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▁together ▁with ▁his ▁family , ▁lost ▁their ▁lives ▁on ▁Goth enburg ' '. ▁Most ▁streets ▁in ▁the ▁northern ▁Dar win ▁sub urb ▁of ▁Co con ut ▁Gro ve ▁and ▁some ▁in ▁the ▁adjacent ▁sub urb ▁of ▁Mill ner , ▁were ▁named ▁after ▁local ▁Dar win ▁residents , ▁inter state ▁visitors ▁and ▁crew ▁who ▁lost ▁their ▁lives ▁during ▁the ▁ship w reck . ▁Goth enburg ▁C res cent , ▁in ▁the ▁inner ▁Dar win ▁sub urb ▁of ▁Stuart ▁Park , ▁was ▁named ▁after ▁the ▁ship . ▁ ▁The ▁large ▁t urt le ▁shell , ▁which ▁was ▁eng ra ved ▁by ▁the ▁ 1 8 ▁surv iv ors ▁at ▁Hol bourne ▁Island , ▁is ▁displayed ▁at ▁the ▁South ▁Australian ▁Museum , ▁on ▁North ▁Terra ce ▁in ▁Ad ela ide . ▁ ▁Sur viv ors ▁▁ ▁In ▁ 1 8 7 5 , ▁a ▁detailed ▁list ▁of ▁all ▁passengers ▁and ▁crew ▁was ▁published ▁by ▁J . H . ▁Lewis , ▁Pr inter ▁& ▁Publish er , ▁al beit ▁with ▁several ▁errors ▁and ▁sp elling ▁mistakes . ▁That ▁document ▁was ▁used ▁as ▁the ▁main ▁source ▁of ▁the ▁following ▁surv iv ors ' ▁table . ▁ ▁The ▁surv iv ors ' ▁s urn ames ▁have ▁been ▁recon ci led ▁against ▁rescue ▁ships ' ▁log ▁books , ▁other ▁records ▁and ▁a ▁photo ▁of ▁the ▁eng ra ved ▁t urt le ▁shell . ▁Kn own ▁dis cre pan cies ▁have ▁been ▁clar ified , ▁where ▁possible , ▁in ▁the ▁comments ▁section . ▁ ▁Sur viv ors ▁ ▁Full ▁known ▁passenger |
▁list ▁ ▁Full ▁known ▁crew ▁list ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁References ▁▁ ▁Category : 1 8 5 4 ▁ships ▁Category : Sh ips ▁built ▁on ▁the ▁River ▁Th ames ▁Category : Mar itime ▁inc idents ▁in ▁April ▁ 1 8 5 4 ▁Category : V ict or ian - era ▁merchant ▁ships ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁Kingdom ▁Category : V ict or ian - era ▁merchant ▁ships ▁of ▁Australia ▁Category : Sh ip w re cks ▁of ▁Queensland ▁Category : Mar itime ▁inc idents ▁in ▁ 1 8 7 5 ▁Category : History ▁of ▁Australia ▁( 1 8 5 1 – 1 9 0 0 ) ▁Goth enburg , ▁SS ▁Goth enburg , ▁SS ▁Category : Sh ips ▁built ▁in ▁Mill wall ▁Category : Gre at ▁Bar rier ▁Re ef ▁Category : N orth ▁Queensland ▁Category : W reck ▁div ing ▁sites ▁Category : History ▁of ▁Dar win , ▁Northern ▁Territ ory ▁Category : Austral ian ▁Sh ip w re cks ▁with ▁protected ▁zone <0x0A> </s> ▁Phoenix ▁D ynast y ▁Online ▁( Ch inese : ▁ <0xE5> <0x87> <0xA4> 舞 天 <0xE9> <0xAA> <0x84> , ▁commonly ▁abbre vi ated ▁as ▁PDO ) ▁was ▁a ▁fant asy ▁MM OR PG ▁developed ▁by ▁Object ▁Software ▁Limited . ▁It ▁was ▁first ▁released ▁in ▁Main land ▁China ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 6 . ▁And ▁then ▁In gle ▁Games ▁Ltd ., ▁the ▁North ▁American ▁Publish er ▁of ▁Phoenix ▁D ynast y ▁Online , ▁announced ▁its ▁Cl osed ▁B eta ▁on ▁Aug ▁ 1 st . ▁The ▁Open ▁B |
eta ▁test ▁began ▁on ▁Oct ▁ 9 , ▁ 2 0 0 7 . ▁It ▁was ▁soon ▁recognized ▁by ▁I GN ▁and ▁released ▁its ▁v ault ▁ ▁and ▁granted ▁I GN ▁an ▁interview . ▁Until ▁now ▁the ▁game ▁is ▁still ▁under ▁development ▁and ▁new ▁contents ▁have ▁been ▁added ▁continu ously . ▁ ▁The ▁up coming ▁ 7 4 0 0 ▁expansion ▁pack ▁is ▁scheduled ▁for ▁July ▁ 2 0 0 9 . ▁Phoenix ▁D ynast y ▁Online ▁is ▁set ▁in ▁ancient ▁China . ▁Play ers ▁can ▁learn ▁and ▁practice ▁the ▁Chinese ▁K ung fu ▁to ▁advance ▁their ▁character ▁and ▁rule ▁the ▁dynast y . ▁ ▁Game play ▁ ▁Class es ▁The ▁game ▁features ▁four ▁different ▁classes : ▁W izard , ▁Ass ass in , ▁Pal adin , ▁Pri est , ▁all ▁with ▁different ▁sets ▁of ▁skills ▁and ▁ab ilities . ▁ ▁C raft ing ▁System ▁Play ers ▁can ▁choose ▁to ▁learn ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁four ▁craft ing ▁skills : ▁Black sm ith ing ▁( cre ates ▁weapons ), ▁arm or ▁craft ing ▁( cre ates ▁arm or ▁and ▁bo ots ), ▁le ather ▁craft ing ▁( cre ates ▁hel m ets ▁and ▁ga unt lets ), ▁and ▁Jew el ▁craft ing ▁( cre ates ▁neck laces ▁and ▁rings ). ▁The ▁materials ▁for ▁craft ing ▁can ▁be ▁obtained ▁by ▁killing ▁non - hum ano id ▁mon sters . ▁Play ers ▁can ▁also ▁ear n ▁gold ▁by ▁providing ▁craft ing ▁service ▁to ▁others ▁from ▁setting ▁a ▁craft ing ▁bo oth . ▁ ▁Mount ▁System ▁The |
▁mount ▁system ▁allows ▁players ▁to ▁ride ▁a ▁be ast ▁mount ▁as ▁a ▁means ▁of ▁fast ▁transport ation ▁and ▁also ▁provide ▁instant ▁buff s . ▁Av ailable ▁mount s ▁are ▁horses , ▁which ▁can ▁be ▁bought ▁from ▁Hor se ▁Bre eder ▁by ▁gold , ▁and ▁other ▁be ast ▁mount s , ▁such ▁as ▁be ars , ▁b ull s , ▁t ig ers , ▁tort o ises , ▁quad - horn s ▁and ▁Phoenix . ▁There ▁are ▁rare ▁mount s ▁obtained ▁by ▁cons uming ▁contribution ▁points ▁that ▁can ▁be ▁gained ▁through ▁Gu ild ▁War . ▁ ▁Gu ild ▁System ▁Play ers ▁can ▁create ▁their ▁own ▁gu ild s ▁by ▁pay ing ▁ 1 0 0 , 0 0 0 ▁gold ▁to ▁the ▁gu ild ▁officer . ▁Gu ild ▁leaders ▁can ▁assign ▁titles ▁and ▁jobs ▁to ▁the ▁gu ild ▁members . ▁They ▁can ▁use ▁gu ild ▁bullet in ▁to ▁deliver ▁their ▁message ▁to ▁all ▁members . ▁And ▁the ▁gu ild ▁leadership ▁can ▁be ▁transferred ▁to ▁the ▁gu ild ▁member . ▁There ▁are ▁daily ▁gu ild ▁collection ▁qu ests ▁available ▁for ▁players ▁to ▁obtain ▁contribution ▁points . ▁ ▁Gu ild ▁War ▁The ▁gu ild ▁war ▁takes ▁place ▁in ▁an ▁area ▁called ▁" B ayer ▁Trib es ". ▁There ▁are ▁ 9 ▁cities ▁in ▁this ▁area ▁and ▁all ▁of ▁them ▁can ▁be ▁occupied ▁by ▁gu ild s . ▁All ▁nine ▁cities ▁can ▁be ▁occupied ▁by ▁armed ▁forces . ▁Initial ly ▁the ▁cities ▁have ▁only ▁a ▁few ▁wand ering ▁soldiers ▁of ▁the ▁Bayer ▁Trib es . ▁After ▁destroy |
ing ▁the ▁city ▁symbol , ▁players ▁can ▁occup y ▁the ▁city . ▁Other ▁gu ild s ▁will ▁challenge ▁the ▁gu ild ▁that ▁capt ures ▁the ▁cities ▁at ▁a ▁designated ▁time ▁each ▁week . ▁The ▁winner ▁of ▁the ▁battle ▁will ▁then ▁be ▁allowed ▁to ▁occup y ▁the ▁city ▁for ▁a ▁week . ▁ ▁Art ifact ▁System ▁Art ifact ▁System ▁is ▁newly ▁introduced ▁in ▁the ▁game ' s ▁latest ▁content ▁expansion , R ise ▁of ▁King j ow . ▁Art ifact s ▁are ▁rum ored ▁to ▁be ▁the ▁leg a cies ▁of ▁Chinese ▁ancient ▁champions , ▁and ▁in ▁the ▁game ▁they ▁grant ▁player ▁characters ▁impress ive ▁power , ▁impro ving ▁one ▁of ▁character ▁attributes , ▁including ▁attack ▁rate , ▁attack ▁force ▁( AP ), ▁health ▁point , ▁man a ▁point , ▁defense , ▁d odge ▁rate ▁and ▁critical ▁hitting ▁rate . ▁ ▁Item ▁Formula ▁The ▁item ▁formula ▁is ▁a ▁fant astic ▁addition ▁to ▁the ▁current ▁craft ing ▁experience . ▁Using ▁the ▁item ▁formula , ▁player ▁characters ▁stand ▁a ▁chance ▁of ▁for ging ▁g ears ▁with ▁more ▁powerful ▁attributes . ▁There ▁are ▁two ▁way ▁of ▁getting ▁an ▁item ▁formula : ▁ 1 . ▁D ism ant le ▁equipment ▁at ▁Doctor ▁of ▁Sun ▁City . ▁ 2 . ▁L oot ▁from ▁mob s . ▁ ▁Qu ests ▁The ▁game ▁provides ▁over ▁ 1 0 0 ▁qu ests ▁that ▁simulate ▁the ▁events ▁which ▁happened ▁in ▁the ▁old ▁Chinese ▁Z hou ▁D ynast y ' s ▁four ▁States ▁( Z ha o , ▁Ch u , ▁Chi , ▁Q |
in ), ▁Play ers ▁must ▁beat ▁fur ious ▁mon sters , ▁historical ▁be asts , ▁princes ▁and ▁k ings ▁to ▁receive ▁valuable ▁re wards . ▁ ▁Mar riage ▁System ▁Phoenix ▁D ynast y ▁Online ▁has ▁a ▁rom antic ▁marriage ▁system . ▁The ▁cou ples ▁will ▁wear ▁the ▁traditional ▁Chinese ▁wed ding ▁cost umes ▁and ▁be ▁tele port ed ▁to ▁the ▁spe cially ▁designed ▁wed ding ▁hall ▁after ▁comple ting ▁the ▁marriage ▁quest . ▁They ▁can ▁also ▁inv ite ▁their ▁friends ▁to ▁their ▁wed ding ▁ceremony . ▁An ▁announ cement ▁of ▁the ▁wed ding ▁will ▁be ▁made ▁to ▁all ▁players ▁in ▁the ▁server ▁through ▁system ▁message . ▁After ▁that , ▁both ▁players ▁will ▁have ▁a ▁wife / hus band ▁title ▁and ▁enjoy ▁a ▁ 5 % ▁EX P . ▁bonus ▁when ▁both ▁are ▁online . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁List ▁of ▁free ▁M MO G s ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁▁ ▁Category : 2 0 0 7 ▁video ▁games ▁Category : M ass ively ▁multi player ▁online ▁role - play ing ▁games ▁Category : Video ▁games ▁developed ▁in ▁China ▁Category : Video ▁games ▁with ▁is ometric ▁graphics ▁Category : Windows ▁games ▁Category : Windows - only ▁games ▁Category : Products ▁and ▁services ▁dis cont in ued ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 0 <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Alliance ▁of ▁Asian ▁Liberal ▁Arts ▁Univers ities ▁( A AL AU ) ▁is ▁as ▁a ▁cons ort ium ▁of ▁leading ▁liberal ▁arts ▁univers ities ▁located ▁in ▁countries ▁and ▁regions ▁in ▁Asia . ▁Form ed ▁in ▁November ▁ 2 |
0 1 7 , ▁A AL AU ▁enable ▁member ▁univers ities ▁to ▁renew ▁and ▁re inv ig or ate ▁the ▁liberal ▁arts ▁education ▁trad itions ▁and ▁development . ▁Its ▁Alliance ▁Secret ariat ▁located ▁in ▁L ing nan ▁University ▁in ▁Hong ▁Kong . ▁ ▁Over view ▁ ▁Due ▁to ▁the ▁fact ▁that ▁university ▁rank ings ▁have ▁not ▁been ▁able ▁to ▁present ▁teaching ▁quality ▁for ▁a ▁long ▁time , ▁ 1 5 ▁of ▁univers ities ▁with ▁similar ▁vis ions ▁and ▁characteristics ▁have ▁formed ▁the ▁al liance . ▁ ▁The ▁found ing ▁member ▁univers ities ▁of ▁A AL AU ▁are ▁all ▁well - known ▁univers ities ▁in ▁their ▁respective ▁countries , ▁their ▁common ▁feature ▁is ▁highly ▁international ized , ▁high ▁social ▁reputation , ▁and ▁high ▁education ▁quality ▁( high ▁gradu ate ▁achiev ement ). ▁Some ▁of ▁these ▁members ▁were ▁selected ▁as ▁the ▁" Top ▁ 1 0 ▁Liberal ▁Arts ▁Colleg es ▁In ▁Asia " ▁by ▁For bes . ▁ ▁M emb ership ▁ ▁The ▁Alliance ▁features ▁ 1 5 ▁found ing ▁member ▁univers ities ▁( mark ing ▁† ). ▁At ▁present , ▁A AL AU ▁has ▁ 2 5 ▁members . ▁ ▁Hong ▁Kong ▁ ▁L ing nan ▁University ▁† ▁ ▁China ▁ ▁Duke ▁Kun sh an ▁University ▁† ▁East ▁China ▁Normal ▁University ▁† ▁N ortheast ▁Normal ▁University ▁NY U ▁Shang hai ▁( Observer ) ▁University ▁of ▁Not ting ham ▁N ing bo ▁China ▁† ▁Y uan pe i ▁College , ▁P ek ing ▁University ▁† ▁ ▁Taiwan ▁ ▁Fu ▁Jen ▁Catholic ▁University ▁† ▁National ▁Ch |
eng chi ▁University ▁† ▁T ung hai ▁University ▁† ▁ ▁Japan ▁ ▁International ▁Christian ▁University ▁† ▁Ky ush u ▁University ▁R ik ky o ▁University ▁Soph ia ▁University ▁† ▁The ▁University ▁of ▁Tokyo ▁† ▁W ased a ▁University ▁† ▁ ▁South ▁Korea ▁ ▁D ong gu k ▁University ▁E wh a ▁W om ans ▁University ▁Ky ung ▁He e ▁University ▁† ▁Se oul ▁National ▁University ▁† ▁University ▁of ▁Se oul ▁Ye ung nam ▁University ▁Y on se i ▁University ▁† ▁ ▁India ▁ ▁Sym b ios is ▁School ▁for ▁Liberal ▁Arts ▁ ▁Th ailand ▁ ▁Mah id ol ▁University ▁International ▁College ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁Liberal ▁arts ▁college ▁Global ▁Liberal ▁Arts ▁Alliance ▁List ▁of ▁higher ▁education ▁associations ▁and ▁al li ances ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁The ▁Alliance ▁of ▁Asian ▁Liberal ▁Arts ▁Univers ities ▁( A AL AU ) ▁ ▁Category : L iber al ▁arts ▁colleg es ▁Category : Intern ational ▁college ▁and ▁university ▁associations ▁and ▁cons ort ia ▁Category : 2 0 1 7 ▁establish ments ▁in ▁Asia <0x0A> </s> ▁F erm ín ▁Tang ü is ▁( M arch ▁ 2 9 , ▁ 1 8 5 1 ▁– ▁August ▁ 2 4 , ▁ 1 9 3 0 ), ▁was ▁a ▁Puerto ▁R ican ▁business man , ▁far mer , ▁and ▁scient ist ▁who ▁developed ▁the ▁seed ▁that ▁would ▁eventually ▁produce ▁the ▁T angu is ▁cot ton ▁in ▁Peru ▁and ▁save ▁that ▁nation ' s ▁cot ton ▁industry . ▁ ▁Early ▁years ▁Tang ü is ' ▁father , ▁Henri ▁Tang ü |
is , ▁em igr ated ▁from ▁France ▁to ▁San ▁Juan , ▁Puerto ▁Rico ▁where ▁he ▁met ▁and ▁married ▁a ▁young ▁Spanish ▁Puerto ▁R ican ▁girl ▁by ▁the ▁name ▁of ▁Just a ▁Un cal . ▁Tang ü is ▁was ▁born ▁in ▁San ▁Juan , ▁the ▁capital ▁of ▁Puerto ▁Rico , ▁and ▁there ▁he ▁received ▁his ▁primary ▁and ▁secondary ▁education . ▁Tang ü is ▁moved ▁to ▁Cuba ▁to ▁purs ue ▁a ▁university ▁degree ; ▁however ▁when ▁the ▁Ten ▁Years ' ▁War ▁( 1 8 6 8 – 1 8 7 8 ) ▁broke ▁out ▁in ▁that ▁island , ▁he ▁decided ▁that ▁it ▁would ▁be ▁best ▁to ▁move ▁to ▁South ▁America . ▁ ▁He ▁moved ▁to ▁Lima , ▁Peru ▁in ▁ 1 8 7 3 , ▁when ▁he ▁was ▁ 2 2 ▁years ▁old ▁and ▁worked ▁as ▁a ▁merc ant ile ▁account ant . ▁Tang ü is ▁went ▁on ▁to ▁work ▁in ▁the ▁mines ▁of ▁Castro vir re yna ▁and ▁later ▁established ▁his ▁own ▁business es ▁in ▁Ay ac uch o ▁and ▁in ▁Hu anc avel ica . ▁In ▁July ▁ 1 8 8 4 , ▁he ▁married ▁Isabel ▁Nov oa ▁and ▁in ▁ 1 8 9 0 , ▁at ▁the ▁age ▁of ▁ 3 9 , ▁he ▁purchased ▁land ▁in ▁Valle ▁de ▁P is co ▁and ▁established ▁a ▁plant ation ▁dedicated ▁to ▁cultiv ation ▁of ▁cot ton . ▁ ▁Cot ton ▁and ▁its ▁significance ▁in ▁Peru ' s ▁economy ▁Sug ar ▁and ▁cot ton ▁were ▁the ▁two ▁most ▁important ▁agricult ural ▁products ▁of ▁Peru ▁in |
▁the ▁ 1 9 th ▁century . ▁In ▁ 1 9 0 1 , ▁Peru ' s ▁cot ton ▁industry ▁suffered ▁because ▁of ▁a ▁fung us ▁pl ague ▁caused ▁by ▁a ▁plant ▁disease ▁known ▁some ▁places ▁as ▁" cot ton ▁w ilt " ▁and ▁in ▁others ▁as ▁" F us arium ▁w ilt " ▁( F us arium ▁vas in fect um ). ▁The ▁plant ▁disease , ▁which ▁spread ▁throughout ▁Peru , ▁enters ▁the ▁plant ▁by ▁its ▁roots ▁and ▁works ▁its ▁way ▁up ▁the ▁stem ▁until ▁the ▁plant ▁is ▁completely ▁d ried ▁up . ▁Many ▁of ▁the ▁agricult ur ists ▁who ▁dedicated ▁themselves ▁to ▁the ▁cultiv ation ▁of ▁cot ton ▁were ▁ru ined ▁and ▁the ▁cot ton ▁industry ▁in ▁general ▁was ▁in ▁crisis . ▁ ▁Tang ü is ▁cot ton ▁Tang ü is ▁began ▁to ▁study ▁some ▁species ▁of ▁the ▁plant ▁that ▁were ▁affected ▁by ▁the ▁disease ▁to ▁a ▁less er ▁extent ▁and ▁experiment ed ▁in ▁germ ination ▁with ▁the ▁se eds ▁of ▁various ▁cot ton ▁plants . ▁In ▁ 1 9 1 1 , ▁after ▁ 1 0 ▁years ▁of ▁experiment ing ▁and ▁fail ures , ▁Tang ü is ▁was ▁able ▁to ▁develop ▁a ▁seed ▁which ▁produced ▁a ▁superior ▁cot ton ▁plant ▁resist ant ▁to ▁the ▁disease . ▁The ▁se eds ▁produced ▁a ▁plant ▁that ▁had ▁a ▁ 4 0 % ▁longer ▁( between ▁ 2 9 mm ▁and ▁ 3 3 mm ) ▁and ▁th icker ▁fi ber ▁that ▁did ▁not ▁break ▁easily ▁and ▁required ▁little ▁water . ▁The |
▁cot ton ▁grown ▁in ▁Peru ▁( E gypt ian ▁cot ton ) ▁before ▁the ▁fung us ▁pl ague ▁grew ▁only ▁once ▁a ▁year ; ▁the ▁Tang ü is ▁cot ton ▁grows ▁six ▁times ▁a ▁year . ▁This ▁type ▁of ▁fi ber ▁showed ▁a ▁better ▁resistance ▁and ▁performance ▁than ▁other ▁fib ers . ▁ ▁Tang ü is ▁shared ▁his ▁new ▁se eds ▁with ▁the ▁other ▁cot ton ▁grow ers , ▁who ▁named ▁the ▁plant ▁which ▁the ▁se eds ▁produced ▁Tang ü is ▁Cot ton . ▁Tang ü is ▁cot ton ▁grows ▁in ▁Can ete ' s ▁valley ▁( s outh ▁of ▁Lima ) ▁and ▁in ▁the ▁Central ▁Coast ▁of ▁Peru . ▁The ▁success ▁of ▁the ▁Tang ü is ▁cot ton , ▁which ▁is ▁also ▁known ▁in ▁Peru ▁as ▁" O ro ▁Blan co " ▁( White ▁Gold ), ▁saved ▁the ▁cot ton ▁industry ▁of ▁that ▁nation . ▁In ▁ 1 9 1 8 , ▁Peru ▁began ▁to ▁export ▁the ▁Tang ü is ▁cot ton ▁variety , ▁which ▁together ▁with ▁the ▁export ation ▁of ▁sugar , ▁made ▁it ▁possible ▁for ▁the ▁government ▁of ▁Peru ▁to ▁cover ▁its ▁national ▁budget . ▁It ▁is ▁highly ▁regarded ▁world wide ▁and ▁is ▁listed ▁on ▁the ▁Cot ton ▁Exchange ▁of ▁Liverpool ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁Kingdom . ▁In ▁ 1 9 9 7 , ▁the ▁T angu is ▁cot ton , ▁the ▁variety ▁which ▁is ▁preferred ▁by ▁the ▁Per uv ian ▁national ▁text ile ▁industry , ▁constit uted ▁ 7 5 ▁percent ▁of ▁all ▁the ▁Per uv ian ▁cot ton ▁production |
, ▁both ▁for ▁domestic ▁use ▁and ▁app arel ▁exports . ▁The ▁T angu is ▁cot ton ▁c rop ▁was ▁estimated ▁at ▁ 2 2 5 , 0 0 0 ▁b ales ▁that ▁year . ▁ ▁Later ▁years ▁ ▁The ▁President ▁of ▁Peru ▁August o ▁B . ▁Leg u ia ▁( 1 9 1 9 ▁to ▁ 1 9 3 0 ), ▁hon ored ▁Tang ü is ▁by ▁present ing ▁him ▁with ▁the ▁" Or den ▁del ▁Sol " ▁( Order ▁of ▁the ▁Sun ) ▁medal . ▁The ▁Or den ▁del ▁Sol ▁is ▁a ▁decor ation ▁which ▁the ▁Government ▁of ▁Peru ▁presents ▁to ▁its ▁citizens ▁and ▁foreign ers ▁for ▁their ▁extraordinary ▁accomplish ments ▁in ▁the ▁fields ▁of ▁the ▁arts , ▁literature , ▁culture ▁and ▁politics . ▁ ▁Tang ü is ▁became ▁a ▁wealth y ▁man ▁and ▁continued ▁to ▁tend ▁to ▁his ▁plant ation ▁the ▁remainder ▁of ▁his ▁life . ▁F erm ín ▁Tang ü is ▁died ▁on ▁August ▁ 2 4 , ▁ 1 9 3 0 ▁and ▁is ▁buried ▁in ▁the ▁Ma estro ▁Pres bit ero ▁C emetery ▁in ▁Lima . ▁ ▁Leg acy ▁In ▁Lima , ▁there ▁is ▁a ▁statue ▁of ▁Tang ü is ▁on ▁a ▁horse ▁in ▁Par que ▁de ▁la ▁Res erva ▁( P ark ▁of ▁the ▁Reserve ). ▁In ▁ 1 9 8 5 , ▁Dr . ▁Alberto ▁G iese cke , ▁committee ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁Cos api ▁National ▁Prize , ▁suggested ▁that ▁books ▁be ▁published ▁about ▁the ▁lives ▁and ▁accomplish ments ▁of ▁Peru ' s ▁civil ian ▁hero |
es . ▁The ▁first ▁book ▁published ▁was ▁that ▁of ▁the ▁life ▁of ▁F erm in ▁Tang ü is . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁List ▁of ▁Puerto ▁Ric ans ▁French ▁imm igration ▁to ▁Puerto ▁Rico ▁Puerto ▁R ican ▁scient ists ▁and ▁invent ors ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁Cot ton ▁ ▁Category : 1 8 5 1 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 9 3 0 ▁death s ▁Category : P uerto ▁R ican ▁scient ists ▁Category : P uerto ▁R ican ▁business people ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁San ▁Juan , ▁Puerto ▁Rico ▁Category : Re cip ients ▁of ▁the ▁Order ▁of ▁the ▁Sun ▁of ▁Peru <0x0A> </s> ▁Ni all ▁Mitchell ( born ▁ 1 9 9 7 ) ▁is ▁an ▁Irish ▁hur ler ▁who ▁plays ▁as ▁a ▁centre - forward ▁for ▁the ▁West me ath ▁senior ▁team . ▁ ▁Born ▁in ▁Cl on kill , ▁County ▁West me ath , ▁Mitchell ▁first ▁played ▁compet itive ▁hur ling ▁at ▁ju ven ile ▁and ▁under age ▁levels ▁with ▁the ▁Cl on kill ▁club . ▁He ▁subsequently ▁played ▁with ▁the ▁club ' s ▁senior ▁team , ▁winning ▁a ▁county ▁championship ▁medal ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 5 . ▁▁ ▁Mitchell ▁made ▁his ▁debut ▁on ▁the ▁inter - count y ▁scene ▁at ▁the ▁age ▁of ▁six teen ▁when ▁he ▁was ▁selected ▁for ▁the ▁West me ath ▁minor ▁team . ▁He ▁had ▁two ▁championship ▁seasons ▁with ▁the ▁minor ▁team , ▁before ▁later ▁joining ▁the ▁under - 2 1 ▁team . ▁Mitchell ▁made ▁his ▁debut ▁with ▁the ▁West me |
ath ▁senior ▁team ▁during ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁championship . ▁ ▁Career ▁statistics ▁ ▁Hon ours ▁ ▁Cl on kill ▁West me ath ▁Senior ▁Hur ling ▁Championship ▁( 1 ): ▁ 2 0 1 5 , ▁ 2 0 1 8 ▁West me ath ▁Junior ▁Hur ling ▁Championship ▁( 1 ): ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁ ▁West me ath ▁ ▁B ord ▁G á is ▁U 2 1 ▁Team ▁of ▁the ▁Year ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 9 7 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : Cl on kill ▁h url ers ▁Category : West me ath ▁inter - count y ▁h url ers <0x0A> </s> ▁Cl iff ord ▁the ▁Big ▁Red ▁Dog ▁is ▁an ▁up coming ▁live - action / CG I ▁family ▁comedy ▁film ▁directed ▁by ▁W alt ▁Be cker ▁and ▁written ▁by ▁Justin ▁Mal en ▁and ▁Ellen ▁Rap oport . ▁It ▁is ▁based ▁on ▁Norman ▁Br id well ' s ▁series ▁of ▁children ' s ▁books ▁of ▁the ▁same ▁name . ▁The ▁film ▁stars ▁Dar by ▁Camp , ▁Jack ▁White hall , ▁John ▁Cle ese , ▁S ien na ▁Gu ill ory , ▁Ken an ▁Thompson , ▁and ▁Ros ie ▁Pere z , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁the ▁vocal ▁effects ▁of ▁David ▁Alan ▁G rier . ▁ ▁Cast ▁▁ ▁Dar by ▁Camp ▁as ▁Em ily ▁Elizabeth ▁ ▁David ▁Alan ▁G rier ▁as ▁Cl iff ord ▁( voice ) ▁ ▁Jack ▁White hall ▁as ▁Uncle ▁Case y ▁ ▁I za |
ac ▁Wang ▁as ▁O wen ▁Yu ▁ ▁John ▁Cle ese ▁as ▁Mr . ▁Br id well ▁▁ ▁S ien na ▁Gu ill ory ▁ ▁Ken an ▁Thompson ▁ ▁Ros ie ▁Pere z ▁ ▁Production ▁ ▁Development ▁ ▁In ▁May ▁ 2 0 1 2 , ▁it ▁was ▁reported ▁that ▁Universal ▁Pictures ▁and ▁Ill um ination ▁Entertainment ▁would ▁produce ▁a ▁live - action / anim ated ▁film ▁based ▁on ▁the ▁book . ▁Matt ▁L ope z ▁was ▁h ired ▁to ▁write ▁the ▁script ▁while ▁Chris ▁Me led and ri ▁and ▁Deb or ah ▁For te ▁were ▁to ▁produce , ▁but ▁in ▁July ▁ 2 0 1 3 , ▁it ▁was ▁reported ▁that ▁Ill um ination ▁cancel led ▁the ▁project . ▁On ▁September ▁ 1 3 , ▁ 2 0 1 3 , ▁it ▁was ▁reported ▁that ▁the ▁film ▁was ▁still ▁in ▁development ▁at ▁Universal ▁Pictures ▁with ▁David ▁Bow ers ▁in ▁tal ks ▁to ▁direct ▁the ▁film . ▁Like ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁film ▁Hop , ▁the ▁tit ular ▁dog ▁character ▁will ▁be ▁animated ▁while ▁the ▁other ▁characters ▁will ▁be ▁live - action . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 6 , ▁Param ount ▁Pictures ▁had ▁purchased ▁the ▁rights ▁to ▁develop ▁a ▁live - action ▁and ▁animated ▁hy brid ▁film . ▁On ▁September ▁ 2 5 , ▁ 2 0 1 7 , ▁it ▁was ▁reported ▁that ▁W alt ▁Be cker ▁had ▁been ▁h ired ▁to ▁direct ▁from ▁a ▁script ▁being ▁re - written ▁by ▁Ellen ▁Rap oport , ▁and ▁from ▁the ▁original |
▁written ▁by ▁Justin ▁Mal en , ▁which ▁would ▁be ▁produced ▁by ▁For te ▁through ▁her ▁Sil vert ong ue ▁Films ▁b anner . ▁ ▁Cast ing ▁ ▁In ▁May ▁ 2 0 1 9 , ▁Dar by ▁Camp ▁and ▁Jack ▁White hall ▁signed ▁on ▁to ▁star ▁in ▁the ▁film . ▁In ▁June ▁ 2 0 1 9 , ▁John ▁Cle ese , ▁S ien na ▁Gu ill ory , ▁I za ac ▁Wang , ▁Ken an ▁Thompson , ▁Ros ie ▁Pere z , ▁David ▁Alan ▁G rier , ▁Keith ▁E well , ▁Bear ▁Allen ▁Bla ine , ▁and ▁Lyn n ▁C ohen ▁joined ▁the ▁cast . ▁ ▁Fil ming ▁ ▁Princi pal ▁phot ography ▁began ▁in ▁July ▁ 2 0 1 9 ▁in ▁New ▁York ▁City . ▁ ▁Release ▁ ▁Cl iff ord ▁the ▁Big ▁Red ▁Dog ▁is ▁scheduled ▁for ▁release ▁on ▁November ▁ 1 3 , ▁ 2 0 2 0 , ▁by ▁Param ount ▁Pictures . ▁Universal ▁Pictures ▁initially ▁sl ated ▁the ▁film ▁for ▁April ▁ 8 , ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁and ▁then ▁pushed ▁back ▁to ▁December ▁ 3 1 , ▁ 2 0 1 6 . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁▁▁ ▁Category : Up coming ▁films ▁Category : 2 0 2 0 ▁films ▁Category : American ▁children ' s ▁comedy ▁films ▁Category : American ▁children ' s ▁fant asy ▁films ▁Category : American ▁films ▁Category : Fil ms ▁about ▁gi ants ▁Category : Fil ms ▁about ▁dogs ▁Category : Fil ms ▁featuring ▁anth rop omorphic ▁characters ▁Category |
: Fil ms ▁about ▁friendship ▁Category : Fil ms ▁about ▁size ▁change ▁Category : Fil ms ▁directed ▁by ▁W alt ▁Be cker ▁Category : Fil ms ▁scored ▁by ▁John ▁Deb ney ▁Category : Fil ms ▁shot ▁in ▁New ▁York ▁City ▁Category : Fil ms ▁set ▁in ▁New ▁York ▁City ▁Category : Fil ms ▁based ▁on ▁children ' s ▁books ▁Category : 2 0 2 0 ▁fant asy ▁films ▁Category : 2 0 2 0 s ▁children ' s ▁fant asy ▁films ▁Category : 2 0 2 0 s ▁fant asy - com edy ▁films ▁Category : Param ount ▁Pictures ▁films ▁Category : W al den ▁Media ▁films ▁Category : Enter tain ment ▁One ▁films <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁How land ▁Dam ▁is ▁a ▁hydro elect ric ▁dam ▁on ▁the ▁P isc ata quis ▁River ▁at ▁its ▁confl u ence ▁with ▁the ▁Pen ob sc ot ▁River ▁in ▁How land , ▁Pen ob sc ot ▁County , ▁Maine . ▁The ▁How land ▁Dam ▁was ▁purchased ▁by ▁the ▁Pen ob sc ot ▁River ▁Rest oration ▁Trust ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁from ▁P PL ▁Corporation , ▁formerly ▁Pennsylvania ▁Power ▁and ▁Light ▁under ▁an ▁agreement ▁reaches ▁several ▁years ▁earlier . ▁A ▁fish ▁by pass ▁was ▁constructed ▁around ▁the ▁dam ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 5 . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : Build ings ▁and ▁structures ▁in ▁Pen ob sc ot ▁County , ▁Maine ▁Category : D ams ▁in ▁Maine <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁rapid ▁British ▁advance ▁during ▁Operation ▁Com pass ▁( 9 ▁December ▁ 1 9 4 |
0 ▁– ▁ 9 ▁February ▁ 1 9 4 1 ) ▁forced ▁the ▁Italian ▁ 1 0 th ▁Army ▁to ▁ev acu ate ▁Cy ren a ica , ▁the ▁eastern ▁province ▁of ▁Lib ya . ▁In ▁late ▁January , ▁the ▁British ▁learned ▁that ▁the ▁It ali ans ▁were ▁retre ating ▁along ▁the ▁L itor ane a ▁Bal bo ▁( V ia ▁Bal bia ) ▁from ▁Beng h azi . ▁The ▁ 7 th ▁Arm oured ▁Division ▁( M aj or - General ▁Sir ▁Michael ▁O ' Mo ore ▁Cre agh ) ▁was ▁dispatch ed ▁to ▁intercept ▁the ▁rem n ants ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 0 th ▁Army ▁by ▁moving ▁through ▁the ▁desert , ▁south ▁of ▁the ▁J eb el ▁Ak hd ar ▁( Green ▁Mountain ) ▁via ▁M s us ▁and ▁Ant el at ▁as ▁the ▁ 6 th ▁Australian ▁Division ▁purs ued ▁the ▁It ali ans ▁along ▁the ▁coast ▁road , ▁north ▁of ▁the ▁j eb el . ▁The ▁terrain ▁was ▁hard ▁going ▁for ▁the ▁British ▁t anks ▁and ▁Com be force ▁( L ie utenant - Col onel ▁John ▁Com be ), ▁a ▁flying ▁column ▁of ▁whe e led ▁vehicles , ▁was ▁sent ▁ahead ▁across ▁the ▁ch ord ▁of ▁the ▁j eb el . ▁ ▁Late ▁on ▁ 5 ▁February , ▁Com be force ▁arrived ▁at ▁the ▁Via ▁Bal bia ▁south ▁of ▁Beng h azi ▁and ▁set ▁up ▁road ▁blocks ▁near ▁S idi ▁S ale h , ▁about ▁ ▁south - west ▁of ▁Ant el at ▁and ▁ ▁north ▁of ▁A |
jed ab ia . ▁The ▁leading ▁elements ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 0 th ▁Army ▁arrived ▁thirty ▁minutes ▁after ▁the ▁British ▁who ▁spr ung ▁the ▁amb ush . ▁Next ▁day ▁the ▁It ali ans ▁attacked ▁to ▁break ▁through ▁and ▁continued ▁their ▁attacks ▁into ▁ 7 ▁February . ▁With ▁British ▁rein for c ements ▁arriv ing ▁and ▁the ▁Austral ians ▁pressing ▁down ▁the ▁road ▁from ▁Beng h azi , ▁the ▁ 1 0 th ▁Army ▁surrender ed ▁later ▁that ▁day . ▁Between ▁Beng h azi ▁to ▁A ged ab ia , ▁the ▁British ▁took ▁ ▁captured ▁ ▁and ▁ ▁of ▁the ▁Operation ▁Com pass ▁tot als ▁of ▁▁ ▁and ▁▁ ▁On ▁ 9 ▁February , ▁Church ill ▁ordered ▁the ▁advance ▁to ▁stop ▁and ▁troops ▁to ▁be ▁dispatch ed ▁to ▁Greece ▁to ▁take ▁part ▁in ▁the ▁Gre co - Ital ian ▁War ; ▁Unternehmen ▁Mar ita , ▁a ▁German ▁attack ▁through ▁Mac ed onia ▁was ▁thought ▁im min ent . ▁The ▁British ▁were ▁unable ▁to ▁continue ▁beyond ▁El ▁Ag he ila ▁anyway , ▁because ▁of ▁vehicle ▁break down s , ▁exhaust ion ▁and ▁the ▁effect ▁of ▁the ▁much ▁longer ▁supply ▁transport ▁distance ▁from ▁the ▁base ▁in ▁Egypt . ▁A ▁few ▁thousand ▁men ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 0 th ▁Army ▁escaped ▁the ▁dis aster ▁in ▁Cy ren a ica ▁but ▁the ▁ 5 th ▁Army ▁in ▁Tri polit ania ▁had ▁four ▁divisions . ▁The ▁Sir te , ▁T med ▁Hass an ▁and ▁B uer at ▁strong holds ▁were ▁rein for ced ▁from ▁Italy , ▁which ▁brought ▁the |
▁ 1 0 th ▁and ▁ 5 th ▁arm ies ▁up ▁to ▁about ▁ ▁German ▁rein for c ements ▁were ▁sent ▁to ▁Lib ya ▁to ▁form ▁a ▁blocking ▁det achment ▁() ▁under ▁Direct ive ▁ 2 2 ▁( 1 1 ▁January ), ▁these ▁being ▁the ▁first ▁units ▁of ▁the ▁A frika ▁Kor ps ▁( Gener alle ut nant ▁Er win ▁R omm el ). ▁ ▁Background ▁ ▁Lib ya ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 3 6 , ▁General ▁Alberto ▁Par iani ▁had ▁been ▁appointed ▁Chief ▁of ▁Staff ▁of ▁the ▁army ▁and ▁begun ▁a ▁re organisation ▁of ▁divisions ▁to ▁fight ▁wars ▁of ▁rapid ▁decision , ▁according ▁to ▁thinking ▁that ▁speed , ▁mob ility ▁and ▁new ▁technology ▁could ▁revolution ise ▁military ▁operations . ▁In ▁ 1 9 3 7 , ▁three - reg iment ▁( tri angular ) ▁divisions ▁began ▁to ▁change ▁to ▁two - reg iment ▁binary ▁divisions , ▁as ▁part ▁of ▁a ▁ten - year ▁plan ▁to ▁re organ ise ▁the ▁standing ▁army ▁into ▁▁ ▁twelve ▁mountain , ▁three ▁motor ised ▁and ▁three ▁arm oured ▁divisions . ▁The ▁effect ▁of ▁the ▁change ▁was ▁to ▁increase ▁the ▁administrative ▁overhead ▁of ▁the ▁army , ▁with ▁no ▁corresponding ▁increase ▁in ▁effect iveness ▁as ▁the ▁new ▁technology , ▁t anks ▁motor ▁vehicles ▁and ▁wireless ▁communic ations ▁were ▁slow ▁to ▁arrive ▁and ▁were ▁inferior ▁to ▁those ▁of ▁potential ▁enemies . ▁The ▁dil ution ▁of ▁the ▁officer ▁class ▁by ▁the ▁need ▁for ▁extra ▁unit ▁staff s , ▁was ▁made ▁worse ▁by ▁the ▁polit ic isation ▁of ▁the ▁army ▁and |
▁the ▁addition ▁of ▁Black sh irt ▁Milit ia . ▁The ▁re forms ▁also ▁promoted ▁front al ▁assault s ▁to ▁the ▁ex clusion ▁of ▁other ▁theories , ▁dro pping ▁the ▁previous ▁emphas is ▁on ▁fast ▁mobile ▁war fare ▁back ed ▁by ▁art illery . ▁ ▁Cy ren a ica ▁the ▁eastern ▁province ▁of ▁Lib ya ▁had ▁been ▁an ▁Italian ▁col ony ▁since ▁the ▁Ital o - T urk ish ▁War ▁( 1 9 1 1 – 1 9 1 2 ). ▁With ▁Tun is ia , ▁a ▁part ▁of ▁French ▁North ▁Africa ▁to ▁the ▁west ▁and ▁Egypt ▁to ▁the ▁east , ▁the ▁It ali ans ▁prepared ▁to ▁defend ▁both ▁front iers ▁through ▁a ▁North ▁Africa ▁Supreme ▁Head quarters , ▁under ▁the ▁command ▁of ▁the ▁Governor - General ▁of ▁Italian ▁Lib ya , ▁Marsh al ▁of ▁the ▁Air ▁Force ▁Ital o ▁Bal bo . ▁The ▁Supreme ▁Head quarters ▁in ▁Lib ya ▁had ▁the ▁ 5 th ▁Army ▁( General ▁Ital o ▁Gar ib old i ) ▁and ▁the ▁ 1 0 th ▁Army ▁( General ▁Mario ▁Bert i ), ▁which ▁in ▁mid - 1 9 4 0 ▁had ▁nine ▁metropol itan ▁divisions ▁of ▁about ▁ ▁each , ▁three ▁Mil izia ▁Vol ont aria ▁per ▁la ▁Sic ure zza ▁Nazionale ▁( Black sh irt ) ▁and ▁two ▁Lib yan ▁Col onial ▁divisions ▁with ▁ ▁each . ▁ ▁Mor ale ▁was ▁considered ▁to ▁be ▁high ▁and ▁the ▁army ▁had ▁recent ▁experience ▁of ▁military ▁operations . ▁The ▁Italian ▁n avy ▁had ▁prosper ed ▁under ▁the ▁F asc ist |
▁regime , ▁which ▁had ▁paid ▁for ▁fast , ▁well - built ▁and ▁well - ar med ▁ships ▁and ▁a ▁large ▁sub marine ▁fleet ▁but ▁the ▁n avy ▁lack ed ▁experience ▁and ▁training . ▁The ▁air ▁force ▁had ▁been ▁ready ▁for ▁war ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 6 ▁but ▁had ▁st agn ated ▁by ▁ 1 9 3 9 ▁and ▁was ▁not ▁considered ▁by ▁the ▁British ▁to ▁be ▁capable ▁of ▁maintain ing ▁a ▁fast ▁tempo ▁of ▁operations . ▁The ▁ 5 th ▁Army ▁with ▁eight ▁divisions ▁was ▁based ▁in ▁Tri polit ania , ▁the ▁western ▁half ▁of ▁Lib ya ▁opposite ▁Tun is ia ▁and ▁the ▁ 1 0 th ▁Army ▁with ▁six ▁inf antry ▁divisions , ▁held ▁Cy ren a ica ▁in ▁the ▁east . ▁When ▁war ▁was ▁declared , ▁the ▁ 1 0 th ▁Army ▁moved ▁the ▁ 1 st ▁Lib yan ▁Division ▁Sib elle ▁to ▁the ▁front ier ▁from ▁Gi arab ub ▁to ▁S idi ▁O mar ▁and ▁XX I ▁Corps ▁from ▁S idi ▁O mar ▁to ▁the ▁coast , ▁B ard ia ▁and ▁Tob ru k . ▁The ▁XX II ▁Corps ▁moved ▁south - west ▁of ▁Tob ru k ▁to ▁act ▁as ▁a ▁counter - att ack ▁force . ▁ ▁Egypt ▁The ▁British ▁had ▁based ▁forces ▁in ▁Egypt ▁since ▁ 1 8 8 2 ▁but ▁these ▁were ▁greatly ▁reduced ▁by ▁the ▁terms ▁of ▁the ▁Ang lo - E gypt ian ▁Tre aty ▁of ▁ 1 9 3 6 . ▁The ▁small ▁British ▁and ▁Commonwealth ▁force ▁g arrison ed ▁the ▁S uez |
▁Canal ▁and ▁the ▁Red ▁Sea ▁route , ▁which ▁was ▁vital ▁to ▁British ▁communic ations ▁with ▁its ▁Far ▁Eastern ▁and ▁Indian ▁Ocean ▁territ ories . ▁In ▁mid - 1 9 3 9 , ▁Lieutenant - General ▁Arch ib ald ▁W av ell ▁was ▁appointed ▁General ▁Officer ▁Command ing - in - Ch ief ▁( GO C - in - C ) ▁of ▁the ▁new ▁Middle ▁East ▁Command , ▁over ▁the ▁Mediter rane an ▁and ▁Middle ▁East ▁the at res . ▁Until ▁the ▁Franco - Axis ▁arm ist ice , ▁the ▁French ▁divisions ▁in ▁Tun is ia ▁faced ▁the ▁Italian ▁ 5 th ▁Army ▁on ▁the ▁western ▁Lib yan ▁border . ▁In ▁Lib ya , ▁the ▁ ▁( Ro yal ▁Army ) ▁had ▁about ▁ ▁and ▁in ▁Egypt , ▁the ▁British ▁had ▁about ▁ ▁with ▁another ▁ ▁training ▁in ▁Palest ine . ▁ ▁British ▁forces ▁included ▁the ▁Mobile ▁Division ▁( E gypt ) ▁( M aj or - General ▁Per cy ▁Hob art ), ▁one ▁of ▁only ▁two ▁British ▁arm oured ▁training ▁form ations , ▁which ▁in ▁mid - 1 9 3 9 ▁was ▁renamed ▁the ▁Arm oured ▁Division ▁( E gypt ). ▁On ▁ 1 6 ▁February ▁ 1 9 4 0 , ▁it ▁became ▁the ▁ 7 th ▁Arm oured ▁Division . ▁The ▁Egypt – Lib ya ▁border ▁was ▁def ended ▁by ▁the ▁Egypt ian ▁Front ier ▁Force ▁and ▁in ▁June ▁ 1 9 4 0 , ▁the ▁headquarters ▁of ▁the ▁ 6 th ▁Infantry ▁Division ▁( M aj or - General ▁Richard |
▁O ' Con nor ) ▁took ▁over ▁command ▁in ▁the ▁Western ▁Des ert , ▁with ▁instructions ▁to ▁drive ▁back ▁the ▁It ali ans ▁from ▁their ▁front ier ▁posts ▁and ▁domin ate ▁the ▁hinter land ▁if ▁war ▁began . ▁The ▁ 7 th ▁Arm oured ▁Division , ▁less ▁the ▁ 7 th ▁Arm oured ▁Brigade , ▁assemble d ▁at ▁M ers a ▁Mat ru h ▁and ▁sent ▁the ▁ 7 th ▁Support ▁Group ▁forward ▁towards ▁the ▁front ier ▁as ▁a ▁covering ▁force , ▁where ▁the ▁R AF ▁also ▁moved ▁most ▁of ▁its ▁bom bers ; ▁Mal ta ▁was ▁also ▁rein for ced . ▁ ▁The ▁H Q ▁of ▁the ▁ 6 th ▁Infantry ▁Division , ▁which ▁lack ed ▁complete ▁and ▁fully ▁trained ▁units , ▁was ▁renamed ▁the ▁Western ▁Des ert ▁Force ▁on ▁ 1 7 ▁June . ▁In ▁Tun is ia , ▁the ▁French ▁had ▁eight ▁divisions , ▁capable ▁only ▁of ▁limited ▁operations ▁and ▁about ▁ ▁in ▁three ▁poor ly ▁armed ▁and ▁trained ▁divisions ▁in ▁Sy ria , ▁along ▁with ▁border ▁gu ards , ▁most ▁as ▁an ▁army ▁of ▁occupation ▁against ▁the ▁civil ian ▁population . ▁Italian ▁land ▁and ▁air ▁forces ▁in ▁Lib ya ▁greatly ▁out number ed ▁the ▁British ▁in ▁Egypt ▁but ▁suffered ▁from ▁poor ▁mor ale ▁and ▁were ▁hand ic apped ▁by ▁some ▁inferior ▁equipment ▁and ▁poor ▁service ability . ▁In ▁Italian ▁East ▁Africa ▁were ▁another ▁ ▁and ▁African ▁troops , ▁with ▁▁ ▁t anks ▁and ▁ ▁Italy ▁declared ▁war ▁from ▁ 1 1 ▁June ▁ 1 9 4 0 . ▁ |
▁Ter rain ▁ ▁The ▁Western ▁Des ert ▁was ▁about ▁ ▁wide , ▁from ▁M ers a ▁Mat ru h ▁in ▁Egypt ▁to ▁Gaz ala ▁on ▁the ▁Lib yan ▁coast , ▁along ▁the ▁L itor ane a ▁Bal bo ▁( V ia ▁Bal bia ), ▁the ▁only ▁p aved ▁road . ▁The ▁Sand ▁Sea ▁ ▁in land ▁marked ▁the ▁southern ▁limit ▁of ▁the ▁desert ▁at ▁its ▁wid est ▁at ▁Gi arab ub ▁and ▁Si wa ; ▁in ▁British ▁parl ance , ▁Western ▁Des ert ▁came ▁to ▁include ▁eastern ▁Cy ren a ica ▁in ▁Lib ya . ▁From ▁the ▁coast , ▁extending ▁in land ▁lies ▁a ▁raised , ▁flat ▁plain ▁of ▁st ony ▁desert ▁about ▁ ▁above ▁sea ▁level , ▁that ▁runs ▁ ▁in ▁depth ▁until ▁the ▁Sand ▁Sea . ▁Sc orp ions , ▁v ip ers ▁and ▁f lies ▁populated ▁the ▁region , ▁which ▁was ▁inhab ited ▁by ▁a ▁small ▁number ▁of ▁Bed ou in ▁nom ads . ▁Bed ou in ▁tracks ▁linked ▁well s ▁and ▁the ▁easier ▁travers ed ▁ground ; ▁navigation ▁was ▁by ▁sun , ▁star , ▁comp ass ▁and ▁" des ert ▁sense ", ▁good ▁per ception ▁of ▁the ▁environment ▁gained ▁by ▁experience . ▁( D uring ▁the ▁Italian ▁invasion ▁of ▁Egypt ▁of ▁September ▁ 1 9 4 0 , ▁the ▁Male tt i ▁Group ▁got ▁lost ▁after ▁leaving ▁S idi ▁O mar ▁and ▁reconna issance ▁aircraft ▁had ▁to ▁find ▁it .) ▁In ▁spring ▁and ▁summer , ▁days ▁are ▁miser ably ▁hot ▁and ▁the ▁night s ▁are ▁bitter ▁cold . ▁The |
▁S iro cco ▁( G ible h ▁or ▁Gh ibli ), ▁a ▁hot ▁desert ▁wind , ▁blow s ▁clouds ▁of ▁fine ▁sand , ▁which ▁reduces ▁visibility ▁to ▁a ▁few ▁metres ▁and ▁co ats ▁eyes , ▁l ungs , ▁mach in ery , ▁food ▁and ▁equipment ; ▁motor ▁vehicles ▁and ▁aircraft ▁need ▁special ▁oil ▁filters ▁and ▁the ▁bar ren ▁ground ▁means ▁that ▁supplies ▁for ▁military ▁operations , ▁have ▁to ▁be ▁transport ed ▁from ▁outside . ▁ ▁Operation ▁Com pass ▁ ▁Following ▁ ▁the ▁invasion ▁of ▁Egypt ▁by ▁the ▁ 1 0 th ▁Army ▁and ▁the ▁advance ▁to ▁S idi ▁Bar ran i , ▁W av ell ▁ordered ▁the ▁commander ▁of ▁British ▁Tro ops ▁Egypt , ▁Lieutenant - General ▁Sir ▁Henry ▁M ait land ▁Wilson , ▁to ▁plan ▁a ▁limited ▁operation ▁to ▁push ▁the ▁It ali ans ▁back . ▁Operation ▁Com pass , ▁for ▁administrative ▁reasons , ▁was ▁originally ▁planned ▁as ▁a ▁five - day ▁ra id ▁but ▁consideration ▁was ▁given ▁to ▁continu ing ▁the ▁operation ▁if ▁it ▁succeeded . ▁On ▁ 2 8 ▁November , ▁W av ell ▁wrote ▁to ▁Wilson ▁that , ▁ ▁On ▁ 8 ▁December , ▁the ▁British ▁had ▁begun ▁the ▁operation ▁against ▁the ▁fort ified ▁Italian ▁cam ps , ▁which ▁had ▁been ▁set ▁up ▁in ▁a ▁def ensive ▁line ▁outside ▁S idi ▁Bar ran i . ▁( B ert i ▁was ▁on ▁sick ▁leave ▁and ▁Gar ib old i ▁had ▁tempor arily ▁taken ▁his ▁place .) ▁The ▁ra id ▁succeeded ▁and ▁the ▁few ▁units ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 0 th |
▁Army ▁in ▁Egypt ▁that ▁were ▁not ▁destroyed ▁had ▁to ▁withdraw . ▁By ▁ 1 1 ▁December , ▁the ▁British ▁converted ▁the ▁ra id ▁a ▁counter - off ensive ▁and ▁the ▁rest ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 0 th ▁Army ▁in ▁Egypt ▁was ▁swift ly ▁defeated . ▁The ▁British ▁prolong ed ▁the ▁operation ▁to ▁purs ue ▁the ▁rem n ants ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 0 th ▁Army ▁to ▁S oll um , ▁B ard ia , ▁Tob ru k , ▁D erna ▁and ▁Me ch ili , ▁then ▁advanced ▁through ▁and ▁around ▁the ▁J eb el ▁Ak hd ar ▁( Green ▁Mountain ), ▁to ▁cut ▁off ▁the ▁Italian ▁retre at ▁to ▁B eda ▁F omm ▁and ▁El ▁Ag he ila ▁on ▁the ▁G ulf ▁of ▁Sir te . ▁ ▁P rel ude ▁ ▁D erna , ▁Me ch ili ▁ ▁The ▁area ▁east ▁of ▁the ▁J eb el ▁Ak hd ar ▁mountains ▁was ▁g arrison ed ▁by ▁the ▁XX ▁Motor ised ▁Corps ▁( L ie utenant - General ▁Ann ib ale ▁Berg on z oli ) ▁with ▁the ▁ 6 0 th ▁Infantry ▁Division ▁Sab r ath a ▁and ▁the ▁Bab ini ▁Group ▁( General ▁Valent ino ▁Bab ini ), ▁which ▁had ▁already ▁lost ▁some ▁of ▁its ▁t anks ▁in ▁the ▁British ▁capture ▁of ▁Tob ru k . ▁The ▁Bab ini ▁Group ▁had ▁an ▁establishment ▁of ▁ ▁but ▁these ▁included ▁ ▁had ▁land ed ▁recently ▁at ▁Beng h azi . ▁The ▁new ▁t anks ▁needed ▁ten ▁days ▁to ▁be ▁made ▁battle ▁worthy ▁and ▁a ▁three |
- day ▁journey ▁to ▁reach ▁Me ch ili ▁but ▁in ▁the ▁crisis , ▁t anks ▁had ▁been ▁r ushed ▁forward , ▁which ▁reduced ▁the ▁service ability ▁of ▁the ▁vehicles . ▁A ▁def ensive ▁position ▁was ▁established ▁by ▁the ▁ 6 0 th ▁Infantry ▁Division ▁Sab r ath a ▁on ▁a ▁line ▁from ▁D erna ▁along ▁W adi ▁D erna , ▁with ▁the ▁Bab ini ▁Group ▁concentr ating ▁at ▁Me ch ili ▁Fort ▁in land ▁and ▁slightly ▁south - west ▁of ▁D erna ▁where ▁several ▁desert ▁tracks ▁conver ged , ▁Giovanni ▁Bert a ▁and ▁Cha ul an , ▁to ▁guard ▁the ▁fl ank ▁and ▁rear ▁of ▁the ▁inf antry . ▁On ▁ 2 2 ▁January , ▁the ▁British ▁advanced ▁towards ▁D erna ▁with ▁the ▁ 1 9 th ▁Australian ▁Brigade ▁( B rig ad ier ▁Hor ace ▁Robert son ) ▁and ▁sent ▁another ▁Australian ▁brig ade ▁to ▁rein force ▁the ▁ 4 th ▁Arm oured ▁Brigade ▁( B rig ad ier ▁J . ▁A . ▁L . ▁Ca unter ) ▁of ▁the ▁ 7 th ▁Arm oured ▁Division ▁( M aj or - General ▁Michael ▁O ' Mo ore ▁Cre agh ), ▁south ▁of ▁the ▁J eb el ▁Ak hd ar , ▁for ▁an ▁advance ▁on ▁Me ch ili . ▁ ▁( In ▁the ▁tur mo il ▁created ▁by ▁Operation ▁Com pass , ▁the ▁ 1 0 th ▁Army ▁had ▁several ▁command ers ▁in ▁quick ▁succession , ▁General ▁Bert i ▁until ▁ 2 3 ▁December ▁ 1 9 4 0 , ▁Gar ib old |
i ▁when ▁Bert i ▁was ▁on ▁sick ▁leave , ▁General ▁Giuseppe ▁Tell era ▁( 2 3 ▁December ▁ 1 9 4 0 ▁– ▁ 7 ▁February ▁ 1 9 4 1 ▁( kil led ) ▁and ▁General ▁Ann ib ale ▁Berg on z oli ▁( s urr ender ed ▁ 7 ▁February ). ) ▁On ▁ 2 3 ▁January , ▁Tell era ▁ordered ▁a ▁counter - att ack ▁against ▁the ▁British ▁as ▁they ▁approached ▁Me ch ili ▁Fort , ▁to ▁avoid ▁an ▁en velop ment ▁of ▁the ▁XX ▁Motor ised ▁Corps ▁from ▁the ▁south ▁but ▁communication ▁within ▁the ▁Bab ini ▁Group ▁was ▁slow , ▁because ▁only ▁the ▁t anks ▁of ▁senior ▁command ers ▁had ▁wireless . ▁Next ▁day , ▁ten ▁to ▁fifteen ▁M 1 3 / 4 0 s ▁of ▁the ▁Bab ini ▁Group ▁attacked ▁the ▁ 7 th ▁H uss ars ▁of ▁the ▁ 4 th ▁Arm oured ▁Brigade , ▁which ▁was ▁heading ▁west ▁to ▁cut ▁the ▁D erna – M ech ili ▁track . ▁The ▁It ali ans ▁fired ▁on ▁the ▁move , ▁hit ▁several ▁t anks ▁and ▁purs ued ▁as ▁the ▁British ▁swift ly ▁retired , ▁calling ▁for ▁help ▁from ▁the ▁ 2 nd ▁R TR , ▁which ▁ignored ▁the ▁signals ▁through ▁comp lac ency . ▁By ▁ ▁the ▁British ▁had ▁lost ▁several ▁light ▁t anks ▁and ▁a ▁cru iser ▁tank , ▁one ▁cru iser ▁had ▁a ▁jam med ▁gun ▁and ▁the ▁third ▁was ▁ret iring ▁at ▁speed , ▁after ▁taking ▁fifty ▁r ounds ▁to ▁knock ▁out ▁two ▁M 1 |
3 s . ▁Event ually ▁the ▁ 2 nd ▁R TR ▁was ▁alert ed , ▁caught ▁the ▁Italian ▁t anks ▁while ▁sky - lined ▁on ▁a ▁r idge ▁and ▁knock ed ▁out ▁seven ▁M 1 3 s , ▁for ▁a ▁British ▁loss ▁of ▁the ▁cru iser ▁and ▁six ▁light ▁t anks . ▁ ▁Tell era ▁intended ▁to ▁use ▁the ▁Bab ini ▁Group ▁to ▁har ass ▁the ▁southern ▁fl ank ▁of ▁the ▁British ▁and ▁cover ▁a ▁withdraw al ▁from ▁Me ch ili ▁but ▁Gra z iani ▁ordered ▁him ▁to ▁wait ▁on ▁events . ▁By ▁the ▁evening , ▁a ▁report ▁had ▁arrived ▁from ▁Bab ini ▁that ▁the ▁group ▁was ▁down ▁to ▁fifty ▁to ▁si xty ▁t anks ▁and ▁that ▁their ▁performance ▁had ▁been ▁disappoint ing , ▁along ▁with ▁alarm ist ▁tales ▁of ▁ ▁t anks ▁adv ancing ▁round ▁the ▁southern ▁fl ank . ▁Gra z iani ▁ordered ▁Tell era ▁to ▁dis eng age ▁the ▁Bab ini ▁Group ▁by ▁next ▁morning . ▁Some ▁t anks ▁of ▁the ▁group ▁had ▁been ▁held ▁back ▁at ▁Beng h azi ▁and ▁work ▁had ▁begun ▁on ▁a ▁def ensive ▁position ▁at ▁Sir te , ▁ ▁west wards ▁along ▁coast . ▁On ▁ 2 5 ▁January , ▁the ▁ 2 / 1 1 th ▁Australian ▁Battalion ▁near ▁the ▁coast ▁engaged ▁the ▁ 6 0 th ▁Infantry ▁Division ▁Sab r ath a ▁and ▁ ▁companies ▁of ▁the ▁Bab ini ▁Group ▁at ▁D erna ▁air field , ▁making ▁slow ▁progress ▁against ▁determined ▁resistance . ▁Italian ▁bom bers ▁and ▁f igh ters ▁fle w ▁sort |
ies ▁against ▁the ▁ 2 / 1 1 th ▁Australian ▁Battalion ▁as ▁it ▁attacked ▁the ▁air field ▁and ▁high ▁ground ▁at ▁S ire t ▁el ▁Ch reib a . ▁The ▁ ▁swe pt ▁the ▁flat ▁ground ▁with ▁field ▁art illery ▁and ▁machine - g uns , ▁stopping ▁the ▁Australian ▁advance ▁ ▁short ▁of ▁the ▁objective . ▁ ▁The ▁ 4 th ▁Arm oured ▁Brigade ▁was ▁ordered ▁to ▁enc irc le ▁Me ch ili ▁and ▁cut ▁the ▁western ▁and ▁north - western ▁ex its , ▁while ▁the ▁ 7 th ▁Arm oured ▁Brigade ▁cut ▁the ▁road ▁from ▁Me ch ili ▁to ▁Sl ont a ▁but ▁the ▁Bab ini ▁Group ▁had ▁retre ated ▁from ▁Me ch ili ▁during ▁the ▁night . ▁The ▁group ▁was ▁attacked ▁by ▁Des ert ▁Air ▁Force ▁( D AF ) ▁f igh ters ▁south ▁of ▁Sl ont a ▁the ▁next ▁day ▁and ▁purs ued ▁until ▁ 2 8 ▁January ▁by ▁the ▁ 4 th ▁Arm oured ▁Brigade . ▁On ▁ 2 6 ▁January , ▁Gra z iani ▁ordered ▁Tell era ▁to ▁continue ▁the ▁defence ▁of ▁D erna ▁and ▁to ▁use ▁the ▁Bab ini ▁Group ▁to ▁stop ▁an ▁advance ▁west ▁from ▁the ▁area ▁Me ch ili – D erna . ▁Tell era ▁requested ▁more ▁t anks ▁but ▁this ▁was ▁refused ▁until ▁the ▁def ences ▁of ▁D erna ▁began ▁to ▁collapse ▁the ▁next ▁day . ▁During ▁the ▁day , ▁the ▁ 2 / 4 th ▁Australian ▁Battalion ▁in ▁the ▁D erna – Gi ov anni ▁Bert a ▁area , ▁attacked ▁and ▁cut ▁the |
▁D erna – M ech ili ▁road ▁and ▁a ▁company ▁crossed ▁W adi ▁D erna ▁during ▁the ▁night . ▁On ▁the ▁northern ▁edge ▁of ▁the ▁w adi , ▁a ▁bold ▁counter - att ack ▁with ▁art illery ▁support ▁was ▁made ▁across ▁open ▁ground ▁by ▁the ▁ 1 0 th ▁ ▁of ▁the ▁Bab ini ▁Group , ▁which ▁with ▁reports ▁in ▁the ▁morning ▁that ▁the ▁group ▁was ▁attack ing ▁round ▁the ▁southern ▁fl ank , ▁d eter red ▁the ▁Austral ians ▁from ▁continu ing ▁the ▁advance ▁on ▁D erna , ▁at ▁the ▁cost ▁of ▁forty ▁ ▁killed ▁and ▁▁ ▁During ▁ 2 7 ▁January , ▁Australian ▁attempts ▁to ▁attack ▁were ▁met ▁by ▁mass ed ▁art illery - fire , ▁against ▁which ▁the ▁Australian ▁art illery ▁reply ▁was ▁r ation ed ▁to ▁ten ▁r ounds ▁per - gun - per - day ; ▁the ▁ 2 / 4 th ▁Australian ▁Battalion ▁rep uls ed ▁another ▁counter - att ack ▁by ▁an ▁Italian ▁inf antry ▁batt alion . ▁A ▁column ▁of ▁B ren ▁Car riers ▁of ▁the ▁ 6 th ▁Australian ▁Caval ry ▁Regiment ▁was ▁sent ▁south ▁to ▁recon no it re ▁the ▁area ▁where ▁the ▁Italian ▁t anks ▁had ▁been ▁reported . ▁The ▁column ▁was ▁amb ushed ▁by ▁a ▁party ▁from ▁the ▁Bab ini ▁Group ▁with ▁conce aled ▁anti - t ank ▁guns ▁and ▁machine ▁guns ; ▁four ▁Austral ians ▁were ▁killed ▁and ▁three ▁taken ▁prisoner . ▁The ▁ 1 1 th ▁H uss ars ▁found ▁a ▁gap ▁at ▁Cha ul an , ▁south ▁of |
▁W adi ▁D erna , ▁which ▁threatened ▁the ▁Bab ini ▁Group ▁and ▁the ▁def enders ▁in ▁D erna ▁with ▁enc irc lement ▁and ▁Berg on z oli ▁ordered ▁a ▁retre at . ▁The ▁It ali ans ▁dis eng aged ▁on ▁the ▁night ▁of ▁ ▁before ▁the ▁g arrison ▁could ▁be ▁tra pped ; ▁Bab ini ▁Group ▁re arg u ards ▁cr ater ed ▁roads , ▁plant ed ▁mines , ▁set ▁bo oby - tra ps ▁and ▁managed ▁to ▁conduct ▁several ▁sk il ful ▁amb ush es , ▁which ▁slow ed ▁the ▁British ▁purs uit . ▁ ▁Italian ▁def ensive ▁prepar ations ▁The ▁It ali ans ▁in ▁Lib ya ▁were ▁dependent ▁supplies ▁from ▁Italy , ▁which ▁were ▁moved ▁by ▁road ▁and ▁short ▁st ret ches ▁of ▁railway . ▁The ▁ ▁from ▁Tri pol i ▁to ▁Beng h azi ▁was ▁ ▁long , ▁pr one ▁to ▁flo oding ▁and ▁attacks ▁by ▁the ▁D AF ▁now ▁it ▁was ▁in ▁range . ▁D riv ing ▁on ▁desert ▁tracks ▁to ▁avoid ▁air ▁attack ▁increased ▁vehicle ▁wear ▁and ▁led ▁to ▁more ▁acc idents . ▁The ▁Bab ini ▁Group ▁had ▁escaped ▁destruction ▁at ▁Me ch ili ▁on ▁ 2 4 ▁January ▁but ▁the ▁inferior ity ▁of ▁the ▁Italian ▁t anks ▁and ▁that ▁they ▁were ▁substantial ly ▁out number ed ▁( poss ibly ▁due ▁to ▁British ▁attempts ▁at ▁de ception ▁with ▁a ▁dummy ▁tank ▁regiment ) ▁led ▁to ▁doub ts ▁that ▁D erna ▁was ▁def ens ible . ▁The ▁ 1 0 th ▁Army ▁still ▁had ▁about ▁ ▁and ▁ ▁t |
anks , ▁about ▁half ▁being ▁service able . ▁Rum ours ▁circul ated ▁about ▁British ▁intr ig ues ▁in ▁Tun is ia ▁and ▁Al ger ia ▁and ▁the ▁explo its ▁of ▁the ▁Long ▁Range ▁Des ert ▁Group , ▁Free ▁French ▁ ▁forces ▁and ▁Sen us si ▁reb els ▁in ▁the ▁southern ▁province ▁of ▁Fe zz an , ▁which ▁added ▁to ▁Italian ▁app reh ensions ▁about ▁the ▁western ▁and ▁southern ▁approaches ▁to ▁Tri polit ania . ▁It ▁had ▁soon ▁become ▁clear ▁to ▁Gra z iani ▁that ▁the ▁British ▁were ▁going ▁to ▁attempt ▁the ▁capture ▁all ▁Cy ren a ica . ▁On ▁ 1 ▁February , ▁he ▁reported ▁to ▁M uss ol ini ▁that ▁he ▁intended ▁to ▁withdraw ▁to ▁Sir te , ▁where ▁Gar ib old i , ▁the ▁commander ▁in ▁Tri pol i , ▁had ▁been ▁ordered ▁to ▁prepare ▁def ences . ▁On ▁ 3 ▁February , ▁after ▁Gra z iani ▁had ▁s ack ed ▁Bert i , ▁Tell era ▁took ▁over ▁command ▁in ▁Cy ren a ica , ▁with ▁orders ▁to ▁command ▁the ▁retre at . ▁The ▁Austral ians ▁had ▁caught ▁up ▁with ▁the ▁It ali ans ▁ ▁west ▁of ▁D erna , ▁at ▁Giovanni ▁Bert a , ▁on ▁ 3 1 ▁January ▁and ▁British ▁air ▁reconna issance ▁reported ▁indic ations ▁of ▁a ▁general ▁Italian ▁withdraw al . ▁ ▁British ▁plan ▁and ▁assembly ▁ ▁In ▁late ▁January ▁ 1 9 4 1 , ▁the ▁British ▁learned ▁from ▁dec oded ▁messages ▁that ▁the ▁It ali ans ▁were ▁ev acu ating ▁Cy ren a ica ▁through |
▁Beng h azi ▁along ▁the ▁. ▁The ▁ 6 th ▁Australian ▁Division ▁purs ued ▁the ▁It ali ans , ▁along ▁the ▁coast ▁road ▁north ▁of ▁the ▁J eb el ▁Ak hd ar , ▁with ▁the ▁ 1 1 th ▁H uss ars ▁on ▁their ▁left ▁fl ank . ▁Bab ini ▁Group ▁reports ▁about ▁the ▁H uss ars ▁led ▁Tell era ▁to ▁assume ▁that ▁the ▁ 7 th ▁Arm oured ▁Division ▁was ▁behind ▁the ▁Austral ians ▁so ▁did ▁not ▁assemble ▁a ▁big ▁fl ank ▁guard ▁or ▁expect ▁an ▁out fl ank ing ▁move ▁through ▁M s us . ▁The ▁Austral ians ▁closed ▁up ▁to ▁Giovanni ▁Bert a ▁on ▁ 1 ▁February ▁but ▁the ▁It ali ans ▁el ud ed ▁them ▁by ▁the ▁speed ▁of ▁their ▁withdraw al . ▁O ' Con nor ▁had ▁intended ▁to ▁pause ▁while ▁supplies ▁were ▁built ▁up ▁around ▁Me ch ili ▁and ▁wait ▁for ▁parts ▁of ▁the ▁new ▁ 2 nd ▁Arm oured ▁Division ▁to ▁arrive . ▁The ▁failure ▁to ▁trap ▁the ▁ 1 0 th ▁Army ▁led ▁O ' Con nor ▁to ▁ignore ▁the ▁lack ▁of ▁supplies ▁and ▁the ▁decre p itude ▁of ▁the ▁ 4 0 ▁service able ▁cru is ers ▁and ▁ ▁t anks . ▁The ▁ 7 th ▁Arm oured ▁Division ▁was ▁ordered ▁on ▁ 4 ▁February ▁to ▁intercept ▁the ▁rem n ants ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 0 th ▁Army , ▁by ▁moving ▁in land ▁ ▁from ▁Me ch ili ▁to ▁M s us , ▁to ▁cut ▁off ▁the ▁It ali ans ▁between ▁Sol uch ▁and |
▁G hem ines . ▁ ▁All ▁British ▁aircraft ▁were ▁to ▁support ▁the ▁move ▁and ▁protect ▁l or ries ▁carrying ▁a ▁days ' ▁supplies ▁just ▁behind ▁the ▁t anks ▁and ▁a ▁big ▁con voy ▁with ▁two ▁days ' ▁supplies ▁a ▁short ▁distance ▁further ▁back ▁but ▁D AF ▁ground ▁attacks ▁had ▁been ▁stopped ▁on ▁ 3 ▁February ▁due ▁to ▁an ▁engine ▁short age . ▁Even ▁if ▁all ▁the ▁supplies ▁arrived ▁no ▁more ▁could ▁be ▁delivered ▁for ▁several ▁days , ▁which ▁meant ▁that ▁a ▁battle ▁had ▁to ▁be ▁won ▁in ▁three ▁days ▁or ▁fail ▁through ▁lack ▁of ▁fuel , ▁water ▁and ▁am mun ition . ▁Italian ▁wireless ▁inter ception ▁of ▁ 1 1 th ▁H uss ars ▁messages ▁revealed ▁Sol uch ▁as ▁its ▁objective ▁and ▁Tell era ▁infer red ▁that ▁the ▁British ▁arm oured ▁forces ▁would ▁advance ▁on ▁M s us ▁and ▁S ce leid ima . ▁Little ▁could ▁be ▁done , ▁apart ▁from ▁withdraw ing ▁through ▁the ▁j eb el ▁faster , ▁sow ing ▁Th erm os ▁bomb s ▁along ▁the ▁path ▁of ▁the ▁British ▁advance ▁and ▁g arrison ing ▁M s us , ▁S ce leid ima ▁and ▁Ant el at ▁to ▁delay ▁the ▁British ▁forces . ▁The ▁rug ged ▁terrain ▁was ▁hard ▁going ▁for ▁the ▁British ▁t anks ▁and ▁caused ▁more ▁del ays ▁than ▁Italian ▁counter - me asures ; ▁if ▁a ▁tank ▁broke ▁down ▁it ▁was ▁left ▁behind ▁until ▁a ▁recovery ▁team ▁could ▁to w ▁it ▁back ▁to ▁Tob ru k . ▁At ▁dawn ▁on ▁ 4 ▁February , ▁the ▁ 1 |
1 th ▁H uss ars ▁left ▁Me ch ili ▁over ▁ground ▁which ▁had ▁only ▁been ▁recon no it red ▁from ▁the ▁air , ▁to ▁avoid ▁alert ing ▁the ▁It ali ans . ▁Low - f lying ▁aircraft ▁had ▁reported ▁that ▁the ▁going ▁was ▁difficult ▁and ▁for ▁the ▁first ▁ ▁the ▁route ▁was ▁the ▁worst ▁yet ▁encountered ▁in ▁the ▁desert . ▁By ▁ ▁arm oured ▁cars ▁had ▁reached ▁M s us , ▁ ▁away , ▁where ▁the ▁g arrison ▁left ▁hurried ly , ▁some ▁cars ▁followed ▁up ▁for ▁another ▁ ▁to ▁Ant el at ▁and ▁the ▁ 7 th ▁Support ▁Group ▁reached ▁the ▁ 4 th ▁Arm oured ▁Brigade , ▁which ▁was ▁still ▁prepar ing ▁to ▁move ▁from ▁Me ch ili . ▁ ▁Com be force ▁ ▁News ▁arrived ▁from ▁air ▁reconna issance ▁that ▁a ▁large ▁Italian ▁con voy ▁was ▁south ▁of ▁Beng h azi , ▁which ▁was ▁taken ▁to ▁mean ▁that ▁a ▁general ▁withdraw al ▁from ▁Cy ren a ica ▁had ▁begun . ▁( The ▁con voy ▁was ▁actually ▁one ▁of ▁rear - area ▁personnel ; ▁most ▁of ▁the ▁XX ▁Motor ised ▁Corps ▁was ▁east ▁of ▁Beng h azi ▁and ▁the ▁Bab ini ▁Group ▁was ▁covering ▁the ▁Italian ▁re arg u ard , ▁which ▁was ▁ret iring ▁from ▁Bar ce .) ▁Because ▁the ▁British ▁t anks ▁needed ▁more ▁time ▁for ▁maintenance , ▁Cre agh ▁took ▁a ▁bold ▁decision ▁to ▁send ▁an ▁impro vised ▁flying ▁column ▁of ▁whe e led ▁vehicles , ▁south - west ▁across ▁the ▁ch ord ▁of ▁the ▁j eb el |
, ▁to ▁block ▁the ▁Via ▁Bal bia ▁between ▁Beng h azi ▁and ▁A ged ab ia ▁as ▁quickly ▁as ▁possible . ▁The ▁track ed ▁vehicles ▁were ▁to ▁follow ▁on ▁to ▁the ▁south - west , ▁rather ▁than ▁continue ▁west wards ▁to ▁Sol uch . ▁Com be force ▁( L ie utenant - Col onel ▁J . ▁F . ▁B . ▁Com be ), ▁consisted ▁of ▁an ▁arm oured ▁car ▁squad ron ▁from ▁each ▁of ▁ 1 1 th ▁H uss ars ▁and ▁King ' s ▁Drag oon ▁Gu ards , ▁the ▁ 2 nd ▁R if le ▁Brigade , ▁an ▁R AF ▁arm oured ▁car ▁squad ron , ▁six ▁ 2 5 - p ound er ▁field ▁guns ▁of ▁C ▁B atter y ▁ 4 th ▁Royal ▁Hor se ▁Art illery ▁( 4 th ▁R HA ) ▁and ▁the ▁ 1 0 6 th ▁( L anc ash ire ▁H uss ars ) ▁B atter y ▁R HA , ▁with ▁nine ▁B of ors ▁ 3 7 ▁mm ▁anti - t ank ▁guns ▁port ée , ▁a ▁total ▁of ▁about ▁ ▁Battle ▁▁ 5 ▁February ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁J eb el ▁Ak hd ar , ▁the ▁ 6 th ▁Australian ▁Division ▁advanced ▁down ▁the ▁Via ▁Bal bia , ▁with ▁the ▁ 1 7 th ▁Australian ▁Brigade ▁le ap - f ro gg ing ▁a ▁batt alion ▁to ▁Sl ont a , ▁where ▁the ▁ 1 9 th ▁Australian ▁Brigade ▁using ▁the ▁rest ▁of ▁the ▁divis ional ▁transport ▁and ▁captured ▁pet rol , ▁passed |
▁by ▁and ▁reached ▁Bar ce ▁despite ▁mines ▁and ▁road block s ▁on ▁ 5 ▁February . ▁( The ▁Austral ians ▁got ▁to ▁Beng h azi ▁before ▁night ▁on ▁ 6 ▁February , ▁despite ▁more ▁mines ▁and ▁heavy ▁rain .) ▁Com be force ▁reached ▁Ant el at ▁during ▁the ▁morning ▁and ▁by ▁ ▁had ▁obser vers ▁over looking ▁the ▁Via ▁Bal bia ▁west ▁of ▁B eda ▁F omm ▁and ▁S idi ▁S ale h , ▁about ▁ ▁south - west ▁of ▁Ant el at ▁and ▁ ▁north ▁of ▁A jed ab ia , ▁with ▁the ▁rest ▁of ▁Com be force ▁following ▁on . ▁An ▁Italian ▁con voy ▁drove ▁up ▁about ▁thirty ▁minutes ▁later ▁and ▁ran ▁into ▁a ▁mine field , ▁where ▁it ▁was ▁amb ushed . ▁The ▁British ▁art illery , ▁anti - t ank ▁guns ▁and ▁arm oured ▁cars , ▁threw ▁the ▁column ▁into ▁confusion . ▁Some ▁members ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 0 th ▁B ers ag lier i ▁tried ▁to ▁advance ▁down ▁the ▁road ▁and ▁others ▁looked ▁for ▁g aps ▁in ▁the ▁British ▁positions ▁on ▁either ▁side ▁of ▁the ▁road . ▁ ▁The ▁B ers ag lier i ▁had ▁little ▁effect , ▁being ▁un supported ▁by ▁art illery , ▁most ▁of ▁which ▁was ▁with ▁the ▁re arg u ard ▁to ▁the ▁north . ▁The ▁attempts ▁by ▁the ▁It ali ans ▁to ▁break ▁through ▁became ▁stronger ▁and ▁in ▁the ▁afternoon , ▁the ▁ 2 nd ▁R if le ▁Brigade ▁crossed ▁the ▁Via ▁Bal bia ▁into ▁the ▁d unes , ▁to ▁block ▁the ▁route |
▁south ▁between ▁the ▁road ▁and ▁the ▁sea . ▁Com be ▁also ▁brought ▁up ▁a ▁company ▁behind ▁the ▁road block , ▁placed ▁some ▁ 2 5 - p ound ers ▁behind ▁the ▁inf antry ▁and ▁kept ▁some ▁arm oured ▁cars ▁man oe uv ring ▁in ▁the ▁desert ▁to ▁the ▁east , ▁to ▁d eter ▁an ▁Italian ▁out fl ank ing ▁move . ▁Several ▁hundred ▁prisoners ▁were ▁taken ▁but ▁only ▁a ▁pl ato on ▁of ▁inf antry ▁could ▁be ▁sp ared ▁to ▁guard ▁them . ▁The ▁v angu ard ▁of ▁the ▁Italian ▁retre at ▁had ▁no ▁t anks , ▁contained ▁few ▁front - line ▁inf antry ▁and ▁had ▁been ▁tra pped ▁by ▁the ▁amb ush ▁which ▁forced ▁them ▁to ▁fight ▁where ▁they ▁stood . ▁ ▁While ▁waiting ▁for ▁the ▁ 4 th ▁Arm oured ▁Brigade , ▁which ▁had ▁been ▁brought ▁up ▁to ▁establishment ▁by ▁trans fers ▁from ▁the ▁ 7 th ▁Arm oured ▁Brigade ▁and ▁had ▁the ▁ 3 rd ▁H uss ars , ▁ 7 th ▁H uss ars ▁and ▁the ▁ 2 nd ▁R TR ▁under ▁command , ▁Com be ▁recon no it red ▁to ▁the ▁north ▁and ▁near ▁a ▁small ▁white ▁mos que ▁found ▁several ▁long , ▁low , ▁north – s outh ▁rid ges ▁with ▁fol ds ▁between , ▁in ▁which ▁t anks ▁could ▁hide ▁from ▁the ▁road ▁as ▁they ▁moved ▁back ▁and ▁forth ▁to ▁fire ▁at ▁close ▁range . ▁The ▁brig ade ▁set ▁off ▁from ▁M s us ▁at ▁ ▁led ▁by ▁light ▁t anks ▁and ▁cru is ers ▁of |
▁the ▁ 7 th ▁H uss ars , ▁followed ▁by ▁the ▁ 3 rd ▁H uss ars , ▁brig ade ▁headquarters , ▁ 4 th ▁R HA , ▁ 2 nd ▁R TR ▁and ▁D ▁B atter y ▁ 3 rd ▁R HA ▁in ▁the ▁rear , ▁about ▁ ▁back . ▁The ▁journey ▁was ▁delayed ▁by ▁moving ▁in ▁single - file ▁through ▁a ▁field ▁of ▁Th erm os ▁bomb s ▁and ▁the ▁brig ade ▁took ▁until ▁ ▁to ▁cover ▁the ▁ ▁to ▁Ant el at , ▁where ▁they ▁came ▁into ▁the ▁range ▁of ▁Com b force ▁wireless ▁transm issions . ▁Com be ▁brief ed ▁Ca unter ▁to ▁head ▁for ▁the ▁mos que ▁north ▁of ▁the ▁road block ▁and ▁then ▁attack ▁all ▁along ▁the ▁Italian ▁column , ▁to ▁reduce ▁the ▁pressure ▁on ▁Com be force . ▁Ca unter ▁ordered ▁the ▁ 7 th ▁H uss ars ▁and ▁the ▁art illery ▁at ▁full ▁speed ▁to ▁the ▁Via ▁Bal bia ▁followed ▁by ▁the ▁ 2 nd ▁R TR ▁in ▁their ▁slower ▁t anks ▁and ▁the ▁ 3 rd ▁H uss ars ▁were ▁sent ▁north - east , ▁to ▁cut ▁the ▁routes ▁from ▁Sol uch ▁and ▁S ce leid ima . ▁The ▁brig ade ▁moved ▁west wards ▁on ▁hard , ▁flat ▁sand , ▁raising ▁clouds ▁of ▁dust ▁and ▁soon ▁reached ▁the ▁Via ▁Bal bia . ▁ ▁The ▁tank ▁going ▁was ▁found ▁to ▁be ▁good ▁but ▁some ▁t anks ▁ran ▁out ▁of ▁fuel ; ▁the ▁rest ▁pressed ▁on ▁to ▁the ▁rid ges , ▁from ▁which ▁they ▁could ▁see |
▁the ▁traffic ▁jam ▁on ▁the ▁road . ▁Despite ▁the ▁fuel ▁short age , ▁the ▁ 7 th ▁H uss ars ▁attacked ▁the ▁Italian ▁column ▁at ▁points ▁ ▁apart , ▁to ▁create ▁maximum ▁confusion . ▁The ▁first ▁attack ers ▁caught ▁the ▁It ali ans ▁station ary ▁and ▁then ▁split ▁north ▁and ▁south ▁to ▁run ▁past ▁the ▁con voy ▁in ▁both ▁directions , ▁shooting ▁at ▁everything ▁on ▁the ▁road . ▁Little ▁return ▁fire ▁was ▁offered , ▁because ▁most ▁of ▁the ▁Italian ▁troops ▁were ▁rear - area ▁personnel ▁or ▁civ ili ans ▁and ▁many ▁Italian ▁drivers ▁tried ▁to ▁escape ▁by ▁heading ▁west ▁off ▁the ▁road ▁into ▁the ▁sand ▁d unes ▁and ▁got ▁bog ged ▁down . ▁Lor ries ▁carrying ▁pet rol ▁caught ▁fire ▁and ▁lit ▁the ▁d usk , ▁ill umin ating ▁targets ▁for ▁the ▁British ▁g unn ers ▁and ▁giving ▁the ▁t anks ▁en ▁route ▁a ▁mark ▁to ▁drive ▁at . ▁The ▁British ▁art illery ▁was ▁not ▁needed ▁so ▁the ▁cre ws ▁rounded ▁up ▁about ▁ ▁and ▁recovered ▁und am aged ▁Italian ▁vehicles , ▁particularly ▁those ▁carrying ▁pet rol ▁to ▁ref uel ▁str and ed ▁t anks . ▁ ▁Seven ▁cru iser ▁t anks ▁from ▁the ▁ 2 nd ▁R TR ▁arrived ▁north ▁of ▁the ▁h uss ars ▁and ▁destroyed ▁the ▁anti - air craft ▁battery ▁from ▁Ben ina ▁air field ▁by ▁the ▁light ▁of ▁burning ▁vehicles . ▁As ▁dark ▁fell ▁the ▁attacks ▁were ▁stopped ▁despite ▁the ▁Italian ▁dis array , ▁because ▁the ▁ 4 th ▁Arm oured ▁Brigade ▁had ▁been ▁reduced ▁to ▁sy phon |
ing ▁the ▁pet rol ▁from ▁art illery ▁vehicles ▁and ▁lo oting ▁Italian ▁supplies ▁to ▁keep ▁going . ▁A ▁better ▁organ ised ▁and ▁supported ▁Italian ▁break through ▁attempt ▁had ▁to ▁be ▁anticip ated ▁for ▁the ▁morning ▁and ▁the ▁t anks ▁dis eng aged ▁and ▁moved ▁about ▁ ▁east ▁of ▁the ▁road ▁to ▁ref uel ▁and ▁re arm . ▁Italian ▁vehicle ▁movements ▁around ▁G hem ines ▁and ▁air ▁reconna issance ▁reports ▁showed ▁that ▁the ▁It ali ans ▁had ▁achieved ▁a ▁measure ▁of ▁co - ord ination ▁and ▁that ▁rein for c ements ▁were ▁arriv ing ▁from ▁the ▁north . ▁Two ▁t anks ▁were ▁seen ▁in ▁the ▁glo om ▁but ▁the ▁cre ws ▁surrender ed ▁to ▁a ▁British ▁soldier , ▁when ▁he ▁knock ed ▁on ▁their ▁h atch es . ▁Further ▁south , ▁a ▁R if le ▁Brigade ▁pat rol ▁esc ort ing ▁two ▁R HA ▁anti - t ank ▁guns ▁moved ▁along ▁the ▁column , ▁firing ▁from ▁different ▁points ▁to ▁give ▁the ▁impression ▁of ▁a ▁larger ▁force ▁and ▁to ▁keep ▁the ▁It ali ans ▁p inned ▁down , ▁as ▁Com be force ▁d ug ▁in ▁deeper ▁and ▁sow ed ▁more ▁mines . ▁ ▁To ▁the ▁north , ▁the ▁Austral ians ▁captured ▁Bar ce ▁just ▁after ▁the ▁It ali ans ▁managed ▁to ▁det on ate ▁an ▁am mun ition ▁dump ▁and ▁then ▁pressed ▁on ▁towards ▁Beng h azi . ▁Tell era ▁had ▁to ▁retain ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁Bab ini ▁Group , ▁rather ▁than ▁send ▁all ▁of ▁it ▁south ▁to ▁rein force ▁Berg on z oli , |
▁for ▁the ▁attempts ▁to ▁break ▁through ▁to ▁A ged ab ia . ▁The ▁ 7 th ▁Arm oured ▁Brigade ▁( with ▁only ▁the ▁ 1 st ▁R TR , ▁after ▁the ▁rein for cement ▁of ▁the ▁ 4 th ▁Arm oured ▁Brigade ) ▁and ▁most ▁of ▁the ▁ 7 th ▁Support ▁Group , ▁had ▁driven ▁west ▁from ▁M s us ▁to ▁capture ▁S ce leid ima . ▁The ▁fort ▁had ▁been ▁g arrison ed ▁by ▁the ▁B ign ami ▁Group ▁( Col onel ▁Ric c ardo ▁B ign ami ), ▁to ▁block ▁the ▁route ▁towards ▁the ▁north ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁Italian ▁column ▁on ▁the ▁Via ▁Bal bia ▁and ▁Tell era ▁det ached ▁another ▁thirty ▁t anks ▁from ▁the ▁Bab ini ▁Group ▁as ▁rein for c ements . ▁The ▁break through ▁attempts ▁to ▁the ▁south ▁could ▁not ▁be ▁fully ▁rein for ced ▁and ▁the ▁It ali ans ▁could ▁not ▁expect ▁to ▁be ▁und ist urbed ▁for ▁long ▁by ▁British ▁attacks ▁along ▁the ▁con voy ▁or ▁the ▁Australian ▁advance ▁down ▁the ▁Via ▁Bal bia , ▁towards ▁the ▁tail ▁of ▁the ▁column . ▁When ▁the ▁rest ▁of ▁the ▁Bab ini ▁Group ▁arrived ▁at ▁B eda ▁F omm ▁it ▁could ▁be ▁supported ▁only ▁by ▁impro vised ▁art illery ▁and ▁inf antry ▁groups , ▁which ▁had ▁little ▁idea ▁of ▁British ▁dispos itions , ▁in ▁the ▁absence ▁of ▁reconna issance . ▁▁ 6 ▁February ▁During ▁the ▁night , ▁Berg on z oli ▁organ ised ▁an ▁attack ▁down ▁the ▁Via ▁Bal bia , ▁to ▁pin ▁down ▁the ▁def enders ▁and |
▁a ▁fl ank ing ▁move ▁by ▁the ▁Bab ini ▁Group ▁east wards ▁through ▁the ▁desert , ▁just ▁west ▁of ▁the ▁P im ple ▁to ▁get ▁behind ▁Com be force , ▁because ▁the ▁ret irement ▁of ▁the ▁ 4 th ▁Arm oured ▁Brigade ▁into ▁la ager , ▁led ▁Berg on z oli ▁to ▁believe ▁that ▁the ▁force ▁would ▁concent rate ▁in ▁defence ▁of ▁the ▁road ▁block . ▁At ▁ ▁the ▁Bab ini ▁Group ▁advanced ▁without ▁art illery ▁support ▁and ▁with ▁no ▁knowledge ▁of ▁the ▁situation ▁beyond ▁the ▁first ▁r idge ▁to ▁the ▁east . ▁Ca unter ▁had ▁ordered ▁the ▁light ▁t anks ▁to ▁continue ▁the ▁har ass ment ▁of ▁the ▁fl anks ▁of ▁the ▁con voy ▁and ▁that ▁Italian ▁t anks ▁were ▁to ▁be ▁left ▁to ▁the ▁cru iser ▁t anks , ▁with ▁the ▁art illery ▁supporting ▁both ▁forces . ▁The ▁British ▁had ▁ ▁and ▁ ▁t anks ▁left ▁near ▁the ▁It ali ans ▁on ▁the ▁Via ▁Bal bia , ▁with ▁ten ▁cru is ers ▁and ▁eight ▁light ▁t anks ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 st ▁R TR ▁to ▁the ▁north ▁but ▁these ▁were ▁held ▁back ▁by ▁Cre agh ▁and ▁sent ▁south ▁from ▁S ce leid ima ▁to ▁Ant el at ▁as ▁a ▁reserve , ▁after ▁Cre agh ▁received ▁reports ▁that ▁the ▁ 1 0 th ▁Army ▁was ▁already ▁south ▁of ▁G hem ines . ▁The ▁ 7 th ▁Support ▁Group , ▁which ▁was ▁left ▁with ▁only ▁the ▁ 1 st ▁King ' s ▁Royal ▁R if le ▁Corps ▁( 1 st ▁K R RC |
) ▁and ▁some ▁art illery , ▁was ▁held ▁up ▁at ▁S ce leid ima ▁by ▁mine fields ▁covered ▁by ▁art illery ▁and ▁the ▁t anks ▁of ▁the ▁Bab ini ▁Group ▁det achment . ▁The ▁ 1 st ▁R TR ▁lost ▁contact ▁with ▁the ▁brig ade ▁and ▁got ▁lost ▁in ▁a ▁sand st orm ▁and ▁no ▁air ▁support ▁was ▁available , ▁because ▁the ▁advanced ▁air fields ▁occupied ▁by ▁the ▁R AF ▁were ▁out ▁of ▁range , ▁as ▁were ▁those ▁of ▁the ▁Reg ia ▁Aer onaut ica , ▁which ▁could ▁make ▁only ▁a ▁few ▁sort ies ▁to ▁B eda ▁F omm . ▁ ▁At ▁dawn ▁on ▁ 6 ▁February , ▁the ▁Austral ians ▁continued ▁their ▁attacks ▁on ▁Beng h azi ▁from ▁the ▁north ▁and ▁the ▁ 1 st ▁K R RC ▁made ▁slow ▁progress ▁at ▁Sc le de ima , ▁where ▁B ign ami ▁was ▁ordered ▁to ▁ret ire ▁at ▁ ▁send ▁the ▁Bab ini ▁Group ▁det achment ▁south ▁to ▁rein force ▁the ▁attack ▁on ▁the ▁P im ple ▁and ▁keep ▁the ▁British ▁off ▁the ▁rear ▁of ▁the ▁column ; ▁the ▁ 7 th ▁Support ▁Group ▁followed ▁the ▁ret irement , ▁occupied ▁Sol uch ▁and ▁sent ▁pat rol s ▁towards ▁G hem ines ▁and ▁Beng h azi . ▁During ▁the ▁morning ▁of ▁ 6 ▁February , ▁pat rol s ▁reported ▁that ▁the ▁Italian ▁column ▁was ▁several ▁miles ▁long . ▁The ▁ 2 nd ▁Royal ▁T ank ▁Regiment ▁( 2 nd ▁R TR ) ▁held ▁the ▁P im ple , ▁a ▁low ▁round ▁h il lock |
▁west ▁of ▁B eda ▁F omm , ▁from ▁where ▁the ▁road ▁could ▁be ▁watched ▁both ▁ways ; ▁further ▁west ▁were ▁ ▁of ▁flat ▁s ands ▁between ▁the ▁road ▁and ▁the ▁beach . ▁The ▁ 2 nd ▁R TR ▁had ▁ ▁and ▁seven ▁light ▁t anks ▁still ▁oper ational ▁and ▁was ▁to ▁stop ▁ 1 0 th ▁Army ▁columns ▁on ▁the ▁road ▁by ▁attacks ▁from ▁the ▁east . ▁To ▁the ▁north , ▁the ▁ 7 th ▁H uss ars ▁with ▁a ▁cru iser ▁and ▁ ▁t anks ▁were ▁sent ▁to ▁find ▁the ▁north ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁Italian ▁column ▁and ▁to ▁attack ▁it ▁from ▁both ▁sides ▁of ▁the ▁road . ▁A ▁squad ron ▁of ▁light ▁t anks ▁from ▁the ▁ 3 rd ▁H uss ars ▁was ▁to ▁watch ▁for ▁the ▁ 1 st ▁R TR ▁on ▁the ▁tracks ▁leading ▁north ▁to ▁Sol uch ▁and ▁Sc le de ima ▁from ▁Ant el at , ▁which ▁left ▁seven ▁cru is ers ▁and ▁six ▁light ▁t anks ▁to ▁attack ▁the ▁con voy ▁about ▁ ▁north ▁of ▁B eda ▁F omm . ▁ ▁The ▁ 2 nd ▁R TR ▁was ▁left ▁near ▁the ▁P im ple ▁and ▁A ▁Squadron , ▁equ ipped ▁with ▁A 1 3 s ▁( C ru iser ▁M k ▁III ), ▁received ▁the ▁attack ▁of ▁the ▁Bab ini ▁Group ▁at ▁ ▁The ▁first ▁wave ▁of ▁ten ▁M 1 3 s ▁advanced ▁slowly ▁and ▁were ▁surprised , ▁when ▁tur rets ▁of ▁the ▁British ▁cru is ers ▁appeared ▁over ▁a ▁r idge ▁ ▁away . ▁The ▁cru |
iser ▁g unn ers ▁rapidly ▁knock ed ▁out ▁eight ▁M 1 3 s , ▁before ▁the ▁t anks ▁disappeared ▁below ▁the ▁r idge . ▁The ▁cru is ers ▁drove ▁to ▁the ▁r idge ▁near ▁the ▁white ▁mos que ▁and ▁knock ed ▁out ▁another ▁seven ▁M 1 3 s ▁with ▁the ▁same ▁t actic . ▁The ▁Italian ▁art illery ▁opened ▁fire ▁on ▁the ▁mos que ▁and ▁every ▁oper ational ▁tank ▁the ▁Bab ini ▁Group ▁had ▁left , ▁advanced ▁towards ▁the ▁P im ple ▁and ▁the ▁mos que . ▁C ▁Squadron , ▁in ▁its ▁slower ▁A 9 s ▁( C ru iser ▁M k ▁I ) ▁and ▁A 1 0 s ▁( C ru iser ▁M k ▁II ), ▁arrived ▁and ▁the ▁commander ▁of ▁F ▁B atter y , ▁ 4 th ▁R HA ▁drove ▁in ▁a ▁tr uck ▁next ▁to ▁the ▁tank ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 nd ▁R TR ▁commander , ▁direct ing ▁the ▁guns , ▁which ▁threw ▁up ▁clouds ▁of ▁dust , ▁obsc uring ▁the ▁movements ▁of ▁the ▁t anks . ▁The ▁British ▁t anks ▁had ▁the ▁advantage ▁of ▁radio , ▁unlike ▁most ▁of ▁the ▁Italian ▁t anks , ▁which ▁had ▁to ▁move ▁to ▁an ▁objective ▁and ▁then ▁stop ▁while ▁the ▁command ers ▁dis mount ed ▁to ▁receive ▁orders . ▁ ▁At ▁ ▁and ▁in ▁poor ▁visibility , ▁the ▁ 7 th ▁H uss ars ▁tried ▁to ▁find ▁the ▁rear ▁of ▁the ▁Italian ▁column ▁and ▁cut ▁the ▁road ▁west ▁of ▁B eda ▁F omm , ▁just ▁as ▁another ▁big ▁con voy ▁arrived ▁from |
▁the ▁north . ▁The ▁con voy ▁was ▁esc orted ▁by ▁M 1 3 s , ▁which ▁forced ▁back ▁the ▁h uss ars ▁and ▁showed ▁that ▁the ▁ 1 0 th ▁Army ▁had ▁far ▁more ▁than ▁si xty ▁t anks , ▁since ▁that ▁many ▁had ▁already ▁been ▁knock ed ▁out . ▁Support ▁from ▁the ▁ 1 st ▁R TR ▁was ▁needed ▁but ▁having ▁emer ged ▁from ▁the ▁sand st orm ▁near ▁Ant el at , ▁it ▁had ▁to ▁ref uel ▁before ▁moving . ▁The ▁Bab ini ▁Group ▁M 1 3 s ▁mixed ▁in ▁with ▁the ▁column , ▁kept ▁the ▁light ▁t anks ▁at ▁a ▁distance ▁but ▁these ▁still ▁managed ▁to ▁cause ▁much ▁damage ▁and ▁confusion . ▁The ▁units ▁of ▁the ▁ 4 th ▁Arm oured ▁Brigade ▁moved ▁from ▁position ▁to ▁position ▁among ▁the ▁rid ges ▁near ▁the ▁P im ple ▁and ▁mos que , ▁ra iding ▁the ▁column ▁as ▁more ▁M 1 3 s ▁arrived ▁from ▁the ▁north . ▁Com be force ▁could ▁see ▁the ▁fighting ▁and ▁picked ▁up ▁It ali ans ▁who ▁got ▁through , ▁C ▁B atter y ▁bomb arding ▁any ▁Italian ▁party ▁which ▁looked ▁organ ised ▁and ▁by ▁no on ▁a ▁l ull ▁had ▁fallen ▁and ▁the ▁R if le ▁Brigade ▁Offic ers ' ▁mess ▁tent ▁was ▁put ▁up ▁behind ▁the ▁reserve ▁company . ▁ ▁The ▁weather ▁turned ▁to ▁rain ▁as ▁more ▁Italian ▁columns ▁arrived ▁near ▁the ▁P im ple ▁and ▁were ▁engaged ▁by ▁the ▁cru is ers ▁and ▁light ▁t anks ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 nd ▁R TR , ▁wherever |
▁there ▁were ▁no ▁Italian ▁t anks ▁to ▁stop ▁them . ▁By ▁no on , ▁forty ▁Italian ▁medium ▁t anks ▁had ▁been ▁knock ed ▁out , ▁about ▁fifty ▁were ▁left ▁and ▁the ▁ 2 nd ▁R TR ▁was ▁down ▁to ▁ ▁three ▁of ▁which ▁were ▁knock ed ▁out ▁by ▁Italian ▁art illery . ▁The ▁Italian ▁re arg u ard ▁arrived ▁in ▁the ▁afternoon ▁and ▁the ▁concentration ▁of ▁t anks ▁and ▁art illery ▁enabled ▁the ▁It ali ans ▁to ▁re capt ure ▁the ▁P im ple , ▁open ▁the ▁road ▁south ▁and ▁continue ▁the ▁out fl ank ing ▁move ▁to ▁the ▁east . ▁The ▁attacks ▁of ▁the ▁Bab ini ▁Group ▁left ▁the ▁con voy ▁free ▁to ▁move ▁past ▁the ▁P im ple ▁and ▁A ▁Squadron ▁purs ued ▁the ▁It ali ans , ▁firing ▁into ▁the ▁con voy ▁and ▁setting ▁many ▁al ight , ▁forcing ▁drivers ▁to ▁abandon ▁their ▁vehicles ▁and ▁others ▁to ▁leave ▁the ▁road ▁for ▁the ▁d unes ▁to ▁the ▁west , ▁where ▁they ▁dod ged ▁British ▁art illery - fire ▁and ▁attacks ▁by ▁light ▁t anks ▁of ▁C ▁Squadron , ▁which ▁took ▁▁ ▁At ▁ ▁the ▁ 7 th ▁H uss ars ▁found ▁the ▁north ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁Italian ▁column ▁and ▁attacked , ▁the ▁ 3 rd ▁H uss ars ▁north - east ▁of ▁B eda ▁F omm ▁facing ▁the ▁Bab ini ▁Group ▁had ▁been ▁ordered ▁to ▁stand ▁its ▁ground ▁and ▁the ▁ 2 nd ▁R TR ▁had ▁been ▁pushed ▁back ▁from ▁the ▁P im ple ▁and ▁had ▁tried ▁to ▁get ▁across ▁the |
▁road ▁to ▁the ▁west ▁side ▁and ▁been ▁rep uls ed ▁by ▁Italian ▁art illery - fire . ▁Communic ation ▁with ▁the ▁British ▁art illery ▁had ▁failed , ▁when ▁the ▁arm oured ▁observation ▁post ▁had ▁been ▁knock ed ▁out , ▁which ▁took ▁an ▁hour ▁to ▁rem edy ▁before ▁the ▁art illery ▁could ▁accur ately ▁bomb ard ▁the ▁P im ple ▁again . ▁The ▁ 1 st ▁R TR ▁arrived ▁from ▁Ant el at ▁as ▁night ▁was ▁falling ▁and ▁intercept ed ▁the ▁Bab ini ▁Group ▁as ▁it ▁was ▁breaking ▁out ▁just ▁to ▁the ▁north ▁but ▁several ▁Italian ▁vehicles ▁and ▁thirty ▁t anks ▁got ▁past ▁the ▁P im ple . ▁Berg on z oli ▁abandoned ▁attempts ▁to ▁hook ▁round ▁the ▁eastern ▁fl ank ▁and ▁sent ▁the ▁last ▁of ▁the ▁Bab ini ▁Group ▁west ▁through ▁the ▁d unes , ▁just ▁as ▁the ▁ 2 nd ▁R TR ▁had ▁to ▁re arm , ▁which ▁reported ▁at ▁ ▁that ▁it ▁was ▁in cap able ▁of ▁stopping ▁the ▁main ▁column , ▁which ▁had ▁begun ▁to ▁move ▁south , ▁through ▁the ▁British ▁art illery - fire . ▁Ca unter ▁ordered ▁the ▁ 4 th ▁Arm oured ▁Brigade , ▁which ▁still ▁had ▁fifteen ▁oper ational ▁cru is ers ▁and ▁ ▁t anks , ▁to ▁take ▁up ▁night ▁positions ▁closer ▁to ▁Com be force ; ▁the ▁ 1 st ▁R TR ▁was ▁almost ▁int act . ▁▁ 7 ▁February ▁On ▁ 6 ▁February , ▁Com be force ▁had ▁faced ▁some ▁well - organ ised ▁attacks ▁with ▁art illery ▁and ▁tank ▁support , ▁which |
▁had ▁been ▁rep uls ed ▁by ▁C ▁B atter y ▁R HA ▁and ▁nine ▁B of ors ▁anti - t ank ▁guns ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 0 6 th ▁R HA . ▁Italian ▁inf antry ▁had ▁used ▁w reck ed ▁t anks ▁as ▁cover ▁for ▁their ▁advance , ▁while ▁many ▁more ▁lost ▁hope ▁and ▁surrender ed . ▁During ▁the ▁night , ▁some ▁t anks ▁from ▁the ▁P im ple ▁arrived ▁and ▁four ▁were ▁knock ed ▁out ▁by ▁mines ▁and ▁gun fire , ▁four ▁got ▁through ▁with ▁some ▁l or ries ▁and ▁the ▁rest ▁gave ▁up . ▁O ' Con nor ▁had ▁spent ▁ 6 ▁February ▁with ▁Cre agh ▁at ▁the ▁ 7 th ▁Arm oured ▁Division ▁H Q , ▁in ▁touch ▁with ▁Mack ay ▁at ▁the ▁ 6 th ▁Australian ▁Division ▁H Q . ▁Advanced ▁troops ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 9 th ▁Australian ▁Brigade ▁had ▁entered ▁Beng h azi ▁uno pp osed ▁during ▁the ▁afternoon , ▁to ▁a ▁great ▁welcome ▁by ▁the ▁Lib yan ▁inhabitants ▁and ▁during ▁the ▁night ▁O ' Con nor ▁ordered ▁Mack ay ▁to ▁send ▁two ▁batt al ions ▁of ▁inf antry ▁past ▁Beng h azi , ▁to ▁attack ▁the ▁tail ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁columns ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 0 th ▁Army . ▁Just ▁before ▁dawn ▁on ▁ 7 ▁February , ▁the ▁ 7 th ▁Support ▁Group ▁attacked ▁the ▁north ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁Italian ▁con vo ys , ▁the ▁ 2 nd ▁R TR ▁moved ▁south ▁along ▁the ▁west ▁side ▁of ▁the ▁Via ▁Bal bia ▁and ▁the ▁ 1 st |
▁R TR ▁moved ▁east , ▁to ▁cover ▁the ▁desert ▁fl ank ▁of ▁Com be force . ▁The ▁It ali ans ▁had ▁only ▁about ▁thirty ▁t anks ▁left ▁and ▁planned ▁to ▁force ▁their ▁way ▁through ▁Com be force ▁at ▁dawn , ▁before ▁the ▁British ▁could ▁attack ▁the ▁fl anks ▁and ▁rear ▁of ▁the ▁column . ▁ ▁The ▁attack ▁had ▁art illery ▁support ▁as ▁soon ▁as ▁it ▁was ▁light ▁enough ▁to ▁see ▁movement ▁by ▁the ▁anti - t ank ▁guns ▁port ée ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 0 6 th ▁R HA . ▁The ▁inf antry ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 nd ▁R if le ▁Brigade ▁stayed ▁under ▁cover ▁as ▁they ▁were ▁over run ▁by ▁the ▁Italian ▁t anks , ▁which ▁concentr ated ▁on ▁the ▁R HA ▁anti - t ank ▁guns . ▁C ▁B atter y ▁ 4 th ▁R HA ▁fired ▁on ▁the ▁R if le ▁Brigade ▁positions ▁as ▁the ▁t anks ▁passed ▁and ▁the ▁R if le ▁Brigade ▁res umed ▁fire ▁on ▁Italian ▁inf antry ▁following ▁the ▁t anks , ▁to ▁pin ▁them ▁down . ▁The ▁M 1 3 s ▁knock ed ▁out ▁all ▁but ▁one ▁anti - t ank ▁gun ▁and ▁kept ▁going ▁into ▁the ▁reserve ▁company ▁area ▁but ▁the ▁last ▁gun ▁was ▁driven ▁to ▁a ▁fl ank ▁by ▁the ▁battery ▁commander , ▁his ▁bat man ▁and ▁the ▁cook . ▁The ▁impro vised ▁crew ▁comm enced ▁firing ▁as ▁the ▁last ▁M 1 3 s ▁drove ▁towards ▁the ▁Offic ers ' ▁mess ▁tent ▁put ▁up ▁the ▁day ▁before ▁and ▁knock ed ▁out ▁the ▁last |
▁tank ▁ ▁from ▁the ▁tent . ▁On ▁the ▁road , ▁the ▁It ali ans ▁could ▁hear ▁British ▁tank ▁engines ▁on ▁the ▁fl anks ▁and ▁from ▁the ▁rear ▁and ▁further ▁north , ▁the ▁ 4 th ▁Arm oured ▁Brigade ▁surrounded ▁another ▁group , ▁at ▁which ▁point ▁the ▁It ali ans ▁surrender ed . ▁The ▁Austral ians ▁had ▁reached ▁El ▁Mag run , ▁ ▁south ▁of ▁G hem ines , ▁about ▁half ▁way ▁to ▁the ▁P im ple ▁and ▁the ▁ 1 9 th ▁Australian ▁Brigade ▁Group ▁batt al ions ▁were ▁fer ried ▁on wards ▁with ▁all ▁speed . ▁The ▁B eda ▁F omm ▁area ▁had ▁become ▁a ▁ ▁line ▁of ▁destroyed ▁and ▁abandoned ▁l or ries , ▁about ▁▁ ▁out ▁or ▁captured ▁t anks ▁and ▁ ▁including ▁Tell era ▁( found ▁mort ally ▁wounded ▁in ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁M 1 3 s ), ▁Berg on z oli ▁and ▁the ▁ 1 0 th ▁Army ▁staff . ▁ ▁After math ▁ ▁Analysis ▁ ▁The ▁British ▁plan ▁to ▁trap ▁the ▁ 1 0 th ▁Army ▁had ▁worked , ▁despite ▁the ▁British ▁being ▁out number ed ▁ ▁medium ▁t anks ▁and ▁most ▁of ▁the ▁Italian ▁t anks ▁being ▁new , ▁while ▁the ▁British ▁t anks ▁had ▁covered ▁more ▁than ▁ ▁since ▁the ▁beginning ▁of ▁Operation ▁Com pass . ▁The ▁speed ▁of ▁the ▁dash ▁from ▁Me ch ili ▁had ▁surprised ▁the ▁It ali ans , ▁despite ▁the ▁obvious ▁danger ▁of ▁such ▁a ▁move , ▁especially ▁when ▁the ▁British ▁reached ▁M s us ▁on ▁ 4 ▁February ; ▁had |
▁the ▁It ali ans ▁on ▁the ▁Via ▁Bal bia ▁been ▁prepared ▁for ▁a ▁road ▁block ▁and ▁made ▁an ▁organ ised ▁attack , ▁the ▁ 1 0 th ▁Army ▁might ▁have ▁escaped . ▁The ▁British ▁had ▁gam bled ▁with ▁the ▁provision ▁of ▁fuel ▁and ▁supplies , ▁which ▁were ▁capable ▁only ▁of ▁sust aining ▁a ▁short ▁operation ▁and ▁narrow ly ▁succeeded ▁but ▁the ▁purs uit ▁could ▁not ▁continue ▁beyond ▁El ▁Ag he ila , ▁due ▁to ▁broken - down ▁and ▁worn ▁out ▁vehicles . ▁O ' Con nor ▁requested ▁through ▁W av ell ▁that ▁the ▁government ▁re cons ider ▁the ▁con quest ▁of ▁Tri polit ania , ▁just ▁as ▁the ▁Greek ▁government ▁announced ▁that ▁it ▁would ▁resist ▁German ▁ag gression ▁and ▁accept ▁rein for cement ▁by ▁the ▁British ▁if ▁sufficient ▁forces ▁could ▁be ▁made ▁available . ▁ ▁The ▁success ▁of ▁the ▁ 7 th ▁Arm oured ▁Division ▁encourag ed ▁a ▁belief ▁in ▁the ▁Royal ▁T ank ▁Regiment , ▁that ▁man oe uv re ▁could ▁win ▁batt les ▁but ▁the ▁eng agement ▁with ▁the ▁Bab ini ▁Group ▁on ▁ 2 4 ▁January , ▁also ▁led ▁to ▁the ▁conclusion ▁that ▁arm oured ▁divisions ▁needed ▁more ▁art illery . ▁No ▁integration ▁of ▁t anks ▁and ▁inf antry ▁was ▁considered ▁necessary ▁or ▁that ▁anti - t ank ▁guns ▁should ▁be ▁used ▁off ens ively ▁and ▁the ▁lack ▁of ▁cover ▁from ▁air ▁observation ▁in ▁the ▁desert ▁encourag ed ▁disp ersion ▁to ▁avoid ▁air ▁attack , ▁where ▁the ▁British ▁lack ed ▁air ▁superior ity , ▁at ▁the ▁exp ense ▁of ▁the |
▁concentration ▁of ▁fire ▁power ▁at ▁the ▁decis ive ▁point . ▁Due ▁to ▁the ▁ex igu ous ▁nature ▁of ▁supply ▁and ▁transport , ▁conservation ▁during ▁l ull s ▁also ▁encourag ed ▁the ▁use ▁of ▁small ▁j ock ▁columns , ▁of ▁a ▁motor ised ▁inf antry ▁company , ▁a ▁field - gun ▁battery ▁and ▁several ▁arm oured ▁cars . ▁The ▁success ▁of ▁such ▁columns ▁against ▁the ▁It ali ans , ▁led ▁to ▁ex agger ated ▁expect ations ▁which ▁were ▁conf ounded , ▁when ▁better ▁equ ipped ▁and ▁trained ▁German ▁troops ▁arrived ▁in ▁Lib ya . ▁The ▁ 7 th ▁Arm oured ▁Division ▁concluded ▁that ▁the ▁def ensive ▁ment ality ▁of ▁the ▁It ali ans , ▁had ▁just ified ▁the ▁taking ▁of ▁exception al ▁ris ks ▁which ▁would ▁be ▁un just ified ▁against ▁German ▁troops . ▁ ▁Only ▁a ▁few ▁thousand ▁men ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 0 th ▁Army ▁had ▁escaped ▁the ▁dis aster ▁in ▁Cy ren a ica ▁but ▁the ▁ 5 th ▁Army ▁had ▁four ▁divisions ▁in ▁Tri polit ania ▁and ▁the ▁It ali ans ▁rein for ced ▁the ▁Sir te , ▁T med ▁Hass an ▁and ▁B uer at ▁strong holds ▁from ▁Italy , ▁which ▁brought ▁the ▁total ▁of ▁Italian ▁soldiers ▁in ▁Tri polit ania ▁to ▁about ▁ ▁The ▁Italian ▁forces ▁in ▁Lib ya ▁experienced ▁a ▁" ren a issance " ▁during ▁ 1 9 4 1 , ▁when ▁the ▁ 1 3 2 nd ▁Arm oured ▁Division ▁Ari ete , ▁the ▁ 1 0 2 nd ▁Motor ised ▁Division ▁Tr ento , |
▁and ▁the ▁ 1 0 1 st ▁Motor ised ▁Division ▁Tri este ▁arrived ▁along ▁with ▁better ▁equipment . ▁Italian ▁anti - t ank ▁units ▁performed ▁well ▁during ▁Operation ▁Bre vity , ▁Operation ▁Battle ax e ▁and ▁the ▁Ari ete ▁Division ▁defeated ▁the ▁ 2 nd ▁Arm oured ▁Brigade ▁at ▁Bir ▁el ▁G ub i ▁on ▁ 1 9 ▁November , ▁during ▁Operation ▁Cr us ader . ▁ ▁Cas ual ties ▁At ▁the ▁Battle ▁of ▁B eda ▁F omm , ▁the ▁British ▁took ▁about ▁ ▁over ▁ ▁( many ▁still ▁oper ational ), ▁ ▁and ▁ ▁vehicles . ▁During ▁Operation ▁Com pass , ▁the ▁British ▁had ▁advanced ▁, ▁destroyed ▁or ▁captured ▁about ▁ ▁and ▁ ▁pieces , ▁taken ▁ ▁and ▁Italian ▁prisoners ▁of ▁war , ▁besides ▁a ▁vast ▁quantity ▁of ▁other ▁war ▁material . ▁The ▁prisoners ▁included ▁ ▁and ▁the ▁Italian ▁general ▁staff ▁recorded ▁ ▁of ▁all ▁types ▁lost . ▁The ▁British ▁and ▁Commonwealth ▁forces ▁suffered ▁▁ ▁and ▁ ▁a ▁portion ▁of ▁which ▁were ▁in cur red ▁at ▁B eda ▁F omm . ▁ ▁Sub sequ ent ▁operations ▁ ▁The ▁defeat ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 0 th ▁Army ▁appeared ▁to ▁mean ▁that ▁the ▁British ▁could ▁hold ▁Cy ren a ica ▁with ▁fewer ▁ships , ▁men ▁and ▁aircraft , ▁as ▁long ▁as ▁the ▁off ensive ▁was ▁terminated . ▁The ▁Navy ▁and ▁R AF ▁command ers ▁were ▁against ▁another ▁off ensive , ▁having ▁supported ▁two ▁land ▁campaign s , ▁supplied ▁Mal ta ▁and ▁protected ▁Egypt ▁from ▁the ▁growing ▁threat ▁from ▁the ▁Luft wa ffe . ▁On |
▁ 9 ▁February , ▁Church ill ▁ordered ▁the ▁advance ▁to ▁stop ▁and ▁troops ▁to ▁be ▁dispatch ed ▁to ▁Greece ▁( Operation ▁L ust re ), ▁to ▁take ▁part ▁in ▁the ▁Gre co - Ital ian ▁War ▁and ▁forest all ▁a ▁German ▁invasion . ▁On ▁ 1 1 ▁February , ▁W av ell ▁made ▁a ▁lu ke w arm ▁suggestion ▁to ▁the ▁Chief ▁of ▁the ▁Imperial ▁General ▁Staff ▁( C IG S ) ▁to ▁continue ▁the ▁off ensive , ▁emphas ising ▁the ▁opposition ▁of ▁the ▁R AF ▁and ▁Navy . ▁On ▁ 8 ▁February , ▁the ▁ 1 1 th ▁H uss ars ▁pat rolled ▁west wards ▁without ▁air ▁cover ▁to ▁the ▁area ▁ ▁east ▁of ▁Sir te , ▁lif ting ▁prisoners ▁and ▁equipment ▁and ▁finding ▁no ▁organ ised ▁Italian ▁def ences . ▁ ▁The ▁first ▁troops ▁of ▁the ▁ ▁( DA K ), ▁land ed ▁in ▁Tri polit ania ▁on ▁ 1 1 ▁February , ▁as ▁part ▁of ▁Unternehmen ▁S onnen bl ume ▁( Operation ▁Sun flow er ). ▁With ▁the ▁arrival ▁of ▁the ▁DA K ▁( Gener alle ut nant ▁Er win ▁R omm el ) ▁the ▁A xis ▁rout ▁ended ▁and ▁the ▁British ▁faced ▁a ▁better - equ ipped ▁and ▁led ▁oppon ent , ▁during ▁a ▁period ▁of ▁temporary ▁weak ness . ▁On ▁ 2 5 ▁March , ▁General ▁Ital o ▁Gar ib old i ▁replaced ▁Marsh al ▁Rod ol fo ▁Gra z iani ▁who ▁had ▁asked ▁to ▁be ▁rel ieved ▁as ▁Governor - General ▁of ▁Lib ya . ▁W av |
ell ▁made ▁Wilson ▁the ▁Military ▁Governor ▁of ▁Cy ren a ica ▁and ▁dis band ed ▁the ▁headquarters ▁of ▁XIII ▁Corps ▁( the ▁renamed ▁Western ▁Des ert ▁Force ), ▁dispers ing ▁its ▁sk illed ▁and ▁experienced ▁personnel . ▁On ▁ 1 4 ▁February , ▁as ▁the ▁ 1 1 th ▁H uss ars ▁handed ▁over ▁to ▁the ▁King ' s ▁Drag oon ▁Gu ards , ▁aircraft ▁were ▁seen ▁through ▁a ▁ha ze , ▁which ▁made ▁the ▁most ▁dev ast ating ▁attack ▁that ▁the ▁H uss ars ▁had ▁experienced ; ▁a ▁few ▁hours ▁later ▁Ju ▁ 8 7 ▁Stu ka ▁d ive - b om bers ▁arrived ▁overhead ▁and ▁attacked . ▁ ▁Order ▁of ▁battle ▁ 5 th ▁and ▁ 1 0 th ▁arm ies : ▁ 1 0 ▁June ▁ 1 9 4 0 , ▁ 1 0 th ▁Army : ▁ 1 3 ▁September ; ▁Western ▁Des ert ▁Force : ▁ 1 0 ▁June , ▁ 9 ▁December ▁( Details ▁taken ▁from ▁Christ ie ▁ 1 9 9 9 , ▁unless ▁indicated ) ▁▁ 1 0 ▁June ▁ 1 9 4 0 ▁ ▁Supreme ▁Commander ▁Italian ▁Forces ▁in ▁North ▁Africa : ▁Air ▁Marsh al ▁Ital o ▁Bal bo ▁ ▁Western ▁Front ier ▁( Lib ya – T un is ia ▁border ) ▁▁ 5 th ▁Army ▁ ▁X ▁Corps ▁▁ 2 5 th ▁Infantry ▁Division ▁Bolog na ▁▁ 6 0 th ▁Infantry ▁Division ▁Sab r ath a ▁ ▁XX ▁Corps ▁▁ 1 7 th ▁Infantry ▁Division ▁P avia ▁▁ 6 1 st ▁Infantry |
▁Division ▁Sir te ▁▁ 2 7 th ▁Infantry ▁Division ▁Bres cia ▁ ▁XX III ▁Corps ▁▁ 1 st ▁CC NN ▁Infantry ▁Division ▁ 2 3 ▁Mar zo ▁( CC NN : ▁ ▁Black sh ir ts ) ▁▁ 2 nd ▁CC NN ▁Infantry ▁Division ▁ 2 8 ▁Otto bre ▁▁ 2 nd ▁Lib yan ▁Infantry ▁Division ▁P esc atori ▁( res erve ▁to ▁ 5 th ▁Army ) ▁ ▁Eastern ▁Front ier , ▁( E gypt ) ▁▁ 1 0 th ▁Army ▁ ▁XX I ▁Corps ▁▁ 6 3 rd ▁Infantry ▁Division ▁Cir ene ▁▁ 6 2 nd ▁Infantry ▁Division ▁Mar mar ica ▁ ▁XX II ▁Corps ▁▁ 6 4 th ▁Infantry ▁Division ▁Cat anz aro ▁▁ 4 th ▁CC NN ▁Infantry ▁Division ▁ 3 ▁Gen naio ▁▁ 1 st ▁Lib yan ▁Infantry ▁Division ▁Sib elle ▁( res erve ▁to ▁ 1 0 th ▁Army ) ▁ ▁Commander - in - Ch ief ▁Middle ▁East , ▁General ▁Sir ▁Arch ib ald ▁W av ell ▁Western ▁Des ert ▁Force , ▁Commander - L ie utenant ▁General ▁R . N . ▁O ’ Con nor ▁▁ 7 th ▁Arm oured ▁Division . ▁Commander ▁Major - General ▁M . ▁O ’ Mo ore ▁▁ 4 th ▁Arm oured ▁Brigade , ▁M ers a ▁Mat ru h ▁▁ 1 st ▁Royal ▁T ank ▁Regiment ▁▁ 6 th ▁Royal ▁T ank ▁Regiment ▁▁ 7 th ▁Arm ored ▁Brigade , ▁S idi ▁Sul iem an ▁▁ 7 th ▁H uss ars ▁▁ 8 th ▁H uss ars ▁ ▁Support |
▁Group . ▁( M ot or ized ▁Infantry ▁Brigade ) ▁S idi ▁Bar ran i ▁▁ 1 st ▁K . R . R . C . ▁Battalion ▁▁ 2 nd ▁Motor ▁Battalion ▁The ▁R if le ▁Brigade ▁▁ 3 rd ▁Battalion ▁Cold stream ▁Gu ards ▁▁ 1 st ▁Royal ▁North umber land ▁F us ili ers ▁▁ 3 rd ▁Royal ▁Hor se ▁Art illery ▁ ▁F ▁B atter y , ▁ 4 th ▁Royal ▁Hor se ▁Art illery ▁▁ 1 1 th ▁H uss ars ▁( att ached ▁to ▁Support ▁Group ▁from ▁ 7 th ▁Arm oured ▁Brigade ) ▁For ward ▁at ▁S idi ▁Bar ran i ▁with ▁operations ▁on ▁the ▁Lib yan - E gypt ian ▁Border ▁ ▁C airo ▁Infantry ▁Brigade ▁– ▁G arrison ▁for ▁M ers a ▁Mat ru h ▁ ▁Other ▁Commonwealth ▁Forces ▁in ▁Egypt ▁▁ 4 th ▁Indian ▁Division ▁( less ▁one ▁inf antry ▁brig ade ) ▁N ile ▁D elta ▁▁ 5 th ▁Indian ▁Infantry ▁Brigade ▁▁ 1 1 th ▁Indian ▁Infantry ▁Brigade ▁ ▁Div is ional ▁Tro ops ▁▁ 6 th ▁Australian ▁Infantry ▁Division ▁( form ing , ▁N ile ▁delta ) ▁▁ 2 nd ▁Zealand ▁Infantry ▁Division ▁( form ing , ▁N ile ▁delta ) ▁▁ 1 3 ▁September ▁ 1 9 4 0 ▁ ▁XX I ▁Corps ▁( 1 0 th ▁Army ▁Reserve ) ▁Loc ated ▁in ▁Tob ru k ▁▁ 6 1 st ▁Infantry ▁Division ▁Sir te ▁▁ 2 nd ▁CC NN ▁Infantry ▁Division ▁ 2 8 ▁Otto bre ▁ ▁L X ▁Light |
▁T ank ▁Battalion ▁( L 3 ) ▁ ▁XX II ▁Corps ▁▁ 6 4 th ▁Infantry ▁Division ▁Cat anz aro ▁▁ 4 th ▁CC NN ▁Infantry ▁Division ▁ 3 ▁Gen naio ▁ ▁XX III ▁Corps ▁Commander : ▁General ▁Ann ib ale ▁Berg on z oli ▁▁ 1 st ▁CC NN ▁Infantry ▁Division ▁ 2 3 ▁Mar zo ▁( fully ▁motor ised ▁for ▁the ▁invasion ▁of ▁Egypt ) ▁▁ 6 2 nd ▁Infantry ▁Division ▁Mar mar ica ▁( partial ly ▁motor ised ▁for ▁the ▁invasion ) ▁ ▁L X III ▁light ▁tank ▁batt alion ▁( L 3 ) ▁( re in for cing ▁the ▁ 6 2 nd ▁Infantry ▁Division ) ▁▁ 6 3 rd ▁Infantry ▁Division ▁Cir ene ▁( partial ly ▁motor ised ▁for ▁the ▁invasion ) ▁ ▁L X II ▁light ▁tank ▁batt alion ▁( L 3 ) ▁( re in for cing ▁the ▁ 6 3 rd ▁Infantry ▁Division ) ▁▁ 1 st ▁Lib yan ▁Infantry ▁Division ▁Sib elle ▁( non - mot or ized ) ▁▁ 2 nd ▁Lib yan ▁Infantry ▁Division ▁P esc atori ▁( non - mot or ized ) ▁ ▁IX ▁light ▁tank ▁batt alion ▁( L 3 ) ▁( re in for cing ▁the ▁ 2 nd ▁Lib yan ▁Infantry ▁Division ) ▁ ▁Com ando ▁Car ri ▁Arm ati ▁della ▁Lib ia ▁▁ 1 st ▁R ag gru pp amento ▁Car ri ▁( res erve ▁to ▁XX III ▁Corps ▁under ▁control ▁of ▁ 1 0 th ▁Army ) ▁ ▁I ▁Med ium ▁T ank ▁Battalion ▁( |
M 1 1 ) ▁ ▁XX I ▁Light ▁T ank ▁Battalion ▁( L 3 ) ▁▁ 2 nd ▁R ag gru pp amento ▁Car ri ▁ ▁XX ▁Light ▁T ank ▁Battalion ▁( L 3 ) ▁ ▁L X I ▁Light ▁T ank ▁Battalion ▁( L 3 ) ▁ ▁Male tt i ▁R ag gru pp amento ▁( part ▁of ▁XX III ▁Corps ) ▁ ▁II ▁medium ▁tank ▁batt alion ▁( M 1 1 ) ▁▁ 3 ▁Motor ized ▁Lib yan ▁Infantry ▁Batt al ions ▁ ▁Western ▁Des ert ▁Force ▁Commander - in - Ch ief , ▁Middle ▁East : ▁General ▁Sir ▁Arch ib ald ▁W av ell ▁Western ▁Des ert ▁Force : ▁Lieutenant - General ▁R . ▁N . ▁O ’ Con nor ▁ ▁Corps ▁Tro ops ▁▁ 7 th ▁Battalion , ▁Royal ▁T ank ▁Regiment ▁( Mat ild as ) ▁▁ 1 st ▁Royal ▁Hor se ▁Art illery ▁▁ 1 0 4 th ▁Royal ▁Hor se ▁Art illery ▁▁ 5 1 st ▁Field ▁Regiment ▁R . A . ▁▁ 7 th ▁Med ium ▁Regiment ▁R . A . ▁▁ 6 4 th ▁Med ium ▁Regiment ▁R . A . ▁▁ 7 th ▁Arm oured ▁Division ▁▁ 4 th ▁Arm oured ▁Brigade ▁▁ 7 th ▁Arm oured ▁Brigade ▁ ▁Support ▁Group ▁( Inf antry ▁Brigade ) ▁ ▁Div is ional ▁Tro ops ▁▁ 4 th ▁Indian ▁Division ▁▁ 5 th ▁Indian ▁Infantry ▁Brigade ▁▁ 1 1 th ▁Indian ▁Infantry ▁Brigade ▁ ▁Div is ional ▁Tro ops ▁▁ 1 6 th ▁Infantry ▁Brigade ▁( |
att ached ▁to ▁ 4 th ▁Indian ▁Division ▁until ▁ 1 1 ▁December ▁ 1 9 4 0 ) ▁▁ 6 th ▁Australian ▁Division ▁( from ▁mid - Dec ember ) ▁▁ 1 6 th ▁Australian ▁Infantry ▁Brigade ▁▁ 1 7 th ▁Australian ▁Infantry ▁Brigade ▁▁ 1 6 th ▁Infantry ▁Brigade ▁( att ached ▁from ▁ 4 th ▁Indian ▁Division ▁ 1 1 ▁December ) ▁ ▁Div is ional ▁troops ▁▁ 7 th ▁R TR ▁( att ached ▁from ▁ 7 th ▁Arm oured ▁Division ) ▁ ▁Sel by ▁Force ▁( B rig ade ▁Group ▁for ▁the ▁defence ▁of ▁M ers a ▁Mat ru h ) ▁ ▁Notes ▁ ▁Foot notes ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Books ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁J ourn als ▁▁▁ ▁Th eses ▁▁▁ ▁Web sites ▁ ▁Further ▁reading ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁ ▁The ▁History ▁of ▁the ▁British ▁ 7 th ▁Arm oured ▁Division : ▁B eda ▁F omm ▁ ▁Operation ▁Com pass ▁( part ▁ 2 ) ▁ ▁Category : Conf lic ts ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 1 ▁Category : 1 9 4 0 ▁in ▁Egypt ▁Category : 1 9 4 1 ▁in ▁Egypt ▁Category : 1 9 4 0 ▁in ▁Italy ▁Category : 1 9 4 1 ▁in ▁Italy ▁Category : 1 9 4 0 ▁in ▁Lib ya ▁Category : 1 9 4 1 ▁in ▁Lib ya ▁Category : B att les ▁of ▁World ▁War ▁II ▁involving ▁Australia ▁Category : B att les ▁and ▁operations ▁of ▁World ▁War ▁II ▁involving ▁India ▁Category : B att les ▁of ▁World ▁War ▁II |
▁involving ▁Italy ▁Category : Land ▁batt les ▁of ▁World ▁War ▁II ▁involving ▁the ▁United ▁Kingdom ▁Category : Mil it ary ▁operations ▁involving ▁the ▁United ▁Kingdom ▁Category : West ern ▁Des ert ▁Camp aign ▁Category : Lib ya ▁in ▁World ▁War ▁II ▁Category : E gypt ▁in ▁World ▁War ▁II ▁Category : World ▁War ▁II ▁operations ▁and ▁batt les ▁of ▁Europe ▁Category : Mil it ary ▁history ▁of ▁Italy ▁during ▁World ▁War ▁II ▁Category : F ebru ary ▁ 1 9 4 1 ▁events <0x0A> </s> ▁An ona ▁W inn ▁ ▁( born ▁An ona ▁Ed na ▁Wil kins , ▁ 5 ▁January ▁ 1 9 0 4 ▁– ▁ 2 ▁February ▁ 1 9 9 4 ) ▁was ▁an ▁Australian - born ▁actress , ▁broad c aster ▁and ▁singer , ▁who ▁spent ▁most ▁of ▁her ▁career ▁in ▁the ▁UK . ▁ ▁Career ▁Born ▁in ▁Sydney , ▁she ▁studied ▁at ▁the ▁Red land ▁College ▁For ▁Girls ▁and ▁briefly ▁considered ▁a ▁legal ▁career . ▁She ▁then ▁studied ▁piano ▁and ▁eventually ▁opera ▁at ▁the ▁Sydney ▁Conserv ator ium ▁of ▁Music ▁and ▁Mel ba ▁Memorial ▁Conserv ator ium ▁of ▁Music , ▁which ▁the ▁latter ▁was ▁possible ▁due ▁to ▁a ▁scholar ship ▁from ▁D ame ▁Nell ie ▁Mel ba . ▁Mel ba , ▁who ▁convinced ▁her ▁to ▁change ▁her ▁name ▁to ▁W inn , ▁also ▁called ▁her ▁a ▁" human ▁fl ute " ▁due ▁to ▁her ▁massive ▁range . ▁She ▁became ▁dis ill usion ed ▁with ▁the ▁training , ▁calling ▁it ▁the ▁" stra it - jack et |
▁of ▁opera ▁training ", ▁though ▁she ▁was ▁thank ful ▁for ▁Mel ba ' s ▁guidance . ▁She ▁would ▁join ▁a ▁tour ing ▁company ▁of ▁The ▁Mer ry ▁W id ow , ▁but ▁after ▁finding ▁it ▁hard ▁to ▁be ▁a ▁successful ▁singer , ▁she ▁would ▁become ▁a ▁journalist . ▁After ▁playing ▁parts ▁varying ▁from ▁p antom ime ▁to ▁Shakespeare ▁in ▁a ▁re pert ory ▁company , ▁she ▁moved ▁to ▁England . ▁ ▁She ▁played ▁the ▁leading ▁part ▁for ▁ 8 ▁weeks ▁in ▁" H it ▁The ▁De ck ". ▁Within ▁a ▁few ▁years ▁she ▁had ▁made ▁more ▁than ▁ 3 0 0 ▁appearances ▁in ▁various ▁radio ▁shows ▁including ▁the ▁BBC ' s ▁Just ▁a ▁Min ute . ▁W inn ▁was ▁a ▁regular ▁in ▁the ▁BBC ▁Radio ▁version ▁of ▁Tw enty ▁Question s ▁and ▁P ett ico at ▁Line . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 3 3 , ▁she ▁married ▁Frederick ▁Lam port . ▁W inn ▁was ▁made ▁an ▁MB E ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 4 . ▁She ▁died ▁in ▁B ourn em outh ▁aged ▁ 9 0 . ▁ ▁Film ▁cred its ▁▁▁ 1 9 3 4 ▁ ▁On ▁the ▁Air ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Further ▁reading ▁ ▁Mo an in ' ▁Low : ▁A ▁Disc ography ▁of ▁Fem ale ▁Popular ▁V ocal ▁Record ings , ▁ 1 9 2 0 – 1 9 3 3 ▁By ▁Ross ▁La ird ▁ ▁An ona ▁W inn ▁– ▁Life ▁On ▁The ▁W ire less ▁by ▁Kar en ▁Winter s . ▁ ▁Memory ▁Lane ▁magazine ▁Issue ▁ |
1 6 2 ▁Spring ▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁ ▁Ob itu ary : ▁An ona ▁W inn ▁( by ▁June ▁A ver ill ). ▁Independent , ▁ 1 8 ▁Feb ▁ 1 9 9 4 . ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 0 4 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 9 9 4 ▁death s ▁Category : M embers ▁of ▁the ▁Order ▁of ▁the ▁British ▁Empire ▁Category : Act ress es ▁from ▁Sydney <0x0A> </s> ▁Mar j ie ▁Lund st rom ▁( born ▁ 1 9 5 6 ) ▁is ▁an ▁American ▁journalist . ▁She ▁received ▁the ▁Pul itzer ▁Prize ▁for ▁National ▁Report ing ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 1 . ▁ ▁Biography ▁Lund st rom ▁was ▁born ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 6 . ▁Her ▁parents , ▁Dr . ▁and ▁Mrs . ▁Max ▁Lund st rom , ▁are ▁from ▁Wayne , ▁Neb r aska . ▁ ▁A ▁journal ism ▁gradu ate ▁of ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Neb r aska - Lin coln ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 9 , ▁Lund st rom ▁has ▁served ▁on ▁the ▁staff s ▁of ▁ ▁The ▁F t . ▁Collins ▁Colorado an , ▁Den ver ▁Month ly , ▁and ▁The ▁Den ver ▁Post . ▁She ▁is ▁a ▁rep orter ▁and ▁senior ▁writer ▁for ▁The ▁Sac r amento ▁Be e . ▁At ▁The ▁Be e ▁she ▁also ▁has ▁been ▁a ▁column ist ▁and ▁assignment ▁editor . ▁She ▁worked ▁with ▁the ▁Sac r amento ▁Be e ▁from ▁January ▁ 1 9 8 9 ▁- ▁March ▁ 1 9 |
9 0 ▁but ▁later ▁returned ▁after ▁dec iding ▁she ▁wanted ▁to ▁live ▁on ▁the ▁West ▁Coast . ▁ ▁She ▁was ▁a ▁ 1 9 9 1 ▁recip ient ▁of ▁a ▁journal ism ▁Pul itzer ▁Prize . ▁Lund st rom ▁and ▁Ro ch elle ▁Sh arp ▁of ▁New ▁York ▁City — at ▁the ▁time , ▁both ▁rep or ters ▁for ▁G ann ett ▁News ▁Service , ▁based ▁in ▁Washington , ▁DC — w ere ▁joint ly ▁awarded ▁the ▁prize ▁for ▁National ▁Report ing ▁for ▁a ▁series ▁of ▁stories ▁they ▁wrote ▁about ▁child ▁ab use . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁The ▁Sac r amento ▁Be e ▁ ▁Pul itzer ▁P riz es , ▁ 1 9 9 1 ▁▁ ▁Category : P ul itzer ▁Prize ▁for ▁National ▁Report ing ▁w inners ▁Category : 1 9 5 6 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁Wayne , ▁Neb r aska ▁Category : Univers ity ▁of ▁Neb r aska – Lin coln ▁al umn i ▁Category : W rit ers ▁from ▁Sac r amento , ▁California ▁Category : American ▁newspaper ▁rep or ters ▁and ▁correspond ents ▁Category : W rit ers ▁from ▁Neb r aska ▁Category : 2 0 th - century ▁American ▁journal ists ▁Category : American ▁women ▁non - f iction ▁writers <0x0A> </s> ▁In sein ▁Pr ison ▁() ▁is ▁located ▁in ▁Yang on ▁Division , ▁near ▁Yang on ▁( R ango on ), ▁the ▁old ▁capital ▁of ▁My an mar ▁( former ly ▁Bur ma ). ▁From ▁ |
1 9 8 8 ▁to ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁it ▁was ▁run ▁by ▁the ▁military ▁jun ta ▁of ▁My an mar , ▁named ▁the ▁State ▁Law ▁and ▁Order ▁Rest oration ▁Council ▁from ▁ 1 9 8 8 ▁to ▁ 2 0 0 3 ▁and ▁the ▁State ▁Peace ▁and ▁Development ▁Council ▁( SP DC ) ▁from ▁ 2 0 0 3 ▁to ▁ 2 0 1 1 , ▁and ▁was ▁used ▁largely ▁to ▁repr ess ▁political ▁diss idents . ▁ ▁The ▁prison ▁is ▁not orious ▁world wide ▁for ▁its ▁in hum ane ▁conditions , ▁cor ruption , ▁ab use ▁of ▁in m ates , ▁and ▁use ▁of ▁mental ▁and ▁physical ▁tort ure . ▁ ▁Cond itions ▁ ▁San itation ▁and ▁health care ▁ ▁At ▁In sein , ▁dise ases ▁and ▁inj uries ▁usually ▁go ▁un tre ated . ▁A ▁former ▁prisoner ▁at ▁In sein ▁rec alls ▁that ▁" When ▁we ▁had ▁fe ver ▁they ▁never ▁gave ▁us ▁any ▁medicine . ▁If ▁it ▁gets ▁very ▁bad ▁then ▁they ▁send ▁you ▁to ▁the ▁prison ▁hospital , ▁where ▁many ▁people ▁die . ▁The ▁sick ▁prisoners ▁want ▁to ▁go ▁to ▁the ▁hospital , ▁but ▁the ▁gu ards ▁never ▁send ▁them ▁there ▁until ▁it ' s ▁already ▁too ▁late , ▁so ▁many ▁die ▁once ▁they ▁get ▁to ▁the ▁hospital . ▁I ▁got ▁fe ver ▁but ▁I ▁didn ' t ▁want ▁to ▁go ▁to ▁their ▁hospital , ▁because ▁I ▁was ▁afraid ▁of ▁their ▁dirty ▁need les ▁and ▁cont ag ious ▁dise ases . ▁At ▁the ▁hospital ▁they ▁have ▁do |
ctors , ▁but ▁not ▁enough ▁medic ines ." ▁The ▁same ▁prisoner ▁continued , ▁"[ t ] he y ▁allowed ▁us ▁to ▁have ▁a ▁bath ▁once ▁a ▁day . ▁We ▁had ▁to ▁line ▁up ▁in ▁rows ▁of ▁ 5 ▁men ▁at ▁a ▁time , ▁and ▁we ▁were ▁allowed ▁ 5 ▁bow ls ▁of ▁water , ▁then ▁soap , ▁then ▁ 7 ▁more ▁bow ls ▁of ▁water . ▁But ▁there ▁were ▁many ▁problems ▁– ▁sometimes ▁there ▁was ▁no ▁water ▁supply , ▁so ▁they ▁wouldn ' t ▁let ▁us ▁take ▁a ▁bath ▁and ▁we ▁could ▁hardly ▁even ▁get ▁water ▁to ▁drink . ▁There ▁were ▁lat r ines ▁in ▁ 2 ▁places ▁– ▁outside ▁of ▁the ▁room ▁for ▁the ▁day time , ▁and ▁in ▁the ▁room ▁at ▁night . ▁The ▁lat r ines ▁always ▁had ▁gu ards , ▁and ▁to ▁use ▁them ▁you ▁had ▁to ▁b ri be ▁the ▁guard ▁with ▁ 2 ▁ch ero ots . ▁The ▁lat r ine ▁was ▁just ▁a ▁bucket , ▁with ▁no ▁water . ▁You ▁could ▁use ▁paper ▁if ▁you ▁could ▁get ▁some , ▁but ▁we ▁used ▁to ▁beg ▁scra ps ▁of ▁cloth ▁from ▁the ▁men ▁who ▁worked ▁in ▁the ▁se wing ▁work shop ▁out ▁in ▁the ▁comp ound ." ▁ ▁T ort ures ▁Pr ison ers ▁have ▁reported ly ▁been ▁be aten ▁with ▁a ▁rub ber ▁pipe ▁filled ▁with ▁sand ▁and ▁ch ased ▁by ▁dogs , ▁forcing ▁them ▁to ▁craw l ▁on ▁their ▁hands ▁and ▁kne es ▁across ▁a ▁gra vel ▁path . ▁ ▁Pro tests ▁within ▁the ▁prison ▁▁ |
1 9 9 1 ▁prisoner ▁hung er ▁strike ▁According ▁to ▁a ▁former ▁prisoner ' s ▁account , ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 1 ▁several ▁prisoners ▁held ▁a ▁hung er ▁strike , ▁demand ing ▁proper ▁health care ▁and ▁the ▁right ▁to ▁read ▁newsp apers . ▁However , ▁their ▁dem ands ▁were ▁not ▁met , ▁and ▁the ▁prisoners ▁were ▁tort ured ▁by ▁being ▁ch ased ▁across ▁the ▁gra vel ▁path . ▁▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁mass ▁shooting ▁of ▁in m ates ▁On ▁ 3 ▁May ▁ 2 0 0 8 , ▁over ▁ 1 0 0 ▁prisoners ▁were ▁shot ▁by ▁gu ards ▁at ▁the ▁prison ▁resulting ▁in ▁the ▁death s ▁of ▁ 3 6 ▁in m ates . ▁A ▁further ▁four ▁in m ates ▁were ▁later ▁tort ured ▁and ▁killed ▁by ▁the ▁prison ▁gu ards ▁who ▁believed ▁they ▁had ▁been ▁the ▁ring le aders ▁of ▁the ▁initial ▁protest ▁that ▁cul min ated ▁in ▁the ▁mass ▁shooting . ▁▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁prisoner ▁hung er ▁strike ▁On ▁ 2 4 ▁May ▁ 2 0 1 1 , ▁the ▁My an mar ▁government ▁ret ali ated ▁against ▁a ▁hung er ▁strike ▁by ▁about ▁ 3 0 ▁political ▁prisoners ▁in ▁the ▁prison ▁by ▁forcing ▁the ▁ring le aders ▁into ▁solit ary ▁conf in ement . ▁The ▁hung er ▁strike ▁began ▁when ▁seven ▁female ▁prisoners ▁protest ed ▁against ▁a ▁government ▁prisoner ▁am n esty ▁program ▁that ▁failed ▁to ▁include ▁most ▁political ▁d eta ine es . ▁On ▁ 2 3 ▁May , ▁ 2 2 ▁male ▁prisoners |
, ▁including ▁three ▁Buddh ist ▁mon ks , ▁joined ▁the ▁protest , ▁demand ing ▁better ▁prison ▁living ▁conditions ▁and ▁improved ▁family ▁visit ing ▁rights . ▁According ▁to ▁A ung ▁Din , ▁the ▁executive ▁director ▁of ▁the ▁Washington - based ▁U . S . ▁Camp aign ▁for ▁Bur ma , ▁" The ▁latest ▁information ▁we ▁have ▁received ▁is ▁that ▁six ▁of ▁the ▁‘ le aders ’ ▁of ▁the ▁strike ▁from ▁the ▁male ▁group ▁have ▁been ▁moved ▁to ▁what ▁is ▁known ▁as ▁the ▁' dog ▁cell ' — a ▁small ▁cell ▁block ▁where ▁they ▁could ▁be ▁tort ured ▁and ▁family ▁vis its ▁are ▁not ▁allowed ." ▁One ▁of ▁the ▁prisoners ▁moved ▁was ▁an ▁editor ▁of ▁The ▁Kant ary aw addy ▁Times , ▁Ny i ▁Ny i ▁H t un . ▁ ▁Notable ▁prisoners ▁One ▁of ▁its ▁most ▁famous ▁prisoners ▁is ▁the ▁Nobel ▁Peace ▁Prize - win ning ▁human - right s ▁activ ist ▁A ung ▁San ▁Su u ▁Ky i , ▁who ▁has ▁been ▁conf ined ▁to ▁In sein ▁on ▁three ▁separate ▁occasions ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 3 , ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁and ▁ 2 0 0 9 . ▁Well - known ▁prisoners ▁include ▁student ▁leaders ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 9 8 8 ▁U pr ising , ▁including ▁Min ▁Ko ▁Na ing , ▁Py one ▁Cho , ▁Ko ▁Ko ▁Gy i , ▁Ko ▁Jimmy , ▁My a ▁A ye , ▁and ▁others . ▁ ▁Other ▁activ ists ▁held ▁in ▁In sein ▁prison ▁from ▁ 1 9 8 8 ▁to ▁ 2 0 |
1 6 , ▁include ▁the ▁intellectual ▁and ▁dem ocracy ▁activ ist , ▁Win ▁T in ; ▁and ▁a ▁host ▁of ▁others ▁who ▁were ▁elected ▁to ▁parliament ▁as ▁members ▁of ▁the ▁National ▁League ▁for ▁Dem ocracy ▁( N LD ) ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 0 ▁( none ▁of ▁these ▁individuals ▁were ▁allowed ▁to ▁serve ▁their ▁term ▁in ▁parliament ). ▁Other ▁known ▁prisoners ▁include ▁a ▁ 2 1 - year - old ▁Bur m ese ▁video - j ournal ist ▁named ▁S ith u ▁Z ey a ▁who ▁after ▁being ▁arrested ▁in ▁April ▁ 2 0 1 0 , ▁is ▁currently ▁serving ▁an ▁ 8 - year ▁sentence ▁for ▁photograph ing ▁the ▁after math ▁of ▁an ▁attack ▁on ▁civ ili ans ▁by ▁the ▁military ▁jun ta . ▁Another ▁imprison ed ▁video - j ournal ist ▁is ▁ 2 9 - year - old ▁Ng we ▁So e ▁Lin ▁who ▁was ▁arrested ▁in ▁an ▁internet ▁ca fe ▁in ▁R ango on ▁on ▁April ▁ 1 4 , ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁for ▁his ▁video ▁coverage ▁of ▁Bur m ese ▁children ▁or phan ed ▁by ▁Cy clone ▁N arg is ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 8 . ▁Dem ocracy ▁activ ist ▁A ye ▁Y ung ▁was ▁held ▁for ▁trial ▁at ▁In sein ▁Pr ison ▁for ▁distribution ▁of ▁leaf lets ▁at ▁D agon ▁University . ▁ ▁Re ut ers ▁journal ists ▁Wa ▁L one ▁and ▁Ky aw ▁So e ▁O o ▁were ▁held ▁at ▁the ▁prison ▁for ▁more ▁than ▁ 5 0 0 ▁days ▁following ▁their |
▁arrest ▁on ▁ 1 2 ▁December ▁ 2 0 1 7 , ▁due ▁to ▁their ▁investigation ▁of ▁the ▁Inn ▁Din ▁mass acre . ▁Am id ▁international ▁out c ry ▁over ▁their ▁imprison ment , ▁the ▁pair ▁were ▁released ▁on ▁ 7 ▁May ▁ 2 0 1 9 , ▁following ▁a ▁p ardon ▁from ▁President ▁of ▁My an mar ▁Win ▁My int . ▁While ▁imprison ed ▁in ▁In sein ▁Pr ison , ▁Wa ▁L one ▁wrote ▁a ▁children ' s ▁book , ▁Jay ▁Jay ▁the ▁Journal ist . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁H IV ▁Sp read s ▁in ▁In sein ▁Pr ison ▁ ▁PDF ▁" B ur ma ' s ▁In sein ▁Pr ison : ▁pun ishment ▁and ▁opp ression " ▁ ▁Bur ma ▁Camp aign er ▁A ung ▁San ▁Su u ▁Ky i ▁in ▁In sein ▁Pr ison ▁ ▁Ass istance ▁Association ▁for ▁Political ▁Pr ison ers ▁( My an mar ) ▁ ▁Bur m ese ▁A APP B ▁J oint ▁Report ▁on ▁In sein ▁Pr ison ▁ ▁My an mar ▁Government ▁Pr isons ▁ ▁Category : P ris ons ▁in ▁My an mar ▁Category : Build ings ▁and ▁structures ▁in ▁Yang on ▁Region <0x0A> </s> ▁Brazil ▁is ▁scheduled ▁to ▁comp ete ▁in ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 9 ▁Pan ▁American ▁Games ▁in ▁Lima , ▁Peru ▁from ▁July ▁ 2 6 ▁to ▁August ▁ 1 1 , ▁ 2 0 1 9 . ▁ ▁On ▁July ▁ 2 5 , ▁ 2 0 1 9 , ▁it ▁was ▁announced ▁that , |
▁for ▁the ▁first ▁time ▁in ▁the ▁history ▁of ▁the ▁Pan ▁American ▁Games , ▁a ▁nation ▁would ▁have ▁two ▁flag ▁bear ers ▁during ▁the ▁opening ▁ceremony . ▁The ▁indicated ▁were ▁Brazil ian ▁ 4 9 er ▁F X ▁class ▁sail ors ▁Mart ine ▁Gra el ▁and ▁K ah ena ▁Kun ze . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 9 , ▁Brazil ▁pulled ▁off ▁its ▁best ▁performance ▁in ▁history , ▁winning ▁ 5 4 ▁gold ▁and ▁ 1 6 8 ▁overall ▁med als , ▁and ▁finishing ▁second ▁in ▁the ▁stand ings ▁for ▁the ▁first ▁time ▁since ▁they ▁hosted ▁the ▁competition ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 3 . ▁ ▁Compet itors ▁The ▁following ▁is ▁the ▁list ▁of ▁number ▁of ▁compet itors ▁( per ▁gender ) ▁particip ating ▁at ▁the ▁games ▁per ▁sport / dis cipl ine . ▁ ▁Medal ists ▁The ▁following ▁compet itors ▁from ▁Brazil ▁won ▁med als ▁at ▁the ▁games . ▁In ▁the ▁by ▁discipline ▁sections ▁below , ▁medal ists ' ▁names ▁are ▁bold ed . ▁ ▁Arch ery ▁ ▁Brazil ▁qualified ▁a ▁full ▁team ▁of ▁eight ▁athlet es ▁( four ▁men ▁and ▁four ▁women ). ▁ ▁Men ▁ ▁M ixed ▁ ▁Art istic ▁sw imming ▁ ▁Brazil ▁has ▁qualified ▁a ▁full ▁team ▁of ▁nine ▁athlet es . ▁ ▁Athletics ▁ ▁Men ▁Track ▁& ▁road ▁events ▁ ▁Field ▁events ▁ ▁Com b ined ▁events ▁– ▁Dec ath lon ▁ ▁Women ▁Track ▁& ▁road ▁events ▁ ▁Field ▁events ▁ ▁Com b ined ▁events ▁– ▁He pt ath lon ▁ ▁Bad m inton ▁ ▁Brazil ▁qualified |
▁a ▁full ▁team ▁of ▁eight ▁athlet es ▁( four ▁men ▁and ▁four ▁women ). ▁Men ▁ ▁Women ▁ ▁M ixed ▁ ▁Basketball ▁▁ 5 x 5 ▁Sum mary ▁ ▁Women ' s ▁tournament ▁ ▁Pre lim inary ▁round ▁ ▁Sem if inal ▁ ▁Gold ▁medal ▁game ▁▁ 3 x 3 ▁Sum mary ▁ ▁Men ' s ▁tournament ▁ ▁Women ' s ▁tournament ▁ ▁Pre lim inary ▁round ▁ ▁Sem if inal ▁ ▁Bron ze ▁medal ▁game ▁ ▁Bas que ▁pel ota ▁ ▁Brazil ▁qualified ▁one ▁ath lete ▁to ▁the ▁bas que ▁pel ota ▁competition . ▁ ▁Men ▁ ▁Body building ▁ ▁Brazil ▁qualified ▁a ▁full ▁team ▁of ▁two ▁body build ers ▁( one ▁male ▁and ▁one ▁female ). ▁ ▁Men ▁Classic ▁body building ▁ ▁Women ▁B ik ini ▁fit ness ▁ ▁Bow ling ▁ ▁Brazil ▁qualified ▁a ▁full ▁team ▁of ▁four ▁athlet es ▁( two ▁men ▁and ▁two ▁women ). ▁ ▁Box ing ▁ ▁Brazil ▁qualified ▁eight ▁box ers ▁( five ▁men ▁and ▁three ▁women ). ▁ ▁Men ▁ ▁Women ▁ ▁C ano eing ▁ ▁Sl alom ▁Brazil ▁qualified ▁a ▁total ▁of ▁six ▁sl alom ▁athlet es ▁( three ▁men ▁and ▁three ▁women ). ▁ ▁S print ▁Brazil ▁qualified ▁a ▁total ▁of ▁ 1 0 ▁s print ▁athlet es ▁( six ▁men ▁and ▁four ▁women ). ▁ ▁Men ▁ ▁Women ▁ ▁Cy cling ▁ ▁Brazil ▁has ▁qualified ▁ 1 6 ▁athlet es : ▁ 1 0 ▁men ▁and ▁ 6 ▁women . ▁The ▁team ▁was ▁officially ▁announced ▁on ▁June ▁ 4 , ▁ |
2 0 1 9 . ▁ ▁B M X ▁ ▁Fre est yle ▁ ▁Racing ▁ ▁Mountain ▁ ▁Road ▁Men ▁ ▁Track ▁Men ▁ ▁S print ▁ ▁Ke ir in ▁ ▁Women ▁ ▁Mad ison ▁ ▁Om ni um ▁ ▁D iving ▁ ▁Brazil ▁qualified ▁a ▁full ▁team ▁of ▁eight ▁divers ▁( four ▁men ▁and ▁four ▁women ). ▁ ▁Men ▁ ▁Women ▁ ▁E quest rian ▁ ▁Brazil ▁qualified ▁a ▁full ▁team ▁of ▁ 1 2 ▁e quest ri ans ▁( four ▁per ▁discipline ). ▁ ▁D ress age ▁ ▁Event ing ▁ ▁J ump ing ▁ ▁F encing ▁ ▁Brazil ▁qualified ▁ 1 5 ▁f enc ers ▁( 9 ▁men , ▁ 6 ▁women ). ▁The ▁team ▁was ▁officially ▁announced ▁on ▁June ▁ 5 , ▁ 2 0 1 9 . ▁ ▁Men ▁ ▁Women ▁ ▁G olf ▁ ▁Brazil ▁qualified ▁a ▁full ▁team ▁of ▁four ▁golf ers ▁( two ▁men ▁and ▁two ▁women ). ▁The ▁team ▁was ▁officially ▁announced ▁on ▁June ▁ 4 , ▁ 2 0 1 9 . ▁ ▁G ymn ast ics ▁ ▁Art istic ▁Brazil ▁qualified ▁a ▁team ▁of ▁ten ▁g ymn asts ▁in ▁art istic ▁( five ▁men ▁and ▁five ▁women ). ▁ ▁Men ▁Team ▁& ▁Ind ividual ▁Qual ification ▁ ▁Qual ification ▁Leg end : ▁Q ▁= ▁Qual ified ▁to ▁appar atus ▁final ▁ ▁Ind ividual ▁final s ▁ ▁Women ▁Team ▁& ▁Ind ividual ▁Qual ification ▁ ▁Qual ification ▁Leg end : ▁Q ▁= ▁Qual ified ▁to ▁appar atus ▁final ▁ ▁Ind ividual ▁final s |
▁ ▁Rh yth mic ▁Brazil ▁qualified ▁two ▁individual ▁g ymn asts ▁and ▁five ▁g ymn asts ▁for ▁the ▁group ▁event ▁in ▁rh yth mic ▁( se ven ▁women ). ▁Ind ividual ▁ ▁Group ▁ ▁Tr amp oline ▁Brazil ▁qualified ▁three ▁g ymn asts ▁in ▁tr amp oline ▁( one ▁man ▁and ▁two ▁women ). ▁ ▁Hand ball ▁ ▁Brazil ▁qualified ▁a ▁men ' s ▁team ▁( of ▁ 1 4 ▁athlet es ) ▁by ▁winning ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 8 ▁South ▁American ▁Games . ▁ ▁Brazil ▁qualified ▁a ▁women ' s ▁team ▁( of ▁ 1 4 ▁athlet es ) ▁by ▁winning ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 8 ▁South ▁American ▁Games . ▁ ▁Sum mary ▁ ▁Men ' s ▁tournament ▁ ▁Sem if inal ▁ ▁Bron ze ▁medal ▁match ▁ ▁Women ' s ▁tournament ▁ ▁Sem if inal ▁ ▁Final ▁ ▁J udo ▁ ▁Brazil ▁has ▁qualified ▁a ▁full ▁team ▁of ▁four teen ▁jud ok as ▁( se ven ▁men ▁and ▁seven ▁women ). ▁The ▁team ▁was ▁officially ▁announced ▁on ▁May ▁ 2 7 , ▁ 2 0 1 9 . ▁ ▁Men ▁ ▁Women ▁ ▁Kar ate ▁ ▁Brazil ▁qualified ▁a ▁team ▁of ▁ 1 5 ▁kar ate k as ▁( se ven ▁men ▁and ▁eight ▁women ). ▁ ▁K um ite ▁( s par ring ) ▁ ▁K ata ▁( forms ) ▁ ▁Modern ▁pent ath lon ▁ ▁Brazil ▁qualified ▁five ▁modern ▁pent ath let es ▁( two ▁men ▁and ▁three ▁women ). ▁ ▁Rol ler ▁sports ▁ ▁Figure ▁Brazil |
▁qualified ▁a ▁team ▁of ▁two ▁athlet es ▁in ▁figure ▁sk ating ▁( one ▁man ▁and ▁one ▁woman ). ▁ ▁Speed ▁Brazil ▁qualified ▁one ▁male ▁ath lete ▁in ▁speed ▁sk ating . ▁ ▁Row ing ▁ ▁Brazil ▁qualified ▁ 1 4 ▁boats , ▁for ▁a ▁total ▁of ▁ 2 0 ▁row ers , ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 8 ▁Pan ▁American ▁Qual ification ▁Reg atta . ▁ ▁Men ▁ ▁Women ▁ ▁Rugby ▁se vens ▁ ▁Brazil ▁qualified ▁a ▁women ' s ▁team ▁( of ▁ 1 2 ▁athlet es ) ▁by ▁winning ▁the ▁Women ' s ▁competition ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 8 ▁South ▁American ▁Games . ▁ ▁Brazil ▁qualified ▁a ▁men ' s ▁team ▁( of ▁ 1 2 ▁athlet es ) ▁after ▁being ▁final ist ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 9 ▁Sud am érica ▁Rugby ▁Se vens ▁Olympic ▁Qual ifying ▁Tournament . ▁ ▁Sum mary ▁ ▁Men ' s ▁tournament ▁ ▁Sem if inal ▁ ▁Bron ze ▁medal ▁match ▁ ▁Women ' s ▁tournament ▁ ▁Pool ▁stage ▁ ▁Sem if inal ▁ ▁Bron ze ▁medal ▁match ▁ ▁S ail ing ▁ ▁Brazil ▁has ▁qualified ▁ 1 1 ▁boats ▁for ▁a ▁total ▁of ▁ 1 7 ▁sail ors . ▁ ▁Men ▁ ▁Women ▁ ▁M ixed ▁ ▁Open ▁ ▁Sho oting ▁ ▁Brazil ▁qualified ▁a ▁team ▁of ▁ 2 1 ▁shoot ers ▁( tw elve ▁men ▁and ▁nine ▁women ). ▁ ▁Men ▁P istol ▁and ▁rif le ▁ ▁Sh ot gun ▁ ▁Women ▁P istol ▁and ▁rif le ▁ ▁Sh |
ot gun ▁ ▁M ixed ▁ ▁S qu ash ▁ ▁Brazil ▁qualified ▁a ▁male ▁team ▁of ▁ 3 ▁athlet es ▁through ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 8 ▁Pan ▁American ▁S qu ash ▁Championships . ▁ ▁Men ▁ ▁Sur f ing ▁ ▁Brazil ▁qualified ▁eight ▁sur fers ▁( four ▁men ▁and ▁four ▁women ) ▁in ▁the ▁sport ' s ▁debut ▁at ▁the ▁Pan ▁American ▁Games . ▁ ▁Art istic ▁ ▁Race ▁ ▁Sw imming ▁ ▁Brazil ▁has ▁qualified ▁ 3 5 ▁athlet es ▁total , ▁ 1 8 ▁men ▁and ▁ 1 7 ▁women : ▁ ▁Men ▁ ▁Women ▁ ▁M ixed ▁ ▁Table ▁tennis ▁ ▁Brazil ▁qualified ▁a ▁full ▁team ▁of ▁six ▁athlet es ▁( three ▁men ▁and ▁three ▁women ). ▁The ▁team ▁was ▁officially ▁announced ▁on ▁June ▁ 1 0 , ▁ 2 0 1 9 . ▁ ▁Men ▁ ▁Women ▁ ▁M ixed ▁ ▁Ta ek w ondo ▁ ▁Brazil ▁has ▁qualified ▁a ▁full ▁team ▁of ▁eight ▁athlet es ▁( four ▁men ▁and ▁four ▁women ) ▁at ▁Ky or ug i ▁events . ▁The ▁team ▁was ▁officially ▁announced ▁on ▁June ▁ 4 , ▁ 2 0 1 9 . ▁ ▁Ky or ug i ▁ ▁Men ▁ ▁Women ▁ ▁Tennis ▁ ▁Brazil ▁has ▁qualified ▁a ▁full ▁team ▁of ▁six ▁athlet es ▁( three ▁men ▁and ▁three ▁women ). ▁After ▁the ▁withdraw al ▁of ▁Marcel o ▁Dem ol iner ▁and ▁Beat riz ▁H add ad ▁Ma ia , ▁the ▁nation ▁competed ▁with ▁two ▁athlet es ▁of ▁each ▁gender . ▁ ▁Men ▁ |
▁Women ▁ ▁M ixed ▁ ▁Tri ath lon ▁ ▁Brazil ▁qualified ▁a ▁full ▁tri ath lon ▁team ▁of ▁six ▁athlet es ▁( three ▁men ▁and ▁three ▁women ). ▁The ▁team ▁was ▁officially ▁named ▁on ▁June ▁ 2 , ▁ 2 0 1 9 . ▁ ▁M ixed ▁relay ▁ ▁Vol ley ball ▁ ▁Beach ▁ ▁Brazil ▁has ▁qualified ▁a ▁men ' s ▁and ▁women ' s ▁pair ▁for ▁a ▁total ▁of ▁four ▁athlet es . ▁ ▁Ind oor ▁ ▁Brazil ▁qualified ▁a ▁men ' s ▁team ▁( of ▁ 1 2 ▁athlet es ) ▁by ▁finishing ▁in ▁the ▁top ▁five ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 8 ▁Men ' s ▁Pan - American ▁Vol ley ball ▁Cup . ▁ ▁Brazil ▁qualified ▁a ▁women ' s ▁team ▁( of ▁ 1 2 ▁athlet es ) ▁by ▁finishing ▁in ▁the ▁top ▁five ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 8 ▁Women ' s ▁Pan - American ▁Vol ley ball ▁Cup . ▁ ▁Sum mary ▁ ▁Men ' s ▁tournament ▁ ▁Group ▁stage ▁ ▁Sem if inal ▁ ▁Bron ze ▁medal ▁match ▁ ▁Women ' s ▁tournament ▁ ▁Group ▁stage ▁ ▁Sem if inal ▁ ▁Bron ze ▁medal ▁match ▁ ▁Water ▁pol o ▁ ▁Brazil ▁qualified ▁a ▁men ' s ▁team ▁( of ▁ 1 1 ▁athlet es ) ▁by ▁winning ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 8 ▁South ▁American ▁Sw imming ▁Championships . ▁ ▁Brazil ▁qualified ▁a ▁women ' s ▁team ▁( of ▁ 1 1 ▁athlet es ) ▁by ▁winning ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 8 |
▁South ▁American ▁Sw imming ▁Championships . ▁ ▁Sum mary ▁ ▁Men ' s ▁tournament ▁ ▁Pre lim inary ▁round ▁ ▁Qu arter final ▁ ▁Sem if inal ▁ ▁Gold ▁medal ▁match ▁ ▁Women ' s ▁tournament ▁ ▁Water ▁ski ing ▁ ▁Brazil ▁qualified ▁two ▁water ▁ski ers ▁( one ▁of ▁each ▁gender ) ▁and ▁two ▁w ake board ers ▁( one ▁of ▁each ▁gender ). ▁ ▁Men ▁ ▁Women ▁ ▁We ight l ifting ▁ ▁Brazil ▁qualified ▁five ▁weight l if ters ▁( three ▁men ▁and ▁two ▁women ). ▁The ▁team ▁was ▁officially ▁announced ▁on ▁May ▁ 2 9 , ▁ 2 0 1 9 . ▁ ▁Wrestling ▁ ▁Brazil ▁qualified ▁nine ▁wrest lers ▁( four ▁men ▁and ▁five ▁women ). ▁ ▁Men ▁ ▁Women ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁Brazil ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 2 0 ▁Summer ▁Olympics ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : N ations ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 9 ▁Pan ▁American ▁Games ▁ 2 0 1 9 ▁Category : 2 0 1 9 ▁in ▁Brazil ian ▁sport <0x0A> </s> ▁M amm ill aria ▁gem in isp ina , ▁the ▁tw in ▁sp ined ▁c act us , ▁is ▁a ▁species ▁of ▁flow ering ▁plant ▁in ▁the ▁family ▁C act aceae , ▁native ▁to ▁central ▁Mexico . ▁It ▁grows ▁to ▁ ▁tall ▁by ▁ ▁broad . ▁The ▁clust ering ▁spher ical ▁st ems , ▁ 8 cm ▁in ▁diameter , ▁are ▁covered ▁in ▁white ▁down ▁and ▁white ▁sp ines . ▁Car mine ▁p ink ▁flowers ▁are ▁bor ne ▁in ▁summer |
▁and ▁aut umn . ▁ ▁Its ▁status ▁is ▁listed ▁as ▁“ Le ast ▁concern ▁” ▁by ▁the ▁IU CN ▁Red ▁List . ▁ ▁Cult iv ation ▁M amm ill aria ▁gem in isp ina ▁is ▁one ▁of ▁several ▁M amm ill aria ▁species ▁to ▁be ▁cultiv ated . ▁In ▁temper ate ▁regions ▁it ▁must ▁be ▁grown ▁under ▁glass ▁with ▁heat . ▁It ▁has ▁gained ▁the ▁Royal ▁H ort icult ural ▁Society ' s ▁Award ▁of ▁Garden ▁Mer it . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁gem in isp ina ▁Category : C act i ▁of ▁Mexico ▁Category : End em ic ▁fl ora ▁of ▁Mexico ▁Category : Fl ora ▁of ▁H idal go ▁( state ) ▁Category : Fl ora ▁of ▁Qu er ét aro ▁Category : Fl ora ▁of ▁San ▁Luis ▁Pot os í <0x0A> </s> ▁All end ale ▁is ▁a ▁former ▁settlement ▁in ▁Al amed a ▁County , ▁California ▁now ▁an nex ed ▁to ▁Oak land . ▁ ▁It ▁was ▁located ▁ ▁n ortheast ▁of ▁F ruit v ale . ▁ ▁A ▁post ▁office ▁opened ▁in ▁ 1 9 0 3 ▁and ▁by ▁ 1 9 0 8 ▁was ▁a ▁branch ▁of ▁the ▁Oak land ▁post ▁office . ▁ ▁All end ale ▁was ▁named ▁for ▁Charles ▁E . ▁Allen , ▁a ▁real ▁estate ▁bro ker . ▁ ▁The ▁commercial ▁district ▁of ▁All end ale ▁is ▁located ▁along ▁ 3 8 th ▁Avenue ▁up ▁and ▁down ▁from ▁where ▁it ▁cross es ▁All end ale ▁Avenue . ▁All end ale ▁Element ary ▁School ▁is ▁located ▁there |
. ▁All end ale ▁is ▁on ▁what ▁might ▁be ▁called ▁the ▁cinema ▁arch ip el ago ▁of ▁East ▁Oak land . ▁Each ▁commercial ▁district ▁( with ▁an ▁exception ▁or ▁two ) ▁had ▁a ▁theatre ▁beginning ▁with ▁the ▁ 1 9 2 0 s ▁or ▁so . ▁This ▁applied ▁to ▁not ▁only ▁All end ale ▁District , ▁but ▁nearby ▁La ure l ▁( which ▁had ▁two ), ▁Fair f ax , ▁Dim ond , ▁and ▁F ruit v ale ▁( which ▁had ▁a ▁second ▁one ▁nearby ▁at ▁F ooth ill ▁and ▁ 3 5 th ▁Avenue ), ▁and ▁another ▁at ▁the ▁foot ▁of ▁Park ▁Bou lev ard ▁on ▁the ▁east ▁side ▁of ▁the ▁lake . ▁The ▁All end ale ▁theatre , ▁like ▁most ▁of ▁the ▁others , ▁has ▁been ▁converted ▁to ▁another ▁use . ▁The ▁one ▁that ▁has ▁continued ▁in ▁use ▁as ▁a ▁theatre ▁is ▁the ▁Grand ▁Lake , ▁at ▁the ▁edge ▁of ▁East ▁Oak land ▁at ▁the ▁north ▁end ▁of ▁Lake ▁Mer ritt . ▁There ▁are ▁others ▁in ▁dow nt own ▁Oak land ▁and ▁North ▁Oak land . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : Ne igh bor hood s ▁in ▁Oak land , ▁California <0x0A> </s> ▁S idd har th ▁N ig am ▁( born ▁ 1 3 ▁September ▁ 2 0 0 0 ) ▁is ▁an ▁Indian ▁actor , ▁who ▁works ▁in ▁Indian ▁television ▁and ▁films ▁and ▁is ▁known ▁for ▁his ▁roles ▁of ▁Young ▁Sah ir / S amar ▁in ▁D ho om ▁ 3 ▁and ▁Prince ▁Ash oka ▁in ▁Ch ak rav |
art in ▁Ash oka ▁Sam rat . ▁He ▁is ▁currently ▁seen ▁as ▁Al add in ▁in ▁Sab ▁TV ' s ▁Al add in — Na am ▁T oh ▁S una ▁H oga . ▁ ▁Early ▁life ▁N ig am ▁was ▁brought ▁up ▁in ▁Al la hab ad , ▁U tt ar ▁Pr adesh . ▁He ▁completed ▁his ▁t enth ▁class ▁studies ▁at ▁K hel ga on ▁Public ▁School , ▁where ▁he ▁pract iced ▁for ▁g ymn ast ics . ▁Later ▁he ▁moved ▁to ▁M umb ai ▁from ▁Al la hab ad . ▁N ig am ▁has ▁won ▁a ▁gold ▁medal ▁in ▁parallel ▁bar ▁and ▁a ▁silver ▁medal ▁in ▁high ▁bar ▁at ▁ 5 8 th ▁National ▁School ▁Games , ▁P une . ▁He ▁has ▁an ▁elder ▁brother ▁( Ab his he k ▁N ig am ) ▁and ▁his ▁mother ▁runs ▁an ▁N GO ▁and ▁a ▁beauty ▁parl our . ▁ ▁N ig am ▁started ▁off ▁as ▁a ▁g ymn ast . ▁He ▁was ▁selected ▁on ▁the ▁national - level ▁g ymn ast ics , ▁where ▁he ▁won ▁a ▁gold ▁medal . ▁ ▁Career ▁N ig am ▁started ▁his ▁acting ▁career ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁by ▁appearing ▁in ▁a ▁B ourn v ita ▁advert is ement . ▁After ▁watching ▁him ▁in ▁advert is ement , ▁mak ers ▁of ▁the ▁film ▁D ho om ▁ 3 ▁called ▁him ▁for ▁an ▁aud ition ▁to ▁play ▁the ▁Young ▁Sah ir / S amar . ▁The ▁film ▁was ▁directed ▁by ▁V ij ay ▁Kr ish na |
▁Ach ary a , ▁and ▁it ▁was ▁released ▁on ▁ 2 0 ▁December ▁ 2 0 1 3 . ▁Tar an ▁Ad ar sh ▁of ▁the ▁entertain ment ▁portal ▁Bol lywood ▁Hung ama ▁review ed , ▁" S idd har th ▁N ig am ▁is ▁a ▁talent ▁to ▁watch ▁out ▁for . ▁He ' s ▁super b !" ▁Writing ▁for ▁India ▁Today ▁Su h ani ▁Singh ▁said , ▁" He ▁lights ▁up ▁the ▁screen ▁with ▁his ▁self - ass ured ▁performance ▁and ▁char ming ▁presence ." ▁ ▁After ▁his ▁successful ▁debut ▁in ▁film , ▁he ▁deb uted ▁on ▁television ▁with ▁the ▁role ▁of ▁Young ▁Rud ra ▁in ▁the ▁myth ological ▁drama ▁series ▁Mah a ▁K umb h : ▁Ek ▁Rah as aya , ▁Ek ▁K ah ani . ▁The ▁show ▁a ired ▁on ▁ 1 5 ▁December ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁on ▁Life ▁Ok ▁television . ▁ ▁In ▁February ▁ 2 0 1 5 , ▁N ig am ▁was ▁seen ▁in ▁the ▁historical ▁drama ▁series ▁Ch ak rav art in ▁Ash oka ▁Sam rat ▁where ▁he ▁played ▁the ▁lead ▁role ▁of ▁Young ▁Ash oka . ▁For ▁his ▁performance ▁in ▁the ▁series , ▁he ▁received ▁fame ▁and ▁critical ▁acc laim , ▁and ▁won ▁Ze e ▁Gold ▁Award ▁for ▁Best ▁A ctor ▁Deb ut ▁- ▁Male , ▁Television ▁Style ▁Awards ▁for ▁Most ▁St y lish ▁Deb ut ▁- ▁Male , ▁L ions ▁Gold ▁Awards ▁and ▁Indian ▁T elly ▁Awards ▁for ▁Best ▁Child ▁A ctor ▁- ▁male , ▁Indian ▁Television ▁Academy ▁Award ▁ 2 0 |
1 5 ▁for ▁Des h ▁Ka ▁Lad la . ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁he ▁won ▁Golden ▁Pet al ▁Awards ▁for ▁F av our ite ▁Child ▁A ctor . ▁ ▁On ▁ 1 5 ▁February ▁ 2 0 1 5 , ▁N ig am ▁appeared ▁as ▁a ▁guest ▁in ▁a ▁special ▁Mah ash iv rat ri ▁episode ▁on ▁K 9 ▁Produ ctions ▁comedy / t alk ▁series ▁Com edy ▁N ights ▁with ▁Kap il . ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 6 , ▁he ▁was ▁seen ▁in ▁J hal ak ▁D ik hh la ▁J aa ▁ 9 ▁as ▁a ▁contest ant ▁and ▁later ▁as ▁Young ▁Sh iv aj i ▁in ▁P esh wa ▁B aj ira o . ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 7 , ▁he ▁port rayed ▁the ▁character ▁of ▁Bind us ara ▁son ▁of ▁Emperor ▁Ch and rag upt a ▁Ma ury a ▁in ▁Ch andra ▁N and ini . ▁Currently ▁he ▁is ▁seen ▁as ▁Al add in ▁in ▁Sab ▁TV ' s ▁Al add in — Na am ▁T oh ▁S una ▁H oga . ▁ ▁He ▁also ▁featured ▁in ▁numerous ▁music ▁videos ▁latest ▁being ▁' L uck ▁Di ▁Kas am '. ▁A part ▁from ▁being ▁featured ▁in ▁music ▁videos ▁he ▁has ▁also ▁launched ▁his ▁music ▁label ▁Bon B ros ▁Records ▁with ▁his ▁brother ▁Ab his he k ▁N ig am . ▁ ▁Film ography ▁ ▁Films ▁ ▁Television ▁ ▁Awards ▁ ▁Sib ling ▁ ▁S idd har tha ▁N ig am ' s ▁elder ▁brother ▁Ab his he |
k ▁N ig am ▁made ▁his ▁television ▁debut ▁in ▁the ▁year ▁ 2 0 1 7 ▁with ▁Big ▁Magic ' s ▁' A k bar ▁- ▁R akt ▁se ▁tak ht ▁ka ▁saf ar .' ▁Ab his he k ▁played ▁the ▁tit ular ▁role ▁of ▁the ▁M ug hal ▁em peror ▁Ak bar . ▁Both ▁the ▁sib lings ▁share ▁a ▁striking ▁res embl ance . ▁They ▁celebr ate ▁their ▁birth days ▁together ▁on ▁ 1 3 ▁September ; ▁however , ▁they ▁are ▁not ▁tw ins ▁and ▁were ▁born ▁three ▁years ▁apart . ▁Ab his he k ▁N ig am ▁made ▁his ▁Bol lywood ▁debut ▁with ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 9 ▁period ▁drama ▁– ▁Pan ip at , ▁sharing ▁the ▁screen ▁space ▁with ▁Ar j un ▁Kap oor , ▁San j ay ▁D utt , ▁and ▁Krit i ▁San on . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁▁▁ ▁List ▁of ▁Indian ▁television ▁actors ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : 2 1 st - century ▁Indian ▁male ▁child ▁actors ▁Category : Ind ian ▁male ▁television ▁actors ▁Category : M ale ▁actors ▁in ▁H indi ▁cinema ▁Category : M ale ▁actors ▁from ▁Al la hab ad ▁Category : Ind ian ▁T ik T ok ers ▁Category : M ale ▁T ik T ok ers ▁Category : 2 0 0 0 ▁birth s ▁Category : Act ors ▁from ▁M umb ai <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁ 1 8 9 5 ▁L jub lj ana ▁earth qu ake ▁() ▁or ▁the ▁E aster ▁earth |
qu ake ▁() ▁struck ▁L jub lj ana ▁( the ▁capital ▁and ▁largest ▁city ▁of ▁Car ni ola , ▁a ▁Crown ▁land ▁of ▁Austria - H ung ary ▁and ▁the ▁capital ▁of ▁Sloven ia ) ▁on ▁E aster ▁Sunday , ▁ 1 4 ▁April . ▁It ▁was ▁the ▁most , ▁and ▁the ▁last , ▁destruct ive ▁earth qu ake ▁in ▁the ▁area . ▁ ▁Earth qu ake ▁With ▁a ▁Rich ter ▁magnitude ▁of ▁ 6 . 1 ▁and ▁a ▁maximum ▁Mer cal li ▁Int ens ity ▁of ▁VIII – IX , ▁the ▁earth qu ake ▁struck ▁at ▁ 2 0 : 1 7 ▁UTC ▁( 2 2 : 1 7 ▁local ▁time ). ▁The ▁earth qu ake ' s ▁ep ic entre ▁was ▁located ▁in ▁Jan če , ▁about ▁ ▁to ▁the ▁east ▁of ▁the ▁L jub lj ana ▁dow nt own . ▁The ▁focus ▁was ▁ ▁deep . ▁The ▁shock ▁was ▁felt ▁in ▁a ▁circle ▁with ▁a ▁radius ▁of ▁ ▁and ▁an ▁area ▁of ▁, ▁reaching ▁as ▁far ▁away ▁as ▁Ass isi , ▁Florence , ▁Vienna , ▁and ▁Split . ▁More ▁than ▁ 1 0 0 after sh ock s ▁followed ▁in ▁the ▁next ▁ten ▁days . ▁ ▁Dam age ▁The ▁largest ▁damage ▁was ▁caused ▁in ▁a ▁circle ▁with ▁a ▁radius ▁of ▁, ▁from ▁Ig ▁to ▁V od ice . ▁At ▁the ▁time , ▁L jub lj ana ' s ▁population ▁was ▁some ▁ 3 1 , 0 0 0 , ▁with ▁around ▁ 1 , 4 0 0 ▁buildings . |
▁About ▁ten ▁percent ▁of ▁buildings ▁were ▁dam aged ▁or ▁destroyed , ▁although ▁few ▁people ▁died ▁in ▁the ▁destruction . ▁On ▁V od nik ▁Square ▁( ), ▁an ▁old ▁monaster y , ▁which ▁contained ▁a ▁dioc es an ▁girls ' ▁college ▁and ▁a ▁library ▁was ▁sufficiently ▁dam aged ▁that ▁it ▁had ▁to ▁be ▁raz ed , ▁and ▁the ▁site ▁eventually ▁was ▁turned ▁into ▁an ▁out door ▁market ▁( L jub lj ana ▁Central ▁Market , ▁), ▁now ▁an ▁important ▁site ▁in ▁the ▁city . ▁The ▁damage ▁was ▁estimated ▁to ▁ 7 mill ion ▁g uld ens . ▁ ▁Response ▁The ▁next ▁morning , ▁the ▁Municipal ▁Council ▁adopted ▁emer gency ▁measures ▁to ▁assist ▁the ▁worst - aff ected ▁vict ims , ▁to ▁direct ▁the ▁police ▁force ▁in ▁extra ▁security ▁measures , ▁and ▁to ▁direct ▁the ▁police ▁force ▁to ▁inspect ▁the ▁dam aged ▁houses . ▁All ▁the ▁city ' s ▁schools ▁were ▁tempor arily ▁closed , ▁and ▁some ▁fact ories ▁tempor arily ▁ceased ▁operation . ▁A ▁few ▁days ▁later , ▁emer gency ▁sh el ters ▁were ▁created ▁for ▁the ▁hom eless . ▁Many ▁citizens ▁of ▁L jub lj ana ▁left ▁the ▁city ▁as ▁refuge es . ▁L ack ▁of ▁food ▁was ▁quickly ▁felt ▁in ▁the ▁city , ▁and ▁five ▁emer gency ▁k itch ens ▁were ▁established , ▁which ▁were ▁free ▁or ▁low ▁cost ▁and ▁distributed ▁several ▁thousand ▁hot ▁me als ▁each ▁day . ▁Other ▁areas ▁of ▁the ▁Aust ro - H ung arian ▁Empire , ▁especially ▁Vienna , ▁the ▁Czech ▁Land s ▁and ▁Cro atia |
- S lav onia ▁assist ed ▁in ▁the ▁aid . ▁Among ▁the ▁individual ▁members ▁of ▁the ▁Municipal ▁Council , ▁the ▁Liberal ▁National ist ▁Ivan ▁H rib ar , ▁showed ▁particular ▁organiz ational ▁ab ilities ▁in ▁providing ▁aid . ▁Short ly ▁there after , ▁he ▁was ▁elected ▁mayor ▁and ▁organized ▁the ▁town ' s ▁extensive ▁reconst ruction . ▁The ▁damage ▁was ▁substantial . ▁Most ▁houses ▁were ▁dam aged ▁on ▁H osp ice ▁Street ▁( Š p ital ska ▁u lica , ▁today ▁Str itar ▁Street , ▁), ▁where ▁all ▁houses ▁were ▁destroyed ▁except ▁for ▁one , ▁and ▁the ▁mark ets . ▁ ▁Post - ear th qu ake ▁development ▁Until ▁the ▁event , ▁L jub lj ana ▁had ▁a ▁provincial ▁appearance . ▁Exp ansion ▁of ▁the ▁city ▁and ▁a ▁w ides p read ▁Vienna ▁Sec ession ▁architect ural ▁change ▁began , ▁which ▁today ▁is ▁ju xt ap osed ▁against ▁the ▁earlier ▁Bar o que ▁style ▁buildings ▁that ▁remain . ▁Many ▁buildings , ▁such ▁as ▁the ▁M lad ika , ▁were ▁constructed ▁in ▁the ▁after math . ▁The ▁re building ▁period ▁between ▁ 1 8 9 6 ▁and ▁ 1 9 1 0 ▁is ▁referred ▁to ▁as ▁the ▁" rev ival ▁of ▁L jub lj ana " ▁not ▁just ▁because ▁of ▁these ▁architect ural ▁changes ▁from ▁which ▁a ▁great ▁deal ▁of ▁the ▁city ▁dates ▁back ▁to ▁today , ▁but ▁for ▁reform ▁of ▁urban ▁administration , ▁health , ▁education ▁and ▁tour ism ▁that ▁followed . ▁From ▁ 1 8 9 5 ▁to ▁ 1 9 1 |
0 , ▁ 4 3 6 ▁new ▁buildings ▁were ▁created ▁and ▁hundreds ▁of ▁buildings ▁were ▁renov ated ▁or ▁extended ▁in ▁the ▁Vienna ▁Sec ession ▁style . ▁Most ▁of ▁L jub lj ana ' s ▁brid ges , ▁monuments , ▁par ks , ▁and ▁main ▁buildings ▁date ▁back ▁to ▁the ▁post - ear th qu ake ▁development . ▁A ▁chap el , ▁dedicated ▁to ▁Our ▁Lady ▁of ▁the ▁Ros ary , ▁was ▁ere cted ▁in ▁ 1 8 9 5 ▁in ▁Jan če ▁by ▁the ▁people ▁of ▁L jub lj ana ▁so ▁that ▁Mary ▁would ▁protect ▁them ▁from ▁such ▁dis aster s . ▁In ▁ 1 8 9 7 , ▁the ▁first ▁Aust ro - H ung arian ▁se ism ological ▁observ atory ▁was ▁established ▁in ▁L jub lj ana ▁at ▁V ega ▁Street ▁( ). ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁List ▁of ▁historical ▁earth qu akes ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁L jub lj ana ▁Category : Events ▁in ▁L jub lj ana ▁L jub lj ana ▁Earth qu ake , ▁ 1 8 9 5 ▁Category : 1 9 th ▁century ▁in ▁Car ni ola ▁Category : 1 8 9 5 ▁in ▁Austria - H ung ary ▁Category : A pril ▁ 1 8 9 5 ▁events <0x0A> </s> ▁S arc us ▁is ▁a ▁commune ▁in ▁the ▁O ise ▁department ▁in ▁northern ▁France . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁Comm unes ▁of ▁the ▁O ise ▁department ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁IN SEE ▁ ▁Category : Comm unes ▁of ▁O ise <0x0A> </s> ▁Jas wal ▁is ▁a ▁village |
▁and ▁union ▁council , ▁an ▁administrative ▁sub div ision , ▁of ▁Kh ush ab ▁District ▁in ▁the ▁P un j ab ▁Province ▁of ▁Pakistan . ▁It ▁is ▁part ▁of ▁Kh ush ab ▁Te hs il . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : Union ▁coun c ils ▁of ▁Ch ak wal ▁District ▁Category : Pop ulated ▁places ▁in ▁Ch ak wal ▁District <0x0A> </s> ▁Ken ya ▁competed ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁Summer ▁Par al ym p ics ▁in ▁Be ij ing . ▁The ▁country ' s ▁deleg ation ▁consisted ▁of ▁th ir teen ▁compet itors ▁capt ained ▁by ▁three - time ▁Par al ym pic ▁gold ▁medal ist ▁Henry ▁W any oi ke . ▁Also ▁on ▁the ▁team ▁was ▁j avel in ▁thro wer ▁Mary ▁Nak hum icha . ▁W any oi ke ▁competed ▁in ▁the ▁ 5 0 0 0 ▁metres , ▁ 1 0 0 0 0 ▁metres , ▁and ▁the ▁mar athon . ▁ ▁Med all ists ▁ ▁Athletics ▁ ▁Men ' s ▁track ▁ ▁Men ' s ▁field ▁ ▁Women ' s ▁track ▁ ▁Women ' s ▁field ▁ ▁Power l ifting ▁ ▁Men ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁▁ ▁Ken ya ▁at ▁the ▁Par al ym p ics ▁ ▁Ken ya ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁Summer ▁Olympics ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁ ▁Be ij ing ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁Par al ym pic ▁Games ▁Official ▁Site ▁ ▁International ▁Par al ym pic ▁Committee ▁ ▁References ▁▁ ▁Category : N ations ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 |
8 ▁Summer ▁Par al ym p ics ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁Par al ym p ics <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Herz egov ina ▁u pr ising ▁( Х ер це г ова чки ▁у стана к ), ▁also ▁known ▁as ▁V uk al ović ' s ▁U pr ising , ▁was ▁an ▁u pr ising ▁fought ▁by ▁eth nic ▁Ser bs ▁in ▁the ▁Herz egov ina ▁region ▁against ▁the ▁Ott oman ▁Empire ▁between ▁ 1 8 5 2 ▁and ▁ 1 8 6 2 . ▁It ▁was ▁led ▁by ▁ch ie ft ain ▁Lu ka ▁V uk al ović . ▁ ▁Background ▁After ▁the ▁death ▁of ▁Ali - pa š a ▁R iz van beg ović , ▁who ▁had ▁made ▁efforts ▁to ▁promote ▁agricult ure ▁and ▁recuper ate ▁the ▁economy ▁of ▁the ▁Herz egov ina ▁E y alet ▁under ▁his ▁rule , ▁the ▁e y alet ▁was ▁abol ished ▁and ▁merged ▁into ▁the ▁Bos nia ▁E y alet . ▁ ▁In ▁March ▁ 1 8 5 2 , ▁Ott oman ▁general ▁O mar ▁P asha ▁( O mer - pa š a ) ▁decided ▁to ▁dis arm ▁the ▁Herz egov ini ans , ▁which ▁spark ed ▁an ▁out rage ▁in ▁the ▁region . ▁The ▁ch ie ft ain ▁of ▁the ▁Herz egov ini ans ▁was ▁Lu ka ▁V uk al ović . ▁The ▁ref us al ▁of ▁giving ▁up ▁arms ▁resulted ▁in ▁minor ▁f ights ▁between ▁V las i ▁from ▁Herz egov ina ▁and ▁Tur ks ▁( local ▁S lav ic ▁Muslim s |
), ▁which ▁in ▁turn ▁resulted ▁in ▁an ▁u pr ising , ▁which ▁V uk al ović ▁would ▁lead . ▁ ▁U pr ising ▁ ▁The ▁u pr ising ▁began ▁in ▁winter ▁ 1 8 5 2 / 5 3 , ▁when ▁Gra h ovo , ▁Ban j ani ▁and ▁Dro bn ja ci ▁refused ▁to ▁pay ▁the ▁Tur ks ▁a ▁deb t . ▁As ▁the ▁actions ▁against ▁Mont en eg ro ▁by ▁the ▁Ott om ans ▁began , ▁the ▁East ▁Herz egov in ian ▁cl ans ▁fought ▁alongside ▁Mont en egr ins . ▁Although ▁there ▁wer en ' t ▁major ▁actions ▁in ▁the ▁period ▁of ▁ 1 8 5 3 – 5 7 , ▁there ▁wasn ’ t ▁peace . ▁Austria ▁evidently ▁inter fer ed ▁in ▁the ▁actions ▁of ▁V uk al ović , ▁as ▁it ▁would ▁help ▁Mont en eg ro , ▁and ▁the ▁French ▁cons ul ates ▁followed ▁the ▁u pr ising . ▁The ▁u pr ising ▁was ▁boost ed ▁in ▁December ▁ 1 8 5 7 , ▁after ▁K nez ▁Dan ilo ▁started ▁backing ▁the ▁reb els , ▁bitter ▁at ▁the ▁Por te ▁because ▁of ▁its ▁statements ▁in ▁the ▁Paris ▁Congress ▁in ▁ 1 8 5 6 . ▁ ▁After ▁the ▁Battle ▁of ▁Gra hov ac ▁on ▁May ▁ 1 , ▁ 1 8 5 8 , ▁when ▁Mont en egr in ▁and ▁Herz egov in ian ▁reb els ▁defeated ▁the ▁Tur ks , ▁K nez ▁Dan ilo ▁titled ▁V uk al ović ▁the ▁vo iv ode ▁of ▁Z ub |
ac , ▁Kru š ev ica , ▁Dra č ev ica ▁and ▁S utor ina , ▁giving ▁him ▁some ▁aut onomy . ▁ ▁The ▁Por te ▁agreed ▁on ▁appe as ement , ▁it ▁carried ▁out ▁a ▁border ▁with ▁Mont en eg ro , ▁thus ▁recogn izing ▁the ▁independence ▁of ▁Mont en eg ro . ▁As ▁the ▁great ▁part ▁of ▁East ▁Herz egov ina , ▁except ▁Gra h ovo , ▁part ▁of ▁Ban j ani , ▁Dro bn ja ci , ▁Ž up a ▁and ▁Nik š ič ▁Rud ina ▁was ▁left ▁under ▁Ott oman ▁rule , ▁V uk al ović ▁continued ▁the ▁u pr ising . ▁This ▁strongly ▁echo ed ▁in ▁Bos nia , ▁in ▁particular ▁the ▁revol ts ▁in ▁Bos anska ▁K raj ina ▁and ▁Pos av ina ▁in ▁ 1 8 5 8 . ▁ ▁Af raid ▁that ▁the ▁u pr ising ▁would ▁sp ill ▁over ▁in ▁its ▁territory , ▁Austria ▁increased ▁its ▁tack ling ▁of ▁V uk al ović , ▁helping ▁in ▁different ▁ways ▁even ▁the ▁Tur ks . ▁ ▁V uk al ović ▁in ▁his ▁requests ▁didn ' t ▁only ▁deal ▁with ▁econom ical ▁problems ▁of ▁Herz egov ina , ▁but ▁mark ing ▁the ▁fight ▁for ▁national ▁liber ation , ▁seeking ▁for ▁Herz egov ina ▁to ▁join ▁Mont en eg ro . ▁This ▁character ▁of ▁u pr ising ▁spark ed ▁the ▁interest ▁of ▁the ▁great ▁powers ▁of ▁Europe , ▁whom ▁cons ulate ▁represent atives ▁worked ▁on ▁giving ▁V uk al ović ▁to ▁the ▁Ott oman ▁government . ▁V uk |
al ović ▁continued ▁fighting ▁against ▁the ▁Tur ks , ▁and ▁after ▁the ▁violent ▁death ▁of ▁K nez ▁Dan ilo ▁in ▁ 1 8 6 0 , ▁inspired ▁by ▁the ▁un ification ▁of ▁Italy ▁which ▁was ▁led ▁by ▁Gar ib ald i . ▁ ▁Since ▁ 1 8 6 1 , ▁O mer - pa š a ▁tried ▁in ▁many ▁ways ▁to ▁end ▁the ▁u pr ising , ▁un success fully . ▁ ▁But ▁when ▁Mont en eg ro , ▁after ▁a ▁defeat ▁to ▁the ▁Turk ▁in ▁August ▁ 1 8 6 2 , ▁promised ▁that ▁it ▁wouldn ' t ▁help ▁the ▁re bel ▁movement ▁in ▁Herz egov ina , ▁V uk al ović ▁understood ▁this ▁as ▁the ▁people ▁had ▁been ▁stra ined ▁and ▁then ▁wrote ▁to ▁O mer - pa š a , ▁who ▁promised ▁am n esty ▁for ▁all ▁reb els . ▁ ▁After math ▁O mer - pa š a ▁promised ▁V uk al ović ▁that ▁he ▁would ▁continue ▁his ▁office ▁as ▁vo iv ode ▁of ▁Z ub ac , ▁Kru š ev ica , ▁Dra č ev ica ▁and ▁S utor ina , ▁but ▁this ▁was ▁not ▁held , ▁he ▁instead ▁appointed ▁him ▁b im ba š a ▁of ▁ 5 0 0 ▁p and urs ▁who ▁would ▁secure ▁peace ▁along ▁the ▁borders . ▁When ▁he ▁saw ▁that ▁the ▁Ott om ans ▁didn ' t ▁give ▁their ▁promises ▁of ▁relief ▁on ▁fe ud al ▁duties ▁and ▁tax ▁cut s , ▁he ▁tried ▁in ▁ 1 8 6 5 ▁to ▁once |
▁again ▁start ▁an ▁u pr ising , ▁but ▁without ▁any ▁help , ▁was ▁un success ful . ▁V uk al ović ▁left ▁his ▁birth place ▁and ▁migr ated ▁to ▁Russia , ▁where ▁he ▁died ▁in ▁ 1 8 7 3 . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁Mont en egr in – O tt oman ▁War ▁( 1 8 5 2 – 5 3 ) ▁Ep irus ▁Revol t ▁of ▁ 1 8 5 4 ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁S ources ▁▁▁ ▁" The ▁U pr is ings ▁in ▁Herz egov ina , ▁ 1 8 5 2 - 1 8 6 2 " ▁ ▁Category : Ser b ▁re bell ions ▁Category : 1 8 5 0 s ▁in ▁the ▁Ott oman ▁Empire ▁Category : 1 8 6 0 s ▁in ▁the ▁Ott oman ▁Empire ▁Category : O tt oman – Ser bian ▁Wars ▁Category : Pr inci p ality ▁of ▁Ser bia ▁Category : Pr inci p ality ▁of ▁Mont en eg ro ▁Category : R eb ell ions ▁in ▁Bos nia ▁and ▁Herz egov ina ▁Category : 1 9 th ▁century ▁in ▁Bos nia ▁and ▁Herz egov ina ▁Category : History ▁of ▁the ▁Ser bs ▁of ▁Bos nia ▁and ▁Herz egov ina ▁Category : R eb ell ions ▁against ▁the ▁Ott oman ▁Empire ▁Category : 1 9 th - century ▁re bell ions ▁Category : R eb ell ions ▁in ▁Mont en eg ro <0x0A> </s> ▁On ▁Another ' s ▁Sor row ▁is ▁a ▁poem ▁by ▁the ▁English ▁poet ▁William ▁Bla ke . ▁The |
▁poem ▁discuss es ▁human ▁and ▁divine ▁em path y ▁and ▁comp ass ion . ▁It ▁was ▁published ▁as ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁Songs ▁of ▁In noc ence ▁and ▁of ▁Exper ience ▁in ▁ 1 7 8 9 ▁as ▁the ▁last ▁song ▁in ▁the ▁Songs ▁of ▁In noc ence ▁section . ▁ ▁Bla ke ▁arg ues ▁that ▁human ▁sympathy ▁is ▁a ▁valuable ▁trait . ▁After ▁making ▁this ▁observation ▁about ▁man ▁he ▁then ▁speak s ▁of ▁the ▁sympathy ▁of ▁God , ▁as ▁well . ▁In ▁his ▁comment ary ▁on ▁the ▁poem , ▁D . ▁G . ▁Gill ham ▁notes ▁that ▁though ▁Bla ke ▁discuss es ▁the ▁nature ▁of ▁God , ▁he ▁attempts ▁to ▁do ▁so ▁in ▁a ▁rational ▁way ▁without ▁referring ▁to ▁the ▁super natural . ▁ ▁The ▁poem ▁is ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁few ▁entries ▁in ▁Songs ▁of ▁In noc ence ▁and ▁of ▁Exper ience ▁that ▁contains ▁an ▁explicit ▁declaration ▁of ▁innoc ence . ▁It ▁is ▁also ▁the ▁only ▁poem ▁in ▁the ▁volume ▁that ▁is ▁in ▁Bla ke ' s ▁own ▁voice . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Bibli ography ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁On ▁Another ' s ▁Sor row ▁by ▁William ▁Bla ke ▁ ▁Category : S ongs ▁of ▁In noc ence ▁and ▁of ▁Exper ience <0x0A> </s> ▁Struct ural ▁integrity ▁and ▁failure ▁is ▁an ▁aspect ▁of ▁engineering ▁that ▁de als ▁with ▁the ▁ability ▁of ▁a ▁structure ▁to ▁support ▁a ▁designed ▁struct ural ▁load ▁( weight , ▁force , ▁etc .) ▁without ▁breaking ▁and ▁includes ▁the ▁study ▁of ▁past ▁struct ural ▁fail ures ▁in ▁order ▁to ▁prevent |
▁fail ures ▁in ▁future ▁designs . ▁ ▁Struct ural ▁integrity ▁is ▁the ▁ability ▁of ▁an ▁item — e ither ▁a ▁struct ural ▁component ▁or ▁a ▁structure ▁consisting ▁of ▁many ▁components — to ▁hold ▁together ▁under ▁a ▁load , ▁including ▁its ▁own ▁weight , ▁without ▁breaking ▁or ▁de form ing ▁excess ively . ▁It ▁ass ures ▁that ▁the ▁construction ▁will ▁perform ▁its ▁designed ▁function ▁during ▁reasonable ▁use , ▁for ▁as ▁long ▁as ▁its ▁intended ▁life ▁span . ▁Items ▁are ▁constructed ▁with ▁struct ural ▁integrity ▁to ▁prevent ▁cat ast roph ic ▁failure , ▁which ▁can ▁result ▁in ▁inj uries , ▁severe ▁damage , ▁death , ▁and / or ▁mon et ary ▁losses . ▁ ▁Struct ural ▁failure ▁refers ▁to ▁the ▁loss ▁of ▁struct ural ▁integrity , ▁or ▁the ▁loss ▁of ▁load - car ry ing ▁capacity ▁in ▁either ▁a ▁struct ural ▁component ▁or ▁the ▁structure ▁itself . ▁Struct ural ▁failure ▁is ▁initi ated ▁when ▁a ▁material ▁is ▁str essed ▁beyond ▁its ▁strength ▁limit , ▁causing ▁f ract ure ▁or ▁excess ive ▁de form ations ; ▁one ▁limit ▁state ▁that ▁must ▁be ▁account ed ▁for ▁in ▁struct ural ▁design ▁is ▁ult imate ▁failure ▁strength . ▁In ▁a ▁well ▁designed ▁system , ▁a ▁local ized ▁failure ▁should ▁not ▁cause ▁immediate ▁or ▁even ▁progress ive ▁collapse ▁of ▁the ▁entire ▁structure . ▁ ▁Introduction ▁Struct ural ▁integrity ▁is ▁the ▁ability ▁of ▁a ▁structure ▁to ▁with stand ▁its ▁intended ▁loading ▁without ▁failing ▁due ▁to ▁f ract ure , ▁de formation , ▁or ▁fat igue . ▁It ▁is ▁a ▁concept ▁often |
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