4.912442684173584,
0.4987586438655853,
-1.2571147680282593,
-0.07222934812307358,
2.154303789138794,
3.3199336528778076,
1.3104581832885742,
-0.8356727361679077,
2.1411752700805664,
3.043360710144043,
1.559075117111206,
-1.2950184345245361,
-4.966017723083496,
0.7267497777938843,
1.2012938261032104,
4.275481224060059,
-2.4918274879455566,
0.027933156117796898,
1.5416861772537231,
-1.6422851085662842,
-0.6404131054878235,
-2.4069883823394775,
-0.12138791382312775,
1.1525514125823975,
0.137388676404953,
2.217146396636963,
2.9637858867645264,
0.9629942178726196,
6.296761989593506,
0.8210656642913818,
0.7836936712265015,
-1.9938231706619263,
3.612563133239746,
-0.7915847301483154,
0.10301923751831055,
0.8171954154968262,
-0.3006909191608429,
-1.9978402853012085,
0.4739256501197815,
3.091644048690796,
-1.19425368309021,
-0.5762492418289185,
-5.079758167266846,
-1.8427575826644897,
2.7732911109924316,
-1.5108723640441895,
2.7666923999786377,
0.36806926131248474,
1.406718373298645,
0.4061770439147949,
0.6885714530944824,
-0.06816820800304413,
1.8356080055236816,
-2.738828182220459,
1.3795446157455444,
-1.2331045866012573,
-0.9099557399749756,
1.5380581617355347,
-1.1030960083007812,
-0.32885226607322693,
4.814330577850342,
-1.1456377506256104,
0.0758952870965004,
-0.16604217886924744,
0.8249964118003845,
2.4961929321289062,
-3.1386184692382812,
3.7308554649353027,
-2.636512279510498,
-1.0680358409881592,
-1.9660987854003906,
-3.9178731441497803,
0.5461910963058472,
-1.4061247110366821,
1.3597958087921143,
1.936729073524475,
0.9173942804336548,
0.14348360896110535,
-1.9762096405029297,
0.0660855695605278,
0.40078210830688477,
2.1588056087493896,
4.185257911682129,
3.3118457794189453,
0.40381675958633423,
2.6480956077575684,
0.5531753301620483,
0.5744706988334656,
0.5174235701560974,
-5.793494701385498,
1.3807871341705322,
-1.8607895374298096,
4.19924259185791,
1.6494803428649902,
-0.8266915082931519,
1.777047038078308,
3.9736831188201904,
1.0525031089782715,
1.2757594585418701,
0.008268792182207108,
-0.6370352506637573,
2.8761370182037354,
2.2975850105285645,
5.530838966369629,
3.381906032562256,
-1.9012869596481323,
-1.46053946018219,
0.4088939428329468,
-0.3852553963661194,
1.0059382915496826,
0.5781158804893494,
-1.3561711311340332,
1.001577377319336,
-4.342010974884033,
-3.506650686264038,
-2.5200514793395996,
-3.0057711601257324,
1.8156589269638062,
-1.5973219871520996,
0.3952135443687439,
-4.562423229217529,
-3.3560121059417725,
-0.7781565189361572,
1.9206204414367676,
-3.586240768432617,
0.9145165681838989,
1.4417091608047485,
0.7994185090065002,
0.04757334291934967,
-1.6615614891052246,
-0.9887936115264893,
0.43595293164253235,
-1.1184202432632446,
0.2185564935207367,
0.7436686158180237,
-1.7016947269439697,
-1.5710963010787964,
1.3861016035079956,
-1.4794036149978638,
0.5197524428367615,
-1.7205233573913574,
-3.0973691940307617,
-4.77500057220459,
-2.1039657592773438,
-1.4490692615509033,
4.24619722366333,
0.4480213522911072,
-0.9197813272476196,
-2.9486184120178223,
-1.6842503547668457,
2.2452967166900635,
3.2842044830322266,
-4.010645389556885,
1.0552799701690674,
1.3903833627700806,
-4.174184799194336,
-5.435422897338867,
-0.11702150106430054,
0.3801230192184448,
0.8009281158447266,
0.47823551297187805,
-0.937342643737793,
-0.10936516523361206,
-3.5026803016662598,
-2.1662683486938477,
-2.5752406120300293,
0.8392177224159241,
0.13010314106941223,
-2.0739030838012695,
-0.25089478492736816,
-2.5768771171569824,
1.9906927347183228,
1.8346604108810425,
1.1407029628753662,
-1.1663662195205688,
1.1881392002105713,
0.7587244510650635,
-1.3810292482376099,
-0.9782233238220215,
-0.30413469672203064,
1.2571433782577515,
-0.795534610748291,
-1.3540892601013184,
0.17640861868858337,
-0.8151172399520874,
1.0288634300231934,
0.5522823333740234,
0.275566428899765,
2.827906608581543,
0.6438290476799011,
0.31167086958885193,
-1.9899249076843262,
-1.9755407571792603,
-0.7456587553024292,
-0.42357203364372253,
3.0447444915771484,
-2.7083067893981934,
4.655822277069092,
-1.1965746879577637,
1.0129891633987427,
5.518498420715332,
-1.9891605377197266,
0.4495847225189209,
-2.6713569164276123,
2.518447160720825,
4.509806156158447,
-2.3349523544311523,
1.677847146987915,
-4.988017559051514,
-1.7036168575286865,
0.20011740922927856,
2.6488873958587646,
2.16731333732605,
-0.418232262134552,
5.138721942901611,
-1.2880600690841675,
2.391812562942505,
-1.586858868598938,
-5.490279197692871,
1.7920701503753662,
1.980001449584961,
-2.8446855545043945,
0.019772104918956757,
1.926415205001831,
0.9483733773231506,
-0.33923718333244324,
-2.8750476837158203,
-0.5654215216636658,
0.5456770062446594,
-2.738849401473999,
-3.275078296661377,
3.214613914489746,
-0.08452826738357544,
-1.382938265800476,
4.002578258514404,
-0.2912721633911133,
-0.7610270977020264,
0.4678044319152832,
-2.693610906600952,
-1.0520578622817993,
-3.7804598808288574,
-1.7413336038589478,
-1.844503402709961,
-0.10179224610328674,
-1.0141962766647339,
-0.3654312491416931,
1.0316394567489624,
2.463797092437744,
4.2607574462890625,
-0.934765100479126,
2.797492265701294,
-2.199134111404419,
0.8012750148773193,
-0.3287172317504883,
-3.997083902359009,
0.8587902784347534,
-3.001786947250366,
2.059414863586426,
-0.6727173328399658,
1.195148229598999,
2.233222484588623,
-0.5927510261535645,
-1.1404151916503906,
3.4157190322875977,
2.1210367679595947,
3.399054527282715,
-4.061519622802734,
-0.30549347400665283,
0.47784286737442017,
-1.1901555061340332,
0.13903242349624634,
-1.2077767848968506,
-2.634331703186035,
-0.48605892062187195,
0.8980520963668823,
1.4347803592681885,
-3.3258936405181885,
-2.3431944847106934,
-2.7916347980499268,
0.31498974561691284,
-0.2872981131076813,
0.6618058681488037,
-0.020995154976844788,
-0.9949358105659485,
0.7220456004142761,
2.311516284942627,
0.9049174785614014,
1.1489466428756714,
1.409560203552246,
2.6643760204315186,
-2.7586593627929688,
0.3377370238304138,
4.396734714508057,
-0.1539032757282257,
2.8777947425842285,
4.532778739929199,
0.45160871744155884,
0.4863995313644409,
1.2710086107254028,
-2.7571094036102295,
0.13488169014453888,
-3.1611897945404053,
-0.7516074776649475,
3.6025094985961914,
-3.5031685829162598,
1.3980655670166016,
-3.2052056789398193,
-0.795924186706543,
1.509749174118042,
-2.355757713317871,
1.7061774730682373,
-1.2756174802780151,
0.737400472164154,
2.803037166595459,
1.409873127937317,
-2.3133010864257812,
2.8875374794006348,
-4.36749792098999,
0.9484992027282715,
3.2228734493255615,
1.8756736516952515,
0.33084776997566223,
1.8336472511291504,
1.0187633037567139
] |
do we understand the process of particle annihilation? | when two anti-particles collide, do we understand the mechanism that converts the mass into energy? how are sub-luminous massive particles transformed into zero mass luminous ones? i understand that mass and energy are equivalent through e=mc^2, but do we understand how that transformation takes place? how do things that have mass, suddenly lose their mass and move at the speed of light? do they "accelerate" as mass is shed, or instantaneously lose mass and move at the speed of light? this might be a nonsensical with the answer being "it just does", but i was wondering if we had any deeper understanding of the issue. thanks! | there are certain properties that are conserved (i.e., do not change) in an interaction; energy is one of them. however, the form that the energy takes can change. thus, for example, when an electron and positron collide, what is happening is that the energy in the initial system (electron plus positrion) is being reconstituted as, say, two photons (which together carry the same energy as the initial state). in the standard model, we have a theory that tells us what kinds of interactions are possible. these interactions are telling us what kinds of rearrangements of energy are possible. for example, there is an interaction that involves a w boson, a muon, and a muon neutrino. this interaction tells us that one of the ways a w^+ can decay is to turn into an antimuon and a muon neutrino. by knowing the interactions in the standard model, we know what initial states can lead to what final states, and with what probabilities. | 4 | [] | [] | [] | [
-3.8101511001586914,
-0.20575368404388428,
1.2792619466781616,
2.15716814994812,
-0.2715708017349243,
-0.671144962310791,
1.8896636962890625,
-1.4297889471054077,
2.9180426597595215,
-0.5221670866012573,
1.4423472881317139,
-0.24233226478099823,
-0.8054819107055664,
-0.906999945640564,
2.2001779079437256,
-0.6773464679718018,
-1.7043591737747192,
-0.050363123416900635,
-2.6806466579437256,
0.036540865898132324,
1.9829685688018799,
-1.1410681009292603,
-1.4214047193527222,
-0.10413917154073715,
-1.816503643989563,
0.42975348234176636,
1.4381215572357178,
-1.3339000940322876,
0.5038406848907471,
-0.11934930831193924,
0.986396312713623,
0.37463143467903137,
-0.3010399043560028,
0.18237242102622986,
-2.093576192855835,
1.1768107414245605,
0.35579031705856323,
-0.9911413192749023,
0.46975937485694885,
0.23815321922302246,
-0.07351681590080261,
-0.0018444806337356567,
0.6672671437263489,
-1.0323294401168823,
-2.16970157623291,
-0.5423040986061096,
0.5907306671142578,
-0.13489624857902527,
-1.8762155771255493,
-1.7659990787506104,
-0.29483336210250854,
1.6612873077392578,
-1.1546975374221802,
0.2900283932685852,
-0.25180989503860474,
0.8151097297668457,
1.4247384071350098,
-0.3868420422077179,
-0.5299541354179382,
-2.8232438564300537,
1.4864130020141602,
-0.6346187591552734,
-1.7060009241104126,
1.1646664142608643,
3.3835856914520264,
0.6303520202636719,
1.8494069576263428,
1.3240795135498047,
-0.21215355396270752,
1.2969551086425781,
0.3158712089061737,
0.5569047927856445,
-1.9534677267074585,
-1.2412961721420288,
0.9044575691223145,
0.8780816793441772,
2.070603609085083,
1.2573151588439941,
1.762732982635498,
-0.18913067877292633,
1.7842363119125366,
-2.0421977043151855,
-0.5247339606285095,
-1.147118330001831,
-0.35864168405532837,
2.6940689086914062,
0.09042415022850037,
-1.5401201248168945,
-0.1396472156047821,
-0.5492286086082458,
-1.6029372215270996,
-2.228189706802368,
-0.6244067549705505,
0.2779475450515747,
1.1945340633392334,
3.6562347412109375,
0.4519585072994232,
-1.6505475044250488,
2.1024725437164307,
0.22549507021903992,
-1.2423087358474731,
1.834647536277771,
-2.3376996517181396,
0.7354539632797241,
-0.00046578049659729004,
-1.5113615989685059,
-0.6919047236442566,
-0.025997817516326904,
0.9983295202255249,
1.3719861507415771,
-0.03828342258930206,
-1.302073359489441,
0.9944364428520203,
0.03738861531019211,
-0.45823055505752563,
-1.1800310611724854,
2.4435806274414062,
1.6808650493621826,
0.5880204439163208,
-1.8088817596435547,
-0.7102826833724976,
-1.2397105693817139,
1.112783670425415,
0.43723830580711365,
0.8356409072875977,
0.8136768937110901,
-0.6379321813583374,
1.0892512798309326,
-0.20855887234210968,
-0.4122014045715332,
2.041905403137207,
-1.1776857376098633,
-1.6640738248825073,
0.08796878159046173,
-1.1203138828277588,
0.11649652570486069,
1.5649845600128174,
-1.5970954895019531,
-3.566946029663086,
3.144529342651367,
0.5189200639724731,
0.9729063510894775,
-0.009688347578048706,
-1.3269493579864502,
-0.5433271527290344,
0.8538539409637451,
2.3523921966552734,
-0.9582770466804504,
-0.34856510162353516,
0.23381102085113525,
-0.34307897090911865,
-0.7105710506439209,
0.4870173931121826,
-1.172086238861084,
0.6593016386032104,
-0.33266374468803406,
-2.3678574562072754,
-0.11336290836334229,
-0.0747530460357666,
2.6583943367004395,
-0.2950300872325897,
2.692704439163208,
0.970984160900116,
0.9896904230117798,
0.5147479772567749,
1.0974714756011963,
1.1040196418762207,
-1.3082467317581177,
0.7373424172401428,
-0.008992224931716919,
-2.2083287239074707,
0.05813822150230408,
1.2978265285491943,
-2.1044487953186035,
0.8627786636352539,
-0.31892815232276917,
-2.863373279571533,
0.30356401205062866,
-0.6996668577194214,
1.7226324081420898,
-0.9423192739486694,
-1.2998765707015991,
1.8569445610046387,
-0.33750802278518677,
0.7104275822639465,
0.814298152923584,
0.650338351726532,
0.9824888110160828,
-1.2413933277130127,
1.1698201894760132,
1.272885799407959,
-0.5426052808761597,
0.11610209941864014,
1.3792927265167236,
-0.7187296152114868,
-2.557220935821533,
-1.7082408666610718,
0.5972777605056763,
-0.961884617805481,
0.3600012958049774,
-0.14107415080070496,
-0.5331414937973022,
-0.6687213182449341,
0.9044771790504456,
-0.38121646642684937,
-0.6488657593727112,
0.38993746042251587,
1.727786660194397,
-2.950519561767578,
-1.6594421863555908,
-0.17737680673599243,
-1.1549506187438965,
-2.382540464401245,
0.6680694818496704,
-1.6223381757736206,
-0.8681133985519409,
-0.650490403175354,
-1.1047072410583496,
0.05176393687725067,
-0.04474231228232384,
2.52701473236084,
0.4900355935096741,
2.1852643489837646,
-1.6397101879119873,
0.5732827186584473,
-0.8824602961540222,
-0.9352362155914307,
0.48661288619041443,
0.781779408454895,
-0.1777908205986023,
-0.9005160331726074,
-0.795886754989624,
0.3313615024089813,
1.6845518350601196,
0.5524561405181885,
-1.0859465599060059,
-1.260298252105713,
0.3294545114040375,
1.1138850450515747,
-1.303645372390747,
0.7442677021026611,
-0.9370241165161133,
0.637157142162323,
-0.05824989080429077,
0.49012982845306396,
1.093454122543335,
-0.8514655828475952,
-0.06330481171607971,
-0.03844839334487915,
-0.7820297479629517,
1.2531794309616089,
-2.106196880340576,
-0.19974227249622345,
1.2593849897384644,
-0.9388768076896667,
-0.16424615681171417,
0.5908461809158325,
1.1357810497283936,
-0.27619269490242004,
0.2669651508331299,
1.8422479629516602,
0.310739129781723,
-0.3454945981502533,
-3.3939695358276367,
1.7115352153778076,
3.0135183334350586,
1.4951777458190918,
2.570814847946167,
1.3865913152694702,
-0.3277899920940399,
0.19547158479690552,
0.4970279932022095,
-1.455822467803955,
-2.4554576873779297,
2.773165702819824,
-1.121129035949707,
-1.0351989269256592,
-3.131014823913574,
-1.0766404867172241,
0.6896623373031616,
1.1028075218200684,
-2.301454544067383,
-0.567383885383606,
-0.0011950284242630005,
0.38224688172340393,
-2.4460301399230957,
1.307363748550415,
1.5170327425003052,
-0.655292809009552,
-1.3842841386795044,
-1.3221555948257446,
0.8266353011131287,
1.818167805671692,
-0.780745267868042,
2.17850923538208,
1.988718867301941,
-0.8319960832595825,
-0.9901386499404907,
-0.040196239948272705,
-0.29238176345825195,
0.17540748417377472,
-2.885389566421509,
-1.6072039604187012,
-0.9494051337242126,
-2.0779976844787598,
0.4588802456855774,
1.4065731763839722,
-0.2308330237865448,
-0.07278413325548172,
-1.730013132095337,
-1.7333241701126099,
0.2373531460762024,
1.2064578533172607,
0.6649429202079773,
-3.2830967903137207,
0.7259849309921265,
-0.11677321791648865,
1.9765173196792603,
0.8936859965324402,
0.6368862390518188,
1.8259726762771606,
-1.3689545392990112,
1.244370698928833,
-0.37854424118995667,
0.41822031140327454,
1.4682707786560059,
-0.356489360332489,
-2.0745999813079834,
0.31200724840164185,
1.7058353424072266,
-0.26857900619506836,
1.8020439147949219,
2.125291585922241,
-0.2686817944049835,
2.7324323654174805,
2.3107495307922363,
-1.3765126466751099,
-0.9569788575172424,
-1.2823591232299805,
1.778784155845642,
0.21009472012519836,
0.2832506597042084,
0.46233031153678894,
1.8300964832305908,
0.7534188628196716,
-0.7525472640991211,
-0.17625635862350464,
1.3172324895858765,
-2.8576200008392334,
1.187276005744934,
-2.5922999382019043,
1.510996699333191,
0.24068157374858856,
1.2068941593170166,
1.979068636894226,
-1.6853500604629517,
-0.8195089101791382,
-0.33633559942245483,
-0.7010027766227722,
0.2164093255996704,
-1.1534093618392944,
0.524793267250061,
-0.9143331050872803,
3.582811117172241,
-0.6887450218200684,
1.288766860961914,
-1.126427412033081,
-1.7581028938293457,
-0.5477403998374939,
1.891649603843689,
-0.725836992263794,
1.9012317657470703,
1.0040488243103027,
-2.2451653480529785,
-0.478817343711853,
-0.26158028841018677,
-1.0751538276672363,
-0.6612508296966553,
-1.2357580661773682,
0.827201247215271,
1.0816352367401123,
1.0527796745300293,
1.9735478162765503,
0.3612779974937439
] |
why aren't human actions considered to be part of natural selection? | since humans exist within the taxonomic classification of chordata (vertebraes), and species within this phylum are considered to exhibit evolution via natural selection, why aren't human actions against other species or the environment considered "natural"? i'm not trying to prove a theology or anything like that, i'm just curious. | it's a largely semantic distinction that exists because it is useful. it assumes no philosophical or mechanistic difference between the two, other than that for one humans are the causal agent, and for the other they aren't. artificial selection is wholly encapsulated within "natural selection" (and honestly, in everyday parlance as an evolutionary geneticist who's primarily interested in natural selection, we usually just call it "selection", and leave the modifiers off). it is true however that artificial selection is often far stronger than anything you've seen in "nature" (i.e. shit we didn't do intentionally). think about how strong the selection pressures we've exerted on certain traits in maize are! in some like ten thousand years we turned [the thing on the left into the thing on the right!](_url_0_) similar statements apply to other crops and farm animals. | 3 | [] | [] | [
"http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cb/Maize-teosinte.jpg"
] | [
-0.920655369758606,
0.1623755693435669,
0.08051694929599762,
0.27302810549736023,
1.2636346817016602,
-0.825379490852356,
0.8808959126472473,
-1.328721523284912,
0.2217004895210266,
0.2076464742422104,
2.3938043117523193,
-0.6494877338409424,
-0.0773664265871048,
0.8068902492523193,
0.9673948287963867,
0.07142114639282227,
-0.23565617203712463,
0.29442405700683594,
-2.2827298641204834,
0.532437801361084,
0.17565877735614777,
-0.19748488068580627,
-0.04807919263839722,
0.5381717681884766,
-1.9112298488616943,
-0.8053731322288513,
-0.6272853016853333,
-0.08229316771030426,
1.3504691123962402,
-1.2494213581085205,
-0.44448429346084595,
2.4069485664367676,
-0.002939552068710327,
-0.27744150161743164,
-3.222968816757202,
0.9845144152641296,
-0.9417334198951721,
0.026810914278030396,
2.708646535873413,
0.9819396734237671,
-0.5637863874435425,
-0.6944538354873657,
-0.8817793726921082,
0.956398069858551,
-1.8244564533233643,
0.6299352645874023,
-0.5400395393371582,
0.5450940728187561,
-1.862239122390747,
-1.147792100906372,
-0.6588004231452942,
1.0332109928131104,
-2.5271530151367188,
-1.0166796445846558,
-0.6049715876579285,
1.6186130046844482,
0.5153639316558838,
-1.9365683794021606,
-0.507376492023468,
-0.9762330651283264,
-0.2335166335105896,
0.4075552225112915,
-1.9616551399230957,
1.5831186771392822,
2.201624631881714,
-1.1187961101531982,
-0.7374674677848816,
-0.5567525625228882,
0.017237797379493713,
1.310492753982544,
3.3378639221191406,
0.36822694540023804,
-0.16649506986141205,
1.5744267702102661,
-0.9956856966018677,
0.42953193187713623,
0.47377341985702515,
1.502685785293579,
1.1353356838226318,
-0.7679775953292847,
-0.5142697095870972,
-0.5299341678619385,
-0.49205851554870605,
0.7703025937080383,
0.15848298370838165,
-0.06049829721450806,
0.4356587827205658,
-0.015919402241706848,
1.1805260181427002,
0.8736225366592407,
0.09381420910358429,
-1.0538452863693237,
0.12898075580596924,
0.30188050866127014,
-0.2466578334569931,
2.9493391513824463,
0.06982645392417908,
-1.0292214155197144,
-0.2431018352508545,
0.33508938550949097,
-1.7482846975326538,
1.5653455257415771,
-2.114798069000244,
-0.9505976438522339,
0.7351810336112976,
-2.7971646785736084,
-3.099820613861084,
-1.303558111190796,
2.5089774131774902,
0.8130456209182739,
-1.5041086673736572,
-0.1829872727394104,
0.4817050099372864,
0.8071068525314331,
-1.8219740390777588,
-0.8713051080703735,
0.2501820921897888,
-0.127008318901062,
0.41436508297920227,
-1.5040380954742432,
0.1708383858203888,
-0.36707931756973267,
1.5681915283203125,
0.9023572206497192,
1.5968245267868042,
-0.4061809182167053,
-1.1360671520233154,
0.37447237968444824,
0.39451563358306885,
-0.9198638796806335,
2.0513756275177,
-1.2589575052261353,
-0.7334453463554382,
-0.5615457892417908,
-1.3009132146835327,
-1.9742238521575928,
0.04118804261088371,
-1.2135000228881836,
-2.68009352684021,
-0.36908382177352905,
-0.40553849935531616,
2.2479918003082275,
1.233507513999939,
1.9498273134231567,
-1.0070945024490356,
1.3512083292007446,
1.073839783668518,
-0.6984378099441528,
-0.569765567779541,
-0.6413648128509521,
-1.8410122394561768,
-0.5086768865585327,
-0.38581568002700806,
-2.021332263946533,
-0.34599393606185913,
0.03205731511116028,
-0.6971513032913208,
0.13362565636634827,
1.2773326635360718,
1.1153525114059448,
0.45497462153434753,
1.5806877613067627,
0.6523829698562622,
-0.3149576187133789,
0.5273999571800232,
0.13656273484230042,
0.3555535078048706,
0.3138635754585266,
1.1875776052474976,
0.242729052901268,
0.4087061882019043,
-1.1669763326644897,
0.19366879761219025,
-1.4108458757400513,
0.002530389465391636,
-0.6738334894180298,
-3.879150390625,
-0.1034848690032959,
0.5248233079910278,
1.9485809803009033,
3.169002056121826,
-0.8904066681861877,
0.8050180673599243,
0.02939562499523163,
-0.40577447414398193,
0.7197827696800232,
-1.6098484992980957,
0.3062030076980591,
-2.392000198364258,
0.42654287815093994,
0.1232101172208786,
0.22659343481063843,
0.8551114201545715,
1.3118373155593872,
-0.656230092048645,
-0.9283217191696167,
1.5397627353668213,
1.8067758083343506,
0.516735851764679,
-0.036900345236063004,
-2.930386781692505,
-0.6962989568710327,
0.47464272379875183,
-2.159553050994873,
0.4932839870452881,
0.22957801818847656,
1.3109980821609497,
-1.4860279560089111,
-0.8846487998962402,
1.7058676481246948,
-1.8503497838974,
-0.6125373840332031,
-1.68001127243042,
-0.07860588282346725,
1.4868621826171875,
0.824647068977356,
1.040835976600647,
0.21914133429527283,
1.458662509918213,
-0.9430915117263794,
-1.6890475749969482,
-0.903346836566925,
0.14739298820495605,
-1.265499234199524,
-2.5185017585754395,
-0.7246739864349365,
1.4198822975158691,
1.4578866958618164,
-0.0967421680688858,
0.02744169533252716,
-0.03623783588409424,
-1.198028326034546,
1.2298943996429443,
0.47403812408447266,
-1.5959463119506836,
0.9102369546890259,
2.9482245445251465,
-0.2802756428718567,
0.951949954032898,
-0.7925099730491638,
-0.9815715551376343,
0.7776302099227905,
-0.3139021694660187,
0.9403271675109863,
1.1712298393249512,
0.7911911010742188,
-0.9714219570159912,
0.22645585238933563,
-0.8515627980232239,
-0.48636236786842346,
-1.230057954788208,
1.0398108959197998,
-0.3741375207901001,
-0.9533803462982178,
-0.49629780650138855,
-0.842292308807373,
-2.444714069366455,
0.38151371479034424,
0.11758965253829956,
0.8872348070144653,
1.332136869430542,
0.9257855415344238,
0.26179802417755127,
0.6258180141448975,
-1.4246845245361328,
-1.0503876209259033,
-1.0754494667053223,
0.23051419854164124,
0.21503594517707825,
-1.2160764932632446,
0.5031833648681641,
0.9774523973464966,
1.3439948558807373,
-0.6237733960151672,
1.205930471420288,
2.2092411518096924,
-0.6817479133605957,
-0.08868366479873657,
-0.6269494295120239,
-2.5309078693389893,
-0.04249468445777893,
-2.1289050579071045,
0.22896942496299744,
2.406704902648926,
0.32085707783699036,
0.8967807292938232,
0.5615741014480591,
0.5984559059143066,
-1.8294174671173096,
-1.3583587408065796,
-0.06527405977249146,
1.9002623558044434,
-0.6582408547401428,
-1.0199469327926636,
2.2791249752044678,
-0.2433978021144867,
-0.6919135451316833,
-1.0859899520874023,
-0.16311050951480865,
0.889743447303772,
2.122403621673584,
-0.3013503849506378,
-0.21023061871528625,
0.03942105174064636,
-0.05681547895073891,
-0.5619035959243774,
1.9041608572006226,
-0.07005122303962708,
-0.6116159558296204,
-0.36093488335609436,
-0.3477902412414551,
-0.4711432456970215,
0.7243340015411377,
0.1300676465034485,
-0.4100744128227234,
-0.6969172954559326,
-0.5450497269630432,
0.8910484313964844,
-0.4801931083202362,
1.7592989206314087,
0.9750576615333557,
-0.8094194531440735,
0.6820366978645325,
2.199918746948242,
0.32558906078338623,
1.1429462432861328,
-0.1185363307595253,
0.5014657974243164,
-0.8205239176750183,
0.15451134741306305,
-0.34621357917785645,
2.2546896934509277,
0.2402327060699463,
1.010048270225525,
2.069903612136841,
1.204237699508667,
-0.6955354809761047,
0.3164635896682739,
-0.5736228823661804,
0.9111915826797485,
0.33879974484443665,
0.20887771248817444,
0.44165563583374023,
-0.4987790882587433,
0.1524205356836319,
-0.636655330657959,
-0.18996109068393707,
0.9230319261550903,
-1.105814814567566,
1.2843668460845947,
1.021867036819458,
1.1743263006210327,
-0.654712438583374,
0.48998546600341797,
2.898508310317993,
-0.613081157207489,
-1.4871423244476318,
-0.15216119587421417,
1.2357901334762573,
-1.67350172996521,
0.45348265767097473,
-0.3122779130935669,
-0.5258485078811646,
2.1298060417175293,
0.14797718822956085,
0.6591174602508545,
-0.3499760627746582,
-0.5390952825546265,
0.12121833115816116,
-0.24006974697113037,
-0.20309320092201233,
-0.18052278459072113,
0.029947787523269653,
-2.0289382934570312,
-0.6114304065704346,
-0.8347928524017334,
-1.3348026275634766,
-1.1738154888153076,
-0.14904749393463135,
0.4680522680282593,
0.9992601871490479,
-0.13925211131572723,
2.6309516429901123,
0.11025526374578476
] |
is there a upper limit to how fast time can flow? | faster you go, slower time moves for you. if you came to rest compared to the background radiation would you reach the max of time's speed compared to earth? is there a way to have time flow faster than it does normally on earth? | yes, time only flows a maximum of one second per second. strangely enough, nobody sees other observers as having faster time. your rate of time only slows according to other observers moving relative you, but according to you their time is slower. there's nothing special about the cosmic background radiation in this regard, it's just the most convenient choice for a standard observer to measure cosmic time, even though we could have chosen any other object. the earth is also moving relative to the average cosmic background radiation, at 600 km/s. but in order to meet up with the earth at two different times to compare clocks, you can't get more time on your clock by accelerating to match the cosmic background and accelerate back at the end, that would just lower the time instead. in fact, the free-falling orbit of earth around the sun is a path of maximum time (a geodesic of spacetime) it follows the path of longest time between any two points on its orbit. [this video](_url_0_) is a great explanation of how time dilation works both ways. | 6 | [] | [] | [
"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Bg9MVRQYmBQ"
] | [
1.2832859754562378,
-0.016769923269748688,
1.2989611625671387,
0.8392506241798401,
0.709693193435669,
-1.5100761651992798,
-2.819694757461548,
-0.32873523235321045,
3.1989779472351074,
-1.3085858821868896,
0.4679465889930725,
0.15270492434501648,
-0.9282388687133789,
-0.18838495016098022,
0.7921809554100037,
-2.1098499298095703,
0.929406464099884,
-0.30490630865097046,
-3.3334522247314453,
-1.0727403163909912,
-0.8385242819786072,
-3.022007465362549,
-0.9260157346725464,
1.1494123935699463,
-0.9233282208442688,
0.61991947889328,
-1.1612521409988403,
0.2353767305612564,
1.0587221384048462,
2.010704517364502,
-1.2250967025756836,
-1.7213757038116455,
-1.1111853122711182,
-1.7787868976593018,
-1.3857581615447998,
1.410990834236145,
0.9105634093284607,
0.16162309050559998,
-1.0807771682739258,
0.05049263685941696,
0.8321671485900879,
0.6172281503677368,
1.1434141397476196,
2.531440496444702,
0.260537326335907,
4.994560241699219,
1.2986209392547607,
1.1372917890548706,
-2.5203020572662354,
0.47090545296669006,
-1.8531677722930908,
1.4568071365356445,
0.5268090963363647,
-0.45597225427627563,
-2.2081990242004395,
3.7709052562713623,
1.3106070756912231,
-1.8919634819030762,
1.3206512928009033,
-2.5409481525421143,
-0.9460780024528503,
0.4583472013473511,
-1.5039488077163696,
-0.5921079516410828,
2.2063965797424316,
-0.011808577924966812,
0.6182739734649658,
-2.0198183059692383,
-1.6665605306625366,
0.5504636764526367,
-2.3187034130096436,
0.9899355173110962,
-1.6841386556625366,
-0.528047502040863,
0.003407953307032585,
-3.0564897060394287,
1.4063425064086914,
2.9564731121063232,
-1.0538347959518433,
-1.6411199569702148,
3.2081961631774902,
-2.1644654273986816,
-2.5976150035858154,
-0.05800045654177666,
-0.09716024994850159,
-0.8490334749221802,
1.264594554901123,
2.807471752166748,
1.6534159183502197,
-1.9164987802505493,
-0.01951366662979126,
-1.0495409965515137,
-1.5395539999008179,
-0.04613134264945984,
1.2616291046142578,
0.820740282535553,
0.23393213748931885,
1.5095512866973877,
3.1174917221069336,
0.4394471049308777,
-2.4507951736450195,
-0.030724965035915375,
-5.490266799926758,
4.4752092361450195,
0.08169874548912048,
-0.44503849744796753,
-0.24670743942260742,
2.536288261413574,
-0.23482882976531982,
1.9667670726776123,
0.9263248443603516,
-1.0376850366592407,
1.0269348621368408,
-0.2824794054031372,
-0.4822486937046051,
1.2746994495391846,
-3.0639219284057617,
1.9892683029174805,
-0.3565334677696228,
-1.438024878501892,
-1.64235258102417,
-1.5907560586929321,
1.358157992362976,
-0.402190625667572,
1.5353775024414062,
-1.6349869966506958,
3.8984177112579346,
1.3566774129867554,
-0.9308266639709473,
-2.6271350383758545,
2.3175127506256104,
-4.2157487869262695,
-1.0800669193267822,
1.4259300231933594,
-3.09425950050354,
0.3794137239456177,
4.860034942626953,
-2.4056293964385986,
-0.02248433232307434,
-0.24672895669937134,
-0.13709691166877747,
0.16136085987091064,
0.4142311215400696,
-1.3313175439834595,
3.1159090995788574,
3.359718084335327,
1.8647639751434326,
-0.06955604255199432,
0.8116704225540161,
-3.6118836402893066,
-2.54734468460083,
-2.4394125938415527,
1.3954510688781738,
-0.16056714951992035,
0.35515233874320984,
1.0890326499938965,
-0.19237835705280304,
-0.626610279083252,
-1.2370905876159668,
-0.9492707252502441,
-1.5149677991867065,
0.6394817233085632,
0.9172759056091309,
1.3831713199615479,
-0.6725886464118958,
1.1798018217086792,
-0.13634155690670013,
-1.3159834146499634,
-0.7954297065734863,
2.399402141571045,
-0.2855833172798157,
-3.0664663314819336,
0.012800002470612526,
-2.097327470779419,
0.18745486438274384,
0.7476111054420471,
-3.389298439025879,
1.9302111864089966,
0.19893071055412292,
0.49633848667144775,
-1.6721463203430176,
-0.9703723192214966,
3.46270751953125,
1.3615179061889648,
0.9751655459403992,
-2.2681214809417725,
-1.14310884475708,
3.6069869995117188,
0.37645477056503296,
-0.9112277030944824,
1.5122096538543701,
-2.8558857440948486,
0.4527302086353302,
0.27362874150276184,
-0.2910475432872772,
0.518553614616394,
-0.12940266728401184,
2.303192377090454,
0.4649960696697235,
-0.18134641647338867,
-1.339816689491272,
-1.2481019496917725,
2.096675395965576,
-1.2201998233795166,
2.8739702701568604,
0.3363308906555176,
0.0051367878913879395,
0.5335304737091064,
-1.625495195388794,
0.9727707505226135,
1.6497926712036133,
-3.7196221351623535,
0.5266238451004028,
0.3370209038257599,
-0.8476918935775757,
2.4215011596679688,
-2.377946138381958,
-2.9432291984558105,
-1.3960844278335571,
-0.01410973072052002,
0.11957333981990814,
0.07720448076725006,
-2.96608829498291,
-2.263192653656006,
-0.7276706695556641,
-2.4073429107666016,
0.38866132497787476,
2.631143093109131,
0.7251664996147156,
1.0211772918701172,
0.5717540383338928,
2.335458993911743,
0.037488728761672974,
2.8285977840423584,
-0.038652658462524414,
-3.1074516773223877,
-0.5599277019500732,
-1.2477178573608398,
0.42443013191223145,
-0.7429317831993103,
1.3627731800079346,
0.6377268433570862,
-0.8743557333946228,
1.9585270881652832,
2.0693843364715576,
0.5061020255088806,
-0.19120149314403534,
-2.6588022708892822,
2.248213768005371,
0.13242267072200775,
0.87317955493927,
1.3684433698654175,
-4.201382637023926,
-0.7701267600059509,
-1.909684658050537,
-2.1729979515075684,
-1.759901523590088,
-1.5991847515106201,
0.08923326432704926,
0.6114950776100159,
0.6580100059509277,
0.9663679599761963,
-1.9988179206848145,
0.5490569472312927,
1.0340776443481445,
3.657410144805908,
0.6611541509628296,
-0.8435815572738647,
-0.9355022311210632,
2.1919162273406982,
-1.5686895847320557,
1.9843275547027588,
-1.1806294918060303,
-0.1660299450159073,
1.189903974533081,
-1.1353724002838135,
0.9747629165649414,
0.6800367832183838,
-0.8738523721694946,
1.1638579368591309,
-0.9789649844169617,
0.20853367447853088,
-0.2234315574169159,
0.38961926102638245,
0.6384012699127197,
-2.5052402019500732,
1.096242070198059,
-0.00944441556930542,
1.6070421934127808,
0.3554866909980774,
0.5813721418380737,
3.6564230918884277,
0.166714608669281,
-0.46680963039398193,
3.076925277709961,
-0.003710806369781494,
-4.473239898681641,
0.06443445384502411,
0.13207602500915527,
-1.0939009189605713,
1.4252750873565674,
0.09718697518110275,
-1.7548398971557617,
-0.6901822686195374,
-2.240542411804199,
1.3670588731765747,
2.5728862285614014,
0.3542994260787964,
-3.431835174560547,
0.37700486183166504,
-2.478538990020752,
-4.2604660987854,
-0.19891440868377686,
0.6218717694282532,
-2.5362393856048584,
2.360814332962036,
0.6878473162651062,
2.2344460487365723,
-0.8756296038627625,
0.4098733067512512,
-0.0620688796043396,
-0.1004486083984375,
-0.7742783427238464,
-1.051581859588623,
0.7343794703483582,
-0.5494673252105713,
2.7458407878875732,
0.8623896837234497,
-1.5498403310775757,
-1.2564936876296997,
1.1172046661376953,
-1.2770969867706299,
2.6790599822998047,
0.31790849566459656,
2.5440573692321777,
0.6870657801628113,
0.5172982811927795,
-2.740971565246582,
-1.2358055114746094,
2.0546774864196777,
0.7205185294151306,
1.1270533800125122,
2.0872750282287598,
1.5608201026916504,
2.6542043685913086,
1.7175467014312744,
0.6837881207466125,
4.099701404571533,
0.12656544148921967,
-2.3456339836120605,
0.02986624836921692,
0.33611077070236206,
1.6105815172195435,
-0.0062674880027771,
0.22073796391487122,
-2.6288349628448486,
-2.0937986373901367,
1.475847601890564,
-0.5951618552207947,
3.004877805709839,
1.4054688215255737,
1.2998664379119873,
-0.9880648255348206,
3.1990833282470703,
0.34679001569747925,
-0.14154738187789917,
-0.08798903226852417,
-2.0334908962249756,
-1.6057389974594116,
0.9376928806304932,
0.06698718667030334,
3.3391776084899902,
0.934476912021637,
-3.1967132091522217,
2.5576133728027344,
-2.5822954177856445,
-1.3267282247543335,
-1.980878233909607,
-3.9734621047973633,
1.8612018823623657,
0.3266744017601013,
3.343770742416382,
-0.6718711853027344,
0.9107760190963745
] |
what are some documented changes that have resulted from a single point mutation? | i'm an ecology student, and i love evolution and the vibrant examples from it - however, the farther away from the organismal level i get, the harder i find it to conceptualize. the farthest of these are the chemistry-heavy aspects of mutation, which i am not well versed in. what are some examples of how powerful a point mutation can be, in terms of change and how that would effect fitness? how powerful can an amino acid change be in a protein? i have trouble visualizing what kind of change can be created to the point that it would dramatically effect fitness. let me know if i can clairify at all! thanks! interdisciplinary for biology/chemistry. | if you look at the [codon table](_url_3_), you can see that single nucleotide changes can switch the amino acid quite dramatically - either encoding a new amino acid that is very structurally different (eg cau - a classic example of a point mutation resulting in serious disease is [cystic fibrosis](_url_5_) - the [δf508](_url_4_) (deletion of the phenylalanine at position 508) is responsible for most cases of the disease. [list of other examples of point mutation disease here.](_url_6_) [more visual/graphic representation here.](_url_2_) edit: doh, see comments below re: df508 not being a point mutation. major brainfart there, thanks to those that caught it. | 5 | [] | [] | [
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histidine",
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glutamate",
"http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/72/Notable_mutations.svg",
"http://www.biogem.org/codon.jpg",
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%94F508",
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cystic_fibrosis",
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point_mutation#Specific_diseases_caused_by_point_mutations",
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolutionary_developmental_biology",
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22997337",
"http://www.slate.com/articles/health_and_science/human_evolution/2012/10/evolution_of_lactose_tolerance_why_do_humans_keep_drinking_milk.html",
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antennapedia",
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigenic_drift#In_influenza_viruses",
"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FJ4N0iSeR8U&feature=player_detailpage#t=82s",
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17492956",
"http://jb.asm.org/content/186/15/4838.full",
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19656662",
"http://www.scientificjournals.org/journals2007/articles/1172.pdf"
] | [
-1.072983980178833,
-0.8225045204162598,
-0.7789705991744995,
-1.4973469972610474,
-0.5132869482040405,
0.2698584794998169,
1.6774868965148926,
1.2077956199645996,
0.42990246415138245,
0.3161499798297882,
1.4539330005645752,
0.2961018681526184,
0.2413284182548523,
0.2884558439254761,
-0.5725611448287964,
-0.11479034274816513,
-2.0641658306121826,
0.28197041153907776,
-1.6630918979644775,
0.5691207051277161,
0.009437575936317444,
1.898975133895874,
0.027323856949806213,
0.08117605745792389,
-1.1130436658859253,
-0.6043168306350708,
0.923335075378418,
0.21735338866710663,
-0.2885950207710266,
-1.1021100282669067,
-0.39025139808654785,
2.3562543392181396,
-0.8342616558074951,
0.084632009267807,
0.487493634223938,
-0.22720842063426971,
-1.4056583642959595,
0.4085155725479126,
0.6514865756034851,
-0.27434906363487244,
0.2555210590362549,
0.2196694314479828,
0.03485363721847534,
0.8302932977676392,
-0.032749488949775696,
0.3609841465950012,
-0.16615499556064606,
0.9926391839981079,
0.24587278068065643,
0.9766938090324402,
-0.3206518292427063,
-0.5558180809020996,
-1.6957814693450928,
1.022447943687439,
-0.402423232793808,
-1.1939640045166016,
-0.5544704794883728,
-0.9844957590103149,
-0.18013441562652588,
0.31195199489593506,
0.12035442888736725,
-0.04884345829486847,
0.37224525213241577,
0.8436375856399536,
0.239606574177742,
0.009274214506149292,
0.8385657668113708,
-1.5629699230194092,
1.5475521087646484,
1.3481444120407104,
-0.4239318370819092,
0.38492780923843384,
-1.0430383682250977,
0.7300910949707031,
0.01569652557373047,
-0.8483172059059143,
-1.967691421508789,
1.0899784564971924,
-1.0713326930999756,
-0.8254467248916626,
0.08535796403884888,
-0.6424588561058044,
-0.13385173678398132,
0.1305326670408249,
0.3223230242729187,
1.0070668458938599,
-0.09960794448852539,
-0.5385981202125549,
0.5015835762023926,
1.1414341926574707,
-0.37194588780403137,
-1.1537964344024658,
1.26651930809021,
0.016954243183135986,
-1.1284419298171997,
0.2810797095298767,
0.429504930973053,
-0.9925075769424438,
-0.2611469626426697,
1.052171230316162,
-0.8442598581314087,
-0.16716834902763367,
-0.8780893683433533,
0.1488334834575653,
0.64366614818573,
-0.10142333805561066,
0.40410315990448,
0.10224078595638275,
-0.4979252815246582,
-0.174259752035141,
-0.47948479652404785,
-0.5171037912368774,
1.8499411344528198,
-0.10644210875034332,
0.12990766763687134,
-0.5812070369720459,
0.22237664461135864,
-0.3047460615634918,
-1.1200230121612549,
-0.5939909815788269,
0.36714547872543335,
-0.5656712055206299,
0.6396426558494568,
1.5875797271728516,
0.38749492168426514,
0.37240979075431824,
-1.7133595943450928,
0.8831783533096313,
1.2085208892822266,
-0.5280358791351318,
1.232056975364685,
-1.0573182106018066,
-0.06197361648082733,
0.31936755776405334,
-1.2043430805206299,
-1.219604730606079,
-0.25543898344039917,
-1.6872845888137817,
-2.458372116088867,
-0.6973719000816345,
0.44647085666656494,
-0.9311996102333069,
0.5499075055122375,
0.4892759621143341,
-1.0583058595657349,
0.9857094287872314,
-0.07044360041618347,
0.15186931192874908,
-0.11073781549930573,
0.8047422766685486,
-0.39552390575408936,
-0.25156936049461365,
-0.38925430178642273,
1.307017207145691,
-1.011396050453186,
-0.3065198063850403,
1.3672443628311157,
0.8830687999725342,
0.28092285990715027,
0.11037226021289825,
-1.1467137336730957,
0.7232787609100342,
0.8981879949569702,
1.0228396654129028,
1.1551010608673096,
-0.6191744804382324,
-0.3331901431083679,
0.5838727355003357,
-0.11115914583206177,
-0.41127756237983704,
-0.436217725276947,
0.02934560924768448,
0.9635040760040283,
-0.695966899394989,
-0.3412366807460785,
-0.17569145560264587,
-1.2809617519378662,
-0.7930285930633545,
0.10110858082771301,
1.18719482421875,
1.3075779676437378,
-0.894689679145813,
-0.022693820297718048,
0.7538285255432129,
-0.6039264798164368,
-0.0966305285692215,
-0.03270760178565979,
0.9042362570762634,
0.6159266233444214,
-0.6175875067710876,
-0.10452775657176971,
1.4286255836486816,
-1.5841150283813477,
-1.4100240468978882,
-0.661152184009552,
-1.8557931184768677,
0.19861844182014465,
0.8053113222122192,
0.5274222493171692,
-0.5715761780738831,
-0.38859933614730835,
0.29654377698898315,
-0.3811101019382477,
-0.918958306312561,
0.35577142238616943,
0.10523568093776703,
0.0503249317407608,
-0.7512037754058838,
-0.10135170817375183,
-0.6594626903533936,
-1.4642798900604248,
0.6979033350944519,
-1.2449870109558105,
-1.474977970123291,
0.300748735666275,
-1.6057919263839722,
-0.6786565184593201,
-0.14481142163276672,
0.8362218737602234,
0.23152652382850647,
-0.5868164300918579,
-0.7190101742744446,
-0.15907545387744904,
-1.4164237976074219,
-0.8011360168457031,
0.0394887775182724,
0.06982678174972534,
0.39955568313598633,
-1.2848563194274902,
0.18585523962974548,
1.3532099723815918,
0.4693256616592407,
1.4455909729003906,
0.0942898690700531,
0.9468783736228943,
0.32237061858177185,
0.10242990404367447,
-0.701543927192688,
1.3981835842132568,
0.08275824785232544,
-0.2972280979156494,
0.47027522325515747,
-1.1032520532608032,
0.7786057591438293,
-0.24052193760871887,
-0.23542189598083496,
-0.01113039255142212,
0.7119997143745422,
0.22266018390655518,
1.1379300355911255,
-0.3126665949821472,
0.08263379335403442,
-0.5857884883880615,
-0.050828397274017334,
0.32634681463241577,
1.1819812059402466,
-0.7797407507896423,
-0.15791308879852295,
0.5251224040985107,
-0.1314714103937149,
1.1704777479171753,
-0.7204432487487793,
-0.22687561810016632,
-0.6784557104110718,
-0.26156336069107056,
0.5173953771591187,
-0.0691027045249939,
0.9349763989448547,
0.7108319997787476,
0.1243627667427063,
0.8336677551269531,
0.8914518356323242,
1.1081550121307373,
0.6995290517807007,
0.7778964638710022,
0.507469654083252,
1.4055941104888916,
-1.6549378633499146,
-0.04622459411621094,
-0.30857446789741516,
-0.2406638264656067,
-1.460985541343689,
-0.2848929166793823,
0.6675219535827637,
-0.6592483520507812,
-0.4325622320175171,
0.08097892999649048,
-0.6132760047912598,
-0.006978034973144531,
-1.1358698606491089,
-0.7718096971511841,
0.41325628757476807,
1.1085686683654785,
-0.70060133934021,
1.2469840049743652,
-0.3341907560825348,
-1.4983363151550293,
-0.22061023116111755,
0.41047608852386475,
-1.0097395181655884,
-1.7936859130859375,
-0.07518745958805084,
-0.4351750314235687,
-0.707541823387146,
-0.5458992123603821,
-0.5090546607971191,
0.6408854722976685,
0.5747838020324707,
1.0281189680099487,
-0.9909464120864868,
1.3887662887573242,
-0.17964127659797668,
-0.3550615608692169,
-0.35031428933143616,
-0.8259138464927673,
-0.3099355697631836,
-1.878007411956787,
0.3902479410171509,
1.1167879104614258,
0.5065668225288391,
1.4297456741333008,
-0.8113318085670471,
-0.6535761952400208,
1.030746579170227,
1.2917075157165527,
0.12604263424873352,
-1.4453027248382568,
1.4896252155303955,
-0.3945818543434143,
0.8160618543624878,
0.06672906875610352,
2.363227605819702,
0.3662937581539154,
0.0018005073070526123,
-0.15437668561935425,
0.5411289930343628,
-1.1872392892837524,
0.12097122520208359,
0.0057149603962898254,
-0.07147781550884247,
0.25464963912963867,
0.4845768213272095,
0.7624842524528503,
-0.8637098073959351,
0.24276147782802582,
-1.1049227714538574,
0.2950589954853058,
1.062012791633606,
-1.1178674697875977,
-0.21141444146633148,
0.8524875640869141,
-0.4148734211921692,
0.5000879764556885,
0.5521103739738464,
1.714452862739563,
0.04513406753540039,
-0.3341705799102783,
-0.22401779890060425,
0.9655591249465942,
-0.013433575630187988,
0.06841138005256653,
0.02092871069908142,
-1.2488493919372559,
2.3014163970947266,
-0.5508561134338379,
-0.3221292495727539,
1.0969834327697754,
0.6772313714027405,
1.047956943511963,
-0.5538818836212158,
-0.8833218216896057,
1.028289794921875,
0.06397318840026855,
-0.14550194144248962,
-0.7022939920425415,
-1.2461516857147217,
0.6316218376159668,
0.08370377123355865,
-0.7465319633483887,
0.3141951858997345,
2.106689453125,
1.7129334211349487,
1.5878076553344727,
0.4935816526412964
] |
are there any accounts of humans losing their sense of chronesthesia (time)? if so, did the affected exhibit any interesting lifestyle/behavioral changes? | there's [this guy](_url_0_) who doesn't seem to remember much of anything but his wife and doesn't store any new memories. i remember seeing a video of someone else who remembered his past up to a certain point but couldn't form new memories after that. he'd get just as excited as clive there when his wife walked into the room, even if she'd just been speaking with him 10 seconds before. i guess that's sort of a loss of sense of time, but maybe not quite what you were asking for. | 2 | [] | [] | [
"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vwigmktix2Y"
] | [
0.1856808066368103,
0.4192292094230652,
0.2909122705459595,
0.36886802315711975,
0.29468834400177,
-0.01860085129737854,
0.5122953653335571,
-0.12744463980197906,
1.3128480911254883,
-1.0558805465698242,
0.6594039797782898,
0.5573318004608154,
0.14631107449531555,
-0.06555402278900146,
-0.35151761770248413,
-0.17095716297626495,
-0.07877586781978607,
0.040374815464019775,
-1.7532427310943604,
0.8072704672813416,
-0.09186901152133942,
0.2744263708591461,
1.260533094406128,
0.34692761301994324,
0.41543108224868774,
-0.15219369530677795,
-0.31921184062957764,
-0.0018975138664245605,
-0.7386677861213684,
0.6345417499542236,
0.5078703165054321,
-0.9633536338806152,
0.31607210636138916,
-0.7048529982566833,
-0.1267428696155548,
0.7313694953918457,
-0.47875142097473145,
0.9906387329101562,
0.4586009979248047,
-0.7359153032302856,
-0.38177698850631714,
-0.3569422960281372,
-0.06868034601211548,
0.2800334692001343,
-0.5744736790657043,
0.1736810803413391,
1.2994801998138428,
-0.367527574300766,
0.1345587968826294,
0.34784820675849915,
-0.877508819103241,
0.501404345035553,
-0.6136577129364014,
-1.3636057376861572,
0.2173355370759964,
0.9068199396133423,
0.5127213597297668,
0.9898044466972351,
-0.16859567165374756,
0.36578795313835144,
-0.5705613493919373,
0.09872311353683472,
-0.3967205286026001,
0.3867175579071045,
-0.5784376263618469,
0.20619483292102814,
-0.36840158700942993,
-0.6197365522384644,
0.06831112504005432,
-0.19794291257858276,
0.1557549089193344,
0.7294058799743652,
-1.108482003211975,
0.13372699916362762,
-0.5449373722076416,
-0.5943628549575806,
0.0319826677441597,
0.19316595792770386,
-0.5218215584754944,
-0.11953413486480713,
0.6586242318153381,
-1.058917760848999,
-0.6462221145629883,
-0.3211410939693451,
-0.9806950092315674,
-0.6798973083496094,
0.7832425832748413,
-0.5188508629798889,
-0.008427619934082031,
-0.07763153314590454,
-1.3108360767364502,
-0.8665748238563538,
0.36655548214912415,
-1.1235939264297485,
-0.3985176384449005,
-1.0491883754730225,
-0.3959590792655945,
1.5263564586639404,
-1.3699151277542114,
0.17652198672294617,
0.19256022572517395,
1.2734776735305786,
-0.5715103149414062,
0.2136266529560089,
0.9719910621643066,
0.058886051177978516,
0.34660324454307556,
0.5391376614570618,
-0.18919140100479126,
-0.5510920286178589,
-0.36590832471847534,
-0.37475478649139404,
0.5510849952697754,
-0.34468209743499756,
0.22755023837089539,
0.36995816230773926,
-0.8910127878189087,
0.11648153513669968,
-0.9649055004119873,
-0.045818179845809937,
0.5091831684112549,
0.39908215403556824,
0.13645987212657928,
-0.03215854614973068,
-1.036080241203308,
-0.8384706377983093,
1.549598217010498,
0.22588664293289185,
1.4163163900375366,
0.05728819966316223,
-0.25320079922676086,
0.3193434178829193,
0.7295065522193909,
2.10183048248291,
-0.7482452988624573,
-0.6252503991127014,
1.0260181427001953,
-1.1081987619400024,
0.5072810649871826,
0.6702121496200562,
0.9246686697006226,
0.22645851969718933,
-1.1714067459106445,
0.6636688709259033,
-1.6522618532180786,
1.054309368133545,
0.6878221035003662,
-0.6323559284210205,
-0.5403338670730591,
-0.03494447469711304,
-0.2622888684272766,
-0.19357308745384216,
-0.5272524356842041,
-0.33537527918815613,
0.7921768426895142,
0.04138702154159546,
0.019805997610092163,
0.20165495574474335,
-1.4398301839828491,
0.21445497870445251,
1.043302297592163,
-0.48494434356689453,
0.21591882407665253,
0.4058969020843506,
0.7635563611984253,
0.03619932755827904,
-0.6446894407272339,
-0.09509731084108353,
1.1550781726837158,
0.2772563397884369,
-0.5946114659309387,
-0.0878085047006607,
-1.8349158763885498,
-0.6197948455810547,
1.4178457260131836,
-0.004026774317026138,
-0.6073994040489197,
-0.05453696846961975,
0.306543231010437,
0.15969449281692505,
-0.8302800059318542,
0.26929065585136414,
-0.6471515893936157,
0.25918394327163696,
0.4698997735977173,
0.12460795044898987,
0.7577492594718933,
0.5830761194229126,
0.8239402770996094,
0.09238244593143463,
1.4477757215499878,
-0.46238595247268677,
-0.9176231622695923,
-0.16509097814559937,
0.4313170313835144,
0.9765700697898865,
0.06993384659290314,
0.5422673225402832,
-0.029033653438091278,
-0.1865689754486084,
-1.0963183641433716,
-1.4796384572982788,
-0.22895547747612,
-0.22221006453037262,
-0.12999358773231506,
-0.5831469893455505,
-0.2378634810447693,
0.11601284146308899,
1.1166146993637085,
-0.5808355212211609,
0.7579413652420044,
-0.2013147473335266,
-0.7279741168022156,
-0.29901373386383057,
0.4517830014228821,
0.28452184796333313,
-1.7941315174102783,
0.3623228967189789,
0.48353686928749084,
0.3313558101654053,
1.1432236433029175,
-1.0209559202194214,
0.17850416898727417,
-1.0784573554992676,
-0.07094680517911911,
-0.21302546560764313,
-0.619723379611969,
0.24066442251205444,
0.21982231736183167,
0.05580058693885803,
0.6804848909378052,
2.4954352378845215,
-0.537333607673645,
-0.7207072973251343,
-0.5346179008483887,
-0.41880732774734497,
0.30529487133026123,
-0.47106316685676575,
-0.25065165758132935,
-0.6232537031173706,
-0.013712495565414429,
-0.2346617579460144,
-0.10845603793859482,
0.4040111005306244,
-0.10891209542751312,
0.4922448396682739,
0.2743465006351471,
-0.430379718542099,
0.5452498197555542,
0.4042068123817444,
0.4545968174934387,
0.9902100563049316,
-1.2728469371795654,
-0.08959458768367767,
-1.1518034934997559,
-0.06399810314178467,
-0.5024642944335938,
1.6045558452606201,
-0.20176856219768524,
0.12585902214050293,
-0.17872680723667145,
0.842339038848877,
-0.5385133028030396,
-0.23488514125347137,
0.049091801047325134,
0.47801530361175537,
-0.011380381882190704,
0.042806193232536316,
-0.7064200639724731,
-0.1477738618850708,
-1.274223804473877,
-0.16818276047706604,
1.50337553024292,
0.8260000348091125,
-0.9026806950569153,
0.4659613370895386,
-0.027279004454612732,
-0.4825507402420044,
-1.0593409538269043,
-0.04111607372760773,
-0.9628638625144958,
-0.6499015688896179,
1.1467818021774292,
0.6543874740600586,
-0.5500376224517822,
-0.8675998449325562,
0.2057030200958252,
-0.934919536113739,
0.5550427436828613,
0.268869012594223,
-0.464668333530426,
1.012868046760559,
-1.2846770286560059,
-0.1002417802810669,
0.8476405739784241,
-0.49463722109794617,
-1.1372382640838623,
0.88885098695755,
1.2240506410598755,
0.9287146925926208,
-0.7303767204284668,
-1.039002776145935,
-0.5805690884590149,
-0.7710860967636108,
-0.3357963263988495,
0.3023950159549713,
-0.5212381482124329,
0.20196431875228882,
-0.6399732828140259,
1.2186334133148193,
-0.1844102144241333,
0.7814746499061584,
-0.3124226927757263,
0.7435951232910156,
-0.16250945627689362,
0.42830079793930054,
0.7486603260040283,
0.21674084663391113,
0.45852482318878174,
0.4563898742198944,
-0.9449170827865601,
-0.1510084867477417,
0.06677830219268799,
0.23047658801078796,
1.0616239309310913,
-0.04651593044400215,
0.38563886284828186,
0.2952602207660675,
-0.7665208578109741,
0.6523380875587463,
-0.5864735841751099,
-0.35744261741638184,
-0.4702792167663574,
0.3055960237979889,
-0.5119560360908508,
0.019242767244577408,
-0.5713305473327637,
-1.3844597339630127,
-0.06746050715446472,
0.23844897747039795,
0.8015522956848145,
-0.3924032747745514,
0.11406630277633667,
0.1125914677977562,
0.13264937698841095,
1.2200028896331787,
-0.4234244227409363,
1.0843446254730225,
-0.2941364049911499,
-0.6728629469871521,
0.8331006765365601,
0.5305529832839966,
0.6179273724555969,
0.6623890995979309,
-0.2931286096572876,
-0.39205363392829895,
0.5561820864677429,
0.332023024559021,
-0.078610360622406,
-0.381815642118454,
-0.1090082898736,
-0.8527415990829468,
0.4225294291973114,
1.5722005367279053,
0.2927544116973877,
0.3744465708732605,
1.1851513385772705,
-0.806991457939148,
-0.8694285154342651,
0.1747446358203888,
-0.006843689829111099,
-0.19185149669647217,
-0.05790214240550995,
0.16134458780288696,
1.3028438091278076,
-0.8248401880264282,
0.24928215146064758,
0.7145489454269409,
-0.5101510882377625,
0.5474621653556824,
1.1134943962097168,
0.6645053625106812,
-0.902877926826477,
-0.04517214000225067
] |
|
a question about the empty space in a proton or neutron. | i was watching [this](_url_0_) talk by lawrence krauss. at about 21:00 mins he talks about the space between the quarks in a proton or neutron. he says about 90% of the mass of a proton or neutron comes from the energy of the empty space between the quarks. i don't get it. i'll try to give the general direction of my thoughts to narrow down what i'm actually asking. so the energy of empty space accounts for 90% of all the mass in the universe? if it makes up most of the mass of a proton or neutron, what about the space between the electron orbit and the nucleus, or the space between atoms? does it contribute to the mass of everything by being there as well? | i think krauss is being a bit hand-wavy and putting things in laymen's terms. to be precise, the majority of a proton's (or neutron's) mass is *dynamically generated*, meaning it is due to the network of gluons which bind the quarks within the nucleon. if you look up the mass of up and down quarks, they are only 2.4-4.8 mev, while the proton has a mass of 938 mev! the vast majoirty of the mass is due to the energy of the gluons which must bind these quarks together. | 3 | [] | [
"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7ImvlS8PLIo"
] | [] | [
-2.322018623352051,
-0.09078420698642731,
-0.08058439195156097,
0.9684836864471436,
-1.4621201753616333,
-0.8688464760780334,
0.6160553097724915,
-0.10279684513807297,
1.478352427482605,
-0.4424890875816345,
0.852689266204834,
-0.6640434265136719,
-0.059526801109313965,
-0.6062846779823303,
0.8626862168312073,
-1.4173389673233032,
-1.2034882307052612,
-0.40300655364990234,
-1.5409494638442993,
-0.029242143034934998,
-0.8361492156982422,
-1.1896883249282837,
-0.47653138637542725,
-0.3829277455806732,
-0.14534379541873932,
-0.5681943893432617,
0.08642569184303284,
-0.6232941746711731,
0.20749115943908691,
0.18302609026432037,
0.8963049054145813,
0.31312575936317444,
0.8819072842597961,
0.2092980146408081,
-0.32983165979385376,
0.6410029530525208,
0.11647827923297882,
0.683205246925354,
0.6669108271598816,
0.7688044309616089,
-0.270055890083313,
-0.9709983468055725,
1.3080930709838867,
-0.31685522198677063,
-0.432082861661911,
0.2611086368560791,
0.22141622006893158,
0.8362929224967957,
-0.45014849305152893,
-0.10538552701473236,
-0.4639122486114502,
1.1667771339416504,
-0.6303460597991943,
-0.17445597052574158,
-0.06401282548904419,
-0.21841269731521606,
1.1050264835357666,
-1.3320180177688599,
-0.07958628237247467,
-0.22834953665733337,
0.5531888604164124,
-0.03747078776359558,
-0.6940460205078125,
1.0371739864349365,
1.124271273612976,
-0.15649086236953735,
1.1110109090805054,
0.3669649362564087,
0.06781035661697388,
0.9498947858810425,
0.7529261112213135,
1.4682198762893677,
-1.1246566772460938,
0.5258746147155762,
-0.4470674395561218,
0.8597633242607117,
0.8465718030929565,
-0.11742141842842102,
0.4419049918651581,
-0.5362621545791626,
0.5147265791893005,
-0.5689065456390381,
0.2904700040817261,
-1.4453949928283691,
-0.23415477573871613,
1.8107808828353882,
-0.12908948957920074,
0.471252977848053,
0.03682275116443634,
-0.7232903242111206,
-0.6490219831466675,
-0.8116399049758911,
-0.48599982261657715,
-0.33095377683639526,
-0.002553999423980713,
1.91888427734375,
1.1796256303787231,
-1.3114769458770752,
-0.7585992813110352,
-0.5503790378570557,
-0.21146158874034882,
0.5140276551246643,
0.30780208110809326,
-0.3447993993759155,
-0.17771154642105103,
0.7724184989929199,
-0.23956754803657532,
1.3625521659851074,
0.5955032110214233,
0.46577903628349304,
0.4805838167667389,
-0.5769334435462952,
0.7433915138244629,
-0.7259431481361389,
0.49289751052856445,
-0.44878849387168884,
0.6856105327606201,
1.310504674911499,
-0.47512462735176086,
-0.30921006202697754,
-1.3325130939483643,
-0.18553638458251953,
-0.3268781900405884,
-0.6203961372375488,
0.5036555528640747,
0.3652667701244354,
0.09914618730545044,
1.2650625705718994,
0.4548022150993347,
-0.142483651638031,
1.3771436214447021,
-0.6626191735267639,
-0.6618102192878723,
0.5483798980712891,
-0.8508681058883667,
-0.8110941648483276,
0.9517204761505127,
0.16953203082084656,
-0.4377303421497345,
0.5829896330833435,
0.7918193340301514,
-0.7630174160003662,
-1.1732068061828613,
-0.7941153049468994,
-0.16983847320079803,
0.1885334700345993,
-0.3004564344882965,
-0.7601140737533569,
-0.8520263433456421,
1.5931848287582397,
-0.9258269667625427,
0.2738584876060486,
0.6919634342193604,
-0.09673209488391876,
0.20357602834701538,
0.1331196427345276,
-1.4333947896957397,
-0.0970214307308197,
-0.48079556226730347,
1.3360581398010254,
-0.5926260948181152,
0.7903289794921875,
0.35147741436958313,
0.6402625441551208,
-0.3910476565361023,
0.51845782995224,
0.8549043536186218,
-1.6429582834243774,
1.7420498132705688,
-0.4983479976654053,
-0.3545607626438141,
0.5062174797058105,
-0.9304488897323608,
-0.21071742475032806,
0.024543389678001404,
-0.8138655424118042,
-1.2411446571350098,
-0.2670038938522339,
0.7748057246208191,
1.4286271333694458,
0.3151615858078003,
0.4247104525566101,
2.1431257724761963,
-0.23128043115139008,
0.6378292441368103,
0.36540693044662476,
0.8504736423492432,
-0.17361733317375183,
-0.15626443922519684,
-0.21670691668987274,
0.7836960554122925,
0.9179368019104004,
0.2721368968486786,
-0.9095247983932495,
-1.2130104303359985,
-1.681122899055481,
-0.8625353574752808,
1.0375667810440063,
0.4161405861377716,
0.9449487924575806,
0.3621891438961029,
-1.3301938772201538,
0.75730299949646,
0.3678400218486786,
-0.11700021475553513,
-1.1159054040908813,
-1.3793423175811768,
1.7719602584838867,
-1.3580775260925293,
0.5318617224693298,
-1.041239857673645,
-1.7445964813232422,
-1.230441927909851,
0.9515608549118042,
-0.6038568019866943,
0.4357950687408447,
0.8314998149871826,
-2.432375907897949,
0.8320237398147583,
0.0931611880660057,
1.1250805854797363,
0.1720222532749176,
-1.143167495727539,
-0.9802172780036926,
-0.9229378700256348,
-0.5333532691001892,
0.05939751863479614,
0.07917986810207367,
0.334063321352005,
0.3342335820198059,
0.04670560359954834,
-0.5991263389587402,
-1.2291550636291504,
0.9897165298461914,
0.9024266004562378,
0.3679417371749878,
-1.7841274738311768,
-0.038145966827869415,
1.3284658193588257,
-0.5862309336662292,
-0.07167397439479828,
0.034908585250377655,
0.337168425321579,
0.07191449403762817,
1.2758029699325562,
-0.28893545269966125,
0.43675196170806885,
1.1146031618118286,
-0.5705759525299072,
-0.8194165825843811,
0.28500837087631226,
-1.508814811706543,
0.3812790811061859,
0.44615018367767334,
0.8288848400115967,
-0.24314062297344208,
-0.9222027659416199,
0.19059903919696808,
0.37193408608436584,
-1.1794296503067017,
1.1828644275665283,
0.07085834443569183,
-0.43052858114242554,
-1.507088541984558,
-0.8099218606948853,
0.3394174575805664,
1.1770527362823486,
1.9848930835723877,
-0.09889200329780579,
-0.038300447165966034,
1.7401161193847656,
0.5399343967437744,
-0.8523801565170288,
-0.4681133031845093,
0.16728362441062927,
-1.1540154218673706,
-0.8825457096099854,
0.04118206724524498,
-0.88176429271698,
0.7780756950378418,
0.09954631328582764,
0.32624101638793945,
0.2420893907546997,
-1.4435691833496094,
-0.988398015499115,
-2.0184385776519775,
0.10906615853309631,
0.6198375225067139,
-0.4203875660896301,
-0.06470806151628494,
-0.6625288128852844,
2.0926311016082764,
-0.742694079875946,
-0.9321667551994324,
0.2396988570690155,
-0.3419530391693115,
-0.06262324750423431,
0.2676267623901367,
-0.05140210688114166,
-0.4775221645832062,
0.9015385508537292,
-1.3018546104431152,
-0.9607363939285278,
-0.22773510217666626,
-0.22588960826396942,
0.03544962406158447,
0.7456537485122681,
0.3666236400604248,
0.5195584297180176,
-1.449695348739624,
-0.739812433719635,
-0.9689416289329529,
0.9839048385620117,
1.250784158706665,
-1.3212534189224243,
0.01635129749774933,
0.6195883750915527,
1.6171963214874268,
1.7238874435424805,
0.5244013667106628,
0.1460322141647339,
-1.0514203310012817,
0.008644260466098785,
-0.1430981308221817,
-0.11719942837953568,
0.8106350898742676,
-0.48810824751853943,
-1.3708984851837158,
1.1160084009170532,
1.7169691324234009,
0.9458177089691162,
-0.2389553040266037,
-0.4037580192089081,
-0.3243694305419922,
1.0587210655212402,
1.3485631942749023,
-1.1986582279205322,
-1.1985524892807007,
-0.1981322020292282,
1.4014780521392822,
-0.03187521547079086,
0.19690778851509094,
0.5351459383964539,
0.44853609800338745,
-0.696526050567627,
0.537003755569458,
-0.8852336406707764,
-0.060408905148506165,
-0.9223406314849854,
0.08827246725559235,
-1.2791471481323242,
1.4967910051345825,
0.08148519694805145,
0.22863373160362244,
1.0299675464630127,
-0.2794516682624817,
-0.9516726732254028,
0.6098397374153137,
0.27448418736457825,
0.23803120851516724,
-0.6906216740608215,
0.30124855041503906,
-0.5096808075904846,
2.102438449859619,
-0.5397427678108215,
0.2437019646167755,
-0.43062132596969604,
0.3373766839504242,
0.30515456199645996,
0.40944284200668335,
-1.0050023794174194,
1.2214677333831787,
1.7071213722229004,
-1.077177882194519,
-0.15286089479923248,
-0.7330461144447327,
-1.6156044006347656,
0.5897411704063416,
-0.2181321680545807,
-0.135956272482872,
0.38950493931770325,
-0.43511301279067993,
0.7764580249786377,
0.12336529046297073
] |
what is the general consensus about traditional chinese medicine? | basically, i want to know if it works or not. | it has not been shown to work better than placebo and there is no reason to think that it should. > tcm is a pre-scientific superstitious view of biology and illness, similar to the humoral theory of galen, or the notions of any pre-scientific culture. it is strange and unscientific to treat tcm as anything else. any individual diagnostic or treatment method within tcm should be evaluated according to standard principles of science and science-based medicine, and not given special treatment. [source](_url_0_) | 5 | [] | [] | [
"http://www.sciencebasedmedicine.org/index.php/what-is-traditional-chinese-medicine/"
] | [
-2.192002296447754,
0.4468095898628235,
-0.3848383128643036,
-0.06326781213283539,
-0.8483126163482666,
-1.2652263641357422,
0.025906682014465332,
0.9859435558319092,
0.12078149616718292,
-0.460014283657074,
0.618781328201294,
-0.05708348751068115,
0.2885046899318695,
-0.3389067053794861,
-0.5991193652153015,
-0.15948417782783508,
0.4110994338989258,
-0.15635865926742554,
-0.7246766686439514,
-0.30102166533470154,
-0.1784076690673828,
1.5612335205078125,
-0.17356622219085693,
-0.537357747554779,
-1.2637355327606201,
-0.7809277176856995,
0.5433304309844971,
-0.259931743144989,
0.16434992849826813,
-0.0678623616695404,
-0.013935089111328125,
1.7024991512298584,
-0.7647238969802856,
-0.13789743185043335,
0.009768113493919373,
0.786597490310669,
-1.0639780759811401,
0.5818612575531006,
0.20161791145801544,
0.1157880574464798,
0.09860680997371674,
-0.9820680618286133,
-0.042437583208084106,
0.17836397886276245,
-0.35160577297210693,
-0.9184445738792419,
-0.9196440577507019,
-0.3981805443763733,
-0.31881922483444214,
-0.14315924048423767,
-1.0061448812484741,
0.8725990653038025,
-1.5226101875305176,
0.5689355731010437,
-0.33506256341934204,
0.13055121898651123,
-1.638676404953003,
-0.17487847805023193,
-0.5460900664329529,
0.039042286574840546,
-0.1425778716802597,
0.37740322947502136,
-0.8203864097595215,
1.6360764503479004,
1.7387151718139648,
0.9989947080612183,
0.8101377487182617,
0.12209071218967438,
1.5895500183105469,
0.9448202252388,
-0.3121175765991211,
0.501427412033081,
-0.6732497811317444,
2.1414453983306885,
0.6314241886138916,
-0.7587072253227234,
-0.24297672510147095,
0.7219679951667786,
-0.20873123407363892,
-0.9097740650177002,
0.478437602519989,
1.2407618761062622,
-0.012060321867465973,
-0.07980161905288696,
-1.04678213596344,
1.5187801122665405,
1.3503018617630005,
1.0738651752471924,
0.07361510396003723,
-0.09968406707048416,
0.11682379245758057,
-0.07406120002269745,
0.08369389176368713,
-0.124909907579422,
-0.2057327926158905,
0.20052482187747955,
0.8177604675292969,
-0.9260218143463135,
-0.7982167601585388,
1.7984122037887573,
-1.3611558675765991,
0.08543887734413147,
-0.9573447108268738,
0.6546070575714111,
0.06882933527231216,
-0.5180795192718506,
-0.4593313932418823,
-0.3096265196800232,
0.6999915838241577,
0.08300474286079407,
-0.8161253929138184,
0.4954741299152374,
-0.5363132953643799,
-1.101106882095337,
-0.8297396898269653,
0.22498765587806702,
0.11670364439487457,
-0.7524529695510864,
-0.19775807857513428,
-0.1263205111026764,
-0.41939371824264526,
-0.5459239482879639,
-0.4739517867565155,
1.2899672985076904,
0.7401943206787109,
0.27297988533973694,
0.7834415435791016,
0.46978700160980225,
-0.37435710430145264,
0.5896015763282776,
1.3707921504974365,
-1.9177740812301636,
0.2075423002243042,
0.6665951609611511,
-0.21007059514522552,
-0.2036340981721878,
0.20906633138656616,
0.4016534686088562,
-0.11726699769496918,
0.3729232847690582,
-0.5226046442985535,
-0.5411661863327026,
0.4520375728607178,
0.7366197109222412,
-0.4548709988594055,
0.007129821926355362,
0.6464471817016602,
-1.6385849714279175,
-0.5006828308105469,
0.30497971177101135,
-0.10974129289388657,
0.0364605076611042,
-0.5797566771507263,
1.050869107246399,
0.560489296913147,
-0.053212374448776245,
0.7716136574745178,
-0.19913452863693237,
0.6396595239639282,
-0.03437505662441254,
-1.041761875152588,
0.6290518641471863,
0.030922546982765198,
1.03555428981781,
-0.08561155200004578,
-0.21199630200862885,
0.6249773502349854,
0.03818896412849426,
-0.2253313660621643,
0.583669900894165,
0.15016205608844757,
0.009001538157463074,
0.11338755488395691,
-0.352444589138031,
-1.024082064628601,
-1.0556994676589966,
-0.9331939220428467,
0.10586607456207275,
-0.4031943082809448,
0.7768316864967346,
1.538428544998169,
-0.33031344413757324,
0.5519608855247498,
0.974038302898407,
-0.842396080493927,
-0.16372662782669067,
0.3514397442340851,
0.7370990514755249,
0.11310407519340515,
-0.3100178837776184,
0.47999465465545654,
0.2082487791776657,
-0.7384026050567627,
-0.3327440023422241,
-1.0858012437820435,
-1.0879817008972168,
1.101203203201294,
-1.690840721130371,
-0.44156405329704285,
-1.1176049709320068,
-0.18022899329662323,
-0.10503208637237549,
0.5596699714660645,
-1.5257837772369385,
0.39561429619789124,
-0.5140611529350281,
-0.14115551114082336,
0.207536518573761,
-0.4720750153064728,
-0.07008323818445206,
-0.24672195315361023,
0.05481010675430298,
-0.4095131754875183,
-0.28789204359054565,
-0.5188791751861572,
-0.22384214401245117,
-0.7573514580726624,
0.047901421785354614,
-0.15579348802566528,
1.8819758892059326,
-0.7543797492980957,
0.20464938879013062,
0.005651324987411499,
-1.3015599250793457,
0.0927647277712822,
-0.3653707802295685,
-0.5550994873046875,
1.4675092697143555,
-1.1781868934631348,
-0.3083329498767853,
0.7362907528877258,
-0.056826602667570114,
0.8406918048858643,
1.2256766557693481,
0.5622235536575317,
0.8835783004760742,
0.3373587131500244,
-1.5000298023223877,
0.23067399859428406,
-0.08632181584835052,
-1.5251743793487549,
0.2976590394973755,
-1.906590223312378,
1.3335833549499512,
-0.7088798880577087,
2.012521743774414,
-0.37826430797576904,
0.3850950598716736,
0.16361767053604126,
0.39278465509414673,
0.03437069058418274,
1.0792334079742432,
-0.38946637511253357,
0.5310652852058411,
0.7786313891410828,
1.575371265411377,
-0.9470353722572327,
-0.5501879453659058,
-0.1301092952489853,
0.39089784026145935,
2.616581678390503,
0.23308628797531128,
-0.3008473515510559,
-0.44047820568084717,
0.781566858291626,
1.35532546043396,
-0.8822146058082581,
0.3823138475418091,
0.29526522755622864,
0.0312952995300293,
-0.39629924297332764,
-0.5676349401473999,
1.1374893188476562,
-0.0119220782071352,
0.8667031526565552,
-0.8631742000579834,
1.0894993543624878,
-0.7616835236549377,
1.0651618242263794,
-0.47196120023727417,
0.05319657921791077,
-2.049983024597168,
-0.45850706100463867,
0.57288658618927,
0.7114131450653076,
-0.2573033571243286,
-0.33369317650794983,
-1.256084680557251,
-0.7308811545372009,
-0.1419564187526703,
0.05279666185379028,
1.2010302543640137,
0.38097280263900757,
-0.8835841417312622,
1.768306016921997,
-0.39428389072418213,
-0.7533398866653442,
-0.36316266655921936,
1.1972969770431519,
0.07810471206903458,
-0.9906120300292969,
-2.139601707458496,
-1.8060342073440552,
-0.016820713877677917,
-0.13830654323101044,
0.1298874169588089,
-0.10083743184804916,
0.4841366410255432,
-0.001252785325050354,
-0.8648233413696289,
-0.5017443895339966,
0.0809812992811203,
-0.8693761825561523,
0.46871867775917053,
-0.7030677199363708,
0.4953423738479614,
-2.4481396675109863,
1.578507900238037,
0.35344621539115906,
0.4675975739955902,
0.27595555782318115,
-0.5821391940116882,
0.7732706069946289,
-0.0035173892974853516,
0.12511107325553894,
0.713157057762146,
-0.4337436258792877,
-0.9483933448791504,
-0.49220147728919983,
0.1303783655166626,
-1.4528988599777222,
1.726628065109253,
0.06122986972332001,
0.8754341006278992,
-0.9594409465789795,
-0.5079474449157715,
-0.6006600856781006,
-0.05440579354763031,
-1.0617618560791016,
-0.2473093718290329,
-0.6296212673187256,
0.4487515687942505,
-0.28516244888305664,
0.41473498940467834,
1.068580150604248,
-0.2212115228176117,
0.7725988626480103,
0.7757493257522583,
-0.24539485573768616,
0.343319833278656,
-0.6240695714950562,
1.1513973474502563,
0.2955446243286133,
1.0895791053771973,
0.916020393371582,
-0.748438835144043,
0.3885267674922943,
0.5476013422012329,
1.2458763122558594,
-0.05390588939189911,
0.8238500356674194,
0.3281577229499817,
-0.5608375072479248,
1.9933652877807617,
-0.8588862419128418,
0.21252505481243134,
0.535158634185791,
0.3616368770599365,
0.8882196545600891,
-0.19743254780769348,
0.9705435037612915,
0.08578387647867203,
-0.08215175569057465,
-0.897896409034729,
-0.5481942296028137,
-0.6891123056411743,
-0.10972106456756592,
0.12465162575244904,
-0.7908271551132202,
-0.19338303804397583,
0.894196629524231,
-0.05347776412963867,
1.8711758852005005,
0.2971900701522827
] |
are there any 'laws' in biology or chemistry that parallel the laws that physics has? | even physics doesn't have laws - quite literally everything that we know in physics, we know is wrong in some circumstances. there isn't a single fact in physics today which doesn't have some specific domain in which it's valid. this is why the things we call "laws" are almost all from before 1900! we continue to call them laws for historical reasons, with the understanding that they're broken often. | 2 | [] | [] | [] | [
-0.48338741064071655,
-1.164740800857544,
0.41520994901657104,
-0.12852786481380463,
0.45011407136917114,
-0.13652604818344116,
-0.3720918297767639,
-0.4641123414039612,
1.0716184377670288,
0.1493721604347229,
0.027452439069747925,
0.8395200967788696,
-0.30544090270996094,
0.2984122633934021,
-0.3916097581386566,
-0.5788592100143433,
-0.7900965809822083,
-1.6793705224990845,
-1.935868263244629,
0.30859261751174927,
-0.1035081148147583,
-0.08026789128780365,
-0.33045274019241333,
0.2630099654197693,
-1.2667176723480225,
0.37956491112709045,
-0.28569281101226807,
-0.20261916518211365,
-0.14795264601707458,
0.2529005706310272,
-1.2004313468933105,
0.6043599843978882,
0.29698604345321655,
-0.6916924715042114,
-0.1437697410583496,
0.22882981598377228,
0.07912236452102661,
-0.1635148972272873,
0.12713925540447235,
-0.6285569667816162,
-0.9873654842376709,
-0.26710253953933716,
-0.39194899797439575,
0.6883586645126343,
0.06256935000419617,
1.3353745937347412,
1.3844847679138184,
0.3093392252922058,
-0.25199487805366516,
-0.6942603588104248,
0.5245978236198425,
1.913269281387329,
-0.0915687084197998,
-0.6634541749954224,
0.30021432042121887,
-0.06332007050514221,
0.5309847593307495,
1.0174214839935303,
0.3519209921360016,
-0.5834623575210571,
0.7768951058387756,
-0.30347931385040283,
-1.017443299293518,
-0.4383200407028198,
1.3089842796325684,
0.2153027355670929,
1.145228385925293,
0.08234858512878418,
-0.36864060163497925,
1.1676971912384033,
0.5527827143669128,
0.8141429424285889,
-0.18747782707214355,
0.979292631149292,
0.45014965534210205,
-0.07243426144123077,
0.5968450307846069,
0.00473552942276001,
0.47153180837631226,
0.11862431466579437,
-0.21619176864624023,
-1.9440698623657227,
-0.34009650349617004,
-0.6110148429870605,
-0.3995744287967682,
-0.5046765208244324,
0.024210691452026367,
-0.10924209654331207,
0.8398804068565369,
-0.23994025588035583,
-0.10920017957687378,
-1.4522439241409302,
0.7713457942008972,
0.4192139804363251,
0.47307395935058594,
0.31992506980895996,
-0.4926123023033142,
0.7919501066207886,
-0.565497875213623,
1.1840274333953857,
-0.4692207872867584,
0.35326918959617615,
-1.372668981552124,
1.1615428924560547,
0.9902471303939819,
-0.3038233816623688,
0.841544508934021,
0.38405734300613403,
-0.5441708564758301,
-0.16513338685035706,
-0.09866310656070709,
-1.195982575416565,
0.43106287717819214,
-0.36781561374664307,
0.16678635776042938,
-1.075423240661621,
-0.40237724781036377,
0.6268494129180908,
-1.2381985187530518,
-0.8552898168563843,
-0.34479156136512756,
-0.5714594721794128,
-0.18506139516830444,
-0.8703605532646179,
-0.4181406497955322,
0.1950370967388153,
-0.7814797163009644,
0.024012524634599686,
0.46849656105041504,
0.4438275694847107,
0.3406710922718048,
-1.2302947044372559,
-0.5357920527458191,
0.6709530353546143,
-0.20776882767677307,
0.6935204863548279,
1.8112208843231201,
-0.5475735664367676,
0.43903350830078125,
0.9861108064651489,
0.6777781844139099,
-0.8610755205154419,
0.8982964158058167,
1.0267280340194702,
0.06751619279384613,
-0.06809060275554657,
-0.03212273120880127,
0.17273598909378052,
0.721798300743103,
-0.4208805561065674,
0.40767237544059753,
-1.0234181880950928,
-0.5792044997215271,
-0.7339801788330078,
-0.721647322177887,
-0.0743958055973053,
0.7105321884155273,
-0.6268254518508911,
-0.5515061616897583,
0.777143120765686,
0.4639192223548889,
0.7634350061416626,
0.2552514970302582,
-0.11106148362159729,
0.8203837871551514,
0.5712345838546753,
0.3301509618759155,
-1.7221999168395996,
0.46936190128326416,
-0.023548781871795654,
-0.8507504463195801,
-0.2555902600288391,
1.492896556854248,
-0.24699535965919495,
-0.1801759898662567,
-0.2665316164493561,
-1.8966484069824219,
-0.2295067012310028,
0.22715243697166443,
1.8918406963348389,
-0.5250321626663208,
-0.9030986428260803,
-0.0923348069190979,
0.336978018283844,
0.38254883885383606,
0.5523749589920044,
0.24012751877307892,
0.03759607672691345,
0.9025523066520691,
0.631069540977478,
1.1128946542739868,
-0.45281732082366943,
-1.1460063457489014,
0.9408261179924011,
0.036007195711135864,
0.5709351897239685,
-0.021788999438285828,
-0.06378670036792755,
0.00658753514289856,
0.4161480963230133,
-2.4431233406066895,
0.5470317006111145,
1.1424123048782349,
-0.2953575551509857,
1.2009027004241943,
-0.5379086136817932,
0.7020695805549622,
-0.7737671136856079,
-1.3573153018951416,
-0.2910439968109131,
-0.10185545682907104,
0.391999214887619,
-0.2955045998096466,
-0.854625940322876,
-0.059077680110931396,
0.19407963752746582,
-0.24774613976478577,
-0.471235990524292,
0.3120463192462921,
-0.29351139068603516,
-0.17548082768917084,
-0.6118882894515991,
0.7512788772583008,
-1.0155458450317383,
-0.05295145511627197,
-0.47558140754699707,
-0.2509361505508423,
0.7352603077888489,
-0.8993600606918335,
-0.3639409840106964,
-0.18035998940467834,
0.6424209475517273,
-0.17361146211624146,
-0.019945427775382996,
0.48558005690574646,
-1.935626745223999,
-1.0101170539855957,
-0.23979030549526215,
0.48911839723587036,
-0.5067895650863647,
-0.75722736120224,
-0.42666876316070557,
-0.32892459630966187,
-0.6662650108337402,
-0.4499150514602661,
-0.09850779175758362,
-0.44042983651161194,
0.07075871527194977,
-0.14663930237293243,
0.5878928899765015,
-1.0936213731765747,
0.030436620116233826,
-0.7317527532577515,
0.6039373874664307,
0.11012068390846252,
-0.4293281137943268,
-0.4236108064651489,
0.24267560243606567,
-1.3511765003204346,
0.45184004306793213,
0.9650828242301941,
0.9241334199905396,
0.1715346872806549,
-1.2970670461654663,
0.058168575167655945,
1.4084746837615967,
0.7450813055038452,
0.8704497218132019,
-1.1854382753372192,
-0.1655336171388626,
0.307466059923172,
-0.125506192445755,
0.17830055952072144,
-0.2557465434074402,
1.361065149307251,
-0.9450085163116455,
0.47211822867393494,
-0.9832102656364441,
-1.1583809852600098,
0.08632081747055054,
-0.547851026058197,
-0.3128775358200073,
-1.180690050125122,
0.6400644183158875,
1.439072847366333,
0.8038703203201294,
-0.6220840811729431,
0.6048718690872192,
0.7333763837814331,
-0.5172126889228821,
0.03413480520248413,
1.700408935546875,
0.5439966320991516,
-0.8408361077308655,
0.6556075215339661,
0.01574445515871048,
-2.575728416442871,
-0.5409373641014099,
0.3780294954776764,
0.9644024968147278,
-0.37600016593933105,
-0.9878777265548706,
-1.0700504779815674,
0.5817258358001709,
0.6907505989074707,
-0.6909958720207214,
0.04628220945596695,
1.065689206123352,
-1.3491805791854858,
-0.1771581918001175,
0.44434526562690735,
0.10015237331390381,
0.09758004546165466,
0.8844323754310608,
0.4842842221260071,
0.31171730160713196,
-0.47064703702926636,
1.1654746532440186,
0.17060507833957672,
0.43597620725631714,
0.11936710774898529,
0.17173165082931519,
0.1502532958984375,
-0.4458291232585907,
0.04071079194545746,
0.3913523256778717,
0.977030873298645,
0.423706978559494,
-0.28098759055137634,
0.06385672092437744,
-1.3571134805679321,
0.3911774158477783,
-0.5259555578231812,
-1.4350128173828125,
0.8722212314605713,
1.677626609802246,
-0.602789044380188,
-0.6171503663063049,
-0.369508296251297,
1.1863688230514526,
0.7692867517471313,
0.2583935856819153,
1.0998848676681519,
1.3561584949493408,
0.15909281373023987,
-0.1324588507413864,
0.7098576426506042,
0.2413506805896759,
-0.5630850791931152,
0.5322917699813843,
0.35124096274375916,
-0.4197622239589691,
1.1870251893997192,
0.595997154712677,
-0.11340600997209549,
-0.8946738243103027,
-0.4189547896385193,
0.35441774129867554,
-0.42677244544029236,
-0.708469033241272,
-0.3751894533634186,
-0.22569158673286438,
0.1691705733537674,
1.3711645603179932,
-0.28759339451789856,
0.16948848962783813,
-0.9383565187454224,
0.6562010645866394,
-0.535425066947937,
0.1404615342617035,
0.2398991584777832,
1.0222748517990112,
-0.2635129690170288,
-1.0114481449127197,
0.8630926012992859,
-0.301757276058197,
-0.34667715430259705,
0.9262630343437195,
-0.6071681380271912,
-0.4439435303211212,
0.31282374262809753,
0.09628255665302277,
3.009946823120117,
-0.5397660732269287
] |
|
could someone help me understand the dephasing during t2-decay? | could someone help me understand the dephasing during t2-decay which happens after the excitation of the magnetic vector in mri? my concrete question is: are the dephasing an expression of the single protons frequencies incoherence in the net magnetization vector, or is the incoherence happening in each proton? | dephasing means that with time the phase relationship of different parts of the system is lost. in this sense you could say that different spins are dephasing away from each other. moreover, it is in part the interaction of the different spins that drives this dephasing. put simply, different sites create small changes in the em field, and these inhomogeneities destroy the nice phase relationship you created with the initial pulse. in any case, to get back to the core of your question, when talking about coherence, we can only really do so at the "system" level. the system in this case is the volume of the sample from which you are collecting your signal. in general whenever you talk of concepts in the density matrix formalism, you have to talk about the entire system. the reason is that the whole point of this formalism is that you are ignorant about the full state of the system, because you have additional interactions that scramble the internal details. as a result, you have to talk in terms of populations and coherences, which describe the entire system (e.g. the ensemble of spins here). | 6 | [] | [] | [] | [
-1.0366227626800537,
-0.0011764615774154663,
0.1212708055973053,
0.6411035060882568,
-0.9840394258499146,
-2.4426252841949463,
0.7998571991920471,
-1.1639270782470703,
3.186645984649658,
-0.2987087368965149,
2.113654375076294,
0.4880232810974121,
0.13192541897296906,
-2.2355618476867676,
1.7367229461669922,
-2.1407582759857178,
-0.9899221062660217,
-1.0421134233474731,
-4.18466329574585,
0.6218553781509399,
-0.12263989448547363,
-0.6739199757575989,
-2.762237787246704,
1.5947669744491577,
-0.27671462297439575,
1.5681190490722656,
-0.13738806545734406,
-0.6363335251808167,
0.6477974057197571,
0.18239432573318481,
0.4330790340900421,
2.193491220474243,
1.5251799821853638,
-0.4809165596961975,
-1.306160807609558,
0.7769608497619629,
-0.3475382924079895,
0.07250147312879562,
0.28432464599609375,
-0.7301837205886841,
-0.5322882533073425,
0.8689249753952026,
-0.49264323711395264,
1.6532131433486938,
-0.5494893789291382,
0.60345458984375,
0.9143222570419312,
-0.03213449567556381,
-1.5504335165023804,
-1.9245418310165405,
-2.7014026641845703,
1.732733130455017,
-1.2426847219467163,
1.8696783781051636,
-0.6120696663856506,
-0.1878412961959839,
2.440638542175293,
0.4223306179046631,
-1.4935123920440674,
-0.7344943284988403,
1.4193261861801147,
-1.1596640348434448,
-1.9868210554122925,
0.6952335834503174,
2.820533037185669,
0.24919752776622772,
2.1235203742980957,
0.7261375784873962,
-0.6539496779441833,
0.907173752784729,
0.44457367062568665,
0.31052500009536743,
-1.6470972299575806,
1.112370252609253,
1.0654593706130981,
0.16879257559776306,
-1.1351312398910522,
0.2916595935821533,
2.147766590118408,
-0.2961674630641937,
1.9666163921356201,
-0.37156176567077637,
-0.8505367040634155,
-0.40960341691970825,
-1.4143644571304321,
0.582026481628418,
0.1512281447649002,
-0.5359101295471191,
-0.24340561032295227,
-0.34717103838920593,
-1.5895417928695679,
-0.9767957925796509,
0.17045888304710388,
0.8592997789382935,
0.9087727069854736,
1.1212284564971924,
0.15681616961956024,
-1.26015305519104,
3.013101100921631,
0.9487407207489014,
-2.8744332790374756,
2.9325053691864014,
-1.456971526145935,
0.465099573135376,
-0.47234201431274414,
-2.7929599285125732,
0.07471878826618195,
0.9211524128913879,
0.3241710662841797,
1.5524084568023682,
-1.3727844953536987,
-1.9182353019714355,
0.38252416253089905,
-1.590823769569397,
0.279949814081192,
-1.5634557008743286,
0.09971410036087036,
1.0539530515670776,
1.321302056312561,
-2.625009059906006,
-0.3278118968009949,
-0.41103774309158325,
-0.8080430626869202,
0.9160864353179932,
2.3118536472320557,
-1.0882080793380737,
-1.570020318031311,
1.2739334106445312,
0.878462016582489,
-0.1622895747423172,
1.503660798072815,
1.0131237506866455,
-0.4404754638671875,
0.3588815927505493,
0.15945282578468323,
-1.9773772954940796,
3.1914026737213135,
-0.9841644167900085,
-0.4195699393749237,
3.3586254119873047,
1.378597378730774,
-0.05533809959888458,
0.31576988101005554,
-0.659456193447113,
-0.25737494230270386,
3.788795232772827,
0.05927686393260956,
-0.9686505198478699,
0.6676360964775085,
0.12317124009132385,
-0.7894206047058105,
-0.8282137513160706,
0.6665409207344055,
-1.729922890663147,
-0.6723231077194214,
-0.4718931317329407,
-2.165173292160034,
0.38957738876342773,
-1.50144362449646,
0.07039551436901093,
-2.052672863006592,
0.9954355359077454,
1.3250670433044434,
1.171921968460083,
2.8920955657958984,
-0.05096489191055298,
-0.7527362108230591,
-2.3074634075164795,
0.42227286100387573,
0.0742834061384201,
0.49224215745925903,
-0.5912072658538818,
0.15485957264900208,
-0.15263450145721436,
0.30534249544143677,
-0.025543227791786194,
-3.2504284381866455,
-0.5062574148178101,
0.8052351474761963,
1.8451361656188965,
1.408395767211914,
-1.034961223602295,
2.350032091140747,
1.9388337135314941,
-0.8083418607711792,
-0.3234049081802368,
0.12345220148563385,
-0.09605377912521362,
-1.354943871498108,
0.40668341517448425,
-1.5247629880905151,
0.3633398413658142,
0.9591194987297058,
0.9934701919555664,
-2.368422508239746,
-1.6090418100357056,
0.8955107927322388,
1.645761489868164,
-0.7067635655403137,
-0.551344633102417,
-2.2021968364715576,
1.49777352809906,
0.13734830915927887,
-0.6096628308296204,
0.578659176826477,
-0.3148115575313568,
-0.7886338233947754,
-0.4506206810474396,
-1.5369142293930054,
0.3645275831222534,
-1.5932767391204834,
-2.469341278076172,
-1.8282465934753418,
0.4359574317932129,
0.41147321462631226,
1.2665494680404663,
-0.6729730367660522,
0.25359880924224854,
-1.4495301246643066,
-0.20753782987594604,
1.5715113878250122,
-0.6184625029563904,
0.1912495195865631,
-2.2074904441833496,
-2.8788273334503174,
-2.4966442584991455,
-0.5103054642677307,
0.36772340536117554,
-0.16844463348388672,
0.834550678730011,
0.5654189586639404,
0.9253086447715759,
2.1173882484436035,
1.4763661623001099,
0.28069865703582764,
-1.1843054294586182,
0.21357309818267822,
0.8294293880462646,
-0.9534314870834351,
-1.855711579322815,
-0.37688642740249634,
-1.1099438667297363,
0.019595474004745483,
0.446754515171051,
0.1688506007194519,
0.7010923624038696,
-1.5079360008239746,
0.323843777179718,
0.7535545825958252,
0.8827800750732422,
-2.0130796432495117,
-0.39123672246932983,
-0.3594115078449249,
1.3726274967193604,
-1.3797290325164795,
-2.0866551399230957,
-2.1611013412475586,
0.100201815366745,
-1.419729471206665,
0.5521484613418579,
0.6584247946739197,
-0.24460925161838531,
-1.1880770921707153,
-1.2368905544281006,
-0.22751879692077637,
0.9005759954452515,
0.02661968767642975,
1.2008750438690186,
-0.7723339200019836,
0.6405250430107117,
1.115763545036316,
-0.7527387738227844,
-0.2991269826889038,
-0.6540505290031433,
2.667300224304199,
-1.1921318769454956,
0.42487651109695435,
-2.0021042823791504,
-1.681502103805542,
0.4594014883041382,
0.7471061944961548,
-2.050410270690918,
0.5948079228401184,
1.2454078197479248,
2.0882110595703125,
-2.4206252098083496,
-0.07213149964809418,
1.0324382781982422,
0.8340223431587219,
-1.0695372819900513,
-0.9719434976577759,
0.9337621927261353,
1.698446273803711,
-0.38280296325683594,
0.3070443868637085,
0.3677169382572174,
-2.322925090789795,
0.25106608867645264,
1.9320085048675537,
-0.2883799970149994,
-0.39982935786247253,
-2.1220204830169678,
-2.551701068878174,
-0.20195680856704712,
-1.183440089225769,
-0.23092520236968994,
1.6591851711273193,
0.8264546394348145,
1.3612546920776367,
-1.126604437828064,
-0.5141810178756714,
-0.5028871297836304,
1.4400447607040405,
-0.07515084743499756,
-2.866971015930176,
0.09070070087909698,
-1.1909916400909424,
2.403285503387451,
0.7856658697128296,
0.7548454999923706,
0.6672429442405701,
-0.7027331590652466,
1.319076657295227,
1.1921305656433105,
1.3308086395263672,
0.22041340172290802,
0.18685951828956604,
-0.13848814368247986,
-1.9122036695480347,
-0.6632257699966431,
-1.256040096282959,
0.6022657752037048,
-0.20023423433303833,
-0.7209315896034241,
3.3069074153900146,
2.2933266162872314,
-0.9469778537750244,
0.7090893983840942,
-1.786655306816101,
1.1343231201171875,
1.1737489700317383,
0.15152718126773834,
-0.4709775149822235,
1.290818214416504,
1.1834900379180908,
1.171783447265625,
1.9133578538894653,
1.0034269094467163,
-0.6955296993255615,
1.23118257522583,
-0.5919718146324158,
2.462052345275879,
1.512799859046936,
0.6233129501342773,
0.9657244086265564,
-0.4884812831878662,
-1.220371127128601,
0.706673800945282,
0.2791995108127594,
0.7338427901268005,
-1.0385830402374268,
-0.3712957501411438,
-0.48715534806251526,
3.1672449111938477,
-0.9639467000961304,
0.6580479741096497,
-0.7805032134056091,
-0.27420005202293396,
-0.30714499950408936,
1.0239819288253784,
-0.5105962157249451,
1.9645483493804932,
0.7678004503250122,
0.415383517742157,
0.37409502267837524,
-0.49416834115982056,
0.16213905811309814,
-0.5753967761993408,
-1.9406369924545288,
1.4796026945114136,
0.35740602016448975,
3.158754825592041,
1.9870291948318481,
0.8158239722251892
] |
why do we feel comfortable in some positions and not others? | i had a friend ask this today and no one knew the answer. i know it's not as sophisticated a question as others, but intriguing nonetheless. | it has a certain degree to do with blood flow. this also explains why we roll around in bed at night- in some positions, blood may be restricted to some areas due to pressure on the blood vessels, so we roll to another position to redistribute the bloodflow. how comfortable you are in a position whilst concious is likely to be more to do with how much pressure are on certain body parts or how strenuous that position is. | 6 | [] | [] | [] | [
0.2662331461906433,
0.6784893870353699,
-0.010506963357329369,
0.1720609962940216,
-1.2274682521820068,
-0.007309839129447937,
0.40949875116348267,
0.0425470769405365,
1.0525860786437988,
0.7973500490188599,
-0.3552480936050415,
-0.999090313911438,
-0.8276766538619995,
0.37933164834976196,
1.053849697113037,
-1.0336004495620728,
1.1510831117630005,
0.3611200451850891,
-1.0500810146331787,
0.7343738675117493,
0.311120867729187,
0.09701791405677795,
0.22000765800476074,
-1.0746067762374878,
-0.5155072212219238,
-0.34483397006988525,
-0.5346726179122925,
0.15555933117866516,
0.2178776115179062,
-0.3999345898628235,
-1.4567699432373047,
-0.33853375911712646,
0.09410607814788818,
-0.859363853931427,
-0.335227370262146,
1.0312047004699707,
-0.9035028219223022,
1.1131960153579712,
-1.0933245420455933,
-0.20821675658226013,
-0.5150459408760071,
-0.90623539686203,
-0.3673974275588989,
0.23527389764785767,
0.9579817056655884,
1.3680118322372437,
0.740614652633667,
0.24374490976333618,
0.28059226274490356,
0.9810923337936401,
-0.6712607741355896,
-0.3545491397380829,
-0.2766636610031128,
1.5862140655517578,
-1.07848060131073,
0.9152170419692993,
-0.040820881724357605,
-0.5646367073059082,
-1.3544163703918457,
0.26478928327560425,
0.08487384021282196,
1.3909900188446045,
-0.28727149963378906,
1.1793813705444336,
0.9163659811019897,
-0.3776301443576813,
-0.16459134221076965,
0.027571775019168854,
-0.5058797001838684,
0.4853630065917969,
0.949302077293396,
-0.8990888595581055,
-0.42912718653678894,
0.15399576723575592,
0.6086307764053345,
0.17700323462486267,
0.028841134160757065,
-0.8795714974403381,
0.7268894910812378,
0.3496425151824951,
0.9983835220336914,
0.04626248776912689,
-0.0798368975520134,
1.2452049255371094,
-1.4372406005859375,
0.3618946373462677,
0.35582756996154785,
0.6578117609024048,
-1.0699886083602905,
0.2193513661623001,
-0.07038530707359314,
-0.0856696218252182,
-0.4219188690185547,
0.3740417957305908,
1.2786235809326172,
0.20607903599739075,
-1.5320717096328735,
0.14247608184814453,
-0.2862650752067566,
-0.5933131575584412,
-0.28394845128059387,
0.4213058054447174,
-1.687973976135254,
1.647092580795288,
0.19139909744262695,
-0.4728112816810608,
0.14552122354507446,
-0.2126142978668213,
-0.6561586260795593,
0.3409372866153717,
-0.9128458499908447,
-0.14382177591323853,
0.21019017696380615,
-0.28824394941329956,
0.44626688957214355,
0.15618902444839478,
-1.5744850635528564,
0.5071219801902771,
-0.1966296136379242,
-0.07267498970031738,
0.020634204149246216,
-0.9589731693267822,
-1.2087631225585938,
-1.1003724336624146,
1.4801199436187744,
-0.8339412212371826,
-0.9014952182769775,
0.7655662894248962,
0.35472846031188965,
-0.1097017452120781,
1.1932196617126465,
0.4219669699668884,
0.2263772040605545,
-0.27453717589378357,
-0.7260447144508362,
0.5236997008323669,
0.7609730958938599,
0.037204623222351074,
0.021746039390563965,
-0.5701166391372681,
1.2180299758911133,
1.066466212272644,
-0.48340800404548645,
-0.17400118708610535,
0.7043251991271973,
0.345023512840271,
-1.1432149410247803,
-0.7413676977157593,
-0.7606801986694336,
0.03705295920372009,
-0.41211947798728943,
-0.01691056787967682,
0.44634705781936646,
-0.15809711813926697,
-1.3008482456207275,
-0.5220443606376648,
-1.8453834056854248,
0.3947131633758545,
-0.5297924280166626,
-0.0066117048263549805,
-0.8538491725921631,
-0.6421781778335571,
0.09173502027988434,
0.4182944595813751,
0.8695392608642578,
-0.18902087211608887,
0.7406575083732605,
-1.005499005317688,
0.06632000207901001,
0.1312153935432434,
0.15054073929786682,
-0.18765895068645477,
1.4768588542938232,
0.654281497001648,
0.04387635365128517,
0.6519509553909302,
-2.435708522796631,
-0.09416128695011139,
0.504833996295929,
0.8325007557868958,
1.0346261262893677,
-0.5022563338279724,
0.8126848340034485,
0.0819551944732666,
0.33974725008010864,
-0.41110944747924805,
-0.9851927757263184,
0.22486566007137299,
0.5391484498977661,
0.9438794255256653,
-0.43420684337615967,
-0.8335915207862854,
-0.6732211112976074,
0.7941786050796509,
-0.7633537650108337,
-0.3548770248889923,
0.9090579748153687,
-0.5520036816596985,
-1.407371997833252,
0.4585348963737488,
-0.10034196823835373,
1.197366714477539,
-0.3247124254703522,
-0.17091545462608337,
0.39251598715782166,
-0.21000877022743225,
0.6808434724807739,
-0.6473846435546875,
-0.5688347816467285,
0.6950193643569946,
0.43932753801345825,
-0.08153197169303894,
0.15994742512702942,
-0.8856204748153687,
0.684662938117981,
-0.37401890754699707,
0.20897895097732544,
1.3208460807800293,
-0.9205766320228577,
-0.17772608995437622,
-0.983146071434021,
-0.3810403347015381,
0.5751091837882996,
-1.3572968244552612,
-0.2876437306404114,
-0.1127687394618988,
-0.8845803737640381,
1.1277096271514893,
0.007782734930515289,
0.27458465099334717,
1.0405560731887817,
0.12082687020301819,
0.23270535469055176,
1.3373159170150757,
-0.917017936706543,
-0.6573783159255981,
-0.42585137486457825,
-0.128652423620224,
-0.0173473060131073,
-0.0844329446554184,
-1.2485718727111816,
0.13037791848182678,
-1.43881356716156,
0.5579360723495483,
0.8175499439239502,
1.054188847541809,
0.9358152151107788,
0.561549186706543,
0.23604121804237366,
1.3044558763504028,
-1.7553061246871948,
-0.5768465399742126,
-0.5532243847846985,
0.7367571592330933,
-2.13390851020813,
-0.3879150152206421,
-1.4199390411376953,
-0.7614648342132568,
-0.09718123078346252,
0.3272443413734436,
0.2768844962120056,
0.9507080316543579,
-0.6456958651542664,
0.15895545482635498,
1.1305948495864868,
0.2554958760738373,
0.4217447340488434,
0.6047855615615845,
-0.397774875164032,
-0.5548765063285828,
0.18772289156913757,
-1.664338231086731,
0.291406512260437,
-0.4076542258262634,
-1.188478708267212,
-1.323176622390747,
-0.08967195451259613,
0.5128861665725708,
0.8965566158294678,
-0.23098309338092804,
0.33273744583129883,
-2.1140074729919434,
-0.49588191509246826,
0.5793179273605347,
0.8431847095489502,
0.39930015802383423,
0.025293640792369843,
-0.7567098140716553,
1.6656838655471802,
0.6503110527992249,
-0.14762261509895325,
1.4899661540985107,
-0.4118342995643616,
-0.2208717316389084,
-0.04676929861307144,
-0.3635936379432678,
1.0026832818984985,
0.9066029787063599,
0.3037005364894867,
0.10025936365127563,
0.5927474498748779,
-0.3094586431980133,
-0.8449233174324036,
0.37116461992263794,
-0.837935209274292,
-0.7651259899139404,
0.13840994238853455,
0.6909019947052002,
-0.7468641996383667,
1.417353868484497,
0.10767871141433716,
-0.5856030583381653,
-0.18512023985385895,
-0.9579788446426392,
-0.29437917470932007,
1.2144891023635864,
0.2751370072364807,
-1.7979886531829834,
-0.6934905648231506,
0.6735670566558838,
-0.5911406874656677,
-1.504267692565918,
1.0010263919830322,
0.17948321998119354,
-0.7763649225234985,
0.22554554045200348,
-0.1733604073524475,
-0.741267204284668,
-0.32677870988845825,
0.33521217107772827,
0.10103584825992584,
-0.14257200062274933,
2.361293077468872,
-1.1539839506149292,
1.4290883541107178,
0.6559123992919922,
-0.2218538373708725,
0.4775022864341736,
-1.537440538406372,
-0.7310885190963745,
0.8672775030136108,
-0.4494116008281708,
-0.19469963014125824,
1.3924336433410645,
0.9254192113876343,
-0.622797429561615,
0.20963163673877716,
0.5621623396873474,
-0.6304174661636353,
0.9255802035331726,
0.9709511995315552,
1.3802592754364014,
0.982739269733429,
-0.10726144164800644,
1.3056538105010986,
-1.3380409479141235,
0.6675113439559937,
-0.13766314089298248,
-0.28573542833328247,
-0.11384934186935425,
-0.4516908526420593,
-0.6814539432525635,
1.0671535730361938,
2.029801607131958,
0.03507588803768158,
0.03280884027481079,
0.7080582976341248,
0.4537529945373535,
-0.6173697113990784,
0.3427606523036957,
0.3176974654197693,
0.7848696708679199,
0.5036563277244568,
-0.08243927359580994,
0.10940560698509216,
-0.30474674701690674,
0.8320294618606567,
0.6785916686058044,
-1.3263959884643555,
0.8816456198692322,
-0.9397299885749817,
0.3532572090625763,
1.0001784563064575,
-0.5229021310806274
] |
why do viruses like zika that thrive inside a human host cause birth defects in offspring? | along with that are the birth defects evolutionarily advantageous when it seems to limit chances of survivial for the viruses? | virus evolution has not selected for a cooperative relationship between host and virus. the virus is fine as long as it can find a new host before the current host dies. the virus doesn't care about causing birth defects ( viruses can't care about anything at all ), it's just doing it's job, hijacking cells and making new virus, and waiting for the next mosquito to come along to carry it to a new host. the viral replication process has serious effects on the host cells, usually shutting down the production of host rna and protein. if this production can't be restarted, the cell will eventually die. if the right cells at the right time during fetal development, that could cause birth defects. i'm not a virologist, but i have read a little about how certain species of [wasps](_url_1_) have turned the tables and hijacked certain [viruses](_url_2_) to attack the immune systems of their prey. i also know that there are many [endogenous retroviruses](_url_0_) found in eukaryotic genomes. perhaps viruses that try to follow a cooperative strategy with their host are always eventually captured by the host. | 6 | [] | [] | [
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endogenous_retrovirus",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasitoid_wasp",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polydnavirus",
"http://science.sciencemag.org/content/early/2017/09/27/science.aam7120.full"
] | [
-2.33992075920105,
-0.7902982831001282,
-0.5863651037216187,
-1.901418924331665,
0.306675523519516,
-0.580922544002533,
-0.8164231181144714,
-0.4935392141342163,
-0.16576194763183594,
0.9769824743270874,
1.5338623523712158,
1.0154691934585571,
-1.1555505990982056,
1.4860574007034302,
-0.4258025884628296,
-0.31206634640693665,
-3.6975653171539307,
-1.3845547437667847,
-1.0125014781951904,
-0.5029398202896118,
-1.3912523984909058,
0.20504462718963623,
-0.6779468655586243,
-0.13424815237522125,
-3.0945661067962646,
-0.6247413754463196,
-1.4617500305175781,
0.5107618570327759,
-0.1709935963153839,
-0.9561868906021118,
-0.2186059057712555,
-0.40228644013404846,
-0.7214661240577698,
-1.157189965248108,
-1.5980274677276611,
-0.9611049294471741,
-1.8617298603057861,
-1.1824491024017334,
-0.40833258628845215,
0.6469515562057495,
1.6012330055236816,
1.4178855419158936,
0.5505877733230591,
0.7410948276519775,
-1.3675580024719238,
2.200639247894287,
0.7124636769294739,
0.5947673916816711,
0.4259966015815735,
-1.3144692182540894,
-0.00139559805393219,
0.1810472458600998,
-1.1294920444488525,
1.8125736713409424,
0.4769591987133026,
0.5986455678939819,
-0.08618804812431335,
-1.6177806854248047,
0.7824186086654663,
-0.5270652770996094,
2.69337797164917,
0.7745859026908875,
0.6336970329284668,
1.1084473133087158,
0.549002468585968,
-2.594686269760132,
0.8642866015434265,
2.479985475540161,
1.0388295650482178,
2.6654319763183594,
-0.8844497203826904,
1.4111833572387695,
-2.808706521987915,
3.979452610015869,
0.16927626729011536,
2.2872164249420166,
0.17882344126701355,
-0.2217099666595459,
2.0108277797698975,
0.5989651679992676,
-0.8678238391876221,
-0.4988930821418762,
-0.48198509216308594,
-0.023281745612621307,
-0.6012974381446838,
0.9927470684051514,
0.1112937331199646,
-0.971878170967102,
0.9800697565078735,
1.694696068763733,
0.00032511353492736816,
-0.3678397536277771,
3.3477067947387695,
-0.5271831750869751,
-2.293325424194336,
2.519282817840576,
3.3938114643096924,
-0.609080970287323,
-0.7559372186660767,
1.110884666442871,
-2.077960729598999,
-0.6753742694854736,
-1.21303129196167,
-0.662002444267273,
-0.3482600748538971,
-2.0647120475769043,
0.4795362651348114,
0.1641678512096405,
1.2665292024612427,
1.2366231679916382,
-1.821016550064087,
-0.6081013679504395,
3.1512880325317383,
-0.23452046513557434,
1.3994160890579224,
0.7282123565673828,
-1.445561408996582,
0.5671756863594055,
-2.181084632873535,
-0.44428354501724243,
1.8201481103897095,
-2.8875298500061035,
1.8317221403121948,
0.19970792531967163,
3.14731764793396,
0.34625715017318726,
-0.7522333264350891,
1.62510347366333,
1.8054087162017822,
-1.080486536026001,
1.9962043762207031,
1.0096772909164429,
1.1275748014450073,
-0.5034570693969727,
-0.23447272181510925,
1.6639039516448975,
-0.21844162046909332,
-2.3062193393707275,
-2.750192165374756,
-2.3534045219421387,
-1.03850257396698,
1.0788689851760864,
-1.1103019714355469,
0.22239825129508972,
1.2417837381362915,
0.2812768816947937,
0.9256576299667358,
0.0070722829550504684,
0.3660818934440613,
-1.450593113899231,
0.019717589020729065,
-0.8004665374755859,
2.3234407901763916,
-0.716617226600647,
-0.48728373646736145,
-0.40277722477912903,
0.5064764022827148,
0.6230542659759521,
1.1695702075958252,
-0.05264681577682495,
-1.4984796047210693,
2.470684051513672,
0.016182390972971916,
2.7528786659240723,
0.18663153052330017,
-1.6470972299575806,
-0.5957698822021484,
-0.12159866094589233,
1.192815899848938,
0.6467347741127014,
-1.5768320560455322,
-0.9452959299087524,
1.646453857421875,
-3.2557339668273926,
-0.32535800337791443,
-2.1957287788391113,
-1.2786269187927246,
-0.3807014226913452,
1.0104042291641235,
1.4916105270385742,
0.32498687505722046,
-0.052403658628463745,
1.3283812999725342,
2.8052659034729004,
-0.8295266628265381,
-2.413309097290039,
-1.3171719312667847,
-0.907564640045166,
1.5731322765350342,
-2.5342979431152344,
-1.7163844108581543,
2.7092411518096924,
1.3229587078094482,
0.5157819986343384,
1.9065632820129395,
-3.0765950679779053,
1.0813807249069214,
2.3177168369293213,
2.429072380065918,
-3.0618534088134766,
-0.611028790473938,
-3.0186328887939453,
-3.455197811126709,
0.5182068943977356,
-0.9976080656051636,
-0.12292216718196869,
-0.09662836790084839,
0.7135082483291626,
-1.3695778846740723,
-1.573267936706543,
-1.4181809425354004,
1.395556926727295,
-0.9198035001754761,
-0.2615295946598053,
1.0074896812438965,
1.688635230064392,
-0.706986665725708,
0.49053525924682617,
1.278147578239441,
-1.293629765510559,
0.9913218021392822,
-0.43359705805778503,
-0.29863134026527405,
-2.2510437965393066,
-0.3900148868560791,
-3.4815516471862793,
-0.43174636363983154,
-0.6372873783111572,
-2.6524276733398438,
1.6375608444213867,
-0.9022224545478821,
2.0973660945892334,
-2.1289749145507812,
-0.6008789539337158,
-0.3162240982055664,
0.5462697744369507,
1.6563204526901245,
0.047812849283218384,
1.0128023624420166,
-0.7453755140304565,
0.8119082450866699,
0.7762184143066406,
-1.5015225410461426,
0.1563868522644043,
-2.2741713523864746,
2.3466567993164062,
-1.5918294191360474,
0.6722156405448914,
0.4904565215110779,
1.2094978094100952,
0.5566515326499939,
2.424617290496826,
-1.163236379623413,
-1.9151873588562012,
0.7653378248214722,
-1.3360446691513062,
-0.8352734446525574,
-0.6008093953132629,
0.929741621017456,
2.3086447715759277,
0.7130427360534668,
-0.026698529720306396,
1.114761233329773,
-2.0031468868255615,
0.42114317417144775,
1.4631049633026123,
-1.725093960762024,
0.7867518663406372,
1.1954760551452637,
1.1103489398956299,
0.07750015705823898,
1.0871411561965942,
1.7387642860412598,
2.1348154544830322,
1.0903229713439941,
-1.1248672008514404,
0.23244699835777283,
-0.9834417104721069,
-1.0197523832321167,
1.4818713665008545,
-0.04879508912563324,
1.5630581378936768,
1.5018730163574219,
0.07767188549041748,
-0.5572764277458191,
-2.886683464050293,
-0.2308957278728485,
-2.3557372093200684,
-1.4209644794464111,
-0.5378269553184509,
0.08359384536743164,
2.2648634910583496,
2.7718091011047363,
-2.7235915660858154,
1.623641848564148,
2.0851213932037354,
-1.3444509506225586,
-1.7013506889343262,
-0.44056665897369385,
0.22273439168930054,
-0.8364083766937256,
-1.7550125122070312,
-0.4650548994541168,
-0.568690299987793,
-2.6294445991516113,
-0.5416184663772583,
1.5401962995529175,
0.640186607837677,
0.6968079805374146,
-3.6294076442718506,
1.8866231441497803,
-1.8515610694885254,
0.024811536073684692,
-0.03170520067214966,
-1.074587345123291,
-0.3217845559120178,
-1.8159247636795044,
-0.6691575646400452,
1.5395666360855103,
-0.16809140145778656,
3.1334073543548584,
-0.9894260168075562,
-0.505490243434906,
0.9323381185531616,
1.0521738529205322,
0.21401357650756836,
-1.0983638763427734,
0.6675539016723633,
1.3501367568969727,
1.6915582418441772,
0.22422868013381958,
2.2618143558502197,
2.2231318950653076,
0.19037750363349915,
0.9611590504646301,
1.1559028625488281,
-2.276153564453125,
1.80149245262146,
-1.5080533027648926,
-2.1506998538970947,
-2.2724151611328125,
1.2212824821472168,
0.3492109775543213,
2.8145787715911865,
-0.11442404985427856,
-0.673271894454956,
0.3390690088272095,
0.12005898356437683,
0.63995760679245,
-0.7597775459289551,
-1.8126360177993774,
0.7159356474876404,
1.4854764938354492,
0.4019230306148529,
1.981169581413269,
-0.12489673495292664,
-0.37204471230506897,
-1.5412278175354004,
2.453078508377075,
-1.579601764678955,
2.286083698272705,
0.714604377746582,
-0.6547622680664062,
0.8403016328811646,
-2.166667938232422,
-0.7774550318717957,
0.5903933048248291,
0.002800140529870987,
0.7884069085121155,
-1.8051694631576538,
0.19229385256767273,
1.778315544128418,
1.603529691696167,
-0.9495648145675659,
-2.2105579376220703,
-2.872152805328369,
-0.9111271500587463,
1.1931480169296265,
1.031844973564148,
1.5783323049545288,
0.6842992305755615,
2.1917455196380615,
3.4477758407592773,
-1.6099810600280762
] |
what happens with water under enormous pressure? | i have read a bit about this but i havn't found the answer so i'm asking here. what happens with water under enormous pressure? what does the bottom of jupiters moon europa look like? i read somewhere that water under enormous pressure is solid but also hot, well past the boiling-limit. what happens exactly? | compressing something will raise its temperature, but simply being under huge pressure doesn't by itself make something hot. at high temperatures and pressures, water (and many other things) has a supercritical phase. which in simple terms is a situation where it's as dense as liquid water (or denser), but with the temperature of steam (or higher). supercritical phases have their own (rather odd) properties, although the boundary to both the liquid and gas phases is a bit diffuse. (if you cool it, it gradually becomes an ordinary liquid, if you let it expand, it gradually becomes a gas, without the distinct phase-shifts you have with boiling/freezing) at low temperatures and high pressures, water will remain a solid - 'ice', although with different molecular structures and bulk properties than the ice you're used to seeing at atmospheric pressure. at truly extreme pressures (also depending on the temperature), water (and other compounds) should actually become metallic. there are only theoretical of when that should happen (e.g. [this](_url_0_)), but it's likely quite a bit beyond the conditions on europa. although it could well happen elsewhere. | 4 | [] | [] | [
"https://share.sandia.gov/news/resources/releases/2006/metallic-water.html"
] | [
-2.29146671295166,
1.5455328226089478,
0.6801877021789551,
3.075026750564575,
1.5223957300186157,
-0.49983492493629456,
-0.3782023787498474,
1.4999655485153198,
-0.07362483441829681,
-0.7440536022186279,
-1.659412145614624,
-0.26416730880737305,
0.6780953407287598,
0.30064359307289124,
4.086340427398682,
-0.6366923451423645,
-0.2995550334453583,
-1.7368659973144531,
-3.029585123062134,
-0.16289418935775757,
1.8428243398666382,
-0.7381030917167664,
-1.856741189956665,
-0.523241400718689,
-0.003056168556213379,
0.8005133867263794,
1.320236325263977,
2.1336982250213623,
1.468345284461975,
1.7286531925201416,
-1.3235939741134644,
1.6012613773345947,
-2.971254348754883,
0.3413352966308594,
2.071073293685913,
-0.3406398296356201,
0.718712568283081,
-1.1940481662750244,
-1.7914232015609741,
0.5691311359405518,
0.6754916310310364,
-1.7369575500488281,
0.21496805548667908,
2.4764533042907715,
0.4359159469604492,
2.099882125854492,
3.9504518508911133,
-0.13709551095962524,
-1.4185082912445068,
-2.2651469707489014,
-0.4872767925262451,
-0.8248858451843262,
-0.7857402563095093,
1.5279021263122559,
-1.4694820642471313,
-0.7336360216140747,
0.2419448345899582,
-2.4378724098205566,
0.4342941343784332,
-3.8043508529663086,
-0.5480343103408813,
-0.12006726861000061,
-1.8654694557189941,
2.327568531036377,
6.472531318664551,
-0.09777995944023132,
0.4124378263950348,
0.5664785504341125,
-1.1060420274734497,
1.9060789346694946,
1.0951416492462158,
0.7529890537261963,
-0.5149469971656799,
-1.493796706199646,
1.7827471494674683,
-2.1221585273742676,
-0.1146237701177597,
1.4064818620681763,
-0.7472667098045349,
1.7323158979415894,
0.9990194439888,
-1.4799153804779053,
-0.9267973899841309,
-0.9928659200668335,
-2.876429319381714,
0.15423832833766937,
3.6704306602478027,
-0.01647055894136429,
0.1627970039844513,
-0.057657644152641296,
-1.5426881313323975,
-0.17416635155677795,
-1.4616743326187134,
2.985353469848633,
0.2845655679702759,
2.432009220123291,
0.35131287574768066,
-2.4858949184417725,
0.16293783485889435,
-0.32977497577667236,
0.46680474281311035,
-0.7690693140029907,
-3.3980495929718018,
0.7463607788085938,
-0.4566207230091095,
-1.1510215997695923,
0.4414672553539276,
3.0012011528015137,
1.2296708822250366,
-1.2086955308914185,
-1.1392303705215454,
-0.15187616646289825,
0.5584707260131836,
-3.0500476360321045,
0.04686816409230232,
-0.9512934684753418,
-1.027916431427002,
1.208611249923706,
-4.183131694793701,
-1.6342675685882568,
-1.3301417827606201,
1.424316644668579,
-1.3526045083999634,
0.8713719844818115,
1.8347738981246948,
0.22200177609920502,
-0.9815924763679504,
2.101607322692871,
0.6671009063720703,
-1.629913330078125,
1.7967348098754883,
-0.8422797322273254,
0.37804919481277466,
1.9992060661315918,
-0.3852233290672302,
-0.16936634480953217,
2.548189640045166,
1.6438443660736084,
-0.4974003732204437,
3.695950984954834,
-1.023838996887207,
0.48786845803260803,
-2.2746152877807617,
-3.2313618659973145,
1.5778976678848267,
0.8966522812843323,
-0.2975768446922302,
0.645318329334259,
-1.6726104021072388,
0.07260364294052124,
-0.3624218702316284,
0.3009423315525055,
-0.4828374981880188,
0.052044689655303955,
0.3755621910095215,
-1.587862253189087,
-0.6498633623123169,
0.43841755390167236,
1.848146677017212,
2.536149263381958,
-2.180994749069214,
2.907874584197998,
-1.6632193326950073,
-0.6839251518249512,
-1.2088948488235474,
0.8892621994018555,
0.7587027549743652,
-1.418701410293579,
1.0855509042739868,
-0.5058068633079529,
0.43881693482398987,
1.9735989570617676,
2.797917366027832,
0.3622252941131592,
-2.0568747520446777,
-1.2904508113861084,
-4.483372211456299,
-2.064565420150757,
0.6057265400886536,
2.8449206352233887,
0.9773336052894592,
3.2955541610717773,
2.4892590045928955,
1.630955696105957,
0.3987390100955963,
-1.151465654373169,
0.2350158840417862,
-2.0318007469177246,
-2.3122072219848633,
0.0035010874271392822,
-0.4478949308395386,
-1.9076282978057861,
0.6209994554519653,
1.7211813926696777,
-1.7174118757247925,
1.410097599029541,
-1.1528033018112183,
-1.566340446472168,
-1.257994294166565,
0.18300551176071167,
1.5394378900527954,
0.09817566722631454,
0.2507665157318115,
-0.7051028609275818,
1.7920942306518555,
-1.1890003681182861,
3.1574106216430664,
0.8039660453796387,
-3.707453966140747,
-0.39873233437538147,
-1.3905525207519531,
-1.804951786994934,
-3.4692869186401367,
-1.2209588289260864,
-0.12631700932979584,
0.5201987028121948,
1.252001166343689,
-1.547640085220337,
-2.873549699783325,
-1.2942142486572266,
3.766556739807129,
-2.0360703468322754,
1.085184097290039,
-3.3173975944519043,
1.8215909004211426,
-3.680086374282837,
-3.114873170852661,
3.224076271057129,
0.6966538429260254,
1.0077741146087646,
0.16562409698963165,
1.0855672359466553,
-0.09853199124336243,
3.6298749446868896,
0.832650899887085,
-1.6260544061660767,
-0.7406129240989685,
0.7722131013870239,
-0.3520979881286621,
1.7045481204986572,
-0.028825458139181137,
1.0943880081176758,
1.8648395538330078,
1.550262451171875,
-1.7336369752883911,
0.3539540469646454,
-1.6265020370483398,
1.2711271047592163,
-1.1671555042266846,
0.25797057151794434,
-1.3307788372039795,
-0.19620397686958313,
-1.824023723602295,
2.629516839981079,
-1.6113154888153076,
3.113175630569458,
-2.744879722595215,
-2.3912477493286133,
-3.027157783508301,
2.4903581142425537,
0.8214441537857056,
-0.8435530066490173,
-3.012281894683838,
-2.0690016746520996,
0.5768163204193115,
-1.3565584421157837,
1.3234782218933105,
1.676825761795044,
-0.5951904058456421,
-0.41247159242630005,
1.2821803092956543,
-3.4746756553649902,
-0.0337878093123436,
-0.15345896780490875,
2.5526959896087646,
-1.8230795860290527,
-1.3562121391296387,
0.09579004347324371,
0.4518631398677826,
-1.3892662525177002,
-2.041647434234619,
-2.337681293487549,
-1.4883334636688232,
0.7604193687438965,
3.624633312225342,
0.10571907460689545,
0.7568427920341492,
-2.2582154273986816,
-1.3247020244598389,
-2.312299966812134,
-0.7042628526687622,
2.26631498336792,
2.9208984375,
0.7079696655273438,
2.427476644515991,
-0.38020026683807373,
2.5348455905914307,
2.0293591022491455,
2.972365379333496,
-1.04438054561615,
1.8850889205932617,
0.42800503969192505,
-2.7738547325134277,
0.39801669120788574,
-3.447723865509033,
2.469451427459717,
-1.6199407577514648,
1.419564127922058,
2.0386531352996826,
-2.8515307903289795,
0.6790724992752075,
-1.3512442111968994,
0.6339221000671387,
-1.0705960988998413,
-0.5126656293869019,
1.1384133100509644,
0.3722921907901764,
1.3497326374053955,
0.4991896152496338,
-0.007971011102199554,
0.329824298620224,
-0.10156293213367462,
2.594874382019043,
0.4046087861061096,
-0.7610518932342529,
0.8485877513885498,
0.8996070027351379,
-1.350236177444458,
-0.6331274509429932,
-0.7268185019493103,
-0.38984403014183044,
0.7982346415519714,
3.5246191024780273,
-1.4690990447998047,
0.6736589074134827,
2.3894741535186768,
-1.4805761575698853,
-1.5700862407684326,
-1.4464972019195557,
0.16366112232208252,
-1.1009159088134766,
1.1504004001617432,
1.9222540855407715,
1.3881027698516846,
2.8088841438293457,
-1.0808653831481934,
0.791562557220459,
-0.8584297299385071,
-2.9292187690734863,
0.19414594769477844,
-1.7442748546600342,
0.9746836423873901,
0.5629104971885681,
0.39224404096603394,
2.8939356803894043,
-0.564537763595581,
-0.325375497341156,
0.31415092945098877,
0.4495526850223541,
-0.9510201811790466,
-1.959546685218811,
-0.05418923497200012,
0.15538963675498962,
1.738532543182373,
-0.3167687952518463,
2.212575912475586,
-1.682773232460022,
2.6067113876342773,
-1.840051531791687,
2.8871994018554688,
0.2424030303955078,
1.6183021068572998,
0.5373106598854065,
0.0033503398299217224,
2.685397148132324,
-1.3157329559326172,
-1.977670669555664,
2.181659460067749,
-1.3276488780975342,
-0.3622792363166809,
-0.20347611606121063,
-0.5535480976104736,
0.7407799959182739,
-0.2506898045539856
] |
why are natural modulation transfer functions usually low-pass? | blur, or muffling, etc., seems to be a ubiquitous physical process. high frequency information is lost when an image is focused, when a sound is transmitted through a medium, when a signal is transmitted - background noise usually swamps high frequencies first. is there a general sort of physical theory of why this is always the case (why mtfs are always/usually low-pass)? as far as i know, there's no such thing as a natural (in the sense of material physics) high-pass filter. it takes a powered system (biological, electronic) to selectively damp low frequencies rather than high frequencies. why does this pattern show up everywhere? i have a guess that an answer might have something to do with the 1/f characteristic of natural frequency spectra; e.g. there's nothing natural about low-pass mtfs, but from a linear perspective high frequencies are always weaker, so they are more delicate. but i feel like this guess is wrong... *edit* more abstract examples of low-pass processes that i still feel are part of the same problem: memory, especially historical memory (smaller details are lost, fundamentals are remembered - we know the day caesar *died*, but we don't know what he had for breakfast that morning).. erosion (details are worn away, smoothed forms are left behind; jagged peaks become rolling mountains).. | the most fundamental reason for this is inertia. let's take an example from acoustics. the walls of an acoustic chamber will be largely stationary - that is, they will have high amplitude of motion at zero frequency component. let's consider now, that everything creeps, slowly. the walls slowly settle under gravity - low frequency (slow) motion. bodies will always respond much more to slow (bulk) motion. if we push on the wall slowly, the stiffness of the material means the whole object moves. | 3 | [] | [] | [] | [
0.34423771500587463,
-0.07694905996322632,
0.77401202917099,
-0.3141458034515381,
-0.8188459873199463,
-0.5572377443313599,
-0.6187825798988342,
-0.510607898235321,
1.0820863246917725,
0.6215161085128784,
0.9237005710601807,
0.7474658489227295,
0.00914810597896576,
0.7003217935562134,
0.9577089548110962,
-0.42005041241645813,
0.8070363998413086,
0.6548961997032166,
-1.4256749153137207,
0.8448988199234009,
0.2735385298728943,
0.32252931594848633,
-0.06475362181663513,
0.04399611055850983,
-1.2583043575286865,
-0.8649976849555969,
-0.9183031320571899,
-0.5705492496490479,
0.8133024573326111,
-1.5137438774108887,
-1.3301126956939697,
-0.3082689046859741,
-0.02822999656200409,
-1.0540283918380737,
-0.6954527497291565,
0.4229838252067566,
0.015414848923683167,
-0.687341570854187,
-0.874753475189209,
0.26972225308418274,
-0.948203444480896,
0.5661976933479309,
-0.3259804844856262,
0.46150052547454834,
0.4662877917289734,
1.7303963899612427,
0.7069839835166931,
0.30440303683280945,
-0.13310909271240234,
-1.0673952102661133,
-1.0531278848648071,
-0.10003188252449036,
1.3789173364639282,
-0.3351428210735321,
-0.8875135183334351,
0.2639268636703491,
1.0197741985321045,
0.0035427752882242203,
-0.08015383034944534,
0.08615578711032867,
1.1808483600616455,
0.9938837289810181,
-0.5359771251678467,
0.10242487490177155,
1.3161195516586304,
0.5845377445220947,
0.5441803932189941,
0.17190730571746826,
-0.19442316889762878,
1.46256685256958,
0.9456095695495605,
-0.4003402292728424,
-0.8367767930030823,
0.05100932717323303,
1.3959197998046875,
-0.9234899282455444,
0.17963317036628723,
0.8104851245880127,
0.20412984490394592,
-0.07669802010059357,
-0.0908081978559494,
-1.9731731414794922,
-2.087675094604492,
-0.45398199558258057,
-1.2386252880096436,
0.6216475963592529,
0.15371602773666382,
-0.25185906887054443,
-1.0229873657226562,
0.1381363719701767,
-1.0164952278137207,
-0.018249131739139557,
-1.3108609914779663,
0.18362575769424438,
0.8806806802749634,
0.42843106389045715,
-0.7759625315666199,
0.014548331499099731,
1.3475441932678223,
-0.36546584963798523,
0.1786009967327118,
0.4476791024208069,
-1.143608808517456,
1.3632798194885254,
-0.10222861170768738,
-1.0554659366607666,
0.7850922346115112,
0.4856160879135132,
0.5252136588096619,
1.067273736000061,
-0.22092953324317932,
-0.6374759674072266,
0.7066714763641357,
0.09459513425827026,
-0.7914809584617615,
-1.247237205505371,
0.2937503457069397,
0.5002763271331787,
-0.6497249603271484,
-0.8989459276199341,
-0.08942385762929916,
-1.0664860010147095,
-0.8561118245124817,
-0.5652744174003601,
0.7510057687759399,
-1.0093119144439697,
-1.0145717859268188,
0.18632134795188904,
-0.0031066834926605225,
-0.8231824040412903,
-0.00956885889172554,
-1.382468342781067,
-0.05299066752195358,
-1.2246853113174438,
-0.2421804964542389,
0.10248204320669174,
2.0502724647521973,
0.6041867733001709,
0.025622576475143433,
-0.3284229338169098,
-0.2822694182395935,
1.0715831518173218,
0.18948939442634583,
-1.1570346355438232,
0.3688039481639862,
-0.40196940302848816,
-0.6433103084564209,
-0.43780988454818726,
-0.08525910973548889,
0.10304674506187439,
-0.215318962931633,
-0.7215548753738403,
0.38793811202049255,
-1.189895510673523,
-0.16266652941703796,
-0.5266091823577881,
-1.406152606010437,
-0.13966213166713715,
-0.5598527193069458,
1.0048582553863525,
-0.8939384818077087,
0.9137510061264038,
0.17313966155052185,
0.32446858286857605,
0.30591458082199097,
1.1284984350204468,
-0.27671629190444946,
-1.354715347290039,
-0.5100024938583374,
-0.4257986843585968,
-0.34379422664642334,
0.45147189497947693,
0.9631304740905762,
-0.2429719865322113,
0.5859629511833191,
0.331667423248291,
-1.7143127918243408,
-0.282273530960083,
0.726798415184021,
0.9414145350456238,
0.31793344020843506,
0.11507747322320938,
0.9943181872367859,
0.8161067962646484,
0.314641535282135,
-0.1454140543937683,
-0.5472816228866577,
-0.119332455098629,
0.6348433494567871,
0.06211201101541519,
0.20331968367099762,
-0.6949083209037781,
0.7111107110977173,
0.33121711015701294,
-0.3432394564151764,
0.628756046295166,
0.00911702960729599,
-0.8460190296173096,
-0.03340020775794983,
0.8106909990310669,
-1.3553568124771118,
-0.1462833732366562,
0.028954047709703445,
0.06346769630908966,
-0.08501981198787689,
0.13820059597492218,
0.40759962797164917,
0.1348457783460617,
-0.8034459948539734,
0.03819906711578369,
-0.5855425596237183,
-1.317897081375122,
0.12929421663284302,
0.32884475588798523,
1.3158727884292603,
0.4505375325679779,
-0.24316158890724182,
0.06885561347007751,
-0.7369815111160278,
-0.4052051901817322,
0.18875448405742645,
0.6407893896102905,
0.4389069974422455,
-1.1447833776474,
0.5083709359169006,
-0.5422724485397339,
0.3328149616718292,
2.3067479133605957,
-0.1562129259109497,
0.5687814950942993,
-0.3245495557785034,
1.2747865915298462,
0.17018237709999084,
0.3242504298686981,
0.21785657107830048,
-1.0321147441864014,
-0.9349258542060852,
0.9459942579269409,
-0.11822155117988586,
-0.7182734608650208,
0.7022616863250732,
-1.3335843086242676,
0.8403332829475403,
0.6548038125038147,
1.287088394165039,
0.012464120984077454,
-0.42159032821655273,
0.10651645064353943,
0.22889424860477448,
0.22588595747947693,
0.004666708409786224,
0.6523691415786743,
-1.3585073947906494,
-0.19145777821540833,
-0.7882286310195923,
0.46140819787979126,
0.41487008333206177,
-0.9121716022491455,
-0.4666450619697571,
1.183181881904602,
0.07797856628894806,
0.8245184421539307,
-0.038112327456474304,
-1.9260761737823486,
0.7149669528007507,
1.1848387718200684,
0.4558473527431488,
0.11687396466732025,
-0.13649234175682068,
-1.039198875427246,
0.03225883096456528,
-0.55097895860672,
-1.5621103048324585,
-0.8506371974945068,
0.9231472015380859,
-0.010284081101417542,
0.8829999566078186,
-0.7835942506790161,
-0.14498181641101837,
1.0283405780792236,
-1.431560754776001,
-1.2460706233978271,
0.5810058116912842,
0.8829807639122009,
0.8570383787155151,
0.28581011295318604,
-0.5171517133712769,
-0.9748599529266357,
1.3813589811325073,
0.5271684527397156,
0.10996361821889877,
1.344967246055603,
0.929304301738739,
0.41574329137802124,
1.0688166618347168,
0.9762917160987854,
-0.9517341256141663,
0.2272729128599167,
-0.5465680956840515,
-0.11850064247846603,
1.1607649326324463,
-1.0929644107818604,
-0.889348566532135,
-0.053883276879787445,
0.021365702152252197,
0.004560261964797974,
0.7401602268218994,
0.08396445959806442,
-0.2630475163459778,
0.11640562117099762,
-1.6398764848709106,
-0.36100345849990845,
0.45390892028808594,
0.20346899330615997,
0.3373052477836609,
0.6426360011100769,
1.3158661127090454,
0.02312225103378296,
-0.9826340675354004,
0.1794673204421997,
0.4090783894062042,
-0.46557509899139404,
0.9945045709609985,
-0.34043627977371216,
1.087087631225586,
0.7880368828773499,
0.8856008648872375,
-0.6540655493736267,
-0.7705562114715576,
-1.1194911003112793,
0.042096905410289764,
-0.5555746555328369,
0.923387348651886,
0.00474286824464798,
1.3751680850982666,
1.1965992450714111,
-1.2127399444580078,
-0.3211982846260071,
-1.0756340026855469,
-0.04222562909126282,
0.0836445689201355,
-0.7758101224899292,
1.4469140768051147,
0.23521292209625244,
0.3200911581516266,
-0.2608394920825958,
-0.35347452759742737,
0.2500057518482208,
-0.5499257445335388,
-0.558457612991333,
-0.4989991784095764,
0.6278271675109863,
0.4456496834754944,
0.32637035846710205,
-0.5819375514984131,
-0.984756350517273,
-0.12864278256893158,
-0.3166442811489105,
-0.9514144659042358,
0.16737696528434753,
-0.23730356991291046,
-0.6509690284729004,
0.35645565390586853,
1.5967419147491455,
-0.465908408164978,
0.9050194621086121,
0.243631973862648,
0.2868765592575073,
-0.4765775799751282,
1.0631107091903687,
1.5393893718719482,
1.370307207107544,
0.16205720603466034,
-0.06566835194826126,
0.45472252368927,
0.6857707500457764,
0.16394862532615662,
0.20321209728717804,
-1.1080644130706787,
0.6686610579490662,
-0.9389458894729614,
1.6077938079833984,
1.1580142974853516,
-0.023733243346214294
] |
at what speeds to hydrogen atoms become deadly? | i recently read [this article](_url_0_) about how traveling at light speed in science fiction would kill human travelers as the hydrogen atoms, when struck at these speeds, would give off an extremely fatal dose of radiation. pardon my ignorance here, but at what speeds does this occur? say the hypothetical vehicle is moving at 75% light speed instead of 99% - is the dose of radiation less? is it an all or nothing sort of thing or would it be the sort of thing that ramps up over time? say our hypothetical space ship is slowly gaining speed to approach 99% lightspeed. at what point do they start getting bombarded with this fatal radiation? would it be like hitting a sudden radioactive brick wall or would it be more akin to a slow creep? how do they work out exactly when these reactions occur in these hydrogen atoms? thanks for your time! | this is a nontrivial question. it's not like a cutoff speed in which less than that is safe and faster is deadly - different speeds would give different doses instead. it also depends on how thick your radiation shield is. but my guess is that radiation will become too hard to deal with at more than 50% of the speed of light. so the reasoning is that by changing the reference frame, plasma in space will appear like protons and electrons coming at you at high speed. we normally reason in terms of kinetic energy when talking about radiation, but it's ok, it grows with speed though not linearly. when a charged particle like a proton is shot at you, it will traverse your body and interact with electrons in atoms, exciting them and ejecting them from their orbits. this is called ionization. since molecular bonds are broken by this effect it may alter your dna, or produce reactive radicals when other molecules are broken (e.g. h2o - but the particles will hit the spacecraft walls first. depending on how much their energy is, they may be completely stopped here and so you'll be safe inside. if we want to be realistic, even at low speeds this problem becomes too high. typical spacecraft shielding is about 20 g/cm^(2), which is barely enough to stop protons at 150 mev (a little bit more than 50% the speed of light). as you go faster, the depth they penetrate becomes much higher, non linearly. at 1 gev (87% the speed of light) they will penetrate a shield of 400 g/cm^(2). if you want to put a shield of arbitrary thickness, the problem with that is the launch costs as it is so massive, and the unrealistic amount of fuel and strong propulsion for the same reason. the premise of the question requires an unrealistic propulsion technology anyway (like reaching almost the speed of light is soooo easy), so you can speculate with thicker shields. there are easy to use applications like [pstar](_url_1_) to predict how deep protons of a given kinetic energy will penetrate in a given material (though a more professional result would require using simulations to estimate the effects of secondary radiation when the incident particle hits a nucleus and breaks it, this might be a good start). your spacecraft would look like a giant wall of metal with a small habitable space behind it if you want to reach like 99% of lightspeed. edit: grammar | 12 | [] | [
"https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn18532-starship-pilots-speed-kills-especially-warp-speed/"
] | [
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_no-threshold_model",
"https://physics.nist.gov/PhysRefData/Star/Text/PSTAR.html",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acute_radiation_syndrome",
"https://what-if.xkcd.com/1/"
] | [
-2.268261432647705,
3.285651683807373,
1.6015726327896118,
0.045517683029174805,
-1.1071053743362427,
-5.442313194274902,
-0.8571483492851257,
4.114099979400635,
-0.2666662335395813,
-3.1262688636779785,
2.29819655418396,
0.9300001859664917,
-0.30988243222236633,
-1.2423079013824463,
3.8769285678863525,
-0.8796200156211853,
0.914652943611145,
-0.549932062625885,
-9.242117881774902,
1.2432347536087036,
-2.0101373195648193,
-4.435653209686279,
-1.0160075426101685,
-0.819118082523346,
-1.8517422676086426,
-0.7340908050537109,
0.31427961587905884,
-0.5553183555603027,
-0.5308070778846741,
-0.18829219043254852,
-1.0757455825805664,
-3.8919646739959717,
-3.2230520248413086,
-2.31284236907959,
0.19460740685462952,
-2.1840367317199707,
0.2998012900352478,
-1.4053683280944824,
-1.7472330331802368,
-0.5638638734817505,
-0.7616164684295654,
-1.7013740539550781,
-0.04414394497871399,
5.7134599685668945,
-0.31246012449264526,
3.0654478073120117,
2.6376426219940186,
-1.0398964881896973,
-2.006270170211792,
-1.5380386114120483,
-4.124971389770508,
0.9823558926582336,
-0.3230401873588562,
-0.15852366387844086,
-4.056564807891846,
-2.15687894821167,
4.068297386169434,
-3.206754684448242,
0.7006980180740356,
-4.403327465057373,
0.7187259197235107,
-1.6139650344848633,
0.21637797355651855,
-0.3263554871082306,
5.843347072601318,
-3.313443899154663,
3.4537787437438965,
0.8762729167938232,
-1.480979561805725,
6.503449440002441,
-0.9728580713272095,
0.44941478967666626,
-4.298715591430664,
-0.9316267967224121,
1.3143553733825684,
-1.0585581064224243,
-1.3485642671585083,
5.3452959060668945,
1.6385552883148193,
-1.0565491914749146,
2.7485926151275635,
-6.648784637451172,
-6.762145519256592,
-0.6059157848358154,
-1.8749364614486694,
5.666512966156006,
1.624102234840393,
1.0622717142105103,
1.6840318441390991,
-2.1942691802978516,
-3.3277103900909424,
0.7941421866416931,
-1.9047904014587402,
3.285154104232788,
-0.29712629318237305,
3.575420618057251,
0.8969884514808655,
-2.9035050868988037,
0.811839759349823,
1.0585700273513794,
0.9526693820953369,
-1.4667954444885254,
-8.681683540344238,
4.50032377243042,
-4.712827682495117,
1.2526731491088867,
0.7256605625152588,
6.297873497009277,
0.8716211915016174,
1.5929116010665894,
4.007077217102051,
-0.2869700789451599,
1.4119375944137573,
-2.9517011642456055,
-0.2374325394630432,
1.28984534740448,
-0.1155584305524826,
3.0362906455993652,
-5.827155590057373,
-3.6398727893829346,
-1.397982120513916,
-1.975806713104248,
0.9694218635559082,
-0.7840783596038818,
4.298861980438232,
-3.9779014587402344,
2.584650754928589,
3.611135482788086,
-2.139186382293701,
0.7083125114440918,
2.512674331665039,
-2.4257287979125977,
-2.853978157043457,
0.3761063516139984,
-0.274351567029953,
3.5715115070343018,
3.035425901412964,
-2.157580614089966,
-2.553157091140747,
1.979442834854126,
0.8024846911430359,
2.8386547565460205,
2.5703399181365967,
-1.9266643524169922,
3.206784248352051,
3.5670440196990967,
-0.7134703397750854,
-0.2308538556098938,
0.17257985472679138,
-4.775826454162598,
-0.04488004744052887,
-0.9892987012863159,
5.175384521484375,
-0.38153302669525146,
0.7174134850502014,
0.07670113444328308,
-1.3060824871063232,
2.228825330734253,
-1.8883411884307861,
1.005868673324585,
-2.6477670669555664,
2.6038596630096436,
0.3127204477787018,
3.4349565505981445,
-2.5376055240631104,
1.7487521171569824,
0.37554123997688293,
-1.5195999145507812,
-1.988016963005066,
0.07843878865242004,
-1.2842977046966553,
-1.30440092086792,
1.9735183715820312,
-2.8546063899993896,
0.6302372217178345,
-1.0165060758590698,
-7.488899230957031,
-0.6987506151199341,
0.40330183506011963,
3.179208755493164,
-0.2703710198402405,
3.009763717651367,
8.932672500610352,
3.5947928428649902,
2.21760892868042,
-0.9005669355392456,
2.4685781002044678,
1.8829033374786377,
-1.6824332475662231,
-1.7471330165863037,
0.6745547652244568,
1.0010621547698975,
1.2435619831085205,
0.5766589045524597,
-1.65591561794281,
-1.2540345191955566,
-4.034060001373291,
-0.22815322875976562,
-2.240816831588745,
0.8464798331260681,
-0.4545009434223175,
-4.543514251708984,
1.5451298952102661,
0.929298996925354,
0.008315369486808777,
1.5260645151138306,
0.5362250208854675,
-0.7182952761650085,
-6.425896167755127,
0.2725658416748047,
-1.5120567083358765,
-7.59332275390625,
-0.7741427421569824,
0.5453956127166748,
-0.5564292669296265,
1.1708118915557861,
-4.876845836639404,
-3.637526750564575,
1.5849905014038086,
-1.7556345462799072,
3.046813488006592,
1.6798768043518066,
-1.2991808652877808,
-4.915472984313965,
0.5177707076072693,
-2.2732346057891846,
1.7252979278564453,
3.863492727279663,
1.1762003898620605,
4.4963154792785645,
-1.4136714935302734,
3.69818115234375,
1.6037629842758179,
4.998293876647949,
-0.3046439290046692,
0.8575608730316162,
-6.080214500427246,
-0.9389874935150146,
0.026774436235427856,
-2.8794403076171875,
4.860571384429932,
-2.420217514038086,
0.3185317814350128,
0.8073845505714417,
6.796519756317139,
2.6440114974975586,
0.4502478837966919,
1.3944134712219238,
0.9469449520111084,
1.6456787586212158,
-0.3184088170528412,
-3.806821823120117,
-2.4135236740112305,
1.6344165802001953,
-0.9314223527908325,
2.724935531616211,
-0.9753963947296143,
-0.5714536905288696,
0.2508734166622162,
2.2395145893096924,
3.3357129096984863,
2.941645383834839,
-0.02751202881336212,
-4.444251537322998,
-0.8300884962081909,
3.2030324935913086,
1.2378013134002686,
-0.43213462829589844,
-3.7769129276275635,
-2.4669837951660156,
2.742422342300415,
-1.4255244731903076,
-0.2348192036151886,
0.4243066608905792,
7.448789119720459,
-4.633778095245361,
-0.10131394863128662,
-0.39535683393478394,
-2.59051513671875,
1.1397716999053955,
-1.11885666847229,
-1.0668632984161377,
1.5045206546783447,
0.9691505432128906,
3.460827589035034,
-2.324300527572632,
-0.7188460230827332,
-3.347907066345215,
-2.064415693283081,
-3.0921428203582764,
-1.0977839231491089,
7.380573749542236,
1.426064372062683,
-0.9249155521392822,
5.73310661315918,
4.057401657104492,
-1.2355170249938965,
3.636873722076416,
-0.7531245350837708,
-5.061649322509766,
4.705036640167236,
-1.4695851802825928,
-4.369334697723389,
3.613077402114868,
-3.848313570022583,
3.6923916339874268,
3.117706060409546,
1.661077618598938,
2.60634708404541,
-4.304401874542236,
-5.228863716125488,
-7.286657333374023,
1.8515057563781738,
-1.6276748180389404,
-5.383975982666016,
3.555048942565918,
3.2236666679382324,
1.2688688039779663,
-1.287450909614563,
0.8717832565307617,
3.9070065021514893,
0.47256138920783997,
1.5228997468948364,
-0.16343042254447937,
-1.0101242065429688,
2.5285563468933105,
-3.0198748111724854,
-0.5562044978141785,
0.2798808217048645,
-2.2411160469055176,
2.9250245094299316,
-0.8234779834747314,
4.494632244110107,
2.1924619674682617,
0.8441329598426819,
3.3573286533355713,
-0.8023251295089722,
-3.4528422355651855,
-2.9173572063446045,
1.7568504810333252,
-0.9194016456604004,
-0.31304481625556946,
3.1821300983428955,
2.939704179763794,
0.9172489643096924,
1.7014883756637573,
0.5853378772735596,
-0.39492660760879517,
-1.366386890411377,
-1.0244783163070679,
-5.558241367340088,
0.6214081645011902,
5.044629096984863,
4.057300090789795,
3.0408661365509033,
-3.426814079284668,
-1.5901830196380615,
1.765202522277832,
0.9606513381004333,
2.5985960960388184,
-1.1030924320220947,
1.414587378501892,
-0.8873510956764221,
5.187170028686523,
-1.4152047634124756,
3.233476161956787,
-0.9208250641822815,
-3.7231693267822266,
-4.445856094360352,
4.276947021484375,
3.7140161991119385,
4.531381607055664,
-1.096596360206604,
-4.564269065856934,
1.1725362539291382,
-1.5381147861480713,
-1.8853273391723633,
0.824956476688385,
-4.6533050537109375,
1.671998381614685,
1.9368128776550293,
1.02144193649292,
2.637126922607422,
2.717719793319702
] |
if human were still in the food chain, where would we belong? | we are still on food chain. top predator. it doesn't mean you can't eventually be food for other carnivores. and if you analyse it well, we will be food for the detritus chain, which means at last we'll be eaten by microorganisms and worms. | 10 | [] | [] | [] | [
-0.010435134172439575,
-0.5769422054290771,
0.1682364046573639,
-0.12930873036384583,
0.27002814412117004,
-0.6679024696350098,
0.14879967272281647,
-0.424314022064209,
-0.06143752485513687,
-0.30897656083106995,
0.3391514718532562,
-0.35322538018226624,
-0.14241661131381989,
0.5679044723510742,
-0.21011358499526978,
-0.49299731850624084,
0.3713045120239258,
-0.6150921583175659,
0.11784179508686066,
-0.25464674830436707,
-0.5504695177078247,
0.28251704573631287,
0.06785311549901962,
-0.12441523373126984,
-0.564696729183197,
-0.13197758793830872,
-0.13396885991096497,
-0.33776989579200745,
-0.6672104597091675,
-0.313734769821167,
0.5769556760787964,
-0.48271819949150085,
0.0039009898900985718,
-0.38645046949386597,
-0.40776538848876953,
0.1309364140033722,
0.08574335277080536,
-0.7640432119369507,
0.7121883630752563,
0.18990208208560944,
0.12748079001903534,
0.22530347108840942,
-0.4554678797721863,
-0.4792913794517517,
-0.23956862092018127,
-0.22181439399719238,
-0.28297555446624756,
-0.5259429216384888,
-0.052268609404563904,
-0.24420028924942017,
-0.6267843842506409,
0.7288244962692261,
-0.09333362430334091,
0.390600323677063,
0.4160700738430023,
-0.514297604560852,
0.1742996722459793,
-0.5805581212043762,
-0.3955064117908478,
-0.13576138019561768,
1.1533594131469727,
-0.07777787744998932,
0.408535897731781,
0.2770281434059143,
0.37421488761901855,
-0.9194498062133789,
0.12195232510566711,
0.785476803779602,
-0.456977903842926,
0.7749440670013428,
0.016297131776809692,
-0.2832700312137604,
-0.004124924540519714,
0.5695491433143616,
-0.2921762466430664,
0.6378722190856934,
0.7563740015029907,
-1.1569814682006836,
0.5300940275192261,
0.5635703206062317,
-0.7528485059738159,
0.12218987196683884,
0.2546292841434479,
-0.05632410943508148,
-0.5452560782432556,
0.051656439900398254,
-0.7392215728759766,
-0.001187637448310852,
-0.479228138923645,
0.3016939163208008,
0.05924208462238312,
0.11469550430774689,
1.063997745513916,
0.11206638813018799,
0.05627808719873428,
0.7140253782272339,
-0.41685181856155396,
-0.21501672267913818,
-0.6371170282363892,
-0.027403000742197037,
-0.5542369484901428,
0.21242636442184448,
-0.3621463477611542,
-0.3035585582256317,
0.5957552194595337,
-0.35560935735702515,
-0.3956683874130249,
0.0011519938707351685,
0.340253621339798,
0.31512251496315,
-0.4054095149040222,
0.7294899225234985,
0.33431825041770935,
0.012274639680981636,
-0.2948746085166931,
-0.7926326990127563,
0.4359016716480255,
-0.33104372024536133,
-0.05827755481004715,
-0.7962022423744202,
0.09623111039400101,
0.02019435167312622,
0.23176155984401703,
-0.11089126765727997,
0.8567762970924377,
0.31150567531585693,
-0.058581866323947906,
0.34017443656921387,
-0.1138230413198471,
-0.6284418106079102,
0.5765662789344788,
-0.7954060435295105,
0.34812816977500916,
-0.12510502338409424,
-0.39288583397865295,
-0.14377999305725098,
0.4190879166126251,
0.10648161172866821,
-0.307759165763855,
-0.35996273159980774,
-0.2084120661020279,
-0.005392417311668396,
0.20100033283233643,
0.005000125616788864,
0.1701185256242752,
0.35202887654304504,
1.0199193954467773,
-0.5619018077850342,
-0.4576379060745239,
-0.571508526802063,
0.09597596526145935,
-0.5026367902755737,
0.5261479616165161,
0.12165506184101105,
-0.32666757702827454,
0.1301652193069458,
-0.29804787039756775,
0.03472777083516121,
0.7449873685836792,
0.039419129490852356,
-0.4016493558883667,
0.7283786535263062,
-0.23055772483348846,
0.29266417026519775,
-0.1589389145374298,
-0.09622462838888168,
-0.6640945076942444,
-0.20547275245189667,
0.7124366760253906,
0.17788423597812653,
-0.31323638558387756,
0.3115258812904358,
0.0679701417684555,
-0.47697585821151733,
-0.19428442418575287,
0.2618434727191925,
-0.9327387809753418,
0.0795414075255394,
0.6952673196792603,
0.23986852169036865,
0.1883670687675476,
-0.30599382519721985,
-0.5277068018913269,
0.21302258968353271,
0.3653985261917114,
-0.877261757850647,
0.22255229949951172,
0.008149310946464539,
-0.5545065402984619,
-0.33306586742401123,
0.3691280484199524,
0.15359190106391907,
0.5792304873466492,
0.29407933354377747,
-0.031482622027397156,
-0.03473271057009697,
-0.19018539786338806,
1.3041579723358154,
0.020068354904651642,
-0.3234386444091797,
-0.036553531885147095,
-0.19437839090824127,
-0.4244317412376404,
-0.016249164938926697,
-0.03326620161533356,
-0.4026203155517578,
0.720870852470398,
-0.4322974383831024,
0.11283831298351288,
0.030163750052452087,
0.12593530118465424,
0.4029027223587036,
-0.4979742765426636,
0.7716357707977295,
0.3404330909252167,
-0.5437673330307007,
0.906182050704956,
1.029349684715271,
-0.0055949389934539795,
0.10568343102931976,
-0.1635025292634964,
0.10214081406593323,
-0.17434751987457275,
-0.4339516758918762,
-0.02871304750442505,
-0.30013370513916016,
-0.1931304782629013,
0.06334517896175385,
0.23439332842826843,
-0.044946350157260895,
-0.6028912663459778,
0.4941555857658386,
-0.4393840432167053,
0.21972626447677612,
-0.5225398540496826,
-0.16731896996498108,
1.2329685688018799,
0.05726857855916023,
0.20495782792568207,
0.41119641065597534,
0.14185583591461182,
-0.11578375101089478,
-0.18423503637313843,
-0.22784051299095154,
-0.7128025889396667,
0.8410272598266602,
-0.4072954058647156,
0.6079646944999695,
-0.35483890771865845,
0.7800995111465454,
0.2429599016904831,
-0.032256558537483215,
-0.5501787066459656,
-0.8480017185211182,
0.4545295238494873,
-0.45411044359207153,
-0.09639027714729309,
-0.06061888858675957,
0.1131988912820816,
0.6881189346313477,
-0.436370313167572,
-0.7401504516601562,
-0.1452188342809677,
-0.37192755937576294,
-0.1284252405166626,
-0.4134364128112793,
-0.24784135818481445,
0.6754252314567566,
0.032232869416475296,
-0.15345197916030884,
0.4484832286834717,
0.1745358556509018,
0.23216351866722107,
0.16379587352275848,
0.37112078070640564,
-0.5618326663970947,
0.45747214555740356,
-0.4751797020435333,
-0.16686436533927917,
0.7461636066436768,
0.398433119058609,
-0.5931435823440552,
0.22186043858528137,
0.06859345734119415,
-0.25305503606796265,
-0.07456469535827637,
0.3238934874534607,
0.14308607578277588,
0.35324299335479736,
-0.03261174261569977,
-0.4261971414089203,
0.5367252826690674,
-0.18142466247081757,
-0.5035462379455566,
0.8378869295120239,
0.4962504506111145,
-0.1539001762866974,
0.11202095448970795,
-0.044116631150245667,
0.22020132839679718,
-0.41670316457748413,
-0.45886898040771484,
0.1220383569598198,
-0.2642691135406494,
0.24197283387184143,
0.3317975699901581,
0.7252179384231567,
0.11431168019771576,
0.0018800459802150726,
-0.6423342227935791,
-0.06726858764886856,
0.12217581272125244,
-0.054665639996528625,
0.3092997372150421,
-0.4560607075691223,
-0.6074649095535278,
-0.47212716937065125,
0.0967317670583725,
0.4507405161857605,
0.0997975617647171,
0.49357712268829346,
0.045730795711278915,
-0.13185597956180573,
0.6172972321510315,
-0.09073436260223389,
0.6551818251609802,
0.11026319861412048,
0.21778036653995514,
0.41190144419670105,
0.561287522315979,
-0.1443856805562973,
0.8363626003265381,
0.22215308248996735,
0.7083553075790405,
-0.5446889400482178,
0.8143789768218994,
-0.01879548281431198,
-0.41388022899627686,
-0.5545662641525269,
0.4532218873500824,
-0.43119141459465027,
0.42044052481651306,
0.38005268573760986,
0.3501087725162506,
0.04474908113479614,
-0.0987573117017746,
-0.19189462065696716,
0.7543838024139404,
0.7634980082511902,
0.14279097318649292,
-0.30804869532585144,
0.06670897454023361,
-0.1170443445444107,
0.22025148570537567,
0.6045259237289429,
-0.5835685729980469,
-1.212188959121704,
-0.19764885306358337,
0.6070631742477417,
-0.5444132089614868,
0.04936513304710388,
-0.018639549612998962,
-0.2244601547718048,
0.7468780279159546,
-1.3084716796875,
-0.15361985564231873,
-0.7904891967773438,
0.7955396175384521,
0.14695118367671967,
-0.1577814817428589,
0.1147003322839737,
-0.44566696882247925,
0.35008999705314636,
-0.2644827365875244,
-0.1935228705406189,
-0.3943961560726166,
0.3654615581035614,
0.00807178020477295,
0.32821521162986755,
0.21709401905536652,
0.10436496138572693,
-0.6787749528884888,
0.8218240737915039,
-0.4173899292945862
] |
|
what is the biological/neurological explanation of "mania" or "frenzy"? | i will start by making clear that i do not mean "mania" in the sense that it is used in modern psychoanalysis, but rather in the classical sense, which we might describe as "frenzy". i am a classicist, and i have become quite interested in the intensely psychological religious rituals of the ancient world. the most famous of these are the greek bacchic rituals and the roman orgies (which were *not* orgies in the modern sense--sex could be involved but was by no means necessary), but there were many others. in some of the more striking of these rituals, practitioners were able to work themselves into a state of such frenzy that they were able to engage in extreme acts of self-mutilation. one particularly striking account is in apuleius' "golden ass": > so, seizing a whip such as these effeminates always carry about with them, its lashes made of twisted wool ending in long tassels thickly studded with sheep's knuckle-bones, he laid into himself with these knotted thongs, standing the pain of the blows with extraordinary hardihood. what with the sword-cuts and the flogging, the ground was awash with the contaminated blood of these creatures. granted, the work is a fantastic comedy, but there is enough anthropological corroboration of such acts (such as in certain iranian shiite rituals, or in the easter rituals still practiced, although widely banned, in latin america, particularly mexico) that this seems to be from a fairly accurate recording. perhaps more interestingly, documentation of shamanistic ritual in siberia and north america show an ability to attain an altered state of consciousness without the use of drugs (sometimes through starvation, but often through nothing more than dancing and ritual--see the "dancing spirits" in many polynesian societies, or the religious "awakening" and exorcism that can occur in american christianity). i believe that we can safely rule out spiritual possession, but what is actually occurring? | "frenzy" behavior is common in many species, mammal and reptilian. such behaviors are usually associated with mating, group defense, or food procurement, the latter most often among predators. although the precise neurochemsitry is up for grabs, it is wholly feasible and probable that it can be triggered by stimuli other than the normal (sex, defense, or food procurement). | 2 | [] | [] | [] | [
0.09239116311073303,
-0.794430136680603,
0.059314657002687454,
-0.6090908646583557,
-0.0061523765325546265,
0.08823361992835999,
1.337315559387207,
-0.7868285179138184,
1.1365416049957275,
0.8888683319091797,
1.256851077079773,
-0.389042466878891,
-0.03993205726146698,
0.14897587895393372,
0.9343663454055786,
-0.4360763132572174,
1.2431831359863281,
-0.8806263208389282,
-0.20847897231578827,
0.4606263041496277,
0.41742590069770813,
-0.7545206546783447,
-0.12172539532184601,
-0.5779919624328613,
-1.5216443538665771,
-0.9053319096565247,
-1.005069375038147,
-0.6255472898483276,
-0.08387710154056549,
0.24190691113471985,
0.5341995358467102,
0.46660998463630676,
0.3173399865627289,
-0.7682720422744751,
-0.720217227935791,
0.5324533581733704,
-0.2600688934326172,
-0.97236168384552,
0.2587156593799591,
0.26708322763442993,
0.18232223391532898,
-0.310042142868042,
-0.09099452942609787,
0.24730423092842102,
-0.2934710383415222,
0.6769037246704102,
-0.7497589588165283,
-0.056461021304130554,
-0.9295103549957275,
-0.4570832848548889,
-0.16702786087989807,
0.501279354095459,
-0.05355268716812134,
0.41252776980400085,
0.4819900095462799,
0.006067956332117319,
0.3149024248123169,
-0.09469245374202728,
-0.3100975751876831,
0.2799566090106964,
0.4866102635860443,
0.5243180990219116,
-1.1215057373046875,
0.4914935231208801,
0.8552743196487427,
-0.09441503137350082,
-0.3473447263240814,
0.33713269233703613,
0.42778244614601135,
1.0379002094268799,
1.3119897842407227,
-0.7796263694763184,
-0.5904772281646729,
0.35637134313583374,
0.643216073513031,
-0.22068193554878235,
0.2962324917316437,
-0.25459909439086914,
0.08573306351900101,
-1.2999136447906494,
-0.33190667629241943,
0.16175715625286102,
0.12691666185855865,
-0.28973710536956787,
0.13031955063343048,
0.1704111248254776,
0.7378383874893188,
-0.4281509220600128,
-0.23924967646598816,
0.7486056089401245,
-0.9617786407470703,
-0.050933849066495895,
-0.2268502116203308,
-0.6285144090652466,
-0.5144981741905212,
1.1068298816680908,
-0.046526260673999786,
-0.8423952460289001,
-0.4124893844127655,
0.45138996839523315,
-0.2791746258735657,
0.3910277485847473,
-1.1723573207855225,
0.7681373953819275,
0.12310799956321716,
-0.8804813623428345,
-0.8931748270988464,
-0.287706583738327,
-0.3032126724720001,
1.0523954629898071,
-1.5778992176055908,
0.27559399604797363,
0.34039902687072754,
0.23652620613574982,
-0.11284980177879333,
-0.21887153387069702,
0.12791399657726288,
0.08728323876857758,
0.5908381938934326,
-0.9132272005081177,
0.4587157070636749,
-0.4641735553741455,
-0.04909879341721535,
0.09843475371599197,
0.43168359994888306,
-0.2503378391265869,
-0.3620719909667969,
0.5536183714866638,
-0.3004162311553955,
-1.1324715614318848,
0.28432297706604004,
-0.7296783328056335,
0.12871772050857544,
-0.23609189689159393,
-0.2057896852493286,
0.00727466493844986,
0.9960615634918213,
-0.7498084902763367,
-0.3316635489463806,
0.24274149537086487,
0.24935607612133026,
1.2622902393341064,
0.8111066818237305,
-0.09974078834056854,
0.38123229146003723,
0.8668418526649475,
0.30455607175827026,
-0.5691097378730774,
0.1386873424053192,
-0.1408616304397583,
0.14787709712982178,
-0.41754084825515747,
0.1604941487312317,
-0.5884475708007812,
-0.5699707269668579,
-0.2006613314151764,
-0.06138726323843002,
0.3081580698490143,
0.6397234797477722,
0.688817024230957,
-0.5569486618041992,
0.6759638786315918,
-0.1593259572982788,
0.1793774962425232,
0.7199611067771912,
-0.9602727293968201,
-0.12245799601078033,
-0.08453725278377533,
-0.37946122884750366,
-0.17470897734165192,
-0.23565204441547394,
-0.07012878358364105,
-0.5076876878738403,
0.17742809653282166,
-0.021440524607896805,
-0.07290907204151154,
-1.3968112468719482,
-0.027547568082809448,
0.30081892013549805,
0.15534096956253052,
1.176252841949463,
-0.17492052912712097,
-0.15814340114593506,
0.7172518968582153,
-0.2535289227962494,
-0.5052837133407593,
-0.4551854729652405,
-0.46632105112075806,
0.17773136496543884,
-0.7784039974212646,
0.4362666606903076,
-0.2873368263244629,
0.08756598830223083,
0.10314895212650299,
0.036169152706861496,
-0.5834851861000061,
0.5467073321342468,
0.13186492025852203,
0.10477849841117859,
0.18716618418693542,
-0.7913537621498108,
-1.052459955215454,
-0.47941094636917114,
-0.8678668737411499,
0.8072012662887573,
0.6066213250160217,
-0.10000354051589966,
-0.007022939622402191,
0.3292609453201294,
0.1323871612548828,
-0.5899227857589722,
0.5380879044532776,
0.011323943734169006,
0.585320234298706,
0.2358182966709137,
-0.10738694667816162,
0.09462223201990128,
1.1598808765411377,
-0.3454204797744751,
-0.5653122663497925,
-0.15557312965393066,
-0.14457771182060242,
-0.1559019684791565,
-0.8329079151153564,
0.12859144806861877,
-0.5194535255432129,
0.2870488166809082,
0.8084102869033813,
-0.18189388513565063,
0.6317169070243835,
-0.9106616377830505,
-0.1325630247592926,
0.24451585114002228,
0.6303169131278992,
-1.5711669921875,
-0.588831901550293,
0.8652021884918213,
0.23978790640830994,
0.45010310411453247,
-0.43251219391822815,
-0.09576241672039032,
1.085418939590454,
0.094533771276474,
0.149335578083992,
-0.4287267327308655,
0.6449099779129028,
-0.21529024839401245,
-0.09072253853082657,
-0.18223854899406433,
-0.1866438388824463,
-1.1805298328399658,
0.8773097991943359,
-0.6958467960357666,
-0.28578418493270874,
-0.3181138336658478,
-0.1406027376651764,
-1.0336134433746338,
-0.08480711281299591,
0.2562543451786041,
1.057411551475525,
0.24715836346149445,
0.22017762064933777,
-0.9803553819656372,
-0.43211209774017334,
0.5489159226417542,
0.3020130395889282,
-0.17875376343727112,
1.8939157724380493,
0.2208966761827469,
-0.17047297954559326,
-0.8075066804885864,
0.12833578884601593,
0.11379097402095795,
0.3589366674423218,
1.0425896644592285,
0.08300326764583588,
0.21912100911140442,
-0.8891657590866089,
-1.157061219215393,
0.22441938519477844,
-0.11102119088172913,
-1.8130912780761719,
-0.4228772521018982,
1.0154616832733154,
0.8145788908004761,
0.13988134264945984,
-0.6443020701408386,
0.09231555461883545,
0.1418146938085556,
0.03735065087676048,
-0.3692752718925476,
0.729798436164856,
0.8525180816650391,
-0.35495054721832275,
0.7261863946914673,
0.5603218078613281,
0.31344762444496155,
-0.028215529397130013,
-0.5833393931388855,
-0.139508455991745,
-0.17597711086273193,
-1.3123841285705566,
0.15927371382713318,
0.21749034523963928,
-0.046584926545619965,
-0.4643734395503998,
0.9384561777114868,
-0.13751280307769775,
-1.0043948888778687,
-0.5392589569091797,
-0.16517043113708496,
0.6650112867355347,
0.1903422772884369,
-0.6338623762130737,
-0.11227893829345703,
0.25840872526168823,
0.08764618635177612,
0.6187999248504639,
0.03861013427376747,
0.5151060819625854,
0.37592872977256775,
-0.022479593753814697,
0.46545088291168213,
0.4911850690841675,
0.4016684889793396,
0.24606971442699432,
-0.20290324091911316,
-1.0326380729675293,
0.023325003683567047,
0.014429450035095215,
-0.11983296275138855,
1.151605248451233,
0.9054609537124634,
0.24025847017765045,
0.04929901659488678,
0.3917044699192047,
0.3761121928691864,
0.2690522074699402,
-0.9955055713653564,
-0.15750178694725037,
0.1611030101776123,
-0.18999972939491272,
0.6402704119682312,
-0.24469326436519623,
-0.9580098390579224,
-0.059472911059856415,
0.3237329125404358,
1.239441156387329,
-0.07550806552171707,
0.2105722278356552,
-0.3483034372329712,
0.06820383667945862,
-0.0021241791546344757,
0.27178776264190674,
0.9698208570480347,
0.4068688154220581,
-1.2169413566589355,
-0.6096382141113281,
0.27380090951919556,
-0.813376784324646,
0.8276696801185608,
-0.5141254663467407,
-0.16912531852722168,
1.4251923561096191,
-0.44045406579971313,
0.9684831500053406,
-0.559384822845459,
-0.2627076506614685,
0.5236128568649292,
-0.1219622790813446,
-0.13272492587566376,
0.38240328431129456,
0.25533542037010193,
-0.12465646862983704,
-0.7825074195861816,
0.08125818520784378,
0.1792982518672943,
0.2875085473060608,
1.0437657833099365,
0.8660763502120972,
0.2946011424064636,
-0.11043986678123474,
1.2280136346817017,
-0.026946663856506348
] |
are there any models in which causality breaks down? | inspired by a post i read on /r/askscience stating that "nature" seems to find a way to maintain causality, i would like to know if there has ever been a time (perhaps incredibly close to the big bang?) or even a prediction model that has broken or bent this? is this a truly fundamental part of the universe as we understand it? part of my question is to try to understand if causality was created at the big bang therefore satisfying the first cause principle. | there are some models of naked singularities which allow for [time travel and causal loops](_url_0_). the problem is that we don't understand gravity well enough to know if naked singularities are even possible, and then we don't know if we're right about how physics would go wonky near them. as for what this would mean for the big bang. i don't think i'm up to trying to explain the general relativity, but at the big bang it was a different type of singularity, and i haven't seen anything directly addressing how that singularity would affect causality (although my quick skim on one of the papers suggests that the causality problems only apply to black hole singularities). questions about whether or not "causality was created at the big bang", or if time even had any meaning before the big bang are beyond me. | 2 | [] | [] | [
"http://free.naplesplus.us/articles/view.php/42794/are-the-rules-of-physics-broken-with-naked-singularities"
] | [
-1.183533787727356,
-0.986814022064209,
0.8031474351882935,
1.249774694442749,
1.3670721054077148,
-0.6872686743736267,
-1.8621331453323364,
1.775122880935669,
3.403944730758667,
-1.3943675756454468,
0.1631559431552887,
-0.09358653426170349,
-0.04740699380636215,
-0.3498401343822479,
1.3101345300674438,
-1.3265968561172485,
-1.6439895629882812,
-1.7003923654556274,
-3.4684441089630127,
0.5308475494384766,
-0.04180310666561127,
0.014365971088409424,
-0.6626976728439331,
-0.6549620628356934,
-1.9616765975952148,
-0.716662585735321,
0.27223333716392517,
0.3136867880821228,
0.016607552766799927,
-1.0683469772338867,
0.1383945643901825,
-0.23956581950187683,
0.5922778248786926,
0.19971288740634918,
-0.02208125591278076,
0.7143986821174622,
2.096412181854248,
0.8452363014221191,
-0.24892932176589966,
-1.0416619777679443,
0.4600076675415039,
1.5827716588974,
0.3711514174938202,
-0.17263109982013702,
0.8184452056884766,
1.1768198013305664,
0.9374411106109619,
1.300426721572876,
-1.6501764059066772,
0.3066342771053314,
0.33658480644226074,
2.530003070831299,
-1.3322737216949463,
-1.9228647947311401,
-1.8893464803695679,
0.6840346455574036,
0.3221670985221863,
-1.8875200748443604,
1.6947243213653564,
-0.8142783045768738,
-0.6932185292243958,
0.728408932685852,
-0.7524259090423584,
-0.4842585325241089,
4.285116672515869,
2.19416880607605,
1.2958552837371826,
0.029937703162431717,
0.2833777070045471,
2.5419564247131348,
-0.02478964440524578,
0.8942872285842896,
-0.38627567887306213,
-0.3377316892147064,
0.6735365986824036,
-1.4002271890640259,
0.5621961951255798,
2.1968963146209717,
0.5362175703048706,
0.05286550149321556,
0.18787260353565216,
0.21250072121620178,
-0.5582727193832397,
-0.4137030243873596,
-2.3049638271331787,
0.15824848413467407,
0.5134925842285156,
2.313493251800537,
1.2800581455230713,
-2.083667278289795,
-2.3984622955322266,
-2.9964752197265625,
0.2153376042842865,
1.3595566749572754,
0.2717568576335907,
0.8407469987869263,
-0.9330698251724243,
-1.5404746532440186,
0.8348244428634644,
-0.6120023131370544,
-1.9400333166122437,
0.4225296378135681,
-1.1868096590042114,
1.0529451370239258,
1.037618637084961,
-0.039281778037548065,
0.13516493141651154,
0.7213625311851501,
0.7179698944091797,
0.49303191900253296,
0.3648195266723633,
-0.9887319803237915,
3.02577543258667,
-0.44138407707214355,
-1.4333570003509521,
-1.6792957782745361,
0.4305179715156555,
1.0381959676742554,
-2.76179575920105,
-2.6156415939331055,
-1.539912223815918,
-0.25736021995544434,
2.363457679748535,
-0.2129627764225006,
-0.5459353923797607,
-0.022899866104125977,
-0.45419347286224365,
0.8653125166893005,
-0.4388774633407593,
-2.3734469413757324,
3.7750346660614014,
-2.080095052719116,
0.7076687216758728,
1.4064061641693115,
-0.5105593800544739,
-1.593694806098938,
2.0518040657043457,
0.42024171352386475,
-0.3196600377559662,
-2.8027610778808594,
1.437180519104004,
-2.5504369735717773,
-0.567996084690094,
1.1119763851165771,
0.6430684328079224,
-0.23558083176612854,
2.0332722663879395,
-0.6345846056938171,
0.5106651782989502,
-1.9343318939208984,
-1.0342521667480469,
-1.1227443218231201,
-0.7422606945037842,
0.7477296590805054,
-0.6769112944602966,
1.9905043840408325,
1.9457578659057617,
-1.897390604019165,
-3.5524802207946777,
2.013546943664551,
0.8610683083534241,
2.923146963119507,
1.863187551498413,
0.016859397292137146,
1.1306309700012207,
0.8961026668548584,
0.5784863829612732,
-1.8839123249053955,
2.242147922515869,
0.8297567367553711,
-0.5093004703521729,
-0.5371885895729065,
-1.4904035329818726,
-0.27365031838417053,
-0.06679145991802216,
-0.3233523964881897,
-3.4436159133911133,
1.1544291973114014,
-1.6648458242416382,
2.0976717472076416,
0.8685413002967834,
-1.254547119140625,
0.8909364342689514,
-0.22552253305912018,
-0.16874107718467712,
0.06668051332235336,
-0.5388317108154297,
0.6003786325454712,
-1.2059162855148315,
-0.9971896409988403,
1.2326455116271973,
-0.30745959281921387,
1.0067960023880005,
-0.1210986077785492,
-1.2305779457092285,
-0.435186505317688,
0.2903146743774414,
1.1504889726638794,
-0.3132551908493042,
-0.5679143667221069,
-2.098876476287842,
-0.1934746503829956,
0.27333274483680725,
-2.4236884117126465,
-2.195493221282959,
-0.4924262762069702,
1.4958990812301636,
2.286027431488037,
-0.07063774764537811,
-0.8475133776664734,
-1.454970359802246,
-2.363632917404175,
-1.2689952850341797,
0.6799066066741943,
-1.522278070449829,
0.8536645174026489,
0.2660120725631714,
-3.412637710571289,
-0.4429205060005188,
0.4068111777305603,
1.9796361923217773,
-1.9546231031417847,
-3.488773822784424,
-1.1558811664581299,
-0.9131292104721069,
-1.8079640865325928,
-1.01148521900177,
1.804655909538269,
1.8716648817062378,
1.3668214082717896,
0.5057680010795593,
-1.0980380773544312,
-1.4162163734436035,
1.3542139530181885,
2.0126919746398926,
-0.5723586082458496,
0.8317639827728271,
-1.501211404800415,
-0.8041232228279114,
0.25342386960983276,
-0.8058276176452637,
0.37565457820892334,
-0.35311365127563477,
1.947645664215088,
2.446011543273926,
-2.2366251945495605,
-1.9731570482254028,
-1.1279679536819458,
1.0188612937927246,
0.5549155473709106,
0.6375542283058167,
-0.5435140132904053,
-2.151960849761963,
1.446148157119751,
-0.08573438972234726,
1.471686840057373,
-1.4697353839874268,
-0.7759754061698914,
-0.43836531043052673,
0.7345213890075684,
1.4020678997039795,
1.3698519468307495,
-2.554871082305908,
-3.966243267059326,
-0.22931408882141113,
2.396244525909424,
1.34214448928833,
0.553017795085907,
1.6053495407104492,
0.5474931001663208,
0.5060842633247375,
1.4406183958053589,
1.4872381687164307,
-0.5858641266822815,
-2.0748519897460938,
0.13667097687721252,
0.8476094007492065,
-0.37066611647605896,
-2.58948016166687,
-0.183336079120636,
0.47276726365089417,
-1.5141000747680664,
1.014014482498169,
-0.4122012257575989,
0.4131556749343872,
-1.638992190361023,
0.8689603209495544,
-0.4212273359298706,
-0.08213885128498077,
-1.0466073751449585,
0.31053778529167175,
2.559788942337036,
0.013527214527130127,
-0.6553202867507935,
2.148735523223877,
-2.8726966381073,
-1.7332649230957031,
1.6631367206573486,
-0.732802152633667,
1.6163156032562256,
0.16380053758621216,
-1.0250115394592285,
-1.0297632217407227,
-0.2466999590396881,
2.7669408321380615,
-0.7860580682754517,
2.6701157093048096,
1.066271424293518,
0.9188230037689209,
0.5995995998382568,
-0.31956881284713745,
-0.2945232391357422,
0.0784335806965828,
3.5729124546051025,
-2.9076614379882812,
0.22394169867038727,
-1.0373010635375977,
3.106776714324951,
-0.6749216318130493,
1.1949900388717651,
0.34176138043403625,
-0.9492235779762268,
-1.4816358089447021,
-1.8850626945495605,
-0.6922788023948669,
1.2838646173477173,
-0.15224754810333252,
0.3044002652168274,
-1.2527790069580078,
2.086069345474243,
-1.6476835012435913,
1.1783548593521118,
-0.6938117742538452,
0.9338066577911377,
0.9303739070892334,
2.0944900512695312,
0.3846626281738281,
-0.9674036502838135,
-0.3243117928504944,
1.6680634021759033,
1.686123013496399,
0.7609918117523193,
0.6119751930236816,
0.6376416683197021,
2.077819347381592,
-0.1668398380279541,
-0.12033877521753311,
0.8955212831497192,
-2.3047430515289307,
0.9477964639663696,
-0.6099891066551208,
1.3188005685806274,
-0.004157900810241699,
0.11598704755306244,
1.226444959640503,
-1.7087641954421997,
-0.8236070871353149,
1.5497561693191528,
2.1627116203308105,
-1.2241085767745972,
-0.043444037437438965,
3.644387722015381,
-0.9260291457176208,
2.450425624847412,
-0.043127745389938354,
0.7964884042739868,
-1.706960916519165,
-0.4726921021938324,
-2.064728021621704,
0.710240364074707,
-0.5356412529945374,
3.203411102294922,
-0.06500130891799927,
-1.5366922616958618,
2.205226421356201,
-1.5911753177642822,
-2.602165460586548,
0.13424402475357056,
-1.3566234111785889,
0.590254008769989,
1.6938209533691406,
-0.36096614599227905,
0.5503634214401245,
-2.0032644271850586
] |
when calculating flight paths for potential interstellar crafts, are dark matter & energy factored into equations? | or do the formulas behind relativity already incorporate these forces? would dark matter/energy come into effect if we stay within our galaxy cluster, or are these forces only noticed on the largest of scales? | it depends on how interstellar we're talking. heading to our nearest neighbor stars wouldn't require thinking about dark matter or dark energy at all. on the other hand, if we want to head across the galaxy, dark matter becomes important. dark matter was first noticed because stars in the galaxy move too fast to be held together without it, and likewise, it only becomes important on galactic distance scales (~tens of thousands of lightyears). dark energy is even more negligible, as it only becomes important on *cosmological* distance scales---billions of light years. | 38 | [] | [] | [] | [
0.8995646834373474,
0.8344334363937378,
0.2123045176267624,
1.8196595907211304,
1.361829400062561,
-1.623741865158081,
-1.8946363925933838,
-0.7884712219238281,
1.256839632987976,
-1.1043843030929565,
-0.656125545501709,
-1.0821890830993652,
-2.0893778800964355,
-1.747245192527771,
1.427355408668518,
-0.8734167218208313,
-0.8182355761528015,
-1.644173264503479,
-3.0798394680023193,
0.1400420069694519,
-0.5449459552764893,
-1.029427409172058,
0.2087888866662979,
-1.011217474937439,
0.675265371799469,
-0.02245427295565605,
-0.6268784999847412,
-1.1239904165267944,
0.09265732020139694,
-0.1791878342628479,
-0.3703102171421051,
0.7941910624504089,
-0.39548152685165405,
0.22573602199554443,
-0.6266120672225952,
-0.6119467616081238,
0.21123671531677246,
-0.27892693877220154,
0.32961419224739075,
0.15302294492721558,
0.5687721967697144,
0.9487061500549316,
0.5154790878295898,
1.0527174472808838,
-0.6983417868614197,
0.5026046633720398,
0.30585819482803345,
-0.07843051850795746,
-1.0904667377471924,
-0.2650761008262634,
-1.1301522254943848,
0.41228777170181274,
-1.18814218044281,
0.348921000957489,
-0.6941651701927185,
2.304356098175049,
1.482962965965271,
-1.9295331239700317,
1.3984533548355103,
-1.9484155178070068,
0.307097852230072,
-0.24971598386764526,
-1.1796053647994995,
-1.1092212200164795,
1.3428711891174316,
-0.7133540511131287,
-0.01785893738269806,
-0.6244574785232544,
-1.2120630741119385,
0.7421165108680725,
-1.1766464710235596,
0.47609102725982666,
-0.8733788728713989,
-0.8188140392303467,
0.4162348806858063,
1.1822375059127808,
2.5782485008239746,
0.9010334014892578,
1.1395422220230103,
-0.5186852216720581,
1.251638412475586,
0.659713864326477,
-1.048277497291565,
-0.5474201440811157,
0.9893359541893005,
0.25835293531417847,
-0.14343275129795074,
1.1177473068237305,
-0.17879830300807953,
-0.7654346227645874,
-1.895378828048706,
-0.7626426219940186,
-0.19255970418453217,
0.2670561969280243,
-0.39092427492141724,
0.34163039922714233,
-0.6131165027618408,
-1.8197968006134033,
-0.9237104654312134,
0.44675809144973755,
-0.32650017738342285,
0.6522716879844666,
-0.7562916278839111,
2.5662217140197754,
-0.6948876976966858,
1.053135633468628,
-0.026979412883520126,
1.5656895637512207,
0.7568783760070801,
0.08567962050437927,
2.2148232460021973,
-0.3143317699432373,
0.13824117183685303,
-0.8720013499259949,
-0.0886041671037674,
0.11979866027832031,
0.23443034291267395,
2.38847017288208,
-1.5834901332855225,
0.06865060329437256,
-1.5946214199066162,
0.16262903809547424,
2.322859287261963,
-0.8354237079620361,
-0.25219011306762695,
-1.1312639713287354,
0.25811249017715454,
1.844433069229126,
-1.1674065589904785,
-1.0872660875320435,
-0.14853133261203766,
-0.953066349029541,
0.953751802444458,
0.9083228707313538,
-0.25836628675460815,
0.464556485414505,
1.0715720653533936,
-0.9440523386001587,
-0.550498902797699,
0.6738182306289673,
1.3081333637237549,
1.1751078367233276,
1.2923957109451294,
0.4653596580028534,
2.1396071910858154,
1.3251996040344238,
0.7898326516151428,
-0.6391786336898804,
0.11484724283218384,
-1.6007418632507324,
-0.3816836178302765,
-1.6130917072296143,
0.5514413714408875,
-0.9516916275024414,
0.4583588242530823,
1.0936932563781738,
0.3394601345062256,
-0.29724711179733276,
-2.466810464859009,
1.314628005027771,
0.8420947790145874,
-0.12020982801914215,
0.3052191138267517,
0.8491829633712769,
0.7411529421806335,
-0.18147751688957214,
0.5222697257995605,
-1.0754966735839844,
0.5985872745513916,
0.8708163499832153,
-0.22785331308841705,
-0.9314367771148682,
-0.19162023067474365,
0.12705516815185547,
0.7826050519943237,
-1.1043603420257568,
-2.6850695610046387,
0.9226589202880859,
-0.8389450311660767,
-0.16890008747577667,
-1.3582713603973389,
-0.11260613799095154,
3.1282854080200195,
-0.029290631413459778,
0.500106155872345,
-0.16610342264175415,
1.4908350706100464,
1.5110106468200684,
0.1674550622701645,
-1.2079073190689087,
1.2581589221954346,
0.22264251112937927,
0.5113121271133423,
0.7371930480003357,
0.003504335880279541,
0.8802565336227417,
-0.868471086025238,
-0.7510141730308533,
-0.5681360960006714,
-0.5747838020324707,
-0.15804892778396606,
-1.9670710563659668,
0.7771950960159302,
0.25207486748695374,
-0.45430463552474976,
-1.8847620487213135,
0.20874479413032532,
2.456696033477783,
-1.3498971462249756,
0.42742499709129333,
1.5866401195526123,
-2.962639331817627,
-2.396895408630371,
0.9926322102546692,
-0.1781516820192337,
0.8757211565971375,
-0.02852785587310791,
-3.076141834259033,
-0.7023929357528687,
0.5599533319473267,
2.248908758163452,
-1.8283045291900635,
-2.554882049560547,
-1.3896983861923218,
-0.7912822365760803,
-2.365597724914551,
-0.5865176916122437,
0.5671399235725403,
0.8494595885276794,
1.2882347106933594,
-1.0083372592926025,
0.8809842467308044,
-1.098179817199707,
0.945480465888977,
-0.15593327581882477,
-0.30024006962776184,
0.22676149010658264,
-3.0325448513031006,
0.6397989988327026,
-2.5955824851989746,
0.959496259689331,
1.2023577690124512,
-0.4460715651512146,
1.142810344696045,
1.6340135335922241,
-0.7299289107322693,
-1.264339804649353,
-0.7199771404266357,
0.09329293668270111,
0.6101284623146057,
2.006133794784546,
-1.2638272047042847,
-1.802988052368164,
-0.2901671826839447,
0.09730102121829987,
-0.12753094732761383,
-1.1309130191802979,
-1.1387088298797607,
1.8030920028686523,
1.7825356721878052,
0.2574525475502014,
-0.028057143092155457,
-1.827093243598938,
0.2200746238231659,
0.41791021823883057,
1.940706491470337,
1.4166059494018555,
0.5647397637367249,
-1.1612251996994019,
-0.9398034811019897,
-0.7574690580368042,
1.8951685428619385,
-0.4022762179374695,
-0.44046711921691895,
2.8616204261779785,
0.7251250743865967,
-0.3541943430900574,
-0.07338029891252518,
-1.5643293857574463,
0.21903562545776367,
0.5343902707099915,
1.778948426246643,
0.723435640335083,
-0.5175713300704956,
0.4504873752593994,
-1.7921216487884521,
-0.3481355905532837,
-1.2885974645614624,
0.550655722618103,
-0.9352261424064636,
1.3626083135604858,
2.1631290912628174,
0.7079870700836182,
0.017447886988520622,
2.6270291805267334,
-1.2985248565673828,
-2.4884376525878906,
1.4946216344833374,
0.8285564184188843,
0.6838111877441406,
0.616210401058197,
-0.3095870018005371,
-0.2504698634147644,
0.5035902857780457,
-0.038141995668411255,
0.3186035752296448,
1.8622610569000244,
-0.39473801851272583,
0.6799670457839966,
-0.3409718871116638,
-0.26774245500564575,
-2.4569027423858643,
0.3431856632232666,
2.2257511615753174,
-2.2962372303009033,
-0.9813004732131958,
0.683896541595459,
0.22666101157665253,
0.7614613175392151,
0.1825755536556244,
1.1236463785171509,
0.31519457697868347,
0.38709545135498047,
0.3351157307624817,
-0.3608733117580414,
0.5635205507278442,
1.780368447303772,
0.19867469370365143,
0.4926234781742096,
2.5551869869232178,
-0.2165561318397522,
-0.17141452431678772,
1.5015286207199097,
1.4005544185638428,
0.564906656742096,
1.9872878789901733,
0.5453633666038513,
-2.269681692123413,
-0.42290738224983215,
2.0010125637054443,
-1.117457628250122,
1.898410677909851,
0.1259714961051941,
1.4378490447998047,
1.9615296125411987,
0.22198352217674255,
-0.933265209197998,
1.1311156749725342,
-0.5665497779846191,
-0.1534435749053955,
-0.9546570181846619,
0.45113006234169006,
1.0199551582336426,
-0.9236587285995483,
-0.37148189544677734,
-1.2405844926834106,
-0.6191421747207642,
1.418891429901123,
1.5328348875045776,
0.616942822933197,
0.8465393781661987,
1.5765115022659302,
0.6993724703788757,
1.6047126054763794,
-1.3649005889892578,
0.4887044131755829,
-0.06866994500160217,
-1.2644639015197754,
-1.5741193294525146,
0.22238920629024506,
0.4224698841571808,
1.4242092370986938,
-0.2361820787191391,
-3.9293363094329834,
-0.7323358654975891,
-2.184293508529663,
-1.992903709411621,
0.38148653507232666,
-2.2987372875213623,
-0.29701167345046997,
1.1540637016296387,
-1.905354619026184,
-0.9467083215713501,
-0.29742422699928284
] |
what is the smoothest surface known to man? | i was just thinking about the monolith in 2001 and how it is described as perfectly smooth. what is the smoothest surface we know of? i assume that a liquid with a low surface tension takes the cake, but are there extremely smooth solids as well? | for matter existing in real-life conditions, atomically flat regions (surfaces which are so flat that not even a single atom protrudes) on the surfaces of many different solids have been well-documented by scanning tunneling microscopy. also, single-crystalline sheets of graphene or hexagonal boron nitride will generally be atomically smooth, though they may have ripples or bubbles over longer length scales. what makes your question hard to answer has to do with the lateral length scales relative to the vertical length scale. do you want something that is ultra-flat at the atomic scale? or do you want something that has the best ratio of surface height variation to lateral size? edit: without searching for other possibilities, i did some rough surface variation to surface area ratios from candidates listed in the comments here, using supplied links. this would just be approximately using max-min variation, though i think the best measure would be to have a histogram of height values throughout the surface and calculate an rms roughness. * si sphere from avogadro project: 4.7e-15 m^-1 * gravity probe b gyro: same as avogadro project * hubble telescope mirror: 5.6e-9 m^-1 * [quantum stabilized atom mirror](_url_0_): and finally i note that the quantum stabilized atom mirror has atomic surface variations less than 100nm away from each other (see images in the link). the spheres' values are calculated from the numbers given by the groups' websites which are only relevant length scales comparable to the radius of the sphere -- if you looked at an atomic scale (ignoring surface oxidation), you would likely see crystallographic steps depending on what face of the crystal is relevant. i didn't do further digging to see how locally they investigated the surface for any atom-scale pockmarks, etc. | 32 | [] | [] | [
"http://www.nanociencia.imdea.org/portals/22/downloads/publications/a-quantum-stabilized-mirror-for-atoms.pdf",
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravity_Probe_B",
"http://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2004/26apr_gpbtech/",
"http://hubblesite.org/hubble_discoveries/10th/vault/allabout.shtml"
] | [
-0.41468262672424316,
1.8267313241958618,
1.6878641843795776,
0.992713451385498,
-1.9439759254455566,
-3.6274847984313965,
-0.7174612283706665,
2.9070422649383545,
-1.0595836639404297,
-1.9784272909164429,
1.42322838306427,
-2.4870986938476562,
2.3740861415863037,
1.5111629962921143,
0.29399529099464417,
-0.02579115331172943,
-4.327134132385254,
0.13109053671360016,
-3.67459774017334,
2.1234822273254395,
1.2268301248550415,
0.2584611773490906,
1.4064242839813232,
-1.848089337348938,
0.46330028772354126,
-0.6746054887771606,
0.9646714925765991,
0.03608781099319458,
2.188058376312256,
-2.0188097953796387,
-1.553907036781311,
2.633288860321045,
-2.8738434314727783,
-1.2999389171600342,
1.688164234161377,
-1.9967280626296997,
-0.25404834747314453,
0.1771537959575653,
-3.1494736671447754,
0.2890103757381439,
0.8464770317077637,
2.4481430053710938,
1.9935247898101807,
3.7380497455596924,
2.876837730407715,
2.8258719444274902,
1.3525924682617188,
0.5917534232139587,
-3.1534581184387207,
-0.36040791869163513,
0.9640182256698608,
-1.5759577751159668,
-1.7624964714050293,
-0.8329311609268188,
-2.998216152191162,
1.114617943763733,
0.4941401779651642,
-5.29283332824707,
1.5397350788116455,
-0.950849711894989,
1.1334121227264404,
0.001809731125831604,
-0.4869700074195862,
0.363990843296051,
5.692465782165527,
1.925372838973999,
1.0525834560394287,
-3.4840636253356934,
-2.6770598888397217,
4.369943618774414,
-0.15023675560951233,
0.22251874208450317,
-2.3954854011535645,
-0.48588287830352783,
3.8866655826568604,
-1.4954288005828857,
-1.8760929107666016,
2.8248484134674072,
-0.671864926815033,
0.7999426126480103,
-1.269569754600525,
-1.8323616981506348,
-0.5669640898704529,
1.501356601715088,
-0.8933174014091492,
3.186335563659668,
1.445159912109375,
1.8478113412857056,
-2.9685237407684326,
-0.6611669659614563,
0.6509573459625244,
1.8161596059799194,
-6.377296447753906,
2.221987009048462,
-0.7983229756355286,
0.3667636513710022,
0.4340236485004425,
-2.4723165035247803,
4.628931999206543,
1.681290864944458,
0.38799184560775757,
0.33265578746795654,
-2.6153862476348877,
2.1331915855407715,
-3.834038257598877,
-0.06859469413757324,
-0.20860159397125244,
3.4637937545776367,
0.057555191218853,
3.451704263687134,
1.743186354637146,
-2.284058094024658,
2.1124277114868164,
-1.5344914197921753,
1.9453487396240234,
-7.115310192108154,
1.5553053617477417,
0.5473112463951111,
-2.134524345397949,
-2.32420015335083,
-1.9800364971160889,
-0.3186477720737457,
0.4334559440612793,
1.6876271963119507,
1.878269910812378,
1.3026185035705566,
-1.7720482349395752,
3.0154638290405273,
1.6244304180145264,
2.1626453399658203,
2.6657419204711914,
-2.011801242828369,
-0.15083938837051392,
0.27873632311820984,
-1.1557674407958984,
0.3740793764591217,
0.011748306453227997,
1.403303623199463,
-2.1615819931030273,
6.193598747253418,
0.2698107063770294,
-0.8018488883972168,
0.9512742757797241,
-0.2880200743675232,
5.0550947189331055,
4.274857521057129,
-5.924439907073975,
0.76402348279953,
-2.1475749015808105,
-0.8177424669265747,
-0.6576091647148132,
-0.15329623222351074,
1.637436866760254,
-1.8024353981018066,
0.27319955825805664,
-0.6797695159912109,
-2.0446691513061523,
0.25462332367897034,
-0.9796372652053833,
1.0658644437789917,
-2.8105521202087402,
-0.265924334526062,
-1.123634934425354,
0.42672473192214966,
-1.7310566902160645,
0.036202698945999146,
-0.2226494699716568,
-4.088282108306885,
2.625662326812744,
0.6009535193443298,
4.225512981414795,
1.469731092453003,
1.1302309036254883,
0.6389226913452148,
0.38107436895370483,
-0.6672672033309937,
-5.492824554443359,
0.03761665150523186,
0.07436537742614746,
3.0270328521728516,
-1.9349205493927002,
0.9837209582328796,
4.568947792053223,
2.070401668548584,
0.43659907579421997,
-1.0840508937835693,
1.863612413406372,
3.44486403465271,
-1.0125187635421753,
0.007204607129096985,
-0.34931766986846924,
-1.3405038118362427,
-0.1376999169588089,
1.9202172756195068,
-3.247819662094116,
-1.780900239944458,
-1.0564405918121338,
-1.5927534103393555,
-0.5863803625106812,
2.5600099563598633,
2.505821704864502,
-0.7128354907035828,
0.4415038228034973,
-1.9510440826416016,
-0.5879976749420166,
-1.5646567344665527,
1.8614052534103394,
-0.8143661022186279,
-4.265386581420898,
3.2659192085266113,
-2.9433674812316895,
-9.237054824829102,
-3.452979803085327,
-2.6108951568603516,
0.6194503307342529,
0.905971884727478,
0.5967008471488953,
-4.062232494354248,
-3.6222362518310547,
-0.6783643364906311,
-1.213004231452942,
-3.6802525520324707,
-2.9002745151519775,
-2.350696563720703,
-2.303689956665039,
-2.8757002353668213,
-3.2076821327209473,
1.7542792558670044,
-0.6999292373657227,
1.565919041633606,
0.9901496767997742,
3.8756563663482666,
1.772172212600708,
-0.8627675175666809,
3.030776023864746,
0.5783183574676514,
-1.6530797481536865,
-0.9461311101913452,
-0.831298291683197,
1.1673742532730103,
-1.7661018371582031,
-2.0661754608154297,
1.7805942296981812,
0.9120267629623413,
-1.0254303216934204,
-1.07389497756958,
1.793541669845581,
-1.4890787601470947,
-0.21226230263710022,
2.3962371349334717,
-2.653453826904297,
-3.644399881362915,
1.2700169086456299,
2.143670082092285,
-0.19798263907432556,
-1.8604846000671387,
0.5144674181938171,
0.1447875052690506,
-1.4541635513305664,
0.22301217913627625,
4.146380424499512,
-3.5869479179382324,
-1.5191729068756104,
-0.5483219027519226,
-0.341827929019928,
1.6494415998458862,
1.3614449501037598,
-0.5488971471786499,
0.6701499819755554,
-2.426408290863037,
0.23375800251960754,
-0.187064990401268,
-1.321695327758789,
-0.15006184577941895,
0.20695193111896515,
-0.38205721974372864,
1.8745403289794922,
-2.6303396224975586,
-1.8867089748382568,
0.9478964805603027,
-2.461050033569336,
-0.6749647855758667,
1.2619141340255737,
0.8290369510650635,
1.4308043718338013,
-1.9774479866027832,
-1.430476427078247,
-0.5918724536895752,
-1.199474573135376,
-2.2226154804229736,
0.35589852929115295,
1.2451093196868896,
-3.1327147483825684,
1.7831844091415405,
-0.05796414613723755,
2.551835775375366,
4.347354412078857,
0.6604315638542175,
1.4492684602737427,
-3.3830251693725586,
4.336425304412842,
2.0201027393341064,
-2.465301513671875,
1.4543037414550781,
-3.5533266067504883,
4.584486961364746,
1.4130103588104248,
2.591987371444702,
4.35996150970459,
-1.0499029159545898,
-1.9939894676208496,
-1.6804313659667969,
1.9870269298553467,
2.2718706130981445,
-0.7484147548675537,
0.4652467966079712,
3.064429998397827,
1.3496752977371216,
2.569406747817993,
1.6333072185516357,
2.4905202388763428,
0.05305437743663788,
-0.4042400121688843,
-0.7432882189750671,
0.345816969871521,
0.7596168518066406,
1.4890621900558472,
-0.49725598096847534,
-1.6021134853363037,
-0.2058270275592804,
-0.15411603450775146,
-0.8566838502883911,
-0.09737154841423035,
0.7055997848510742,
2.8320255279541016,
-0.29020625352859497,
0.03794333338737488,
-2.1056876182556152,
-2.632107734680176,
1.9922339916229248,
-1.993713617324829,
1.651550054550171,
3.063657283782959,
-1.3443071842193604,
0.9088239073753357,
0.7427430152893066,
-1.974976897239685,
-1.021198034286499,
-5.4259843826293945,
-1.2623910903930664,
0.2638585567474365,
1.8544663190841675,
1.4353790283203125,
1.4291998147964478,
2.2325544357299805,
-0.49646463990211487,
-1.831480860710144,
0.33807599544525146,
-1.266303539276123,
3.016176223754883,
-2.1058602333068848,
-1.6829521656036377,
1.0233994722366333,
2.661149740219116,
2.5601212978363037,
4.171514987945557,
-0.8711520433425903,
-0.4836401343345642,
-0.6882839202880859,
1.0220201015472412,
-0.31743675470352173,
3.211259126663208,
-0.8218594789505005,
-2.401527166366577,
-1.230593204498291,
-0.40866219997406006,
-0.15887504816055298,
1.3043630123138428,
-1.4014887809753418,
2.0023679733276367,
2.165590524673462,
1.0114387273788452,
-0.785677969455719,
-0.022242695093154907
] |
what is the smoothest, flattest surface/object ever produced by humans? | granted it’s round, but the prototype kilogram replacement made of silicon, formed into a sphere was so smooth that if expanded to the size of the earth the highest and lowest points on the surface would only be about 14m different iirc. veritasium did a youtube video about it. _url_0_ | 10 | [] | [] | [
"https://youtu.be/ZMByI4s-D-Y",
"https://www.space.com/35329-making-giant-magellan-telescope-massive-mirrors.html"
] | [
-0.1615752875804901,
0.662606954574585,
-0.26680099964141846,
-0.6839052438735962,
-0.25447702407836914,
-1.1250996589660645,
-0.13922065496444702,
0.6054834127426147,
-0.27203893661499023,
-0.42220962047576904,
0.5975837111473083,
0.3906214237213135,
0.7735604643821716,
0.16844063997268677,
0.24402280151844025,
-0.0392967090010643,
-1.0614569187164307,
-0.28884485363960266,
-1.4469478130340576,
0.5099003911018372,
0.47047802805900574,
-1.0398871898651123,
-0.15488719940185547,
-0.17345230281352997,
-0.12761782109737396,
-0.1735955774784088,
0.4557378888130188,
0.1765117198228836,
0.22190167009830475,
-0.8689190149307251,
-0.1421680599451065,
0.4768364429473877,
-0.4361010789871216,
-0.32413598895072937,
0.9424172639846802,
-0.43572211265563965,
0.13545556366443634,
-0.32927390933036804,
-0.6338510513305664,
-0.10361234843730927,
-0.02956560254096985,
-0.6505924463272095,
0.596828043460846,
0.24929279088974,
0.3675247132778168,
0.865213930606842,
0.7941700220108032,
-0.19525489211082458,
-0.32845965027809143,
-1.0228500366210938,
0.8367096781730652,
-0.15323330461978912,
0.2218090295791626,
-0.3766297698020935,
-0.11993181705474854,
0.19271793961524963,
0.13063976168632507,
-0.010117202997207642,
0.3912903964519501,
-0.018194645643234253,
0.8846710920333862,
-0.4708132743835449,
0.8428098559379578,
0.9832198619842529,
0.6620874404907227,
-0.2819063663482666,
-0.022349990904331207,
-0.9774173498153687,
-0.30053120851516724,
-0.12064224481582642,
0.17745573818683624,
0.36169350147247314,
-0.1472572386264801,
-0.1108245849609375,
0.6703917384147644,
-0.33248138427734375,
-0.41485095024108887,
1.1674295663833618,
-0.5322628617286682,
-0.25387609004974365,
0.1550772488117218,
-0.2732044756412506,
-0.2950373589992523,
0.1546519696712494,
-0.47127777338027954,
0.10659730434417725,
0.15305960178375244,
-0.5040851831436157,
0.07023882865905762,
-0.629093587398529,
-0.6604586839675903,
0.422370970249176,
-0.616142749786377,
0.4606686234474182,
-0.5874499678611755,
-0.44472604990005493,
-0.024932973086833954,
-0.9354228377342224,
0.03660351037979126,
-0.06523329019546509,
0.07877779006958008,
0.2297089546918869,
-0.43716758489608765,
-0.2077442705631256,
-0.67973393201828,
-0.0934477299451828,
0.1360568106174469,
1.3797624111175537,
0.28012892603874207,
0.431527316570282,
-0.06906169652938843,
-0.15615807473659515,
0.6359983682632446,
0.44011756777763367,
0.5987973213195801,
-0.38275277614593506,
0.6724499464035034,
0.0240040123462677,
-1.5517698526382446,
-0.5472985506057739,
0.36336010694503784,
-0.34675174951553345,
-0.22602461278438568,
-0.07089310884475708,
0.2406039535999298,
-0.16592848300933838,
0.6357439160346985,
0.5802576541900635,
-0.06720337271690369,
-0.2416509985923767,
-0.02364034205675125,
-0.6611573100090027,
0.10221567749977112,
0.05999475717544556,
0.04545753449201584,
0.05423066020011902,
-0.8045322895050049,
-0.034840941429138184,
0.16372665762901306,
-0.16021782159805298,
-0.7173770666122437,
0.2664431929588318,
1.0008939504623413,
-0.5749944448471069,
-0.04829376935958862,
0.16107264161109924,
-0.07786667346954346,
0.7334823608398438,
0.31770867109298706,
0.1639108508825302,
-0.31709396839141846,
-0.21883133053779602,
0.293720543384552,
0.7181524634361267,
0.01732376217842102,
-0.3899807929992676,
-0.13100028038024902,
0.05572468042373657,
0.027212457731366158,
0.4884986877441406,
0.01950407586991787,
-0.23661115765571594,
-0.16403119266033173,
0.019184648990631104,
-0.429166316986084,
-0.22298450767993927,
-0.9631425142288208,
-0.12591704726219177,
0.7565282583236694,
0.2213599979877472,
0.34451597929000854,
-0.3479337990283966,
0.6141186356544495,
-0.41183263063430786,
0.2588616907596588,
-0.5657306909561157,
0.48073849081993103,
-0.3280256390571594,
-0.009511172771453857,
0.8636614084243774,
-0.12172280997037888,
-0.6060141921043396,
0.9336533546447754,
-0.3705666661262512,
-0.19257809221744537,
-0.3175121247768402,
-0.0036150552332401276,
0.4171035885810852,
0.2665931284427643,
-0.38549119234085083,
-0.2516767978668213,
0.8925713896751404,
-0.8340071439743042,
-0.3072478175163269,
-0.2202567756175995,
0.14732107520103455,
-0.6565040349960327,
-0.23717457056045532,
-0.4615800976753235,
0.4189940392971039,
0.005436934530735016,
-0.3967690169811249,
0.33957356214523315,
-0.14305728673934937,
-0.3026580214500427,
-0.627220630645752,
0.4541558027267456,
-0.23122264444828033,
-0.7794612646102905,
0.2066062092781067,
-0.24317681789398193,
-1.1733945608139038,
-0.8867493271827698,
-0.5947637557983398,
0.3897218704223633,
0.6153321266174316,
-0.15720072388648987,
-0.609197735786438,
-0.7350513339042664,
0.3888441324234009,
-0.7228776812553406,
0.09255814552307129,
-0.36321431398391724,
-0.7011430263519287,
-0.6963279843330383,
0.429294228553772,
-0.3819678723812103,
0.7701069116592407,
0.0796358585357666,
0.6896358728408813,
0.40587425231933594,
0.7294715642929077,
0.6410917639732361,
0.6118649244308472,
0.6326191425323486,
0.4158361554145813,
-0.6915397644042969,
-0.3096903860569,
-0.24685853719711304,
0.39775750041007996,
-0.5880999565124512,
-0.8564391732215881,
-0.13272736966609955,
-0.018502112478017807,
0.3984989821910858,
-0.014324445277452469,
-0.03734525293111801,
-0.45861220359802246,
0.012513473629951477,
0.8940571546554565,
0.27355074882507324,
0.7226682901382446,
0.04084569215774536,
0.30232661962509155,
1.262126088142395,
-0.32540804147720337,
-0.19788070023059845,
0.3341606855392456,
0.041504353284835815,
0.13672366738319397,
0.7833997011184692,
-0.5179157257080078,
-0.23323193192481995,
-0.38278916478157043,
-0.42053571343421936,
0.040381044149398804,
-0.7393954396247864,
0.04777184873819351,
-0.4899391829967499,
-0.33631831407546997,
1.0012767314910889,
-0.6250531077384949,
0.15644484758377075,
0.03619357943534851,
0.2844415307044983,
0.131702721118927,
0.4632965922355652,
0.16235806047916412,
-0.12614956498146057,
-0.12884612381458282,
-0.6580475568771362,
0.8582972288131714,
-0.1289655864238739,
-0.4864145815372467,
-0.1954849362373352,
0.038598477840423584,
-0.49577516317367554,
-1.187303900718689,
-0.49739325046539307,
-0.2964094281196594,
0.07014153897762299,
1.6851661205291748,
-1.1868481636047363,
0.5497149229049683,
0.17010840773582458,
-0.05050206184387207,
0.4544549286365509,
0.38283613324165344,
0.6969528198242188,
-0.14911282062530518,
0.15227633714675903,
0.36458125710487366,
-0.397870808839798,
0.28837716579437256,
-1.5633738040924072,
0.5193531513214111,
-0.387197881937027,
-0.15054644644260406,
1.5179861783981323,
0.38585326075553894,
-0.21941766142845154,
-0.6724067330360413,
0.2891712784767151,
0.7270963788032532,
-0.16835591197013855,
0.47444403171539307,
0.12783965468406677,
-0.3089277148246765,
0.7219756841659546,
0.22364959120750427,
0.7166181802749634,
0.3838968873023987,
-0.28829219937324524,
0.30739137530326843,
0.40695273876190186,
-0.06846648454666138,
0.6633021831512451,
0.6086299419403076,
0.3373360335826874,
-0.032867565751075745,
-0.6891525387763977,
-0.11350962519645691,
0.2786610722541809,
0.27244672179222107,
-0.036512941122055054,
0.1781071126461029,
-0.28136172890663147,
-0.31499582529067993,
-0.15711691975593567,
0.04187101125717163,
-0.7452632188796997,
-0.10707113146781921,
0.16544072329998016,
-0.6047950983047485,
-0.18557579815387726,
0.024906106293201447,
-0.11338460445404053,
-0.4377560615539551,
-0.5211545825004578,
-0.10532832145690918,
0.26911282539367676,
0.12995688617229462,
-0.12337663769721985,
0.5417466163635254,
-0.026278045028448105,
0.11274455487728119,
-0.6581372618675232,
0.38526618480682373,
0.7149755358695984,
0.9182102680206299,
0.18468207120895386,
0.0113305002450943,
0.4446752965450287,
0.8923009037971497,
0.29747098684310913,
1.1780569553375244,
-0.6885101795196533,
-0.31801900267601013,
-0.5808056592941284,
0.5623972415924072,
0.21278385818004608,
0.7641377449035645,
-0.6698099970817566,
0.0821700394153595,
1.0450652837753296,
-0.3873416781425476,
-0.47300493717193604,
0.6156370639801025,
-0.46960288286209106,
0.553132176399231,
-0.6165534257888794,
0.4463677406311035,
0.35895347595214844,
0.013111840933561325
] |
|
force-carrying particles and other misc questions? | hi, guys. amateur here who lately has been reading and learning about science. recently started reading through the feynman lectures on physics. but the more i learn, the more questions i get, and i'm hoping to get some spoilers from you guys. ---- * gravitons vs space-time curvature even amateurs like me are familiar with the einstein model of gravity, that matter tells space how to curve, and the curvature of space tells matter how to move. but then i hear about things like the graviton, and it seems like a very different explanation, that every particle (with mass?) emits gravitons, and when the gravitons of one particle get entwined with the gravitons of another, those two particles feel a force. but this seems awfully different from the explanation that particles are following the curvature of space. the graviton sounds a bit more like newtonian gravity, that every particle feels an attractive force towards every other. * mass in high school, i recall weight and mass being differentiated by saying that mass is the amount of stuff something has. but maybe that wasn't actually accurate? a particle, such as the graviton, could be considered "stuff" yet also has no mass. so... maybe mass isn't the amount of stuff, but rather the stuff's resistance to acceleration? that seems to square with what i hear about the higgs boson, that it grants mass to a particle by making it harder for that particle move. though... that leads me to more questions. if the higgs field makes it harder to accelerate particles (what we perceive and measure as mass) then why is it also harder to *decelerate* massive particles that are already in motion? * photons the photon particle is the carrier of the em force, so presumably this means particles such as the electron are constantly emitting photons? and when photons emitted from an electron become entwined with photons emitted from, say, a proton, then those particles feel that as a force. if that's all correct, then what's the difference between the constant emission of photons that is the em field vs emitting what we perceive as light, which itself is just photons? | your confusion comes from the idea that interacting objects are constantly shooting particles at each other, which isn't the case. if that were true, we'd see, for example, glowing light between two magnets. really, it's an idea that perturbations in a field due to a particle can be treated like another virtual particle, which is useful for doing calculations about how particles scatter off one another but not really representative of reality. | 3 | [] | [] | [] | [
-0.8203830122947693,
-0.2843272387981415,
-0.22911223769187927,
0.3898006081581116,
0.37610769271850586,
-0.9455891847610474,
1.0288801193237305,
-0.41448867321014404,
1.2846637964248657,
-0.25830233097076416,
0.6967064142227173,
0.1696130633354187,
-0.0893799290060997,
-0.8857742547988892,
0.9463797211647034,
-0.7097254991531372,
-0.5956053733825684,
0.06141066551208496,
-1.3346292972564697,
0.8738908767700195,
-0.4623764753341675,
-0.5997400283813477,
-1.1103051900863647,
-0.13745316863059998,
-0.4689101576805115,
0.30179068446159363,
0.8156286478042603,
-1.2110592126846313,
-1.1491676568984985,
-0.20251810550689697,
0.5218949913978577,
-0.2063521146774292,
-2.019714117050171,
0.21244485676288605,
-0.08981165289878845,
-0.9398497939109802,
0.008515901863574982,
0.8204314112663269,
-0.14845871925354004,
-1.6162110567092896,
-0.06468487530946732,
-0.21107013523578644,
0.9576324224472046,
-0.09434614330530167,
-0.3842661380767822,
-0.23877152800559998,
-0.28393709659576416,
-0.11466771364212036,
-0.25647231936454773,
-1.1671650409698486,
-1.1565152406692505,
0.6125975847244263,
-0.3397156000137329,
-0.1657305210828781,
-0.3136154115200043,
0.29929181933403015,
1.4380863904953003,
-0.2599799931049347,
-0.6006000638008118,
-0.7118697166442871,
-0.5919737219810486,
-0.08147962391376495,
0.4664955735206604,
0.6481998562812805,
1.6147451400756836,
-0.3499753773212433,
0.8299090266227722,
-0.3042706251144409,
0.23105594515800476,
0.5060997605323792,
0.9938230514526367,
0.6365793943405151,
-0.28851592540740967,
-0.10401500761508942,
1.408536672592163,
-0.06737356632947922,
-0.8382663130760193,
0.6941971778869629,
1.139162540435791,
0.9137806296348572,
0.01803603023290634,
-1.340653657913208,
-0.7551354169845581,
0.2566604018211365,
-1.0592477321624756,
1.2438790798187256,
0.07213103771209717,
-0.2824343144893646,
0.7253831624984741,
0.004249244928359985,
-1.7389616966247559,
0.24799811840057373,
0.8770347833633423,
-0.12921477854251862,
-0.05172954499721527,
0.24418631196022034,
-0.04940631240606308,
0.015000328421592712,
0.7923912405967712,
0.30845439434051514,
-0.9100911617279053,
0.3624875545501709,
-1.024202823638916,
0.33730030059814453,
0.3452970087528229,
-0.5003103613853455,
0.7653836011886597,
-0.15349069237709045,
0.4825142025947571,
-0.1406749039888382,
-0.3214572072029114,
-0.8031667470932007,
-0.27365756034851074,
-1.684133768081665,
0.03714756295084953,
-0.033225178718566895,
0.4156646430492401,
1.0097352266311646,
-0.4931020736694336,
-1.4529688358306885,
0.12297336757183075,
-0.009537577629089355,
-0.14064791798591614,
0.4787079691886902,
1.0818326473236084,
-0.5273808240890503,
0.2451448291540146,
0.7927728891372681,
0.08878657221794128,
-0.18043667078018188,
0.8068240880966187,
-0.298655241727829,
0.16395196318626404,
0.3369181752204895,
0.1875160187482834,
0.14022396504878998,
1.2990386486053467,
-0.2444976419210434,
-0.5497335195541382,
1.5770742893218994,
0.34233254194259644,
0.7702980041503906,
0.3593270182609558,
0.03200165927410126,
0.18289393186569214,
0.4578361511230469,
0.22500668466091156,
-0.40042176842689514,
0.14292192459106445,
-0.3464045524597168,
-0.3699640929698944,
-0.31993725895881653,
-0.35768622159957886,
0.32123708724975586,
-0.3263358175754547,
0.3713620603084564,
-0.8591564297676086,
0.3842158317565918,
-0.011158153414726257,
1.6891345977783203,
-0.6953985691070557,
1.1681489944458008,
0.23276075720787048,
0.301364541053772,
0.4328768253326416,
-0.2923879623413086,
0.06333297491073608,
-0.5256569981575012,
0.2381972372531891,
0.38463544845581055,
-0.7632321119308472,
-0.4707864224910736,
-0.42754602432250977,
-1.1586002111434937,
-0.8492531776428223,
-0.5545650124549866,
-2.216310739517212,
-0.3106343448162079,
0.6007413268089294,
0.8060235381126404,
0.45104801654815674,
1.0978634357452393,
1.4173001050949097,
0.10455296188592911,
0.048569634556770325,
-0.19839386641979218,
0.5951052904129028,
-0.47577953338623047,
0.04049987345933914,
-0.357124388217926,
-0.25104042887687683,
-0.16058483719825745,
0.08455127477645874,
0.6274535655975342,
0.5955160856246948,
-0.4810122847557068,
0.1469438225030899,
0.07769830524921417,
0.39347347617149353,
0.13727964460849762,
-0.413399875164032,
-1.6559945344924927,
0.2262076884508133,
-0.5883182883262634,
-0.7480273246765137,
-0.2161637544631958,
0.5451943278312683,
0.043427567929029465,
-0.746772050857544,
-0.1027122437953949,
-0.769208550453186,
-1.3687721490859985,
-1.2239452600479126,
0.06344570219516754,
-0.6665526628494263,
0.551102340221405,
-1.204206109046936,
-0.7856916785240173,
0.4720470905303955,
0.14319974184036255,
0.08245591819286346,
-0.17236590385437012,
-0.3715358376502991,
-0.7873289585113525,
-0.906474232673645,
-0.8809301853179932,
-0.48938044905662537,
1.386314868927002,
-0.4986670911312103,
0.3692187964916229,
0.01671367883682251,
-0.193030446767807,
1.0072369575500488,
1.1127806901931763,
-0.6443743705749512,
-0.15571901202201843,
-0.9580267071723938,
-0.018094785511493683,
0.843971312046051,
-0.9917848110198975,
0.3786889910697937,
-0.17099478840827942,
-0.4715964198112488,
-0.2745276093482971,
0.5649522542953491,
0.7267391681671143,
0.24028512835502625,
-1.048384666442871,
-0.12828052043914795,
1.3035409450531006,
0.3001132905483246,
-0.3673352599143982,
-0.0667867362499237,
0.22005587816238403,
0.9178826808929443,
1.2787227630615234,
0.7322311401367188,
-0.5788596868515015,
-0.7459132671356201,
0.13087531924247742,
0.6099282503128052,
0.5923372507095337,
0.24320662021636963,
-2.7025985717773438,
-0.40004974603652954,
1.2863577604293823,
-0.2780109643936157,
0.8970167636871338,
-0.6802927851676941,
0.1967693269252777,
0.2217787206172943,
-0.17497242987155914,
1.1036293506622314,
-0.17230170965194702,
0.059209227561950684,
-0.7976266145706177,
-0.6689338088035583,
-0.6143922805786133,
-1.6029746532440186,
0.6004688739776611,
-0.11873969435691833,
-0.4265333414077759,
0.40518271923065186,
0.6145484447479248,
1.3663157224655151,
-0.7281152009963989,
-0.7873839139938354,
-0.1179843470454216,
0.40914514660835266,
0.20745620131492615,
-0.9667757749557495,
2.033763885498047,
0.1435214728116989,
-0.7910210490226746,
1.2796366214752197,
0.37343063950538635,
0.022590264678001404,
0.04543353244662285,
-0.11233710497617722,
0.22905604541301727,
0.4234667718410492,
-0.8955190777778625,
-0.7782553434371948,
0.7490193247795105,
-1.1697998046875,
-0.1511591374874115,
0.46925264596939087,
0.24145153164863586,
-0.3685179054737091,
-0.21146199107170105,
-0.5616944432258606,
-1.3844776153564453,
1.2072848081588745,
0.13287244737148285,
-0.6577936410903931,
0.8629244565963745,
0.32346224784851074,
0.5912286043167114,
-0.33122849464416504,
0.6571331024169922,
0.19139647483825684,
0.1240612268447876,
0.635054349899292,
0.326550155878067,
-0.3660123944282532,
-0.18884636461734772,
-0.09084363281726837,
-0.2572225332260132,
-0.08818250894546509,
0.2079547941684723,
-0.9579142332077026,
-0.2696230411529541,
0.30207592248916626,
0.13435517251491547,
2.2264883518218994,
1.1092420816421509,
-0.5483289957046509,
-1.106656789779663,
-0.9314513802528381,
0.48344534635543823,
-0.045818060636520386,
0.6698355674743652,
-0.012654811143875122,
1.0402393341064453,
-0.901168704032898,
0.7146698832511902,
0.04380054771900177,
-0.0456700325012207,
0.3787606358528137,
0.7163812518119812,
-1.5736123323440552,
0.7024151086807251,
1.1232936382293701,
1.0770829916000366,
0.4950704574584961,
-0.39304274320602417,
0.08320604264736176,
-0.2880825102329254,
0.44510629773139954,
0.3445233106613159,
-1.0592983961105347,
-0.5734341144561768,
-0.15646836161613464,
1.6287281513214111,
0.33271294832229614,
0.9630674123764038,
-0.29102465510368347,
-0.7658205032348633,
-0.633874237537384,
2.2335243225097656,
-0.32697516679763794,
1.4396073818206787,
-0.6039714217185974,
-0.8920500874519348,
-0.3500961363315582,
-0.2845271825790405,
-0.24028031527996063,
-0.17371708154678345,
-0.6419221758842468,
-0.1542968600988388,
1.0247057676315308,
0.08298998326063156,
0.6176235675811768,
0.6036102771759033
] |
why can i quickly move from 4000 ft. underground to surface without getting the bends but not from 4000ft under water? | because water pressure is significantly higher than air pressure. 4000ft of air has much less mass than 4000ft of water, and therefore the pressure exerted on your by this mass overhead is less for air than water. the bends are a result of drastic changes in pressure, and since you're going from slightly higher pressure to normal pressure on land, there's no drastic change. however, when going from significantly higher pressure to normal pressure, if you go too quickly and don't allow your body to naturally depressurize (ears popping, etc), you get the bends. | 3 | [] | [] | [] | [
-0.625732421875,
-0.307090699672699,
1.2184877395629883,
0.9675796031951904,
-0.4081617593765259,
-1.8093583583831787,
-0.7458962202072144,
0.6972467303276062,
0.503205418586731,
0.5154341459274292,
1.4587085247039795,
1.1662976741790771,
0.3907008171081543,
1.2741413116455078,
0.3155025541782379,
1.6614391803741455,
-1.0488479137420654,
-0.12214472889900208,
-1.7909599542617798,
1.4862226247787476,
1.5168858766555786,
0.311750203371048,
-0.6340041160583496,
0.4124704897403717,
-0.807427704334259,
1.2168562412261963,
-0.20055082440376282,
0.47071653604507446,
0.34892165660858154,
0.2371513545513153,
-1.34904146194458,
-0.7366834878921509,
-0.23434330523014069,
-1.7994463443756104,
-0.13699239492416382,
1.0417228937149048,
-0.48579832911491394,
-0.2242434024810791,
-1.286973476409912,
1.0564841032028198,
-0.2822146713733673,
-1.1459143161773682,
-0.02778986096382141,
0.47925078868865967,
0.02625104784965515,
2.540022373199463,
2.0540645122528076,
0.48810485005378723,
0.7197874784469604,
-0.9426998496055603,
-0.1506108045578003,
-0.4413796663284302,
0.4356352686882019,
-0.02329728566110134,
-1.5280126333236694,
0.4227973222732544,
0.3109372854232788,
-0.9687353372573853,
-0.11229974031448364,
-0.02293217182159424,
-0.1071513369679451,
0.8003297448158264,
-0.4999195337295532,
1.2791016101837158,
1.6002835035324097,
-0.31265246868133545,
0.9615647792816162,
-0.08871045708656311,
-0.24545645713806152,
1.5251635313034058,
0.9574849605560303,
-0.6650499105453491,
0.21915030479431152,
-1.6140834093093872,
0.6964904069900513,
-1.764244556427002,
-0.21372729539871216,
-0.1770181655883789,
0.2973306179046631,
0.27234816551208496,
0.5506423711776733,
-0.5741564035415649,
-1.192391276359558,
0.5781715512275696,
-1.0246319770812988,
-0.06617486476898193,
2.152134895324707,
0.775718092918396,
0.31428974866867065,
0.27766934037208557,
-0.7760323286056519,
0.04338312894105911,
-1.7699576616287231,
1.4667922258377075,
0.990559458732605,
0.3289952278137207,
-1.3425712585449219,
-1.52812922000885,
-1.0204421281814575,
-0.9859892129898071,
0.050765372812747955,
0.4296915531158447,
-2.701183557510376,
0.009678855538368225,
0.44982612133026123,
-0.5613043308258057,
0.2818242311477661,
0.5966663956642151,
-0.14844463765621185,
0.7913337349891663,
0.037000883370637894,
1.345106840133667,
0.33582234382629395,
0.17497116327285767,
-1.0766918659210205,
0.17926008999347687,
-1.5443527698516846,
-0.5973494648933411,
-2.6198432445526123,
-0.349454402923584,
-1.4048969745635986,
-1.8007928133010864,
-2.7554757595062256,
-0.7880081534385681,
2.1760759353637695,
-0.33465659618377686,
-1.851897954940796,
0.21603432297706604,
1.3253923654556274,
-1.3469998836517334,
1.2071020603179932,
-0.17259538173675537,
-1.3141213655471802,
-0.49933433532714844,
-0.9088877439498901,
0.7264876365661621,
1.5134376287460327,
0.4127594828605652,
0.4322437644004822,
0.8274371027946472,
0.9291070103645325,
0.34730908274650574,
-1.7130439281463623,
-1.6931360960006714,
-0.5019245147705078,
1.4304072856903076,
-0.3563075661659241,
-0.2878936231136322,
-0.9102559685707092,
-1.6297245025634766,
-1.0409777164459229,
0.4053601324558258,
1.0756129026412964,
-1.3333494663238525,
-0.22738754749298096,
-0.033562421798706055,
0.3561587929725647,
-0.20870809257030487,
0.8429774045944214,
-0.42140740156173706,
-1.1582075357437134,
-0.0676976665854454,
-1.6707260608673096,
-0.8830236196517944,
0.7704490423202515,
0.4158056080341339,
-0.14496341347694397,
-0.9702986478805542,
0.30074793100357056,
0.48058053851127625,
0.48565196990966797,
-0.3338629901409149,
0.3912557363510132,
0.17112953960895538,
-1.2083584070205688,
1.395415186882019,
-3.041639566421509,
-1.1150263547897339,
0.37015873193740845,
0.9861805438995361,
0.3011729121208191,
0.36106789112091064,
0.8349680304527283,
0.693631649017334,
-1.134904384613037,
-0.2777306139469147,
-1.633111834526062,
-0.6460112929344177,
-2.4506123065948486,
-0.20779156684875488,
-0.24841612577438354,
-0.8737632036209106,
1.7669143676757812,
1.7614257335662842,
-0.6633580327033997,
1.897392749786377,
-1.462831974029541,
-0.7726054191589355,
-1.434673547744751,
-0.36242806911468506,
-1.104407787322998,
1.3442649841308594,
-1.1961002349853516,
-0.7202727794647217,
0.6983546018600464,
-0.043606340885162354,
2.5027599334716797,
-1.2278149127960205,
-0.44408470392227173,
0.7395245432853699,
1.053499460220337,
-0.6937388181686401,
0.6220759153366089,
-0.26704323291778564,
-0.37179863452911377,
-0.4445306062698364,
0.9375439286231995,
0.8414403796195984,
-1.052436113357544,
-0.3502822816371918,
0.14550387859344482,
-1.3738349676132202,
0.5239710211753845,
-1.309800624847412,
-0.9928801655769348,
-1.3776720762252808,
-0.7749897241592407,
1.3919538259506226,
0.661015510559082,
1.6072111129760742,
0.30570024251937866,
0.7889641523361206,
-0.21212515234947205,
1.6395047903060913,
-0.1204463467001915,
-1.1150453090667725,
-0.9053143262863159,
1.4715056419372559,
0.5608417391777039,
0.563845694065094,
-0.8096718788146973,
0.5684574842453003,
-0.8382589817047119,
0.7889905571937561,
1.088390827178955,
2.1215572357177734,
1.6568796634674072,
0.5014998316764832,
0.03983841836452484,
-0.3313184976577759,
-1.3827059268951416,
1.4338268041610718,
0.09589174389839172,
1.0612525939941406,
-1.5634944438934326,
1.3951925039291382,
-1.3323535919189453,
-0.8488695621490479,
-1.4574775695800781,
0.6688957810401917,
-0.6933499574661255,
1.2936915159225464,
-0.6970094442367554,
0.4603508710861206,
-0.3309438228607178,
0.24629606306552887,
2.801278829574585,
-1.143988847732544,
-0.4642961025238037,
-1.0229034423828125,
1.132944107055664,
-2.353801965713501,
-0.8846263885498047,
0.24081438779830933,
0.36678314208984375,
-0.4210951626300812,
-0.13867802917957306,
2.0853846073150635,
0.09873032569885254,
-1.0838871002197266,
-0.6662759184837341,
-1.6848018169403076,
0.4091537594795227,
0.7524996995925903,
1.4032436609268188,
-0.43356865644454956,
-0.47986075282096863,
-1.98958158493042,
0.968122124671936,
0.3493124544620514,
0.7357079386711121,
0.6969255208969116,
2.937866449356079,
0.5838606357574463,
-0.08284321427345276,
-0.22446709871292114,
1.6129647493362427,
0.9688810706138611,
1.1792911291122437,
0.7757087349891663,
0.6270634531974792,
-1.0973708629608154,
-1.293738603591919,
-1.0488214492797852,
-0.77325040102005,
0.9667394757270813,
0.8150728344917297,
1.3353729248046875,
-1.0295615196228027,
0.19820666313171387,
-0.9981104731559753,
-0.7189306020736694,
-0.14422622323036194,
-0.4755619466304779,
-0.7359890937805176,
0.31306833028793335,
1.0637794733047485,
0.77119380235672,
0.6517443656921387,
0.24749672412872314,
0.2267494946718216,
1.1982722282409668,
1.2096158266067505,
0.7587247490882874,
-0.9863944053649902,
1.4342952966690063,
0.004201069474220276,
0.46476316452026367,
-1.3433384895324707,
-2.560068130493164,
-0.1057157963514328,
-0.21289707720279694,
2.522681474685669,
0.500257134437561,
0.9123877286911011,
-0.10125033557415009,
-0.7145160436630249,
-0.39404746890068054,
-0.8162211179733276,
-0.040750324726104736,
-0.015560954809188843,
-0.05586501955986023,
1.9567738771438599,
1.9878822565078735,
1.1828984022140503,
-0.3315829634666443,
0.8985682725906372,
-0.39109107851982117,
-0.9309998750686646,
0.048272013664245605,
0.8582650423049927,
1.3826929330825806,
-0.6266583800315857,
0.29457196593284607,
0.09331487864255905,
-0.4080904424190521,
-0.2619853615760803,
-0.4291864037513733,
-1.0586724281311035,
1.8553813695907593,
-0.42165133357048035,
-0.37594014406204224,
-0.05868329852819443,
1.8057435750961304,
-0.8451709747314453,
0.1999622881412506,
-0.6903566122055054,
0.7807165384292603,
-0.858738362789154,
1.1941161155700684,
1.0547776222229004,
1.4024850130081177,
0.24379156529903412,
-0.615437388420105,
0.7944746017456055,
-0.3126968741416931,
-0.34598833322525024,
1.0455138683319092,
-2.077693462371826,
-0.2910085916519165,
-0.17503929138183594,
0.8246941566467285,
0.13212502002716064,
0.04655088484287262
] |
|
when prey is swallowed whole, what can kill it once it is in the digestive tract? | this photo propmted the question: _url_0_ * what would kill the frog once it is swallowed by the fish? * what other ways to prey meet their end inside the gut of large predators? * whale? * snake? * chameleon? * other examples you might know? | most animals have many mechanical and chemical means of digesting their food after being swallowed whole. i believe frogs and other reptiles have hard bony structures towards the back of their throat that crush living organisms that pass through. they also have strong digestive acids and enzymes which begin to break down these animals rather quickly. | 5 | [] | [
"http://imgur.com/R5BSP0v"
] | [] | [
-0.6233212947845459,
-0.8953542113304138,
0.650827169418335,
0.8728314638137817,
-1.5556706190109253,
-1.1919498443603516,
0.9002988934516907,
-0.003503713756799698,
1.1175156831741333,
0.402060866355896,
-0.23543912172317505,
-0.8922597169876099,
-0.18379344046115875,
0.7354280948638916,
-0.29901617765426636,
-0.7453821301460266,
0.5909761190414429,
-0.08586901426315308,
-0.2469739019870758,
0.18297891318798065,
-0.2770737409591675,
1.1985220909118652,
-0.07270675152540207,
-0.29397398233413696,
-0.5567008256912231,
-0.11752307415008545,
-0.5097412467002869,
-0.9831467866897583,
0.06840977072715759,
-0.4467257261276245,
-0.04940885305404663,
-0.948975145816803,
0.8449801206588745,
-0.8327088952064514,
-0.1807580292224884,
0.656578004360199,
-0.4752905070781708,
-1.1120672225952148,
1.0161964893341064,
0.3785693347454071,
0.6774864196777344,
0.1491907238960266,
0.025797583162784576,
-0.22609533369541168,
-0.8529466390609741,
0.07939418405294418,
-0.9464285373687744,
-0.41232627630233765,
0.09494579583406448,
-0.3228458762168884,
-0.86417555809021,
0.2795587182044983,
-1.255444049835205,
0.04928833618760109,
0.09324049949645996,
-1.2003852128982544,
-0.03632119297981262,
-0.0316978394985199,
-0.5230656862258911,
-0.35321515798568726,
0.7193433046340942,
0.877912700176239,
1.0858126878738403,
0.4564892053604126,
0.9250752329826355,
-0.838695764541626,
0.39722543954849243,
1.5610682964324951,
0.28880012035369873,
1.1766395568847656,
0.17270255088806152,
0.21371343731880188,
0.39095813035964966,
-0.3932534456253052,
-0.8811933994293213,
0.8213361501693726,
1.3109241724014282,
-1.565765142440796,
0.12033896893262863,
0.5825437903404236,
-1.7377564907073975,
0.4104727804660797,
0.13659608364105225,
0.22100870311260223,
-0.2780390977859497,
1.561140775680542,
-0.775773286819458,
-0.4835131764411926,
-1.146111249923706,
0.441263884305954,
0.4632032811641693,
-0.8960682153701782,
1.4828429222106934,
-0.20913834869861603,
0.9730194211006165,
0.7910571098327637,
0.05061408877372742,
-0.0763978511095047,
-0.0461750254034996,
-0.8067951798439026,
-0.6459779739379883,
0.7378112077713013,
0.8848610520362854,
-1.381032943725586,
-0.008361101150512695,
0.08562897890806198,
-1.0422112941741943,
-0.11918386816978455,
0.7095618844032288,
1.1600772142410278,
-0.464349627494812,
0.5115638375282288,
0.5039887428283691,
1.6356438398361206,
0.014798209071159363,
0.5588458180427551,
0.17497886717319489,
-0.14573995769023895,
-0.9442983865737915,
-0.3023497462272644,
-1.068211555480957,
-0.9739615321159363,
0.5359708070755005,
-0.35002654790878296,
1.1779472827911377,
0.4202849268913269,
-0.3243122398853302,
0.17903074622154236,
0.578574001789093,
-1.656203269958496,
-0.055548906326293945,
-0.8983957767486572,
-0.06529729813337326,
-0.7942231893539429,
-0.7391313314437866,
-0.14155718684196472,
0.16046255826950073,
0.06320758908987045,
-1.0076441764831543,
0.17584288120269775,
-0.22583810985088348,
-1.6910338401794434,
-0.23293673992156982,
-0.6190670728683472,
-0.08078577369451523,
0.9227145314216614,
1.4747060537338257,
-0.6917687654495239,
-0.2545506954193115,
1.3119927644729614,
0.07356797158718109,
-0.9662795662879944,
0.23350457847118378,
-0.6667400002479553,
-1.3291884660720825,
-1.3509496450424194,
-1.1284908056259155,
0.2193518877029419,
0.07669553905725479,
-0.5792451500892639,
-1.5145046710968018,
1.1996212005615234,
-0.7605940103530884,
0.6155048608779907,
0.19530925154685974,
-0.05446718633174896,
0.027616215869784355,
-0.12203177809715271,
1.0336071252822876,
0.004445463418960571,
-0.16817378997802734,
1.0697884559631348,
0.651319146156311,
-0.8689632415771484,
-0.09290802478790283,
1.058851718902588,
-0.8370914459228516,
-0.7237412929534912,
1.113900065422058,
0.35400065779685974,
0.6215610504150391,
0.09285694360733032,
-0.5189962387084961,
0.38718876242637634,
0.22639226913452148,
-1.1921465396881104,
0.09239694476127625,
1.0162016153335571,
0.15317995846271515,
-0.036301881074905396,
0.4126115143299103,
0.5596075057983398,
0.9193973541259766,
-0.7981456518173218,
-1.1485621929168701,
0.34389156103134155,
-0.15449808537960052,
0.7386968731880188,
-0.6514936089515686,
-0.08730617165565491,
-0.6197380423545837,
-1.4435296058654785,
-0.6105411648750305,
-0.17586877942085266,
1.2268874645233154,
-1.0588059425354004,
0.28954312205314636,
0.15368708968162537,
0.5555156469345093,
-0.24713680148124695,
-0.4868224859237671,
0.6066914796829224,
-0.513134777545929,
0.8317726850509644,
-0.16108056902885437,
-0.7500796318054199,
2.040095806121826,
0.3858596086502075,
-0.24443240463733673,
-1.1911516189575195,
0.04658278822898865,
-0.900894045829773,
-0.007863253355026245,
-0.620771050453186,
0.26478487253189087,
-1.0635849237442017,
-0.1550879329442978,
1.1325650215148926,
0.11479470878839493,
-0.16767895221710205,
-0.39849698543548584,
1.0364041328430176,
-0.5024247169494629,
-1.1934834718704224,
0.6061312556266785,
0.5930018424987793,
0.009409606456756592,
-0.07642535120248795,
0.9198283553123474,
-0.07345900684595108,
1.1116962432861328,
-0.40312567353248596,
-0.13793611526489258,
-0.9430502653121948,
-0.8598257303237915,
1.4483602046966553,
0.07239651679992676,
0.8560601472854614,
-0.1324305236339569,
0.897614598274231,
-0.4391469955444336,
-0.34663575887680054,
-0.007237080484628677,
0.20256994664669037,
0.3741247355937958,
-0.605953574180603,
0.18594177067279816,
0.04841539263725281,
-0.16296420991420746,
-0.5148268938064575,
-0.8561968803405762,
0.12009096145629883,
-0.5655105113983154,
-1.257422924041748,
0.5461315512657166,
-0.5098804235458374,
-0.5619364976882935,
1.464467167854309,
1.1871765851974487,
0.9217144846916199,
0.8307748436927795,
-0.0423470139503479,
-0.23541657626628876,
-0.18847408890724182,
1.6006335020065308,
-0.5435039401054382,
0.4722478985786438,
-0.4842086434364319,
0.4294174611568451,
1.1867554187774658,
1.138724446296692,
-1.1622270345687866,
-0.09181836247444153,
-0.8144068717956543,
0.05638653039932251,
-0.10549624264240265,
1.1200873851776123,
-0.016479387879371643,
0.3465638756752014,
0.2921931743621826,
-0.9266252517700195,
-0.1542942225933075,
-0.2523101568222046,
-1.2776455879211426,
1.4832463264465332,
0.8953849673271179,
0.27430400252342224,
0.7475885152816772,
-0.5493903756141663,
1.2214974164962769,
-1.7621889114379883,
-1.0603944063186646,
0.28860995173454285,
0.4943750500679016,
-0.7215688824653625,
0.9836652278900146,
0.48774898052215576,
-0.3509594798088074,
0.31696683168411255,
-0.7089579105377197,
-1.325697422027588,
0.5086228847503662,
0.5111398696899414,
-0.4350353479385376,
0.09659882634878159,
-0.8484348058700562,
0.19340145587921143,
0.8599382638931274,
1.1392500400543213,
-0.08922015130519867,
1.1143745183944702,
-0.1303173154592514,
0.19437868893146515,
0.8852172493934631,
-0.13377916812896729,
-0.6566594243049622,
0.22056689858436584,
0.18387581408023834,
0.5036962628364563,
0.39734354615211487,
-0.21032248437404633,
1.0822381973266602,
-0.37442684173583984,
1.034725546836853,
0.5426449775695801,
1.1939246654510498,
0.7521525025367737,
0.12272302061319351,
-0.8447946310043335,
-1.2106190919876099,
-1.6190855503082275,
-0.2278319150209427,
0.830226480960846,
0.4803611636161804,
-0.13296803832054138,
-1.0163518190383911,
-0.36632078886032104,
0.7403386235237122,
-0.2107616364955902,
-0.08695189654827118,
0.034181706607341766,
0.34295958280563354,
-0.5288474559783936,
0.573909342288971,
0.5964550375938416,
-0.005203038454055786,
-1.1061824560165405,
-0.4175221920013428,
-0.15418095886707306,
-0.3010215759277344,
-0.19411060214042664,
-0.4487262964248657,
-0.07063482701778412,
0.5649308562278748,
-0.8424843549728394,
-0.6366196870803833,
0.25306978821754456,
1.0975515842437744,
1.2704441547393799,
-0.7324666976928711,
0.3737037777900696,
0.9894803166389465,
-0.1540716588497162,
-0.2889346480369568,
-0.5298556089401245,
0.6759397387504578,
0.06635627150535583,
-0.2263038605451584,
-0.6539310812950134,
0.8835934400558472,
0.2919227182865143,
0.06611402332782745,
2.792412757873535,
-0.3833581805229187
] |
assume a sheer wall exists at one edge of a large, still body of water, and that this wall contains a circular opening through which new water beings pumping into the pool. would it be possible for the liquid to flow slowly enough that it only disturbs the water directly in front of the opening? | what i'm envisioning is a cylinder of slow-moving water moving forward without disturbing the rest of the body of water (except for the front of the moving water, i'll just ignore that for now because that totally borks this question). i got the idea for this from something i learned in physics years back - that slow-moving liquids in a pipe have a thin layer of either slower-moving or relatively-still liquid right where the water meets the pipe (i can't quite remember which, it has been a while). i was curious to find out if this is only relevant to the motion of liquid through a pipe or if this would also occur when a slow-moving cylinder of liquid that wasn't enclosed in a pipe flowed through a still pool of the same liquid. | the edge of the moving water would cause friction in the surrounding water, which would start that moving, which would start the next layer moving, etc... additionally, the water would start mixing and spreading out as soon as it left the pipe. if nothing else, the displacement caused by the incoming water would cause disturbances. | 3 | [] | [] | [
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laminar_flow",
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jet_(fluid)"
] | [
-0.8678292036056519,
-0.7087161540985107,
1.7729493379592896,
0.793927788734436,
0.7646579742431641,
-0.674241304397583,
-0.1539548635482788,
0.2105983942747116,
-0.46984413266181946,
0.3409483730792999,
-0.5829533338546753,
0.6260995864868164,
-0.46467700600624084,
0.7030540704727173,
-0.21947205066680908,
1.03874933719635,
-1.3340235948562622,
0.1388729065656662,
-1.269434928894043,
0.6240487098693848,
0.21656157076358795,
0.5501430630683899,
-0.8765432834625244,
-0.36397626996040344,
-0.6369674205780029,
0.9325916767120361,
0.42879438400268555,
0.6862436532974243,
0.20131681859493256,
-0.59823077917099,
-0.19347666203975677,
0.22389070689678192,
-0.6297433376312256,
-0.43311774730682373,
0.5191704034805298,
-0.5119001269340515,
0.12582072615623474,
-0.31124794483184814,
-0.608039140701294,
0.0842464417219162,
0.3849989175796509,
0.07619369029998779,
0.20030392706394196,
0.4310961365699768,
-0.2743011713027954,
0.5130047798156738,
1.1506505012512207,
-0.2337491810321808,
0.19014514982700348,
-0.14197038114070892,
0.3328618109226227,
-0.2744466960430145,
0.33796077966690063,
-0.6886364221572876,
-1.0862277746200562,
0.17382629215717316,
0.10582400113344193,
-0.39865896105766296,
-0.3263675272464752,
-0.6244409680366516,
-0.7651001214981079,
0.06810243427753448,
-0.8390700817108154,
0.44151571393013,
1.6360048055648804,
-0.21080662310123444,
0.03889283910393715,
0.6690071821212769,
-0.5733523964881897,
0.8140976428985596,
0.07536029815673828,
0.22636935114860535,
-0.10743997246026993,
-2.785917282104492,
0.8093993663787842,
-1.7532684803009033,
-0.12637129426002502,
1.0762745141983032,
0.041075341403484344,
0.1153641790151596,
0.010866641998291016,
0.5084997415542603,
-0.6809927225112915,
-0.4161283075809479,
-0.7338070273399353,
0.3557627499103546,
0.37632375955581665,
-0.4100605845451355,
1.0461901426315308,
0.42953965067863464,
-1.0376951694488525,
-0.8045010566711426,
0.11782094836235046,
0.28897368907928467,
0.43295174837112427,
1.5070481300354004,
-1.1639635562896729,
-1.0752432346343994,
1.7869869470596313,
-1.2091312408447266,
-0.2689128816127777,
0.1331326961517334,
-1.0231437683105469,
0.3393252491950989,
0.27889931201934814,
-0.06101289391517639,
0.7624380588531494,
0.5014733672142029,
-0.12385411560535431,
-0.1378488391637802,
0.5514994263648987,
0.3569093346595764,
0.29054176807403564,
-0.1957041323184967,
-1.0208595991134644,
-0.18408416211605072,
-0.1959257274866104,
-0.5513090491294861,
-1.9158586263656616,
-0.7268869280815125,
-0.7291306257247925,
-0.8400428295135498,
-1.0677903890609741,
0.5567469596862793,
0.7575950622558594,
-0.5236805081367493,
-0.6087585091590881,
0.46698370575904846,
-0.10563784837722778,
-2.385650157928467,
-0.08798088878393173,
-0.18575133383274078,
1.5140480995178223,
-0.7056683897972107,
0.04373323917388916,
0.02263016439974308,
0.9828264713287354,
-0.5843212604522705,
-1.4306516647338867,
0.493361234664917,
0.24924162030220032,
0.3557206690311432,
-0.45430219173431396,
-1.2728127241134644,
0.1387430727481842,
-0.10621872544288635,
-0.7587672472000122,
-0.5309300422668457,
0.02149033546447754,
-0.97927325963974,
-0.26673319935798645,
-1.2347640991210938,
-0.1768794059753418,
0.3924104571342468,
-0.7330153584480286,
-0.7148963809013367,
-0.01870337873697281,
0.5404528975486755,
0.6049178242683411,
0.8517018556594849,
-0.5432846546173096,
1.3457510471343994,
-0.3370710611343384,
0.6742793321609497,
0.3039521872997284,
0.6198564171791077,
0.13019514083862305,
-0.3338647484779358,
-0.503843367099762,
-0.7169649600982666,
-0.6448495984077454,
0.6692471504211426,
0.13352414965629578,
-0.8896004557609558,
0.05875188112258911,
0.13395074009895325,
-1.8891055583953857,
-0.361782968044281,
0.07479782402515411,
0.7979747653007507,
0.9828314185142517,
1.0225789546966553,
0.11542409658432007,
-0.7044038772583008,
0.765532910823822,
-0.3154755234718323,
-1.2883824110031128,
-0.7041335105895996,
-1.8201457262039185,
0.2562292218208313,
-0.258867472410202,
-0.20779380202293396,
1.2930283546447754,
1.0724555253982544,
0.3525545001029968,
1.9404666423797607,
-0.7199693918228149,
-0.7192221879959106,
-1.3143060207366943,
-0.1570359468460083,
-0.4387277066707611,
0.6891157627105713,
-1.160549283027649,
-0.09181102365255356,
-0.5325613617897034,
-0.2226957529783249,
0.37216368317604065,
0.2687729299068451,
-0.696790337562561,
-0.2981722056865692,
-0.20342156291007996,
-1.1907166242599487,
-0.004133144393563271,
-0.24784210324287415,
0.3047441244125366,
0.5753872990608215,
-0.40170007944107056,
-0.28237664699554443,
0.5281661748886108,
-0.11140063405036926,
1.9039134979248047,
0.7811079621315002,
1.5177230834960938,
-1.336247205734253,
1.0468374490737915,
0.086489237844944,
-0.8498959541320801,
0.036746472120285034,
-0.08382599800825119,
0.355180948972702,
0.9038787484169006,
0.9234411716461182,
-0.24437054991722107,
0.5806767344474792,
-0.6885367035865784,
0.04038986563682556,
-0.3239237368106842,
0.8996239304542542,
-0.39371949434280396,
-0.6966307759284973,
0.47966280579566956,
0.5353866815567017,
0.9838802814483643,
0.976431667804718,
0.49470141530036926,
0.005215570330619812,
-0.15414035320281982,
0.30681419372558594,
0.22451122105121613,
-0.35178446769714355,
-0.4400014281272888,
-0.1261744648218155,
-1.181962013244629,
1.280564546585083,
-0.26411622762680054,
1.3465744256973267,
0.8698667287826538,
-1.2369235754013062,
-0.7684259414672852,
1.332236647605896,
-0.03437440097332001,
0.25350266695022583,
-0.33574628829956055,
-1.5534199476242065,
0.3815743327140808,
-0.8308453559875488,
1.7103265523910522,
0.11257554590702057,
-0.5149692296981812,
0.8555030822753906,
0.48814088106155396,
-0.14799819886684418,
-0.5066493153572083,
0.4005672037601471,
0.6432797312736511,
0.2688997983932495,
0.37432369589805603,
0.4169304072856903,
1.162264347076416,
0.8483757376670837,
-0.37193605303764343,
-1.2191109657287598,
-1.4513468742370605,
1.0182771682739258,
1.4403197765350342,
-0.08477841317653656,
0.0898568406701088,
-1.1872813701629639,
1.4449721574783325,
-0.07088302075862885,
-0.13538724184036255,
1.0163148641586304,
1.847167730331421,
-0.05428478866815567,
0.6911885142326355,
0.36203375458717346,
0.5458067059516907,
0.9978210926055908,
0.41602811217308044,
-0.7126903533935547,
-0.13228781521320343,
-0.4921565353870392,
-0.8165422677993774,
0.5362994074821472,
-0.7750436067581177,
0.9918845891952515,
0.17856474220752716,
1.1627007722854614,
0.548052191734314,
-1.6805124282836914,
-0.3105601966381073,
-1.0499396324157715,
-0.06427668035030365,
-0.06430067867040634,
0.31175515055656433,
-0.08556831628084183,
0.3616265654563904,
0.8590084910392761,
-1.2846406698226929,
-0.6267181634902954,
0.33376428484916687,
0.628513753414154,
0.2581022083759308,
0.27172601222991943,
0.5465545654296875,
-0.45177045464515686,
0.395192950963974,
0.68679279088974,
-0.3180280029773712,
-0.2292119711637497,
-0.5494874119758606,
0.0658227950334549,
1.676179051399231,
0.0936656966805458,
0.9781835079193115,
0.7586475610733032,
-0.1671198159456253,
-1.2256261110305786,
-0.6778199672698975,
-0.8146787881851196,
0.7159757614135742,
0.6193998456001282,
0.17435337603092194,
1.2897930145263672,
0.53058922290802,
-0.325365275144577,
1.060046911239624,
-0.028196999803185463,
-0.34988266229629517,
-0.14727190136909485,
0.3807983994483948,
-0.18806755542755127,
-0.7858715057373047,
0.9091187715530396,
-0.6117690801620483,
0.38054412603378296,
-1.0464264154434204,
-0.4328513741493225,
-0.3618127107620239,
-0.5409444570541382,
-1.020160436630249,
-0.0653233602643013,
0.5015113353729248,
0.7344297170639038,
0.5834104418754578,
1.5811281204223633,
-1.0331909656524658,
0.8203171491622925,
0.1427232176065445,
0.7189395427703857,
0.4277695119380951,
1.143226146697998,
0.7238941192626953,
0.3514949679374695,
1.5037988424301147,
0.4128802418708801,
-0.40147635340690613,
0.3210660219192505,
-0.6206604838371277,
-0.544377326965332,
-1.5093762874603271,
1.681962251663208,
0.4613988697528839,
-0.08480001986026764
] |
why does our body consume c-14? | currently working on this project at school, and one of the questions raised is ''why does our body consume c-14?''. i've been searching around, but haven't found any good sources that are on norwegian. would appreciate it if you could try to explain as simple as possible, since english isn't my mother tongue. thank you in advance :) | except that a carbon-14 atom is 17% heavier, it is chemically identical to carbon-12. so, every organic molecule you eat contains a certain fraction (about 10^(-12)) of c-14. c-14 is produced in the atmosphere by cosmic rays, so thter is no simple way to avoid it. | 12 | [] | [] | [] | [
-0.7239529490470886,
0.8619468212127686,
0.3513822555541992,
-0.21346883475780487,
-0.21366846561431885,
-0.6236521005630493,
0.9711917042732239,
0.8185974359512329,
1.1992464065551758,
-0.45913559198379517,
1.0348050594329834,
-0.6315093040466309,
-0.3328503966331482,
0.09808911383152008,
0.6739256381988525,
-1.064643144607544,
-0.2028290331363678,
-0.12258944660425186,
-1.4859334230422974,
0.6729539036750793,
-0.14384233951568604,
0.3205549418926239,
-0.4111537039279938,
0.13409951329231262,
0.06346200406551361,
0.20721077919006348,
-0.6092870831489563,
0.06623238325119019,
0.5035181045532227,
-0.34310150146484375,
0.022859036922454834,
-0.08332601189613342,
-0.39814940094947815,
0.19285395741462708,
0.9082377552986145,
0.3993685245513916,
-0.4583665132522583,
0.5450642704963684,
-0.35670214891433716,
-0.6500219106674194,
-0.785847008228302,
0.35072562098503113,
-0.07039416581392288,
0.2541179955005646,
0.5152466297149658,
-0.7459347248077393,
-0.14820094406604767,
0.2182101160287857,
0.5030112266540527,
-0.8421677350997925,
-0.6509485244750977,
0.6147854328155518,
-0.8822818398475647,
0.4929882287979126,
-0.31063100695610046,
0.26631104946136475,
-0.537482500076294,
-0.6472947001457214,
0.16530826687812805,
-0.9832301735877991,
0.5555049777030945,
-0.1210084930062294,
-0.8436943888664246,
0.5706207752227783,
1.347416639328003,
0.34154611825942993,
0.5701572895050049,
-1.6813018321990967,
-0.5017739534378052,
0.2643267512321472,
-0.5698736906051636,
0.2544224262237549,
-0.14721080660820007,
0.8081603050231934,
-0.607109010219574,
0.45323243737220764,
0.5136830806732178,
0.6951149702072144,
0.020174331963062286,
-0.0740213394165039,
0.46901735663414,
-0.09920834004878998,
-0.40302881598472595,
-0.409637451171875,
-0.3858490288257599,
1.2068169116973877,
0.23189513385295868,
0.0925264060497284,
0.08753122389316559,
-0.2651630640029907,
-1.7111077308654785,
-0.0935916155576706,
0.03182306885719299,
0.23518124222755432,
-0.4354376196861267,
-0.161616250872612,
0.6862456798553467,
-0.4617113471031189,
0.4859546720981598,
0.8265199065208435,
-0.48558223247528076,
0.31566694378852844,
-0.9420567750930786,
-0.27585166692733765,
-0.8390904664993286,
-0.41941431164741516,
0.15946128964424133,
0.5597953796386719,
1.157226800918579,
0.02529989555478096,
0.08544069528579712,
0.10634024441242218,
0.7093214392662048,
-0.3940032124519348,
-0.13731835782527924,
-0.14715486764907837,
0.24968254566192627,
0.09420251846313477,
-1.0325520038604736,
0.2240082025527954,
0.059527456760406494,
-0.1514180600643158,
0.2092067003250122,
0.487505167722702,
0.08264751732349396,
-0.39645612239837646,
0.8915659189224243,
-0.13753052055835724,
0.7272435426712036,
-0.1597198247909546,
0.7850860357284546,
-0.7754504084587097,
-0.15650959312915802,
0.29677531123161316,
-0.7229150533676147,
0.033261992037296295,
0.23897962272167206,
-0.36700522899627686,
-0.44381093978881836,
-0.9257346391677856,
0.6365814208984375,
-0.09815146774053574,
0.10179001092910767,
-0.08233844488859177,
-0.25023624300956726,
-0.4820663332939148,
0.9479058980941772,
0.19319552183151245,
-0.3233894109725952,
0.2655090391635895,
-0.9845603108406067,
-0.18283024430274963,
-0.712130069732666,
-0.40518325567245483,
-0.5153388977050781,
-0.03966205194592476,
0.11205381155014038,
0.14950254559516907,
-0.25331833958625793,
0.1279289424419403,
-0.35433831810951233,
1.0136548280715942,
0.6018220782279968,
-0.4622921943664551,
-0.2722901701927185,
0.6508324146270752,
0.7001340389251709,
-1.0790725946426392,
0.0697222352027893,
0.003299921751022339,
-0.2604741156101227,
-0.563976526260376,
0.5467352271080017,
-1.3269424438476562,
0.7229735851287842,
0.5068576335906982,
-0.08842271566390991,
0.5291661620140076,
0.8200193643569946,
1.491188406944275,
0.20990407466888428,
0.24210941791534424,
-0.01725827157497406,
0.5268692970275879,
-0.09519361704587936,
0.19098027050495148,
-0.5314741134643555,
0.8963509202003479,
-0.2978489100933075,
0.13459068536758423,
-0.0939338207244873,
0.7140167951583862,
-0.055958814918994904,
0.8758918046951294,
-0.36775434017181396,
-0.5868203639984131,
-0.2955651581287384,
-0.21961615979671478,
-0.3500993847846985,
-0.18076381087303162,
0.30284085869789124,
-0.26834219694137573,
0.576252281665802,
-0.5850715637207031,
-0.4468565881252289,
-0.6357737183570862,
1.16659677028656,
-0.3279516100883484,
-0.04377931356430054,
-0.12491387128829956,
-0.742272675037384,
-1.453020453453064,
-1.4955482482910156,
0.13454648852348328,
0.12080231308937073,
-0.24088314175605774,
1.127439022064209,
-1.9793459177017212,
0.17636622488498688,
-0.7986093759536743,
0.8266372680664062,
-0.46910497546195984,
-0.03145313262939453,
-0.41744303703308105,
0.9201407432556152,
-0.5955083966255188,
-0.9219611883163452,
1.0188095569610596,
0.01576852798461914,
-0.18553052842617035,
0.5836895108222961,
-0.0964941531419754,
-0.1606997698545456,
0.7179770469665527,
1.212543249130249,
0.35770076513290405,
-0.5123715996742249,
0.08683504164218903,
0.19780728220939636,
0.13568681478500366,
-0.8790489435195923,
-0.13660597801208496,
0.28729698061943054,
0.1923130750656128,
0.07309234142303467,
-0.40550145506858826,
0.7809921503067017,
-0.7672077417373657,
-0.1288941353559494,
-0.24349656701087952,
-0.19836197793483734,
0.7430952787399292,
0.12341970205307007,
0.18963918089866638,
0.8244962096214294,
1.065128207206726,
-0.41120386123657227,
-1.2080881595611572,
-0.7622506618499756,
-1.3003325462341309,
-0.469071626663208,
0.19120317697525024,
-0.6711792945861816,
-1.0685845613479614,
-0.3518607020378113,
-0.23378348350524902,
0.22580096125602722,
1.61928391456604,
0.32259541749954224,
-0.13905251026153564,
1.3748102188110352,
-0.8169945478439331,
0.5721384286880493,
-0.5373843908309937,
0.835822582244873,
0.18039357662200928,
0.36868178844451904,
0.611914873123169,
0.07286947965621948,
1.3438975811004639,
-0.12535688281059265,
-0.4436837434768677,
0.521787703037262,
-0.024213742464780807,
-0.14039121568202972,
-0.5482100248336792,
-0.15450046956539154,
-0.3156896233558655,
0.7397341728210449,
-0.7144222259521484,
-0.2830492854118347,
0.6512067914009094,
-0.10966911911964417,
-0.1054273247718811,
0.7590886354446411,
-0.28010863065719604,
-0.1315230131149292,
0.14606589078903198,
-0.2551829516887665,
0.473574161529541,
-0.2864396572113037,
-0.9937527775764465,
-0.7390109300613403,
0.22389207780361176,
0.2599007785320282,
-0.19847959280014038,
0.6441051363945007,
-0.002300545573234558,
0.8857051134109497,
-1.1050121784210205,
-0.2139284610748291,
0.09740392863750458,
-0.5242817997932434,
1.6000908613204956,
-0.8873860239982605,
-0.3249017596244812,
0.32138657569885254,
0.07848751544952393,
1.101776123046875,
0.48064911365509033,
0.6853964924812317,
-0.9038785696029663,
-0.40626680850982666,
-0.5041561722755432,
0.375343382358551,
0.2142064869403839,
0.9762412905693054,
-0.017773032188415527,
0.3918088376522064,
0.3019489049911499,
0.4529261589050293,
0.22828784584999084,
-0.13273432850837708,
-0.11202406883239746,
0.2310551404953003,
0.8868165016174316,
-0.8428522348403931,
-0.38862431049346924,
-0.26771876215934753,
0.5518776178359985,
-0.5319561958312988,
-0.30447760224342346,
-0.409828782081604,
0.10125809907913208,
0.792975902557373,
-0.7174392938613892,
-0.224450945854187,
1.146852731704712,
-0.5963035225868225,
0.05864477902650833,
-0.12184330075979233,
0.7929102182388306,
0.9723689556121826,
0.07079952955245972,
-0.34963101148605347,
-0.19727182388305664,
0.21657827496528625,
-0.15542905032634735,
1.404955267906189,
-0.3351149559020996,
0.28894856572151184,
0.13664236664772034,
-0.8440566062927246,
0.4884963929653168,
-0.5223029255867004,
0.5163084268569946,
-0.7389352321624756,
-0.3040425181388855,
-0.6411304473876953,
0.5667709112167358,
-0.024794384837150574,
0.6578457951545715,
-0.16401758790016174,
-0.5194175243377686,
0.2535330057144165,
-1.1471099853515625,
-0.9746260643005371,
-0.15321877598762512,
-0.008231893181800842,
-0.14716659486293793,
0.7818865776062012,
0.4791475832462311,
1.4480416774749756,
-1.0265778303146362
] |
how does optical activity work at the atomic scale? | i am trying to get a good grasp on the use of circular dichroism spectroscopy in biology. so far everything makes sense, but i don't quite understand what exactly causes chiral molecules to exhibit optical activity, and i feel like that is important for a complete understanding. i read a page that says chiral molecules rotate linearly polarized light when the light interacts with the molecule's electron cloud. but what /exactly/ is happening? what about this interaction causes the rotation of the plane of the electric field's oscillation? and why doesn't the orientation of the chiral molecule matter? our hands are chiral, but the shadow of my hand if my palm is facing me looks different than if my palm is facing away. wouldn't the random orientation of the molecules in solution affect the interaction with light? sorry if these questions are confusing, i can reword if necessary. i am not a physicist [but i wish i was :'( ] | linear polarized light can simply be viewed as a summation of many circularly polarized waves. in fact, that's sort of fundamentally what it is as photons possess spin. a circularly polarized wave is one where the electric field changes over time not by oscillating up and down in magnitude, but by rotating with a fixed magnitude. this rotation can either be left or right handed, or clockwise and counterclockwise. how can you get linear from circular? imagine it like a clock with two second hands. one runs forwards, one backwards. if they both start at 12, their sum is a large electric field point up. after a little while they both rotate, to 1 and 11. they both still point up, giving an upwards electric field. they also point a little left and right, but completely opposite so they cancel. at 3 and 9, they completely cancel giving not net electric field. at 5 and 7 they are back to canceling a little but both also pointing somewhat the same way. and at 6 they both point fully down. that's how you can view a up-down polarized wave, just two circular polarized wave of the same magnitude spinning opposite directions. chiral molecules are also either left or right handed, and that means their electron clouds are too. this means they can interact with left and right handed polarized light different. it's similar to how different frequencies of light have different refractive indices (speeds) when passing through materials, but in this case the rotational direction of the electric field matters too. they just have different refractive indices. if one of them travels faster, if will start advancing on the other. back to the clock with two hands, if my clockwise hands gets boosted ahead by 2 hours, they no longer both stack at 12. they do so at 1. advancing the clockwise hand 2 hours rotates the fields stacking from 12 to 1. advancing the clockwise electric field polarizstion through a lesser refractive index tilts the linear polarization clockwise. because if we flipped them and it caused the opposite to happen they wouldn't be chiral, that would be a mirrored molecule. chiral objects by definition still have a clear handiness regardless of how you view them. shadows don't work the same, you losing the 3d information of your hand that then chiral. imagine you're putting a bolt into a nut, rotating clockwise (as is the standard chirality for screws/bolts, righty-tighty). turning clockwise goes forwards/in to you. turning counterclockwise would go backwards/out. now you flip the bolt and nut around. the nut has been flipped, so by your assumption, turning clockwise on the side without the head would now make the bolt come out/go backwards? no actually, it would still go in. alternatively, you can look at is as me on the other side. i turn it to my counter-clockwise (your clockwise), and the bolt comes out for me (goes is for you). clockwise is still in for you even with the nut flipped. that's why you can't use nuts a right or wrong way, they are chiral so clockwise is always in, regardless if you flip them. the bolt going in or out is the light propagation direction. the nut is the chiral molecule. the rotation is which polarization it favours. flipping a chiral object doesn't change which handiness it has, or it wouldn't be chiral and would just be a regular old mirror-able object. | 9 | [] | [] | [] | [
-5.239884853363037,
1.4921536445617676,
-0.21787598729133606,
-2.8367133140563965,
-6.307653903961182,
-4.248824596405029,
2.1574840545654297,
0.16177120804786682,
8.842055320739746,
-0.15539216995239258,
4.242539882659912,
7.104726791381836,
1.9069854021072388,
-1.160573959350586,
3.145172119140625,
-0.8871368765830994,
-7.6031413078308105,
2.9320781230926514,
-7.20078706741333,
3.3354623317718506,
-1.6274726390838623,
-2.4106359481811523,
-5.360809803009033,
-0.6491888761520386,
-5.994621276855469,
5.381173133850098,
0.4717455804347992,
1.334256649017334,
0.739617109298706,
-1.5557963848114014,
-1.6518030166625977,
10.022266387939453,
-6.389169216156006,
2.255049228668213,
-5.301965236663818,
-2.0403361320495605,
-4.2519049644470215,
1.5172330141067505,
1.823272466659546,
0.0773281455039978,
-0.9089925289154053,
-2.177157402038574,
4.31710147857666,
-1.193542718887329,
5.384840488433838,
5.758716106414795,
4.8295578956604,
3.9372920989990234,
2.4933815002441406,
-3.2542080879211426,
-1.5851945877075195,
-0.8296927213668823,
2.215704917907715,
-2.1486854553222656,
1.3844510316848755,
10.967958450317383,
5.103832721710205,
-2.7187747955322266,
2.4307689666748047,
-1.051979899406433,
1.7872463464736938,
-3.0793864727020264,
-4.028709411621094,
4.995361804962158,
2.9817962646484375,
-4.659976005554199,
-0.9223729968070984,
-5.995538234710693,
-5.307392120361328,
6.4074225425720215,
0.2851797342300415,
-0.7506899237632751,
-3.912797212600708,
-1.1985454559326172,
8.194228172302246,
-1.4448349475860596,
-0.7095977067947388,
-1.2344526052474976,
-1.1058070659637451,
-2.835571527481079,
0.845022439956665,
-2.1163759231567383,
-2.2127158641815186,
3.1395041942596436,
-0.3414705991744995,
7.003357410430908,
3.1696414947509766,
-0.2573074698448181,
2.8164403438568115,
0.6758442521095276,
-1.4755706787109375,
-3.6521472930908203,
-0.0688633918762207,
-2.0736470222473145,
0.060376256704330444,
2.7126870155334473,
3.753317356109619,
-10.42564868927002,
-0.279338002204895,
3.1316723823547363,
-1.3408279418945312,
-1.6703267097473145,
-9.411184310913086,
1.007368564605713,
-2.636418342590332,
-1.0425291061401367,
3.77760910987854,
-0.014612466096878052,
-1.4144080877304077,
1.9414347410202026,
0.815593421459198,
-2.9525580406188965,
4.473091125488281,
-2.754295587539673,
-5.908577919006348,
-5.734710693359375,
-0.7015646696090698,
0.09778878837823868,
0.5168859958648682,
-5.61347770690918,
-0.6830047369003296,
-2.9267914295196533,
-3.2856836318969727,
1.9495224952697754,
3.6540586948394775,
-3.403059244155884,
2.9228408336639404,
5.141642093658447,
-1.6957402229309082,
2.675568103790283,
5.878159046173096,
-5.531539440155029,
-2.3404431343078613,
0.23459210991859436,
-3.5363261699676514,
1.446676254272461,
6.304533958435059,
2.3944549560546875,
0.28902459144592285,
6.127971172332764,
0.3578956723213196,
2.764951229095459,
-2.137683629989624,
-2.7312166690826416,
4.617706298828125,
-0.46240466833114624,
-6.599282264709473,
-0.7890053987503052,
1.0874686241149902,
2.5788817405700684,
-4.807879447937012,
-4.6420722007751465,
-3.2269413471221924,
1.2739522457122803,
-0.6815900206565857,
0.0589374303817749,
0.020022183656692505,
5.101385116577148,
2.7807235717773438,
3.7759451866149902,
-2.9570398330688477,
3.800194263458252,
-1.1313849687576294,
4.145885944366455,
1.3165936470031738,
-0.16850227117538452,
1.7818998098373413,
-3.6589436531066895,
-0.35833823680877686,
0.39130687713623047,
-0.7570016980171204,
-0.13812649250030518,
0.7213289737701416,
-0.5480208396911621,
-1.7488266229629517,
0.20168519020080566,
-9.928945541381836,
1.1355032920837402,
0.7302337288856506,
4.636448383331299,
-1.7988038063049316,
2.315549612045288,
12.23875617980957,
0.2772945463657379,
1.563001275062561,
3.755157470703125,
-1.3980369567871094,
-0.495858371257782,
-5.954153537750244,
0.9424644708633423,
-3.703195095062256,
-5.787917137145996,
-2.6116111278533936,
7.371300220489502,
-3.381412982940674,
-2.0830140113830566,
0.6823508739471436,
-1.3632804155349731,
0.020296022295951843,
1.061179280281067,
-3.1403989791870117,
3.3912086486816406,
4.406838893890381,
-5.17756986618042,
-3.3254077434539795,
1.0442665815353394,
3.820594310760498,
-3.2116637229919434,
-7.751235485076904,
3.341869354248047,
0.2015766203403473,
-11.492161750793457,
-2.547619104385376,
-1.142120361328125,
-0.11218233406543732,
1.8951027393341064,
-3.153850555419922,
-6.420801639556885,
-5.82745885848999,
-2.087092876434326,
2.213212490081787,
5.522630214691162,
1.0817089080810547,
-5.677165508270264,
-7.712113380432129,
-3.256924867630005,
-3.7982187271118164,
6.855908393859863,
-3.887486696243286,
0.23453190922737122,
3.275967597961426,
1.2352923154830933,
2.233619213104248,
5.354398727416992,
2.2993850708007812,
-0.7686456441879272,
-9.476081848144531,
4.927890777587891,
6.750124454498291,
-4.371763229370117,
-0.519156277179718,
0.01207473874092102,
2.1004579067230225,
1.1187368631362915,
0.43544965982437134,
2.0892117023468018,
-1.853326439857483,
2.6317434310913086,
2.4935998916625977,
2.439518928527832,
3.9685428142547607,
0.09333005547523499,
-5.79325008392334,
5.497928619384766,
-1.6037789583206177,
-2.655508279800415,
3.252340078353882,
2.0094919204711914,
-6.3388190269470215,
2.053041696548462,
-1.291578769683838,
-3.9547476768493652,
-2.5862865447998047,
-1.9751925468444824,
-2.5550222396850586,
4.25592041015625,
6.27815580368042,
4.924318313598633,
-6.247251510620117,
-2.4709689617156982,
-1.464218258857727,
2.205061674118042,
1.9204825162887573,
-1.0940699577331543,
1.054683804512024,
-0.9524198770523071,
1.8896386623382568,
-2.8488402366638184,
-3.288963794708252,
2.393653392791748,
-4.16532564163208,
-6.122747898101807,
4.452500343322754,
2.832301139831543,
1.086336374282837,
-5.513636589050293,
1.3982784748077393,
-2.566401481628418,
9.198891639709473,
-1.770564079284668,
0.5156774520874023,
5.652775287628174,
5.222132682800293,
-0.4619997441768646,
2.5551044940948486,
6.710397720336914,
1.7486716508865356,
-3.3961799144744873,
5.821773052215576,
2.95202898979187,
5.745515823364258,
-0.18965676426887512,
-7.361741065979004,
-2.5885214805603027,
-6.157055854797363,
0.44878074526786804,
0.3301042318344116,
5.862550735473633,
-8.045870780944824,
-3.754488468170166,
-5.329291820526123,
-4.232017517089844,
3.4263358116149902,
4.449002742767334,
-2.2060935497283936,
5.797145366668701,
9.186470031738281,
0.6228852868080139,
3.35791277885437,
2.9999279975891113,
1.4037619829177856,
-2.127352237701416,
6.38848876953125,
1.2521098852157593,
-1.1672639846801758,
0.9808902144432068,
3.143273115158081,
-4.095987796783447,
-3.4212303161621094,
-3.3534092903137207,
-4.605245113372803,
1.8762130737304688,
2.941113233566284,
-0.04436153173446655,
10.711956024169922,
4.823768138885498,
-4.47743558883667,
-4.345686912536621,
-5.861630439758301,
2.9732885360717773,
-1.2408720254898071,
-1.289481282234192,
5.157205581665039,
1.8386201858520508,
-3.692716598510742,
1.6303094625473022,
-0.8098353147506714,
0.15429025888442993,
-3.6949493885040283,
0.9504151344299316,
-4.781376361846924,
3.5893070697784424,
7.379459857940674,
5.144742488861084,
-1.8025407791137695,
-2.34260892868042,
-5.309030532836914,
0.8014895915985107,
1.9625428915023804,
-1.414635181427002,
-3.508490562438965,
-2.1695406436920166,
-6.34124755859375,
7.682073593139648,
-4.054157257080078,
4.707156181335449,
4.569348335266113,
-1.2821019887924194,
-3.0139315128326416,
2.786777973175049,
0.31832969188690186,
8.521073341369629,
3.5288805961608887,
-5.089648723602295,
1.3509231805801392,
-3.0363097190856934,
2.525968313217163,
0.4632112979888916,
-9.339198112487793,
-0.6405014395713806,
-5.656922340393066,
6.312067031860352,
0.6978040933609009,
0.665012538433075
] |
i'm in florida. it's almost 90f outside. anyone want to try to explain to me how it's possible that it's hailing outside my house? | it is 90 degrees f outside your house, yes, but several thousand feet above you, where hail forms, it is much colder. _url_0_ the hail forms high in the thunderclouds where the rain is being circulated through regions of very cold air. this is what forms the hail and how hailstones can get so large. as they fall they simply do not have time to melt before they hit the ground. | 12 | [] | [] | [
"http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/air-altitude-temperature-d_461.html"
] | [
-0.1875562071800232,
1.050476312637329,
1.0521466732025146,
0.75438392162323,
1.206809401512146,
-1.2914193868637085,
0.5691871643066406,
-0.30294305086135864,
0.3515901267528534,
-0.46840333938598633,
-0.03647604584693909,
-0.3115553855895996,
-0.9390625953674316,
-0.7026472091674805,
1.1502119302749634,
0.34824883937835693,
-0.4200054109096527,
0.012956738471984863,
-1.0820436477661133,
-0.3714127540588379,
0.2907649278640747,
0.5138681530952454,
-0.810607373714447,
0.3215380012989044,
0.32841479778289795,
0.5789926052093506,
-1.4034183025360107,
1.0826389789581299,
0.005530059337615967,
0.596695065498352,
0.3503304719924927,
-0.21009944379329681,
-0.5103957653045654,
0.3607661724090576,
0.1329202950000763,
0.38835951685905457,
0.5250841379165649,
0.798556923866272,
-0.18428508937358856,
0.16061867773532867,
-0.2742474377155304,
-1.0187758207321167,
-0.17508040368556976,
-0.010760239325463772,
-0.2891377806663513,
1.4303500652313232,
-0.2782214283943176,
0.8719971179962158,
0.6165643930435181,
0.6835776567459106,
-0.8467475175857544,
-0.3237968981266022,
-1.062973976135254,
0.8240564465522766,
0.2728481888771057,
0.06933319568634033,
0.14061284065246582,
-0.2658061385154724,
1.0014797449111938,
-0.09473750740289688,
-0.08402501791715622,
0.29114505648612976,
-0.4945010244846344,
0.23961937427520752,
0.5584366917610168,
-0.4258749485015869,
-0.931411623954773,
-0.06705361604690552,
-0.8913275003433228,
-0.19952842593193054,
1.1719980239868164,
0.9814103245735168,
-0.6372279524803162,
-0.4813726544380188,
-1.0181859731674194,
-0.32142436504364014,
-0.6620086431503296,
0.17674948275089264,
-0.763302206993103,
1.003455638885498,
0.3412691354751587,
0.19478657841682434,
-0.8366398215293884,
-0.08097877353429794,
-0.09691827744245529,
0.0989464744925499,
0.11709082126617432,
0.6570731997489929,
0.4705166518688202,
0.017632827162742615,
-1.2148728370666504,
-0.24907967448234558,
-0.8073744177818298,
0.8095173835754395,
0.6480689644813538,
0.9080925583839417,
0.9820283651351929,
-1.4783991575241089,
-0.44154563546180725,
-0.23517611622810364,
-0.03742910921573639,
-0.15000981092453003,
-0.3928351402282715,
0.5841649770736694,
-0.01720680296421051,
0.4450021982192993,
0.13329097628593445,
1.1618540287017822,
0.5658813714981079,
0.16361285746097565,
-0.1461096704006195,
-0.7423186898231506,
0.017992228269577026,
-0.6669053435325623,
-0.5031364560127258,
-0.5833417177200317,
-1.4058082103729248,
-0.25913047790527344,
-1.960585594177246,
-0.3253067433834076,
0.2545554041862488,
0.16646309196949005,
-0.10016310214996338,
0.4647769629955292,
1.2957836389541626,
-0.504501461982727,
0.23094961047172546,
0.06372889876365662,
0.38124752044677734,
1.1200242042541504,
0.6767650842666626,
0.11864234507083893,
0.4774652123451233,
-0.6127110123634338,
-0.9453141689300537,
0.6205962896347046,
0.4907050132751465,
0.4666731357574463,
-0.7894489169120789,
0.43873101472854614,
0.25473082065582275,
0.036676257848739624,
-0.35475924611091614,
-1.1792426109313965,
1.112489104270935,
0.2858673930168152,
-1.107987642288208,
-0.3065188527107239,
-0.36057135462760925,
-1.5079790353775024,
-0.999900221824646,
-0.5944572687149048,
-0.07525952160358429,
0.35320836305618286,
-0.42153242230415344,
0.4197051525115967,
0.052316486835479736,
0.5459058284759521,
1.3309952020645142,
0.11121895909309387,
0.32604366540908813,
0.11852192878723145,
0.7001700401306152,
0.3816121518611908,
-0.8768391013145447,
0.28748899698257446,
-0.43776243925094604,
-0.26526281237602234,
0.13876628875732422,
-0.5258296728134155,
-0.6741580963134766,
-0.0798945426940918,
-0.021800249814987183,
0.5828987956047058,
-0.3077634572982788,
-0.38868314027786255,
-1.082158088684082,
-0.1413259357213974,
1.2198777198791504,
0.772056519985199,
0.5703730583190918,
0.7355080246925354,
2.0202064514160156,
0.9567877054214478,
0.26126909255981445,
-0.775244951248169,
0.008255332708358765,
-0.6350955963134766,
0.7129800915718079,
-0.5351027846336365,
0.3729655146598816,
-0.9224423170089722,
0.30688944458961487,
-0.8141587972640991,
-0.7104888558387756,
1.5517079830169678,
-0.8941575288772583,
-0.4362456500530243,
1.3865363597869873,
0.22850623726844788,
-0.08577859401702881,
-0.1717309057712555,
-0.20933687686920166,
-0.9690551161766052,
0.5381196737289429,
0.28248775005340576,
1.1989374160766602,
0.15612797439098358,
-0.47010836005210876,
-0.23812256753444672,
1.0695046186447144,
-0.9894577264785767,
-0.26422613859176636,
-0.5775822401046753,
0.08290523290634155,
-0.09964611381292343,
-1.233561635017395,
-0.2170899212360382,
-1.094895839691162,
0.7857757210731506,
0.38884198665618896,
-1.0255255699157715,
-0.385331392288208,
-0.7863144278526306,
0.26062148809432983,
-0.07600788027048111,
-0.5855357050895691,
-0.44026756286621094,
0.0625651627779007,
1.6025667190551758,
0.340202271938324,
1.8223916292190552,
-0.07534079253673553,
1.421708345413208,
-1.5176639556884766,
-0.20200558006763458,
-1.3188917636871338,
-0.26010215282440186,
0.40757352113723755,
-0.05630877614021301,
0.5408461093902588,
0.8461415767669678,
0.2839295566082001,
0.8817305564880371,
-0.23027071356773376,
-1.0410488843917847,
-0.9125921726226807,
-0.17043592035770416,
-0.09584244340658188,
-0.12878912687301636,
0.3800964951515198,
-0.12325197458267212,
-0.8253759145736694,
-0.18246376514434814,
-0.5242636203765869,
0.13741463422775269,
-0.319723516702652,
-1.0104178190231323,
-0.41055941581726074,
0.38762545585632324,
-0.37245702743530273,
-0.8981384038925171,
-0.18530717492103577,
-1.5833064317703247,
-0.21248914301395416,
0.2389896810054779,
1.7304569482803345,
0.41580408811569214,
-0.5060116052627563,
-0.3145374655723572,
0.16155341267585754,
0.33689892292022705,
-0.12335768342018127,
-0.22647130489349365,
0.5638750195503235,
-1.171764850616455,
-0.31060802936553955,
1.6877250671386719,
0.8976072669029236,
0.3088761866092682,
-0.7949258089065552,
-0.3818072974681854,
-0.9978275895118713,
-0.15832462906837463,
-0.339400053024292,
-0.35744452476501465,
0.6826157569885254,
0.33298149704933167,
0.15832912921905518,
0.02912890911102295,
0.03354189172387123,
1.0308271646499634,
0.22841723263263702,
-0.12961770594120026,
-0.013485625386238098,
-0.993541955947876,
-0.4732878804206848,
-0.025911152362823486,
-0.15833424031734467,
-0.39888614416122437,
0.8480689525604248,
0.39816850423812866,
-0.32807064056396484,
-0.7005548477172852,
-0.13807648420333862,
0.28172388672828674,
-0.21079020202159882,
0.28292471170425415,
0.4530482888221741,
-1.767472505569458,
-0.10868263989686966,
-1.3315320014953613,
0.10586048662662506,
1.0383975505828857,
-0.09467354416847229,
0.6862429976463318,
-0.020235642790794373,
0.5487004518508911,
0.5891533493995667,
0.017414458096027374,
-0.6099821329116821,
0.017330318689346313,
-0.008108511567115784,
0.1324075311422348,
0.05344243347644806,
-0.0805840715765953,
0.884624719619751,
-0.0728054940700531,
-0.23219387233257294,
-0.33199161291122437,
-0.9536707401275635,
-0.07650347054004669,
1.144191861152649,
0.45457616448402405,
0.31883180141448975,
-0.5355855226516724,
-0.9016156196594238,
-1.7381967306137085,
-0.25065866112709045,
-0.011583775281906128,
-0.4108837842941284,
0.48443132638931274,
0.25750720500946045,
0.6753780245780945,
1.1130726337432861,
-0.6855960488319397,
-0.02352450042963028,
-0.48251986503601074,
-0.19006392359733582,
0.6606998443603516,
-0.5654563307762146,
1.2728126049041748,
0.4831847548484802,
-0.8028519153594971,
0.9529784321784973,
0.06904211640357971,
-0.39784616231918335,
0.8050827383995056,
-0.3978635370731354,
-0.667649507522583,
0.9229499101638794,
1.2001110315322876,
0.42836397886276245,
0.3449360430240631,
-0.4500972032546997,
0.8842077255249023,
-1.0892335176467896,
0.6322112083435059,
-0.28014275431632996,
0.692756175994873,
0.026923034340143204,
0.7929583191871643,
0.32860541343688965,
0.4957234561443329,
-0.3428053557872772,
-0.8481900691986084,
0.31022965908050537,
-0.21569249033927917,
1.1251095533370972,
-0.22345489263534546,
0.4166449010372162,
-0.17506840825080872,
-0.0658719539642334,
0.7076061367988586
] |
|
why is the mandlebrot set generated on the complex plane? | when iteratively calculating the mandlebrot set i fail to see why using imaginary numbers is useful. where does the fact i^2 = -1 is relevant? is the complex plane used only so the mechanics of a + bi work? meaning a+b can't be added and represent the coordinates in a plane? | you necessarily use the multiplicative structure of the complex numbers to construct it. if we write f(z;c)=z^(2)+c, then this function is evaluated explicitly through the arithmetic of the complex numbers. the mandelbrot set is defined to be the complex numbers c so that repeatedly applying f(z;c) to z=0 does not go out towards infinity. to write this without complex numbers, we'd have to write this as: * f(x,y;a,b) = (x^(2)-y^(2)+a, 2xy+b) which is more clunky. additionally, it is important for the study of the function f(z;c) is a "holomorphic" function, which means that it is differentiable as a function of complex numbers. these are all super nice functions, and it's really great when you get to work with them. overall, working on the complex plane is a lot nicer than working in just r^(2), because you have a bunch more tools at your disposal and a lot of very nice theory to fall back on. you would need a specific reason *not* to work on the complex plane. | 13 | [] | [] | [] | [
-1.9876095056533813,
0.706834077835083,
-0.9288469552993774,
0.02506500482559204,
-2.7983992099761963,
-1.65938401222229,
1.1752773523330688,
0.8558415174484253,
0.942086935043335,
0.21785667538642883,
-0.43352633714675903,
1.1576125621795654,
-0.9327675700187683,
0.952488362789154,
-0.2808704078197479,
-0.3721887469291687,
-0.3814558982849121,
-0.8552675247192383,
-5.411498069763184,
-0.3177209496498108,
1.296417236328125,
-0.09667878597974777,
-0.4667194187641144,
0.2874969244003296,
-0.16037052869796753,
0.7120591402053833,
1.5757344961166382,
0.3398004472255707,
2.101290702819824,
-0.5440701246261597,
0.3432997763156891,
2.155973434448242,
2.3139827251434326,
-0.1099492609500885,
-1.5241726636886597,
0.9988332986831665,
-0.06438126415014267,
1.0034046173095703,
1.5874265432357788,
0.02516275644302368,
-1.1014355421066284,
0.2975943088531494,
1.2690553665161133,
2.2932958602905273,
0.27974122762680054,
0.7966447472572327,
-0.4609643220901489,
0.30416250228881836,
-1.144209861755371,
1.0792816877365112,
-0.8462021350860596,
0.05332939326763153,
-1.3768165111541748,
-0.6772451400756836,
0.3132660984992981,
-0.8597829937934875,
0.8035224676132202,
-2.1300220489501953,
-0.5753098130226135,
-2.474364757537842,
1.1580873727798462,
-1.3171110153198242,
0.6661744713783264,
0.9389060735702515,
2.97633695602417,
-0.5193217992782593,
-0.5813368558883667,
-1.3184646368026733,
-0.7760062217712402,
4.139477252960205,
0.09918570518493652,
0.5195982456207275,
-0.5243757367134094,
-0.09701979160308838,
0.4757426381111145,
-0.35738933086395264,
-0.3300637900829315,
-0.08351122587919235,
0.25051382184028625,
1.6659842729568481,
0.8934197425842285,
-1.4122796058654785,
-0.19223478436470032,
-0.13963063061237335,
-0.17317886650562286,
1.6923353672027588,
1.0908129215240479,
-0.42557868361473083,
1.777073860168457,
-0.42933666706085205,
0.06127342954277992,
-1.1201026439666748,
-1.0687050819396973,
0.15544641017913818,
-1.3068586587905884,
0.91753089427948,
1.9992563724517822,
-0.746756374835968,
-0.33423352241516113,
0.6917449831962585,
-1.7851026058197021,
1.119392991065979,
-0.7957924604415894,
-0.9231399893760681,
0.021504685282707214,
-1.4080092906951904,
-0.10602344572544098,
0.7272705435752869,
0.404049813747406,
-1.6017882823944092,
-0.1976606249809265,
-1.8556877374649048,
1.362421989440918,
0.009142056107521057,
-0.44405460357666016,
-0.8962751030921936,
0.8186088800430298,
0.9273468255996704,
-0.3208582103252411,
-1.2846546173095703,
-0.7993598580360413,
0.19810061156749725,
0.17145578563213348,
-0.20008954405784607,
-0.3837161660194397,
-1.295440673828125,
-1.214074730873108,
-0.05005514621734619,
-0.2912818193435669,
0.9100412130355835,
1.1541709899902344,
0.40240052342414856,
-0.2418106198310852,
0.38795775175094604,
-0.029064886271953583,
-0.9071628451347351,
1.1571732759475708,
0.7279915809631348,
-1.45329749584198,
2.361758232116699,
1.9934715032577515,
1.4151421785354614,
1.3000516891479492,
-0.83176589012146,
0.8749669194221497,
0.1035473570227623,
-1.9891828298568726,
0.026344336569309235,
1.5824205875396729,
-1.4230592250823975,
-0.5763729214668274,
-0.16130897402763367,
0.17061033844947815,
-1.337706208229065,
1.5083311796188354,
0.22185379266738892,
-0.0677126944065094,
0.2560736835002899,
-0.698570191860199,
0.8629347681999207,
-1.3362698554992676,
2.1568527221679688,
1.0317206382751465,
0.6113297939300537,
-0.13811498880386353,
0.9624896049499512,
0.9784154891967773,
-0.5865662097930908,
-0.20171651244163513,
0.05965454876422882,
0.15969178080558777,
-0.9093520641326904,
0.8951863050460815,
0.13160440325737,
0.834715723991394,
1.3025175333023071,
-1.3794331550598145,
-1.627770185470581,
-0.318729043006897,
2.2590408325195312,
2.1777191162109375,
-0.9167701601982117,
2.428776264190674,
-0.10338133573532104,
1.5411722660064697,
0.624076247215271,
1.2528891563415527,
1.728692889213562,
-1.4071273803710938,
-0.5908151865005493,
-0.9917857646942139,
0.7519599199295044,
-1.822967529296875,
0.37315833568573,
-0.6230679750442505,
-1.3713442087173462,
1.008238673210144,
-0.47695863246917725,
-0.37485384941101074,
0.5880962610244751,
-0.2732677459716797,
0.012165747582912445,
0.3052428066730499,
-1.081533670425415,
0.33002421259880066,
-0.7602639198303223,
-0.19522982835769653,
-0.8529722094535828,
-0.9503276348114014,
1.4493519067764282,
-1.8273649215698242,
-2.0801680088043213,
-1.017330527305603,
-0.7525655627250671,
-0.2259465754032135,
0.08816847205162048,
0.3686635494232178,
-0.8821895718574524,
-2.318054437637329,
-0.1302037090063095,
1.0025416612625122,
-0.8718723654747009,
0.2666212022304535,
-1.7313988208770752,
-1.9158661365509033,
-0.4925878643989563,
-0.9100348353385925,
0.13597135245800018,
-0.6126773357391357,
0.6957770586013794,
0.7679793834686279,
-4.640061378479004,
1.7978036403656006,
0.47425439953804016,
0.5835966467857361,
-0.16841624677181244,
-0.24461227655410767,
0.6136232018470764,
1.848366379737854,
-1.123134970664978,
-1.9135699272155762,
-1.1814143657684326,
-1.576668381690979,
-0.5656005144119263,
0.6285374164581299,
0.4201171398162842,
-1.1760189533233643,
-0.40838897228240967,
-0.397085964679718,
1.9938008785247803,
-3.1063616275787354,
-0.04203909635543823,
-0.8124470710754395,
1.4065289497375488,
-1.2428526878356934,
-0.9218562245368958,
-0.514695405960083,
0.3735279142856598,
-1.2555017471313477,
0.7270971536636353,
1.9887592792510986,
0.5645996928215027,
0.3030989468097687,
-0.8734416961669922,
1.1103554964065552,
0.8246369361877441,
0.6447119116783142,
0.3979959189891815,
0.005545109510421753,
-0.21742895245552063,
-0.7164425849914551,
-0.7611023187637329,
0.8245788812637329,
-0.10634393990039825,
0.8674800992012024,
-1.2711495161056519,
-0.12313199043273926,
-1.260745644569397,
-2.0587148666381836,
-0.43819740414619446,
-0.5394246578216553,
-2.9824678897857666,
0.16549144685268402,
0.07199633121490479,
-0.8300038576126099,
-1.6096783876419067,
2.2538633346557617,
2.08829665184021,
0.20923905074596405,
-1.0894466638565063,
0.5626943111419678,
1.2283625602722168,
0.4380916953086853,
-0.7556957602500916,
-0.05791037529706955,
2.4114432334899902,
-0.32370704412460327,
-0.10229703783988953,
0.32321950793266296,
0.35224130749702454,
0.6389102935791016,
0.39531993865966797,
-1.0852348804473877,
1.0126041173934937,
1.4952919483184814,
0.22454528510570526,
1.8788034915924072,
0.9465861320495605,
0.4853178560733795,
-0.8478097319602966,
0.06326568126678467,
0.5085818767547607,
0.2751948833465576,
0.421985000371933,
-0.6709046363830566,
1.9650976657867432,
-0.8028144240379333,
1.2457696199417114,
1.2625123262405396,
0.7543789744377136,
-0.697027862071991,
-2.1043589115142822,
-1.114067554473877,
-1.0543028116226196,
-0.04723595082759857,
-1.8702183961868286,
-1.6628985404968262,
-1.2789371013641357,
-0.5889902114868164,
1.4064291715621948,
-0.10536011308431625,
1.1965208053588867,
-0.9063698649406433,
0.24323517084121704,
1.9216358661651611,
1.4974148273468018,
-0.41381996870040894,
-0.4654977023601532,
-1.540470838546753,
0.6932089328765869,
-0.9457861185073853,
0.19562308490276337,
-0.9869824647903442,
1.5059638023376465,
0.9808545708656311,
-0.07068389654159546,
0.04981765151023865,
1.5331605672836304,
-1.6655523777008057,
0.7415741682052612,
0.6615334153175354,
1.6301970481872559,
0.339582622051239,
1.0195105075836182,
0.7012600302696228,
-1.8484514951705933,
2.033050298690796,
0.8820512890815735,
-0.23608872294425964,
0.8890829682350159,
-1.0071947574615479,
-0.41003647446632385,
-2.2902321815490723,
3.6184206008911133,
-0.235096737742424,
-0.7767449617385864,
-2.2421648502349854,
-0.5498158931732178,
-1.4735267162322998,
1.1013052463531494,
0.03701946139335632,
2.0461912155151367,
0.6944283843040466,
-0.24717667698860168,
1.0875685214996338,
-0.23032540082931519,
-1.4580862522125244,
-0.3000568449497223,
-2.2788944244384766,
0.17251038551330566,
1.4159399271011353,
1.169950246810913,
3.1215507984161377,
0.21989856660366058
] |
does ambient temperature affect the flammability of a material? | does ambient temperature play a role in the flammability of materials and would said temperature effect the fire's ability to maintain combustion? i.e. if its cold outside would a cigarette be more likely to extinguish itself? | temperature can change things pre-ignition. at lower temperatures you have a two factors than can hinder combustion. first off materials typically will only ignite once they reach a high enough temperature to sustain a chemical reaction with oxygen. by starting at a lower temperature you have to add more head to the object to reach the critical temperature in order to start combustion and thus make it harder to initially get a fire started. you also have for flammable liquids the lower temperature lowers the vapor pressure which in turn makes it harder to begin combustion. now once it actually starts burning on the other hand, temperature plays a weakened role. a cold ambient temperature will absorb more heat, but compared to the magnitude of heat given off by combustion this typically is not enough to make a huge difference. it only really matters if the fire is in a "fragile" state or barely surviving. once the fire is self sustaining the amount of energy being put off by the fire will be more than enough to heat the near by environment up. tldr; the cold can play a role in hindering the fire, but it is most prominent before the fire gets started than once the fire actually is started. | 3 | [] | [] | [] | [
-2.5507469177246094,
4.085538387298584,
2.995481491088867,
4.501756191253662,
2.8202641010284424,
0.1081630289554596,
-0.6086288690567017,
2.1588854789733887,
-0.26462212204933167,
1.0217065811157227,
-2.336947202682495,
0.28349411487579346,
-2.787017822265625,
0.026051223278045654,
2.5888402462005615,
0.24473406374454498,
-0.5128903388977051,
-2.8381717205047607,
-0.8032427430152893,
-1.2052453756332397,
1.2072606086730957,
0.4668397307395935,
-0.07934776693582535,
-2.259371519088745,
-1.9267345666885376,
-1.039802074432373,
0.04202196002006531,
2.4487757682800293,
0.999518871307373,
2.156283140182495,
-0.7369425296783447,
-3.563054084777832,
-3.1058244705200195,
-0.8736745715141296,
0.8702749013900757,
-2.9880714416503906,
-0.7950509190559387,
-0.4856928884983063,
-2.7280421257019043,
0.42388930916786194,
0.016136519610881805,
-0.6435890197753906,
1.1378729343414307,
1.6865127086639404,
-1.2749489545822144,
3.6796345710754395,
2.991874933242798,
-2.0076358318328857,
-0.5309580564498901,
-4.760194301605225,
-0.8418480157852173,
1.645845890045166,
-0.7428357005119324,
1.5516642332077026,
-1.2692776918411255,
-3.0272903442382812,
1.0110650062561035,
0.7770756483078003,
-1.965275764465332,
-4.101380825042725,
0.16213887929916382,
-0.12672188878059387,
-1.0750449895858765,
-1.2623858451843262,
4.9124579429626465,
-2.530806064605713,
1.0684970617294312,
1.0562556982040405,
0.8154619932174683,
1.2442575693130493,
0.9626783132553101,
0.05032142996788025,
1.122206687927246,
-2.131635904312134,
-1.4431943893432617,
0.20846650004386902,
-2.5584685802459717,
1.3343942165374756,
-0.008898407220840454,
-0.08994361758232117,
0.11087769269943237,
-2.659085512161255,
-3.284799098968506,
-0.5966175198554993,
-2.238893508911133,
2.9588756561279297,
5.056000232696533,
-1.2600593566894531,
0.5840799808502197,
2.083003282546997,
-3.5242440700531006,
1.3030718564987183,
0.7896355390548706,
2.900822162628174,
0.0824214294552803,
0.844315230846405,
2.75510835647583,
-0.9777268767356873,
-1.2910640239715576,
-0.34220707416534424,
-0.3612934350967407,
-1.8805515766143799,
-5.801581859588623,
-0.4289758801460266,
-1.482869029045105,
-1.8836545944213867,
-0.13212639093399048,
3.1304092407226562,
0.650516927242279,
-1.3905689716339111,
0.0013349354267120361,
1.7441513538360596,
-0.31745395064353943,
-2.343355417251587,
0.05191595107316971,
0.15793147683143616,
-0.5199334025382996,
0.5206121206283569,
-1.5679519176483154,
-2.198556423187256,
0.45130759477615356,
-2.108175754547119,
-1.2557547092437744,
1.102095365524292,
1.7642755508422852,
-2.312915563583374,
1.7167668342590332,
0.6377543807029724,
0.7599738240242004,
-0.9488084316253662,
0.287003755569458,
0.592896580696106,
2.764430046081543,
-0.37987685203552246,
-0.3523827791213989,
1.4013562202453613,
0.7665436863899231,
0.4134542942047119,
-0.008954346179962158,
2.910945177078247,
0.37845122814178467,
0.9405772686004639,
-1.695530891418457,
-3.8645386695861816,
0.8917540907859802,
-0.24180418252944946,
-1.5459377765655518,
-1.7626521587371826,
-0.7653148770332336,
-1.3501996994018555,
0.47652947902679443,
-1.3638850450515747,
0.24585571885108948,
-0.5468816161155701,
0.6987767815589905,
-2.200349807739258,
-4.388344764709473,
0.33953964710235596,
4.441967010498047,
2.8603696823120117,
-3.675851345062256,
0.06625287979841232,
0.3357335031032562,
-1.787233829498291,
0.8112071752548218,
0.5048130750656128,
-0.9763476252555847,
-2.3429670333862305,
-1.5490257740020752,
-0.5971558690071106,
0.757428765296936,
-1.6718847751617432,
1.3889007568359375,
-1.16038978099823,
-1.9511868953704834,
-0.7826891541481018,
-3.9658334255218506,
-1.1720328330993652,
0.38939347863197327,
2.6596992015838623,
5.587096214294434,
3.543151378631592,
3.118267059326172,
2.075883150100708,
1.1818702220916748,
-3.5348708629608154,
2.72617244720459,
-1.3226511478424072,
-0.21496355533599854,
0.19382023811340332,
-1.7089213132858276,
-1.392522931098938,
1.2418822050094604,
2.057894706726074,
0.638355016708374,
1.6827061176300049,
-1.4657714366912842,
-0.5441012382507324,
-0.8031786680221558,
-0.4718894362449646,
1.5680662393569946,
-2.4276466369628906,
-2.575591564178467,
-0.958100438117981,
1.5350096225738525,
-0.6336364150047302,
-1.0134295225143433,
-0.7979395389556885,
-1.5840226411819458,
-4.00546932220459,
0.36014580726623535,
-2.563596725463867,
-0.25551214814186096,
-2.8672964572906494,
-0.11566630005836487,
2.542572259902954,
-1.6015126705169678,
0.17610260844230652,
-0.14272592961788177,
-0.09213095903396606,
6.526520729064941,
-0.4360277056694031,
1.4749845266342163,
-1.8731451034545898,
3.2758636474609375,
-3.4202322959899902,
-1.853325366973877,
0.9680333733558655,
0.5284678339958191,
0.6865478754043579,
-2.2940149307250977,
-1.2414077520370483,
-0.45874691009521484,
2.1359589099884033,
-0.46719223260879517,
-0.37011462450027466,
0.18064114451408386,
0.5295623540878296,
0.26703667640686035,
-1.2313364744186401,
1.5506099462509155,
0.6106008291244507,
1.4254815578460693,
0.46115565299987793,
-0.9419712424278259,
1.9665337800979614,
-3.3723390102386475,
-0.35885846614837646,
-0.7899665832519531,
0.807263970375061,
-0.6132526993751526,
3.2723569869995117,
-4.216930866241455,
0.5108854174613953,
-0.35987579822540283,
2.6813817024230957,
-2.3055574893951416,
-2.1154656410217285,
-2.7535462379455566,
0.8382095694541931,
0.7565089464187622,
-0.6064866781234741,
0.4373183846473694,
-3.8001315593719482,
5.266257286071777,
0.664507269859314,
1.8884166479110718,
-0.7885719537734985,
-3.3988661766052246,
1.715308666229248,
0.8228155970573425,
-4.550925254821777,
-1.3410133123397827,
1.432841420173645,
4.76190185546875,
-2.3829314708709717,
-2.885561466217041,
-0.1692609190940857,
0.5933189392089844,
-0.38590356707572937,
-0.6204425096511841,
-0.46485593914985657,
-2.048600673675537,
3.1077120304107666,
5.641740322113037,
-1.531193494796753,
1.8209178447723389,
-1.7321815490722656,
-0.10638470947742462,
-2.3870036602020264,
-2.3655896186828613,
4.165964126586914,
7.081878662109375,
-2.748201608657837,
3.139782667160034,
1.5757991075515747,
1.7070320844650269,
2.361140727996826,
-1.0736031532287598,
-1.4404172897338867,
1.192434310913086,
-1.235072374343872,
-2.5072519779205322,
1.7782666683197021,
-3.2872464656829834,
-0.04031097888946533,
-1.9302856922149658,
-1.044756531715393,
2.156635046005249,
-2.3543055057525635,
0.4435519576072693,
-2.2997214794158936,
1.143062949180603,
0.34120213985443115,
-2.7209279537200928,
2.8622639179229736,
3.6572182178497314,
-1.248721957206726,
-2.4067940711975098,
1.1039294004440308,
2.211291790008545,
0.12508602440357208,
4.316310882568359,
2.9195706844329834,
-0.8945406675338745,
-0.25813981890678406,
1.809038519859314,
0.4484202563762665,
-1.0226644277572632,
-5.074148178100586,
1.2465198040008545,
1.3904880285263062,
6.519073009490967,
0.19665072858333588,
2.662937879562378,
2.446981191635132,
0.4670841693878174,
-0.3680295944213867,
-1.190237283706665,
-1.8023853302001953,
-2.0534956455230713,
0.7166141867637634,
1.1249693632125854,
2.902500629425049,
1.3189536333084106,
1.4156908988952637,
2.423203945159912,
-1.3819833993911743,
-1.735215187072754,
1.9708163738250732,
-3.330223321914673,
0.37215352058410645,
2.489452838897705,
2.2286267280578613,
2.0740766525268555,
-0.4245961308479309,
-0.4784013032913208,
1.675520420074463,
-0.09790104627609253,
-2.1186325550079346,
-1.3372125625610352,
-1.0732530355453491,
0.11103898286819458,
2.619530439376831,
-2.8189659118652344,
2.1416749954223633,
-2.2953033447265625,
1.0715718269348145,
-2.394806385040283,
4.40323543548584,
3.8428380489349365,
1.6909949779510498,
1.9281357526779175,
-1.140191674232483,
0.6554680466651917,
-2.7609622478485107,
-0.527726948261261,
2.3494415283203125,
-0.3560791015625,
-0.7077397108078003,
1.4742074012756348,
0.6314373016357422,
0.959014356136322,
1.3251383304595947
] |
how does salt damage concrete on a molecular level? | is it because it's corrosive? what makes "driveway safe" ice melting products, well, safer for the concrete? | normally the embedded steel in concrete (be it re-bar or welded wire fabric) is protected from corrosion by an effect called passivization caused by the high ph (around 13) of concrete. when water containing dissolved chlorides makes it way to the steel, through the concrete pore structure or more typically cracks, the chlorides negate that passivization and allow the steel to corrode. when steel corrodes it expands in volume which causes internal tensile stresses in the concrete. since concrete is very poor in tension it tends to fail which leads to de-lamination of concrete layers and eventually visible spalls (pot holes). so its really not so much the salt damaging the concrete, but the salt causing corrosion of the embedded steel which causes the damage. other things, like carbonation, can eliminate the passivization of the rebar, but those mechanisms tend to take much longer. my instinct is that "drive-way safe" is a buzzword. there are non chloride based de-icing solutions out there, but they are much more expensive and generally not quite as effective. i am an engineer that is focused on the restoration of concrete parking structures, so this is an area of expertise. | 266 | [] | [] | [] | [
-2.92057728767395,
0.6655152440071106,
1.7949576377868652,
0.4791421890258789,
-1.242241382598877,
-1.0259466171264648,
1.1094831228256226,
1.4808557033538818,
-1.3933643102645874,
-0.6080533266067505,
-2.1519572734832764,
2.697589874267578,
2.092663526535034,
-0.6298465728759766,
-0.849387526512146,
0.6995383501052856,
-0.2953958511352539,
0.855681836605072,
-1.980223298072815,
1.660332441329956,
1.278293251991272,
0.056024909019470215,
-1.6192357540130615,
-0.2969000041484833,
-0.6131085157394409,
1.7017709016799927,
-0.5529352426528931,
-0.3549010157585144,
1.5221617221832275,
0.6505191326141357,
-1.6009832620620728,
0.846987247467041,
1.3663477897644043,
-0.7250438332557678,
3.698291063308716,
1.1868605613708496,
-0.3419541120529175,
-0.46345967054367065,
-0.86695396900177,
0.19725598394870758,
-2.112168788909912,
-0.37327098846435547,
-1.063030481338501,
2.008355140686035,
1.4078128337860107,
0.19950784742832184,
3.263209342956543,
-3.429353952407837,
-0.14197294414043427,
-1.7582330703735352,
1.1874346733093262,
1.7198609113693237,
0.9619656205177307,
-1.068037748336792,
-2.7680411338806152,
-2.2212204933166504,
2.459015369415283,
1.6712002754211426,
-0.09052947163581848,
-0.7795431017875671,
2.111989736557007,
1.1057111024856567,
-0.8053523898124695,
1.3716142177581787,
4.665325164794922,
2.5922958850860596,
1.6833033561706543,
-1.1986271142959595,
-0.7959845662117004,
1.1852960586547852,
3.332726001739502,
1.2896360158920288,
-2.3063910007476807,
-2.721224308013916,
3.6173293590545654,
-0.15404272079467773,
-1.6729730367660522,
-0.18488675355911255,
0.20851372182369232,
-1.6508519649505615,
0.9878185987472534,
0.6530432105064392,
-1.5549395084381104,
0.6756001710891724,
0.6196284294128418,
0.14615756273269653,
-0.306323766708374,
1.4824376106262207,
0.259166419506073,
0.13383492827415466,
0.18009379506111145,
1.9443409442901611,
-1.6761008501052856,
2.131467342376709,
2.1296117305755615,
0.5228294134140015,
-0.4231069087982178,
-1.827415943145752,
-2.2929847240448,
-0.6117804050445557,
0.07096174359321594,
1.971211552619934,
-4.914943695068359,
-2.0988736152648926,
-0.12196817994117737,
2.7604215145111084,
0.27718186378479004,
0.5342057943344116,
-2.460644483566284,
-0.10604791343212128,
1.7905991077423096,
-1.0787814855575562,
0.8494510054588318,
-0.6677199602127075,
-0.9656949639320374,
-0.4603523015975952,
0.2765367329120636,
0.484109103679657,
-1.306666374206543,
-0.8530271053314209,
0.2110511064529419,
-1.671674132347107,
-3.2234532833099365,
1.022356390953064,
0.061705902218818665,
-3.04022216796875,
-2.0658624172210693,
1.7969117164611816,
-0.537116527557373,
1.6726181507110596,
-2.123264789581299,
-1.5935386419296265,
-0.08455660939216614,
-1.6261924505233765,
1.1923949718475342,
0.7884763479232788,
0.23150214552879333,
-1.229918122291565,
1.101184606552124,
2.4983813762664795,
-0.14706270396709442,
1.5734120607376099,
1.228628158569336,
-2.738703489303589,
0.3341556489467621,
-0.42305469512939453,
-2.192420721054077,
-1.4021458625793457,
-2.5972275733947754,
-1.0528292655944824,
-0.4210047125816345,
-0.6192842721939087,
0.0092744380235672,
-1.3623485565185547,
-0.11778303980827332,
-2.871098041534424,
-1.5311799049377441,
1.1971650123596191,
-0.12068843096494675,
3.606494188308716,
-0.38344264030456543,
3.9433071613311768,
-0.3772966265678406,
2.3656599521636963,
0.4005615711212158,
0.860932469367981,
0.1370059996843338,
-3.7319788932800293,
0.7592290639877319,
-1.2041391134262085,
0.7845250368118286,
0.8950356841087341,
5.66751766204834,
-1.651740312576294,
-0.8568103909492493,
0.22744543850421906,
-3.6262590885162354,
-1.5553628206253052,
2.625171184539795,
4.706198215484619,
-1.3976365327835083,
0.49808552861213684,
-0.3074013590812683,
-1.1552664041519165,
0.49198266863822937,
-0.503797709941864,
-0.4972549080848694,
0.6537237763404846,
-1.1457935571670532,
1.8089696168899536,
-0.7271363139152527,
2.347822427749634,
-0.6495203971862793,
-0.9836037755012512,
-2.127222776412964,
1.6472076177597046,
-0.8099150061607361,
-0.6792851686477661,
-1.7273095846176147,
0.27409130334854126,
0.8781223893165588,
1.3607453107833862,
-4.623836040496826,
-0.7180763483047485,
-0.9604443311691284,
0.42238128185272217,
2.646641731262207,
-1.9245080947875977,
-1.149585247039795,
-1.6667970418930054,
-0.4880557656288147,
-2.97861909866333,
-0.20029041171073914,
-3.0010576248168945,
1.6442354917526245,
0.17341449856758118,
0.6215940713882446,
1.6984493732452393,
-0.7764795422554016,
-1.281782627105713,
1.271752119064331,
0.40202751755714417,
1.8306026458740234,
-1.5554945468902588,
-0.06219171732664108,
-0.8364282846450806,
0.43277081847190857,
2.6350550651550293,
-4.143791198730469,
-0.11768072843551636,
-0.7475652098655701,
-2.1660304069519043,
-0.484131783246994,
1.5382953882217407,
1.2466038465499878,
-1.0129554271697998,
-2.0244243144989014,
0.5983191132545471,
1.8633942604064941,
-1.6848134994506836,
-0.7213102579116821,
-1.1667476892471313,
-1.6247321367263794,
0.13908392190933228,
0.7482556104660034,
-0.0918617993593216,
-0.6481202840805054,
1.8921449184417725,
0.631854772567749,
-0.5451227426528931,
-3.240816831588745,
-1.069108009338379,
1.1917695999145508,
2.2268478870391846,
-1.5902577638626099,
1.8598220348358154,
-2.8474314212799072,
-1.8023464679718018,
-2.279466152191162,
1.8505988121032715,
0.6567171812057495,
-0.732507586479187,
-1.8386197090148926,
-4.25107479095459,
1.095912218093872,
-0.6064772009849548,
3.284184455871582,
1.0930469036102295,
-1.1981793642044067,
-1.3231066465377808,
3.02443790435791,
-2.937420129776001,
-0.9946832060813904,
2.0108726024627686,
5.010534763336182,
0.4806150794029236,
1.4227699041366577,
-0.1323224902153015,
1.100055456161499,
2.5618457794189453,
-0.9298316836357117,
-1.3903160095214844,
-3.5902156829833984,
2.539979934692383,
3.339700698852539,
3.6176531314849854,
0.3081247806549072,
-1.6329240798950195,
1.4110157489776611,
-0.7419425249099731,
-0.28283506631851196,
-0.23215153813362122,
-0.7154983878135681,
1.3883652687072754,
3.5738167762756348,
4.219701766967773,
1.0862382650375366,
-1.788267731666565,
0.8095080852508545,
-1.330622911453247,
0.6518723368644714,
-0.6101526618003845,
-4.223303318023682,
-0.5857061743736267,
-1.1778582334518433,
0.4631650149822235,
0.25640901923179626,
2.4237968921661377,
0.2151913195848465,
-1.8842371702194214,
-1.9908393621444702,
-0.2638462781906128,
-0.16178645193576813,
-1.3270328044891357,
-1.1251747608184814,
0.3764249086380005,
-1.8550498485565186,
-0.11036419868469238,
0.03249292075634003,
0.44332143664360046,
-2.23779296875,
1.267613410949707,
-1.9155001640319824,
-0.708559513092041,
-0.014567498117685318,
0.36713162064552307,
0.8408102989196777,
0.2675718069076538,
-1.1165893077850342,
-2.6811153888702393,
-0.15707261860370636,
-0.7845550179481506,
-1.1017895936965942,
-0.371377170085907,
-0.6721006035804749,
0.6764492392539978,
-0.9954867959022522,
-2.2579565048217773,
-1.4728074073791504,
-1.833690881729126,
0.22737017273902893,
-1.356221079826355,
2.9639670848846436,
1.712363600730896,
-1.2762476205825806,
-0.931043803691864,
1.8149950504302979,
2.3791310787200928,
-1.135452151298523,
1.28913152217865,
0.38545137643814087,
1.1145343780517578,
0.7663745880126953,
0.6195483207702637,
4.219040393829346,
-0.10172383487224579,
3.786609172821045,
0.3425069749355316,
-1.9786055088043213,
-0.5110553503036499,
-3.2521915435791016,
-0.9845835566520691,
0.501960813999176,
3.474419355392456,
0.4705827236175537,
2.145498275756836,
-1.6693447828292847,
2.759547472000122,
0.018500197678804398,
2.6395316123962402,
1.9642785787582397,
1.4723321199417114,
-0.5666136741638184,
2.0736923217773438,
2.0889129638671875,
2.703958749771118,
0.2800116539001465,
-0.3021135926246643,
-1.3593082427978516,
0.6754887104034424,
-3.541722536087036,
0.8507474660873413,
3.2438838481903076,
2.2993555068969727
] |
in microgravity/orbit/etc, how do objects behave in water? | to my understanding, buoyancy needs the influence of gravity, so it wouldn't 'sink' or 'float', but then again water doesn't behave traditionally in such conditions? what does an object do 'submerged' in water in conditions in which gravity is not as prevalent? | breaking through the surface of a water bubble requires energy in order to overcome the surface tension. thus it is energetically preferable for a submerged object to stay submerged. | 2 | [] | [] | [] | [
-0.24199776351451874,
-0.46963629126548767,
0.8606800436973572,
0.21693213284015656,
-0.027527425438165665,
-0.5622929334640503,
0.9082632660865784,
-0.16897091269493103,
-0.22030389308929443,
0.17534813284873962,
-0.27096402645111084,
-0.14505870640277863,
0.09708277136087418,
1.164695382118225,
0.13219717144966125,
0.4465184807777405,
-0.4498871862888336,
0.6432205438613892,
-0.5559425354003906,
0.49881425499916077,
1.0449837446212769,
0.29393908381462097,
-0.6254125833511353,
-0.7565239667892456,
-0.49911102652549744,
0.7132614850997925,
-0.0740678608417511,
0.27205419540405273,
0.47717010974884033,
0.12854471802711487,
0.25865641236305237,
-0.4070739150047302,
-0.34275010228157043,
-0.5249487161636353,
0.32532382011413574,
0.19587476551532745,
-0.3662320375442505,
-0.1414269506931305,
-0.8180267810821533,
-0.04914876073598862,
-0.5242670178413391,
0.031040653586387634,
0.6726140975952148,
0.33423709869384766,
0.18362103402614594,
0.41728848218917847,
0.004145659506320953,
-0.1574438512325287,
0.6988170146942139,
0.3211507499217987,
-0.3548312783241272,
-0.28335535526275635,
0.5123018026351929,
-0.011824831366539001,
-0.7408770322799683,
0.9538982510566711,
-0.14198891818523407,
-0.6299246549606323,
-0.5223917365074158,
-0.3310791850090027,
0.3861830234527588,
0.02232436090707779,
-0.09410664439201355,
0.3185204267501831,
0.47260531783103943,
-0.1921490877866745,
-0.2819168269634247,
0.5261066555976868,
-0.015160299837589264,
0.33947497606277466,
0.24639862775802612,
0.06431976705789566,
-0.12808677554130554,
-0.46073639392852783,
0.27715492248535156,
-1.0661990642547607,
0.0027192546986043453,
-0.312746524810791,
-0.4581003785133362,
1.4483603239059448,
0.45556241273880005,
-0.3763636648654938,
-0.4194500744342804,
-0.3065412640571594,
-0.8197841644287109,
0.34615668654441833,
0.3222731053829193,
0.18233057856559753,
-0.3477092683315277,
0.3709856867790222,
-0.40033161640167236,
0.49357104301452637,
-0.07266178727149963,
0.09775101393461227,
0.8559434413909912,
-0.07288635522127151,
-0.9364747405052185,
-0.5370168089866638,
0.01343691349029541,
-0.5405606031417847,
-0.3336579203605652,
0.23167257010936737,
-0.3566722571849823,
0.10871709883213043,
0.48694029450416565,
-0.5147581100463867,
0.45915305614471436,
0.7674793004989624,
0.6440340280532837,
-0.02667034976184368,
-0.32904618978500366,
0.059824950993061066,
-0.11947768926620483,
0.18852226436138153,
-0.0614197701215744,
-0.1026684120297432,
-0.21496440470218658,
-0.09472580999135971,
-1.407228708267212,
-0.25077730417251587,
0.24875642359256744,
-0.5684179067611694,
-0.10787709057331085,
0.05815676972270012,
0.639916181564331,
-0.437783420085907,
-0.08763135224580765,
0.37785547971725464,
0.3135617971420288,
-0.5325967073440552,
0.11746586859226227,
-0.6607334613800049,
0.30952173471450806,
-0.3976641893386841,
-0.149337500333786,
0.5532622337341309,
0.16695468127727509,
0.19344887137413025,
-0.8596002459526062,
0.7453017234802246,
-0.34001532196998596,
0.5347713232040405,
0.048263758420944214,
-1.5872201919555664,
0.3827226758003235,
0.7345053553581238,
-0.5747696161270142,
-1.0915383100509644,
0.13861486315727234,
-0.24339300394058228,
-0.34195461869239807,
-1.2695536613464355,
0.48269981145858765,
-1.0459449291229248,
-0.10554081946611404,
-0.03686052933335304,
0.6960617899894714,
0.3436926007270813,
-0.3043152391910553,
0.045561954379081726,
-0.7800536155700684,
0.05653098225593567,
-0.060913823544979095,
0.39866939187049866,
-0.1994503140449524,
0.3981802463531494,
0.12354149669408798,
-0.24270953238010406,
-0.31117746233940125,
0.2539922595024109,
-0.07613611221313477,
0.6005934476852417,
0.5201236605644226,
-1.0078624486923218,
-0.4543687105178833,
0.29466569423675537,
-1.55685293674469,
-0.40211594104766846,
0.5432851314544678,
0.06692624092102051,
0.03788892924785614,
0.388821005821228,
0.3497559428215027,
-0.15849952399730682,
0.7426565885543823,
0.19869887828826904,
-0.09322528541088104,
-0.14727960526943207,
-0.41508644819259644,
-0.40991130471229553,
-0.5999590754508972,
-0.8262617588043213,
0.08660281449556351,
1.4626526832580566,
0.5127056241035461,
0.682934045791626,
-0.40433597564697266,
-0.9574261903762817,
-1.238265037536621,
-0.023555323481559753,
-0.39829525351524353,
-0.2619452476501465,
-0.6311846971511841,
-0.3749963939189911,
0.41141435503959656,
-0.4661099910736084,
0.6138436198234558,
-0.024244755506515503,
-0.5330477356910706,
-0.12831486761569977,
-0.048269450664520264,
0.009618699550628662,
-0.8779147267341614,
0.038962192833423615,
0.3649042546749115,
-0.08222533762454987,
-0.009395018219947815,
0.03648447245359421,
-0.2625802159309387,
0.2386055886745453,
0.7930596470832825,
-0.5990303754806519,
0.6455234289169312,
-0.6827107667922974,
-0.22075733542442322,
-0.48029574751853943,
-0.6693910360336304,
1.0107696056365967,
0.46419501304626465,
0.5168107748031616,
0.35325151681900024,
-0.1331062912940979,
-0.6769028306007385,
-0.4960845112800598,
-1.1746448278427124,
-0.36055999994277954,
-0.2156059592962265,
0.49951469898223877,
-0.3181591331958771,
0.23030179738998413,
-0.5157611966133118,
0.21645519137382507,
0.17466624081134796,
0.19938120245933533,
-0.27427220344543457,
0.6213551163673401,
0.7835394144058228,
0.2577126622200012,
-0.28080466389656067,
0.19523128867149353,
-0.37766048312187195,
-0.23677532374858856,
0.32479387521743774,
0.1415029764175415,
-0.793952226638794,
0.3418657183647156,
-0.5686327815055847,
-0.6838346123695374,
-0.5984271764755249,
0.6689200401306152,
-0.025342196226119995,
0.0519745871424675,
-0.6815649271011353,
-0.38846683502197266,
-0.1469784379005432,
-0.036896903067827225,
0.2849671244621277,
0.4884364604949951,
-0.3123094439506531,
0.10610615462064743,
0.49443259835243225,
-0.7822979688644409,
-0.06987655162811279,
0.3841665983200073,
-0.2623741328716278,
-0.6437065601348877,
-0.37386658787727356,
0.22717657685279846,
0.575903058052063,
-0.2633501887321472,
-0.05859670042991638,
-0.4692409634590149,
-1.1518853902816772,
-0.00853985920548439,
0.746901273727417,
-0.25769349932670593,
0.3083980679512024,
0.07380892336368561,
0.5535893440246582,
0.22136695683002472,
0.23756560683250427,
0.5488572120666504,
-0.38314399123191833,
-0.13916239142417908,
0.21371102333068848,
0.16818881034851074,
0.7429765462875366,
0.5214659571647644,
0.6895147562026978,
0.0462934672832489,
-0.1698254644870758,
0.41390490531921387,
-0.456691175699234,
0.525874674320221,
-0.46201950311660767,
1.097869873046875,
-0.047157980501651764,
-0.006532520055770874,
0.6837062239646912,
-1.353933572769165,
0.13555337488651276,
-1.132537603378296,
-0.35878992080688477,
-0.100714772939682,
0.2551279366016388,
0.08559560775756836,
-0.4163897633552551,
0.33482375741004944,
-0.045183390378952026,
0.15650337934494019,
0.06783655285835266,
0.18810172379016876,
0.235605388879776,
-0.1531027853488922,
-0.05015154182910919,
0.37054556608200073,
0.2579946219921112,
0.18436941504478455,
0.5041726231575012,
-0.9205174446105957,
0.10641558468341827,
0.004730775952339172,
0.7110916972160339,
0.2013680338859558,
0.09859199821949005,
0.20218929648399353,
-0.2882491946220398,
-0.580154299736023,
-0.19785267114639282,
-0.09538890421390533,
0.24738484621047974,
0.10426122695207596,
-0.46088919043540955,
1.0957973003387451,
0.29517078399658203,
0.17336724698543549,
0.0815647691488266,
0.06230650097131729,
-0.2975804805755615,
-0.034859225153923035,
0.7102470397949219,
0.5783272385597229,
-0.035172585397958755,
0.48123985528945923,
-0.1028270572423935,
0.3467022776603699,
0.2681718170642853,
0.18713204562664032,
-0.8207515478134155,
-0.2428797036409378,
-0.043749772012233734,
0.04227808490395546,
0.47089684009552,
0.28398269414901733,
0.21573714911937714,
1.1072418689727783,
0.16649454832077026,
0.21980123221874237,
-0.4745561480522156,
0.9560091495513916,
0.48465317487716675,
0.4329968988895416,
0.46296995878219604,
0.7698801755905151,
0.38431379199028015,
0.4716547727584839,
-0.39847150444984436,
0.8223336935043335,
-0.3834596574306488,
0.4429258108139038,
-0.6211894750595093,
0.41521191596984863,
0.8165874481201172,
0.3352564573287964
] |
how do molecules on one side of a permeable membrane "know" the concentration of that same molecule on the other side? | say you had a semipermeable membrane separating 1m kcl and 1m nacl solutions. the na+ ions and k+ ions will equilibrate until the concentration gradient of each specific ion is equal on both sides. my question is: before that equilibration happens, how do the na+ and k+ ions know that there are none of themselves on the other side of the membrane? the same thing happens in cells. ions tend to go "down" their concentration gradient, even when there is no electrical gradient or overall osmotic gradient pushing it towards the other side. how do these ions know??? | they don't know. they are all moving around all the time in random directions. lets take your example of sodium ions diffusing across a membrane. in a given time period each individual ion has some probability of moving across the membrane. since there are a lot more sodium ions on one side there will be many more ions moving across from that side than to that side. this means there is a net flow of ions from the more concentrated side to the less concentrated side. as the two sides equilibrate the net flow eventually goes away, because there will be an equal number of ions moving across in each direction. | 7 | [] | [] | [] | [
0.725537896156311,
-0.6827157139778137,
0.33651190996170044,
-0.5058556795120239,
-0.2331397831439972,
-0.9803067445755005,
2.3701107501983643,
0.025611698627471924,
1.0494569540023804,
-0.4844724237918854,
0.6589347124099731,
-0.16015052795410156,
-0.2515489459037781,
-0.049682117998600006,
0.1514798402786255,
-1.6680850982666016,
-1.2020747661590576,
0.706479549407959,
-3.668691635131836,
0.44549959897994995,
0.15483205020427704,
-0.315768301486969,
-0.9527277946472168,
0.3645302355289459,
0.039039891213178635,
1.379543423652649,
0.3681890368461609,
0.06623397767543793,
-1.080125331878662,
0.33669424057006836,
-0.5404311418533325,
0.40076762437820435,
-1.0971907377243042,
-0.13949203491210938,
-0.10204412043094635,
-0.4534202218055725,
-0.8705165386199951,
0.3104579746723175,
-0.9842013716697693,
-0.5342089533805847,
0.7351183891296387,
0.8317615389823914,
-0.5413866639137268,
1.056554913520813,
-0.34514927864074707,
1.0415549278259277,
0.768150269985199,
-0.39703482389450073,
0.059285979717969894,
-0.048708826303482056,
-0.5400489568710327,
0.2888491451740265,
0.10105542838573456,
0.9650794267654419,
-1.8927628993988037,
-0.8768142461776733,
0.7929973602294922,
0.047680169343948364,
-0.23605197668075562,
-1.047714114189148,
-0.41623350977897644,
-0.7414032816886902,
0.6195158958435059,
-0.5040262341499329,
0.7992885112762451,
-1.097815752029419,
1.008825421333313,
0.38144853711128235,
-0.8725759983062744,
-0.08597835898399353,
-0.012464296072721481,
0.41198188066482544,
-0.5032097697257996,
-1.5840967893600464,
0.17312774062156677,
0.9316650032997131,
-0.13161970674991608,
0.7879854440689087,
0.0791124701499939,
0.3431801497936249,
0.17340949177742004,
-0.19919812679290771,
-0.5814356207847595,
0.008789673447608948,
-0.8580318093299866,
1.7742135524749756,
-0.9779627323150635,
0.5430166721343994,
0.6519599556922913,
0.31579938530921936,
-0.27597182989120483,
-0.14857402443885803,
1.0659489631652832,
-0.7117319107055664,
1.1485326290130615,
2.0510807037353516,
0.22852379083633423,
-0.9717161059379578,
1.7402923107147217,
0.6603485345840454,
0.314101904630661,
0.5838403701782227,
-2.3799428939819336,
0.44954827427864075,
-0.4261026382446289,
-0.7782913446426392,
0.6050404906272888,
0.53626948595047,
-0.3439551591873169,
0.4098377227783203,
0.07146216928958893,
-0.40830427408218384,
1.5746722221374512,
-0.9829975962638855,
-0.5684043169021606,
-0.2043083906173706,
0.7667711973190308,
1.766494870185852,
0.04908818006515503,
0.28661179542541504,
-0.8990856409072876,
-1.836154580116272,
-0.4135558307170868,
0.26952677965164185,
0.9533886313438416,
0.5642461180686951,
-0.04321315884590149,
0.1500253826379776,
-0.40264421701431274,
-0.3225417137145996,
2.2857589721679688,
-0.6520741581916809,
-0.9937916994094849,
-0.4152228832244873,
-1.4106147289276123,
0.9418095946311951,
1.9469088315963745,
-2.040562629699707,
-2.826509475708008,
0.8729007244110107,
1.560544490814209,
0.5287182331085205,
-0.3607940971851349,
-1.3448944091796875,
-0.1503685861825943,
0.3106671869754791,
1.0847400426864624,
-0.10930974781513214,
0.17323267459869385,
-1.577697992324829,
-0.6317564249038696,
-1.4662487506866455,
0.38440513610839844,
-0.37500083446502686,
-0.1300203651189804,
-1.1860575675964355,
-0.6967737078666687,
0.3723500669002533,
0.16902229189872742,
1.4374358654022217,
-2.2008728981018066,
0.4864392876625061,
-1.021071434020996,
2.29417085647583,
-0.6221598386764526,
1.5281862020492554,
0.8539511561393738,
-1.8656420707702637,
-1.1731228828430176,
-0.2726937532424927,
-0.27194344997406006,
0.1956372857093811,
0.7777959704399109,
-1.403152585029602,
-0.2745804190635681,
-0.2835969626903534,
-2.3780295848846436,
0.12599021196365356,
1.074901819229126,
-0.484879732131958,
-0.10052835196256638,
0.753969669342041,
1.2073662281036377,
1.4012006521224976,
1.1011863946914673,
-0.15081658959388733,
-0.7897772192955017,
1.7998168468475342,
-0.9949565529823303,
1.1432572603225708,
-0.16413810849189758,
0.3335583508014679,
1.6915385723114014,
1.629630208015442,
-0.24856281280517578,
-0.6541297435760498,
-0.3588930368423462,
0.5137348175048828,
-0.22678975760936737,
0.6117076873779297,
0.47845596075057983,
0.8086835741996765,
-1.2380043268203735,
0.14827223122119904,
-1.3481266498565674,
-0.9199197292327881,
1.844273567199707,
-1.4725160598754883,
-2.264875888824463,
0.6505959630012512,
-1.6360137462615967,
-2.343411922454834,
-0.37201884388923645,
-0.17692525684833527,
-0.5874656438827515,
-1.4663327932357788,
-0.6343883275985718,
-1.1149232387542725,
0.5276321172714233,
-1.050654649734497,
-0.08104526251554489,
0.133279487490654,
0.33169370889663696,
-0.6139416098594666,
-0.12505082786083221,
-0.6868751645088196,
-0.7532646656036377,
0.43796616792678833,
-0.5752695202827454,
1.0131794214248657,
0.1954723596572876,
2.2167677879333496,
-0.2679857909679413,
2.466783285140991,
-0.24584391713142395,
-0.7569577097892761,
-0.004494920372962952,
0.9090572595596313,
0.389024555683136,
-1.4248360395431519,
1.0119218826293945,
1.2697324752807617,
1.7966053485870361,
0.36851149797439575,
-0.6326538324356079,
0.6326118111610413,
0.6660149097442627,
-0.1307554543018341,
-0.06393542885780334,
-0.8916194438934326,
0.7763320207595825,
-0.64798903465271,
-0.08366808295249939,
-0.578795313835144,
0.10295474529266357,
-0.4300236701965332,
-0.769014835357666,
-0.9843176007270813,
-0.6676907539367676,
-0.21395856142044067,
0.30389052629470825,
-0.31914761662483215,
0.8680868744850159,
-0.868989884853363,
-0.9769023060798645,
0.5598975419998169,
1.5253819227218628,
1.485040307044983,
-0.2925718426704407,
1.2380821704864502,
0.22749105095863342,
0.9832022190093994,
-0.4910186231136322,
-1.0469884872436523,
0.5145397186279297,
-0.8281767964363098,
-0.9529650211334229,
0.15294954180717468,
0.6910463571548462,
1.199496865272522,
0.4270939230918884,
-0.9540873765945435,
-1.1615328788757324,
0.5405768156051636,
-0.43297380208969116,
-1.0228328704833984,
0.8532878160476685,
-0.4102126657962799,
0.6682702302932739,
-1.0394572019577026,
0.20839041471481323,
0.5570253133773804,
0.36729493737220764,
-0.27715668082237244,
2.6750411987304688,
1.0907634496688843,
0.3029639422893524,
-0.9824625253677368,
0.12462994456291199,
-0.6291441321372986,
1.2125637531280518,
-0.1450880765914917,
-1.8015302419662476,
-1.0257880687713623,
-2.2537243366241455,
0.7315883040428162,
0.49042999744415283,
0.6758480668067932,
0.6337809562683105,
-1.3629740476608276,
-0.029922984540462494,
-1.4260104894638062,
0.4198426604270935,
0.062036484479904175,
-1.5444610118865967,
0.3574564456939697,
1.3856959342956543,
-0.13776759803295135,
0.21412299573421478,
0.8128774166107178,
1.3484220504760742,
-1.1620293855667114,
0.40269869565963745,
-0.12015963345766068,
0.3214185833930969,
0.5293658375740051,
-0.3248927593231201,
0.3425966799259186,
-0.16810058057308197,
0.3046402335166931,
0.9906142950057983,
-0.2619127631187439,
0.8542377352714539,
1.1608710289001465,
1.4200448989868164,
1.7092949151992798,
-0.6990768909454346,
-1.1905888319015503,
-0.8450287580490112,
0.48553192615509033,
-0.7687051892280579,
0.12608081102371216,
1.176621675491333,
1.6020095348358154,
1.4762370586395264,
-0.34199440479278564,
-0.9987841248512268,
-0.6541935801506042,
-1.0857717990875244,
-1.2018159627914429,
-0.6964964270591736,
0.3642374873161316,
1.663740873336792,
1.402637243270874,
0.0979296863079071,
0.006317026913166046,
-0.19562740623950958,
0.1521599441766739,
-0.5829571485519409,
0.2434777021408081,
-1.2393670082092285,
-1.9356892108917236,
-1.0378104448318481,
1.514594316482544,
0.4215468764305115,
0.5658823251724243,
-0.6389226317405701,
0.01760771870613098,
-0.1240612119436264,
0.3099004626274109,
-0.2583865225315094,
1.3544124364852905,
1.3566197156906128,
-0.1312345266342163,
0.7120773792266846,
-1.4618960618972778,
-1.1319959163665771,
-0.7425133585929871,
-0.11024168878793716,
1.2613582611083984,
0.14592844247817993,
1.2931402921676636,
0.9949897527694702,
-0.2609385848045349
] |
jargon question, related to cognitive dissonance | given [this](_url_0_) description of cognitive dissonance. > **people tend to seek consistency in their beliefs and perceptions. so what happens when one of our beliefs conflicts with another previously held belief?** the term cognitive dissonance is used to describe the feeling of discomfort that results from holding two conflicting beliefs. when there is a discrepancy between beliefs and behaviors, something must change in order to eliminate or reduce the dissonance. is there a term for just the bolded part? where people look for consistency in their thinking alone? ignoring the incorporation of discomfort at discrepancies? i believe this is a hugely relevant "thing" and find myself talking about it a lot. for the most part i say "people are subject to their cognitive dissonance" but i know that's not correct. other terms i use are personal distortions and bias. where neither imply necessarily incorrect perception, just either subjective or incomplete. thanks for reading my odd question. bonus: if anyone knows more about this area please feel free to channel, i will read it. 2nd bonus: you (presumably) as someone who knows this term, how would you describe this - or use this in a flowing conversation with someone who may not know it? | the general bold part has a good term for it; self-affirmation. it's the general idea that one wants to have a stable self-concept and will affirm it as much as one can. the term was coined by claude steele, and has been used in relation to cognitive dissonance before. bonus: the whole area practically revolves around the discovery of cognitive dissonance, so you will not find much on the subject. if you want to continue reading, i can highly recommend wikipedia, strangely enough, as the articles in social psychology tend to be of very high quality. searching on self-affirmation will get you a lot too. 2nd bonus: i would use the term 'desire for stability/consistency (in their self-perception)'. it's clear, it's the short version of the bold part and you won't really have to explain it (i hope at least). | 2 | [] | [
"http://psychology.about.com/od/cognitivepsychology/f/dissonance.htm"
] | [] | [
-0.575519323348999,
0.046321094036102295,
-0.22280585765838623,
-0.6603301763534546,
-0.0747409462928772,
-0.6431031823158264,
1.0727860927581787,
0.20424288511276245,
0.9419853091239929,
-0.21986401081085205,
0.8618022203445435,
0.3115229904651642,
0.8219949007034302,
-0.030295148491859436,
1.2027859687805176,
0.11219045519828796,
1.3965003490447998,
-0.06087011098861694,
-1.6214568614959717,
0.14697739481925964,
-0.1715112030506134,
0.5248321294784546,
0.9856263399124146,
0.7965488433837891,
0.23146989941596985,
0.23950879275798798,
0.35468530654907227,
-0.33341291546821594,
-0.33546167612075806,
-0.6623450517654419,
-0.5374606847763062,
1.0286589860916138,
-1.0979671478271484,
-1.0954915285110474,
-2.2760121822357178,
1.162934422492981,
-0.05322727560997009,
0.05178415775299072,
1.356373906135559,
-0.34425097703933716,
-0.990049421787262,
0.24171993136405945,
-0.4949529767036438,
1.876478910446167,
-0.3471658527851105,
1.1461865901947021,
0.2793196439743042,
0.9418907165527344,
-0.15791058540344238,
0.31833845376968384,
-0.6466429233551025,
0.20427705347537994,
-1.2435132265090942,
-0.162593811750412,
0.8057166934013367,
1.4623830318450928,
-0.3715752363204956,
0.3007600009441376,
-0.09377157688140869,
-0.04380323737859726,
0.8142117857933044,
-0.33697256445884705,
-1.6846667528152466,
1.67820405960083,
2.74356746673584,
1.0956851243972778,
-0.23746824264526367,
-0.4345096945762634,
-1.7326552867889404,
2.1473264694213867,
1.5831193923950195,
-0.3716953992843628,
-0.28199249505996704,
1.5495402812957764,
0.6303106546401978,
-0.8089353442192078,
0.0048592910170555115,
-0.3502206802368164,
-0.2275787889957428,
0.24900439381599426,
0.15500643849372864,
0.3566630184650421,
-0.03445011377334595,
-0.7336364984512329,
0.08676713705062866,
-0.3272596597671509,
0.7988768219947815,
0.2807011008262634,
0.39238470792770386,
0.6248252987861633,
-1.8766199350357056,
-0.71178138256073,
-0.09579727053642273,
-0.8152123093605042,
0.7481561303138733,
0.38351818919181824,
-0.32329630851745605,
-0.711356520652771,
-0.03429093956947327,
0.6593942642211914,
-1.3854550123214722,
1.2717199325561523,
-1.2367639541625977,
-1.6411798000335693,
0.03343623876571655,
-1.8401639461517334,
-0.6414795517921448,
0.8204625844955444,
-0.6025563478469849,
-0.7790905237197876,
-1.1272776126861572,
-1.5045607089996338,
0.6791132688522339,
-0.12750613689422607,
0.2638281583786011,
0.22924083471298218,
-0.34051311016082764,
0.41498062014579773,
2.074674606323242,
-1.7925560474395752,
0.44754457473754883,
0.5858477354049683,
0.02165806293487549,
1.3733543157577515,
0.17362958192825317,
-0.6102915406227112,
0.003277689218521118,
1.0477081537246704,
1.4729646444320679,
0.8937293291091919,
-0.03264598548412323,
0.28227075934410095,
-0.2801714241504669,
1.8907139301300049,
-1.1305919885635376,
-1.0047487020492554,
0.9441150426864624,
-0.7407186627388,
1.4453742504119873,
1.2473950386047363,
-0.31045418977737427,
1.2168749570846558,
-0.02021627128124237,
-0.331121563911438,
-0.24487611651420593,
1.702782392501831,
-0.981773853302002,
-0.07510760426521301,
1.207244634628296,
0.601195216178894,
-0.2733474373817444,
-0.5797102451324463,
-0.26084500551223755,
-2.245518445968628,
-0.09317314624786377,
0.679768443107605,
-0.5182139873504639,
0.34639841318130493,
-0.35857275128364563,
0.264227032661438,
-0.07850226759910583,
0.16305705904960632,
0.15816614031791687,
-0.351362943649292,
0.32840949296951294,
-0.013486787676811218,
-0.7838220596313477,
-0.4593851566314697,
0.6344751119613647,
0.17024734616279602,
0.05942969024181366,
0.042257487773895264,
-0.6561285853385925,
1.3703405857086182,
0.4479748010635376,
-0.8787376880645752,
-2.217069387435913,
-0.488974928855896,
0.17827636003494263,
0.8782598972320557,
0.4458938241004944,
-1.4210805892944336,
-0.38595715165138245,
1.0692689418792725,
-1.455025315284729,
0.5375490784645081,
-1.028558373451233,
-1.3173143863677979,
-0.5716203451156616,
-0.031715959310531616,
-1.605821132659912,
-0.24955841898918152,
-0.03902289271354675,
0.9508715867996216,
-0.8579952120780945,
0.013166815042495728,
1.9725407361984253,
-0.27475085854530334,
-0.8632023930549622,
0.5692113637924194,
-2.6727774143218994,
-0.5583024024963379,
0.9054917097091675,
-1.0460681915283203,
-0.08550038933753967,
-0.8979859352111816,
0.5795943140983582,
-0.7254623770713806,
-0.27409642934799194,
0.6190662384033203,
-0.6001473665237427,
0.019583433866500854,
-0.4654671549797058,
0.6128000020980835,
1.3664153814315796,
-0.1545705497264862,
-1.657673954963684,
0.3660314679145813,
-0.19024530053138733,
1.0494980812072754,
-0.10165384411811829,
-0.8794811367988586,
-0.5800153613090515,
-2.2671849727630615,
-2.2932326793670654,
-1.8609628677368164,
-0.4659460186958313,
1.761592149734497,
-1.5136710405349731,
0.9734679460525513,
0.6327467560768127,
-0.7700611352920532,
0.14982761442661285,
0.30706560611724854,
-1.236253023147583,
-1.5447027683258057,
1.265997290611267,
0.569003701210022,
-2.0216691493988037,
-1.658031702041626,
-1.131263017654419,
0.5337876081466675,
-0.06690938770771027,
1.5986313819885254,
-0.22017867863178253,
0.5886392593383789,
-0.5351881980895996,
-0.22020743787288666,
0.1266663521528244,
1.6990995407104492,
-2.0223758220672607,
-0.511093020439148,
-1.2696195840835571,
0.11690395325422287,
-1.456534743309021,
-0.16297785937786102,
-2.0218844413757324,
-0.8296610713005066,
-1.3968147039413452,
1.6420295238494873,
-0.1282426416873932,
-0.727530837059021,
-1.0599603652954102,
-0.11751008033752441,
-0.20417986810207367,
0.20571249723434448,
-0.5211772322654724,
-1.052697777748108,
-0.38102447986602783,
-0.19369228184223175,
0.4378165006637573,
-0.6649453639984131,
0.2897615432739258,
1.0755438804626465,
0.5324609279632568,
0.8553444147109985,
-0.014195233583450317,
-1.0195930004119873,
-1.3689417839050293,
-1.6149320602416992,
-0.036823820322752,
-2.6515111923217773,
0.398904025554657,
0.8447232246398926,
-0.17676326632499695,
-0.5959893465042114,
-0.28082796931266785,
0.2747141122817993,
1.3951258659362793,
-0.07625772058963776,
0.021274477243423462,
1.8094143867492676,
0.4326854944229126,
-0.22208115458488464,
1.6094019412994385,
0.26936542987823486,
-0.9715432524681091,
-0.6197831630706787,
1.5725610256195068,
0.9042431116104126,
1.2495328187942505,
-0.558054506778717,
-1.883345365524292,
1.0528250932693481,
0.22117829322814941,
-0.5099884867668152,
0.5464085936546326,
-0.7963602542877197,
0.6499638557434082,
-0.1967446208000183,
-0.239500492811203,
0.006941813975572586,
-0.4000667929649353,
1.479792833328247,
-1.3599334955215454,
0.410641610622406,
-1.6402593851089478,
0.5770739316940308,
0.4504994750022888,
0.7744905948638916,
0.42618054151535034,
-0.49356669187545776,
0.12851087749004364,
1.7446471452713013,
-0.009254857897758484,
0.9534160494804382,
1.2851940393447876,
-1.663395881652832,
-2.2326231002807617,
-0.174255833029747,
-0.4524275064468384,
0.8581595420837402,
-1.3645881414413452,
-0.7563731670379639,
-0.3303075432777405,
1.1256206035614014,
-0.09095202386379242,
0.21117764711380005,
-1.8517799377441406,
1.4545599222183228,
1.5523179769515991,
0.7079565525054932,
-0.31520187854766846,
-0.5890473127365112,
0.1723962277173996,
0.9875801205635071,
0.1518917679786682,
0.8303380012512207,
-0.8637079000473022,
-0.026519864797592163,
0.14037486910820007,
2.2507617473602295,
0.5160817503929138,
-0.854840874671936,
1.246575117111206,
-0.25537991523742676,
0.12875312566757202,
1.5980676412582397,
0.8969822525978088,
-0.531829833984375,
0.8378993272781372,
0.7043951153755188,
0.459184467792511,
3.4470386505126953,
-0.1638738214969635,
0.640671968460083,
0.541741669178009,
-0.6960984468460083,
-0.13112342357635498,
-0.6230050325393677,
1.7083606719970703,
1.0166171789169312,
0.7342529296875,
1.085950255393982,
0.09160365909337997,
0.9946722984313965,
0.0013714730739593506,
1.035927176475525,
-3.18291974067688,
0.6012933254241943,
2.8381540775299072,
2.2283124923706055,
1.8027420043945312,
-0.6520631313323975
] |
time dilation effects the hour in miles per hour- which effects speed, which effects time dilation?! how can this work? | ie: does the hour in miles per hour belong to a stationary observer at the starting point, or to the hour perceived by the moving object? for an object moving at speed, less time has elapsed than for the stationary observer. so fewer hours have passed for it during the same distance travelled, so it seems to itself to be travelling at a faster speed than it does to the stationary observer. when this effect is considered, is there not then a higher limit than c for "apparent" speed to the participant? if not, then how can the speed of light ever seem to be reached by an object as seen by a stationary observer? i keep confusing myself and i'm not sure if i've asked this right. but can somebody please try to explain this for me if you can understand what i mean? many thanks | i'm a little confused by the wording of your question but i will try to answer what i think you are asking. to begin relativity is what happens between frames. so in your frame you will measure a speed, the passage of time, and the length of objects in your frame, all of these are correct measurements. now if an observer moves past you at a different speed (in a different frame) he will measure your speed, time, and length differently, but these will also be correct for his frame. to recover this apparent disparity either observer can use the lorentz factor and everyone will agree on what everyone is seeing in the different frames. to answer your question directly things like time dilation and length contraction are consequences of the velocity you are measuring in your frame and do not change your measurement of the velocity. | 3 | [] | [] | [] | [
0.20473550260066986,
-0.7122923135757446,
0.5297759175300598,
-0.003681272268295288,
0.26109758019447327,
-0.4240468740463257,
0.5419968366622925,
0.5159865021705627,
2.1417183876037598,
-1.1149647235870361,
2.686513900756836,
0.713184118270874,
-0.690767228603363,
0.851111888885498,
-1.2558236122131348,
-1.9469869136810303,
1.5611499547958374,
0.9096959829330444,
-4.7441020011901855,
1.2665743827819824,
-0.3116178810596466,
-0.7423456907272339,
0.07978427410125732,
0.6779441833496094,
-0.11194678395986557,
0.7608798146247864,
-0.1985093355178833,
0.3566352128982544,
0.5417664051055908,
0.4783046245574951,
-1.122334361076355,
-0.7169263958930969,
-0.7215368151664734,
-1.66486394405365,
-0.9720967411994934,
0.9796683192253113,
0.6652308106422424,
0.33843517303466797,
-1.0018696784973145,
-0.9456407427787781,
0.0807856023311615,
0.23328055441379547,
1.193613052368164,
0.7017878890037537,
1.302854061126709,
2.4828319549560547,
0.6734782457351685,
0.6641168594360352,
-0.45318469405174255,
1.3566851615905762,
-1.8879070281982422,
0.3387454152107239,
0.0030926838517189026,
-1.5823023319244385,
-0.5336308479309082,
3.1753618717193604,
2.4242653846740723,
-2.085786819458008,
0.5886455774307251,
-1.3967506885528564,
-1.5205745697021484,
1.6560450792312622,
-1.369629979133606,
0.9292615652084351,
0.9393478631973267,
-0.5445765256881714,
-0.5060920715332031,
-0.9498085975646973,
-2.380687952041626,
0.7545701861381531,
-0.14225685596466064,
-0.17096161842346191,
-0.8913606405258179,
0.26402392983436584,
0.6944162845611572,
-2.2195065021514893,
1.2076915502548218,
0.2550060451030731,
-0.49383997917175293,
0.1949268877506256,
1.766062617301941,
-3.0049993991851807,
-1.8613288402557373,
-0.017503678798675537,
0.08152995258569717,
0.7703938484191895,
0.25846362113952637,
0.7633576989173889,
0.3915291428565979,
-0.8280643820762634,
-1.048936367034912,
-0.6959941387176514,
-1.9558911323547363,
-0.8745134472846985,
1.5105257034301758,
1.5520272254943848,
-1.0827754735946655,
-0.6156671047210693,
1.4032167196273804,
0.5314439535140991,
-1.5267529487609863,
-1.2263195514678955,
-2.0404646396636963,
3.5531082153320312,
-0.6821469068527222,
0.7432432770729065,
-1.3823609352111816,
0.8345842957496643,
0.21425268054008484,
1.413216233253479,
1.396350622177124,
-1.2617782354354858,
0.9877908229827881,
0.6446115374565125,
0.9848873615264893,
-1.5140507221221924,
-1.3278487920761108,
0.954913318157196,
0.3019324541091919,
-1.6858752965927124,
-1.6686820983886719,
-1.371821641921997,
-0.21393302083015442,
-1.732877492904663,
1.7590878009796143,
-1.5408109426498413,
0.7336095571517944,
1.6320366859436035,
-1.089086890220642,
-1.3003064393997192,
3.0315043926239014,
-1.2554261684417725,
-2.0881028175354004,
0.10754355788230896,
-2.0893149375915527,
0.03542838990688324,
4.313259124755859,
-0.31004780530929565,
0.42814958095550537,
0.49980562925338745,
0.7292442321777344,
1.8681470155715942,
-0.2856477200984955,
0.3216022253036499,
1.8921763896942139,
2.56130051612854,
-0.7269519567489624,
0.046294569969177246,
-0.8890864253044128,
-1.8993396759033203,
-1.4403297901153564,
-1.015366792678833,
1.4417002201080322,
-0.32648345828056335,
-0.344356507062912,
0.2384968400001526,
-1.0716160535812378,
0.19299298524856567,
-2.396573305130005,
0.4959004521369934,
-1.612428069114685,
0.8350042104721069,
-1.0432530641555786,
-0.28061723709106445,
0.6294947862625122,
1.631499171257019,
0.32158488035202026,
-1.0930068492889404,
0.08087870478630066,
0.3401101231575012,
0.3127099871635437,
-0.48402419686317444,
-1.8963651657104492,
-0.6356496214866638,
1.34708833694458,
2.62446665763855,
-2.514503240585327,
0.7453814148902893,
-0.3999873101711273,
0.8262336850166321,
0.7802212238311768,
-1.0588737726211548,
2.072073459625244,
1.1382026672363281,
0.835182785987854,
-0.4452381730079651,
-0.5468968152999878,
0.8230208158493042,
-1.690573811531067,
-0.6697419285774231,
0.6758387684822083,
-1.4590157270431519,
1.3370846509933472,
1.8219707012176514,
-1.2729167938232422,
-0.5214548707008362,
0.781566321849823,
1.1043838262557983,
-0.30704617500305176,
0.24464744329452515,
-1.1421012878417969,
1.294472575187683,
2.5911991596221924,
-2.0628838539123535,
-0.8088542222976685,
2.329155445098877,
-0.10712231695652008,
-0.8095574975013733,
-0.8855159282684326,
3.0095763206481934,
0.38668617606163025,
-2.051548480987549,
0.2870704233646393,
-0.5603876113891602,
0.677380383014679,
0.33482012152671814,
-1.469377875328064,
-0.3187643885612488,
-0.7835191488265991,
-0.9449280500411987,
0.40815144777297974,
0.27738022804260254,
-1.0031373500823975,
-1.2754539251327515,
-1.976237416267395,
0.09691303223371506,
-0.5841783881187439,
1.5809025764465332,
0.7256206274032593,
0.8136706948280334,
0.7206931114196777,
0.8065064549446106,
2.1521244049072266,
0.5896244645118713,
-0.6990209817886353,
-1.573820948600769,
-2.9725561141967773,
1.3632991313934326,
0.08617913722991943,
-1.0865193605422974,
1.0648466348648071,
-2.7454476356506348,
-0.7795113325119019,
0.47754114866256714,
2.8715522289276123,
0.6827404499053955,
0.5094164609909058,
-1.4256958961486816,
1.1746753454208374,
-0.4163656234741211,
0.14786922931671143,
-2.4707183837890625,
-2.117678642272949,
0.5969961881637573,
-2.09798264503479,
-1.3903275728225708,
1.7645506858825684,
0.7631388306617737,
-0.8359808921813965,
-0.23455971479415894,
1.478163719177246,
-0.539750874042511,
-0.7662517428398132,
-0.29916587471961975,
0.3473083972930908,
1.8448395729064941,
2.043271541595459,
-0.4910224974155426,
-1.8305811882019043,
-2.3560009002685547,
0.7447907328605652,
-0.1429966539144516,
0.06404046714305878,
0.9457010626792908,
-0.7679474949836731,
-1.7850120067596436,
0.5647534728050232,
0.806057333946228,
-2.6832962036132812,
0.6986736059188843,
1.2306721210479736,
-2.3713626861572266,
0.37480199337005615,
0.9474886059761047,
-0.12203804403543472,
-0.8870998620986938,
-0.3821536898612976,
1.0393385887145996,
1.210694670677185,
-0.2441043257713318,
0.02592286467552185,
1.7577388286590576,
1.4917869567871094,
0.12810015678405762,
0.3490866422653198,
0.4411361813545227,
0.17593660950660706,
1.4704077243804932,
0.8769457340240479,
-0.5667603015899658,
2.006450653076172,
-0.1388418972492218,
-0.18096241354942322,
0.07693397253751755,
-0.06559282541275024,
-1.0109256505966187,
2.372142791748047,
2.127437114715576,
-2.1500368118286133,
-0.6122990250587463,
-2.9926412105560303,
-1.5278819799423218,
0.8059914708137512,
0.6442028284072876,
-0.9341681003570557,
2.104306221008301,
0.2413444072008133,
-0.11961862444877625,
-1.7812397480010986,
1.0742496252059937,
-0.8343538045883179,
-0.25312864780426025,
-1.508779525756836,
-0.2905285656452179,
-1.2804734706878662,
1.3644485473632812,
0.6259509921073914,
-0.6403480768203735,
-2.6419966220855713,
-0.3759309649467468,
0.9338392615318298,
-0.6000882387161255,
1.2867562770843506,
-0.9403197169303894,
0.5172231197357178,
-0.8752317428588867,
0.6463595628738403,
-0.8177860975265503,
-1.5646592378616333,
0.8167545795440674,
0.9446012377738953,
-0.3489719331264496,
0.9562660455703735,
0.7309216856956482,
0.1715337038040161,
-0.20808885991573334,
-1.974610686302185,
1.4042203426361084,
0.09031131118535995,
0.5849570035934448,
0.29479438066482544,
2.3555428981781006,
0.8743780851364136,
1.3832424879074097,
1.164018154144287,
-2.846506118774414,
0.30191344022750854,
2.03149151802063,
0.21109703183174133,
0.6465210318565369,
0.4940919578075409,
0.9834764003753662,
-1.2000280618667603,
1.9343154430389404,
2.00626802444458,
-0.13869959115982056,
1.2783091068267822,
-2.944427251815796,
-1.975635290145874,
0.05071753263473511,
-0.49889564514160156,
2.991520881652832,
1.3227487802505493,
-2.226836681365967,
1.6749038696289062,
-1.0083603858947754,
0.4202366769313812,
-0.40584084391593933,
-1.9728083610534668,
0.2949051260948181,
1.002639889717102,
1.4729716777801514,
-0.16583284735679626,
-0.04413551837205887
] |
[engineering] is it possible to have a component efficiency greater than 1? | say for instance you have a system of how ever many components/devices/machines etc. is it somehow possible or has it ever been recorded that in the context of the whole system, some component has an efficiency greater than one? i know the system as a whole cannot, and if you were to remove the component in question it would not. edit: thanks for the replies! i figured that would be the answer. i was up studying last for my thermo final today and it was jut one of those things that popped into my head at an ungodly hour. | the distinction between a "system" and a "component" has no physical significance; it's just the observer's choice of labeling. therefore, the laws of thermodynamics apply to each "component" when it's part of a larger system just as they would apply to the component in isolation. | 10 | [] | [] | [] | [
-0.7572044730186462,
-0.041794970631599426,
-0.5428496599197388,
-0.08896549046039581,
0.510057806968689,
-0.6667185425758362,
0.9107234477996826,
0.5722060799598694,
1.2449318170547485,
-0.19999097287654877,
1.154508352279663,
-0.6393983364105225,
0.042198315262794495,
-0.008242249488830566,
-0.1352526694536209,
-0.8939746022224426,
-0.010559877380728722,
0.4469733238220215,
-1.3022944927215576,
0.4188987612724304,
0.3416667580604553,
-0.3273918628692627,
-0.5403072237968445,
0.3735964298248291,
-0.4354618191719055,
0.6578081846237183,
-0.137947678565979,
-0.1288623958826065,
0.5514804720878601,
-0.5324077606201172,
0.18350934982299805,
0.00805065967142582,
1.0590410232543945,
-0.28079932928085327,
0.14259552955627441,
-0.020595021545886993,
0.5018484592437744,
-0.18940186500549316,
-0.6986651420593262,
-0.5865696668624878,
-0.9241808652877808,
0.20397083461284637,
-0.5045254230499268,
0.5787757039070129,
0.2552056312561035,
0.48427140712738037,
0.5050031542778015,
-0.8156391382217407,
-0.808324933052063,
-0.9210363626480103,
-0.5365729928016663,
0.4323623478412628,
-1.230389952659607,
1.1235315799713135,
-0.36082836985588074,
0.32308730483055115,
1.0277372598648071,
-1.0173014402389526,
-0.8552569150924683,
-0.643872857093811,
0.0883042961359024,
0.006014198064804077,
-0.25718894600868225,
0.5113375186920166,
1.8958595991134644,
0.37996748089790344,
0.22375181317329407,
-0.21329759061336517,
-0.4641135334968567,
0.20368334650993347,
0.11604076623916626,
-0.34285929799079895,
-0.0362018346786499,
0.12671688199043274,
0.11197766661643982,
0.18210992217063904,
-0.5300638675689697,
0.8068169951438904,
-0.10042229294776917,
0.7521631121635437,
0.03028198704123497,
0.05547055974602699,
-0.09808512777090073,
0.11283184587955475,
-0.24454791843891144,
1.1843829154968262,
0.11497455090284348,
-0.019794806838035583,
-0.4190300703048706,
0.6623492240905762,
-0.3564923405647278,
-0.29085928201675415,
0.4780425429344177,
0.19244423508644104,
0.8284367322921753,
0.28652167320251465,
-0.04927506297826767,
-0.5067743062973022,
1.0274242162704468,
0.15303629636764526,
-0.8866828680038452,
0.6814568042755127,
-1.410319209098816,
0.5085119605064392,
-0.0743449330329895,
-0.5986129641532898,
-0.25797122716903687,
-0.154525026679039,
-0.0733061358332634,
-0.1465209722518921,
-0.6094879508018494,
-0.8460221886634827,
0.01628253236413002,
-0.6597148180007935,
0.137467622756958,
-1.5387108325958252,
0.5069503784179688,
0.7056699991226196,
0.2092236578464508,
-0.7702716588973999,
0.11778609454631805,
-0.19739653170108795,
0.43181297183036804,
0.1497134268283844,
1.4018455743789673,
-0.2230885922908783,
0.036473244428634644,
0.7399232387542725,
-0.3481334447860718,
-0.13218751549720764,
1.1149691343307495,
-0.8379318714141846,
0.8269336223602295,
0.5434581637382507,
0.4575526714324951,
-0.14796945452690125,
0.5018278360366821,
-0.39511996507644653,
-0.4166002571582794,
0.6655992269515991,
0.006083354353904724,
0.5114680528640747,
0.18262425065040588,
-0.16039219498634338,
0.36394810676574707,
1.4767026901245117,
0.1892785280942917,
-0.4272477626800537,
0.5373317003250122,
0.6502727270126343,
-0.11531269550323486,
0.00029203295707702637,
0.4328537583351135,
0.08631458878517151,
-0.4630337357521057,
-0.21868783235549927,
-1.2360515594482422,
-0.07266755402088165,
-0.17155393958091736,
0.25912487506866455,
-1.0565457344055176,
0.3035293221473694,
0.3801410496234894,
-0.3174913227558136,
0.3555355370044708,
0.41134577989578247,
0.013121064752340317,
-1.368150234222412,
0.36759352684020996,
-0.4004179835319519,
0.7014693021774292,
0.022384341806173325,
0.3214165270328522,
0.035501912236213684,
0.38270750641822815,
-0.3020912706851959,
-0.6370790600776672,
-0.667941689491272,
0.5476800203323364,
0.7955998182296753,
1.887812852859497,
-1.2592370510101318,
0.15703649818897247,
0.19593262672424316,
0.17265576124191284,
0.048352450132369995,
0.6315690279006958,
-0.19638016819953918,
-1.1920686960220337,
0.8394946455955505,
0.37592604756355286,
0.21527966856956482,
0.40786635875701904,
0.5117671489715576,
-0.5176218152046204,
-1.4931340217590332,
0.344535768032074,
0.11702145636081696,
-0.4315505027770996,
-0.8551104664802551,
-0.21782949566841125,
0.5392687320709229,
0.06121055781841278,
-0.06879813969135284,
-0.6436717510223389,
-0.742035984992981,
-0.8267964720726013,
-0.4138644337654114,
-2.346864700317383,
0.20288734138011932,
-0.42097145318984985,
-0.4728434085845947,
-0.5866539478302002,
-0.17411261796951294,
0.016541901975870132,
0.5431399941444397,
-0.238605335354805,
-0.7803327441215515,
-0.038874730467796326,
-0.48925212025642395,
0.16501009464263916,
-0.0582108199596405,
0.819340705871582,
-0.7670413255691528,
0.7045713663101196,
-0.3006426990032196,
0.10088523477315903,
-0.7031437754631042,
-0.5190553069114685,
0.08431518077850342,
-0.06414094567298889,
-0.5879414081573486,
0.5840004682540894,
0.8358016014099121,
0.06736530363559723,
0.29352009296417236,
-0.6274992227554321,
-0.009025245904922485,
-0.15723247826099396,
0.6046121120452881,
-0.869599461555481,
-0.2019861936569214,
-0.4517078995704651,
-0.23041486740112305,
-0.011600792407989502,
-0.06962662190198898,
0.7136442065238953,
-0.5724772214889526,
0.6157040596008301,
0.581030011177063,
-0.8463313579559326,
0.6954687237739563,
0.7981476187705994,
-0.2267742156982422,
-0.31576797366142273,
-0.6755338907241821,
-0.3955906629562378,
-0.8571662902832031,
-0.678557813167572,
-0.20128077268600464,
0.4591211676597595,
-0.3636748790740967,
0.05941310524940491,
-0.5725316405296326,
0.6343676447868347,
0.7520546317100525,
-0.07495883107185364,
0.6951622366905212,
-0.43124598264694214,
-0.5910917520523071,
0.7545057535171509,
-1.030442476272583,
0.07136187702417374,
-0.6763484477996826,
0.2686616778373718,
-0.1228666603565216,
0.32604148983955383,
-0.21631866693496704,
0.0006693750619888306,
0.4355371594429016,
0.48206910490989685,
-0.9205184578895569,
-0.6789223551750183,
-0.014604389667510986,
1.7366530895233154,
-0.953298807144165,
-0.11571371555328369,
-0.03706137835979462,
-0.21632933616638184,
-0.1122487485408783,
0.1833692491054535,
0.601845383644104,
0.4243530333042145,
-1.1629750728607178,
1.4864928722381592,
0.2940508723258972,
0.7009615898132324,
-0.12532919645309448,
0.593424379825592,
-0.7195068001747131,
0.2652086615562439,
-0.5519524812698364,
-0.30312904715538025,
-0.151742085814476,
-1.0863943099975586,
-0.4743993282318115,
0.6549452543258667,
0.3546043038368225,
0.7892970442771912,
-1.3566868305206299,
0.5942938327789307,
0.3431423008441925,
0.17346638441085815,
-0.16945603489875793,
-0.6619620323181152,
0.4017360508441925,
-0.0992988869547844,
1.0795695781707764,
0.3681081235408783,
0.15033330023288727,
0.7609348297119141,
-0.5641317963600159,
0.14191129803657532,
-0.07028535008430481,
0.2795092463493347,
-0.03888806700706482,
-1.2001193761825562,
-0.4141542911529541,
-0.5704804062843323,
0.570650041103363,
0.21799391508102417,
0.8566974401473999,
0.3300945460796356,
-0.17434054613113403,
0.42753416299819946,
0.3120073974132538,
-0.28265342116355896,
0.4757041335105896,
-0.723289966583252,
0.3333931267261505,
-0.2331196665763855,
0.016824975609779358,
-0.06402707099914551,
-0.35141944885253906,
0.6740344762802124,
0.026874497532844543,
0.25456398725509644,
0.20469239354133606,
0.1628834456205368,
0.5736311078071594,
0.06527762115001678,
0.6379607915878296,
0.48964276909828186,
0.9378431439399719,
0.9627172946929932,
-0.09963706135749817,
-0.12239181995391846,
0.009948823601007462,
0.2518500089645386,
-0.5228222012519836,
-0.1757444143295288,
-0.9066599011421204,
-0.7189565300941467,
0.9594565033912659,
-0.3592863380908966,
0.7996445298194885,
-1.1335197687149048,
0.3010696768760681,
-0.16199058294296265,
1.51572847366333,
-0.08049619942903519,
1.0013411045074463,
-0.2252694070339203,
-0.04190382361412048,
-0.43434473872184753,
-0.4237242341041565,
-0.07670322060585022,
-0.14144305884838104,
0.02895832061767578,
0.28027740120887756,
0.7691710591316223,
0.11176741123199463,
1.4378817081451416,
-0.3766661286354065
] |
what is the science behind the use of hypnotherapy to cure warts? | i've read several reports about the efficacy of hypnosis for curing warts (especially among children) and was wondering how this is possible. are there other instances of mental influence upon virus-induced ailments? | i've gotta say as a 14 year old kid hypnotherapy delivered me instant pain relief from my planter wart and within 3 - 4 weeks the wart was completely gone.... it was a large and painful one prior to treatment starting and i got to avoid the painful and longer treatments our gp offered my brother with the same ailment in the same year - as a fairly skeptical / science based kid i always reasoned it was a strong placebo effect after the treatment was over | 2 | [] | [] | [
"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V22CTJwQkjM",
"scholar.google.com"
] | [
-0.4302794933319092,
0.36895325779914856,
0.3160562217235565,
0.6705045104026794,
-0.7786158323287964,
0.19115175306797028,
-0.6867945194244385,
1.30387544631958,
-0.5427324771881104,
-0.687810480594635,
0.09755819290876389,
0.8451666831970215,
0.06102827191352844,
0.4312606453895569,
-0.5331034064292908,
0.07382281124591827,
-0.18147575855255127,
-0.419596403837204,
-1.4223759174346924,
-0.3459275960922241,
-1.3581944704055786,
0.6700098514556885,
0.3395586907863617,
-0.602491021156311,
-0.5912672877311707,
0.5955039858818054,
-0.48685789108276367,
-0.5739696621894836,
0.6364017128944397,
0.34360992908477783,
0.8100366592407227,
0.764644980430603,
-0.25352010130882263,
-1.6766899824142456,
0.04073938727378845,
0.3138904571533203,
-0.08807694911956787,
0.3861708641052246,
-0.4903189539909363,
-0.17849133908748627,
0.2054370790719986,
1.169392466545105,
0.13593997061252594,
0.6193891167640686,
0.7542949914932251,
0.6635610461235046,
0.16060703992843628,
-1.4370238780975342,
0.47610360383987427,
0.5776523351669312,
0.7474934458732605,
-0.4090626835823059,
0.3554101586341858,
0.5649027228355408,
-0.40268731117248535,
-0.6005681753158569,
-0.44444411993026733,
0.038909122347831726,
-0.8565863370895386,
1.39111328125,
-2.119420289993286,
0.33245256543159485,
-0.4301097095012665,
0.20207077264785767,
1.002378225326538,
-0.5549159049987793,
0.1620231568813324,
-1.2945507764816284,
1.8878445625305176,
1.2338902950286865,
0.4964235723018646,
-0.5618802309036255,
0.5307085514068604,
-0.23730763792991638,
-0.1352103054523468,
0.5653038024902344,
-0.2230326235294342,
-0.16757288575172424,
0.776630699634552,
-0.40292680263519287,
0.016438782215118408,
0.16165205836296082,
0.4085657000541687,
0.34358781576156616,
-0.2584899663925171,
-0.07271826267242432,
0.13312962651252747,
0.5092565417289734,
0.30550965666770935,
0.5316251516342163,
1.573784589767456,
0.3593499958515167,
0.33739012479782104,
-0.08879657089710236,
1.2929036617279053,
-1.3102023601531982,
-0.7335149049758911,
0.763008177280426,
-1.2450326681137085,
0.5978253483772278,
-0.7822403907775879,
-1.7147982120513916,
-1.4163717031478882,
0.05201837420463562,
-0.6120418310165405,
-0.3174413740634918,
-0.26262304186820984,
-0.1810879111289978,
-0.08246425539255142,
0.5564942359924316,
-0.5222771167755127,
0.22516122460365295,
0.6479881405830383,
-0.24299371242523193,
-0.49815183877944946,
0.9992327690124512,
0.5224082469940186,
0.3309382498264313,
-0.010644212365150452,
-0.21319252252578735,
0.6205529570579529,
-0.753252387046814,
0.18806737661361694,
-0.3835700452327728,
-0.6800783276557922,
0.13866659998893738,
1.122370719909668,
0.44691726565361023,
0.7793993949890137,
-0.3607218861579895,
0.13912293314933777,
-0.014540523290634155,
0.18467023968696594,
0.298603355884552,
-0.111036017537117,
-0.49381324648857117,
0.15142983198165894,
-0.864497721195221,
-0.21059463918209076,
-0.1621643602848053,
-0.6430532932281494,
-0.872988760471344,
-1.0256457328796387,
-0.80768883228302,
-1.204939603805542,
-0.03808701038360596,
-0.2576674222946167,
0.05635049194097519,
0.10326182842254639,
-0.4435911178588867,
-0.4649021029472351,
0.244106262922287,
0.7785345911979675,
0.8778918385505676,
0.1758829653263092,
0.3730573058128357,
-0.6017325520515442,
-0.38003402948379517,
-0.6204577684402466,
0.1883954554796219,
-0.5400058627128601,
-0.8790948390960693,
-0.001654062420129776,
0.05197653919458389,
0.6740576028823853,
-0.48069536685943604,
-0.2148808091878891,
-0.909371018409729,
0.7581691145896912,
0.4323756992816925,
-0.7549864053726196,
0.030346013605594635,
0.8505046963691711,
-0.4176987409591675,
-0.6306736469268799,
-0.2598135769367218,
-1.0251634120941162,
0.07269832491874695,
-0.6459848880767822,
0.3374253511428833,
0.5357373952865601,
-0.9061539173126221,
-1.282831072807312,
0.7158970832824707,
0.2854067087173462,
0.2509729266166687,
0.7111459970474243,
0.566494882106781,
0.6540303826332092,
-0.10085996985435486,
0.8026596307754517,
-1.0016858577728271,
-0.3324335217475891,
0.06823698431253433,
-0.46543967723846436,
-0.4154856204986572,
-1.5983078479766846,
-0.1325325071811676,
-1.0655314922332764,
0.2898291349411011,
0.48329171538352966,
-0.8947963714599609,
-0.1551978886127472,
-1.2863707542419434,
0.7264506816864014,
-0.013552814722061157,
-1.775486946105957,
-1.017585277557373,
0.4549007713794708,
-1.083491563796997,
-0.04421645402908325,
1.6634933948516846,
0.6882566213607788,
-0.1842702031135559,
-0.9539821147918701,
-0.23845921456813812,
-1.1529645919799805,
-0.22141215205192566,
0.6550231575965881,
0.28148970007896423,
0.3110799193382263,
-0.43551093339920044,
0.6189948320388794,
-0.5548009872436523,
0.08104977011680603,
-0.19443029165267944,
0.8706093430519104,
0.8545578122138977,
0.46880611777305603,
0.3898037075996399,
-0.17929008603096008,
0.5018961429595947,
0.8301844596862793,
1.1871707439422607,
0.43292325735092163,
-0.2794274091720581,
0.06626266241073608,
-0.36277148127555847,
-0.5121501088142395,
0.3315120041370392,
-0.20255111157894135,
0.5653648376464844,
-0.5238032341003418,
0.522847056388855,
0.09148893505334854,
1.3313536643981934,
-0.05927875638008118,
-0.7978615760803223,
-0.0013998299837112427,
0.3997858166694641,
-0.3925885558128357,
0.4011287987232208,
0.23729364573955536,
0.02461281418800354,
0.527230441570282,
0.5356327295303345,
-1.3986942768096924,
-0.18916204571723938,
1.2147867679595947,
0.8980473279953003,
1.1905555725097656,
0.07859686762094498,
-1.1882855892181396,
-0.2686038017272949,
0.5125381946563721,
-0.5203173756599426,
-0.9454655647277832,
-0.24210882186889648,
0.7215707302093506,
0.5682359933853149,
-0.3402412533760071,
-0.9573562145233154,
0.7059853076934814,
1.603195071220398,
-0.6221056580543518,
0.004841957241296768,
-0.8462108373641968,
0.1523856520652771,
-0.17229820787906647,
-1.7090427875518799,
1.116071343421936,
-2.1543209552764893,
-1.054183840751648,
-0.00657711923122406,
-0.2551572918891907,
0.20750455558300018,
0.3645419776439667,
-0.7268797159194946,
0.35494300723075867,
0.6773052215576172,
0.1934639811515808,
0.6244087815284729,
0.2749437093734741,
0.08081123232841492,
-0.31699591875076294,
-0.08814074099063873,
-0.2687949538230896,
0.9676219820976257,
0.553272008895874,
-0.6522537469863892,
-0.7737913131713867,
-0.8589377999305725,
-0.5133833289146423,
-0.10287371277809143,
-0.9701012372970581,
-0.8706973195075989,
-0.09054049849510193,
-0.42079928517341614,
-0.16785874962806702,
0.2252860963344574,
0.18433095514774323,
-0.24424037337303162,
-0.5533193945884705,
1.084687352180481,
-0.6247274875640869,
0.534160315990448,
-0.9716145992279053,
-0.6100541353225708,
-0.618909478187561,
0.288906991481781,
1.0626020431518555,
0.36350733041763306,
0.08480027318000793,
0.5726262331008911,
0.6078305840492249,
0.25310108065605164,
-0.7427528500556946,
0.526525616645813,
-0.3294841945171356,
0.6445986032485962,
-0.47210487723350525,
1.582430362701416,
0.1745770424604416,
-0.550255537033081,
-0.034353286027908325,
0.22867420315742493,
-0.24213969707489014,
0.5945297479629517,
-0.5680588483810425,
-0.803836464881897,
0.22208628058433533,
0.664700984954834,
0.8570534586906433,
-0.6461012363433838,
0.41458478569984436,
0.6369730830192566,
1.0015546083450317,
1.6494529247283936,
-0.8653333187103271,
0.2047424018383026,
0.8754816055297852,
0.23260967433452606,
-0.3017672598361969,
0.5299295783042908,
-0.08167222142219543,
0.20638568699359894,
0.6354473829269409,
0.8082436323165894,
1.216867208480835,
0.20726364850997925,
-1.163426399230957,
1.2675225734710693,
0.5737454891204834,
1.5950894355773926,
-0.5920478105545044,
-0.3268827795982361,
-1.1996151208877563,
0.7147765159606934,
-0.30262213945388794,
0.9868377447128296,
1.137498378753662,
0.847987174987793,
-0.380695641040802,
0.5812129974365234,
0.3916659951210022,
-0.927219569683075,
0.07555262744426727,
-0.3409003019332886,
-0.31011298298835754,
0.009056681767106056,
-0.09903004765510559,
-0.9133711457252502,
0.23889711499214172,
0.540185809135437
] |
why is it hard to assess the long term effects of ocean acidification? | i am a big marine conservation nerd, and today i was reading a lot about ocean acidification for my new ocean conservation site. now, the website was talking about the effects of acidification on calcifying species such as pteropods and corals but also continued to say that ocean acidification is thought to be a cause for larval die off of certain shellfish but cannot be proven yet. what i want to know is what factors play into why it is so hard to prove 100% that this is a cause? we know it's happening, so what more do we need to know? | the ocean is obviously incredibly large. when acid rain occurs, or carbon sequestration goes bad, co2 is leached into the water, thus raising the ph. the reason why ocean acidification in the longer term is hard to assess is that it takes an incredible amount of acid to increase the overall ph of the ocean. to put this in easier terms, imagine if you had a bathtub full of pure water and you decided to drop one ml of the strongest acid into the tub. the ph would go up, but not by a noticeable amount. the more you add, the higher the concentration of hydrogen or hydronium ions in solution. the ocean acidity is barely noticeable because to make the entire ocean's ph increase by a substantial amount would require a substantial amount of co2 or other acidic solutions. | 2 | [] | [] | [] | [
-0.2988993525505066,
0.7467960715293884,
1.192546010017395,
1.4564614295959473,
-0.11308088153600693,
-1.2492314577102661,
1.8739941120147705,
1.6195179224014282,
1.2396842241287231,
0.22262617945671082,
-0.2293216586112976,
-2.2149386405944824,
0.49320098757743835,
-0.05159120261669159,
-0.20338422060012817,
-0.4083457887172699,
-0.1589435338973999,
0.2852099537849426,
-4.32395601272583,
-0.8335253596305847,
0.5290131568908691,
1.8626118898391724,
-1.0851260423660278,
-1.5723509788513184,
1.1916065216064453,
1.3957724571228027,
0.3088417649269104,
1.4331238269805908,
0.22566312551498413,
1.659837007522583,
0.7795063853263855,
1.348712682723999,
0.437015563249588,
-0.3040757179260254,
1.9180644750595093,
-0.6937383413314819,
-0.35451826453208923,
-1.44558846950531,
0.9252649545669556,
0.41607195138931274,
-0.28778231143951416,
-0.7182440757751465,
0.3398147523403168,
2.9148635864257812,
-1.7699414491653442,
-1.3619158267974854,
2.374176025390625,
-1.470890760421753,
-0.3158527612686157,
0.19022716581821442,
-0.4679626226425171,
-0.9582811594009399,
-1.395401954650879,
0.13369828462600708,
-2.9850292205810547,
-1.5365066528320312,
-0.7679615020751953,
-0.3081849217414856,
-1.3623398542404175,
-3.4740748405456543,
-0.7637736201286316,
-1.2743349075317383,
0.3145078420639038,
1.456786870956421,
2.4257352352142334,
-0.044487759470939636,
1.849890112876892,
0.47688379883766174,
0.0516238659620285,
0.8724281787872314,
-2.408031940460205,
1.661503791809082,
1.6786102056503296,
-2.5038273334503174,
-0.09344059228897095,
-1.0562121868133545,
0.3687521815299988,
0.33643287420272827,
0.20679588615894318,
0.5362352132797241,
-0.5287871360778809,
-0.2434597909450531,
-1.0408233404159546,
-0.9382015466690063,
-0.7927022576332092,
1.3772284984588623,
-0.5591796040534973,
0.4874543845653534,
0.7570136189460754,
1.0216988325119019,
-1.0630638599395752,
-1.417078971862793,
0.9684877395629883,
-1.44215989112854,
-0.25663432478904724,
2.906729221343994,
-1.0256493091583252,
-0.9723916053771973,
1.9364367723464966,
-0.23562896251678467,
-0.1636795997619629,
0.8920781016349792,
-5.0508880615234375,
-1.1989305019378662,
-2.2870523929595947,
-1.151863932609558,
0.21412283182144165,
2.133723735809326,
-0.09597858786582947,
1.692941665649414,
-0.7499879002571106,
-0.5541315078735352,
1.0980241298675537,
-0.6446512937545776,
0.5918428897857666,
2.0459961891174316,
2.060300350189209,
0.10584020614624023,
-2.832139730453491,
-1.0936936140060425,
-1.768430233001709,
-1.7296055555343628,
0.348368763923645,
0.15734007954597473,
-0.1972944587469101,
0.9897487759590149,
1.372003197669983,
-0.5163010358810425,
0.11658309400081635,
1.0054950714111328,
2.709906578063965,
-0.7691149711608887,
0.1998644471168518,
0.32370075583457947,
-2.927851676940918,
0.5105938911437988,
0.400227427482605,
-1.2092890739440918,
-2.657043695449829,
3.2706894874572754,
0.91169673204422,
0.6328689455986023,
-0.7606105804443359,
-0.3697645366191864,
-1.4862993955612183,
1.6342005729675293,
0.27699825167655945,
-0.7983956336975098,
-0.47735586762428284,
-1.1059117317199707,
-1.4055815935134888,
0.43059390783309937,
0.3963780403137207,
-1.245967149734497,
0.7399783134460449,
-1.5206576585769653,
0.34618502855300903,
0.5389721393585205,
1.5414977073669434,
1.0144646167755127,
-3.314713954925537,
0.6561839580535889,
-1.4497308731079102,
1.5526907444000244,
-2.260470151901245,
1.9773650169372559,
1.6044483184814453,
-0.6426113843917847,
0.7788130640983582,
0.19094352424144745,
0.33680713176727295,
1.8510019779205322,
2.4119768142700195,
-1.7725801467895508,
-0.7565467357635498,
0.006804659962654114,
-0.670488715171814,
-0.6595909595489502,
0.8200907111167908,
0.5588099956512451,
1.1078821420669556,
2.220543146133423,
1.1135364770889282,
1.0690994262695312,
0.6367939114570618,
-0.8075741529464722,
-0.7214807271957397,
1.378838062286377,
-3.495068311691284,
1.7442493438720703,
0.36968672275543213,
3.3773982524871826,
-0.2988564670085907,
2.1866135597229004,
-1.0551526546478271,
0.9609094858169556,
-0.21264365315437317,
-0.5353603363037109,
-2.2081806659698486,
0.23836570978164673,
2.056549549102783,
-0.26184171438217163,
-0.9753236174583435,
-0.4887393116950989,
1.9584201574325562,
-2.6226954460144043,
2.9929745197296143,
0.7422071695327759,
-2.0510904788970947,
-0.7499445676803589,
-1.1774041652679443,
-4.218474388122559,
-3.367614984512329,
-1.5947984457015991,
-1.9709815979003906,
0.816474974155426,
1.7639751434326172,
-1.2854301929473877,
0.07071034610271454,
-0.9945805072784424,
1.6376495361328125,
-2.019855499267578,
0.10790067911148071,
-1.8887766599655151,
0.25052568316459656,
-1.2793312072753906,
-1.3623433113098145,
0.4811561703681946,
0.515690803527832,
-0.16834402084350586,
1.6579567193984985,
1.3049591779708862,
0.94600510597229,
0.5985189080238342,
0.5575423240661621,
-0.5350754857063293,
0.16901758313179016,
-1.8795899152755737,
-0.2822047173976898,
-1.1095861196517944,
-0.06557869911193848,
1.0073240995407104,
0.49681419134140015,
-0.07885622978210449,
-1.4184138774871826,
0.7792052030563354,
1.8049161434173584,
0.8496204018592834,
-1.330272912979126,
-0.35158616304397583,
-1.8679335117340088,
-1.0338852405548096,
1.6927380561828613,
1.7170878648757935,
1.5717167854309082,
2.35073184967041,
-2.425234317779541,
-1.9088071584701538,
-2.231595277786255,
0.4384618401527405,
1.590991735458374,
-1.1122809648513794,
-1.858017086982727,
0.09989047050476074,
-1.6521313190460205,
-1.5073206424713135,
1.3972718715667725,
0.7740336656570435,
-0.27457180619239807,
1.8786495923995972,
3.034489393234253,
-2.3010101318359375,
-0.8382927775382996,
-1.5669033527374268,
1.8061110973358154,
-1.1566038131713867,
-1.9948186874389648,
1.209825873374939,
2.8825809955596924,
1.8585240840911865,
0.5348138809204102,
-0.43678006529808044,
-2.223708391189575,
-0.6315423250198364,
0.8476134538650513,
-0.14485251903533936,
0.7111107110977173,
-1.2209110260009766,
-0.3707183599472046,
-0.750490665435791,
0.8694515228271484,
3.557462453842163,
-0.3544169068336487,
0.7214668393135071,
2.395305633544922,
0.45659390091896057,
0.602810800075531,
1.6048895120620728,
0.997827410697937,
-2.596322536468506,
-2.2257332801818848,
1.0595296621322632,
-2.7242226600646973,
0.12507924437522888,
-4.23158597946167,
2.509351968765259,
-0.6110740900039673,
-0.19216637313365936,
2.7747573852539062,
-3.2631824016571045,
-0.0742013156414032,
-2.30087947845459,
0.68068528175354,
0.8105797171592712,
-2.874088764190674,
-0.8586256504058838,
-1.6803858280181885,
0.5252249240875244,
0.29649195075035095,
0.554383397102356,
1.4600681066513062,
0.12107521295547485,
2.169131278991699,
1.838732123374939,
1.2249822616577148,
-0.35680699348449707,
-0.10551542043685913,
1.0208624601364136,
-0.5609734654426575,
-2.37719464302063,
0.5222152471542358,
0.6468731164932251,
2.4439427852630615,
1.2624191045761108,
1.2024176120758057,
1.7292550802230835,
0.3639755845069885,
-2.2254858016967773,
-1.8290774822235107,
-1.063490390777588,
0.03255748748779297,
1.2219926118850708,
1.9703612327575684,
1.0436564683914185,
2.4873509407043457,
1.5699032545089722,
0.3319263160228729,
-0.3630822002887726,
-3.2902047634124756,
0.5888925790786743,
-1.2803149223327637,
1.183699369430542,
0.22361892461776733,
0.10456621646881104,
2.0101397037506104,
-0.4031299948692322,
0.3502703011035919,
-0.7348635792732239,
-1.3820085525512695,
-0.1589672863483429,
-3.162687301635742,
0.43149226903915405,
-0.23034420609474182,
3.103816509246826,
0.10288730263710022,
2.8772401809692383,
-1.4684538841247559,
1.7308133840560913,
0.6903703212738037,
1.0493844747543335,
0.9187608361244202,
0.9108324646949768,
-0.6553987264633179,
-0.23773999512195587,
0.29046890139579773,
-0.36591672897338867,
-0.980329155921936,
0.16085371375083923,
-1.710674524307251,
1.1703237295150757,
1.742859125137329,
0.6929763555526733,
2.734665632247925,
-0.3159227967262268
] |
a question about time. | i have tried to understand the concept of time. every time someone tries to explain, it gets more complicated. explanations always try to mix time we perceive and space-time. what i understand is, as limited as it is, space time is completely different from the time we perceive everyday. i imagine something like space-time moves forward in space, while we are a moment in space-time which has a time of our own. the time we perceive grows in opposite direction (opposite in the sense, if space-time were to grow horizontally, our time grows vertically) to space-time. is it? | so let's start simply and build up. what is space? people seem to have a grasp on space, believe it exists. but what *is it*? well it's the set of measurements we can make with a ruler, right? i'm here, the tv's over there at some distance away, the sun is up there 8 light minutes away, and so forth. we could make a whole mess of measurements of distance, and then the angles between them, but there are some interesting mathematical properties that tell us that all we need are 3 distance measurements, each perpendicular to each other to accurately describe spatial location. so if space is what is measured with a ruler, time is what is measured by a clock. the clock need not be a human technological clock any more than the ruler need be a wooden meterstick. but think about what a ruler measures. it says: the length of this object is the same as this length on the ruler. so a clock says, 10 seconds separate these two events because a pendulum of a certain length has swung 10 times in from the first event to the second event. space is what you measure with a ruler, time is what you measure with a clock. | 10 | [] | [] | [] | [
0.6316750049591064,
1.658666968345642,
-0.32431507110595703,
0.6067084074020386,
-0.4022391140460968,
-1.0261772871017456,
-0.475702166557312,
-1.0896985530853271,
3.5313241481781006,
-1.364993929862976,
-0.0223415307700634,
-3.396455764770508,
0.14215920865535736,
-0.7156583666801453,
-0.5421820282936096,
-1.3980737924575806,
-1.181295394897461,
-0.06410892307758331,
-4.5735321044921875,
0.17851966619491577,
1.7340312004089355,
-1.1879770755767822,
-1.1453615427017212,
-0.12155003845691681,
0.4216139316558838,
1.017884373664856,
0.15955552458763123,
0.7867040634155273,
0.5715726613998413,
0.6659460067749023,
-1.2338756322860718,
-1.4092354774475098,
-0.7635265588760376,
-1.391553282737732,
0.3130142092704773,
1.3159840106964111,
0.4592075049877167,
1.5851974487304688,
0.7749766111373901,
0.6482707262039185,
0.553679347038269,
-0.7997931241989136,
1.9179645776748657,
1.8622065782546997,
1.3494327068328857,
3.6298811435699463,
0.7112094163894653,
1.8283884525299072,
-1.9235302209854126,
0.5900383591651917,
-1.8468451499938965,
0.9935480356216431,
-1.3788241147994995,
-0.5522801876068115,
-1.1849820613861084,
2.4951977729797363,
1.8726186752319336,
-1.3644720315933228,
1.167825698852539,
-1.5952446460723877,
-0.17504870891571045,
0.6558979749679565,
-1.0478954315185547,
0.9720468521118164,
0.6283428072929382,
-0.18373507261276245,
-0.9563128352165222,
-0.6617551445960999,
-2.840388774871826,
1.9558359384536743,
-0.8866358995437622,
0.5257132649421692,
-0.4994325041770935,
-0.47170722484588623,
1.6242414712905884,
-0.7524405717849731,
-0.423026978969574,
1.9048885107040405,
0.9965989589691162,
-0.3690340518951416,
1.069839358329773,
-1.4929488897323608,
-0.9896441698074341,
1.048355221748352,
0.904937744140625,
-0.612730860710144,
0.8203315734863281,
1.842151403427124,
1.1251591444015503,
-1.7688459157943726,
0.6898069381713867,
-1.422568917274475,
-2.5870752334594727,
1.9035953283309937,
-0.6642196178436279,
0.5056508779525757,
-1.418345332145691,
0.2208663821220398,
2.2515194416046143,
1.1509441137313843,
-1.4891293048858643,
1.8561583757400513,
-0.851986289024353,
2.7501673698425293,
0.4904276728630066,
-0.25758838653564453,
-1.1667907238006592,
-0.10763020813465118,
0.42953670024871826,
1.4658966064453125,
0.187789648771286,
-1.7717105150222778,
-0.7649222612380981,
0.15133360028266907,
0.6292298436164856,
-0.845479428768158,
-0.3044019341468811,
0.579378068447113,
0.268545925617218,
-1.548171043395996,
-1.6419357061386108,
-0.3279697299003601,
-0.45756369829177856,
-1.5322678089141846,
0.13366344571113586,
-0.46746501326560974,
1.4557418823242188,
2.161583662033081,
-1.4913941621780396,
-1.6042405366897583,
1.219606637954712,
-1.248197317123413,
-1.0519697666168213,
1.818747878074646,
-1.1595709323883057,
1.3269840478897095,
4.474730014801025,
-0.026249367743730545,
1.1372408866882324,
2.2131288051605225,
1.558246374130249,
0.6847670078277588,
3.047697067260742,
-0.9395521879196167,
3.1449685096740723,
1.4591822624206543,
-0.08913066983222961,
-0.9568375945091248,
0.3873479664325714,
-2.488691806793213,
-0.5792660713195801,
-1.6470674276351929,
0.5914077758789062,
-0.691819965839386,
-0.6738404035568237,
-0.0279046893119812,
-1.7372199296951294,
0.3172875642776489,
-1.3521225452423096,
-0.16697323322296143,
-1.6300777196884155,
1.4430652856826782,
0.7759063243865967,
0.587190568447113,
1.477669596672058,
0.9382145404815674,
0.447060227394104,
-2.4655978679656982,
0.5633168816566467,
1.1782950162887573,
1.9670629501342773,
-0.8305301070213318,
0.16006305813789368,
-0.12532085180282593,
1.3324668407440186,
-0.10261058807373047,
-2.096478223800659,
0.676927387714386,
0.5397500395774841,
0.6610409021377563,
-0.44099104404449463,
-0.8466867804527283,
2.7541913986206055,
-0.4505736827850342,
0.4121142029762268,
0.2234353870153427,
-0.4879499673843384,
1.9515631198883057,
-0.12056098878383636,
1.8779091835021973,
3.2025985717773438,
-1.2793735265731812,
0.6544370651245117,
2.1803276538848877,
-1.520108699798584,
0.23203426599502563,
1.6827768087387085,
0.018115900456905365,
0.7236959338188171,
-0.006843075156211853,
-1.0078999996185303,
-0.4635283648967743,
0.11257817596197128,
-0.6863869428634644,
1.2405802011489868,
-0.44475746154785156,
0.6323729753494263,
0.20204654335975647,
-2.41387939453125,
1.9832582473754883,
1.246583104133606,
-3.597842216491699,
-1.2066174745559692,
-1.6402050256729126,
1.732803463935852,
0.8969501256942749,
-1.871564507484436,
-2.887509346008301,
-2.797283411026001,
1.0347477197647095,
-0.9902180433273315,
0.4921027421951294,
-2.3430123329162598,
-1.9037199020385742,
-0.45006656646728516,
-1.3447086811065674,
-1.7768163681030273,
0.2832222878932953,
0.7559147477149963,
0.35937783122062683,
1.0394763946533203,
1.0969107151031494,
-0.6564301252365112,
1.9084665775299072,
-2.4141695499420166,
-0.8726395964622498,
-1.147580623626709,
-0.18559236824512482,
-0.7477504014968872,
-0.8056989312171936,
-0.2970494329929352,
-1.795868158340454,
-1.8883435726165771,
0.55729079246521,
0.6057938933372498,
-0.42952460050582886,
-0.4429379403591156,
-0.8480152487754822,
1.466961145401001,
2.040281295776367,
0.39601603150367737,
-2.0455057621002197,
-3.7761456966400146,
1.0961251258850098,
-2.4498705863952637,
-2.4715566635131836,
1.1632881164550781,
0.7630307078361511,
-0.5259162187576294,
-1.2389614582061768,
2.5446853637695312,
-0.8176912069320679,
0.21826371550559998,
-1.030091643333435,
3.3534750938415527,
2.836019277572632,
1.489539384841919,
0.98551344871521,
-0.8950926661491394,
0.09941624104976654,
0.5975247621536255,
0.26209065318107605,
-1.7077463865280151,
-0.7611315250396729,
-0.1662851870059967,
-2.132812738418579,
-0.24834299087524414,
1.4539985656738281,
-2.4450838565826416,
-0.3086079955101013,
-1.3592191934585571,
-1.4749641418457031,
2.2984187602996826,
2.1285855770111084,
0.5062558650970459,
-0.6562445759773254,
-0.4707810878753662,
1.5820330381393433,
2.1299705505371094,
0.5404566526412964,
0.4118071496486664,
1.617569923400879,
-0.10985015332698822,
-0.0004143565893173218,
0.07723059505224228,
0.4798111915588379,
-2.155660629272461,
-0.40847206115722656,
0.04517427086830139,
0.9771912097930908,
1.6686022281646729,
0.38379931449890137,
-1.429809331893921,
-0.39750179648399353,
0.35910168290138245,
0.5297120809555054,
2.1263222694396973,
1.456945538520813,
-1.1966540813446045,
0.008926324546337128,
0.10740547627210617,
-0.9182150363922119,
0.3216138184070587,
2.1296372413635254,
-0.9981388449668884,
2.3153367042541504,
-0.29223179817199707,
0.9320239424705505,
-0.300142377614975,
0.29511019587516785,
-2.0793042182922363,
-0.3977202773094177,
-0.22011467814445496,
-1.8356592655181885,
-0.4805866479873657,
-0.4189797043800354,
1.2624815702438354,
-0.4852287471294403,
-2.1385245323181152,
-0.6459450721740723,
0.21995195746421814,
-1.7787225246429443,
0.5486224889755249,
0.9133355021476746,
1.808753490447998,
-0.12493106722831726,
-1.2442996501922607,
-1.875680685043335,
-1.6526198387145996,
1.7111741304397583,
-0.6395285129547119,
-0.28369444608688354,
0.6375532746315002,
0.43649157881736755,
1.8976775407791138,
0.6008389592170715,
-2.505035877227783,
3.139096975326538,
0.027060478925704956,
-2.545570135116577,
0.17864903807640076,
2.0727288722991943,
1.7654072046279907,
0.09105420112609863,
-0.18297931551933289,
-2.160780906677246,
-1.6340922117233276,
1.7811279296875,
-0.22712065279483795,
0.15889009833335876,
-1.5538076162338257,
-1.4770967960357666,
-0.6774566173553467,
3.6264426708221436,
1.247288465499878,
1.6630030870437622,
-0.9969958066940308,
-1.4247339963912964,
-2.3805391788482666,
-0.44083625078201294,
-0.068372443318367,
2.447439670562744,
1.8196132183074951,
-2.7547123432159424,
2.3098087310791016,
-0.8799424171447754,
-0.9597456455230713,
1.061500072479248,
-3.1561923027038574,
-0.021900177001953125,
-1.0140560865402222,
0.7642685174942017,
-2.0043540000915527,
0.20388904213905334
] |
short question about time | so, if i stand still with a clock in my hand and someone with another clock moves relative to me, we will both disagree on what time it is, correct? (does it make a difference who moves and who stands still? i feel it should not, since our apparent motion depends on the frame of reference) meaning that from my point of view 10 minutes have passed, yet if i could take a peek on his watch (if it's actually somehow possible) it will maybe say only 5 minutes have passed. now lets say that in that moment the other person looks over at my clock. so it is 12:05 on his clock when he looks over. will that person look at my clock and see 12:10 or rather something between 12:00 and 12:05? i think that it should not be 12:10, since that would mean both of us could agree on the time when both of us looked (i look over at 12:10 and simultaneously he looks over and it's also 12:10 on my clock, so we could agree that we looked over at the same time) maybe i have confused one too many things, so please correct me. | check out [the twin paradox](_url_0_). you essentially grasped that time dilation from relative motion is entirely subjective - each frame will see their own clock ticking normally and the other, moving clock as ticking slower. here is when the wording is slightly tricky. it's hard to say "_in that moment_" as simultaneity is not necessarily consistent across the two frames. so let's change that to "he looks over at my clock when his clock ticks 12:05" - and the answer is that he'll see my clock at 12:02 and a half - the same thing you would observe if you peek over at his clock when your clock ticks 12:05. | 13 | [] | [] | [
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twin_paradox",
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relativity_of_simultaneity"
] | [
-0.1155807375907898,
0.2901725172996521,
0.1831614375114441,
0.08021338284015656,
-0.021418925374746323,
0.026125896722078323,
-0.3591378927230835,
-0.0473768413066864,
2.523668050765991,
-0.6434674263000488,
1.2552647590637207,
-0.04364428669214249,
-0.3167971670627594,
0.6914587020874023,
0.17291350662708282,
-1.8947570323944092,
0.2658006250858307,
0.13082589209079742,
-1.2459959983825684,
-0.33161282539367676,
0.5706196427345276,
-0.539147138595581,
-1.2381312847137451,
0.2994038462638855,
0.009834200143814087,
1.1637704372406006,
-0.15173229575157166,
0.8151504993438721,
0.616236686706543,
1.4424800872802734,
-0.748038649559021,
-0.1797841489315033,
-1.0599596500396729,
-1.246198296546936,
0.08468267321586609,
0.18241526186466217,
-0.2579396367073059,
2.402381658554077,
0.47925180196762085,
-0.45300060510635376,
0.7759225368499756,
-0.5108377933502197,
0.5753656625747681,
0.4804993271827698,
0.13998496532440186,
2.5786991119384766,
0.15137556195259094,
1.447517991065979,
-0.7845329642295837,
0.9981895089149475,
-1.1684718132019043,
0.38099128007888794,
-0.06715843081474304,
-1.4447200298309326,
-0.09906435012817383,
2.894345760345459,
1.630100131034851,
-0.6705566644668579,
0.1459326297044754,
-0.422006756067276,
-1.4383920431137085,
0.35679295659065247,
-1.685752511024475,
0.5072696208953857,
0.36799490451812744,
0.30774879455566406,
-0.927444577217102,
-1.3928325176239014,
-2.144190788269043,
0.36435481905937195,
0.18189917504787445,
0.10560150444507599,
0.19313016533851624,
0.20698153972625732,
-0.015588030219078064,
-2.033742666244507,
-0.19009269773960114,
0.11467306315898895,
-1.0793428421020508,
-0.972735583782196,
0.5865099430084229,
-1.4830414056777954,
-1.0182133913040161,
0.682957112789154,
-1.1440749168395996,
-1.3737492561340332,
0.27891623973846436,
0.47684621810913086,
-0.10078167170286179,
-0.8253676891326904,
-0.5179837942123413,
-0.34279680252075195,
-1.1513148546218872,
-0.5852970480918884,
0.3728104829788208,
0.3593428134918213,
-1.200642466545105,
1.046512246131897,
0.117094025015831,
0.8430602550506592,
-1.1206932067871094,
0.384276807308197,
-2.0434346199035645,
2.4526710510253906,
0.10903090238571167,
-0.6458591818809509,
-0.7256590127944946,
0.36373889446258545,
0.5809172987937927,
-0.1602281630039215,
0.44041454792022705,
-0.957332968711853,
1.0986602306365967,
0.30023229122161865,
0.6612943410873413,
-0.40703266859054565,
-0.41077718138694763,
0.0741078108549118,
0.5109344720840454,
-0.37738704681396484,
0.32595402002334595,
0.023432433605194092,
-0.6179496645927429,
-0.2603490650653839,
-1.2316455841064453,
-0.26220399141311646,
2.015902519226074,
0.719635009765625,
-0.21236754953861237,
-0.7359259128570557,
1.3706626892089844,
-1.3646548986434937,
-0.8345227241516113,
1.2985270023345947,
-1.1473876237869263,
0.22006720304489136,
3.0928001403808594,
0.4115749001502991,
1.3341906070709229,
-1.029738426208496,
0.5313670635223389,
-0.16134010255336761,
-0.6040036082267761,
-0.2428446114063263,
1.2854335308074951,
1.2715977430343628,
0.42082399129867554,
-0.3972916007041931,
0.18143293261528015,
-2.056302547454834,
-1.026881217956543,
-1.2118592262268066,
0.4946068227291107,
0.5336799025535583,
-0.6221243143081665,
-0.7572125196456909,
-0.38948553800582886,
0.42000073194503784,
-0.9486807584762573,
0.5192996859550476,
-0.3339875638484955,
0.7092652320861816,
-0.5812755227088928,
-1.1519454717636108,
0.6128588318824768,
0.18580257892608643,
0.5563245415687561,
-1.0513502359390259,
1.2436542510986328,
0.2791312336921692,
0.15509340167045593,
-0.6265741586685181,
-1.5895686149597168,
0.4447390139102936,
0.37973660230636597,
1.5055568218231201,
-1.269150972366333,
0.4832999110221863,
-0.4695974290370941,
0.23037955164909363,
0.017782002687454224,
-1.0620564222335815,
0.6430290937423706,
0.3105860948562622,
1.3321995735168457,
-0.6840753555297852,
-0.07753483951091766,
1.0609822273254395,
0.27534544467926025,
0.567504346370697,
0.22777098417282104,
-1.9368200302124023,
0.16627384722232819,
0.4951883554458618,
-0.1713653802871704,
-0.8005660772323608,
0.7875679731369019,
1.2177786827087402,
0.2813331186771393,
-0.0044412314891815186,
-2.731687545776367,
0.6431276798248291,
1.6496713161468506,
-1.202219843864441,
1.101287603378296,
0.7333759665489197,
-0.3479556739330292,
-0.467642217874527,
0.8940048813819885,
0.35983890295028687,
0.49320024251937866,
-1.0317903757095337,
-0.4141715168952942,
-0.013661697506904602,
1.2566938400268555,
1.504305362701416,
-1.2718840837478638,
-0.6136335134506226,
0.4352468252182007,
-0.2657203674316406,
-0.2050895094871521,
0.7862456440925598,
-2.290792226791382,
-1.5486392974853516,
-0.8291540145874023,
-0.5787622928619385,
-0.8802764415740967,
1.7459352016448975,
0.38861846923828125,
-0.17895935475826263,
0.22802862524986267,
2.5349483489990234,
0.6935274600982666,
0.31575220823287964,
-0.03934517502784729,
-0.998029887676239,
-1.5114104747772217,
0.18227910995483398,
0.21380624175071716,
0.3250964283943176,
0.5508005023002625,
-0.14250284433364868,
-0.28123149275779724,
1.2677884101867676,
1.472678780555725,
0.23609048128128052,
-1.4055984020233154,
-1.3983720541000366,
2.2366604804992676,
0.27117496728897095,
0.4634239375591278,
-0.7668581604957581,
-1.6906484365463257,
0.25051432847976685,
-2.7486095428466797,
-0.9911990165710449,
1.544394612312317,
0.9633893966674805,
-0.6695461869239807,
-0.5796512961387634,
0.9207132458686829,
-1.5349875688552856,
-0.6784486174583435,
-0.2527357041835785,
0.4944698214530945,
0.824988603591919,
0.4173327684402466,
0.5610459446907043,
-1.1005053520202637,
0.3839533030986786,
-1.0746679306030273,
1.2312242984771729,
-0.1350528597831726,
1.262498378753662,
-1.265504002571106,
-1.0038509368896484,
0.9124674797058105,
0.44139227271080017,
-2.1712985038757324,
0.1718374639749527,
-0.5733105540275574,
-1.6944372653961182,
0.6015317440032959,
0.5312482714653015,
0.32516446709632874,
-1.1295263767242432,
0.9374875426292419,
-0.2795070707798004,
1.1884032487869263,
-0.33476704359054565,
-0.4696272015571594,
1.3740037679672241,
1.291428804397583,
-0.3639429211616516,
0.33296483755111694,
0.1977662742137909,
-1.8008615970611572,
-0.9433385133743286,
0.12255984544754028,
0.4622111916542053,
0.8142154216766357,
-0.2309778928756714,
-0.7645707130432129,
-0.34460702538490295,
-0.40351298451423645,
0.7214399576187134,
1.0832716226577759,
0.31126147508621216,
-2.327773094177246,
0.24555864930152893,
-0.5129910707473755,
0.3503172993659973,
-0.24825221300125122,
0.32669931650161743,
-0.555080771446228,
1.4801230430603027,
1.0999244451522827,
1.3409340381622314,
-1.0905057191848755,
0.0811818391084671,
-1.060350775718689,
-1.3723936080932617,
0.3412434160709381,
-0.7254995107650757,
1.2305697202682495,
-0.2920706868171692,
2.372807264328003,
-0.14013248682022095,
-1.5204663276672363,
-0.3295880854129791,
-0.26376861333847046,
-1.0970255136489868,
1.2453793287277222,
-1.2208876609802246,
1.3536103963851929,
0.17236855626106262,
-1.3075430393218994,
-1.3794057369232178,
-0.4870319962501526,
1.2851297855377197,
1.7329930067062378,
0.1221269965171814,
0.53121417760849,
-0.08625548332929611,
0.36863070726394653,
1.2608563899993896,
-0.830906867980957,
2.3361904621124268,
0.5289071798324585,
-0.8216008543968201,
0.7208147048950195,
1.0689325332641602,
2.235508918762207,
0.2491135597229004,
0.1384076327085495,
-1.8014745712280273,
-1.5015168190002441,
1.859238862991333,
0.673136293888092,
-0.5454410314559937,
-0.3793249726295471,
-0.3436131477355957,
-1.2857403755187988,
2.009028196334839,
1.5684329271316528,
-0.24894410371780396,
1.550718069076538,
-0.6484590768814087,
-1.4825115203857422,
-1.0596128702163696,
-0.6984617710113525,
1.902202844619751,
1.7051801681518555,
-1.4076223373413086,
1.8447177410125732,
-1.2583296298980713,
0.6253901124000549,
-0.25522828102111816,
-1.9720251560211182,
0.6199925541877747,
1.1622906923294067,
1.8559417724609375,
-0.9390487670898438,
-0.38252437114715576
] |
what is the first step in initiating a movement? is it in the basal ganglia, or primary motor cortex? | i understand that these is coordination between the basal ganglia and the primary motor cortex (or supplementary motor area), but where is the first firing of axons when i want to move my arm? | if you artificially electrically stimulate the motor cortex (or supplementary or premotor) that would elicit movement. the the basal ganglia have more of a regulatory role though we without them functioning properly you will have a hard time inititating movement as seen in parkinson's disease. but it becomes a rather philosophical question going into free will since the motor cortex neuron didn't just suddeny fire beacuse it was willed, it was stimulated by other neurons and where that started is impossible to tell. _url_0_ (electrical stimulation of monkey motor cortex). | 4 | [] | [] | [
"http://jn.physiology.org/content/94/6/4209"
] | [
0.1083574891090393,
-0.7534541487693787,
0.31587910652160645,
-0.15389281511306763,
-1.8280153274536133,
0.5726383328437805,
0.9243857860565186,
0.4240034520626068,
1.7214906215667725,
0.6885766386985779,
1.8024678230285645,
1.0179390907287598,
0.06394234299659729,
0.961651623249054,
-0.5848702788352966,
0.04887884855270386,
0.22199669480323792,
-0.913087785243988,
-2.1201069355010986,
0.6481518149375916,
1.375649094581604,
0.6297010183334351,
1.017148494720459,
-1.2226152420043945,
-2.913494825363159,
-0.7722446918487549,
0.24030759930610657,
-0.46735113859176636,
0.213816836476326,
-0.6396437883377075,
-0.5491589307785034,
0.16333122551441193,
-1.2804679870605469,
-0.8348824381828308,
-1.3165282011032104,
-0.31522101163864136,
-0.9519233703613281,
0.5585801601409912,
0.6064378023147583,
0.13828933238983154,
0.24928595125675201,
-0.8713821768760681,
-0.0016559958457946777,
1.5896235704421997,
0.7250187397003174,
2.3631136417388916,
1.1477652788162231,
-1.0481796264648438,
-0.6449894905090332,
-1.0223495960235596,
-0.30637654662132263,
0.4775376617908478,
0.4439171552658081,
-0.15761089324951172,
0.22174009680747986,
1.7997510433197021,
-0.43815314769744873,
0.3436042070388794,
0.023495271801948547,
1.5147355794906616,
-1.292502999305725,
0.6075975894927979,
-0.39504364132881165,
0.6646420359611511,
1.3624486923217773,
-0.5490960478782654,
-0.20356649160385132,
-0.40822672843933105,
0.2567947208881378,
2.0161495208740234,
1.1268671751022339,
-1.4485197067260742,
-0.5352343320846558,
-0.12168190628290176,
1.0853190422058105,
0.637631893157959,
-1.028744101524353,
0.6184808015823364,
-0.21484176814556122,
-3.3944222927093506,
0.03341830521821976,
2.2111282348632812,
-0.4212026596069336,
0.0670175850391388,
0.5060256719589233,
2.1289265155792236,
0.5435643196105957,
-0.7196054458618164,
-1.2150602340698242,
0.711860179901123,
-0.5822140574455261,
-1.1500154733657837,
-0.4630674719810486,
-1.4448566436767578,
-0.43509021401405334,
0.06208324432373047,
0.37415915727615356,
-1.4533509016036987,
-1.2951843738555908,
-1.0718109607696533,
-0.8932130336761475,
0.9914958477020264,
-2.057593584060669,
0.1848907768726349,
-1.303565263748169,
-0.3258205056190491,
0.46406906843185425,
-0.6435046792030334,
-1.107107400894165,
1.4883613586425781,
-0.9199899435043335,
-1.03436279296875,
1.0171873569488525,
0.2766323983669281,
0.5777168273925781,
-0.7155443429946899,
-0.322331964969635,
0.3979678750038147,
1.0682018995285034,
-0.7399364709854126,
-0.2975381016731262,
-2.1770970821380615,
-0.8299540281295776,
0.5072641372680664,
0.9008622169494629,
-1.2820892333984375,
-0.6169131398200989,
1.175405740737915,
1.0356005430221558,
0.054677464067935944,
-0.10819704085588455,
-0.1031750813126564,
-0.42243456840515137,
0.6085842847824097,
-0.49761348962783813,
-0.41735076904296875,
1.986600637435913,
0.16761291027069092,
-1.3506615161895752,
0.2945118248462677,
0.8065730333328247,
1.4362343549728394,
0.39684823155403137,
-0.313473105430603,
-1.3335239887237549,
-0.9451683163642883,
0.5864881873130798,
-1.952246904373169,
1.0724931955337524,
0.7913216352462769,
-1.0329943895339966,
-1.5539239645004272,
0.7424159049987793,
-0.44148313999176025,
-0.7954336404800415,
0.2835150361061096,
-0.5757842659950256,
0.9892701506614685,
-0.6222273707389832,
0.3585253655910492,
-1.1854537725448608,
-0.6078835725784302,
-0.3430747985839844,
1.5219659805297852,
1.7203021049499512,
-0.28167924284935,
-0.3979543447494507,
-0.8164573907852173,
0.051229048520326614,
-0.8415654897689819,
-0.6531404256820679,
-0.891201376914978,
-1.2620596885681152,
0.8542711138725281,
0.5724940896034241,
-1.3531291484832764,
-2.1026082038879395,
-1.7316038608551025,
-0.7046287059783936,
0.08416619896888733,
1.3934820890426636,
-1.9908998012542725,
0.40750569105148315,
1.128872275352478,
-1.0611817836761475,
0.010027274489402771,
0.004851081874221563,
0.3181898295879364,
-0.0244753360748291,
0.14647898077964783,
-0.5305482745170593,
0.6014701128005981,
0.00520893931388855,
0.19310837984085083,
-0.4420962333679199,
-0.8112286329269409,
0.583220899105072,
-0.877451479434967,
-1.3820362091064453,
-0.7005166411399841,
-0.6559020280838013,
-1.4660680294036865,
-0.8389135599136353,
-1.57155442237854,
-1.0708403587341309,
-0.012066870927810669,
-1.116382122039795,
-0.4449232220649719,
-0.2709771394729614,
-1.6377136707305908,
-0.6380409002304077,
0.09302440285682678,
2.499884843826294,
0.045822352170944214,
1.253272533416748,
0.9869177937507629,
-2.5401768684387207,
0.4567563831806183,
0.3859435021877289,
-0.5505263209342957,
0.8333779573440552,
0.7319274544715881,
-0.042632877826690674,
-1.0907377004623413,
-2.418849468231201,
0.024373799562454224,
0.31803077459335327,
1.10707426071167,
0.14931686222553253,
1.246664047241211,
0.19069352746009827,
-0.5781772136688232,
-0.6033242344856262,
0.8648507595062256,
0.055083200335502625,
0.05803161859512329,
0.8626538515090942,
-0.10387936234474182,
1.2015774250030518,
-1.6102163791656494,
-2.096383571624756,
0.808072030544281,
-0.40141427516937256,
1.324059009552002,
0.049520522356033325,
1.8133009672164917,
-0.10209691524505615,
0.048058658838272095,
1.6803160905838013,
1.615943193435669,
-0.2796732187271118,
2.037769317626953,
-1.3811419010162354,
1.3836628198623657,
-0.14388032257556915,
0.17959682643413544,
-1.5421808958053589,
0.05803294479846954,
1.0449098348617554,
0.2599823474884033,
-0.1731388419866562,
0.30332157015800476,
-0.05142626166343689,
-0.9400997757911682,
1.2529754638671875,
0.9744107723236084,
0.5753750801086426,
1.8153150081634521,
0.0696602314710617,
0.7727193832397461,
-0.8727962970733643,
-0.7078980803489685,
-0.002909541130065918,
1.4107367992401123,
0.8705155849456787,
0.552718460559845,
-0.703525960445404,
-1.4657883644104004,
-0.3189510703086853,
-0.3510357141494751,
0.21905040740966797,
-2.8993027210235596,
1.3331037759780884,
-0.4336993098258972,
0.09753009676933289,
-0.7082700133323669,
-0.17249774932861328,
-0.5043296217918396,
0.8530464172363281,
-0.4410010278224945,
0.16508954763412476,
2.4051709175109863,
2.146897792816162,
-0.4933803975582123,
1.445420265197754,
2.2227377891540527,
0.5974749326705933,
-0.6794925332069397,
0.21602025628089905,
0.13224059343338013,
0.367293119430542,
-1.5048835277557373,
-1.306167483329773,
-0.8485898971557617,
0.0650300458073616,
-0.37431931495666504,
0.6215758919715881,
-1.4150478839874268,
-0.13961100578308105,
-1.0222220420837402,
-0.06747820973396301,
0.5336027145385742,
1.0721194744110107,
0.6164607405662537,
-1.103818655014038,
0.46597567200660706,
-0.1849859654903412,
0.4432002007961273,
-0.46313807368278503,
0.6104000806808472,
1.338641881942749,
-0.2028033584356308,
1.8342188596725464,
0.6335424184799194,
1.6241130828857422,
-0.43159496784210205,
-0.33591341972351074,
0.2135772705078125,
-1.4643032550811768,
0.5156095623970032,
1.032881259918213,
1.8646955490112305,
1.4663527011871338,
0.05717262625694275,
1.2537524700164795,
1.5012127161026,
0.3563481569290161,
0.8732599020004272,
-1.0843613147735596,
0.015605393797159195,
0.1949445903301239,
0.08767756819725037,
0.2757914364337921,
1.471144199371338,
0.4323841631412506,
-0.07507788389921188,
-0.5281792879104614,
0.16233599185943604,
-1.6584454774856567,
-0.44973552227020264,
0.5752501487731934,
0.922560453414917,
0.9929318428039551,
1.052261233329773,
-0.15360423922538757,
-0.3647618293762207,
-0.9986374378204346,
0.22199746966362,
0.13817471265792847,
-0.6989628076553345,
-0.01580047607421875,
-0.07054540514945984,
0.06929948925971985,
3.0119285583496094,
-0.6936520338058472,
0.520103394985199,
0.526823878288269,
-1.1876569986343384,
-0.31822192668914795,
-0.09808388352394104,
-0.42781394720077515,
2.0600740909576416,
1.3311327695846558,
-1.426023244857788,
0.12893493473529816,
0.3196566700935364,
-0.4881927967071533,
0.27560967206954956,
-2.6922659873962402,
0.26920440793037415,
-0.1709287315607071,
2.5964345932006836,
0.6666969060897827,
-0.9712111353874207
] |
what are these two slugs doing? | i've seen plenty of slugs around my backyard, but never two slugs [doing whatever these are doing](_url_0_) with this opaque object between them. thanks much! | the slugs are [mating](_url_1_). the white object between them is a sexual organ that is everted from the area of the slug's head during mating. you can see the dividing line between the organ from each slug in your photo. edit: [here is a video](_url_0_) of a different species of slug mating that does this while dangling in air. | 11 | [] | [
"http://i.imgur.com/22F2tyg.jpg"
] | [
"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CnnIk-6wR00",
"http://oregonstate.edu/dept/nurspest/Europeanredslug%20closeup%203.htm"
] | [
-0.48831695318222046,
0.32942697405815125,
0.8532198667526245,
0.22606207430362701,
-0.9503058791160583,
-0.2680630683898926,
1.3571922779083252,
-1.1141870021820068,
1.1453458070755005,
1.1943291425704956,
1.3813724517822266,
-0.6703014969825745,
-0.7926350831985474,
0.6773084402084351,
0.27738338708877563,
-0.46984365582466125,
-0.3500933051109314,
-0.4731505513191223,
-0.06233936548233032,
1.1435127258300781,
1.3771536350250244,
0.4246654808521271,
-0.410386860370636,
-0.31047362089157104,
-2.014321804046631,
-2.283517837524414,
-1.8197031021118164,
0.7529463768005371,
-0.11351340264081955,
-0.6545491218566895,
0.8907723426818848,
-0.13202932476997375,
-0.6794389486312866,
0.21809886395931244,
-0.7240056991577148,
-0.48401370644569397,
-1.4896552562713623,
-0.6630021333694458,
0.6854119300842285,
-0.26863446831703186,
0.30548569560050964,
-1.630755066871643,
0.12705598771572113,
0.12744905054569244,
-0.62326979637146,
1.2206840515136719,
-1.820086121559143,
-0.4722626209259033,
0.24876916408538818,
0.38256680965423584,
-0.9857197403907776,
-0.27522021532058716,
-2.136833429336548,
1.6655144691467285,
1.7755367755889893,
0.09068664908409119,
0.501823365688324,
-0.43460899591445923,
0.18911811709403992,
-0.6394148468971252,
1.2664439678192139,
1.4443285465240479,
-0.2583501935005188,
1.7182329893112183,
-0.8123461008071899,
-1.1989998817443848,
-0.9714889526367188,
0.7785754203796387,
0.12082330137491226,
0.35451993346214294,
0.2055949568748474,
0.4550743103027344,
-0.8809480667114258,
0.08611923456192017,
0.17571991682052612,
1.2149847745895386,
-0.6177929639816284,
-0.2361603081226349,
-0.30548742413520813,
-0.5404548645019531,
-0.6722216606140137,
-0.7536890506744385,
-1.034618616104126,
0.2729911804199219,
-0.5444021224975586,
1.0502111911773682,
-0.20590165257453918,
-2.144650459289551,
-1.5618587732315063,
-0.6898365616798401,
-0.6273708343505859,
-0.029541015625,
-0.4763815402984619,
0.06884385645389557,
-1.5422933101654053,
0.7285482883453369,
1.3044636249542236,
-0.44545742869377136,
0.06553596258163452,
-0.23618391156196594,
-0.19737118482589722,
1.029907464981079,
0.22376808524131775,
-0.279484361410141,
-0.29123803973197937,
0.49867963790893555,
-0.7116926312446594,
-0.534845232963562,
0.9710291624069214,
1.7702672481536865,
-1.0023187398910522,
-1.1537902355194092,
0.7080470323562622,
0.9467199444770813,
-0.2833232879638672,
-0.3940909802913666,
1.101848840713501,
0.18441066145896912,
-0.32330358028411865,
-0.5464959740638733,
0.45622342824935913,
-0.491674542427063,
0.06501609086990356,
0.16678819060325623,
0.5753124952316284,
-0.5979195237159729,
1.0277563333511353,
1.2147618532180786,
0.8808691501617432,
-1.396451473236084,
0.07436610758304596,
-0.6403903961181641,
0.7200757265090942,
-0.12792909145355225,
-0.6649206876754761,
0.033882856369018555,
0.2038346379995346,
0.08766159415245056,
-1.7176189422607422,
0.2247900664806366,
0.07250092923641205,
-0.028948776423931122,
0.42191192507743835,
-0.09601572155952454,
0.7636764049530029,
-0.05366155505180359,
-0.259688138961792,
-0.1091218888759613,
-0.2937949597835541,
0.6986918449401855,
-0.47179296612739563,
-1.6057590246200562,
0.011168732307851315,
0.35687968134880066,
-1.2119982242584229,
-0.7946810722351074,
-0.717355489730835,
0.7577522993087769,
1.1785330772399902,
0.7749770283699036,
-0.787312388420105,
0.5233274102210999,
0.6414607763290405,
0.48464930057525635,
0.5182163715362549,
-0.9146172404289246,
-0.5506594777107239,
0.36278846859931946,
0.024772968143224716,
-0.5704073309898376,
-0.24528035521507263,
-0.017249025404453278,
-0.6078281402587891,
0.3264305591583252,
-0.07406098395586014,
0.41742661595344543,
-0.3623758852481842,
0.3877516984939575,
0.5931264758110046,
1.1730916500091553,
0.9118646383285522,
0.9214739799499512,
1.0169005393981934,
0.5058283805847168,
0.18800179660320282,
-1.5358824729919434,
-0.6010502576828003,
0.19961008429527283,
0.16455519199371338,
-0.7513983249664307,
0.46054282784461975,
-0.19218182563781738,
0.3462778329849243,
0.504658579826355,
-0.10031762719154358,
0.18825607001781464,
0.7295234203338623,
0.6158653497695923,
0.310091495513916,
0.0003179013729095459,
-0.6042724251747131,
-1.7764396667480469,
-0.5024898052215576,
-0.45455026626586914,
-0.2796604633331299,
0.9138488173484802,
1.4449889659881592,
-0.9669654965400696,
0.07260200381278992,
0.4956133961677551,
-0.8400553464889526,
-0.7861353158950806,
-1.0304921865463257,
-0.6261113882064819,
0.6753883361816406,
-0.4047219753265381,
-0.005671046674251556,
1.0670968294143677,
-0.7646253108978271,
-0.413603276014328,
0.15738172829151154,
-0.9792745113372803,
0.17961502075195312,
-0.7237536907196045,
0.20040404796600342,
0.4084542989730835,
-0.46659374237060547,
0.6182315945625305,
0.1299799680709839,
1.5737888813018799,
-0.24529767036437988,
0.279307097196579,
-0.1517551839351654,
1.0529035329818726,
-0.7592129707336426,
-0.01974588632583618,
0.6996871829032898,
0.40862295031547546,
1.1131689548492432,
-0.8479660749435425,
0.40051472187042236,
0.38529807329177856,
-0.07770702242851257,
0.6575181484222412,
-0.5614546537399292,
0.1690528392791748,
0.25920525193214417,
0.2452758550643921,
0.021646276116371155,
0.4507617950439453,
0.8958337306976318,
0.0862528458237648,
-1.1911996603012085,
-0.04633837193250656,
1.1019076108932495,
-0.6446360945701599,
-0.029232650995254517,
-0.09040842950344086,
0.7384674549102783,
-0.07458320260047913,
-0.07434506714344025,
1.1555062532424927,
0.24154597520828247,
-1.3481165170669556,
0.8268836140632629,
-0.4422066807746887,
0.5888577699661255,
1.3553965091705322,
-0.12069617211818695,
-0.3946971297264099,
-1.1085059642791748,
0.6115763187408447,
-0.030290663242340088,
0.9568884372711182,
0.523571789264679,
-0.45959264039993286,
-0.8941717743873596,
-1.7188441753387451,
-0.016041068360209465,
0.5869837999343872,
-0.8662103414535522,
0.2051367461681366,
0.36801618337631226,
-0.3887810707092285,
-1.0465404987335205,
0.14710243046283722,
0.18069526553153992,
0.35541337728500366,
-0.11313094943761826,
-0.031179998070001602,
0.36949533224105835,
0.1393030285835266,
-0.3396582305431366,
-1.3900597095489502,
1.186434030532837,
0.4881327152252197,
-0.21344074606895447,
-0.5349803566932678,
0.3920811414718628,
-0.25867438316345215,
0.24235770106315613,
-0.42290353775024414,
0.01614317297935486,
0.8127649426460266,
-0.6143589019775391,
1.417359709739685,
0.7459608316421509,
0.13199830055236816,
-0.44482922554016113,
-0.597828209400177,
-0.20051607489585876,
1.0969692468643188,
0.8443631529808044,
-0.7507176399230957,
1.039994716644287,
1.1108020544052124,
0.05838969349861145,
-0.8272192478179932,
0.921218752861023,
0.5143164992332458,
0.4276149570941925,
0.3845489025115967,
-0.34558987617492676,
0.12009690701961517,
-0.5090147256851196,
-0.8359445333480835,
0.1835205852985382,
-0.6151983737945557,
0.05199933424592018,
0.8125268220901489,
0.5822389125823975,
1.339917778968811,
1.1931202411651611,
0.4904652237892151,
1.0197899341583252,
0.15696892142295837,
0.6134235858917236,
-0.47776180505752563,
-0.6460134983062744,
-0.46298691630363464,
-2.107335090637207,
-0.1654844880104065,
-0.2753385603427887,
-0.27685707807540894,
-1.2960891723632812,
-0.2042182981967926,
-0.77482008934021,
-0.9985880851745605,
-0.9700440168380737,
-0.4752408266067505,
1.2363226413726807,
0.15886443853378296,
-0.5659942626953125,
1.5640523433685303,
1.037796139717102,
0.43647852540016174,
-0.930168867111206,
0.5118927359580994,
0.5766926407814026,
0.2637391984462738,
0.2723809778690338,
0.26257312297821045,
0.9214839935302734,
0.5386526584625244,
-0.3216851055622101,
0.29347217082977295,
0.7619831562042236,
-0.5487265586853027,
0.038829505443573,
0.3901532292366028,
-0.6460154056549072,
0.3176783323287964,
0.0007517114281654358,
-1.6966838836669922,
-2.205099105834961,
-0.7184863090515137,
-0.14731134474277496,
0.7078828811645508,
-0.02458357810974121,
0.6759210824966431,
1.107764720916748,
-0.9573608040809631,
0.5632457733154297,
1.4002418518066406
] |
about tranquilizers | hey there /r/askscience so recently, i found really curious about tranquilizer guns. or, darts, or any sort of injection. there are all those games (*cough*metal gear solid*cough*) where you shot a single dart into an enemy, and he instantly falls asleep without making a sound. this really makes me wonder, how accurate is this in relation to real life. let me actually put this in a few questions: **note**: i don't know about different substances, so, lets say we're talking about the same tranquilizer that people use on their dogs (or other pets). so basically.. 1) is the effect dependent on substance divided by body mass, like most substances (i know of)? 2) if you shot me with a dart, that doesn't have an enormous amount of substance - say, no more then two times the substance for a 40kg dog - would i instantly fall asleep? 3) **extra question** can anybody explain how exactly tranquilizers work? from the chemo-biological side, how the interact with body systems in a way that puts living creatures to sleep? | 1) yes. dosages for tranquilizers are given in milligrams per kilogram body weight. 2) no. duration of the effect and time until onset and peak plasma levels depend on many factors, namely the tranquilizer in question, dosage, body weight, type of infusion (bolus - all at once versus infusion over time such as an iv). of course, a tranquilizer dart would inject a bolus, but the amount injected still matters. despite this, there is no instant-onset. there may be very rapid-acting substances, but the chemical must be metabolized and localized to the area of effect which will take some time. a relevant realm would be that of paralytics. certain insect venoms can have very fast-acting paralytics, but these are different from tranquilizers (sedatives) 3) not all tranquilizers are the same. different ones work via different mechanisms, and a great many chemicals can have anesthetic effects. i'm a bit confused as to what the question is because of this. a tranquilizer could refer to a paralytic (stops motor function through inhibition of acetylcholine), a sedative (reduced consciousness, multiple mechanisms), or an anesthetic (loss of consciousness completely). some classes of drugs that have sedative effects would be benzodiazepines and barbiturates (work on gaba receptors), opioids, antihistimines, nonbenzodiazepines, and various other (more obscurely classified) drugs. due to the broad nature of this question i skimmed over some details and probably left a few things out. edit: in general, most "tranquilizers" act on neurotransmitters in the brain, often inhibiting them. there is a vast array of neurotransmitters with somewhat overlapping functions (in a broad sense, such as movement, cognition, mood, etc). | 5 | [] | [] | [] | [
-2.415640354156494,
-0.5715389847755432,
0.7853837013244629,
-0.4576505422592163,
0.0013777874410152435,
-0.7390856146812439,
5.001039981842041,
0.8160143494606018,
1.2473514080047607,
0.6427649259567261,
1.6366395950317383,
2.387960195541382,
-0.21019473671913147,
0.3892844617366791,
1.822005033493042,
0.14266520738601685,
3.798430919647217,
1.058958888053894,
-5.515763759613037,
2.3563101291656494,
1.0576741695404053,
2.1948602199554443,
-2.141671895980835,
0.450570672750473,
-2.148223638534546,
1.0130056142807007,
-0.10562584549188614,
-1.1125249862670898,
-0.17970113456249237,
0.16493913531303406,
-1.0944373607635498,
2.5104663372039795,
-3.177825689315796,
-2.279038429260254,
-2.569439172744751,
0.049226030707359314,
-2.0681183338165283,
1.6735751628875732,
0.6338802576065063,
-1.0857781171798706,
0.4597192406654358,
0.6886318922042847,
-2.1700475215911865,
3.0514492988586426,
-0.9012699723243713,
1.983628511428833,
-1.714978575706482,
-1.1182820796966553,
-0.5032578110694885,
1.4347032308578491,
-0.3502250909805298,
0.6871076822280884,
-2.5849406719207764,
4.6328535079956055,
-1.5605734586715698,
-4.172563552856445,
-1.5836468935012817,
1.6795923709869385,
-4.326145648956299,
2.3495824337005615,
-2.47129225730896,
2.1607117652893066,
-1.6580458879470825,
1.763272762298584,
4.729056358337402,
1.0891520977020264,
1.0052043199539185,
-1.0854886770248413,
2.412214756011963,
4.738326549530029,
0.34807443618774414,
-1.4714410305023193,
0.5406424403190613,
-1.0883055925369263,
0.45807236433029175,
-0.6117616891860962,
-0.6531716585159302,
0.6331515908241272,
-0.044726379215717316,
-1.1952255964279175,
2.7813546657562256,
-2.0099098682403564,
-2.012723207473755,
-0.31022822856903076,
-0.25580930709838867,
2.339789390563965,
0.07252044975757599,
0.4601062834262848,
-1.2780603170394897,
1.779327154159546,
-2.0134756565093994,
1.9164799451828003,
2.8974454402923584,
-2.4739882946014404,
1.3088624477386475,
0.4222073554992676,
2.6722609996795654,
0.19244328141212463,
-0.9462066292762756,
0.257544606924057,
-0.8145260810852051,
2.283018112182617,
-5.486271858215332,
1.2399005889892578,
-0.45185956358909607,
-2.773435115814209,
1.082541823387146,
-2.924687147140503,
-1.2805694341659546,
3.613523006439209,
-1.1171396970748901,
-0.8537925481796265,
3.6467034816741943,
-1.977617621421814,
-0.7928860187530518,
2.238382577896118,
-1.3508013486862183,
1.884617805480957,
0.5679692029953003,
-2.169071912765503,
0.5432623624801636,
-2.784755229949951,
-0.07998210191726685,
-0.8853543996810913,
2.350738525390625,
1.9419156312942505,
1.5585155487060547,
2.0107903480529785,
0.17648878693580627,
-0.6797360777854919,
2.5461418628692627,
2.1478686332702637,
0.4951463043689728,
1.1590683460235596,
-1.5100547075271606,
-0.5186821818351746,
3.8851428031921387,
-1.0140489339828491,
-2.71567964553833,
2.4243555068969727,
-1.7413980960845947,
5.279144763946533,
1.6065419912338257,
-1.7717998027801514,
-0.5404194593429565,
0.7044477462768555,
2.4090936183929443,
-3.3536477088928223,
-0.005383677780628204,
-0.9136084914207458,
-3.972710371017456,
-0.11675156652927399,
0.35432618856430054,
0.7208665013313293,
-1.0306429862976074,
1.7445621490478516,
-2.649447202682495,
-0.2941546142101288,
-0.30574744939804077,
0.8742719888687134,
-3.8001954555511475,
0.3279998302459717,
-1.0954937934875488,
3.161234140396118,
0.4060100317001343,
0.7040056586265564,
-0.7626304626464844,
-2.9736475944519043,
-0.3640284538269043,
1.0843316316604614,
-1.2246135473251343,
-1.3490827083587646,
0.7960485219955444,
-4.811275482177734,
-3.4655308723449707,
1.2781180143356323,
-3.980903387069702,
-0.6284884214401245,
0.2698608636856079,
-1.4781438112258911,
3.869497537612915,
-0.7359381914138794,
-2.301535129547119,
3.17627215385437,
-1.9748097658157349,
-1.034597635269165,
-0.8518548011779785,
2.651080369949341,
-1.437620759010315,
0.605485200881958,
-1.5090304613113403,
-1.5982141494750977,
3.24877667427063,
1.6959325075149536,
-0.7730538845062256,
-3.070049524307251,
-0.23136340081691742,
-1.165553331375122,
-0.9023391604423523,
-0.3804137706756592,
0.7506847977638245,
0.32444489002227783,
0.7676128149032593,
-2.564700126647949,
-2.1982133388519287,
-0.1476476490497589,
-1.3587907552719116,
-3.931084632873535,
1.0454210042953491,
-2.688563585281372,
-3.287041187286377,
2.012760877609253,
1.3309801816940308,
-1.2423478364944458,
-0.7351384162902832,
-0.26273319125175476,
-1.6339043378829956,
-0.8225297331809998,
-0.6861584782600403,
-0.19716528058052063,
3.5884361267089844,
-2.027214765548706,
0.4477614164352417,
-3.6420555114746094,
0.18686556816101074,
-2.2882063388824463,
-0.781298041343689,
4.574150085449219,
-0.020952925086021423,
3.9835660457611084,
0.774953305721283,
0.396043598651886,
0.09028561413288116,
3.2117385864257812,
-0.38943222165107727,
-0.9935365319252014,
2.1313095092773438,
-0.08578252792358398,
-2.7609808444976807,
-1.179868221282959,
-1.9375557899475098,
1.5714173316955566,
-0.05285295844078064,
0.9572818279266357,
0.4987032413482666,
0.37999311089515686,
1.757526159286499,
-0.09510928392410278,
1.3232519626617432,
1.4224107265472412,
-3.881340742111206,
-0.9491066336631775,
0.02378062903881073,
3.954730987548828,
0.3122884929180145,
2.2770133018493652,
-3.27590274810791,
-1.9685797691345215,
-0.2543255686759949,
-0.19445577263832092,
2.634232521057129,
2.2818944454193115,
-2.9888014793395996,
-1.95945405960083,
1.3395251035690308,
2.1301751136779785,
1.0654739141464233,
3.123133897781372,
0.1837386190891266,
1.0147227048873901,
-2.391568660736084,
-2.2146997451782227,
-0.49644750356674194,
0.5116060972213745,
3.4560060501098633,
-2.6694462299346924,
-1.9402233362197876,
-0.6287108063697815,
0.1368238478899002,
-0.02968275174498558,
1.020146369934082,
-10.475028991699219,
1.7411339282989502,
1.1295385360717773,
-0.2816959619522095,
-0.21919706463813782,
-1.6855955123901367,
-2.077014446258545,
0.5693008899688721,
-0.9257720708847046,
-0.03827271610498428,
3.4131922721862793,
4.622997283935547,
-3.1633973121643066,
4.97102165222168,
-1.4655002355575562,
0.6366132497787476,
-0.8240516781806946,
-1.139270544052124,
-2.5987131595611572,
1.636836051940918,
-4.52880334854126,
-2.861790657043457,
-0.6575291156768799,
-0.35299497842788696,
-1.5203654766082764,
-0.08105933666229248,
-1.7866284847259521,
-2.140873908996582,
-1.1484651565551758,
-2.681361436843872,
0.4719010591506958,
1.4052802324295044,
-0.052901219576597214,
-2.7578303813934326,
1.6660255193710327,
-0.5163677334785461,
2.6603915691375732,
0.44451963901519775,
1.808316946029663,
1.8834806680679321,
-2.270073652267456,
0.8777915239334106,
0.9658904075622559,
-0.8714278936386108,
0.5055676102638245,
-0.5006504654884338,
-0.7685887813568115,
-1.9692749977111816,
-1.3334208726882935,
3.544029712677002,
2.8762366771698,
1.9585460424423218,
-0.05802932381629944,
1.6078094244003296,
1.6719021797180176,
1.568057656288147,
0.8810371160507202,
-2.3021061420440674,
-0.465585857629776,
-0.010706976056098938,
-1.1898219585418701,
1.8458369970321655,
-1.2858761548995972,
1.5066728591918945,
0.4429471790790558,
-0.25696367025375366,
0.41522493958473206,
-0.9755223989486694,
0.5778862237930298,
-1.4054269790649414,
4.195566177368164,
2.303673267364502,
0.167048841714859,
2.8217408657073975,
-1.5351976156234741,
0.9671341180801392,
0.5361483097076416,
0.534581184387207,
0.402633398771286,
-1.3395469188690186,
-1.5890685319900513,
-3.371744155883789,
4.888571262359619,
0.12896828353405,
-1.3704835176467896,
0.529195249080658,
-0.19209900498390198,
-0.847723126411438,
3.263672351837158,
2.5155045986175537,
3.4071850776672363,
2.8277533054351807,
-0.9575806260108948,
-2.7951653003692627,
0.5485165119171143,
-0.760787844657898,
0.7703557014465332,
-0.7662872076034546,
1.0151517391204834,
2.033820152282715,
3.0142018795013428,
4.318603038787842,
0.48358893394470215
] |
are there tranquilizers or other kinds of technology that law enforcement can use to quickly immobilize a human without causing lasting damage? | the first thing that comes to my mind when this question is asked would be something similar to 'how do i disarm or disable a human instantly in a situation where they might cause harm to others almost instantly, like a hostage situation.' for this, you need some way to get whatever it is doing the immobilizing to the human almost instantly...like a gun. naturally, the thing i think of is a dart. this question was asked a while ago, albeit in a different manner, [here](_url_0_). basically, the television show dexter follows a man who instantly sedates people; how close to realistic is this? the explanation given here, i think, crosses the 'dexter dart' off the list of things that would be successful in solving a hostage situation without bloodshed. | 2 | [] | [] | [
"http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/1kx892/in_dexter_he_pokes_people_in_the_neck_with_a/cbtmo8g"
] | [
-0.7382020950317383,
1.468536376953125,
-0.6631855964660645,
-1.5133658647537231,
-0.733864963054657,
-0.7927058935165405,
3.9797682762145996,
-0.10533849895000458,
0.20949721336364746,
0.8226305842399597,
2.1667428016662598,
0.8675781488418579,
0.34367650747299194,
0.45100635290145874,
-0.297183096408844,
-1.1117368936538696,
0.11973585933446884,
0.39380723237991333,
-2.6455581188201904,
0.5949013829231262,
0.3391757607460022,
0.23307116329669952,
0.3937048017978668,
-0.5308376550674438,
-2.1419172286987305,
0.19439907371997833,
0.14733073115348816,
0.933339536190033,
-0.7869457006454468,
0.38717520236968994,
-0.11406009644269943,
-1.9217538833618164,
-0.6212192177772522,
-0.16439774632453918,
-1.3185697793960571,
0.7340641021728516,
-1.335471272468567,
0.9532926082611084,
-0.22023263573646545,
-1.9378046989440918,
0.4063225984573364,
-0.09786275029182434,
-0.27909496426582336,
1.0923141241073608,
-0.11641994118690491,
2.232124090194702,
-0.3154154419898987,
0.2538806200027466,
0.10819727182388306,
-0.7986953258514404,
-0.576952338218689,
0.9704843163490295,
-1.2607613801956177,
0.49370861053466797,
-0.24601715803146362,
-0.7156568765640259,
0.7377276420593262,
1.1820470094680786,
-0.12437361478805542,
-0.33698776364326477,
-0.6411560773849487,
0.4149293005466461,
0.19440126419067383,
2.206575870513916,
0.36073315143585205,
-0.2843284606933594,
0.2021840512752533,
-0.06741979718208313,
-0.6605414152145386,
2.9080991744995117,
1.1271761655807495,
-0.08097727596759796,
-1.5939468145370483,
0.44932472705841064,
0.12623010575771332,
0.04917910695075989,
-0.9588385820388794,
-0.3408668339252472,
0.14139872789382935,
-0.12702345848083496,
-0.04605976119637489,
-0.1425444334745407,
-1.0421185493469238,
0.8822118043899536,
-1.0566024780273438,
1.4558361768722534,
1.033197045326233,
0.201311856508255,
1.9781768321990967,
0.502935528755188,
-1.363254189491272,
0.5263225436210632,
0.867391049861908,
-1.065989375114441,
0.2517552971839905,
0.15133199095726013,
-0.15909060835838318,
0.3100152611732483,
-1.4601308107376099,
0.4535817801952362,
-0.3147585391998291,
0.3860422968864441,
-1.8135547637939453,
0.7368029356002808,
2.0729475021362305,
0.15827906131744385,
-0.19773128628730774,
-1.3869775533676147,
-0.09049934148788452,
0.9346548318862915,
-1.301736831665039,
-0.16684767603874207,
1.1673805713653564,
-0.4914310574531555,
0.6297546625137329,
0.5153818726539612,
-0.6075522899627686,
0.8387477397918701,
-1.078994631767273,
0.6053669452667236,
1.660034418106079,
-0.5264729857444763,
-0.6353857517242432,
0.5583231449127197,
0.39627838134765625,
-0.13259658217430115,
2.0006728172302246,
1.2645317316055298,
-0.5049306154251099,
-0.3089228868484497,
0.7073659896850586,
-0.18752670288085938,
-1.290147304534912,
0.2458864152431488,
-0.4831680953502655,
0.08654552698135376,
0.6009942889213562,
0.863097608089447,
-0.32553985714912415,
-1.3641819953918457,
0.8759929537773132,
1.489174723625183,
-0.8621591925621033,
-0.2444431334733963,
0.5758166313171387,
0.6986418962478638,
-0.025433406233787537,
-0.46439993381500244,
0.001259446144104004,
-1.4396514892578125,
0.11535721272230148,
-0.7364831566810608,
0.1478421837091446,
0.1670721173286438,
-1.730940341949463,
-0.16484425961971283,
0.11868665367364883,
0.9925330281257629,
-0.6303101181983948,
0.5361261367797852,
-0.9643344879150391,
-0.06370434910058975,
0.8602653741836548,
0.8942365050315857,
1.0795478820800781,
-0.7023463845252991,
-0.13234534859657288,
-0.04404766857624054,
-0.3975389003753662,
0.17276686429977417,
-0.6021909713745117,
0.2095627337694168,
-1.1548082828521729,
-1.3298203945159912,
-0.5479946732521057,
0.5036872625350952,
-2.2522881031036377,
0.7995091080665588,
0.4888295829296112,
0.7686700224876404,
0.5778990983963013,
-1.5768609046936035,
-0.6767903566360474,
0.8250617980957031,
-0.7333929538726807,
-0.053552620112895966,
-0.50306236743927,
1.1024842262268066,
-0.665092945098877,
-0.3280712962150574,
0.8169026374816895,
0.4927874505519867,
0.8219748139381409,
-0.7681264281272888,
-0.4782460331916809,
-0.40254539251327515,
-0.4840562641620636,
-0.721642255783081,
-0.9376074075698853,
-0.6225098371505737,
-1.1840945482254028,
-2.170614719390869,
-1.9075791835784912,
-1.584712266921997,
0.16146652400493622,
0.5446739196777344,
-0.5144082307815552,
-2.4355573654174805,
-0.32681646943092346,
0.8125641942024231,
-0.2692807912826538,
0.2556644380092621,
0.39855873584747314,
-0.5486021637916565,
1.6761804819107056,
-1.8424084186553955,
-1.0112224817276,
1.3219555616378784,
1.0685430765151978,
-0.5734676718711853,
-0.3451802134513855,
-0.9428008794784546,
0.38987526297569275,
-1.6976346969604492,
0.3482569456100464,
-0.6237272024154663,
-1.4125306606292725,
0.2565563917160034,
-0.0830194354057312,
0.3120712339878082,
-1.1581027507781982,
-0.34486785531044006,
-0.39821577072143555,
1.4159843921661377,
-1.8456019163131714,
-0.43391016125679016,
0.7147656679153442,
0.3197242021560669,
1.1413296461105347,
0.17258991301059723,
0.7578357458114624,
-0.3004404306411743,
-0.48527759313583374,
1.2066588401794434,
0.8661689758300781,
0.6207693815231323,
-0.41455599665641785,
-0.4339093565940857,
0.761501133441925,
0.8895352482795715,
0.9219589233398438,
1.370583176612854,
-1.3555158376693726,
1.0134031772613525,
-0.8538225889205933,
0.9357936382293701,
-0.544837474822998,
1.1449602842330933,
-0.4740027189254761,
0.23553311824798584,
0.48660680651664734,
0.5900105834007263,
0.5702570676803589,
-1.449806809425354,
0.5713571906089783,
0.49344944953918457,
-0.48423105478286743,
0.2846672534942627,
-1.8831905126571655,
-0.8745385408401489,
0.2644657492637634,
0.36217767000198364,
0.6883915066719055,
0.8324965238571167,
0.6996927261352539,
-1.0674245357513428,
-0.7056248188018799,
-0.24298909306526184,
-1.6628504991531372,
0.47100895643234253,
-0.6414348483085632,
-3.0300674438476562,
0.4599953889846802,
1.0888816118240356,
-0.23457784950733185,
-0.4013330936431885,
-0.11666271090507507,
0.15462565422058105,
0.08124420046806335,
0.17201054096221924,
-1.6875340938568115,
1.6783757209777832,
-0.45658713579177856,
-1.2692813873291016,
1.6400847434997559,
0.35300570726394653,
0.6904133558273315,
-0.947788655757904,
-0.47442981600761414,
0.21936222910881042,
0.5267080664634705,
-0.8222641944885254,
-1.2035596370697021,
-0.15457817912101746,
-0.22689834237098694,
-0.3433653712272644,
1.1501703262329102,
0.6148720979690552,
-0.36685097217559814,
0.612417459487915,
-1.1607446670532227,
0.11168012768030167,
0.1325778067111969,
-0.14296263456344604,
-0.14068907499313354,
0.35130536556243896,
0.36831730604171753,
-0.03965553641319275,
-1.2955061197280884,
0.6709356307983398,
0.7178066968917847,
-0.6348032355308533,
-0.2960941195487976,
1.0900695323944092,
-0.08251535892486572,
2.0411736965179443,
-0.22348938882350922,
-0.678081214427948,
-0.8123085498809814,
0.1096811592578888,
-0.1987696886062622,
0.11004944145679474,
2.578348398208618,
0.03442102670669556,
0.18745839595794678,
0.4500691294670105,
0.23689007759094238,
-1.7815172672271729,
-2.0568830966949463,
-0.33677783608436584,
0.2984124422073364,
0.18717989325523376,
0.10539683699607849,
0.47515326738357544,
-0.18035387992858887,
0.4397123157978058,
0.9958357810974121,
-0.3116263151168823,
-0.8698248863220215,
0.6281113028526306,
-0.24385613203048706,
0.8049607276916504,
1.6112293004989624,
1.0285347700119019,
1.6499884128570557,
0.3508831858634949,
0.2338017374277115,
0.8542933464050293,
0.8261436223983765,
-0.49835720658302307,
-0.7927341461181641,
-0.9022159576416016,
-1.0883266925811768,
2.486508369445801,
0.10034924745559692,
1.7759733200073242,
0.3878512382507324,
-1.4515212774276733,
-1.019362449645996,
-0.28586307168006897,
-0.17999765276908875,
1.0158445835113525,
0.7644315361976624,
0.10712839663028717,
1.4808791875839233,
-0.5449924468994141,
0.6179217100143433,
0.43125125765800476,
-0.5349486470222473,
0.968567430973053,
0.37358665466308594,
1.683018445968628,
0.5253386497497559,
0.0977218896150589
] |
|
nitrates/nitrites and ion chromatography | why when testing water for nitrates and nitrites does the sample need to be tested within 48 hours of being collected to reflect the actual nitrate content? what occurs to change the concentration of these ions? is it some kind of denitrification a la the nitrogen cycle? thank you for your help! | this is because bacteria in the samples utilise nitrates and will give you an inaccurate measurement. by keeping samples cooled, in the dark, and tested quickly, this can be reduced to a minimum. if you leave them at room temperature for a prolonged period of time, bacterial contamination will continue to get worse exponentially and the readings will not be accurate. | 2 | [] | [] | [] | [
-0.1774941086769104,
0.5760225057601929,
0.1165972352027893,
0.8675186634063721,
0.6839035749435425,
-0.3885340690612793,
-1.2613375186920166,
0.4629969000816345,
0.23682640492916107,
-0.3176003694534302,
0.3510819673538208,
0.07371395826339722,
-0.20572125911712646,
0.6169277429580688,
-1.2523303031921387,
-0.5491287708282471,
0.1643444001674652,
-0.10819253325462341,
-0.6671951413154602,
0.3380281329154968,
-0.15374240279197693,
0.5383956432342529,
-0.29976215958595276,
0.010772224515676498,
0.7343494892120361,
-0.36138370633125305,
-0.3459366261959076,
0.08435317873954773,
0.12518592178821564,
0.2129582315683365,
-0.5147871971130371,
-0.07136240601539612,
-0.3141186535358429,
-0.5130031704902649,
0.7149038314819336,
-0.46521100401878357,
0.542159914970398,
-0.28016039729118347,
-0.14869889616966248,
0.3213048577308655,
-0.3474178910255432,
0.2069907784461975,
-0.248613178730011,
0.4944789409637451,
-0.4624442458152771,
0.72147136926651,
0.6105319261550903,
-0.4829639196395874,
-0.10569390654563904,
-0.44442218542099,
-0.34594011306762695,
0.007781393826007843,
-0.15620237588882446,
0.43420687317848206,
-0.5945043563842773,
-1.3388864994049072,
0.12152890861034393,
-0.7227523326873779,
-0.6919450759887695,
0.024548426270484924,
-0.18379798531532288,
0.28492939472198486,
-0.07981935143470764,
0.020813941955566406,
0.9416033029556274,
0.08458410948514938,
0.235437273979187,
-0.25366052985191345,
0.6953062415122986,
0.3739708662033081,
-0.6948016881942749,
0.22881367802619934,
-0.1482590287923813,
0.5584730505943298,
-0.4361826479434967,
0.2680797874927521,
0.16841764748096466,
-0.022503802552819252,
0.9652240872383118,
-0.0699533224105835,
-0.28067588806152344,
-0.13075649738311768,
-0.23763397336006165,
-0.17982620000839233,
-0.21632587909698486,
0.44869881868362427,
0.8565112352371216,
0.033857762813568115,
-0.3555575907230377,
0.5106807947158813,
-0.17243723571300507,
-0.1429699957370758,
0.15089258551597595,
-0.2559909224510193,
-0.2532835900783539,
0.472434401512146,
0.06483417004346848,
-0.4472285807132721,
0.8823755383491516,
-0.165469229221344,
-0.7183810472488403,
-1.1493816375732422,
-1.8357956409454346,
0.045471787452697754,
-0.505123496055603,
-0.8679827451705933,
0.6046060919761658,
0.2553150951862335,
0.7260428667068481,
0.1603403091430664,
-0.21351498365402222,
0.8762499094009399,
-0.13006600737571716,
-0.41098225116729736,
0.11868712306022644,
-0.26051759719848633,
0.1235245019197464,
0.1736520528793335,
-1.2762867212295532,
0.5941017270088196,
-0.508967399597168,
-0.7522642612457275,
0.03069227933883667,
-0.4989927113056183,
1.054780125617981,
0.6840656399726868,
-0.4155547618865967,
0.502784252166748,
0.8314909934997559,
-1.026648759841919,
0.6272308826446533,
-0.1311286985874176,
0.5858159065246582,
-0.21156640350818634,
0.012062110006809235,
-0.13339775800704956,
1.048127293586731,
-0.27872705459594727,
-0.24698185920715332,
0.2992503046989441,
-0.5952757596969604,
0.07050254940986633,
0.0039670951664447784,
0.36132654547691345,
0.471795916557312,
0.6461580991744995,
-0.37962108850479126,
0.43246668577194214,
-0.09436855465173721,
-1.6925619840621948,
0.08141903579235077,
-0.18274454772472382,
0.5305498838424683,
-0.30826687812805176,
-0.23109140992164612,
-0.6280372142791748,
-0.12907947599887848,
0.189615398645401,
-0.0956636443734169,
0.5600171089172363,
-1.104143738746643,
0.37282782793045044,
-0.28914499282836914,
0.024755939841270447,
-0.13319572806358337,
1.0144435167312622,
0.043115660548210144,
-0.922023355960846,
0.3258798122406006,
0.3854774236679077,
0.37014061212539673,
0.2170196920633316,
1.0025498867034912,
-0.8294879198074341,
-0.36030876636505127,
-0.11940541863441467,
-0.8779052495956421,
0.5907400250434875,
-0.28418421745300293,
0.524601399898529,
0.09820730239152908,
0.7240738272666931,
0.4846726953983307,
0.7184655666351318,
0.6646707653999329,
-1.5087106227874756,
-0.24409639835357666,
0.01971554011106491,
-0.4968677759170532,
0.8301016092300415,
-0.4134155511856079,
-0.36624738574028015,
0.5693339109420776,
0.4077906608581543,
0.0478556752204895,
-0.046813707798719406,
-0.67909836769104,
-0.33785316348075867,
-0.49187156558036804,
-0.5301496386528015,
0.0005686543881893158,
0.14931611716747284,
-0.3358391523361206,
-0.7532491683959961,
0.42459017038345337,
-0.17313849925994873,
0.6143195629119873,
-1.1525294780731201,
0.5731099843978882,
-0.3237108290195465,
0.09961426258087158,
-0.283179372549057,
-0.970426082611084,
-0.16229480504989624,
-0.5009347200393677,
0.8591707944869995,
0.009782951325178146,
-0.27388277649879456,
0.10268490761518478,
0.6135432124137878,
0.4130912125110626,
-1.103794813156128,
0.11467353999614716,
-0.60267174243927,
0.5806683301925659,
-0.7090970277786255,
0.36099696159362793,
0.5581019520759583,
-0.27639883756637573,
0.28092506527900696,
-0.28726476430892944,
1.2334707975387573,
0.5092601776123047,
0.3993299603462219,
0.5126591324806213,
-0.11589357256889343,
-0.6116625070571899,
-0.19719476997852325,
-0.5659112930297852,
0.4419926106929779,
0.09772355854511261,
0.3755239248275757,
0.2973593473434448,
0.07197332382202148,
-0.8726654052734375,
0.8534746170043945,
0.28574132919311523,
-0.534026563167572,
0.11780150234699249,
0.3360669016838074,
-0.46790993213653564,
0.2739620804786682,
-0.4809768497943878,
-0.5258417129516602,
-0.07251531630754471,
-0.08665390312671661,
-0.45239776372909546,
-0.7875069379806519,
-0.0005697309970855713,
-0.6230799555778503,
0.695677638053894,
-0.31745707988739014,
-0.7390876412391663,
0.035191744565963745,
0.9504666328430176,
0.7625109553337097,
0.1006072387099266,
-0.2843473553657532,
-0.19845008850097656,
0.3969528079032898,
0.3012237548828125,
-0.8997313380241394,
0.6287180185317993,
0.1480650007724762,
1.5340017080307007,
-0.8614645600318909,
0.11270561814308167,
0.6190360188484192,
-0.3384550213813782,
-0.27936381101608276,
0.2595716416835785,
-0.1900397539138794,
-0.4692715108394623,
0.9966012835502625,
0.3724103271961212,
-0.4999777674674988,
0.12245369702577591,
-0.9117521047592163,
0.39203304052352905,
-0.35626286268234253,
0.16160547733306885,
1.542564868927002,
1.9597185850143433,
-0.163894385099411,
1.297211766242981,
-0.13874539732933044,
0.6041079163551331,
0.5277539491653442,
0.22999222576618195,
-0.5932270884513855,
-1.3855245113372803,
-0.5300548076629639,
-0.5382577776908875,
-0.08109953254461288,
-0.13107389211654663,
0.291267454624176,
0.029951103031635284,
0.7670772671699524,
0.5203958749771118,
-1.0103888511657715,
0.46308231353759766,
-0.9249349236488342,
-0.22367097437381744,
0.6610522270202637,
-0.6151994466781616,
0.46735209226608276,
-0.2336706966161728,
0.24381348490715027,
0.3253294825553894,
0.48821747303009033,
0.3938278555870056,
-0.3778103291988373,
0.17369790375232697,
0.28306928277015686,
0.5078208446502686,
-0.19762584567070007,
-0.18332615494728088,
0.26377302408218384,
0.06651420891284943,
-0.8277575969696045,
-0.06745428591966629,
0.36710622906684875,
0.8770427107810974,
0.026015467941761017,
0.2680931091308594,
0.5276916027069092,
-0.41662585735321045,
-0.24339061975479126,
-0.22282059490680695,
-0.6187350749969482,
-1.112575888633728,
0.30026185512542725,
0.09628061950206757,
1.0502477884292603,
1.1475799083709717,
0.7905782461166382,
0.4581563472747803,
0.4885418713092804,
-0.24521422386169434,
-0.17222438752651215,
-0.3544648587703705,
0.8657105565071106,
0.3344235420227051,
0.23592820763587952,
-0.16744130849838257,
-0.4403107762336731,
-1.195862054824829,
0.33947205543518066,
0.3772314190864563,
-0.17348328232765198,
-1.5433776378631592,
-1.0701484680175781,
-1.0078504085540771,
0.8445166945457458,
0.208245649933815,
-0.5269466042518616,
-0.119394451379776,
0.7140100598335266,
-0.260646253824234,
1.1103841066360474,
1.1474014520645142,
0.3072711229324341,
-0.1303548812866211,
-0.04933026432991028,
-0.18243169784545898,
-1.0266298055648804,
0.4452877938747406,
-0.5908979177474976,
-0.38047996163368225,
-0.060325320810079575,
-0.1283404529094696,
-0.37672731280326843,
0.253123939037323,
-0.4299398362636566
] |
what is 'heat' in quantum sense? | i often find heat being explained as the motion of jiggling atoms being transferred along a direction, and i end up with the idea of bouncing balls hitting each other, but then i learned atoms are not hard balls, they're rather quantum objects. so the motion being transferred from atom to atom should be quantum and be described in the lines of quantum mechanics. so what is heat, really? | what you're describing is *thermal energy* rather than *heat*. heat is a way to transfer energy between systems of different temperatures. quantum mechanically, heat and thermal energy aren't really very different than what they are in classical mechanics. although the statistical mechanics of systems with discrete energy levels can be very different than that of systems with continuous energies. | 4 | [] | [] | [] | [
-2.4455649852752686,
0.94391930103302,
0.37530428171157837,
1.8779308795928955,
-0.0432736873626709,
-1.962928295135498,
0.7472883462905884,
0.22686603665351868,
2.0233817100524902,
-0.3345470428466797,
0.6654926538467407,
-0.6928582787513733,
0.4868832230567932,
-0.06547248363494873,
2.229860782623291,
0.2126428186893463,
-0.5110470056533813,
0.08624447882175446,
-1.4854336977005005,
0.6109656691551208,
0.5096356868743896,
-0.9931495785713196,
0.009686257690191269,
-0.9638835787773132,
0.6006424427032471,
-0.164755716919899,
0.5908058881759644,
-0.1978609561920166,
0.677555501461029,
0.08848041296005249,
-0.2522927522659302,
-0.08012807369232178,
-1.396335244178772,
-0.007634103298187256,
-0.36797013878822327,
1.2936547994613647,
-0.2790674567222595,
-0.34900009632110596,
-0.7745906114578247,
1.1866281032562256,
-0.12886187434196472,
-0.6866613626480103,
1.140652060508728,
0.5001357793807983,
-0.7526825070381165,
0.5720314979553223,
0.940139889717102,
-0.47729286551475525,
-1.477477788925171,
-1.3752849102020264,
-0.4906688332557678,
1.3908891677856445,
-0.513128399848938,
0.5702069401741028,
-0.25184518098831177,
0.8140613436698914,
1.1516563892364502,
-0.8684486150741577,
-1.2384661436080933,
-1.2110414505004883,
0.7910380363464355,
0.491067111492157,
-0.7472190856933594,
-0.3339729905128479,
3.850085735321045,
-0.2251099944114685,
0.33054250478744507,
0.9160268902778625,
-0.02499973773956299,
-0.9217185974121094,
1.0511162281036377,
-0.018990591168403625,
0.10959938168525696,
-0.8714666366577148,
0.6364175081253052,
-1.5125375986099243,
0.1816176474094391,
1.806321144104004,
-0.6855347156524658,
0.3743003010749817,
0.47513118386268616,
-1.014706015586853,
-0.5940159559249878,
-1.5701044797897339,
-0.7890911102294922,
1.4110283851623535,
1.8301764726638794,
-1.0595154762268066,
-0.3674156665802002,
-0.7365113496780396,
-0.011254340410232544,
1.5259449481964111,
-0.8017738461494446,
0.4447072148323059,
1.9103715419769287,
1.1660542488098145,
-0.3354984521865845,
-0.7256525158882141,
-0.2174507975578308,
0.43184858560562134,
0.5326074957847595,
1.2011809349060059,
-1.1436749696731567,
1.695000171661377,
-0.8910504579544067,
-1.290710687637329,
-1.0344462394714355,
1.297649621963501,
-0.40141624212265015,
-0.20993202924728394,
0.4620128273963928,
-0.08299633860588074,
-0.023513630032539368,
-0.4123424291610718,
0.3755463659763336,
-1.3966920375823975,
0.2815704941749573,
1.3983529806137085,
1.5182313919067383,
0.03582516312599182,
-0.637885570526123,
-0.465717077255249,
0.027426116168498993,
-0.4243239760398865,
0.16519823670387268,
-1.012467384338379,
-0.7971267104148865,
0.30646055936813354,
-1.2220262289047241,
0.880396842956543,
0.5671667456626892,
-0.22261302173137665,
-0.32449445128440857,
0.5883609056472778,
-1.0071169137954712,
-0.44382917881011963,
1.3864492177963257,
0.4294623136520386,
-0.09261465072631836,
3.166815757751465,
-0.2470710277557373,
0.8559901714324951,
-0.5151797533035278,
-1.4919826984405518,
0.4527212679386139,
1.205337405204773,
0.8332223296165466,
-0.5059571862220764,
-0.31078487634658813,
2.3477606773376465,
0.3545806109905243,
0.3876982033252716,
0.7088817954063416,
-1.383115530014038,
0.7978387475013733,
-0.7809514403343201,
-1.7556499242782593,
-0.6371811032295227,
0.30993935465812683,
1.1925514936447144,
0.7297490835189819,
0.7325916886329651,
0.7057886719703674,
0.2429710030555725,
-0.39597219228744507,
0.46990954875946045,
0.18773478269577026,
-1.4818779230117798,
0.31653571128845215,
-0.5158029198646545,
0.9448281526565552,
-0.3331854045391083,
0.25024741888046265,
0.7635952234268188,
0.07609868049621582,
-1.2125405073165894,
-2.475446939468384,
-1.7105623483657837,
0.2987426519393921,
0.619301438331604,
1.395585060119629,
0.0567324236035347,
1.6778674125671387,
-0.3385348618030548,
0.8814269304275513,
-0.03934652358293533,
0.7789322733879089,
0.18116238713264465,
-1.5410598516464233,
0.14413011074066162,
-0.31750112771987915,
-2.0957229137420654,
-0.5348376035690308,
-0.45513421297073364,
-0.44145262241363525,
-0.8585379123687744,
0.12138286978006363,
1.0686919689178467,
-0.7164753675460815,
1.0076247453689575,
0.03622593358159065,
-0.2856791615486145,
1.6805487871170044,
-0.49727708101272583,
-0.11413422226905823,
-0.811638593673706,
-0.4736727774143219,
-0.24362707138061523,
-1.6560328006744385,
0.0034647881984710693,
-0.5941170454025269,
-2.1205358505249023,
-0.917208194732666,
0.06814759969711304,
-1.2434217929840088,
1.3138225078582764,
-0.3771970272064209,
-0.8252319097518921,
0.28995367884635925,
0.7246370315551758,
2.071063280105591,
-0.3913085162639618,
-0.9506139755249023,
-0.7832181453704834,
-0.35790446400642395,
-0.6552044749259949,
-1.273599624633789,
1.5195330381393433,
0.9046401381492615,
-0.32934051752090454,
-1.0074208974838257,
-0.9853488206863403,
0.25874632596969604,
0.3378722667694092,
0.4054100811481476,
-0.646228015422821,
-1.019798994064331,
-0.14739081263542175,
0.0376339852809906,
0.29909640550613403,
0.01962447166442871,
-0.8386629819869995,
-0.18430691957473755,
0.06661960482597351,
0.5414614677429199,
1.0834945440292358,
-0.6849454045295715,
-0.2800905108451843,
-0.6602674722671509,
0.2702866792678833,
0.17891517281532288,
-0.42631009221076965,
-0.33777299523353577,
-0.40538927912712097,
-0.47350358963012695,
-0.14668822288513184,
0.07035765051841736,
-0.9233291745185852,
-1.3308234214782715,
-0.4633711576461792,
1.6856861114501953,
1.3439875841140747,
-0.7477748394012451,
-0.8385027050971985,
1.2018301486968994,
0.7254958152770996,
0.29000914096832275,
1.2044868469238281,
-0.9688205718994141,
-0.41225677728652954,
0.6929473876953125,
-2.233226776123047,
-0.7075741291046143,
-1.1739741563796997,
2.5202863216400146,
-1.3824838399887085,
0.14068299531936646,
-1.1365617513656616,
-0.7850456237792969,
-0.4208630919456482,
0.07436366379261017,
-0.9948386549949646,
0.3619321584701538,
0.885526180267334,
0.7285833954811096,
-1.1909961700439453,
-0.7297078967094421,
-0.16929051280021667,
-0.9600300788879395,
-0.3146420121192932,
-0.4455890953540802,
0.7894660234451294,
-0.5529236197471619,
-0.7430946826934814,
0.45748263597488403,
0.9919679164886475,
0.7336418032646179,
-0.14899036288261414,
0.1519680619239807,
-0.5426350831985474,
1.1198222637176514,
-1.555222749710083,
-0.24213112890720367,
-0.8040324449539185,
-0.9204459190368652,
0.1589381843805313,
0.10614506900310516,
-0.4609355032444,
0.22660264372825623,
-0.662558376789093,
-0.09258189797401428,
-0.710090160369873,
0.3691085875034332,
-0.7906205654144287,
-0.2908787429332733,
-0.006038576364517212,
0.9483475685119629,
1.0821114778518677,
0.8528382182121277,
0.8018500804901123,
0.6844983100891113,
-0.7641074657440186,
-0.048578858375549316,
-1.117040753364563,
0.4402463138103485,
0.7624645233154297,
0.29670557379722595,
-0.8208843469619751,
0.10347434878349304,
0.6174376606941223,
-0.7533085346221924,
0.64915931224823,
1.1939414739608765,
-0.12314112484455109,
1.5134228467941284,
1.5179061889648438,
0.3417561948299408,
-0.8588515520095825,
-0.07919776439666748,
0.0074905455112457275,
0.7062851786613464,
0.13315409421920776,
-0.2538122534751892,
1.6975189447402954,
0.8185442090034485,
0.3178226351737976,
0.4312918186187744,
0.18371424078941345,
-0.04349742829799652,
0.7124392986297607,
-1.3504116535186768,
1.0820000171661377,
1.2646275758743286,
0.3099004626274109,
0.48788923025131226,
-0.7558972835540771,
0.7221466898918152,
0.26847517490386963,
0.14232765138149261,
-0.5534635186195374,
-0.44038528203964233,
-0.6149064898490906,
0.36094653606414795,
1.5747737884521484,
-1.1325515508651733,
0.07377659529447556,
-1.948406457901001,
-0.8625101447105408,
-0.5619058012962341,
2.110295057296753,
0.5191166400909424,
1.256373405456543,
0.7358967065811157,
-0.8834997415542603,
0.2502942383289337,
-0.5535889863967896,
-1.0715774297714233,
0.47298794984817505,
-0.9644001722335815,
0.10403212904930115,
1.2929887771606445,
-0.1706753820180893,
0.6091011166572571,
-0.29081234335899353
] |
is hypopituitarism a thing of the past? | i was talking with my family about wizard of oz and recalled reading somewhere on reddit, long ago, that the type of little people (read: proportionate) from that movie are a thing of the past. is this the case? and if so, why? | hormone treatments are available to match normal levels and prevent the other effects of hypotpituitarism but it would depend on the family's wishes/ability to pay to get it treated or to leave it alone and leave the child as is. _url_0_ | 2 | [] | [] | [
"http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hypopituitarism/basics/treatment/con-20019292"
] | [
-0.5985040664672852,
0.5622732639312744,
0.47788357734680176,
0.01038176566362381,
-0.45009058713912964,
0.31421929597854614,
0.10974545776844025,
-0.17692071199417114,
-0.1697942316532135,
0.3310055136680603,
0.7047447562217712,
0.035255491733551025,
-0.018616124987602234,
0.3358350396156311,
0.37915077805519104,
0.2573513984680176,
0.3884255290031433,
0.382473349571228,
-0.28181180357933044,
0.4046337604522705,
0.5382047891616821,
-0.2902243435382843,
0.05006977915763855,
0.015345513820648193,
-0.15525205433368683,
-0.27668496966362,
-0.29641950130462646,
0.3124026656150818,
-0.05048345774412155,
0.532565712928772,
0.05001937597990036,
0.032826729118824005,
-0.16605906188488007,
-0.3599812984466553,
-0.13627813756465912,
0.33422476053237915,
-0.11379124224185944,
-0.41288498044013977,
0.009411126375198364,
0.03437817841768265,
0.23945647478103638,
-0.4417746961116791,
-0.2616395950317383,
0.4107149839401245,
-0.5237022042274475,
0.23811075091362,
0.486102432012558,
-0.13564682006835938,
-0.12863579392433167,
0.4351691007614136,
0.11033493280410767,
-0.3409212827682495,
0.08406639099121094,
0.566657304763794,
0.02163390815258026,
-0.0414753258228302,
-0.1011185422539711,
-0.42253929376602173,
-0.5528125762939453,
0.7092605829238892,
-0.7239184379577637,
0.8350023031234741,
-0.23120594024658203,
0.4418427050113678,
0.4164397120475769,
0.5255138278007507,
-0.4398673474788666,
-0.23035839200019836,
0.35937637090682983,
0.029701605439186096,
0.17679570615291595,
-0.4744989573955536,
-0.13522852957248688,
0.4121822118759155,
-0.4363199770450592,
0.04043539986014366,
-0.14508672058582306,
0.2123233675956726,
-0.3427741825580597,
-0.6604397296905518,
-0.5374502539634705,
-0.005925178527832031,
0.2563219964504242,
0.3212803602218628,
-0.5707147121429443,
0.35876399278640747,
-0.05160178616642952,
0.1472402811050415,
0.28967252373695374,
0.1529141217470169,
-0.35439789295196533,
0.24211695790290833,
0.699919581413269,
-0.7155612707138062,
0.12773960828781128,
-0.06543978303670883,
-0.3927711546421051,
-0.353690505027771,
-0.5348312258720398,
-0.13911253213882446,
-0.25490835309028625,
-0.47145891189575195,
-0.6498119831085205,
-0.23492328822612762,
-0.39478081464767456,
-0.09862559288740158,
0.2343643307685852,
0.019265085458755493,
-0.11724280565977097,
0.5408677458763123,
-0.740451455116272,
0.06986604630947113,
0.4509708285331726,
0.29907751083374023,
-0.26093441247940063,
0.03720922768115997,
0.25870051980018616,
-0.029171913862228394,
0.23802734911441803,
0.05472193658351898,
1.087309718132019,
-0.31197452545166016,
0.5100489854812622,
-0.09055514633655548,
0.3323213756084442,
-0.058234937489032745,
0.2929566502571106,
0.573562741279602,
0.31632310152053833,
0.1322057545185089,
0.2767934203147888,
-0.4775100648403168,
0.3829877972602844,
0.4765970706939697,
0.48981139063835144,
-0.39106863737106323,
-0.06487049907445908,
-0.07481713593006134,
0.38934326171875,
-0.13232722878456116,
-0.0671558752655983,
0.3768690228462219,
-0.32471388578414917,
0.325223445892334,
-0.1750953644514084,
0.3268771767616272,
0.7309296131134033,
0.5161963105201721,
0.22689864039421082,
0.3337118625640869,
-0.010622149333357811,
0.22741249203681946,
0.19596581161022186,
0.09088236093521118,
-0.20675912499427795,
0.2019871026277542,
0.2967543601989746,
-0.02481025457382202,
0.3125162422657013,
-0.019719049334526062,
-0.29537326097488403,
-0.6314884424209595,
-0.2489507645368576,
0.20049665868282318,
0.053251199424266815,
0.02583426609635353,
0.01739240251481533,
-0.06703654676675797,
-0.18537414073944092,
-0.2904283106327057,
0.17052072286605835,
0.022122293710708618,
-0.1052958220243454,
0.03595650568604469,
0.31306082010269165,
-0.5088815689086914,
-0.3645356297492981,
0.32144448161125183,
-0.12662215530872345,
0.12100666761398315,
-0.17412126064300537,
-0.4177599847316742,
-0.6829910278320312,
-0.3641955554485321,
-0.34619736671447754,
-0.24559883773326874,
-0.5321689248085022,
-0.2365545928478241,
0.4093135595321655,
-0.9046447277069092,
0.08337535709142685,
-0.12658797204494476,
-0.11049647629261017,
-0.49092862010002136,
0.33176183700561523,
-0.6346029043197632,
-0.4005599915981293,
-0.2125045657157898,
-0.2944152057170868,
0.18825963139533997,
-0.1918914020061493,
0.26694706082344055,
-0.2574847638607025,
-0.3703341484069824,
-0.33850938081741333,
0.23715317249298096,
0.2881433069705963,
-0.6352099776268005,
0.2380336970090866,
-0.7485600113868713,
-0.2783563733100891,
0.5649453401565552,
0.3323183059692383,
-0.04619211703538895,
-0.3196984529495239,
-0.09161629527807236,
-0.4984915852546692,
-0.24076935648918152,
0.5171039700508118,
-0.32246285676956177,
-0.3129502534866333,
-0.039659321308135986,
0.21278050541877747,
-0.44792574644088745,
-0.4566875994205475,
0.1557450294494629,
-0.1580202430486679,
0.3035055994987488,
0.21146667003631592,
0.18923991918563843,
0.08839689940214157,
-0.4808489978313446,
0.45525825023651123,
1.2909184694290161,
-0.6713243126869202,
-0.17119744420051575,
0.17600445449352264,
-0.4496813714504242,
-0.4167526662349701,
0.24416068196296692,
0.03345487266778946,
-0.11470445245504379,
-0.029802829027175903,
0.07948795706033707,
-0.4200018048286438,
1.017231822013855,
-0.014674872159957886,
-0.13499696552753448,
0.44054487347602844,
-0.20107905566692352,
-0.43570083379745483,
-0.11881671845912933,
0.05727386474609375,
0.14224156737327576,
-0.3786971867084503,
-0.1991092711687088,
-0.762595534324646,
-0.6314786672592163,
0.43249011039733887,
-0.49501651525497437,
-0.7029932141304016,
0.36508750915527344,
0.07596874237060547,
0.40483811497688293,
0.6108853816986084,
-0.28144559264183044,
0.1680169254541397,
-0.18644410371780396,
-0.12113495171070099,
-0.07504705339670181,
-0.16495825350284576,
-0.4191284477710724,
0.29823052883148193,
0.8138918876647949,
0.03434930741786957,
0.25943702459335327,
0.18902280926704407,
-0.12246629595756531,
0.3159430921077728,
-0.4916691780090332,
0.12146345525979996,
-0.5518984794616699,
-0.7500244379043579,
-0.24983906745910645,
-0.9079569578170776,
0.2051692008972168,
0.17780238389968872,
0.1427755206823349,
0.06961618363857269,
0.15652748942375183,
0.021082960069179535,
0.024624407291412354,
0.19357424974441528,
-0.27825844287872314,
0.2988187074661255,
-1.0151548385620117,
0.31186777353286743,
-0.5211114287376404,
0.12109638750553131,
-0.12802830338478088,
0.3085772395133972,
-0.012916319072246552,
0.07489317655563354,
0.360436350107193,
-0.4274977445602417,
-0.030435562133789062,
0.09405629336833954,
-0.05315396934747696,
0.15759137272834778,
-0.7208658456802368,
-0.04836505651473999,
-0.0417204350233078,
0.08865755796432495,
0.10138773918151855,
-0.13707870244979858,
0.7131094336509705,
-0.5446030497550964,
-0.2459920197725296,
0.44550395011901855,
0.13831783831119537,
0.8287588357925415,
0.10768278688192368,
-0.054996080696582794,
0.2983369529247284,
0.14156225323677063,
-0.07468178868293762,
0.15874360501766205,
-0.15082702040672302,
-0.11361103504896164,
0.663847029209137,
0.39148667454719543,
0.8121359348297119,
0.44297584891319275,
-0.5823744535446167,
-0.49837592244148254,
-0.4654671251773834,
0.4552365839481354,
0.26240411400794983,
-0.4548305869102478,
-0.1333959549665451,
-0.2540585994720459,
-0.21291494369506836,
-0.17015229165554047,
0.052957504987716675,
-0.4568830132484436,
0.07192248851060867,
0.5313692092895508,
-0.2306661605834961,
-0.5510542392730713,
0.06443829834461212,
1.0676589012145996,
0.05392347276210785,
-0.11743462830781937,
0.7024991512298584,
0.3729136884212494,
-0.38675209879875183,
-0.007034987211227417,
0.16630345582962036,
0.3318084478378296,
0.3810654282569885,
0.30402952432632446,
0.3569050431251526,
0.010451994836330414,
0.7460986375808716,
-0.225559800863266,
-0.20759443938732147,
-0.19301767647266388,
-0.15476824343204498,
0.0896041989326477,
-0.02371889352798462,
0.2846902012825012,
0.20472308993339539,
-0.20485526323318481,
-0.0030147135257720947,
-0.19323866069316864,
-0.16605046391487122,
0.5094002485275269,
-0.16293716430664062,
0.25051644444465637,
0.5402579307556152,
0.7344503998756409,
-0.32845422625541687,
0.514403760433197,
0.010886497795581818
] |
i'm not a scientist. is there a hobby or activity i can casually participate in that would allow me to contribute to the technological advancement of our species? | check out [folding @ home](_url_0_). "folding@home is a distributed computing project -- people from throughout the world download and run software to band together to make one of the largest supercomputers in the world. every computer takes the project closer to our goals." every little bit helps! and i'm sure there's a reddit team! | 4 | [] | [] | [
"http://folding.stanford.edu/",
"http://boinc.berkeley.edu/",
"http://setiathome.berkeley.edu/",
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arecibo_Observatory"
] | [
-0.8784497380256653,
-0.8084673881530762,
-0.8937239050865173,
-1.1477007865905762,
-0.08329904824495316,
-0.5349217057228088,
-0.34479382634162903,
-0.4976322650909424,
0.04958066716790199,
0.19380202889442444,
-0.3173544108867645,
0.5432268977165222,
0.6553434133529663,
0.11619750410318375,
0.2042582631111145,
-0.24492882192134857,
-0.27826371788978577,
-0.7046645283699036,
-0.5500485897064209,
0.4603128433227539,
0.12646585702896118,
-0.8159452080726624,
0.2616617679595947,
-0.31490665674209595,
0.4285249710083008,
-0.2520412802696228,
-0.03756140172481537,
-0.1588822603225708,
-0.581290066242218,
-0.5661008358001709,
0.7152137160301208,
-0.0073659373447299,
0.7361515760421753,
0.02756126970052719,
0.5230259299278259,
1.3985671997070312,
-0.18969956040382385,
-0.7486268877983093,
-0.746618926525116,
-0.48952579498291016,
0.2365276962518692,
-0.2901723086833954,
0.1680820882320404,
0.15427497029304504,
-0.5050031542778015,
0.103377565741539,
-0.7941161394119263,
-0.07565964758396149,
-0.10825376212596893,
0.38274839520454407,
-0.07265311479568481,
-0.12218667566776276,
-0.24438618123531342,
-0.06783096492290497,
0.11177195608615875,
0.10646456480026245,
0.24586284160614014,
0.44527044892311096,
0.4647277891635895,
-0.3883292078971863,
0.5229843854904175,
-0.6414476037025452,
-0.09571224451065063,
0.9262841939926147,
0.8617767691612244,
0.7080532312393188,
0.32522615790367126,
-0.2702213227748871,
-0.781456470489502,
-0.1818728744983673,
-0.8077915906906128,
-0.05414837598800659,
0.12295448780059814,
0.14254501461982727,
0.8313690423965454,
-0.4278087019920349,
-0.8587122559547424,
-0.3646296560764313,
-0.25701794028282166,
0.3620701730251312,
0.35650157928466797,
-0.3931593894958496,
-0.353470116853714,
0.28950074315071106,
0.7138147950172424,
0.28769370913505554,
0.434334933757782,
-0.8891833424568176,
0.2007874697446823,
-0.573526918888092,
-1.056236743927002,
-0.09746229648590088,
1.5338473320007324,
0.6167922616004944,
-1.2317957878112793,
0.399436891078949,
0.22120313346385956,
-0.3653515577316284,
-0.25600823760032654,
0.33169639110565186,
-0.6417568922042847,
-0.0512324720621109,
0.518416166305542,
-0.9509215354919434,
-0.15474873781204224,
-1.1675207614898682,
0.37577110528945923,
1.4209803342819214,
-0.23928222060203552,
-0.2779935598373413,
-0.20792970061302185,
0.016870364546775818,
-0.5866733193397522,
-0.045091524720191956,
0.3562212884426117,
-0.8770464658737183,
-0.3161385655403137,
0.23848401010036469,
-0.20476196706295013,
-0.08724464476108551,
0.8518022298812866,
0.20727938413619995,
0.28648072481155396,
0.3887774646282196,
0.7869527339935303,
0.5969479084014893,
-0.2666151821613312,
0.7604745626449585,
-0.04099142551422119,
0.31870773434638977,
0.16626758873462677,
0.29915639758110046,
-0.2581455111503601,
-0.2751309871673584,
-0.13737615942955017,
0.3936421275138855,
-0.7515062093734741,
-0.6074097752571106,
-0.00840979814529419,
0.8908063173294067,
0.6740409135818481,
0.622838020324707,
1.150493860244751,
-1.1036834716796875,
0.08629000186920166,
0.6195445656776428,
-0.05781784653663635,
0.22067733108997345,
0.29343241453170776,
0.37156182527542114,
0.3579421639442444,
-0.018249865621328354,
0.39710718393325806,
-0.4273321330547333,
-0.10838617384433746,
-0.0066506266593933105,
1.0327569246292114,
0.5165165662765503,
-0.16048505902290344,
-0.18353372812271118,
-0.6034241318702698,
0.12216027081012726,
-0.4595924913883209,
-0.30699384212493896,
-0.2778901755809784,
-0.7284019589424133,
-0.005339689552783966,
0.39397767186164856,
-0.7557693719863892,
0.21764644980430603,
-0.6038683652877808,
-0.9830946922302246,
0.22308218479156494,
-0.40709128975868225,
0.5647594928741455,
-0.04563196003437042,
0.15021541714668274,
0.6019784212112427,
-0.006326302886009216,
0.4790787696838379,
0.24186602234840393,
0.3756064772605896,
0.4435402452945709,
-0.4103955626487732,
-0.33680272102355957,
0.254932165145874,
0.7769773006439209,
0.9147894978523254,
-0.23407916724681854,
-0.8039131164550781,
-0.6801257133483887,
0.4722747802734375,
0.09689955413341522,
0.0408400297164917,
0.6361268162727356,
-0.7266692519187927,
0.20576508343219757,
0.7107133269309998,
0.25289949774742126,
-0.14628982543945312,
-0.2644672989845276,
-0.014902383089065552,
-0.6961994171142578,
-0.055204033851623535,
0.05371905118227005,
0.627896785736084,
-0.9387716054916382,
0.004013717174530029,
-0.11139513552188873,
0.1541246771812439,
-0.4923267364501953,
-0.4143012464046478,
-0.2399914562702179,
-0.043513309210538864,
0.27509641647338867,
-0.6393923163414001,
-0.9870524406433105,
0.16677719354629517,
-0.9323278069496155,
0.44311025738716125,
-0.41672495007514954,
-0.15808209776878357,
-0.029414355754852295,
-0.7667733430862427,
-0.4403274655342102,
-0.15206891298294067,
-0.491190642118454,
0.4852637052536011,
0.11180589348077774,
-0.1812196969985962,
-0.026084795594215393,
-0.37285315990448,
-0.07342322170734406,
1.0541201829910278,
0.1089174896478653,
-0.17469334602355957,
0.43082451820373535,
-0.17015746235847473,
-1.02052903175354,
0.24937468767166138,
0.20829972624778748,
-0.8009790778160095,
0.06418256461620331,
0.12485545873641968,
-0.7785643339157104,
0.8255190849304199,
0.21859052777290344,
0.2617431879043579,
0.021533221006393433,
0.5876092910766602,
0.3081434369087219,
0.07722494006156921,
0.2721247971057892,
-0.017239660024642944,
-0.032594189047813416,
-0.0927862748503685,
-0.6195331811904907,
-0.3818420171737671,
0.1341618001461029,
1.0122108459472656,
-0.8309563398361206,
-0.053527072072029114,
-0.20539894700050354,
0.19145482778549194,
0.8744384050369263,
0.16366082429885864,
-1.1922240257263184,
0.19552186131477356,
0.4428684711456299,
-0.36140358448028564,
-0.5243639945983887,
0.17425405979156494,
-0.7269150018692017,
0.03578157722949982,
0.6181871891021729,
0.6018097400665283,
0.6606615781784058,
-1.0425535440444946,
-0.1890125274658203,
0.5646747946739197,
-0.13842396438121796,
0.43957483768463135,
-0.04617162048816681,
0.23162078857421875,
-0.12361995130777359,
-0.987799882888794,
0.508976399898529,
0.3099519610404968,
0.23347888886928558,
-0.48933935165405273,
0.4545649290084839,
-0.12024949491024017,
-0.7393096089363098,
0.2917636036872864,
-0.34514346718788147,
0.19957414269447327,
0.08168470859527588,
-0.4334389567375183,
-0.5386787056922913,
0.553057849407196,
-0.1672118455171585,
0.2767699956893921,
-0.22707821428775787,
0.2589603364467621,
-0.5361884236335754,
0.3483894169330597,
0.3755636215209961,
0.2790158689022064,
0.5561931133270264,
-0.531740665435791,
1.1947071552276611,
0.32469311356544495,
0.16456617414951324,
0.16696345806121826,
-0.21671921014785767,
0.11211424320936203,
-0.12808138132095337,
0.40445423126220703,
-0.1806122362613678,
0.005212429910898209,
0.1464105248451233,
0.7677991390228271,
-0.07239550352096558,
0.5430433750152588,
-0.03604055941104889,
0.36468496918678284,
-0.11512385308742523,
0.015676572918891907,
-0.05090862512588501,
0.7317720651626587,
1.12255859375,
-0.4860140383243561,
-0.20203599333763123,
1.0358576774597168,
0.502527117729187,
0.17120049893856049,
-0.1044924333691597,
1.0114048719406128,
-0.8160160779953003,
-0.22678321599960327,
0.01786692813038826,
0.4582447409629822,
-0.22300830483436584,
0.12632639706134796,
0.26981645822525024,
-0.5787838101387024,
-0.19597597420215607,
0.5238228440284729,
-0.21207019686698914,
-0.9975247383117676,
-0.5527684688568115,
-0.5178202390670776,
-0.42809200286865234,
-0.6303539872169495,
0.7378909587860107,
1.0582431554794312,
-0.1873205304145813,
0.43521231412887573,
-0.46977704763412476,
0.38780397176742554,
0.1137004867196083,
0.05347468703985214,
-0.3282421827316284,
0.8906033635139465,
-0.873792827129364,
0.2728441059589386,
-0.1621052622795105,
-0.731259822845459,
-0.016563475131988525,
-0.3046802282333374,
-0.73187255859375,
0.20311683416366577,
-0.017972704023122787,
0.6688960790634155,
0.8737833499908447,
0.13926942646503448,
-0.1343233734369278,
-0.30290496349334717,
-0.3624410033226013,
1.4796453714370728,
0.6021770238876343,
0.5309360027313232,
0.5053625106811523,
0.2773764431476593
] |
|
how come macrophages aren't found in blood? | well they sort of are found in blood - but only as their undifferentiated counterparts; monocytes. when monocytes leave blood vessels and arrive at a site of injury (under the impetus of locally released chemoattractants) they differentiate into macrophages. | 3 | [] | [] | [] | [
-0.264362633228302,
-0.017970114946365356,
0.25729435682296753,
-0.8206242322921753,
0.1386421024799347,
0.1611711084842682,
0.9286550283432007,
0.8782973885536194,
0.7057337164878845,
0.25117793679237366,
0.3678038418292999,
0.09994442760944366,
0.40831857919692993,
-0.21067455410957336,
-0.13436703383922577,
-0.8877344727516174,
-0.32156309485435486,
-0.41780486702919006,
-0.7626067996025085,
0.6328397989273071,
-0.01328723132610321,
-0.12460795044898987,
0.1349758505821228,
0.1873473823070526,
0.33310359716415405,
-0.09513400495052338,
-0.14722926914691925,
-0.012697570025920868,
0.13474556803703308,
-0.337882936000824,
0.06284469366073608,
-0.05060413479804993,
0.035028934478759766,
-0.13779355585575104,
0.14051729440689087,
-0.13697347044944763,
-0.322074830532074,
1.3894625902175903,
-0.46879687905311584,
0.09024354815483093,
0.44464385509490967,
-1.023712396621704,
-0.966838002204895,
0.3257269859313965,
0.3769320249557495,
0.17329779267311096,
0.22402752935886383,
0.08229619264602661,
-0.46904104948043823,
0.6469643712043762,
-0.1234552264213562,
-0.01761516183614731,
-0.2563169598579407,
0.3978286385536194,
0.2262047380208969,
0.6467029452323914,
-0.6036292314529419,
-0.4360519051551819,
0.302935928106308,
0.3309846520423889,
0.11326734721660614,
-0.07545852661132812,
-0.7062857151031494,
1.1781976222991943,
1.3320770263671875,
-0.35622602701187134,
-0.05842012166976929,
0.1924746036529541,
-0.11824893951416016,
0.6099790334701538,
0.36358994245529175,
0.08219137787818909,
-0.033773601055145264,
0.6885383129119873,
-0.582356333732605,
1.0118789672851562,
0.3175814747810364,
-0.5645283460617065,
0.08054877817630768,
-0.524237334728241,
0.289213627576828,
0.2168298363685608,
0.10875242948532104,
0.436838835477829,
0.18137340247631073,
1.187013030052185,
-0.08121289312839508,
-0.08723097294569016,
-0.3860490918159485,
0.12392482161521912,
-1.0320661067962646,
-0.42356616258621216,
1.116278886795044,
-0.5171585083007812,
0.008817236870527267,
0.19374148547649384,
0.8983196020126343,
0.013257741928100586,
0.2604333162307739,
1.4576213359832764,
-0.47261399030685425,
0.22298401594161987,
0.2602959871292114,
-0.5480157136917114,
-0.13389047980308533,
-0.16835065186023712,
-0.41800457239151,
0.14321479201316833,
-0.2859414517879486,
-0.17376114428043365,
-0.3148587644100189,
-0.44672054052352905,
0.6388933062553406,
-0.0134507417678833,
-0.1179090365767479,
-0.2664589583873749,
0.42469024658203125,
0.2579196095466614,
-0.012061357498168945,
-0.3868623971939087,
0.018044494092464447,
0.04404163360595703,
-0.412160724401474,
-0.18763887882232666,
0.29670631885528564,
0.5916686654090881,
0.29444682598114014,
0.38022199273109436,
0.27347666025161743,
0.12353865802288055,
0.20397764444351196,
0.3653644323348999,
-0.2908557057380676,
0.7730675935745239,
-0.31895527243614197,
-0.25757652521133423,
-0.26111191511154175,
0.06964638084173203,
-0.6179220676422119,
-0.18623043596744537,
-0.17160621285438538,
-0.19918471574783325,
-0.3527519702911377,
0.7379612326622009,
0.297932505607605,
0.25922513008117676,
-0.2677267789840698,
-1.0127214193344116,
-0.11966690421104431,
0.504011332988739,
-0.962005615234375,
-0.10201477259397507,
0.1257202923297882,
0.08882921934127808,
-0.6292510032653809,
-0.77116858959198,
-0.15226146578788757,
0.26615849137306213,
-0.16011986136436462,
0.30529552698135376,
-0.8936272859573364,
0.5551778078079224,
-0.16290998458862305,
1.28873610496521,
0.004208333790302277,
-0.45080283284187317,
-0.17371857166290283,
-0.5635350942611694,
0.37055569887161255,
0.15040087699890137,
-0.31820568442344666,
-0.30571216344833374,
0.47801703214645386,
-0.24433833360671997,
-0.33372077345848083,
-0.18759320676326752,
0.01694399118423462,
0.3450871407985687,
0.7746728658676147,
0.30930495262145996,
-0.3556751310825348,
-0.7107661962509155,
-0.29551613330841064,
0.9407588839530945,
-0.6742114424705505,
-0.14889177680015564,
-0.08211980015039444,
-0.11404983699321747,
-0.04820859432220459,
0.25620707869529724,
-0.4671151638031006,
0.5182632803916931,
0.3127572536468506,
1.0671699047088623,
-0.6797954440116882,
-0.5395166277885437,
-0.06486724317073822,
-0.05806010961532593,
0.15874898433685303,
-0.11717311292886734,
-0.15583838522434235,
0.12111441791057587,
0.47965919971466064,
0.14941918849945068,
0.5464465618133545,
0.13035848736763,
-0.4238070845603943,
-0.2532017230987549,
-0.18834882974624634,
-0.48814764618873596,
-1.0486425161361694,
0.16665878891944885,
0.16624099016189575,
0.16829484701156616,
0.3387552499771118,
-0.36834588646888733,
0.002682514488697052,
-0.7840238213539124,
0.1933000683784485,
-0.43364137411117554,
-0.6740818023681641,
0.6428385376930237,
-0.7798844575881958,
-1.0163967609405518,
-0.05441226065158844,
-0.6143828630447388,
-0.2314627766609192,
0.4005097448825836,
-0.029573053121566772,
0.2991098165512085,
-0.09866435825824738,
0.3356020450592041,
-0.3937368392944336,
0.34788477420806885,
0.4214707314968109,
-0.06719812005758286,
0.03743945062160492,
0.10628272593021393,
-0.6078655123710632,
-0.3852297365665436,
-0.17362794280052185,
-0.18360060453414917,
-0.42022308707237244,
0.02920536696910858,
-0.43796730041503906,
0.37607842683792114,
-0.1977362036705017,
0.8755260109901428,
0.2324627935886383,
0.7653429508209229,
-1.2963721752166748,
0.12757524847984314,
-1.440943956375122,
0.5287280082702637,
-0.7841098308563232,
0.05199970304965973,
-0.8409440517425537,
0.31504225730895996,
-0.37100446224212646,
0.5543526411056519,
-0.0023938417434692383,
0.06455868482589722,
-0.5784478187561035,
-0.4717664122581482,
-0.5040615797042847,
-0.6859450340270996,
0.18400822579860687,
1.9191579818725586,
0.4942162036895752,
0.28689876198768616,
0.7969543933868408,
0.29910385608673096,
0.6745986938476562,
-0.4286425709724426,
-0.8171535730361938,
0.38645297288894653,
-0.36258357763290405,
0.103842593729496,
0.31338346004486084,
0.40779829025268555,
0.6403644680976868,
-0.9873408079147339,
-0.7946734428405762,
-0.8468527793884277,
0.1860552728176117,
-0.4593258500099182,
-0.1963662952184677,
0.3281330466270447,
0.15908183157444,
0.13349950313568115,
-0.4604860246181488,
0.16220234334468842,
-0.29221200942993164,
-0.6023924350738525,
1.3674890995025635,
-0.034122683107852936,
-0.2788522243499756,
-0.25592413544654846,
0.0016675591468811035,
0.34892845153808594,
-0.44928205013275146,
-0.15097525715827942,
-0.36642369627952576,
-0.27906838059425354,
-0.27253949642181396,
-0.6192415952682495,
0.06704235076904297,
0.5136903524398804,
-0.05285780504345894,
-0.1699320524930954,
0.388480007648468,
-0.49253416061401367,
0.08405795693397522,
-0.20661517977714539,
-0.37194567918777466,
0.2539941072463989,
-0.4274662733078003,
-0.2890801727771759,
0.10901360958814621,
0.28632059693336487,
1.296181082725525,
-0.29658201336860657,
0.2090814709663391,
0.04697157442569733,
-0.08369460701942444,
0.0204380601644516,
-0.5434758067131042,
0.5435582399368286,
0.5064335465431213,
0.5958698987960815,
-0.31359851360321045,
0.6216935515403748,
-0.11179828643798828,
-0.18607927858829498,
0.3981153666973114,
0.5047035217285156,
0.04921479523181915,
0.3569384515285492,
-1.0001368522644043,
-0.5708756446838379,
-0.734952986240387,
-0.4142589569091797,
0.9446268081665039,
0.2664675712585449,
-0.0012536123394966125,
-0.4971465468406677,
0.26483675837516785,
-0.8251018524169922,
-0.13706304132938385,
0.400438129901886,
0.5091383457183838,
0.8267566561698914,
0.34260275959968567,
-0.09013982117176056,
1.59883451461792,
-0.5189673900604248,
-0.35489988327026367,
0.15718767046928406,
0.3081653118133545,
-0.8372303247451782,
0.20611491799354553,
0.24489493668079376,
-0.05308093875646591,
0.6755536794662476,
-0.5356135964393616,
0.2716897428035736,
0.6189290285110474,
0.961883544921875,
-0.09322720766067505,
-0.8238189220428467,
0.3099958300590515,
-0.18773898482322693,
0.021454788744449615,
0.3949361741542816,
-0.3379588723182678,
0.06775259971618652,
-0.1495344340801239,
-0.3187021315097809,
-0.4375876784324646,
-0.49713385105133057,
-0.3561798930168152,
0.19235949218273163,
1.8691749572753906,
-0.12100726366043091
] |
|
have any "rough drafts" of modern anatomy been found? | thinking as a layman on the continuum from unicellular organisms to complex ones like humans, i was wondering if we have found any fossil records or something similar that shows some evolutionary dead ends. while juvenile, imagine organisms with eyes in their chests or a gi tract that ends at the face rather than beginning there. | the "ediacara fauna" are often described this way - very ancient organisms that aren't similar to the more recent ones that we know. _url_0_ there's a lot of debate about just how odd these organisms really are. some of them might be just primitive forms of taxa that we do know well, or maybe not - it's difficult to tell. _url_1_ there are also a lot of animals that we do know well that are built a lot differently from mammals. [insects](_url_2_) breathe through tubes instead of having lungs, and the openings of these breathing tubes are in their abdomens; [crickets have ears on their legs](_url_4_); [barnacles](_url_3_) spend their adult lives with their heads glued to a rock "kicking food into their mouths", etc etc - there's a *lot* of variation out there. "evolutionary dead end" doesn't really mean anything. | 4 | [] | [] | [
"http://www.dwmiller.net/pics/ediacara.jpg",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ediacara_biota",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insect#Respiratory_and_circulatory_systems",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barnacle#Adult_anatomy",
"http://www.todayifoundout.com/index.php/2012/11/a-crickets-ears-are-on-its-front-legs/"
] | [
-1.10630464553833,
-0.4741799235343933,
0.7377333045005798,
0.6656069159507751,
-0.8641613721847534,
-2.8000495433807373,
1.213192105293274,
-0.7866352200508118,
2.173060178756714,
1.1139706373214722,
2.9009013175964355,
-1.7446720600128174,
-1.1019034385681152,
1.482782006263733,
0.3112778067588806,
0.24891230463981628,
-1.4939672946929932,
-0.6837599873542786,
-1.7525651454925537,
1.4257941246032715,
1.4606001377105713,
2.707935333251953,
0.8133205771446228,
0.15173843502998352,
-1.3172856569290161,
-1.2941666841506958,
-2.4180986881256104,
-0.04083627462387085,
-0.5776270031929016,
-0.6235657930374146,
-0.6940564513206482,
0.7966617345809937,
-1.084011197090149,
-0.6948716044425964,
0.28390979766845703,
-0.06813399493694305,
-1.2413184642791748,
-0.42035356163978577,
1.1856882572174072,
-0.2965247333049774,
-0.22786378860473633,
-0.27593350410461426,
0.2833429276943207,
0.5408449769020081,
-1.684753656387329,
1.555727243423462,
-1.420547366142273,
0.6036437749862671,
-0.6882137656211853,
-1.3345441818237305,
-0.8187114000320435,
-1.1393167972564697,
-2.7722811698913574,
0.2105637639760971,
-0.4039016366004944,
-2.017110824584961,
-1.7194329500198364,
-0.9138575792312622,
-0.02468937635421753,
-0.6454671621322632,
0.7150586843490601,
0.21590068936347961,
0.6651302576065063,
1.9355027675628662,
0.3298846483230591,
-0.18026338517665863,
-1.4599430561065674,
-0.36009764671325684,
1.5917390584945679,
1.1847572326660156,
0.17733341455459595,
0.3346465826034546,
-0.6064348816871643,
2.298670530319214,
-0.8005304336547852,
0.7245763540267944,
0.18482093513011932,
-0.3950520157814026,
-1.1331336498260498,
-0.6031912565231323,
-1.6257587671279907,
-0.5802338719367981,
0.18673506379127502,
0.7986768484115601,
-0.35897043347358704,
1.443509817123413,
0.1256832629442215,
-1.108107566833496,
-3.1499807834625244,
1.3295702934265137,
-0.9252945184707642,
-0.8866856098175049,
2.501599073410034,
-0.1857956498861313,
-0.5782570242881775,
2.240934371948242,
1.518944501876831,
-0.26988744735717773,
-0.21178290247917175,
-0.4847026765346527,
-1.2612497806549072,
1.1838897466659546,
0.4365847110748291,
0.2767788767814636,
-0.24063071608543396,
-0.7736237049102783,
-1.9615724086761475,
-0.6247544288635254,
1.9944336414337158,
1.7316840887069702,
-1.9722553491592407,
-1.0941334962844849,
0.5337061882019043,
1.08634352684021,
-1.2238689661026,
-1.8599580526351929,
-1.0517231225967407,
-0.3041531443595886,
-0.8981002569198608,
0.398018479347229,
-0.7441799640655518,
-1.6044118404388428,
1.373948335647583,
-0.2836485207080841,
2.929417371749878,
-0.7692176103591919,
-1.1778781414031982,
0.8420447707176208,
2.080219030380249,
0.8036855459213257,
1.850041389465332,
-0.322347491979599,
0.6863360404968262,
-0.819776713848114,
-0.46787533164024353,
0.08142262697219849,
2.388704299926758,
0.5192391872406006,
-2.610712766647339,
1.6107630729675293,
0.1993059366941452,
0.034883104264736176,
1.0376416444778442,
0.5053045749664307,
-0.6710056066513062,
1.358599066734314,
0.19767248630523682,
-1.0100916624069214,
-0.8342751860618591,
1.5482969284057617,
-0.4064174294471741,
-2.446991443634033,
0.7411578893661499,
-1.2056020498275757,
-1.1944469213485718,
-2.099750280380249,
-1.1603609323501587,
0.5613551139831543,
0.8362982869148254,
0.2375192940235138,
-0.4913707971572876,
2.1911463737487793,
-0.2069997787475586,
1.52144193649292,
1.4587774276733398,
-1.2589881420135498,
-0.7510493397712708,
-1.724012851715088,
1.1004316806793213,
0.6568210124969482,
0.20540881156921387,
0.12563243508338928,
1.0559755563735962,
-0.29129964113235474,
0.7498691082000732,
0.37292999029159546,
-1.8720333576202393,
0.351211816072464,
0.37421029806137085,
2.5240795612335205,
1.5509238243103027,
0.456994891166687,
1.0405391454696655,
1.2174286842346191,
-0.7796720862388611,
-0.7989802360534668,
-0.5024054646492004,
0.48733240365982056,
1.608029842376709,
-0.06627462059259415,
-0.048852819949388504,
0.6721293330192566,
0.4358169138431549,
0.2282501459121704,
-0.5348814725875854,
0.66984623670578,
1.9868718385696411,
0.17910844087600708,
0.6065710783004761,
-0.7578438520431519,
-2.4913487434387207,
-1.7850595712661743,
-0.19865694642066956,
-0.6697639226913452,
0.5055044293403625,
-1.1672049760818481,
0.35862040519714355,
0.3934227526187897,
0.3631294369697571,
0.05741724371910095,
-2.291856527328491,
-0.6504806876182556,
-1.2346282005310059,
-0.6380200386047363,
0.345558762550354,
0.49685049057006836,
1.274821400642395,
0.13377153873443604,
-0.699885904788971,
-0.022557854652404785,
-0.4901507794857025,
-1.6762754917144775,
-1.2354462146759033,
-2.300832748413086,
-0.3816010355949402,
-0.8008016347885132,
-1.0070185661315918,
1.727028250694275,
-1.0155808925628662,
0.010693497955799103,
0.17647992074489594,
2.3631653785705566,
-0.4954703450202942,
0.749613344669342,
-0.06224748492240906,
0.9754124879837036,
2.9747796058654785,
-0.766704797744751,
2.2964422702789307,
-0.8889510035514832,
-0.5831042528152466,
0.6415044665336609,
0.8499077558517456,
0.5103756189346313,
-2.111483097076416,
0.06402523815631866,
-0.9908214807510376,
-0.6944801807403564,
0.24910423159599304,
2.3069827556610107,
-1.3190793991088867,
0.4246419072151184,
-1.7624889612197876,
-0.05146743357181549,
0.083550363779068,
1.0214442014694214,
0.08914268016815186,
-0.5944117307662964,
-0.14016270637512207,
-0.41841214895248413,
0.08199957013130188,
-0.1082698255777359,
0.30141758918762207,
-2.9575819969177246,
0.09984886646270752,
-0.24443168938159943,
-0.3517035245895386,
2.851978302001953,
-0.4592892527580261,
0.2259538322687149,
-0.2162753790616989,
0.33151283860206604,
0.5736231803894043,
-0.19155672192573547,
1.899151086807251,
0.8173091411590576,
-0.6239678859710693,
-3.0789074897766113,
0.673491895198822,
-1.0026031732559204,
-0.5367822051048279,
-1.9093081951141357,
0.7653061151504517,
0.17564761638641357,
0.20149630308151245,
-0.5903609395027161,
-0.4784036874771118,
-0.3470861315727234,
-0.16910138726234436,
-0.7215145826339722,
-1.0989302396774292,
1.3906726837158203,
-1.5546903610229492,
-1.4740681648254395,
1.5089341402053833,
-1.3566814661026,
-1.392057180404663,
-0.6044734716415405,
-0.17012649774551392,
1.928490161895752,
-1.0253642797470093,
-2.120391368865967,
-0.13795346021652222,
-0.22078455984592438,
-1.645715355873108,
0.5452823638916016,
1.2092335224151611,
0.9295253157615662,
2.103654384613037,
-0.8092231750488281,
-1.5045690536499023,
0.8182275295257568,
0.4383682608604431,
1.9238420724868774,
1.3876471519470215,
0.12255251407623291,
-0.9563878178596497,
2.012688636779785,
0.9001336097717285,
0.629834771156311,
1.458992600440979,
0.23556318879127502,
1.2938597202301025,
1.6713173389434814,
-0.23882617056369781,
-1.2633675336837769,
1.1360907554626465,
2.062978982925415,
-0.1724945455789566,
1.160351037979126,
-0.7428888082504272,
2.6414074897766113,
1.1160236597061157,
1.2922663688659668,
1.7688970565795898,
2.136638641357422,
-0.6462218761444092,
-0.03174443542957306,
-0.5830848217010498,
-0.44256365299224854,
-1.9582937955856323,
-0.8953507542610168,
-0.16396275162696838,
0.0033553168177604675,
-0.2432902455329895,
-1.6117322444915771,
0.37035971879959106,
0.51829993724823,
-1.8837977647781372,
0.3808020353317261,
0.47932523488998413,
1.898040771484375,
0.5425441265106201,
0.8740853071212769,
1.1249951124191284,
-0.9567482471466064,
-1.7055209875106812,
-1.0268803834915161,
1.368446707725525,
-0.9761978387832642,
0.20015400648117065,
-0.9161982536315918,
0.4600984454154968,
2.189143180847168,
-0.24775388836860657,
1.3420425653457642,
1.6121916770935059,
1.1879831552505493,
-0.39946722984313965,
-0.2203170210123062,
0.47328346967697144,
0.09004715085029602,
0.480513334274292,
-2.5392098426818848,
-1.7356317043304443,
-0.926406741142273,
-0.5716241598129272,
0.36754894256591797,
-0.08448638767004013,
2.1836678981781006,
1.7451186180114746,
0.7104227542877197,
3.772477865219116,
-0.6682685613632202
] |
what consequences does under water pressure have on your body? | i just read a story of a guy who survived 2 1/2 days in a sunken ship in a depth of about 30 metres. what consequences does such a situation on your body have? (pressure-wise) what would happen to him if would just dive straight to the surface, after so much time under water? how long could a human body survive under this pressure circumstances? _url_0_ link to the video | it depends on the depth. obviously at a certain depth, the pressure will physically crush you without some sort of rigid protective suit, but that's well below 30 meters. 30 meters is not all that deep. recreational divers can go that deep, and technical divers routinely dive deeper than that. at 30 meters, your main concerns are hypothermia and nitrogen narcosis. nitrogen narcosis occurs when the partial pressure of nitrogen gets high enough to cause a temporary altered state of consciousness, sort of life being drunk. this is reversible. any deeper than that and you need to use a special gas mixture for breathing as oxygen becomes toxic at high pressure. how long could someone survive at 30 meters? that depends on whether they're saturation diving in a suit or special habitat, or just exposed to open water breathing trapped air like this guy. for the former, saturation divers can spend weeks or months in under sea habitats equalized to the ambient outside pressure. for a dude stuck in a ship wreck, 2 1/2 days is already remarkably long. that's into the danger zone for dehydration, running out of oxygen, and definitely hypothermia depending on the water temperature. if he had shot straight up to the surface after spending 2 1/2 days at that depth, he most likely would have died from severe decompression sickness and possibly an arterial gas embolism. | 3 | [] | [
"https://youtu.be/eEbBpGc1XFo"
] | [] | [
-0.1876528263092041,
1.5921224355697632,
1.5424530506134033,
2.151991844177246,
0.12479180097579956,
-2.402334451675415,
1.235288381576538,
3.2240731716156006,
0.08975744992494583,
-0.7848942875862122,
0.9864873290061951,
-0.9043519496917725,
-0.14037516713142395,
2.5800716876983643,
-1.0867915153503418,
0.7554051280021667,
-0.5597299933433533,
-1.0756826400756836,
-2.9962785243988037,
2.5670127868652344,
1.92417573928833,
4.37033224105835,
-0.9949734210968018,
-0.46426287293434143,
-0.5363589525222778,
-0.5020114183425903,
0.001857370138168335,
2.639692544937134,
0.12574872374534607,
-0.22478319704532623,
-0.525249719619751,
-1.5131921768188477,
-1.9208999872207642,
-2.611948251724243,
1.5618077516555786,
-0.9414179921150208,
-0.2938697338104248,
-0.036360934376716614,
-2.921926259994507,
0.5704364776611328,
-0.3884129822254181,
-0.32765066623687744,
-0.3299247920513153,
3.154364585876465,
-0.658135712146759,
3.5266788005828857,
-0.30972909927368164,
-1.1993212699890137,
2.369913101196289,
0.07625629007816315,
-1.5304279327392578,
-0.6907005310058594,
1.4348628520965576,
1.0872193574905396,
-2.3377151489257812,
-2.142503499984741,
-0.9437031745910645,
-1.2826719284057617,
-2.098747730255127,
-1.5294816493988037,
1.2770521640777588,
1.0480327606201172,
-0.34252244234085083,
0.5432561635971069,
2.9830355644226074,
-1.867201805114746,
-0.945490837097168,
0.30952394008636475,
1.4900709390640259,
3.380974769592285,
1.4101194143295288,
-0.019098371267318726,
-2.0367422103881836,
-1.7313071489334106,
-0.6864765882492065,
-1.3827747106552124,
-1.02833092212677,
-1.7411834001541138,
0.6761665344238281,
2.2067818641662598,
1.422532320022583,
-2.2843916416168213,
-2.009204149246216,
-1.4909695386886597,
-2.747234582901001,
1.4348938465118408,
1.5558786392211914,
1.6951980590820312,
-1.3851597309112549,
2.386647939682007,
-2.285106897354126,
-0.7254139184951782,
0.8032832145690918,
0.4067133367061615,
0.6941781640052795,
1.8253264427185059,
-1.8788373470306396,
-0.22001266479492188,
-1.2988951206207275,
-1.652944803237915,
0.5762251615524292,
1.8191077709197998,
-5.3457770347595215,
2.133119821548462,
0.9511069655418396,
0.4562227129936218,
1.9576200246810913,
1.5731022357940674,
1.5266859531402588,
0.9702800512313843,
-0.4555482566356659,
2.1959285736083984,
2.9362709522247314,
-1.085172414779663,
-0.5815705060958862,
2.626751661300659,
-1.6897422075271606,
-0.2011609971523285,
-4.754635810852051,
0.03178193420171738,
-1.5158847570419312,
-2.032212972640991,
-2.4710943698883057,
-1.4911754131317139,
3.702810525894165,
-0.3814408481121063,
1.1000455617904663,
1.5789960622787476,
1.9170470237731934,
-1.9345067739486694,
1.7632086277008057,
1.4180928468704224,
0.32847321033477783,
-1.069679617881775,
-1.3176029920578003,
-0.08373983949422836,
2.99139142036438,
2.101612091064453,
-2.1216719150543213,
0.8335742950439453,
0.059445105493068695,
1.3430507183074951,
-2.8142712116241455,
-2.5117266178131104,
-0.0035054385662078857,
1.2664194107055664,
-1.4262807369232178,
-3.832681655883789,
-0.09092291444540024,
-4.575883388519287,
-2.0463037490844727,
-0.6996424198150635,
1.816474437713623,
-0.9808939695358276,
-1.8045992851257324,
-0.2520997226238251,
-0.6227741241455078,
0.9760086536407471,
-2.2261815071105957,
2.1689956188201904,
-4.24833345413208,
0.3575766086578369,
0.3813718259334564,
2.1478192806243896,
2.3039565086364746,
1.6936094760894775,
-1.7558321952819824,
-0.6620873212814331,
1.7817579507827759,
0.6294997334480286,
-0.2931499481201172,
0.482573539018631,
0.679273247718811,
-3.058297872543335,
-0.29701554775238037,
1.504927158355713,
-4.46066951751709,
-0.5584003925323486,
0.6738730072975159,
0.40811192989349365,
0.6357513070106506,
-0.22551670670509338,
1.8061186075210571,
1.9722235202789307,
0.6122133731842041,
-1.4066187143325806,
-1.3908368349075317,
1.017823576927185,
-1.9003944396972656,
1.1170074939727783,
0.09213045239448547,
1.2817639112472534,
2.3540377616882324,
0.8543071746826172,
-1.7088688611984253,
1.1871830224990845,
-3.4958479404449463,
-0.8410869836807251,
-1.2628697156906128,
0.34557875990867615,
-0.053542956709861755,
-2.286736488342285,
-1.9624589681625366,
-2.816585063934326,
0.8398528099060059,
-0.5492988228797913,
3.169199228286743,
-3.3533968925476074,
0.7692586183547974,
-0.671465277671814,
0.7829954028129578,
0.7272909283638,
1.0672413110733032,
-1.2686371803283691,
-0.031043976545333862,
-1.1122450828552246,
-1.6003373861312866,
1.2974435091018677,
0.44008851051330566,
0.1671876162290573,
2.206796884536743,
-3.2401628494262695,
0.9701967239379883,
-2.4668002128601074,
0.6570826768875122,
-0.25876593589782715,
-1.306880235671997,
2.5208864212036133,
1.9968500137329102,
2.171912908554077,
-0.7663444876670837,
4.767948627471924,
-1.4269688129425049,
0.9186272621154785,
-1.7155427932739258,
-0.13026048243045807,
1.8366094827651978,
1.809590220451355,
0.2672848403453827,
-0.19080224633216858,
-1.7640527486801147,
-0.5496342182159424,
-0.7347222566604614,
0.6274656057357788,
1.2647199630737305,
1.119297742843628,
0.42761287093162537,
-0.6818447113037109,
0.12809297442436218,
2.061321496963501,
-1.7423286437988281,
0.5200403928756714,
-2.245788335800171,
0.9858897924423218,
-1.717197060585022,
2.5598795413970947,
-2.386796236038208,
-1.1348919868469238,
-1.4982656240463257,
0.14060081541538239,
-0.09267844259738922,
2.067868232727051,
-2.347233533859253,
-2.9223155975341797,
0.5802805423736572,
-0.42480963468551636,
2.588960886001587,
0.3941098749637604,
-1.0374114513397217,
-0.48882168531417847,
2.1819541454315186,
-4.866306781768799,
0.13181042671203613,
0.9124606251716614,
-0.26674720644950867,
-2.6029253005981445,
-2.915781021118164,
3.9447765350341797,
1.30222487449646,
-1.2330563068389893,
-1.4104840755462646,
-4.791671276092529,
-0.8696418404579163,
0.3972474932670593,
2.254080057144165,
0.3227797746658325,
-0.3847162425518036,
-0.7007350921630859,
1.1792926788330078,
0.6870514154434204,
-0.8385049104690552,
3.8258018493652344,
-1.0190215110778809,
0.28405940532684326,
2.702655076980591,
-1.4108096361160278,
1.4260889291763306,
1.5488470792770386,
1.7937942743301392,
0.01641368865966797,
-1.6391725540161133,
0.9575251340866089,
-1.6695619821548462,
1.1591440439224243,
-3.2201504707336426,
1.450695276260376,
0.17144647240638733,
0.8349967002868652,
2.388737916946411,
0.8040193319320679,
0.04004696011543274,
-3.5520660877227783,
-0.5115636587142944,
-0.5311855673789978,
0.4295097887516022,
0.3337094187736511,
-1.186280369758606,
-1.2951908111572266,
-0.26201993227005005,
1.063559889793396,
0.25982317328453064,
1.2871274948120117,
-0.4599619507789612,
1.5231873989105225,
-0.6061034798622131,
2.277848243713379,
1.0935604572296143,
0.09027805924415588,
-1.1081831455230713,
0.8048985600471497,
0.02400261163711548,
1.875795602798462,
5.328159332275391,
0.915421724319458,
2.3323705196380615,
-0.4161837100982666,
-0.7177025675773621,
-1.274585247039795,
-3.18387770652771,
-1.4210138320922852,
-0.7281605005264282,
-0.32072076201438904,
2.4136178493499756,
2.947313070297241,
1.9080358743667603,
1.0124844312667847,
1.0901927947998047,
-0.15511995553970337,
-1.2474689483642578,
0.14315272867679596,
-0.1048736423254013,
2.686161994934082,
-0.7353687286376953,
0.6795360445976257,
0.9419770836830139,
-1.5341366529464722,
0.5677846074104309,
1.6498351097106934,
-1.6614545583724976,
-1.4051551818847656,
-2.0804545879364014,
-0.3048844337463379,
0.22071394324302673,
3.2957801818847656,
-0.38611000776290894,
2.7946324348449707,
-0.7648634910583496,
1.1131443977355957,
-2.03703236579895,
0.6112346053123474,
3.0180397033691406,
1.290395736694336,
1.9294289350509644,
0.8289322853088379,
1.284115195274353,
0.25244975090026855,
-1.2961368560791016,
1.848030924797058,
-3.387478828430176,
-0.8305461406707764,
-2.0043222904205322,
-0.19841909408569336,
-0.6969753503799438,
-0.1257372349500656
] |
what is it about faces that makes them especially prone to comedones/acne/furuncles/etc? | they're not exclusively there, but it seems like for the small surface area, the face has a disproportionate amount of skin lesions like pimples and boils. is it environmental exposure? hygeine? i've considered just "it's most noticeable in the face" but even that doesn't seem sufficient to explain the preponderance. | our skin is oily to help prevent the skin from drying out and to waterproof our hair and skin. the sebaceous glands produces sebum (the oil), and our face has a high density of these glands since it is more sensitive. acne (and others) is usually produced when the sebum clogs the sebaceous glands in our skin, leading to an infection. so, because our face produces more oils and is more sensitive than other parts of the body, it is more likely to develop acne, etc. | 6 | [] | [] | [] | [
-1.4399837255477905,
-0.4273490905761719,
0.8485912680625916,
1.8036623001098633,
0.485294371843338,
0.27437901496887207,
0.7096434235572815,
0.36547911167144775,
0.15347222983837128,
-0.5257021188735962,
-0.9060858488082886,
-1.578460693359375,
0.24629321694374084,
0.5736802816390991,
0.007632657885551453,
0.19231091439723969,
1.044227123260498,
-0.29540127515792847,
0.3163778483867645,
0.19146917760372162,
-1.0721004009246826,
1.1575560569763184,
0.151920884847641,
-1.0456103086471558,
-1.6369707584381104,
-0.5074359178543091,
0.6542277932167053,
-1.6242330074310303,
-0.4688816964626312,
-0.09548551589250565,
0.6796750426292419,
-0.8045783042907715,
-0.30755335092544556,
-0.0019851289689540863,
-0.14689509570598602,
-1.2158758640289307,
-0.5331946611404419,
-0.9328554272651672,
0.7450945377349854,
0.6696509122848511,
-0.49174511432647705,
-0.9733285307884216,
-1.2131341695785522,
-0.18439272046089172,
1.4675250053405762,
1.2245409488677979,
1.1527564525604248,
-0.5072778463363647,
-0.7217566967010498,
0.49553030729293823,
0.7595192193984985,
-0.404514342546463,
-0.596156120300293,
0.7411822080612183,
-0.6424604058265686,
0.030772358179092407,
-1.9786964654922485,
-0.5884235501289368,
-0.8148709535598755,
0.5039545893669128,
-0.922443151473999,
0.4924892783164978,
1.1529561281204224,
1.979913592338562,
1.5101597309112549,
-1.0768626928329468,
0.44607365131378174,
0.3399229943752289,
-0.7082456946372986,
-0.1798846572637558,
0.7706915140151978,
0.3423793613910675,
0.39729613065719604,
0.31546270847320557,
0.009400695562362671,
0.6269676685333252,
0.05603351816534996,
-0.5563770532608032,
0.03074207901954651,
-0.43817949295043945,
-0.5375096797943115,
0.7656009197235107,
0.2268524020910263,
1.0919867753982544,
0.10298550873994827,
1.1827030181884766,
-0.2716324031352997,
-0.5335790514945984,
-2.0519495010375977,
0.9251624345779419,
-0.049245599657297134,
0.21497760713100433,
-0.43866685032844543,
-0.18547973036766052,
1.1102674007415771,
0.6775597333908081,
-0.717134952545166,
0.5669066309928894,
-0.4807068109512329,
-0.575840175151825,
-1.8622156381607056,
-0.4724489748477936,
-1.2796990871429443,
-1.1302167177200317,
-0.5225389003753662,
-0.20344233512878418,
-0.9875999093055725,
0.32181262969970703,
-1.395327091217041,
1.866287112236023,
0.3584252595901489,
-0.5808236002922058,
-0.7477614283561707,
0.6124895215034485,
-0.14944520592689514,
-1.0316288471221924,
0.28116142749786377,
-1.4109792709350586,
0.04703998565673828,
-0.5406922101974487,
-0.7865923643112183,
-0.6337229013442993,
-1.2563977241516113,
-0.7963591814041138,
1.508742094039917,
-0.4612533748149872,
0.5822352170944214,
0.5574048161506653,
0.25463783740997314,
0.6736537218093872,
0.5212797522544861,
-0.06288333237171173,
0.21923917531967163,
1.410222053527832,
-0.9945679903030396,
-0.7328240871429443,
-0.35620009899139404,
-1.3720113039016724,
-1.3988926410675049,
0.44591617584228516,
0.12556330859661102,
1.3512896299362183,
-0.3696773052215576,
0.19360283017158508,
-0.5351778864860535,
0.5539961457252502,
0.7193546891212463,
-1.790970802307129,
-1.3305230140686035,
0.9004918336868286,
-0.6880980134010315,
-0.07887506484985352,
-0.5331747531890869,
1.3819425106048584,
-0.8262659311294556,
-1.427342176437378,
-1.0704622268676758,
-0.09597916901111603,
0.7295775413513184,
0.29207658767700195,
0.019075289368629456,
0.22380895912647247,
-0.8566284775733948,
0.3973068296909332,
-0.08651396632194519,
0.13464830815792084,
-0.7976523637771606,
-0.14878904819488525,
2.1652348041534424,
-0.30812302231788635,
-0.12828777730464935,
1.3336684703826904,
0.8983309864997864,
0.8742280602455139,
0.29431095719337463,
0.09395980834960938,
-1.5760765075683594,
-0.542238712310791,
0.19898992776870728,
0.8883407711982727,
1.4182703495025635,
0.021319814026355743,
-0.5440922975540161,
-0.5814494490623474,
-0.573916494846344,
-1.637800931930542,
-0.4582078456878662,
0.23150646686553955,
-1.5100733041763306,
1.4234075546264648,
0.5484029650688171,
0.23872366547584534,
0.5892285108566284,
0.24609467387199402,
-1.0803780555725098,
0.22521835565567017,
-0.9643610119819641,
0.05330755561590195,
0.19948899745941162,
0.30764132738113403,
1.4307682514190674,
-1.0094013214111328,
-1.3198320865631104,
0.6721217036247253,
1.7432392835617065,
0.48507022857666016,
-0.2785447835922241,
0.33861052989959717,
-0.7033082246780396,
-0.5501527190208435,
0.9157530069351196,
-0.25532594323158264,
-0.0785600021481514,
0.5463845729827881,
0.30297571420669556,
1.3167898654937744,
1.0019301176071167,
0.8832303881645203,
1.8190617561340332,
-1.0857142210006714,
-0.1752132773399353,
0.03772483393549919,
-1.1879528760910034,
-1.2746535539627075,
0.4882414937019348,
-0.8857024908065796,
0.10818612575531006,
1.4396283626556396,
-0.5665203332901001,
0.5290616750717163,
0.33365973830223083,
1.9184421300888062,
-0.9916300773620605,
0.8144913911819458,
0.7992295026779175,
-0.6751608848571777,
0.6420829892158508,
-0.8083781003952026,
0.1572851538658142,
-0.022587865591049194,
0.20628535747528076,
1.5377373695373535,
-1.1288071870803833,
-1.2891842126846313,
-1.3508021831512451,
1.9744998216629028,
1.3495140075683594,
1.4687392711639404,
-0.23286773264408112,
1.5311577320098877,
-1.5189566612243652,
-0.7528541088104248,
-0.5470379590988159,
0.8859661817550659,
0.029514489695429802,
0.22742536664009094,
-1.5701444149017334,
-1.057356357574463,
-0.09125427156686783,
0.8435451984405518,
-0.5596082210540771,
-0.13087104260921478,
0.09303178638219833,
0.44554606080055237,
-0.8016960024833679,
-1.4789314270019531,
0.26694008708000183,
1.695047378540039,
0.058097757399082184,
1.2098066806793213,
0.4886378049850464,
-0.661456823348999,
-0.10879718512296677,
0.27651989459991455,
1.2837001085281372,
-0.22728976607322693,
-0.36536043882369995,
-0.2937471270561218,
0.8031491041183472,
0.3479623794555664,
0.2366754561662674,
-1.341304063796997,
-0.6887807250022888,
0.7601405382156372,
0.8350145816802979,
0.037936627864837646,
0.18074169754981995,
-1.261702299118042,
0.06800033897161484,
-0.5485464930534363,
-0.01974143087863922,
1.1027007102966309,
0.9927096366882324,
-0.9491394758224487,
1.6957353353500366,
0.13377749919891357,
-0.016827821731567383,
0.34085381031036377,
-0.22297102212905884,
-1.1135835647583008,
-0.07082854211330414,
-0.19210776686668396,
-1.012723445892334,
0.7999162673950195,
-2.2180063724517822,
0.03654959052801132,
-0.14102157950401306,
0.4885910153388977,
0.8366446495056152,
-0.9106967449188232,
-2.2079172134399414,
-0.8711860775947571,
-0.02160429209470749,
-0.6980041265487671,
-1.600376009941101,
-0.02252839505672455,
-1.4071478843688965,
0.6310300230979919,
-0.1144380122423172,
0.14857476949691772,
1.2236077785491943,
-0.3235592544078827,
1.621052622795105,
0.7213622331619263,
-0.7924519777297974,
0.11879712343215942,
0.10517261922359467,
0.8621604442596436,
0.9283977746963501,
-0.1850397139787674,
-0.1779831051826477,
0.8629776239395142,
0.8265044689178467,
0.722041130065918,
0.89702308177948,
1.4976898431777954,
-0.026337414979934692,
-0.8829219341278076,
-0.8002451658248901,
-1.394408106803894,
-0.4337832033634186,
-0.42367300391197205,
1.1839269399642944,
-0.016792848706245422,
0.48109909892082214,
-0.25337499380111694,
0.5965595245361328,
0.6322298049926758,
-1.3794631958007812,
0.02353881672024727,
-0.1947382539510727,
0.36881837248802185,
0.13792574405670166,
1.088215708732605,
1.9746521711349487,
-1.1044409275054932,
-1.1918220520019531,
0.061040252447128296,
-0.03984558954834938,
0.6405206322669983,
-1.1940369606018066,
-0.4990551471710205,
0.793475866317749,
1.6444485187530518,
-0.8795499205589294,
-0.5284700989723206,
0.8146778345108032,
2.67726469039917,
0.40920448303222656,
0.7168260812759399,
0.12569372355937958,
-0.5072360038757324,
0.336048424243927,
0.43062058091163635,
-0.7895276546478271,
-1.2006837129592896,
0.8223632574081421,
0.3884148597717285,
1.024379014968872,
1.134694218635559,
-0.6329388618469238,
-0.47265660762786865,
2.314526319503784,
1.0211992263793945
] |
when can we say normalcy ends and pathology begins? | this is a really interesting question and subject to a good deal of debate. from a clinical/treatment oriented standpoint, i would say when that "abnormal" behavior begins to cause impairment and/or dysfunction. the impairment criterion is present in all (at least to my knowledge) dsm 5 diagnostics. | 3 | [] | [] | [] | [
-0.38787704706192017,
-0.3911384344100952,
0.500702440738678,
-0.14761874079704285,
-0.22384190559387207,
-0.2090526521205902,
-0.09793215990066528,
0.9627464413642883,
-0.2484457939863205,
-0.05062759295105934,
0.315731018781662,
0.3629065155982971,
-0.6493633985519409,
-0.04550623148679733,
-0.8060950636863708,
0.19795116782188416,
0.20876146852970123,
-1.0619256496429443,
-0.4704783260822296,
0.8917993307113647,
-0.5418964624404907,
0.9395182132720947,
0.48641547560691833,
-0.14627324044704437,
-1.3841917514801025,
0.2620101869106293,
1.0508043766021729,
-0.0038137435913085938,
-0.18194127082824707,
-0.3119898736476898,
-0.25806888937950134,
0.4289690852165222,
0.2999582886695862,
-0.19150832295417786,
-0.26875653862953186,
-0.5056183338165283,
0.4049223065376282,
0.3685988485813141,
-0.1759357899427414,
-0.2247624695301056,
0.3691266179084778,
-0.21627800166606903,
0.08037726581096649,
0.6221175789833069,
0.012355431914329529,
0.5261348485946655,
-0.24557346105575562,
-0.46398407220840454,
-0.22586476802825928,
0.5702961683273315,
0.20431309938430786,
-0.25514116883277893,
0.6369762420654297,
0.7533811330795288,
0.27142101526260376,
-0.10341492295265198,
-0.251437783241272,
-0.15764299035072327,
-0.5748712420463562,
1.1388522386550903,
-0.34299859404563904,
0.6365185976028442,
-0.49575966596603394,
0.3760487139225006,
1.6733278036117554,
0.7402302026748657,
1.002200722694397,
-0.401516854763031,
0.5553866624832153,
1.2062909603118896,
-0.12349759787321091,
0.246353417634964,
-1.0339008569717407,
0.43865934014320374,
-0.14053761959075928,
0.19923332333564758,
-0.604970395565033,
-0.6280905604362488,
0.6498676538467407,
-0.6300032138824463,
0.33374202251434326,
0.6156579256057739,
0.2096581757068634,
0.08913618326187134,
0.28213852643966675,
0.3304329812526703,
0.0220375657081604,
0.09299163520336151,
0.0020530372858047485,
0.532961905002594,
-0.7253673076629639,
-0.7184745669364929,
-0.5992791652679443,
-0.1472454071044922,
0.010606437921524048,
0.6357343792915344,
-0.44091036915779114,
-0.7593501210212708,
0.6975964903831482,
0.5266710519790649,
-0.42199575901031494,
-0.5600851774215698,
-1.5424079895019531,
0.5510448813438416,
-0.8590036630630493,
-0.5328683853149414,
0.4834243357181549,
0.12782983481884003,
-1.144531488418579,
-0.3420892655849457,
-0.13743498921394348,
-0.29197701811790466,
0.4137684106826782,
-0.2704564929008484,
0.2613699734210968,
-0.7328470945358276,
-0.487047016620636,
0.22542572021484375,
-0.7426000833511353,
0.08300664275884628,
-0.18815848231315613,
-1.2721086740493774,
0.21883675456047058,
0.16971993446350098,
0.2569531798362732,
0.3631821870803833,
-1.0252914428710938,
0.7574958801269531,
0.2954760193824768,
-0.3618020713329315,
0.45762306451797485,
-0.04187577962875366,
0.6591047048568726,
0.3049900531768799,
-0.05424264445900917,
0.4257555902004242,
1.0444443225860596,
-0.10087370872497559,
-0.03403756022453308,
0.07470537722110748,
0.19523005187511444,
-0.1705489605665207,
0.028843805193901062,
0.621376633644104,
-0.0016743242740631104,
0.4236406087875366,
-0.4455493688583374,
-0.3112189769744873,
0.09465077519416809,
-0.5350296497344971,
0.2278764396905899,
-0.258989542722702,
0.004196822643280029,
0.6721932888031006,
-0.1299246996641159,
-0.07012361288070679,
0.2769768238067627,
0.2735132873058319,
-0.7494994401931763,
0.35271477699279785,
-0.6843404769897461,
-0.48255670070648193,
-0.35836082696914673,
0.97022545337677,
0.29881662130355835,
0.3013383448123932,
-0.6206820607185364,
-0.6078186631202698,
0.16534209251403809,
-0.12157831341028214,
-0.058287642896175385,
0.5274739861488342,
0.5446233749389648,
-0.7238737344741821,
-0.06084507703781128,
-0.7757935523986816,
-0.5909507274627686,
0.9576388597488403,
-0.5298888683319092,
-0.05093502998352051,
0.6358935832977295,
-0.6118834614753723,
0.05963290482759476,
0.9051641821861267,
-0.44209545850753784,
-0.14518816769123077,
-0.06088486313819885,
0.36779874563217163,
0.6936538219451904,
-0.18813717365264893,
-1.0166947841644287,
-0.037166528403759,
0.011310756206512451,
-0.04309631139039993,
0.1927354335784912,
-0.9769158959388733,
-0.1691436767578125,
-0.3402795195579529,
0.9172629714012146,
-0.39137953519821167,
-0.6202554106712341,
0.37712404131889343,
-0.3815806806087494,
-0.37415963411331177,
0.2237771451473236,
0.4939206838607788,
-0.5468664169311523,
-1.1534074544906616,
-0.1613186001777649,
-0.40116679668426514,
-0.005562048405408859,
0.737228512763977,
-0.15398502349853516,
-0.07717132568359375,
-0.15380844473838806,
0.5987707376480103,
-0.634514331817627,
0.7140355110168457,
0.4655693769454956,
-0.2992367744445801,
-0.552086591720581,
-0.29149430990219116,
0.041166990995407104,
-0.6472264528274536,
-0.34929704666137695,
0.12082850933074951,
-0.5973134636878967,
-0.043617844581604004,
0.2201632857322693,
0.5014031529426575,
0.04094964638352394,
1.1665388345718384,
0.21058131754398346,
-0.3532246947288513,
0.4305591285228729,
0.20783892273902893,
-0.4876556992530823,
-0.49850305914878845,
-0.15597912669181824,
0.3137330412864685,
-1.5414202213287354,
-0.351973295211792,
-0.5519573092460632,
0.3744775652885437,
0.18017518520355225,
1.4870917797088623,
-0.08966656029224396,
-0.013580404222011566,
0.5014591217041016,
0.5725439786911011,
-1.009124755859375,
0.5119300484657288,
-0.6092446446418762,
0.6453137397766113,
-0.20118169486522675,
0.4121188521385193,
-0.6351698637008667,
0.1446913629770279,
0.16684821248054504,
-0.5479994416236877,
0.5673239827156067,
-0.005289241671562195,
0.46108460426330566,
-0.6579195261001587,
0.09460269659757614,
0.9843729734420776,
0.5575840473175049,
0.07571632415056229,
0.08726809173822403,
-0.3613177239894867,
-0.3793588876724243,
-0.16897186636924744,
1.1138520240783691,
0.25332680344581604,
-0.17549537122249603,
-0.16342033445835114,
0.2265755832195282,
0.1341865360736847,
-0.29630720615386963,
-0.8738033175468445,
0.3262934982776642,
-1.3688786029815674,
-1.3513576984405518,
0.548981249332428,
0.1158771812915802,
-0.0075810253620147705,
-0.17483854293823242,
-0.2946323752403259,
-0.10549089312553406,
-0.027646318078041077,
0.40203070640563965,
0.12752091884613037,
1.3508789539337158,
-0.0017328858375549316,
0.6372385025024414,
0.034070491790771484,
-0.14317035675048828,
-0.18487653136253357,
0.21694165468215942,
-0.9589178562164307,
-1.041890263557434,
-0.2326183319091797,
-0.5270224809646606,
0.15995129942893982,
-0.48052603006362915,
-0.4941498637199402,
0.1475876420736313,
0.269656777381897,
-0.266664981842041,
-0.471564918756485,
0.28948262333869934,
-0.20655891299247742,
-0.25976356863975525,
0.6642493009567261,
-0.09699062258005142,
0.3267858326435089,
-1.9365839958190918,
0.20709797739982605,
-0.5091822147369385,
0.36285215616226196,
0.5545841455459595,
-0.9601843357086182,
0.11823698878288269,
-0.23032426834106445,
0.507271409034729,
0.3002035915851593,
-0.6353226900100708,
-0.3367668092250824,
-0.3401201665401459,
0.26298993825912476,
0.00835040956735611,
0.38536325097084045,
0.28734901547431946,
-0.4075866937637329,
0.4716801643371582,
-0.36837291717529297,
-0.17808446288108826,
0.33839184045791626,
-0.8511030673980713,
-0.38639867305755615,
0.334079384803772,
0.2324511706829071,
0.7435709238052368,
0.32298415899276733,
0.7254002094268799,
0.01721011847257614,
0.6798891425132751,
-0.32150471210479736,
-0.5626988410949707,
-0.37980905175209045,
0.17533819377422333,
1.1771045923233032,
0.19361475110054016,
0.028500229120254517,
0.9744710922241211,
-0.05599110573530197,
0.7319978475570679,
0.3914591073989868,
0.42256540060043335,
0.013263445347547531,
-0.22380521893501282,
-0.3907458484172821,
-0.4580102562904358,
1.1991546154022217,
0.08888380229473114,
-0.4096643924713135,
-0.08689752221107483,
0.36597150564193726,
-0.06334644556045532,
0.24475860595703125,
-0.029647216200828552,
0.5296032428741455,
-0.049207769334316254,
-0.02336844801902771,
-0.1667763888835907,
0.18498536944389343,
0.1663437932729721,
-0.07445628941059113,
-0.549994707107544,
-0.2346392571926117,
1.5147480964660645,
0.28119000792503357,
0.659050703048706,
-0.18927304446697235
] |
|
why in some metals is the hall effect opposite of what is expected? like in aluminum for example, say in your set up you expect a buildup of negative charge at the top side of the sample, but instead you get it at the bottom. | in my solid state materials lecture, this was asked as one of our thought starters for lecture last week, and we never really got a satisfactory answer as to why that is. i know it has to do somewhat with the wave-particle duality of the electron, but what exactly that has to do with it i’m not sure. any good explanations or links to articles for more reading are appreciated! | i don't have time for a lengthy explanation atm, but i think you're describing the anomalous hall effect for materials with high hole mobilities. [here](_url_0_) is a link. to a discussion of the effect. but my copy of blakemore doesn't list aluminum as having an anomalous hall coefficient, just a higher charge carrier density than predicted. | 5 | [] | [] | [
"http://farside.ph.utexas.edu/teaching/302l/lectures/node74.html"
] | [
-0.8024333715438843,
0.6498364806175232,
-0.045543134212493896,
0.36243778467178345,
-0.5646098852157593,
-1.0810468196868896,
-0.283601850271225,
0.7131832242012024,
0.34382903575897217,
-0.4942476153373718,
0.11766456067562103,
0.10599948465824127,
0.05498066172003746,
-0.017120778560638428,
0.027199700474739075,
0.4929666817188263,
-0.5315402150154114,
0.6170288920402527,
-1.0818852186203003,
0.4156116843223572,
-0.13296297192573547,
-0.4834820032119751,
-0.0976373478770256,
0.32010847330093384,
-0.569036602973938,
0.27497583627700806,
-0.384996622800827,
-0.09379976987838745,
-0.14355438947677612,
-0.17464204132556915,
-0.4583594799041748,
0.44901496171951294,
0.034836336970329285,
-0.11701876670122147,
0.7302306890487671,
-0.5809467434883118,
0.2404969334602356,
0.16097921133041382,
0.03295433521270752,
-0.4103328287601471,
-0.37351441383361816,
-0.3688451051712036,
0.03760380297899246,
0.8427454829216003,
-0.14826278388500214,
-0.2240953892469406,
0.7222390174865723,
-0.16154462099075317,
-0.45064783096313477,
-0.15146659314632416,
0.22415730357170105,
0.9021541476249695,
-0.16570135951042175,
-0.34048134088516235,
-1.1902333498001099,
-0.39108192920684814,
0.6538397669792175,
-0.058584243059158325,
0.12328402698040009,
-0.3309327960014343,
0.4581937789916992,
0.6906000375747681,
-0.3573504388332367,
0.4492155611515045,
1.128950834274292,
0.2564014792442322,
0.2580524981021881,
0.30036336183547974,
-0.6307824850082397,
0.7421947121620178,
0.6983054280281067,
-0.14408233761787415,
-0.6287335157394409,
-0.4058242440223694,
1.2583260536193848,
-0.11247891187667847,
-1.0014742612838745,
-0.09386114031076431,
0.18388263881206512,
0.35309749841690063,
0.41715288162231445,
-0.627845048904419,
-0.827612042427063,
-0.2643294036388397,
0.022754065692424774,
0.6733678579330444,
0.32334816455841064,
0.28441837430000305,
-0.55694979429245,
-0.7854094505310059,
0.6075432300567627,
0.07256707549095154,
-0.9665093421936035,
0.5811542868614197,
0.8850072622299194,
0.4096595346927643,
0.7356547117233276,
-0.19824554026126862,
-0.21806229650974274,
0.2409788966178894,
0.4953162670135498,
0.36933577060699463,
-0.9341453909873962,
0.053442031145095825,
-0.16829317808151245,
0.5912712216377258,
0.25025254487991333,
0.9729518890380859,
0.034970227628946304,
-0.14448273181915283,
0.5562542676925659,
-0.4722774028778076,
0.39005744457244873,
-0.47170376777648926,
0.20217090845108032,
0.05744577944278717,
-0.07259602844715118,
0.015823036432266235,
-1.0758872032165527,
-0.4750487804412842,
0.4511682391166687,
-0.0003097318112850189,
-0.33557063341140747,
0.1016288474202156,
-0.03958265483379364,
-0.6786983013153076,
-0.2526148855686188,
0.8322834968566895,
-0.26626160740852356,
0.6635826230049133,
0.19236475229263306,
-0.3871418237686157,
0.6316697597503662,
-0.046498849987983704,
-0.03170999139547348,
0.7302988767623901,
0.6547983288764954,
0.9026294946670532,
-0.6027563214302063,
0.5959955453872681,
-0.7248685956001282,
0.14257875084877014,
-0.5174181461334229,
-0.4597983658313751,
-0.3447219133377075,
0.35854554176330566,
-0.5736013054847717,
-0.33175206184387207,
0.07470369338989258,
-0.597697377204895,
0.004710189998149872,
-0.10958421230316162,
0.5301790833473206,
0.013936489820480347,
-0.16590404510498047,
-0.5049004554748535,
-0.4612564444541931,
0.920548677444458,
-0.1666080802679062,
0.33254218101501465,
0.19995704293251038,
0.33718860149383545,
0.1799367368221283,
0.7432511448860168,
-0.35122230648994446,
-0.14613224565982819,
0.028121620416641235,
-0.9162448644638062,
-0.3234017491340637,
0.04832199960947037,
0.9029853940010071,
0.43821918964385986,
0.48355382680892944,
-0.09249996393918991,
-0.362273633480072,
-0.1867155283689499,
-1.0957087278366089,
0.4626636505126953,
-0.1746159791946411,
0.7826929688453674,
-0.1656952053308487,
0.6130300760269165,
1.226024866104126,
-0.07660654187202454,
-0.3077467679977417,
0.0081869438290596,
0.8057116866111755,
0.5388781428337097,
0.5395501852035522,
0.7645649909973145,
-0.21395345032215118,
-0.2012721449136734,
-0.5034496784210205,
-0.18107730150222778,
-0.6082204580307007,
0.048938363790512085,
-0.11897572875022888,
-0.7043105959892273,
0.12689417600631714,
0.05992051213979721,
-0.3485461473464966,
-0.07660138607025146,
-0.06474155187606812,
0.02523912489414215,
0.4622628688812256,
0.23778954148292542,
0.6915887594223022,
-0.9340850710868835,
-2.0493240356445312,
-0.16116276383399963,
0.285203218460083,
-1.1754270792007446,
-0.9615224003791809,
0.3073510229587555,
0.18704329431056976,
0.7475123405456543,
-0.4358183741569519,
-0.5632327795028687,
0.28790464997291565,
-0.002800755202770233,
0.029515478760004044,
-0.4657489061355591,
0.5642340183258057,
-0.7966728806495667,
-0.018856041133403778,
-0.20076638460159302,
0.2381848841905594,
-0.19180706143379211,
-0.06465069204568863,
0.2776024043560028,
-0.0801587924361229,
-0.3708437383174896,
0.498878538608551,
0.4485531449317932,
0.138504296541214,
1.022581696510315,
-0.8277071714401245,
-0.4099564254283905,
0.9787998199462891,
-1.0037827491760254,
0.11409112811088562,
-0.11223220825195312,
0.03968042880296707,
0.6198804974555969,
0.5036436319351196,
0.06850069016218185,
-0.2543674111366272,
-0.5440454483032227,
0.2638283371925354,
0.3197036683559418,
-0.4844275116920471,
-0.742322564125061,
0.6953084468841553,
0.9672280550003052,
0.2154521346092224,
0.3022703230381012,
-0.5614855885505676,
0.14550375938415527,
0.02619345486164093,
-0.0028912052512168884,
0.9411786198616028,
0.47245872020721436,
-0.6746159791946411,
-1.3239109516143799,
0.11115659028291702,
0.4542960524559021,
0.1451723873615265,
0.18719103932380676,
-0.45039552450180054,
-0.37340301275253296,
0.1892181932926178,
-1.1312748193740845,
0.2824469208717346,
-0.13485215604305267,
0.8505016565322876,
-0.8642805218696594,
0.501572847366333,
0.1917831301689148,
-0.6234844923019409,
0.8653602600097656,
-0.10657219588756561,
-0.3054938018321991,
0.15990157425403595,
0.06114470958709717,
0.10631580650806427,
0.5040004253387451,
0.18607063591480255,
-0.9903462529182434,
0.30453917384147644,
-0.6963840126991272,
-0.4485885500907898,
0.05240456014871597,
-0.1343538612127304,
0.3133614659309387,
0.872120201587677,
0.592125415802002,
-0.6544201374053955,
0.6047161221504211,
0.1437915414571762,
-0.6816660165786743,
-0.33833539485931396,
0.2760488986968994,
-1.152177095413208,
-0.39128902554512024,
-0.46229106187820435,
1.2477633953094482,
0.6165860295295715,
0.14033420383930206,
1.1326565742492676,
-0.9421823024749756,
0.12616167962551117,
-0.5606371760368347,
-0.1293768733739853,
0.06867209076881409,
-0.17342253029346466,
0.8056702613830566,
0.4172544479370117,
0.5050554871559143,
-0.04262959212064743,
0.0653592199087143,
-0.545493483543396,
0.5840648412704468,
-0.4475227892398834,
-0.482593834400177,
-0.18091920018196106,
0.3332154452800751,
-0.7221477627754211,
-0.5337175726890564,
-0.34091657400131226,
-0.6049776077270508,
0.6446692943572998,
-0.07425633072853088,
0.2706146836280823,
-0.5154678225517273,
-0.4870055615901947,
0.0639609843492508,
-1.0444287061691284,
-0.23667150735855103,
-0.37821608781814575,
-0.4213506579399109,
-0.3233943581581116,
-0.4522397220134735,
0.4890297055244446,
-0.24180911481380463,
0.1220591738820076,
0.3537130355834961,
-0.4656166434288025,
0.852218508720398,
-0.2851082682609558,
-0.32846352458000183,
0.1651168167591095,
0.5779222846031189,
0.534066379070282,
0.6105315685272217,
0.7524198293685913,
0.08044016361236572,
0.038793668150901794,
0.1400907188653946,
-0.6962618231773376,
-0.2908121347427368,
-0.5684073567390442,
-0.5904273986816406,
-0.5446332693099976,
0.9260098934173584,
0.8200604915618896,
0.5171589851379395,
-0.2508656978607178,
0.20182985067367554,
-0.5060731768608093,
0.5266587734222412,
0.44453468918800354,
0.5165680646896362,
0.1709035038948059,
-0.22920620441436768,
-0.08930158615112305,
-0.5121306777000427,
0.05398431047797203,
0.44283342361450195,
0.16083849966526031,
-0.3178406357765198,
0.9080648422241211,
-0.015236344188451767,
0.6984238624572754,
0.14739921689033508
] |
has life "sprung up" more than once? | i understand pretty much most of evolution and its mechanisms. i am no expert in the field though, but i have always wondered if all the organisms on earth are actually defendant from one organism or did life arise more than once? i guess an example would be something like could have viruses evolved from a single ancestor that is in no way related to any of the other life on earth. i am by no means trying to get any sort of agenda across, just one thing that i have always wondered. | [all current life on earth derives from a single common ancestor.](_url_0_) i am unaware of any proof that life did or didn't arise another time, but if it did, no descendants remain alive today. | 3 | [] | [] | [
"http://news.discovery.com/animals/life-single-common-ancestor.html"
] | [
-0.6734389066696167,
0.5011993050575256,
0.081785649061203,
-0.05647921562194824,
-0.14201878011226654,
-0.19583351910114288,
-0.3417804539203644,
-0.002210039645433426,
0.5878244042396545,
-0.4293905794620514,
0.934585690498352,
-0.09647470712661743,
0.013523340225219727,
-0.16766005754470825,
-0.41705310344696045,
0.007045291364192963,
-1.3794814348220825,
-0.3508054316043854,
-0.6497464179992676,
-0.13260670006275177,
0.2391672134399414,
-0.1510828584432602,
-0.1462356001138687,
0.15425261855125427,
0.06170128285884857,
-0.06540368497371674,
-0.5628864765167236,
0.40002942085266113,
0.1403319537639618,
0.048351094126701355,
0.2873210310935974,
-0.23169374465942383,
-0.5975440740585327,
0.05866551399230957,
0.05640983581542969,
0.18717578053474426,
-0.25478994846343994,
-0.2332378476858139,
0.07811196893453598,
-0.27432501316070557,
0.4945790767669678,
-0.05574783682823181,
-0.4107457101345062,
0.11042732000350952,
0.11663643270730972,
0.8240682482719421,
0.5499882698059082,
-0.5631390810012817,
-0.47461992502212524,
0.0856151133775711,
-0.19383075833320618,
0.22200818359851837,
0.4891510009765625,
-0.4862038195133209,
-0.06700808554887772,
0.2207718938589096,
-0.15079540014266968,
-0.23957617580890656,
0.4908275306224823,
-0.7266631126403809,
-0.17089533805847168,
-0.38034766912460327,
-0.062269508838653564,
-0.15060310065746307,
-0.19944654405117035,
0.3146153688430786,
-0.2717789113521576,
-0.433877170085907,
0.13602560758590698,
0.025885075330734253,
-0.020576946437358856,
0.28761598467826843,
-0.31274640560150146,
0.6058590412139893,
-0.8732641339302063,
-0.14095017313957214,
-0.5248200297355652,
0.21456626057624817,
-0.6956996917724609,
-0.5173624157905579,
-0.3107067346572876,
-0.6033693552017212,
0.025543324649333954,
0.008758947253227234,
-0.25962138175964355,
-0.16228024661540985,
-0.061395734548568726,
0.03127220645546913,
-0.2110489457845688,
0.4699856638908386,
-0.2443692982196808,
0.055093780159950256,
1.216064691543579,
-0.0858059823513031,
0.05618692934513092,
0.4047296643257141,
-0.14627373218536377,
0.698032796382904,
-0.12744705379009247,
-0.3150193989276886,
-0.22521132230758667,
0.5159956812858582,
-0.766511082649231,
0.25258031487464905,
0.02665749192237854,
0.02508419007062912,
-0.5442349910736084,
0.3449222147464752,
0.3189937472343445,
0.018350914120674133,
-0.39807969331741333,
-1.1925736665725708,
0.32161250710487366,
0.3689558506011963,
-0.01821182295680046,
-0.2738465666770935,
-0.04026218503713608,
0.016800187528133392,
-0.9551442861557007,
0.5109516382217407,
-0.10537765920162201,
0.27587011456489563,
0.8037649393081665,
0.5888811349868774,
0.2352636456489563,
-0.1267520785331726,
0.5982952117919922,
0.24809730052947998,
0.47301411628723145,
0.5752320289611816,
0.8369272947311401,
-0.13292820751667023,
-0.44440653920173645,
0.030226988717913628,
-0.6126857399940491,
-0.2431897222995758,
0.6930355429649353,
-0.6007332801818848,
0.15472932159900665,
-0.15230943262577057,
0.14164379239082336,
-0.7969313859939575,
-0.41302192211151123,
0.6663498878479004,
-0.21786129474639893,
-0.45337724685668945,
1.4407882690429688,
0.11522462964057922,
0.3196471631526947,
0.22576993703842163,
-0.16475653648376465,
-0.8614453673362732,
-0.4759731888771057,
0.19407081604003906,
-0.5954517126083374,
0.09200026094913483,
0.04326917976140976,
-0.05290677398443222,
0.08718535304069519,
-0.5917413234710693,
0.20980337262153625,
0.2532520592212677,
0.462664932012558,
0.8332045078277588,
0.43151193857192993,
-0.5228024125099182,
-0.35902026295661926,
0.3755808472633362,
0.4240342974662781,
-0.01637209951877594,
0.42248672246932983,
-0.37733083963394165,
-0.02396514266729355,
-0.9016581177711487,
0.1665915846824646,
0.10137853026390076,
0.03416141867637634,
0.3951234817504883,
-0.22707639634609222,
0.7663242220878601,
-0.4152218699455261,
-0.8301478028297424,
-0.29262208938598633,
0.06091092899441719,
-0.6051039695739746,
0.7533057332038879,
-0.05753767490386963,
0.5061006546020508,
0.0024332180619239807,
-0.1580086201429367,
-0.13015702366828918,
0.44907146692276,
-0.44878649711608887,
0.48338964581489563,
0.10672447085380554,
-0.36433911323547363,
0.06507652997970581,
-0.004088755697011948,
0.8297159671783447,
-1.0110197067260742,
-0.6349931955337524,
-0.13272440433502197,
0.5258130431175232,
-0.33528152108192444,
0.3833937346935272,
-0.6190098524093628,
-0.25545960664749146,
1.1044933795928955,
0.12048118561506271,
-0.11258694529533386,
-0.05578601732850075,
-0.36156028509140015,
0.7945765256881714,
-0.47564697265625,
0.06649672985076904,
0.5954922437667847,
-0.23489060997962952,
-0.00648178905248642,
0.6014621257781982,
-0.05786057189106941,
0.06178257614374161,
-0.5806061029434204,
-0.1296798437833786,
-0.11988700181245804,
0.37515929341316223,
-0.026044607162475586,
-0.09676051139831543,
0.12855446338653564,
0.07211235910654068,
-0.32167258858680725,
-0.025519557297229767,
0.9093381762504578,
-0.6875990033149719,
0.008816942572593689,
0.5118255615234375,
-0.31886786222457886,
0.9909060001373291,
-0.2646884620189667,
-0.48958519101142883,
0.07070901989936829,
-0.6834179759025574,
0.05851159617304802,
-0.012127760797739029,
-0.2692452073097229,
-0.5271621346473694,
-0.2015150934457779,
-0.6994912624359131,
0.6001265645027161,
0.4808990955352783,
0.5204203128814697,
-0.47089725732803345,
0.64838707447052,
-0.26153576374053955,
-0.06161283329129219,
0.3138720989227295,
-0.19668850302696228,
0.5429701209068298,
0.6202264428138733,
-0.2194170355796814,
0.10218054056167603,
0.3178643584251404,
0.3855666518211365,
0.3068404793739319,
-0.8766592144966125,
-0.37158718705177307,
0.09332092106342316,
-0.211228609085083,
0.3436884880065918,
-0.42426586151123047,
0.7323026657104492,
-0.24380210041999817,
0.489751935005188,
0.30698874592781067,
0.2980879843235016,
-0.4224582016468048,
0.5991679430007935,
0.3945685029029846,
-0.14639487862586975,
0.33322668075561523,
-0.3655429482460022,
0.10775583982467651,
-0.2525016963481903,
-0.6967151761054993,
-0.03175759315490723,
0.10742074996232986,
0.015236139297485352,
0.31751424074172974,
0.059117428958415985,
0.2663409411907196,
0.07849385589361191,
0.06581808626651764,
1.0675013065338135,
-0.9157196879386902,
-0.2645111680030823,
0.35310250520706177,
-0.9259432554244995,
-1.241308569908142,
-1.036948561668396,
0.03602398931980133,
0.5110163688659668,
-0.526033878326416,
0.30256614089012146,
0.6241121292114258,
-0.3760731518268585,
-0.48477208614349365,
-0.39884334802627563,
0.40621820092201233,
-0.2570987045764923,
0.3601539134979248,
-0.29242420196533203,
-0.3588772118091583,
-0.42612725496292114,
0.7058139443397522,
0.292361855506897,
0.11049418896436691,
-0.315769225358963,
-0.13829244673252106,
0.15505892038345337,
-0.5489619970321655,
0.17577414214611053,
0.7721552848815918,
0.7926363348960876,
0.0062433332204818726,
0.2823490500450134,
0.1954251229763031,
0.12834861874580383,
1.499097228050232,
-0.4093181788921356,
-0.20571854710578918,
0.5133883357048035,
-0.6811895370483398,
0.397849977016449,
0.1888473480939865,
-0.09592988342046738,
0.4976208508014679,
-0.11600044369697571,
0.05502685159444809,
-0.14752168953418732,
-0.09222594648599625,
-0.18990325927734375,
-0.14783698320388794,
-0.33101993799209595,
0.23883110284805298,
0.04048039764165878,
-0.13270165026187897,
-0.12467516958713531,
0.3743206858634949,
-0.25482550263404846,
-0.5440807342529297,
-0.14177051186561584,
0.2742254436016083,
-0.21654832363128662,
0.1308390349149704,
0.11317366361618042,
-0.0035234764218330383,
-0.659834623336792,
0.05598583444952965,
0.10411521792411804,
0.31579557061195374,
-0.18058109283447266,
0.14968416094779968,
0.8015903234481812,
0.28608378767967224,
0.32558125257492065,
0.5636507272720337,
0.44137781858444214,
0.20064407587051392,
-0.6589353084564209,
-0.41516175866127014,
-0.25683823227882385,
0.0411820262670517,
0.5877103805541992,
0.005387157201766968,
-0.9381619691848755,
-0.39867740869522095,
-0.22687314450740814,
-0.11136342585086823,
0.6331294775009155,
-0.2854771018028259,
-0.0826779156923294,
0.9978665113449097,
0.23349110782146454,
1.0234018564224243,
-0.034598272293806076
] |
when/how do we obtain our gut microflora? | i know at birth a vitamin k injection is given. i'm assuming this is because there aren't enough gut bacteria producing it for us yet and we are also not yet obtaining it from diet -- so i'm curious about the process of how and when our gut is colonized! thanks in advance for any answers | much of our gut flora is [obtained from our mothers](_url_1_) through breast feeding. scientists are currently studying the possibility that some microbes are [passed in utero](_url_0_). | 3 | [] | [] | [
"https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-018-00664-8",
"https://www.broadinstitute.org/blog/profiling-gut-microbes-passed-mother-baby",
"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1323893017301119",
"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25530984"
] | [
-0.09764492511749268,
-0.2563330829143524,
-0.06641118973493576,
0.338286429643631,
-0.2932453453540802,
-0.9299497604370117,
0.06176130473613739,
-0.38149768114089966,
0.015245586633682251,
0.10654151439666748,
0.3339076638221741,
-0.744279682636261,
-0.5035697221755981,
1.006018877029419,
-0.4898962676525116,
-0.17673280835151672,
-0.03328648582100868,
-0.1459674835205078,
-0.09338337182998657,
0.4688422679901123,
0.3993540406227112,
0.9681451320648193,
0.022352613508701324,
-0.07038065791130066,
-0.8802592754364014,
-0.8933581113815308,
-0.740157961845398,
-0.3286968469619751,
-0.2349025458097458,
-0.770201563835144,
0.31009870767593384,
0.22464606165885925,
0.8426284790039062,
-0.13794071972370148,
-0.050657570362091064,
-0.18824473023414612,
0.497663676738739,
-0.22278811037540436,
0.37082403898239136,
0.0402584932744503,
-0.276464581489563,
-0.11584401875734329,
-0.198851078748703,
0.24015869200229645,
0.44792962074279785,
0.06846679747104645,
-0.17683592438697815,
0.36800938844680786,
-0.0787392109632492,
-0.23371659219264984,
-1.0038877725601196,
-0.07881228625774384,
-0.6538689136505127,
0.7647570371627808,
-0.10394349694252014,
-0.7535121440887451,
-0.16759619116783142,
-0.9019691944122314,
-0.4047072231769562,
-0.27791619300842285,
0.40934258699417114,
0.5738939046859741,
0.516785204410553,
0.2906610071659088,
0.23689186573028564,
-0.32094430923461914,
0.061906129121780396,
0.03018958866596222,
0.7642719745635986,
0.23558342456817627,
-0.1073421910405159,
0.128431037068367,
-0.40726667642593384,
0.8251873254776001,
0.06558728218078613,
0.7046804428100586,
0.24655798077583313,
-0.06884380429983139,
-0.3209437131881714,
-0.04988468810915947,
-0.5228177309036255,
0.2769080102443695,
0.05580417811870575,
0.24696926772594452,
-0.9479449987411499,
0.5007358193397522,
-0.43245550990104675,
-0.3989239037036896,
-0.6764383316040039,
-0.029505625367164612,
-0.08774849772453308,
-0.11814410984516144,
-0.27060264348983765,
-0.03524095565080643,
0.3932662010192871,
0.5135161876678467,
-0.332931250333786,
-0.8238404989242554,
0.23531214892864227,
-0.2151862233877182,
-0.8240593671798706,
-0.15622422099113464,
-0.539195716381073,
0.2344423234462738,
-0.15168261528015137,
-0.5945125818252563,
-0.5301127433776855,
0.2535766065120697,
0.868084192276001,
1.0968475341796875,
-0.7005967497825623,
0.5444010496139526,
-0.21340832114219666,
0.29994314908981323,
-0.10885690152645111,
-0.5919610261917114,
0.7544184923171997,
-0.7647462487220764,
-0.161516934633255,
0.8639127016067505,
-0.8416436910629272,
-0.28627192974090576,
0.42269161343574524,
-0.23881125450134277,
0.8737645149230957,
-0.23650333285331726,
-0.18617010116577148,
0.3494298756122589,
0.36756014823913574,
-0.4343995451927185,
0.8187189102172852,
-0.2701098620891571,
-0.23893001675605774,
-0.10334144532680511,
-0.3614232540130615,
-0.6894805431365967,
0.4686484634876251,
-0.6186163425445557,
-0.5497941970825195,
-0.3751613199710846,
-0.24893398582935333,
0.2655075788497925,
0.27734261751174927,
0.2546815574169159,
-0.26582446694374084,
0.3387688100337982,
0.5112204551696777,
-0.3058586120605469,
-0.7543760538101196,
-0.02641899138689041,
-0.41847917437553406,
-0.41910994052886963,
0.5597723126411438,
-0.05068212002515793,
-0.1619015783071518,
-0.42165765166282654,
-0.20083357393741608,
0.1650668978691101,
0.4496864080429077,
0.04493096470832825,
-0.7024179697036743,
0.5273728370666504,
-0.08897719532251358,
0.5342037677764893,
0.5311906933784485,
-0.09992936253547668,
-0.18978917598724365,
0.3506582975387573,
0.275467187166214,
-0.08908763527870178,
0.5987874269485474,
0.05545584112405777,
0.7293170094490051,
-0.6124083995819092,
-0.14260756969451904,
0.34325170516967773,
-0.35853955149650574,
0.302096962928772,
0.12603136897087097,
0.37647759914398193,
0.6093605756759644,
-0.3458126485347748,
0.07019330561161041,
0.05455378070473671,
-0.2616986632347107,
-0.3232046067714691,
-0.5259691476821899,
0.34717023372650146,
0.36063212156295776,
0.2703111171722412,
0.33592498302459717,
0.0960710346698761,
-0.5086345076560974,
-0.3973519504070282,
-0.590203046798706,
0.17944031953811646,
0.07474388927221298,
0.6927130222320557,
-0.4356979727745056,
0.047280922532081604,
-0.27863726019859314,
-0.4757751226425171,
-0.5270019173622131,
0.22879953682422638,
0.5035471320152283,
-0.21859091520309448,
0.9088199138641357,
0.12087653577327728,
-0.1576787829399109,
0.0692308098077774,
-0.30780401825904846,
0.5583619475364685,
-1.036137342453003,
-0.16645704209804535,
-0.06223335117101669,
0.2802829146385193,
0.7365490198135376,
0.45242103934288025,
-0.013666681945323944,
0.1330118477344513,
-0.7142301797866821,
-0.6445977687835693,
-0.5458927750587463,
-0.3264296054840088,
0.01773078739643097,
-0.041507743299007416,
-0.10593585669994354,
1.0375361442565918,
-0.5286213159561157,
-0.12520362436771393,
-0.25104820728302,
0.3521311581134796,
0.502938985824585,
0.41065555810928345,
0.06863854825496674,
0.4535525441169739,
0.6907731890678406,
-0.7371872663497925,
-0.08687682449817657,
0.15276853740215302,
0.04390646144747734,
0.12092506885528564,
-0.11477459967136383,
0.27627992630004883,
-1.1161662340164185,
0.8203469514846802,
0.05144915357232094,
-0.21650183200836182,
-0.54960036277771,
0.34460681676864624,
0.2173663228750229,
-0.037500083446502686,
-0.5685645341873169,
-0.7885748147964478,
0.44455745816230774,
0.13944372534751892,
-0.214584618806839,
-0.5443494915962219,
0.461047500371933,
-0.511715292930603,
-0.10594221949577332,
-0.21767430007457733,
0.4545784890651703,
0.11366807669401169,
0.1917017698287964,
0.20105290412902832,
-0.47151613235473633,
0.20252957940101624,
-0.25713950395584106,
0.09609420597553253,
0.22520187497138977,
-0.2908249795436859,
0.6839077472686768,
0.010562531650066376,
1.1705093383789062,
0.002599284052848816,
0.2692270576953888,
-0.40714770555496216,
0.7660203576087952,
-0.24560031294822693,
0.11300424486398697,
-0.316186785697937,
0.42264753580093384,
0.3404967784881592,
-0.3932063579559326,
0.2622068226337433,
-0.17697472870349884,
-0.3705889582633972,
-0.42284029722213745,
0.002811785787343979,
-0.3136516809463501,
0.4808776080608368,
-0.47669440507888794,
-0.2573893964290619,
1.1531829833984375,
-0.009303029626607895,
0.20229901373386383,
-0.1646275818347931,
0.08083079755306244,
0.2148457169532776,
-0.7137002944946289,
-0.7678457498550415,
-0.5295765399932861,
0.059170275926589966,
-0.2800758481025696,
0.6483221054077148,
0.3449510931968689,
0.11770959198474884,
1.1210558414459229,
-0.5716835856437683,
-0.6395915746688843,
-0.29884570837020874,
-0.2568689286708832,
-0.017586134374141693,
-0.3079984188079834,
-0.4483470618724823,
-1.0300302505493164,
-0.227332204580307,
0.3784445524215698,
0.5497715473175049,
0.6615739464759827,
-0.06712844222784042,
-0.39661139249801636,
0.45156386494636536,
-0.02986319176852703,
0.6115851402282715,
-0.7186915874481201,
0.6275208592414856,
0.5550693869590759,
0.7381942272186279,
-0.3484005630016327,
1.294140338897705,
0.35148778557777405,
0.0667145773768425,
0.23491302132606506,
0.18493103981018066,
-0.08295203000307083,
-0.16323135793209076,
-0.1498272866010666,
-0.1193440780043602,
-0.21315103769302368,
-0.12765339016914368,
-0.211093008518219,
0.1898755431175232,
0.7525901794433594,
-0.5300477147102356,
0.3007042706012726,
1.0805108547210693,
-0.5884422063827515,
-0.16417483985424042,
0.27395686507225037,
0.24764904379844666,
0.3301520049571991,
0.2749483287334442,
0.23178277909755707,
-0.13756024837493896,
-0.5040270090103149,
0.20936760306358337,
0.3368642330169678,
-0.06756696850061417,
-0.09231074899435043,
-0.5953011512756348,
-0.019437938928604126,
0.1916460394859314,
-1.431128740310669,
0.2571816146373749,
-0.3153637945652008,
1.1523306369781494,
0.4078517258167267,
0.29940688610076904,
-0.05354546383023262,
0.18433499336242676,
0.2924215495586395,
-0.2637001872062683,
-0.23016957938671112,
-0.5000756978988647,
0.33223962783813477,
-0.7467705011367798,
0.7505048513412476,
0.6845751404762268,
0.6754439473152161,
0.08761218190193176,
1.2651352882385254,
-0.4760526418685913
] |
whenever i open a breath right strip, the guled part lights up. why is this? | it only happens in the dark and the light is blue. and i'm talking about when i open the strip like a bandaid not the box. | this effect is called [triboluminescence](_url_0_). this effect simply means that when you break a material apart, sometimes you see light being emitted. this light is rather weak, which is why you only see it in the dark. the actual physical origin is still somewhat under dispute. one possibility is when you rip chemical bonds apart, sometimes you separate electrons from their parent compound, leaving behind a positively charged site. sometimes the electrons will fall back into this site, releasing energy in the process as visible light. | 10 | [] | [] | [
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triboluminescence"
] | [
-1.4666188955307007,
1.4433081150054932,
0.7367965579032898,
1.3561065196990967,
0.3215310871601105,
-1.1742640733718872,
0.7809503078460693,
0.011221200227737427,
0.7321839332580566,
0.06875848770141602,
1.7767376899719238,
-0.28018689155578613,
-0.9837172627449036,
-0.2145136594772339,
1.6589208841323853,
-0.30781275033950806,
-0.8504754900932312,
0.36361363530158997,
-2.2230799198150635,
1.2191734313964844,
1.505004644393921,
-1.378593921661377,
-1.218062400817871,
-1.1223598718643188,
0.20943358540534973,
0.5420286655426025,
1.2059489488601685,
-0.7515439391136169,
-0.03681155666708946,
-0.536180317401886,
0.2304980605840683,
0.5579437017440796,
-2.078986167907715,
1.1858220100402832,
0.5040115118026733,
-0.19424201548099518,
-0.9548802375793457,
0.051700085401535034,
0.6856862306594849,
-0.5778721570968628,
-0.783460795879364,
-0.5132433176040649,
-0.9200376868247986,
-0.8046770095825195,
0.23899522423744202,
0.13852831721305847,
1.093164324760437,
-0.6794768571853638,
-0.5697752237319946,
-1.872405767440796,
0.18114221096038818,
1.0884634256362915,
-0.9783334732055664,
0.07243597507476807,
-1.351098656654358,
0.6049087047576904,
0.8675873279571533,
-0.21123918890953064,
-0.008972212672233582,
-1.0447090864181519,
1.6622792482376099,
-0.008930416777729988,
-1.5722846984863281,
0.5200202465057373,
1.3334131240844727,
-0.27263233065605164,
0.9445632696151733,
-0.9897220730781555,
-0.8308691382408142,
0.11850178241729736,
0.501166820526123,
0.5092532634735107,
-0.7080668210983276,
-0.7889842987060547,
0.5918064117431641,
0.5244917869567871,
0.4635390043258667,
0.70639967918396,
-0.08167955279350281,
-0.29723477363586426,
1.0875954627990723,
-0.6297430992126465,
-0.9108949303627014,
0.41395270824432373,
-1.069970965385437,
2.126654624938965,
0.6095694303512573,
-0.7334767580032349,
-0.3690437078475952,
-0.3304274082183838,
-1.9108741283416748,
0.05980387702584267,
-1.3968710899353027,
0.569333553314209,
0.5835023522377014,
0.01963573694229126,
0.1913500726222992,
-0.7004817724227905,
0.6213769912719727,
0.8817877769470215,
-0.19103270769119263,
1.313498616218567,
-2.4896538257598877,
-0.23731684684753418,
-0.6150524616241455,
0.4098335802555084,
0.8832645416259766,
1.1118128299713135,
0.0035843253135681152,
0.3050319254398346,
0.25217634439468384,
-0.43975308537483215,
-0.6918244361877441,
-0.039281055331230164,
0.433368444442749,
0.5239498615264893,
1.7726616859436035,
0.3369753360748291,
0.010415531694889069,
-0.23143784701824188,
0.05903103947639465,
-0.002745170146226883,
-0.7670449018478394,
-0.10898048430681229,
-0.04098007082939148,
-0.10663789510726929,
0.9386340975761414,
1.0780553817749023,
-0.1598552167415619,
-0.31928956508636475,
-0.6370354294776917,
-1.9697984457015991,
0.7934500575065613,
-0.025493323802947998,
-0.2045903503894806,
0.32937487959861755,
-0.02414974570274353,
-0.18987691402435303,
-0.7142537236213684,
0.5410540103912354,
0.08714674413204193,
0.5550850629806519,
-0.8228078484535217,
-0.4512619376182556,
0.25882962346076965,
0.741742730140686,
0.5225720405578613,
0.6433847546577454,
-0.7687970995903015,
-0.6027675867080688,
-0.39872992038726807,
-0.8469865322113037,
-0.29577380418777466,
-0.2851582169532776,
0.2934158742427826,
-0.5333006978034973,
-0.4525807499885559,
0.7712737917900085,
0.134714275598526,
1.3029663562774658,
0.26514285802841187,
0.7536972165107727,
-0.24524205923080444,
1.3234302997589111,
0.15580099821090698,
0.2110084593296051,
-0.11331414431333542,
-1.5861220359802246,
-0.38923943042755127,
-0.18134984374046326,
-0.8259296417236328,
0.16666065156459808,
0.2545676827430725,
-0.4076652526855469,
-1.4858556985855103,
-0.2311955690383911,
-2.659445285797119,
0.1715623438358307,
-0.3068135976791382,
0.9591331481933594,
0.39338237047195435,
0.24429352581501007,
1.2284133434295654,
0.47316858172416687,
0.30344125628471375,
-0.37866270542144775,
0.666641116142273,
0.3585978150367737,
0.1064101904630661,
0.6195984482765198,
-1.8809043169021606,
0.8159573078155518,
0.31261616945266724,
0.45448461174964905,
-0.011254139244556427,
0.3934866786003113,
-1.8125436305999756,
-1.7269500494003296,
-1.823778748512268,
0.11724232137203217,
0.7482571601867676,
-1.4766206741333008,
0.30044907331466675,
-0.043357543647289276,
-0.7991458773612976,
0.011778578162193298,
2.5581111907958984,
-0.8463879227638245,
-1.4819893836975098,
-0.7470443248748779,
0.07593616843223572,
-3.1735503673553467,
-2.2667837142944336,
0.1856744885444641,
-0.44632378220558167,
-0.5487385392189026,
-0.38624536991119385,
-1.0480945110321045,
-0.47289153933525085,
0.586103618144989,
1.785596251487732,
-0.9162889719009399,
0.2895379066467285,
-1.4684295654296875,
-0.04240255802869797,
-0.440285861492157,
-0.7015460729598999,
1.0270779132843018,
-0.16132080554962158,
0.47550874948501587,
-1.141300916671753,
0.28634342551231384,
0.7220383286476135,
2.6257877349853516,
0.8266209363937378,
-0.40747377276420593,
-1.5391229391098022,
-0.3227679133415222,
-0.5389115810394287,
-1.5949842929840088,
0.46658048033714294,
0.1031099483370781,
-0.6161357164382935,
0.1172976940870285,
0.5323923826217651,
0.8698030710220337,
0.8239958882331848,
-0.32925665378570557,
0.3719004988670349,
0.9167554378509521,
0.6803920865058899,
-0.21498481929302216,
-0.35174837708473206,
1.1033724546432495,
0.12162333726882935,
0.2292439490556717,
-0.8011754155158997,
-0.9100109338760376,
-0.28911811113357544,
0.7356288433074951,
0.12428286671638489,
-0.19569431245326996,
-0.5055502653121948,
-2.096435308456421,
-0.8416886329650879,
1.4270386695861816,
1.5359864234924316,
1.1278307437896729,
-1.5783157348632812,
-0.18639026582241058,
0.16176976263523102,
-0.05700002610683441,
-0.7220505475997925,
-0.04651155322790146,
1.2849562168121338,
-1.0446627140045166,
0.5657326579093933,
-0.274186372756958,
-0.1601249873638153,
0.7571154832839966,
0.7412889003753662,
-0.7725106477737427,
-1.037225365638733,
0.8794554471969604,
0.616520881652832,
-0.3332936763763428,
-0.08570194244384766,
-0.28495341539382935,
1.1704603433609009,
-1.3108532428741455,
-1.1310020685195923,
1.9451351165771484,
1.7835406064987183,
-0.06752456724643707,
2.165616035461426,
0.7381044030189514,
-0.6556708812713623,
0.10605946183204651,
1.245237946510315,
-1.0039244890213013,
-0.06284205615520477,
-1.0250630378723145,
-1.5495322942733765,
0.7230157256126404,
-0.7413356900215149,
1.0730429887771606,
0.3727041482925415,
-0.13285964727401733,
0.5782398581504822,
-2.4324591159820557,
-0.43281540274620056,
-0.3301715850830078,
0.16652211546897888,
-0.1652919501066208,
-2.154064655303955,
0.8029310703277588,
0.19222167134284973,
0.7332951426506042,
0.5864100456237793,
0.1600874364376068,
0.42289304733276367,
-0.28176596760749817,
1.0343332290649414,
-0.9150063395500183,
0.8021164536476135,
0.061151497066020966,
0.31711965799331665,
0.14422883093357086,
0.8282824754714966,
-1.8503879308700562,
-1.210100769996643,
0.2776845395565033,
1.1501833200454712,
0.24543419480323792,
1.449211597442627,
1.333283543586731,
-0.9241985082626343,
-1.9919655323028564,
-0.3241494596004486,
1.3221547603607178,
-1.0027952194213867,
-0.1534763127565384,
0.01852354407310486,
1.6440167427062988,
0.9077033400535583,
0.3496870994567871,
-0.7790593504905701,
0.30198419094085693,
-1.5826598405838013,
1.181777000427246,
-0.6120139360427856,
2.0585646629333496,
2.1208784580230713,
2.151540994644165,
1.0892205238342285,
-0.37934741377830505,
-0.15894412994384766,
0.45930981636047363,
0.00864526629447937,
0.6313228011131287,
-0.6288571357727051,
-0.913713812828064,
0.24448013305664062,
2.256884813308716,
-0.20034292340278625,
1.6264212131500244,
0.2600864768028259,
0.33851510286331177,
-0.3509331941604614,
2.380049228668213,
0.4405694603919983,
1.1603596210479736,
0.11381849646568298,
-1.240235447883606,
-0.3714481592178345,
-1.5332834720611572,
0.429625928401947,
0.3228585720062256,
-1.0303785800933838,
0.18169593811035156,
0.5054329037666321,
0.41286590695381165,
2.096508026123047,
0.46010497212409973
] |
what makes us see "white"? | white is obviously not a color on the spectrum of light, but rather it's what we get when you combine a few different wavelengths of light together. if you do the simple prism experiment you can see how white light is made up of the full rainbow... but then i also understand that we don't necessarily need every color to make white light. we have red/green/blue pixels in a screen to produce white light, for example. i know we have cones that are sensitive to three different points along the spectrum. do i have to excite each of those cones equally to make my eye see white? what happens to make me see pure white light? if i have white light from rgb pixels and then i add in some yellow light, why wouldn't the yellow just blend in to the light? would some other combination of absent colors balance that tint out? bonus question: same thing, but for a dog. is our white their white? i recall that they have cones centered on blue and yellow. would a tv for dogs use yellow and blue pixels? [i'm marking this "human body"- let me know if "biology" or "physics" would be better.] | when all three colors of cones are excited equally, you see that as white. if you added some extra red light, you would see it as light red. if you then added extra green and blue to balance it out, it would excite all the cones equally again, and it would look like brighter white. if you added more light at the right point between green and blue instead, the red would still be balanced out. there's no difference to our eyes between green light and blue light separately and brighter light at the right point between them. i'm not sure i completely understood all of your questions, so let me know if i missed something. | 4 | [] | [] | [] | [
0.760985791683197,
0.3651778995990753,
0.2109493613243103,
2.3804407119750977,
0.2423466145992279,
-0.4620527923107147,
0.7122218012809753,
-0.3476203680038452,
0.3407655954360962,
0.470753937959671,
-0.32471397519111633,
0.2778680920600891,
0.3371925950050354,
-1.4331828355789185,
1.4891142845153809,
0.8715933561325073,
-0.6613556146621704,
0.8288418650627136,
-2.7836971282958984,
0.10654833912849426,
0.060505568981170654,
-1.8313531875610352,
-1.787886142730713,
-0.34681448340415955,
0.2629423439502716,
0.13764354586601257,
1.1603704690933228,
0.3325802981853485,
-1.0453102588653564,
-0.15883317589759827,
-1.2654571533203125,
0.2600747048854828,
0.16389089822769165,
0.4920733869075775,
-0.7546480894088745,
-0.9726722240447998,
0.05780258774757385,
0.4031159579753876,
0.33381593227386475,
-0.19534942507743835,
-0.6540780067443848,
-0.37152013182640076,
-0.0975446105003357,
0.9839974641799927,
0.20811894536018372,
1.371509075164795,
-0.01689992845058441,
-0.6927111148834229,
-0.1274028718471527,
0.06531596183776855,
0.807898998260498,
0.6644223928451538,
-1.4042067527770996,
-0.3663000762462616,
-0.1575758159160614,
1.958799123764038,
-1.3888936042785645,
-0.38328197598457336,
1.3828312158584595,
-1.416487693786621,
1.0918737649917603,
-0.7177831530570984,
0.7162742614746094,
0.5883268713951111,
0.26764029264450073,
-1.5976122617721558,
-0.6100521087646484,
-1.5408765077590942,
-1.0913341045379639,
-0.0924685001373291,
0.3267633020877838,
0.2819375991821289,
1.2130532264709473,
-1.9953352212905884,
0.00044906139373779297,
0.10280527919530869,
-0.05743241310119629,
0.032715655863285065,
-0.9508535265922546,
-0.19768641889095306,
0.36421677470207214,
0.22921720147132874,
-0.7643246054649353,
0.764801561832428,
1.4153879880905151,
0.410238653421402,
0.00316736102104187,
-0.9272305369377136,
-1.381392002105713,
-0.23157919943332672,
-1.2105244398117065,
-0.838457465171814,
-1.439976453781128,
-0.561467707157135,
-1.0624933242797852,
-1.0000605583190918,
0.7196838855743408,
-2.0993218421936035,
0.9183443784713745,
0.7513631582260132,
-0.09482624381780624,
-0.6103655099868774,
-1.4937694072723389,
-1.3852317333221436,
0.42083755135536194,
0.089808389544487,
-0.6649104356765747,
0.7981185913085938,
-0.5632054805755615,
1.0277056694030762,
1.9365334510803223,
-0.7616702914237976,
-0.2036113739013672,
-0.25036194920539856,
-0.6479023098945618,
0.530012845993042,
-0.33236801624298096,
0.06724292784929276,
1.8953160047531128,
-0.5550139546394348,
0.19190114736557007,
0.9157590866088867,
-0.0031304359436035156,
0.7021988034248352,
0.2438162863254547,
-1.4302817583084106,
-0.02542845904827118,
1.472946047782898,
-1.5761374235153198,
0.392248272895813,
0.08743292838335037,
-0.45146623253822327,
1.3701379299163818,
1.427899956703186,
-0.697906494140625,
-0.0938434898853302,
1.120745301246643,
-0.08120608329772949,
-0.7417938709259033,
2.0616908073425293,
1.2706022262573242,
1.0114985704421997,
-0.3249325156211853,
0.0030386149883270264,
-0.13963580131530762,
0.3724959194660187,
-2.0505166053771973,
0.2584279775619507,
-0.18733340501785278,
0.12581229209899902,
-0.9154609441757202,
0.380961537361145,
-0.0966951847076416,
-0.7039865851402283,
-0.22760145366191864,
1.2846354246139526,
-0.21693859994411469,
0.5131434202194214,
0.42088085412979126,
0.9187151193618774,
1.483062982559204,
1.0004539489746094,
-1.3501369953155518,
0.34722474217414856,
-1.6212843656539917,
-0.0869525745511055,
-0.15269087255001068,
-0.5085285305976868,
0.01805366575717926,
0.9454405307769775,
1.649339199066162,
0.43872642517089844,
-0.6017638444900513,
0.8768527507781982,
-1.0631103515625,
-0.3106381297111511,
-2.0448036193847656,
0.2908034920692444,
-0.15132716298103333,
0.1668161153793335,
0.05975337699055672,
-0.03794433921575546,
1.076385259628296,
-0.8095784783363342,
0.19830094277858734,
0.6264784932136536,
0.3975223898887634,
1.144106149673462,
-2.1203436851501465,
0.9145917296409607,
0.19099926948547363,
-1.0105363130569458,
-0.947931170463562,
1.6066668033599854,
-0.33590376377105713,
1.3442171812057495,
-1.2452694177627563,
-1.8212109804153442,
-0.5544352531433105,
0.6963900923728943,
-0.2768291234970093,
-0.27296674251556396,
0.23503747582435608,
-0.024854660034179688,
-0.16749507188796997,
-0.7638391852378845,
2.2657835483551025,
-1.3958221673965454,
-1.4115643501281738,
1.061554193496704,
0.5019756555557251,
-2.1824090480804443,
-1.7229688167572021,
-0.015007942914962769,
0.16082924604415894,
1.3204675912857056,
-0.7914729118347168,
0.1582912802696228,
-0.28420788049697876,
1.234853982925415,
1.4161533117294312,
-1.2700637578964233,
-1.061424732208252,
-1.0051405429840088,
-0.7953476905822754,
-0.560664713382721,
-0.7743430137634277,
1.2775170803070068,
-0.6383769512176514,
0.28540119528770447,
0.9254889488220215,
0.3557834029197693,
0.5191020965576172,
1.952797293663025,
1.3809125423431396,
0.2539317011833191,
-0.7069464921951294,
1.0789884328842163,
0.4402228593826294,
-0.9457290172576904,
1.0123697519302368,
1.7106274366378784,
0.5953494310379028,
0.8685128092765808,
-0.5799339413642883,
1.247098684310913,
0.05523306131362915,
-0.2342008352279663,
-0.40868520736694336,
1.5263192653656006,
0.4384666681289673,
-0.07306388765573502,
-1.380730390548706,
0.6205695271492004,
-1.18209707736969,
-1.1133114099502563,
-0.8299558758735657,
0.673474133014679,
0.4520788788795471,
1.317358136177063,
0.47253507375717163,
-2.395784616470337,
-0.7499107718467712,
0.6675678491592407,
-0.9239183664321899,
0.6976261734962463,
2.439021587371826,
1.9554637670516968,
-1.9222384691238403,
-0.31100133061408997,
-0.13759462535381317,
0.7556098699569702,
-1.1199945211410522,
-0.8889746069908142,
0.30258771777153015,
-0.2847755253314972,
-1.6847870349884033,
0.00492328405380249,
-1.8431861400604248,
0.12169565260410309,
-0.49515411257743835,
0.05883251130580902,
-0.7803716659545898,
1.1752432584762573,
1.0771371126174927,
-1.3548640012741089,
-0.5827563405036926,
-1.0509225130081177,
2.3253328800201416,
-0.7610877156257629,
1.2037087678909302,
-0.06381179392337799,
1.4446594715118408,
-0.3609558343887329,
1.6015701293945312,
-0.5831469297409058,
-1.531620979309082,
0.483028769493103,
1.3924235105514526,
0.16877251863479614,
0.8787639141082764,
1.2478721141815186,
-0.8074920177459717,
0.567426860332489,
-1.8504655361175537,
0.2534705400466919,
0.4171213209629059,
0.13293522596359253,
0.7286040186882019,
-0.024694830179214478,
-1.4361062049865723,
-1.5156041383743286,
0.9555894732475281,
0.8460260629653931,
-0.4180421531200409,
1.229799747467041,
1.0616480112075806,
0.08666274696588516,
1.6425817012786865,
0.8843396306037903,
0.17195720970630646,
0.8374404311180115,
-0.9920060038566589,
0.24333208799362183,
-0.5462520718574524,
-1.6296660900115967,
0.7303407192230225,
-0.5063109397888184,
-1.9210718870162964,
-0.6912772059440613,
-2.0147383213043213,
1.1898411512374878,
-0.20288309454917908,
-0.013863135129213333,
1.8016053438186646,
1.1272717714309692,
-1.3593939542770386,
-1.2559922933578491,
0.006266867741942406,
1.4962737560272217,
-1.3852906227111816,
0.384184330701828,
-0.38632556796073914,
0.09409873187541962,
0.26315465569496155,
1.4506299495697021,
0.14343804121017456,
-0.04416390508413315,
-0.9489087462425232,
-0.10504984855651855,
0.8367140293121338,
0.38028398156166077,
0.04749660566449165,
1.093458890914917,
0.9025716781616211,
-1.476410150527954,
-0.526271641254425,
0.8395382761955261,
0.8809600472450256,
0.2689831256866455,
-0.4067031741142273,
-0.8301012516021729,
-0.5402195453643799,
2.2946605682373047,
-0.673612654209137,
0.6546069979667664,
1.0763155221939087,
0.28040385246276855,
-1.8150519132614136,
0.8594298362731934,
0.3802770972251892,
0.422333300113678,
-0.5229883193969727,
-1.3379852771759033,
-0.530536413192749,
-2.6508231163024902,
0.7893211841583252,
0.792849600315094,
-2.165005922317505,
-0.7974581718444824,
0.3796597123146057,
1.4502232074737549,
-1.0049914121627808,
0.20067718625068665
] |
what makes extreme weightlifting possible? | when you have guys doing [1100 lb bench presses](_url_3_), [1180 lb deadlifts](_url_0_), and [1268 lb squats](_url_1_), what allows their bodies to do that? how come hands aren't ripping away from wrists and femurs aren't subducting past knees? when [paul anderson back lifted 6000 lbs (only picture i could find of him back lifting)](_url_2_) how come his chest didn't pop free of his arms and crumple to the ground? how are humans, sometimes such delicate creatures, able to handle so much? | the simple answer is that these feats of strength are within the strength limits of the human musculoskeletal system (although these people are genetically gifted). loading any part of the musculoskeletal system close to it's limits results in minor damage, which the body responds to by increasing the strength of the part in question. this applies to bones, and connective tissue as well as muscles. by progressively adding weight to a lift you can in theory continually adapt to the increased load until you reach your genetic limit. the reason why most of us are so weak is a matter of economy. muscle is expensive to maintain, so our bodies will reduce our muscle mass to that required by the environment we are in. this is not true of all species. | 2 | [] | [
"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ELNuy30jpTs",
"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WGjYcEjCrfA",
"http://slam.canoe.ca/Slam/Wrestling/2005/12/09/hepburn-doug-lift.JPG",
"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-DEOsJup1bw"
] | [] | [
-0.6049188375473022,
0.5041495561599731,
1.481531023979187,
-0.3153269290924072,
-0.8231382966041565,
-1.1836470365524292,
0.014392688870429993,
0.22777530550956726,
0.7153912782669067,
1.003495454788208,
1.7296719551086426,
0.4801340699195862,
0.11216142773628235,
1.5559427738189697,
-0.23223014175891876,
-0.3426622450351715,
-0.10217665880918503,
0.17164577543735504,
-3.0496597290039062,
2.1370136737823486,
0.2056213617324829,
-0.014882504940032959,
0.773539125919342,
0.03333226218819618,
-2.074995517730713,
-1.9074984788894653,
-2.090928792953491,
0.2065826654434204,
0.6694861650466919,
-1.4056023359298706,
-0.9462087154388428,
-0.7331703901290894,
0.41268643736839294,
-1.1448733806610107,
-0.659226655960083,
1.7987462282180786,
-0.7674219608306885,
-0.7172834277153015,
-0.9009918570518494,
0.4275176525115967,
-0.8764632344245911,
-1.32827627658844,
-0.3847677409648895,
0.7025057673454285,
0.5077452659606934,
3.005478620529175,
0.9386422634124756,
0.3201286792755127,
0.1366712749004364,
0.21000875532627106,
-1.2228349447250366,
0.5515386462211609,
-0.3357832729816437,
-0.7188349366188049,
0.31920117139816284,
1.3727551698684692,
0.1524369716644287,
-1.0417495965957642,
-0.7650156021118164,
-0.03657430782914162,
1.3544288873672485,
1.34171724319458,
-0.7003884315490723,
0.6925607919692993,
2.60038685798645,
-0.6333579421043396,
0.9583486318588257,
0.8614166975021362,
-1.2582736015319824,
2.833954334259033,
2.4974007606506348,
-0.628791093826294,
-0.658493161201477,
0.42316877841949463,
0.7438198328018188,
0.021249383687973022,
-0.2114313542842865,
0.3517882823944092,
0.9410985112190247,
0.7726708054542542,
-0.4776066839694977,
-0.8560746312141418,
-1.0957633256912231,
0.6653183698654175,
-0.40096041560173035,
1.4594972133636475,
0.2924900949001312,
-1.2806060314178467,
-1.0936356782913208,
1.2636038064956665,
-1.2497495412826538,
-0.6235389709472656,
0.46609020233154297,
-0.05591261386871338,
0.7822727560997009,
2.09450364112854,
-1.8998085260391235,
-0.2954990863800049,
-0.6828694939613342,
-0.7017064094543457,
-1.403025507926941,
0.7066892385482788,
-0.2956041693687439,
1.8836885690689087,
-1.1160199642181396,
-1.3706697225570679,
-1.6990703344345093,
0.9779525995254517,
0.40691500902175903,
1.6320924758911133,
1.164066195487976,
0.28132006525993347,
-0.5636783838272095,
2.3319761753082275,
-1.7230756282806396,
-0.7086338996887207,
-0.311794638633728,
-0.6519976854324341,
-1.4288578033447266,
0.2519697844982147,
-0.8551090955734253,
-1.9390690326690674,
-0.6559609770774841,
-1.2200125455856323,
1.2468554973602295,
-0.18299756944179535,
-2.0025699138641357,
1.089173436164856,
0.6093993782997131,
-1.3057270050048828,
1.545837640762329,
-0.6912401914596558,
-1.3078811168670654,
-2.2736358642578125,
-1.9920620918273926,
-1.4541250467300415,
0.6136911511421204,
-1.426526427268982,
-1.5005452632904053,
1.236356496810913,
1.7696679830551147,
1.4448654651641846,
0.7812694311141968,
-0.3763713538646698,
-0.5917371511459351,
2.462604522705078,
-0.25531527400016785,
-1.3149089813232422,
-0.0900585949420929,
-0.7129254341125488,
-0.12085586786270142,
-1.3478379249572754,
1.5690139532089233,
-0.8468932509422302,
-0.7049754858016968,
-1.285701036453247,
-0.7484948635101318,
-0.5444887280464172,
-1.88692045211792,
0.2977975308895111,
-1.471993327140808,
0.24711962044239044,
-0.7367933988571167,
-0.6843016743659973,
1.4191213846206665,
0.03637513518333435,
0.31747424602508545,
-0.2968062162399292,
1.5052157640457153,
-0.8591932654380798,
-0.17906245589256287,
0.38925158977508545,
1.5850915908813477,
-0.7013615369796753,
2.4016902446746826,
0.7611806392669678,
-3.4422357082366943,
-1.4030091762542725,
0.13027414679527283,
1.9567019939422607,
1.8917533159255981,
-2.468813419342041,
0.4045029282569885,
-0.38179922103881836,
0.3596184253692627,
-0.604892373085022,
-1.7248486280441284,
0.41459834575653076,
-0.40858832001686096,
-1.1698023080825806,
0.7075899243354797,
0.9878097772598267,
0.14788177609443665,
1.8363368511199951,
-0.459763765335083,
-0.33380839228630066,
-1.4861032962799072,
0.15203554928302765,
-0.2299189567565918,
-0.7632113695144653,
-0.7983438968658447,
1.3454149961471558,
-0.5328092575073242,
0.5029998421669006,
0.1606023907661438,
0.05019199848175049,
-0.719160795211792,
-0.9571241140365601,
-0.39809489250183105,
1.2990344762802124,
-1.332761526107788,
-0.1977943629026413,
0.6950863599777222,
0.10820915549993515,
0.6582955121994019,
-1.9483182430267334,
0.32756105065345764,
0.6369850635528564,
-0.537661612033844,
-0.6135236620903015,
-1.6510703563690186,
-0.34342819452285767,
-0.1581851840019226,
-1.1599479913711548,
-0.9117528200149536,
-0.012628316879272461,
0.08686130493879318,
1.8978348970413208,
1.6685001850128174,
0.7074218988418579,
-0.5275587439537048,
0.9448416233062744,
-0.8783712387084961,
0.6636777520179749,
0.19861537218093872,
-1.4543659687042236,
-1.9788017272949219,
0.5752207636833191,
-0.5078225135803223,
-0.5086033344268799,
-0.043122708797454834,
-0.10274633020162582,
-1.2764216661453247,
-0.2506996989250183,
2.004115581512451,
2.1166296005249023,
1.9200654029846191,
1.3464328050613403,
0.0426960289478302,
-0.06317649781703949,
-2.286586284637451,
-0.15522614121437073,
-0.15622706711292267,
0.24779833853244781,
-0.9753460884094238,
0.16228485107421875,
-0.13561268150806427,
0.0877481997013092,
0.18749123811721802,
0.9705331325531006,
-1.0194355249404907,
1.8640918731689453,
0.46308526396751404,
0.42442208528518677,
1.802012324333191,
-0.3520822525024414,
0.9555304050445557,
0.9023661613464355,
0.3073348104953766,
-2.750758409500122,
1.2222617864608765,
-1.8159961700439453,
-0.3095705509185791,
-0.9701950550079346,
2.605884313583374,
-0.23048654198646545,
0.6925328373908997,
-0.18456614017486572,
-0.24500373005867004,
0.6705809235572815,
0.8514397144317627,
-3.1491947174072266,
-0.6039278507232666,
0.8182822465896606,
-0.9334437251091003,
-0.7934942245483398,
-0.09960100054740906,
0.5141720771789551,
0.13208851218223572,
0.2535932660102844,
0.21539804339408875,
1.6396613121032715,
-1.45638108253479,
0.34195807576179504,
0.288179874420166,
0.975281834602356,
0.7311547994613647,
0.4323471188545227,
-0.17773382365703583,
-0.0025864839553833008,
0.4242692291736603,
-0.4601704478263855,
0.8238998055458069,
-0.573965311050415,
-0.9540067911148071,
-0.6361531019210815,
1.5892853736877441,
0.1512652039527893,
-0.40155255794525146,
-0.3270168602466583,
-1.359055757522583,
-0.05569019913673401,
0.7098124623298645,
0.9568241834640503,
-0.539458155632019,
0.06625386327505112,
-1.1905293464660645,
0.22724011540412903,
-1.0183137655258179,
1.198197364807129,
2.197580575942993,
0.4225054085254669,
-0.19961196184158325,
0.9924578666687012,
-1.2115659713745117,
2.021343946456909,
0.08396752178668976,
0.46980470418930054,
-0.11497119069099426,
1.2897776365280151,
-0.033935293555259705,
1.022267460823059,
1.6068179607391357,
0.9922030568122864,
1.0424613952636719,
0.8529304265975952,
-0.750946044921875,
1.1323554515838623,
-1.805823802947998,
-0.6474677324295044,
0.6713656187057495,
-0.13856032490730286,
0.9544485807418823,
1.9819047451019287,
0.4780333340167999,
-1.8234800100326538,
-0.917621910572052,
0.43136879801750183,
-1.3839677572250366,
1.05159592628479,
1.0718499422073364,
0.5746267437934875,
-0.795147180557251,
0.04010879248380661,
1.231201410293579,
-1.2138055562973022,
-0.7537631392478943,
0.3803727924823761,
-1.444221019744873,
1.3061691522598267,
-0.2630671262741089,
-0.002967521548271179,
-0.07924133539199829,
3.120088577270508,
0.10005880892276764,
-0.4692145884037018,
-1.0385680198669434,
-0.48280787467956543,
-1.2807848453521729,
0.40737012028694153,
1.016835331916809,
1.2119147777557373,
-0.22943910956382751,
-1.7030953168869019,
-1.1099492311477661,
0.48375988006591797,
-0.4193955063819885,
0.4397234320640564,
-1.6632928848266602,
0.5460699796676636,
1.374411702156067,
-0.4273627996444702,
2.9861345291137695,
0.4006221294403076
] |
why is weightlifting good for mental health? | simply put, exercise is good for your mental health because it does good things to your brain. physical exercise increases the level of endorphins and enkephalins in the brain, but you likely already knew that. something you might not know is that exercise increases the volume of brain structures that are instrumental in maintaining mental health. it can increase the rate of neurogenesis in the hippocampus, a structure associated with memory and emotion regulation. interestingly enough, many antidepressants also increase the rate of neurogenesis in the hippocampus. it's believed that this helps people be more flexible regulating emotions and store new memories/learn healthy coping more efficiently, leading to better mental health overall. | 29 | [] | [] | [
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motor_unit_recruitment"
] | [
0.29345059394836426,
-0.8551326990127563,
0.9598236083984375,
0.18728801608085632,
-0.7463542222976685,
0.8491836190223694,
1.2040425539016724,
-0.5198283791542053,
1.7882452011108398,
0.25603193044662476,
-0.053246304392814636,
2.24356746673584,
-0.012815415859222412,
-1.0358977317810059,
0.8539326190948486,
0.8341789245605469,
1.2609068155288696,
1.3404669761657715,
-1.9701204299926758,
0.4037567973136902,
-0.8032701015472412,
-0.75639408826828,
1.7704370021820068,
-0.5873148441314697,
-0.8205002546310425,
1.6852619647979736,
-0.25498127937316895,
-1.1912435293197632,
0.5508849024772644,
-0.21224382519721985,
0.9467524290084839,
0.22675681114196777,
0.008059918880462646,
-1.8358961343765259,
-1.2487375736236572,
1.2079088687896729,
-2.0205392837524414,
0.5342559218406677,
-0.17296358942985535,
-1.0517289638519287,
0.07803922891616821,
-0.44083163142204285,
-0.4071615934371948,
1.0626646280288696,
0.07853619754314423,
2.0646090507507324,
0.002817004919052124,
-0.3361845910549164,
0.541009247303009,
0.19393625855445862,
0.6908860802650452,
-0.06951034814119339,
0.7343637943267822,
0.468906044960022,
-0.49074333906173706,
3.0468358993530273,
-0.5579002499580383,
-0.025298483669757843,
-0.8683953285217285,
2.3335230350494385,
-0.6412297487258911,
0.7883599996566772,
-0.5115451812744141,
0.24881383776664734,
1.8312498331069946,
-0.5006268620491028,
-0.3672201335430145,
0.03588271141052246,
-0.7926377654075623,
1.3084304332733154,
1.027718424797058,
-0.413808673620224,
1.2763698101043701,
-0.1513134092092514,
1.9427869319915771,
0.32435697317123413,
-0.5530550479888916,
-0.8848749399185181,
0.6044750809669495,
-1.7281538248062134,
1.8803845643997192,
1.2733155488967896,
-0.2794853150844574,
-0.2056032121181488,
2.2751336097717285,
1.440029263496399,
0.36866265535354614,
-0.6310682892799377,
-1.415727972984314,
1.3145473003387451,
-0.9391719698905945,
-0.2189766764640808,
-0.8394856452941895,
-1.8317210674285889,
1.9723412990570068,
0.8933396339416504,
-1.5425119400024414,
-0.2909574806690216,
-1.3165901899337769,
-0.38530054688453674,
-0.9794164896011353,
1.8814775943756104,
0.5443570017814636,
0.6227355599403381,
-0.8563570380210876,
-2.715603828430176,
0.2077588140964508,
-0.5605596303939819,
-0.6869380474090576,
0.6498213410377502,
-0.8762520551681519,
-1.9778916835784912,
0.31308871507644653,
0.7603479027748108,
0.8520374894142151,
-0.18576078116893768,
-1.3806227445602417,
0.2504942715167999,
1.8456979990005493,
-0.15801416337490082,
0.561832070350647,
-1.9399774074554443,
-0.7226676344871521,
-0.15587203204631805,
0.16545981168746948,
-0.4377884864807129,
-1.9241634607315063,
0.5670121908187866,
2.1443045139312744,
-0.5724306106567383,
0.3613232970237732,
1.0193389654159546,
0.5751088857650757,
0.48650825023651123,
-1.6365976333618164,
-1.8271905183792114,
1.157494068145752,
-0.5688080787658691,
-1.7957582473754883,
-0.2334815114736557,
0.4933602809906006,
4.440587520599365,
1.4789810180664062,
-1.1647087335586548,
-2.8345956802368164,
1.598822832107544,
1.523043155670166,
-1.5924084186553955,
0.3173772692680359,
-0.40413323044776917,
-2.358017683029175,
-1.1892777681350708,
0.8741224408149719,
-0.10545895248651505,
1.3683662414550781,
-0.18076351284980774,
-1.3339226245880127,
-0.46181222796440125,
-1.9175641536712646,
-0.48669058084487915,
-1.7718877792358398,
-1.1813498735427856,
-0.9747817516326904,
0.3896603584289551,
1.842007040977478,
0.2625977396965027,
0.25838029384613037,
-1.2192140817642212,
1.2819925546646118,
0.7468137741088867,
-1.0236239433288574,
-0.6032089591026306,
0.12616470456123352,
0.43773019313812256,
1.5004147291183472,
-0.9756249785423279,
-2.0981688499450684,
-1.2027252912521362,
0.15840089321136475,
-0.8539276123046875,
1.344970703125,
-2.6634106636047363,
-0.6581600904464722,
0.2045055478811264,
-1.0529038906097412,
-0.4024568796157837,
0.10667639970779419,
0.7156321406364441,
0.8005469441413879,
0.808843731880188,
-0.9854207038879395,
0.6289926767349243,
0.5998111963272095,
1.096189260482788,
0.1357203722000122,
-1.0375287532806396,
-0.3483729064464569,
-0.5553902387619019,
-1.5501463413238525,
-0.3678194284439087,
-1.4323444366455078,
-1.357718825340271,
0.22299404442310333,
-0.7415906190872192,
-0.46644270420074463,
-0.798948347568512,
-2.246490240097046,
0.3211698532104492,
1.5488883256912231,
-2.5822675228118896,
-1.3984506130218506,
-0.20329543948173523,
1.33249032497406,
0.3296167552471161,
0.16397900879383087,
0.3604646921157837,
-1.1514511108398438,
-0.08533230423927307,
-0.20778630673885345,
-0.0015670806169509888,
1.1753901243209839,
0.2057928591966629,
-1.9953168630599976,
-0.9236224293708801,
-2.381659984588623,
-1.5234357118606567,
0.29925307631492615,
1.6413261890411377,
0.7250029444694519,
1.8860507011413574,
0.9970279932022095,
-1.0984526872634888,
-1.106050729751587,
-0.295985609292984,
-0.4880690276622772,
-1.3378757238388062,
0.8955751657485962,
-0.49841028451919556,
-0.3616703152656555,
-1.9044259786605835,
-2.0120811462402344,
0.3381914496421814,
0.3486662805080414,
0.45352521538734436,
0.40431323647499084,
2.4567785263061523,
0.715470552444458,
1.1619923114776611,
1.730470061302185,
0.18033944070339203,
-1.7807812690734863,
0.8923006653785706,
1.364546298980713,
1.219943642616272,
-1.0810469388961792,
-0.5381689667701721,
-1.7734270095825195,
-0.1325928419828415,
0.48104745149612427,
0.018764156848192215,
0.5675638914108276,
-1.7266178131103516,
-1.5786454677581787,
-0.5884412527084351,
0.5982743501663208,
1.0983892679214478,
0.8990703821182251,
0.5815951824188232,
0.3651091158390045,
1.0338001251220703,
-1.208526372909546,
0.28990280628204346,
-2.1998980045318604,
0.3028948903083801,
1.415848731994629,
-0.3802744150161743,
-1.0515094995498657,
-1.5760295391082764,
-0.23752662539482117,
-1.4329328536987305,
1.0217164754867554,
-3.370335578918457,
-0.2708716094493866,
-0.22798839211463928,
-1.1182563304901123,
0.3197309374809265,
-0.16874085366725922,
1.49485445022583,
1.0698589086532593,
0.5018078088760376,
0.06977462768554688,
1.478079915046692,
0.6327314376831055,
0.9928823113441467,
0.7896783947944641,
1.335956335067749,
-0.8042485117912292,
0.1919744610786438,
-0.40476712584495544,
-0.4472769498825073,
0.9534844160079956,
-0.42686644196510315,
-0.9068189859390259,
-1.0443521738052368,
-2.817988395690918,
-0.7657607197761536,
-0.5535222887992859,
-1.57868230342865,
-1.9050824642181396,
0.2500966191291809,
-1.7357988357543945,
0.4485335648059845,
-0.28154656291007996,
0.6853545904159546,
-2.4341652393341064,
0.6006482839584351,
-2.5353829860687256,
1.6543352603912354,
-1.1001626253128052,
0.23676034808158875,
0.061732321977615356,
-1.199859857559204,
1.3989313840866089,
1.503747820854187,
-0.324529230594635,
-0.8337350487709045,
0.7492868900299072,
0.9246112108230591,
-0.5876369476318359,
-0.5444942712783813,
2.063274383544922,
0.22501684725284576,
0.8812003135681152,
-0.1074431985616684,
1.4423259496688843,
0.6861643195152283,
1.4998427629470825,
2.1100120544433594,
-0.34627240896224976,
-1.0479134321212769,
1.772550344467163,
1.0447144508361816,
1.9456136226654053,
0.4926118850708008,
1.328669786453247,
-0.03180987015366554,
-0.6111738085746765,
2.0084404945373535,
-2.32675838470459,
-0.7892365455627441,
1.2898927927017212,
1.6976014375686646,
1.60391104221344,
-0.18403306603431702,
2.5307788848876953,
-1.1257654428482056,
-0.7070845365524292,
-0.17923074960708618,
-0.8890789747238159,
0.35233187675476074,
0.25914275646209717,
-0.18146294355392456,
0.3897417187690735,
2.193272590637207,
-0.3471757173538208,
-0.8268260955810547,
1.185341477394104,
-0.9401729702949524,
1.019382357597351,
-0.8618155717849731,
0.6793407201766968,
1.6257009506225586,
1.7453715801239014,
0.03921210765838623,
-0.11681167781352997,
0.7244780659675598,
-0.7430057525634766,
0.7679781913757324,
-1.604971170425415,
0.5138722658157349,
1.6094584465026855,
2.933337688446045,
0.43056565523147583,
0.3013096749782562
] |
|
are people with primary raynaud's disease more likely to get frostbite (or will they get it more quickly) than people without the disease? | i don't know of any controlled studies on the matter, but based on the pathophysiology of raynaud's i would say yes. raynaud's disease is caused by vasospasm of the distal digital arteries, reducing blood flow. in times of cold, the blood flow (and the other fingers, ie mittens > gloves) is what keeps the fingers from freezing. in theory a syndrome that reduces the blood flow would cause an increased risk of injury from extreme cold. | 11 | [] | [] | [
"http://www.circumpolarhealthjournal.net/index.php/ijch/article/viewFile/17650/20112",
"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S109564330100280X",
"http://www.wemjournal.org/article/S1080-6032(09)70109-7/fulltext",
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1035401/"
] | [
-1.6366817951202393,
0.931786298751831,
0.6392225623130798,
0.8081531524658203,
1.5387213230133057,
0.37793275713920593,
-0.219125896692276,
1.197288155555725,
0.2448175996541977,
-0.02475794404745102,
0.1626145839691162,
0.26704397797584534,
-1.0164111852645874,
0.26029613614082336,
-0.8230631351470947,
-0.0991058349609375,
-0.8317111730575562,
-0.4945274591445923,
-0.2930395007133484,
0.7488388419151306,
0.6448869109153748,
0.6891553401947021,
0.9824972152709961,
-1.061990737915039,
-0.7790486216545105,
0.8512661457061768,
0.8318750262260437,
-0.1593446433544159,
0.4378691017627716,
0.05976621434092522,
-0.061742138117551804,
-0.6483848094940186,
0.1975088119506836,
-0.0045699626207351685,
0.07765596359968185,
0.36985141038894653,
-0.05324706435203552,
-0.048458874225616455,
-0.9943535327911377,
1.3849198818206787,
0.4477446675300598,
-0.43488994240760803,
-0.4138115346431732,
0.33709779381752014,
1.3002961874008179,
2.392000198364258,
0.6385561227798462,
0.549850583076477,
0.5725569128990173,
1.6730926036834717,
0.6270530819892883,
-0.3425636291503906,
-0.3524501919746399,
1.1837520599365234,
-0.0048920512199401855,
-0.03870399296283722,
-0.9637680649757385,
-0.519936203956604,
-1.1377805471420288,
0.4998738467693329,
-0.17136837542057037,
0.3882182836532593,
-1.2665977478027344,
0.8992247581481934,
2.1968605518341064,
0.03258891403675079,
0.3441423773765564,
0.19182169437408447,
-0.19342781603336334,
0.5193898677825928,
0.8746719360351562,
0.023093998432159424,
0.5010842680931091,
-0.19614630937576294,
0.27920567989349365,
-0.35554152727127075,
-1.196821689605713,
-0.5511781573295593,
-0.45864275097846985,
0.9701740741729736,
0.4249306321144104,
0.5262740254402161,
1.141197681427002,
0.7198283672332764,
0.35975539684295654,
0.6544362306594849,
1.0467389822006226,
-0.006017744541168213,
-0.7676915526390076,
0.9362174868583679,
-1.3348411321640015,
-1.0265934467315674,
0.9150822162628174,
0.19932815432548523,
0.7401043772697449,
2.262871742248535,
-0.6209688186645508,
0.03306928277015686,
-1.3307334184646606,
-0.44269052147865295,
-0.5130136013031006,
-1.5076721906661987,
-1.8207600116729736,
0.3978654146194458,
0.5059430003166199,
0.2813865840435028,
-0.3889031410217285,
-1.120292067527771,
-1.4847232103347778,
-0.38856345415115356,
-0.3552197217941284,
0.023840636014938354,
0.8720755577087402,
0.19268643856048584,
-0.1348295956850052,
-0.4475223124027252,
-0.9348289370536804,
0.5987344980239868,
-0.9081876277923584,
0.624011218547821,
-0.49780765175819397,
-0.8239781856536865,
-1.194188117980957,
-0.5213561058044434,
0.11385960131883621,
0.4046643376350403,
-0.9185079336166382,
1.1023097038269043,
0.9268317222595215,
-0.37286049127578735,
0.41131722927093506,
-0.16215914487838745,
0.9125488996505737,
-0.14047187566757202,
-0.2301766276359558,
-0.1643892526626587,
-0.3421124815940857,
0.4311167597770691,
-0.8333765864372253,
0.5156580209732056,
0.588275134563446,
0.2722989618778229,
-0.2405833899974823,
0.11778213828802109,
0.7139453887939453,
1.046172022819519,
0.6980811953544617,
-0.25911474227905273,
0.5364474058151245,
-0.8101699352264404,
0.09560238569974899,
-0.23922570049762726,
0.5991646647453308,
1.1604329347610474,
-0.8286051750183105,
-0.9180750846862793,
0.9484131932258606,
0.12358079105615616,
-0.38047778606414795,
0.3413929045200348,
-0.7366787791252136,
-0.45800188183784485,
-0.4468578100204468,
0.9393025636672974,
0.8207980394363403,
0.07150126248598099,
-0.676388680934906,
-1.1171120405197144,
0.35464614629745483,
-0.6357009410858154,
-0.9018236398696899,
0.00037512462586164474,
0.5531687140464783,
0.5189173817634583,
-0.4191489815711975,
-1.0147438049316406,
-0.9138769507408142,
-0.8331202864646912,
0.37045902013778687,
0.352895051240921,
1.3379507064819336,
0.00007520616054534912,
0.5243389010429382,
-0.6938459873199463,
-0.0750727504491806,
-0.21053841710090637,
-0.8680806159973145,
-0.06761784851551056,
-0.6653072237968445,
-0.20041653513908386,
0.42586761713027954,
0.04020483419299126,
0.4935161769390106,
0.13468347489833832,
-0.0150509774684906,
0.009376317262649536,
-1.8727226257324219,
-1.0410008430480957,
-0.6909001469612122,
0.09232282638549805,
-0.15958207845687866,
0.4151812195777893,
-1.2912955284118652,
-0.857085108757019,
0.31486135721206665,
0.6017003059387207,
-1.4419479370117188,
-1.7454988956451416,
-0.736417293548584,
-0.13834789395332336,
0.9634372591972351,
0.5194195508956909,
-0.008413061499595642,
0.4043233394622803,
-0.06186899542808533,
0.5363082885742188,
-0.9727599024772644,
-0.44862839579582214,
0.3823642432689667,
0.05120556801557541,
0.5338608622550964,
-0.1865638941526413,
-0.9638698101043701,
-1.2518174648284912,
-0.12110719084739685,
-0.7974640130996704,
-0.6988999843597412,
-1.0299770832061768,
-0.1593494713306427,
1.0746983289718628,
0.24081483483314514,
1.532973289489746,
0.3914850354194641,
0.2985333502292633,
-0.10623311251401901,
-0.9983566999435425,
-0.7876331806182861,
0.0536978542804718,
-0.6996869444847107,
0.1490325927734375,
-0.7217254638671875,
1.0149195194244385,
-0.31612831354141235,
-0.5964831113815308,
-0.22884011268615723,
0.6002649664878845,
1.6152119636535645,
0.1991843730211258,
0.9192731380462646,
1.0509943962097168,
-0.6572331190109253,
0.7063812017440796,
-1.3821046352386475,
1.395518183708191,
-0.7953342199325562,
0.3792271912097931,
-1.1746258735656738,
-0.9636690616607666,
-0.6907247304916382,
0.8997948169708252,
-0.5011906623840332,
-0.3030358552932739,
-0.9370459318161011,
-1.4831218719482422,
1.60664701461792,
-0.07590562105178833,
1.730169653892517,
0.4737823009490967,
1.0216400623321533,
0.09721852838993073,
-0.8056401014328003,
-0.9900089502334595,
0.784601092338562,
-0.16827189922332764,
0.18718364834785461,
0.16461537778377533,
0.28292715549468994,
1.26846444606781,
0.20387275516986847,
-0.23045490682125092,
-0.43499788641929626,
-2.3781301975250244,
-0.6299324035644531,
-0.12823235988616943,
0.23877757787704468,
-0.9357590079307556,
-0.6721318960189819,
-0.2417205572128296,
1.1731038093566895,
-0.9877197742462158,
-1.0113457441329956,
0.1147158145904541,
1.855271339416504,
0.3283051550388336,
1.3965452909469604,
0.3816883862018585,
-1.2752068042755127,
0.8255223035812378,
-0.21242755651474,
0.6300973892211914,
-0.03130227327346802,
0.37520748376846313,
-1.422690749168396,
0.6344708204269409,
-1.5956565141677856,
-0.9265321493148804,
-0.19339466094970703,
1.3416481018066406,
-0.5938088893890381,
-0.18023112416267395,
0.33875060081481934,
-1.2965073585510254,
-0.28295692801475525,
0.19607387483119965,
-0.8456728458404541,
1.052657127380371,
-1.2429986000061035,
0.34429195523262024,
0.7398112416267395,
-0.4928208589553833,
0.7394809126853943,
-0.4098127484321594,
0.6554015278816223,
0.19378185272216797,
-0.8440876007080078,
-0.23195284605026245,
-0.48469218611717224,
-0.13831385970115662,
-0.6623584628105164,
-0.2856976389884949,
-0.681305468082428,
1.6549243927001953,
1.1380479335784912,
0.31491619348526,
0.27749723196029663,
0.21441315114498138,
0.5452668070793152,
0.5289331078529358,
-0.8390511274337769,
-0.645362138748169,
0.14817184209823608,
0.2505001127719879,
0.609394907951355,
0.8173439502716064,
0.536536693572998,
-1.220862627029419,
1.9122658967971802,
-0.43327802419662476,
-1.1901520490646362,
0.4405229687690735,
-0.8869022727012634,
0.657130241394043,
1.424487829208374,
0.663919985294342,
1.3836085796356201,
-0.385826051235199,
0.2045084834098816,
0.26162177324295044,
-0.14405329525470734,
-0.2510766386985779,
-0.8221017122268677,
0.4026449918746948,
-0.11389879882335663,
1.262854814529419,
-0.13282020390033722,
-0.19401922821998596,
0.7351802587509155,
1.1172877550125122,
-0.09182719886302948,
0.7105345129966736,
0.5577844977378845,
0.5129870176315308,
-0.14552782475948334,
0.0572066605091095,
-0.8599557876586914,
-0.519171953201294,
-0.41466063261032104,
0.5218912959098816,
-0.29547446966171265,
-0.1635759025812149,
-0.4587685465812683,
-0.6305273771286011,
1.258435606956482,
0.78016197681427
] |
|
is it possible to divide a circle into a grid in such a way that every cell of the grid has the same area? | obviously, if you divide a circle into a grid of rectangles, then the rectangles at the edge will have less area than the center due to being cut off by the circle. if you divide a circle into 'slices' (like a pie chart) then you can have all of the 'slices' be of equal area, but if you try to subdivide it any further (i.e. adding another circle that is half the diameter of the original circle into the middle of the 'pie') then the 'slices' nearer to the center of the circle-within-a-circle will have less area than those near the edge of the circle-within-a-circle. so, is it mathematically/geometrically possible for a circle to be divided into a grid where every cell of the grid has an equal area? bonus question: is this possible with a sphere? | if you took the same method you describe but move the new circle out a little further there is a point where the inner slices and outer slices will have the same area. because the slices are just fractions of the circle's area, all you have to do is satisfy the condition that the inner circle has the same area as the outer ring, if the inner radius is r and the outer radius is 1 this means pi * r^2 = pi * 1^2 - pi * r^2 which gives the solution r = 1/√2 or about 0.71. you can calculate this for an arbitrary number of rings to get equal areas. | 15 | [] | [] | [
"https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a257770.pdf",
"https://healpix.jpl.nasa.gov/"
] | [
0.4880501329898834,
0.07127128541469574,
-0.41030967235565186,
-1.2271723747253418,
-2.992661952972412,
-1.2033846378326416,
1.6956353187561035,
0.5991264581680298,
0.44023388624191284,
-0.11077457666397095,
1.0885063409805298,
-0.2479378879070282,
1.9576715230941772,
-0.5713314414024353,
0.6094010472297668,
-0.7919161319732666,
-2.3138346672058105,
0.1487227827310562,
-2.6136040687561035,
0.1039540022611618,
0.979611337184906,
-1.0820302963256836,
-1.7153164148330688,
0.06967195868492126,
0.4795927107334137,
0.18297263979911804,
0.8426024317741394,
0.5977903604507446,
0.5105889439582825,
-1.3726794719696045,
-0.46302932500839233,
2.246655225753784,
0.5287056565284729,
0.1432039737701416,
0.4760585427284241,
-0.1493391990661621,
-1.0947256088256836,
1.270007610321045,
-0.27120456099510193,
-0.5149418115615845,
0.8969827890396118,
-0.027994945645332336,
2.1123831272125244,
0.3105005621910095,
1.2173880338668823,
0.3957356810569763,
-0.6141169667243958,
0.3932000994682312,
0.9222942590713501,
0.09941978752613068,
-0.34157341718673706,
1.4950230121612549,
-0.6802806854248047,
-0.1064637303352356,
-0.08240564167499542,
-0.4340726435184479,
0.4244266450405121,
-0.7833946943283081,
-0.027313396334648132,
-0.15854701399803162,
1.9489909410476685,
-0.30405256152153015,
0.704494833946228,
0.6497379541397095,
-0.018062561750411987,
-1.2177228927612305,
0.4752277731895447,
-1.1031091213226318,
-0.9396138191223145,
1.5060162544250488,
0.39875730872154236,
0.1254354864358902,
-0.6124175786972046,
-1.8443856239318848,
0.9040152430534363,
1.5318539142608643,
-1.8084237575531006,
-0.30963653326034546,
-0.7441799640655518,
-0.5037672519683838,
-0.31952473521232605,
1.7319446802139282,
0.3762277364730835,
0.45857661962509155,
-0.8764942288398743,
0.9291642308235168,
1.2335704565048218,
0.43102118372917175,
2.1071603298187256,
-0.48314014077186584,
0.9654765129089355,
-0.8291597962379456,
-1.9414217472076416,
0.01966579258441925,
-1.2351493835449219,
-0.04577299952507019,
0.8530582189559937,
-1.9418654441833496,
0.05986711382865906,
0.6908761262893677,
-1.397167682647705,
1.050065517425537,
-1.0834892988204956,
-1.1195073127746582,
0.4615950882434845,
0.4815182089805603,
-0.8398147821426392,
-0.43613192439079285,
0.10784804075956345,
1.1726181507110596,
0.09973729401826859,
-0.7069342136383057,
1.4643861055374146,
0.06761780381202698,
0.20009183883666992,
-1.14619779586792,
2.7425971031188965,
0.12180683016777039,
0.004518002271652222,
-1.535496711730957,
-0.15772342681884766,
-0.04029318690299988,
-0.9792529344558716,
1.022062063217163,
0.17975707352161407,
-0.5656155347824097,
-0.08544211089611053,
0.7268720865249634,
0.4339650273323059,
0.7967958450317383,
1.367332935333252,
-0.8825413584709167,
-0.20639477670192719,
-1.2029762268066406,
-0.7488753795623779,
-0.4897388815879822,
1.1000884771347046,
0.7808184027671814,
-1.3429183959960938,
1.2230761051177979,
1.7914001941680908,
-0.5981695652008057,
0.7537562847137451,
-0.6968521475791931,
1.5666619539260864,
0.5010088682174683,
-2.396183490753174,
-0.8099558353424072,
-0.7815030813217163,
-0.3366808295249939,
-0.628582775592804,
-0.8007270097732544,
-0.030979305505752563,
-0.47986453771591187,
0.6313193440437317,
0.1571301519870758,
-1.5527441501617432,
0.3003486096858978,
-0.6216326951980591,
-0.008919715881347656,
-1.162248969078064,
1.3677337169647217,
0.08421428501605988,
2.0639021396636963,
1.1657897233963013,
0.7235090732574463,
-0.14615240693092346,
-1.0686380863189697,
-0.6998406648635864,
-0.08050072193145752,
1.985325813293457,
-0.26001235842704773,
-0.5773642063140869,
-0.3219623565673828,
-0.7561677098274231,
0.07059717923402786,
-2.222504138946533,
0.13578194379806519,
0.29810768365859985,
1.3364861011505127,
1.4908943176269531,
-0.07975003123283386,
1.6903162002563477,
0.22605416178703308,
-0.08864055573940277,
-0.012115508317947388,
0.6089938879013062,
1.7017383575439453,
-0.3771687150001526,
-0.7107073068618774,
-0.11284132301807404,
0.18595150113105774,
-1.5365395545959473,
1.1565247774124146,
-1.6847933530807495,
-2.06113862991333,
1.2440075874328613,
-0.35253363847732544,
-0.04132679104804993,
1.0471296310424805,
1.2744497060775757,
-0.08437880873680115,
-0.713042140007019,
-0.8032926917076111,
-0.7931318879127502,
-0.014533236622810364,
0.14989109337329865,
-1.4362125396728516,
-0.6706345081329346,
2.117609977722168,
-0.410641610622406,
-2.133007287979126,
-0.16123086214065552,
-1.5026524066925049,
0.1781308650970459,
0.6575391292572021,
0.23613882064819336,
-1.6772496700286865,
-2.5196690559387207,
-0.8168232440948486,
0.17176170647144318,
0.5989049077033997,
-0.2456045150756836,
-0.5896849632263184,
-1.9806129932403564,
-0.5404639840126038,
-0.32812994718551636,
-1.0006109476089478,
0.04803222417831421,
-0.2219184935092926,
0.596686601638794,
-0.49304020404815674,
0.7437313795089722,
1.2137956619262695,
-0.3339613974094391,
0.41958487033843994,
0.9832987785339355,
0.8657983541488647,
0.8812423348426819,
-1.3067071437835693,
-0.3000858426094055,
0.3976766765117645,
-0.15423724055290222,
0.42414945363998413,
-0.47167080640792847,
-0.781029224395752,
0.1075158566236496,
0.7978247404098511,
0.20523789525032043,
0.46273985505104065,
-0.44420042634010315,
-0.984972357749939,
-0.5434591770172119,
0.16365233063697815,
-0.5159276723861694,
-1.918409824371338,
-0.1268031895160675,
0.2703231871128082,
-0.6703709363937378,
-0.8092101812362671,
1.595302939414978,
-1.8143044710159302,
-0.7060846090316772,
0.05743643641471863,
-0.4507168233394623,
-0.4487536549568176,
1.859499454498291,
0.2879822254180908,
-0.1132337749004364,
-0.7854598760604858,
2.0050253868103027,
0.7715126276016235,
-1.0578596591949463,
0.43557441234588623,
-0.9942392110824585,
-0.6770135164260864,
-0.27648448944091797,
0.103671595454216,
-0.0984237864613533,
1.0919255018234253,
-1.1316351890563965,
-0.5916536450386047,
0.6158362627029419,
-0.4132729768753052,
-0.8009054660797119,
-1.2780609130859375,
0.42545920610427856,
1.4446431398391724,
1.4032692909240723,
-0.6744977831840515,
-0.5914201736450195,
-0.6645509004592896,
-0.9723721742630005,
0.6634859442710876,
-0.2151375710964203,
2.7332606315612793,
0.03673086315393448,
-0.506036639213562,
1.685592532157898,
0.9201349020004272,
1.0831329822540283,
0.47571760416030884,
-1.2316668033599854,
0.7247714400291443,
-2.0664315223693848,
0.28241318464279175,
0.5978447198867798,
2.208958387374878,
1.8268592357635498,
0.23544611036777496,
0.7036125659942627,
-1.1543314456939697,
0.8139400482177734,
0.9234501123428345,
-0.9352111220359802,
1.086668610572815,
1.0315983295440674,
0.10209077596664429,
1.4924944639205933,
0.8440870046615601,
-0.11750859022140503,
-1.4648667573928833,
-1.0111902952194214,
0.3040544092655182,
0.23901808261871338,
0.4741203188896179,
0.12211790680885315,
-1.901978850364685,
-0.21159005165100098,
0.2726723551750183,
-0.2278149127960205,
1.329964280128479,
-0.841454267501831,
-0.6983712911605835,
-0.7589671611785889,
0.32440391182899475,
-0.00010986626148223877,
-0.04462254047393799,
-0.8980536460876465,
0.8217563629150391,
-0.6383614540100098,
-0.04076162725687027,
0.5714304447174072,
-1.0727837085723877,
-0.32367053627967834,
-0.8290114998817444,
-1.0704729557037354,
-0.36539220809936523,
-0.6984767317771912,
-0.08537223190069199,
0.5892812013626099,
-0.565449059009552,
1.6092795133590698,
1.065483808517456,
0.7564287185668945,
-0.5854992866516113,
0.2031894475221634,
0.8244038224220276,
0.06139855831861496,
1.2740507125854492,
-1.005109429359436,
-1.278231143951416,
0.27795714139938354,
0.985028088092804,
-0.2120240330696106,
0.4409891963005066,
-0.08454024791717529,
0.3927628993988037,
-0.802552342414856,
-0.787155270576477,
-0.8195644021034241,
2.081143379211426,
0.8591781854629517,
-0.868983268737793,
0.4330628216266632,
-0.4932270050048828,
0.7544511556625366,
0.4939018189907074,
-0.3916670083999634,
0.3239784836769104,
-1.8643290996551514,
1.9783103466033936,
-0.2660512328147888,
0.8637752532958984
] |
does brain waves leave the cranium? | and travel through air or water or some other kind of gas or element? | "brain waves" are very minute electromagnetic field waves generated by the electrical currents within the brain. they do travel outside the cranium; that's how we're able to measure them with eeg. but they are of a very small amplitude--usually less than 200 mcv at the scalp. as they are em waves, they can travel though other media. but they are easily swamped by much larger em sources in everyday life, and require special equipment to detect even right at the scalp surface. | 12 | [] | [] | [] | [
-0.3387240767478943,
-0.38886818289756775,
-0.4995828866958618,
-0.28980690240859985,
0.529440701007843,
-0.27374982833862305,
0.8115149736404419,
-0.20974673330783844,
1.0259654521942139,
-0.3339654803276062,
0.6575106978416443,
-0.4003094732761383,
0.09662482142448425,
0.0034685134887695312,
-0.987203061580658,
-1.1783775091171265,
0.3658474385738373,
-0.9216886758804321,
-1.1031949520111084,
0.11713486909866333,
-0.2758549451828003,
1.130176067352295,
0.11369723081588745,
-0.4955167770385742,
-0.6627871990203857,
-0.16126975417137146,
-0.5397295355796814,
-0.9394795894622803,
-0.054928235709667206,
-0.9311215877532959,
0.7151259183883667,
-0.2377825379371643,
0.0575588196516037,
-0.3162217140197754,
0.0180278941988945,
-0.1508801281452179,
0.305973082780838,
0.35900649428367615,
-0.8491525053977966,
0.3097606897354126,
0.054841943085193634,
-0.28964120149612427,
0.0997476875782013,
0.6576787233352661,
0.7416256070137024,
1.1330593824386597,
0.14227089285850525,
-0.13137027621269226,
0.277427077293396,
0.7871576547622681,
-0.2897489666938782,
-1.2729554176330566,
-0.1270476132631302,
0.5635347366333008,
-0.6122989654541016,
1.150222659111023,
-0.7271226644515991,
-0.6476635336875916,
0.2790963649749756,
1.679119348526001,
-0.5693370699882507,
-0.03240756690502167,
0.026823148131370544,
1.0195956230163574,
0.670254111289978,
-0.43158555030822754,
0.0718265026807785,
-0.9295758008956909,
0.008247926831245422,
0.43560007214546204,
-0.292643666267395,
-0.49037793278694153,
-0.2628515362739563,
0.38508033752441406,
0.7049787044525146,
0.3901202082633972,
-0.5145640969276428,
-0.6935570240020752,
0.14629486203193665,
-0.6223587989807129,
0.5649724006652832,
-0.4968720078468323,
-0.12666448950767517,
0.1587490439414978,
1.091778039932251,
1.2426167726516724,
0.46925681829452515,
0.487939715385437,
-1.1723430156707764,
0.8505838513374329,
-0.4277816414833069,
-0.6383945941925049,
-0.5448078513145447,
-0.9174043536186218,
0.4133955240249634,
0.21380427479743958,
0.4682663083076477,
0.23276057839393616,
1.0043599605560303,
0.339557945728302,
-1.129615306854248,
-0.7405133247375488,
-0.7726357579231262,
0.10723686218261719,
-0.8940104842185974,
-0.16028141975402832,
-0.7236642837524414,
-0.5641944408416748,
-0.929510235786438,
0.08147560805082321,
0.12137401849031448,
-0.5178128480911255,
-0.9179728031158447,
-0.015075750648975372,
0.786064088344574,
-0.7869750261306763,
-1.2557153701782227,
-0.19231265783309937,
-0.03915748372673988,
-0.7906487584114075,
-0.8093270063400269,
-1.0886943340301514,
-0.5704125761985779,
-0.8122786283493042,
2.1613621711730957,
0.09944187104701996,
-0.4903504550457001,
0.7871887683868408,
0.4272940456867218,
0.3327597975730896,
-0.13025379180908203,
-1.1459262371063232,
-0.320040225982666,
0.5189012289047241,
-1.1331512928009033,
-0.2626349925994873,
1.5063220262527466,
0.9782654643058777,
-0.8465680480003357,
2.1658246517181396,
0.4792048931121826,
0.2920028269290924,
0.2956697940826416,
-0.4468735158443451,
-0.22856587171554565,
0.5599614381790161,
-0.778322160243988,
-1.2681238651275635,
0.43733033537864685,
-0.4281200170516968,
-0.5346506834030151,
-1.0595296621322632,
0.8190978765487671,
0.5447089672088623,
-0.12177503108978271,
-0.3469870090484619,
0.46344107389450073,
0.9066979885101318,
-0.7009380459785461,
0.1728593111038208,
-0.6369521617889404,
-0.375222384929657,
-0.831074595451355,
1.8591982126235962,
0.7361177802085876,
-0.16626706719398499,
-0.3576931655406952,
0.20811285078525543,
0.8360528945922852,
0.27325594425201416,
-1.437493920326233,
0.05678375065326691,
0.11454370617866516,
-0.06367026269435883,
0.48260068893432617,
-0.3945184648036957,
-1.0607374906539917,
-1.0113126039505005,
0.08276844024658203,
-0.8725672364234924,
-0.10750144720077515,
-0.24333304166793823,
2.0079305171966553,
1.0027353763580322,
-0.3732098639011383,
-0.23807519674301147,
0.9852153062820435,
-0.14753907918930054,
-0.5025842785835266,
0.4518245756626129,
0.3531414866447449,
-0.199771910905838,
1.252821683883667,
0.9823682308197021,
0.19142462313175201,
0.2335478812456131,
-0.4137886166572571,
-0.7605835199356079,
0.11925169825553894,
0.03296137601137161,
0.042997702956199646,
-1.737789273262024,
0.15158933401107788,
0.4537089169025421,
-0.05465482920408249,
0.8233547806739807,
-0.3645870089530945,
0.6851025819778442,
-1.0504101514816284,
0.4304279088973999,
-0.16683638095855713,
-0.20407839119434357,
1.875951886177063,
0.4950515329837799,
-0.022864989936351776,
0.3503817915916443,
-2.4095239639282227,
-0.33721476793289185,
-0.38260334730148315,
0.9519171714782715,
0.13441815972328186,
-0.10950064659118652,
-0.5118904113769531,
-1.1508362293243408,
-0.6986746788024902,
-0.13636958599090576,
-0.8599658012390137,
1.7651114463806152,
-1.0345375537872314,
0.9011923670768738,
1.3374043703079224,
1.6020097732543945,
-0.57709801197052,
0.48716700077056885,
-0.5859473943710327,
-0.7405853271484375,
-1.4608724117279053,
-0.3630903959274292,
0.11208735406398773,
-1.3440542221069336,
-0.5222134590148926,
0.8604462146759033,
0.06346279382705688,
-0.11960475146770477,
-0.03394843637943268,
0.4203135073184967,
0.9923863410949707,
1.5066114664077759,
0.6796998381614685,
1.0357789993286133,
-0.7274900674819946,
-0.07942451536655426,
-1.2541223764419556,
0.1029055118560791,
-1.336925983428955,
0.8755655288696289,
-0.2596283257007599,
0.0020352303981781006,
-0.032301165163517,
-0.017902523279190063,
-0.11356660723686218,
0.43057283759117126,
0.2616084814071655,
0.1793493926525116,
-0.15532097220420837,
1.6017836332321167,
0.45122507214546204,
0.866763710975647,
-0.8260657787322998,
-0.0007364749908447266,
-0.7007942199707031,
0.6166389584541321,
-0.32171130180358887,
0.3095734119415283,
0.7355532050132751,
-0.24326545000076294,
-1.0789785385131836,
-0.48595911264419556,
-0.8265806436538696,
0.24955201148986816,
-0.2115815281867981,
-1.8545265197753906,
0.39124202728271484,
0.7056625485420227,
-0.05730447173118591,
-1.64115571975708,
-1.4453232288360596,
-0.8131378889083862,
1.1371854543685913,
1.3842103481292725,
0.30003952980041504,
1.3375014066696167,
0.029565632343292236,
0.5589872598648071,
1.3917220830917358,
0.5205825567245483,
0.511896014213562,
-0.41458556056022644,
-0.22131654620170593,
0.9932103753089905,
0.0489669144153595,
-0.053781140595674515,
-0.30435633659362793,
0.2812063694000244,
-0.5754522085189819,
0.09115275740623474,
0.4285903573036194,
0.5553085803985596,
0.5132589340209961,
-0.2944217622280121,
-0.9729835987091064,
-1.217764139175415,
0.3807530403137207,
0.6518250107765198,
-0.7382941246032715,
1.1719095706939697,
-0.2457791268825531,
-0.5317553281784058,
-0.02162112295627594,
0.29523366689682007,
0.25742194056510925,
0.40907588601112366,
1.4490420818328857,
0.10239852964878082,
0.7916908264160156,
-0.469959020614624,
-0.23017433285713196,
-0.2615686058998108,
0.09431342035531998,
-1.0344427824020386,
0.21609649062156677,
-1.1114182472229004,
-0.4081293046474457,
0.9767802953720093,
2.112790584564209,
1.6804544925689697,
-0.46056124567985535,
-0.18983420729637146,
-0.6278513669967651,
-0.700207531452179,
-0.27446162700653076,
0.28824543952941895,
0.8811262249946594,
0.7333429455757141,
0.2925456464290619,
0.25591784715652466,
-0.23045635223388672,
0.6021794080734253,
-1.2685017585754395,
-0.3851003348827362,
-0.6635359525680542,
0.6352665424346924,
0.7892869710922241,
0.1543496549129486,
1.049227237701416,
-1.0682222843170166,
-0.8588348031044006,
-0.055785372853279114,
-0.5882708430290222,
0.14728175103664398,
-0.5256785154342651,
-1.1545360088348389,
0.1576196402311325,
1.367095947265625,
-0.9152952432632446,
0.22225232422351837,
1.5185284614562988,
0.05707066133618355,
-1.1278125047683716,
0.5029076933860779,
0.7616175413131714,
0.5196993350982666,
0.4346439242362976,
0.2742922604084015,
-0.039360590279102325,
0.11026422679424286,
0.8938674330711365,
-0.4128320515155792,
-1.7162882089614868,
1.4145965576171875,
-1.105423092842102,
1.0577948093414307,
1.2457542419433594,
-0.08514891564846039
] |
how far up would a viewer need to be to see the coast's of america and europe at the same time ? | not necessarily at the same time, but if at whatever fixed point in the sky, they (human) or it (camera) could look from left to right and see both coasts. i'm fine with broad range answers, i don't have any fixed point from/above the atlantic ocean in mind, and i could see this getting messy with specifics. | this is actually pretty easy with some basic trig -- not really a planetary science question, just geometry. so at their closest point, north america and europe are about 3000 km apart. so if you put yourself in the middle, 1500km away from each coast, this question then becomes, "how high up must one be to see 1500 km in any given direction?" now we just draw a circle to represent the earth, with a line from the center to a point on the circle (call that point ireland) and another line from the center to our point in the air which is about 1500km from ireland. add a line of sight from your point in the air to ireland and you have a right triangle with 3 sides: side a is the radius of the earth (r = 6378km), side b is 1500km (this is your line of sight), and side c, the hypotenuse, is your distance from the center of the earth as you hang above the earth's surface (r + x (or 6378km + x), where x is your height above the surface of the earth). now we just use the pythagorean theorem (a^2 + b^2 = c^2) to solve for x: r^2 + 1500^2 = (r+x)^2 r^2 + 1500^2 = r^2 + 2rx + x^2 0 = x^2 + 2rx -1500^2 now we use the quadratic formula, which is hard to format, and we get: x = (-2r + sqrt(4r^2 - 4*1*(-1500^2)))/2 ...substitute 6378 in for r and we get... about 348 km? more or less. eh, a few hundred, give or take, given our approximations. i'll leave it up to you to check the answer by plugging that back into the pythagorean theorem. | 8 | [] | [] | [
"http://en.spaceengine.org/"
] | [
1.8643808364868164,
1.4156571626663208,
-1.7344725131988525,
-0.11998322606086731,
-2.6235997676849365,
-2.0402345657348633,
-0.4722743034362793,
-0.6693525910377502,
2.5196692943573,
-0.7091401815414429,
3.8790817260742188,
-2.4475278854370117,
2.5917365550994873,
-0.2651728391647339,
0.8280194997787476,
0.4934175908565521,
-3.483123779296875,
-2.393545150756836,
-3.286020040512085,
-1.203187346458435,
1.8201953172683716,
0.4585959315299988,
-2.8415184020996094,
0.7219065427780151,
0.04801484942436218,
-0.6540416479110718,
-0.5023825168609619,
1.437212586402893,
-0.11023329198360443,
-0.7726308703422546,
-1.656034231185913,
0.41808953881263733,
-0.5585900545120239,
-0.6096153259277344,
1.7112442255020142,
0.756365180015564,
-0.9016584157943726,
1.2186359167099,
0.5754790902137756,
1.0970021486282349,
0.5067974925041199,
-0.8887839913368225,
2.648695945739746,
1.751973032951355,
1.7479692697525024,
4.60274076461792,
0.03371182084083557,
3.2538771629333496,
1.1962789297103882,
0.29357942938804626,
-0.9980117678642273,
0.7408769726753235,
-0.9948062896728516,
-0.04052653908729553,
-2.0079541206359863,
1.230820655822754,
1.2178409099578857,
-2.0732498168945312,
1.106243371963501,
-2.403512716293335,
4.093321800231934,
-0.5627012252807617,
-0.32531771063804626,
-0.18329750001430511,
-0.47140443325042725,
-0.017049506306648254,
-1.6801700592041016,
-1.7024332284927368,
-2.3213067054748535,
3.0030596256256104,
-2.4089720249176025,
-1.0213782787322998,
-3.239100694656372,
-3.834139823913574,
0.013745084404945374,
-1.8563214540481567,
-1.731406331062317,
1.9210344552993774,
-2.2864396572113037,
-1.1911200284957886,
1.7261896133422852,
-0.9949380159378052,
-1.014492392539978,
0.4773419499397278,
-1.1244783401489258,
-0.182682067155838,
1.9089711904525757,
3.5788817405700684,
3.713850498199463,
-3.4423062801361084,
2.644375801086426,
-1.9146485328674316,
-1.6978952884674072,
2.4557340145111084,
-1.4525479078292847,
0.5584393739700317,
-0.8897177577018738,
-3.684025287628174,
0.9650768637657166,
0.02263527363538742,
-1.6105456352233887,
1.7813880443572998,
-3.7530293464660645,
-0.8853675127029419,
-1.6053283214569092,
1.7658066749572754,
-0.5954013466835022,
1.968601107597351,
1.9633184671401978,
2.2171220779418945,
-1.6474711894989014,
-3.593254327774048,
2.2015163898468018,
1.7669610977172852,
0.8808907270431519,
-1.2015894651412964,
1.5173240900039673,
0.4716070592403412,
0.20815840363502502,
-3.4768881797790527,
-0.5347545146942139,
-0.41540831327438354,
2.8301305770874023,
2.664160966873169,
1.661910057067871,
-1.0532259941101074,
1.0287153720855713,
1.5504474639892578,
0.2526993155479431,
0.25356149673461914,
3.496964931488037,
-1.8082311153411865,
-0.012573599815368652,
-1.0471656322479248,
-2.240654230117798,
-2.494584798812866,
3.3918557167053223,
1.8675427436828613,
-0.01722395420074463,
1.1265805959701538,
2.9397218227386475,
-2.055123805999756,
0.5102365016937256,
-1.3085784912109375,
1.533158540725708,
1.9417072534561157,
-3.8437039852142334,
1.5364766120910645,
1.9114936590194702,
-2.5837254524230957,
-0.6422089338302612,
-0.32904863357543945,
0.6842390298843384,
-0.9300075173377991,
-0.22639413177967072,
1.6162012815475464,
-0.5926191806793213,
-0.9731830358505249,
-0.26238521933555603,
-1.9619460105895996,
-2.9511425495147705,
-0.7216410636901855,
0.8803451061248779,
0.349612295627594,
1.4984018802642822,
0.7571535706520081,
-0.4808766841888428,
-0.29648518562316895,
1.3283075094223022,
-0.44466540217399597,
3.3631443977355957,
0.4152042269706726,
1.2338440418243408,
1.258823037147522,
2.1688919067382812,
2.4892256259918213,
-3.552929401397705,
-0.21985861659049988,
-1.291228175163269,
3.664414644241333,
-0.6059664487838745,
-1.0579099655151367,
4.917912006378174,
-0.06728290021419525,
1.373794674873352,
1.7306525707244873,
0.25532954931259155,
2.720086097717285,
-1.2550090551376343,
-1.9681504964828491,
3.500737428665161,
-2.2911415100097656,
-2.33996844291687,
0.8292892575263977,
-5.583418369293213,
0.2054203748703003,
0.26300567388534546,
0.9576030373573303,
0.40621596574783325,
-0.39985328912734985,
-0.1469019651412964,
-0.21952879428863525,
2.7210633754730225,
-3.029393434524536,
-0.5344914197921753,
-2.0065951347351074,
4.835619926452637,
-1.630183458328247,
-3.6220180988311768,
5.339415550231934,
0.1744559109210968,
-5.271238803863525,
2.1672940254211426,
-3.569193124771118,
0.4053763151168823,
-0.852972686290741,
0.8388781547546387,
-4.179566383361816,
-5.522286415100098,
0.23037882149219513,
-0.4614466726779938,
0.2097407877445221,
0.09153132140636444,
-3.4525113105773926,
-2.3209686279296875,
0.01688922941684723,
-3.2360846996307373,
-0.7803027033805847,
1.0486091375350952,
-0.2190413475036621,
4.8526225090026855,
1.9342494010925293,
0.5973079204559326,
3.321545124053955,
0.09758438915014267,
-0.49969109892845154,
0.7799676656723022,
2.6948788166046143,
2.9203035831451416,
0.6757280826568604,
0.510755717754364,
-0.4141620397567749,
-1.7081029415130615,
0.7078472971916199,
-0.32097628712654114,
-4.188607692718506,
-1.854337453842163,
-0.10164929926395416,
0.8503931760787964,
3.841799259185791,
-1.1344397068023682,
-3.3010380268096924,
-1.5088789463043213,
0.2852523624897003,
-3.3166744709014893,
-2.1727981567382812,
0.2057095468044281,
0.5645684599876404,
-4.188305377960205,
1.403217077255249,
1.7194173336029053,
-3.3557276725769043,
-1.8085715770721436,
0.5182099342346191,
1.2265766859054565,
1.069649338722229,
2.5527100563049316,
1.1213326454162598,
-2.7344813346862793,
-0.9780421853065491,
1.5310777425765991,
0.3833882808685303,
-2.4109153747558594,
-0.22355785965919495,
1.6391050815582275,
-1.8335809707641602,
2.1139144897460938,
0.8286876678466797,
1.0354236364364624,
-0.055156879127025604,
-3.7727057933807373,
0.015320032835006714,
1.0075111389160156,
-1.702134609222412,
-1.3707194328308105,
-1.91788649559021,
1.1880731582641602,
2.384005308151245,
2.5216095447540283,
-0.9798558950424194,
-0.4928605556488037,
3.752837657928467,
-1.7720147371292114,
0.5182985663414001,
-2.1410932540893555,
1.2880107164382935,
-2.2732186317443848,
-0.09171269088983536,
2.829042434692383,
0.9474782943725586,
2.5620276927948,
2.1478357315063477,
-0.18912287056446075,
-1.4301542043685913,
-2.640127658843994,
1.5563900470733643,
1.9428313970565796,
1.6530311107635498,
3.333874225616455,
-1.9147241115570068,
0.17637541890144348,
-3.2462105751037598,
3.00527024269104,
3.5883779525756836,
-0.6532757878303528,
1.2524306774139404,
0.1640651673078537,
0.38916733860969543,
3.1587324142456055,
0.4708884060382843,
-0.23739804327487946,
2.1351733207702637,
-0.8952720165252686,
0.29863402247428894,
0.20645231008529663,
1.6220465898513794,
2.2431159019470215,
-3.105297565460205,
-1.1079325675964355,
-0.28277310729026794,
-0.7742725610733032,
0.5508948564529419,
0.7162014842033386,
1.8594967126846313,
1.4641697406768799,
0.38738808035850525,
-0.1251538097858429,
-2.3962597846984863,
-0.8134403228759766,
2.68027925491333,
-1.413551926612854,
1.4664525985717773,
1.2780548334121704,
-0.5930076837539673,
1.4719603061676025,
0.3792954683303833,
-1.6454799175262451,
2.5693864822387695,
-3.5000689029693604,
-2.6236627101898193,
0.1282295286655426,
0.10909268260002136,
0.8658713102340698,
-0.26833847165107727,
0.4207596182823181,
-1.0485296249389648,
-1.0031077861785889,
3.089203357696533,
-0.8387075066566467,
-0.2773294448852539,
-1.7027955055236816,
0.8629496097564697,
-1.3352344036102295,
2.7904834747314453,
0.3371330797672272,
1.7641282081604004,
-2.607497215270996,
-1.0711865425109863,
-2.588876724243164,
-0.7062966227531433,
-1.1430197954177856,
3.5845301151275635,
1.8059803247451782,
-1.725593090057373,
3.108064651489258,
-2.4250314235687256,
-0.7296261787414551,
0.08525225520133972,
-3.7301995754241943,
0.433427631855011,
-2.0655765533447266,
3.407099485397339,
0.11783367395401001,
0.37180203199386597
] |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.