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anger ▁in ▁the ▁Al ps ’ ▁- ▁Best ▁American ▁Ro ots ▁& ▁Fol k ▁Album ▁( final ist ) ▁ 2 0 1 8 , ▁Kevin ▁Mor by , ▁‘ City ▁Music ’ ▁- ▁Best ▁American ▁Ro ots ▁& ▁Fol k ▁Album ▁( final ist ) ▁ 2 0 1 8 , ▁S low d ive ▁– ▁Mark eting ▁Gen ius ▁( final ist ) ▁ 2 0 1 7 , ▁Mit ski , ▁‘ Your ▁Best ▁American ▁Girl ’ ▁- ▁Video ▁of ▁the ▁Year ▁( final ist ) ▁ 2 0 1 7 , ▁R yle y ▁Walker , ▁‘ G old en ▁S ings ▁That ▁Have ▁Be en ▁S ung ’ ▁- ▁Best ▁Country / Amer icana / F olk ▁Album ▁( final ist ) ▁ 2 0 1 4 , ▁Ph osph ores cent , ▁‘ M uch ach o ’ ▁- ▁Album ▁of ▁the ▁Year ▁( final ist ) ▁ 2 0 1 3 , ▁Bear ▁In ▁Heaven , ▁‘ I ▁Love ▁You , ▁It ’ s ▁C ool ’ ▁- ▁Light ▁Bul b ▁Mark eting ▁Award ▁( final ist ) ▁ ▁A IM ▁IN DE P END ENT ▁M US IC ▁A W AR DS ▁( UK ) ▁ 2 0 1 9 , ▁Better ▁O bl iv ion ▁Community ▁Center , ▁‘ s / t ’ ▁- ▁Best ▁Independent ▁Album ▁( n omin ated ) ▁ 2 0 1 8 , ▁Dead ▁O ce ans ▁– ▁Independent ▁Label ▁of ▁the ▁Year ▁( n omin ated ) ▁ |
2 0 1 8 , ▁Sh ame , ▁‘ S ongs ▁of ▁Pra ise ’ ▁- ▁Album ▁of ▁the ▁Year ▁( n omin ated ) ▁ 2 0 1 8 , ▁Pho eb e ▁Br id gers , ▁‘ Str anger ▁in ▁the ▁Al ps ’ ▁- ▁Album ▁of ▁the ▁Year ▁( n omin ated ) ▁ 2 0 1 8 , ▁Sh ame , ▁‘ One ▁R izia ’ ▁- ▁Track ▁of ▁the ▁Year ▁( n omin ated ) ▁ 2 0 1 8 , ▁Pho eb e ▁Br id gers , ▁‘ M otion ▁S ick ness ’ ▁- ▁Track ▁of ▁the ▁Year ▁( n omin ated ) ▁ 2 0 1 8 , ▁Pho eb e ▁Br id gers ▁– ▁International ▁Break through ▁( W ON ) ▁ 2 0 1 4 , ▁Secret ly ▁Group ▁– ▁Independent ▁Label ▁of ▁the ▁Year ▁( n omin ated ) ▁ ▁N ME ▁A W AR DS ▁( UK ) ▁ 2 0 1 8 , ▁Sh ame ▁– ▁Best ▁New ▁Art ist ▁( n omin ated ) ▁ ▁G RA MM IS ▁A W AR DS ▁( SW ED EN ) ▁ 2 0 1 1 , ▁T all est ▁Man ▁on ▁Earth ▁– ▁Male ▁Art ist ▁of ▁the ▁Year ▁( n omin ated ) ▁ ▁V UT ▁VI A ▁A W AR DS ▁( GER MAN Y ) ▁ 2 0 1 8 , ▁S low d ive ▁– ▁Best ▁Album ▁( n omin ated ) ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁List ▁of |
▁record ▁labels ▁Secret ly ▁Canadian ▁Jag j agu war ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁Dead ▁O ce ans ▁official ▁website ▁ ▁Category : American ▁independent ▁record ▁labels ▁Category : Ind ie ▁rock ▁record ▁labels ▁Category : Al tern ative ▁rock ▁record ▁labels ▁Category : Record ▁labels ▁established ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁Category : Ind ie ▁pop ▁record ▁labels <0x0A> </s> ▁A ther ton ▁Cour th ouse ▁is ▁located ▁at ▁ 8 1 ▁Main ▁Street , ▁A ther ton ▁in ▁Queensland , ▁Australia . ▁ ▁The ▁cour th ouse ▁was ▁built ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 1 ▁and ▁features ▁tim ber ▁pan els ▁constructed ▁from ▁rare ▁qu ilt ed , ▁Queensland ▁rain for est ▁map le , ▁which ▁is ▁no ▁longer ▁mil led ▁in ▁Australia . ▁ ▁The ▁cour th ouse ▁is ▁still ▁in ▁use ▁by ▁the ▁A ther ton ▁Mag istr ates ▁Court . ▁ ▁History ▁A ther ton ▁Cour th ouse ▁was ▁used ▁as ▁a ▁w art ime ▁hospital ▁for ▁officers ▁during ▁World ▁War ▁II ▁and ▁has ▁air ▁ra id ▁b unk ers ▁beneath ▁the ▁building . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : G overn ment ▁buildings ▁completed ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 1 ▁Category : C our th ouses ▁in ▁Queensland ▁Category : A ther ton , ▁Queensland ▁Category : Build ings ▁and ▁structures ▁in ▁Far ▁North ▁Queensland <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Ma quis ▁du ▁Mont ▁M ouch et ▁were ▁a ▁group ▁of ▁French ▁resistance ▁f igh ters ▁during ▁the ▁Second ▁World ▁War ▁that ▁were ▁based ▁at ▁Mont ▁M ouch et |
. ▁ ▁The ▁Germ ans , ▁having ▁discovered ▁the ▁ma quis , ▁made ▁several ▁attacks ▁up ▁until ▁May ▁ 1 9 4 4 ▁with ▁about ▁ 3 , 0 0 0 ▁men ▁and ▁using ▁av iation ▁and ▁arm oured ▁units . ▁The ▁ma quis ards ▁fought ▁back ▁fier c ely . ▁ ▁Little ▁information ▁is ▁available ▁on ▁the ▁German ▁forces . ▁Histor ians ▁have ▁identified ▁some ▁units : ▁ ▁The ▁J esser ▁Brigade , ▁formed ▁from ▁veter ans ▁of ▁the ▁eastern ▁front ▁( deploy ed ▁in ▁the ▁Or lé ans - P ith iv iers ▁sector ) ▁ ▁S icher ungs - Reg iment ▁ 1 0 0 0 ▁▁ ▁Auf klär ungs ab teilung ▁ 1 0 0 0 ▁ ▁These ▁were ▁rein for ced ▁from : ▁ ▁Regiment ▁ 2 ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 ▁Ost - B ata ill one ▁of ▁the ▁Fre iw ill igen - St amm - Div ision : ▁▁ ▁The ▁Vol ga ▁T atar ▁leg ion ▁station ed ▁at ▁P uy - en - V el ay ▁ ▁The ▁A zer ba ij an ▁leg ion ▁station ed ▁at ▁R ode z ▁( former ▁ 8 0 4 th ▁batt alion ▁? ) ▁ ▁The ▁ 3 rd ▁Battalion ▁of ▁the ▁SS ▁Pol ize i ▁Regiment ▁ 1 9 ▁ ▁A ▁battery ▁of ▁the ▁art illery ▁regiment ▁ 2 8 ▁( 1 8 9 th ▁reserve ▁division ) ▁ ▁Battalion ▁of ▁D CA ▁ 9 5 8 ▁▁ 3 ▁motor ised ▁response ▁det ach ments ▁of |
▁the ▁Feld g endar mer ie ▁ ▁An ▁arm ored ▁reconna issance ▁pl ato on ▁origin ating ▁from ▁Paris ▁▁ 2 ▁Luft wa ffe ▁squad rons ▁from ▁A ul nat ▁air base ▁ ▁After ▁several ▁days ▁of ▁combat , ▁the ▁final ▁German ▁attack ▁forced ▁the ▁ma quis ards ▁to ▁fall ▁back ▁and ▁dis per se . ▁Out ▁of ▁reven ge ▁for ▁their ▁previous ▁losses , ▁the ▁Germ ans ▁pill aged ▁several ▁of ▁the ▁surrounding ▁villages , ▁including ▁Cla vi ères . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁course ▁of ▁the ▁batt les , ▁the ▁French ▁Forces ▁of ▁the ▁Inter ior ▁sust ained ▁severe ▁losses : ▁ 2 3 8 ▁killed ▁and ▁ 1 8 0 ▁wounded ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁about ▁ 1 0 0 ▁host ages ▁executed ▁by ▁the ▁Naz is . ▁ ▁S ources ▁▁▁ ▁M ém oire ▁de ▁la ▁France ▁ ▁Category : National ▁liber ation ▁arm ies ▁Category : Mil it ary ▁history ▁of ▁France ▁during ▁World ▁War ▁II ▁Category : F rench ▁Ma quis ▁Category : B att les ▁of ▁World ▁War ▁II ▁involving ▁France ▁Category : B att les ▁of ▁World ▁War ▁II ▁involving ▁Germany ▁Category : G uer r illa ▁war fare ▁Category : Mil it ary ▁batt les ▁of ▁V ich y ▁France ▁Category : U pr is ings ▁during ▁World ▁War ▁II <0x0A> </s> ▁PS - 5 0 ▁( Hy der abad - V III ) ▁is ▁a ▁constitu ency ▁of ▁the ▁Provin cial ▁Assembly ▁of ▁S ind h . ▁ ▁General ▁elections ▁ 2 0 1 3 |
▁ ▁General ▁elections ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁▁ ▁S ind h ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁E lection ▁commission ▁Pakistan ' s ▁official ▁website ▁ ▁Aw az od ay . com ▁check ▁result ▁ ▁Official ▁Website ▁of ▁Government ▁of ▁S ind h ▁ ▁Category : Const itu encies ▁of ▁S ind h <0x0A> </s> ▁The od orus ▁Maur ita ▁F ren kel ▁( 1 4 ▁July ▁ 1 8 7 1 ▁– ▁ 2 0 ▁September ▁ 1 9 5 6 ) ▁was ▁a ▁Dutch ▁film ▁director , ▁actor ▁and ▁screen writer ▁of ▁the ▁silent ▁era . ▁He ▁worked ▁in ▁Britain ▁under ▁the ▁name ▁The o ▁B ouw me ester , ▁using ▁the ▁surname ▁of ▁his ▁ren owned ▁mother ▁and ▁uncle ▁( both ▁accomplished ▁actors ), ▁before ▁working ▁in ▁Germany ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 3 ▁and ▁ 1 9 1 4 ▁and ▁then ▁returning ▁to ▁the ▁Netherlands , ▁a ▁neutral ▁country , ▁before ▁World ▁War ▁I . ▁He ▁directed ▁ 2 1 4 ▁films ▁between ▁ 1 9 0 8 ▁and ▁ 1 9 2 8 . ▁He ▁also ▁appeared ▁in ▁ 2 1 ▁films ▁between ▁ 1 9 1 1 ▁and ▁ 1 9 4 8 . ▁His ▁nep hew ▁The o ▁F ren kel ▁Jr . ▁( 1 8 9 3 – 1 9 5 5 ) ▁was ▁a ▁film ▁actor . ▁ ▁Selected ▁film ography ▁▁ ▁By ▁Order ▁of ▁Napoleon ▁( 1 9 1 0 ▁- ▁director , ▁early ▁feature ▁in ▁Kin em ac |
ol or ) ▁ ▁L ucht k ast elen ▁( 1 9 1 4 ▁- ▁actor ) ▁ ▁Z ijn ▁vio ol ▁( 1 9 1 4 ▁- ▁actor ) ▁ ▁F atum ▁( 1 9 1 5 ) ▁ ▁Het ▁W rak ▁in ▁de ▁No ord ze e ▁( 1 9 1 5 ) ▁ ▁Gen ie ▁tegen ▁gew eld ▁( 1 9 1 6 ) ▁ ▁Life ' s ▁Sh adows ▁( 1 9 1 6 ) ▁ ▁Pro ▁dom o ▁( 1 9 1 8 ) ▁ ▁Het ▁proces ▁Beg e er ▁( 1 9 1 8 ) ▁ ▁De ▁du ivel ▁( 1 9 1 8 ) ▁ ▁Ray ▁of ▁Sun sh ine ▁( 1 9 1 9 ) ▁ ▁The ▁Dev il ▁in ▁Amsterdam ▁( 1 9 1 9 ) ▁ ▁Op ▁st ap ▁door ▁Amsterdam ▁( 1 9 1 9 ) ▁ ▁H elle ve eg ▁( 1 9 2 0 ) ▁ ▁A an ▁bo ord ▁van ▁de ▁' S ab ina ' ▁( 1 9 2 0 ) ▁ ▁Ge eft ▁on s ▁k racht ▁( 1 9 2 0 ) ▁ ▁Menschen we e ▁( 1 9 2 1 ) ▁ ▁De ▁bru ut ▁( 1 9 2 2 ) ▁ ▁Jud ith ▁( 1 9 2 3 ) ▁ ▁Frauen m oral ▁( 1 9 2 3 ) ▁ ▁Cir que ▁hol land ais ▁( 1 9 2 4 ) ▁ ▁De ▁cab aret - pr ins es ▁( 1 9 2 5 |
) ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Category : 1 8 7 1 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 9 5 6 ▁death s ▁Category : D utch ▁film ▁direct ors ▁Category : D utch ▁male ▁film ▁actors ▁Category : D utch ▁male ▁silent ▁film ▁actors ▁Category : D utch ▁screen writ ers ▁Category : D utch ▁male ▁screen writ ers ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁Rot ter dam <0x0A> </s> ▁K ō me i ▁A be ' s ▁Di vert imento ▁for ▁Al to ▁Sax oph one ▁was ▁originally ▁written ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 1 ▁for ▁alto ▁sa x oph one ▁and ▁piano ▁and ▁subsequently ▁orch estr ated ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 0 . ▁It ' s ▁a ▁result ▁of ▁his ▁interest ▁in ▁wood wind ▁instruments ▁in ▁the ▁post war ▁years , ▁which ▁led ▁him ▁to ▁learn ▁to ▁play ▁the ▁clar inet ▁in ▁addition ▁to ▁his ▁previous ▁training ▁as ▁a ▁cell ist , ▁and ▁in ▁the ▁instrument , ▁which ▁can ▁be ▁trac ed ▁up ▁to ▁his ▁school year s ▁when ▁he ▁was ▁moved ▁by ▁its ▁use ▁in ▁Maurice ▁R avel ' s ▁orch estr ation ▁of ▁Pictures ▁at ▁an ▁Ex hib ition . ▁ ▁The ▁Di vert imento ▁is ▁a ▁lyr ical ▁and ▁light - heart ed ▁work ▁in ▁the ▁ve in ▁of ▁French ▁ne oc lass ic ism ▁reflect ing ▁A be ' s ▁ad scription ▁to ▁cosm opol itan ism ▁rather ▁than ▁to ▁the ▁primit iv istic ▁national ism ▁that ▁was ▁on ▁the ▁rise ▁in ▁Japanese ▁music ▁at ▁the |
▁time . ▁It ▁consists ▁of ▁three ▁movements , ▁marked ▁And ante ▁s osten uto , ▁Ad ag iet to ▁and ▁Al leg ro ▁last ing ▁for ▁about ▁ 2 0 ▁minutes ▁in ▁total , ▁and ▁it ▁was ▁premier ed ▁by ▁sa x oph on ist ▁Ar ata ▁Sak ag uch i . ▁ ▁The ▁orch est ral ▁version ▁was ▁first ▁recorded ▁by ▁Ale k sey ▁Vol kov ▁and ▁the ▁Russian ▁Phil harm onic ▁conducted ▁by ▁D mit ry ▁Y abl ons ky ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 5 . ▁Following ▁the ▁release ▁the ▁Di vert imento ▁was ▁r ated ▁as ▁" an ▁enjoy able ▁work , ▁though ▁not ▁over ly ▁distinct ive " ▁by ▁Jonathan ▁W ool f ▁from ▁Music web ▁International , ▁while ▁Steve ▁H icken ▁from ▁Se qu enza 2 1 ▁found ▁that ▁it ▁showed ▁to ▁good ▁effect ▁A be ' s ▁" stra ight - forward ly ▁t onal , ▁mel od ic , ▁[...] ▁l ighter ▁than ▁air " ▁style ▁and ▁Uncle ▁Dave ▁Lewis ▁from ▁All Music ▁pra ised ▁it ▁as ▁" sort ▁of ▁the ▁kind ▁of ▁sa x ▁con cer to ▁that ▁Richard ▁Stra uss ▁might ▁have ▁written ", ▁deser ving ▁to ▁be ▁added ▁into ▁the ▁instrument ' s ▁concert ▁re per toire . ▁ ▁Disc ography ▁ ▁References ▁▁ ▁Category : S ax oph one ▁concert os ▁Category : 1 9 5 1 ▁compos itions <0x0A> </s> ▁Co - rum ination ▁refers ▁to ▁extens ively ▁discuss ing ▁and ▁revis iting ▁problems , ▁spec ulating ▁about ▁problems , |
▁and ▁foc using ▁on ▁negative ▁feelings ▁with ▁pe ers . ▁Although ▁it ▁is ▁similar ▁to ▁self - dis closure ▁in ▁that ▁it ▁involves ▁reve aling ▁and ▁discuss ing ▁a ▁problem , ▁it ▁is ▁more ▁focused ▁on ▁the ▁problems ▁themselves ▁and ▁thus ▁can ▁be ▁mal ada pt ive . ▁While ▁self - dis closure ▁is ▁seen ▁as ▁a ▁positive ▁aspect ▁found ▁in ▁close ▁friend ships , ▁some ▁types ▁of ▁self - dis closure ▁can ▁also ▁be ▁mal ada pt ive . ▁Co - rum ination ▁is ▁a ▁type ▁of ▁behavior ▁that ▁is ▁posit ively ▁correl ated ▁with ▁both ▁rum ination ▁and ▁self - dis closure ▁and ▁has ▁been ▁linked ▁to ▁a ▁history ▁of ▁anx iety ▁because ▁co - rum in ating ▁may ▁ex ac erb ate ▁wor ries ▁about ▁whether ▁problems ▁will ▁be ▁resolved , ▁about ▁negative ▁consequences ▁of ▁problems , ▁and ▁de press ive ▁diagn oses ▁due ▁to ▁the ▁consistent ▁negative ▁focus ▁on ▁trou bling ▁topics , ▁instead ▁of ▁problem - sol ving . ▁However , ▁co - rum ination ▁is ▁also ▁closely ▁associated ▁with ▁high - quality ▁friend ships ▁and ▁clos eness . ▁ ▁Development al ▁psych ology ▁and ▁gender ▁differences ▁Girls ▁are ▁more ▁likely ▁than ▁boys ▁to ▁co - rum inate ▁with ▁their ▁close ▁friends , ▁and ▁co - rum ination ▁increases ▁with ▁age ▁in ▁children . ▁Fem ale ▁ad oles c ents ▁are ▁more ▁likely ▁to ▁co - rum inate ▁than ▁younger ▁girls , ▁because ▁their ▁social ▁world s ▁become ▁increasing ly ▁complex ▁and ▁stress ful . ▁This ▁is ▁not |
▁true ▁for ▁boys , ▁however ▁as ▁age ▁differences ▁are ▁not ▁expected ▁among ▁boys ▁because ▁their ▁interactions ▁remain ▁activity ▁focused ▁and ▁the ▁t endency ▁to ▁extens ively ▁discuss ▁problems ▁is ▁likely ▁to ▁remain ▁incons istent ▁with ▁male ▁norm s . ▁ ▁Unfortunately , ▁while ▁providing ▁this ▁support , ▁this ▁t endency ▁may ▁also ▁rein force ▁internal izing ▁problems ▁such ▁as ▁anx iety ▁or ▁de pression , ▁especially ▁in ▁ad oles cent ▁girls , ▁which ▁may ▁account ▁for ▁higher ▁de pression ▁among ▁girls ▁than ▁boys . ▁For ▁boys , ▁lower ▁levels ▁of ▁co - rum ination ▁may ▁help ▁buffer ▁them ▁against ▁emot ional ▁problems ▁if ▁they ▁spend ▁less ▁time ▁with ▁friends ▁dwell ing ▁on ▁problems ▁and ▁concerns , ▁though ▁less ▁sharing ▁of ▁personal ▁thoughts ▁and ▁feelings ▁can ▁potentially ▁inter f ere ▁with ▁creating ▁high - quality ▁friend ships . ▁ ▁Co - rum ination ▁has ▁been ▁found ▁to ▁partially ▁explain ▁( or ▁medi ate ) ▁gender ▁differences ▁in ▁anx iety ▁and ▁de pression ; ▁females ▁have ▁reported ▁eng aging ▁in ▁more ▁co - rum ination ▁in ▁close ▁friend ships ▁than ▁males , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁elev ated ▁co - rum ination ▁was ▁associated ▁with ▁females ' ▁higher ▁levels ▁of ▁de pression , ▁but ▁not ▁anx iety . ▁Co - rum ination ▁is ▁also ▁linked ▁with ▁rom antic ▁activities , ▁which ▁have ▁been ▁shown ▁to ▁correlate ▁with ▁de press ive ▁sympt oms ▁over ▁time , ▁because ▁they ▁are ▁often ▁the ▁problem ▁discussed ▁among ▁ad oles c ents . ▁ ▁Research ▁suggests ▁that ▁within ▁ad oles c |
ents , ▁children ▁who ▁currently ▁exhib it ▁high ▁levels ▁of ▁co - rum ination ▁would ▁predict ▁the ▁on set ▁of ▁de press ive ▁diagn oses ▁than ▁in ▁children ▁who ▁exhib it ▁lower ▁levels ▁of ▁co - rum ination . ▁In ▁addition , ▁this ▁link ▁was ▁maintained ▁even ▁when ▁children ▁with ▁current ▁diagn oses ▁were ▁ex cluded , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁statist ically ▁cont rolling ▁for ▁current ▁de press ive ▁sympt oms . ▁This ▁further ▁suggests ▁that ▁the ▁relation ▁between ▁co - rum ination ▁and ▁a ▁history ▁of ▁de press ive ▁diagn oses ▁is ▁not ▁due ▁simply ▁to ▁current ▁levels ▁of ▁de pression . ▁Another ▁study ▁looking ▁at ▁ 1 4 6 ▁ad oles c ents ▁( 6 9 % ▁female ) ▁r anging ▁in ▁age ▁from ▁ 1 4 ▁to ▁ 1 9 ▁suggests ▁that ▁comparing ▁gender ▁differences ▁in ▁co - rum ination ▁across ▁samples , ▁it ▁appears ▁as ▁if ▁these ▁differences ▁intens ify ▁through ▁early ▁ad oles c ence ▁but ▁begin ▁to ▁narrow ▁shortly ▁there after ▁and ▁remain ▁steady ▁through ▁emer ging ▁ad ul th ood ▁ ▁Str ess ▁h orm ones , ▁co - rum ination ▁and ▁de pression ▁Co - rum ination , ▁or ▁talking ▁excess ively ▁about ▁each ▁other ' s ▁problems , ▁is ▁common ▁during ▁ad oles cent ▁years , ▁especially ▁among ▁girls , ▁as ▁mentioned ▁before . ▁On ▁a ▁bi ological ▁basis , ▁a ▁study ▁has ▁shown ▁that ▁there ▁is ▁an ▁increase ▁in ▁the ▁levels ▁of ▁stress ▁h orm ones ▁during ▁co - rum ination . ▁This |
▁suggests ▁that ▁since ▁stress ▁h orm ones ▁are ▁released ▁during ▁co - rum ination , ▁they ▁may ▁also ▁be ▁released ▁in ▁greater ▁amounts ▁during ▁other ▁life ▁stress ors . ▁If ▁someone ▁exhib its ▁co - rum ination ▁in ▁response ▁to ▁a ▁life ▁problem ▁it ▁may ▁become ▁more ▁and ▁more ▁common ▁for ▁them ▁to ▁co - rum inate ▁about ▁all ▁problems ▁in ▁their ▁life . ▁ ▁Studies ▁have ▁also ▁shown ▁that ▁co - rum ination ▁can ▁predict ▁internal izing ▁sympt oms ▁such ▁as ▁de pression ▁and ▁anx iety . ▁Since ▁co - rum ination ▁involves ▁repeatedly ▁going ▁over ▁problems ▁again ▁and ▁again ▁this ▁clearly ▁may ▁lead ▁to ▁de pression ▁and ▁anx iety . ▁Cat ast roph izing , ▁when ▁one ▁takes ▁small ▁possibilities ▁and ▁blow s ▁them ▁out ▁of ▁proportion ▁into ▁something ▁negative , ▁is ▁common ▁in ▁de pression ▁and ▁anx iety ▁and ▁may ▁very ▁well ▁be ▁a ▁result ▁of ▁constantly ▁going ▁over ▁problems ▁that ▁may ▁not ▁be ▁as ▁bad ▁as ▁they ▁seem . ▁ ▁Co - rum ination , ▁that ▁tends ▁to ▁develop ▁the ▁emot ional ▁b onds ▁between ▁participants ▁is ▁also ▁a ▁method ▁used ▁by ▁ther apy ▁cult s ▁to ▁draw ▁in ▁members ▁and ▁increase ▁attachment ▁to ▁the ▁ab us ive ▁group ▁while ▁at ▁the ▁same ▁time ▁dam aging ▁other ▁relationships ▁that ▁may ▁be ▁being ▁discussed ▁( e . g . ▁the ▁members ▁own ▁family ). ▁ ▁Effect s ▁in ▁daily ▁life ▁Co - rum ination , ▁or ▁lack ▁there of , ▁leads ▁to ▁different ▁behav iors ▁in ▁daily ▁life . ▁For |
▁example , ▁studies ▁have ▁exam ined ▁the ▁link ▁between ▁co - rum ination ▁and ▁week ly ▁drink ing ▁hab its , ▁specifically , ▁negative ▁thoughts . ▁W orry ▁co - rum ination ▁leads ▁to ▁less ▁drink ing ▁week ly , ▁while ▁angry ▁co - rum ination ▁leads ▁to ▁a ▁significant ▁increase ▁in ▁drink ing . ▁There ▁have ▁also ▁been ▁some ▁gender ▁differences ▁found ▁as ▁well ▁in ▁the ▁same ▁study . ▁In ▁general , ▁negative ▁co - rum ination ▁increased ▁the ▁lik elihood ▁that ▁women ▁would ▁b inge ▁drink ▁week ly , ▁versus ▁men ▁who ▁would ▁drink ▁less ▁week ly . ▁When ▁dealing ▁with ▁specific ▁negative ▁emot ions , ▁women ▁d rank ▁less ▁when ▁taking ▁part ▁in ▁worry ▁co - rum ination ▁( as ▁opposed ▁to ▁other ▁negative ▁emot ions ), ▁while ▁there ▁appeared ▁to ▁be ▁a ▁lack ▁of ▁significant ▁difference ▁in ▁men . ▁( C ies la ▁et ▁al ., ▁ 2 0 1 1 ) ▁ ▁Ther apy ▁Co - rum ination ▁treatment ▁typically ▁consists ▁of ▁cogn itive ▁em otion ▁reg ulation ▁ther apy ▁for ▁rum ination ▁with ▁the ▁patient . ▁This ▁ther apy ▁focus es ▁both ▁on ▁the ▁patient ▁themselves ▁and ▁their ▁hab its ▁of ▁contin ually ▁co - rum in ating ▁with ▁a ▁friend ▁or ▁friends . ▁Ther ap ies ▁may ▁need ▁to ▁be ▁alter ed ▁depending ▁on ▁the ▁gender ▁of ▁each ▁patient . ▁As ▁suggested ▁by ▁Z l om ke ▁and ▁H ahn ▁( 2 0 1 0 ) ▁men ▁showed ▁vast ▁improvement ▁in ▁anx iety ▁and ▁worry ing |
▁sympt oms ▁by ▁foc using ▁their ▁attention ▁on ▁how ▁to ▁handle ▁a ▁negative ▁event ▁through ▁" ref ocus ▁on ▁planning ". ▁For ▁women , ▁accepting ▁a ▁negative ▁event / em otion ▁and ▁re - fr aming ▁it ▁in ▁a ▁positive ▁light ▁was ▁associated ▁with ▁decre ased ▁levels ▁of ▁worry . ▁In ▁other ▁words , ▁some ▁of ▁the ▁cogn itive ▁em otion ▁reg ulation ▁strateg ies ▁that ▁work ▁for ▁men ▁do ▁not ▁necessarily ▁work ▁for ▁women ▁and ▁vice ▁vers a . ▁Pat ients ▁are ▁encourag ed ▁to ▁talk ▁about ▁their ▁problems ▁with ▁friends ▁and ▁family ▁members , ▁but ▁need ▁to ▁focus ▁on ▁a ▁solution ▁instead ▁of ▁foc using ▁on ▁the ▁exact ▁problem . ▁ ▁Types ▁of ▁relationships ▁While ▁the ▁majority ▁of ▁studies ▁have ▁been ▁conducted ▁with ▁youth ▁same - sex ▁friend ships , ▁others ▁have ▁expl ored ▁co - rum ination ▁and ▁correl ates ▁of ▁co - rum ination ▁within ▁other ▁types ▁of ▁relationships . ▁Research ▁on ▁co - rum ination ▁in ▁the ▁work place ▁has ▁shown ▁that ▁discuss ions ▁about ▁work place ▁problems ▁have ▁led ▁to ▁mixed ▁results , ▁especially ▁regarding ▁gender ▁differences . ▁In ▁high ▁ab us ive ▁super vision ▁settings , ▁the ▁effects ▁of ▁co - rum ination ▁were ▁shown ▁to ▁intens ify ▁its ▁negative ▁effects ▁for ▁women , ▁while ▁associ ating ▁lower ▁negative ▁effects ▁for ▁men . ▁In ▁low ▁ab us ive ▁super vision ▁settings , ▁results ▁show ▁that ▁there ▁were ▁no ▁significant ▁effects ▁for ▁women , ▁but ▁had ▁negative ▁out comes ▁for ▁men . ▁The ▁study ▁suggests ▁the ▁reason |
▁men ▁are ▁at ▁risk ▁for ▁job ▁diss atisf action ▁and ▁de pression ▁in ▁low ▁stress ▁super vision , ▁is ▁due ▁to ▁the ▁gender ▁differences ▁at ▁an ▁early ▁age . ▁At ▁a ▁young ▁age , ▁girls ▁report ▁to ▁co - rum inate ▁more ▁than ▁boys , ▁and ▁as ▁they ▁age ▁girls ' ▁scores ▁tend ▁to ▁rise , ▁while ▁boys ' ▁scores ▁tend ▁to ▁drop . ▁The ▁study ▁further ▁suggests ▁that ▁in ▁ad ul th ood , ▁men ▁have ▁less ▁experience ▁with ▁co - rum ination ▁than ▁women , ▁however ▁some ▁men ▁may ▁learn ▁skills ▁through ▁interact ing ▁with ▁women ▁or ▁the ▁interaction ▁style ▁with ▁other ▁men ▁in ▁ad ul th ood ▁has ▁changed ▁from ▁activity - based ▁to ▁conversation - based ; ▁suggesting ▁that ▁not ▁only ▁do ▁men ▁and ▁women ▁co - rum inate ▁differently , ▁but ▁that ▁the ▁level ▁of ▁stress ▁may ▁be ▁a ▁factor ▁as ▁well . ▁In ▁another ▁study , ▁co - rum ination ▁was ▁seen ▁to ▁increase ▁the ▁negative ▁effects ▁of ▁burn out ▁on ▁perce ived ▁stress ▁among ▁co - work ers , ▁thereby ▁indicating ▁that , ▁while ▁co - rum ination ▁may ▁be ▁seen ▁as ▁a ▁soci ally - support ive ▁interaction , ▁it ▁could ▁have ▁negative ▁psych ological ▁out comes ▁for ▁co - work ers . ▁ ▁Within ▁the ▁context ▁of ▁mother - ad oles cent ▁relationships , ▁a ▁study ▁that ▁exam ines ▁ 5 th , ▁ 8 th , ▁and ▁ 1 1 th ▁grad ers ▁has ▁found ▁greater ▁levels ▁of ▁co - rum ination ▁among |
▁mother ▁and ▁daughter ▁than ▁mother ▁and ▁son ▁relationships . ▁In ▁addition , ▁mother - ad oles cent ▁co - rum ination ▁was ▁related ▁to ▁positive ▁relationship ▁quality , ▁but ▁also ▁to ▁en mes h ment ▁which ▁was ▁unique ▁to ▁co - rum ination . ▁These ▁en mes h ment ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁internal izing ▁relations ▁were ▁strong est ▁when ▁co - rum in ating ▁was ▁focused ▁on ▁the ▁mother ' s ▁problems . ▁ ▁Other ▁relationships ▁have ▁also ▁been ▁studied . ▁For ▁instance , ▁one ▁study ▁found ▁that ▁gradu ate ▁students ▁eng age ▁in ▁co - rum ination . ▁Furthermore , ▁for ▁those ▁gradu ate ▁students , ▁co - rum ination ▁acted ▁as ▁a ▁partial ▁medi ator , ▁which ▁suppress ed ▁the ▁positive ▁effects ▁of ▁social ▁support ▁on ▁emot ional ▁exhaust ion . ▁ ▁Primary ▁Research ers ▁Research ers ▁in ▁psych ology ▁and ▁communication ▁have ▁studied ▁the ▁concept ual ization ▁of ▁co - rum ination ▁along ▁with ▁the ▁effects ▁of ▁the ▁construct . ▁A ▁few ▁primary ▁research ers ▁have ▁focused ▁attention ▁on ▁the ▁construct ▁including ▁Am anda ▁Rose ▁Professor ▁of ▁Psych ology ▁at ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Missouri , ▁who ▁was ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁first ▁sch ol ars ▁to ▁write ▁about ▁the ▁construct . ▁O thers ▁who ▁are ▁doing ▁work ▁on ▁co - rum ination ▁include ▁Justin ▁P . ▁Bor en , ▁Associ ate ▁Professor ▁of ▁Communic ation ▁at ▁Santa ▁Clara ▁University , ▁Jenn ifer ▁By rd - C ra ven , ▁Associ ate ▁Professor ▁of ▁Psych ology ▁at ▁Oklahoma ▁State ▁University , ▁and |
▁D ana ▁L . ▁H agg ard , ▁Professor ▁of ▁Management ▁at ▁Missouri ▁State ▁University ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁Development al ▁psych ology ▁ ▁Communic ation ▁ ▁Self - dis closure ▁ ▁Rum ination ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : Develop ment al ▁psych ology <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁International ▁Crit ical ▁Comment ary ▁( or ▁I CC ) ▁is ▁a ▁series ▁of ▁comment aries ▁in ▁English ▁on ▁the ▁text ▁of ▁the ▁Old ▁Testament ▁and ▁New ▁Testament . ▁It ▁is ▁currently ▁published ▁by ▁T & T ▁Clark , ▁now ▁an ▁im print ▁of ▁Blo oms bury ▁Publishing . ▁ ▁Initial ly ▁started ▁over ▁one ▁hundred ▁years ▁ago , ▁the ▁International ▁Crit ical ▁Comment ary ▁series ▁has ▁been ▁a ▁highly ▁regarded ▁academic - level ▁comment ary ▁on ▁the ▁Bible . ▁It ▁a ims ▁to ▁mar sh all ▁all ▁available ▁a ids ▁to ▁ex eg esis : ▁lingu istic , ▁text ual , ▁arch ae ological , ▁historical , ▁literary ▁and ▁the ological . ▁No ▁un ifying ▁scheme ▁is ▁sought ▁but ▁each ▁scholar ▁has ▁been ▁free ▁to ▁express ▁their ▁expert ise . ▁ ▁Origin ally ▁edited ▁by ▁Samuel ▁Rol les ▁Driver , ▁Alfred ▁A . ▁Pl um mer ▁and ▁Charles ▁August us ▁Brig gs , ▁the ▁series ▁has ▁been ▁in ▁the ▁hands ▁of ▁various ▁edit ors ▁since . ▁The ▁current ▁edit ors ▁are ▁Graham ▁I . ▁Dav ies ▁and ▁Christopher ▁M . ▁T uck ett . ▁ ▁Vol umes ▁▁▁ 5 5 2 ▁pages ▁▁▁ 2 3 2 ▁pages ▁▁▁ 3 1 8 ▁pages ▁▁▁ 4 8 |
9 ▁pages ▁▁▁ 4 3 4 ▁pages ▁▁▁ 4 7 6 ▁pages ▁▁▁ 4 2 1 ▁pages ▁▁▁ 5 7 4 ▁pages ▁▁▁ 5 3 4 ▁pages ▁▁▁ 3 8 4 ▁pages ▁▁▁ 3 3 4 ▁pages ▁▁▁ 3 6 0 ▁pages ▁▁▁ 3 6 0 ▁pages ▁▁▁ 5 7 1 ▁pages ▁▁▁ 5 5 4 ▁pages ▁▁▁ 2 1 2 ▁pages ▁▁▁ 4 4 8 ▁pages ▁▁▁ 8 0 8 ▁pages ▁▁▁ 4 7 2 ▁pages ▁▁▁ 4 2 4 ▁pages ▁▁▁ 3 9 2 ▁pages ▁▁▁ 5 6 0 ▁pages ▁▁▁ 6 5 8 ▁pages ▁▁▁ 1 , 3 9 6 ▁pages ▁▁▁ 4 1 6 ▁pages ▁▁▁ 5 5 7 ▁pages ▁▁▁ 4 7 8 ▁pages ▁▁▁ 6 0 0 ▁pages ▁▁▁ 4 2 4 ▁pages ▁▁▁ 5 6 0 ▁pages ▁▁▁ 5 1 5 ▁pages ▁▁▁ 3 5 0 ▁pages ▁▁▁ 7 3 1 ▁pages ▁▁▁ 8 0 7 ▁pages ▁▁▁ 7 8 9 ▁pages ▁▁▁ 3 1 7 ▁pages ▁▁▁ 5 9 2 ▁pages ▁▁▁ 3 6 8 ▁pages ▁▁▁ 7 4 0 ▁pages ▁▁▁ 7 4 0 ▁pages ▁▁▁ 6 9 2 ▁pages ▁▁▁ 1 , 2 7 2 ▁pages ▁▁▁ 4 5 0 ▁pages ▁▁▁ 4 8 0 ▁pages ▁▁▁ 4 9 6 ▁pages ▁▁▁ 4 2 4 ▁pages ▁▁▁ 4 0 4 ▁pages ▁▁▁ 9 7 8 ▁pages ▁▁▁ 9 7 8 ▁pages ▁▁▁ 5 3 9 ▁pages ▁▁▁ 6 8 5 ▁pages ▁▁▁ 3 1 5 ▁pages ▁▁▁ 5 1 2 ▁pages ▁▁▁ 2 |
0 1 ▁pages ▁▁▁ 3 2 6 ▁pages ▁▁▁ 1 6 3 ▁pages ▁▁▁ 8 8 2 ▁pages ▁▁▁ 2 6 4 ▁pages ▁▁▁ 3 1 9 ▁pages ▁▁▁ 8 4 8 ▁pages ▁▁▁ 3 5 3 ▁pages ▁▁▁ 2 4 2 ▁pages ▁▁▁ 3 7 3 ▁pages ▁▁▁ 4 9 7 ▁pages ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁▁ ▁An chor ▁Bible ▁Series ▁ ▁Ex eg esis ▁ ▁Text ual ▁criticism ▁ ▁List ▁of ▁Bib lic al ▁comment aries ▁ ▁References ▁▁ ▁Category : B ib lic al ▁comment aries ▁Category : Series ▁of ▁non - f iction ▁books <0x0A> </s> ▁Max ime ▁Pot vin ▁( born ▁ 3 ▁August ▁ 1 9 8 7 ) ▁is ▁a ▁Canadian ▁ta ek w ondo ▁pract ition er . ▁He ▁is ▁a ▁former ▁World ▁Championships ▁silver ▁medal ist . ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 5 , ▁he ▁was ▁named ▁to ▁Canada ' s ▁team ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 5 ▁Pan ▁American ▁Games ▁that ▁were ▁held ▁in ▁Toronto ▁where ▁he ▁received ▁a ▁silver ▁medal . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 8 7 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : Can ad ian ▁male ▁ta ek w ondo ▁pract ition ers ▁Category : Pan ▁American ▁Games ▁silver ▁medal ists ▁for ▁Canada ▁Category : T a ek w ondo ▁pract ition ers ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 5 ▁Pan ▁American ▁Games ▁Category : Pan ▁American ▁Games ▁medal ists ▁in ▁ta ek w ondo <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Official ▁World ▁G olf ▁Rank ing ▁is |
▁a ▁system ▁for ▁rating ▁the ▁performance ▁level ▁of ▁male ▁professional ▁golf ers . ▁It ▁was ▁started ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 6 . ▁ ▁The ▁rank ings ▁are ▁based ▁on ▁a ▁player ' s ▁position ▁in ▁individual ▁tournament s ▁( i . e . ▁not ▁pairs ▁or ▁team ▁events ) ▁over ▁a ▁" rolling " ▁two - year ▁period . ▁New ▁rank ings ▁are ▁produced ▁each ▁week . ▁During ▁ 2 0 1 8 , ▁nearly ▁ 4 0 0 ▁tournament s ▁on ▁ 2 0 ▁t ours ▁were ▁covered ▁by ▁the ▁ranking ▁system . ▁All ▁players ▁compet ing ▁in ▁these ▁tournament s ▁are ▁included ▁in ▁the ▁rank ings . ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 9 , ▁ 2 3 ▁t ours ▁will ▁factor ▁into ▁the ▁world ▁rank ings . ▁ ▁As ▁well ▁as ▁being ▁of ▁general ▁interest , ▁the ▁rank ings ▁have ▁an ▁additional ▁importance , ▁in ▁that ▁they ▁are ▁used ▁as ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁qual ifying ▁criteria ▁for ▁entry ▁into ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁leading ▁tournament s . ▁ ▁T ours ▁included ▁in ▁the ▁rank ings ▁The ▁ranking ▁system ▁is ▁end ors ed ▁by ▁the ▁four ▁major ▁champion ships ▁and ▁six ▁major ▁professional ▁t ours , ▁five ▁of ▁which ▁are ▁char ter ▁members ▁of ▁the ▁International ▁Federation ▁of ▁P GA ▁T ours : ▁ ▁P GA ▁Tour ▁ ▁European ▁Tour ▁ ▁Asian ▁Tour ▁( not ▁a ▁char ter ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁Federation ) ▁ ▁P GA ▁Tour ▁of ▁Austral asia ▁ ▁Japan ▁G olf ▁Tour ▁ ▁Sun sh ine ▁Tour ▁ ▁Point |
s ▁are ▁also ▁awarded ▁for ▁high ▁finish es ▁on ▁other ▁t ours : ▁ ▁K orn ▁Fer ry ▁Tour , ▁the ▁official ▁development al ▁tour ▁for ▁the ▁P GA ▁Tour ▁ ▁Challenge ▁Tour , ▁the ▁official ▁development al ▁tour ▁for ▁the ▁European ▁Tour ▁ ▁P GA ▁Tour ▁Canada , ▁which ▁became ▁a ▁full ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁Federation ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁under ▁its ▁former ▁name ▁of ▁the ▁Canadian ▁Professional ▁G olf ▁Tour ▁ ▁Korean ▁Tour , ▁from ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁ ▁P GA ▁Tour ▁Lat ino am érica , ▁from ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁( T our ▁de ▁las ▁Am ér icas ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁and ▁early ▁ 2 0 1 2 ) ▁ ▁Asian ▁Development ▁Tour , ▁the ▁official ▁development al ▁tour ▁for ▁the ▁Asian ▁Tour , ▁from ▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁ ▁P GA ▁Tour ▁China , ▁from ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁ ▁Al ps ▁Tour , ▁from ▁July ▁ 2 0 1 5 ▁ ▁Nord ic ▁G olf ▁League , ▁from ▁July ▁ 2 0 1 5 ▁ ▁P GA ▁Euro Pro ▁Tour , ▁from ▁July ▁ 2 0 1 5 ▁ ▁Pro G olf ▁Tour , ▁from ▁July ▁ 2 0 1 5 ▁ ▁M EN A ▁G olf ▁Tour , ▁from ▁April ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁ ▁Big ▁E asy ▁Tour , ▁from ▁ 2 0 1 8 ▁ ▁China ▁Tour , ▁from ▁ 2 0 1 8 ▁ ▁All ▁Th ailand ▁G olf ▁Tour , ▁from |
▁ 2 0 1 9 ▁ ▁Professional ▁G olf ▁Tour ▁of ▁India , ▁from ▁ 2 0 1 9 ▁ ▁Ab ema ▁TV ▁Tour , ▁from ▁ 2 0 1 9 ▁ ▁Starting ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 2 , ▁some ▁events ▁received ▁points ▁that ▁had ▁not ▁previously ▁received ▁any . ▁These ▁were ▁the ▁Sun sh ine ▁Tour ▁" W inter ▁Series " ▁and ▁the ▁P GA ▁Tour ▁of ▁Austral asia ▁" State ▁Based ▁and ▁Regional ▁Tourn aments ". ▁ ▁Pre vious ▁t ours : ▁ ▁Asia ▁G olf ▁Circ uit , ▁from ▁ 1 9 8 6 ▁until ▁ 1 9 9 7 . ▁▁ ▁One As ia ▁Tour , ▁added ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁but ▁was ▁dropped ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 8 . ▁ ▁History ▁The ▁initi ative ▁for ▁the ▁creation ▁of ▁the ▁Official ▁World ▁G olf ▁Rank ing ▁came ▁from ▁the ▁Championship ▁Committee ▁of ▁the ▁Royal ▁and ▁An cient ▁G olf ▁Club ▁of ▁St ▁Andrew s , ▁which ▁found ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 8 0 s ▁that ▁its ▁system ▁of ▁issu ing ▁inv itations ▁to ▁The ▁Open ▁Championship ▁on ▁a ▁tour ▁by ▁tour ▁basis ▁was ▁om itting ▁an ▁increasing ▁number ▁of ▁top ▁players ▁because ▁more ▁of ▁them ▁were ▁div iding ▁their ▁time ▁between ▁t ours , ▁and ▁from ▁pre em inent ▁sports ▁agent ▁Mark ▁McC orm ack , ▁who ▁was ▁the ▁first ▁chairman ▁of ▁the ▁International ▁Ad vis ory ▁Committee ▁which ▁over se es ▁the ▁rank ings . ▁The ▁system ▁used ▁to ▁calculate ▁the ▁rank ings |
▁was ▁developed ▁from ▁McC orm ack ' s ▁World ▁G olf ▁Rank ings , ▁which ▁were ▁published ▁in ▁his ▁World ▁of ▁Professional ▁G olf ▁Ann ual ▁from ▁ 1 9 6 8 ▁to ▁ 1 9 8 5 , ▁although ▁these ▁were ▁purely ▁uno fficial ▁and ▁not ▁used ▁for ▁any ▁wider ▁purpose ▁( such ▁as ▁inv iting ▁players ▁to ▁major ▁tournament s ). ▁ ▁The ▁first ▁ranking ▁list ▁was ▁published ▁prior ▁to ▁the ▁ 1 9 8 6 ▁Masters ▁Tournament . ▁The ▁top ▁six ▁ranked ▁golf ers ▁were : ▁Bern hard ▁L anger , ▁Se ve ▁Ball ester os , ▁Sand y ▁L yle , ▁Tom ▁Watson , ▁Mark ▁O ' M ear a ▁and ▁Greg ▁Norman . ▁Thus ▁the ▁top ▁three ▁were ▁all ▁European , ▁but ▁there ▁were ▁ 3 1 ▁Americans ▁in ▁the ▁top ▁ 5 0 ▁( comp ared ▁with ▁ 1 7 ▁at ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁ 2 0 1 0 ). ▁ ▁The ▁method ▁of ▁calculation ▁of ▁the ▁rank ings ▁has ▁changed ▁consider ably ▁over ▁the ▁years . ▁Initial ly , ▁the ▁rank ings ▁were ▁calculated ▁over ▁a ▁three - year ▁period , ▁with ▁the ▁current ▁year ' s ▁points ▁multip lied ▁by ▁four ▁( three ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 6 ), ▁the ▁previous ▁year ' s ▁points ▁by ▁two ▁and ▁the ▁third ▁year ' s ▁points ▁by ▁one . ▁Rank ings ▁were ▁based ▁on ▁the ▁total ▁points ▁and ▁points ▁awarded ▁were ▁restricted ▁to ▁integer ▁values . ▁All ▁tournament s ▁recogn ised ▁by ▁the ▁world ' s |
▁professional ▁t ours , ▁and ▁some ▁leading ▁inv it ational ▁events , ▁were ▁grad ed ▁into ▁categories ▁r anging ▁from ▁major ▁championship ▁( wh ose ▁w inners ▁would ▁receive ▁ 5 0 ▁points ) ▁to ▁" other ▁tournament s " ▁( wh ose ▁w inners ▁would ▁receive ▁a ▁minimum ▁of ▁ 8 ). ▁In ▁all ▁events , ▁other ▁finish ers ▁received ▁points ▁on ▁a ▁dimin ishing ▁scale ▁that ▁began ▁with ▁run ners - up ▁receiving ▁ 6 0 % ▁of ▁the ▁w inners ' ▁points , ▁and ▁the ▁number ▁of ▁players ▁in ▁the ▁field ▁receiving ▁points ▁would ▁be ▁the ▁same ▁as ▁the ▁points ▁awarded ▁to ▁the ▁winner . ▁In ▁a ▁major , ▁for ▁example , ▁all ▁players ▁finishing ▁ 3 0 th ▁to ▁ 4 0 th ▁would ▁receive ▁ 2 ▁points , ▁and ▁all ▁players ▁finishing ▁ 5 0 th ▁or ▁higher , ▁ 1 ▁point . ▁ ▁Begin ning ▁in ▁April ▁ 1 9 8 9 , ▁the ▁rank ings ▁were ▁changed ▁to ▁be ▁based ▁on ▁the ▁average ▁points ▁per ▁event ▁played ▁instead ▁of ▁simply ▁total ▁points ▁earned , ▁subject ▁to ▁a ▁minimum ▁divis or ▁of ▁ 6 0 ▁( 2 0 ▁events ▁per ▁year ). ▁This ▁was ▁in ▁order ▁to ▁more ▁accur ately ▁reflect ▁the ▁status ▁of ▁some ▁( part icular ly ▁older ) ▁players , ▁who ▁played ▁in ▁far ▁fewer ▁events ▁than ▁their ▁younger ▁contempor aries ▁but ▁demonstrated ▁in ▁major ▁champion ships ▁that ▁their ▁ranking ▁was ▁artificial ly ▁low . ▁Tom ▁Watson , ▁for ▁example , ▁finished ▁in ▁the |
▁top ▁ 1 5 ▁of ▁eight ▁major ▁champion ships ▁between ▁ 1 9 8 7 ▁and ▁ 1 9 8 9 , ▁yet ▁had ▁a ▁" total ▁points " ▁ranking ▁of ▁just ▁ 4 0 th ; ▁his ▁ranking ▁became ▁a ▁more ▁real istic ▁ 2 0 th ▁when ▁based ▁on ▁" aver age ▁points ". ▁A ▁new ▁system ▁for ▁determ ining ▁the ▁" weight " ▁of ▁each ▁tournament ▁was ▁also ▁introduced , ▁based ▁on ▁the ▁strength ▁of ▁the ▁tournament ' s ▁field ▁in ▁terms ▁of ▁their ▁pre - t ourn ament ▁world ▁rank ings . ▁Major ▁champion ships ▁were ▁guaranteed ▁to ▁remain ▁at ▁ 5 0 ▁points ▁for ▁the ▁w inners , ▁and ▁all ▁other ▁events ▁could ▁att ain ▁a ▁maximum ▁of ▁ 4 0 ▁points ▁for ▁the ▁winner ▁if ▁all ▁of ▁the ▁world ' s ▁top ▁ 1 0 0 ▁were ▁present . ▁In ▁practice ▁most ▁P GA ▁Tour ▁events ▁awarded ▁around ▁ 2 5 ▁points ▁to ▁the ▁winner , ▁European ▁Tour ▁events ▁around ▁ 1 8 ▁and ▁J P GA ▁Tour ▁events ▁around ▁ 1 2 . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 9 6 , ▁the ▁three - year ▁period ▁was ▁reduced ▁to ▁two ▁years , ▁with ▁the ▁current ▁year ▁now ▁counting ▁double ▁and ▁the ▁minimum ▁number ▁of ▁events ▁reduced ▁from ▁ 6 0 ▁to ▁ 4 0 . ▁Point s ▁were ▁extended ▁to ▁more ▁of ▁the ▁field , ▁beginning ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 0 , ▁and ▁were ▁no ▁longer ▁restricted ▁to ▁integer ▁values . ▁Begin ning ▁in ▁September |
▁ 2 0 0 1 , ▁the ▁tap ering ▁system ▁was ▁changed ▁so ▁that ▁instead ▁of ▁the ▁points ▁for ▁each ▁result ▁being ▁double d ▁if ▁they ▁occurred ▁in ▁the ▁most ▁recent ▁ 1 2 ▁months , ▁one ▁e ighth ▁of ▁the ▁initial ▁" multip lied ▁up " ▁value ▁was ▁dedu cted ▁every ▁ 1 3 ▁weeks . ▁This ▁change ▁effectively ▁meant ▁that ▁players ▁could ▁now ▁be ▁more ▁simply ▁described ▁as ▁being ▁awarded ▁ 1 0 0 ▁points ▁( not ▁ 5 0 ) ▁for ▁winning ▁a ▁major . ▁Begin ning ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 7 , ▁the ▁system ▁holds ▁the ▁points ▁from ▁each ▁event ▁at ▁full ▁value ▁for ▁ 1 3 ▁weeks ▁and ▁then ▁reduces ▁them ▁in ▁equal ▁week ly ▁incre ments ▁over ▁the ▁remainder ▁of ▁the ▁two - year ▁period . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 0 , ▁a ▁maximum ▁number ▁of ▁tournament s ▁was ▁introduced ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁the ▁minimum ▁of ▁ 4 0 . ▁The ▁maximum ▁number ▁was ▁initially ▁set ▁to ▁ 6 0 ▁from ▁January ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁and ▁was ▁reduced ▁by ▁ 2 ▁every ▁six ▁months ▁until ▁it ▁reached ▁ 5 2 ▁in ▁January ▁ 2 0 1 2 . ▁This ▁means ▁that ▁since ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁only ▁the ▁player ' s ▁ 5 2 ▁most ▁recent ▁tournament s ▁( with in ▁the ▁two - year ▁period ) ▁are ▁used ▁to ▁calculate ▁his ▁ranking ▁average . ▁ ▁At ▁first ▁only ▁the ▁Championship ▁Committee ▁of ▁the ▁Royal ▁and ▁An cient ▁used ▁the ▁rank |
ings ▁for ▁official ▁purposes , ▁but ▁the ▁P GA ▁Tour ▁recognized ▁them ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 0 , ▁and ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 7 ▁all ▁five ▁of ▁the ▁then ▁principal ▁men ' s ▁golf ▁t ours ▁did ▁so . ▁The ▁rank ings , ▁which ▁had ▁previously ▁been ▁called ▁the ▁Sony ▁Rank ings , ▁were ▁renamed ▁the ▁Official ▁World ▁G olf ▁Rank ings ▁at ▁that ▁time . ▁They ▁are ▁run ▁from ▁offices ▁in ▁Virginia ▁Water ▁in ▁Sur rey , ▁England . ▁ ▁Calcul ation ▁of ▁the ▁rank ings ▁Source : ▁ ▁Sim ply ▁put , ▁a ▁gol fer ' s ▁World ▁Rank ing ▁is ▁obtained ▁by ▁div iding ▁their ▁points ▁total ▁by ▁the ▁number ▁of ▁events ▁they ▁have ▁played , ▁which ▁gives ▁their ▁average . ▁Play ers ▁are ▁then ▁ranked ; ▁a ▁higher ▁average ▁yields ▁a ▁higher ▁rank . ▁ ▁Event ▁ranking ▁ ▁The ▁first ▁stage ▁in ▁the ▁calculation ▁is ▁the ▁ranking ▁of ▁each ▁event . ▁For ▁most ▁events ▁the ▁ranking ▁depends ▁on ▁the ▁current ▁world ▁rank ings ▁of ▁the ▁particip ating ▁golf ers ▁and ▁the ▁participation ▁of ▁the ▁leading ▁golf ers ▁from ▁the ▁" home ▁tour ". ▁ ▁A ▁" world ▁rating ▁value " ▁is ▁calculated . ▁Any ▁gol fer ▁currently ▁ranked ▁in ▁the ▁world ▁top ▁ 2 0 0 ▁is ▁given ▁a ▁rating ▁value . ▁The ▁world ▁No . ▁ 1 ▁is ▁allocated ▁ 4 5 , ▁the ▁No . ▁ 2 ▁is ▁allocated ▁ 3 7 , ▁the ▁No . ▁ 3 ▁is ▁allocated ▁ 3 2 , ▁down |
▁to ▁those ▁ranked ▁between ▁ 1 0 1 ▁and ▁ 2 0 0 ▁who ▁are ▁allocated ▁a ▁rating ▁value ▁of ▁ 1 ▁each . ▁The ▁maximum ▁possible ▁world ▁rating ▁value ▁is ▁ 9 2 5 ▁but ▁this ▁would ▁only ▁happen ▁if ▁all ▁the ▁top ▁ 2 0 0 ▁golf ers ▁were ▁playing . ▁ ▁A ▁" home ▁tour ▁rating ▁value " ▁is ▁calculated . ▁The ▁leading ▁ 3 0 ▁golf ers ▁from ▁the ▁previous ▁year ' s ▁" home ▁tour " ▁are ▁given ▁rating ▁values . ▁Most ▁t ours ▁use ▁ear nings ▁lists ▁for ▁their ▁top ▁ 3 0 , ▁but ▁the ▁P GA ▁Tour ▁currently ▁uses ▁the ▁Fed Ex ▁points ▁list ▁calculated ▁after ▁the ▁play offs . ▁Major ▁champion ships ▁and ▁W GC ▁events ▁use ▁the ▁current ▁world ▁top ▁ 3 0 ▁list . ▁The ▁home ▁tour ▁No . ▁ 1 ▁is ▁allocated ▁ 8 ▁down ▁to ▁those ▁from ▁ 1 6 ▁to ▁ 3 0 ▁who ▁are ▁allocated ▁a ▁rating ▁value ▁of ▁ 1 ▁each . ▁The ▁maximum ▁home ▁tour ▁rating ▁value ▁is ▁ 7 5 ▁if ▁all ▁the ▁top ▁ 3 0 ▁players ▁from ▁the ▁home ▁tour ▁are ▁compet ing . ▁The ▁total ▁home ▁tour ▁rating ▁value ▁is ▁limited ▁to ▁ 7 5 % ▁of ▁the ▁world ▁rating ▁value . ▁ ▁The ▁world ▁rating ▁value ▁and ▁home ▁tour ▁rating ▁value ▁are ▁added ▁together ▁to ▁give ▁a ▁total ▁rating ▁value . ▁This ▁is ▁then ▁converted ▁into ▁an ▁event ▁ranking ▁using ▁a ▁table . ▁As ▁examples , ▁a ▁total ▁rating ▁value ▁of |
▁ 1 0 ▁converts ▁to ▁an ▁event ▁ranking ▁of ▁ 8 , ▁a ▁total ▁rating ▁value ▁of ▁ 1 0 0 ▁converts ▁to ▁an ▁event ▁ranking ▁of ▁ 2 4 , ▁while ▁a ▁total ▁rating ▁value ▁of ▁ 5 0 0 ▁converts ▁to ▁an ▁event ▁ranking ▁of ▁ 6 2 . ▁ ▁Major ▁champion ships ▁have ▁a ▁fixed ▁event ▁ranking ▁of ▁ 1 0 0 ▁points . ▁For ▁each ▁tour , ▁there ▁is ▁a ▁minimum ▁ranking ▁for ▁each ▁event . ▁In ▁addition , ▁some ▁t ours ▁have ▁a ▁" flags hip ▁event " ▁that ▁is ▁guaranteed ▁a ▁higher ▁ranking . ▁ ▁* ▁Pre viously ▁the ▁Th ailand ▁G olf ▁Championship ▁▁ 7 2 - hole ▁tournament s ▁which ▁are ▁reduced ▁to ▁ 5 4 ▁holes ▁retain ▁full ▁points , ▁but ▁if ▁a ▁tournament ▁is ▁reduced ▁to ▁ 3 6 ▁holes , ▁its ▁points ▁allocation ▁is ▁reduced ▁by ▁ 2 5 %. ▁ 5 4 - hole ▁tournament s ▁reduced ▁to ▁ 3 6 ▁holes ▁retain ▁full ▁points . ▁ ▁The ▁events ▁with ▁the ▁highest ▁" Total ▁R ating " ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 9 ▁are ▁shown ▁in ▁the ▁following ▁table . ▁ ▁Rank ▁refers ▁to ▁the ▁player ' s ▁world ▁ranking ▁before ▁the ▁event . ▁ ▁Player ▁rank ings ▁Having ▁calculated ▁the ▁ranking ▁of ▁the ▁event , ▁the ▁ranking ▁points ▁of ▁the ▁players ▁for ▁that ▁event ▁can ▁be ▁calculated . ▁The ▁winner ' s ▁ranking ▁points ▁are ▁the ▁same ▁as ▁the ▁ranking ▁of ▁the ▁event , ▁so ▁that ▁major ▁w inners ▁get |
▁ 1 0 0 ▁ranking ▁points . ▁The ▁second ▁place ▁gol fer ▁gets ▁ 6 0 % ▁of ▁this ▁amount , ▁ 4 0 % ▁for ▁ 3 rd , ▁ 3 0 % ▁for ▁ 4 th , ▁ 2 4 % ▁for ▁ 5 th , ▁down ▁to ▁ 1 4 % ▁for ▁ 1 0 th , ▁ 7 % ▁for ▁ 2 0 th , ▁ 3 . 5 % ▁for ▁ 4 0 th ▁to ▁ 1 . 5 % ▁for ▁ 6 0 th . ▁Play ers ▁tied ▁for ▁a ▁position ▁share ▁the ▁points ▁for ▁those ▁positions ▁so ▁that ▁if , ▁for ▁example , ▁two ▁players ▁tie ▁for ▁second ▁place ▁they ▁would ▁each ▁receive ▁ 5 0 %, ▁the ▁average ▁of ▁ 6 0 % ▁and ▁ 4 0 %. ▁ ▁A ▁player ' s ▁ranking ▁points ▁for ▁an ▁event ▁must ▁be ▁at ▁least ▁ 1 . 2 . ▁Play ers ▁who ▁would ▁get ▁less ▁than ▁this ▁using ▁the ▁above ▁formula ▁get ▁no ▁ranking ▁points . ▁For ▁example , ▁if ▁an ▁event ▁has ▁a ▁ranking ▁of ▁ 1 0 ▁only ▁the ▁leading ▁ 1 2 ▁players ▁( and ▁t ies ) ▁receive ▁any ▁ranking ▁points ▁since ▁the ▁player ▁in ▁ 1 2 th ▁place ▁gets ▁ 1 2 % ▁of ▁the ▁event ▁ranking ▁( i . e . ▁ 1 . 2 ). ▁The ▁player ▁in ▁ 1 3 th ▁position ▁gets ▁no ▁points . ▁Where ▁there ▁is ▁a ▁tie ▁for ▁the ▁final ▁scoring ▁place , ▁those |
▁players ▁are ▁guaranteed ▁to ▁receive ▁at ▁least ▁ 1 . 2 ▁points . ▁Using ▁the ▁above ▁example , ▁if ▁there ▁were ▁two ▁or ▁more ▁players ▁tied ▁for ▁ 1 2 th ▁place , ▁each ▁would ▁receive ▁ 1 . 2 ▁points . ▁The ▁only ▁exceptions ▁to ▁this ▁system ▁are ▁in ▁the ▁major ▁champion ships ▁where ▁all ▁players ▁who ▁make ▁the ▁cut ▁get ▁a ▁minimum ▁of ▁ 1 . 5 ▁ranking ▁points . ▁ ▁Ad just ed ▁rank ings ▁For ▁the ▁first ▁ 1 3 ▁weeks ▁after ▁an ▁event ▁the ▁player ▁receives ▁the ▁full ▁ranking ▁points ▁earned ▁in ▁that ▁event . ▁However , ▁from ▁then ▁on wards ▁they ▁are ▁reduced ▁in ▁equal ▁week ly ▁incre ments ▁over ▁the ▁remainder ▁of ▁a ▁two - year ▁period . ▁This ▁gives ▁priority ▁to ▁recent ▁form . ▁Each ▁week ▁the ▁ranking ▁points ▁are ▁reduced ▁by ▁a ▁factor ▁of ▁ 1 / 9 2 ▁( appro xim ately ▁ 1 . 0 9 %) ▁so ▁that ▁in ▁week ▁ 1 4 ▁only ▁ 9 8 . 9 1 % ▁of ▁the ▁ranking ▁points ▁are ▁cred ited , ▁continu ing ▁until ▁week ▁ 1 0 4 ▁when ▁only ▁ 1 . 0 9 % ▁is ▁cred ited . ▁From ▁week ▁ 1 0 5 ▁the ▁ranking ▁points ▁are ▁completely ▁lost . ▁ ▁Rank ing ▁average ▁The ▁player ' s ▁adjust ed ▁points ▁for ▁all ▁events ▁in ▁the ▁two - year ▁period ▁are ▁then ▁added ▁together , ▁and ▁this ▁total ▁is ▁divided ▁by ▁the ▁number ▁of ▁events ▁to ▁give ▁the ▁average |
▁ranking . ▁However , ▁players ▁are ▁subject ▁to ▁both ▁a ▁minimum ▁and ▁maximum ▁number ▁of ▁events ▁over ▁the ▁two - year ▁period . ▁If ▁a ▁player ▁compet es ▁in ▁fewer ▁than ▁ 4 0 ▁tournament s ▁over ▁the ▁two - year ▁period ▁his ▁adjust ed ▁points ▁total ▁is ▁divided ▁by ▁ 4 0 ▁and ▁not ▁the ▁actual ▁number ▁of ▁events ▁he ▁has ▁played ▁in . ▁There ▁is ▁also ▁a ▁maximum ▁of ▁ 5 2 ▁tournament s , ▁which ▁means ▁that ▁only ▁the ▁player ' s ▁ 5 2 ▁most ▁recent ▁tournament s ▁( with in ▁the ▁two - year ▁period ) ▁are ▁used . ▁ ▁The ▁resulting ▁aver ages ▁for ▁all ▁players ▁are ▁put ▁into ▁desc ending ▁order ▁to ▁produce ▁the ▁ranking ▁table . ▁This ▁means ▁that ▁the ▁player ▁who ▁has ▁obtained ▁most ▁cum ulative ▁success ▁does ▁not ▁necessarily ▁come ▁top ▁of ▁the ▁rank ings : ▁it ▁is ▁average ▁performance ▁levels ▁that ▁are ▁important , ▁and ▁some ▁golf ers ▁play ▁substantial ly ▁more ▁tournament s ▁than ▁others . ▁New ▁rank ings ▁are ▁released ▁every ▁Monday . ▁ ▁Import ance ▁of ▁the ▁rank ings ▁A ▁professional ▁gol fer ' s ▁ranking ▁is ▁of ▁considerable ▁significance ▁to ▁his ▁career . ▁Currently ▁a ▁ranking ▁in ▁the ▁World ▁Top ▁ 5 0 ▁gr ants ▁automatic ▁entry ▁to ▁all ▁the ▁maj ors ▁and ▁World ▁G olf ▁Championships ; ▁see ▁table ▁below . ▁In ▁addition , ▁rank ings ▁are ▁the ▁main ▁criter ion ▁for ▁selection ▁for ▁the ▁International ▁Team ▁in ▁the ▁Pres idents ▁Cup , ▁while ▁ranking ▁points ▁are |
▁one ▁of ▁the ▁qual ification ▁criteria ▁for ▁the ▁European ▁Ry der ▁Cup ▁team . ▁The ▁rank ings ▁are ▁also ▁used ▁to ▁help ▁select ▁the ▁field ▁for ▁various ▁other ▁tournament s . ▁ ▁Note : ▁The ▁P GA ▁Championship ▁does ▁not ▁have ▁an ▁official ▁automatic ▁entry ▁based ▁on ▁the ▁Official ▁World ▁G olf ▁Rank ing . ▁However , ▁the ▁P GA ▁of ▁America ▁inv ites ▁additional ▁players , ▁and ▁tradition ally ▁has ▁invited ▁those ▁in ▁the ▁top ▁ 1 0 0 ▁for ▁the ▁last ▁several ▁years . ▁It ▁makes ▁note ▁of ▁its ▁strong ▁field ▁by ▁referencing ▁the ▁number ▁of ▁top ▁ 1 0 0 ▁ranked ▁golf ers ▁entered ▁in ▁its ▁press ▁releases . ▁ ▁At ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁Summer ▁Olympics , ▁the ▁top - 1 5 ▁world - rank ed ▁players ▁will ▁be ▁el ig ible , ▁with ▁a ▁limit ▁of ▁four ▁players ▁from ▁a ▁given ▁country . ▁Bey ond ▁the ▁top - 1 5 , ▁players ▁will ▁be ▁el ig ible ▁based ▁on ▁the ▁world ▁rank ings , ▁with ▁a ▁maximum ▁of ▁two ▁el ig ible ▁players ▁from ▁each ▁country ▁that ▁does ▁not ▁already ▁have ▁two ▁or ▁more ▁players ▁among ▁the ▁top - 1 5 . ▁Within ▁the ▁ 6 0 ▁players ▁particip ating , ▁each ▁of ▁the ▁five ▁contin ents ▁of ▁the ▁Olympic ▁Mov ement ▁will ▁be ▁guaranteed ▁at ▁least ▁one ▁player ▁and ▁the ▁host ▁nation ▁will ▁be ▁guaranteed ▁one ▁player . ▁ ▁Tim eline ▁of ▁the ▁" number ▁one " ▁ranking ▁ ▁The ▁first ▁official ▁ranking ▁list ▁was |
▁published ▁prior ▁to ▁the ▁Masters ▁in ▁April ▁ 1 9 8 6 , ▁with ▁Bern hard ▁L anger ▁the ▁first ▁world ▁No . ▁ 1 ▁ranked ▁player , ▁ahead ▁of ▁Se ve ▁Ball ester os , ▁who ▁had ▁to pped ▁the ▁uno fficial ▁McC orm ack ' s ▁World ▁G olf ▁Rank ings ▁at ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁previous ▁year . ▁Ball ester os ▁briefly ▁held ▁the ▁No . ▁ 1 ▁spot ▁after ▁L anger , ▁before ▁Greg ▁Norman ' s ▁world wide ▁success ▁over ▁the ▁rest ▁of ▁that ▁season ▁made ▁him ▁the ▁first ▁year - end ▁No . ▁ 1 . ▁Ball ester os ▁took ▁the ▁No . ▁ 1 ▁position ▁back ▁from ▁Norman ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 7 , ▁and ▁the ▁pair ▁ex changed ▁the ▁No . ▁ 1 ▁position ▁several ▁times ▁over ▁the ▁next ▁two ▁years . ▁During ▁ 1 9 9 0 , ▁Nick ▁Fal do ▁remained ▁ranked ▁just ▁behind ▁Norman ▁despite ▁winning ▁three ▁maj ors ▁in ▁two ▁years ▁( and ▁more ▁world ▁ranking ▁points ▁in ▁total ▁than ▁his ▁rival , ▁al beit ▁having ▁entered ▁more ▁events ). ▁As ▁detailed ▁in ▁Mark ▁McC orm ack ' s ▁" World ▁of ▁Professional ▁G olf ▁ 1 9 9 1 " ▁annual , ▁it ▁was ▁also ▁the ▁case ▁( but ▁less ▁immediately ▁apparent ) ▁that ▁Norman ▁had ▁won ▁a ▁total ▁of ▁ 1 4 ▁events ▁during ▁the ▁ranking ▁period ▁to ▁Fal do ' s ▁ 1 0 , ▁and ▁when ▁the ▁two ▁had ▁competed ▁in ▁the ▁same ▁tournament , ▁had |
▁finished ▁ahead ▁of ▁his ▁rival ▁ 1 9 ▁times ▁to ▁ 1 1 , ▁so ▁Norman ' s ▁No . ▁ 1 ▁position ▁( on ▁the ▁new ▁" aver age ▁points " ▁system ) ▁had ▁some ▁just ification . ▁Fal do ▁did ▁inherit ▁the ▁No . ▁ 1 ▁ranking ▁for ▁the ▁first ▁time ▁early ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 1 . ▁ ▁In ▁April ▁ 1 9 9 1 , ▁a ▁qu irk ▁in ▁the ▁way ▁the ▁rank ings ▁treated ▁results ▁from ▁previous ▁years ▁meant ▁that ▁Ian ▁Wo os nam , ▁who ▁had ▁never ▁won ▁a ▁major , ▁took ▁the ▁No . ▁ 1 ▁spot ▁from ▁Fal do ▁on ▁the ▁e ve ▁of ▁the ▁latter ' s ▁attempt ▁to ▁win ▁the ▁Masters ▁for ▁a ▁third ▁year ▁in ▁succession ; ▁as ▁if ▁just ifying ▁the ▁ranking ▁system , ▁Wo os nam — and ▁not ▁Fal do — won ▁the ▁tournament . ▁Tw elve ▁months ▁later , ▁Fred ▁Cou ples ▁similarly ▁took ▁over ▁the ▁No . ▁ 1 ▁ranking ▁shortly ▁before ▁the ▁ 1 9 9 2 ▁Masters , ▁then ▁also ▁went ▁on ▁to ▁make ▁that ▁tournament ▁his ▁first ▁major ▁victory . ▁Fal do ' s ▁Open ▁victory ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 2 ▁lifted ▁him ▁back ▁to ▁the ▁No . ▁ 1 ▁position , ▁and ▁he ▁held ▁that ▁spot ▁until ▁replaced ▁by ▁Nick ▁Price , ▁who ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 4 ▁became ▁the ▁first ▁African ▁ranked ▁No . ▁ 1 ▁after ▁his ▁back - to - back ▁major ▁vict ories ▁that ▁summer . |
▁ ▁By ▁ 1 9 9 6 , ▁Greg ▁Norman ▁had ▁reg ained ▁the ▁top ▁spot ▁and ▁ended ▁ 1 9 9 6 ▁and ▁ 1 9 9 7 ▁narrow ly ▁ahead ▁of ▁first ▁Tom ▁Le h man , ▁and ▁then ▁T iger ▁Wood s ▁and ▁Er nie ▁Els ▁in ▁the ▁rank ings , ▁despite ▁his ▁riv als ▁enjo ying ▁major ▁vict ories ▁in ▁those ▁years ▁while ▁he ▁won ▁none . ▁Le h man , ▁Els ▁and ▁Wood s ▁would ▁all ▁briefly ▁become ▁No . ▁ 1 ▁during ▁ 1 9 9 7 , ▁Le h man ▁for ▁a ▁week ▁– ▁to ▁date , ▁the ▁only ▁player ▁to ▁hold ▁the ▁No . ▁ 1 ▁ranking ▁for ▁just ▁one ▁week . ▁In ▁ 1 9 9 6 , ▁Col in ▁Mont gom erie ▁also ▁led ▁the ▁rank ings ▁in ▁total ▁points ▁earned ▁over ▁the ▁two - year ▁period ▁( but ▁never ▁on ▁average ▁points ▁per ▁event ); ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 7 ▁Els ▁was ▁top ▁of ▁a ▁similar ▁" total ▁points " ▁list . ▁Those ▁were ▁the ▁last ▁occasions ▁on ▁which ▁a ▁player ▁led ▁on ▁" total " ▁points ▁but ▁not ▁average ▁points ▁until ▁ 2 0 1 6 , ▁when ▁D ust in ▁Johnson ▁similarly ▁had ▁more ▁points ▁in ▁total ▁than ▁the ▁world ▁number ▁one ▁Jason ▁Day . ▁Wood s ▁then ▁finished ▁ 1 9 9 8 ▁narrow ly ▁ahead ▁of ▁Mark ▁O ' M ear a ▁even ▁though ▁the ▁latter ▁won ▁two ▁major ▁titles ▁that ▁year ▁while ▁Wood s ▁won ▁just |
▁once ▁on ▁the ▁P GA ▁Tour . ▁In ▁March ▁ 1 9 9 9 , ▁David ▁Du val ▁became ▁world ▁No . ▁ 1 ▁after ▁winning ▁The ▁Play ers ▁Championship , ▁his ▁sixth ▁victory ▁in ▁a ▁twelve - month ▁period ▁that ▁came ▁before ▁his ▁first ▁major ▁victory ▁( which ▁would ▁follow ▁two ▁years ▁later ▁at ▁the ▁Open ▁Championship ). ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 0 , ▁T iger ▁Wood s ▁had ▁an ▁un pre ced ented ▁season ▁of ▁success ▁that ▁saw ▁him ▁ear n ▁ 9 4 8 ▁world ▁ranking ▁points ▁in ▁a ▁single ▁calendar ▁year , ▁so ▁many ▁points ▁that ▁even ▁had ▁his ▁ 1 9 9 9 ▁points ▁( which ▁represented ▁the ▁previous ▁single - season ▁record ) ▁been ▁totally ▁disc ount ed ▁from ▁the ▁calculation , ▁Wood s ▁would ▁still ▁have ▁had ▁a ▁points ▁average ▁easily ▁high ▁enough ▁to ▁lead ▁the ▁rank ings ▁– ▁and ▁Wood s ▁would ▁still ▁have ▁led ▁at ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁ 2 0 0 1 ▁even ▁had ▁he ▁earned ▁no ▁further ▁points ▁that ▁year . ▁T iger ▁Wood s ▁domin ated ▁the ▁No . ▁ 1 ▁spot ▁for ▁the ▁following ▁five ▁years , ▁but ▁when ▁V ij ay ▁Singh ▁won ▁the ▁P GA ▁Championship ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 4 ▁and ▁with ▁it ▁took ▁the ▁No . ▁ 1 ▁ranking , ▁that ▁change ▁highlight ed ▁the ▁fact ▁that ▁Wood s ▁had ▁not ▁won ▁a ▁major ▁for ▁over ▁two ▁years , ▁and ▁also ▁the ▁extraordinary ▁success ▁Singh ▁had ▁recently ▁on ▁tour ▁had ▁that ▁had ▁allowed |
▁him ▁to ▁over take ▁the ▁American . ▁Wood s ▁respond ed ▁by ▁winning ▁the ▁very ▁next ▁major , ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 5 ▁Masters , ▁and ▁with ▁it ▁reg ained ▁the ▁No . ▁ 1 ▁spot , ▁which ▁he ▁would ▁then ▁retain ▁for ▁a ▁further ▁five ▁years . ▁Following ▁kne e ▁surg ery ▁in ▁the ▁summer ▁of ▁ 2 0 0 8 , ▁Wood s ▁missed ▁the ▁entire ▁second ▁half ▁of ▁the ▁year , ▁while ▁P ád ra ig ▁Harr ington ▁won ▁two ▁major ▁champion ships , ▁to ▁add ▁to ▁the ▁Open ▁Championship ▁he ▁won ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 7 . ▁Despite ▁ear ning ▁no ▁further ▁ranking ▁points ▁during ▁his ▁absence , ▁Wood s ▁remained ▁No . ▁ 1 ▁on ▁the ▁ranking ▁system ▁in ▁December ▁ 2 0 0 8 . ▁ ▁During ▁ 2 0 1 0 , ▁there ▁was ▁much ▁debate ▁as ▁to ▁whether ▁Wood s ' ▁continued ▁ret ention ▁of ▁the ▁No . ▁ 1 ▁ranking ▁( which ▁he ▁held ▁up ▁until ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁October ) ▁was ▁just ified ▁given ▁his ▁relatively ▁poor ▁form — W ood s ▁finished ▁fourth ▁in ▁two ▁major ▁champion ships ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 0 , ▁but ▁failed ▁to ▁finish ▁in ▁the ▁top ▁ten ▁of ▁any ▁other ▁events ▁he ▁entered . ▁During ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁season , ▁several ▁of ▁his ▁riv als ▁for ▁the ▁No . ▁ 1 ▁spot ▁- ▁including ▁Masters ▁champion ▁Phil ▁M ick el son ▁( who ▁had ▁won ▁four ▁maj ors ▁since ▁ 2 |
0 0 4 ▁but ▁had ▁yet ▁to ▁reach ▁No . ▁ 1 ▁in ▁the ▁rank ings ), ▁Lee ▁West wood ▁( who ▁had ▁yet ▁to ▁win ▁a ▁major ▁but ▁had ▁finished ▁second ▁in ▁both ▁the ▁Masters ▁and ▁Open ▁Championships ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 0 ), ▁and ▁then ▁Martin ▁Kay mer ▁( who ▁had ▁won ▁the ▁P GA ▁Championship ▁among ▁four ▁world wide ▁wins ) — ▁each ▁missed ▁opportun ities ▁to ▁win ▁particular ▁events ▁that ▁would ▁have ▁taken ▁them ▁above ▁Wood s , ▁before ▁West wood ▁finally ▁became ▁world ▁No . ▁ 1 ▁on ▁October ▁ 3 1 . ▁ ▁During ▁ 2 0 1 1 , ▁the ▁possession ▁of ▁the ▁No . ▁ 1 ▁ranking ▁would ▁be ▁the ▁subject ▁of ▁much ▁discussion ▁among ▁European ▁golf ▁comment ators ▁as ▁it ▁passed ▁from ▁West wood ▁to ▁Kay mer , ▁back ▁to ▁West wood ▁and ▁then ▁in ▁May ▁to ▁Luke ▁Donald , ▁who ▁took ▁No . ▁ 1 ▁spot ▁by ▁defe ating ▁West wood ▁in ▁a ▁play off ▁for ▁the ▁B MW ▁P GA ▁Championship . ▁Donald , ▁in ▁becoming ▁the ▁fif teenth ▁world ▁No . ▁ 1 , ▁also ▁became ▁the ▁first ▁ever ▁to ▁reach ▁No . ▁ 1 ▁before ▁having ▁won ▁or ▁finished ▁runner - up ▁in ▁a ▁major ▁championship ▁in ▁his ▁career . ▁Donald ' s ▁position ▁at ▁the ▁top ▁of ▁the ▁rank ings ▁was ▁just ified ▁by ▁his ▁consist ency ▁through ▁the ▁rest ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁season ▁– ▁becoming ▁the ▁first ▁gol fer ▁ever ▁to ▁win ▁the |
▁money ▁title ▁on ▁both ▁the ▁European ▁and ▁P GA ▁T ours ▁in ▁the ▁same ▁season . ▁ ▁In ▁March ▁ 2 0 1 2 , ▁Donald ▁lost ▁the ▁No . ▁ 1 ▁position ▁to ▁R ory ▁Mc Il roy ; ▁the ▁pair ▁then ▁ex changed ▁the ▁No . ▁ 1 ▁position ▁a ▁further ▁four ▁times ▁in ▁the ▁following ▁two ▁months , ▁so ▁the ▁vol at ility ▁of ▁the ▁No . ▁ 1 ▁ranking ▁again ▁became ▁a ▁source ▁of ▁comment . ▁At ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁ 2 0 1 2 , ▁Mc Il roy ▁had ▁opened ▁up ▁a ▁clear ▁lead ▁at ▁the ▁top ▁of ▁the ▁rank ings , ▁following ▁his ▁second ▁major ▁victory ▁at ▁the ▁P GA ▁Championship ▁and ▁em ulating ▁Donald ▁in ▁leading ▁the ▁money ▁lists ▁on ▁both ▁sides ▁of ▁the ▁Atlantic . ▁However , ▁by ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁March ▁ 2 0 1 3 , ▁a ▁res urg ent ▁T iger ▁Wood s ▁had ▁returned ▁to ▁the ▁top ▁of ▁the ▁rank ings , ▁after ▁adding ▁three ▁P GA ▁Tour ▁wins ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁to ▁his ▁three ▁vict ories ▁from ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁while ▁Mc Il roy ▁strugg led ▁with ▁his ▁form ▁following ▁equipment ▁changes . ▁Wood s ▁then ▁suffered ▁a ▁back ▁injury ▁that ▁s idel ined ▁him ▁for ▁the ▁early ▁part ▁of ▁ 2 0 1 4 , ▁and ▁in ▁his ▁absence , ▁Adam ▁Scott , ▁winner ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁Masters , ▁became ▁the ▁ 1 7 th ▁world ▁No . ▁ 1 |
▁on ▁May ▁ 1 8 , ▁despite ▁not ▁winning ▁an ▁event ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁to ▁that ▁date ; ▁he ▁would ▁win ▁the ▁following ▁week ▁to ▁secure ▁his ▁No . ▁ 1 ▁position ▁and ▁avoid ▁following ▁Tom ▁Le h man ▁as ▁a ▁one - week ▁No . ▁ 1 . ▁He ▁held ▁the ▁No . ▁ 1 ▁position ▁until ▁August ▁ 3 , ▁when ▁Mc Il roy ▁reg ained ▁the ▁top ▁spot ▁by ▁following ▁his ▁Open ▁Championship ▁victory ▁with ▁another ▁at ▁the ▁W GC - B rid gest one ▁Inv it ational . ▁▁ ▁On ▁August ▁ 1 6 , ▁ 2 0 1 5 , ▁following ▁Jordan ▁S pi eth ' s ▁second - place ▁finish ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 5 ▁P GA ▁Championship ▁( that ▁followed ▁earlier ▁wins ▁at ▁the ▁Masters ▁and ▁the ▁U . S . ▁Open ), ▁S pi eth ▁became ▁the ▁ 1 8 th ▁world ▁No . ▁ 1 . ▁Over ▁the ▁following ▁three ▁weeks , ▁the ▁No . ▁ 1 ▁spot ▁passed ▁back ▁and ▁forth ▁between ▁Mc Il roy ▁and ▁S pi eth , ▁due ▁to ▁the ▁way ▁each ▁player ' s ▁average ▁points ▁( which ▁were ▁almost ▁identical ) ▁fl uct u ated ▁( as ▁their ▁point ▁weight ings ▁and ▁events ▁played ▁divis ors ▁changed ), ▁until , ▁on ▁September ▁ 2 0 , ▁both ▁were ▁over t aken ▁by ▁Jason ▁Day , ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 5 ▁P GA ▁Championship ▁winner , ▁who ▁became ▁the ▁ 1 9 th |
▁world ▁No . ▁ 1 ▁with ▁victory ▁in ▁the ▁B MW ▁Championship , ▁his ▁fifth ▁of ▁the ▁season . ▁A ▁week ▁later , ▁S pi eth ▁reg ained ▁the ▁No . ▁ 1 ▁spot ▁from ▁Day ▁after ▁winning ▁the ▁Tour ▁Championship ▁( and ▁with ▁it , ▁the ▁Fed Ex ▁Cup ), ▁and ▁concluded ▁ 2 0 1 5 ▁as ▁world ▁No . ▁ 1 , ▁but ▁Day ' s ▁continued ▁good ▁form ▁took ▁him ▁back ▁to ▁number ▁one ▁after ▁winning ▁the ▁W GC ▁Match play ▁in ▁March ▁ 2 0 1 6 . ▁ ▁On ▁February ▁ 1 9 , ▁ 2 0 1 7 , ▁D ust in ▁Johnson ▁became ▁the ▁ 2 0 th ▁player ▁to ▁reach ▁number ▁one ▁in ▁the ▁rank ings ▁following ▁his ▁victory ▁at ▁the ▁Gen esis ▁Open . ▁He ▁would ▁remain ▁number ▁one ▁for ▁over ▁a ▁year ▁before ▁being ▁over t aken ▁in ▁May ▁ 2 0 1 8 ▁by ▁Justin ▁Thomas , ▁who ▁had ▁won ▁the ▁P GA ▁championship ▁and ▁four ▁other ▁events ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 7 . ▁Johnson ▁reg ained ▁top ▁spot ▁but ▁was ▁over t aken ▁again ▁in ▁September ▁ 2 0 1 8 ▁by ▁Justin ▁Rose , ▁who ▁had ▁finished ▁second ▁at ▁the ▁Open ▁and ▁again ▁in ▁two ▁Fed Ex ▁Cup ▁play off ▁events . ▁Rose ▁became ▁the ▁ 2 2 nd ▁player ▁to ▁reach ▁number ▁one , ▁and ▁the ▁fourth ▁English man . ▁Johnson ▁reg ained ▁the ▁number ▁one ▁position ▁from ▁Rose ▁but ▁was ▁replaced ▁by ▁a ▁new ▁number ▁one |
▁for ▁a ▁third ▁time ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 8 ▁on ▁October ▁ 2 1 , ▁when ▁Bro oks ▁Ko ep ka ▁added ▁victory ▁in ▁the ▁C J ▁Cup ▁to ▁his ▁two ▁ 2 0 1 8 ▁major ▁titles . ▁Ko ep ka ▁remained ▁number ▁one ▁on ▁the ▁ranking ▁at ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁ 2 0 1 8 , ▁even ▁though ▁Rose ▁had ▁am ass ed ▁a ▁higher ▁total ▁of ▁ranking ▁points ▁( from ▁more ▁events ▁entered ). ▁D ust in ▁Johnson ▁reg ained ▁the ▁number ▁one ▁position ▁early ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 9 ▁with ▁victory ▁at ▁the ▁W GC - M ex ico ▁Championship , ▁but ▁Ko ep ka ▁returned ▁to ▁number ▁one ▁when ▁he ▁retained ▁his ▁P GA ▁Championship ▁title ▁in ▁May ▁ 2 0 1 9 . ▁Ko ep ka ▁remained ▁number ▁one ▁at ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁ 2 0 1 9 , ▁although ▁Fed Ex ▁Cup ▁winner ▁R ory ▁Mc Il roy ▁had ▁( like ▁Rose ▁the ▁year ▁before ) ▁am ass ed ▁more ▁ranking ▁points ▁in ▁total ▁than ▁him . ▁On ▁February ▁ 9 , ▁ 2 0 2 0 , ▁Mc Il roy ▁reg ained ▁the ▁number ▁one ▁position ▁as ▁his ▁higher ▁ 2 0 1 9 ▁points ▁total ▁became ▁reflected ▁in ▁the ▁weight ed ▁average . ▁ ▁Rank ings ▁archive ▁ ▁Year - end ▁world ▁number ▁ 1 ▁ranked ▁golf ers ▁▁ 1 9 8 6 ▁Greg ▁Norman ▁ 1 9 8 7 ▁Greg ▁Norman ▁ ▁( 2 ) ▁▁ 1 9 8 8 ▁Se |
ve ▁Ball ester os ▁ 1 9 8 9 ▁Greg ▁Norman ▁ ▁( 3 ) ▁ 1 9 9 0 ▁Greg ▁Norman ▁ ▁( 4 ) ▁ 1 9 9 1 ▁Ian ▁Wo os nam ▁ 1 9 9 2 ▁Nick ▁Fal do ▁ 1 9 9 3 ▁Nick ▁Fal do ▁ ▁( 2 ) ▁ 1 9 9 4 ▁Nick ▁Price ▁ 1 9 9 5 ▁Greg ▁Norman ▁ ▁( 5 ) ▁ 1 9 9 6 ▁Greg ▁Norman ▁ ▁( 6 ) ▁ 1 9 9 7 ▁Greg ▁Norman ▁ ▁( 7 ) ▁ 1 9 9 8 ▁T iger ▁Wood s ▁ 1 9 9 9 ▁T iger ▁Wood s ▁ ▁( 2 ) ▁ 2 0 0 0 ▁T iger ▁Wood s ▁ ▁( 3 ) ▁ 2 0 0 1 ▁T iger ▁Wood s ▁ ▁( 4 ) ▁ 2 0 0 2 ▁T iger ▁Wood s ▁ ▁( 5 ) ▁ 2 0 0 3 ▁T iger ▁Wood s ▁ ▁( 6 ) ▁ 2 0 0 4 ▁V ij ay ▁Singh ▁ 2 0 0 5 ▁T iger ▁Wood s ▁ ▁( 7 ) ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁T iger ▁Wood s ▁ ▁( 8 ) ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁T iger ▁Wood s ▁ ▁( 9 ) ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁T iger ▁Wood s ▁ ▁( 1 0 ) ▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁T iger ▁Wood s ▁ ▁( 1 1 ) ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁Lee ▁West wood |
▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁Luke ▁Donald ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁R ory ▁Mc Il roy ▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁T iger ▁Wood s ▁ ▁( 1 2 ) ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁R ory ▁Mc Il roy ▁ ▁( 2 ) ▁ 2 0 1 5 ▁Jordan ▁S pi eth ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁Jason ▁Day ▁ 2 0 1 7 ▁D ust in ▁Johnson ▁ 2 0 1 8 ▁Bro oks ▁Ko ep ka ▁ 2 0 1 9 ▁Bro oks ▁Ko ep ka ▁( 2 ) ▁ ▁Mark ▁H . ▁McC orm ack ▁Award ▁Award ed ▁to ▁the ▁player ▁with ▁the ▁most ▁weeks ▁at ▁No . ▁ 1 ▁during ▁calendar ▁year ▁and ▁named ▁after ▁Mark ▁McC orm ack , ▁origin ator ▁of ▁the ▁ranking . ▁▁ 1 9 9 8 ▁T iger ▁Wood s ▁ 1 9 9 9 ▁T iger ▁Wood s ▁( 2 ) ▁ 2 0 0 0 ▁T iger ▁Wood s ▁( 3 ) ▁ 2 0 0 1 ▁T iger ▁Wood s ▁( 4 ) ▁ 2 0 0 2 ▁T iger ▁Wood s ▁( 5 ) ▁ 2 0 0 3 ▁T iger ▁Wood s ▁( 6 ) ▁ 2 0 0 4 ▁T iger ▁Wood s ▁( 7 ) ▁ 2 0 0 5 ▁T iger ▁Wood s ▁( 8 ) ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁T iger ▁Wood s ▁( 9 ) ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁T iger ▁Wood s ▁( 1 0 ) ▁ 2 0 |
0 8 ▁T iger ▁Wood s ▁( 1 1 ) ▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁T iger ▁Wood s ▁( 1 2 ) ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁T iger ▁Wood s ▁( 1 3 ) ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁Luke ▁Donald ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁R ory ▁Mc Il roy ▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁T iger ▁Wood s ▁( 1 4 ) ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁R ory ▁Mc Il roy ▁( 2 ) ▁ 2 0 1 5 ▁R ory ▁Mc Il roy ▁( 3 ) ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁Jason ▁Day ▁ 2 0 1 7 ▁D ust in ▁Johnson ▁ 2 0 1 8 ▁D ust in ▁Johnson ▁( 2 ) ▁ 2 0 1 9 ▁Bro oks ▁Ko ep ka ▁ ▁Single - season ▁total ▁ranking ▁points ▁leaders ▁Although ▁not ▁recognized ▁by ▁any ▁official ▁award , ▁these ▁golf ers ▁have ▁won ▁the ▁most ▁World ▁Rank ing ▁Point s ▁during ▁the ▁years ▁for ▁which ▁the ▁rank ings ▁have ▁been ▁calculated ▁( points ▁tot als ▁prior ▁to ▁ 1 9 9 6 ▁are ▁scale d ▁to ▁the ▁current ▁standard , ▁i . e . ▁major ▁wins ▁are ▁worth ▁ 1 0 0 ▁points ): ▁ ▁Break down ▁by ▁national ity ▁A ▁break down ▁of ▁the ▁year - end ▁top - 1 0 0 ▁by ▁national ity . ▁ ▁A ▁break down ▁of ▁the ▁year - end ▁top - 1 0 0 ▁by ▁el ig ibility ▁for ▁the ▁major ▁team ▁compet itions : ▁Ry der ▁Cup |
▁( USA ▁vs . ▁Europe ) ▁and ▁Pres idents ▁Cup ▁( USA ▁vs . ▁non - Europe an ▁international ▁team ). ▁ ▁* Two ▁men ▁tied ▁for ▁ 1 0 0 th ▁place . ▁Note : ▁The ▁Pres idents ▁Cup ▁was ▁founded ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 4 . ▁ ▁World ▁Rank ing ▁of ▁major ▁championship ▁w inners ▁The ▁table ▁shows ▁the ▁World ▁Rank ings ▁of ▁the ▁w inners ▁of ▁each ▁major ▁championship ▁in ▁the ▁week ▁before ▁their ▁victory . ▁ ▁'' Note : ▁The ▁R & A ▁announced ▁on ▁April ▁ 6 , ▁ 2 0 2 0 ▁that ▁the ▁ 2 0 2 0 ▁Open ▁Championship ▁would ▁be ▁can ce led ▁due ▁to ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 9 – 2 0 ▁coron av irus ▁pan demic . ▁ ▁Sum mary ▁ ▁World ▁M oney ▁List ▁From ▁ 1 9 9 6 ▁to ▁ 2 0 1 2 , ▁the ▁International ▁Federation ▁of ▁P GA ▁T ours ▁san ction ed ▁a ▁World ▁M oney ▁List ▁ ▁which ▁was ▁the ▁total ▁official ▁money ▁earned ▁by ▁a ▁player ▁on ▁all ▁member ▁t ours . ▁It ▁was ▁computed ▁in ▁United ▁States ▁dollars . ▁The ▁year ly ▁leaders ▁are ▁listed ▁below . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁List ▁of ▁world ▁number ▁one ▁male ▁golf ers ▁List ▁of ▁male ▁golf ers ▁who ▁have ▁been ▁in ▁the ▁world ▁top ▁ 1 0 ▁Women ' s ▁World ▁G olf ▁Rank ings ▁– ▁for ▁female ▁professional ▁golf ers ▁World ▁Am ateur ▁G olf ▁Rank ing ▁– ▁for ▁male ▁and ▁female ▁amateur |
▁golf ers ▁ ▁Notes ▁and ▁references ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Category : G olf ▁termin ology ▁G olf ▁Category : G olf ▁rank ings <0x0A> </s> ▁Ralph ▁Mur phy ▁( May ▁ 1 , ▁ 1 8 9 5 ▁– ▁February ▁ 1 0 , ▁ 1 9 6 7 ) ▁was ▁an ▁American ▁film ▁director . ▁Born ▁in ▁Rock ville , ▁Connecticut , ▁Mur phy ▁was ▁active ▁in ▁films ▁from ▁ 1 9 3 1 ▁through ▁ 1 9 6 2 , ▁with ▁some ▁work ▁in ▁television . ▁From ▁ 1 9 4 1 – 4 4 ▁he ▁was ▁married ▁to ▁Gl oria ▁Dick son , ▁whom ▁he ▁directed ▁in ▁I ▁W ant ▁a ▁Div or ce . ▁ ▁His ▁films ▁include : ▁▁ ▁The ▁Big ▁Sh ot ▁( 1 9 3 1 ) ▁ ▁Girl ▁Without ▁a ▁Room ▁( 1 9 3 3 ) ▁ ▁Golden ▁Har vest ▁( 1 9 3 3 ) ▁ ▁She ▁Made ▁Her ▁Bed ▁( 1 9 3 4 ) ▁ ▁The ▁Not orious ▁Soph ie ▁Lang ▁( 1 9 3 4 ) ▁ ▁Men ▁Without ▁Names ▁( 1 9 3 5 ) ▁ ▁The ▁Man ▁I ▁Mar ry ▁( 1 9 3 6 ) ▁ ▁Top ▁of ▁the ▁Town ▁( 1 9 3 7 ) ▁ ▁Our ▁Ne igh b ors ▁- ▁The ▁Car ters ▁( 1 9 3 9 ) ▁ ▁I ▁W ant ▁a ▁Div or ce ▁( 1 9 4 0 ) ▁ ▁Pacific ▁Black out ▁( 1 9 4 1 ) |
▁ ▁Mrs . ▁W ig gs ▁of ▁the ▁C abb age ▁P atch ▁( 1 9 4 2 ) ▁ ▁Night ▁Pl ane ▁from ▁Ch ung king ▁( 1 9 4 3 ) ▁ ▁The ▁Town ▁W ent ▁Wild ▁( 1 9 4 4 ) ▁ ▁The ▁Man ▁in ▁Half ▁Moon ▁Street ▁( 1 9 4 5 ) ▁ ▁Mic key ▁( 1 9 4 8 ) ▁ ▁Red ▁St all ion ▁in ▁the ▁Rock ies ▁( 1 9 4 9 ) ▁ ▁Dick ▁Tur pin ' s ▁R ide ▁( 1 9 5 1 ) ▁ ▁Lady ▁in ▁the ▁Iron ▁M ask ▁( 1 9 5 2 ) ▁ ▁Captain ▁Pir ate ▁( 1 9 5 2 ) ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁▁ ▁Category : 1 8 9 5 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 9 6 7 ▁death s ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁Rock ville , ▁Connecticut ▁Category : D ise ase - related ▁death s ▁in ▁California ▁Category : Fil m ▁direct ors ▁from ▁Connecticut <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁I TC ▁St ella ▁Mar is ▁is ▁a ▁tennis ▁complex ▁in ▁Um ag , ▁Cro atia . ▁The ▁complex ▁is ▁the ▁host ▁of ▁the ▁annual ▁ 2 5 0 ▁series ▁stop , ▁the ▁Cro atia ▁Open ▁Um ag . ▁ ▁The ▁stad ium ▁court ▁has ▁a ▁capacity ▁of ▁ 3 , 5 0 0 ▁people . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁List ▁of ▁tennis ▁stad iums ▁by ▁capacity ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : T ennis ▁ven ues ▁in ▁Cro atia ▁Category : |
Build ings ▁and ▁structures ▁in ▁Ist ria ▁County <0x0A> </s> ▁Un ga - Ch uck ▁of ▁the ▁N ss we ▁Ne ppe , ▁is ▁a ▁myth ological ▁character ▁from ▁the ▁M esk w aki - S au k ▁trib al ▁fol kl ore . ▁ ▁The ▁tale ▁comes ▁from ▁the ▁Fox ▁and ▁Sac ▁tribes ▁in ▁what ▁is ▁now ▁central ▁Iowa . ▁ ▁The ▁As ik iw aki ▁( or ▁Sau k ▁or ▁Sac ) ▁tribe ▁and ▁the ▁M esk w aki ▁( or ▁Fox ) ▁tribe . ▁The ▁M esk w aki ▁and ▁As ik iw aki ▁Indians ▁were ▁related ▁to ▁each ▁other ▁and ▁spoke ▁the ▁same ▁language , ▁but ▁they ▁were ▁polit ically ▁independent . ▁However , ▁the ▁Fox ▁tribe ▁was ▁nearly ▁destroyed ▁in ▁a ▁war ▁with ▁the ▁French , ▁and ▁the ▁surv iving ▁Fox ▁Indians ▁fled ▁to ▁the ▁Sau k ▁villages ▁for ▁protection . ▁The ▁two ▁tribes ▁merged ▁into ▁a ▁single ▁tribe ▁called ▁the ▁Sac ▁and ▁Fox . ▁Most ▁Sac ▁and ▁Fox ▁people ▁still ▁live ▁together ▁today . ▁The ▁version ▁below ▁was ▁collected ▁by ▁John ▁Tob in ▁in ▁his ▁book ▁With ▁No ▁Int ention . ▁ ▁The ▁Story ▁of ▁Un ga ▁Ch uck ▁ ▁Un ga - Ch uck ' s ▁story ▁takes ▁place ▁on ▁C ed ar ▁River ▁in ▁Iowa . ▁Un ga ▁Ch uck ▁lived ▁in ▁a ▁clear ing ▁by ▁the ▁banks ▁of ▁the ▁river . ▁The ▁exact ▁setting ▁is ▁referred ▁to ▁as ▁the ▁meeting ▁of ▁The ▁Three ▁W aters . ▁He ▁was ▁the ▁grand son ▁of ▁Chief ▁Pow |
esh iek ▁and ▁the ▁son ▁of ▁Mag or . ▁He ▁was ▁considered ▁the ▁pride ▁of ▁the ▁village . ▁Life ▁goes ▁well ▁for ▁him ▁until ▁Mag or ▁his ▁father ▁does ▁not ▁return ▁from ▁a ▁h unt . ▁Un ga ▁Ch uck ▁then ▁goes ▁on ▁to ▁live ▁with ▁his ▁grand father ▁and ▁lear ns ▁to ▁become ▁a ▁great ▁leader ▁in ▁his ▁village . ▁ ▁The ▁village ▁lived ▁very ▁peace ful ▁and ▁happy ▁lives ▁with ▁Un ga ▁Ch uck ▁marry ing ▁his ▁sweet heart ▁Le es - wa ▁Later ▁Un ga - Ch uck ▁one ▁day ▁sees ▁ ▁vis ions ▁that ▁ups ets ▁him . ▁The ▁first ▁being ▁three ▁trees ▁sil hou ett ed ▁like ▁people ▁on ▁the ▁horizon . ▁The ▁two ▁trees ▁were ▁to ▁one ▁side ▁of ▁a ▁tree ▁that ▁stood ▁alone . ▁Then ▁Un ga - Ch uck ▁saw ▁three ▁sun s ▁setting ▁( poss ibly ▁explained ▁today ▁as ▁su nd ogs ). ▁The ▁vis ions ▁were ▁strange ▁and ▁trou bling ▁to ▁the ▁tribe . ▁However , ▁since ▁good ▁fortune ▁followed ▁the ▁signs ▁were ▁soon ▁forgotten . ▁ ▁A ▁few ▁years ▁later ▁an ▁evil ▁man ▁in ▁the ▁village ▁named ▁Nap at og ▁started ▁to ▁hate ▁Un ga - Ch uck ▁becoming ▁je alous ▁of ▁his ▁skills ▁and ▁the ▁fact ▁that ▁Un ga _ Ch uck ▁would ▁be ▁the ▁next ▁chief ▁of ▁the ▁village . ▁Nap at og ▁plans ▁to ▁murder ▁Un ga - Ch uck , ▁then ▁he ▁would ▁become ▁the ▁next ▁chief . ▁ ▁Nap at og ▁wa its ▁until ▁Un ga - |
Ch uck ▁takes ▁a ▁morning ▁walk ▁in ▁the ▁fog gy ▁valley ▁to ▁carry ▁out ▁his ▁plan ▁of ▁murder . ▁He ▁sh ots ▁and ▁k ills ▁Un ga - Ch uk ▁with ▁an ▁arrow . ▁The ▁day ▁turns ▁bright ▁and ▁sun ny ▁except ▁where ▁the ▁body ▁of ▁Un ga - Ch uck ▁lies . ▁The ▁vill agers ▁soon ▁began ▁to ▁worry ▁about ▁this ▁mystery ▁fog . ▁The ▁village ▁soon ▁disco vers ▁what ▁has ▁happened ▁and ▁rise ▁up ▁to ▁drive ▁Nap at og ▁away . ▁The ▁village ▁is ▁reward ed ▁with ▁a ▁beautiful ▁sun set ▁that ▁lets ▁them ▁know ▁that ▁Un ga - Ch uck ▁has ▁made ▁it ▁safely ▁to ▁his ▁final ▁rest ing ▁place . ▁Un ga - Ch uck ' s ▁death ▁brings ▁peace ▁to ▁the ▁village ▁and ▁he ▁removes ▁all ▁ev ils ▁from ▁the ▁tribes . ▁ ▁The ▁story ▁finish es ▁with ▁a ▁red ▁rose ▁growing ▁in ▁N ess we ▁Ne ppe ▁as ▁proof ▁that ▁the ▁blood ▁sp illed ▁by ▁Un ga - Ch uck ▁n our ished ▁and ▁made ▁the ▁ground ▁of ▁this ▁land ▁fert ile ▁and ▁good . ▁ ▁It ▁is ▁said ▁that ▁on ▁the ▁anni versary ▁of ▁Un ga - Ch uck ' s ▁death ▁when ▁the ▁fog ▁is ▁lif ting ▁from ▁the ▁valley ▁he ▁can ▁be ▁heard ▁still ▁calling ▁for ▁his ▁bel oved ▁Le es - W a . ▁ ▁Notes ▁ ▁References ▁▁ ▁Native ▁languages ▁ ▁Tob in , ▁John W .; ▁With ▁No ▁Int ention , ▁Laur ance ▁Press ▁Company ▁C ed ar ▁Rap ids , |
▁ 1 9 7 9 ▁ ▁Category : De ities ▁and ▁spirits ▁Category : Alg on qu ian ▁myth ology <0x0A> </s> ▁Alt id ▁bal lade ▁( English : ▁Nothing ▁but ▁trouble ) ▁is ▁a ▁ 1 9 5 5 ▁Dan ish ▁drama ▁film ▁directed ▁by ▁Gabriel ▁Ax el ▁which ▁focus es ▁on ▁a ▁working - class ▁family . ▁The ▁film ▁was ▁a ▁re make ▁of ▁Ed ith ▁Carl mar ' s ▁ 1 9 5 4 ▁film ▁Ald ri ▁an net ▁en n ▁br åk , ▁and ▁Ax el ' s ▁début ▁as ▁a ▁film ▁director . ▁ ▁Sig rid ▁Hor ne - R asm ussen ▁received ▁a ▁Bod il ▁Award ▁for ▁Best ▁Act ress ▁in ▁a ▁Le ading ▁Ro le ▁for ▁her ▁role ▁as ▁Hel ga ▁N iel sen . ▁ ▁Cast ▁▁ ▁Sig rid ▁Hor ne - R asm ussen ▁▁▁ ▁As b j ør n ▁Anders en ▁ ▁J ør n ▁Je pp esen ▁ ▁K ai ▁Hol m ▁ ▁K irst en ▁Pass er ▁ ▁An nie ▁Bir git ▁Hans en ▁ ▁Kar en ▁Ly k ke hus ▁ ▁V als ø ▁Hol m ▁ ▁Bir git ▁Sad olin ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁Category : 1 9 5 5 ▁films ▁Category : Dan ish ▁drama ▁films ▁Category : Dan ish ▁films ▁Category : 1 9 5 5 ▁drama ▁films ▁Category : Fil ms ▁directed ▁by ▁Gabriel ▁Ax el ▁Category : N or weg ian ▁film ▁rem akes ▁Category : Dan ish ▁black - and - white |
▁films <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Ch âteau ▁de ▁Care il ▁is ▁a ▁fort ified ▁house ▁in ▁the ▁commune ▁of ▁Gu é ran de ▁in ▁the ▁Lo ire - At lant ique ▁département ▁of ▁France . ▁ ▁History ▁ ▁Con struct ed ▁from ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 4 th ▁century , ▁and ▁en larg ed ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 5 th ▁and ▁ 1 6 th ▁centuries , ▁this ▁man or ▁house ▁had ▁originally ▁a ▁def ensive ▁function , ▁as ▁witness ed ▁by ▁the ▁c ren ell ated ▁cur tain ▁wall ▁which ▁still ▁exists . ▁Under ▁the ▁Re formation , ▁it ▁served ▁as ▁a ▁place ▁of ▁worship ▁for ▁the ▁Protest ants ▁established ▁in ▁the ▁Gu é ran de ▁pen ins ula . ▁For ▁this ▁reason , ▁it ▁was ▁attacked ▁and ▁pill aged ▁on ▁ 1 1 ▁May ▁ 1 5 8 9 ▁by ▁the ▁Catholic ▁League . ▁In ▁ 1 6 9 9 , ▁some ▁time ▁after ▁the ▁Rev ocation ▁of ▁the ▁Ed ict ▁of ▁N antes , ▁the ▁man or ▁was ▁seized ▁and ▁sold ▁to ▁a ▁Catholic ▁family . ▁After ▁becoming ▁a ▁restaurant ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 4 , ▁the ▁site ▁is ▁currently ▁a ▁visitors ' ▁centre . ▁ ▁A ▁third ▁wing ▁of ▁the ▁building ▁no ▁longer ▁exists ; ▁it ▁was ▁destroyed ▁in ▁an ▁accident al ▁fire ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 8 th ▁century . ▁▁ ▁Priv ately ▁owned , ▁it ▁has ▁been ▁listed ▁since ▁ 1 9 2 5 ▁as ▁a ▁monument ▁historique ▁by ▁the ▁French ▁Ministry ▁of ▁Culture . |
▁ ▁See ▁also ▁List ▁of ▁cast les ▁in ▁France ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Ministry ▁of ▁Culture ▁listing ▁for ▁Ch âteau ▁de ▁Care il ▁▁ ▁Web ▁site ▁of ▁the ▁Ch âteau ▁de ▁Care il ▁ ▁Category : Cast les ▁in ▁Pays ▁de ▁la ▁Lo ire ▁Category : Ch âte aux ▁in ▁Lo ire - At lant ique ▁Category : Mon uments ▁historiques ▁of ▁Pays ▁de ▁la ▁Lo ire <0x0A> </s> ▁Tow ton ▁Hall ▁is ▁a ▁Gra de ▁II ▁listed ▁building , ▁near ▁the ▁village ▁of ▁Tow ton ▁in ▁York shire . ▁The ▁building ▁is ▁believed ▁to ▁be ▁Richard ▁III ’ s ▁comm emor ative ▁ch antry ▁chap el , ▁which ▁was ▁built ▁after ▁the ▁Battle ▁of ▁Tow ton . ▁ ▁The ▁comm emor ative ▁ch antry ▁chap el ▁at ▁the ▁Tow ton ▁Battle field ▁was ▁built ▁to ▁remember ▁the ▁victory ▁of ▁the ▁House ▁of ▁York ▁in ▁the ▁battle ▁of ▁Tow ton . ▁ ▁Many ▁male ▁ske let ons ▁of ▁the ▁soldiers ▁were ▁discovered ▁beneath ▁the ▁floor ▁of ▁the ▁d ining ▁room ▁of ▁Tow ton ▁Hall . ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁▁ ▁Library ▁▁▁ ▁Rem ains ▁of ▁battle ▁vict ims ▁found ▁at ▁hall ▁ ▁War ▁of ▁the ▁Ros es ▁in ▁York shire ▁- ▁York shire ▁Battle fields ▁| ▁Welcome ▁to ▁York shire ▁ ▁References ▁▁ ▁Category : ▁Sel by ▁District ▁ ▁Category : G rade ▁II ▁listed ▁buildings ▁in ▁Tow ton ▁Category : T ow ton <0x0A> </s> ▁D ina ▁Pol jak off ▁( 1 9 1 9 – 2 0 0 5 ) |
▁was ▁a ▁Finn ish ▁nur se . ▁Despite ▁being ▁Jewish , ▁she ▁was ▁offered ▁the ▁Iron ▁Cross ▁by ▁Naz i ▁Germany ▁during ▁World ▁War ▁II . ▁ ▁A ▁native ▁of ▁Finland , ▁Pol jak off ▁was ▁studying ▁dent istry ▁before ▁the ▁out break ▁of ▁World ▁War ▁II . ▁During ▁the ▁war , ▁she ▁worked ▁as ▁a ▁nur se ▁for ▁L otta ▁Sv är d , ▁an ▁auxili ary ▁organization ▁associated ▁with ▁the ▁White ▁Guard . ▁She ▁served ▁in ▁the ▁front ▁lines ▁of ▁combat ▁during ▁World ▁War ▁II ▁alongside ▁German ▁military ▁units . ▁She ▁was ▁not ▁the ▁only ▁Jewish ▁nur se ▁to ▁perform ▁such ▁service ; ▁her ▁cousin , ▁Ch aje ▁Stein bo ck , ▁also ▁worked ▁as ▁a ▁nur se ▁and ▁accum ulated ▁a ▁sc rap book ▁of ▁heart f elt ▁messages ▁of ▁thanks ▁from ▁German ▁soldiers ▁who ▁had ▁been ▁under ▁her ▁care . ▁ ▁Pol jak off ▁made ▁quite ▁an ▁impression ▁on ▁her ▁German ▁patients , ▁to ▁the ▁point ▁that ▁she ▁was ▁nominated ▁for ▁the ▁Iron ▁Cross . ▁She ▁was ▁one ▁of ▁three ▁Finn ish ▁Jews ▁to ▁be ▁offered ▁the ▁award ; ▁like ▁the ▁other ▁two ▁( Le o ▁Sk urn ik ▁and ▁Sal omon ▁K lass ), ▁she ▁did ▁not ▁accept ▁the ▁award . ▁Un like ▁the ▁other ▁two , ▁she ▁did ▁not ▁ask ▁for ▁her ▁name ▁to ▁be ▁with dra wn ▁from ▁the ▁recip ient ▁list , ▁and ▁on ▁the ▁day ▁of ▁the ▁awards ▁ceremony ▁she ▁checked ▁the ▁display ▁table ▁to ▁verify ▁that ▁her ▁award ▁was ▁there , ▁before ▁leaving |
▁without ▁it . ▁ ▁Pol jak off ▁later ▁imm igr ated ▁to ▁Israel , ▁where ▁she ▁died ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 5 . ▁ ▁References ▁▁ ▁Category : 1 9 1 7 ▁birth s ▁Category : 2 0 0 5 ▁death s ▁Category : F inn ish ▁Jews ▁Category : F inn ish ▁women ▁Category : F inn ish ▁n urs es ▁Category : W omen ▁n urs es ▁Category : F inn ish ▁em igr ants ▁to ▁Israel <0x0A> </s> ▁Group ▁B ▁was ▁one ▁of ▁two ▁po ols ▁in ▁the ▁Amer icas ▁Zone ▁Group ▁II ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 9 9 7 ▁Fed ▁Cup . ▁Seven ▁teams ▁competed ▁in ▁a ▁round ▁ro bin ▁competition , ▁with ▁the ▁top ▁team ▁adv ancing ▁to ▁Group ▁I ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 8 . ▁ ▁Uruguay ▁vs . ▁J ama ica ▁ ▁Cuba ▁vs . ▁B erm uda ▁ ▁Boliv ia ▁vs . ▁Costa ▁Rica ▁ ▁El ▁Salvador ▁vs . ▁Ant igua ▁and ▁Barb uda ▁ ▁Uruguay ▁vs . ▁Ant igua ▁and ▁Barb uda ▁ ▁Cuba ▁vs . ▁El ▁Salvador ▁ ▁J ama ica ▁vs . ▁Costa ▁Rica ▁ ▁Boliv ia ▁vs . ▁B erm uda ▁ ▁Uruguay ▁vs . ▁Costa ▁Rica ▁ ▁Cuba ▁vs . ▁Ant igua ▁and ▁Barb uda ▁ ▁J ama ica ▁vs . ▁B erm uda ▁ ▁Boliv ia ▁vs . ▁El ▁Salvador ▁ ▁Uruguay ▁vs . ▁Cuba ▁ ▁J ama ica ▁vs . ▁El ▁Salvador ▁ ▁Boliv ia ▁vs . ▁Ant igua ▁and ▁Barb uda ▁ ▁Costa ▁Rica ▁vs |
. ▁B erm uda ▁ ▁Uruguay ▁vs . ▁B erm uda ▁ ▁Cuba ▁vs . ▁Boliv ia ▁ ▁J ama ica ▁vs . ▁Ant igua ▁and ▁Barb uda ▁ ▁Costa ▁Rica ▁vs . ▁El ▁Salvador ▁ ▁Uruguay ▁vs . ▁Boliv ia ▁ ▁Cuba ▁vs . ▁J ama ica ▁ ▁Costa ▁Rica ▁vs . ▁Ant igua ▁and ▁Barb uda ▁ ▁El ▁Salvador ▁vs . ▁B erm uda ▁ ▁Uruguay ▁vs . ▁El ▁Salvador ▁ ▁Cuba ▁vs . ▁Costa ▁Rica ▁ ▁J ama ica ▁vs . ▁Boliv ia ▁ ▁B erm uda ▁vs . ▁Ant igua ▁and ▁Barb uda ▁▁▁ ▁placed ▁first ▁in ▁the ▁pool , ▁and ▁thus ▁advanced ▁to ▁Group ▁I ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 8 . ▁However , ▁they ▁placed ▁e ighth ▁overall ▁were ▁thus ▁re leg ated ▁back ▁to ▁Group ▁II ▁for ▁ 1 9 9 9 . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁Fed ▁Cup ▁structure ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Fed ▁Cup ▁website ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 9 7 ▁Fed ▁Cup ▁Amer icas ▁Zone <0x0A> </s> ▁J esse ▁S . ▁C ave ▁( 1 8 7 2 – 1 9 4 8 ) ▁was ▁briefly ▁acting ▁mayor ▁of ▁New ▁Orleans ▁from ▁July ▁ 1 5 ▁to ▁August ▁ 1 7 , ▁ 1 9 3 6 . ▁ ▁C ave ▁arrived ▁in ▁New ▁Orleans ▁in ▁ 1 9 0 4 ▁as ▁a ▁manager ▁of ▁an ▁iron ▁c is tern ▁company , ▁and ▁was ▁elected ▁president ▁of ▁the ▁New ▁Orleans ▁Board ▁of ▁Trade ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 0 . ▁ |
▁In ▁ 1 9 3 2 ▁he ▁was ▁elected ▁Louisiana ▁State ▁Tre as urer . ▁Al ong ▁with ▁A . ▁Mil es ▁Pr att ▁and ▁Fred ▁A . ▁Ear hart , ▁C ave ▁was ▁one ▁of ▁three ▁acting ▁may ors ▁who ▁served ▁in ▁the ▁summer ▁of ▁ 1 9 3 6 ▁between ▁the ▁res ignation ▁of ▁Mayor ▁T . ▁Sem mes ▁Wal ms ley ▁and ▁the ▁acc ession ▁of ▁Robert ▁Ma est ri . ▁After ▁his ▁brief ▁ten ure ▁as ▁acting ▁mayor , ▁C ave ▁was ▁elected ▁Commission er ▁of ▁ ▁Public ▁Fin ance ▁under ▁the ▁commission ▁council ▁government ▁of ▁the ▁Ma est ri ▁administration ▁where ▁he ▁served ▁from ▁ 1 9 3 6 ▁to ▁ 1 9 4 6 . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁S ources ▁▁ ▁Cho ct aw ▁Club ▁of ▁New ▁Orleans . ▁ ▁Tr uth ▁Ach iev ements ▁of ▁the ▁Mayor ▁Robert ▁S . ▁Ma est ri ▁Administration . ▁ ▁Franklin ▁Print ing ▁Co ., ▁ 1 9 4 3 . ▁ ▁Category : 1 8 7 2 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 9 4 8 ▁death s ▁Category : May ors ▁of ▁New ▁Orleans ▁Category : Louis iana ▁Democr ats ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁Van ▁Al sty ne , ▁Texas <0x0A> </s> ▁Kra unch a ▁Gi ri ▁is ▁a ▁small ▁settlement ▁in ▁K arn ata ka , ▁India , ▁about ▁ 1 0 km ▁from ▁Sand ur ▁in ▁Bell ary ▁District . ▁ ▁It ▁is ▁notable ▁for ▁two ▁ancient ▁H indu ▁tem ples ▁which ▁are ▁in ▁the |
▁same ▁comp ound , ▁and ▁are ▁both ▁protected ▁monuments . ▁ ▁The ▁more ▁famous ▁in ▁religious ▁terms ▁is ▁the ▁K umar as w ami ▁Temple ▁( 8 th - 1 0 th ▁century ), ▁believed ▁to ▁be ▁the ▁first ▁ab ode ▁in ▁south ▁India ▁of ▁Mur ug an ▁or ▁Kar th i key a , ▁the ▁H indu ▁god ▁of ▁war , ▁son ▁of ▁Par v ati ▁and ▁Sh iva , ▁and ▁brother ▁of ▁G anes ha . ▁ ▁To ▁art ▁histor ians ▁the ▁Par v ati ▁Temple ▁beside ▁it ▁( 7 th - 8 th ▁century ) ▁is ▁the ▁more ▁unusual ▁in ▁terms ▁of ▁H indu ▁temple ▁architecture . ▁ ▁Tem ples ▁The ▁complex ▁houses ▁tem ples ▁of ▁Par v ati ▁and ▁K umar as w ami . ▁The ▁G anes ha ▁id ol ▁in ▁the ▁K umar as w ami ▁Temple ▁is ▁more ▁popular ▁these ▁days ▁than ▁the ▁main ▁de ity ▁K art i key a . ▁Both ▁monuments ▁are ▁now ▁a ▁protected ▁monuments . ▁It ▁was ▁discovered ▁by ▁the ▁local ▁r ul ers , ▁the ▁G hor p ades , ▁in ▁the ▁thick ly - wood ed ▁Sw am im ale ▁hill ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 5 th ▁century . ▁ ▁Women ▁were ▁earlier ▁strictly ▁not ▁allowed ▁to ▁enter ▁the ▁shr ine . ▁Mur ari ra o ▁Yes hw ant ra o ▁G hor p ade ▁lifted ▁the ▁ban ▁on ▁women ▁in ▁October ▁ 1 9 9 6 . ▁After ▁the ▁ban ▁was ▁lifted , ▁nearly ▁ 3 , 0 |
0 0 ▁women ▁have ▁wor sh ipped ▁at ▁the ▁temple . ▁ ▁The ▁G hor p ades , ▁well ▁loved ▁and ▁respect ed ▁by ▁the ▁loc als , ▁had ▁declared ▁the ▁temple ▁open ▁to ▁Har ij ans ▁as ▁early ▁as ▁the ▁ 1 9 3 0 s . ▁After ▁learning ▁of ▁this ▁on ▁his ▁visit ▁to ▁Sand ur ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 4 , ▁Mah at ma ▁Gand hi ▁said , ▁" a ▁small ▁state ▁in ▁south ▁India ▁has ▁opened ▁the ▁temple ▁to ▁the ▁Har ij ans , ▁the ▁heav ens ▁have ▁not ▁fallen ." ▁ ▁Par v ati ▁temple ▁The ▁Par v ati ▁temple ▁has ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁unusual ▁features . ▁ ▁It ▁apparently ▁belongs ▁to ▁the ▁" middle ▁phase " ▁of ▁Bad ami ▁Chal uk ya ▁architecture , ▁also ▁called ▁the ▁V es ara ▁style ▁by ▁some , ▁and ▁" K arn ata ka ▁D rav ida " ▁by ▁Adam ▁Hard y , ▁who ▁sees ▁this ▁De cc an ▁style ▁as ▁a ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁D rav id ian ▁architecture ▁of ▁the ▁south , ▁distinct ▁from ▁the ▁version ▁that ▁developed ▁in ▁T amil ▁N adu . ▁ ▁The ▁temple ▁has ▁no ▁mand apa , ▁but ▁a ▁long ▁ant ar ala , ▁over ▁which ▁is , ▁according ▁to ▁Adam ▁Hard y , ▁" poss ibly ▁the ▁first ▁use ▁of ▁a ▁su kan asa ▁in ▁a ▁D rav ida ▁temple ". ▁ ▁The ▁v im ana ▁tower ▁over ▁the ▁shr ine ▁is ▁" a ▁very ▁unusual ▁composition , ▁str ang ely ▁advanced |
- looking ▁in ▁the ▁compression ▁of ▁horizontal ▁layers , ▁and ▁in ▁he ▁sense ▁of ▁out sur ge ". ▁▁ ▁According ▁to ▁one ▁account , ▁the ▁Par v ati ▁temple ▁( which ▁was ▁originally ▁called ▁K umar as w amy ▁temple ) ▁was ▁built ▁by ▁the ▁Bad ami ▁Chal uky as ▁( 7 th ▁- 8 th ▁century ) ▁and ▁has ▁the ▁image ▁of ▁Par v ati ▁as ▁the ▁main ▁de ity . ▁ ▁K umar as w ami ▁Temple ▁The ▁temple ▁currently ▁called ▁the ▁K umar as w amy ▁temple ▁( origin ally ▁had ▁Sh an mu k ha ▁as ▁the ▁main ▁de ity ) ▁was ▁constructed ▁during ▁the ▁rule ▁of ▁the ▁Ras ht rak ut as ▁( 8 th - 1 0 th ▁century ). ▁ ▁Leg ends ▁of ▁the ▁mountain ▁A ▁distinct ive ▁feature ▁of ▁the ▁mountain ▁is ▁its ▁elli pt ical ▁shape ▁with ▁a ▁diam et ric ▁narrow ▁pass . ▁According ▁to ▁legend , ▁this ▁gap ▁is ▁made ▁when ▁K art i key a ▁pier ced ▁the ▁mountain ▁in ▁the ▁battle ▁with ▁the ▁demon ▁Th ar aka , ▁with ▁his ▁sphere ▁weapon ▁vel ▁to ▁kill ▁the ▁dem ons ▁who ▁were ▁hidden ▁inside ▁mountain . ▁This ▁legend ▁is ▁held ▁in ▁high ▁este em ▁in ▁H indu ▁myth ologies ▁including ▁Mah ab har ata ▁( sal ya ▁par va . 4 6 ), ▁Sk anda ▁Pur ana ( as ura ▁k and am ). ▁Kra unch a ▁Gi ri ▁is ▁also ▁associated ▁with ▁leg ends ▁of ▁the ▁s ages ▁Ag ast ya |
▁and ▁Par as ur am . ▁ ▁Kal idas a ▁in ▁his ▁work ▁Meg ha ▁Sand esa ▁describes ▁the ▁gap ▁in ▁the ▁mountain . ▁This ▁place ▁is ▁connected ▁with ▁leg ends ▁of ▁Sri ▁S ail am ▁j y ot ir ling a ▁in ▁And h ra ▁Pr adesh . ▁ ▁The ▁name ▁' K ra unch a ▁Gi ri ' ▁is ▁very ▁familiar ▁to ▁many , ▁but ▁few ▁know ▁the ▁location ▁of ▁this ▁legend ary ▁mountain . ▁For ▁many , ▁it ' s ▁just ▁a ▁myth ical ▁one ▁like ▁Mount ▁Mer u . ▁ ▁Sw am im ale ▁forest ▁range ▁According ▁to ▁ge olog ists , ▁this ▁peculiar ▁mountain ▁is ▁made ▁of ▁vol can ic ▁er u ptions ▁and ▁is ▁very ▁rich ▁in ▁min eral ▁depos its . ▁The ▁soil ▁and ▁lake ▁here ▁is ▁red ▁mar sh y ▁that ▁ow es ▁to ▁presence ▁of ▁rich ▁f err ous ▁depos its . ▁Now ad ays ▁due ▁to ▁mind less ▁min ing ▁in ▁this ▁area ▁is ▁resulting ▁in ▁habitat ▁destruction . ▁ ▁Many ▁plant ▁species ▁such ▁as ▁St rob il anth es ▁kun th iana ▁( ne ela ▁kur un ji ) ▁is ▁found ▁in ▁the ▁sh ola ▁type ▁grass lands ▁of ▁mountains , ▁many ▁birds ▁such ▁as ▁orange - head ed ▁thr ush , ▁tick ell ' s ▁blue ▁fly catch er , ▁Indian ▁pit ta , ▁verd iter ▁fly catch er , ▁spot - br ested ▁fant ail , ▁yellow ▁thro ated ▁bul bul , ▁sp otted ▁dove , ▁red ▁wh isk ered |
▁bul bul , ▁orient al ▁white ▁eye , ▁brown - head ed ▁bar bet , ▁pu ff - th ro ated ▁b abb ler , ▁blue - c apped ▁rock th r ush , ▁red ▁breast ed ▁fly catch er ▁etc . ▁Many ▁more ▁birds ▁species ▁of ▁western ▁gh ats ▁can ▁be ▁found ▁here . ▁It ▁is ▁a ▁ ▁good ▁habit ate ▁for ▁many ▁species ▁of ▁orch ids ▁too . ▁The ▁place ▁is ▁filled ▁with ▁dense ▁green ▁for ests ▁which ▁normally ▁res emble ▁the ▁rain for ests ▁of ▁western ▁g hat . ▁▁▁ ▁Though ▁the ▁place ▁is ▁in ▁a ▁hot ▁region , ▁because ▁of ▁high ▁mountains ▁it ▁is ▁always ▁cool , ▁many ▁cool ▁atmosphere - lo ving ▁species ▁of ▁plants ▁and ▁fung i ▁such ▁as ▁m oss es , ▁f ern s , ▁l ich ens , ▁m ush rooms , ▁to ad ▁st ools ▁t inder ▁fung us , ▁pu ff ▁ball ▁fung us , ▁th rive ▁here , ▁giving ▁boost ▁to ▁many ▁sh ade ▁lov ing ▁insect s ▁re pt iles . ▁Tre es ▁such ▁as ▁rose wood , ▁sand al wood , ▁te ak ▁wood , ▁etc . ▁fl our ish ▁in ▁for ests . ▁▁ ▁This ▁centuries ▁old ▁temple ▁complex ▁is ▁located ▁inside ▁Sw am imal ai ▁forest ▁range ▁and ▁is ▁said ▁to ▁be ▁inf ested ▁with ▁ven om ous ▁sn akes ▁like ▁russ ell ▁vi per ▁and ▁spect ac led ▁c ob ras . ▁Pe ac ock s ▁are ▁also ▁a ▁very ▁common ▁sight ▁here . ▁The ▁forest |
▁range ▁is ▁also ▁a ▁very ▁good ▁habitat ▁of ▁le op ards . T ig ers ▁ro amed ▁in ▁the ▁for ests ▁till ▁ 1 9 6 0 . ▁But ▁due ▁to ▁hunting ▁habitat ▁loss ▁due ▁to ▁min ing , ▁they ▁were ▁swe pt ▁away . ▁ ▁Transport ▁K arn ata ka ▁State ▁highway ▁No . 4 0 ▁pass ▁through ▁the ▁above ▁said ▁gap ▁in ▁mountain , ▁connecting ▁Sand ur ▁to ▁rest ▁of ▁the ▁State . ▁Temple ▁is ▁approach able ▁by ▁road ▁from ▁Sand ur . ▁Near est ▁Rail ▁He ads ▁are ▁H osp et & ▁Bell ary ▁on ▁G unt ak al - Hub li ▁line . ▁ ▁The ▁temple ▁complex ▁is ▁located ▁on ▁south - west ▁corner ▁and ▁is ▁connected ▁to ▁Sand ur ▁by ▁road . ▁ ▁Notes ▁ 2 . ▁Google ▁Maps ▁ ▁References ▁Hard y , ▁Adam , ▁Indian ▁Temple ▁Architecture : ▁Form ▁and ▁Trans formation ▁: ▁the ▁Kar ṇ ā ṭ a ▁Dr ā vi ḍ a ▁Trad ition , ▁ 7 th ▁to ▁ 1 3 th ▁Cent uries , ▁ 1 9 9 5 , ▁Ab hin av ▁Publications , ▁, ▁ 9 7 8 8 1 7 0 1 7 3 1 2 0 , ▁google ▁books ▁ ▁Category : Mount ains ▁of ▁K arn ata ka ▁Category : H indu ▁tem ples ▁in ▁Bell ary ▁district ▁Category : Ge ography ▁of ▁Bell ary ▁district <0x0A> </s> ▁Edward ▁John ▁" T ed dy " ▁O u imet ▁( born ▁July ▁ 6 , ▁ 1 9 |
4 7 ) ▁is ▁a ▁Canadian ▁retired ▁ ▁professional ▁ice ▁hockey ▁go alt ender ▁who ▁played ▁in ▁one ▁National ▁Hockey ▁League ▁game ▁for ▁the ▁St . ▁Louis ▁Blues ▁during ▁the ▁ 1 9 6 8 – 6 9 ▁N HL ▁season . ▁ ▁O u imet ▁was ▁a ▁fine ▁junior ▁and ▁minor ▁pro ▁player ▁during ▁a ▁career ▁that ▁last ed ▁over ▁a ▁de cade . ▁ ▁Born ▁in ▁the ▁Quebec ▁min ing ▁town ▁of ▁Rou yn - N or anda , ▁O u imet ▁played ▁three ▁years ▁with ▁the ▁Montreal ▁Junior ▁Canad iens , ▁where ▁he ▁led ▁the ▁Ontario ▁Hockey ▁League ▁in ▁shut outs ▁( 3 ) ▁and ▁G AA ▁( 2 , 7 5 ) ▁before ▁joining ▁the ▁London ▁National s ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 7 - 6 8 . ▁In ▁June , ▁ 1 9 6 8 ▁he ▁was ▁trad ed ▁to ▁the ▁St . ▁Louis ▁Blues ▁in ▁a ▁c ash ▁deal ▁by ▁the ▁Montreal ▁Canad iens , ▁who ▁had ▁a ▁sur plus ▁of ▁tal ented ▁net mind ers ▁in ▁their ▁system ▁at ▁the ▁time . ▁ ▁O u imet ▁played ▁one ▁game ▁for ▁the ▁Blues ▁during ▁his ▁ro ok ie ▁season ▁in ▁the ▁pros ▁but ▁spent ▁most ▁of ▁his ▁time ▁with ▁Kansas ▁City ▁of ▁the ▁Central ▁Hockey ▁League ▁( 1 9 6 3 – 1 9 8 4 ). ▁He ▁continued ▁to ▁to il ▁in ▁the ▁min ors ▁until ▁ 1 9 7 5 ▁and ▁also ▁played ▁one ▁game ▁for ▁the ▁New ▁England ▁Wh al ers ▁of ▁the ▁World |
▁Hockey ▁Association . ▁Before ▁ret iring ▁after ▁the ▁ 1 9 7 4 - 7 5 ▁season , ▁O u imet ' s ▁best ▁year ▁was ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 3 - 7 4 ▁when ▁he ▁recorded ▁a ▁ 2 . 9 7 ▁goals ▁against ▁average ▁for ▁the ▁Sy rac use ▁Bla z ers ▁and ▁was ▁named ▁to ▁the ▁North ▁American ▁league ▁First ▁All - Star ▁Team . ▁ ▁Ted ▁has ▁three ▁sons : ▁Terry ▁O u imet , ▁Mark ▁O u imet ▁and ▁J esse ▁O u imet . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁List ▁of ▁players ▁who ▁played ▁only ▁one ▁game ▁in ▁the ▁N HL ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 4 7 ▁birth s ▁Category : Can ad ian ▁ice ▁hockey ▁go alt enders ▁Category : C leveland ▁Bar ons ▁( 1 9 3 7 – 1 9 7 3 ) ▁players ▁Category : S ports people ▁from ▁Rou yn - N or anda ▁Category : K ansas ▁City ▁Blues ▁players ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : Lond on ▁National s ▁players ▁Category : Mont real ▁Junior ▁Canad iens ▁players ▁Category : New ▁England ▁Wh al ers ▁players ▁Category : Port ▁Hur on ▁Fl ags ▁players ▁Category : Port ▁Hur on ▁W ings ▁players ▁Category : St . ▁Louis ▁Blues ▁players ▁Category : San ▁Diego ▁G ull s ▁( W HL ) ▁players ▁Category : S y rac use ▁Bla z ers ▁players ▁Category : I ce ▁hockey ▁people ▁from ▁Quebec <0x0A> </s> ▁Final ▁Power ▁Hall ▁in ▁Tokyo |
▁D ome ▁was ▁a ▁professional ▁wrest ling ▁event ▁produced ▁by ▁New ▁Japan ▁Pro - W rest ling ▁( N J P W ). ▁It ▁took ▁place ▁on ▁January ▁ 4 , ▁ 1 9 9 8 ▁in ▁the ▁Tokyo ▁D ome . ▁Final ▁Power ▁Hall ▁in ▁Tokyo ▁D ome ▁was ▁the ▁sevent h ▁January ▁ 4 ▁Tokyo ▁D ome ▁Show ▁held ▁by ▁N J P W . ▁The ▁show ▁drew ▁ 5 5 , 0 0 0 ▁spect ators ▁and ▁$ 6 , 0 0 0 , 0 0 0 ▁in ▁ticket ▁sales . ▁One ▁of ▁the ▁foc al ▁points ▁of ▁the ▁show ▁was ▁the ▁ret irement ▁of ▁wrest ling ▁legend ▁R iki ▁Ch os hu , ▁who ▁would ▁wrest le ▁five ▁times ▁that ▁night ▁against ▁select ▁oppon ents ▁in ▁what ▁was ▁bil led ▁as ▁the ▁R iki ▁Road ▁Final ▁Message ▁ 5 , ▁the ▁completion ▁of ▁ ▁a ▁months - long ▁" ret irement ▁tour " ▁for ▁Ch os hu . ▁The ▁show ▁also ▁featured ▁successful ▁def enses ▁of ▁the ▁I W GP ▁Junior ▁He avy weight ▁Championship ▁and ▁the ▁I W GP ▁He avy weight ▁Championship , ▁which ▁made ▁Final ▁Power ▁Hall ▁in ▁Tokyo ▁D ome ▁the ▁first ▁January ▁ 4 ▁Tokyo ▁D ome ▁show ▁to ▁not ▁have ▁a ▁single ▁championship ▁change ▁hands . ▁Besides ▁the ▁five ▁R iki ▁Road ▁Final ▁Message ▁ 5 ▁matches ▁the ▁show ▁featured ▁eight ▁additional ▁matches . ▁ ▁Production ▁ ▁Background ▁The ▁January ▁ 4 ▁Tokyo ▁D ome ▁Show ▁is ▁N J P W ' s |
▁biggest ▁annual ▁event ▁and ▁has ▁been ▁called ▁" the ▁largest ▁professional ▁wrest ling ▁show ▁in ▁the ▁world ▁outside ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁States " ▁and ▁the ▁" J apan ese ▁equivalent ▁to ▁the ▁Super ▁Bowl ". ▁ ▁Story lines ▁Final ▁Power ▁Hall ▁in ▁Tokyo ▁D ome ▁featured ▁professional ▁wrest ling ▁matches ▁that ▁involved ▁different ▁wrest lers ▁from ▁pre - ex isting ▁script ed ▁fe ud s ▁and ▁story lines . ▁Wrest lers ▁port rayed ▁villa ins , ▁hero es , ▁or ▁less ▁distinguish able ▁characters ▁in ▁script ed ▁events ▁that ▁built ▁t ension ▁and ▁cul min ated ▁in ▁a ▁wrest ling ▁match ▁or ▁series ▁of ▁matches . ▁ ▁Results ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁N J P W . co . jp ▁▁ ▁Category : 1 9 9 8 ▁in ▁professional ▁wrest ling ▁Category : 1 9 9 8 ▁in ▁Tokyo ▁Category : J anu ary ▁ 1 9 9 8 ▁events ▁in ▁Asia ▁ 1 9 9 8 <0x0A> </s> ▁Saint ▁Herbert ▁( also ▁Hab ern , ▁Her bern ) ▁( dates ▁of ▁birth ▁and ▁death ▁unknown ) ▁is ▁a ▁saint ▁who ▁is ▁said ▁to ▁have ▁once ▁been ▁the ▁bishop ▁ ▁or ▁ab bot ▁of ▁Mar m out ier , ▁France ▁and ▁arch bishop ▁of ▁T ours . ▁ ▁No ▁other ▁records ▁of ▁his ▁life ▁exist . ▁His ▁fe ast ▁day ▁is ▁on ▁ 2 2 ▁November , ▁however ▁this ▁is ▁more ▁commonly ▁observed ▁on ▁the ▁nearest ▁Monday ▁to ▁ 2 2 ▁November . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁Orth odox eng land |
. org . uk : ▁Herbert ▁ ▁Category : Christ ian ▁sain ts ▁in ▁unknown ▁century ▁Category : B ish ops ▁of ▁T ours ▁Category : Med ieval ▁French ▁sain ts ▁Category : Year ▁of ▁birth ▁unknown <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Mountain ▁Enter prise ▁is ▁a ▁week ly ▁newspaper ▁published ▁since ▁ 1 9 6 6 , ▁circul ating ▁in ▁the ▁Mountain ▁Commun ities ▁of ▁the ▁Te jon ▁Pass ▁east ▁and ▁west ▁of ▁the ▁Gra pe v ine ▁section ▁of ▁the ▁Inter state ▁ 5 ▁in ▁the ▁San ▁Em ig d io ▁Mountains ▁region ▁of ▁California , ▁mid way ▁between ▁Los ▁Angeles ▁and ▁B akers field . ▁ ▁Its ▁sister ▁publication ▁is ▁The ▁New ▁Mountain ▁P ione er , ▁published ▁month ly . ▁ ▁Cover age ▁area ▁The ▁newspaper ' s ▁ 6 0 0 - square - mile ▁coverage ▁area ▁sp ans ▁northern ▁Los ▁Angeles ▁County , ▁eastern ▁Vent ura ▁County , ▁and ▁south western ▁K ern ▁County , ▁including ▁the ▁develop ments ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 7 0 , 0 0 0 ▁a cre ▁Te jon ▁R anch ▁property , ▁the ▁Western ▁Ant el ope ▁Valley , ▁G orm an , ▁Leb ec , ▁Fra z ier ▁Park , ▁Lake ▁of ▁the ▁Wood s , ▁Lock wood ▁Valley , ▁C ud dy ▁Valley ▁and ▁the ▁P ine ▁Mountain ▁Club ▁community . ▁ ▁O wn ership ▁The ▁first ▁edition ▁of ▁The ▁Mountain ▁Enter prise ▁was ▁issued ▁on ▁September ▁ 2 2 , ▁ 1 9 6 6 , ▁by ▁Ned ra ▁Haw ley |
▁Cooper ▁as ▁a ▁m ime ograph ed , ▁hand - st ap led ▁and ▁hand - dra wn ▁publication ; ▁its ▁first ▁ed itions ▁were ▁produced ▁on ▁a ▁blue ▁Royal ▁type writer ▁now ▁hous ed ▁at ▁the ▁R idge ▁Route ▁Commun ities ▁Museum ▁& ▁Historical ▁Society . ▁Fred ▁K ies ner ▁was ▁editor ▁from ▁ 1 9 7 3 ▁to ▁ 1 9 7 6 . ▁▁ ▁Keith ▁Nelson , ▁super int endent ▁of ▁R id gel ite ▁Product s , ▁and ▁K itt y ▁Jo ▁Nelson , ▁a ▁teacher , ▁purchased ▁the ▁business ▁from ▁Neil ▁Key z ers ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 5 . ▁The ▁N els ons ▁sold ▁it ▁to ▁Bob ▁We is burg ▁and ▁Mor rie ▁Pri zer ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 5 . ▁ ▁In ▁late ▁ 2 0 0 4 ▁the ▁management ▁of ▁H omet own ▁Publishing , ▁L LC ▁and ▁its ▁publications ▁The ▁Mountain ▁Enter prise ▁and ▁The ▁New ▁Mountain ▁P ione er ▁plus ▁the ▁Mountain ▁Commun ities ▁Phone ▁Book ▁was ▁assumed ▁by ▁Gary ▁Meyer ▁( publish er ) ▁and ▁Pat ric ▁Hed l und ▁( editor ). ▁In ▁November ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁ownership ▁of ▁H omet own ▁was ▁taken ▁over ▁by ▁Meyer , ▁Hed l und ▁and ▁Pam ▁St ur dev ant , ▁with ▁general ▁management ▁continu ing ▁under ▁Meyer ▁and ▁Hed l und . ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁ownership ▁passed ▁to ▁Meyer ▁and ▁Hed l und , ▁who ▁remain ▁its ▁man agers . ▁It ▁is ▁today ▁published ▁in ▁a |
▁tab lo id ▁format ▁of ▁between ▁ 2 8 ▁and ▁ 3 6 ▁pages ▁week ly . ▁ ▁Awards ▁▁ 2 0 1 7 ▁ ▁The ▁ ▁National ▁New sp aper ▁Association ▁ ▁( N NA ) ▁announced ▁The ▁Mountain ▁Enter prise ▁was ▁awarded ▁First ▁Place ▁for ▁Best ▁Bre aking ▁News ▁Series ▁for ▁" SW AT ▁St ando ff ▁Al ar ms ▁Mountain ," ▁by ▁Pat ric ▁Hed l und . ▁▁▁▁ 2 0 1 5 ▁ ▁The ▁Mountain ▁Enter prise ▁was ▁awarded ▁First ▁Place ▁by ▁the ▁National ▁New sp aper ▁Association ▁for ▁Best ▁Fe ature ▁Ph oto ▁by ▁Jeff ▁Z imm erman . ▁▁▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁ ▁First ▁Place ▁for ▁Best ▁Editor ial ▁Comment ▁was ▁awarded ▁for ▁Pat ric ▁Hed l und ' s ▁" Br ought ▁to ▁you ▁compl iments ▁of ▁AB 1 0 9 : ▁Con v icted ▁burg lar ▁returns ▁to ▁the ▁mountain ." ▁▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁ ▁The ▁Mountain ▁Enter prise ▁was ▁awarded ▁Art istic ▁Ph oto ▁Second ▁Place ▁from ▁the ▁California ▁New sp aper ▁Publish ers ▁Association ▁for ▁Pat ric ▁Hed l und ' s ▁image ▁of ▁a ▁color ful ▁benefit ▁run ▁for ▁Mountain ▁Youth ▁Can ▁Change ▁Commun ities ▁( My C 3 ). ▁That ▁same ▁year ▁Gary ▁Meyer ▁and ▁Pat ric ▁Hed l und ▁won ▁Editor ial ▁Comment ▁Second ▁Place ▁for ▁" L eb ec ▁County ▁Water ▁District ▁needs ▁serious ▁leadership ." ▁The ▁newspaper ▁also ▁won ▁Second ▁Place ▁for ▁Front ▁Page ▁design ▁that ▁included ▁a ▁tower ing ▁smoke ▁pl ume ▁over ▁Inter |
state ▁ 5 ▁by ▁A aron ▁Rose , ▁and ▁a ▁fourth ▁Second ▁Place ▁for ▁Website ▁excell ence . ▁▁▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁ ▁In ▁April ▁ 2 0 1 1 , ▁The ▁Mountain ▁Enter prise ▁won ▁the ▁California ▁New sp aper ▁Publish ers ▁Association ▁( CN PA ) ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁First ▁Place ▁award ▁for ▁Best ▁Website ▁and ▁First ▁Place ▁for ▁Online ▁Bre aking ▁News ▁Cover age . ▁▁▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁ ▁In ▁April ▁ 2 0 1 0 , ▁The ▁Mountain ▁Enter prise ▁won ▁the ▁California ▁New sp aper ▁Publish ers ▁Association ▁First ▁Place ▁award ▁for ▁Best ▁Website ▁and ▁First ▁Place ▁in ▁Public ▁Service ▁for ▁its ▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁on going ▁coverage ▁of ▁the ▁remote ▁P ine ▁Mountain ▁Club ▁community ' s ▁struggle ▁to ▁obtain ▁life - s aving ▁fire fig h ter - par amed ic ▁service . ▁▁▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁The ▁newspaper ▁won ▁awards ▁from ▁the ▁National ▁New sp aper ▁Association ▁on ▁July ▁ 1 0 ▁for ▁( 1 ) ▁a ▁series ▁of ▁investig ative ▁reports ▁on ▁the ▁star v ation ▁of ▁horses ▁in ▁Lock wood ▁Valley ▁( Second ▁Place ), ▁( 2 ) ▁reporting ▁on ▁the ▁struggle ▁by ▁P ine ▁Mountain ▁Club ▁residents ▁to ▁secure ▁K ern ▁County ' s ▁first ▁fire fig h ter - par amed ic ▁program ▁( Th ird ▁Place ), ▁( 3 ) ▁Editor ial ▁Writing ▁about ▁the ▁newspaper ' s ▁public - service ▁responsibility ▁in ▁" The ▁St ink in ' ▁Public ▁and ▁Our |
▁School ▁District ' s ▁Bra in ▁D rain ," ▁by ▁Pat ric ▁Hed l und ▁( H on or able ▁M ention ), ▁and ▁( 4 ) ▁an ▁environmental ▁story ▁head ed ▁" Secret ▁Neg ot iation ▁between ▁Te jon ▁Develop ers ▁and ▁' Big ▁Green ' ▁Gr oups ▁Spr outs ▁De al " ▁( Th ird ▁Place ). ▁▁▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁ ▁On ▁July ▁ 1 4 , ▁the ▁newspaper ▁was ▁given ▁three ▁awards ▁for ▁excell ence ▁by ▁the ▁California ▁New sp aper ▁Publish ers ▁Association . ▁ ▁They ▁won ▁First ▁Place ▁in ▁the ▁Environment al ▁Report ing ▁category ▁for ▁achiev ement ▁in ▁continuous ▁reporting ▁of ▁the ▁Fall ing star ▁home ▁development ▁proposed ▁for ▁ 7 0 0 ▁homes ▁around ▁Fra z ier ▁Mountain ▁High ▁School ▁by ▁Pat ric ▁Hed l und , ▁Gary ▁Meyer , ▁members ▁of ▁the ▁community ▁and ▁The ▁Mountain ▁Enter prise ▁team . ▁ ▁The ▁newspaper ▁also ▁won ▁First ▁Place ▁for ▁Best ▁Website . ▁ ▁The ▁Mountain ▁Enter prise ▁also ▁won ▁Second ▁Place ▁in ▁the ▁Public ▁Service ▁category ▁for ▁achiev ement ▁in ▁continuous ▁reporting ▁of ▁the ▁P ine ▁Mountain ▁community ' s ▁de cade - long ▁initi ative ▁to ▁get ▁K ern ▁County ▁to ▁provide ▁life - s aving ▁fire fig h ter ▁param edic ▁services ▁through ▁the ▁K ern ▁County ▁Fire ▁Department . ▁ ▁Cont ro vers ies ▁▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁Leb ec ▁County ▁Water ▁District ▁board ▁member ▁Jul ie ▁Mc W hor ter ▁demanded ▁that ▁The ▁Mountain ▁Enter prise ▁rep or ters |
▁ce ase ▁using ▁flash ▁phot ography ▁during ▁the ▁district ' s ▁public ▁meet ings . ▁When ▁the ▁newspaper ▁refused ▁to ▁stop ▁taking ▁flash ▁photograph s , ▁Mc W hor ter ▁claimed ▁that ▁the ▁flash es ▁were ▁causing ▁her ▁medical ▁problems . ▁She ▁also ▁claimed ▁that ▁California ▁Government ▁Code ▁Section ▁ 5 4 9 5 3 . 5 ▁and ▁ 5 4 9 5 3 . 6 ▁gave ▁her ▁the ▁right ▁to ▁stop ▁the ▁use ▁of ▁ill umin ated ▁phot ography ▁during ▁L C WD ' s ▁public ▁meet ings . ▁The ▁newspaper ▁refused ▁to ▁ce ase ▁its ▁phot ography ▁in ▁the ▁face ▁of ▁thre ats ▁by ▁Mc W hor ter ▁and ▁board ▁member ▁Tony ▁Ven eg as ▁to ▁" call ▁the ▁sh er iff ." ▁K ern ▁County ▁Sher iff ' s ▁Serge ant ▁Mark ▁Brown ▁attended ▁an ▁L C WD ▁meeting ▁in ▁June ▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁and ▁stated ▁after ward ▁that ▁he ▁believed ▁the ▁phot ography ▁was ▁appropriate ▁for ▁a ▁public ▁meeting . ▁Mc W hor ter ▁chose ▁not ▁to ▁run ▁in ▁the ▁next ▁election ▁and ▁Ven eg as ▁ceased ▁his ▁thre ats ▁against ▁the ▁newspaper . ▁▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁In ▁December ▁the ▁newspaper ▁was ▁the ▁target ▁of ▁criticism ▁by ▁the ▁K ern ▁County ▁Grand ▁J ury ▁for ▁its ▁coverage ▁of ▁a ▁controvers y ▁regarding ▁the ▁destruction ▁of ▁her itage ▁o ak ▁trees ▁during ▁the ▁construction ▁of ▁a ▁new ▁Fra z ier ▁Park ▁county ▁library . ▁A ▁j ury ▁committee ▁said ▁a ▁" lack ▁of ▁communication " ▁was |
▁responsible ▁for ▁the ▁controvers y ▁and ▁bl amed ▁that ▁circumst ance ▁on ▁" the ▁people ▁of ▁the ▁area ▁and ▁their ▁newspaper ," ▁adding ▁that ▁The ▁Enter prise ▁news ▁articles ▁" app ear ▁to ▁be ▁in ac cur ate ▁and / or ▁in ade qu ately ▁research ed ." ▁The ▁Mountain ▁Enter prise ▁respond ed ▁cit ing ▁three ▁statements ▁made ▁in ▁the ▁j ury ' s ▁report ▁that ▁The ▁Enter prise ▁says ▁were ▁false , ▁and ▁stating ▁that ▁the ▁county ' s ▁own ▁ar bor ist ▁had ▁told ▁The ▁Mountain ▁Enter prise ▁that ▁the ▁Grand ▁J ury ▁had ▁not ▁contact ed ▁him ▁to ▁cor ro bor ate ▁the ▁three ▁claims ▁made ▁in ▁the ▁report . ▁In ▁an ▁editor ial , ▁Meyer ▁and ▁Hed l und ▁wrote ▁that ▁the ▁j ury ▁made ▁no ▁attempt ▁to ▁contact ▁them ▁before ▁issu ing ▁the ▁report , ▁which , ▁they ▁said , ▁" att acks ▁the ▁citizens ▁and ▁the ▁newspaper ▁. ▁. ▁. ▁with ▁statements ▁that ▁are ▁shock ing ▁in ▁their ▁shall own ess . ▁▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁P ine ▁Mountain ▁resident ▁David ▁Se id ner ▁file d ▁a ▁law suit ▁against ▁The ▁Mountain ▁Enter prise ▁for ▁def am ation , ▁ ▁cit ing ▁stories ▁published ▁in ▁the ▁newspaper ▁during ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 5 ▁campaign ▁for ▁the ▁P ine ▁Mountain ▁Club ▁Property ▁O wn ers ▁Association ▁Board ▁of ▁Direct ors . ▁Se id ner ' s ▁preferred ▁candidates ▁lost ▁the ▁election ▁and ▁he ▁claimed ▁that ▁The ▁Mountain ▁Enter prise ▁had ▁made ▁un true ▁statements ▁about |
▁him ▁in ▁the ▁course ▁of ▁its ▁reporting ▁about ▁the ▁campaign ▁issues . ▁Se id ner ▁also ▁had ▁claimed ▁that ▁the ▁publish er ▁and ▁the ▁editor ▁of ▁the ▁newspaper ▁( G ary ▁Meyer ▁and ▁Pat ric ▁Hed l und ) ▁had ▁tam per ed ▁with ▁the ▁ball ot ▁box ▁in ▁the ▁election . ▁The ▁Mountain ▁Enter prise ▁file d ▁an ▁Anti - SL APP ▁motion ▁to ▁strike ▁with ▁the ▁court ▁which ▁required ▁Se id ner ▁to ▁demonstrate ▁that ▁his ▁arguments ▁had ▁mer it ▁or ▁risk ▁pay ing ▁the ▁newspaper ' s ▁att orney ' s ▁fe es . ▁The ▁suit ▁was ▁dropped ▁immediately . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁Kim ▁N ol ler , ▁former ▁editor ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁ ▁Company ▁website ▁ ▁A ▁look ▁back ▁at ▁The ▁Mountain ▁Enter prise ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 5 ▁ ▁Category : New sp apers ▁published ▁in ▁California ▁Category : Media ▁in ▁K ern ▁County , ▁California ▁Category : M ass ▁media ▁in ▁Vent ura ▁County , ▁California ▁Category : Mount ain ▁Commun ities ▁of ▁the ▁Te jon ▁Pass ▁Category : New sp apers ▁published ▁in ▁Gre ater ▁Los ▁Angeles ▁Category : Public ations ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 6 ▁Category : 1 9 6 6 ▁establish ments ▁in ▁California <0x0A> </s> ▁N L W C ▁may ▁refer ▁to : ▁▁ ▁National ▁League ▁Wild ▁Card ▁Game , ▁an ▁annual ▁play off ▁game ▁in ▁Major ▁League ▁Baseball ▁ ▁Navy ▁League ▁W ren net te ▁Cor p , ▁a ▁former ▁girls ▁Navy ▁cad et ▁corps ▁in |
▁Canada ▁ ▁No ▁Long er ▁with ▁Company <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁R 3 3 8 ▁is ▁a ▁Regional ▁Route ▁in ▁South ▁Africa ▁that ▁connect s ▁Aber de en ▁with ▁the ▁R 3 2 9 ▁between ▁Ste yt ler ville ▁and ▁its ▁origin ▁at ▁the ▁R 7 5 . ▁ ▁Its ▁northern ▁orig ins ▁is ▁from ▁the ▁N 9 ▁at ▁Aber de en . ▁It ▁heads ▁sout heast ▁to ▁K li pp la at . ▁At ▁the ▁town ▁it ▁intersect s ▁the ▁R 3 3 7 ▁at ▁a ▁st agger ed ▁j unction . ▁It ▁leaves ▁the ▁town , ▁and ▁heads ▁south - east ▁to ▁its ▁southern ▁origin ▁at ▁the ▁R 3 2 9 . ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Rout es ▁Tra vel ▁Info ▁ ▁Category : Reg ional ▁Rout es ▁in ▁the ▁Eastern ▁Cape <0x0A> </s> ▁P unct oz ot ro ct es ▁gu ian ensis ▁is ▁a ▁species ▁of ▁be et le ▁in ▁the ▁family ▁Cer amb yc idae . ▁It ▁was ▁described ▁by ▁T av ak ilian ▁and ▁Ne ou ze ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 7 . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : A can th oder ini ▁Category : Be et les ▁described ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 7 <0x0A> </s> ▁Ar b iet o ▁Municip ality ▁is ▁the ▁third ▁municipal ▁section ▁of ▁the ▁Est eb an ▁Ar ce ▁Province ▁in ▁the ▁C och ab amba ▁Department , ▁Boliv ia . ▁Its ▁seat ▁is ▁Ar b iet o . ▁At ▁the ▁time ▁of ▁census ▁ 2 0 0 1 ▁the ▁municipality |
▁had ▁ 9 , 4 3 8 ▁inhabitants . ▁ ▁Sub div ision ▁ ▁Ar b iet o ▁Municip ality ▁is ▁divided ▁into ▁three ▁cant ons . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁ ▁Map ▁of ▁Est eb an ▁Ar ce ▁Province ▁ ▁Category : M unicip al ities ▁of ▁the ▁C och ab amba ▁Department <0x0A> </s> ▁ Ø ks nes ▁Church ▁() ▁is ▁a ▁parish ▁church ▁of ▁the ▁Church ▁of ▁Norway ▁in ▁ Ø ks nes ▁Municip ality ▁in ▁Nord land ▁county , ▁Norway . ▁ ▁It ▁is ▁located ▁on ▁the ▁sout he astern ▁tip ▁of ▁the ▁island ▁of ▁Sk ogs ø ya . ▁ ▁It ▁is ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁churches ▁for ▁the ▁ Ø ks nes ▁parish ▁which ▁is ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁V ester å len ▁prost i ▁( de an ery ) ▁in ▁the ▁Dioc ese ▁of ▁S ør - H å log aland . ▁ ▁The ▁white , ▁wooden ▁church ▁was ▁built ▁in ▁a ▁cru c iform ▁style ▁in ▁ 1 7 0 3 ▁by ▁an ▁unknown ▁architect . ▁ ▁The ▁church ▁seats ▁about ▁ 4 5 0 ▁people . ▁ ▁History ▁The ▁earliest ▁existing ▁historical ▁records ▁of ▁the ▁church ▁date ▁back ▁to ▁ 1 3 8 1 . ▁ ▁Not ▁much ▁is ▁known ▁about ▁the ▁medieval ▁church ▁or ▁the ▁buildings ▁on ▁the ▁site ▁over ▁the ▁centuries . ▁ ▁The ▁present ▁church ▁was ▁possibly ▁built ▁in ▁ 1 7 0 3 . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 7 1 6 , ▁it ▁under w ent ▁some ▁repair ▁work ▁and ▁then |
▁again ▁in ▁ 1 7 5 4 - 1 7 5 5 ▁there ▁was ▁another ▁renov ation . ▁ ▁By ▁ 1 7 8 8 , ▁the ▁church ▁was ▁in ▁" f rag ile " ▁condition ▁so ▁a ▁massive ▁renov ation ▁was ▁planned . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 7 9 4 - 1 7 9 5 , ▁the ▁church ▁was ▁totally ▁renov ated . ▁ ▁The ▁building ▁was ▁virt ually ▁re built ▁from ▁the ▁foundation ▁up , ▁re using ▁all ▁of ▁the ▁materials ▁that ▁were ▁still ▁in ▁good ▁condition . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 8 6 4 , ▁the ▁roof ▁of ▁the ▁church ▁was ▁taken ▁off ▁and ▁re built . ▁ ▁It ▁is ▁quite ▁possible ▁that ▁parts ▁of ▁the ▁present - day ▁church ▁still ▁include ▁materials ▁that ▁were ▁present ▁in ▁the ▁church ▁several ▁hundred ▁years ▁ago . ▁▁ ▁The ▁alt arp ie ce ▁is ▁a ▁rep lica ▁of ▁a ▁painting ▁made ▁by ▁Gott fried ▁E zek iel ▁( ca . ▁ 1 7 1 9 - 1 7 9 8 ) ▁in ▁ 1 7 5 9 . ▁The ▁original ▁is ▁in ▁the ▁Ber gen ▁Museum . ▁A ▁native ▁of ▁König s berg , ▁Gott fried ▁E zek iel ▁received ▁a ▁commission ▁as ▁a ▁painter ▁in ▁Ber gen ▁during ▁ 1 7 4 4 . ▁In ▁ 1 7 5 1 , ▁he ▁arrived ▁in ▁northern ▁Norway , ▁where ▁he ▁painted ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁church ▁alt arp ie ces . ▁ ▁Media ▁gallery ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁List ▁of ▁churches ▁in ▁Nord land ▁ |
▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ Ø ks nes ▁men igh et ▁website ▁ ▁Category : Ø ks nes ▁Category : Ch urch es ▁in ▁Nord land ▁Category : C ru c iform ▁churches ▁in ▁Norway ▁Category : W ood en ▁churches ▁in ▁Norway ▁Category : 1 8 th - century ▁Church ▁of ▁Norway ▁church ▁buildings ▁Category : Ch urch es ▁completed ▁in ▁ 1 7 0 3 ▁Category : 1 7 0 3 ▁in ▁Norway <0x0A> </s> ▁Dan ▁Cur ran ▁( born ▁October ▁ 2 8 , ▁ 1 9 7 6 ) ▁is ▁a ▁former ▁American ▁football ▁full back , ▁and ▁currently ▁the ▁head ▁football ▁coach ▁at ▁M err im ack ▁College ▁in ▁North ▁And over , ▁Massachusetts . ▁Cur ran ▁became ▁fifth ▁head ▁coach ▁of ▁the ▁M err im ack ▁football ▁program ▁after ▁sp ending ▁the ▁three ▁seasons ▁as ▁the ▁off ensive ▁coordin ator ▁of ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁top ▁off enses ▁in ▁the ▁country . ▁Cur ran ▁has ▁led ▁the ▁program ▁to ▁several ▁marque e ▁vict ories ▁over ▁the ▁past ▁three ▁seasons , ▁including ▁the ▁program ’ s ▁first ▁victory ▁over ▁a ▁Division ▁I ▁oppon ent ▁when ▁it ▁defeated ▁reign ing ▁N ortheast ▁Conference ▁champion ▁and ▁Division ▁I ▁FC S ▁Tournament ▁particip ant ▁Wagner , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁multiple ▁wins ▁over ▁conference ▁rival ▁Bent ley , ▁two ▁vict ories ▁against ▁conference ▁power ▁LI U ▁Post , ▁and ▁the ▁team ' s ▁first - ever ▁road ▁win ▁at ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁New ▁H aven ▁ ▁Cur ran ▁came ▁to ▁M err im |
ack ▁after ▁playing ▁eight ▁years ▁of ▁professional ▁football ▁which ▁included ▁time ▁spent ▁with ▁the ▁Seattle ▁Se ah aw ks ▁and ▁New ▁Orleans ▁Sain ts ▁of ▁the ▁National ▁Football ▁League ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁the ▁New ▁Orleans ▁V ood oo ▁and ▁Georgia ▁Force ▁of ▁the ▁Arena ▁Football ▁League . ▁As ▁a ▁player ▁in ▁the ▁Arena ▁Football ▁League , ▁Cur ran ▁earned ▁First ▁Team ▁All - Le ague ▁Hon ors ▁and ▁was ▁named ▁to ▁the ▁All - I ron man ▁Team ▁after ▁leading ▁the ▁league ▁in ▁r ushing ▁and ▁becoming ▁just ▁the ▁third ▁player ▁in ▁league ▁history ▁at ▁the ▁time ▁to ▁r ush ▁for ▁over ▁ 2 0 ▁touch down s ▁in ▁a ▁season ▁ ▁He ▁was ▁h ired ▁as ▁M err im ack ▁head ▁coach ▁in ▁February ▁ 2 0 1 3 . ▁ ▁Early ▁years ▁Cur ran ▁was ▁named ▁Boston ▁Glo be ▁Player ▁of ▁the ▁Year . ▁He ▁also ▁earned ▁All ▁American ▁status ▁in ▁USA ▁Today ▁and ▁was ▁named ▁the ▁ 6 th ▁best ▁player ▁in ▁New ▁England ▁by ▁Super ▁P rep ▁Magazine . ▁He ▁led ▁Ch el ms ford ▁High ▁School ▁to ▁a ▁Super ▁Bowl ▁victory ▁over ▁Brook line ▁High ▁School . ▁ ▁College ▁career ▁Cur ran ▁attended ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁New ▁Ham pshire ▁and ▁played ▁for ▁Head ▁Co ach ▁Se an ▁Mc D onn ell ▁and ▁Off ensive ▁Co ordin ator ▁Ch ip ▁Kelly ▁ear ning ▁Atlantic ▁ 1 0 ▁hon ors ▁his ▁Senior ▁year ▁after ▁r ushing ▁for ▁ 1 , 0 5 9 ▁yards ▁and ▁scoring ▁ 1 6 ▁touch |
down s . ▁ ▁Head ▁co aching ▁record ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁M err im ack ▁profile ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 7 6 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : American ▁football ▁running ▁back s ▁Category : American ▁football ▁full back s ▁Category : American ▁football ▁line back ers ▁Category : Ge org ia ▁Force ▁players ▁Category : M err im ack ▁War riors ▁football ▁coach es ▁Category : N ash ville ▁K ats ▁players ▁Category : New ▁Ham pshire ▁Wild c ats ▁football ▁players ▁Category : New ▁Orleans ▁V oo D oo ▁players ▁Category : New ▁Orleans ▁Sain ts ▁players ▁Category : Se attle ▁Se ah aw ks ▁players ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁Ch el ms ford , ▁Massachusetts ▁Category : Play ers ▁of ▁American ▁football ▁from ▁Massachusetts <0x0A> </s> ▁Events ▁from ▁the ▁year ▁ 1 7 1 9 ▁in ▁Den mark . ▁ ▁Inc umb ents ▁ ▁Mon arch ▁– ▁Frederick ▁IV ▁ ▁Grand ▁Chan cell or ▁– ▁Christian ▁Christoph ers en ▁Se h ested ▁ ▁Events ▁▁ 4 ▁October ▁– ▁The ▁Dan ne bro ge ▁expl odes ▁and ▁s inks . ▁ ▁Und ated ▁ ▁The ▁first ▁lot tery ▁in ▁Den mark ▁is ▁held . ▁The ▁pri zes ▁are ▁royal ▁land ▁lots . ▁ ▁B irth s ▁▁ 2 3 ▁October ▁– ▁Peter ▁F enger ▁( d ied ▁ 1 7 7 4 ) ▁ ▁Death s ▁ ▁January ▁ 1 7 ▁- ▁Soph ie ▁Am al ie ▁M oth , ▁royal ▁mist ress |
▁( born ▁ 1 6 5 4 ) ▁ ▁References ▁▁▁ ▁Category : 1 7 1 0 s ▁in ▁Den mark ▁Den mark ▁Category : Year s ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 8 th ▁century ▁in ▁Den mark <0x0A> </s> ▁During ▁the ▁ 1 8 9 9 – 1 9 0 0 ▁season ▁He arts ▁competed ▁in ▁the ▁Scottish ▁First ▁Division , ▁the ▁Scottish ▁Cup ▁and ▁the ▁East ▁of ▁Scotland ▁Sh ield . ▁ ▁F i xt ures ▁ ▁East ▁of ▁Scotland ▁Sh ield ▁ ▁Rose ber y ▁Char ity ▁Cup ▁ ▁Scottish ▁Cup ▁ ▁East ▁of ▁Scotland ▁League ▁ ▁Inter ▁City ▁League ▁ ▁Scottish ▁First ▁Division ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁List ▁of ▁Heart ▁of ▁Mid l oth ian ▁F . C . ▁seasons ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Statist ical ▁Record ▁ 9 9 - 0 0 ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁Official ▁Club ▁website ▁ ▁Category : He art ▁of ▁Mid l oth ian ▁F . C . ▁seasons ▁Heart ▁of ▁Mid l oth ian <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁SS ▁Goth enburg ▁was ▁a ▁steam ship ▁that ▁operated ▁along ▁the ▁British ▁and ▁then ▁later ▁the ▁Australian ▁and ▁New ▁Zealand ▁coast lines . ▁In ▁February ▁ 1 8 7 5 , ▁Goth enburg ▁left ▁Dar win , ▁Australia ▁and ▁while ▁en ▁route ▁to ▁Ad ela ide ▁it ▁encountered ▁a ▁cy clone - str ength ▁storm ▁off ▁the ▁north ▁Queensland ▁coast . ▁The ▁ship ▁was ▁w reck ed ▁on ▁the ▁Great ▁Bar rier ▁Re ef ▁north - west ▁of ▁Hol bourne ▁Island ▁on ▁ 2 4 ▁February ▁ 1 8 |
7 5 . ▁Sur viv ors ▁in ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁lif eb o ats ▁were ▁res cu ed ▁two ▁days ▁later ▁by ▁Le ich hardt , ▁while ▁the ▁occup ants ▁of ▁two ▁other ▁lif eb o ats ▁that ▁managed ▁to ▁reach ▁Hol bourne ▁Island ▁were ▁res cu ed ▁several ▁days ▁later . ▁Tw enty - two ▁men ▁surv ived , ▁while ▁between ▁ 9 8 ▁and ▁ 1 1 2 ▁others ▁died , ▁including ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁high - profile ▁civil ▁servants ▁and ▁dign itar ies . ▁ ▁Description ▁and ▁history ▁ ▁Goth enburg ▁was ▁built ▁ 1 8 5 5 ▁at ▁L ung ley ' s ▁building ▁yards ▁in ▁Mill wall , ▁Es sex . ▁The ▁vessel ▁was ▁ 5 0 1 - tons , ▁ 1 9 7 ▁feet ▁long , ▁with ▁a ▁, ▁coal - burn ing ▁engine . ▁Records ▁at ▁the ▁time ▁described ▁Goth enburg ▁as ▁bar quent ine ▁rig ged , ▁with ▁its ▁fun nel ▁set ▁well ▁a ft ▁between ▁the ▁main ▁and ▁m iz zen ▁m asts ▁and ▁was ▁fitted ▁with ▁four ▁lif eb o ats , ▁two ▁port ▁and ▁two ▁star board . ▁ ▁Goth enburg ▁was ▁launched ▁stern - first ▁on ▁ 1 ▁April ▁ 1 8 5 4 . ▁Although ▁on ▁launch ing ▁it ▁coll ided ▁with ▁the ▁steam ship ▁C ly de , ▁which ▁s ank ▁in ▁the ▁River ▁Th ames . ▁Goth enburg ▁was ▁sever ely ▁dam aged ▁at ▁the ▁stern , ▁including ▁extensive ▁prop eller ▁damage . ▁ ▁The ▁North ▁of |
▁Europe ▁Ste am ▁Navigation ▁Company , ▁operated ▁her ▁between ▁Ir ong ate ▁Wh arf , ▁near ▁the ▁Tower ▁of ▁London , ▁and ▁Sweden . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 8 5 7 , ▁she ▁was ▁acquired ▁by ▁the ▁Union ▁Castle ▁Line ▁and ▁renamed ▁as ▁R MS ▁C elt . ▁ ▁In ▁June ▁ 1 8 6 2 , ▁Mc M erk an , ▁Black wood ▁and ▁Co . ▁of ▁Melbourne ▁purchased ▁her ▁for ▁the ▁Australian ▁trade ▁and ▁in ▁that ▁year ▁she ▁made ▁a ▁prot ract ed ▁voyage ▁from ▁England ▁to ▁Australia ▁by ▁sail . ▁She ▁was ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁most ▁modern ▁vessels ▁working ▁around ▁the ▁Australian ▁coast line ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 8 6 0 s , ▁and ▁became ▁a ▁popular ▁ship ▁as ▁she ▁was ▁considered ▁reliable . ▁After ▁many ▁years ▁on ▁the ▁Australia - New ▁Zealand ▁run , ▁her ▁own ers ▁transferred ▁her ▁to ▁the ▁Australian ▁coast al ▁service . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 8 7 3 , ▁she ▁was ▁length ened ▁and ▁ref itted ▁in ▁Ad ela ide ▁to ▁enable ▁longer ▁distances ▁under ▁steam ▁and ▁greater ▁passenger ▁and ▁cargo ▁capacity . ▁ ▁Following ▁her ▁modifications , ▁her ▁name ▁revert ed ▁once ▁again ▁to ▁Goth enburg . ▁ ▁In ▁November ▁ 1 8 7 4 , ▁several ▁ship own ers ▁were ▁contract ed ▁for ▁two ▁years ▁from ▁the ▁South ▁Australian ▁government ▁to ▁provide ▁ten ▁round ▁tri ps ▁between ▁the ▁colonial ▁capital ▁of ▁Ad ela ide ▁and ▁its ▁fur th est ▁out post , ▁Port ▁Dar win . ▁Port ▁Dar win ▁was ▁feeling ▁the |
▁effects ▁of ▁a ▁gold ▁r ush ▁at ▁P ine ▁Creek ▁and ▁growing ▁quickly ▁as ▁a ▁trade ▁post ▁with ▁the ▁Dutch ▁East ▁Ind ies . ▁However , ▁all ▁the ▁local ▁banks ▁sent ▁their ▁money , ▁together ▁with ▁government ▁paper work ▁and ▁the ▁Royal ▁Mail , ▁around ▁the ▁east ▁coast ▁to ▁Ad ela ide . ▁On ▁successful ▁completion ▁of ▁each ▁voyage , ▁the ▁South ▁Australian ▁government ▁would ▁pay ▁the ▁own ers ▁£ 1 0 0 0 ▁ster ling . ▁ ▁When ▁Goth enburg ▁left ▁Port ▁Dar win ▁on ▁T ues day , ▁ 1 6 ▁February ▁ 1 8 7 5 , ▁Captain ▁Robert ▁George ▁August us ▁Pear ce ▁was ▁under ▁orders ▁to ▁make ▁best ▁possible ▁speed . ▁Pear ce ▁had ▁been ▁her ▁captain ▁on ▁the ▁Ad ela ide - D ar win ▁run ▁for ▁some ▁time ▁and ▁had ▁built ▁up ▁a ▁solid ▁reputation . ▁He ▁was ▁a ▁man ▁of ▁the ▁sea , ▁a ▁man ▁of ▁sob ri ety ▁and ▁kind ness ▁and ▁was ▁well ▁respect ed ▁by ▁his ▁fellow ▁sea ▁capt ains . ▁ ▁Among st ▁the ▁approximately ▁ 9 8 ▁passengers ▁and ▁ 3 7 ▁crew ▁( sur v iving ▁records ▁vary ) ▁were ▁government ▁officials , ▁circuit ▁court ▁jud ges , ▁Dar win ▁residents ▁taking ▁their ▁first ▁f url ough ▁and ▁min ers . ▁Also ▁ab o ard ▁was ▁the ▁French ▁Vice ▁Cons ul ▁Ed ou ard ▁Dur and ▁and ▁James ▁Mill ner , ▁the ▁medical ▁officer ▁in ▁George ▁W . ▁Go y der ' s ▁ 1 8 6 9 ▁expedition |
▁to ▁found ▁the ▁first ▁col ony ▁at ▁Port ▁Dar win . ▁There ▁were ▁also ▁several ▁prisoners ▁ab o ard , ▁bound ▁for ▁the ▁Ad ela ide ▁j ail . ▁Lock ed ▁in ▁the ▁Captain ' s ▁cabin ▁was ▁approximately ▁ ▁of ▁gold ▁val ued ▁at ▁£ 4 0 , 0 0 0 ▁cons igned ▁to ▁the ▁ES & A ▁Bank ▁in ▁Ad ela ide . ▁( approx ▁US $ 2 . 6 ▁million ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 8 ). ▁Dur and ▁reported ly ▁also ▁carried ▁a ▁tin ▁box ▁with ▁him ▁containing ▁gold ▁so ver eign s ▁and ▁co ins ▁worth ▁in ▁excess ▁of ▁£ 3 , 0 0 0 . ▁ ▁In ▁three ▁days ▁of ▁fine ▁weather , ▁Goth enburg ▁travel led ▁ ▁from ▁Pal mer ston ▁( D ar win ) ▁to ▁Som erset ▁on ▁Cape ▁York . ▁The ▁weather ▁began ▁to ▁w ors en ▁so ▁the ▁ship ▁stopped ▁to ▁take ▁on ▁ball ast ▁at ▁Som erset . ▁While ▁she ▁was ▁anch ored , ▁conditions ▁d eter ior ated ▁to ▁a ▁point ▁where ▁both ▁anchor ▁ch ains ▁part ed . ▁After ▁the ▁loss ▁of ▁the ▁anch ors , ▁Goth enburg ▁was ▁forced ▁to ▁prem ature ly ▁steam ▁out ▁ ▁because ▁of ▁strong ▁curr ents ; ▁at ▁that ▁point , ▁she ▁brought ▁up ▁for ▁the ▁night . ▁ ▁Two ▁days ▁later , ▁T ues day ▁ 2 3 ▁February , ▁Goth enburg ▁passed ▁Cook town ▁at ▁about ▁ 2 : 0 0 pm . ▁The ▁wind ▁and ▁rain ▁sever ely ▁increased |
▁and ▁cloud ▁cover ▁became ▁so ▁thick ▁it ▁blocked ▁out ▁the ▁sun . ▁Despite ▁this , ▁she ▁continued ▁the ▁journey ▁south ▁into ▁w ors ening ▁weather , ▁in ▁a ▁deep ▁water ▁passage ▁between ▁the ▁North ▁Queensland ▁coast line ▁and ▁the ▁Great ▁Bar rier ▁Re ef , ▁known ▁as ▁the ▁inner ▁route . ▁Although ▁taking ▁this ▁route ▁provided ▁some ▁protection ▁from ▁the ▁open ▁sea , ▁capt ains ▁had ▁to ▁navigate ▁and ▁thread ▁their ▁way ▁through ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁then ▁un chart ed ▁re ef s . ▁All ▁passengers ▁and ▁crew ▁expected ▁to ▁be ▁in ▁New castle ▁on ▁Sunday ▁evening ▁for ▁a ▁scheduled ▁stop over . ▁ ▁Sh ip w reck ▁▁ ▁On ▁the ▁evening ▁of ▁ 2 4 ▁February ▁ 1 8 7 5 , ▁the ▁ship ▁was ▁still ▁heading ▁south ▁in ▁almost ▁cycl onic ▁conditions ▁with ▁fore , ▁top ▁and ▁main s ails ▁set ▁and ▁the ▁steam ▁engines ▁running ▁at ▁full ▁speed . ▁Flo oding ▁ra ins ▁l ashed ▁the ▁entire ▁Queensland ▁coast ▁and ▁Captain ▁Pear ce ▁reported ly ▁could ▁not ▁see ▁land ▁or ▁sun . ▁At ▁approximately ▁ 7 : 0 0 pm , ▁and ▁for ▁reasons ▁und et erm ined , ▁he ▁alter ed ▁course ▁and ▁shortly ▁afterwards , ▁at ▁full ▁speed ▁( 1 1 ▁to ▁ 1 2 ▁kn ots ), ▁hit ▁a ▁section ▁of ▁the ▁Great ▁Bar rier ▁Re ef ▁at ▁low ▁t ide ▁ ▁north ▁west ▁of ▁Hol bourne ▁Island . ▁Goth enburg ▁struck ▁with ▁such ▁force ▁that ▁she ▁was ▁left ▁high ▁up ▁on ▁the ▁re ef . |
▁Im medi ately , ▁an ▁order ▁came ▁out ▁to ▁lower ▁the ▁s ails . ▁At ▁first , ▁there ▁was ▁no ▁pan ic ▁and ▁many ▁passengers ▁returned ▁to ▁their ▁cabin ▁b unks ▁expecting ▁Goth enburg ▁would ▁come ▁off ▁the ▁re ef ▁at ▁high ▁t ide . ▁ ▁In ▁an ▁attempt ▁to ▁ref loat ▁her , ▁Captain ▁Pear ce ▁ordered ▁Goth enburg ▁to ▁be ▁light ened ▁forward . ▁Water ▁c ask s ▁used ▁as ▁ball ast ▁and ▁passengers ▁were ▁position ed ▁a ft ▁in ▁an ▁endeav our ▁to ▁ref loat ▁her ▁as ▁the ▁t ide ▁rose , ▁but ▁without ▁success . ▁Finally , ▁a ▁fatal ▁attempt ▁was ▁made ▁to ▁ref loat ▁her , ▁by ▁revers ing ▁the ▁engine ▁hard . ▁The ▁vessel ▁came ▁half ▁off ▁the ▁re ef , ▁but ▁ho led ▁herself ▁badly ▁and ▁then ▁sle wed ▁broad side ▁to ▁the ▁waves , ▁in ▁a ▁much ▁worse ▁position . ▁However , ▁with ▁the ▁t ide ▁rising ▁and ▁some ▁cargo ▁now ▁being ▁dump ed ▁over board , ▁all ▁ab o ard ▁still ▁expected ▁Goth enburg ▁to ▁float ▁free . ▁With ▁strong ▁wind s ▁changing ▁direction ▁and ▁se as ▁increasing , ▁the ▁bo iler ▁fires ▁were ▁ex ting u ished ▁by ▁water ▁rising ▁through ▁the ▁dam aged ▁stern . ▁Ar ound ▁mid night , ▁the ▁chief ▁engineer ▁came ▁on ▁deck ▁to ▁report ▁that ▁the ▁engine ▁room ▁was ▁flo oded ▁and ▁the ▁engine ▁was ▁of ▁no ▁further ▁use . ▁With ▁heavy ▁se as ▁now ▁r ushing ▁down ▁h atch ways ▁and ▁into ▁the ▁cab ins , ▁Goth |
enburg ▁was ▁do omed ▁and ▁Captain ▁Pear ce ▁was ▁forced ▁to ▁admit ▁that ▁the ▁situation ▁had ▁become ▁des perate . ▁ ▁The ▁storm ▁made ▁launch ing ▁the ▁lif eb o ats ▁almost ▁impossible . ▁At ▁about ▁ 3 : 0 0 am , ▁Captain ▁Pear ce ▁ordered ▁the ▁two ▁port ▁lif eb o ats ▁lower ed , ▁each ▁with ▁four ▁crew ▁on ▁board . ▁While ▁being ▁passed ▁ast ern ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁boats ▁broke ▁the ▁painter ▁and ▁became ▁ad rift . ▁Her ▁crew ▁tried ▁hard ▁to ▁pull ▁up ▁to ▁the ▁ship ' s ▁side , ▁but ▁it ▁was ▁impossible ▁in ▁the ▁heavy ▁squ all . ▁The ▁other ▁was ▁accident ally ▁let ▁go ▁and ▁both ▁boats , ▁in ▁heavy ▁se as , ▁were ▁unable ▁to ▁be ▁retrieved . ▁ ▁At ▁about ▁ 3 : 3 0 am ▁on ▁Th urs day , ▁ 2 5 ▁February , ▁Goth enburg ▁continued ▁to ▁he el ▁over . ▁The ▁deck ▁became ▁so ▁ste ep ▁that ▁passengers ▁and ▁crew ▁had ▁to ▁clim b ▁over ▁the ▁rails ▁to ▁get ▁on ▁her ▁side . ▁At ▁about ▁ 4 : 0 0 am , ▁the ▁two ▁remaining ▁star board ▁lif eb o ats ▁were ▁lower ed ▁and ▁were ▁r ushed ▁by ▁the ▁passengers . ▁One ▁star board ▁lif eb o at , ▁cr ammed ▁with ▁women ▁and ▁children , ▁caps ized ▁when ▁others ▁tried ▁to ▁board ▁it . ▁Some ▁half ▁dozen ▁men ▁right ed ▁her ▁in ▁the ▁water , ▁but , ▁dam aged ▁and ▁without ▁o ars , |
▁food ▁or ▁water , ▁it ▁quickly ▁dr ift ed ▁away ▁and ▁was ▁never ▁found . ▁The ▁second ▁star board ▁lif eb o at ▁also ▁caps ized ▁when ▁the ▁sea ▁crash ed ▁over , ▁was hing ▁all ▁the ▁occup ants ▁into ▁the ▁sea . ▁One ▁passenger ▁re called ▁the ▁sea ▁on ▁the ▁down wind ▁side ▁of ▁the ▁ship ▁being ▁covered ▁with ▁human ▁heads ▁b ob bing ▁up ▁and ▁down ▁like ▁c ork s . ▁Five ▁or ▁six ▁men ▁and ▁one ▁woman ▁clim bed ▁onto ▁the ▁u pt urn ed ▁h ull . ▁The ▁boat ▁was ▁still ▁connected ▁to ▁its ▁painter , ▁but ▁it ▁was ▁unable ▁to ▁be ▁recovered ▁from ▁the ▁heavy ▁sea ▁and ▁wind ▁which ▁swe pt ▁the ▁woman ▁off ▁and ▁d rown ed ▁her . ▁A ▁passenger , ▁John ▁Cle land , ▁sw am ▁to ▁the ▁connected , ▁but ▁u pt urn ed ▁lif eb o at ▁and ▁further ▁secured ▁it ▁with ▁a ▁ro pe ▁tied ▁to ▁Goth enburg . ▁In ▁less ▁than ▁fifteen ▁minutes , ▁nearly ▁ 1 0 0 ▁people ▁had ▁d rown ed ; ▁was hed ▁away ▁or ▁tra pped ▁in ▁their ▁water - filled ▁cab ins . ▁By ▁this ▁time , ▁several ▁sh arks ▁were ▁cir cling ▁the ▁w reck . ▁ ▁Those ▁still ▁on ▁board ▁Goth enburg ▁tried ▁to ▁cl ing ▁to ▁the ▁rig ging , ▁but ▁throughout ▁the ▁early ▁morning ▁of ▁ 2 5 ▁February , ▁several ▁more ▁people ▁were ▁d rown ed ▁after ▁they ▁were ▁swe pt ▁over board ▁by ▁large ▁broad side ▁waves . ▁Many |
▁passengers ▁associated ▁with ▁the ▁gold ▁dig g ings ▁were ▁unw illing ▁to ▁let ▁go ▁of ▁their ▁gold ▁and ▁money ▁bel ts , ▁as ▁it ▁was ▁probably ▁their ▁life ▁sav ings ; ▁these ▁individuals ▁ins isted ▁on ▁keeping ▁them ▁tied ▁and ▁once ▁over board ▁reported ly ▁d rown ed ▁very ▁quickly . ▁ ▁Sur viv ors ▁▁ ▁By ▁morning ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 5 ▁February , ▁only ▁the ▁m asts ▁were ▁visible ▁pro tr ud ing ▁from ▁the ▁water , ▁with ▁ 1 4 ▁people ▁cl ing ing ▁to ▁the ▁rig ging , ▁where ▁they ▁remained ▁for ▁the ▁next ▁twenty ▁four ▁hours ▁in ▁cycl onic ▁weather . ▁At ▁low ▁t ide , ▁Goth enburg ▁s ank ▁stern ▁first ▁and ▁the ▁w reck ▁fell ▁apart . ▁However , ▁the ▁remaining ▁star board ▁lif eb o at , ▁which ▁had ▁caps ized , ▁was ▁still ▁held ▁by ▁her ▁painter ▁and ▁the ▁ro pe ▁attached ▁by ▁Cle land . ▁At ▁first ▁light ▁on ▁ 2 6 ▁February ▁the ▁weather ▁e ased ▁and ▁the ▁surv iv ors ▁managed ▁to ▁right ▁the ▁boat ▁and ▁b ail ▁it ▁out ; ▁they ▁prepared ▁a ▁makes h ift ▁sail ▁and ▁p add led ▁for ▁the ▁main land . ▁About ▁seven ▁hours ▁later ▁they ▁real ised ▁they ▁could ▁not ▁make ▁main land , ▁so ▁they ▁alter ed ▁course ▁for ▁an ▁island ▁that ▁could ▁be ▁seen ▁in ▁the ▁distance . ▁When ▁they ▁arrived , ▁they ▁were ▁met ▁by ▁four ▁of ▁the ▁crew ▁from ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁port ▁lif eb o ats . ▁Their ▁lif |
eb o at ▁had ▁been ▁sever ely ▁dam aged ▁on ▁the ▁rocks ▁on ▁the ▁opposite ▁side ▁of ▁the ▁island ▁in ▁an ▁attempt ▁to ▁land ▁there ▁the ▁day ▁before . ▁▁ ▁[[ File : G oth enberg ▁T urt le ▁Sh ell . jpg | th umb | left | 1 7 5 px | G oth enburg ss ▁T urt le ▁Sh ell ▁Roll ]] ▁ ▁The ▁other ▁port ▁lif eb o at , ▁with ▁four ▁crew ▁on ▁board , ▁was ▁picked ▁up ▁by ▁the ▁ste amer ▁Le ich hardt ▁at ▁an ▁island ▁at ▁the ▁entrance ▁to ▁Wh its und ay ▁Pass age . ▁The ▁ste amer ▁immediately ▁revers ed ▁course ▁back ▁towards ▁the ▁w reck , ▁which ▁she ▁reached ▁at ▁approximately ▁ 3 . 3 0 pm ▁on ▁Friday , ▁ 2 6 ▁February . ▁Goth enburg ▁was ▁a ▁complete ▁w reck ; ▁the ▁fun nel ▁was ▁gone ▁and ▁she ▁had ▁s unk ▁to ▁the ▁eyes ▁of ▁the ▁lower ▁rig ging . ▁Le ich hardt ''' s ▁Chief ▁Officer ▁and ▁four ▁hands ▁went ▁alongside , ▁but ▁nothing ▁other ▁than ▁her ▁m asts ▁could ▁be ▁seen ▁above ▁the ▁water ▁except ▁for ▁the ▁body ▁of ▁a ▁n aked ▁man ▁floating ▁nearby . ▁They ▁assumed ▁the ▁other ▁vict ims ▁had ▁been ▁taken ▁by ▁sh arks . ▁Le ich hardt ▁searched ▁for ▁surv iv ors ▁until ▁last ▁light ▁and ▁then ▁made ▁way ▁for ▁Bow en ▁where ▁the ▁alarm ▁was ▁raised . ▁ ▁At ▁Hol bourne ▁Island , ▁the ▁other ▁ 1 8 ▁surv iv ors |
▁were ▁living ▁off ▁raw ▁bird ' s ▁eggs ▁and ▁rain ▁water ▁that ▁had ▁po o led ▁in ▁the ▁island ▁rocks . ▁Because ▁rescue ▁was ▁uncertain , ▁they ▁eng ra ved ▁ship ▁details ▁and ▁their ▁names ▁on ▁the ▁con ca ve ▁side ▁of ▁a ▁large ▁t urt le ▁shell , ▁in ▁the ▁hope ▁that ▁it ▁would ▁be ▁found ▁in ▁the ▁future . ▁On ▁Sunday , ▁ 2 8 ▁February ▁ 1 5 ▁of ▁them ▁set ▁off ▁in ▁the ▁star board ▁lif eb o at ▁for ▁an ▁island ▁about ▁ 2 0 ▁miles ▁away ▁to ▁the ▁south , ▁which ▁appeared ▁to ▁be ▁closer ▁to ▁the ▁main ▁sh ipping ▁l ane . ▁A ▁rescue ▁ship , ▁sent ▁looking ▁for ▁surv iv ors , ▁picked ▁up ▁the ▁group ▁and ▁took ▁them ▁safely ▁to ▁Bow en . ▁Another ▁rescue ▁ship , ▁Bun y ip ▁from ▁Town sv ille , ▁subsequently ▁returned ▁to ▁Hol bourne ▁Island ▁and ▁res cu ed ▁the ▁three ▁remaining ▁surv iv ors . ▁▁ ▁After math ▁ ▁Although ▁reports ▁vary , ▁records ▁show ▁that ▁between ▁ 9 8 ▁and ▁ 1 1 2 ▁people ▁d rown ed . ▁Most ▁records ▁state ▁the ▁death ▁to ll ▁at ▁ 1 0 2 . ▁Only ▁ 2 2 ▁people ▁surv ived ▁( 1 2 ▁crew ▁and ▁ 1 0 ▁passengers ). ▁All ▁ 2 5 ▁women ▁and ▁children ▁ab o ard ▁and ▁all ▁the ▁officers ▁died . ▁ ▁Edward ▁W . ▁Price , ▁Mag istr ate ▁and ▁Commission er ▁Circ uit ▁Court ▁of ▁the ▁Northern ▁Territ ory , |
▁who ▁remained ▁behind ▁in ▁Dar win , ▁lost ▁his ▁wife ▁and ▁six ▁children . ▁Dev ast ated ▁by ▁the ▁news , ▁he ▁was ▁given ▁six ▁months ▁leave ▁on ▁full ▁pay ▁by ▁the ▁government . ▁The ▁retired ▁fifth ▁Premier ▁of ▁South ▁Australia , ▁Thomas ▁Reyn olds ▁and ▁his ▁wife , ▁Anne , ▁both ▁d rown ed ▁as ▁did ▁Edu ard ▁Dur and , ▁the ▁French ▁Vice ▁Cons ul . ▁ ▁Other ▁notable ▁passengers ▁who ▁died ▁were ▁Dr ▁James ▁Mill ner ▁and ▁his ▁family , ▁Justice ▁William ▁A . ▁W ear ing ▁Q C , ▁Circ uit ▁Court ▁Judge ; ▁Joseph ▁Whit by , ▁acting ▁South ▁Australian ▁Crown ▁Sol ic itor ; ▁Richard ▁Well s , ▁N T ▁Times ▁& ▁Gazette ▁editor ; ▁Lion el ▁Pel ham , ▁a ▁senior ▁public ▁servant ; ▁Commander ▁Andrew ▁Ross ▁of ▁the ▁Royal ▁Navy ; ▁C . ▁J . ▁Ly ons , ▁Justice ▁W ear ing ' s ▁senior ▁assistant ; ▁William ▁Sho ob ridge , ▁Secretary ▁to ▁several ▁min ing ▁companies ; ▁A . ▁L . ▁McK ay , ▁Government ▁Survey or ; ▁and ▁several ▁Over land ▁Te legraph ▁employees . ▁ ▁Never ▁before ▁in ▁Australian ▁history ▁had ▁so ▁many ▁high - profile ▁public ▁servants , ▁dign itar ies ▁and ▁diplom ats ▁died ▁in ▁a ▁single ▁tra ged y . ▁Many ▁passengers ▁who ▁died ▁were ▁Dar win ▁residents ▁and ▁news ▁of ▁the ▁tra ged y ▁sever ely ▁affected ▁the ▁small ▁community , ▁reported ly ▁taking ▁several ▁years ▁to ▁recover . ▁Most ▁of ▁Goth enburg ' s ▁crew ▁were |
▁from ▁Melbourne ▁and ▁as ▁a ▁result ▁of ▁the ▁ship w reck , ▁ 1 1 ▁wid ows ▁and ▁ 3 4 ▁children ▁were ▁left ▁dest itute ▁in ▁Victoria . ▁ ▁At ▁Bow en , ▁twelve ▁surv iv ors ▁left ▁with ▁Captain ▁Lake ▁on ▁the ▁ship ▁Victoria ▁head ed ▁for ▁Sydney . ▁They ▁all ▁got ▁free ▁passage ▁from ▁Mc M erk an , ▁Black wood ▁and ▁Co , ▁the ▁own ers ▁of ▁Goth enburg . ▁The ▁four ▁surv iv ors ▁from ▁the ▁second ▁port ▁lif eb o at ▁that ▁were ▁picked ▁up ▁by ▁the ▁ste amer ▁Le ich hardt , ▁remained ▁with ▁that ▁ship ▁and ▁subsequently ▁made ▁way ▁for ▁Br is b ane . ▁ ▁Two ▁weeks ▁later ▁a ▁hard - hat ▁diver , ▁sent ▁down ▁to ▁recover ▁the ▁gold ▁and ▁other ▁valu ables , ▁found ▁the ▁bodies ▁of ▁two ▁women ▁at ▁the ▁foot ▁of ▁the ▁sal oon ▁st air case , ▁one ▁with ▁her ▁arm ▁around ▁the ▁other . ▁The ▁diver ▁tried ▁to ▁reach ▁them ▁to ▁take ▁a ▁lock ▁of ▁hair ▁or ▁some ▁other ▁personal ▁item ▁that ▁could ▁be ▁identified ▁by ▁their ▁loved ▁ones , ▁but ▁the ▁restriction ▁of ▁the ▁air ▁line ▁made ▁it ▁impossible . ▁The ▁gold ▁in ▁the ▁Captain ' s ▁cabin ▁was ▁recovered ▁after ▁much ▁difficulty . ▁While ▁recover ing ▁the ▁gold , ▁several ▁sh arks ▁that ▁were ▁caught ▁near ▁the ▁w reck ▁were ▁found ▁to ▁contain ▁human ▁b ones , ▁remains ▁and ▁j ew ell ery . ▁ ▁There ▁were ▁three ▁hero es ▁identified ▁that ▁trag ic ▁night , |
▁all ▁att ested ▁to ▁by ▁all ▁the ▁other ▁surv iv ors , ▁for ▁their ▁attempts ▁to ▁save ▁other ▁passengers . ▁In ▁recognition ▁of ▁their ▁bra very , ▁on ▁ 2 6 ▁July ▁ 1 8 7 5 , ▁the ▁Governor ▁of ▁South ▁Australia , ▁Sir ▁Anthony ▁Mus gra ve , ▁presented ▁passengers ▁James ▁Fitz ger ald ▁and ▁John ▁Cle land ▁and ▁crew man ▁Robert ▁Brazil ▁with ▁gold ▁med als ▁and ▁a ▁gold ▁watch . ▁The ▁Goth enburg ▁Rel ief ▁Fund ▁Committee ▁also ▁presented ▁each ▁of ▁them ▁with ▁a ▁gold ▁chain . ▁▁ ▁Report ▁▁ ▁The ▁report ▁of ▁the ▁Marine ▁Board ▁of ▁Queensland ▁determined ▁that : ▁▁▁ ▁L if eb o ats ▁▁ ▁There ▁was ▁also ▁much ▁spec ulation ▁at ▁the ▁time ▁in ▁the ▁Ad ela ide ▁and ▁Melbourne ▁press ▁on ▁why ▁the ▁lif eb o ats ▁had ▁not ▁been ▁launched ▁earlier . ▁Sur viv or ▁James ▁Fitz ger ald ▁pointed ▁out ▁in ▁his ▁re collection ▁that , ▁had ▁the ▁lif eb o ats ▁been ▁filled ▁to ▁capacity , ▁no ▁one ▁would ▁have ▁surv ived ▁the ▁severe ▁weather ▁conditions ▁experienced . ▁He ▁also ▁commented ▁that ▁passenger ▁vessels ▁were ▁not ▁required ▁to ▁carry ▁enough ▁lif eb o ats , ▁con cluding ▁that ▁there ▁were ▁ins u fficient ▁places ▁for ▁all ▁Goth enburg s ▁passengers ▁and ▁crew . ▁It ▁was ▁not ▁until ▁R MS ▁T itan ic ▁s ank ▁some ▁ 3 7 ▁years ▁later ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 2 , ▁that ▁it ▁was ▁made ▁comp uls ory ▁for ▁all ▁British ▁registered ▁ships ▁to ▁carry |
▁sufficient ▁lif eb o ats ▁for ▁everyone ▁on ▁board . ▁▁ ▁Pres ent ▁day ▁▁ ▁Today , ▁only ▁parts ▁of ▁the ▁d eter ior ated ▁iron ▁h ull ▁and ▁the ▁coal ▁fired ▁square ▁bo ilers ▁of ▁Goth enburg ▁remain . ▁The ▁w reck ▁lies ▁between ▁ 9 ▁and ▁approximately ▁ ▁of ▁water ▁on ▁the ▁western ▁side ▁of ▁Old ▁Re ef , ▁ ▁sout heast ▁of ▁Town sv ille . ▁The ▁Goth enburg ▁ship w reck ▁is ▁registered ▁on ▁the ▁Queensland ▁National ▁Est ate ▁( place ▁ID ▁# 8 9 2 3 ) ▁as ▁a ▁Heritage ▁site , ▁and ▁is ▁protected ▁under ▁Section ▁ 7 ▁of ▁the ▁( Common wealth ) ▁Historic ▁Sh ip w re cks ▁Act ▁ 1 9 7 6 , ▁which ▁requires ▁that ▁divers ▁have ▁a ▁permit ▁to ▁enter ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 m ▁protected ▁zone ▁that ▁has ▁been ▁declared ▁around ▁the ▁w reck . ▁Its ▁official ▁location ▁is : ▁Old ▁Re ef , ▁Great ▁Bar rier ▁Re ef , ▁ ▁north - east ▁of ▁A yr , ▁at ▁. ▁The ▁re ef ▁around ▁the ▁w reck ▁provides ▁good ▁div ing ▁with ▁an ▁extensive ▁cor al ▁garden . ▁A ▁strict ▁non - dist urb ance ▁policy ▁applies ▁to ▁marine ▁fl ora ▁and ▁fa una ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁to ▁the ▁fabric ▁of ▁the ▁w reck . ▁Pel ag ic ▁fish ▁and ▁re ef ▁sh arks ▁are ▁common . ▁▁ ▁Leg acy ▁▁ ▁The ▁northern ▁Dar win ▁sub urb ▁of ▁Mill ner ▁was ▁named ▁after ▁Dr ▁James ▁Mill ner ▁who , |
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