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▁was ▁exc av ated ▁by ▁Soviet ▁arch ae olog ists ▁in ▁the ▁ 2 0 th ▁century , ▁producing ▁a ▁large ▁number ▁of ▁finds ▁of ▁metal work ▁and ▁other ▁objects , ▁which ▁seem ▁to ▁have ▁been ▁depos ited ▁from ▁about ▁ 3 0 0 ▁BC ▁to ▁as ▁late ▁as ▁the ▁third ▁century ▁AD . ▁While ▁it ▁is ▁tempt ing ▁to ▁connect ▁the ▁temple ▁and ▁tre asure , ▁as ▁some ▁sch ol ars ▁have ▁proposed , ▁the ▁range ▁of ▁objects ▁found , ▁and ▁a ▁found ing ▁date ▁for ▁the ▁temple ▁proposed ▁by ▁the ▁exc av ators ▁of ▁about ▁ 3 0 0 ▁BC , ▁do ▁not ▁neat ly ▁match ▁up . ▁ ▁The ▁area ▁was ▁a ▁major ▁ancient ▁crossing ▁point ▁for ▁the ▁Ox us , ▁and ▁the ▁tre asure ▁may ▁have ▁come ▁from ▁further ▁af ield . ▁ ▁The ▁first ▁mention ▁in ▁print ▁of ▁the ▁tre asure ▁was ▁an ▁article ▁in ▁a ▁Russian ▁newspaper ▁in ▁ 1 8 8 0 , ▁written ▁by ▁a ▁Russian ▁general ▁who ▁in ▁ 1 8 7 9 ▁was ▁in ▁the ▁area ▁enqu iring ▁into ▁the ▁Trans - C asp ian ▁railway ▁that ▁the ▁Rus si ans ▁had ▁just ▁begun ▁to ▁construct . ▁He ▁rec ount ed ▁that ▁local ▁reports ▁said ▁that ▁tre asure ▁had ▁been ▁found ▁in ▁the ▁ru ins ▁of ▁an ▁ancient ▁fort ▁called ▁" T ak ht - i ▁K uw ad ", ▁which ▁was ▁sold ▁to ▁Indian ▁mer ch ants . ▁ ▁A ▁later ▁report ▁by ▁Sir ▁Alexander ▁C unning ham , ▁the ▁British ▁general |
▁and ▁arch ae ologist ▁who ▁was ▁the ▁first ▁Director ▁of ▁the ▁Arch ae ological ▁Survey ▁of ▁India , ▁described ▁the ▁finds , ▁which ▁he ▁said ▁began ▁in ▁ 1 8 7 7 , ▁as ▁being ▁in ▁the ▁river ▁itself , ▁" sc atter ed ▁about ▁in ▁the ▁s ands ▁of ▁the ▁river ", ▁in ▁a ▁place ▁exposed ▁in ▁the ▁dry ▁season , ▁though ▁another ▁account ▁he ▁later ▁gave , ▁based ▁on ▁new ▁information , ▁rather ▁confused ▁the ▁issue . ▁ ▁C unning ham ▁acquired ▁many ▁pieces ▁himself ▁through ▁deal ers ▁in ▁northern ▁India ▁( mod ern ▁Pakistan ). ▁ ▁Another ▁account ▁by ▁a ▁British ▁general ▁ow ning ▁some ▁objects ▁said ▁that ▁they ▁had ▁been ▁discovered ▁in ▁ 1 8 7 6 , ▁exposed ▁by ▁" a ▁land ▁s lip ▁of ▁the ▁river ▁bank ". ▁ ▁Hope ful ▁dig gers ▁continued ▁to ▁exc av ate ▁the ▁site ▁for ▁years ▁afterwards , ▁and ▁perhaps ▁objects ▁continued ▁to ▁be ▁found ; ▁accounts ▁from ▁loc als ▁mention ▁many ▁gold ▁" id ols ", ▁a ▁gold ▁t iger , ▁and ▁other ▁objects ▁not ▁t ally ing ▁with ▁the ▁surv iving ▁pieces . ▁▁ ▁One ▁large ▁group ▁of ▁objects , ▁perhaps ▁the ▁bulk ▁of ▁the ▁tre asure , ▁was ▁bought ▁from ▁loc als ▁by ▁three ▁mer ch ants ▁from ▁B ok h ara ▁in ▁ 1 8 8 0 , ▁who ▁unw is ely ▁left ▁their ▁con voy ▁on ▁the ▁road ▁south ▁from ▁Kab ul ▁to ▁P esh aw ar ▁and ▁were ▁captured ▁by ▁Afghan ▁tribes men , ▁who |
▁carried ▁them ▁and ▁their ▁goods ▁into ▁the ▁hills , ▁but ▁allowed ▁a ▁servant ▁of ▁the ▁mer ch ants ▁to ▁escape . ▁ ▁News ▁of ▁the ▁episode ▁reached ▁Captain ▁Francis ▁Charles ▁Bur ton , ▁a ▁British ▁political ▁officer ▁in ▁Afghan istan , ▁who ▁immediately ▁set ▁out ▁with ▁two ▁order lies . ▁ ▁About ▁mid night ▁he ▁came ▁upon ▁the ▁ro bb ers , ▁who ▁had ▁already ▁begun ▁to ▁fight ▁among ▁themselves , ▁pres umably ▁over ▁the ▁division ▁of ▁the ▁lo ot , ▁with ▁four ▁of ▁them ▁lying ▁wounded ▁on ▁the ▁ground . ▁The ▁tre asure ▁was ▁spread ▁out ▁on ▁the ▁floor ▁of ▁the ▁cave ▁they ▁were ▁shelter ed ▁in . ▁ ▁In ▁a ▁par lay ▁Bur ton ▁recovered ▁a ▁good ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁tre asure , ▁and ▁later ▁a ▁further ▁portion , ▁which ▁he ▁restored ▁to ▁the ▁mer ch ants . ▁ ▁In ▁grat itude , ▁they ▁sold ▁him ▁the ▁bra ce let ▁which ▁he ▁sold ▁to ▁the ▁Victoria ▁and ▁Albert ▁Museum ▁( now ▁on ▁loan ▁to ▁the ▁British ▁Museum ) ▁for ▁£ 1 , 0 0 0 ▁in ▁ 1 8 8 4 . ▁ ▁The ▁mer ch ants ▁then ▁continued ▁to ▁Raw al p indi ▁in ▁modern ▁Pakistan ▁to ▁sell ▁the ▁rest ▁of ▁the ▁Tre asure ; ▁C unning ham ▁acquired ▁many ▁of ▁these ▁pieces , ▁and ▁though ▁deal ers , ▁Fran ks ▁others . ▁ ▁The ▁ro bb ers ▁evidently ▁considered ▁the ▁objects ▁as ▁b ull ion , ▁and ▁had ▁cut ▁up ▁some ▁larger ▁ones , ▁such ▁as ▁a ▁gold ▁sc |
abb ard ▁now ▁in ▁the ▁British ▁Museum . ▁ ▁Other ▁pieces ▁may ▁have ▁been ▁cut ▁up ▁in ▁anti qu ity ▁( like ▁ha cks il ver ), ▁or ▁upon ▁discovery ▁at ▁the ▁site . ▁ ▁Fran ks ▁later ▁bought ▁C unning ham ' s ▁collection , ▁and ▁be que athed ▁all ▁his ▁objects ▁to ▁the ▁British ▁Museum ▁at ▁his ▁death ▁in ▁ 1 8 9 7 . ▁▁▁ ▁The ▁incomplete ▁model ▁ch ari ot ▁and ▁a ▁det ached ▁figure ▁of ▁a ▁r ider ▁were ▁presented ▁to ▁the ▁Vic ero y ▁of ▁India ▁at ▁the ▁time , ▁Robert ▁Bul wer - L y tt on , ▁ 1 st ▁Earl ▁of ▁Ly tt on ▁( son ▁of ▁the ▁best s elling ▁novel ist ) ▁by ▁Sir ▁Louis ▁Cav agn ari , ▁the ▁British ▁representative ▁in ▁Kab ul ▁after ▁the ▁Second ▁Ang lo - A fg han ▁War . ▁ ▁Cav agn ari , ▁his ▁mission ▁and ▁their ▁gu ards ▁were ▁all ▁mass ac red ▁in ▁Kab ul ▁on ▁ 3 ▁September ▁ 1 8 7 9 . ▁Ly tt on ' s ▁r ider ▁was ▁acquired ▁by ▁the ▁British ▁Museum ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 1 , ▁and ▁the ▁ch ari ot ▁group ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 3 . ▁ ▁Relig ious ▁context ▁The ▁A cha emen id ▁k ings , ▁at ▁least ▁after ▁C yrus ▁the ▁Great ▁and ▁Camb ys es , ▁describe ▁themselves ▁in ▁ins cri ptions ▁as ▁wor sh ipp ers ▁of ▁Ah ur am az da , ▁but ▁it |
▁is ▁not ▁clear ▁if ▁their ▁religious ▁practice ▁included ▁Z oro ast rian ism . ▁ ▁It ▁is ▁also ▁evident ▁that ▁it ▁was ▁not ▁the ▁Pers ian ▁way ▁to ▁imp ose ▁the ▁royal ▁religious ▁belief s ▁on ▁their ▁subjects ▁( as ▁for ▁example ▁the ▁Jews , ▁whose ▁religious ▁practices ▁were ▁not ▁inter fer ed ▁with ▁after ▁they ▁were ▁conquer ed ). ▁ ▁Other ▁Pers ian ▁cult s ▁were ▁the ▁worship ▁of ▁M ith ra ▁and ▁of ▁Zur van , ▁and ▁other ▁local ▁cult s ▁seem ▁to ▁have ▁continued ▁under ▁the ▁emp ire . ▁The ▁religious ▁context ▁of ▁the ▁tre asure ▁is ▁unclear , ▁although ▁it ▁is ▁thought ▁to ▁have ▁come ▁from ▁a ▁temple . ▁ ▁Auth entic ity ▁ ▁The ▁circumstances ▁of ▁the ▁discovery ▁and ▁trad ing ▁of ▁the ▁pieces , ▁and ▁their ▁variety ▁of ▁styles ▁and ▁quality ▁of ▁work mans hip , ▁cast ▁some ▁doubt ▁on ▁their ▁authentic ity ▁from ▁the ▁start , ▁and ▁" necess itate ▁a ▁c aut ious ▁treatment ▁of ▁the ▁Ox us ▁Tre asure , ▁for ▁it ▁has ▁passed ▁through ▁places ▁of ▁evil ▁re put e ▁and ▁cannot ▁have ▁come ▁out ▁quite ▁un sc athed ", ▁as ▁Dal ton ▁put ▁it ▁in ▁ 1 9 0 5 . ▁Indeed , ▁Dal ton ▁records ▁that ▁Indian ▁deal ers ▁initially ▁made ▁copies ▁of ▁items ▁and ▁tried ▁to ▁pass ▁them ▁off ▁to ▁Fran ks , ▁who ▁though ▁not ▁dece ived , ▁bought ▁some ▁" at ▁a ▁small ▁percentage ▁over ▁the ▁gold ▁value " ▁and ▁then ▁received ▁the ▁genu ine ▁objects , ▁which |
▁were ▁easily ▁distinguished . ▁ ▁Consider able ▁comfort ▁has ▁been ▁received ▁from ▁the ▁objects ' ▁similarity ▁to ▁later ▁A cha emen id ▁finds , ▁many ▁exc av ated ▁under ▁proper ▁arch ae ological ▁conditions , ▁which ▁the ▁Ox us ▁Tre asure ▁certainly ▁was ▁not . ▁ ▁In ▁particular , ▁finds ▁of ▁j ew ell ery ▁including ▁arm lets ▁and ▁tor cs ▁in ▁a ▁tomb ▁at ▁Sus a ▁by ▁a ▁French ▁expedition ▁from ▁ 1 9 0 2 ▁on wards ▁( now ▁in ▁the ▁Lou vre ) ▁are ▁closely ▁similar ▁to ▁the ▁Ox us ▁finds . ▁ ▁As ▁the ▁quality ▁and ▁style ▁of ▁the ▁objects ▁was ▁generally ▁considered ▁to ▁have ▁stood ▁the ▁test ▁of ▁time , ▁concerns ▁over ▁the ▁anti qu ity ▁of ▁the ▁great ▁majority ▁of ▁the ▁objects ▁reduced ▁over ▁the ▁years . ▁ ▁The ▁issue ▁was ▁rev ived ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 3 ▁when ▁the ▁arch ae ologist ▁Oscar ▁Mus care lla , ▁employed ▁by ▁the ▁Metropolitan ▁Museum ▁of ▁Art ▁in ▁New ▁York ▁for ▁ 4 0 ▁years , ▁was ▁reported ▁in ▁The ▁Times , ▁in ▁a ▁story ▁by ▁Peter ▁Watson , ▁to ▁have ▁" label led ▁as ▁mostly ▁fake " ▁the ▁tre asure . ▁ ▁However ▁he ▁was ▁attacked ▁by ▁the ▁Director ▁of ▁the ▁Metropolitan , ▁Philippe ▁de ▁Monte b ello , ▁who ▁said ▁Mus care lla , ▁a ▁long - standing ▁critic ▁of ▁museum s ' ▁toler ance ▁and ▁even ▁encourag ement ▁of ▁the ▁trade ▁in ▁illegal ▁anti qu ities , ▁only ▁remained ▁there ▁because ▁of ▁the ▁" ex |
igen cies ▁of ▁academic ▁ten ure ", ▁and ▁was ▁himself ▁critic ised ▁for ▁suppress ing ▁debate . ▁ ▁In ▁an ▁article ▁on ▁the ▁Ox us ▁Tre asure ▁published ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 3 ▁Mus care lla ▁goes ▁nothing ▁like ▁as ▁far , ▁but ▁does ▁fier c ely ▁attack ▁the ▁assumed ▁unity ▁of ▁the ▁tre asure ▁and ▁the ▁narr atives ▁of ▁its ▁proven ience , ▁and ▁is ▁s cept ical ▁of ▁the ▁authentic ity ▁of ▁some ▁of ▁the ▁vot ive ▁pla ques ▁( es pecially ▁the ▁largest ▁in ▁the ▁illustr ation ▁above ). ▁In ▁a ▁follow - up ▁article , ▁John ▁Curt is ▁has ▁argued ▁there ▁is ▁over wh el ming ▁contemporary ▁evidence ▁that ▁the ▁Tre asure ▁was ▁discovered ▁on ▁the ▁north ▁bank ▁of ▁the ▁River ▁Ox us ▁between ▁ 1 8 7 7 ▁and ▁ 1 8 8 0 , ▁ ▁and ▁he ▁also ▁maintain s ▁that ▁most ▁if ▁not ▁all ▁of ▁the ▁objects ▁in ▁the ▁Tre asure ▁are ▁genu ine . ▁ ▁T aj ik ▁government ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 7 , ▁Em om al ii ▁Rah mon , ▁President ▁of ▁T aj ik istan , ▁was ▁reported ▁as ▁calling ▁for ▁the ▁rep atri ation ▁of ▁the ▁tre asure , ▁despite ▁the ▁fact ▁that ▁it ▁had ▁been ▁recovered ▁and ▁sold ▁by ▁local ▁pe op les ▁and ▁acquired ▁by ▁museum s ▁in ▁the ▁art ▁market . ▁ ▁However , ▁no ▁formal ▁claim ▁has ▁been ▁made ▁by ▁the ▁T aj ik ▁government , ▁and ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 3 , ▁" |
high - quality ▁golden ▁rep lic as " ▁of ▁pieces ▁from ▁the ▁Ox us ▁Tre asure ▁were ▁presented ▁to ▁the ▁T aj ik ▁government ▁by ▁the ▁British ▁Museum , ▁intended ▁for ▁the ▁new ▁T aj ik ▁National ▁Museum . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁S ources ▁ ▁Board man , ▁Sir ▁John , ▁" The ▁Ox us ▁Sc abb ard ", ▁Iran , ▁Vol . ▁ 4 4 , ▁( 2 0 0 6 ), ▁pp . 1 1 5 – 1 1 9 , ▁British ▁Institute ▁of ▁Pers ian ▁Studies , ▁J ST OR ▁Col lon , ▁Domin ique , ▁" O x us ▁Tre asure ", ▁Gro ve ▁Art ▁Online , ▁Oxford ▁Art ▁Online , ▁Oxford ▁University ▁Press , ▁accessed ▁ 4 ▁July ▁ 2 0 1 3 , ▁subscription ▁required . ▁Curt is , ▁John , ▁The ▁Ox us ▁Tre asure , ▁British ▁Museum ▁Object s ▁in ▁F ocus ▁series , ▁ 2 0 1 2 , ▁British ▁Museum ▁Press , ▁ ▁Curt is , ▁John , ▁" The ▁Ox us ▁Tre asure ▁in ▁the ▁British ▁Museum ", ▁An cient ▁Civil izations ▁from ▁S cy th ia ▁to ▁Si ber ia , ▁Vol . ▁ 1 0 ▁( 2 0 0 4 ), ▁pp . 2 9 3 - 3 3 8 ▁" C urt is ▁and ▁T all is ", ▁Curt is , ▁John ▁and ▁T all is , ▁N ig el ▁( eds ), ▁F org ot ten ▁Empire ▁- ▁The ▁World ▁of ▁An cient ▁Pers ia ▁( catalog |
ue ▁of ▁British ▁Museum ▁exhibition ), ▁ 2 0 0 5 , ▁University ▁of ▁California ▁Press / B rit ish ▁Museum , ▁, ▁google ▁books ▁Dal ton , ▁O . M ., ▁The ▁Tre asure ▁Of ▁The ▁Ox us ▁With ▁Other ▁Object s ▁From ▁An cient ▁Pers ia ▁And ▁India , ▁ 1 9 0 5 ▁( nb , ▁not ▁the ▁final ▁ 3 rd ▁edition ▁of ▁ 1 9 6 3 ), ▁British ▁Museum , ▁online ▁at ▁archive . org , ▁catalog ues ▁ 1 7 7 ▁objects , ▁with ▁a ▁long ▁introduction . ▁Frank fort , ▁Henri , ▁The ▁Art ▁and ▁Architecture ▁of ▁the ▁An cient ▁Orient , ▁Pel ican ▁History ▁of ▁Art , ▁ 4 th ▁ed ▁ 1 9 7 0 , ▁P engu in ▁( now ▁Y ale ▁History ▁of ▁Art ), ▁▁▁ ▁Mus care lla , ▁Oscar ▁White , ▁Arch ae ology , ▁Art ifact s ▁and ▁Anti qu ities ▁of ▁the ▁An cient ▁Near ▁East : ▁S ites , ▁Cult ures , ▁and ▁Pro ven ien ces , ▁ 2 0 1 3 , ▁B RI LL , ▁, ▁ 9 7 8 9 0 0 4 2 3 6 6 9 1 , ▁google ▁books ▁Yam au chi , ▁Ed win ▁M ., ▁review ▁of ▁The ▁Tre asure ▁of ▁the ▁Ox us ▁with ▁Other ▁Ex amples ▁of ▁Early ▁Oriental ▁Metal - Work , ▁Journal ▁of ▁the ▁American ▁Oriental ▁Society , ▁Vol . ▁ 9 0 , ▁No . ▁ 2 ▁( A pr . ▁- |
▁Jun ., ▁ 1 9 7 0 ), ▁pp . 3 4 0 – 3 4 3 , ▁J ST OR ▁" Ze ym al ": ▁" E . ▁V . ▁Ze ym al ▁( 1 9 3 2 - 1 9 9 8 )", ▁ob itu ary ▁by ▁John ▁Curt is , ▁Iran , ▁Vol . ▁ 3 7 , ▁( 1 9 9 9 ), ▁pp . ▁v - vi , ▁British ▁Institute ▁of ▁Pers ian ▁Studies , ▁J ST OR ▁ ▁Further ▁reading ▁Ste aling ▁Ze us ' s ▁th under ▁ ▁Category : Middle ▁Eastern ▁objects ▁in ▁the ▁British ▁Museum ▁Category : Arch ae ology ▁of ▁the ▁A cha emen id ▁Empire ▁Category : G old ▁objects ▁Category : Sil ver ▁objects ▁Category : S cul pt ure ▁of ▁the ▁An cient ▁Near ▁East ▁Category : J ew ell ery ▁Category : Pers ian ▁art <0x0A> </s> ▁Di plot axis ▁sub cost ata ▁is ▁a ▁species ▁of ▁scar ab ▁be et le ▁in ▁the ▁family ▁Sc arab ae idae . ▁It ▁is ▁found ▁in ▁North ▁America . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Further ▁reading ▁▁▁▁ ▁Category : M el ol on th inae ▁Category : Art icles ▁created ▁by ▁Q bug bot ▁Category : Be et les ▁described ▁in ▁ 1 8 5 1 <0x0A> </s> ▁Rand i ▁Jay ne ▁Z ucker berg ▁( born ▁February ▁ 2 8 , ▁ 1 9 8 2 ) ▁is ▁an ▁American ▁business w oman . ▁She ▁is ▁the ▁former ▁director ▁of ▁market |
▁development ▁and ▁sp ok esp erson ▁for ▁Facebook , ▁and ▁a ▁sister ▁of ▁the ▁company ' s ▁co - found er ▁and ▁CE O ▁Mark ▁Z ucker berg . ▁Prior ▁to ▁working ▁at ▁Facebook , ▁she ▁was ▁a ▁panel ist ▁on ▁For bes ▁on ▁Fox . ▁As ▁of ▁May ▁ 2 0 1 4 , ▁she ▁is ▁founder ▁and ▁CE O ▁of ▁Z ucker berg ▁Media , ▁editor - in - ch ief ▁( E IC ) ▁of ▁D ot ▁Comp licated , ▁a ▁digital ▁l ifest yle ▁website , ▁and ▁cre ator ▁of ▁D ot ., ▁an ▁animated ▁television ▁show ▁about ▁a ▁young ▁girl ▁( the ▁e pon ym ous ▁D ot ) ▁who ▁uses ▁technology ▁to ▁enh ance ▁both ▁her ▁educational ▁experiences ▁and ▁recre ational ▁activities . ▁ ▁Career ▁ ▁Before ▁Facebook ▁After ▁gradu ating ▁from ▁Harvard , ▁Rand i ▁Z ucker berg ▁worked ▁for ▁two ▁years ▁in ▁market ing ▁for ▁advert ising ▁firm ▁Og il vy ▁& ▁M ather . ▁She ▁has ▁stated ▁in ▁articles ▁and ▁inter views ▁that ▁to ▁her ▁it ▁was ▁a ▁dream ▁job ▁in ▁which ▁she ▁enjoyed ▁the ▁work ▁and ▁was ▁on ▁a ▁good ▁track ▁for ▁professional ▁adv ancement . ▁ ▁Facebook ▁In ▁late ▁ 2 0 0 4 , ▁Rand i ' s ▁brother ▁Mark ▁asked ▁her ▁to ▁join ▁him ▁at ▁his ▁startup ▁Facebook , ▁which ▁he ▁said ▁was ▁under st aff ed ▁with ▁people ▁willing ▁to ▁travel ▁and ▁who ▁could ▁explain ▁his ▁vision . ▁Rand i ▁took ▁a ▁position ▁that ▁required ▁re location ▁and ▁a |
▁cut ▁in ▁pay ▁but ▁with ▁stock ▁options . ▁She ▁has ▁stated ▁that ▁she ▁initially ▁thought ▁this ▁was ▁a ▁temporary ▁position ▁that ▁might ▁last ▁six ▁months . ▁Once ▁she ▁was ▁in ▁Sil icon ▁Valley ▁and ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁innov ation - dri ven ▁community , ▁she ▁became ▁fasc in ated ▁with ▁the ▁possibilities ▁and ▁remained ▁for ▁ten ▁years . ▁ ▁Rank ed ▁among ▁ 5 0 ▁" Digital ▁Power ▁Play ers " ▁by ▁The ▁Hollywood ▁Re porter ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 0 , ▁Z ucker berg ▁organized , ▁and ▁was ▁also ▁a ▁correspond ent ▁for ▁the ▁ABC ▁News / Face book ▁Democratic ▁Party ▁and ▁Republican ▁Party ▁U . S . ▁President ial ▁prim aries ▁deb ates ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 8 . ▁She ▁also ▁ful filled ▁a ▁correspond ent ▁role ▁at ▁the ▁CNN / Face book ▁In aug uration ▁Day ▁Part ners hip ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁and ▁the ▁Com cast ▁Facebook ▁Di aries ▁event . ▁ ▁Z ucker berg ▁told ▁the ▁Wall ▁Street ▁Journal ▁that ▁her ▁Facebook ▁journalist ▁team ▁was ▁treated ▁at ▁the ▁D NC ▁" like ▁rock ▁stars ". ▁ ▁Post - Face book ▁In ▁August ▁ 2 0 1 1 , ▁Z ucker berg ▁res igned ▁from ▁Facebook ▁and ▁announced ▁her ▁new ▁social ▁media ▁firm , ▁named ▁" Z ucker berg ▁Media ". ▁Since ▁starting ▁Z ucker berg ▁Media , ▁Rand i ▁has ▁produced ▁shows ▁and ▁digital ▁content ▁for ▁Beach M int , ▁the ▁Cl inton ▁Global ▁In iti ative , ▁Cir que ▁du ▁So le il |
, ▁the ▁United ▁Nations , ▁Cond é ▁N ast ▁and ▁Bra vo . ▁ ▁Writing ▁Z ucker berg ▁has ▁written ▁three ▁adult ▁non - f iction ▁books : ▁▁ ▁Spark ▁Your ▁Career ▁in ▁Ad vert ising , ▁a ▁Spark Not es ▁book ▁published ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁ ▁D ot ▁Comp licated , ▁her ▁first ▁book ▁with ▁Har per Coll ins , ▁published ▁in ▁October ▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁ ▁Pick ▁Three : ▁You ▁Can ▁Have ▁It ▁All ▁( Just ▁Not ▁Every ▁Day ), ▁published ▁in ▁May ▁ 2 0 1 8 ▁ ▁She ▁has ▁also ▁written ▁two ▁children ' s ▁picture ▁books : ▁▁ ▁D ot ., ▁published ▁in ▁November ▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁ ▁Miss y ▁President , ▁published ▁in ▁October ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁ ▁App ear ances ▁Z ucker berg ▁appeared ▁on ▁the ▁Today ▁Show ▁on ▁January ▁ 2 6 , ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁in ▁a ▁segment ▁entitled ▁" 2 0 1 6 ▁Net iqu ette " ▁in ▁which ▁she ▁discussed ▁modern ▁day ▁et iqu ette ▁on ▁the ▁Internet . ▁ ▁Act ing ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁cart oon ▁adaptation ▁of ▁D ot . ▁she ▁voices ▁the ▁character ▁" M s . ▁Rand i ", ▁D ot ' s ▁music ▁teacher ▁who ▁organ izes ▁the ▁children ' s ▁cho ir ▁at ▁the ▁community ▁center . ▁ ▁Pers pect ives ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁Z ucker berg ▁advoc ated ▁for ▁the ▁abol ition ▁of ▁an onym ity ▁on ▁the ▁Internet ▁to ▁protect |
▁children ▁and ▁young ▁adult s ▁from ▁cy ber - bul lying . ▁Z ucker berg ▁explained ▁how ▁an onym ity ▁is ▁protect ive ▁for ▁perpet rat ors . ▁ ▁Personal ▁life ▁Z ucker berg ▁and ▁her ▁husband ▁Br ent ▁Tw or etz ky ▁have ▁two ▁sons . ▁The ▁family ▁res ides ▁in ▁New ▁York ▁City . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁D ot ▁Comp licated ▁official ▁website ▁▁▁ ▁Rand i ▁Z ucker berg ▁at ▁Internet ▁Off - B road way ▁Database ▁▁▁ ▁Category : 1 9 8 2 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : 2 1 st - century ▁American ▁business people ▁Category : Activ ists ▁from ▁California ▁Category : American ▁business ▁writers ▁Category : W omen ▁business ▁writers ▁Category : American ▁computer ▁business people ▁Category : American ▁Internet ▁cele brit ies ▁Category : American ▁market ing ▁business people ▁Category : American ▁online ▁publication ▁edit ors ▁Category : American ▁social ▁activ ists ▁Category : American ▁women ▁chief ▁execut ives ▁Category : Bus iness people ▁from ▁New ▁York ▁( state ) ▁Category : Bus iness people ▁from ▁the ▁San ▁Francisco ▁Bay ▁Area ▁Category : Face book ▁employees ▁Category : Har vard ▁University ▁al umn i ▁Category : Internet ▁activ ists ▁Category : Mark eting ▁women ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁Dob bs ▁Fer ry , ▁New ▁York ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁White ▁Pla ins , ▁New ▁York ▁Category : W rit ers ▁from ▁Pal o ▁Al to , ▁California ▁Category : 2 1 st - century ▁business w omen |
<0x0A> </s> ▁Robert ▁Francis ▁C ran ny ▁( born ▁ 2 ▁July ▁ 1 9 8 1 ) ▁is ▁a ▁music ian , ▁song writer ▁and ▁record ▁producer ▁based ▁in ▁Sydney , ▁Australia . ▁ ▁Coll abor ation ▁with ▁Sarah ▁Bl ask o ▁Robert ▁F . ▁C ran ny ▁co - w rote ▁and ▁co - produ ced ▁the ▁first ▁two ▁albums ▁of ▁Sydney ▁music ian , ▁Sarah ▁Bl ask o , ▁The ▁O vert ure ▁& ▁the ▁Und ers core ▁( 2 0 0 4 ) ▁and ▁What ▁The ▁Sea ▁W ants , ▁The ▁Sea ▁Will ▁Have ▁( 2 0 0 6 ), ▁both ▁of ▁which ▁were ▁cert ified ▁plat in um . ▁ ▁The ▁O vert ure ▁& ▁the ▁Und ers core ▁was ▁recorded ▁in ▁Hollywood , ▁California ▁with ▁engineer ▁W ally ▁G ag el ▁( E els , ▁Old ▁ 9 7 s , ▁Fol k ▁Im pl os ion ) ▁and ▁session ▁drum mer ▁Jo ey ▁War on ker ▁( Be ck , ▁The ▁Sm ash ing ▁P ump kins ). ▁ ▁What ▁The ▁Sea ▁W ants , ▁The ▁Sea ▁Will ▁Have ▁ ▁was ▁produced ▁by ▁Bl ask o , ▁C ran ny ▁and ▁Jim ▁M og in ie ▁of ▁Mid night ▁O il - f ame . ▁It ▁was ▁recorded ▁in ▁Neil ▁Finn ' s ▁Round head ▁Studios ▁in ▁A uck land , ▁New ▁Zealand . ▁The ▁album ▁won ▁an ▁A RI A ▁award ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁for ▁Best ▁Pop ▁Release . ▁ ▁C ran |
ny ▁co - w rote ▁all ▁tracks ▁on ▁both ▁albums , ▁with ▁the ▁exception ▁of ▁Beautiful ▁Sec rets . ▁He ▁is ▁the ▁sole ▁writer ▁of ▁the ▁song ▁Per fect ▁Now ▁which ▁has ▁appeared ▁in ▁the ▁television ▁program , ▁One ▁Tree ▁Hill . ▁ ▁On ▁What ▁The ▁Sea ▁W ants , ▁The ▁Sea ▁Will ▁Have , ▁C ran ny ▁arranged ▁and ▁conducted ▁a ▁chamber ▁ensemble ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁a ▁Ma ori ▁cho ir . ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 7 , ▁Sarah ▁Bl ask o ▁under to ok ▁a ▁ 1 2 - date ▁national ▁tour ▁accompanied ▁by ▁a ▁five - pie ce ▁chamber ▁section . ▁C ran ny ▁again ▁scored ▁the ▁orch est ral ▁instruments . ▁Songs ▁from ▁The ▁O vert ure ▁& ▁the ▁Und ers core , ▁which ▁were ▁never ▁originally ▁arranged ▁for ▁orch est ral ▁instruments , ▁were ▁also ▁given ▁this ▁treatment . ▁ ▁Other ▁Production ▁and ▁Musical ▁Work ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 5 , ▁C ran ny ▁joined ▁sem inal ▁Melbourne ▁ind ie - rock ▁band , ▁Ger sey , ▁to ▁write ▁and ▁record ▁the ▁band ' s ▁fourth ▁LP , ▁" What ▁You ▁Kill ". ▁C ran ny ▁co - w rote ▁the ▁majority ▁of ▁tracks , ▁played ▁a ▁CP - 7 0 ▁piano ▁and ▁was ▁given ▁a ▁specific ▁production ▁credit ▁for ▁his ▁work ▁on ▁the ▁exp ans ive ▁" There ▁Are ▁Things ▁That ▁You ▁And ▁I ▁Can ▁Never ▁Be ". ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 1 , ▁C ran ny ▁co - produ ced ▁the ▁debut |
▁album ▁by ▁Ben ▁Sal ter , ▁" The ▁Cat ". ▁It ▁was ▁produced ▁by ▁G are th ▁L idd i ard , ▁Robert ▁F . ▁C ran ny ▁& ▁Ben ▁Sal ter ▁at ▁L idd i ard ' s ▁rural ▁property ▁in ▁My rt le ford , ▁Victoria . ▁L idd i ard ' s ▁own ▁band , ▁The ▁D ron es ▁had ▁previously ▁recorded ▁the ▁album ▁Hav il ah ▁at ▁the ▁property . ▁C ran ny ▁made ▁song writing ▁contributions ▁to ▁two ▁album ▁tracks , ▁and ▁personally ▁wrote ▁the ▁song , ▁" K now ▁Your ▁Str ength " ▁for ▁the ▁album . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 0 , ▁C ran ny ▁played ▁an ▁ 1 1 - date ▁Australian ▁tour ▁as ▁a ▁keyboard ▁player ▁in ▁Ger sey , ▁supporting ▁US ▁band , ▁Pav ement . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 9 , ▁he ▁played ▁key boards ▁for ▁US ▁ind ie - rock ▁music ian ▁Sp iral ▁St airs , ▁including ▁an ▁appearance ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁Sydney ▁Lan ew ay ▁Festival . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 8 , ▁C ran ny ▁co - produ ced ▁three ▁tracks ▁with ▁Leon ardo ' s ▁B ride ▁vocal ist , ▁Abb y ▁Dob son , ▁for ▁her ▁debut ▁solo ▁album ▁" R ise ▁Up ", ▁including ▁the ▁single , ▁" H ors es ". ▁ ▁C ran ny ▁has ▁also ▁performed ▁and ▁recorded ▁with ▁other ▁artists ▁such ▁as ▁Ben ▁Sal ter , ▁ 7 8 ▁Sa ab |
, ▁S ian na ▁Lee , ▁The ▁Mal ad ies , ▁The ▁C - Min us ▁Project , ▁Dar ren ▁Han lon , ▁So ap ▁Star ▁Joe , ▁Gas light ▁Radio ▁& ▁Magic ▁L unch box . ▁ ▁Songs ▁Fe ature d ▁in ▁Television ▁Series ▁Robert ▁F ▁C ran ny ▁composed ▁original ▁songs ▁that ▁were ▁used ▁in ▁the ▁following ▁TV ▁series : ▁ ▁Record ▁Label ▁Al ong ▁with ▁Sarah ▁Kelly ▁from ▁ther eds un band , ▁Robert ▁F . ▁C ran ny ▁owned ▁and ▁operated ▁En ch anted ▁Record ings , ▁an ▁independent ▁record ▁label ▁based ▁in ▁Sydney , ▁Australia , ▁which ▁was ▁active ▁between ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁and ▁ 2 0 1 0 . ▁ ▁En ch anted ▁Record ings ▁was ▁distributed ▁nation ally ▁by ▁Sho ck ▁Records ▁and ▁employed ▁the ▁resources ▁of ▁Non zero ▁Records ▁& ▁R ice ▁Is ▁Nice . ▁The ▁label ▁released ▁the ▁following ▁catalog ue : ▁ ▁Singles ▁ ▁The ▁E agle ▁– ▁ther eds un band , ▁August ▁ 2 0 0 8 , ▁En ch anted ▁Record ings ▁ ▁EP s ▁▁ ▁Like ▁An ▁Ar row ▁– ▁ther eds un band , ▁November ▁ 2 0 0 7 , ▁En ch anted ▁Record ings ▁ ▁Albums ▁ ▁The ▁Sh ira lee ▁- ▁ther eds un band , ▁June ▁ 2 0 0 8 , ▁En ch anted ▁Record ings ▁ ▁Phoenix ▁Prop eller ▁– ▁S ian na ▁Lee , ▁March ▁ 2 0 1 0 , ▁En ch anted ▁Record ings ▁ ▁Awards ▁& |
▁Rec ogn ition ▁" The ▁Cat " ▁by ▁Ben ▁Sal ter ▁ ▁W on ▁the ▁Queensland ▁Music ▁Award ▁for ▁Album ▁Of ▁The ▁Year ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁ ▁" West ▁End ▁Girls " ▁listed ▁at ▁# 2 8 ▁on ▁The ▁Cou rier ▁Mail ' s ▁" Top ▁ 5 0 ▁Queensland ▁Songs " ▁ ▁" What ▁The ▁Sea ▁W ants , ▁The ▁Sea ▁Will ▁Have " ▁by ▁Sarah ▁Bl ask o ▁ ▁Award ed ▁a ▁plat in um ▁sales ▁acc red itation ▁in ▁Australia ▁ ▁W on ▁an ▁A RI A ▁Award ▁for ▁Best ▁Pop ▁Release ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁ ▁"{ Exp lain }" ▁( # 7 9 ) ▁and ▁" Al ways ▁on ▁this ▁Line " ▁( # 5 8 ) ▁reached ▁Tri ple ▁J ' s ▁H ott est ▁ 1 0 0 ▁for ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁ ▁" The ▁O vert ure ▁& ▁the ▁Und ers core " ▁by ▁Sarah ▁Bl ask o ▁ ▁Award ed ▁a ▁plat in um ▁sales ▁acc red itation ▁in ▁Australia ▁ ▁" Don ' t ▁U ▁Eva " ▁( # 2 7 ) ▁reached ▁Tri ple ▁J ' s ▁H ott est ▁ 1 0 0 ▁for ▁ 2 0 0 4 ▁ ▁N amed ▁the ▁ 1 0 th ▁Great est ▁Australian ▁Album ▁of ▁All ▁Time ▁by ▁Tri ple ▁J ▁Music ▁Director , ▁Richard ▁Kings mill ▁ ▁Cred its ▁ ▁Production ▁Cred its ▁ ▁Don ' t ▁U ▁Eva ▁single ▁– ▁Sarah ▁Bl ask o ▁( |
2 0 0 4 ) ▁– ▁produced ▁by ▁Sarah ▁Bl ask o ▁and ▁Robert ▁F ▁C ran ny ▁ ▁The ▁O vert ure ▁& ▁The ▁Und ers core ▁– ▁Sarah ▁Bl ask o ▁( 2 0 0 4 ) ▁- ▁produced ▁by ▁Sarah ▁Bl ask o ▁and ▁Robert ▁F ▁C ran ny ▁ ▁She ▁Will ▁Have ▁Her ▁Way : ▁The ▁Songs ▁of ▁Neil ▁& ▁Tim ▁Finn ▁– ▁Sarah ▁Bl ask o ▁( 2 0 0 5 ) ▁– ▁Don ' t ▁Dream ▁It ' s ▁Over ▁produced ▁by ▁Sarah ▁Bl ask o ▁and ▁Robert ▁F ▁C ran ny ▁ ▁What ▁The ▁Sea ▁W ants , ▁The ▁Sea ▁Will ▁Have ▁- ▁Sarah ▁Bl ask o ▁( 2 0 0 6 ) ▁– ▁produced ▁by ▁Sarah ▁Bl ask o , ▁Robert ▁F ▁C ran ny ▁and ▁Jim ▁M og in ie ▁ ▁R ise ▁Up ▁– ▁Abb y ▁Dob son ▁( 2 0 0 8 ) ▁– ▁three ▁tracks ▁produced ▁by ▁Robert ▁F ▁C ran ny ▁and ▁Abb y ▁Dob son ▁ ▁H ors es ▁single ▁Abb y ▁Dob son ▁( 2 0 0 9 ) ▁– ▁produced ▁by ▁Robert ▁F ▁C ran ny ▁and ▁Abb y ▁Dob son ▁ ▁Phoenix ▁Prop eller ▁– ▁S ian na ▁Lee ▁( 2 0 1 0 ) ▁– ▁Mer cen ary ▁In ▁Me ▁produced ▁by ▁Robert ▁F ▁C ran ny ▁ ▁The ▁Cat ▁- ▁Ben ▁Sal ter ▁( 2 0 1 1 ) ▁– ▁produced ▁by ▁Robert ▁F ▁C ran ny , ▁G are th ▁L idd i |
ard ▁& ▁Ben ▁Sal ter ▁ ▁King ▁Me ▁- ▁Love ▁Par ade ▁( 2 0 1 3 ) ▁– ▁produced ▁by ▁Robert ▁F ▁C ran ny ▁ ▁Where ▁The ▁Ocean ▁St arts ▁EP ▁- ▁K atie ▁Why te ▁( 2 0 1 3 ) ▁- ▁produced ▁by ▁Robert ▁F ▁C ran ny ▁ ▁" What ▁You ▁Kill " ▁- ▁Ger sey ▁( 2 0 1 6 ) ▁- ▁produced ▁by ▁Tim ▁Wh itten ▁& ▁Ger sey ▁ ▁Song writing ▁Cred its ▁ ▁Don ' t ▁U ▁Eva ▁single ▁– ▁Sarah ▁Bl ask o ▁( 2 0 0 4 ) ▁– ▁written ▁by ▁Sarah ▁Bl ask o ▁and ▁Robert ▁F ▁C ran ny ▁ ▁The ▁O vert ure ▁& ▁The ▁Und ers core ▁– ▁Sarah ▁Bl ask o ▁( 2 0 0 4 ) ▁all ▁tracks ▁written ▁by ▁Sarah ▁Bl ask o ▁and ▁Robert ▁F ▁C ran ny , ▁except ▁" Be aut iful ▁Sec rets " ▁by ▁Sarah ▁Bl ask o ▁& ▁" Per fect ▁Now " ▁by ▁Robert ▁F ▁C ran ny . ▁ ▁What ▁The ▁Sea ▁W ants , ▁The ▁Sea ▁Will ▁Have ▁( 2 0 0 6 ) ▁– ▁all ▁tracks ▁written ▁by ▁Sarah ▁Bl ask o ▁and ▁Robert ▁F ▁C ran ny ▁ ▁Phoenix ▁Prop eller ▁– ▁S ian na ▁Lee ▁( 2 0 1 0 ) ▁– ▁You ▁Are ▁The ▁Sea ▁written ▁by ▁S ian na ▁Lee ▁and ▁Robert ▁F ▁C ran ny ▁ ▁The ▁Cat ▁- ▁Ben ▁Sal ter ▁( 2 0 1 1 ) ▁ ▁– |
▁Know ▁Your ▁Str ength ▁written ▁by ▁Robert ▁F ▁C ran ny , ▁The ▁Cat ▁written ▁by ▁Ben ▁Sal ter , ▁Robert ▁F ▁C ran ny ▁& ▁G are th ▁L idd i ard ▁ ▁Other ▁Rec ording ▁Cred its ▁ ▁Picture ▁a ▁Hum , ▁Can ' t ▁H ear ▁a ▁Sound ▁– ▁ 7 8 ▁Sa ab ▁( 2 0 0 0 ) ▁– ▁piano , ▁organ , ▁synth ▁ ▁Orange ▁S yr inge ▁– ▁Tom ▁Morgan ▁( 2 0 1 3 ) ▁- ▁Cas io ▁M T 7 0 , ▁Hamm ond ▁Organ ▁ ▁" What ▁You ▁Kill " ▁- ▁Ger sey ▁( 2 0 1 6 ) ▁- ▁CP 7 0 , ▁Roland ▁J UN O , ▁guitar , ▁vocals , ▁production ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : Austral ian ▁guitar ists ▁Category : Austral ian ▁song writ ers ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : Austral ian ▁record ▁produ cers ▁Category : 1 9 8 1 ▁birth s ▁Category : 2 1 st - century ▁guitar ists <0x0A> </s> ▁Sem ot ilus ▁at rom ac ul atus , ▁ ▁known ▁as ▁the ▁cre ek ▁ch ub ▁or ▁the ▁ ▁common ▁cre ek ▁ch ub , ▁is ▁a ▁small ▁min now , ▁a ▁fresh water ▁fish ▁found ▁in ▁the ▁eastern ▁US ▁and ▁Canada . ▁D iffer ing ▁in ▁size ▁and ▁color ▁depending ▁on ▁origin ▁of ▁development , ▁the ▁cre ek ▁ch ub ▁can ▁usually ▁be ▁defined ▁by ▁a ▁dark ▁brown ▁body ▁with ▁a ▁black ▁later al ▁line ▁sp anning ▁hor izont ally |
▁across ▁the ▁body . ▁It ▁lives ▁primarily ▁within ▁streams ▁and ▁rivers . ▁Creek ▁Ch ubs ▁att ain ▁lengths ▁of ▁ 2 - 6 ▁inches ▁with ▁larger ▁spec im ens ▁of ▁up ▁to ▁ 1 2 ▁inches ▁possible . ▁ ▁The ▁genus ▁name ▁Sem ot ilus ▁der ives ▁from ▁the ▁Greek ▁word ▁s ema ▁( also ▁known ▁as ▁d ors al ▁fin ), ▁and ▁at rom ac ul atus ▁comes ▁from ▁the ▁Latin ▁word ▁" black ▁sp ots ". ▁ ▁Distribution ▁and ▁habitat ▁A ▁fish ▁which ▁can ▁with stand ▁many ▁different ▁environments , ▁the ▁cre ek ▁ch ub ' s ▁current ▁range ▁is ▁the ▁eastern ▁two - third s ▁of ▁the ▁US ▁and ▁sout he astern ▁Canada . ▁It ▁can ▁quickly ▁adapt ▁to ▁different ▁extreme ▁environments , ▁and ▁can ▁live ▁on ▁many ▁different ▁food s . ▁Document ed ▁to ▁span ▁throughout ▁the ▁Great ▁L akes ▁surrounding ▁Wisconsin , ▁and ▁into ▁Minnesota , ▁this ▁species ▁has ▁been ▁described ▁as ▁pl ent iful . ▁However , ▁reports ▁of ▁this ▁species ▁have ▁fallen ▁throughout ▁Wisconsin ▁and ▁the ▁Great ▁L akes , ▁suggesting ▁a ▁decl ine ▁in ▁its ▁population ▁in ▁these ▁regions . ▁ ▁Though ▁populations ▁have ▁been ▁decl ining ▁within ▁the ▁Great ▁L akes , ▁they ▁have ▁been ▁contin ually ▁documented ▁throughout ▁small ▁and ▁medium ▁rivers ▁and ▁streams . ▁Th riv ing ▁in ▁small ▁stream ▁environments , ▁the ▁cre ek ▁ch ub ▁gravit ates ▁toward ▁areas ▁of ▁we eds ▁to ▁appear ▁secure ▁and ▁avoid ▁pred ation . ▁V ary ing ▁in ▁environments ▁containing ▁a ▁mult itude ▁of |
▁substr ates , ▁they ▁have ▁been ▁documented ▁over ▁gra vel , ▁sand , ▁s ilt , ▁rub ble , ▁mud , ▁b ould ers , ▁cl ay , ▁bed rock ▁and ▁det rit us ▁bottom s . ▁This ▁fish ▁actually ▁pre fers ▁the ▁stream ▁or ▁river ▁environment ▁compared ▁to ▁that ▁of ▁a ▁lake , ▁as ▁they ▁have ▁been ▁recorded ▁in ▁streams ▁far ▁more ▁than ▁la kes . ▁Of ▁over ▁ 4 4 0 ▁individuals ▁caught , ▁only ▁ 9 ▁were ▁from ▁la kes , ▁and ▁when ▁limit ing ▁the ▁locations ▁to ▁sole ly ▁la kes , ▁only ▁six ▁individuals ▁were ▁caught . ▁ ▁App earance ▁ ▁The ▁cre ek ▁ch ub ▁is ▁a ▁small ▁ch ub ▁with ▁a ▁green ish - b rown ▁back , ▁cre am - color ed ▁sides ▁interrupted ▁by ▁horizontal ▁black ▁stri pes ▁running ▁from ▁the ▁nose ▁to ▁the ▁tail , ▁and ▁a ▁white ▁bel ly . ▁Having ▁a ▁round , ▁cyl ind rical ▁body ▁with ▁a ▁com pressed ▁posterior , ▁males ▁average ▁ 1 2 5 mm ▁in ▁length , ▁while ▁females ▁average ▁ 1 0 5 mm . ▁As ▁the ▁spec imen ▁e ats ▁what ▁is ▁directly ▁in ▁front ▁of ▁it , ▁the ▁mouth ▁is ▁terminal , ▁large ▁and ▁under ▁the ▁anterior ▁of ▁the ▁eye . ▁ ▁The ▁cre ek ▁ch ub ▁has ▁been ▁known ▁to ▁slightly ▁differ ▁in ▁color ation , ▁containing ▁black ▁back s ▁with ▁a ▁brown ▁or ▁yellow ish ▁middle ▁lines . ▁The ▁average ▁ch ub ▁ranges ▁in ▁size ▁from ▁ 5 |
- 7 in ches ▁in ▁length , ▁with ▁the ▁largest ▁ch ub ▁documented ▁to ▁be ▁ 1 9 7 mm ▁long . ▁They ▁can ▁be ▁identified ▁from ▁other ▁common ▁min now ▁species ▁by ▁the ▁black ▁" m oust ache " ▁on ▁their ▁upper ▁lips , ▁along ▁with ▁a ▁black ▁dot ▁on ▁their ▁d ors al ▁fins . ▁Additionally , ▁ju ven ile ▁males ▁develop ▁a ▁ros y ▁band ▁on ▁their ▁sides , ▁along ▁with ▁gl oss y , ▁dark ▁d ors al ▁fin ▁sp ots . ▁ ▁Bi ology ▁ ▁The ▁scales ▁of ▁this ▁species ▁are ▁quite ▁unique ▁to ▁the ▁needs ▁of ▁the ▁cre ek ▁ch ub , ▁ultimately ▁helping ▁to ▁protect ▁and ▁man eu ver . ▁S cal es ▁do ▁not ▁appear ▁until ▁the ▁fish ▁is ▁ 2 6 mm ▁long , ▁leaving ▁ 3 0 - mm - long ▁individuals ▁having ▁small ▁scales ▁with ▁few ▁circul i . ▁Major ▁growth ▁occurs ▁during ▁the ▁first ▁year , ▁often ▁jump ing ▁by ▁over ▁ 5 0 – 7 0 mm ▁in ▁one ▁year . ▁M ales ▁grow ▁far ▁more ▁quickly ▁than ▁females , ▁allowing ▁m atur ity ▁to ▁occur ▁at ▁one ▁to ▁one ▁and ▁a ▁half ▁years ▁of ▁age . ▁ ▁The ▁main ▁scales ▁covering ▁the ▁cre ek ▁ch ub ▁are ▁b ony - ridge ▁scales ; ▁they ▁are ▁thin ▁and ▁flexible ▁to ▁aid ▁movement . ▁Cy clo id ▁scales ▁are ▁also ▁found , ▁allowing ▁for ▁smooth ▁transport ▁within ▁the ▁water ▁with ▁little ▁disturb ance ▁from ▁the ▁scales ▁themselves |
. ▁They ▁also ▁have ▁le pt oid ▁scales , ▁which ▁are ▁flexible ▁pl ates ▁of ▁b one ▁which ▁help ▁to ▁protect ▁the ▁fish ▁from ▁pre y ▁and ▁act ▁as ▁arm or . ▁ ▁Be havior ▁The ▁cre ek ▁ch ub ▁has ▁specific ▁behav iors ▁at ▁different ▁ages . ▁Comm only ▁a ▁school ▁fish , ▁they ▁have ▁been ▁documented ▁to ▁school ▁from ▁birth ▁to ▁late ▁adult , ▁occup ying ▁the ▁edges ▁of ▁po ols . ▁Their ▁upper ▁le th al ▁temperature ▁is ▁ 3 2 ° C , ▁while ▁the ▁lower ▁le th al ▁temperature ▁is ▁ 1 . 7 ° C . ▁Initial ly , ▁the ▁cre ek ▁ch ub ▁is ▁quite ▁hes it ant ▁to ▁vent ure ▁from ▁its ▁known ▁territory . ▁For ▁instance , ▁while ▁developing ▁and ▁growing , ▁a ▁school ▁of ▁cre ek ▁ch ub ▁travel s ▁together ▁within ▁the ▁same ▁ 5 0 - meter ▁radius . ▁Ens uring ▁safety ▁from ▁unknown ▁pred ators ▁and ▁environment , ▁this ▁increases ▁their ▁potential ▁for ▁surv ival . ▁ ▁As ▁the ▁cre ek ▁ch ub ▁grows ▁and ▁develop s , ▁travel ing ▁outside ▁its ▁radius , ▁it ▁eng ages ▁in ▁ag gress ive ▁behavior ▁with ▁other ▁members ▁of ▁the ▁species . ▁The ▁cre ek ▁ch ub ▁eng ages ▁in ▁rit ual ized ▁ag gression ▁when ▁others ▁of ▁the ▁species ▁in va de ▁its ▁territory . ▁Eng aging ▁in ▁parallel ▁sw im , ▁the ▁fish ▁wid ens ▁its ▁fins ▁and ▁mouth ▁and ▁sw ims ▁at ▁a ▁ca ud al ▁beat . |
▁Int im id ating ▁oppon ent ▁fish ▁throughout ▁these ▁rit uals , ▁the ▁forward ▁fish ▁stops ▁and ▁direct s ▁blow s ▁to ▁the ▁head ▁of ▁the ▁other ▁fish . ▁This ▁ens ures ▁territory ▁domin ance , ▁forcing ▁intr ud ers ▁out ▁of ▁its ▁area . ▁ ▁In ▁central ▁Ohio , ▁cre ek ▁ch ubs ▁tend ▁to ▁domin ate ▁small ▁cre eks , ▁where ▁pred ators ▁such ▁as ▁small mouth , ▁larg em outh , ▁and ▁sp otted ▁bass ▁are ▁unable ▁to ▁th rive . ▁ ▁They ▁will ▁be ▁present ▁in ▁larger ▁cre eks ▁and ▁rivers , ▁but ▁they ▁will ▁no ▁longer ▁be ▁a ▁dominant ▁species , ▁and ▁their ▁population ▁numbers ▁will ▁suffer ▁from ▁pred ation . ▁ ▁Creek ▁ch ubs ▁can ▁be ▁caught ▁on ▁small ▁hook s ▁with ▁small ▁sections ▁of ▁night c raw lers . ▁ ▁They ▁feed ▁in ▁schools ▁during ▁day light , ▁and ▁ag gress ively ▁comp ete ▁for ▁the ▁b ait ▁at ▁first . ▁ ▁After ▁several ▁of ▁their ▁com r ades ▁are ▁pulled ▁from ▁the ▁water , ▁cre ek ▁ch ubs ▁become ▁w ary , ▁and ▁they ▁will ▁no ▁longer ▁ag gress ively ▁take ▁the ▁b ait . ▁ ▁At ▁this ▁point , ▁they ▁may ▁n ib ble ▁at ▁the ▁b ait , ▁or ▁look ▁at ▁the ▁b ait ▁and ▁avoid ▁striking ▁at ▁it . ▁ ▁Creek ▁ch ubs ▁can ▁be ▁effectively ▁caught ▁in ▁min now ▁tra ps ▁with ▁dry ▁dog ▁food . ▁ ▁More ▁information ▁is ▁needed ▁about ▁effective ▁day time ▁ang ling ▁hours . ▁ ▁Creek |
▁ch ubs ▁are ▁a ▁hard y ▁min now ▁that ▁can ▁easily ▁be ▁caught ▁in ▁small ▁cre eks , ▁stored ▁in ▁aqu ari ums , ▁and ▁used ▁as ▁b ait ▁to ▁catch ▁larger ▁fish ▁such ▁as ▁bass ▁and ▁cat fish . ▁ ▁Since ▁cre ek ▁ch ubs ▁do ▁not ▁have ▁sharp ▁sp ines ▁that ▁make ▁up ▁their ▁d ors al ▁fins , ▁like ▁a ▁bl u eg ill ▁or ▁larg em outh ▁bass ▁does , ▁they ▁may ▁be ▁a ▁preferred ▁food ▁source ▁for ▁fish ▁that ▁pre y ▁on ▁smaller ▁fish . ▁ ▁Diet ▁The ▁cre ek ▁ch ub ▁is ▁described ▁as ▁an ▁opportun ist ▁and ▁a ▁car n iv ore , ▁and ▁cons umes ▁many ▁different ▁food s ▁to ▁surv ive , ▁including ▁fish , ▁insect ▁remains ▁and ▁veget ation , ▁am ph ip ods , ▁adult ▁Cole optera , ▁E ph emer optera ▁n ym ph s , ▁Od on ata ▁lar va e ▁and ▁D ip tera ▁adult s ▁and ▁lar va e . ▁ ▁Fe eding ▁hab its ▁are ▁specific ▁to ▁the ▁cre eks ▁and ▁rivers ▁where ▁in ▁the ▁ch ub ▁exists . ▁As ▁a ▁ju ven ile , ▁it ▁act ively ▁fe eds ▁throughout ▁the ▁early ▁morning ▁on ▁organ isms ▁within ▁the ▁water . ▁As ▁an ▁adult , ▁the ▁cre ek ▁ch ub ▁does ▁not ▁feed ▁until ▁the ▁afternoon , ▁being ▁documented ▁to ▁never ▁feed ▁before ▁ 1 1 0 0 ▁hours . ▁Fish ▁often ▁do ▁not ▁leave ▁their ▁shelter ▁until ▁temper atures ▁have ▁increased ▁to ▁a ▁daily ▁maximum . |
▁Lar ge ▁ch ubs ▁act ively ▁for age ▁for ▁ 1 – 2 ▁hr , ▁then ▁wait ▁in ▁their ▁environment ▁to ▁feed ▁on ▁dr ift ▁items . ▁ ▁Re production ▁M ales ▁increase ▁re product ive ▁success ▁by ▁migr ating ▁to ▁a ▁sp aw ning ▁area . ▁The ▁male ▁then ▁initi ates ▁building ▁a ▁sp aw ning ▁site ▁to ▁draw ▁in ▁females ▁in ▁the ▁surrounding ▁area . ▁This ▁most ▁likely ▁occurs ▁in ▁small ▁p its ▁with ▁small ▁p eb bles ▁to ▁protect ▁the ▁area ▁where ▁eggs ▁are ▁laid . ▁Once ▁females ▁enter , ▁the ▁male ▁wra ps ▁around ▁her ▁p ector al ▁fin ▁and ▁body , ▁fert il ization ▁occurs , ▁and ▁the ▁female ▁leaves . ▁Ar ound ▁ 2 5 - 3 0 ▁eggs ▁are ▁released ▁each ▁fert il ization ▁cycle . ▁O ften , ▁these ▁re product ive ▁cycles ▁occur ▁in ▁commun al ▁nest ing ▁sites , ▁where ▁the ▁male ▁controls ▁the ▁territory ▁and ▁protect s ▁it ▁from ▁intr ud ers . ▁ ▁During ▁the ▁bre eding ▁season , ▁males ▁grow ▁small , ▁ker atin - based ▁b umps , ▁called ▁t uber cles , ▁on ▁their ▁head , ▁which ▁are ▁used ▁in ▁rit ual ized ▁combat . ▁This ▁hardly ▁ever ▁gets ▁dangerous ▁or ▁destruct ive , ▁but ▁it ▁is ▁used ▁to ▁w ard ▁off ▁intr ud ing ▁males ▁on ▁commun al ▁nest ing ▁sites . ▁ ▁Pred ation ▁and ▁management ▁The ▁cre ek ▁ch ub ▁is ▁often ▁pre yed ▁on ▁by ▁species ▁r anging ▁from ▁birds ▁to ▁fish , ▁such |
▁as ▁lo ons , ▁king fish ers , ▁brown ▁tr out ▁and ▁northern ▁pi ke . ▁Vir uses ▁inf ect ing ▁the ▁cre ek ▁ch ub ▁have ▁been ▁documented ▁to ▁decrease ▁this ▁species ' ▁population . ▁Additionally , ▁the ▁food ▁of ▁the ▁cre ek ch ub ▁is ▁limited ▁by ▁other ▁animals , ▁such ▁as ▁tr out ▁and ▁other ▁ch ubs . ▁ ▁Man aging ▁cre ek ▁ch ub ▁has ▁been ▁recorded ▁to ▁work ▁in ▁small ▁growing ▁p onds . ▁Prov iding ▁the ▁right ▁conditions , ▁with ▁flow ing ▁water ▁through ▁the ▁p ond , ▁gives ▁the ▁ch ub ▁the ▁necessary ▁environment ▁to ▁surv ive . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Information ▁from ▁Nature Ser ve : ▁Sem ot ilus ▁at rom ac ul atus ▁( C reek ▁ch ub ) ▁▁▁ ▁Category : Ch ubs ▁( fish ) ▁Category : Sem ot ilus ▁Category : Cy pr in id ▁fish ▁of ▁North ▁America ▁Category : F resh water ▁fish ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Category : F ish ▁of ▁Canada ▁Category : F ish ▁of ▁the ▁Great ▁L akes ▁Category : Fa una ▁of ▁the ▁North western ▁United ▁States ▁Category : F ish ▁described ▁in ▁ 1 8 1 8 ▁Category : T ax a ▁named ▁by ▁Samuel ▁L . ▁Mitch ill ▁Category : F resh water ▁fish ▁of ▁North ▁America <0x0A> </s> ▁Jacques ▁Raymond ▁( born ▁Jo zef ▁Rem on , ▁ 1 3 ▁October ▁ 1 9 3 8 , ▁Tem se , ▁East ▁Fland ers ) ▁is ▁a ▁Belg ian |
▁singer . ▁ ▁He ▁represented ▁Belg ium ▁in ▁the ▁Euro vision ▁Song ▁Cont est ▁ 1 9 6 3 ▁with ▁the ▁Dutch ▁song ▁" W aar om ? ". ▁In ▁the ▁ 1 9 7 1 ▁Euro vision ▁Song ▁Cont est , ▁he ▁te amed ▁up ▁with ▁L ily ▁Cast el ▁to ▁sing ▁" G oe iem orgen , ▁M orgen " ▁for ▁the ▁Belg ian ▁entry ▁on ▁short ▁notice ▁after ▁N icole ▁Jos y ▁of ▁N icole ▁& ▁Hugo ▁fell ▁ill . ▁ ▁Disc ography ▁ ▁Go e iem orgen , ▁m orgen ▁ ▁He el ▁veel ▁l ief s ▁en ▁tot ▁z iens ▁ ▁I k ▁b lij f ▁op ▁je ▁w ach ten ▁ ▁K la ppen ▁in ▁de ▁hand en ▁ ▁J ouw ▁good - bye ▁ ▁O nder ▁' t ▁gro en ▁van ▁de ▁b omen ▁ ▁You ' re ▁so ▁simp at ico ▁ ▁S lot ak ko ord ▁ ▁Perm ett ete , ▁sign or ina ▁ ▁T ann ia ▁ ▁Singles ▁▁ ▁W aar om ▁( 1 9 6 3 ) ▁ ▁Die ▁dol le ▁Dol ly ▁( 1 9 6 4 ) ▁ ▁Ke ine ▁Fre unde ▁( 1 9 6 8 ) ▁ ▁No oit ▁was ▁ik ▁zo ▁verl ief d ▁ ▁N ina ▁ ▁Syl vie ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁Belg ium ▁in ▁the ▁Euro vision ▁Song ▁Cont est ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 3 8 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : Bel g ian ▁male ▁sing ers |
▁Category : E uro vision ▁Song ▁Cont est ▁entr ants ▁for ▁Belg ium ▁Category : Bel g ian ▁pop ▁sing ers ▁Category : E uro vision ▁Song ▁Cont est ▁entr ants ▁of ▁ 1 9 6 3 ▁Category : E uro vision ▁Song ▁Cont est ▁entr ants ▁of ▁ 1 9 7 1 ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁Tem se <0x0A> </s> ▁Il k ka ▁Per tt i ▁Ju h ani ▁La it inen ▁( 2 2 ▁August ▁ 1 9 6 2 ▁– ▁ 2 9 ▁September ▁ 2 0 1 9 ) ▁was ▁a ▁Finn ish ▁military ▁officer , ▁who ▁served ▁as ▁the ▁lieutenant ▁general ▁and ▁the ▁Chief ▁of ▁the ▁Finn ish ▁Border ▁Guard ▁from ▁ 2 0 1 8 ▁to ▁ 2 0 1 9 . ▁He ▁was ▁the ▁first ▁Executive ▁Director ▁of ▁F ron tex , ▁the ▁European ▁Union ’ s ▁border ▁protection ▁ag ency , ▁from ▁ 2 0 0 5 ▁until ▁ 2 0 1 4 . ▁ ▁He ▁served ▁in ▁the ▁Finn ish ▁Border ▁Guard ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 2 ▁and ▁since ▁ 1 9 8 5 . ▁He ▁rose ▁to ▁the ▁rank ▁of ▁colon el ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 4 ▁and ▁held ▁a ▁wide ▁variety ▁of ▁national ▁and ▁EU ▁jobs . ▁He ▁was ▁appointed ▁as ▁the ▁first ▁head ▁of ▁F ron tex ▁on ▁ 2 5 ▁May ▁ 2 0 0 5 . ▁ ▁La it inen ▁retired ▁from ▁the ▁Finn ish ▁Border ▁Guard ▁due ▁to ▁ill ▁health ▁on ▁ 3 1 ▁August |
▁ 2 0 1 9 . ▁He ▁died ▁on ▁ 2 9 ▁September ▁ 2 0 1 9 , ▁aged ▁ 5 7 , ▁due ▁to ▁ill ness . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Finn ish ▁Ministry ▁of ▁the ▁Inter ior : ▁Press ▁release ▁Colonel ▁Il k ka ▁La it inen ▁appointed ▁as ▁Executive ▁Director ▁of ▁the ▁EU ▁B orders ▁Agency ▁( 2 0 0 5 - 0 5 - 2 5 ) ▁Finn ish ▁Border ▁Guard : ▁C urr icul um ▁vita e ▁of ▁Il k ka ▁La it inen ▁( in ▁Finn ish ) ▁F ron tex ▁official ▁site ▁▁▁▁ ▁Category : 1 9 6 2 ▁birth s ▁Category : 2 0 1 9 ▁death s ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁Nur mes ▁Category : F inn ish ▁military ▁personnel ▁Category : F inn ish ▁officials ▁of ▁the ▁European ▁Union <0x0A> </s> ▁El ena ▁O cho a , ▁Lady ▁F oster ▁of ▁Th ames ▁Bank ▁ ▁( born ▁El ena ▁Fernández - F er re iro ▁López ▁de ▁O cho a ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 8 ) ▁is ▁a ▁Spanish ▁publish er ▁and ▁art ▁cur ator , ▁and ▁formerly ▁a ▁professor ▁of ▁psych op ath ology . ▁She ▁is ▁the ▁founder ▁and ▁CE O ▁of ▁I v ory press . ▁ ▁Early ▁life ▁O cho a ▁F oster ▁was ▁born ▁in ▁Our ense , ▁Spain . ▁ ▁Career ▁ ▁O cho a ▁F oster ▁was ▁a ▁ten ured ▁lect urer ▁in ▁Psych op ath ology ▁at ▁the ▁Com pl ut ense ▁University |
▁of ▁Madrid ▁for ▁almost ▁two ▁dec ades ▁and ▁was ▁honor ary ▁professor ▁at ▁King ' s ▁College ▁in ▁London ▁until ▁ 2 0 0 1 . ▁As ▁well ▁as ▁obtain ing ▁a ▁Ful br ight ▁scholar ship ▁to ▁undert ake ▁post do ctor al ▁studies ▁at ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Illinois ▁( Ch icago ) ▁and ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁California , ▁Los ▁Angeles ▁( U CLA ), ▁throughout ▁her ▁career ▁she ▁has ▁been ▁visit ing ▁lect urer ▁and ▁research er ▁in ▁Psych op ath ology ▁at ▁several ▁univers ities ▁both ▁in ▁Europe ▁and ▁the ▁United ▁States . ▁She ▁has ▁worked ▁at ▁R NE ▁and ▁Tele vis ión ▁Españ ola ▁and ▁has ▁been ▁a ▁regular ▁contrib utor ▁to ▁several ▁newsp apers . ▁" She ▁was ▁an ▁academic ▁psych ologist ▁special ising ▁in ▁sexual ity ▁with ▁a ▁high ▁media ▁profile ▁in ▁her ▁native ▁Spain ▁- ▁largely ▁based ▁on ▁getting ▁the ▁Spanish ▁to ▁talk ▁about ▁sex ▁on ▁her ▁television ▁show , ▁and ▁ign oring ▁the ▁tab o os ▁about ▁discuss ing ▁[ sex ▁a ids ] ". ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 9 6 ▁in ▁London , ▁O cho a ▁F oster ▁founded ▁I v ory press , ▁a ▁private ▁organization ▁that ▁car ries ▁out ▁publishing ▁and ▁cur atorial ▁activities , ▁which ▁compr ises ▁an ▁art ▁gallery , ▁a ▁publishing ▁house ▁special ising ▁in ▁artists ' ▁books , ▁and ▁a ▁book shop ▁foc using ▁on ▁phot ography , ▁architecture ▁and ▁contemporary ▁art . ▁ ▁She ▁runs ▁the ▁C ▁Ph oto ▁project , ▁whose ▁aim ▁is ▁to ▁promote |
▁phot ography ▁through ▁publications , ▁exhib itions , ▁and ▁academic ▁and ▁institution al ▁support . ▁I v ory press ▁has ▁spons ored ▁the ▁first ▁Human itas ▁Vis iting ▁Professor ships ▁in ▁Contempor ary ▁Art ▁at ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Oxford , ▁founded ▁in ▁collaboration ▁with ▁the ▁Human itas ▁programme . ▁ ▁O cho a ▁F oster ▁has ▁cur ated ▁international ▁exhib itions ▁in ▁close ▁collaboration ▁with ▁the ▁I v ory press ▁team , ▁including ▁C ▁on ▁C ities ▁( 1 0 th ▁Ven ice ▁Architecture ▁B ienn ale , ▁Ven ice , ▁ 2 0 0 6 ), ▁Blood ▁on ▁P aper ▁( V ict oria ▁& ▁Albert ▁Museum , ▁London , ▁ 2 0 0 8 ), ▁Real ▁Ven ice ▁( 5 4 th ▁Ven ice ▁Art ▁B ienn ale , ▁Ven ice , ▁ 2 0 1 1 ), ▁Real ▁Ven ice ▁( S om erset ▁House , ▁London , ▁ 2 0 1 2 ) ▁and ▁To led o Cont empor á nea ▁( F und ación ▁El ▁Gre co , ▁To led o , ▁ 2 0 1 4 ). ▁ ▁She ▁is ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁Mo MA ' s ▁Library ▁Council ▁and ▁serves ▁on ▁the ▁advis ory ▁board ▁of ▁the ▁Prix ▁P ict et ▁phot ography ▁award . ▁She ▁has ▁been ▁the ▁president ▁of ▁the ▁j ury ▁at ▁the ▁Swiss ▁phot ography ▁award , ▁Alt + 1 0 0 0 . ▁She ▁was ▁the ▁president ▁of ▁the ▁T ate ▁International ▁Council ▁for ▁five ▁years ▁and ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁the |
▁T ate ▁Foundation ' s ▁board ▁of ▁direct ors ▁from ▁ 2 0 0 4 ▁to ▁ 2 0 0 8 , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁that ▁of ▁the ▁N og uch i ▁Foundation . ▁As ▁a ▁patron , ▁she ▁supports ▁a ▁variety ▁of ▁museum s ▁and ▁found ations ▁including ▁the ▁Museo ▁del ▁Pr ado ▁and ▁the ▁Teatro ▁Real , ▁Madrid , ▁Spain , ▁alongside ▁several ▁international ▁schools ▁of ▁contemporary ▁art ▁and ▁phot ography ▁such ▁as ▁Spain ' s ▁Academy ▁of ▁the ▁Arts ▁and ▁the ▁Cin emat ographic ▁Sciences . ▁ ▁O cho a ▁F oster ▁has ▁collabor ated ▁on ▁publishing , ▁educational ▁and ▁art istic ▁projects ▁with ▁artists ▁such ▁as ▁A i ▁Wei wei , ▁Cla es ▁Old enburg , ▁William ▁Kent ridge , ▁May a ▁Lin , ▁Thomas ▁Str uth , ▁Crist ina ▁Ig les ias , ▁Los ▁Car p inter os , ▁Richard ▁Long ▁and ▁An sel m ▁K ie fer ▁among ▁others . ▁She ▁has ▁been ▁executive ▁producer ▁of ▁several ▁document aries , ▁among ▁them ▁How ▁much ▁your ▁building ▁we igh ▁Mr ▁F oster ▁( 2 0 1 0 ) ▁and ▁Sho oting ▁the ▁ ▁M af ia ▁( 2 0 1 9 ). ▁ ▁She ▁is ▁ ▁the ▁Chair ▁of ▁the ▁Council ▁of ▁the ▁Ser pent ine ▁Gall eries , ▁London , ▁UK , ▁and ▁serves ▁as ▁Cor respond ent ▁Academ ician ▁in ▁Switzerland ▁for ▁the ▁Real ▁Academia ▁de ▁Bell as ▁Ar tes ▁de ▁San ▁Fernando , ▁Madrid , ▁Spain ▁ ▁Rec ogn ition ▁▁ ▁Special ▁award ▁from ▁Arch |
itect ural ▁Dig est ' s ▁editor ial ▁team . ▁Arch itect ural ▁Dig est ▁Spain , ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁ ▁Premio ▁Al fil er ▁de ▁O ro , ▁As ociación ▁Mu jer ▁Sig lo ▁XX I . ▁Spain , ▁ 2 0 0 9 . ▁ ▁Mont bl anc ▁Award ▁for ▁Women . ▁Spain , ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁ ▁Award ▁for ▁Ex cell ence ▁in ▁Publishing . ▁Fu era ▁de ▁Serie , ▁Spain , ▁ 2 0 1 1 . ▁ ▁Gold ▁Medal ▁of ▁the ▁Re ina ▁Sof ía ▁Institute ▁in ▁New ▁York . ▁New ▁York , ▁USA , ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁ ▁Real ▁Fund ación ▁de ▁To led o ▁Award ▁for ▁c uration ▁for ▁the ▁exhibition ▁To led o Cont empor á nea . ▁Spain , ▁ 2 0 1 5 ▁ ▁I bero - American ▁Award ▁for ▁Art ▁Pat ron age . ▁Spain , ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁ ▁Mont bl anc ▁de ▁la ▁Culture ▁Arts ▁Pat ron age ▁Award . ▁Spain , ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁ ▁Mu jer H oy ▁Award . ▁Spain , ▁ 2 0 2 0 ▁ ▁Personal ▁life ▁ ▁She ▁is ▁married ▁to ▁the ▁English ▁architect , ▁Norman ▁Robert ▁F oster , ▁Baron ▁F oster ▁of ▁Th ames ▁Bank . ▁ ▁She ▁lives ▁and ▁works ▁between ▁Switzerland , ▁Spain , ▁United ▁Kingdom ▁and ▁the ▁US . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Car men ▁Mel gar . ▁" El ▁mit o ▁de ▁El ena ". ▁Vog ue ▁Spain . |
▁November , ▁ 2 0 1 9 . ▁Ma ite ▁Sebast ia . ▁" 5 ▁grandes ▁mujeres ▁del ▁arte ▁nos ▁explic an ▁la ▁revol ución ▁fem en ina ▁en ▁el ▁sector ". ▁S Mod a . ▁November , ▁ 2 0 1 7 . ▁Á lex ▁Rodríguez . ▁" Me ▁be ber ía ▁todos ▁los ▁bu en os ▁v inos ▁de ▁casa ". ▁La ▁V angu ard ia . ▁October , ▁ 2 0 1 7 . ▁David ▁Mor ale jo . ▁" El ena ▁O cho a ▁F oster , ▁una ▁casa ▁con ▁mucho ▁arte ". ▁T ▁Spain : ▁The ▁New ▁York ▁Times ▁Style ▁Magazine . ▁May , ▁ 2 0 1 7 . ▁Juan ▁Cruz . ▁" El ena ▁F oster : ▁' Los ▁artist as ▁te ▁dan ▁ad ren al ina ' ". ▁ ▁El ▁País ▁Sem anal , ▁El ▁País ▁New sp aper . ▁March , ▁ 2 0 1 7 . ▁L ola ▁Fernández . ▁" El ena ▁O cho a : ▁' Es ▁una ▁tor pe za ▁mental ▁imper don able ▁que ▁un ▁gobierno ▁no ▁apo ye ▁las ▁art es ' ". ▁ ▁Y o ▁D ona , ▁El ▁Mundo ▁New sp aper . ▁February , ▁ 2 0 1 7 . ▁Gar bi ñ e ▁Cont in ente . ▁" El ena ▁O cho a ▁F oster , ▁President a ▁del ▁Conse jo ▁de ▁las ▁Ser pent ine ▁Gall eries ". ▁Har per ' s ▁B az aar ▁Spain . ▁January , ▁ 2 0 1 |
7 . ▁V icky ▁Vil ches . ▁" El ena ▁O cho a ▁en ▁def ensa ▁del ▁me cen az go ▁cultural ". ▁ ▁Fu era ▁de ▁Serie , ▁Exp ans ión . ▁June , ▁ 2 0 1 6 . ▁ ▁' El ena ▁O cho a ▁F oster ▁W ins ▁I bero - American ▁Prize ▁for ▁Art ▁Pat ron age '. ▁Art For um ▁Magazine . ▁ 1 0 ▁February ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁Art For um ▁Magazine . ▁ 1 0 ▁February ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁ ▁' El ena ▁O cho a ▁F oster , ▁prem io ▁I bero amer icano ▁de ▁M ec en az go . ▁El ▁jur ado ▁recon oce ▁la ▁labor ▁en ▁el ▁Arte ▁de ▁la ▁editor a , ▁com is aria ▁y ▁fund adora ▁de ▁I v ory press '. ▁El ▁País ▁newspaper . ▁ 9 ▁February ▁ 2 0 1 6 . ▁El ▁País ▁newspaper . ▁ 9 ▁February ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁ ▁El sa ▁Fernández - S ant os . ▁' El ena ▁O cho a ▁F oster . ▁El ▁arte ▁de ▁rein vent arse ▁a ▁prop ós ito '. ▁Har per ' s ▁B az aar . ▁February ▁ 2 0 1 6 . ▁Har per ' s ▁B az aar . ▁February ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁ ▁Rap ha el ▁M inder . ▁' Sp ain ▁Pays ▁T ribute ▁to ▁El ▁Gre co ▁ 4 0 0 ▁Years ▁After ▁His ▁Death '. ▁The ▁New ▁York |
▁Times . ▁April , ▁ 2 0 1 4 . ▁ ▁Ji y oon ▁Lee . ▁' ▁ 에 술 과 ▁ 책 의 ▁ 융 합 ▁ 지 휘 하 는 ▁ 엘 레 나 ▁ 포 스 터 '. ▁ ▁Sunday ▁Magazine . ▁February , ▁ 2 0 1 4 . ▁ ▁IO AN A ▁N IC O LA ES C U . ▁' L ady ▁di ▁st ile . ▁Inter v ista ▁a ▁El ena ▁O cho a ▁F oster ▁fond at ice ▁di ▁I v ory press ▁e ▁mog lie ▁dell ' arch ist ar ▁Norman ▁F oster '. ▁Elle ▁Italy . ▁July , ▁ 2 0 1 3 . ▁ ▁Beat riz ▁Fab i án . ▁' El ena ▁O cho a . ▁El ▁merc ado ▁del ▁arte ▁está ▁más ▁act ivo ▁que ▁nunca '. ▁Nue vo ▁Est ilo ▁Magazine . ▁July , ▁ 2 0 1 2 . ▁ ▁Al m ud ena ▁Á val os , ▁' I v ory press . ▁Una ▁editor ial ▁de ▁cult o . ▁Des c ub rim os ▁el ▁trabajo ▁di ario ▁de ▁la ▁amb icion a ▁empresa ▁fund ada ▁por ▁El ena ▁O cho a '. ▁S ▁Mod a ▁Magazine , ▁El ▁País ▁newspaper . ▁ 2 6 ▁January ▁ 2 0 1 1 . ▁ ▁Pa ula ▁A chi aga , ▁' El ena ▁O cho a : ▁I v ory press ▁no ▁tiene ▁refer ente . ▁Es ▁un ▁refer ente . ▁na ció ▁para ▁provoc ar '. |
▁El ▁Cultural , ▁El ▁Mundo ▁newspaper . ▁ 7 ▁January ▁ 2 0 0 1 . ▁ ▁Isabel ▁La font , ▁' Ar te ▁en ▁los ▁conf ines ▁de ▁la ▁liter atura . ▁Los ▁lib ros ▁de ▁art ista ▁edit ados ▁por ▁El ena ▁O cho a ▁trat an ▁de ▁lle var ▁al ▁extrem o ▁la ▁cre ativ idad ▁de ▁sus ▁aut ores ', ▁El ▁País ▁newspaper . ▁ 1 0 ▁November ▁ 2 0 1 0 . ▁ ▁Christ ine ▁Murray , ▁" Christ ine ▁Murray ▁inter views ▁El ena ▁O cho a ▁F oster ▁at ▁the ▁opening ▁of ▁V & A ' s ▁Blood ▁on ▁P aper ", ▁Arch itect s ' ▁Journal . ▁ 2 2 7 . 1 7 ▁( May ▁ 1 , ▁ 2 0 0 8 ): ▁p 5 2 - 5 3 . ▁G ale ▁Document ▁Number : ▁G A LE | A 1 7 9 9 5 3 9 3 9 ▁ ▁Martin ▁Gay ford , ▁' B lo od ▁on ▁P aper : ▁Who ▁needs ▁words ? '. ▁The ▁Te legraph . ▁ 1 2 ▁April ▁ 2 0 0 8 . ▁ ▁María ▁Martínez , ▁' El ena ▁F oster . ▁Cole ccion ista ▁de ▁al mas '. ▁Person as ▁de ▁Conf ian za . ▁March , ▁ 2 0 0 5 . ▁ ▁B ett ina ▁von ▁H ase , ▁' M aking ▁book . ▁With ▁the ▁ra ref ied ▁produ ctions ▁of ▁her ▁I v ory press , ▁El ena |
▁F oster ▁is ▁taking ▁the ▁concept ▁of ▁the ▁artist ' s ▁book ▁to ▁a ▁new ▁level '. ▁Art ▁+ ▁Au ction . ▁June , ▁ 2 0 0 5 . ▁ ▁Jes ús ▁Rodríguez , ▁' El ▁arte ▁de ▁Lady ▁F oster '. ▁El ▁País ▁sem anal , ▁El ▁País ▁newspaper . ▁January , ▁ 2 0 0 5 . ▁ ▁Sam anth a ▁Cont i , ▁' F it ▁to ▁print '. ▁W ▁Magazine . ▁December , ▁ 2 0 0 4 . ▁ ▁J avier ▁F de z . ▁de ▁Ang ulo , ▁' La ▁pas ión ▁de ▁Lady ▁F oster '. ▁Vog ue ▁Spain . ▁August , ▁ 2 0 0 4 . ▁ ▁R alf ▁E ib l , ▁" IM ▁EL F EN BE INT UR M ▁- ▁Mit ▁ihrem ▁I v ory press ▁produz iert ▁Lady ▁F oster ▁spe kt ak ul äre ▁Bü cher ▁für ▁die ▁E wig keit ". ▁Arch itect ural ▁Dig est ▁( G erm any ). ▁June , ▁ 2 0 0 4 . ▁▁ ▁Richard ▁C ork . ▁" The ▁I v ory ▁Tower ", ▁The ▁Times ▁( Un ited ▁Kingdom ), ▁Feb ▁ 2 1 , ▁ 2 0 0 4 . ▁Bi ographical ▁piece ▁about ▁El ena ▁O cho a ▁F oster . ▁ ▁" L ady ▁F oster ▁follows ▁her ▁art ", ▁Daily ▁Te legraph , ▁Oct . ▁ 2 1 , ▁ 2 0 0 3 . ▁G ale ▁Document ▁Number : ▁G A LE | A |
1 0 9 0 4 8 0 6 7 . ▁Br ief ▁piece ▁about ▁El ena ▁O cho a ▁F oster . ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 5 8 ▁birth s ▁Category : Span ish ▁publish ers ▁( people ) ▁Category : Com pl ut ense ▁University ▁of ▁Madrid ▁al umn i ▁Category : A cadem ics ▁of ▁the ▁Com pl ut ense ▁University ▁of ▁Madrid ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : Span ish ▁cur ators ▁Category : Span ish ▁women ▁in ▁business ▁Category : Sp ouses ▁of ▁life ▁pe ers <0x0A> </s> ▁Ta im ur ▁was ▁a ▁ 1 4 th - century ▁Tur ko - M ong ol ▁r uler ▁also ▁known ▁as ▁T amer lane . ▁ ▁Ta im ur ▁or ▁Tim ur ▁may ▁also ▁refer ▁to : ▁ ▁Historical ▁ ▁M ö ng ke ▁Tem ür ▁( d . 1 2 8 0 ), ▁k han ▁of ▁the ▁Golden ▁Hor de ▁ ▁Several ▁r ul ers ▁from ▁the ▁Chinese - M ong ol ▁Y uan ▁D ynast y ▁ ▁Tem ür ▁Khan ▁( ▁ 1 2 9 4 – 1 3 0 7 ), ▁the ▁second ▁r uler ▁of ▁the ▁Y uan ▁dynast y ▁ ▁T ugh ▁Tem ür , ▁better ▁known ▁as ▁J aya atu ▁Khan , ▁Emperor ▁W enz ong ▁of ▁Y uan ▁( ▁ 1 3 2 8 – 1 3 3 2 ) ▁▁▁ ▁T og hon ▁Tem ür ▁( ▁ 1 3 3 3 – 1 3 7 0 ) |
▁ ▁U sk hal ▁Khan ▁T ög üs ▁Tem ür ▁( ▁ 1 3 7 8 – 1 3 8 8 ) ▁ ▁Yes ün ▁Tem ür ▁( ▁ 1 3 2 3 – 1 3 2 8 ) ▁▁ ▁Ö l je i ▁Tem ür ▁Khan , ▁( ▁ 1 4 0 8 – 1 4 1 2 ) ▁ ▁Kö ke ▁Tem ür , ▁a ▁Y uan ▁dynast y ▁general ▁ ▁Tim ur ▁( 1 3 3 6 – 1 4 0 5 ), ▁a ▁Central ▁Asian ▁r uler ▁also ▁known ▁as ▁T amer lane ▁ ▁M engu ▁Tim ur , ▁The ▁k han ▁of ▁Golden ▁Hor de ▁ ▁Bay an ▁Tem ür ▁( K ing ▁G ong min ▁of ▁G ory e o ) ▁ ▁Khan ▁Tem ir ▁( ▁ 1 6 3 7 ), ▁a ▁Bud jak ▁N og ais ▁r uler ▁ ▁Tim ur ▁Shah ▁Dur ran i ▁( 1 7 4 8 – 1 7 9 3 ), ▁an ▁Af gh ani ▁r uler ▁ ▁Modern ▁ ▁N aw ab ▁Muhammad ▁Ta im ur ▁Tal pur , ▁Pak ist ani ▁politician ▁ ▁Ta im ur ▁Khan ▁J h ag ra , ▁Pak ist ani ▁politician ▁ ▁Ta im ur ▁H uss ain , ▁a ▁Pak ist ani ▁professional ▁gol fer ▁ ▁Ta im ur ▁Ali , ▁a ▁Pak ist ani ▁First - class ▁cr ick eter ▁ ▁Ta im ur ▁Sultan ▁( cr ick eter ), ▁a ▁Pak ist ani ▁first - class ▁cr ick eter ▁ |
▁Ta im ur ▁Khan ▁( cr ick eter , ▁born ▁ 1 9 9 1 ), ▁a ▁Pak ist ani ▁First - class ▁cr ick eter ▁ ▁Ta im ur ▁Khan ▁( cr ick eter , ▁born ▁ 1 9 7 5 ), ▁a ▁Pak ist ani ▁First - class ▁cr ick eter ▁ ▁Dan ish ▁Ta imo or , ▁a ▁Pak ist ani ▁actor ▁ ▁Ta im ur ▁Rah man , ▁a ▁Pak ist ani ▁singer ▁ ▁Ta im ur ▁bin ▁Fe is al , ▁ 1 2 th ▁Sultan ▁of ▁O man ▁ ▁Sa id ▁bin ▁Ta im ur , ▁ 1 3 th ▁Sultan ▁of ▁O man ▁ ▁Tem ur ▁Bab lu ani ▁( born ▁ 1 9 4 8 ), ▁a ▁Georg ian ▁film ▁director ▁ ▁Tim ur ▁Beg , ▁( d . ▁ 1 9 3 3 ), ▁a ▁U yg h ur ▁re bel ▁leader ▁ ▁Tim ur ▁Bek m amb et ov , ▁Kaz akh ▁film ▁and ▁advert is ement ▁director ▁ ▁Tim ur ▁D ib iro v ▁( born ▁ 1 9 8 3 ), ▁a ▁Russian ▁hand ball ▁player ▁ ▁Tim ur ▁D z hab ra il ov , ▁Russian ▁footballer ▁ ▁Tim ur ▁G are ev , ▁U z bek ist ani ▁ch ess ▁player ▁ ▁Tim ur ▁Ib rag im ov , ▁U z bek ist ani ▁box er ▁ ▁Tem ur ▁I ak ob ash v ili ▁( born ▁ 1 9 6 7 ), ▁a ▁Georg ian ▁politician ▁and ▁diplom |
at ▁ ▁Tem ur ▁J ura ev ▁( born ▁ 1 9 8 4 ), ▁a ▁U z bek ist ani ▁football ▁player ▁ ▁Tim ur ▁Kap ad ze , ▁a ▁U z bek ist ani ▁footballer ▁ ▁Tem ur ▁K ets ba ia ▁( born ▁ 1 9 6 8 ), ▁a ▁Georg ian ▁football ▁player ▁and ▁manager ▁ ▁Tim ur ▁K ul ib ay ev , ▁Kaz akh ▁billion aire ▁ ▁Tim ur ▁Kur an , ▁American ▁academic ▁ ▁Tim ur ▁Mut sur ay ev ▁( born ▁ 1 9 7 6 ), ▁Che chen ▁singer ▁and ▁b ard ▁ ▁Tim ur ▁Pr ad opo , ▁Chief ▁of ▁the ▁Indones ian ▁National ▁Police ▁ ▁Tim ur ▁T ay maz ov ▁( born ▁ 1 9 7 0 ), ▁a ▁Ukrain ian ▁weight l if ter ▁ ▁Tim ur ▁K yd y ral iev , ▁K yr gy z st ani ▁footballer ▁ ▁Tim ur ▁Sel ç uk , ▁Turkish ▁music ian ▁ ▁Tim ur ▁T ek kal , ▁German ▁rugby ▁union ▁player ▁ ▁Tim ur ▁Y any ali , ▁Turkish ▁footballer ▁ ▁Other ▁uses ▁ ▁Tim ur , ▁Iran , ▁a ▁village ▁in ▁Ar d abil ▁Province , ▁Iran ▁ ▁Tem ir ▁kom uz , ▁a ▁central ▁Asian ▁j aw ▁har p ▁ ▁Tim uri , ▁a ▁tribe ▁in ▁Afghan istan ▁and ▁Iran ▁ ▁Tim ur ite ▁movement , ▁a ▁youth ▁volunte er ▁organization ▁in ▁the ▁Soviet ▁Union ▁ ▁The ▁Nep al ▁variety ▁of ▁S ich uan ▁pe pper ▁ ▁See |
▁also ▁ ▁Tim or ▁( disambiguation ) <0x0A> </s> ▁NGC ▁ 9 7 2 ▁is ▁a ▁dust y ▁spir al ▁galax y ▁in ▁the ▁northern ▁const ell ation ▁of ▁A ries , ▁located ▁at ▁an ▁approximate ▁distance ▁of ▁ ▁from ▁the ▁Mil ky ▁Way . ▁It ▁was ▁discovered ▁in ▁ 1 7 8 4 ▁by ▁William ▁H ersch el . ▁The ▁gal actic ▁features ▁suggest ▁it ▁may ▁have ▁under g one ▁a ▁mer ger ▁with ▁a ▁gas - rich ▁companion , ▁giving ▁it ▁asym met rical ▁arms , ▁plus ▁star bur st ▁activity ▁in ▁the ▁nucle us ▁and ▁an ▁off - plan ar ▁nuclear ▁ring . ▁The ▁inner ▁ 3 . 6 k pc ▁of ▁the ▁galax y ▁is ▁under going ▁star ▁formation ▁at ▁the ▁rate ▁of ▁ 2 . 1 – 2 . 7 · yr – 1 , ▁but ▁it ▁la cks ▁a ▁nuclear ▁bul ge . ▁ ▁On ▁October ▁ 1 6 , ▁ 2 0 0 8 , ▁a ▁possible ▁super n ova ▁event ▁was ▁observed ▁about ▁ ▁west ▁and ▁ ▁north ▁of ▁the ▁gal actic ▁center . ▁It ▁reached ▁magnitude ▁ 1 4 . 7 ▁in ▁the ▁inf ra red ▁K ' ▁band , ▁but ▁only ▁a ▁possible ▁very ▁faint ▁trans ient ▁event ▁was ▁observed ▁in ▁the ▁visual ▁frequency ▁range , ▁most ▁likely ▁as ▁a ▁result ▁of ▁strong ▁ext inction . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁NGC ▁ 9 7 2 ▁on ▁S IM B AD ▁ ▁Category : Sp iral ▁galaxies ▁ 9 7 |
2 ▁Category : A ries ▁( const ell ation ) <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Journal ▁of ▁Light wave ▁Technology ▁is ▁a ▁bi week ly ▁peer - review ed ▁scientific ▁journal ▁covering ▁optical ▁gu ided - wave ▁science , ▁technology , ▁and ▁engineering . ▁It ▁is ▁published ▁joint ly ▁by ▁the ▁Opt ical ▁Society ▁and ▁the ▁Institute ▁of ▁Elect rical ▁and ▁Electron ics ▁Engine ers . ▁It ▁was ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 3 ▁and ▁the ▁editor - in - ch ief ▁is ▁Gab ri ella ▁Bos co ▁( Pol ite c nico ▁di ▁Tor ino ). ▁According ▁to ▁the ▁Journal ▁C itation ▁Re ports , ▁the ▁journal ▁has ▁a ▁ 2 0 1 7 ▁impact ▁factor ▁of ▁ 3 . 6 5 2 . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁▁▁ ▁Category : Engine ering ▁journ als ▁Category : English - language ▁journ als ▁Category : IE EE ▁academic ▁journ als ▁Category : Bi week ly ▁journ als ▁Category : Public ations ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 3 ▁Category : Opt ics ▁journ als ▁Category : The ▁Opt ical ▁Society ▁academic ▁journ als <0x0A> </s> ▁Marie - Alex is ▁de ▁Cast illon ▁de ▁Saint - V ict or ▁( 1 3 ▁December ▁ 1 8 3 8 ▁– ▁ 5 ▁March ▁ 1 8 7 3 ) ▁was ▁a ▁French ▁composer . ▁ ▁Life ▁and ▁career ▁Son ▁of ▁an ▁old ▁family ▁of ▁the ▁L angu ed oc ▁nob ility , ▁he ▁was ▁born ▁in ▁Chart res ▁and ▁was ▁initially ▁intended ▁by ▁his ▁parents |
▁for ▁a ▁military ▁career . ▁But ▁Cast illon ▁gave ▁up ▁plans ▁for ▁professional ▁soldier ing ▁in ▁favour ▁of ▁music , ▁which ▁he ▁learned ▁first ▁in ▁his ▁birth place ▁and ▁then ▁in ▁Paris , ▁studying ▁piano ▁and ▁composition , ▁initially ▁with ▁Charles ▁D eli oux . ▁In ▁this ▁second ▁capacity ▁he ▁went ▁to ▁the ▁Paris ▁Conserv atoire ▁where ▁he ▁attended ▁the ▁classes ▁of ▁Victor ▁Mass é ▁and , ▁from ▁ 1 8 6 9 , ▁of ▁César ▁Fran ck . ▁Before ▁his ▁studies ▁with ▁Fran ck , ▁he ▁had ▁completed ▁his ▁Op us ▁ 1 , ▁a ▁piano ▁qu int et , ▁probably ▁inspired ▁by ▁the ▁earlier ▁example ▁of ▁his ▁friend ▁Camil le ▁Saint - Sa ë ns . ▁Both ▁the ▁qu int et ▁and ▁the ▁later ▁piano ▁quart et ▁Op . ▁ 7 ▁follow ▁Sch umann ' s ▁model . ▁He ▁dis av owed ▁earlier ▁efforts , ▁including ▁a ▁sym phony ▁in ▁F ▁major , ▁which ▁he ▁had ▁written ▁in ▁ 1 8 6 5 . ▁ ▁In ▁frag ile ▁health ▁at ▁the ▁best ▁of ▁times ▁( vol unte ering ▁during ▁the ▁War ▁of ▁ 1 8 7 0 , ▁he ▁fell ▁ill ▁and ▁was ▁dem obil ized ▁in ▁ 1 8 7 1 ), ▁he ▁died ▁of ▁comp lications ▁from ▁fe ver ▁in ▁ 1 8 7 3 , ▁before ▁reaching ▁the ▁age ▁of ▁ 3 5 . ▁He ▁never theless ▁composed ▁several ▁impress ively ▁Rom antic ▁works . ▁These ▁include ▁pieces ▁for ▁piano , ▁chamber ▁music , ▁m él od ies |
, ▁a ▁piano ▁con cer to , ▁and ▁other ▁orch est ral ▁music . ▁He ▁was ▁also ▁active ▁in ▁Paris ian ▁musical ▁life , ▁in ▁particular ▁helping ▁to ▁create , ▁in ▁ 1 8 7 1 , ▁the ▁Société ▁N ationale ▁de ▁Mus ique , ▁of ▁which ▁he ▁was ▁the ▁first ▁secretary . ▁ ▁List ▁of ▁compos itions ▁ ▁P iano ▁solo ▁ ▁F ug ue ▁in ▁G ▁minor ▁ ▁F ug ues ▁dans ▁le ▁style ▁libre , ▁Op . ▁ 2 ▁( 1 8 6 9 ) ▁ ▁Su ite ▁No . ▁ 1 , ▁Op . ▁ 5 ▁( 1 8 6 7 ? - 6 9 ) ▁I . ▁Can on ▁II . ▁Sch er zo ▁III . ▁Th ème ▁et ▁Vari ations ▁IV . ▁G av otte ▁V . ▁Mar che ▁▁ 5 ▁Pi èces ▁dans ▁le ▁style ▁ancien , ▁Op . ▁ 9 ▁( 1 8 7 0 ) ▁I . ▁Pr él ude ▁II . ▁Sic il ienne ▁III . ▁Sar ab ande ▁IV . ▁Air ▁( D ▁major ) ▁V . ▁F ugh ette ▁ ▁Su ite ▁No . ▁ 2 , ▁Op . ▁ 1 0 ▁( 1 8 7 0 ) ▁I . ▁Bal lade ▁II . ▁Ron de ▁III . ▁Ad ag iet to ▁( F ▁major ) ▁IV . ▁Fant ais ie ▁( D ▁minor ) ▁V . ▁Salt arel le ▁▁ 6 ▁V als es ▁humor istiques , ▁Op . ▁ 1 1 ▁( 1 8 7 1 ) ▁( orch |
estr ated ▁by ▁Charles ▁Ko ech lin ) ▁I . ▁( L iber amente ) ▁( E ▁major ) ▁II . ▁( Non ▁tro ppo ▁v ivo ) ▁( A ▁major ) ▁III . ▁( Con ▁fant asia ) ▁( C ▁minor ) ▁IV . ▁( Com odo ) ▁( F ▁major ) ▁V . ▁( E ner g ico ) ▁( B ▁major ) ▁VI . ▁( V ivo ▁ass ai ) ▁( E ▁major ) ▁▁ 2 4 ▁P ens ées ▁fug it ives ▁( 1 8 7 3 ) ▁I . ▁A ve u ▁II . ▁Min u etto ▁III . ▁Au ▁bois ▁IV . ▁Car illon ▁V . ▁Com pl iment ▁VI . ▁Première ▁Maz ur ka ▁VII . ▁C aus erie ▁VIII . ▁F an fare ▁IX . ▁Sch er zo - V alse ▁X . ▁Reg rets ▁XI . ▁Deux ième ▁Maz ur ka ▁XII . ▁T occ ata ▁XIII . ▁Mar che ▁des ▁Fran çais ▁XIV . ▁Au ▁re voir ▁XV . ▁Fe u ▁fol let ▁XVI . ▁Bay ad ère ▁XVII . ▁Ch anson ▁du ▁caval ier ▁XVIII . ▁Ext ase ▁XIX . ▁Colomb ine ▁XX . ▁Les ▁Drag ons ▁XX I . ▁Sch er zett ino ▁XX II . ▁App el ▁du ▁soir ▁XX III . ▁Tro is ième ▁Maz ur ka ▁XX IV . ▁A ub ade ▁ ▁Chamber ▁ ▁P iano ▁Quint et , ▁Op . ▁ 1 ▁( 1 8 6 3 – 6 4 ) ▁I . ▁Al leg ro |
▁II . ▁Sch er zo ▁III . ▁Ad ag io ▁et ▁final ▁ ▁String ▁Quart et ▁No . ▁ 1 , ▁Op . ▁ 3 , ▁No . ▁ 1 ▁( 1 8 6 7 ) ▁( ded . ▁to ▁Henri ▁Po enc et ) ▁I . ▁( Al leg ro ) ▁II . ▁( Ad ag io ▁molto ▁l ento ▁- ▁Al leg ro ▁sch er z ando ) ▁III . ▁( M ol to ▁grave ▁- ▁Mol to ▁alleg ro ) ▁ ▁String ▁Quart et ▁No . ▁ 2 , ▁Op . ▁ 3 , ▁No . ▁ 2 ▁( 1 8 6 7 ) ▁( un fin ished , ▁only ▁Cav at ina ▁published ) ▁ ▁P iano ▁T rio ▁No . ▁ 1 , ▁Op . ▁ 4 ▁( 1 8 6 5 ) ▁I . ▁Pr él ude ▁et ▁And ante ▁II . ▁Sch er zo ▁III . ▁Rom ance ▁IV . ▁Finale ▁ ▁Son ata ▁for ▁viol in ▁and ▁piano , ▁Op . ▁ 6 ▁( 1 8 6 8 ) ▁( ded . ▁to ▁El ie - M iri am ▁Del abor de ) ▁I . ▁( Al leg ro ▁moder ato ) ▁II . ▁( Al leg ro ▁sch er z ando ) ▁III . ▁( And ante ) ▁IV . ▁( Al leg ro ▁molto ) ▁ ▁P iano ▁Quart et , ▁Op . ▁ 7 ▁( 1 8 6 9 ) ▁( ded . ▁to ▁Anton ▁Rub in stein ) ▁I . ▁( |
L arg h etto ▁- ▁Al leg ro ▁dec iso ▁- ▁Al leg ro ) ▁II . ▁( Sch er z ando ) ▁III . ▁( L arg h etto , ▁quasi ▁mar cia ▁religios a ) ▁IV . ▁Finale ▁( Al leg ro ) ▁ ▁P iano ▁T rio ▁No . ▁ 2 , ▁Op . ▁ 1 7 ▁( 1 8 7 0 - 7 3 ?) ▁I . ▁( Al leg ro ▁moder ato ) ▁II . ▁( Al leg retto ▁non ▁v ivo ) ▁( B ▁major ) ▁III . ▁( Sch er z ando ▁viv ace ) ▁( G ▁minor ) ▁IV . ▁( Ad ag io ▁- ▁Al leg ro ▁con ▁fu oco ▁- ▁Mol to ▁express ivo ▁senza ▁rig ore ) ▁ ▁Con cert ante ▁ ▁P iano ▁Con cer to , ▁Op . ▁ 1 2 ▁( 1 8 7 1 ) ▁( ded . ▁to ▁and ▁first ▁performed ▁( in ▁ 1 8 7 2 ) ▁by ▁Camil le ▁Saint - Sa ë ns ▁piano ) ▁( also ▁arr . ▁for ▁ 2 ▁pian os ▁by ▁Vincent ▁d ' Ind y ) ▁I . ▁( Al leg ro ▁moder ato ) ▁II . ▁( M ol to ▁l ento ) ▁III . ▁( Al leg ro ▁con ▁fu oco ) ▁ ▁Orchestra ▁ ▁Robert ▁Sch umann : ▁Tro is ▁mor ce aux , ▁arr . ▁for ▁or chestra ▁( un pub lished ) ▁ ▁Mar che ▁Sc and ina ve ▁( ded . ▁to |
▁Georges ▁B iz et ) ▁( un pub lished ) ▁ ▁Sym phony ▁No . ▁ 1 ▁( 1 8 6 5 ) ▁( un pub lished ) ▁▁ 5 ▁Air s ▁de ▁Dan se , ▁suite ▁for ▁or chestra ▁( 1 8 7 0 ) ▁( un pub lished ) ▁I . ▁Introduction ▁et ▁Ron de ▁II . ▁Tem po ▁di ▁Wal zer ▁III . ▁Sic il ienne ▁IV . ▁Menu et ▁V . ▁Dan se ▁guer rière ▁ ▁Es qu isses ▁sym phon iques , ▁Op . ▁ 1 5 ▁( 1 8 7 2 ) ▁I . ▁Pr él ude ▁II . ▁G av otte ▁III . ▁ ▁Al leg retto ▁IV . ▁Ret our ▁du ▁Pr él ude ▁et ▁Finale ▁ ▁Sym phony ▁No . ▁ 2 ▁( 1 8 7 2 ) ▁( un fin ished ) ▁ ▁Franz ▁Sch ub ert : ▁Imp rom pt u , ▁Op . ▁ 9 0 , ▁No . ▁ 1 , ▁arr . ▁for ▁or chestra ▁( 1 8 7 2 ) ▁( un pub lished ) ▁▁ 3 ▁Pi èces ▁dans ▁le ▁style ▁ancien ▁( 1 8 7 3 ) ▁( orch estr ation ▁of ▁N os . ▁ 3 , ▁ 4 , ▁and ▁ 5 ▁of ▁Op . ▁ 9 ) ▁( un pub lished ) ▁I . ▁Sar ab ande ▁II . ▁Air ▁III . ▁F ugh ette ▁ ▁Tor qu ato ▁T asso , ▁O u vert ure ▁( un fin ished ) ▁ ▁Songs |
▁▁ 6 ▁Po és ies ▁d ' Arm and ▁Sil vest re , ▁Op . ▁ 8 ▁( 1 8 6 8 – 7 3 ) ▁( orch estr ated ▁ 1 9 2 0 ▁by ▁Charles ▁Ko ech lin ) ▁I . ▁Le ▁B û cher ▁II . ▁Le ▁S eme ur ▁III . ▁Son net ▁m él an col ique ▁IV . ▁La ▁Mer ▁V . ▁Ren ouve au ▁VI . ▁V end ange ▁ ▁Ch oral ▁ ▁Par ap hr ase ▁du ▁P sa ume ▁ 8 4 , ▁for ▁solo ists , ▁cho ir , ▁and ▁or chestra , ▁on ▁a ▁text ▁by ▁Louis ▁Gal let , ▁Op . ▁ 1 6 ▁( 1 8 7 2 ) ▁ ▁Mass ▁( 1 8 7 2 ) ▁( un fin ished ) ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Notes ▁ ▁S ources ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Category : 1 8 3 8 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 8 7 3 ▁death s ▁Category : 1 9 th - century ▁classical ▁compos ers ▁Category : 1 9 th - century ▁French ▁compos ers ▁Category : 1 9 th - century ▁male ▁mus icians ▁Category : B irth s ▁in ▁Chart res ▁Category : Con serv atoire ▁de ▁Paris ▁al umn i ▁Category : F rench ▁classical ▁compos ers ▁Category : F rench ▁male ▁classical ▁compos ers ▁Category : F rench ▁Rom antic ▁compos ers <0x0A> </s> ▁Z alm ox is ▁is ▁a ▁genus ▁of ▁har vest men , ▁within ▁the ▁Z alm ox idae |
▁family . ▁They ▁are ▁found ▁in ▁tropical ▁Australia , ▁Bor neo , ▁New ▁Guinea , ▁the ▁Philippines ▁and ▁on ▁Pacific ▁islands . ▁ ▁Species ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : Har vest men ▁Category : Ar th rop ods ▁of ▁O ce ania <0x0A> </s> ▁El ▁Cast illo ▁del ▁T error ▁( 2 0 1 4 ) ▁was ▁a ▁professional ▁wrest ling ▁event , ▁the ▁t enth ▁annual ▁El ▁Cast illo ▁del ▁T error ▁event ▁produced ▁by ▁the ▁International ▁Wrestling ▁Revolution ▁Group ▁( I WR G ). ▁I WR G ▁has ▁held ▁an ▁Cast illo ▁del ▁T error ▁brand ed ▁show ▁since ▁ 2 0 0 5 , ▁usually ▁late ▁in ▁the ▁year , ▁making ▁this ▁year ' s ▁event ▁the ▁t enth ▁overall ▁event ▁in ▁the ▁series . ▁The ▁event ▁took ▁place ▁on ▁November ▁ 2 , ▁ 2 0 1 4 , ▁at ▁Arena ▁Nau cal pan ▁in ▁Nau cal pan , ▁State ▁of ▁Mexico . ▁The ▁main ▁event ▁was ▁the ▁e pon ym ous ▁Cast illo ▁del ▁T error ▁( Span ish ▁for ▁" Cast le ▁of ▁T error ") ▁Ste el ▁c age ▁match ▁where ▁the ▁last ▁person ▁elimin ated ▁was ▁forced ▁to ▁un mask ed ▁per ▁the ▁match ▁st ip ulation . ▁The ▁event ▁was ▁I WR G ' s ▁Dia ▁de ▁los ▁Mu ert es ▁(" Day ▁of ▁the ▁Dead ") ▁and ▁Hall owe en ▁hol iday ▁celebr ation . ▁ ▁Production ▁ ▁Background ▁Starting ▁as ▁far ▁back ▁as ▁at ▁least ▁ 2 0 0 2 , ▁the |
▁Mexican ▁wrest ling ▁promotion ▁ ▁International ▁Wrestling ▁Revolution ▁Group ▁( I WR G ; ▁Sometimes ▁referred ▁to ▁as ▁Gru po ▁Internacional ▁Revol ución ▁in ▁Spanish ) ▁has ▁held ▁several ▁annual ▁events ▁where ▁the ▁main ▁event ▁was ▁a ▁multi - man ▁steel ▁c age ▁match ▁where ▁the ▁last ▁wrest ler ▁left ▁in ▁the ▁c age ▁would ▁be ▁forced ▁to ▁either ▁remove ▁their ▁wrest ling ▁mask ▁or ▁have ▁their ▁hair ▁sh aved ▁off ▁under ▁L ucha ▁de ▁A pu est as , ▁or ▁" bet ▁match ", ▁rules . ▁From ▁ 2 0 0 5 ▁I WR G ▁has ▁promoted ▁a ▁fall ▁show , ▁around ▁the ▁Mexican ▁Day ▁of ▁the ▁Death , ▁under ▁the ▁name ▁El ▁Cast illo ▁del ▁T error ▁(" The ▁Tower ▁of ▁T error ") ▁to ▁distinguish ▁it ▁from ▁other ▁Ste el ▁c age ▁matches ▁held ▁throughout ▁the ▁year ▁such ▁as ▁the ▁I WR G ▁Guerra ▁del ▁Gol fo ▁(" G ulf ▁War "), ▁I WR G ▁Guerra ▁de ▁Sex os ▁(" W ar ▁of ▁the ▁Sex es ") ▁or ▁I WR G ▁Pr ison ▁F atal ▁(" D ead ly ▁Pr ison ") ▁shows . ▁The ▁Cast illo ▁del ▁T error ▁shows , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁the ▁majority ▁of ▁the ▁I WR G ▁shows ▁in ▁general , ▁are ▁held ▁in ▁" A ren a ▁Nau cal pan ", ▁owned ▁by ▁the ▁prom ot ers ▁of ▁I WR G ▁and ▁their ▁main ▁ar ena . ▁The ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁Cast illo ▁del ▁T error ▁show ▁was ▁the ▁t enth ▁year |
▁in ▁a ▁row ▁that ▁I WR G ▁promoted ▁a ▁show ▁under ▁that ▁name . ▁ ▁Story lines ▁The ▁event ▁featured ▁five ▁professional ▁wrest ling ▁matches ▁with ▁different ▁wrest lers ▁involved ▁in ▁pre - ex isting ▁script ed ▁fe ud s , ▁plots ▁and ▁story lines . ▁Wrest lers ▁were ▁port rayed ▁as ▁either ▁he els ▁( re ferred ▁to ▁as ▁rud os ▁in ▁Mexico , ▁those ▁that ▁port ray ▁the ▁" bad ▁guys ") ▁or ▁faces ▁( t éc n icos ▁in ▁Mexico , ▁the ▁" good ▁gu y " ▁characters ) ▁as ▁they ▁followed ▁a ▁series ▁of ▁t ension - building ▁events , ▁which ▁cul min ated ▁in ▁a ▁wrest ling ▁match ▁or ▁series ▁of ▁matches . ▁The ▁Main ▁Event ▁was ▁a ▁ 1 2 - Man ▁Ste el ▁C age ▁Match . ▁The ▁last ▁two ▁wrest lers ▁who ▁remained ▁in ▁the ▁ring ▁fought ▁one ▁on ▁one ▁in ▁a ▁L ucha ▁de ▁A pu est as ▁Match ▁(" B et ▁match "), ▁w ager ing ▁their ▁mask ▁on ▁the ▁outcome ▁of ▁the ▁match . ▁The ▁event ▁included ▁wrest lers ▁from ▁International ▁Wrestling ▁Revolution ▁Group ▁( I WR G ) ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁Mexican ▁fre el ance ▁wrest lers . ▁ ▁Event ▁In ▁the ▁second ▁match ▁of ▁the ▁night ▁the ▁group ▁known ▁as ▁Los ▁Com and os ▁El ite ▁added ▁two ▁new ▁members ▁as ▁Com ando ▁Ray an ▁and ▁Com ando ▁Spart an ▁te amed ▁up ▁with ▁two ▁new ▁mask ed ▁characters ▁Com ando ▁L ider k ▁and ▁Com ando |
▁Spect or . ▁Since ▁both ▁were ▁mask ed ▁it ▁is ▁possible ▁that ▁I WR G ▁chose ▁to ▁give ▁the ▁ring ▁characters ▁to ▁wrest lers ▁who ▁had ▁worked ▁for ▁I WR G ▁in ▁the ▁past ▁under ▁other ▁names . ▁In ▁their ▁debut ▁Los ▁Com and os ▁El ite ▁faced ▁off ▁against ▁Los ▁T ort ug as ▁Nin jas ▁( Le o , ▁Mike , ▁Raf y ▁and ▁Te elo ) ▁four ▁wrest lers ▁in ▁g ear ▁res emb ling ▁the ▁Te en age ▁Mut ant ▁Nin ja ▁T urt les , ▁including ▁their ▁mask s . ▁Los ▁T ort ug as ▁defeated ▁Los ▁Com and os ▁El ite , ▁but ▁the ▁fighting ▁continued ▁after ▁the ▁match , ▁indicating ▁that ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁match ▁was ▁not ▁necessarily ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁conflict ▁between ▁the ▁two ▁fa ctions . ▁Dem on ▁C low n ▁was ▁originally ▁scheduled ▁to ▁team ▁up ▁with ▁El ▁Hij o ▁de ▁M á sc ara ▁A ño ▁ 2 0 0 0 ▁and ▁X - F ly ▁in ▁the ▁third ▁match ▁of ▁the ▁show , ▁but ▁on ▁the ▁day ▁he ▁was ▁replaced ▁by ▁E tern o ▁instead ▁with ▁no ▁explanation ▁given ▁by ▁I WR G . ▁The ▁tri o ▁of ▁rud os ▁lost ▁to ▁the ▁team ▁of ▁Gr ond ▁XXX , ▁Neg ro ▁Navar ro ▁and ▁T osc ano ▁in ▁a ▁best ▁two - out - of - three ▁falls ▁six - man ▁L ucha ▁Lib re ▁rules ▁match . ▁ ▁The ▁fourth ▁match ▁of ▁the ▁night ▁was ▁for ▁the ▁I |
WR G ▁Inter cont inental ▁He avy weight ▁Championship , ▁I WR G ' s ▁top ▁ranked ▁singles ▁championship , ▁as ▁champion ▁El ▁Hij o ▁de ▁D os ▁Car as ▁faced ▁off ▁against ▁C ien ▁Car as , ▁Jr . ▁The ▁ch allen ger ▁was ▁accompanied ▁by ▁M á sc ara ▁A ño ▁ 2 0 0 0 , ▁Jr . ▁for ▁the ▁match . ▁Before ▁the ▁match ▁C ien ▁Car as , ▁Jr . ▁promised ▁that ▁the ▁match ▁would ▁be ▁ 1 0 0 % ▁technical ▁and ▁clean , ▁only ▁to ▁start ▁che ating ▁moments ▁into ▁the ▁match , ▁including ▁having ▁M á sc ara ▁A ño ▁ 2 0 0 0 , ▁Jr . ▁inter f ere ▁on ▁his ▁beh alf . ▁The ▁match ▁came ▁down ▁to ▁the ▁third ▁and ▁dec iding ▁fall , ▁which ▁C ien ▁Car as , ▁Jr . ▁won , ▁pin ning ▁Hij o ▁de ▁D os ▁Car as ▁after ▁M á sc ara ▁A ño ▁ 2 0 0 0 , ▁Jr . ▁fou led ▁him ▁behind ▁the ▁ref eree ' s ▁back . ▁C ien ▁Car as , ▁Jr .' s ▁victory ▁celebr ation ▁was ▁cut ▁short ▁when ▁a ▁representative ▁from ▁the ▁Mexico ▁City ▁wrest ling ▁commission ▁informed ▁the ▁ref eree ▁that ▁he ▁had ▁over turn ed ▁the ▁decision , ▁dis qual ifying ▁C ien ▁Car as , ▁Jr . ▁With ▁the ▁dis qual ification ▁El ▁Hij o ▁de ▁D os ▁Car as ▁was ▁given ▁the ▁championship ▁back . ▁ ▁The ▁main ▁event , ▁Cast |
illo ▁del ▁T error ▁match ▁started ▁with ▁all ▁ 1 0 ▁wrest lers ▁fighting ▁inside ▁the ▁steel ▁c age ▁for ▁ 1 0 ▁minutes ▁before ▁they ▁were ▁even ▁allowed ▁to ▁attempt ▁to ▁escape ▁the ▁c age . ▁M om ents ▁after ▁the ▁ 1 0 ▁minute ▁mark ▁Vi ol encia , ▁Jr . ▁escaped ▁the ▁ring , ▁making ▁him ▁the ▁first ▁man ▁to ▁successfully ▁defend ▁his ▁mask . ▁After ▁seven ▁other ▁wrest lers ▁clim bed ▁up ▁the ▁side ▁of ▁the ▁c age ▁and ▁over ▁the ▁top ▁the ▁match ▁came ▁down ▁to ▁Golden ▁Magic ▁and ▁relative ▁new com er ▁K ens hi ▁Kab uki . ▁In ▁the ▁end ▁Golden ▁Magic ▁escaped ▁the ▁c age , ▁winning ▁the ▁mask ▁of ▁his ▁oppon ent ▁for ▁the ▁third ▁time ▁in ▁Cast illo ▁del ▁T error ▁history . ▁ ▁K ens hi ▁Kab uki ▁was ▁to ▁force ▁un mask ▁as ▁a ▁result ▁of ▁the ▁loss ▁as ▁per ▁L ucha ▁Lib re ▁trad itions . ▁The ▁supposed ▁Japanese ▁wrest ler ▁spoke ▁perfect ▁Spanish ▁as ▁he ▁un mask ed , ▁reve aling ▁that ▁he ▁was ▁indeed ▁Mexican ▁and ▁that ▁his ▁real ▁name ▁was ▁Diego ▁L ope z ▁Re yes , ▁who ▁had ▁previously ▁worked ▁in ▁I WR G ▁under ▁the ▁ring ▁name ▁Ch icano , ▁a ▁name ▁he ▁would ▁res ume ▁as ▁a ▁result ▁of ▁losing ▁the ▁K ens hi ▁Kab uki ▁mask . ▁ ▁Results ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁▁▁ ▁Category : 2 0 1 4 ▁in ▁professional ▁wrest ling ▁Category : 2 0 1 4 ▁in ▁Mexico |
▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁Category : Nov ember ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁events ▁in ▁Mexico <0x0A> </s> ▁Richard ' s ▁Castle ▁is ▁a ▁village , ▁castle ▁and ▁two ▁civil ▁par ishes ▁on ▁the ▁border ▁of ▁the ▁count ies ▁of ▁Here ford shire ▁and ▁Sh ro pshire ▁in ▁England . ▁The ▁Here ford shire ▁section ▁of ▁the ▁parish ▁had ▁a ▁population ▁of ▁ 2 5 0 ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁Census . ▁The ▁Sh ro pshire ▁section ▁of ▁the ▁parish ▁had ▁a ▁population ▁of ▁ 4 2 4 ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁Census . ▁ ▁The ▁village ▁lies ▁on ▁the ▁B 4 3 6 1 ▁road , ▁ ▁south ▁of ▁the ▁historic ▁market ▁town ▁of ▁Lud low . ▁It ▁is ▁to ▁some ▁degree ▁a ▁dispers ed ▁settlement , ▁with ▁an ▁older ▁core ▁near ▁the ▁castle , ▁some ▁ ▁to ▁the ▁north west ▁of ▁the ▁now ▁larger ▁main ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁village ▁which ▁is ▁situated ▁on ▁the ▁B 4 3 6 1 . ▁There ▁is ▁a ▁Village ▁Hall ▁and ▁a ▁traditional ▁public ▁house ▁called ▁The ▁Castle ▁Inn , ▁both ▁situated ▁on ▁the ▁B 4 3 6 1 . ▁ ▁Castle ▁ ▁Today ▁the ▁for tr ess ▁is ▁reduced ▁mainly ▁to ▁its ▁earth works ▁and ▁found ations . ▁A ▁pol yg onal ▁keep ▁stood ▁on ▁the ▁high ▁mot te ▁or ▁m ound . ▁This ▁was ▁reached ▁possibly ▁via ▁a ▁semi - circ ular ▁bar b ican . ▁The ▁ba iley ▁wall ▁still ▁stands ▁twenty ▁feet ▁high ▁in ▁places |
▁and ▁there ▁are ▁remains ▁of ▁several ▁to wers ▁and ▁an ▁early ▁gate house ▁around ▁the ▁per imeter . ▁There , ▁earth work ▁remains ▁of ▁an ▁outer ▁w ard ▁en clos ing ▁the ▁church ▁( St ▁Bar th ol ome w ' s ) ▁and ▁a ▁bor ough ▁defence . ▁ ▁History ▁Richard ▁Sc rob ▁was ▁a ▁Norman ▁kn ight ▁granted ▁lands ▁by ▁the ▁Sax on ▁King ▁Edward ▁the ▁Conf essor ▁before ▁the ▁Norman ▁Con quest , ▁in ▁Here ford shire , ▁Wor c esters hire ▁and ▁Sh ro pshire ▁as ▁recorded ▁in ▁the ▁Dom es day ▁Book . ▁He ▁built ▁Richard ' s ▁Castle ▁before ▁ 1 0 5 1 . ▁The ▁castle ▁was ▁a ▁mot te - and - ba iley ▁style ▁construction , ▁one ▁of ▁only ▁three ▁or ▁four ▁cast les ▁of ▁this ▁type ▁built ▁before ▁the ▁Norman ▁con quest . ▁Most ▁were ▁built ▁after ▁the ▁con quest . ▁Richard ▁was ▁last ▁mentioned ▁in ▁ 1 0 6 7 . ▁His ▁castle ▁passed ▁to ▁his ▁son , ▁Os bern ▁Fitz ▁Richard , ▁who ▁married ▁N esta , ▁the ▁daughter ▁of ▁King ▁Gru ff y dd ▁ap ▁L ly w ely n ▁of ▁Wales . ▁ ▁Os bern ▁died ▁around ▁ 1 1 3 7 ▁and ▁was ▁succeeded ▁by ▁his ▁grand son , ▁Os bern ▁Fitz ▁Hugh ▁( mar ried ▁to ▁a ▁sister ▁of ▁Ros am ond ▁Cl iff ord ), ▁who ▁died ▁in ▁ 1 1 8 7 . ▁Richard ' s ▁Castle ▁then ▁passed ▁to ▁his ▁mar ital ▁brother - |
in - law , ▁Hugh ▁de ▁Say , ▁who ▁died ▁in ▁ 1 1 9 0 , ▁leaving ▁the ▁bar ony ▁to ▁his ▁son , ▁another ▁Hugh ▁Say . ▁Thus ▁the ▁castle ▁passed ▁out ▁of ▁the ▁line ▁of ▁descent ▁of ▁Richard ▁Fitz ▁Sc rob . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 1 9 6 ▁this ▁Hugh ▁fought ▁at ▁the ▁battle ▁at ▁New ▁Rad nor ▁and ▁was ▁probably ▁killed ▁there , ▁his ▁cast les ▁eventually ▁passing ▁to ▁Robert ▁de ▁Mort imer ▁of ▁Att le borough . ▁In ▁ 1 2 6 4 ▁his ▁son , ▁Hugh ▁Mort imer , ▁was ▁forced ▁to ▁surrender ▁himself ▁and ▁Richard ' s ▁Castle ▁to ▁Simon ▁de ▁Mont fort , ▁ 6 th ▁Earl ▁of ▁Le ic ester . ▁His ▁grand son , ▁the ▁last ▁Hugh ▁Mort imer ▁of ▁Richard ' s ▁Castle , ▁was ▁poison ed ▁to ▁death ▁by ▁his ▁wife ▁in ▁ 1 3 0 4 . ▁The ▁castle ▁then ▁passed ▁to ▁the ▁Tal b ots , ▁through ▁Richard ▁Tal bot ' s ▁marriage ▁to ▁Joan ▁Mort imer . ▁On ▁ 3 ▁December ▁ 1 3 2 9 , ▁Joan ▁late ▁the ▁wife ▁of ▁Richard ▁Th ale bot , ▁had ▁noted ▁in ▁the ▁Pat ent ▁Roll s ▁that ▁she ▁planned ▁to ▁leave ▁Richard ' s ▁Castle ▁to ▁John ▁de ▁W ot ton , ▁chap lain , ▁and ▁William ▁B alle ▁of ▁Under l ith , ▁in ▁fee ▁simple . ▁The ▁Tal b ots ▁were ▁still ▁living ▁there ▁in ▁the ▁late ▁ 1 4 th ▁century . ▁By ▁the ▁ |
1 6 th ▁century ▁it ▁was ▁in ▁ru ins . ▁ ▁Geography ▁ ▁The ▁village ▁lies ▁on ▁the ▁western ▁edge ▁of ▁the ▁T eme ▁valley , ▁with ▁the ▁castle ▁and ▁older ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁village ▁higher ▁in ▁elev ation ▁( ▁above ▁sea ▁level ) ▁than ▁the ▁present - day ▁core ▁of ▁the ▁village ▁situated ▁on ▁the ▁B 4 3 6 1 ▁road ▁( at ▁an ▁elev ation ▁of ▁). ▁ ▁Civil ▁par ishes ▁Much ▁of ▁the ▁village ▁lies ▁in ▁Here ford shire , ▁however ▁there ▁are ▁two ▁civil ▁par ishes ▁named ▁after ▁Richard ' s ▁Castle , ▁one ▁on ▁the ▁Here ford shire ▁side ▁of ▁the ▁county ▁border ▁called ▁Richard ' s ▁Castle ▁( Here ford ), ▁and ▁the ▁other ▁called ▁Richard ' s ▁Castle ▁( Sh ro pshire ) ▁( or ▁" Rich ard ' s ▁Castle ▁( Sal op )" ▁histor ically ). ▁Both ▁have ▁their ▁own ▁parish ▁council , ▁which ▁work ▁together ▁on ▁some ▁issues ▁for ▁the ▁combined ▁Richard ' s ▁Castle ▁community . ▁The ▁parish ▁coun c ils ▁have ▁the ▁same ▁parish ▁cl erk . ▁ ▁The ▁castle ▁ru ins , ▁St ▁Bar th ol ome w ' s ▁Church , ▁the ▁Castle ▁Inn ▁pub , ▁and ▁former ▁Method ist ▁chap el ▁lie ▁in ▁the ▁Here ford shire ▁half , ▁whilst ▁the ▁Sh ro pshire ▁side ▁includes ▁All ▁Sain ts ▁Church , ▁the ▁Village ▁Hall ▁and ▁the ▁former ▁primary ▁school . ▁The ▁Sh ro pshire ▁civil ▁parish ▁includes ▁the ▁villages ▁of ▁Over ton ▁and ▁Wo of fer ton , |
▁the ▁ham lets ▁of ▁B atch c ott ▁and ▁Mit nell , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁Whe at common , ▁Mo or ▁Park ▁and ▁McC art ne ys ▁au ction ▁centre . ▁The ▁Here ford shire ▁civil ▁parish ▁includes ▁Hay e ▁Park , ▁which ▁forms ▁an ▁almost ▁det ached ▁part . ▁Han way ▁Common ▁is ▁divided ▁between ▁the ▁two ▁par ishes , ▁with ▁the ▁county ▁boundary ▁running ▁through ▁it . ▁ ▁The ▁Wo of fer ton ▁transm itting ▁station , ▁a ▁notable ▁feature ▁of ▁the ▁area ' s ▁landscape , ▁spread s ▁across ▁the ▁county ▁boundary ▁and ▁is ▁located ▁in ▁both ▁of ▁the ▁Richard ' s ▁Castle ▁civil ▁par ishes . ▁ ▁The ▁Wel sh ▁March es ▁Line ▁runs ▁through ▁the ▁currently ▁closed ▁Wo of fer ton ▁railway ▁station ▁with ▁Transport ▁for ▁Wales ▁Rail ▁services ▁calling ▁at ▁Le omin ster ▁and ▁Lud low ▁only . ▁ ▁History ▁Richard ' s ▁Castle ▁belonged ▁to ▁the ▁man or ▁of ▁Av ret one ▁( Over ton ), ▁which ▁was ▁recorded ▁in ▁the ▁Dom es day ▁Book ▁of ▁ 1 0 8 6 ▁as ▁being ▁entirely ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁hundred ▁of ▁C ut est orn es , ▁a ▁hundred ▁of ▁Here ford shire . ▁Ar ound ▁the ▁time ▁of ▁Henry ▁I ▁( 1 1 0 0 – 1 1 3 9 ) ▁the ▁hundreds ▁of ▁Sh ro pshire ▁were ▁greatly ▁reform ed ▁and ▁the ▁hundred ▁of ▁M uns low ▁was ▁created ; ▁this ▁hundred ▁took ▁in ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁parish ▁of ▁Richard ' s ▁Castle ▁( including ▁Over |
ton ▁and ▁Wo of fer ton ), ▁causing ▁the ▁division ▁of ▁the ▁parish ▁and ▁village ▁between ▁the ▁count ies ▁that ▁remains ▁to ▁the ▁present ▁day , ▁as ▁the ▁remainder ▁of ▁the ▁parish ▁became ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁Here ford shire ▁hundred ▁of ▁Wol phy . ▁Wh ilst ▁the ▁neighbour ing ▁parish ▁of ▁Lud ford , ▁which ▁had ▁also ▁been ▁divided ▁into ▁M uns low / Sh ro pshire ▁and ▁Wol phy / Here ford shire ▁parts , ▁was ▁un ified ▁fully ▁into ▁Sh ro pshire ▁in ▁ 1 8 9 5 , ▁no ▁such ▁un ification ▁of ▁Richard ' s ▁Castle ▁occurred . ▁ ▁A ▁market ▁char ter ▁had ▁been ▁granted ▁by ▁King ▁John , ▁but ▁this ▁has ▁long ▁fallen ▁into ▁dis use . ▁Mark ets ▁were ▁held ▁on ▁The ▁Green , ▁which ▁is ▁still ▁a ▁public ▁and ▁open ▁piece ▁of ▁land , ▁situated ▁near ▁the ▁church ▁and ▁castle . ▁ ▁Religion ▁ ▁The ▁original ▁parish ▁church ▁was ▁St ▁Bar th ol ome w ' s ▁Church ▁situated ▁close ▁to ▁and ▁east ▁of ▁the ▁castle . ▁The ▁church ▁was ▁founded ▁by ▁either ▁Richard ▁Fitz ▁Sc ro be ▁or ▁his ▁son . ▁The ▁ch an cel ▁was ▁probably ▁built ▁in ▁ 1 3 6 2 . ▁The ▁north ▁tr anse pt ▁was ▁probably ▁consec r ated ▁in ▁ 1 3 5 1 ▁by ▁Bishop ▁John ▁de ▁Tr ille k . ▁This ▁was ▁the ▁Ch antry ▁Chap el ▁of ▁the ▁local ▁Kn ights ▁Tem pl ar . ▁The ▁south ▁a is le ▁was ▁built ▁between ▁ |
1 3 1 0 ▁and ▁ 1 3 2 0 . ▁. ▁There ▁is ▁a ▁det ached ▁bell ▁tower ▁( one ▁of ▁six ▁in ▁the ▁county ) ▁that ▁dates ▁from ▁the ▁second ▁half ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 3 th ▁century . ▁The ▁church ▁is ▁between ▁it ▁and ▁the ▁castle . ▁There ▁are ▁no ▁open ings ▁in ▁the ▁bell ▁tower ▁between ▁it ▁and ▁the ▁castle . ▁( See ▁The ▁C athedral ▁Library , ▁Here ford ). ▁This ▁beautiful ▁church ▁is ▁now ▁redundant ▁ ▁The ▁current ▁parish ▁church ▁is ▁All ▁Sain ts , ▁designed ▁by ▁the ▁notable ▁architect ▁Richard ▁Norman ▁Shaw , ▁and ▁opened ▁in ▁ 1 8 9 2 . ▁It ▁is ▁situated ▁north ▁of ▁the ▁village , ▁in ▁the ▁B atch c ott ▁area , ▁by ▁the ▁side ▁of ▁the ▁B 4 3 6 1 ▁road ▁and ▁is ▁a ▁Gra de ▁I ▁List ed ▁building . ▁ ▁There ▁was ▁also ▁a ▁Prim itive ▁Method ist ▁chap el , ▁which ▁is ▁now ▁a ▁dwell ing . ▁ ▁Education ▁Mo or ▁Park ▁School ▁is ▁a ▁prepar atory ▁school ▁located ▁in ▁the ▁Sh ro pshire ▁parish , ▁between ▁the ▁villages ▁of ▁Richard ' s ▁Castle ▁and ▁Over ton . ▁ ▁Richard ' s ▁Castle ▁once ▁had ▁a ▁primary ▁school , ▁which ▁was ▁adjacent ▁to ▁the ▁present - day ▁Village ▁Hall . ▁ ▁Sport ▁ ▁So ap ▁Box ▁Derby ▁A ▁motor less ▁car ▁race ▁takes ▁place ▁at ▁Han way ▁Common ▁in ▁mid - J uly . ▁The ▁annual ▁event ▁was ▁first ▁held ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 |
4 . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁List ed ▁buildings ▁in ▁Richard ' s ▁Castle ▁( Sh ro pshire ) ▁ ▁Notes ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Andrew s , ▁C ate ▁( 1 9 9 2 ) ▁The ▁R ectors ▁of ▁Rich ards ▁Castle ▁ 1 5 4 9 – 1 8 9 2 , ▁Rich ards ▁Castle ▁Local ▁History ▁Group , ▁▁ ▁Rem f ry , ▁Paul ▁Martin , ▁( 1 9 9 7 ) ▁Richard ' s ▁Castle , ▁ 1 0 4 8 ▁to ▁ 1 2 1 9 , ▁Wor c ester : ▁S CS ▁Publishing , ▁ 3 9 ▁pp , ▁▁ ▁Rem f ry , ▁Paul ▁Martin , ▁The ▁N ine ▁Cast les ▁of ▁Bur ford ▁Bar ony , ▁ 1 0 4 8 ▁to ▁ 1 3 0 8 , ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Castle W ales ▁page ▁Here ford shire ▁Council ▁info ▁G enu ki ▁information ▁Ang lo - N orm an ▁cast les ▁ ▁Category : Build ings ▁and ▁structures ▁completed ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 1 th ▁century ▁Category : V ill ages ▁in ▁Sh ro pshire ▁Category : V ill ages ▁in ▁Here ford shire ▁Category : Cast les ▁in ▁Here ford shire ▁Category : C ivil ▁par ishes ▁in ▁Sh ro pshire ▁Category : C ivil ▁par ishes ▁in ▁Here ford shire ▁Category : Cast les ▁in ▁England ▁built ▁before ▁ 1 0 6 6 <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Sh ree ▁S idd h iv in ay ak ▁Gan ap ati ▁Mand ir ▁is ▁a ▁H |
indu ▁temple ▁dedicated ▁to ▁Lord ▁Sh ri ▁Gan esh . ▁ ▁It ▁is ▁located ▁in ▁P rab h ade vi , ▁M umb ai , ▁Mah ar as ht ra . ▁It ▁was ▁originally ▁built ▁by ▁La x man ▁V ith u ▁and ▁De ub ai ▁Pat il ▁on ▁ 1 9 ▁November ▁ 1 8 0 1 . ▁It ▁is ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁rich est ▁tem ples ▁in ▁India . ▁ ▁The ▁temple ▁has ▁a ▁small ▁mand ap ▁ ▁with ▁the ▁shr ine ▁for ▁S idd hi ▁Vin ay ak ▁(" G anes ha ▁who ▁gr ants ▁your ▁wish "). ▁ ▁The ▁wooden ▁doors ▁to ▁the ▁san ct um ▁are ▁car ved ▁with ▁images ▁of ▁the ▁As ht av in ay ak ▁( the ▁eight ▁manifest ations ▁of ▁G anes ha ▁in ▁Mah ar as ht ra ). ▁The ▁inner ▁roof ▁of ▁the ▁san ct um ▁is ▁pl ated ▁with ▁gold , ▁and ▁the ▁central ▁statue ▁is ▁of ▁G anes ha . ▁In ▁the ▁peri ph ery , ▁there ▁is ▁a ▁Han uman ▁temple ▁as ▁well . ▁The ▁exterior ▁of ▁the ▁temple ▁consists ▁of ▁a ▁d ome ▁which ▁is ▁lit ▁up ▁with ▁multiple ▁colors ▁in ▁the ▁even ings ▁and ▁they ▁keep ▁changing ▁every ▁few ▁hours . ▁The ▁statue ▁of ▁Sh ri ▁G anes ha ▁is ▁located ▁exactly ▁under ▁the ▁d ome . ▁ ▁Import ance ▁and ▁status ▁ ▁The ▁S idd h iv in ay ak ▁Mand ir ▁evol ved ▁from ▁a ▁small , ▁tiny ▁place ▁of ▁worship ▁to ▁the ▁Grand ▁Temple |
▁that ▁stands ▁today ▁in ▁the ▁later ▁half ▁of ▁the ▁tw enti eth ▁century . ▁Temple ▁glory ▁was ▁bought ▁not ▁only ▁by ▁the ▁polit icians ▁who ▁frequ ented ▁the ▁temple ▁but ▁also ▁Bol lywood ▁film ▁stars ▁who ▁continu ously ▁visit ▁to ▁seek ▁the ▁bless ings ▁of ▁Lord ▁G anes ha . ▁Tim ▁Cook , ▁Apple ' s ▁CE O ▁began ▁his ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁India ▁trip ▁with ▁morning ▁pray ers ▁at ▁the ▁temple . ▁ ▁S idd h iv in ay ak ▁is ▁well ▁known ▁as ▁" Nav s ach a ▁Gan ap ati " ▁or ▁" N avas ala ▁Pav an ara ▁Gan ap ati " ▁(' G an ap ati ▁best ows ▁whenever ▁hum b ly ▁genu in ely ▁pray ed ▁a ▁wish ') ▁among ▁dev ote es . ▁ ▁History ▁It ▁was ▁constructed ▁on ▁ 1 9 ▁November ▁ 1 8 0 1 . ▁The ▁original ▁structure ▁of ▁the ▁S idd h iv in ay ak ▁Temple ▁was ▁a ▁small ▁ 3 . 6 ▁met re ▁x ▁ 3 . 6 ▁met re ▁square ▁brick ▁structure ▁with ▁a ▁d ome - sh aped ▁brick ▁sh ikh ara . ▁The ▁temple ▁was ▁built ▁by ▁the ▁contract or ▁La x man ▁V ith u ▁Pat il . ▁The ▁building ▁was ▁fund ed ▁by ▁a ▁rich ▁Ag ri ▁woman ▁named ▁De ub ai ▁Pat il . ▁Child less ▁due ▁to ▁infer til ity , ▁De a ub ai ▁built ▁the ▁temple ▁so ▁that ▁G anes ha ▁should ▁grant ▁children ▁to ▁other ▁infer |
t ile ▁women . ▁Ram ak r ish na ▁J amb he kar ▁Mah ar aj , ▁a ▁dis ci ple ▁of ▁the ▁H indu ▁saint ▁A kk alk ot ▁Sw ami ▁Sam arth , ▁buried ▁two ▁divine ▁id ols ▁in ▁the ▁front ▁of ▁the ▁pres iding ▁de ity ▁of ▁the ▁temple ▁on ▁the ▁orders ▁on ▁his ▁g uru . ▁It ▁is ▁claimed ▁that ▁after ▁ 2 1 ▁years ▁after ▁the ▁bur ial ▁of ▁the ▁icons , ▁a ▁mand ar ▁tree ▁grew ▁at ▁that ▁spot ▁with ▁a ▁sv ay amb hu ▁G anes ha ▁in ▁its ▁branches ▁- ▁as ▁proph es ied ▁by ▁Sw ami ▁Sam ar tha . ▁ ▁The ▁ 2 5 5 0 ▁temple ▁complex ▁had ▁two ▁ 3 . 6 ▁met re ▁Deep am al as , ▁a ▁rest ▁house ▁and ▁living ▁qu arters ▁for ▁the ▁care t aker . ▁It ▁had ▁an ▁ad jo ining ▁lake ▁ 3 0 ▁x ▁ 4 0 ▁square ▁metres ▁in ▁size ▁on ▁the ▁eastern ▁and ▁southern ▁side ▁of ▁the ▁temple . ▁The ▁lake , ▁d ug ▁by ▁N ard ulla ▁in ▁the ▁early ▁ 1 9 th ▁century ▁to ▁counter ▁the ▁scarc ity ▁of ▁water , ▁was ▁filled ▁up ▁in ▁the ▁later ▁years ▁and ▁the ▁land ▁is ▁now ▁not ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁temple ▁complex . ▁Ar ound ▁ 1 9 5 2 , ▁a ▁small ▁Han uman ▁shr ine ▁was ▁built ▁in ▁the ▁temple ▁complex ▁for ▁the ▁Han uman ▁icon ▁that ▁was ▁found ▁during ▁the ▁road ▁extension ▁project ▁of ▁Say ani ▁Road |
▁near ▁El ph inst one ▁Road . ▁In ▁the ▁ 1 9 5 0 s ▁and ▁ 6 0 s , ▁the ▁fame ▁of ▁the ▁temple ▁spread ▁and ▁a ▁significant ▁number ▁of ▁dev ote es ▁began ▁visit ing . ▁However , ▁in ▁the ▁same ▁period , ▁the ▁owner ▁of ▁the ▁plot ▁sold ▁some ▁of ▁the ▁temple ▁land , ▁reducing ▁the ▁complex ▁area . ▁After ▁ 1 9 7 5 , ▁the ▁number ▁of ▁dev ote es ▁increased ▁dram atically . ▁ ▁Cont ro vers y ▁ ▁The ▁S idd h iv in ay ak ▁temple ▁receives ▁don ations ▁of ▁around ▁– ▁every ▁year , ▁which ▁makes ▁it ▁M umb ai ▁city ' s ▁rich est ▁temple ▁trust . ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 4 , ▁the ▁S idd h iv in ay ak ▁Gan p ati ▁Temple ▁Trust , ▁which ▁oper ates ▁the ▁temple , ▁was ▁accused ▁of ▁mis man aging ▁don ations . ▁Con sequently , ▁the ▁Bomb ay ▁High ▁Court ▁appointed ▁a ▁committee ▁head ed ▁by ▁retired ▁judge ▁V ▁P ▁T ip nis ▁to ▁scr ut in ize ▁the ▁trust ' s ▁don ations ▁and ▁pro be ▁the ▁alleg ations . ▁The ▁committee ▁reported ▁that , ▁" The ▁most ▁shock ing ▁aspect ▁of ▁the ▁matter ▁is ▁that ▁there ▁is ▁no ▁method ▁or ▁principle ▁followed ▁for ▁particular ▁institutions . ▁The ▁only ▁criteria ▁for ▁selection ▁was ▁recommendation ▁or ▁reference ▁by ▁trust ees ▁or ▁the ▁minister ▁or ▁a ▁political ▁heavy - weight , ▁generally ▁belonging ▁to ▁r uling ▁party ". ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 |
0 0 6 ▁the ▁Bomb ay ▁High ▁Court ▁directed ▁the ▁state ▁government , ▁the ▁S idd h iv in ay ak ▁Temple ▁Trust ▁and ▁the ▁pet ition er ▁Ke val ▁Sem l ani ▁to ▁prepare ▁" s ug gest ive ▁gu idel ines " ▁for ▁using ▁the ▁temple ' s ▁trust ▁funds . ▁ ▁References ▁▁ ▁Category : H indu ▁tem ples ▁in ▁M umb ai ▁Category : G anes ha ▁tem ples ▁Secret ▁don or ▁don ated ▁ 3 5 ▁kg ▁gold ▁to ▁S idd h iv in ay ak ▁M umb ai ▁by ▁Media ▁H indust an <0x0A> </s> ▁Dav ah chi - ye ▁Sof la ▁( , ▁also ▁Roman ized ▁as ▁Dav ah ch ī - ye ▁Sof lá ; ▁also ▁known ▁as ▁Dave ch ī - ye ▁P ā ' ī n ▁and ▁Dave h ch ī ) ▁is ▁a ▁village ▁in ▁Ar sha q - e ▁G har bi ▁R ural ▁District , ▁Mor ad lu ▁District , ▁M esh gin ▁Sh ahr ▁County , ▁Ar d abil ▁Province , ▁Iran . ▁At ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁census , ▁its ▁population ▁was ▁ 1 5 9 , ▁in ▁ 3 6 ▁families . ▁ ▁References ▁▁ ▁Category : T own s ▁and ▁villages ▁in ▁M esh gin ▁Sh ahr ▁County <0x0A> </s> ▁San ne ▁Ke izer ▁( born ▁ 6 ▁February ▁ 1 9 8 5 ) ▁is ▁a ▁Dutch ▁beach ▁vol ley ball ▁player ▁who ▁plays ▁as ▁a ▁right - side ▁def ender ▁with ▁her |
▁partner ▁Made lein ▁Me ppel ink . ▁Her ▁career ▁highlight s ▁include ▁two ▁gold , ▁two ▁silver ▁and ▁four ▁bronze ▁med als ▁on ▁the ▁F IV B ▁World ▁Tour . ▁She ▁is ▁a ▁two - time ▁European ▁Champion ▁and ▁she ▁represented ▁the ▁Netherlands ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁Summer ▁Olympics , ▁finishing ▁nin th ▁with ▁Mar le en ▁van ▁I ers el . ▁ ▁Ke izer ▁took ▁up ▁ind oor ▁vol ley ball ▁at ▁the ▁age ▁of ▁ 1 1 ▁and ▁spent ▁several ▁years ▁playing ▁in ▁the ▁Dutch ▁vol ley ball ▁le agues . ▁She ▁competed ▁in ▁her ▁first ▁international ▁beach ▁vol ley ball ▁event ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 2 ▁and ▁became ▁the ▁inaug ural ▁U 1 8 ▁World ▁Champion ▁the ▁same ▁year . ▁Ke izer ▁deb uted ▁on ▁the ▁World ▁Tour ▁the ▁following ▁year . ▁For ▁the ▁next ▁eight ▁seasons , ▁she ▁had ▁limited ▁international ▁success ▁compet ing ▁with ▁three ▁different ▁partners . ▁Her ▁break through ▁came ▁at ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁when ▁she ▁te amed ▁up ▁with ▁van ▁I ers el . ▁The ▁pair ▁entered ▁the ▁top ▁ten ▁of ▁the ▁world ▁rank ings ▁the ▁year ▁after ▁and ▁med alled ▁on ▁the ▁World ▁Tour ▁five ▁times ▁in ▁total , ▁including ▁their ▁first ▁World ▁Tour ▁title ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 1 . ▁They ▁continued ▁to ▁play ▁together ▁until ▁Ke izer ▁retired ▁from ▁beach ▁vol ley ball ▁at ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁ 2 0 1 3 . ▁ ▁After ▁a ▁four - year ▁hi atus , |
▁Ke izer ▁returned ▁to ▁full - time ▁competition ▁partner ed ▁with ▁Me ppel ink . ▁Having ▁been ▁a ▁block er ▁in ▁the ▁first ▁leg ▁of ▁her ▁career , ▁she ▁came ▁back ▁as ▁a ▁def ender ▁instead . ▁Ke izer ▁and ▁Me ppel ink ▁found ▁success ▁quickly , ▁med alling ▁on ▁the ▁World ▁Tour ▁twice ▁in ▁their ▁first ▁season ▁together ▁and ▁winning ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 8 ▁European ▁Championships . ▁ ▁Early ▁life , ▁education , ▁and ▁family ▁Ke izer ▁was ▁born ▁on ▁ 6 ▁February ▁ 1 9 8 5 ▁in ▁Do et in chem , ▁Netherlands . ▁As ▁a ▁child , ▁she ▁was ▁a ▁compet itive ▁sw immer ▁before ▁switching ▁to ▁water ▁pol o ▁because ▁her ▁parents ▁felt ▁that ▁she ▁should ▁play ▁a ▁team ▁sport ▁instead . ▁She ▁was ▁called ▁to ▁the ▁junior ▁national ▁water ▁pol o ▁team , ▁but ▁eventually ▁left ▁the ▁sport ▁because ▁the ▁ch lor in ated ▁sw imming ▁pool ▁water ▁was ▁t int ing ▁her ▁bl ond ▁hair ▁green ▁and ▁she ▁was ▁afraid ▁of ▁going ▁to ▁the ▁ha ird ress ers . ▁At ▁the ▁age ▁of ▁ 1 1 , ▁she ▁took ▁up ▁ind oor ▁vol ley ball ▁as ▁she ▁wanted ▁to ▁continue ▁playing ▁a ▁ball ▁sport . ▁From ▁ 1 9 9 6 ▁to ▁ 2 0 0 2 , ▁Ke izer ▁played ▁for ▁her ▁local ▁club , ▁Or ion ▁Vol ley bal ▁Do et in chem , ▁where ▁she ▁rose ▁from ▁the ▁youth ▁ranks ▁to ▁the ▁club ' s ▁first ▁team ▁that ▁played ▁in ▁the |
▁E er ste ▁Div isie , ▁the ▁third ▁division ▁of ▁the ▁Dutch ▁vol ley ball ▁league ▁system . ▁ ▁Ke izer ▁was ▁sc out ed ▁by ▁the ▁national ▁beach ▁vol ley ball ▁team ▁when ▁she ▁was ▁ 1 5 . ▁For ▁the ▁next ▁few ▁years , ▁she ▁continued ▁to ▁play ▁club ▁ind oor ▁vol ley ball ▁while ▁sp ending ▁the ▁summer ▁off - se asons ▁training ▁with ▁the ▁junior ▁national ▁beach ▁vol ley ball ▁team ▁in ▁D wing el oo . ▁On ▁the ▁ind oor ▁side , ▁she ▁transferred ▁from ▁Or ion ▁to ▁Long a ▁' 5 9 ▁for ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 2 – 0 3 ▁season , ▁before ▁moving ▁to ▁Amsterdam ▁to ▁spend ▁one ▁season ▁playing ▁for ▁V V ▁Martin us ▁in ▁the ▁E red iv isie , ▁the ▁highest ▁division ▁of ▁the ▁Dutch ▁vol ley ball ▁league ▁system . ▁She ▁continued ▁to ▁live ▁in ▁Amsterdam ▁until ▁she ▁moved ▁to ▁The ▁H ague ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 8 . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 7 , ▁Ke izer ▁obtained ▁an ▁H BO ▁di pl oma ▁in ▁Com mer cial ▁Econom ics ▁at ▁the ▁Rot ter dam ▁University ▁of ▁App lied ▁Sciences . ▁She ▁became ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁Police ▁Top ▁Sport ▁Selection ▁() ▁in ▁May ▁ 2 0 1 2 . ▁The ▁programme ▁ens ures ▁selected ▁athlet es ▁receive ▁support , ▁including ▁employ ment ▁opportun ities , ▁from ▁the ▁Dutch ▁police ▁force . ▁During ▁her ▁temporary ▁ret irement ▁from ▁beach ▁vol ley ball , ▁Ke izer ▁earned ▁a |
▁master ' s ▁degree ▁in ▁criminal ▁investigation ▁and ▁worked ▁as ▁a ▁police ▁detect ive ▁in ▁The ▁H ague . ▁She ▁left ▁the ▁police ▁force ▁upon ▁her ▁return ▁to ▁full - time ▁competition ▁at ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁ 2 0 1 7 . ▁ ▁Ke izer ▁has ▁two ▁brothers ▁and ▁one ▁sister . ▁She ▁is ▁married ▁to ▁beach ▁vol ley ball ▁player - turn ed - co ach ▁Mich iel ▁van ▁der ▁Ku ip , ▁and ▁the ▁couple ▁have ▁two ▁children , ▁tw ins ▁born ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 6 . ▁ ▁Career ▁▁ 2 0 0 2 – 2 0 0 4 : ▁Junior ▁and ▁early ▁years ▁Ke izer ▁made ▁her ▁international ▁beach ▁vol ley ball ▁debut ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 2 ▁U 1 8 ▁European ▁Championships ▁in ▁August , ▁where ▁she ▁and ▁Ar jan ne ▁Stevens ▁won ▁the ▁silver ▁medal . ▁Two ▁weeks ▁later , ▁the ▁pair ▁became ▁the ▁inaug ural ▁U 1 8 ▁World ▁Champions ▁with ▁an ▁un be aten ▁tournament ▁run ▁in ▁X y lo k astro , ▁Greece . ▁ ▁Following ▁her ▁success ▁on ▁the ▁junior ▁circuit , ▁Ke izer ▁deb uted ▁on ▁the ▁F IV B ▁World ▁Tour ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 3 , ▁partner ing ▁with ▁Mer el ▁Mo oren ▁at ▁the ▁$ 1 5 0 K ▁Hell as ▁Open ▁in ▁June . ▁The ▁du o ▁did ▁not ▁progress ▁past ▁the ▁qual ifying ▁r ounds ▁in ▁Hell as ▁or ▁in ▁their ▁next ▁four ▁events . ▁In ▁their ▁final ▁tournament ▁of ▁the ▁year ▁at |
▁the ▁$ 1 5 0 K ▁L ian y ung ang ▁Open ▁in ▁August , ▁Ke izer ▁and ▁Mo oren ▁beat ▁teams ▁from ▁Spain ▁and ▁Sweden ▁to ▁advance ▁to ▁Ke izer ' s ▁first ▁main ▁draw ▁on ▁the ▁World ▁Tour . ▁They ▁lost ▁all ▁three ▁of ▁their ▁group ▁stage ▁matches ▁in ▁the ▁main ▁draw ▁and ▁did ▁not ▁progress ▁further . ▁Ke izer ▁concluded ▁her ▁first ▁season ▁on ▁the ▁World ▁Tour ▁ranked ▁▁ 7 0 ▁in ▁the ▁world ▁with ▁Mo oren . ▁ ▁Ke izer ▁and ▁Mo oren ▁continued ▁to ▁struggle ▁to ▁qual ify ▁for ▁main ▁draw s ▁on ▁the ▁World ▁Tour ▁the ▁following ▁year , ▁making ▁it ▁out ▁of ▁the ▁qual ifiers ▁twice ▁in ▁their ▁first ▁eight ▁tournament s . ▁They ▁also ▁competed ▁in ▁two ▁events ▁on ▁the ▁Ch allen ger ▁and ▁Sat ellite ▁circuit ▁in ▁August , ▁winning ▁one ▁gold ▁medal . ▁Tow ards ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁season , ▁the ▁pair ▁had ▁accum ulated ▁sufficient ▁ranking ▁points ▁to ▁directly ▁enter ▁the ▁World ▁Tour ▁main ▁draw s ▁of ▁the ▁$ 1 8 0 K ▁Milan ▁and ▁Rio ▁de ▁Janeiro ▁Op ens , ▁finishing ▁ 2 5 th ▁and ▁ 1 7 th ▁respectively . ▁They ▁ended ▁the ▁year ▁with ▁an ▁improved ▁world ▁ranking ▁of ▁No . ▁ 3 9 . ▁▁ 2 0 0 5 – 2 0 0 7 : ▁Part ner ing ▁with ▁Le en stra ▁After ▁two ▁seasons ▁with ▁Mo oren , ▁Ke izer ▁switched ▁partners ▁and ▁played ▁with ▁Mar rit ▁Le en stra ▁from ▁ 2 0 0 |
5 ▁to ▁ 2 0 0 7 . ▁In ▁the ▁first ▁year ▁of ▁their ▁partners hip , ▁the ▁du o ▁did ▁not ▁place ▁higher ▁than ▁ 1 3 th ▁in ▁the ▁first ▁ten ▁World ▁Tour ▁events ▁they ▁entered . ▁Se eded ▁ 1 1 th ▁at ▁their ▁next ▁tournament , ▁the ▁$ 2 0 0 K ▁Montreal ▁Open ▁in ▁August , ▁they ▁ups et ▁two ▁top - ten ▁se eds ▁on ▁their ▁way ▁to ▁the ▁semif inals ▁where ▁they ▁lost ▁to ▁Brazil ' s ▁third - se eded ▁Tal ita ▁Ant unes ▁and ▁Ren ata ▁R ibe iro , ▁followed ▁by ▁another ▁loss ▁to ▁Brazil ' s ▁second - se eded ▁Sh el da ▁B ede ▁and ▁Adri ana ▁Be har ▁in ▁the ▁bronze - med al ▁match . ▁After ▁Montreal , ▁Ke izer ▁and ▁Le en stra ▁had ▁top - ten ▁finish es ▁in ▁four ▁of ▁their ▁last ▁five ▁tournament s ▁of ▁ 2 0 0 5 . ▁They ▁also ▁competed ▁in ▁their ▁first ▁World ▁Championships ▁in ▁June ▁as ▁the ▁No . ▁ 2 2 ▁se eds , ▁posting ▁three ▁wins ▁and ▁two ▁losses ▁to ▁tie ▁for ▁ 1 7 th ▁place . ▁They ▁closed ▁out ▁their ▁first ▁season ▁as ▁team m ates ▁ranked ▁ 1 3 th ▁in ▁the ▁world . ▁ ▁Over ▁the ▁next ▁two ▁years , ▁Ke izer ▁and ▁Le en stra ▁had ▁limited ▁success ▁on ▁the ▁international ▁circuit ▁and ▁were ▁re leg ated ▁to ▁the ▁qual ifiers ▁for ▁the ▁majority ▁of ▁ 2 0 0 7 . ▁Their |
▁best ▁results ▁were ▁top - ten ▁finish es ▁at ▁the ▁double - el im ination ▁$ 2 0 0 K ▁St . ▁Petersburg ▁and ▁Porto ▁Santo ▁Op ens ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 6 . ▁As ▁the ▁No . ▁ 2 0 ▁se eds ▁in ▁St . ▁Petersburg , ▁they ▁recorded ▁a ▁three - set ▁ups et ▁over ▁the ▁third - se eded ▁T ian ▁J ia ▁and ▁Wang ▁J ie ▁of ▁China , ▁before ▁falling ▁to ▁the ▁e ighth - se eded ▁N ila ▁H å ked al ▁and ▁In grid ▁T ø rl en ▁of ▁Norway ▁in ▁the ▁fourth ▁round ▁of ▁the ▁los ers ▁bra cket . ▁In ▁Porto ▁Santo , ▁the ▁pair ▁finished ▁in ▁sevent h ▁place ▁as ▁the ▁No . ▁ 1 6 ▁se eds , ▁scoring ▁ups ets ▁over ▁the ▁higher - se eded ▁Cub an ▁teams ▁of ▁Mil ag ros ▁C res po ▁and ▁Im ara ▁Este ves ▁Rib al ta , ▁and ▁Dal ix ia ▁Fernández ▁and ▁Tam ara ▁Lar rea . ▁They ▁were ▁knock ed ▁out ▁of ▁the ▁competition ▁by ▁the ▁e ighth ▁se eds ▁from ▁Germany , ▁R ie ke ▁Br ink - Ab eler ▁and ▁H ella ▁Jur ich . ▁By ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁ 2 0 0 7 , ▁their ▁world ▁ranking ▁had ▁dropped ▁to ▁No . ▁ 4 4 . ▁ ▁Through out ▁the ▁course ▁of ▁their ▁partners hip , ▁Ke izer ▁and ▁Le en stra ▁were ▁also ▁active ▁on ▁the ▁N este a ▁European ▁Championship ▁Tour , ▁winning ▁bronze ▁med |
als ▁at ▁the ▁€ 5 5 K ▁German ▁and ▁Swiss ▁Masters ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 6 . ▁After ▁failing ▁to ▁qual ify ▁two ▁years ▁prior , ▁Ke izer ▁took ▁part ▁in ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁edition ▁of ▁the ▁European ▁Championships ▁with ▁Le en stra ; ▁they ▁fell ▁short ▁of ▁their ▁No . ▁ 6 ▁seed ▁and ▁finished ▁nin th . ▁▁ 2 0 0 8 : ▁Part ner ing ▁with ▁de ▁V ries ▁After ▁three ▁seasons ▁together , ▁Ke izer ▁split ▁from ▁Le en stra ▁and ▁te amed ▁up ▁with ▁Mer ed ▁de ▁V ries ▁for ▁ 2 0 0 8 . ▁The ▁new ▁pair ing ▁did ▁not ▁win ▁any ▁main ▁draw ▁matches ▁in ▁their ▁first ▁ten ▁World ▁Tour ▁events . ▁Their ▁results ▁picked ▁up ▁in ▁July ▁when ▁they ▁competed ▁at ▁the ▁$ 3 0 0 K ▁G sta ad ▁Grand ▁S lam ▁as ▁the ▁No . ▁ 2 6 ▁se eds . ▁Ke izer ▁and ▁de ▁V ries ▁came ▁through ▁the ▁qual ifiers ▁and ▁ups et ▁two ▁of ▁the ▁top - ten ▁se eds ▁on ▁their ▁way ▁to ▁the ▁Round ▁of ▁ 1 6 , ▁where ▁they ▁were ▁defeated ▁by ▁Maria ▁El isa ▁Anton elli ▁and ▁Van ilda ▁Le ão ▁of ▁Brazil . ▁Later ▁in ▁the ▁month , ▁they ▁achieved ▁their ▁highest ▁finish ▁as ▁a ▁team ▁with ▁a ▁fifth ▁place ▁at ▁the ▁$ 3 0 0 K ▁K lagen furt ▁Grand ▁S lam . ▁Se eded ▁ 2 6 th ▁once ▁more , ▁they ▁came ▁back ▁from ▁a ▁first |
- set ▁loss ▁to ▁beat ▁the ▁fourth - se eded ▁Tal ita ▁and ▁Ren ata ▁of ▁Brazil ▁in ▁the ▁Round ▁of ▁ 1 6 , ▁before ▁losing ▁to ▁Ukraine ' s ▁ 2 7 th - se eded ▁Sv it l ana ▁Bab ur ina ▁and ▁Gal yna ▁Os he y ko ▁in ▁the ▁quarter final s . ▁They ▁ended ▁the ▁year ▁ 3 1 st ▁in ▁the ▁world ▁rank ings . ▁▁ 2 0 0 8 – 2 0 1 0 : ▁Part ner ing ▁with ▁van ▁I ers el ▁ ▁Tow ards ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁ 2 0 0 8 , ▁Ke izer ▁changed ▁partners ▁once ▁again ▁and ▁pa ired ▁up ▁with ▁Mar le en ▁van ▁I ers el . ▁She ▁began ▁to ▁see ▁better ▁results ▁on ▁the ▁international ▁circuit , ▁including ▁her ▁first ▁World ▁Tour ▁pod ium ▁at ▁the ▁$ 1 9 0 K ▁Japan ▁Open ▁in ▁the ▁spring ▁of ▁ 2 0 0 9 . ▁After ▁losing ▁their ▁first ▁match , ▁the ▁ 1 3 th - se eded ▁Ke izer ▁and ▁van ▁I ers el ▁won ▁six ▁consecutive ▁matches ▁to ▁reach ▁the ▁final ▁four , ▁recording ▁ups ets ▁over ▁two ▁top - five ▁se eds ▁along ▁the ▁way . ▁They ▁lost ▁to ▁Brazil ' s ▁top - se eded ▁Jul iana ▁Silva ▁and ▁Lar issa ▁França ▁in ▁the ▁semif inals , ▁then ▁went ▁on ▁to ▁beat ▁the ▁USA ' s ▁ 2 6 th - se eded ▁Ang ie ▁Ak ers ▁and ▁Ty ra ▁Turner ▁in ▁the ▁bronze |
- med al ▁match . ▁The ▁bronze ▁in ▁Japan ▁was ▁only ▁the ▁second ▁time ▁a ▁Dutch ▁women ' s ▁team ▁had ▁ever ▁won ▁a ▁World ▁Tour ▁medal . ▁Another ▁bronze - med al ▁match - up ▁followed ▁at ▁the ▁$ 3 0 0 K ▁G sta ad ▁Grand ▁S lam ▁two ▁months ▁later . ▁This ▁time , ▁the ▁Dutch ▁No . ▁ 1 3 ▁se eds ▁lost ▁to ▁the ▁fourth - se eded ▁N icole ▁Bran agh ▁and ▁Ela ine ▁Young s ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁in ▁two ▁sets . ▁Ke izer ▁and ▁van ▁I ers el ▁also ▁competed ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁World ▁and ▁European ▁Championships , ▁and ▁were ▁stopped ▁in ▁the ▁quarter final s ▁of ▁both ▁tournament s . ▁They ▁were ▁the ▁sixth - rank ed ▁team ▁in ▁the ▁world ▁at ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁year . ▁ ▁Ke izer ▁and ▁van ▁I ers el ▁made ▁three ▁more ▁World ▁Tour ▁semif inals ▁appearances ▁the ▁next ▁season , ▁but ▁did ▁not ▁medal . ▁The ▁du o ▁entered ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁European ▁Championships ▁as ▁the ▁No . ▁ 6 ▁se eds , ▁eventually ▁finishing ▁fourth ▁with ▁a ▁loss ▁to ▁the ▁German ▁No . ▁ 1 ▁se eds ▁of ▁S ara ▁Gol ler ▁and ▁Laura ▁Ludwig ▁in ▁the ▁semif inals , ▁and ▁the ▁Finn ish ▁No . ▁ 4 ▁se eds ▁of ▁Em ilia ▁and ▁E ri ka ▁Ny ström ▁in ▁the ▁bronze - med al ▁match . ▁They ▁were ▁ranked ▁No . ▁ 9 ▁in ▁the ▁world |
▁at ▁the ▁conclusion ▁of ▁the ▁season . ▁▁ 2 0 1 1 : ▁First ▁World ▁Tour ▁titles ▁The ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁season ▁was ▁a ▁break through ▁year ▁for ▁the ▁pair ▁as ▁they ▁became ▁the ▁first ▁European ▁women ' s ▁team ▁to ▁win ▁back - to - back ▁World ▁Tour ▁titles . ▁They ▁won ▁their ▁first ▁World ▁Tour ▁title ▁at ▁the ▁$ 1 9 0 K ▁Shang hai ▁Open ▁in ▁May . ▁Se eded ▁No . ▁ 7 , ▁they ▁reached ▁the ▁gold - med al ▁match ▁with ▁ups ets ▁over ▁three ▁of ▁the ▁top - five ▁se eds , ▁then ▁c apped ▁off ▁an ▁und efe ated ▁tournament ▁run ▁with ▁a ▁ 1 5 – 2 1 , ▁ 2 6 – 2 4 , ▁ 1 5 – 1 3 ▁victory ▁over ▁Jenn ifer ▁K ess y ▁and ▁April ▁Ross ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁States . ▁Later ▁that ▁same ▁month ▁at ▁the ▁$ 1 9 0 K ▁Mys low ice ▁Open , ▁Ke izer ▁and ▁van ▁I ers el ▁ ▁were ▁sent ▁to ▁the ▁los ers ▁bra cket ▁in ▁the ▁third ▁round ▁of ▁the ▁double - el im ination ▁competition ▁by ▁Italy ' s ▁Gre ta ▁C icol ari ▁and ▁Mart a ▁Men eg atti . ▁The ▁pair ▁then ▁won ▁four ▁matches ▁in ▁a ▁row ▁to ▁make ▁it ▁to ▁the ▁final s ▁where ▁they ▁faced ▁C icol ari ▁and ▁Men eg atti ▁once ▁again . ▁This ▁time , ▁the ▁Dutch ▁du o ▁beat ▁the ▁It ali ans ▁in ▁two ▁sets ▁for |
▁their ▁second ▁World ▁Tour ▁title . ▁After ▁their ▁success ▁in ▁Shang hai ▁and ▁Mys low ice , ▁they ▁were ▁tempor arily ▁set ▁back ▁by ▁a ▁back ▁injury ▁sust ained ▁by ▁van ▁I ers el ▁that ▁forced ▁them ▁to ▁withdraw ▁from ▁their ▁next ▁tournament . ▁By ▁August ▁however , ▁they ▁had ▁att ained ▁another ▁pod ium ▁finish ▁at ▁the ▁$ 3 0 0 K ▁K lagen furt ▁Grand ▁S lam ▁as ▁the ▁No . ▁ 8 ▁se eds , ▁losing ▁only ▁to ▁the ▁fourth - se eded ▁M ist y ▁May - T re an or ▁and ▁Ker ri ▁Wal sh ▁Jenn ings ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁in ▁the ▁semif inals , ▁before ▁be ating ▁the ▁third - se eded ▁Brazil ian ▁du o ▁of ▁Maria ▁El isa ▁and ▁Tal ita ▁to ▁win ▁the ▁bronze ▁medal . ▁ ▁After ▁their ▁World ▁Tour ▁vict ories ▁the ▁month ▁prior , ▁the ▁pair ▁came ▁into ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁World ▁Championships ▁as ▁the ▁tournament ' s ▁dark ▁horse , ▁but ▁found ▁themselves ▁elimin ated ▁by ▁Germany ' s ▁J ana ▁Kö h ler ▁and ▁Julia ▁S ude ▁in ▁the ▁Round ▁of ▁ 1 6 . ▁Ke izer ▁and ▁van ▁I ers el ▁also ▁entered ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁European ▁Championships ▁in ▁August ▁as ▁the ▁No . ▁ 1 ▁se eds . ▁They ▁progress ed ▁to ▁the ▁quarter final s ▁where ▁they ▁were ▁ups et ▁by ▁the ▁ 1 6 th - se eded ▁Barbara ▁Hans el ▁and ▁S ara ▁Mont agn ol li ▁of |
▁Austria , ▁a ▁team ▁that ▁they ▁had ▁be aten ▁earlier ▁in ▁the ▁group ▁stage . ▁The ▁du o ▁wrapped ▁up ▁the ▁year ▁ranked ▁No . ▁ 7 ▁in ▁the ▁world . ▁▁ 2 0 1 2 : ▁European ▁Champions , ▁London ▁Olympics ▁In ▁the ▁lead ▁up ▁to ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁Summer ▁Olympics ▁in ▁London , ▁Ke izer ▁and ▁van ▁I ers el ▁competed ▁at ▁seven ▁World ▁Tour ▁events . ▁They ▁med alled ▁in ▁two ▁of ▁them , ▁winning ▁bronze ▁at ▁the ▁$ 3 0 0 K ▁Be ij ing ▁Grand ▁S lam , ▁followed ▁by ▁silver ▁at ▁the ▁$ 3 0 0 K ▁G sta ad ▁Grand ▁S lam . ▁They ▁not ched ▁vict ories ▁against ▁top - rank ed ▁teams ▁including ▁the ▁Chinese ▁team ▁of ▁X ue ▁Chen ▁and ▁Z hang ▁X i , ▁and ▁the ▁American ▁team ▁of ▁K ess y ▁and ▁Ross . ▁ ▁The ▁pair ▁also ▁competed ▁at ▁the ▁European ▁Championships ▁in ▁The ▁H ague ▁at ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁May . ▁Com ing ▁in ▁as ▁the ▁No . ▁ 3 ▁se eds , ▁Ke izer ▁and ▁van ▁I ers el ▁advanced ▁to ▁the ▁final s ▁und efe ated . ▁In ▁their ▁quarter final ▁match ▁against ▁Belg ium ' s ▁sevent h - se eded ▁Kat rien ▁G iel en ▁and ▁L ies b eth ▁Mou ha , ▁the ▁home ▁side ▁r al lied ▁from ▁a ▁set ▁down ▁to ▁win ▁ 1 8 – 2 1 , ▁ 2 1 – 1 5 , ▁ 1 5 |
– 1 0 . ▁In ▁the ▁semif inals , ▁they ▁beat ▁the ▁Czech ▁Republic ' s ▁top - se eded ▁Len ka ▁H á je č k ová ▁and ▁H ana ▁Sk al ník ová , ▁and ▁were ▁subsequently ▁crown ed ▁the ▁new ▁European ▁Champions ▁with ▁a ▁victory ▁over ▁V ass il iki ▁Ar van iti ▁and ▁Maria ▁T si arts iani ▁of ▁Greece ▁in ▁the ▁championship ▁match . ▁ ▁Ke izer ▁and ▁van ▁I ers el ▁qualified ▁for ▁the ▁London ▁Olympics ▁on ▁ 1 8 ▁June ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁via ▁their ▁Olympic ▁ranking ▁points . ▁They ▁entered ▁the ▁tournament ▁ranked ▁fourth ▁in ▁the ▁world ▁and ▁were ▁dub bed ▁a ▁" s le eper ▁team " ▁by ▁player - turn ed - comment ator ▁Kevin ▁W ong . ▁Se eded ▁nin th , ▁they ▁lost ▁their ▁first ▁two ▁group ▁stage ▁matches ▁against ▁the ▁ 1 6 th - se eded ▁El sa ▁Ba quer izo ▁and ▁Lil iana ▁Fernández ▁of ▁Spain , ▁and ▁the ▁fourth - se eded ▁K ess y ▁and ▁Ross ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁States . ▁A ▁must - win ▁victory ▁over ▁Argentina ' s ▁No . ▁ 2 1 ▁se eds ▁Ana ▁Gall ay ▁and ▁María ▁Z ont a ▁ens ured ▁they ▁advanced ▁to ▁the ▁Round ▁of ▁ 1 6 ▁where ▁they ▁faced ▁the ▁USA ' s ▁third - se eded ▁May - T re an or ▁and ▁Wal sh ▁Jenn ings . ▁The ▁Americans ▁defeated ▁them ▁in ▁straight ▁sets , ▁thus ▁ending ▁Ke izer ▁and ▁van ▁I |
ers el ' s ▁Olympic ▁run . ▁The ▁Olympics ▁was ▁their ▁last ▁tournament ▁of ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁and ▁they ▁ended ▁the ▁year ▁e ighth ▁in ▁the ▁world ▁rank ings . ▁▁ 2 0 1 3 – 2 0 1 7 : ▁Hi atus ▁Ke izer ▁and ▁van ▁I ers el ▁did ▁not ▁medal ▁on ▁the ▁World ▁Tour ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 3 ; ▁their ▁highest ▁finish ▁was ▁a ▁fifth ▁at ▁the ▁$ 2 2 0 K ▁The ▁H ague ▁Grand ▁S lam . ▁They ▁also ▁took ▁part ▁in ▁the ▁European ▁Championships , ▁adv ancing ▁to ▁the ▁Round ▁of ▁ 1 6 ▁where ▁they ▁lost ▁the ▁dec iding ▁set ▁against ▁their ▁compat ri ots ▁J antine ▁van ▁der ▁V list ▁and ▁Mar lo es ▁W essel ink . ▁After ▁ 1 1 ▁years ▁compet ing ▁on ▁the ▁World ▁Tour , ▁Ke izer ▁decided ▁to ▁ret ire ▁at ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁to ▁focus ▁more ▁on ▁her ▁personal ▁life ▁and ▁police ▁work . ▁ ▁Despite ▁her ▁ret irement , ▁Ke izer ▁continued ▁to ▁enter ▁beach ▁vol ley ball ▁tournament s ▁every ▁now ▁and ▁then . ▁She ▁partner ed ▁with ▁Soph ie ▁van ▁Gest el ▁to ▁comp ete ▁at ▁the ▁$ 5 0 0 K ▁Trans avia ▁Grand ▁S lam ▁mid - 2 0 1 4 ; ▁they ▁lost ▁all ▁three ▁of ▁their ▁group ▁stage ▁matches ▁and ▁did ▁not ▁progress ▁further . ▁In ▁the ▁summer ▁of ▁ 2 0 1 7 , ▁she ▁played ▁at ▁the ▁$ 1 5 |
0 K ▁D ela ▁Beach ▁Open ▁with ▁Made lein ▁Me ppel ink ▁as ▁a ▁replacement ▁for ▁Me ppel ink ' s ▁injured ▁partner ▁van ▁Gest el . ▁The ▁pair ▁advanced ▁to ▁the ▁Round ▁of ▁ 1 6 ▁before ▁they ▁were ▁elimin ated ▁by ▁Brazil ' s ▁Maria ▁El isa ▁and ▁Carolina ▁" Car ol " ▁Sol berg ▁Sal g ado ; ▁the ▁Brazil ian ▁du o ▁went ▁on ▁to ▁win ▁the ▁tournament . ▁Play ing ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 7 ▁D ela ▁Beach ▁Open ▁prompt ed ▁Ke izer ▁to ▁consider ▁returning ▁to ▁the ▁sport ▁on ▁a ▁full - time ▁basis . ▁Her ▁subsequent ▁participation ▁in ▁two ▁national ▁tour ▁events — one ▁with ▁Me ppel ink ▁and ▁one ▁with ▁van ▁I ers el — fur ther ▁convinced ▁her ▁to ▁make ▁a ▁com eb ack . ▁▁ 2 0 1 8 – present : ▁Part ner ing ▁with ▁Me ppel ink , ▁European ▁Champions ▁ ▁At ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁ 2 0 1 7 , ▁Ke izer ▁committed ▁to ▁a ▁full - time ▁com eb ack ▁to ▁beach ▁vol ley ball ▁with ▁Me ppel ink . ▁Despite ▁a ▁slow ▁start , ▁Ke izer ▁and ▁Me ppel ink ▁soon ▁found ▁success ▁by ▁med alling ▁on ▁the ▁World ▁Tour ▁twice ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 8 . ▁The ▁first ▁was ▁a ▁silver ▁medal ▁at ▁the ▁$ 7 5 K ▁M ers in ▁Open ▁in ▁May . ▁Three ▁months ▁later , ▁they ▁entered ▁the ▁$ 3 0 0 K ▁Vienna ▁Major ▁as ▁the ▁No . ▁ |
1 6 ▁se eds . ▁They ▁advanced ▁to ▁the ▁final ▁four ▁und efe ated , ▁including ▁a ▁victory ▁over ▁Canada ' s ▁top - se eded ▁Mel issa ▁Hum ana - P ared es ▁and ▁Sarah ▁Pav an . ▁In ▁the ▁semif inals , ▁they ▁lost ▁to ▁the ▁fourth - se eded ▁Fern anda ▁Al ves ▁and ▁B ár bara ▁Se ix as ▁of ▁Brazil , ▁but ▁came ▁back ▁the ▁next ▁day ▁to ▁beat ▁Maria ▁El isa ▁and ▁Carol ▁to ▁claim ▁the ▁bronze ▁medal . ▁Despite ▁starting ▁off ▁the ▁season ▁with ▁zero ▁ranking ▁points , ▁Ke izer ▁qualified ▁for ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 8 ▁World ▁Tour ▁Final s ▁which ▁features ▁the ▁top ▁ten ▁teams ▁in ▁the ▁world ▁rank ings . ▁The ▁pair ▁did ▁not ▁win ▁any ▁of ▁their ▁group ▁stage ▁matches ▁and ▁tied ▁for ▁last ▁place . ▁ ▁Ke izer ▁and ▁Me ppel ink ▁also ▁took ▁part ▁in ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 8 ▁European ▁Championships ▁in ▁July . ▁Se eded ▁ 1 5 th , ▁they ▁posted ▁a ▁loss ▁to ▁France ' s ▁ 3 1 st - se eded ▁Al ine ▁Cham ere au ▁and ▁Alex andra ▁Jup iter , ▁but ▁made ▁it ▁to ▁the ▁final s ▁with ▁vict ories ▁over ▁the ▁second - se eded ▁Czech ▁team ▁of ▁Barb ora ▁Hermann ová ▁and ▁Mark éta ▁Sl uk ová , ▁and ▁the ▁third - se eded ▁Swiss ▁team ▁of ▁Z oe ▁and ▁An ou k ▁Ver g é - D é pr é . ▁In ▁the ▁gold - med al |
▁match , ▁Ke izer ▁and ▁Me ppel ink ▁defeated ▁the ▁fifth - se eded ▁N ina ▁Bet sch art ▁and ▁Tan ja ▁H uber li ▁of ▁Switzerland ▁in ▁straight ▁sets ▁for ▁the ▁second ▁European ▁Championship ▁title ▁of ▁Ke izer ' s ▁career . ▁ ▁Style ▁of ▁play ▁Ke izer ▁is ▁a ▁def ender ▁and ▁a ▁right - hand ed ▁right - side ▁player . ▁She ▁had ▁been ▁a ▁block er ▁before ▁her ▁ret irement ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 3 , ▁but ▁at ▁slightly ▁above ▁, ▁she ▁had ▁long ▁felt ▁un su ited ▁and ▁unders ized ▁for ▁the ▁role . ▁As ▁such , ▁a ▁condition ▁for ▁her ▁return ▁at ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁ 2 0 1 7 ▁was ▁that ▁she ▁got ▁to ▁switch ▁roles ▁and ▁play ▁as ▁a ▁def ender ▁instead . ▁Olympic ▁gold ▁medal ist ▁D ain ▁Bl anton ▁noted ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 8 ▁Vienna ▁Major ▁that ▁Ke izer ▁has ▁an ▁ag gress ive ▁and ▁physical ▁playing ▁style ▁to ▁go ▁along ▁with ▁being ▁a ▁well - r ounded ▁player . ▁Her ▁setting ▁ability ▁in ▁particular ▁has ▁been ▁pra ised ▁by ▁oppon ents . ▁ ▁Of ▁the ▁ 8 7 ▁players ▁who ▁competed ▁in ▁a ▁Major ▁Series ▁main ▁draw ▁on ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 8 ▁World ▁Tour , ▁Ke izer ▁was ▁ranked ▁ 3 4 th ▁for ▁total ▁points ▁scored , ▁aver aging ▁ 6 . 2 1 ▁points ▁per ▁set ; ▁ 3 2 nd ▁for ▁total ▁k ills , ▁aver aging ▁ 5 . 7 1 ▁k |
ills ▁per ▁set ; ▁and ▁ 3 5 th ▁for ▁number ▁of ▁a ces , ▁with ▁around ▁ 5 . 5 % ▁of ▁her ▁serves ▁being ▁a ces . ▁ ▁Career ▁statistics ▁ ▁World ▁Tour ▁final s : ▁ 4 ▁( 2 – 2 ) ▁ ▁European ▁final s : ▁ 2 ▁( 2 – 0 ) ▁ ▁Performance ▁tim eline ▁ ▁Current ▁through ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 8 ▁F IV B ▁World ▁Tour ▁Final s . ▁ ▁Note : ▁Only ▁main ▁draw ▁results ▁are ▁considered . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁▁ ▁San ne ▁Ke izer ▁at ▁the ▁Beach ▁Vol ley ball ▁Major ▁Series ▁ ▁San ne ▁Ke izer ▁at ▁the ▁F édération ▁Intern ationale ▁de ▁Vol ley ball ▁ ▁San ne ▁Ke izer ▁and ▁Made lein ▁Me ppel ink ▁at ▁the ▁Netherlands ▁Vol ley ball ▁Association ▁( in ▁Dutch ) ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 8 5 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : D utch ▁women ' s ▁beach ▁vol ley ball ▁players ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁Do et in chem ▁Category : Be ach ▁vol ley ball ▁players ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁Summer ▁Olympics ▁Category : O lymp ic ▁beach ▁vol ley ball ▁players ▁of ▁the ▁Netherlands ▁Category : Be ach ▁vol ley ball ▁block ers ▁Category : Be ach ▁vol ley ball ▁def enders <0x0A> </s> ▁E ust atia ▁Island ▁is ▁a ▁ 3 0 - acre ▁island ▁of ▁the ▁British ▁Virgin ▁Islands ▁( B VI ) ▁in ▁the ▁Car ib |
bean . ▁The ▁word ▁" E ust atia ” ▁is ▁a ▁Greek ▁derived ▁word ▁meaning , ▁“ good ▁place ▁to ▁stay .” ▁The ▁entire ▁island , ▁and ▁a ▁small ▁neighbor ing ▁island , ▁S aba ▁Rock , ▁are ▁under ▁the ▁same ▁long ▁term ▁le ase . ▁The ▁island ▁is ▁regularly ▁featured ▁and ▁photograph ed ▁for ▁several ▁publications ▁and ▁was ▁listed ▁as ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁top ▁ 2 0 ▁most ▁beautiful ▁islands ▁in ▁the ▁world ▁in ▁the ▁December ▁ 2 0 0 4 ▁issue ▁of ▁Islands ▁magazine . ▁ ▁Location ▁and ▁ownership ▁E ust atia ▁Island ▁is ▁located ▁at ▁latitude ▁ 1 8 . 5 1 ▁north ▁and ▁longitude ▁ 6 4 . 3 6 ▁west ▁in ▁the ▁eastern ▁section ▁of ▁the ▁British ▁Virgin ▁Islands ▁slightly ▁to ▁the ▁north ▁of ▁Virgin ▁G ord a ▁and ▁Pr ick ly ▁Pear ▁and ▁to ▁the ▁south ▁of ▁Ne cker ▁Island . ▁The ▁B VI ▁are ▁a ▁group ▁of ▁islands ▁located ▁approximately ▁ 1 , 1 0 0 ▁miles ▁sout heast ▁of ▁Miami , ▁Florida , ▁ 6 0 ▁miles ▁due ▁east ▁of ▁Puerto ▁Rico ▁and ▁about ▁ 1 2 0 ▁miles ▁north west ▁of ▁St . ▁B arts . ▁The ▁island ▁was ▁purchased ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 0 ▁by ▁Mike ▁H ahn , ▁a ▁financi er ▁and ▁av id ▁sail or ▁who ▁grew ▁up ▁on ▁Lake ▁Er ie . ▁The ▁island ▁is ▁le ased ▁by ▁the ▁British ▁Crown ▁to ▁a ▁company ▁registered ▁in ▁the ▁B VI ▁named ▁E ust atia ▁Corporation ▁( company ▁# ▁ 1 |
5 1 2 4 6 5 ) ▁and ▁is ▁entered ▁into ▁the ▁Land ▁Reg istry ▁as ▁Block ▁ 5 5 4 7 A . ▁The ▁head ▁le ase ▁granted ▁by ▁the ▁Crown ▁also ▁includes ▁a ▁le ase ▁that ▁includes ▁neighbor ing ▁S aba ▁Rock , ▁a ▁popular ▁restaurant / bar / b out ique ▁hotel ▁frequ ented ▁by ▁sail ors , ▁k ite board ers , ▁mus icians / act ors ▁and ▁cre ative ▁types . ▁The ▁underlying ▁share hold ers ▁of ▁companies ▁in ▁the ▁B VI ▁are ▁not ▁required ▁to ▁register ▁with ▁the ▁Company ▁Reg istry ▁therefore ▁no ▁definit ive ▁information ▁is ▁available ▁on ▁who ▁the ▁underlying ▁owner ▁is . ▁Although ▁the ▁following ▁statement ▁cannot ▁be ▁cor ro bor ated ▁by ▁any ▁authentic ▁or ▁reliable ▁information ▁source , ▁it ▁is ▁widely ▁thought ▁among ▁local ▁B VI ▁residents ▁that ▁the ▁island ▁is ▁owned ▁by ▁Larry ▁Page ▁( Page ▁was ▁married ▁on ▁nearby ▁Ne cker ▁Island ). ▁ ▁Cl imate ▁Similar ▁to ▁neighbor ing ▁islands , ▁E ust atia ▁has ▁fresh ▁trade ▁wind s , ▁warm ▁year ▁round ▁ambient ▁and ▁water ▁temper atures , ▁and ▁over ▁ 3 0 0 ▁days ▁of ▁sun sh ine ▁per ▁year . ▁Trade ▁wind s ▁tend ▁to ▁average ▁ 1 0 - 1 5 ▁kn ots ▁from ▁the ▁east ▁n ortheast . ▁Amb ient ▁temper atures ▁range ▁from ▁average ▁day ▁time ▁high s ▁of ▁ 8 5 F - 9 0 F ▁in ▁the ▁summer ▁to ▁ 8 0 F - 8 5 F ▁in ▁the ▁winter . |
▁L ows ▁average ▁ 8 0 F ▁to ▁ 7 5 F ▁respectively . ▁Water ▁temper atures ▁are ▁warm ▁year ▁round ▁with ▁the ▁cool est ▁being ▁ 7 7 F ▁in ▁the ▁winter ▁to ▁a ▁high ▁ 8 5 F ▁in ▁the ▁summer . ▁ ▁While ▁the ▁months ▁of ▁September – Nov ember ▁tend ▁to ▁receive ▁the ▁greatest ▁accum ulations ▁of ▁rain , ▁there ▁is ▁no ▁official ▁“ ra iny ▁season ”. ▁S qu alls ▁tend ▁to ▁be ▁inter mitt ent , ▁short ▁last ing , ▁but ▁fairly ▁inten se . ▁Rel ative ▁hum id ity ▁typically ▁ranges ▁from ▁ 6 0 - 8 0 %. ▁ ▁H urr icane ▁season ▁is ▁from ▁June ▁ 1 ▁through ▁November ▁ 3 0 ▁with ▁the ▁statistical ▁peak ▁in ▁mid ▁September . ▁The ▁last ▁h urr icane ▁to ▁hit ▁E ust atia ▁was ▁H urr icane ▁Ir ma ▁on ▁September ▁ 1 1 , ▁ 2 0 1 7 . ▁ ▁The ▁island ▁was ▁also ▁hit ▁on ▁August ▁ 3 0 , ▁ 2 0 1 0 , ▁when ▁H urr icane ▁Earl ▁br ushed ▁the ▁area ▁as ▁a ▁Category ▁ 4 ▁h urr icane . ▁ ▁Geography ▁E ust atia ▁Island ▁is ▁approximately ▁ ▁in ▁size , ▁ 1 , 8 7 0 ▁feet ▁( 0 . 3 5 ▁miles ) ▁in ▁length , ▁ 1 , 0 2 0 ▁feet ▁( 0 . 2 ▁miles ) ▁in ▁width ▁and ▁is ▁ 2 1 0 ▁feet ▁in ▁elev ation . ▁The ▁terrain ▁is ▁h illy |
, ▁but ▁not ▁as ▁rug ged ▁as ▁some ▁of ▁the ▁B VI ’ s ▁other ▁islands ▁with ▁most ▁of ▁E ust atia ▁being ▁accessible ▁by ▁foot . ▁Three ▁white ▁sand ▁be aches ▁are ▁located ▁on ▁the ▁island , ▁with ▁the ▁main ▁beach ▁on ▁the ▁south , ▁a ▁smaller ▁beach ▁on ▁the ▁north ▁side , ▁and ▁another ▁beach ▁on ▁the ▁south west ▁side ▁of ▁the ▁island . ▁ ▁S urr ounding ▁area ▁The ▁North ▁Sound ▁area ▁is ▁considered ▁to ▁be ▁the ▁prime ▁resort ▁and ▁y ach ting ▁location ▁in ▁the ▁B VI ▁where ▁m ega ▁y ach ts , ▁cele brit ies ▁and ▁high - net - worth ▁individuals ▁come ▁to ▁enjoy ▁the ▁protected ▁waters , ▁water ▁sports ▁and ▁access ▁to ▁a ▁range ▁of ▁islands ▁and ▁resort s . ▁The ▁protected ▁waters ▁and ▁anchor ages ▁combined ▁with ▁proxim ity ▁to ▁lux ury ▁resort s ▁and ▁services , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁neighbor ing ▁islands ▁provide ▁priv acy ▁and ▁convenience . ▁ ▁The ▁island ▁over look s ▁E ust atia ▁Sound , ▁a ▁body ▁of ▁water ▁protected ▁by ▁the ▁extensive ▁E ust atia ▁re ef ▁and ▁separated ▁from ▁the ▁North ▁Sound ▁area ▁by ▁a ▁narrow ▁gap ▁within ▁which ▁lies ▁S aba ▁Rock . ▁E ust atia ▁Sound ▁is ▁generally ▁off ▁limits ▁to ▁char ter ▁boats ▁and ▁provides ▁some ▁of ▁the ▁best ▁water ▁sports ▁activities ▁in ▁the ▁islands . ▁The ▁steady ▁trade ▁wind s ▁blow ing ▁across ▁the ▁protected ▁waters ▁make ▁E ust atia ▁Sound ▁a ▁wind sur f ing ▁and ▁k ite ▁sur f ing ▁me |
cca , ▁while ▁the ▁surrounding ▁re ef s ▁provide ▁plenty ▁of ▁opportun ities ▁for ▁safe ▁sn ork eling ▁and ▁div ing . ▁ ▁On ▁Virgin ▁G ord a , ▁the ▁B itter ▁End ▁Y acht ▁Club ▁offers ▁open ▁air ▁d ining ▁through ▁three ▁distinct ▁ven ues , ▁a ▁ 2 5 ▁s lip ▁mar ina ▁and ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁best ▁known ▁water ▁sports ▁cent ers ▁in ▁the ▁Car ib bean . ▁S aba ▁Rock ▁Island ▁Res ort ▁features ▁a ▁ 1 0 ▁deep ▁water ▁s lip ▁mar ina , ▁rooms ▁and ▁su ites , ▁a ▁restaurant ▁and ▁bar , ▁na ut ical ▁museum ▁and ▁salt ▁water ▁tank ▁with ▁sea ▁life . ▁The ▁ 1 4 0 ▁a cre ▁Bir as ▁Creek ▁Res ort ▁has ▁ 3 1 ▁su ites , ▁a ▁mar ina , ▁a ▁restaurant ▁and ▁ 5 ▁star ▁r ated ▁services . ▁The ▁Le ver ick ▁Bay ▁Res ort ▁and ▁Marina ▁is ▁situated ▁in ▁the ▁western ▁end ▁of ▁North ▁Sound ▁and ▁offers ▁rooms ▁and ▁su ites , ▁full ▁service ▁dock , ▁a ▁ 1 5 ▁s lip ▁mar ina , ▁restaurant , ▁bar ▁and ▁gr ill , ▁fish ing ▁and ▁d ive ▁t ours , ▁gift ▁shop ▁and ▁na ut ical ▁gallery . ▁Pr ick ly ▁Pear ▁Island , ▁a ▁designated ▁National ▁Park , ▁features ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁be aches ▁and ▁h ik ing ▁tra ils . ▁Ne cker ▁Island , ▁a ▁world - f am ous ▁Virgin ▁Limited ▁Edition ▁lux ury ▁retre at , ▁and ▁Mos qu ito ▁Island , |
▁are ▁both ▁owned ▁by ▁British ▁billion aire , ▁Sir ▁Richard ▁Br anson . ▁ ▁Pl ants , ▁wild life , ▁sea ▁life ▁A ▁variety ▁of ▁tropical ▁fl ora ▁and ▁fa una ▁including , ▁j asm ine , ▁h ib is cus , ▁b oug ain ville a , ▁t amar ind , ▁fr ang ip ani , ▁alle mande , ▁h oney ▁su ck le , ▁c act i ▁and ▁succ ul ents ▁are ▁found ▁throughout ▁the ▁island . ▁One ▁of ▁the ▁largest ▁m ature ▁co con ut ▁pal m ▁plant ations ▁in ▁the ▁B VI ▁is ▁located ▁on ▁the ▁main ▁beach ▁of ▁E ust atia ▁Island . ▁Bird ▁species ▁include ▁sea ▁g ull s , ▁pel icans , ▁fr ig ates , ▁bo ob ies , ▁hum ming bird s , ▁and ▁do ves . ▁Several ▁species ▁of ▁l iz ards ▁including ▁wood ▁slave , ▁ground , ▁s addle back , ▁and ▁man ▁l iz ards ▁are ▁also ▁regularly ▁seen ▁throughout ▁the ▁island . ▁ ▁Comm only ▁seen ▁in ▁the ▁surrounding ▁water ▁are ▁a ▁wide ▁variety ▁of ▁re ef ▁fish ▁including , ▁gr un ts , ▁par rot fish , ▁tr ump et , ▁trigger , ▁sn apper , ▁gr ou per , ▁wr asse , ▁d ams el , ▁por cup ine ▁and ▁do z ens ▁of ▁other ▁species . ▁Green , ▁Logger head , ▁and ▁Haw ks b ill ▁sea ▁t urt les ▁are ▁rout in ely ▁sp otted ▁as ▁are ▁southern ▁and ▁sp otted ▁st ing ray s . |
▁Con ch , ▁lo b ster , ▁c rab s ▁and ▁other ▁in verte br ates ▁are ▁abund ant . ▁ ▁Island ▁features ▁Within ▁the ▁owner ’ s ▁estate ▁there ▁is ▁a ▁three ▁bed room ▁hill top ▁villa ▁with ▁pool ▁and ▁hot ▁tub ▁and ▁sun r ise ▁and ▁sun set ▁views , ▁a ▁two ▁bed room ▁villa ▁on ▁the ▁beach ▁nest led ▁in ▁a ▁pal m ▁gro ve , ▁and ▁a ▁three ▁bed room ▁c ott age . ▁The ▁estate ▁has ▁three ▁white ▁sand ▁be aches , ▁h ik ing ▁tra ils , ▁a ▁mountain ▁top ▁pav il ion ▁and ▁view ing ▁de cks , ▁beach ▁pav il ion , ▁and ▁l ou ng ing ▁pav il ion . ▁There ▁are ▁two ▁additional ▁houses ▁on ▁the ▁south west ▁tip ▁of ▁the ▁island . ▁The ▁island ▁was ▁carefully ▁developed ▁to ▁keep ▁it ▁in ▁a ▁natural ▁state . ▁ ▁S ust ain ability ▁All ▁of ▁the ▁homes ▁on ▁the ▁island ▁util ize ▁an ▁extensive ▁solar ▁system ▁which ▁provides ▁the ▁island ▁with ▁ 1 0 0 ▁percent ▁of ▁its ▁elect rical ▁requirements ▁through ▁solar ▁conversion . ▁Water ▁requirements ▁are ▁fully ▁sust ain able . ▁Water ▁is ▁collected ▁through ▁ra inf all , ▁filtered ▁and ▁used ▁for ▁drink ing ▁and ▁bath ing ▁requirements . ▁An ▁organ ic ▁se w age ▁treatment ▁process ▁rec y cles ▁gray ▁water ▁into ▁land sc aping . ▁Most ▁furn ish ings ▁were ▁selected ▁from ▁rec yc led ▁or ▁sust ain able ▁wood ▁species . ▁Light ▁fi xt ures ▁were ▁salv aged ▁from |
Subsets and Splits