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), ▁ 6 – 1 ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁U ST A ▁Player ▁Development ▁Classic ▁at ▁I TF ten nis . com ▁▁▁▁ ▁Car son ▁Category : H ard ▁court ▁tennis ▁tournament s ▁Category : T ennis ▁tournament s ▁in ▁California ▁Category : 2 0 1 4 ▁in ▁American ▁sports ▁Category : 2 0 1 4 ▁in ▁sports ▁in ▁California ▁Category : J uly ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁sports ▁events ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States <0x0A> </s> ▁D erek ▁X avier ▁We iler ▁( Oct ober ▁ 4 , ▁ 1 9 6 8 ▁– ▁April ▁ 1 2 , ▁ 2 0 0 9 ) ▁was ▁a ▁journalist ▁and ▁Canadian ▁magazine ▁editor . ▁He ▁was ▁editor ▁of ▁Qu ill ▁& ▁Qu ire , ▁Canada ' s ▁national ▁book ▁trade ▁magazine . ▁ ▁Early ▁career ▁We iler ▁received ▁a ▁B . A . ▁and ▁M . A . ▁in ▁English ▁literature ▁from ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Water lo o ▁and ▁a ▁certificate ▁in ▁Magazine ▁and ▁Book ▁Publishing ▁from ▁Cent enn ial ▁College ▁in ▁Toronto . ▁ ▁His ▁first ▁job ▁in ▁publishing ▁was ▁as ▁an ▁editor ▁for ▁Key ▁Por ter ▁Books . ▁ ▁Qu ill ▁& ▁Qu ire ▁After ▁being ▁h ired ▁at ▁Qu ill ▁& ▁Qu ire ▁as ▁a ▁staff ▁writer ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 9 , ▁he ▁rose ▁through ▁the ▁positions ▁of ▁review ▁editor ▁and ▁news ▁editor ▁to ▁be ▁named ▁editor ▁in ▁chief ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 4 . ▁ ▁During ▁his ▁ten ure , ▁We iler |
▁wrote ▁book ▁reviews ▁and ▁articles ▁for ▁the ▁country ' s ▁three ▁major ▁newsp apers : ▁The ▁Glo be ▁and ▁Mail , ▁the ▁Toronto ▁Star ▁and ▁the ▁National ▁Post . ▁ ▁We iler ▁had ▁a ▁t atto o ▁on ▁his ▁inner ▁for ear m ▁that ▁read ▁" I ▁can ' t ▁go ▁on . ▁I ' ll ▁go ▁on ," ▁a ▁well - known ▁line ▁from ▁Samuel ▁Beck ett ' s ▁The ▁Un nam able , ▁and ▁a ▁reference , ▁as ▁he ▁revealed ▁in ▁a ▁blog ▁post , ▁to ▁his ▁struggle ▁with ▁a ▁heart ▁condition , ▁the ▁details ▁of ▁which ▁he ▁did ▁not ▁reve al . ▁ ▁Death ▁We iler ▁died ▁suddenly , ▁the ▁result ▁of ▁his ▁heart ▁condition , ▁on ▁April ▁ 1 2 , ▁ 2 0 0 9 , ▁in ▁Toronto ▁at ▁the ▁age ▁of ▁ 4 0 , ▁the ▁day ▁his ▁last ▁book ▁review , ▁of ▁a ▁debut ▁story ▁collection ▁by ▁Well s ▁Tower , ▁appeared ▁in ▁the ▁Toronto ▁Star . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁" F are well , ▁D erek ▁We iler ", ▁Sh elf ▁Life , ▁The ▁Glo be ▁and ▁Mail ▁ ▁" The ▁fun ny / s ad ▁thing ", ▁Author ▁profile , ▁Mi ri am ▁To ew s , ▁Qu ill ▁& ▁Qu ire ▁ ▁Category : Can ad ian ▁magazine ▁edit ors ▁Category : 1 9 6 8 ▁birth s ▁Category : 2 0 0 9 ▁death s ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁Water lo o , ▁Ontario ▁Category : Univers ity ▁of |
▁Water lo o ▁al umn i <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁National ▁Youth ▁Union ▁of ▁M ali ▁( , ▁abbre vi ated ▁U . N . J . M .) ▁was ▁a ▁youth ▁organization ▁in ▁M ali . ▁UN J M ▁was ▁the ▁youth ▁wing ▁of ▁the ▁r uling ▁( and ▁sole ▁legal ▁political ▁party ▁in ▁the ▁country ) ▁U DP M . ▁UN J M ▁held ▁its ▁first ▁national ▁council ▁meeting ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 9 . ▁Mah am ad ou ▁B aba ▁D ial lo ▁served ▁as ▁the ▁general ▁secretary ▁of ▁UN J M . ▁ ▁UN J M ▁published ▁a ▁month ly ▁magazine ▁called ▁Su ka ab é . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : Y outh ▁wings ▁of ▁political ▁parties ▁in ▁M ali ▁Category : Y outh ▁organizations ▁established ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 7 0 s ▁Category : 1 9 7 9 ▁establish ments ▁in ▁M ali <0x0A> </s> ▁Col in ▁Anthony ▁Green all ▁( born ▁ 3 0 ▁December ▁ 1 9 6 3 ▁in ▁Bill inge , ▁Lanc ash ire ) ▁is ▁an ▁English ▁former ▁professional ▁footballer ▁who ▁made ▁over ▁ 6 0 0 ▁Football ▁League ▁appearances ▁between ▁ 1 9 8 0 ▁and ▁ 1 9 9 9 . ▁Starting ▁his ▁career ▁at ▁Black pool ▁as ▁an ▁app rent ice , ▁Green all ▁had ▁sp ells ▁at ▁G illing ham , ▁Oxford ▁United , ▁B ury , ▁Pr eston ▁North ▁End , ▁Ch ester ▁City ▁and ▁Lincoln ▁City ▁before ▁finishing ▁his ▁career ▁at ▁his ▁h omet own |
▁club , ▁W igan ▁Athlet ic . ▁ ▁Play ing ▁career ▁ ▁Black pool ▁At ▁Black pool , ▁Green all ▁made ▁his ▁professional ▁debut ▁on ▁ 2 3 ▁September ▁ 1 9 8 0 , ▁at ▁the ▁age ▁of ▁ 1 6 ▁years ▁and ▁ 2 3 7 ▁days , ▁becoming ▁the ▁club ' s ▁then - you ng est - ever ▁league ▁player ▁( a ▁record ▁broken ▁by ▁Tre vor ▁S inc la ir ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 9 ). ▁Three ▁days ▁later , ▁he ▁appeared ▁in ▁a ▁League ▁Cup ▁game ▁against ▁Ever ton ▁at ▁Good ison ▁Park . ▁ ▁Green all ▁was ▁one ▁of ▁a ▁host ▁of ▁young ▁players ▁brought ▁to ▁Black pool ▁by ▁Alan ▁Ball ▁during ▁his ▁short ▁manager ial ▁reign ▁at ▁the ▁club . ▁ ▁Un like ▁most ▁of ▁the ▁others , ▁however , ▁he ▁remained ▁at ▁the ▁club ▁for ▁years ▁and ▁developed ▁into ▁a ▁depend able ▁def ender . ▁He ▁eventually ▁took ▁over ▁the ▁central ▁role , ▁combining ▁with ▁captain ▁Steve ▁Het z ke ▁and ▁Mike ▁Con roy ▁to ▁form ▁a ▁successful ▁def ensive ▁partners hip . ▁ ▁Green all ▁won ▁England ▁Youth ▁hon ours ▁and , ▁at ▁ 2 0 , ▁was ▁voted ▁the ▁Four th ▁Division ' s ▁Player ▁of ▁the ▁Year ▁by ▁the ▁P FA . ▁ ▁G illing ham ▁After ▁ 1 8 3 ▁league ▁appearances ▁in ▁just ▁over ▁five ▁years , ▁Green all ▁had ▁a ▁contract ual ▁dispute ▁with ▁Black pool , ▁and ▁in ▁September ▁ 1 9 8 6 ▁he ▁moved |
▁to ▁Third ▁Division ▁G illing ham ▁for ▁£ 4 0 , 0 0 0 . ▁ ▁Oxford ▁United ▁Green all ▁joined ▁Oxford ▁United ▁in ▁February ▁ 1 9 8 8 ▁for ▁£ 2 3 5 , 0 0 0 , ▁and ▁the ▁U ' s ▁soon ▁made ▁him ▁ski pper ▁following ▁the ▁departure ▁of ▁Tommy ▁Cat on , ▁as ▁he ▁enjoyed ▁a ▁brief ▁taste ▁of ▁top - fl ight ▁football ▁before ▁they ▁were ▁re leg ated ▁at ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁season . ▁ ▁B ury ▁and ▁Pr eston ▁North ▁End ▁In ▁July ▁ 1 9 9 0 , ▁he ▁moved ▁to ▁B ury ▁for ▁£ 1 0 0 , 0 0 0 ▁after ▁an ▁initial ▁loan ▁spell ▁at ▁G igg ▁Lane , ▁before ▁depart ing ▁for ▁Pr eston ▁North ▁End ▁during ▁ 1 9 9 1 – 9 2 ▁– ▁a ▁move ▁in ▁his ▁favour ▁as ▁Pr eston ▁narrow ly ▁beat ▁the ▁drop ▁from ▁Division ▁Three ▁while ▁B ury ▁were ▁re leg ated . ▁ ▁Pr eston ▁would ▁follow ▁suit ▁ 1 2 ▁months ▁later , ▁however . ▁ ▁L atter ▁years ▁After ▁a ▁year ▁at ▁Ch ester ▁City , ▁where ▁he ▁won ▁promotion ▁and ▁player ▁of ▁the ▁season ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 3 – 9 4 , ▁and ▁a ▁spell ▁with ▁Lincoln ▁City , ▁Green all ▁joined ▁W igan ▁Athlet ic ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 5 . ▁At ▁W igan , ▁he ▁helped ▁guide ▁the ▁team ▁to ▁Third ▁Division ▁success ▁as ▁an ▁ever - present ▁captain ▁in ▁ 1 |
9 9 7 . ▁After ▁coming ▁out ▁of ▁ret irement , ▁Green all ▁made ▁his ▁W emble y ▁debut ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 9 ▁when ▁he ▁def ied ▁his ▁adv ancing ▁years ▁to ▁help ▁W igan ▁beat ▁Mill wall ▁ 1 – 0 ▁to ▁win ▁the ▁Football ▁League ▁Tro phy . ▁ ▁Co aching ▁career ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 1 , ▁Green all ▁became ▁care t aker - manager ▁of ▁W igan ▁for ▁six ▁games , ▁losing ▁only ▁once , ▁but ▁he ▁did ▁not ▁get ▁the ▁job ▁perman ently ▁and ▁was ▁to ▁lose ▁his ▁co aching ▁job ▁at ▁W igan ▁shortly ▁afterwards . ▁He ▁returned ▁to ▁playing ▁with ▁Ross end ale ▁United ▁while ▁searching ▁for ▁new ▁co aching ▁opportun ities . ▁ ▁In ▁June ▁ 2 0 0 2 ▁he ▁was ▁appointed ▁Head ▁of ▁Youth ▁Development ▁at ▁Ro ch dale ▁and ▁in ▁June ▁ 2 0 0 4 ▁Director ▁of ▁the ▁Centre ▁of ▁Ex cell ence ▁at ▁Ro ch dale . ▁In ▁August ▁ 2 0 0 5 ▁he ▁was ▁appointed ▁to ▁the ▁role ▁of ▁Co ach ▁Education ▁Manager ▁at ▁the ▁Lanc ash ire ▁FA . ▁ ▁Hon ours ▁Black pool ▁P FA ▁Four th ▁Division ▁Player ▁of ▁the ▁Year : ▁ 1 9 8 0 – 8 1 ▁ ▁Ch ester ▁City ▁Player ▁of ▁the ▁Season : ▁ 1 9 9 3 – 9 4 . ▁ ▁W igan ▁Athlet ic ▁Football ▁League ▁Division ▁Three ▁( IV ) ▁champions : ▁ 1 9 9 6 – 9 7 . ▁Football |
▁League ▁Tro phy ▁w inners : ▁ 1 9 9 8 – 9 9 . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁Col in ▁Green all : ▁Lat ics ▁Leg ends . ▁W igan ▁Athlet ic ▁Official ▁Club ▁Site ▁Col in ▁Green all ' s ▁career ▁stats ▁at ▁Soccer base ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 6 3 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁Bill inge , ▁Mer se ys ide ▁Category : English ▁football ers ▁Category : English ▁football ▁man agers ▁Category : Black pool ▁F . C . ▁players ▁Category : G illing ham ▁F . C . ▁players ▁Category : O x ford ▁United ▁F . C . ▁players ▁Category : B ury ▁F . C . ▁players ▁Category : Pr eston ▁North ▁End ▁F . C . ▁players ▁Category : Ch ester ▁City ▁F . C . ▁players ▁Category : Lin coln ▁City ▁F . C . ▁players ▁Category : W igan ▁Athlet ic ▁F . C . ▁players ▁Category : W igan ▁Athlet ic ▁F . C . ▁man agers ▁Category : English ▁Football ▁League ▁players ▁Category : Associ ation ▁football ▁def enders <0x0A> </s> ▁W ond ership ▁Q ▁( known ▁as ▁Air ship ▁Q ▁in ▁Japan ) ▁is ▁a ▁ 2 D ▁sand box ▁action - ad vent ure ▁game ▁developed ▁by ▁C yg ames ▁for ▁Play Station ▁V ita ▁and ▁Ste am . ▁The ▁V ita ▁version ▁was ▁released ▁in ▁Japan ▁on ▁November ▁ 1 9 , ▁ 2 0 1 5 , |
▁and ▁the ▁English ▁version ▁was ▁released ▁intern ation ally ▁for ▁Ste am ▁on ▁July ▁ 1 8 , ▁ 2 0 1 6 . ▁ ▁Over view ▁The ▁story ▁follows ▁two ▁sib lings ▁turned ▁into ▁c ats , ▁who ▁explore ▁a ▁vast ▁ 2 D ▁world ▁on ▁an ▁air ship ▁in ▁purs uit ▁of ▁the ▁w itch ▁who ▁transformed ▁them , ▁and ▁to ▁save ▁the ▁island ▁of ▁Lap uta . ▁ ▁The ▁game ▁is ▁unique ▁in ▁several ▁ways : ▁it ▁is ▁c ited ▁in ▁the ▁official ▁tra iler ▁as ▁the ▁first ▁sand box ▁R PG ▁from ▁Japan , ▁ow ing ▁influence ▁primarily ▁to ▁Terr aria . ▁This ▁shows ▁the ▁western ▁ind ie ▁scene ' s ▁bur geon ing ▁influence ▁on ▁the ▁Japanese ▁industry , ▁whereas ▁it ▁had ▁previously ▁been ▁the ▁opposite ▁before ▁the ▁west ▁gained ▁domin ance ▁in ▁the ▁g aming ▁world . ▁The ▁V ita ▁version ▁is ▁also ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁few ▁ret ail ▁imports ▁to ▁offer ▁an ▁official ▁English ▁patch , ▁which ▁is ▁available ▁to ▁im por ters ▁who ▁have ▁access ▁to ▁Play Station ▁Network . ▁The ▁game ▁automatically ▁displays ▁the ▁text ▁in ▁several ▁languages , ▁based ▁on ▁whatever ▁the ▁system ' s ▁regional ▁settings , ▁if ▁there ▁is ▁a ▁translation ▁for ▁said ▁region . ▁Therefore , ▁if ▁someone ▁from ▁the ▁US ▁or ▁UK ▁region ▁has ▁downloaded ▁the ▁patch , ▁it ▁should ▁display ▁text ▁in ▁English ▁by ▁default , ▁so ▁long ▁as ▁the ▁system ' s ▁region ▁is ▁defined ▁as ▁such . ▁Last ly , ▁it ▁is ▁compatible ▁with ▁P ST |
V , ▁putting ▁it ▁in ▁stark ▁contrast ▁with ▁Terr aria , ▁which ▁did ▁not ▁offer ▁this ▁because ▁of ▁its ▁touch - screen ▁controls ▁exclusive ▁to ▁the ▁V ita . ▁ ▁Despite ▁offering ▁a ▁patch ▁to ▁c ater ▁to ▁im por ters , ▁there ▁is ▁no ▁official ▁ret ail ▁or ▁digital ▁release ▁in ▁the ▁US ▁or ▁Europe ▁for ▁the ▁V ita ▁version ▁as ▁of ▁now . ▁A ▁Play Station ▁ 4 ▁port ▁is ▁also ▁rum ored , ▁but ▁yet ▁to ▁be ▁released . ▁ ▁Re ception ▁The ▁game ▁won ▁Tokyo ▁Game ▁Show ' s ▁ 2 0 1 5 ▁award ▁for ▁Best ▁Platform er , ▁and ▁ 4 G amer . net ' s ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁award ▁of ▁excell ence ▁for ▁an ▁ind ie ▁title . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁▁ ▁Category : 2 0 1 5 ▁video ▁games ▁Category : Action - ad vent ure ▁games ▁Category : Open ▁world ▁video ▁games ▁Category : Play Station ▁V ita ▁games ▁Category : Video ▁games ▁developed ▁in ▁Japan ▁Category : Windows ▁games <0x0A> </s> ▁Koch is ▁or ▁K uch is ▁( P as ht o : ▁ ▁K uch is ▁according ▁to ▁J . ▁Der akh sh ani ▁the ▁name ▁der ives ▁from ▁Gu ci , ▁formerly ▁) ▁are ▁nom ads ▁from ▁Northern - ▁and ▁Eastern ▁Afghan istan ▁primarily ▁from ▁the ▁Gh il ji ▁trib al ▁conf eder acy . ▁Some ▁of ▁the ▁most ▁notable ▁Gh il ji ▁Koch i ▁tribes ▁include ▁the ▁K har oti , ▁N ia zi , |
▁And ar , ▁Ak ak hel ▁and ▁nas ar ▁A hm ad za i . ▁Sometimes ▁Dur ran i ▁tribes ▁can ▁be ▁found ▁among ▁the ▁Koch i , ▁and ▁occasionally ▁there ▁may ▁also ▁be ▁some ▁Bal och ▁people ▁among ▁them ▁that ▁live ▁a ▁past oral ▁nom adic ▁l ifest yle . ▁In ▁the ▁Pas ht o ▁language , ▁the ▁terms ▁are ▁Koch ai ▁( sing ular ) ▁and ▁Koch ian ▁( pl ural ). ▁In ▁the ▁Pers ian ▁language , ▁" K och i " ▁and ▁" K och i ha " ▁are ▁the ▁singular ▁and ▁pl ural ▁forms ▁( res pect ively ). ▁ ▁Description ▁The ▁National ▁Multi - se ctor al ▁Ass ess ment ▁of ▁Koch i ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 4 , ▁estimated ▁that ▁there ▁are ▁about ▁ 2 . 4 ▁million ▁Koch is ▁in ▁Afghan istan , ▁with ▁around ▁ 1 . 5 ▁million ▁( 6 0 %) ▁remaining ▁fully ▁nom adic , ▁and ▁over ▁ 1 0 0 , 0 0 0 ▁have ▁been ▁disp la ced ▁due ▁to ▁natural ▁dis aster s ▁such ▁as ▁flo od ▁and ▁dr ought ▁in ▁the ▁past ▁few ▁years . ▁ ▁The ▁nom ads ▁and ▁semi - nom ads , ▁generally ▁called ▁K uch i ▁in ▁Afghan istan , ▁mostly ▁keep ▁sheep ▁and ▁go ats . ▁The ▁produce ▁of ▁the ▁animals ▁( me at , ▁da iry ▁products , ▁hair ▁and ▁w ool ) ▁is ▁ex changed ▁or ▁sold ▁in ▁order ▁to ▁purchase ▁gra in , ▁veget ables , ▁fruit ▁and |
▁other ▁products ▁of ▁settled ▁life . ▁In ▁this ▁way ▁an ▁extensive ▁network ▁of ▁exchange ▁has ▁developed ▁along ▁the ▁main ▁routes ▁ann ually ▁followed ▁by ▁the ▁nom ads . ▁The ▁merchant ▁Pow ind ah ▁( G h il ji ) ▁[ or ▁Gh il za i ] ▁Pas ht uns ▁used ▁to ▁move ▁ann ually ▁from ▁the ▁Afghan istan ▁mountains ▁to ▁the ▁valley ▁of ▁the ▁Ind us . ▁These ▁long - distance ▁migr ations ▁were ▁stopped ▁in ▁the ▁early ▁ 1 9 6 0 s ▁when ▁the ▁border ▁with ▁Afghan istan ▁and ▁Pakistan ▁were ▁closed , ▁but ▁many ▁K uch is ▁are ▁still ▁allowed ▁to ▁cross ▁as ▁border ▁officials ▁recognize ▁the ▁K uch i ▁migr ations ▁which ▁occur ▁season ally ▁and ▁allow ▁them ▁to ▁pass ▁even ▁in ▁times ▁of ▁political ▁tur mo il . ▁In ▁recent ▁dec ades , ▁migr ations ▁inside ▁Afghan istan ▁continue , ▁although ▁tr uck s ▁are ▁now ▁often ▁being ▁used ▁to ▁transport ▁liv est ock ▁and ▁family ▁from ▁one ▁place ▁to ▁another . ▁ ▁History ▁ ▁Koch is ▁histor ically ▁ab st ained ▁from ▁politics , ▁because ▁they ▁are ▁nom adic , ▁but ▁under ▁Afghan istan ' s ▁constitution , ▁they ▁were ▁given ▁ten ▁seats ▁in ▁parliament . ▁Pro vis ions ▁are ▁written ▁into ▁the ▁Afghan istan ▁Constitution ▁( Art icle ▁ 1 4 ) ▁aim ed ▁at ▁impro ving ▁the ▁w elf are ▁of ▁Koch is , ▁including ▁prov isions ▁for ▁housing , ▁representation , ▁and ▁education . ▁According ▁to ▁the ▁United ▁Nations ▁High ▁Commission ▁for ▁Ref uge |
es , ▁before ▁the ▁ 3 0 ▁years ▁of ▁war , ▁Koch is ▁owned ▁ 3 0 ▁per ▁cent ▁of ▁the ▁country ' s ▁go ats ▁and ▁sheep ▁and ▁most ▁of ▁the ▁cam els ▁for ▁years , ▁and ▁they ▁were ▁largely ▁responsible ▁for ▁the ▁supply ▁of ▁sla ugh ter ▁animals , ▁w ool , ▁g he e ▁and ▁qu root ▁to ▁the ▁national ▁economy . ▁▁ ▁Koch is ▁were ▁also ▁fav ored ▁by ▁the ▁Kings ▁of ▁Afghan istan , ▁who ▁were ▁themselves ▁eth nic ▁Pas ht uns , ▁since ▁the ▁late ▁ 1 8 8 0 s . ▁They ▁were ▁awarded ▁" fir man ," ▁or ▁royal ▁pro clam ations , ▁grant ing ▁them ▁use ▁of ▁summer ▁past ures ▁all ▁over ▁Afghan istan ▁including ▁the ▁northern ▁parts ▁of ▁the ▁country . ▁During ▁the ▁Tal ib an ▁era , ▁Koch is ▁were ▁a ▁main ▁factor ▁and ▁supp orter ▁of ▁the ▁Tal ib an ▁and ▁their ▁leader ▁Moh ammed ▁O mar ▁As ▁a ▁result , ▁the ▁northern ▁eth nic ▁groups ▁( H az ara , ▁T aj iks , ▁U z be ks ▁and ▁Tur km ens ) ▁have ▁a ▁long - standing ▁dist rust ▁of ▁the ▁Koch i . ▁This ▁political ▁dispute ▁has ▁been ▁deep ened ▁over ▁the ▁dec ades ▁of ▁Koch i ▁trans hum ance , ▁where by ▁some ▁Koch is ▁became ▁abs ente e ▁land l ords ▁in ▁their ▁summer ▁areas ▁in ▁the ▁north ▁through ▁custom ary ▁se iz ure ▁procedures ▁to ▁attach ▁deb t ors ' ▁land . ▁However , ▁the |
▁Koch is ▁themselves ▁see ▁the ▁northern ▁minor ity ▁groups ▁as ▁a ▁non - A fg han ▁race , ▁and ▁claims ▁the ▁Koch is ▁were ▁n atives ▁of ▁northern ▁Afghan ▁region , ▁and ▁that ▁during ▁many ▁years ▁of ▁invasion ▁such ▁as ▁G eng his ▁Khan ▁and ▁Tim ur , ▁they ▁escaped ▁south . ▁ ▁Koch is ▁have ▁been ▁identified ▁by ▁the ▁United ▁Nations ▁Ass istance ▁Mission ▁in ▁Afghan istan ▁as ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁largest ▁vulner able ▁populations ▁in ▁the ▁country . ▁As ▁Afghan istan ' s ▁population ▁grows , ▁compet ing ▁claims ▁over ▁summer ▁past ures , ▁both ▁for ▁ra inf ed ▁cultiv ation ▁and ▁for ▁gra zing ▁of ▁the ▁settled ▁communities ' ▁liv est ock , ▁have ▁created ▁conflict ▁over ▁land ▁across ▁central ▁and ▁northern ▁Afghan istan . ▁Pay ing ▁head - count ▁fe es ▁for ▁each ▁animal ▁crossing ▁someone ▁else ' s ▁property ▁is ▁exact ing ▁a ▁har sh ▁economic ▁to ll ▁on ▁the ▁Koch i ▁way ▁of ▁life , ▁one ▁that ▁is ▁already ▁having ▁to ▁cont end ▁with ▁rec urrent ▁dr ought s ▁that ▁are ▁now ▁occurr ing ▁with ▁increasing ▁frequency . ▁There ▁are ▁communities ▁of ▁Pas ht un ▁Koch i ▁origin ▁in ▁other ▁parts ▁of ▁the ▁world ▁as ▁well , ▁including ▁in ▁the ▁Car ib bean , ▁Africa ▁and ▁Europe . ▁In ▁Pakistan , ▁some ▁Koch is ▁are ▁found ▁in ▁Kar achi ▁in ▁S ind h . ▁ ▁Koch i ▁among ▁Tal ib an ▁According ▁to ▁a ▁class ified ▁cable ▁sent ▁by ▁U . S . ▁Amb assador ▁to ▁Afghan |
istan ▁Karl ▁E iken berry — re ve aled ▁by ▁Wik i Le aks — Ab d ul ▁W ah ab ▁S ule m ank he il , ▁Director ▁General ▁( D G ) ▁of ▁the ▁Independent ▁Director ate ▁of ▁Koch is , ▁declared ▁that ▁more ▁than ▁half ▁of ▁the ▁Tal ib an ▁are ▁Koch is , ▁a ▁figure ▁doubt ed ▁by ▁E iken berry : ▁ ▁Gallery ▁ ▁Foot notes ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Vog els ang , ▁Wille m . ▁ 2 0 0 2 . ▁The ▁Af gh ans . ▁Black well ▁Publish ers , ▁Oxford . ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁ ▁L ifest yle ▁of ▁K uch i ▁community ▁AF G H AN IST AN : ▁Th re at ▁of ▁eth nic ▁cl ash es ▁over ▁gra zing ▁land ▁Afghan istan ▁Research ▁and ▁E valu ation ▁Unit ▁ ▁Category : N om adic ▁groups ▁in ▁E uras ia ▁Category : Mod ern ▁nom ads ▁Category : Im m igration ▁to ▁Afghan istan ▁Category : P as ht un ▁di as por a ▁Category : P as ht un ▁tribes ▁Category : So cial ▁groups ▁of ▁Afghan istan ▁Category : So cial ▁groups ▁of ▁Pakistan <0x0A> </s> ▁Ken ny ▁Thom son ▁( born ▁ 2 7 ▁March ▁ 1 9 6 9 ) ▁is ▁a ▁New ▁Zealand ▁cur ler . ▁ ▁At ▁the ▁international ▁level , ▁he ▁is ▁a ▁. ▁ ▁At ▁the ▁national ▁level , ▁he ▁is ▁a ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁New ▁Zealand ▁men ' s ▁champion ▁cur ler |
▁and ▁a ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁New ▁Zealand ▁mixed ▁champion . ▁ ▁Teams ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : 1 9 6 9 ▁birth s ▁Category : New ▁Zealand ▁male ▁curl ers ▁Category : New ▁Zealand ▁cur ling ▁champions <0x0A> </s> ▁S og am oso ▁River ▁() ▁is ▁a ▁river ▁of ▁northern ▁Colombia . ▁It ▁flows ▁into ▁the ▁Mag dal ena ▁River ▁and ▁on ▁to ▁the ▁Car ib bean ▁Sea . ▁The ▁S og am oso ▁Dam ▁on ▁the ▁river ▁near ▁Buc aram anga ▁was ▁completed ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 4 . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁▁ ▁List ▁of ▁rivers ▁of ▁Colombia ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Further ▁reading ▁▁▁▁ ▁Category : R ivers ▁of ▁Colombia ▁Category : Mag dal ena ▁River ▁R ivers <0x0A> </s> ▁Cole p idae ▁is ▁a ▁family ▁of ▁c ili ates . ▁ ▁References ▁▁▁ ▁Key ▁species ▁of ▁the ▁family ▁Cole p idae ▁( Pro st om at ida , ▁C ili op hora ) ▁from ▁Lake ▁Ba ikal . ▁LA ▁O bol k ina , ▁Zo olog ich es ky ▁Zh urn al , ▁ 1 9 9 5 ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁▁▁ ▁Category : In tr am ac ron uc le ata ▁Category : C ili ate ▁families <0x0A> </s> ▁Beat mania ▁I ID X ▁ 1 2 : ▁Happy ▁Sky ▁( st yl ized ▁as ▁beat mania ▁I ID X 1 2 : ▁H AP PY ▁SK Y ) ▁is ▁the ▁ 1 2 th ▁game ▁in ▁the ▁beat |
mania ▁I ID X ▁series ▁of ▁music ▁video ▁games . ▁It ▁was ▁released ▁in ▁arc ades ▁by ▁Kon ami ▁on ▁July ▁ 1 3 , ▁ 2 0 0 5 . ▁The ▁game ▁features ▁over ▁ 4 5 ▁new ▁songs , ▁some ▁of ▁which ▁are ▁un locked ▁over ▁Kon ami ' s ▁e - Am usement ▁platform . ▁Happy ▁Sky ▁introduced ▁several ▁small ▁but ▁significant ▁changes ▁to ▁the ▁series , ▁such ▁as ▁a ▁new ▁difficulty ▁scale , ▁and ▁a ▁new ▁b oss ▁song . ▁ ▁Game play ▁ ▁Beat mania ▁I ID X ▁tasks ▁the ▁player ▁with ▁performing ▁songs ▁through ▁a ▁controller ▁consisting ▁of ▁seven ▁key ▁buttons ▁and ▁a ▁scratch able ▁tur nt able . ▁H itting ▁the ▁notes ▁with ▁strong ▁timing ▁increases ▁the ▁score ▁and ▁gro ove ▁gauge ▁bar , ▁allowing ▁the ▁player ▁to ▁finish ▁the ▁stage . ▁Fail ing ▁to ▁do ▁so ▁de ple tes ▁the ▁gauge ▁until ▁it ▁is ▁empty , ▁ab rupt ly ▁ending ▁the ▁song . ▁ ▁The ▁core ▁game play ▁remains ▁the ▁same ▁in ▁Happy ▁Sky . ▁Songs ▁are ▁now ▁ranked ▁on ▁a ▁ 1 2 - point ▁rating ▁scale , ▁with ▁the ▁difficulties ▁being ▁renamed ▁in ▁the ▁process ▁as ▁well . ▁" LI G HT 7 / 1 4 " ▁is ▁now ▁Normal ▁and ▁" 7 / 1 4 KEY S " ▁is ▁now ▁Hyper . ▁All ▁songs ▁have ▁been ▁read just ed ▁to ▁fit ▁the ▁new ▁ranking ▁scales . ▁A ▁new ▁folder ▁called ▁" H ARD ▁C LE AR " ▁has ▁also ▁been ▁added ▁to |
▁the ▁song ▁selection ▁screen ▁for ▁songs ▁cleared ▁using ▁the ▁Hard ▁mode ▁mod ifier . ▁ ▁Two ▁new ▁mod ifiers ▁have ▁been ▁added , ▁H idden + ▁and ▁Sud den + , ▁which ▁allow ▁the ▁user ▁to ▁adjust ▁a ▁l ane ▁cover ▁over ▁a ▁specific ▁portion ▁of ▁the ▁screen . ▁This ▁had ▁been ▁popular ly ▁done ▁with ▁to w els ▁before hand , ▁acknowled ged ▁by ▁Kon ami ▁in ▁the ▁PS 2 ▁version ▁of ▁Gold , ▁which ▁offers ▁a ▁picture ▁of ▁a ▁to wel ▁as ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁l ane ▁cover ▁options . ▁ ▁e - Am usement ▁ ▁Happy ▁Sky ▁was ▁the ▁last ▁version ▁of ▁I ID X ▁to ▁support ▁the ▁old ▁sty led ▁e - Am usement ▁cards , ▁as ▁Dist orted ▁would ▁switch ▁to ▁the ▁new ▁" e - Am usement ▁Pass " ▁system . ▁A ▁cell ▁phone ▁application ▁called ▁" I ID X ▁W AV E " ▁could ▁custom ize ▁the ▁interface ▁of ▁Happy ▁Sky , ▁with ▁different ▁menu ▁music ▁options , ▁different ▁frames ▁for ▁the ▁game play ▁interface , ▁and ▁being ▁able ▁to ▁create ▁custom ▁courses . ▁ ▁Ext ra ▁Stage ▁If ▁the ▁player ▁gets ▁AA ' s ▁on ▁all ▁stages ▁( with ▁all ▁ 3 ▁stages ▁being ▁played ▁on ▁Hard ▁Mode ▁and ▁on ▁Another ▁difficulty , ▁and ▁the ▁final ▁stage ▁being ▁a ▁ 1 0 ), ▁the ▁player ▁is ▁awarded ▁a ▁chance ▁to ▁play ▁the ▁extra ▁stage , ▁where ▁S cre am ▁Squad ▁by ▁Cal f ▁is ▁offered . ▁If ▁a ▁A AA ▁is ▁scored ▁and ▁the ▁stage |
▁is ▁played ▁on ▁Hard ▁Mode , ▁the ▁player ▁gets ▁to ▁play ▁One ▁More ▁Ext ra ▁Stage , ▁ <0xE5> <0x86> <0xA5> ▁( Me i ) ▁by ▁Am uro ▁vs ▁K iller , ▁a ▁song ▁r ated ▁ 1 2 ▁on ▁Another . ▁ ▁Music ▁ ▁Not ed ▁songs ▁Me i , ▁the ▁O ME S ▁of ▁Happy ▁Sky , ▁is ▁known ▁for ▁its ▁Another ▁chart , ▁which ▁is ▁r ated ▁ 1 2 ▁on ▁Another ▁and ▁contains ▁exactly ▁ 2 0 0 0 ▁notes . ▁It ▁was ▁once ▁considered ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁most ▁difficult ▁songs ▁in ▁I ID X ▁history , ▁and ▁is ▁still ▁not or iously ▁difficult ▁to ▁clear ▁in ▁H ARD ▁mode ▁due ▁to ▁the ▁slow down ▁and ▁speed ▁up ▁in ▁the ▁middle ▁portion . ▁X e pher ▁gained ▁more ▁expos ure ▁outside ▁of ▁I ID X ▁when ▁it ▁was ▁one ▁of ▁several ▁new ▁I ID X ▁c ros so vers ▁featured ▁in ▁Dance ▁Dance ▁Revolution ▁Super NO VA , ▁and ▁later ▁as ▁part ▁of ▁a ▁set ▁of ▁B em ani ▁c ros so ver ▁un lock s ▁in ▁Toy ' s ▁March ▁ 2 ▁( which ▁also ▁included ▁Me i ). ▁Script ed ▁Connection ▁sounds ▁slightly ▁different ▁on ▁each ▁difficulty ▁level , ▁thus ▁having ▁ 3 ▁different ▁" versions ". ▁DJ ▁Mur as ame ▁stated ▁in ▁a ▁" bio " ▁page ▁for ▁the ▁song ▁on ▁Kon ami ' s ▁Happy ▁Sky ▁mic ros ite , ▁that ▁the ▁ 3 ▁different ▁versions ▁could ▁be ▁played ▁together ▁one ▁after ▁the ▁other ▁at |
▁once , ▁and ▁suggested ▁a ▁situation ▁where ▁all ▁ 3 ▁versions ▁could ▁be ▁played ▁sequ entially ▁using ▁ 3 ▁I ID X ▁cabin ets ▁next ▁to ▁each ▁other . ▁The ▁console ▁version ▁of ▁Happy ▁Sky ▁would ▁later ▁include ▁all ▁ 3 ▁variations ▁play able ▁separately , ▁and ▁a ▁long ▁mix ▁of ▁all ▁ 3 . ▁ ▁Home ▁version ▁A ▁home ▁version ▁of ▁Happy ▁Sky ▁was ▁released ▁in ▁Japan ▁for ▁the ▁Play Station ▁ 2 ▁on ▁December ▁ 1 4 , ▁ 2 0 0 6 . ▁The ▁game ▁includes ▁ 9 ▁new ▁songs , ▁plus ▁an ▁un lock able ▁" long ▁mix " ▁of ▁Script ed ▁Connection . ▁The ▁home ▁version ▁also ▁features ▁un lock able ▁custom ization ▁features ▁and ▁art work . ▁ ▁CS ▁exclusive ▁songs ▁ ▁a Script ed ▁Connection ▁Long ▁Mix ▁can ▁only ▁be ▁played ▁by ▁launch ing ▁the ▁" 7 - ky u " ▁course ▁in ▁Class ▁mode ▁in ▁a ▁specific ▁manner . ▁b LO V EL Y ▁ST ORM ▁rep laces ▁LO VE ▁IS ▁D RE AM INE SS ▁if ▁played ▁on ▁the ▁Another ▁difficulty . ▁The ▁song ▁gained ▁a ▁full ▁set ▁of ▁charts ▁in ▁DJ ▁Tro op ers . ▁c In ▁the ▁ar cade ▁version ▁of ▁Happy ▁Sky , ▁each ▁" version " ▁of ▁Script ed ▁Connection ▁can ▁be ▁un locked ▁separately . ▁ ▁Sound track ▁The ▁original ▁sound track ▁for ▁Happy ▁Sky ▁was ▁released ▁on ▁October ▁ 1 9 , ▁ 2 0 0 5 . ▁The ▁sound track ▁sp ans ▁ 2 ▁disc s , |
▁and ▁includes ▁the ▁console - ex clus ive ▁songs ▁from ▁ 9 th ▁Style , ▁plus ▁ 6 ▁long ▁versions . ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁Official ▁home ▁page ▁ ▁I ID X ▁Gate way ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : 2 0 0 5 ▁video ▁games ▁Category : 2 0 0 6 ▁video ▁games ▁Category : Ar cade ▁games ▁Category : Be at mania ▁games ▁Category : Play Station ▁ 2 ▁games ▁Category : J apan - ex clus ive ▁video ▁games ▁Category : Multi player ▁and ▁single - player ▁video ▁games ▁Category : Video ▁games ▁developed ▁in ▁Japan ▁Category : Video ▁games ▁scored ▁by ▁Take o ▁Mir ats u <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Er l - K ing ▁() ▁is ▁a ▁ 1 9 7 0 ▁novel ▁by ▁the ▁French ▁writer ▁Michel ▁Tourn ier . ▁It ▁is ▁also ▁known ▁as ▁The ▁O gre . ▁It ▁tells ▁the ▁story ▁of ▁a ▁man ▁who ▁rec ruits ▁children ▁to ▁be ▁Naz is ▁in ▁the ▁belief ▁that ▁he ▁is ▁protect ing ▁them . ▁The ▁novel ▁received ▁the ▁Prix ▁Gon court . ▁The ▁ 1 9 9 6 ▁film ▁The ▁O gre , ▁directed ▁by ▁Vol ker ▁Schl ö nd or ff , ▁is ▁based ▁on ▁the ▁novel . ▁ ▁Sum mary ▁▁ ▁The ▁story ▁is ▁about ▁Ab el ▁T iff au ges , ▁who ▁att ends ▁the ▁Saint - Christ ophe ▁board ing - school ▁where ▁he ▁meets ▁N est or , ▁a ▁privile ged ▁student ▁who ▁will ▁take ▁him ▁under ▁his ▁wing ▁and ▁ad ore ▁him ▁so ▁much |
▁as ▁to ▁let ▁him ▁indul ge ▁his ▁obs essions . ▁Ab el ▁first ▁writes ▁about ▁his ▁child hood ▁and ▁his ▁life ▁in ▁life ▁before ▁ 1 9 3 9 ▁in ▁his ▁personal ▁di ary . ▁ ▁After ▁World ▁War ▁I , ▁Ab el ▁finds ▁himself ▁being ▁a ▁dedicated ▁p ige on ▁ke eper ▁and ▁a ▁soldier ▁in ▁Als ace . ▁Then , ▁he ▁is ▁taken ▁prisoner ▁and ▁deport ed ▁throughout ▁Germany ▁and ▁Poland ▁in ▁East ▁Pr uss ia ▁( G erman ▁region ▁that ▁corresponds ▁to ▁the ▁actual ▁Kal ining rad ▁O blast / K önig s berg ▁in ▁Western ▁Russia ). ▁ ▁He ▁will ▁later ▁be ▁imprison ed ▁in ▁the ▁Mo or hof ▁camp ▁( close ▁to ▁In ster burg ▁– ▁today ▁Ch ern y akh ov sk ▁– ▁and ▁to ▁G um bin nen ▁– ▁today ▁G use v ), ▁and ▁will ▁then ▁make ▁it ▁to ▁the ▁res ervation ▁of ▁Rom int en ▁( in ▁the ▁South - E astern ▁part ▁of ▁East ▁Pr uss ia ), ▁in ▁the ▁hunting ▁ground ▁of ▁G ör ing ▁he ▁calls ▁" the ▁og re ▁of ▁Rom int en ". ▁He ▁then ▁finds ▁himself ▁having ▁to ▁rec ruit ▁children ▁in ▁the ▁Maz ur ian ▁region . ▁He ▁saves ▁E ph ra ï m , ▁a ▁Jewish ▁boy ▁who ▁came ▁from ▁a ▁Lith uan ian ▁camp ▁and ▁esc apes ▁while ▁carrying ▁him ▁on ▁his ▁back ▁through ▁sw amps . ▁The ▁novel ▁ends ▁with ▁the ▁following ▁sentence : ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁▁ 1 9 7 0 ▁in ▁literature |
▁▁ 2 0 th - century ▁French ▁literature ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 7 0 ▁French ▁nov els ▁Category : Nov els ▁by ▁Michel ▁Tourn ier ▁Category : World ▁War ▁II ▁nov els ▁Category : F rench ▁nov els ▁adapted ▁into ▁films ▁Category : P rix ▁Gon court ▁winning ▁works ▁Category : É d itions ▁Gall im ard ▁books <0x0A> </s> ▁AB AB ▁University ▁is ▁an ▁online ▁acc red ited ▁university ▁having ▁students ▁across ▁the ▁glo be , ▁mainly ▁from ▁Africa ▁and ▁Asia . ▁AB AB ▁UN I VER S ITY ▁a ka ▁ ▁formerly ▁IS AL ▁inst itute ▁started ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁in ▁India . ▁Domin ican ▁Republic ▁approved ▁IS AL ▁Institute ▁as ▁its ▁first ▁acc red ited ▁online ▁university . ▁IS AL ▁is ▁now ▁seeking ▁university ▁acc red itation ▁from ▁United ▁Arab ▁Em ir ates . ▁IS AL ▁inst itute ▁offers : ▁M EP ▁H V AC ▁D raft ing ▁and ▁Design ing ▁ ▁Auto ▁Cad ▁N DT ▁Pl umb ing ▁Design ing ▁ ▁Elect rical ▁Design ing ▁ ▁P SC ▁Co aching ▁ ▁IS AL ▁inst itute ▁has ▁a ▁N odel ▁office ▁in ▁Jed d ah , ▁K SA ▁President : ▁Ald h ir ush an ▁Total ▁Number ▁of ▁Stud ents : ▁ 7 0 ▁Total ▁Number ▁of ▁Fac ulty : ▁ 5 ▁IS AL ▁inst itute ▁re brand ed ▁as ▁AB AB ▁UN I VER S ITY ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 9 ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : 2 0 1 0 ▁establish ments |
▁in ▁India ▁Category : E du c ational ▁institutions ▁established ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁Category : On line ▁colleg es ▁Category : Distance ▁education ▁institutions ▁based ▁in ▁India <0x0A> </s> ▁Nicola ▁Man z ari ▁( 1 4 ▁November ▁ 1 9 0 8 ▁– ▁ 2 8 ▁April ▁ 1 9 9 1 ) ▁was ▁an ▁Italian ▁screen writer . ▁He ▁wrote ▁for ▁ 3 8 ▁films ▁between ▁ 1 9 4 0 ▁and ▁ 1 9 7 5 . ▁ ▁Selected ▁film ography ▁ ▁The ▁Advent ures ▁of ▁Fra ▁Dia vol o ▁( 1 9 4 2 ) ▁ ▁Ch ains ▁( 1 9 4 9 ) ▁ ▁He arts ▁at ▁Sea ▁( 1 9 5 0 ) ▁ ▁Camer iera ▁bel la ▁pres enza ▁off res i ... ▁( 1 9 5 1 ) ▁ ▁The ▁Last ▁Sent ence ▁( 1 9 5 1 ) ▁ ▁I ▁mort i ▁non ▁pag ano ▁t asse ▁( 1 9 5 2 ) ▁ ▁Non ▁è ▁ver o ... ▁ma ▁ci ▁cre do ▁( 1 9 5 3 ) ▁ ▁Fr ine , ▁Cour tes an ▁of ▁Orient ▁( 1 9 5 3 ) ▁ ▁L ulu ▁( 1 9 5 3 ) ▁ ▁Pap à ▁Pacific o ▁( 1 9 5 4 ) ▁ ▁Love ▁Song ▁( 1 9 5 4 ) ▁ ▁Le ▁amb izio se ▁( 1 9 6 1 ) ▁ ▁M af ia ▁Connection ▁( 1 9 7 0 ) ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Category : 1 |
9 0 8 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 9 9 1 ▁death s ▁Category : Ital ian ▁screen writ ers ▁Category : Ital ian ▁male ▁screen writ ers <0x0A> </s> ▁E 3 ▁u bi quit in - prote in ▁lig ase ▁SM UR F 1 ▁is ▁an ▁en zym e ▁that ▁in ▁humans ▁is ▁encoded ▁by ▁the ▁SM UR F 1 ▁gene . ▁ ▁Function ▁▁ ▁This ▁gene ▁enc odes ▁a ▁u bi quit in ▁lig ase ▁that ▁is ▁specific ▁for ▁re ceptor - reg ulated ▁S MA D ▁prote ins ▁in ▁the ▁b one ▁morph ogen etic ▁protein ▁( B MP ) ▁path way . ▁A ▁similar ▁protein ▁in ▁X en opus ▁is ▁involved ▁in ▁emb ry onic ▁pattern ▁formation . ▁Altern ative ▁sp lic ing ▁results ▁in ▁multiple ▁trans cript ▁variants ▁encoding ▁different ▁is o forms . ▁An ▁additional ▁trans cript ▁variant ▁has ▁been ▁identified , ▁but ▁its ▁full ▁length ▁sequence ▁has ▁not ▁been ▁determined . ▁ ▁Inter actions ▁SM UR F 1 ▁has ▁been ▁shown ▁to ▁interact ▁with : ▁ ▁AR H GE F 9 , ▁▁ ▁P LE K HO 1 , ▁ ▁and ▁ ▁SM UR F 2 . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Further ▁reading ▁ ▁External ▁links <0x0A> </s> ▁Poly omm atus ▁my rr ha ▁is ▁a ▁species ▁of ▁but ter fly ▁in ▁the ▁family ▁Ly ca en idae . ▁It ▁was ▁first ▁described ▁as ▁Ly ca ena ▁my rr ha ▁by ▁Gott lie b ▁August ▁Wilhelm ▁Her rich - Sch ä f fer ▁in ▁ 1 8 |
5 1 ▁in ▁the ▁six ▁volume ▁System at ische ▁Bear beit ung ▁der ▁Sch met ter ling e ▁von ▁Europa ▁( System atic ▁research ▁on ▁the ▁but ter f lies ▁of ▁Europe ). ▁This ▁rare ▁species ▁has ▁been ▁found ▁in ▁An atol ia ▁area ▁of ▁Turkey . ▁and ▁in ▁the ▁Z ange z ur ▁Mountains ▁( including ▁both ▁Armen ian ▁and ▁N akh ich ivan ▁sides ), ▁which ▁is ▁inhab ited ▁by ▁sub species ▁P . ▁m . ▁cin y ra ea ▁N ek r uten ko ▁& ▁E ff endi , ▁ 1 9 7 9 . ▁ ▁References ▁▁ ▁Category : Pol y omm atus ▁Category : But ter f lies ▁of ▁Asia ▁Category : But ter f lies ▁of ▁Europe ▁Category : But ter f lies ▁of ▁Turkey ▁~ ▁Category : But ter f lies ▁described ▁in ▁ 1 8 5 1 <0x0A> </s> ▁F ires ide ▁Bowl ▁( or ▁ ▁F ires ide ) ▁is ▁a ▁bow ling ▁al ley ▁and ▁music ▁ven ue ▁established ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 4 0 s , ▁located ▁at ▁ 2 6 4 8 ▁W ▁Full erton ▁A ve ▁in ▁Chicago , ▁Illinois . ▁ ▁History ▁The ▁building ▁was ▁an ▁ice ▁factory ▁in ▁its ▁early ▁days . ▁In ▁the ▁summer ▁of ▁ 1 9 4 1 ▁renov ations ▁began ▁and ▁the ▁owner ▁H ank ▁Soph ie ▁converted ▁it ▁into ▁a ▁bow ling ▁al ley , ▁c ash ing - in ▁on ▁the ▁bow ling ▁cra ze ▁that ▁began ▁in ▁mid - 2 |
0 th ▁century ▁America . ▁ ▁It ▁started ▁as ▁a ▁twelve ▁l ane ▁pin ▁boy ▁bow ling ▁al ley ▁and ▁th riv ed ▁throughout ▁the ▁ 4 0 s ▁and ▁ 5 0 s . ▁In ▁ 1 9 5 6 ▁it ▁was ▁expanded ▁and ▁AM F ▁automatic ▁pin spot ters ▁were ▁installed ▁and ▁the ▁rem ode led ▁F ires ide ▁was ▁expanded ▁by ▁four ▁lan es ▁bringing ▁the ▁total ▁to ▁ 1 6 . ▁ ▁O wn ership ▁The ▁F ires ide ▁Bowl ▁was ▁owned ▁and ▁operated ▁by ▁H ank ▁Soph ie ▁until ▁ 1 9 6 6 ▁when ▁Rich ▁Lap in ski ▁and ▁Ale c ▁" Mac " ▁Mc Gu ire ▁bought ▁the ▁bow ling ▁al ley ▁from ▁an ▁a iling ▁H ank ▁Soph ie . ▁Lap in ski ▁and ▁Mc Gu ire ▁operated ▁it ▁together ▁until ▁ 1 9 7 1 ▁when ▁Lap in ski ▁bought ▁out ▁Mc Gu ire . ▁From ▁ 1 9 7 1 ▁until ▁ 1 9 9 0 ▁Lap in ski ▁operated ▁it ▁as ▁a ▁th riv ing ▁bow ling ▁al ley . ▁As ▁the ▁neighborhood ▁changed ▁and ▁F ires ide ▁fell ▁into ▁dis rep air ▁Lap in ski ▁handed ▁the ▁establishment ▁to ▁his ▁son ▁Jim . ▁The ▁neighborhood ▁was ▁getting ▁rough ▁and ▁business ▁slow ed ▁so ▁F ires ide ▁began ▁to ▁show case ▁live ▁music ▁on ▁a ▁part - time ▁basis ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 4 . ▁ ▁Music ▁ven ue ▁While ▁the ▁bow ling ▁lan es ▁were ▁used ▁less ▁and ▁less , |
▁music ▁was ▁filling ▁in ▁on ▁more ▁night s . ▁There ▁was ▁still ▁bow ling ▁on ▁a ▁few ▁night s , ▁in ▁particular ▁the ▁Buck town ▁Bow ling ▁League ▁made ▁up ▁of ▁several ▁neighborhood ▁establish ments ▁took ▁to ▁the ▁lan es ▁every ▁Monday ▁night ▁as ▁they ▁had ▁been ▁doing ▁for ▁many ▁years . ▁However , ▁music ▁was ▁now ▁the ▁primary ▁focus . ▁▁▁ ▁Grad ually , ▁more ▁and ▁more ▁shows ▁were ▁held ▁there ▁until ▁ 1 9 9 9 ▁when ▁the ▁City ▁of ▁Chicago ▁wanted ▁to ▁expand ▁the ▁nearby ▁Ha as ▁Park . ▁For ▁the ▁next ▁several ▁years ▁the ▁cloud ▁of ▁em inent ▁domain ▁hung ▁over ▁F ires ide , ▁but ▁it ▁continued ▁to ▁host ▁shows ▁promoted ▁by ▁Brian ▁Pet erson ▁and ▁Dave ▁E aves . ▁As ▁time ▁went ▁on ▁and ▁the ▁neighborhood ▁changed ▁neighb ors ▁became ▁increasing ly ▁more ▁vocal ▁about ▁the ▁live ▁music ▁acts . ▁Then ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 3 ▁the ▁City ▁of ▁Chicago ▁dropped ▁the ▁em inent ▁domain ▁suit ▁and ▁it ▁was ▁decided ▁by ▁the ▁own ers ▁and ▁family , ▁with ▁tal ks ▁to ▁the ▁al der man ▁concerning ▁it ▁continued ▁status ▁that ▁if ▁F ires ide ▁was ▁to ▁continue ▁over ▁the ▁long ▁term ▁it ▁needed ▁to ▁get ▁back ▁to ▁its ▁roots ▁of ▁bow ling . ▁ ▁Back ▁to ▁bow ling ▁In ▁the ▁Summer ▁of ▁ 2 0 0 4 ▁renov ations ▁were ▁made ▁to ▁update ▁things ▁such ▁as ▁automatic ▁scoring , ▁new ▁lan es ▁and ▁equipment ▁and ▁up gr ades ▁to ▁the ▁building ▁and ▁its ▁amen ities . |
▁It ▁rest ated ▁as ▁a ▁bow ling ▁al ley ▁without ▁ever ▁closing ▁in ▁the ▁fall ▁of ▁ 2 0 0 4 . ▁Since ▁then ▁F ires ide ▁has ▁ret aken ▁its ▁status ▁as ▁Log an ▁Square ' s ▁neighborhood ▁bow ling ▁al ley . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁the ▁F ires ide ▁Bowl ▁started ▁hosting ▁live ▁music ▁again . ▁ ▁Popular ▁culture ▁Several ▁external ▁scenes ▁from ▁the ▁ 1 9 9 2 ▁film ▁Rap id ▁Fire , ▁featuring ▁Br andon ▁Lee ▁and ▁Pow ers ▁Bo othe ▁prom in ently ▁show ▁the ▁F ires ide . ▁In ▁the ▁film ▁it ▁was ▁used ▁as ▁the ▁headquarters ▁of ▁Bo othe ' s ▁character ▁Det . ▁M ace ▁Ryan ▁and ▁his ▁team . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 0 , ▁The ▁F ires ide ▁earned ▁a ▁mention ▁in ▁the ▁song ▁" Good bye ▁Fore ver " ▁by ▁Chicago - based ▁band , ▁the ▁Al kal ine ▁T rio . ▁The ▁song ▁appears ▁on ▁the ▁Al kal ine ▁T rio ' s ▁self - t itled ▁album , ▁and ▁includes ▁the ▁line ▁" Rem ember ▁last ▁April ▁when ▁we ▁saw ▁U . S . ▁Map le ? ▁/ ▁Some how ▁the ▁singer ▁showed ▁ ▁F ires ide ▁exactly ▁how ▁I ▁feel ." ▁ ▁The ▁bow ling ▁scenes ▁from ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁film ▁The ▁Break - Up , ▁featuring ▁V ince ▁V aug hn ▁and ▁Jenn ifer ▁An ist on , ▁were ▁fil med ▁at ▁the ▁F ires ide . ▁ ▁F |
ires ide ▁can ▁be ▁seen ▁in ▁an ▁episode ▁of ▁Fox ▁TV ▁show ▁The ▁Chicago ▁Code ▁entitled ▁" H og ▁But cher ", ▁which ▁a ired ▁on ▁Feb ▁ 1 4 , ▁ 2 0 1 1 . ▁ ▁F ires ide ▁plays ▁host ▁to ▁a ▁scene ▁in ▁N BC ' s ▁Chicago ▁Fire ▁in ▁the ▁episode ▁entitled ▁" Head long ▁Tow ard ▁Dis aster ", ▁which ▁a ired ▁on ▁February ▁ 1 5 , ▁ 2 0 1 5 . ▁ ▁The ▁F ires ide ▁Bowl ▁is ▁the ▁topic ▁of ▁the ▁All ister ▁song ▁" Some where ▁on ▁Full erton " ▁and ▁is ▁also ▁mentioned ▁in ▁a ▁song ▁by ▁The ▁M eth ad ones ▁called ▁" S ud den ly ▁C ool ". ▁Both ▁are ▁Chicago ▁based ▁bands . ▁ ▁F ires ide ▁is ▁featured ▁in ▁several ▁scenes ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 8 ▁film ▁W id ows . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁The ▁original ▁book ers ▁of ▁the ▁club ▁ ▁F ires ide ▁Bowl ▁official ▁website ▁ ▁F ires ide ▁Bowl ' s ▁profile ▁on ▁City search ▁Information ▁on ▁ ▁F ires ide ▁at ▁met rom ix . com ▁Archives ▁of ▁The ▁Chicago ▁Sh ows ▁List , ▁a ▁week ly ▁listing ▁of ▁Chicago ▁music ▁happen ings ▁ ▁F ires ide ▁Bowl ▁returns ▁to ▁Log an ▁Square ▁on ▁W BE Z ▁ ▁Category : Music ▁ven ues ▁in ▁Chicago ▁Category : B ow ling ▁alle ys <0x0A> </s> ▁K ade ▁Simon ▁( c . ▁ 1 9 3 7 ▁– ▁ |
1 9 8 5 ), ▁better ▁known ▁as ▁Lord ▁Bry n ner , ▁was ▁a ▁Tr in idad ian ▁cal y pson ian ▁who ▁won ▁the ▁Tr in idad ▁and ▁Tob ago ▁Independ ence ▁Cal y ps o ▁Cont est ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 2 . ▁He ▁also ▁had ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁S ka ▁hits ▁in ▁J ama ica ▁during ▁the ▁mid - 1 9 6 0 s . ▁ ▁Biography ▁K ade ▁Simon ▁was ▁born ▁in ▁Er in , ▁Tr in idad . ▁T aking ▁insp iration ▁from ▁the ▁actor ▁Y ul ▁Bry n ner , ▁he ▁adopted ▁the ▁stage ▁name ▁Lord ▁Bry n ner , ▁together ▁with ▁the ▁sh aved ▁head ▁of ▁the ▁actor , ▁and ▁became ▁a ▁popular ▁cal y pson ian ▁in ▁the ▁late ▁ 1 9 5 0 s . ▁He ▁joined ▁the ▁West ▁India ▁Regiment ▁and ▁re located ▁to ▁J ama ica , ▁where ▁he ▁continued ▁to ▁perform , ▁before ▁returning ▁to ▁Tr in idad ▁after ▁the ▁collapse ▁of ▁the ▁West ▁Ind ies ▁Federation . ▁He ▁won ▁the ▁Tr in idad ▁& ▁Tob ago ▁Independ ence ▁Cal y ps o ▁Cont est ▁in ▁August ▁ 1 9 6 2 ▁with ▁the ▁apt ly - th emed ▁" Tr in idad ▁and ▁Tob ago ▁Independ ence ", ▁be ating ▁the ▁lik es ▁of ▁M ight y ▁S par row , ▁Nap ▁He p burn ▁and ▁the ▁M ight y ▁Bom ber . ▁His ▁success ▁led ▁to ▁performances ▁throughout ▁the ▁Car ib bean , ▁and ▁also ▁in ▁more |
▁than ▁ 6 0 ▁countries ▁in ▁total , ▁including ▁Canada , ▁Hong ▁Kong , ▁Ken ya ▁( at ▁the ▁country ' s ▁independence ▁celebr ations ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 3 ), ▁Israel , ▁Greece , ▁Italy , ▁Mexico , ▁and ▁in ▁New ▁York ▁City ▁at ▁the ▁ 1 9 6 4 ▁World ' s ▁Fair ▁and ▁later ▁at ▁Car neg ie ▁Hall ▁and ▁the ▁Lincoln ▁Center . ▁ ▁One ▁of ▁his ▁mid - 1 9 6 0 s ▁S ka ▁record ings , ▁" Where ' s ▁Sam my ▁G one ", ▁featured ▁The ▁W ail ers ▁as ▁backing ▁vocal ists , ▁and ▁he ▁recorded ▁several ▁other ▁S ka ▁singles ▁in ▁J ama ica , ▁including ▁" C ongo ▁War " ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 4 , ▁a ▁collaboration ▁with ▁The ▁She iks ▁( fe aturing ▁Jack ie ▁Mit to o ▁and ▁Dob by ▁Dob son ). ▁ ▁He ▁continued ▁to ▁be ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁islands ' ▁most ▁popular ▁cal y ps o ▁artists ▁throughout ▁the ▁ 1 9 6 0 s ▁and ▁ 1 9 7 0 s , ▁and ▁during ▁his ▁career ▁release ▁ 1 3 ▁albums ▁and ▁more ▁than ▁ 5 0 ▁singles . ▁In ▁ 1 9 7 0 ▁he ▁tou red ▁with ▁his ▁" Cal y ps or ama ▁' 7 0 " ▁show , ▁which ▁included ▁mus icians ▁and ▁a ▁dance ▁tr oupe . ▁His ▁lyr ical ▁them es ▁included ▁local ▁politics ▁and ▁events , ▁rom ance , ▁cr icket , ▁and ▁world ▁events ▁such |
▁as ▁the ▁Vietnam ▁War . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁ 1 9 7 0 s ▁he ▁lived ▁in ▁J ama ica , ▁ow ning ▁and ▁running ▁the ▁Big ▁B am bo o ▁club ▁in ▁Monte go ▁Bay , ▁where ▁he ▁performed ▁regularly . ▁ ▁K ade ▁Simon ▁died ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 5 . ▁ ▁Leg acy ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 2 , ▁to ▁celebr ate ▁Tr in idad ▁and ▁Tob ago ' s ▁ 5 0 ▁years ▁of ▁independence , ▁a ▁cal y ps o ▁competition ▁was ▁named ▁in ▁his ▁honour ▁— ▁the ▁ 5 0 th ▁An ni versary ▁of ▁Independ ence ▁Lord ▁Bry n ner ▁National ▁Cal y ps o ▁Compet ition . ▁ ▁Disc ography ▁ ▁Albums ▁Cal y ps or ama ▁( 1 9 6 8 ), ▁W I RL ▁Ross lyn ▁P uss y ▁( 1 9 6 ?) ' ▁Big ▁Big ▁B am bo o ▁Cal y ps o ▁( 1 9 6 8 ), ▁Er in ▁Tr in idad ▁Cal y ps o ▁in ▁J ama ica ▁Reg ga e ▁( 1 9 6 ?) ▁Cal y ps o ▁in ▁Ste el ▁( 1 9 6 ?) ▁Cal y ps o ▁Car n ival , ▁Er in ▁Cal y ps or ama ▁In ▁J ama ica ▁, ▁Er in ▁ ▁Cal y ps o ▁titles ▁Tr in idad ▁and ▁Tob ago ▁Independ ence ▁Cal y ps o ▁Compet ition ▁- ▁ 1 9 6 2 ▁T TT ▁Television ▁Cal y ps o ▁Compet |
ition ▁- ▁ 1 9 6 4 ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 3 7 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 9 8 0 ▁death s ▁Category : Cal y ps oni ans ▁Category : Tr in idad ▁and ▁Tob ago ▁mus icians ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁S ip aria ▁region <0x0A> </s> ▁Princess ▁Ana ▁N ug z aris ▁as uli ▁B agr ation - G ru zin sky ▁( ; ▁born ▁ 1 ▁November ▁ 1 9 7 6 ) ▁is ▁a ▁royal ▁prin cess ▁of ▁the ▁Gru zin sky ▁branch ▁of ▁the ▁B agr ation i ▁dynast y ▁of ▁Georgia . ▁ ▁Early ▁life ▁and ▁career ▁Princess ▁Ana ▁is ▁the ▁el dest ▁child ▁of ▁the ▁head ▁of ▁the ▁B agr ation - G ru zin sky ▁family , ▁Prince ▁N ug zar ▁B agr ation - G ru zin sky , ▁and ▁his ▁wife , ▁Le ila , ▁sc ion ▁of ▁noble ▁K ip iani ▁family . ▁Ana ▁has ▁one ▁younger ▁sister , ▁Princess ▁Ma ia ▁B agr ation - G ru zin sky , ▁born ▁on ▁ 2 ▁January ▁ 1 9 7 8 . ▁ ▁Origin ally ▁a ▁journalist , ▁Princess ▁Ana ▁more ▁recently ▁worked ▁as ▁a ▁teacher ▁in ▁a ▁T bil isi ▁school . ▁ ▁Princess ▁Ana ▁attended ▁T bil isi ▁State ▁University . ▁ ▁Mar ri ages ▁and ▁children ▁ ▁First ▁marriage ▁Princess ▁Ana ▁B agr ation - G ru zin sky ▁was ▁first ly ▁married ▁on ▁ 1 7 ▁May ▁ 2 0 0 1 |
▁to ▁Gr ig ori y ▁Mal ania ▁( born ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 0 ). ▁Mal ania , ▁an ▁architect , ▁is ▁the ▁son ▁of ▁Gr ig ori y ▁Mal ania ▁( 1 9 4 7 - 2 0 0 9 ) ▁and ▁N ana ▁M gal ob lish v ili ▁( born ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 1 ). ▁Through ▁his ▁mother , ▁Gr ig ori y ▁Mal ania ▁is ▁a ▁desc endant ▁of ▁the ▁last ▁king ▁of ▁Georgia , ▁George ▁XII . ▁ ▁Princess ▁Ana ▁and ▁Gr ig ori y ▁Mal ania ▁had ▁two ▁daughters , ▁who , ▁with ▁the ▁agreement ▁of ▁their ▁father , ▁bear ▁the ▁surname ▁of ▁their ▁mother : ▁Ir ine ▁B agr ation - G ru zin sky ▁( born ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 3 ). ▁Mar iam ▁B agr ation - G ru zin sky ▁( born ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 7 ). ▁ ▁The ▁marriage ▁of ▁Princess ▁Ana ▁B agr ation - G ru zin sky ▁and ▁Gr ig ori y ▁Mal ania ▁was ▁dissol ved ▁by ▁divor ce ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 7 . ▁ ▁Second ▁and ▁third ▁mar ri ages ▁In ▁a ▁lav ish ▁ceremony ▁attended ▁by ▁over ▁ 3 , 0 0 0 ▁guests , ▁Princess ▁Ana ▁B agr ation - G ru zin sky ▁was ▁second ly ▁married ▁on ▁ 8 ▁February ▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁at ▁the ▁Holy ▁Tr inity ▁C athedral ▁of ▁T bil isi ▁to ▁a ▁distant ▁cousin , ▁Prince ▁David ▁B agr |
ation ▁of ▁M uk h ran i . ▁On ▁the ▁wed ding ▁day , ▁Princess ▁Ana ▁told ▁Georg ian ▁television ▁channel ▁R ust avi ▁ 2 ▁that ▁" I ▁hope ▁that ▁this ▁( day ) ▁will ▁be ▁the ▁happ iest ▁of ▁my ▁life ." ▁Her ▁father , ▁Prince ▁N ug zar , ▁was ▁also ▁quoted ▁as ▁saying , ▁" The ▁most ▁important ▁thing ▁is ▁that ▁this ▁day ▁will ▁be ▁benef icial ▁for ▁Georgia ' s ▁future ." ▁ ▁The ▁wed ding ▁received ▁the ▁bless ing ▁of ▁Patri arch ▁Il ia ▁II ▁of ▁Georgia , ▁who ▁was ▁very ▁support ive ▁of ▁the ▁joining ▁of ▁the ▁B agr ation - G ru zin sky ▁and ▁B agr ation - M uk hr ans ky ▁lines . ▁Re ports ▁also ▁sur fac ed ▁that ▁the ▁Patri arch ▁hoped ▁that ▁any ▁son ▁born ▁of ▁the ▁union ▁of ▁Princess ▁Ana ▁and ▁Prince ▁David ▁would ▁become ▁the ▁first ▁post - S ov iet ▁ts ar ▁of ▁Georgia . ▁The ▁marriage ▁was ▁also ▁ha iled ▁by ▁Georg ian ▁monarch ists ▁hoping ▁for ▁the ▁establishment ▁of ▁a ▁constitution al ▁mon archy ▁under ▁the ▁B agr ation i ▁dynast y . ▁ ▁Princess ▁Ana ▁and ▁Prince ▁David ▁separated ▁within ▁months ▁of ▁their ▁nu pt ial s . ▁Al leg ations ▁arose ▁that ▁members ▁of ▁the ▁Georg ian ▁government ▁consp ired ▁to ▁th wart ▁the ▁patri arch ' s ▁hopes ▁by ▁ ▁encourag ing ▁Georg ian ▁model ▁Sh or ena ▁Beg ash v ili ▁to ▁und erm ine ▁the ▁marriage ▁by ▁sed uc |
ing ▁Prince ▁David , ▁and ▁she ▁subsequently ▁admitted ▁having ▁an ▁affair ▁with ▁him . ▁Their ▁first ▁marriage ▁was ▁dissol ved ▁in ▁August ▁ 2 0 0 9 . ▁The ▁couple ▁subsequently ▁recon ci led ▁and ▁contract ed ▁a ▁civil ▁marriage ▁in ▁Spain ▁on ▁ 1 2 ▁November ▁ 2 0 1 0 . ▁ ▁Princess ▁Ana ▁B agr ation - G ru zin sky ▁and ▁Prince ▁David ▁B agr ation - M uk hr ans ky ▁had ▁one ▁son : ▁Prince ▁Giorg i ▁B agr ation i ▁( 2 7 ▁September ▁ 2 0 1 1 ). ▁ ▁The ▁second ▁divor ce ▁of ▁Princess ▁Ana ▁and ▁Prince ▁David ▁took ▁place ▁on ▁ 1 5 ▁December ▁ 2 0 1 3 . ▁Princess ▁Ana ▁received ▁cust ody ▁of ▁their ▁son , ▁Prince ▁Giorg i . ▁ ▁Rec ent ▁activities ▁Princess ▁Ana ▁has ▁shown ▁an ▁interest ▁in ▁the ▁so cio e conom ic ▁issues ▁affect ing ▁vulner able ▁segments ▁of ▁the ▁Georg ian ▁population . ▁Working ▁with ▁He ifer ▁International ▁and ▁other ▁local ▁N GO s , ▁she ▁is ▁seeking ▁to ▁am el ior ate ▁the ▁living ▁conditions ▁of ▁internally ▁disp la ced ▁persons , ▁especially ▁those ▁affected ▁by ▁the ▁Rus so - Ge org ian ▁War . ▁The ▁human itar ian ▁efforts ▁of ▁Princess ▁Ana ▁have ▁met ▁with ▁co operation ▁from ▁members ▁of ▁the ▁govern ments ▁of ▁Georgia ▁and ▁the ▁Aut onom ous ▁Republic ▁of ▁Ab kh az ia . ▁ ▁Hon ours ▁and ▁awards ▁ ▁Hon ours ▁ ▁D yn astic ▁hon ours |
▁▁ ▁House ▁of ▁B agr ation i : ▁Grand ▁Master ▁Knight ▁Grand ▁Cross ▁with ▁Ch ain ▁of ▁the ▁Royal ▁Order ▁of ▁the ▁Crown ▁ ▁Foreign ▁honour ▁▁ ▁R wand an ▁Royal ▁Family : ▁Knight ▁Grand ▁Cross ▁of ▁the ▁Royal ▁Order ▁of ▁the ▁Crown ▁ ▁Award ▁ ▁: ▁Grand ▁Commander ▁of ▁the ▁Social ▁Order ▁of ▁the ▁Am ar anth ▁ ▁An c est ors ▁ ▁Pat ril ine al ▁descent ▁ ▁Ad arn ase ▁I ▁of ▁T ao - K lar jet i , ▁ 7 4 2 ▁A shot ▁I ▁of ▁I ber ia , ▁d . ▁ 8 2 6 / 8 3 0 ▁Bag rat ▁I ▁of ▁I ber ia , ▁d . ▁ 8 7 6 ▁David ▁I ▁of ▁I ber ia , ▁d . ▁ 8 8 1 ▁Ad arn ase ▁IV ▁of ▁I ber ia , ▁d . ▁ 9 2 3 ▁S umb at ▁I ▁of ▁I ber ia , ▁d . ▁ 9 5 8 ▁Bag rat ▁II ▁of ▁I ber ia , ▁ 9 3 7 ▁– ▁ 9 9 4 ▁G ur gen ▁of ▁Georgia , ▁d . ▁ 1 0 0 8 ▁Bag rat ▁III ▁of ▁Georgia , ▁ 9 6 0 ▁– ▁ 1 0 1 4 ▁George ▁I ▁of ▁Georgia , ▁ 9 9 8 ▁– ▁ 1 0 2 7 ▁Bag rat ▁IV ▁of ▁Georgia , ▁ 1 0 1 8 – 1 0 7 2 ▁George ▁II ▁of ▁Georgia , ▁ 1 0 5 4 – 1 1 1 |
2 ▁David ▁IV ▁of ▁Georgia , ▁ 1 0 7 3 – 1 1 2 5 ▁Dem et re ▁I ▁of ▁Georgia , ▁ 1 0 9 3 – 1 1 5 6 ▁George ▁III ▁of ▁Georgia , ▁d . ▁ 1 1 8 4 ▁T amar ▁of ▁Georgia , ▁ 1 1 6 0 – 1 2 1 3 ▁George ▁IV ▁of ▁Georgia , ▁ 1 1 9 1 – 1 2 2 3 ▁David ▁VII ▁of ▁Georgia , ▁ 1 2 1 5 – 1 2 7 0 ▁Dem et re ▁II ▁of ▁Georgia , ▁ 1 2 5 9 – 1 2 8 9 ▁George ▁V ▁of ▁Georgia , ▁ 1 2 8 6 – 1 3 4 6 ▁David ▁IX ▁of ▁Georgia , ▁d . ▁ 1 3 9 3 ▁Bag rat ▁V ▁of ▁Georgia , ▁d . ▁ 1 3 9 3 ▁Const antine ▁I ▁of ▁Georgia , ▁ 1 3 6 9 – 1 4 1 2 ▁Alexander ▁I ▁of ▁Georgia , ▁ 1 3 8 9 – 1 4 4 6 ▁George ▁VIII ▁of ▁Georgia , ▁d . ▁ 1 4 7 6 ▁Alexander ▁I ▁of ▁K ak het i , ▁d . ▁ 1 5 1 1 ▁George ▁II ▁of ▁K ak het i , ▁d . ▁ 1 5 1 3 ▁Le van ▁I ▁of ▁K ak het i , ▁d . ▁ 1 5 7 4 ▁Alexander ▁II ▁of ▁K ak het i , ▁d . ▁ 1 6 0 5 ▁David ▁I |
▁of ▁K ak het i , ▁d . ▁ 1 6 0 2 ▁Te im ur az ▁I ▁of ▁K ak het i , ▁d . ▁ 1 6 6 3 , ▁King ▁of ▁K ak het i ▁ 1 st . ▁in ▁( 1 6 0 6 - 1 6 2 5 ) ▁ 2 nd . ▁in ▁( 1 6 3 4 - 1 6 4 8 ) ▁and ▁king ▁of ▁un ited ▁K art li - K ak het i ▁in ▁( 1 6 2 5 - 1 6 3 3 ) ▁Prince ▁David ▁of ▁K ak het i , ▁d . ▁ 1 6 4 8 ▁E rek le ▁I ▁of ▁K ak het i , ▁d . ▁ 1 7 0 9 ▁Te im ur az ▁II ▁of ▁K ak het i , ▁d . ▁ 1 7 6 2 ▁E rek le ▁II ▁of ▁Georgia , ▁d . ▁ 1 7 9 8 ▁George ▁XII ▁of ▁Georgia , ▁d . ▁ 1 8 0 0 ▁Prince ▁Bag rat ▁of ▁Georgia , ▁d . ▁ 1 8 4 1 ▁Prince ▁Alexander ▁B agr ation - G ru zin sky , ▁d . ▁ 1 8 6 5 , ▁head ▁of ▁the ▁royal ▁K art li - K ak het i ▁dynast y ▁ ▁Prince ▁Pet re ▁B agr ation - G ru zin sky , ▁d . ▁ 1 9 2 2 , ▁head ▁of ▁the ▁royal ▁K art li - K ak het i ▁dynast y ▁Prince |
▁Pet re ▁Gru zin sky , ▁d . ▁ 1 9 8 4 , ▁head ▁of ▁the ▁royal ▁K art li - K ak het i ▁dynast y ▁Prince ▁N ug zar ▁B agr ation - G ru zin sky , ▁head ▁of ▁the ▁royal ▁K art li - K ak het i ▁dynast y ▁Princess ▁Ana ▁B agr ation - G ru zin sky , ▁he ir ess ▁to ▁the ▁royal ▁K art li - K ak het i ▁dynast y ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 7 6 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : B agr ation i ▁dynast y ▁of ▁the ▁Kingdom ▁of ▁K art li - K ak het i ▁Ana ▁B agr ation - G ru zin sky ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁T bil isi ▁Category : P ret enders ▁to ▁the ▁Georg ian ▁throne ▁Category : T bil isi ▁State ▁University ▁al umn i <0x0A> </s> ▁Vladimir ▁Ter let sky ▁( in ▁Russian ▁Тер ле ц кий ▁Владимир ▁Ев г ень евич , ▁in ▁Y idd ish ▁– ▁ ו ו ע ל ו ו ל ▁ ט ע ר ל ע צ ק י ) ▁was ▁a ▁music ian , ▁composer , ▁conduct or . ▁Ter let sky ▁( J anu ary ▁ 2 2 , ▁ 1 9 3 1 ▁in ▁Moscow , ▁Soviet ▁Union ▁– ▁July ▁ 2 2 , ▁ 1 9 9 8 ▁in ▁Moscow , ▁Russia ) ▁studied ▁music ▁at ▁the ▁G nes ins ’ ▁Music |
▁School ▁and ▁College , ▁there after ▁at ▁the ▁G nes ins ’ ▁Institute ▁for ▁Music ▁Edu c ators . ▁Ter let sky ▁held ▁numerous ▁ ▁positions ▁as ▁conduct or ▁/ the ▁orch est ras ▁of ▁ ▁Moscow ▁Vari ety , ▁Ros con cert , ▁Moscow ▁Con cert s , ▁B aku ▁Vari ety ▁/ . ▁He ▁was ▁granted ▁the ▁title ▁of ▁a ▁Dist ingu ished ▁Art ist ▁of ▁the ▁A zer bay dz han ian ▁Soviet ▁Social istic ▁Republic . ▁ ▁Compos itions ▁Ter let sky ▁composed ▁numerous ▁songs , ▁incident al ▁music , ▁movie ▁scores , ▁music ▁for ▁television ▁and ▁radio ▁shows . ▁He ▁was ▁ren owned ▁for ▁his ▁master y ▁of ▁music ▁arrang ements . ▁Of ▁his ▁Jewish ▁music ▁are ▁notable ▁the ▁two ▁Jewish ▁Su ites ▁for ▁or chestra , ▁songs ▁to ▁words ▁of ▁A aron ▁Ver gel is ▁and ▁E lias ▁Bey der . ▁He ▁arranged ▁many ▁Jewish ▁folk ▁t unes . ▁Ter let sky ’ s ▁music ▁has ▁been ▁recognized ▁for ▁mel od ic ▁simplicity ▁and ▁liv el iness , ▁his ▁orch estr ation ▁is ▁w itted ▁and ▁color ful . ▁ ▁References ▁Т Е Р Л Е Ц К И Й ▁Владимир ▁Ев г ень евич ▁— ▁Росси й ская ▁Ев рей ская ▁Э нциклопеди я ▁/ T er let sky ▁Vladimir ▁Y ev gen ye v ich ▁– ▁Russia ' s ▁Jewish ▁Encyclopedia , ▁in ▁Russian / ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 3 1 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 9 9 8 ▁death s ▁Category : Mus |
icians ▁from ▁Moscow ▁Category : Russ ian ▁compos ers ▁Category : Russ ian ▁male ▁compos ers ▁Category : Russ ian ▁Jews ▁Category : Russ ian ▁mus icians ▁Category : 2 0 th - century ▁compos ers ▁Category : 2 0 th - century ▁Russian ▁male ▁mus icians <0x0A> </s> ▁Bol inus ▁is ▁a ▁genus ▁of ▁sea ▁sn ails , ▁marine ▁g ast rop od ▁m oll us ks ▁in ▁the ▁family ▁Mur ic idae , ▁the ▁m ure x ▁sn ails ▁or ▁rock ▁sn ails . ▁ ▁This ▁genus ▁is ▁known ▁in ▁the ▁foss il ▁record ▁from ▁the ▁Mi oc ene ▁to ▁the ▁P li oc ene ▁period ▁( age ▁range : ▁from ▁ 1 5 . 9 7 ▁to ▁ 2 . 5 8 8 ▁million ▁years ▁ago .). ▁F oss il ▁shell s ▁within ▁this ▁genus ▁have ▁been ▁found ▁in ▁Cy pr us , ▁Austria , ▁Italy ▁and ▁Turkey . ▁ ▁Some ▁species ▁of ▁these ▁m oll us cs ▁were ▁known ▁since ▁ancient ▁times ▁as ▁a ▁source ▁for ▁pur ple ▁d ye ▁and ▁also ▁as ▁a ▁popular ▁food ▁source . ▁ ▁Description ▁ ▁The ▁adult ▁shell s ▁of ▁Bol inus ▁species ▁can ▁reach ▁a ▁size ▁of ▁about ▁. ▁They ▁are ▁usually ▁pale ▁or ▁golden ▁brown , ▁thick ▁and ▁sp iny ▁with ▁a ▁long ▁and ▁straight ▁si ph onal ▁canal ▁and ▁a ▁rounded ▁and ▁broad ▁body ▁wh or l . ▁ ▁They ▁are ▁car n iv orous ▁and ▁pre dat ory ▁ ▁Distribution ▁Sn ails ▁within ▁this ▁genus ▁mainly ▁live ▁along ▁the |
▁Atlantic ▁coast ▁of ▁Africa ▁and ▁in ▁the ▁Mediter rane an ▁Sea . ▁ ▁Hab itat ▁They ▁inhab it ▁shall ow ▁water ▁and ▁prefer ▁gra vel led ▁or ▁rock y ▁substr ate . ▁ ▁Species ▁ ▁Species ▁within ▁the ▁genus ▁Bol inus ▁include : ▁ ▁Bol inus ▁Brand aris ▁N ive a ▁Buc qu oy , ▁D aut zen berg ▁& ▁D oll f us , ▁ 1 8 8 2 ▁ ▁brand aris ▁form ▁tr isp inos us ▁Loc ard ▁ 1 8 8 6 ▁ ▁Bol inus ▁brand aris ▁long isp inus ▁Co en ▁ 1 9 1 4 ▁▁ ▁brand aris ▁form ▁coron atus ▁ ▁brand aris ▁form ▁tr it uber cul atus ▁ ▁brand aris ▁form ▁b ica ud atus ▁ ▁brand aris ▁form ▁c agli ar itan us ▁ ▁brand aris ▁form ▁bre vis ▁ ▁brand aris ▁form ▁pol ii ▁ ▁brand aris ▁form ▁el ong ata ▁ ▁brand aris ▁form ▁coron atus ▁x ▁pol ii ▁ ▁brand aris ▁form ▁var icos us ▁ ▁brand aris ▁form ▁rub igin os us ▁ ▁St ig wan ▁& ▁Fab iod ▁ 2 0 1 9 ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Category : M ur ic idae ▁Category : Ext ant ▁Mi oc ene ▁first ▁appearances <0x0A> </s> ▁Gordon ▁Brown ▁( born ▁ 1 9 5 1 ) ▁was ▁Prime ▁Minister ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁Kingdom ▁from ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁to ▁ 2 0 1 0 . ▁ ▁Prem iers hip ▁of ▁Gordon ▁Brown , ▁his ▁premi ership ▁ ▁Gordon |
▁Brown ▁may ▁also ▁refer ▁to : ▁ ▁Polit ics ▁C ath y ▁Gordon ▁Brown ▁( born ▁ 1 9 6 5 ), ▁Independent ▁candidate ▁from ▁Tennessee ▁in ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 0 ▁United ▁States ▁president ial ▁election ▁G ord ▁Brown ▁( 1 9 6 0 – 2 0 1 8 ), ▁Canadian ▁politician ; ▁represented ▁the ▁elect oral ▁district ▁of ▁Le eds – G ren ville ▁Gordon ▁Brown ▁( Austral ian ▁politician ) ▁( 1 8 8 5 – 1 9 6 7 ), ▁former ▁President ▁of ▁the ▁Australian ▁Senate ▁Gordon ▁J . ▁Brown ▁( born ▁ 1 9 0 4 ), ▁American ▁politician ▁in ▁the ▁state ▁of ▁Washington ▁ ▁Sport ▁Gordon ▁Brown ▁( guard ) ▁( 1 8 7 9 – 1 9 1 1 ), ▁captain ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 9 0 0 ▁Y ale ▁football ▁team ▁Gordon ▁Brown ▁( running ▁back ) ▁( born ▁ 1 9 6 3 ), ▁former ▁American ▁football ▁running ▁back ▁Gordon ▁Brown ▁( Ar gent ine ▁cr ick eter ), ▁early ▁ 2 0 th - century ▁cr ick eter ▁Gordon ▁Brown ▁( Can ad ian ▁football ) ▁( born ▁ 1 9 2 7 ), ▁Canadian ▁football ▁guard ▁Gordon ▁Brown ▁( football er , ▁born ▁ 1 9 2 9 ) ▁( d ied ▁ 2 0 1 0 ), ▁English ▁footballer ▁Gordon ▁Brown ▁( football er , ▁born ▁ 1 9 3 2 ) ▁( d ied ▁ 1 9 9 9 ), ▁Scottish ▁footballer ▁Gordon ▁Brown ▁( football er , ▁born |
▁ 1 9 3 3 ) ▁( d ied ▁ 2 0 0 5 ), ▁English ▁footballer ▁Gordon ▁Brown ▁( football er , ▁born ▁ 1 9 6 5 ), ▁Scottish ▁footballer ▁Gordon ▁Brown ▁( football er , ▁born ▁ 1 9 7 9 ), ▁Scottish ▁footballer ▁Gordon ▁Brown ▁( rug by ▁league ) ▁( born ▁ 1 9 3 0 ), ▁rugby ▁league ▁footballer ▁Gordon ▁Brown ▁( rug by ▁union ) ▁( 1 9 4 7 – 2 0 0 1 ), ▁Scottish ▁international ▁lock ▁forward ▁Gordon ▁Brown ▁( Z imb ab we an ▁cr ick eter ) ▁( born ▁ 1 9 8 1 ), ▁early ▁ 2 0 0 0 s ▁cr ick eter ▁ ▁Other ▁G ord ie ▁Brown , ▁actor ▁who ▁plays ▁Mr ▁Jones ▁in ▁the ▁Canadian ▁television ▁drama ▁Tw ice ▁in ▁a ▁L if etime ▁Gordon ▁Brown ▁( bus iness man ) ▁( 1 9 0 7 – 1 9 8 2 ), ▁New ▁Zealand ▁account ant , ▁business man , ▁rugby ▁administrator ▁and ▁local ▁politician ▁Gordon ▁S . ▁Brown ▁( 1 9 0 7 – 1 9 9 6 ), ▁Australian - born ▁professor ▁of ▁elect rical ▁engineering ▁at ▁the ▁Massachusetts ▁Institute ▁of ▁Technology ▁Gordon ▁Brown , ▁co - found er ▁of ▁Mill ward ▁Brown ▁Gordon ▁Brown ▁( author ), ▁Scottish ▁crime ▁fiction ▁writer ▁Gordon ▁Brown ▁( tele vision ▁present er ), ▁host ▁of ▁the ▁TV ▁series ▁Collect ors ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁Gordon ▁Brow ne ▁( 1 8 5 8 – 1 9 3 2 ), |
▁English ▁artist ▁and ▁children ' s ▁book ▁illustr ator ▁Gordon ▁Brow ning ▁( 1 8 8 9 – 1 9 7 6 ), ▁American ▁politician ▁who ▁represented ▁Tennessee ▁in ▁Congress ▁and ▁served ▁as ▁Governor ▁of ▁Tennessee ▁Gordon ▁( disambiguation ) ▁Brown ▁( s urname ) <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁ 1 9 9 2 ▁US AC ▁FF 2 0 0 0 ▁Western ▁Division ▁Championship ▁was ▁the ▁third ▁season ▁of ▁the ▁series . ▁It ▁was ▁the ▁first ▁season ▁since ▁the ▁east / west ▁split ▁of ▁the ▁series ▁by ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Auto ▁Club . ▁Greg ▁Moore ▁won ▁the ▁series ▁championship ▁for ▁Team ▁Vi per ▁in ▁a ▁Swift ▁DB - 6 ▁ ▁Race ▁calendar ▁and ▁results ▁ ▁Notes ▁ ▁Final ▁stand ings ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : U . S . ▁F 2 0 0 0 ▁National ▁Championship ▁seasons ▁Category : 1 9 9 2 ▁in ▁American ▁mot ors port <0x0A> </s> ▁Christian ▁Gro h ▁is ▁an ▁American ▁billion aire ▁business man , ▁and ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁co - found ers ▁of ▁Private er ▁Hold ings , ▁along ▁with ▁Br end an ▁Kennedy ▁and ▁Michael ▁Blue . ▁ ▁Early ▁life ▁Gro h ▁earned ▁a ▁b ach elor ' s ▁degree ▁from ▁California ▁Mar itime ▁Academy , ▁and ▁an ▁M BA ▁from ▁San ▁Francisco ▁State ▁University . ▁ ▁Career ▁Gro h ▁previously ▁worked ▁at ▁SV B ▁Anal ytics , ▁an ▁affili ate ▁of ▁Sil icon ▁Valley ▁Bank , ▁as ▁did ▁Br end an ▁Kennedy . ▁ ▁According ▁to ▁Blo om berg ▁LP , ▁as ▁of ▁September ▁ |
2 0 1 8 , ▁Gro h ▁has ▁a ▁net ▁worth ▁of ▁at ▁least ▁US $ 2 . 4 ▁billion . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : American ▁billion aires ▁Category : American ▁company ▁found ers ▁Category : San ▁Francisco ▁State ▁University ▁al umn i ▁Category : Year ▁of ▁birth ▁missing ▁( l iving ▁people ) <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁ 1 3 0 th ▁Engine er ▁Battalion ▁( 1 3 0 th ▁EN ▁B N ) ▁is ▁a ▁combat ▁engineer ▁batt alion ▁of ▁the ▁Puerto ▁Rico ▁Army ▁National ▁Guard ▁allocated ▁to ▁the ▁ 1 0 1 st ▁Tro op ▁Command . ▁The ▁ 1 3 0 th ▁is ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁most ▁decor ated ▁batt al ions ▁of ▁the ▁Puerto ▁Rico ▁National ▁Guard ▁with ▁two ▁President ial ▁Unit ▁Cit ations , ▁one ▁Mer itor ious ▁Unit ▁Comm end ation , ▁thirty ▁five ▁Pur ple ▁He arts , ▁one ▁Silver ▁Star ▁Medal , ▁twenty ▁six ▁Bron ze ▁Star ▁Med als , ▁and ▁four ▁hundred ▁and ▁si xty ▁nine ▁Army ▁Comm end ation ▁Med als . ▁ ▁History ▁Const it uted ▁ 6 ▁February ▁ 1 9 5 9 ▁in ▁the ▁Puerto ▁Rico ▁Army ▁National ▁Guard ▁as ▁the ▁ 1 2 6 th ▁Engine er ▁Battalion . ▁ ▁Organ ized ▁and ▁Feder ally ▁recognized ▁ 1 5 ▁February ▁ 1 9 5 9 ▁from ▁existing ▁units ▁with ▁Head quarters ▁in ▁Carolina , ▁Puerto ▁Rico . ▁ ▁Red es ign ated ▁ 1 ▁May ▁ 1 9 5 9 ▁as ▁the ▁ |
1 3 0 th ▁Engine er ▁Battalion . ▁ ▁Location ▁of ▁Head quarters ▁changed ▁ 3 1 ▁December ▁ 1 9 6 7 ▁to ▁V ega ▁B aja . ▁ ▁Order ed ▁into ▁active ▁Federal ▁service ▁ 1 1 ▁February ▁ 2 0 0 3 ▁at ▁home ▁stations ; ▁released ▁from ▁active ▁Federal ▁service ▁ 2 1 ▁May ▁ 2 0 0 3 ▁and ▁revert ed ▁to ▁territorial ▁control . ▁ ▁Order ed ▁into ▁active ▁Federal ▁service ▁ 2 3 ▁July ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁at ▁home ▁stations ; ▁released ▁from ▁active ▁Federal ▁service ▁ 1 8 ▁January ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁and ▁revert ed ▁to ▁territorial ▁control . ▁The ▁ 1 3 0 th ▁Eng . ▁B n . ▁completed ▁more ▁than ▁ 1 , 5 0 0 ▁combat ▁pat rol ▁miss ions ▁in ▁Ira q , ▁more ▁than ▁ 4 4 , 0 0 0 ▁miles ▁of ▁roads ▁tra ve led ▁and ▁recon , ▁ 1 6 , 5 0 0 ▁inter rog ations ▁conducted , ▁ 7 , 3 0 0 ▁hours ▁exp ended ▁in ▁I ED ▁search ▁throughout ▁Bag hd ad ▁and ▁found ▁and ▁de activ ated ▁more ▁than ▁ 2 8 0 ▁I ED s . ▁ ▁Re organ ized ▁ 1 ▁September ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁to ▁consist ▁of ▁the ▁Head quarters ▁and ▁the ▁Support ▁Company ▁( Comp an ies ▁A , ▁B , ▁C ▁and ▁D ▁concurrent ly ▁re organ ized ▁and ▁red es ign ated ▁as ▁the ▁ 1 0 1 3 |
th ▁Engine er ▁Company , ▁the ▁ 1 0 1 4 th ▁Engine er ▁Company , ▁the ▁ 1 0 1 1 th ▁Engine er ▁Company , ▁the ▁ 1 0 1 0 th ▁Engine er ▁Company ▁and ▁the ▁ 2 1 5 th ▁Fire ▁F ighter ▁Engine er ▁Det achment , ▁respectively ▁here after ▁separate ▁line ages ). ▁ ▁Str ucture ▁ ▁Executive ▁branch ▁of ▁the ▁government ▁of ▁Puerto ▁Rico ▁& ▁National ▁Guard ▁Bureau ▁& ▁United ▁States ▁Department ▁of ▁the ▁Army ▁Puerto ▁Rico ▁National ▁Guard ▁& ▁Army ▁National ▁Guard ▁ ▁Puerto ▁Rico ▁Army ▁National ▁Guard ▁▁ 1 0 1 st ▁Tro op ▁Command ▁▁ 1 3 0 th ▁Engine er ▁Battalion ▁▁ 1 3 0 th ▁EN ▁B N ▁Head quarters ▁and ▁Head quarters ▁Company ▁( H HC ) ▁▁ 1 3 0 th ▁EN ▁B N ▁For ward ▁Support ▁Company ▁( F SC ) ▁▁ 1 0 1 0 th ▁Engine er ▁Company ▁▁ 1 0 1 1 th ▁Engine er ▁Company ▁▁ 1 0 1 3 th ▁Engine er ▁( S apper ) ▁Company ▁▁ 1 0 1 4 th ▁Engine er ▁( S apper ) ▁Company ▁▁ 2 1 5 th ▁Fire ▁F ighter ▁Engine er ▁Det achment ▁ ▁Hon ors ▁and ▁awards ▁ ▁Unit ▁ ▁Ind ividual s ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : Mil it ary ▁units ▁and ▁form ations ▁in ▁Puerto ▁Rico ▁ 1 3 0 ▁Category : P uerto ▁Rico ▁Army ▁National ▁Guard <0x0A> </s> ▁Jes ús ▁Esc ob edo ▁Tre jo ▁( J une ▁ |
2 4 , ▁ 1 9 1 8 ▁– ▁October ▁ 1 3 , ▁ 1 9 7 8 ) ▁was ▁a ▁Mexican ▁artist ▁special izing ▁in ▁drawing ▁and ▁eng ra ving , ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁found ing ▁members ▁of ▁the ▁Sal ón ▁de ▁la ▁Pl ást ica ▁Mex icana . ▁ ▁Esc ob edo ▁was ▁born ▁in ▁El ▁O ro , ▁México , ▁moving ▁to ▁Mexico ▁City ▁to ▁study ▁at ▁the ▁Esc uela ▁de ▁P int ura ▁al ▁A ire ▁Lib re ▁under ▁Gabriel ▁Fernández ▁L edes ma ▁and ▁at ▁the ▁Academy ▁of ▁San ▁Carlos ▁under ▁Francisco ▁Dí az ▁de ▁León . ▁Esc ob edo ▁was ▁a ▁polit ically ▁motiv ated ▁artist , ▁belonging ▁to ▁the ▁Liga ▁de ▁Esc rit ores ▁y ▁Art istas ▁Revol ucion aries ▁and ▁the ▁T aller ▁de ▁Gr á fica ▁Popular . ▁ ▁One ▁of ▁his ▁most ▁important ▁exhib itions ▁was ▁that ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 8 , ▁when ▁he ▁was ▁part ▁of ▁a ▁collect ive ▁exhibition ▁at ▁the ▁Pala cio ▁de ▁Bell as ▁Ar tes , ▁organized ▁by ▁the ▁Comité ▁Nacional ▁F emen ino ▁Pro - P ago ▁de ▁la ▁De uda ▁Pet ro lera . ▁In ▁ 1 9 4 5 , ▁he ▁received ▁a ▁G ug gen heim ▁Fellow ship ▁to ▁create ▁eight ▁l ith ograph s ▁about ▁the ▁city ▁of ▁New ▁York . ▁However , ▁much ▁of ▁his ▁work ▁was ▁as ▁a ▁book ▁illustr ator , ▁working ▁for ▁the ▁Secret ariat ▁of ▁Public ▁Education ▁in ▁Mexico ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁work ▁with ▁several |
▁publish ers ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States . ▁His ▁most ▁important ▁work ▁in ▁that ▁country ▁was ▁the ▁illustr ation ▁of ▁the ▁book ▁“ L ect uras ▁His p ano amer ican as ” ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 6 . ▁Esc ob edo ▁died ▁at ▁the ▁age ▁of ▁ 6 0 ▁of ▁heart ▁sto pp age ▁and ▁was ▁buried ▁in ▁the ▁San ▁Nicol ás ▁Tol ent ino ▁c emetery ▁in ▁I zt ap al apa , ▁Mexico ▁City . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 1 8 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 9 7 8 ▁death s ▁Category : M ex ican ▁artists ▁Category : Art ists ▁from ▁Mich o ac án ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁Santa ▁Clara ▁del ▁C obre <0x0A> </s> ▁Butler ▁Township ▁is ▁one ▁of ▁six teen ▁town ships ▁in ▁Butler ▁County , ▁Iowa , ▁USA . ▁ ▁As ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 0 ▁census , ▁its ▁population ▁was ▁ 1 , 6 8 5 . ▁ ▁Geography ▁Butler ▁Township ▁covers ▁an ▁area ▁of ▁ ▁and ▁contains ▁one ▁incorpor ated ▁settlement , ▁Clark sv ille . ▁ ▁According ▁to ▁the ▁US GS , ▁it ▁contains ▁four ▁c em eter ies : ▁Ant io ch , ▁Low ell , ▁Old ▁and ▁Old ▁Town . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁US - Count ies . com ▁ ▁City - Data . com ▁ ▁Category : T own ships ▁in ▁Butler ▁County , ▁Iowa ▁Category : T own ships ▁in ▁Iowa <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁ 2 0 1 3 |
▁Swedish ▁Open ▁was ▁a ▁tennis ▁tournament ▁played ▁on ▁out door ▁cl ay ▁courts ▁as ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁ATP ▁World ▁Tour ▁ 2 5 0 ▁Series ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁ATP ▁World ▁Tour ▁and ▁as ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁International ▁Series ▁on ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁W TA ▁Tour . ▁It ▁took ▁place ▁in ▁B å stad , ▁Sweden , ▁from ▁July ▁ 6 ▁through ▁July ▁ 1 4 , ▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁for ▁the ▁Men ' s ▁tournament ▁and ▁from ▁July ▁ 1 3 ▁through ▁July ▁ 2 1 , ▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁for ▁the ▁Women ' s ▁tournament . ▁It ▁was ▁also ▁known ▁as ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁Ski Star ▁Swedish ▁Open ▁for ▁the ▁Men ' s ▁and ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁Collect or ▁Swedish ▁Open ▁for ▁the ▁Women ' s ▁for ▁spons or ship ▁reasons . ▁It ▁was ▁the ▁ 6 6 th ▁edition ▁for ▁the ▁Men ' s ▁and ▁the ▁ 5 th ▁edition ▁for ▁the ▁Women ' s . ▁ ▁ATP ▁singles ▁main ▁draw ▁entr ants ▁ ▁Se eds ▁▁▁▁ 1 ▁Rank ings ▁are ▁as ▁of ▁June ▁ 2 4 , ▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁ ▁Other ▁entr ants ▁ ▁The ▁following ▁players ▁received ▁wild cards ▁into ▁the ▁singles ▁main ▁draw : ▁▁ ▁Mark us ▁Erik sson ▁▁▁ ▁Andreas ▁V inc ig uer ra ▁▁▁ ▁E lias ▁Y mer ▁ ▁The ▁following ▁players ▁received ▁entry ▁from ▁the ▁qual ifying ▁draw : ▁▁ ▁Henri ▁La ak son |
en ▁▁ ▁Julian ▁Re ister ▁▁ ▁Diego ▁Sebast i án ▁Schw art z man ▁▁ ▁Antonio ▁Ve ić ▁ ▁The ▁following ▁players ▁received ▁entry ▁as ▁luck y ▁los er : ▁▁ ▁Mar ius ▁Cop il ▁ ▁With draw als ▁ ▁Before ▁the ▁tournament ▁▁ ▁Sim one ▁B ole l li ▁▁ ▁Rog éri o ▁D ut ra ▁da ▁Silva ▁▁ ▁David ▁Fer rer ▁( ank le ▁injury ) ▁▁ ▁Jer zy ▁Jan ow icz ▁▁ ▁Paolo ▁Loren zi ▁( ank le ▁injury ) ▁▁ ▁Gu ido ▁P ella ▁ ▁ATP ▁doubles ▁main ▁draw ▁entr ants ▁ ▁Se eds ▁▁▁ ▁Rank ings ▁are ▁as ▁of ▁June ▁ 2 4 , ▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁ ▁Other ▁entr ants ▁ ▁The ▁following ▁pairs ▁received ▁wild cards ▁into ▁the ▁doubles ▁main ▁draw : ▁▁ ▁Is ak ▁Ar vid sson ▁/ ▁ ▁Mic ke ▁Kont inen ▁▁ ▁Gr ig or ▁Dim it rov ▁/ ▁ ▁M ika el ▁Till ström ▁The ▁following ▁pair ▁received ▁entry ▁as ▁altern ates : ▁▁ ▁Th iem o ▁de ▁Bak ker ▁/ ▁ ▁R ame ez ▁J una id ▁ ▁With draw als ▁ ▁Before ▁the ▁tournament ▁▁ ▁Paolo ▁Loren zi ▁( ank le ▁injury ) ▁ ▁W TA ▁singles ▁main ▁draw ▁entr ants ▁ ▁Se eds ▁▁▁▁ 1 ▁Rank ings ▁are ▁as ▁of ▁July ▁ 8 , ▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁ ▁Other ▁entr ants ▁ ▁The ▁following ▁players ▁received ▁wild cards ▁into ▁the ▁singles ▁main ▁draw : ▁▁ ▁Bel inda ▁B enc ic ▁▁ ▁Ellen ▁All g ur |
in ▁▁ ▁Reb e cca ▁Pet erson ▁ ▁The ▁following ▁players ▁received ▁entry ▁from ▁the ▁qual ifying ▁draw : ▁▁ ▁Andrea ▁G ám iz ▁▁ ▁An ast asia ▁G ry mal ska ▁▁▁ ▁Rich è l ▁Hog enk amp ▁▁ ▁Les ley ▁K erk h ove ▁ ▁With draw als ▁Before ▁the ▁tournament ▁▁ ▁Alex a ▁Gl atch ▁▁ ▁Ka ia ▁Kan ep i ▁▁ ▁Mag dal é na ▁Ry b á rik ová ▁▁ ▁Y ar os lava ▁Sh ved ova ▁▁ ▁Ven us ▁Williams ▁ ▁Ret ire ments ▁▁ ▁Sim ona ▁H ale p ▁( back ▁injury ) ▁ ▁W TA ▁doubles ▁main ▁draw ▁entr ants ▁ ▁Se eds ▁▁▁▁ 1 ▁Rank ings ▁are ▁as ▁of ▁July ▁ 8 , ▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁ ▁Other ▁entr ants ▁ ▁The ▁following ▁pairs ▁received ▁wild cards ▁into ▁the ▁doubles ▁main ▁draw : ▁▁ ▁Ellen ▁All g ur in ▁/ ▁ ▁Reb e cca ▁Pet erson ▁▁ ▁Jac qu eline ▁Cab aj ▁A wad ▁/ ▁ ▁Corn elia ▁L ister ▁ ▁Champions ▁ ▁Men ' s ▁singles ▁▁▁▁ ▁Carlos ▁Ber loc q ▁def . ▁ ▁Fernando ▁Ver das co , ▁ 7 – 5 , ▁ 6 – 1 ▁ ▁Women ' s ▁singles ▁▁▁▁ ▁Ser ena ▁Williams ▁def . ▁ ▁Johann a ▁Lar sson , ▁ 6 – 4 , ▁ 6 – 1 ▁ ▁Men ' s ▁doubles ▁▁▁▁ ▁Nicholas ▁Mon roe ▁/ ▁ ▁Simon ▁Stad ler ▁def . ▁ ▁Carlos ▁Ber loc q ▁/ ▁ ▁Albert ▁Ram os , |
▁ 6 – 2 , ▁ 3 – 6 , ▁[ 1 0 – 3 ] ▁ ▁Women ' s ▁doubles ▁▁▁▁ ▁An abel ▁Med ina ▁G arr ig ues ▁/ ▁ ▁Kl ára ▁Zak op al ová ▁def . ▁ ▁Alex andra ▁D ul g her u ▁/ ▁ ▁F lav ia ▁Pen net ta , ▁ 6 – 1 , ▁ 6 – 4 ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁▁▁ ▁Swedish ▁Open ▁Swedish ▁Open ▁Category : S wed ish ▁Open ▁Swedish ▁Open ▁Swedish ▁Open <0x0A> </s> ▁Bus n ago ▁is ▁a ▁comune ▁( m unicip ality ) ▁in ▁the ▁Province ▁of ▁Mon za ▁and ▁Brian za ▁in ▁the ▁Italian ▁region ▁Lomb ard y , ▁located ▁about ▁ ▁n ortheast ▁of ▁Milan . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Official ▁website <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁O pi inae ▁are ▁a ▁sub family ▁of ▁bra con id ▁par as ito id ▁was ps ▁with ▁over ▁ 1 3 0 0 ▁described ▁species . ▁Several ▁species ▁have ▁been ▁used ▁in ▁bio control ▁programs ▁against ▁fruit ▁f lies ▁and ▁Ag rom yz idae ▁f lies . ▁They ▁are ▁closely ▁related ▁to ▁the ▁A ly si inae . ▁ ▁Description ▁and ▁distribution ▁▁ ▁O pi inae ▁are ▁small ▁was ps , ▁usually ▁under ▁ 5 mm ▁long . ▁They ▁are ▁non - cyc lost om es , ▁but ▁sometimes ▁have ▁the ▁appearance ▁of ▁a ▁cy clo st ome ▁opening . ▁Un like ▁A ly si inae , ▁O pi inae ▁have ▁end od ont ▁mand ibles , |
▁which ▁open ▁in wards . ▁The ▁genus ▁Ex od ont iella ▁is ▁the ▁one ▁exception ▁with ▁ex od ont ▁mand ibles ▁in ▁the ▁O pi inae . ▁O pi inae ▁are ▁found ▁world wide . ▁ ▁Bi ology ▁ ▁O pi inae ▁are ▁ko in ob ion t ▁end op ar as ito ids ▁of ▁cycl or rh aph us ▁D ip tera . ▁Fem ales ▁ov ip os it ▁into ▁host ▁ ▁eggs ▁or ▁lar va e . ▁The ▁host ▁is ▁allowed ▁to ▁develop ▁until ▁it ▁forms ▁a ▁pup arium , ▁at ▁which ▁point ▁it ▁is ▁killed ▁by ▁the ▁was p ▁lar va . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁ ▁Phot ograph s ▁at ▁Bug Gu ide . net ▁ ▁DNA ▁bar codes ▁at ▁B OL D ▁systems ▁ ▁Category : Bra con idae ▁Category : Ap oc rita ▁sub famil ies <0x0A> </s> ▁Eth an ▁Allen ▁Green wood ▁( 1 7 7 9 – 1 8 5 6 ) ▁was ▁an ▁American ▁ ▁lawyer , ▁portrait ▁painter , ▁and ▁entrepr ene ur ial ▁museum ▁propriet or ▁in ▁Boston , ▁Massachusetts ▁in ▁the ▁early ▁ 1 9 th ▁century . ▁He ▁established ▁the ▁New ▁England ▁Museum ▁in ▁ 1 8 1 8 . ▁ ▁Biography ▁Green wood ▁was ▁born ▁in ▁Hub b ard ston , ▁Massachusetts ▁to ▁Mos es ▁Green wood ▁and ▁B ets y ▁Dun lap , ▁May ▁ 2 7 , ▁ 1 7 7 9 . ▁He ▁attended ▁school ▁at ▁the ▁Academy ▁at ▁New ▁S alem , ▁and ▁the |
▁Le ic ester ▁Academy . ▁In ▁ 1 8 0 6 ▁he ▁graduated ▁from ▁D art mouth ▁College . ▁He ▁also ▁studied ▁at ▁West ▁Point . ▁Between ▁ 1 8 0 1 ▁and ▁ 1 8 2 5 , ▁Green wood ▁produced ▁many ▁port ra its , ▁perhaps ▁as ▁many ▁as ▁ 8 0 0 ▁works . ▁He ▁util ized ▁the ▁phys i og not race ▁technique . ▁He ▁kept ▁a ▁studio ▁in ▁Boston ▁circa ▁ 1 8 1 3 ▁and ▁associated ▁with ▁other ▁artists , ▁including ▁Gilbert ▁Stuart . ▁He ▁joined ▁the ▁An cient ▁and ▁Honor able ▁Art illery ▁Company ▁in ▁ 1 8 1 4 . ▁He ▁married ▁Mrs . ▁Caroline ▁Carter ▁Warren ▁of ▁Ro x bury , ▁Massachusetts ▁in ▁ 1 8 2 9 . ▁After ▁the ▁death s ▁of ▁his ▁parents ▁he ▁built ▁a ▁large ▁house ▁on ▁their ▁land ▁and ▁he ▁became ▁active ▁in ▁the ▁public ▁and ▁business ▁affairs ▁of ▁Hub b ard ston . ▁ ▁Through out ▁his ▁life , ▁Green wood ▁kept ▁a ▁di ary . ▁On ▁review ing ▁some ▁of ▁the ▁di ary ▁entries , ▁one ▁scholar ▁observed ▁he ▁" each ▁day ▁recorded ▁both ▁the ▁weather ▁and ▁the ▁title ▁of ▁the ▁book ▁he ▁was ▁reading ▁... ▁and ▁occasionally ▁noted ▁the ▁library ▁from ▁which ▁the ▁volume ▁was ▁borrow ed — the ▁Adel phi ▁F rat ern ity ▁Library , ▁the ▁Social ▁Fri ends ▁Library ▁[ of ▁D art mouth ▁College ], ▁or ▁the ▁un named ▁circul ating ▁library ▁he ▁joined ▁in ▁ 1 8 0 6 ." |
▁His ▁di aries ▁now ▁res ide ▁in ▁the ▁collection ▁of ▁the ▁American ▁Anti qu arian ▁Society . ▁Ent ries ▁from ▁ 1 8 2 4 ▁capture ▁the ▁details ▁of ▁Green wood ' s ▁life ▁as ▁a ▁museum ▁director : ▁" J une ▁ 1 st , ▁ 1 8 2 4 . ▁A ▁Mer ma id ▁arrived ▁here ▁last ▁week ▁& ▁I ▁agreed ▁to ▁exhib it ▁it . ▁Bus y ▁setting ▁up ▁Sh ark . ▁-- ▁ 2 nd . ▁P urch ased ▁some ▁Indian ▁Cur ios ities . ▁-- ▁ 3 rd . ▁B ought ▁four ▁figures ▁of ▁an ▁Italian ▁$ 4 . 0 0 . ▁-- ▁ 5 th . ▁B ought ▁four ▁B ust s ▁of ▁Vol taire , ▁filling ▁up ▁j ars ▁of ▁re pt iles .... ▁-- ▁ 7 th . ▁Art illery ▁E lection ▁good ▁run ▁of ▁business ▁& ▁in ▁the ▁e ve ▁a ▁' G lor ious ▁House ' ▁$ 3 4 2 . 7 5 . ▁Best ▁day ▁since ▁the ▁Museum ▁began . ▁-- ▁ 1 0 th . ▁B ought ▁a ▁young ▁Sh ark ." ▁ ▁The ▁New ▁England ▁Museum ▁enjoyed ▁considerable ▁popular ity . ▁Green wood ▁also ▁established ▁museum ▁branches ▁in ▁Port land , ▁Maine , ▁and ▁Prov idence , ▁Rh ode ▁Island . ▁However , ▁around ▁ 1 8 3 4 – 1 8 3 9 ▁he ▁experienced ▁financial ▁difficulties ▁and , ▁as ▁a ▁result , ▁" his ▁ass igne es ▁convey ed ▁the ▁collections ▁[ of ▁the ▁New ▁England ▁Museum ] |
▁to ▁Mos es ▁Kim ball ." ▁Kim ball ▁would ▁then ▁found ▁the ▁Boston ▁Museum ▁and ▁Gallery ▁of ▁Fine ▁Arts , ▁a ▁theatre ▁and ▁exhib it ▁hall , ▁featuring ▁a ▁portion ▁of ▁Green wood ' s ▁collection ; ▁Kim ball ▁sold ▁the ▁other ▁portion ▁of ▁Green wood ' s ▁collection ▁to ▁a ▁museum ▁effort ▁in ▁Low ell , ▁Massachusetts , ▁in ▁ 1 8 4 0 . ▁Green wood ▁died ▁May ▁ 3 , ▁ 1 8 5 6 ▁and ▁is ▁buried ▁in ▁Hub b ard ston . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁New - Eng land ▁Museum ▁( B oston ) ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Further ▁reading ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁Category : Art ists ▁from ▁Boston ▁Category : 1 9 th - century ▁American ▁people ▁Category : Direct ors ▁of ▁museum s ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Category : American ▁portrait ▁pain ters ▁Category : 1 7 7 9 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 8 5 6 ▁death s ▁Category : C ult ural ▁history ▁of ▁Boston ▁Category : 1 9 th ▁century ▁in ▁Boston ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁Hub b ard ston , ▁Massachusetts <0x0A> </s> ▁Camb eses ▁do ▁Rio , ▁Don ões ▁e ▁M our il he ▁is ▁a ▁civil ▁parish ▁in ▁the ▁municipality ▁of ▁Mont ale gre , ▁northern ▁Portugal . ▁It ▁was ▁formed ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁by ▁the ▁mer ger ▁of ▁the ▁former ▁par ishes ▁Camb eses ▁do ▁Rio , ▁Don ões ▁and ▁M our il he . ▁The ▁population ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁was ▁ 3 0 |
9 , ▁in ▁an ▁area ▁of ▁ 4 5 . 3 0 km ². ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : Par ishes ▁of ▁Mont ale gre <0x0A> </s> ▁Mang an ese ( II ) ▁ox ide ▁ ▁is ▁an ▁in organ ic ▁comp ound ▁with ▁chemical ▁formula ▁M n O . ▁It ▁forms ▁green ▁cry st als . ▁ ▁The ▁comp ound ▁is ▁produced ▁on ▁a ▁large ▁scale ▁as ▁a ▁component ▁of ▁fert il izers ▁and ▁food ▁add it ives . ▁ ▁Str ucture , ▁sto ichi ometry , ▁react ivity ▁Like ▁many ▁mon ox ides , ▁M n O ▁adopt s ▁the ▁rock ▁salt ▁structure , ▁where ▁c ations ▁and ▁an ions ▁are ▁both ▁oct ah ed r ally ▁coordin ated . ▁Also ▁like ▁many ▁ox ides , ▁mang an ese ( II ) ▁ox ide ▁is ▁often ▁non sto ichi ometric : ▁its ▁composition ▁can ▁vary ▁from ▁M n O ▁to ▁M n O 1 . 0 4 5 . ▁ ▁Below ▁ 1 1 8 ▁K ▁M n O ▁is ▁ant ifer romagnet ic . ▁M n O ▁has ▁the ▁distinction ▁of ▁being ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁first ▁comp ounds ▁to ▁have ▁its ▁magnetic ▁structure ▁determined ▁by ▁neut ron ▁diff raction , ▁the ▁report ▁appearing ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 1 . ▁This ▁study ▁ ▁showed ▁that ▁the ▁M n 2 + ▁ ions ▁form ▁a ▁face ▁centered ▁cub ic ▁magnetic ▁sub - l attice ▁where ▁there ▁are ▁fer romagnet ically ▁couple d ▁sheets ▁that ▁are ▁anti - parallel ▁with ▁adjacent |
▁sheets . ▁ ▁Mang an ese ( II ) ▁ox ide ▁under go es ▁the ▁chemical ▁re actions ▁typical ▁of ▁an ▁ion ic ▁ox ide . ▁Upon ▁treatment ▁with ▁ac ids , ▁it ▁converts ▁to ▁the ▁corresponding ▁mang an ese ( II ) ▁salt ▁and ▁water . ▁Ox id ation ▁of ▁mang an ese ( II ) ▁ox ide ▁gives ▁mang an ese ( III ) ▁ox ide . ▁ ▁Pre par ation ▁and ▁occurrence ▁M n O ▁occurs ▁in ▁nature ▁as ▁the ▁rare ▁min eral ▁mang anos ite . ▁ ▁Com mer cially ▁it ▁is ▁prepared ▁by ▁reduction ▁of ▁M n O 2 ▁with ▁hydro gen , ▁carbon ▁mon ox ide ▁or ▁m eth ane , ▁e . g .: ▁M n O 2 ▁ ▁+ ▁ ▁H 2 ▁ ▁→ ▁ ▁M n O ▁ ▁+ ▁ ▁H 2 O ▁M n O 2 ▁+ ▁CO ▁→ ▁M n O ▁+ ▁CO 2 ▁ ▁M n O ▁can ▁also ▁be ▁prepared ▁by ▁dec ar bon ation ▁of ▁the ▁carbon ate : ▁M n CO 3 ▁ ▁→ ▁▁ ▁M n O ▁+ ▁CO 2 ▁This ▁calc ining ▁process ▁is ▁conducted ▁an a er ob ically , ▁l est ▁M n 2 O 3 ▁form . ▁ ▁An ▁alternative ▁route , ▁mostly ▁for ▁demonstr ation ▁purposes , ▁is ▁the ▁ox al ate ▁method , ▁which ▁also ▁applicable ▁to ▁the ▁synth esis ▁of ▁f err ous ▁ox ide ▁and ▁st ann ous ▁ox ide . ▁Upon ▁he ating ▁in ▁an ▁o xygen - |
free ▁atmosphere ▁( us ually ▁CO 2 ), ▁mang an ese ( II ) ▁ox al ate ▁decom poses ▁into ▁M n O : ▁M n C 2 O 4 · 2 H 2 O ▁▁ ▁→ ▁▁ ▁M n O ▁ ▁+ ▁ ▁CO 2 ▁ ▁+ ▁ ▁CO ▁ ▁+ ▁▁ 2 ▁H 2 O ▁ ▁App lications ▁T ogether ▁with ▁mang an ese ▁sul f ate , ▁M n O ▁is ▁a ▁component ▁of ▁fert il izers ▁and ▁food ▁add it ives . ▁ ▁Many ▁thousands ▁of ▁tons ▁are ▁consum ed ▁ann ually ▁for ▁this ▁purpose . ▁Other ▁uses ▁include : ▁a ▁catal yst ▁in ▁the ▁manufact ure ▁of ▁al ly l ▁alco hol , ▁cer am ics , ▁pain ts , ▁colored ▁glass , ▁ble aching ▁t allow ▁and ▁text ile ▁printing . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : M ang an ese ( II ) ▁comp ounds ▁Category : O x ides <0x0A> </s> ▁In ▁mathematics , ▁there ▁are ▁many ▁log arith mic ▁ident ities . ▁ ▁T rivial ▁ident ities ▁ ▁Can cell ing ▁expon entials ▁▁ ▁Log arith ms ▁and ▁expon entials ▁with ▁the ▁same ▁base ▁cancel ▁each ▁other . ▁This ▁is ▁true ▁because ▁log arith ms ▁and ▁expon entials ▁are ▁inverse ▁operations ▁( just ▁like ▁multiplication ▁and ▁division ▁or ▁addition ▁and ▁sub tra ction ). ▁ ▁Both ▁of ▁the ▁above ▁are ▁derived ▁from ▁the ▁following ▁two ▁equations ▁that ▁define ▁a ▁log arith m : ▁ ▁Sub st itut ing ▁ ▁in ▁the ▁left ▁equation ▁gives ▁, |
▁and ▁subst itut ing ▁ ▁in ▁the ▁right ▁gives ▁. ▁Finally , ▁replace ▁ ▁with ▁. ▁ ▁Using ▁simpler ▁operations ▁▁ ▁Log arith ms ▁can ▁be ▁used ▁to ▁make ▁calculations ▁easier . ▁ ▁For ▁example , ▁two ▁numbers ▁can ▁be ▁multip lied ▁just ▁by ▁using ▁a ▁log arith m ▁table ▁and ▁adding . ▁The ▁first ▁three ▁operations ▁below ▁assume ▁, ▁and / or ▁ ▁so ▁that ▁ ▁and ▁. ▁Der iv ations ▁also ▁use ▁the ▁log ▁definitions ▁ ▁and ▁. ▁ ▁Where ▁, ▁, ▁and ▁ ▁are ▁positive ▁real ▁numbers ▁and ▁. ▁ ▁Both ▁ ▁and ▁ ▁are ▁real ▁numbers . ▁ ▁The ▁laws ▁result ▁from ▁cancel ing ▁expon entials ▁and ▁appropriate ▁law ▁of ▁indices . ▁Starting ▁with ▁the ▁first ▁law : ▁ ▁The ▁law ▁for ▁powers ▁explo its ▁another ▁of ▁the ▁laws ▁of ▁indices : ▁ ▁The ▁law ▁rel ating ▁to ▁quot ients ▁then ▁follows : ▁ ▁Similarly , ▁the ▁root ▁law ▁is ▁derived ▁by ▁re writing ▁the ▁root ▁as ▁a ▁reci pro cal ▁power : ▁ ▁Ch anging ▁the ▁base ▁▁ ▁This ▁identity ▁is ▁useful ▁to ▁evaluate ▁log arith ms ▁on ▁calcul ators . ▁For ▁instance , ▁most ▁calcul ators ▁have ▁buttons ▁for ▁l n ▁and ▁for ▁, ▁but ▁not ▁all ▁calcul ators ▁have ▁buttons ▁for ▁the ▁log arith m ▁of ▁an ▁arbitrary ▁base . ▁ ▁Consider ▁the ▁equation ▁▁ ▁Take ▁log arith m ▁base ▁ ▁of ▁both ▁sides : ▁▁ ▁Sim pl ify ▁and ▁solve ▁for ▁: ▁▁ ▁Since ▁, ▁then ▁▁ ▁This ▁formula ▁has ▁several ▁consequences : ▁ ▁where |
▁ ▁is ▁any ▁permut ation ▁of ▁the ▁sub scripts ▁ 1 , ..., n . ▁ ▁For ▁example ▁ ▁Sum m ation / sub tra ction ▁ ▁The ▁following ▁summ ation / sub tra ction ▁rule ▁is ▁especially ▁useful ▁in ▁probability ▁theory ▁when ▁one ▁is ▁dealing ▁with ▁a ▁sum ▁of ▁log - prob abilities : ▁ ▁Note ▁that ▁in ▁practice ▁ ▁and ▁ ▁have ▁to ▁be ▁switched ▁on ▁the ▁right ▁hand ▁side ▁of ▁the ▁equations ▁if ▁. ▁Also ▁note ▁that ▁the ▁sub tra ction ▁identity ▁is ▁not ▁defined ▁if ▁ ▁since ▁the ▁log arith m ▁of ▁zero ▁is ▁not ▁defined . ▁Many ▁programming ▁languages ▁have ▁a ▁specific ▁log 1 p ( x ) ▁function ▁that ▁calcul ates ▁ ▁without ▁under flow ▁when ▁ ▁is ▁small . ▁ ▁More ▁generally : ▁ ▁where ▁ ▁are ▁sorted ▁in ▁desc ending ▁order . ▁ ▁Ex ponents ▁ ▁A ▁useful ▁identity ▁involving ▁ex ponents : ▁ ▁or ▁more ▁univers ally : ▁ ▁Other / Result ing ▁Ident ities ▁ ▁I ne qual ities ▁ ▁Based ▁on ▁ ▁, ▁ ▁and ▁▁ ▁All ▁are ▁accurate ▁around ▁, ▁but ▁not ▁for ▁large ▁numbers . ▁ ▁Calcul us ▁ident ities ▁ ▁Lim its ▁▁ ▁The ▁last ▁limit ▁is ▁often ▁summar ized ▁as ▁" log arith ms ▁grow ▁more ▁slowly ▁than ▁any ▁power ▁or ▁root ▁of ▁x ". ▁ ▁Der iv atives ▁of ▁log arith mic ▁functions ▁▁ ▁Where ▁, ▁, ▁and ▁. ▁ ▁Integr al ▁definition ▁ ▁Integr als ▁of ▁log arith mic ▁functions ▁▁▁▁ ▁To ▁remember ▁higher |
▁integr als , ▁it ' s ▁convenient ▁to ▁define : ▁ ▁Where ▁ ▁is ▁the ▁n th ▁Harm onic ▁number . ▁ ▁Then , ▁ ▁Appro xim ating ▁large ▁numbers ▁▁ ▁The ▁ident ities ▁of ▁log arith ms ▁can ▁be ▁used ▁to ▁approximate ▁large ▁numbers . ▁Note ▁that ▁, ▁where ▁a , ▁b , ▁and ▁c ▁are ▁arbitrary ▁constants . ▁Suppose ▁that ▁one ▁wants ▁to ▁approximate ▁the ▁ 4 4 th ▁M ers enne ▁prime , ▁. ▁To ▁get ▁the ▁base - 1 0 ▁log arith m , ▁we ▁would ▁multiply ▁ 3 2 , 5 8 2 , 6 5 7 ▁by ▁, ▁getting ▁. ▁We ▁can ▁then ▁get ▁. ▁ ▁Similarly , ▁factor ial s ▁can ▁be ▁approxim ated ▁by ▁sum ming ▁the ▁log arith ms ▁of ▁the ▁terms . ▁ ▁Complex ▁log arith m ▁ident ities ▁▁ ▁The ▁complex ▁log arith m ▁is ▁the ▁complex ▁number ▁analog ue ▁of ▁the ▁log arith m ▁function . ▁No ▁single ▁val ued ▁function ▁on ▁the ▁complex ▁plane ▁can ▁satisfy ▁the ▁normal ▁rules ▁for ▁log arith ms . ▁However ▁a ▁mult ival ued ▁function ▁can ▁be ▁defined ▁which ▁satisfies ▁most ▁of ▁the ▁ident ities . ▁It ▁is ▁usual ▁to ▁consider ▁this ▁as ▁a ▁function ▁defined ▁on ▁a ▁Riemann ▁surface . ▁A ▁single ▁val ued ▁version ▁called ▁the ▁principal ▁value ▁of ▁the ▁log arith m ▁can ▁be ▁defined ▁which ▁is ▁dis continu ous ▁on ▁the ▁negative ▁x ▁axis ▁and ▁equals ▁the ▁mult ival ued ▁version ▁on ▁a ▁single ▁branch ▁cut . ▁ ▁De fin itions |
▁▁ ▁The ▁convention ▁will ▁be ▁used ▁here ▁that ▁a ▁capital ▁first ▁letter ▁is ▁used ▁for ▁the ▁principal ▁value ▁of ▁functions ▁and ▁the ▁lower ▁case ▁version ▁refers ▁to ▁the ▁mult ival ued ▁function . ▁The ▁single ▁val ued ▁version ▁of ▁definitions ▁and ▁ident ities ▁is ▁always ▁given ▁first ▁followed ▁by ▁a ▁separate ▁section ▁for ▁the ▁multiple ▁val ued ▁versions . ▁▁ ▁is ▁the ▁standard ▁natural ▁log arith m ▁of ▁the ▁real ▁number ▁r . ▁ ▁is ▁ ▁the ▁principal ▁value ▁of ▁the ▁complex ▁log arith m ▁function ▁and ▁has ▁imag inary ▁part ▁in ▁the ▁range ▁. ▁ ▁is ▁the ▁principal ▁value ▁of ▁the ▁arg ▁function , ▁its ▁value ▁is ▁restricted ▁to ▁. ▁It ▁can ▁be ▁computed ▁using ▁. ▁ ▁The ▁multiple ▁val ued ▁version ▁of ▁ ▁is ▁a ▁set ▁but ▁it ▁is ▁easier ▁to ▁write ▁it ▁without ▁bra ces ▁and ▁using ▁it ▁in ▁formulas ▁follows ▁obvious ▁rules . ▁▁ ▁is ▁the ▁set ▁of ▁complex ▁numbers ▁v ▁which ▁satisfy ▁▁ ▁is ▁the ▁set ▁of ▁possible ▁values ▁of ▁the ▁arg ▁function ▁applied ▁to ▁z . ▁ ▁When ▁k ▁is ▁any ▁integer : ▁ ▁Const ants ▁▁ ▁Princi pal ▁value ▁forms : ▁ ▁Multiple ▁value ▁forms , ▁for ▁any ▁k ▁an ▁integer : ▁ ▁Sum m ation ▁▁ ▁Princi pal ▁value ▁forms : ▁ ▁Multiple ▁value ▁forms : ▁ ▁Pow ers ▁▁ ▁A ▁complex ▁power ▁of ▁a ▁complex ▁number ▁can ▁have ▁many ▁possible ▁values . ▁ ▁Princi pal ▁value ▁form : ▁ ▁Multiple ▁value ▁forms : ▁ ▁Where ▁, ▁ ▁are ▁any ▁integers : ▁ ▁See ▁also |
▁▁ ▁List ▁of ▁trig on ometric ▁ident ities ▁ ▁Ex pon ential ▁function ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁▁▁ ▁Log arith m ▁in ▁Math words ▁ ▁Category : Log arith ms ▁Category : Math emat ical ▁ident ities ▁Category : Art icles ▁containing ▁proofs <0x0A> </s> ▁Deb ra ▁Fox ▁is ▁the ▁founder ▁and ▁CE O ▁of ▁Fox ▁Learning ▁Systems . ▁She ▁was ▁previously ▁a ▁television ▁rep orter ▁and ▁anchor ▁with ▁W TA E - TV ▁Pitts burgh ▁( 1 9 7 6 – 1 9 8 6 ). ▁ ▁W TA E ▁television ▁career ▁ ▁Fox ▁was ▁named ▁" Best ▁Pitts burgh ▁New sc aster " ▁seven ▁years ▁in ▁a ▁row ▁by ▁the ▁Pitts burgh ▁Trib une ▁Review . ▁During ▁her ▁ten - year ▁television ▁career , ▁she ▁was ▁able ▁to ▁interview ▁many ▁prominent ▁national ▁figures ▁such ▁as ▁Pres idents ▁Ger ald ▁Ford , ▁Jimmy ▁Carter ▁( d uring ▁the ▁Iran ▁Host age ▁Cris is ), ▁Ron ald ▁Re agan , ▁George ▁H . W . ▁Bush , ▁Governor ▁Michael ▁D uk ak is , ▁Senator ▁Ted ▁Kennedy , ▁Senator ▁Joe ▁B iden , ▁Re ver end ▁J esse ▁Jackson , ▁Walter ▁Mond ale ▁and ▁Gary ▁Hart . ▁She ▁also ▁covered ▁the ▁ 1 9 8 4 ▁Democratic ▁National ▁Convention ▁in ▁San ▁Francisco . ▁After ▁having ▁her ▁first ▁child ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 6 , ▁she ▁retired ▁from ▁W TA E . ▁ ▁The ▁Golden ▁Land ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 9 0 , ▁Fox ▁took ▁over ▁for ▁Wolf ▁Bl itzer ▁in |
▁P BS ' s ▁series ▁" The ▁Golden ▁Land ". ▁This ▁was ▁a ▁document ary ▁about ▁the ▁history ▁of ▁Israel ▁in ▁the ▁context ▁of ▁the ▁Isra eli - Pal est in ian ▁Conf lict ▁ ▁Fox ▁Learning ▁Systems ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 9 7 , ▁Deb ra ▁founded ▁Fox ▁Learning ▁Systems ▁after ▁personally ▁experien cing ▁problems ▁in ▁the ▁long - term ▁care ▁industry . ▁Using ▁her ▁on - camera ▁experiences , ▁Fox ▁set ▁out ▁to ▁produce ▁software ▁and ▁educational ▁material ▁that ▁makes ▁elder care ▁staff ▁training ▁fun ▁and ▁exc iting . ▁Fox ▁has ▁started ▁her ▁own ▁blog ▁that ▁tal ks ▁about ▁the ▁many ▁troubles ▁dealing ▁with ▁the ▁elder ▁care ▁industry ▁ ▁Notable ▁appearances ▁▁ 2 0 0 9 : ▁Set on ▁Hill ▁E - M agn ify ▁" Build ▁A ▁World - Class ▁Business " ▁Conference , ▁Ke yn ote ▁Spe aker ▁▁ 2 0 0 8 : ▁R ite ▁A id ▁and ▁Fox ▁Learning ▁Systems ▁team ▁up ▁together ▁to ▁launch ▁R ite ▁A id ▁“ G iving ▁Care ▁For ▁Par ents ” ▁using ▁Fox ’ s ▁educational ▁video ▁training ▁ 2 0 0 8 : ▁Pitts burgh ▁magazine ▁featured ▁article ▁on ▁Deb ra ▁Fox ▁Im pro ving ▁E ld erc are ▁through ▁Education ▁ 2 0 0 4 : ▁Fe ature ▁article ▁in ▁E - M agn ify ▁a ▁Set on ▁Hill ▁publication ▁▁ 2 0 0 3 : ▁Ke yn ote ▁speaker ▁for ▁National ▁Women ’ s ▁Le ad ership ▁conference ▁held ▁in ▁Pitts burgh ▁ 2 0 0 2 |
: ▁Spe aker ▁at ▁the ▁M IT ▁forum , ▁Pitts burgh ▁chapter ▁ 2 0 0 0 : ▁Fe ature ▁Article ▁in ▁the ▁Pitts burgh ▁Post - G az ette ▁speaking ▁about ▁the ▁focus ▁of ▁Fox ▁Learning ▁Systems . ▁ 1 9 9 1 : ▁A cted ▁as ▁a ▁television ▁news ▁rep orter ▁in ▁the ▁TV ▁Movie ▁The ▁ 1 0 ▁Mill ion ▁D ollar ▁G eta way ▁ ▁Awards ▁▁ 2 0 0 7 : ▁Accept ance ▁and ▁successful ▁completion ▁of ▁the ▁National ▁Instit utes ▁of ▁Health ▁Com mer cial ization ▁Ass istance ▁Program ▁ 2 0 0 6 : ▁National ▁W inner ▁of ▁the ▁American ▁Association ▁of ▁Ger iat ric ▁Psych iat ry ' s ▁Im ages ▁of ▁A ging ▁Communic ations ▁Award ▁ 2 0 0 5 : ▁Ind u cted ▁into ▁the ▁National ▁Association ▁of ▁Women ’ s ▁Pres idents ▁Organ ization ▁ 2 0 0 4 : ▁W inner ▁of ▁the ▁ 5 0 ▁Best ▁Women ▁in ▁Business ▁Award ▁for ▁Pennsylvania ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Fox ▁Learning ▁Systems ▁Website ▁W TA E ▁Website ▁Deb ra ' s ▁Information ▁ ▁Category : M ass ▁media ▁in ▁Pitts burgh ▁Category : J ournal ists ▁from ▁Pennsylvania ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : American ▁women ▁journal ists ▁Category : Year ▁of ▁birth ▁missing ▁( l iving ▁people ) <0x0A> </s> ▁Leonard ▁Stephen ▁Haw kes ▁( 5 ▁October ▁ 1 9 0 7 ▁– ▁ 3 ▁August ▁ 1 9 6 9 ) ▁was ▁Arch de acon ▁of ▁Lind |
isf ar ne ▁ ▁from ▁ 1 9 6 0 ▁until ▁his ▁death . ▁ ▁Haw kes ▁was ▁educated ▁at ▁Oak ham ▁School ▁▁▁ ▁and ▁Em manuel ▁College , ▁Cambridge . ▁ ▁He ▁was ▁ord ained ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 2 ▁after ▁studying ▁at ▁R ip on ▁College ▁C ud des don ; ▁and ▁began ▁his ▁ecc les iast ical ▁career ▁as ▁a ▁cur ate ▁at ▁St ▁Andrew , ▁Cat ford . ▁He ▁was ▁Vice - Pr incipal ▁of ▁Dor chester ▁Mission ary ▁College ▁then ▁served ▁a ▁further ▁cur acy ▁of ▁St ▁John ▁Div ine , ▁Ken ning ton . ▁Following ▁this ▁he ▁was ▁Vice - Pr incipal ▁of ▁Dor chester ▁Mission ary ▁College ▁then ▁Cur ate ▁of ▁St ▁John ▁Div ine , ▁Ken ning ton , ▁ 1 9 3 8 – 4 6 . ▁He ▁was ▁a ▁ ▁Chap lain ▁to ▁the ▁Forces ▁with ▁the ▁T A ▁from ▁ 1 9 3 9 ▁to ▁ 1 9 5 7 . ▁He ▁was ▁Vic ar ▁of ▁O xt on ▁then ▁R ector ▁of ▁B let ch ing ley ▁until ▁his ▁Arch de acon ’ s ▁appointment ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 0 7 ▁birth s ▁Category : Pe ople ▁educated ▁at ▁Oak ham ▁School ▁Category : Al umn i ▁of ▁Em manuel ▁College , ▁Cambridge ▁Category : Al umn i ▁of ▁R ip on ▁College ▁C ud des don ▁Category : Arch de a cons ▁of ▁Lind isf ar ne ▁Category : 1 9 6 9 ▁death s <0x0A> |
</s> ▁Em press ▁My e ong se ong ▁or ▁Em press ▁My ung - S ung ▁( 1 9 ▁October ▁ 1 8 5 1 – ▁ 8 ▁October ▁ 1 8 9 5 ), ▁known ▁inform ally ▁as ▁Queen ▁Min , ▁was ▁the ▁first ▁official ▁wife ▁of ▁Go j ong , ▁the ▁twenty - six th ▁king ▁of ▁Jose on ▁and ▁the ▁first ▁em peror ▁of ▁the ▁Korean ▁Empire . ▁ ▁The ▁government ▁of ▁Me iji ▁Japan ▁( 明 治 政 府 ) ▁considered ▁Em press ▁My e ong se ong ▁( 明 成 皇 后 ) ▁an ▁obst acle ▁to ▁its ▁over se as ▁expansion . ▁E ff ort s ▁to ▁remove ▁her ▁from ▁the ▁political ▁ar ena , ▁orch estr ated ▁through ▁failed ▁re bell ions ▁prompt ed ▁by ▁the ▁father ▁of ▁King ▁Go j ong , ▁the ▁He ung se on ▁Da ew ong un ▁( an ▁influ ential ▁reg ent ▁working ▁with ▁the ▁Japanese ), ▁comp elled ▁her ▁to ▁take ▁a ▁har sh er ▁stand ▁against ▁Japanese ▁influence . ▁ ▁After ▁Japan ' s ▁victory ▁in ▁the ▁First ▁S ino - J apan ese ▁War , ▁Jose on ▁Korea ▁came ▁under ▁the ▁Japanese ▁sphere ▁of ▁influence . ▁The ▁Em press ▁advoc ated ▁stronger ▁t ies ▁between ▁Korea ▁and ▁Russia ▁in ▁an ▁attempt ▁to ▁block ▁Japanese ▁influence ▁in ▁Korea . ▁Mi ura ▁Gor ō , ▁the ▁Japanese ▁Minister ▁to ▁Korea ▁at ▁that ▁time ▁and ▁a ▁retired ▁army ▁lieutenant - general , ▁back ed ▁the ▁fa ction ▁head ed |
▁by ▁the ▁Da ew ong un , ▁whom ▁he ▁considered ▁to ▁be ▁more ▁sympath etic ▁to ▁Japanese ▁interests . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁early ▁morning ▁of ▁ 8 ▁October ▁ 1 8 9 5 , ▁the ▁H ul ly e ond ae ▁Regiment , ▁loyal ▁to ▁the ▁Da ew ong un , ▁attacked ▁the ▁G ye ong b ok g ung , ▁over power ing ▁its ▁Royal ▁Gu ards . ▁H ul ly e ond ae ▁officers , ▁led ▁by ▁Lieutenant ▁Colonel ▁W oo ▁Be om se on , ▁then ▁allowed ▁a ▁group ▁of ▁Japanese ▁r on ins , ▁specifically ▁rec ru ited ▁for ▁this ▁purpose ▁to ▁in fil tr ate ▁and ▁assass inate ▁the ▁Em press ▁in ▁the ▁palace , ▁under ▁orders ▁from ▁Mi ura ▁Gor ō . ▁The ▁assass ination ▁of ▁the ▁Em press ▁ign ited ▁out rage ▁among ▁other ▁foreign ▁powers . ▁▁ ▁Dom est ically , ▁the ▁assass ination ▁prompt ed ▁anti - J apan ese ▁sentiment ▁in ▁Korea ▁with ▁the ▁" Short ▁H air ▁Act ▁Order " ▁( 단 발 령 , ▁ <0xE6> <0x96> <0xB7> <0xE9> <0xAB> <0xAE> 令 ), ▁and ▁some ▁Kore ans ▁created ▁the ▁E ul mi ▁R igh te ous ▁Army ▁and ▁act ively ▁set ▁up ▁protest s ▁nation wide . ▁Following ▁the ▁Em press ' s ▁assass ination , ▁Emperor ▁Go j ong ▁and ▁the ▁crown ▁prince ▁( l ater ▁Emperor ▁Sun j ong ▁of ▁Korea ) ▁fled ▁to ▁the ▁Russian ▁leg ation ▁in ▁ 1 8 9 6 . ▁This ▁led ▁to ▁the |
▁general ▁repe al ▁of ▁the ▁Gab o ▁Reform , ▁which ▁was ▁controlled ▁by ▁Japanese ▁influence . ▁In ▁October ▁ 1 8 9 7 , ▁King ▁Go j ong ▁returned ▁to ▁G ye ong ung ung ▁( mod ern - day ▁De oks ug ung ). ▁There , ▁he ▁proc laimed ▁the ▁found ing ▁of ▁the ▁Korean ▁Empire . ▁ ▁In ▁South ▁Korea , ▁there ▁has ▁been ▁renew ed ▁interest ▁in ▁Em press ▁My e ong se ong ▁due ▁to ▁popular ▁nov els , ▁a ▁film , ▁a ▁TV ▁drama ▁and ▁even ▁a ▁musical ▁based ▁on ▁her ▁life ▁story . ▁ ▁Background ▁ ▁End ▁of ▁an ▁era ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 8 6 3 , ▁Che ol j ong ▁of ▁Jose on ▁died ▁suddenly ▁as ▁the ▁result ▁of ▁sus pected ▁f oul ▁play ▁by ▁the ▁And ong ▁Kim ▁cl an , ▁an ▁arist ocr atic ▁and ▁influ ential ▁cl an ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 9 th ▁century . ▁Che ol j ong ▁was ▁child less ▁and ▁had ▁not ▁appointed ▁an ▁he ir . ▁The ▁And ong ▁Kim ▁cl an ▁had ▁ris en ▁to ▁power ▁through ▁inter mar riage ▁with ▁the ▁royal ▁House ▁of ▁Y i . ▁Queen ▁Che or in , ▁Che ol j ong ' s ▁cons ort ▁and ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁And ong ▁Kim ▁cl an , ▁claimed ▁the ▁right ▁to ▁choose ▁the ▁next ▁king , ▁although ▁tradition ally ▁the ▁most ▁senior ▁Queen ▁Dow ager ▁had ▁the ▁official ▁authority ▁to ▁select ▁the ▁new ▁king . ▁Che ol j ong ' s |
▁cousin , ▁Grand ▁Royal ▁Dow ager ▁Sin je ong , ▁the ▁wid ow ▁of ▁He on j ong ▁of ▁Jose on ' s ▁father ▁of ▁the ▁P ung y ang ▁Jo ▁cl an , ▁who ▁too ▁had ▁ris en ▁to ▁prom in ence ▁by ▁inter mar riage ▁with ▁the ▁Y i ▁family , ▁currently ▁held ▁this ▁title . ▁ ▁Queen ▁Sin je ong ▁saw ▁an ▁opportunity ▁to ▁advance ▁the ▁cause ▁of ▁the ▁P ung y ang ▁Jo ▁cl an , ▁the ▁only ▁true ▁rival ▁of ▁the ▁And ong ▁Kim ▁cl an ▁in ▁Korean ▁politics . ▁As ▁Che ol j ong ▁succ um bed ▁to ▁his ▁ill ness , ▁the ▁Grand ▁Royal ▁Dow ager ▁Queen ▁was ▁approached ▁by ▁Y i ▁Ha - e ung , ▁a ▁distant ▁desc endant ▁of ▁King ▁In jo ▁( r . 1 6 2 3 – 1 6 4 9 ), ▁whose ▁father ▁was ▁made ▁an ▁adopt ive ▁son ▁of ▁Prince ▁E un sin , ▁a ▁nep hew ▁of ▁King ▁Ye ong jo ▁( r . 1 7 2 4 – 1 7 7 6 ). ▁ ▁The ▁branch ▁that ▁Y i ▁Ha - e ung ' s ▁family ▁belonged ▁to ▁was ▁an ▁obsc ure ▁line ▁of ▁descend ants ▁of ▁the ▁Y i ▁cl an , ▁which ▁surv ived ▁the ▁often ▁dead ly ▁political ▁intr igue ▁that ▁frequently ▁em bro iled ▁the ▁Jose on ▁court ▁by ▁forming ▁no ▁affili ation ▁with ▁any ▁fa ctions . ▁Y i ▁Ha - e ung ▁himself ▁was ▁in el ig ible ▁for ▁the |
▁throne ▁due ▁to ▁a ▁law ▁that ▁dict ated ▁that ▁any ▁possible ▁he ir ▁had ▁to ▁be ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁generation ▁after ▁the ▁most ▁recent ▁inc umb ent ▁of ▁the ▁throne , ▁but ▁his ▁second ▁son ▁Y i ▁My e ong b ok ▁was ▁a ▁possible ▁successor ▁to ▁the ▁throne . ▁ ▁The ▁P ung y ang ▁Jo ▁cl an ▁saw ▁that ▁Y i ▁My e ong b ok ▁was ▁only ▁ 1 2 ▁years ▁old ▁and ▁would ▁not ▁be ▁able ▁to ▁rule ▁in ▁his ▁own ▁name ▁until ▁he ▁came ▁of ▁age , ▁and ▁that ▁they ▁could ▁easily ▁influence ▁Y i ▁Ha - e ung , ▁who ▁would ▁be ▁acting ▁as ▁reg ent ▁for ▁his ▁son . ▁As ▁soon ▁as ▁news ▁of ▁Che ol j ong ' s ▁death ▁reached ▁Y i ▁Ha - e ung ▁through ▁his ▁intr icate ▁network ▁of ▁sp ies ▁in ▁the ▁palace , ▁he ▁and ▁the ▁P ung y ang ▁Jo ▁cl an ▁took ▁the ▁her edit ary ▁royal ▁se al ▁( cons ider ed ▁necessary ▁for ▁a ▁legit imate ▁reign ▁to ▁take ▁place ▁and ▁arist ocr atic ▁recognition ▁to ▁be ▁received ), ▁effectively ▁giving ▁Queen ▁Sin je ong ▁absolute ▁power ▁to ▁select ▁the ▁successor ▁to ▁the ▁throne . ▁By ▁the ▁time ▁Che ol j ong ' s ▁death ▁became ▁a ▁known ▁fact , ▁the ▁And ong ▁Kim ▁cl an ▁was ▁power less ▁to ▁act ▁according ▁to ▁law ▁because ▁the ▁se al ▁already ▁lay ▁in ▁the ▁hands ▁of ▁Grand ▁Royal ▁Dow ager ▁Queen ▁Sin je ong . ▁ ▁In |
▁the ▁aut umn ▁of ▁ 1 8 6 4 , ▁Y i ▁My e ong b ok ▁was ▁crown ed ▁as ▁King ▁Go j ong ▁of ▁Jose on , ▁with ▁his ▁father ▁titled ▁He ung se on ▁Da ew ong un ▁( ▁" Gr and ▁In ternal ▁Prince "). ▁ ▁The ▁strongly ▁Conf u cian ▁He ung se on ▁Da ew ong un ▁proved ▁to ▁be ▁a ▁capable ▁and ▁calculating ▁leader ▁in ▁the ▁early ▁years ▁of ▁Go j ong ' s ▁reign . ▁He ▁abol ished ▁the ▁old ▁government ▁institutions ▁that ▁had ▁become ▁cor rupt ▁under ▁the ▁rule ▁of ▁various ▁cl ans , ▁re vised ▁the ▁law ▁codes ▁along ▁with ▁the ▁household ▁laws ▁of ▁the ▁royal ▁court ▁and ▁the ▁rules ▁of ▁court ▁rit ual , ▁and ▁heavily ▁reform ed ▁the ▁military ▁techniques ▁of ▁the ▁royal ▁arm ies . ▁Within ▁a ▁few ▁short ▁years ▁he ▁was ▁able ▁to ▁secure ▁complete ▁control ▁of ▁the ▁court , ▁and ▁eventually ▁receive ▁the ▁submission ▁of ▁the ▁P ung y ang ▁Jos ▁while ▁successfully ▁dispos ing ▁of ▁the ▁last ▁of ▁the ▁And ong ▁K ims , ▁whose ▁cor ruption , ▁he ▁believed , ▁was ▁responsible ▁for ▁the ▁country ' s ▁decl ine ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 th ▁century . ▁ ▁A ▁new ▁queen ▁The ▁future ▁queen - cons ort ▁was ▁born ▁into ▁the ▁arist ocr atic ▁Min ▁family ▁of ▁the ▁Ye o he ung ▁branch ▁on ▁ 1 9 ▁October ▁ 1 8 5 1 ▁in ▁Ye oj u , ▁G ye ong gi ▁Province , ▁where ▁the |
▁cl an ▁origin ated . ▁ ▁The ▁Ye o he ung ▁M ins ▁were ▁a ▁noble ▁cl an ▁bo ast ing ▁many ▁highly ▁position ed ▁b ureau cr ats ▁in ▁its ▁ill ust ri ous ▁past , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁two ▁queen ▁cons ort s , ▁Queen ▁W ong ye ong , ▁the ▁wife ▁of ▁T ae j ong ▁of ▁Jose on , ▁and ▁Queen ▁In h ye on , ▁the ▁wife ▁of ▁Su k j ong ▁of ▁Jose on . ▁ ▁Before ▁her ▁marriage , ▁the ▁Em press ▁was ▁known ▁as ▁the ▁daughter ▁of ▁Min ▁Ch iro k ▁( ). ▁While ▁some ▁fict ional ▁accounts ▁call ▁her ▁Min ▁J aye ong , ▁this ▁name ▁has ▁not ▁been ▁confirmed ▁by ▁historical ▁sources . ▁At ▁the ▁age ▁of ▁eight ▁she ▁had ▁lost ▁her ▁father . ▁Then , ▁her ▁mother , ▁Lady ▁Han ch ang ▁of ▁the ▁Y i ▁cl an ▁( ), ▁and ▁she ▁moved ▁to ▁the ▁House ▁of ▁Gam god ang ▁( 감 고 당 ) ▁and ▁lived ▁there ▁until ▁she ▁moved ▁to ▁the ▁palace ▁and ▁became ▁Queen . ▁ ▁When ▁Go j ong ▁reached ▁the ▁age ▁of ▁ 1 5 , ▁his ▁father ▁decided ▁it ▁was ▁time ▁for ▁him ▁to ▁be ▁married . ▁The ▁Da ew ong un ▁was ▁dil igent ▁in ▁his ▁search ▁for ▁a ▁queen ▁who ▁would ▁serve ▁his ▁purposes : ▁she ▁must ▁have ▁no ▁close ▁relatives ▁who ▁would ▁har bor ▁political ▁amb itions , ▁yet ▁come ▁from ▁a ▁noble ▁line age ▁so ▁as ▁to ▁justify ▁his ▁choice ▁to ▁the |
▁court ▁and ▁the ▁people . ▁C andid ates ▁were ▁rejected ▁one ▁by ▁one , ▁until ▁both ▁the ▁Da ew ong un ' s ▁wife ▁Ye o he ung ▁( Pr in cess ▁Cons ort ▁to ▁the ▁Prince ▁of ▁the ▁Great ▁Court ; ▁Ye o he ung ▁B uda eb u in ; ▁ 여 흥 부 대 부 인 , ▁ <0xE9> <0xA9> <0xAA> <0xE8> <0x88> <0x88> 府 大 夫 人 ) ▁and ▁his ▁mother ▁proposed ▁a ▁b ride ▁from ▁their ▁own ▁cl an , ▁the ▁Ye o he ung ▁Min . ▁The ▁two ▁women ▁described ▁the ▁girl ▁persu as ively : ▁she ▁was ▁or phan ed ▁and ▁possessed ▁beautiful ▁features , ▁a ▁health y ▁body , ▁and ▁an ▁ordinary ▁level ▁of ▁education . ▁ ▁The ▁b ride ▁under w ent ▁a ▁strict ▁selection ▁process , ▁cul min ating ▁in ▁a ▁meeting ▁with ▁the ▁Da ew ong un ▁on ▁ 6 ▁March , ▁and ▁a ▁marriage ▁ceremony ▁on ▁ 2 0 ▁March ▁ 1 8 6 6 . ▁Min , ▁bare ly ▁ 1 6 , ▁married ▁the ▁ 1 5 - year - old ▁king ▁and ▁was ▁inv ested ▁in ▁a ▁ceremony ▁( 책 비 , ▁cha ek bi ) ▁as ▁the ▁Queen ▁Cons ort ▁of ▁Jose on . ▁Two ▁places ▁assert ▁claims ▁on ▁the ▁marriage ▁and ▁asc ension : ▁both ▁In je ong ▁Hall ▁( 인 정 전 ) ▁at ▁Ch ang de ok ▁Palace ▁and ▁Nor ak ▁Hall ▁( 노 락 당 ) ▁at ▁Un h ye on ▁Palace . |
▁The ▁w ig ▁typically ▁worn ▁by ▁br ides ▁at ▁royal ▁wed d ings ▁was ▁so ▁heavy ▁for ▁the ▁slight ▁ 1 6 - year - old ▁b ride ▁that ▁a ▁tall ▁court ▁lady ▁was ▁spe cially ▁assigned ▁to ▁support ▁it ▁from ▁the ▁back . ▁Direct ly ▁following ▁the ▁wed ding ▁was ▁the ▁three - day ▁ceremony ▁for ▁the ▁rever encing ▁of ▁the ▁ancest ors . ▁ ▁Old er ▁officials ▁soon ▁noticed ▁that ▁the ▁new ▁queen ▁cons ort ▁was ▁an ▁assert ive ▁and ▁am bit ious ▁woman , ▁unlike ▁other ▁que ens ▁preceding ▁her . ▁She ▁did ▁not ▁particip ate ▁in ▁lav ish ▁parties , ▁rarely ▁commission ed ▁extra v ag ant ▁f ash ions ▁from ▁the ▁royal ▁at el iers , ▁and ▁almost ▁never ▁hosted ▁afternoon ▁tea ▁parties ▁with ▁the ▁various ▁prin cess es ▁of ▁the ▁royal ▁family ▁or ▁powerful ▁arist ocr atic ▁ladies ▁unless ▁politics ▁required ▁her ▁to ▁do ▁so . ▁While ▁she ▁was ▁expected ▁to ▁act ▁as ▁an ▁icon ▁for ▁Korea ' s ▁high ▁society , ▁the ▁queen ▁rejected ▁this ▁role . ▁Instead , ▁she ▁devoted ▁time ▁to ▁reading ▁books ▁generally ▁reserved ▁for ▁men ▁( such ▁as ▁Spring ▁and ▁Aut umn ▁Ann als ▁and ▁its ▁accomp any ing ▁Zu o ▁Z hu an , ) ▁and ▁further ed ▁her ▁own ▁education ▁in ▁history , ▁science , ▁politics , ▁philosophy , ▁and ▁religion . ▁ ▁The ▁beg inn ings ▁ ▁Court ▁dom ination ▁By ▁the ▁age ▁of ▁twenty , ▁the ▁queen ▁cons ort ▁had ▁begun ▁to ▁w ander ▁outside ▁her ▁apart ments |
▁at ▁Ch ang gy e ong ▁Palace ▁and ▁to ▁play ▁an ▁active ▁part ▁in ▁politics ▁in ▁spite ▁of ▁the ▁Da ew ong un ▁and ▁various ▁high ▁officials , ▁who ▁viewed ▁her ▁as ▁becoming ▁med d les ome . ▁The ▁political ▁struggle ▁between ▁the ▁queen ▁cons ort ▁and ▁the ▁He ung se on ▁Da ew ong un ▁became ▁public ▁when ▁the ▁son ▁she ▁bore ▁died ▁prem ature ly ▁four ▁days ▁after ▁birth . ▁The ▁He ung se on ▁Da ew ong un ▁public ly ▁accused ▁her ▁of ▁being ▁unable ▁to ▁bear ▁a ▁health y ▁male ▁child , ▁while ▁she ▁sus pected ▁her ▁father - in - law ▁of ▁f oul ▁play ▁through ▁the ▁g ins eng ▁em etic ▁treatment ▁he ▁had ▁brought ▁her . ▁The ▁Da ew ong un ▁then ▁directed ▁Go j ong ▁to ▁conce ive ▁through ▁a ▁conc ub ine , ▁Lee ▁G wi - in ▁from ▁the ▁Ye ong bo ▁Hall ▁( 영 보 당 귀 인 ▁ 이 씨 ), ▁and ▁on ▁ 1 6 ▁April ▁ 1 8 6 8 , ▁she ▁gave ▁birth ▁to ▁Prince ▁W anh wa ▁( 완 화 군 ), ▁to ▁whom ▁the ▁Da ew ong un ▁gave ▁the ▁title ▁of ▁crown ▁prince . ▁ ▁However , ▁the ▁queen ▁cons ort ▁had ▁begun ▁to ▁secret ly ▁form ▁a ▁powerful ▁fa ction ▁against ▁the ▁He ung se on ▁Da ew ong un , ▁once ▁she ▁reached ▁ad ul th ood ; ▁now , ▁with ▁the ▁backing ▁of ▁high ▁officials , ▁sch ol ars , ▁and ▁members |
▁of ▁her ▁cl an , ▁she ▁sought ▁to ▁remove ▁the ▁He ung se on ▁Da ew ong un ▁from ▁power . ▁Min ▁Se ung - ho , ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁queen ▁cons ort ' s ▁relatives , ▁along ▁with ▁court ▁scholar ▁Ch oe ▁I k - h ye on , ▁de vised ▁a ▁formal ▁im pe achment ▁of ▁the ▁He ung se on ▁Da ew ong un ▁to ▁be ▁presented ▁to ▁the ▁Royal ▁Council ▁of ▁Administration , ▁arg uing ▁that ▁Go j ong , ▁now ▁ 2 2 , ▁should ▁rule ▁in ▁his ▁own ▁right . ▁In ▁ 1 8 7 2 , ▁with ▁the ▁appro val ▁of ▁Go j ong ▁and ▁the ▁Royal ▁Council , ▁the ▁He ung se on ▁Da ew ong un ▁was ▁forced ▁to ▁ret ire ▁to ▁Un h ye ong ung , ▁his ▁estate ▁at ▁Yang ju . ▁The ▁queen ▁cons ort ▁then ▁ban ished ▁the ▁royal ▁conc ub ine ▁along ▁with ▁her ▁child ▁to ▁a ▁village ▁outside ▁the ▁capital , ▁stri pped ▁of ▁royal ▁titles . ▁The ▁child ▁soon ▁died ▁afterwards . ▁ ▁With ▁these ▁exp uls ions , ▁the ▁queen ▁cons ort ▁gained ▁complete ▁control ▁over ▁her ▁court , ▁and ▁placed ▁family ▁members ▁in ▁high ▁court ▁positions . ▁Finally , ▁she ▁was ▁a ▁queen ▁cons ort ▁who ▁ruled ▁along ▁with ▁her ▁husband ; ▁moreover ▁she ▁was ▁recognized ▁as ▁being ▁distinct ly ▁more ▁polit ically ▁active ▁than ▁Go j ong . ▁ ▁The ▁" H erm it ▁Kingdom " ▁emer ges ▁After ▁Korean ▁ref us al ▁to |
▁receive ▁Japanese ▁en vo ys ▁announ cing ▁the ▁Me iji ▁Rest oration , ▁some ▁Japanese ▁arist ocr ats ▁fav ored ▁an ▁immediate ▁invasion ▁of ▁Korea , ▁but ▁the ▁idea ▁was ▁quickly ▁dropped ▁upon ▁the ▁return ▁of ▁the ▁I w ak ura ▁Mission ▁on ▁the ▁grounds ▁that ▁the ▁new ▁Japanese ▁government ▁was ▁neither ▁polit ically ▁nor ▁f isc ally ▁stable ▁enough ▁to ▁start ▁a ▁war . ▁When ▁He ung se on ▁Da ew ong un ▁was ▁ou sted ▁from ▁politics , ▁Japan ▁renew ed ▁efforts ▁to ▁establish ▁t ies ▁with ▁Korea , ▁but ▁the ▁Imperial ▁en voy ▁arriv ing ▁at ▁D ong na e ▁in ▁ 1 8 7 3 ▁was ▁turned ▁away . ▁ ▁The ▁Japanese ▁government , ▁which ▁sought ▁to ▁em ulate ▁the ▁emp ires ▁of ▁Europe ▁in ▁their ▁tradition ▁of ▁enfor cing ▁so - called ▁Une qual ▁Tre aties , ▁respond ed ▁by ▁sending ▁the ▁Japanese ▁gun bo at ▁Un y ō ▁towards ▁Bus an ▁and ▁another ▁war ship ▁to ▁the ▁Bay ▁of ▁Ye ong he ung ▁on ▁the ▁pre text ▁of ▁surve ying ▁sea ▁routes , ▁meaning ▁to ▁pressure ▁Korea ▁into ▁opening ▁its ▁doors . ▁The ▁Un y ō ▁vent ured ▁into ▁restricted ▁waters ▁off ▁Gang h wa ▁Island , ▁prov oking ▁an ▁attack ▁from ▁Korean ▁shore ▁batter ies . ▁The ▁Un y ō ▁fled ▁but ▁the ▁Japanese ▁used ▁the ▁incident ▁as ▁a ▁pre text ▁to ▁force ▁a ▁treat y ▁on ▁the ▁Korean ▁government . ▁In ▁ 1 8 7 6 ▁six ▁naval ▁vessels ▁and ▁an ▁imperial ▁Japanese ▁en voy |
▁were ▁sent ▁to ▁Gang h wa ▁Island ▁to ▁en force ▁this ▁command . ▁ ▁A ▁majority ▁of ▁the ▁royal ▁court ▁fav ored ▁absolute ▁isol ation ism , ▁but ▁Japan ▁had ▁demonstrated ▁its ▁willing ness ▁to ▁use ▁force . ▁After ▁numerous ▁meet ings , ▁officials ▁were ▁sent ▁to ▁sign ▁the ▁Gang h wa ▁Tre aty , ▁a ▁treat y ▁that ▁had ▁been ▁mode led ▁after ▁treat ies ▁im posed ▁on ▁Japan ▁by ▁the ▁United ▁States . ▁The ▁treat y ▁was ▁signed ▁on ▁ 1 5 ▁February ▁ 1 8 7 6 , ▁thus ▁opening ▁Korea ▁to ▁Japan ▁and ▁the ▁world . ▁ ▁Vari ous ▁ports ▁were ▁forced ▁to ▁open ▁to ▁Japanese ▁trade , ▁and ▁Japanese ▁now ▁had ▁rights ▁to ▁buy ▁land ▁in ▁designated ▁areas . ▁The ▁treat y ▁also ▁permitted ▁the ▁opening ▁of ▁the ▁major ▁ports , ▁In che on ▁and ▁W ons an ▁to ▁Japanese ▁mer ch ants . ▁For ▁the ▁first ▁few ▁years , ▁Japan ▁enjoyed ▁a ▁near ▁total ▁mon opol y ▁of ▁trade , ▁while ▁Korean ▁mer ch ants ▁suffered ▁serious ▁losses . ▁ ▁A ▁social ▁revolution ▁In ▁ 1 8 7 7 , ▁a ▁mission ▁head ed ▁by ▁Kim ▁Gi - su ▁was ▁commission ed ▁by ▁Go j ong ▁and ▁Min ▁to ▁study ▁Japanese ▁western ization ▁and ▁its ▁intent ions ▁for ▁Korea . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 8 8 1 ▁another ▁mission , ▁this ▁one ▁under ▁Kim ▁Hong j ip ▁went ▁to ▁Japan . ▁Kim ▁and ▁his ▁team ▁were ▁shock ed ▁at ▁how ▁large ▁the ▁Japanese ▁cities ▁had ▁become . |
▁He ▁noted ▁that ▁only ▁ 5 0 ▁years ▁before , ▁Se oul ▁and ▁Bus an ▁of ▁Korea ▁were ▁metropol itan ▁cent ers ▁of ▁East ▁Asia , ▁dominant ▁over ▁under develop ed ▁Japanese ▁cities ; ▁but ▁now , ▁in ▁ 1 8 7 7 , ▁with ▁Tokyo ▁and ▁Os aka ▁western ized ▁throughout ▁the ▁Me iji ▁Rest oration , ▁Se oul ▁and ▁Bus an ▁looked ▁like ▁v estig es ▁of ▁the ▁ancient ▁past . ▁ ▁When ▁they ▁were ▁in ▁Japan , ▁Kim ▁met ▁with ▁the ▁Chinese ▁amb assador ▁to ▁Tokyo , ▁Ho ▁Ju - ch ang ▁and ▁the ▁council or ▁Hu ang ▁T sun - hs ien . ▁They ▁discussed ▁the ▁international ▁situation ▁of ▁Q ing ▁China ▁and ▁Jose on ' s ▁place ▁in ▁the ▁rapidly ▁changing ▁world . ▁Hu ang ▁T su - hs ien ▁presented ▁to ▁Kim ▁a ▁book ▁he ▁had ▁written ▁called ▁Korean ▁Str ategy . ▁ ▁China ▁was ▁no ▁longer ▁the ▁h eg em onic ▁power ▁of ▁East ▁Asia , ▁and ▁Korea ▁no ▁longer ▁enjoyed ▁military ▁superior ity ▁over ▁Japan . ▁In ▁addition , ▁the ▁Russian ▁Empire ▁began ▁expansion ▁into ▁Asia . ▁Hu ang ▁ad vised ▁that ▁Korea ▁should ▁adopt ▁a ▁pro - Ch inese ▁policy , ▁while ▁retain ing ▁close ▁t ies ▁with ▁Japan ▁for ▁the ▁time ▁being . ▁He ▁also ▁ad vised ▁an ▁al liance ▁with ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁for ▁protection ▁against ▁Russia . ▁He ▁ad vised ▁opening ▁trade ▁relations ▁with ▁Western ▁nations ▁and ▁adopt ing ▁Western ▁technology . ▁He ▁noted ▁that ▁China ▁had ▁tried ▁but ▁failed ▁due |
▁to ▁its ▁size , ▁but ▁Korea ▁was ▁smaller ▁than ▁Japan . ▁He ▁viewed ▁Korea ▁as ▁a ▁bar rier ▁to ▁Japanese ▁expansion ▁into ▁main land ▁Asia . ▁He ▁suggested ▁Korean ▁youth s ▁be ▁sent ▁to ▁China ▁and ▁Japan ▁to ▁study , ▁and ▁Western ▁teachers ▁of ▁technical ▁and ▁scientific ▁subjects ▁be ▁invited ▁to ▁Korea . ▁ ▁When ▁Kim ▁returned ▁to ▁Se oul , ▁Queen ▁Min ▁took ▁special ▁interest ▁in ▁Hu ang ' s ▁book ▁and ▁commission ed ▁copies ▁be ▁sent ▁out ▁to ▁all ▁the ▁minister s . ▁She ▁had ▁hoped ▁to ▁win ▁y ang ban ▁( ar ist ocr atic ) ▁appro val ▁to ▁inv ite ▁Western ▁nations ▁into ▁Korea , ▁to ▁open ▁up ▁trade ▁with ▁and ▁keep ▁Japan ▁in ▁check . ▁She ▁wanted ▁to ▁first ▁allow ▁Japan ▁to ▁help ▁in ▁the ▁modern ization ▁process ▁but ▁towards ▁completion ▁of ▁certain ▁projects , ▁have ▁them ▁be ▁driven ▁out ▁by ▁Western ▁powers . ▁ ▁However , ▁the ▁y ang ban ▁arist ocracy ▁still ▁opposed ▁opening ▁the ▁country ▁to ▁the ▁West . ▁Ch oi ▁I k - hy un , ▁who ▁had ▁helped ▁with ▁the ▁im pe achment ▁of ▁He ung se on ▁Da ew ong un , ▁s ided ▁with ▁the ▁isol ation ists , ▁saying ▁that ▁the ▁Japanese ▁were ▁just ▁like ▁the ▁" West ern ▁bar b ari ans " ▁who ▁would ▁spread ▁sub vers ive ▁not ions ▁like ▁Catholic ism ▁( which ▁had ▁been ▁a ▁major ▁issue ▁during ▁He ung se on ▁Da ew ong un ' s ▁reign ▁and ▁had ▁been ▁qu ashed ▁by |
▁massive ▁per sec utions ). ▁ ▁To ▁the ▁soci ally ▁conserv ative ▁y ang ban , ▁Queen ▁Min ' s ▁plan ▁meant ▁the ▁destruction ▁of ▁social ▁order . ▁The ▁response ▁to ▁the ▁distribution ▁of ▁" K ore an ▁Str ategy " ▁was ▁a ▁joint ▁memor and um ▁to ▁the ▁throne ▁from ▁sch ol ars ▁in ▁every ▁province ▁of ▁the ▁kingdom . ▁They ▁stated ▁that ▁the ▁ideas ▁in ▁the ▁book ▁were ▁mere ▁abstract ▁theories , ▁un real izable ▁in ▁practice , ▁and ▁that ▁the ▁ad option ▁of ▁Western ▁technology ▁was ▁not ▁the ▁only ▁way ▁to ▁en rich ▁the ▁country . ▁They ▁demanded ▁that ▁the ▁number ▁of ▁en vo ys ▁ex changed , ▁ships ▁engaged ▁in ▁trade ▁and ▁articles ▁of ▁trade ▁be ▁strictly ▁limited , ▁and ▁that ▁all ▁foreign ▁books ▁in ▁Korea ▁should ▁be ▁destroyed . ▁ ▁Despite ▁these ▁ob jections , ▁in ▁ 1 8 8 1 , ▁a ▁large ▁fact - find ing ▁mission ▁was ▁sent ▁to ▁Japan ▁to ▁stay ▁for ▁sevent y ▁days ▁obser ving ▁Japanese ▁government ▁offices , ▁fact ories , ▁military ▁and ▁police ▁organizations , ▁and ▁business ▁practices . ▁They ▁also ▁obtained ▁information ▁about ▁innov ations ▁in ▁the ▁Japanese ▁government ▁copied ▁from ▁the ▁West , ▁especially ▁the ▁proposed ▁constitution . ▁ ▁On ▁the ▁basis ▁of ▁these ▁reports , ▁the ▁Queen ▁Cons ort ▁began ▁the ▁re organ ization ▁of ▁the ▁government . ▁Tw elve ▁new ▁b ure aus ▁were ▁established ▁that ▁de alt ▁with ▁foreign ▁relations ▁with ▁the ▁West , ▁China , ▁and ▁Japan . ▁Other ▁b ure aus ▁were ▁established |
▁to ▁effectively ▁deal ▁with ▁commerce . ▁A ▁b ureau ▁of ▁the ▁military ▁was ▁created ▁to ▁modern ize ▁weapons ▁and ▁techniques . ▁Civil ian ▁depart ments ▁were ▁also ▁established ▁to ▁import ▁Western ▁technology . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁same ▁year , ▁the ▁Queen ▁Cons ort ▁signed ▁documents , ▁arr anging ▁for ▁top ▁military ▁students ▁to ▁be ▁sent ▁to ▁Q ing ▁China . ▁The ▁Japanese ▁quickly ▁volunte ered ▁to ▁supply ▁military ▁students ▁with ▁rif les ▁and ▁train ▁a ▁unit ▁of ▁the ▁Korean ▁army ▁to ▁use ▁them . ▁She ▁agreed ▁but ▁rem ind ed ▁the ▁Japanese ▁that ▁the ▁students ▁would ▁still ▁be ▁sent ▁to ▁China ▁for ▁further ▁education ▁on ▁Western ▁military ▁techn ologies . ▁ ▁The ▁modern ization ▁of ▁the ▁military ▁was ▁met ▁with ▁opposition . ▁The ▁special ▁treatment ▁of ▁the ▁new ▁training ▁unit ▁caused ▁res ent ment ▁among ▁the ▁other ▁troops . ▁In ▁September ▁ 1 8 8 1 , ▁a ▁plot ▁was ▁un cover ed ▁to ▁over throw ▁the ▁Queen ▁Cons ort ’ s ▁fa ction , ▁dep ose ▁the ▁King , ▁and ▁place ▁He ung se on ▁Da ew ong un ' s ▁il leg it imate ▁( third ) ▁son , ▁Y i ▁J ae - se on ▁on ▁the ▁throne . ▁The ▁plot ▁was ▁fr ustr ated ▁by ▁the ▁Queen ▁Cons ort ▁but ▁He ung se on ▁Da ew ong un ▁was ▁kept ▁safe ▁from ▁per sec ution ▁because ▁he ▁was ▁still ▁the ▁father ▁of ▁the ▁King . ▁ ▁The ▁ins urre ction ▁of ▁ 1 8 8 2 ▁ ▁In ▁ |
1 8 8 2 , ▁members ▁of ▁the ▁old ▁military ▁became ▁res ent ful ▁of ▁the ▁special ▁treatment ▁of ▁the ▁new ▁units ▁and ▁so ▁attacked ▁and ▁destroyed ▁the ▁house ▁of ▁Min ▁G ye om - ho , ▁a ▁relative ▁of ▁the ▁Queen ▁Cons ort , ▁who ▁was ▁the ▁administrative ▁head ▁of ▁the ▁training ▁units . ▁These ▁soldiers ▁then ▁fled ▁to ▁the ▁protection ▁of ▁the ▁He ung se on ▁Da ew ong un , ▁who ▁public ly ▁re bu ked ▁but ▁priv ately ▁encourag ed ▁them . ▁The ▁He ung se on ▁Da ew ong un ▁then ▁took ▁control ▁of ▁the ▁old ▁units . ▁ ▁He ▁ordered ▁an ▁attack ▁on ▁the ▁administrative ▁district ▁of ▁Se oul ▁that ▁hous ed ▁the ▁G ye ong b ok g ung , ▁the ▁diplom atic ▁quarter , ▁military ▁cent ers , ▁and ▁science ▁institutions . ▁The ▁soldiers ▁attacked ▁police ▁stations ▁to ▁free ▁com r ades ▁who ▁had ▁been ▁arrested ▁and ▁then ▁began ▁r ans ack ing ▁private ▁est ates ▁and ▁m ans ions ▁belonging ▁to ▁relatives ▁of ▁the ▁Queen ▁Cons ort . ▁These ▁units ▁then ▁st ole ▁rif les ▁and ▁began ▁to ▁kill ▁Japanese ▁training ▁officers , ▁and ▁narrow ly ▁missed ▁killing ▁the ▁Japanese ▁amb assador ▁to ▁Se oul , ▁who ▁quickly ▁escaped ▁to ▁In che on . ▁The ▁military ▁re bell ion ▁then ▁head ed ▁towards ▁the ▁palace ▁but ▁both ▁Queen ▁Cons ort ▁and ▁the ▁King ▁escaped ▁in ▁dis gu ise ▁and ▁fled ▁to ▁her ▁relative ’ s ▁villa ▁in ▁Che ong ju , ▁where ▁they ▁remained |
▁in ▁hiding . ▁ ▁N umer ous ▁supp or ters ▁of ▁the ▁Queen ▁Cons ort ▁were ▁put ▁to ▁death ▁as ▁soon ▁as ▁the ▁Da ew ong un ▁arrived ▁and ▁took ▁administrative ▁control ▁of ▁G ye ong b ok g ung ▁Palace . ▁He ▁immediately ▁dis m ant led ▁the ▁reform ▁measures ▁implemented ▁by ▁the ▁Queen ▁Cons ort ▁and ▁rel ieved ▁the ▁new ▁units ▁of ▁their ▁duties . ▁Foreign ▁policy ▁quickly ▁returned ▁to ▁isol ation ism , ▁and ▁Chinese ▁and ▁Japanese ▁en vo ys ▁were ▁forced ▁out ▁of ▁the ▁capital . ▁ ▁Li ▁Hong z hang , ▁with ▁the ▁consent ▁of ▁Korean ▁en vo ys ▁in ▁Be ij ing , ▁sent ▁ 4 , 5 0 0 ▁Chinese ▁troops ▁to ▁restore ▁order , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁to ▁secure ▁Chinese ▁interests ▁in ▁the ▁country . ▁The ▁troops ▁arrested ▁the ▁He ung se on ▁Da ew ong un , ▁who ▁was ▁then ▁taken ▁to ▁China ▁to ▁be ▁tried ▁for ▁tre ason . ▁The ▁royal ▁couple ▁returned ▁and ▁over turn ed ▁all ▁of ▁the ▁Da ew ong un ' s ▁actions . ▁ ▁The ▁Japanese ▁forced ▁King ▁Go j ong ▁priv ately , ▁without ▁Queen ▁Min ' s ▁knowledge , ▁to ▁sign ▁the ▁Japan - K ore a ▁Tre aty ▁of ▁ 1 8 8 2 ▁on ▁ 1 0 ▁August ▁ 1 8 8 2 , ▁to ▁pay ▁ 5 5 0 , 0 0 0 ▁y en ▁for ▁lives ▁and ▁property ▁that ▁the ▁Japanese ▁had ▁lost ▁during ▁the ▁ins urre ction , ▁and ▁permit ▁Japanese |
▁troops ▁to ▁guard ▁the ▁Japanese ▁emb ass y ▁in ▁Se oul . ▁When ▁the ▁Queen ▁Cons ort ▁learned ▁of ▁the ▁treat y , ▁she ▁proposed ▁to ▁China ▁a ▁new ▁trade ▁agreement , ▁grant ing ▁the ▁Chinese ▁special ▁privileges ▁and ▁rights ▁to ▁ports ▁in access ible ▁to ▁the ▁Japanese . ▁She ▁also ▁requested ▁that ▁a ▁Chinese ▁commander ▁take ▁control ▁of ▁the ▁new ▁military ▁units ▁and ▁a ▁German ▁advis er ▁named ▁Paul ▁Georg ▁von ▁M öll endor ff ▁to ▁head ▁the ▁Mar itime ▁Custom s ▁Service . ▁ ▁The ▁Mission ▁to ▁America ▁In ▁September ▁ 1 8 8 3 , ▁the ▁Queen ▁Cons ort ▁established ▁English ▁language ▁schools ▁with ▁American ▁instruct ors . ▁She ▁sent ▁a ▁special ▁mission ▁in ▁July ▁ 1 8 8 3 ▁to ▁the ▁United ▁States , ▁head ed ▁by ▁Min ▁Ye ong - ik , ▁one ▁of ▁her ▁relatives . ▁The ▁mission ▁arrived ▁at ▁San ▁Francisco ▁carrying ▁the ▁newly ▁created ▁Korean ▁national ▁flag , ▁visited ▁many ▁American ▁historical ▁sites , ▁heard ▁lect ures ▁on ▁American ▁history , ▁and ▁attended ▁a ▁g ala ▁event ▁in ▁their ▁honor ▁given ▁by ▁the ▁mayor ▁of ▁San ▁Francisco ▁and ▁other ▁U . S . ▁officials . ▁The ▁mission ▁d ined ▁with ▁President ▁Ch ester ▁A . ▁Arthur , ▁and ▁discussed ▁the ▁growing ▁threat ▁of ▁Japanese ▁and ▁American ▁invest ment ▁in ▁Korea . ▁At ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁September , ▁Min ▁Ye ong - ik ▁returned ▁to ▁Se oul ▁and ▁reported ▁to ▁the ▁Queen ▁Cons ort , ▁ ▁The ▁reform ist ▁vs . ▁the ▁conserv atives ▁The ▁Progress |
ives ▁were ▁founded ▁during ▁the ▁late ▁ 1 8 7 0 s ▁by ▁a ▁group ▁of ▁y ang ban ▁who ▁fully ▁supported ▁Western ization ▁of ▁Jose on . ▁However , ▁they ▁wanted ▁immediate ▁Western ization , ▁including ▁a ▁complete ▁cut - off ▁of ▁t ies ▁with ▁Q ing ▁China . ▁Un aware ▁of ▁their ▁anti - Ch inese ▁sent iments , ▁the ▁Queen ▁Cons ort ▁granted ▁frequent ▁aud ien ces ▁and ▁meet ings ▁with ▁them ▁to ▁discuss ▁progress iv ism ▁and ▁national ism . ▁They ▁advoc ated ▁for ▁educational ▁and ▁social ▁re forms , ▁including ▁the ▁equality ▁of ▁the ▁sex es ▁by ▁grant ing ▁women ▁full ▁rights , ▁issues ▁that ▁were ▁not ▁even ▁acknowled ged ▁in ▁their ▁already ▁Western ized ▁neighbor ▁of ▁Japan . ▁The ▁Queen ▁Cons ort ▁was ▁completely ▁en am ored ▁by ▁the ▁Progress ives ▁in ▁the ▁beginning , ▁but ▁when ▁she ▁learned ▁that ▁they ▁were ▁deeply ▁anti - Ch inese , ▁she ▁quickly ▁turned ▁her ▁back ▁on ▁them . ▁C ut ting ▁t ies ▁with ▁China ▁immediately ▁was ▁not ▁in ▁her ▁grad ual ▁plan ▁of ▁Western ization . ▁She ▁saw ▁the ▁consequences ▁Jose on ▁would ▁have ▁to ▁face ▁if ▁she ▁did ▁not ▁play ▁China ▁and ▁Japan ▁off ▁by ▁the ▁West ▁gradually , ▁especially ▁since ▁she ▁was ▁a ▁strong ▁advoc ate ▁of ▁the ▁S ada e ▁fa ction ▁who ▁were ▁pro - Ch ina ▁and ▁pro - grad ual ▁Western ization . ▁ ▁However , ▁in ▁ 1 8 8 4 , ▁the ▁conflict ▁between ▁the ▁Progress ives ▁and ▁the ▁S |
ada es ▁intens ified . ▁When ▁American ▁leg ation ▁officials , ▁particularly ▁Naval ▁Att ach é ▁George ▁C . ▁F oul k , ▁heard ▁about ▁the ▁growing ▁problem , ▁they ▁were ▁out rag ed ▁and ▁reported ▁directly ▁to ▁the ▁Queen ▁Cons ort . ▁The ▁Americans ▁attempted ▁to ▁bring ▁the ▁two ▁groups ▁to ▁peace ▁with ▁each ▁other ▁in ▁order ▁to ▁aid ▁the ▁Queen ▁Cons ort ▁in ▁a ▁peace ful ▁transformation ▁of ▁Jose on ▁into ▁a ▁modern ▁nation . ▁After ▁all , ▁she ▁liked ▁the ▁ideas ▁and ▁plans ▁of ▁both ▁parties . ▁As ▁a ▁matter ▁of ▁fact , ▁she ▁was ▁in ▁support ▁of ▁many ▁of ▁the ▁Progress ive ' s ▁ideas , ▁except ▁for ▁sever ing ▁relations ▁with ▁China . ▁ ▁However , ▁the ▁Progress ives , ▁fed ▁up ▁with ▁the ▁S ada es ▁and ▁the ▁growing ▁influence ▁of ▁the ▁Chinese , ▁sought ▁the ▁aid ▁of ▁the ▁Japanese ▁leg ation ▁gu ards ▁and ▁st aged ▁a ▁blo ody ▁palace ▁coup ▁on ▁ 4 ▁December ▁ 1 8 8 4 . ▁The ▁Progress ives ▁killed ▁numerous ▁high ▁S ada es ▁and ▁secured ▁key ▁government ▁positions ▁vac ated ▁by ▁the ▁S ada es ▁who ▁had ▁fled ▁the ▁capital ▁or ▁had ▁been ▁killed . ▁ ▁The ▁refresh ed ▁administration ▁began ▁to ▁issue ▁various ▁ed ict s ▁in ▁both ▁the ▁King ▁and ▁Queen ▁Cons ort ' s ▁names ▁and ▁they ▁were ▁eager ▁to ▁implement ▁political , ▁economic , ▁social , ▁and ▁cultural ▁re forms . ▁However , ▁the ▁Em press ▁was ▁hor r ified ▁by ▁the ▁bel lic os |
ity ▁of ▁the ▁Progress ives ▁and ▁refused ▁to ▁support ▁their ▁actions ▁and ▁declared ▁any ▁documents ▁signed ▁in ▁her ▁name ▁to ▁be ▁null ▁and ▁void . ▁After ▁only ▁two ▁days ▁of ▁new ▁influence ▁over ▁the ▁administration , ▁they ▁were ▁cr ushed ▁by ▁Chinese ▁troops ▁under ▁Y uan ▁Sh ih - ka i ' s ▁command . ▁A ▁hand ful ▁of ▁Progress ive ▁leaders ▁were ▁killed . ▁Once ▁again , ▁the ▁Japanese ▁government ▁saw ▁the ▁opportunity ▁to ▁ext ort ▁money ▁out ▁of ▁the ▁Jose on ▁government ▁by ▁forcing ▁Go j ong , ▁again ▁without ▁the ▁knowledge ▁of ▁his ▁wife , ▁to ▁sign ▁a ▁treat y . ▁The ▁Tre aty ▁of ▁Han se ong ▁forced ▁Jose on ▁to ▁pay ▁a ▁large ▁sum ▁of ▁in dem n ity ▁for ▁dam ages ▁inf lic ted ▁on ▁Japanese ▁lives ▁and ▁property ▁during ▁the ▁coup . ▁ ▁On ▁ 1 8 ▁April ▁ 1 8 8 5 ▁the ▁Li - I to ▁Ag re ement ▁was ▁made ▁in ▁T ian jin , ▁China , ▁between ▁the ▁Japanese ▁and ▁the ▁Chinese . ▁In ▁it , ▁they ▁both ▁agreed ▁to ▁pull ▁troops ▁out ▁of ▁Jose on ▁and ▁that ▁either ▁party ▁would ▁send ▁troops ▁only ▁if ▁their ▁property ▁was ▁end anger ed ▁and ▁that ▁each ▁would ▁inform ▁the ▁other ▁before ▁doing ▁so . ▁Both ▁nations ▁also ▁agreed ▁to ▁pull ▁out ▁their ▁military ▁instruct ors ▁to ▁allow ▁the ▁newly ▁arrived ▁Americans ▁to ▁take ▁full ▁control ▁of ▁that ▁duty . ▁The ▁Japanese ▁with d rew ▁troops ▁from ▁Korea , ▁leaving ▁a ▁small ▁number ▁of ▁leg |
ation ▁gu ards , ▁but ▁the ▁Queen ▁Cons ort ▁was ▁ahead ▁of ▁the ▁Japanese ▁in ▁their ▁game . ▁She ▁sum mon ed ▁Chinese ▁en vo ys ▁and ▁through ▁persu asion , ▁convinced ▁them ▁to ▁keep ▁ 2 , 0 0 0 ▁soldiers ▁dis gu ised ▁as ▁Jose on ▁police ▁or ▁mer ch ants ▁to ▁guard ▁the ▁borders ▁from ▁any ▁susp icious ▁Japanese ▁actions ▁and ▁to ▁continue ▁to ▁train ▁Korean ▁troops . ▁ ▁The ▁In nov ator ▁ ▁Education ▁Peace ▁finally ▁settled ▁upon ▁the ▁once - ren owned ▁" Land ▁of ▁the ▁Mor ning ▁Cal m ." ▁With ▁the ▁majority ▁of ▁Japanese ▁troops ▁out ▁of ▁Jose on ▁and ▁Chinese ▁protection ▁readily ▁available , ▁the ▁plans ▁for ▁further , ▁dr astic ▁modern ization ▁were ▁continued . ▁Pl ans ▁to ▁establish ▁a ▁palace ▁school ▁to ▁educ ate ▁children ▁of ▁the ▁el ite ▁had ▁been ▁in ▁the ▁making ▁since ▁ 1 8 8 0 ▁but ▁were ▁finally ▁executed ▁in ▁May ▁ 1 8 8 5 ▁with ▁the ▁appro val ▁of ▁the ▁Queen ▁Cons ort . ▁A ▁palace ▁school ▁named ▁" Y ug you ng ▁K ung - won " ▁( 육 영 공 원 , ▁ 育 英 公 院 , ▁Royal ▁English ▁School ) ▁was ▁established , ▁with ▁an ▁American ▁mission ary , ▁H omer ▁B . ▁H ul bert , ▁and ▁three ▁other ▁mission aries ▁to ▁lead ▁the ▁development ▁of ▁the ▁curr icul um . ▁The ▁school ▁had ▁two ▁depart ments , ▁liberal ▁education ▁and ▁military ▁education . ▁C ourses ▁were ▁taught ▁exclus ively ▁in |
▁English ▁using ▁English ▁text books . ▁However , ▁due ▁to ▁low ▁attend ance , ▁the ▁school ▁was ▁closed ▁shortly ▁after ▁the ▁last ▁English ▁teacher , ▁B unker , ▁res igned ▁in ▁late ▁ 1 8 9 3 . ▁ ▁The ▁Queen ▁Cons ort ▁also ▁gave ▁her ▁patron age ▁to ▁the ▁first ▁all - g irls ' ▁educational ▁institution , ▁E wh a ▁Academy , ▁established ▁in ▁Se oul , ▁ 1 8 8 6 ▁by ▁American ▁mission ary , ▁Mary ▁F . ▁Sc r anton ▁( l ater ▁became ▁the ▁E wh a ▁University ). ▁In ▁reality , ▁as ▁Louis a ▁Roth we iler , ▁a ▁found ing ▁teacher ▁of ▁E wh a ▁Academy ▁observed , ▁the ▁school ▁was , ▁at ▁its ▁early ▁stage , ▁more ▁of ▁a ▁place ▁for ▁poor ▁girls ▁to ▁be ▁fed ▁and ▁cloth ed ▁than ▁a ▁place ▁of ▁education . ▁This ▁was ▁a ▁significant ▁social ▁change . ▁The ▁institution ▁surv ives ▁to ▁this ▁day ▁as ▁the ▁E wh a ▁Woman ' s ▁University ▁- ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁Republic ▁of ▁Korea ' s ▁top ▁private ▁univers ities ▁and ▁still ▁an ▁all - g irl ' s ▁school . ▁ ▁The ▁Protest ant ▁mission aries ▁contributed ▁much ▁to ▁the ▁development ▁of ▁Western ▁education ▁in ▁Jose on ▁Korea . ▁The ▁Queen ▁Cons ort , ▁unlike ▁her ▁father - in - law , ▁who ▁had ▁opp ress ed ▁Christians , ▁invited ▁different ▁mission aries ▁to ▁enter ▁Jose on . ▁She ▁knew ▁and ▁val ued ▁their ▁knowledge ▁of ▁Western ▁history , ▁science , ▁and |
▁mathematics , ▁and ▁was ▁aware ▁of ▁the ▁advantage ▁of ▁having ▁them ▁within ▁the ▁nation . ▁Un like ▁the ▁Is olation ists , ▁she ▁saw ▁no ▁threat ▁to ▁the ▁Conf u cian ▁mor als ▁of ▁Korean ▁society ▁in ▁the ▁advent ▁of ▁Christian ity . ▁Relig ious ▁toler ance ▁was ▁another ▁one ▁of ▁her ▁goals . ▁ ▁The ▁press ▁The ▁first ▁newspaper ▁to ▁be ▁published ▁in ▁Jose on ▁was ▁the ▁" H anse ong ▁Sun bo ", ▁an ▁all - H anja ▁newspaper . ▁It ▁was ▁published ▁as ▁a ▁thr ice ▁month ly ▁official ▁government ▁gaz ette ▁by ▁the ▁Bak mun - gu k ▁( Pub lish ing ▁house ), ▁an ▁ag ency ▁of ▁the ▁Foreign ▁Ministry . ▁It ▁included ▁contemporary ▁news ▁of ▁the ▁day , ▁ess ays ▁and ▁articles ▁about ▁Western ization , ▁and ▁news ▁of ▁further ▁modern ization ▁of ▁Jose on . ▁ ▁In ▁January ▁ 1 8 8 6 , ▁the ▁Bak mun - gu k ▁published ▁a ▁new ▁newspaper ▁named ▁the ▁Han se ong ▁J ub o ▁( The ▁Se oul ▁Week ly ). ▁The ▁publication ▁of ▁a ▁Korean - language ▁newspaper ▁was ▁a ▁significant ▁development , ▁and ▁the ▁paper ▁itself ▁played ▁an ▁important ▁role ▁as ▁a ▁communication ▁media ▁to ▁the ▁masses ▁until ▁it ▁was ▁abol ished ▁in ▁ 1 8 8 8 ▁under ▁pressure ▁from ▁the ▁Chinese ▁government . ▁ ▁A ▁newspaper ▁entirely ▁in ▁H ang ul , ▁making ▁no ▁use ▁of ▁the ▁Korean ▁Han ja ▁script , ▁was ▁not ▁published ▁again ▁until ▁ 1 8 9 4 . ▁Gan |
jo ▁Sin bo ▁( The ▁Se oul ▁News ) ▁was ▁published ▁as ▁a ▁week ly ▁newspaper ▁under ▁the ▁patron age ▁of ▁both ▁Go j ong ▁and ▁the ▁Queen ▁Cons ort , ▁it ▁was ▁written ▁half ▁in ▁Korean ▁and ▁half ▁in ▁Japanese . ▁ ▁Medicine , ▁religion , ▁and ▁music ▁The ▁arrival ▁of ▁Hor ace ▁Newton ▁Allen ▁under ▁inv itation ▁of ▁the ▁Queen ▁Cons ort ▁in ▁September ▁ 1 8 8 4 ▁marked ▁the ▁formal ▁introduction ▁of ▁Christian ity , ▁which ▁spread ▁rapidly ▁in ▁Jose on . ▁He ▁was ▁able , ▁with ▁the ▁Queen ▁Cons ort ' s ▁permission ▁and ▁official ▁san ction , ▁to ▁ar range ▁for ▁the ▁appointment ▁of ▁other ▁mission aries ▁as ▁government ▁employees . ▁He ▁also ▁introduced ▁modern ▁medicine ▁in ▁Korea ▁by ▁establish ing ▁the ▁first ▁western ▁Royal ▁Medical ▁C lin ic ▁of ▁G w ang hy ew on ▁in ▁February ▁ 1 8 8 5 . ▁ ▁In ▁April ▁ 1 8 8 5 , ▁a ▁hor de ▁of ▁Protest ant ▁mission aries ▁began ▁to ▁flo od ▁into ▁Jose on . ▁The ▁Is olation ists ▁were ▁hor r ified ▁and ▁realized ▁they ▁had ▁finally ▁been ▁defeated ▁by ▁the ▁Queen ▁Cons ort . ▁The ▁doors ▁to ▁Korea ▁were ▁not ▁only ▁open ▁to ▁ideas , ▁technology , ▁and ▁culture ▁but ▁also ▁to ▁other ▁relig ions . ▁Having ▁lost ▁immense ▁power ▁with ▁He ung se on ▁Da ew ong un ▁( st ill ▁capt ive ▁in ▁China ), ▁the ▁Is olation ists ▁could ▁do ▁nothing ▁but ▁simply ▁watch . ▁Hor ace ▁Grant |
▁Under wood ▁and ▁his ▁wife , ▁William ▁B . ▁Sc r anton , ▁his ▁wife , ▁and ▁his ▁mother , ▁Mary ▁Sc r anton , ▁made ▁Korea ▁their ▁new ▁home ▁in ▁May ▁ 1 8 8 5 . ▁They ▁established ▁churches ▁within ▁Se oul ▁and ▁began ▁to ▁establish ▁cent ers ▁in ▁the ▁coun tr ys ides . ▁Catholic ▁mission aries ▁arrived ▁soon ▁afterwards , ▁rev iving ▁Catholic ism ▁which ▁had ▁witness ed ▁massive ▁per sec ution ▁in ▁ 1 8 6 6 ▁under ▁He ung se on ▁Da ew ong un ' s ▁rule . ▁ ▁While ▁winning ▁many ▁converts , ▁Christian ▁mission aries ▁made ▁significant ▁contributions ▁towards ▁the ▁modern ization ▁of ▁the ▁country . ▁Con cept s ▁of ▁equality , ▁human ▁rights ▁and ▁freedom , ▁and ▁the ▁participation ▁of ▁both ▁men ▁and ▁women ▁in ▁religious ▁activities ▁were ▁all ▁new ▁to ▁Jose on . ▁The ▁Queen ▁Cons ort ▁was ▁ec static ▁at ▁the ▁prospect ▁of ▁integr ating ▁these ▁values ▁within ▁the ▁government . ▁She ▁had ▁wanted ▁the ▁liter acy ▁rate ▁to ▁rise , ▁and ▁with ▁the ▁aid ▁of ▁Christian ▁educational ▁programs , ▁it ▁did ▁so ▁significantly ▁within ▁a ▁matter ▁of ▁a ▁few ▁years . ▁ ▁Dr astic ▁changes ▁were ▁made ▁to ▁music ▁as ▁well . ▁Western ▁music ▁theory ▁partly ▁disp la ced ▁the ▁traditional ▁Eastern ▁concepts . ▁The ▁Protest ant ▁miss ions ▁introduced ▁Christian ▁h ym ns ▁and ▁other ▁Western ▁songs ▁that ▁created ▁a ▁strong ▁imp et us ▁to ▁modern ize ▁Korean ▁ideas ▁about ▁music . ▁The ▁organ ▁and ▁other ▁Western ▁musical ▁instruments |
▁were ▁introduced ▁in ▁ 1 8 9 0 , ▁and ▁a ▁Christian ▁h ymn al ▁was ▁published ▁in ▁the ▁Korean ▁language ▁in ▁ 1 8 9 3 ▁under ▁the ▁commission ▁of ▁the ▁Queen ▁Cons ort . ▁She ▁herself , ▁however , ▁never ▁became ▁a ▁Christian , ▁but ▁remained ▁a ▁dev out ▁Buddh ist ▁with ▁influ ences ▁from ▁sh aman ism ▁and ▁Conf u cian ism ; ▁her ▁religious ▁belief s ▁would ▁become ▁the ▁model , ▁indirect ly , ▁for ▁those ▁of ▁many ▁modern ▁Kore ans , ▁who ▁share ▁her ▁belief ▁in ▁pl ural ism ▁and ▁religious ▁toler ance . ▁ ▁Military ▁Modern ▁weapons ▁were ▁imported ▁from ▁Japan ▁and ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁in ▁ 1 8 8 3 . ▁The ▁first ▁military ▁fact ories ▁were ▁established ▁and ▁new ▁military ▁uniform s ▁were ▁created ▁in ▁ 1 8 8 4 . ▁Under ▁joint ▁patron age ▁of ▁Go j ong ▁& ▁his ▁Queen ▁Cons ort , ▁a ▁request ▁was ▁made ▁to ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁for ▁more ▁American ▁military ▁instruct ors ▁to ▁speed ▁up ▁the ▁military ▁modern ization ▁of ▁Korea . ▁Out ▁of ▁all ▁the ▁projects ▁that ▁were ▁going ▁on ▁simultaneously , ▁the ▁military ▁project ▁took ▁the ▁longest . ▁▁ ▁In ▁October ▁ 1 8 8 3 , ▁American ▁minister ▁Lu cius ▁Fo ote ▁arrived ▁to ▁take ▁command ▁of ▁the ▁modern ization ▁of ▁Jose on ' s ▁older ▁army ▁units ▁that ▁had ▁not ▁started ▁Western izing . ▁In ▁April ▁ 1 8 8 8 , ▁General ▁William ▁Mc Ent y re ▁D ye ▁and ▁two ▁other ▁military |
▁instruct ors ▁arrived ▁from ▁the ▁United ▁States , ▁followed ▁in ▁May ▁by ▁a ▁fourth ▁instruct or . ▁They ▁brought ▁about ▁rapid ▁military ▁development . ▁ ▁A ▁new ▁military ▁school ▁was ▁created ▁called ▁" Y e on mu ▁G ong won ", ▁and ▁an ▁officers ▁training ▁program ▁began . ▁However , ▁despite ▁arm ies ▁becoming ▁more ▁and ▁more ▁on ▁par ▁with ▁the ▁Chinese ▁and ▁the ▁Japanese , ▁the ▁idea ▁of ▁a ▁n avy ▁was ▁neglect ed . ▁As ▁a ▁result , ▁it ▁became ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁few ▁fail ures ▁of ▁the ▁modern ization ▁project . ▁Due ▁to ▁the ▁neglect ▁of ▁developing ▁naval ▁defence , ▁Jose on ' s ▁long ▁sea ▁borders ▁were ▁open ▁to ▁invasion . ▁It ▁was ▁an ▁ir onic ▁mistake ▁since ▁nearly ▁ 3 0 0 ▁years ▁earlier , ▁Jose on ' s ▁n avy ▁was ▁the ▁strong est ▁in ▁all ▁of ▁East ▁Asia . ▁Now , ▁the ▁Korean ▁n avy ▁was ▁nothing ▁but ▁ancient ▁ships ▁that ▁could ▁bare ly ▁defend ▁themselves ▁from ▁the ▁advanced ▁ships ▁of ▁modern ▁nav ies . ▁ ▁However , ▁for ▁a ▁short ▁while , ▁hope ▁for ▁the ▁Korean ▁military ▁could ▁be ▁seen . ▁With ▁rapidly ▁growing ▁arm ies , ▁Japan ▁itself ▁was ▁becoming ▁fear ful ▁of ▁the ▁impact ▁of ▁Korean ▁troops ▁if ▁her ▁government ▁did ▁not ▁inter f ere ▁soon ▁to ▁st all ▁the ▁process . ▁ ▁Econom y ▁Following ▁the ▁opening ▁of ▁all ▁Korean ▁ports ▁to ▁the ▁Japanese ▁and ▁Western ▁mer ch ants ▁in ▁ 1 8 8 8 , ▁contact ▁and ▁invol vement ▁with ▁out |
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