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▁proposed ▁path ▁of ▁SR 7 4 4 ▁sout heast ▁of ▁it . ▁In ▁ 1 9 9 1 , ▁US 2 7 8 / SR 6 ▁was ▁shift ed ▁south ward , ▁out ▁of ▁the ▁main ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁city , ▁replacing ▁the ▁sp ur ▁route . ▁ ▁State ▁Route ▁ 7 4 6 ▁ ▁State ▁Route 7 4 6 ▁( SR 7 4 6 ) ▁was ▁a ▁state ▁highway ▁that ▁existed ▁in ▁the ▁east - central ▁part ▁of ▁F loyd ▁County , ▁just ▁to ▁the ▁east ▁of ▁Rome . ▁In ▁ 1 9 8 5 , ▁it ▁was ▁proposed ▁from ▁US 4 1 1 / SR 2 0 ▁sout heast ▁of ▁Rome ▁north - n ortheast ▁and ▁north west ▁to ▁SR 5 3 ▁at ▁the ▁eastern ▁termin us ▁of ▁SR 5 3 ▁Sp ur . ▁In ▁ 1 9 9 0 , ▁the ▁portion ▁of ▁SR 7 4 6 ▁between ▁US 4 1 1 / SR 2 0 ▁and ▁SR 2 9 3 ▁was ▁built . ▁Two ▁years ▁later , ▁all ▁of ▁the ▁original ▁completed ▁and ▁proposed ▁port ions ▁of ▁SR 7 4 6 ▁from ▁US 4 1 1 / SR 2 0 ▁to ▁SR 5 3 ▁and ▁the ▁entire ▁length ▁of ▁SR 5 3 ▁Sp ur ▁were ▁red es ign ated ▁as ▁parts ▁of ▁SR 1 ▁Loop . ▁At ▁this ▁time , ▁a ▁separate ▁segment ▁of ▁SR 7 4 6 ▁was |
▁proposed ▁from ▁SR 2 0 ▁west - n orth west ▁of ▁Rome ▁south - s out heast ▁and ▁sout heast ▁to ▁US 2 7 / US 4 1 1 / SR 1 / SR 5 3 ▁just ▁north - n ortheast ▁of ▁Six ▁M ile , ▁east - n ortheast ▁to ▁SR 1 0 1 ▁south - s out heast ▁of ▁Rome , ▁and ▁east - n ortheast ▁and ▁north - n ortheast ▁to ▁US 4 1 1 / SR 2 0 ▁at ▁SR 1 ▁Loop . ▁Near ly ▁a ▁de cade ▁later , ▁the ▁proposed ▁western ▁termin us ▁was ▁shift ed ▁west ward ▁on ▁SR 2 0 ▁to ▁begin ▁at ▁a ▁point ▁east - n ortheast ▁of ▁Co osa . ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 5 , ▁the ▁entire ▁length ▁of ▁SR 7 4 6 ▁was ▁cancel led . ▁ ▁This ▁table ▁shows ▁the ▁completed ▁portion ▁of ▁SR 7 4 6 . ▁ ▁State ▁Route ▁ 7 4 7 ▁ ▁State ▁Route 7 4 7 ▁( SR 7 4 7 ) ▁was ▁a ▁short - l ived ▁state ▁highway ▁that ▁existed ▁just ▁north ▁of ▁New nan . ▁In ▁ 1 9 8 4 , ▁a ▁northern ▁by pass ▁of ▁New nan ▁was ▁established ▁from ▁US 2 9 / SR 1 4 ▁just ▁north ▁of ▁the ▁city ▁to ▁SR 3 4 ▁just ▁n ortheast ▁of ▁it . ▁However , ▁it ▁was ▁un number ed . ▁The |
▁next ▁year , ▁a ▁western ▁extension ▁of ▁this ▁by pass , ▁designated ▁as ▁SR 7 4 7 , ▁was ▁proposed ▁to ▁have ▁a ▁western ▁termin us ▁at ▁SR 3 4 ▁west ▁of ▁the ▁city . ▁In ▁ 1 9 8 6 , ▁this ▁by pass ▁was ▁then ▁proposed ▁as ▁SR 3 4 ▁B yp . ▁The ▁next ▁year , ▁it ▁was ▁re - pro posed ▁as ▁SR 7 4 7 . ▁In ▁ 1 9 8 8 , ▁it ▁was ▁completed ▁as ▁SR 7 4 7 ▁from ▁US 2 7 ▁Alt ./ SR 1 6 ▁to ▁US 2 9 / SR 1 4 . ▁The ▁next ▁year , ▁this ▁by pass ▁was ▁entirely ▁red es ign ated ▁as ▁SR 3 4 ▁B yp . ▁ ▁State ▁Route ▁ 7 4 8 ▁ ▁State ▁Route 7 4 8 ▁( SR 7 4 8 ) ▁was ▁a ▁proposed ▁state ▁highway ▁In ▁ 1 9 8 7 , ▁it ▁was ▁proposed ▁as ▁part ▁of ▁an ▁eastern ▁by pass ▁of ▁Rock mart , ▁from ▁SR 1 1 3 ▁east - n ortheast ▁of ▁the ▁city ▁south ▁and ▁south - s out heast ▁to ▁US 2 7 8 / SR 6 ▁east - s out heast ▁of ▁Van ▁W ert . ▁In ▁ 1 9 9 0 , ▁US 2 7 8 / SR 6 ▁was ▁shift ed ▁n ortheast ▁from ▁Van ▁W ert ▁on ▁SR 1 1 3 ▁and |
▁sout heast ▁on ▁the ▁proposed ▁path ▁of ▁SR 7 4 8 , ▁with ▁SR 1 0 1 / SR 1 1 3 ▁concurrent ▁with ▁them ▁to ▁York ville . ▁ ▁State ▁Route ▁ 7 5 4 ▁ ▁State ▁Route 7 5 4 ▁( SR 7 5 4 ) ▁was ▁a ▁state ▁highway ▁that ▁existed ▁in ▁C obb ▁and ▁Ch ero kee ▁count ies . ▁The ▁road way ▁that ▁would ▁eventually ▁become ▁SR 7 5 4 ▁was ▁established ▁at ▁least ▁as ▁early ▁as ▁ 1 9 1 9 ▁as ▁part ▁of ▁SR 5 . ▁SR 5 ' s ▁path ▁between ▁Mar iet ta ▁and ▁n ortheast ▁of ▁C anton ▁was ▁shift ed ▁onto ▁Inter state ▁ 5 7 5 ▁( I - 5 7 5 ), ▁replacing ▁SR 7 1 3 ▁on ▁that ▁path . ▁The ▁portion ▁between ▁Mar iet ta ▁and ▁west - n orth west ▁of ▁Leb anon ▁was ▁red es ign ated ▁as ▁SR 7 5 4 . ▁In ▁ 1 9 8 6 , ▁the ▁southern ▁termin us ▁was ▁trunc ated ▁to ▁just ▁north ▁of ▁P ied mont ▁Road ▁north ▁of ▁Mar iet ta . ▁The ▁next ▁year , ▁the ▁southern ▁termin us ▁was ▁re - ext ended ▁to ▁the ▁northern ▁termin us ▁of ▁SR 5 ▁Sp ur . ▁In ▁ 1 9 9 1 , ▁the ▁northern ▁termin us ▁was ▁trunc ated ▁to ▁SR 9 2 ▁south west ▁of ▁Wood stock . ▁In ▁ 1 9 9 |
5 , ▁the ▁southern ▁termin us ▁was ▁trunc ated ▁to ▁just ▁south ▁of ▁the ▁C obb – Ch ero kee ▁county ▁line . ▁In ▁ 1 9 9 7 , ▁the ▁southern ▁termin us ▁was ▁trunc ated ▁to ▁the ▁county ▁line ▁itself . ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 3 , ▁the ▁highway ▁was ▁de comm ission ed . ▁ ▁State ▁Route ▁ 7 5 8 ▁ ▁State ▁Route 7 5 8 ▁( SR 7 5 8 ) ▁was ▁a ▁proposed ▁state ▁highway ▁that ▁was ▁planned ▁in ▁the ▁sout he astern ▁part ▁of ▁Ma con . ▁In ▁ 1 9 8 5 , ▁it ▁was ▁proposed ▁as ▁a ▁sout he astern ▁r er out ing ▁of ▁US 8 0 , ▁from ▁the ▁intersection ▁of ▁US 8 0 / SR 2 2 ▁( E isen h ower ▁Park way ) ▁and ▁US 4 1 ▁Bus ./ US 1 2 9 / SR 1 1 / SR 4 9 ▁east - n ortheast ▁and ▁north - n ortheast ▁to ▁US 2 3 / US 8 0 / US 1 2 9 ▁Alt ./ SR 1 9 / SR 8 7 ▁( Em ery ▁Highway ). ▁In ▁ 1 9 9 8 , ▁the ▁entire ▁length ▁of ▁SR 7 5 8 ▁( except ▁for ▁the ▁western most ▁portion ) ▁was ▁can ce led . ▁The ▁western ▁part ▁was ▁built ▁as ▁an ▁eastern ▁extension ▁of ▁Eisen h ower ▁Park way , ▁but ▁as |
▁an ▁un number ed ▁road . ▁ ▁State ▁Route ▁ 7 5 9 ▁ ▁State ▁Route 7 5 9 ▁( SR 7 5 9 ) ▁was ▁a ▁very ▁short - l ived ▁state ▁highway ▁that ▁existed ▁entirely ▁within ▁the ▁northern ▁part ▁of ▁Jackson ▁County , ▁to ▁the ▁east ▁of ▁Com merce . ▁In ▁ 1 9 8 9 , ▁it ▁was ▁proposed ▁as ▁an ▁eastern ▁by pass ▁of ▁the ▁main ▁part ▁of ▁Com merce , ▁from ▁US 4 4 1 / SR 1 5 ▁south - s out heast ▁of ▁Com merce ▁to ▁another ▁intersection ▁north - n ortheast ▁of ▁the ▁city . ▁In ▁ 1 9 9 1 , ▁SR 7 5 9 ▁around ▁Com merce ▁was ▁completed . ▁The ▁next ▁year , ▁the ▁path ▁of ▁US 4 4 1 / SR 1 5 ▁in ▁the ▁Com merce ▁area ▁was ▁shift ed ▁east ward , ▁replacing ▁SR 7 5 9 . ▁The ▁former ▁path ▁of ▁US 4 4 1 , ▁on ▁SR 3 3 4 ▁and ▁SR 9 8 , ▁was ▁red es ign ated ▁as ▁US 4 4 1 ▁Bus . ▁ ▁State ▁Route ▁ 7 6 5 ▁ ▁State ▁Route 7 6 5 ▁( SR 7 6 5 ) ▁was ▁a ▁proposed ▁state ▁highway ▁that ▁existed ▁in ▁the ▁H omer ▁area . ▁In ▁ 1 9 9 1 , ▁it ▁was ▁proposed ▁as ▁an ▁eastern ▁by pass ▁of ▁H omer , ▁from ▁US 4 4 |
1 / SR 1 5 / SR 1 6 4 ▁south - s out heast ▁of ▁H omer ▁to ▁US 4 4 1 / SR 1 5 ▁north - n ortheast ▁of ▁the ▁city . ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 4 , ▁the ▁path ▁of ▁US 4 4 1 / SR 1 5 ▁in ▁the ▁H omer ▁area ▁was ▁shift ed ▁east ward , ▁onto ▁the ▁proposed ▁path ▁of ▁SR 7 6 5 . ▁ ▁State ▁Route ▁ 7 6 8 ▁ ▁State ▁Route 7 6 8 ▁( SR 7 6 8 ) ▁was ▁a ▁proposed ▁state ▁highway ▁in ▁Paul ding ▁County . ▁In ▁ 1 9 8 7 , ▁it ▁was ▁proposed ▁as ▁a ▁southern ▁by pass ▁of ▁Dallas , ▁from ▁west - s outh west ▁of ▁the ▁city ▁to ▁US 2 7 8 / SR 6 / SR 1 2 0 ▁sout heast ▁of ▁it ; ▁this ▁replaced ▁the ▁proposed ▁path ▁of ▁SR 6 ▁B yp . ▁In ▁ 1 9 9 0 , ▁US 2 7 8 / SR 6 / SR 1 2 0 ▁was ▁rout ed ▁on ▁the ▁proposed ▁path ▁of ▁SR 7 6 8 . ▁ ▁State ▁Route ▁ 7 6 8 ▁Sp ur ▁ ▁State ▁Route 7 6 8 ▁Sp ur ▁( SR 7 6 8 ▁Sp ur ) ▁was ▁a ▁proposed ▁sp ur ▁route ▁of ▁SR 7 6 8 ▁that ▁was ▁planned ▁to ▁be ▁placed |
▁in ▁the ▁east - central ▁part ▁of ▁Paul ding ▁County , ▁north - n orth west ▁of ▁the ▁city ▁limits ▁of ▁Hir am . ▁Between ▁the ▁beginning ▁of ▁ 1 9 8 2 ▁and ▁the ▁beginning ▁of ▁ 1 9 8 7 , ▁it ▁was ▁planned ▁to ▁be ▁designated ▁between ▁the ▁proposed ▁path ▁of ▁SR 7 6 8 ▁and ▁US 2 7 8 / SR 6 / SR 1 2 0 , ▁at ▁the ▁point ▁where ▁they ▁met ▁the ▁western ▁termin us ▁of ▁SR 3 6 0 . ▁In ▁ 1 9 9 0 , ▁US 2 7 8 / SR 6 / SR 1 2 0 ▁was ▁shift ed ▁south ward , ▁onto ▁the ▁proposed ▁path ▁of ▁SR 7 6 8 , ▁with ▁SR 1 2 0 / SR 3 6 0 ▁shift ed ▁onto ▁the ▁proposed ▁path ▁of ▁SR 7 6 8 ▁Sp ur . ▁ ▁State ▁Route ▁ 7 7 1 ▁ ▁State ▁Route 7 7 1 ▁( SR 7 7 1 ) ▁was ▁a ▁proposed ▁state ▁highway ▁in ▁the ▁north - central ▁part ▁of ▁F ann in ▁County . ▁In ▁ 1 9 8 6 , ▁it ▁was ▁proposed ▁from ▁SR 5 ▁south ▁of ▁McC ays ville ▁to ▁the ▁Tennessee ▁state ▁line ▁north - n orth west ▁of ▁the ▁city . ▁ 1 9 9 6 ▁maps ▁still ▁showed ▁the ▁route ▁on ▁this ▁proposed ▁path , ▁though ▁the ▁route ▁was ▁never ▁built . ▁In |
▁ 2 0 0 1 , ▁the ▁proposal ▁was ▁cancel led . ▁ ▁State ▁Route ▁ 7 7 3 ▁ ▁State ▁Route 7 7 3 ▁( SR 7 7 3 ) ▁was ▁a ▁proposed ▁state ▁highway ▁that ▁was ▁proposed ▁partially ▁for ▁the ▁town ▁of ▁T all ul ah ▁F alls . ▁In ▁ 1 9 8 6 , ▁it ▁was ▁proposed ▁as ▁a ▁western ▁cut - off , ▁on ▁a ▁more ▁direct ▁path ▁between ▁two ▁inter sections ▁with ▁US 2 3 / US 4 4 1 / SR 1 5 ▁from ▁south ▁of ▁T all ul ah ▁F alls ▁and ▁into ▁the ▁city . ▁The ▁next ▁year , ▁the ▁path ▁of ▁US 2 3 / US 4 4 1 / SR 1 5 ▁in ▁the ▁T all ul ah ▁F alls ▁area ▁was ▁shift ed ▁west ward , ▁onto ▁the ▁proposed ▁path ▁of ▁SR 7 7 3 . ▁The ▁former ▁path ▁was ▁red es ign ated ▁as ▁SR 1 5 ▁Loop . ▁ ▁State ▁Route ▁ 7 8 9 ▁ ▁State ▁Route 7 8 9 ▁( SR 7 8 9 ) ▁was ▁a ▁proposed ▁state ▁highway ▁in ▁Pol k ▁and ▁Paul ding ▁count ies . ▁In ▁ 1 9 8 7 , ▁it ▁was ▁proposed ▁as ▁a ▁n ort he astern ▁by pass ▁of ▁York ville , ▁from ▁north - n ortheast ▁of ▁York ville ▁to ▁east ▁of ▁it . ▁In ▁ 1 9 9 3 , ▁US 2 7 |
8 / SR 6 ▁was ▁shift ed ▁n ortheast ▁from ▁York ville ▁onto ▁the ▁former ▁proposed ▁path ▁of ▁SR 7 8 9 ▁ ▁State ▁Route ▁ 7 9 3 ▁ ▁State ▁Route 7 9 3 ▁( SR 7 9 3 ) ▁was ▁a ▁proposed ▁state ▁highway ▁in ▁the ▁north - central ▁part ▁of ▁Car roll ▁County ▁and ▁the ▁southern ▁part ▁of ▁Har al son ▁County . ▁In ▁ 1 9 8 8 , ▁it ▁was ▁proposed ▁as ▁a ▁western ▁by pass ▁of ▁Bre men , ▁from ▁south - s outh west ▁of ▁the ▁city ▁to ▁north - n orth west ▁of ▁it . ▁In ▁ 1 9 9 3 , ▁US 2 7 / SR 1 ▁in ▁the ▁Bre men ▁area ▁was ▁shift ed ▁west ward , ▁onto ▁the ▁path ▁of ▁SR 7 9 3 . ▁The ▁former ▁path ▁was ▁red es ign ated ▁as ▁US 2 7 ▁Bus ./ SR 1 ▁Bus . ▁ ▁State ▁Route ▁ 8 1 1 ▁ ▁State ▁Route 8 1 1 ▁( SR 8 1 1 ) ▁was ▁a ▁proposed ▁state ▁highway ▁in ▁the ▁central ▁portion ▁of ▁Har al son ▁County . ▁In ▁ 1 9 8 9 , ▁it ▁was ▁proposed ▁from ▁US 2 7 / SR 1 ▁south - s out heast ▁of ▁Buch an an ▁north - n orth west ▁across ▁US 2 7 / SR 1 , ▁and ▁cur ved ▁around ▁the ▁east ▁side ▁of ▁the ▁city ▁to |
▁a ▁point ▁north - n orth west ▁of ▁it . ▁In ▁ 1 9 9 2 , ▁US 2 7 / SR 1 ▁was ▁r er out ed ▁onto ▁the ▁proposed ▁path ▁of ▁SR 8 1 1 ▁and ▁was ▁shift ed ▁east ▁of ▁the ▁city . ▁The ▁former ▁path ▁was ▁red es ign ated ▁as ▁US 2 7 ▁Bus ./ SR 1 ▁Bus . ▁ ▁State ▁Route ▁ 8 1 3 ▁ ▁State ▁Route 8 1 3 ▁( SR 8 1 3 ) ▁was ▁a ▁proposed ▁state ▁highway ▁in ▁the ▁northern ▁part ▁of ▁Walker ▁County . ▁In ▁ 1 9 9 4 , ▁it ▁was ▁proposed ▁as ▁a ▁western ▁by pass ▁of ▁the ▁Ch ick am aug a ▁and ▁Ch att ano oga ▁National ▁Military ▁Park , ▁from ▁US 2 7 / SR 1 ▁east - n ortheast ▁of ▁Ch ick am aug a ▁to ▁SR 2 ▁west - s outh west ▁of ▁Fort ▁O gle th or pe . ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 1 , ▁US 2 7 / SR 1 ' s ▁path ▁through ▁the ▁Ch ick am aug a ▁and ▁Ch att ano oga ▁National ▁Military ▁Park ▁was ▁shift ed ▁west ward , ▁onto ▁the ▁path ▁of ▁SR 8 1 3 . ▁ ▁State ▁Route ▁ 8 1 6 ▁ ▁State ▁Route 8 1 6 ▁( SR 8 1 6 ) ▁was ▁a ▁proposed ▁state ▁highway ▁that ▁was ▁proposed ▁in ▁the ▁northern ▁part ▁of |
▁Sand ers ville , ▁in ▁the ▁central ▁part ▁of ▁Washington ▁County . ▁In ▁ 1 9 8 8 , ▁it ▁was ▁proposed ▁as ▁a ▁northern ▁by pass ▁of ▁Sand ers ville , ▁from ▁Deep step ▁Road ▁north west ▁of ▁the ▁city ▁to ▁SR 8 8 ▁east - n ortheast ▁of ▁it . ▁The ▁next ▁year , ▁the ▁proposed ▁path ▁of ▁SR 8 1 6 ▁was ▁extended ▁south west ▁to ▁SR 2 4 ▁west ▁of ▁the ▁city . ▁In ▁ 1 9 9 1 , ▁the ▁path ▁of ▁SR 8 8 ▁was ▁extended ▁west ward , ▁replacing ▁the ▁proposed ▁path ▁of ▁SR 8 1 6 . ▁ ▁State ▁Route ▁ 8 1 7 ▁ ▁State ▁Route 8 1 7 ▁( SR 8 1 7 ) ▁was ▁a ▁proposed ▁state ▁highway ▁that ▁was ▁planned ▁form ▁G win nett , ▁Bar row , ▁and ▁O con ee ▁count ies . ▁In ▁ 1 9 8 9 , ▁a ▁southern ▁by pass ▁of ▁the ▁D ac ula – A th ens ▁area , ▁designated ▁as ▁SR 8 1 7 , ▁was ▁proposed ▁from ▁US 2 9 / SR 8 ▁( and ▁what ▁was ▁then ▁the ▁eastern ▁termin us ▁of ▁SR 3 1 6 ) ▁west - s outh west ▁of ▁D ac ula ▁to ▁the ▁south west ▁corner ▁of ▁the ▁Ath ens ▁Per imeter ▁Highway . ▁In ▁ 1 9 9 1 , ▁SR 8 1 7 ' s ▁path ▁from ▁west - s outh |
west ▁of ▁D ac ula ▁to ▁SR 1 1 ▁north ▁of ▁Beth le hem ▁was ▁completed ▁as ▁an ▁eastern ▁extension ▁of ▁SR 3 1 6 . ▁In ▁ 1 9 9 3 , ▁SR 8 1 7 ' s ▁path ▁from ▁north ▁of ▁Beth le hem ▁to ▁US 7 8 / SR 1 0 ▁sout heast ▁of ▁Bog art ▁was ▁also ▁completed ▁as ▁an ▁eastern ▁extension ▁of ▁SR 3 1 6 , ▁with ▁US 2 9 ▁shift ed ▁onto ▁its ▁entire ▁length , ▁from ▁what ▁was ▁the ▁western ▁termin us ▁of ▁the ▁proposed ▁path ▁of ▁SR 8 1 7 . ▁SR 8 ▁was ▁shift ed ▁onto ▁US 2 9 / SR 3 1 6 ▁from ▁sout heast ▁of ▁Russell ▁to ▁sout heast ▁of ▁Bog art . ▁In ▁ 1 9 9 6 , ▁SR 8 1 7 ' s ▁path ▁in ▁the ▁south western ▁part ▁of ▁Ath ens ▁was ▁completed ▁as ▁an ▁eastern ▁extension ▁of ▁SR 3 1 6 , ▁with ▁US 2 9 / US 7 8 / SR 8 ▁concurrent ▁with ▁it . ▁ ▁State ▁Route ▁ 8 1 8 ▁ ▁State ▁Route 8 1 8 ▁( SR 8 1 8 ) ▁was ▁a ▁proposed ▁state ▁highway ▁that ▁was ▁planned ▁for ▁the ▁Wat kins ville ▁area . ▁In ▁ 1 9 9 0 , ▁a ▁western ▁by pass ▁of ▁the ▁city , ▁then ▁proposed ▁as ▁a ▁northern ▁extension ▁of ▁SR 1 8 |
6 , ▁was ▁planned ▁from ▁US 1 2 9 / US 4 4 1 / SR 2 4 ▁north - n ortheast ▁of ▁Bishop ▁to ▁US 1 2 9 / US 4 4 1 / SR 1 5 ▁in ▁the ▁southern ▁part ▁of ▁Ath ens . ▁In ▁ 1 9 9 2 , ▁this ▁by pass ▁was ▁then ▁proposed ▁as ▁SR 8 1 8 . ▁In ▁ 1 9 9 5 , ▁the ▁path ▁of ▁US 1 2 9 / US 4 4 1 / SR 2 4 , ▁with ▁SR 1 5 ▁north ▁of ▁SR 2 4 ' s ▁northern ▁termin us , ▁was ▁shift ed ▁west ward , ▁replacing ▁the ▁proposed ▁path ▁of ▁SR 8 1 8 . ▁The ▁former ▁path ▁of ▁US 1 2 9 / US 4 4 1 / SR 2 4 ▁was ▁red es ign ated ▁as ▁US 1 2 9 ▁Bus ./ US 4 4 1 ▁Bus ./ SR 2 4 ▁Bus . ▁ ▁State ▁Route ▁ 8 2 2 ▁ ▁State ▁Route 8 2 2 ▁( SR 8 2 2 ) ▁was ▁a ▁state ▁highway ▁that ▁existed ▁entirely ▁within ▁the ▁city ▁limits ▁of ▁Dublin . ▁In ▁ 1 9 8 9 , ▁it ▁was ▁established ▁from ▁just ▁south ▁of ▁the ▁CS X ▁rail road ▁tracks ▁in ▁Dublin ▁north - n orth west ▁to ▁US 8 0 / US 3 1 9 / |
SR 2 6 / SR 2 9 / SR 3 1 ▁( B elle vue ▁Avenue ). ▁In ▁ 1 9 9 2 , ▁the ▁path ▁of ▁SR 3 1 ▁in ▁Dublin ▁was ▁shift ed ▁east - s out heast ward , ▁off ▁of ▁US 3 1 9 / US 4 4 1 / SR 1 9 ▁and ▁US 8 0 / US 3 1 9 / SR 2 6 / SR 2 9 , ▁and ▁onto ▁the ▁path ▁of ▁SR 8 2 2 . ▁ ▁State ▁Route ▁ 8 2 6 ▁ ▁State ▁Route 8 2 6 ▁( SR 8 2 6 ) ▁was ▁a ▁proposed ▁state ▁highway ▁that ▁was ▁planned ▁in ▁the ▁western ▁part ▁of ▁E at ont on , ▁in ▁the ▁central ▁part ▁of ▁Put nam ▁County . ▁In ▁ 1 9 8 8 , ▁it ▁was ▁proposed ▁as ▁a ▁western ▁by pass ▁of ▁the ▁city , ▁from ▁US 1 2 9 / SR 4 4 ▁in ▁War field ▁to ▁US 1 2 9 / US 4 4 1 / SR 2 4 ▁north ▁of ▁E at ont on . ▁In ▁ 1 9 9 2 , ▁the ▁path ▁of ▁US 1 2 9 / US 4 4 1 / SR 2 4 ▁in ▁this ▁area ▁was ▁shift ed ▁west ward , ▁replacing ▁the ▁proposed ▁path ▁of ▁SR 8 2 6 . ▁ ▁State ▁Route ▁ 8 |
2 7 ▁ ▁State ▁Route 8 2 7 ▁( SR 8 2 7 ) ▁was ▁a ▁proposed ▁state ▁highway ▁that ▁was ▁planned ▁for ▁the ▁southern ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁Butler ▁area . ▁In ▁ 1 9 9 3 , ▁it ▁was ▁proposed ▁as ▁a ▁southern ▁by pass ▁of ▁the ▁main ▁part ▁of ▁Butler , ▁from ▁SR 9 6 ▁west - n orth west ▁of ▁the ▁city ▁to ▁another ▁intersection ▁with ▁SR 9 6 ▁east ▁of ▁the ▁city . ▁In ▁ 1 9 9 9 , ▁this ▁by pass ' s ▁proposed ▁design ation , ▁SR 8 2 7 , ▁was ▁can ce led . ▁Later , ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 6 , ▁SR 9 6 ▁was ▁shift ed ▁onto ▁the ▁Butler ▁by pass .. ▁ ▁State ▁Route ▁ 8 2 8 ▁ ▁State ▁Route 8 2 8 ▁( SR 8 2 8 ) ▁was ▁a ▁proposed ▁state ▁highway ▁that ▁was ▁planned ▁in ▁the ▁central ▁part ▁of ▁Jenkins ▁County . ▁In ▁ 1 9 8 9 , ▁it ▁was ▁proposed ▁as ▁a ▁n ort he astern ▁by pass ▁of ▁Mill en , ▁from ▁SR 2 1 ▁east ▁of ▁the ▁city ▁to ▁US 2 5 / SR 1 2 1 ▁north - n orth west ▁of ▁it . ▁In ▁ 1 9 9 5 , ▁the ▁path ▁of ▁SR 2 1 ▁in ▁the ▁Mill en ▁area ▁was ▁shift ed ▁north ward , ▁replacing ▁the ▁path ▁of ▁SR 8 2 8 . ▁ |
▁State ▁Route ▁ 8 2 9 ▁ ▁State ▁Route 8 2 9 ▁was ▁a ▁state ▁highway ▁that ▁existed ▁just ▁south ▁of ▁S ylvan ia . ▁In ▁ 1 9 8 8 , ▁an ▁un number ed ▁road ▁was ▁built ▁from ▁US 3 0 1 / SR 7 3 ▁at ▁the ▁southern ▁termin us ▁of ▁SR 7 3 ▁Loop ▁south - s outh west ▁of ▁S ylvan ia ▁to ▁SR 2 1 ▁sout heast ▁of ▁the ▁city . ▁In ▁ 1 9 9 0 , ▁this ▁road ▁was ▁designated ▁as ▁SR 8 2 9 . ▁In ▁ 1 9 9 3 , ▁the ▁path ▁of ▁SR 2 1 ▁in ▁the ▁S ylvan ia ▁area ▁was ▁shift ed ▁south - s outh west , ▁replacing ▁the ▁path ▁of ▁SR 8 2 9 ▁and ▁then ▁rout ed ▁on ▁US 3 0 1 / SR 7 3 ▁Loop . ▁Its ▁former ▁path ▁was ▁red es ign ated ▁as ▁SR 2 1 ▁Bus . ▁ ▁State ▁Route ▁ 8 3 1 ▁ ▁State ▁Route 8 3 1 ▁( SR 8 3 1 ) ▁was ▁a ▁proposed ▁state ▁highway ▁in ▁the ▁sout he astern ▁part ▁of ▁Dec atur ▁County . ▁In ▁ 1 9 8 9 , ▁it ▁was ▁proposed ▁as ▁an ▁eastern ▁by pass ▁of ▁Att ap ul g us , ▁from ▁east - s out heast ▁of ▁the ▁city ▁to ▁north - n orth west ▁of ▁it . ▁In ▁ 1 9 9 5 |
, ▁US 2 7 / SR 1 ▁was ▁shift ed ▁onto ▁this ▁by pass . ▁Its ▁former ▁path ▁was ▁red es ign ated ▁as ▁SR 1 ▁Bus . ▁ ▁State ▁Route ▁ 8 3 5 ▁ ▁State ▁Route 8 3 5 ▁( SR 8 3 5 ) ▁was ▁a ▁proposed ▁state ▁highway ▁that ▁was ▁planned ▁for ▁the ▁northern ▁part ▁of ▁Hab ers ham ▁County . ▁In ▁ 1 9 8 9 , ▁it ▁was ▁proposed ▁as ▁an ▁eastern ▁by pass ▁of ▁Hollywood ▁and ▁Turner ville , ▁from ▁SR 1 7 ▁just ▁south ▁of ▁Hollywood ▁to ▁US 2 3 / US 4 4 1 / SR 1 5 ▁south - s outh west ▁of ▁T all ul ah ▁F alls . ▁In ▁ 1 9 9 3 , ▁the ▁path ▁of ▁US 2 3 / US 4 4 1 / SR 1 5 , ▁from ▁Hollywood ▁to ▁T all ul ah ▁F alls , ▁was ▁shift ed ▁east ward , ▁onto ▁the ▁proposed ▁path ▁of ▁SR 8 3 5 . ▁ ▁State ▁Route ▁ 8 3 8 ▁ ▁State ▁Route 8 3 8 ▁( SR 8 3 8 ) ▁was ▁a ▁proposed ▁state ▁highway ▁in ▁the ▁north - central ▁part ▁of ▁Early ▁County . ▁In ▁ 1 9 9 2 , ▁it ▁was ▁proposed ▁as ▁an ▁eastern ▁by pass ▁of ▁Bla k ely , ▁from ▁south - s out heast ▁of ▁the ▁city ▁to ▁north - n ortheast ▁of |
▁it . ▁The ▁next ▁year , ▁US 2 7 / SR 1 ▁in ▁the ▁Bla k ely ▁area ▁was ▁shift ed ▁east ward , ▁onto ▁the ▁path ▁of ▁SR 8 3 8 . ▁The ▁former ▁path ▁through ▁the ▁city ▁became ▁US 2 7 ▁Bus ./ SR 1 ▁Bus . ▁ ▁State ▁Route ▁ 8 4 4 ▁ ▁State ▁Route 8 4 4 ▁( SR 8 4 4 ) ▁was ▁a ▁proposed ▁state ▁highway ▁in ▁the ▁north - central ▁part ▁of ▁Laur ens ▁County . ▁Between ▁the ▁beginning ▁of ▁ 1 9 6 6 ▁and ▁the ▁beginning ▁of ▁ 1 9 7 2 , ▁it ▁was ▁proposed ▁as ▁a ▁western ▁by pass ▁of ▁Dublin , ▁from ▁US 3 1 9 / US 4 4 1 / SR 3 1 ▁south ▁of ▁the ▁city ▁to ▁US 4 4 1 / SR 2 9 ▁north - n orth west ▁of ▁it . ▁By ▁the ▁beginning ▁of ▁ 1 9 7 7 , ▁this ▁highway ▁was ▁can ce led . ▁ ▁State ▁Route ▁ 8 4 7 ▁ ▁State ▁Route 8 4 7 ▁( SR 8 4 7 ) ▁was ▁a ▁proposed ▁state ▁highway ▁in ▁the ▁central ▁part ▁of ▁Rand olph ▁County . ▁In ▁ 1 9 9 3 , ▁it ▁was ▁proposed ▁as ▁a ▁sout he astern ▁by pass ▁of ▁C uth bert , ▁from ▁south - s outh west ▁of ▁the ▁city ▁to ▁north - n ortheast ▁of ▁it . ▁The |
▁next ▁year , ▁the ▁path ▁of ▁US 2 7 / SR 1 ▁through ▁the ▁C uth bert ▁area ▁was ▁shift ed ▁east ward , ▁onto ▁the ▁proposed ▁path ▁of ▁SR 8 4 7 . ▁The ▁former ▁path ▁was ▁red es ign ated ▁as ▁US 2 7 ▁Bus ./ SR 1 ▁Bus . ▁ ▁State ▁Route ▁ 8 6 3 ▁ ▁State ▁Route 8 6 3 ▁( SR 8 6 3 ) ▁was ▁a ▁proposed ▁state ▁highway ▁that ▁was ▁planned ▁for ▁the ▁central ▁part ▁of ▁E ff ingham ▁County . ▁In ▁ 1 9 9 3 , ▁it ▁was ▁proposed ▁as ▁a ▁western ▁by pass ▁of ▁Spring field , ▁from ▁SR 2 1 ▁south - s out heast ▁of ▁the ▁city ▁to ▁another ▁intersection ▁with ▁SR 2 1 ▁north west ▁of ▁it . ▁In ▁ 1 9 9 7 , ▁the ▁path ▁of ▁SR 2 1 ▁in ▁the ▁Spring field ▁area ▁was ▁shift ed ▁west ward , ▁replacing ▁the ▁proposed ▁path ▁of ▁SR 8 6 3 . ▁ ▁State ▁Route ▁ 8 7 6 ▁ ▁State ▁Route 8 7 6 ▁( SR 8 7 6 ) ▁was ▁a ▁proposed ▁state ▁highway ▁for ▁the ▁south - central ▁part ▁of ▁B anks ▁County , ▁sout heast ▁of ▁H oll ings worth . ▁In ▁ 1 9 9 2 , ▁it ▁was ▁proposed ▁as ▁a ▁sout he astern ▁by pass ▁of ▁H oll ings worth , ▁from ▁US 4 4 1 / SR |
1 5 ▁south - s out heast ▁of ▁H oll ings worth ▁to ▁SR 1 9 8 ▁sout heast ▁of ▁the ▁community . ▁In ▁ 1 9 9 7 , ▁the ▁path ▁of ▁US 4 4 1 / SR 1 5 , ▁from ▁H omer ▁to ▁Corn elia , ▁was ▁shift ed ▁east ward , ▁onto ▁the ▁proposed ▁path ▁of ▁SR 8 7 6 . ▁ ▁State ▁Route ▁ 8 7 7 ▁ ▁State ▁Route 8 7 7 ▁( SR 8 7 7 ) ▁was ▁a ▁proposed ▁state ▁highway ▁that ▁was ▁planned ▁for ▁the ▁north - central ▁part ▁of ▁B anks ▁County . ▁In ▁ 1 9 9 2 , ▁a ▁cut off , ▁north - n ortheast ▁of ▁H oll ings worth , ▁was ▁proposed ▁as ▁an ▁un number ed ▁road ▁from ▁H oll ings worth ▁to ▁US 4 4 1 / SR 1 5 ▁north - n orth west ▁of ▁it . ▁Two ▁years ▁later , ▁the ▁cut off ▁north - n ortheast ▁of ▁H oll ings worth , ▁was ▁then ▁proposed ▁as ▁SR 8 7 7 ▁and ▁extended ▁to ▁SR 1 0 5 ▁just ▁east ▁of ▁the ▁southern ▁end ▁of ▁its ▁conc urrency ▁with ▁US 4 4 1 / SR 1 5 . ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 2 , ▁SR 8 7 7 ▁was ▁can ce led . ▁ ▁State ▁Route ▁ 8 9 6 ▁ ▁State ▁Route 8 9 6 ▁( SR |
8 9 6 ) ▁was ▁a ▁proposed ▁state ▁highway ▁that ▁was ▁planned ▁for ▁the ▁north western ▁part ▁of ▁W are ▁County . ▁In ▁ 1 9 9 2 , ▁a ▁north western ▁by pass ▁of ▁Way cross , ▁designated ▁as ▁SR 8 9 6 , ▁was ▁proposed ▁from ▁US 8 2 / SR 5 2 0 ▁east - s out heast ▁of ▁War es bor o ▁to ▁US 1 / US 2 3 / SR 4 ▁north - n ortheast ▁of ▁War es bor o . ▁In ▁ 1 9 9 5 , ▁the ▁path ▁of ▁US 1 / US 2 3 / SR 4 ▁through ▁the ▁Way cross , ▁Georgia ▁mic ropol itan ▁area ▁was ▁shift ed ▁to ▁the ▁west , ▁replacing ▁the ▁route ▁of ▁SR 8 9 6 . ▁The ▁former ▁path ▁was ▁red es ign ated ▁as ▁US 1 ▁Bus ./ US 2 3 ▁Bus ./ SR 4 ▁Bus . ▁ ▁State ▁Route ▁ 8 9 9 ▁ ▁State ▁Route 8 9 9 ▁( SR 8 9 9 ) ▁was ▁a ▁proposed ▁state ▁highway ▁that ▁was ▁planned ▁as ▁a ▁northern ▁by pass ▁of ▁Gray . ▁Between ▁the ▁beginning ▁of ▁ 1 9 9 6 ▁and ▁the ▁beginning ▁of ▁ 2 0 1 0 , ▁it ▁was ▁proposed ▁from ▁US 1 2 9 / SR 1 1 / SR 1 8 / SR 2 2 ▁south west ▁of ▁Cl inton , ▁at |
▁the ▁west ▁end ▁of ▁SR 1 8 ' s ▁conc urrency ▁with ▁US 1 2 9 / SR 1 1 / SR 2 2 , ▁to ▁SR 2 2 ▁east - n ortheast ▁of ▁Gray . ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 6 , ▁this ▁by pass ▁was ▁can ce led . ▁ ▁State ▁Route ▁ 9 0 1 ▁ ▁State ▁Route 9 0 1 ▁( SR 9 0 1 ) ▁was ▁a ▁proposed ▁state ▁highway ▁that ▁was ▁planned ▁within ▁the ▁city ▁limits ▁of ▁Ath ens . ▁In ▁ 1 9 9 2 , ▁it ▁was ▁proposed ▁as ▁a ▁slightly ▁western ▁r er out ing ▁of ▁US 1 2 9 / US 4 4 1 / SR 1 5 ▁in ▁the ▁southern ▁part ▁of ▁Ath ens . ▁Its ▁path ▁was ▁from ▁US 1 2 9 / US 4 4 1 / SR 1 5 ▁south west ▁of ▁their ▁southern ▁inter change ▁with ▁what ▁is ▁now ▁SR 1 0 ▁Loop ▁north - n orth west ▁to ▁Tim othy ▁Road ▁just ▁north ▁of ▁the ▁fre ew ay . ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 1 , ▁the ▁path ▁of ▁US 1 2 9 / US 4 4 1 / SR 1 5 ▁in ▁the ▁southern ▁part ▁of ▁Ath ens ▁was ▁shift ed ▁west ward , ▁onto ▁the ▁proposed ▁path ▁of ▁SR 9 0 1 ▁south ▁of ▁the ▁fre ew ay . ▁ ▁State ▁Route ▁ 9 3 2 ▁ |
▁State ▁Route 9 3 2 ▁( SR 9 3 2 ) ▁was ▁a ▁proposed ▁state ▁highway ▁that ▁was ▁planned ▁inside ▁the ▁city ▁limits ▁of ▁Gray . ▁In ▁ 1 9 9 3 , ▁it ▁was ▁proposed ▁as ▁a ▁southern ▁by pass ▁of ▁the ▁main ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁city , ▁from ▁US 1 2 9 / SR 1 1 / SR 1 8 / SR 2 2 ▁in ▁the ▁south western ▁part ▁to ▁SR 2 2 ▁east - n ortheast ▁of ▁the ▁city . ▁The ▁next ▁year , ▁the ▁proposed ▁path ▁of ▁SR 9 3 2 ▁was ▁trunc ated ▁to ▁SR 1 8 ▁in ▁the ▁sout he astern ▁part ▁of ▁Gray . ▁In ▁ 1 9 9 8 , ▁the ▁path ▁of ▁SR 1 8 ▁in ▁Gray ▁was ▁shift ed ▁south ward , ▁replacing ▁the ▁proposed ▁path ▁of ▁SR 9 3 2 . ▁ ▁State ▁Route ▁ 1 0 1 1 ▁ ▁State ▁Route 1 0 1 1 ▁( SR 1 0 1 1 ) ▁was ▁a ▁short ▁proposed ▁state ▁highway ▁that ▁was ▁planned ▁for ▁the ▁sout he astern ▁part ▁of ▁Columbia ▁County . ▁Between ▁January ▁ 1 9 6 4 ▁and ▁January ▁ 1 9 7 0 , ▁it ▁was ▁proposed ▁from ▁SR 2 8 ▁west - n orth west ▁of ▁Mart ine z ▁east - n ortheast ▁to ▁Black stone ▁Camp ▁Road . ▁By ▁January ▁ 1 9 7 5 , ▁it ▁was ▁can ce led . ▁Between |
▁January ▁ 1 9 9 7 ▁and ▁January ▁ 2 0 0 9 , ▁this ▁proposed ▁path ▁would ▁be ▁used ▁as ▁a ▁north ward ▁sh ifting ▁of ▁the ▁southern ▁termin us ▁of ▁Black stone ▁Camp ▁Road . ▁Its ▁former ▁path ▁was ▁renamed ▁simply ▁Old ▁Black stone ▁Camp ▁Road . ▁ ▁State ▁Route ▁ 1 0 5 6 ▁ ▁State ▁Route 1 0 5 6 ▁( SR 1 0 5 6 ) ▁was ▁a ▁short ▁state ▁highway ▁that ▁existed ▁in ▁the ▁central ▁part ▁of ▁Mart ine z . ▁Between ▁January ▁ 1 9 9 7 ▁and ▁January ▁ 2 0 0 9 , ▁it ▁was ▁established ▁on ▁Davis ▁Road ▁from ▁either ▁Executive ▁Center ▁Drive ▁or ▁King ▁Road ▁west - n orth west ▁to ▁SR 1 0 4 ▁( W ashington ▁Road ). ▁By ▁January ▁ 2 0 1 3 , ▁it ▁was ▁de comm ission ed . ▁ ▁State ▁Route ▁ 1 0 8 2 ▁ ▁State ▁Route 1 0 8 2 ▁( SR 1 0 8 2 ) ▁was ▁a ▁state ▁highway ▁that ▁existed ▁entirely ▁in ▁Mart ine z ▁with ▁port ions ▁proposed ▁in ▁Evans ▁and ▁Mart ine z . ▁Between ▁January ▁ 1 9 9 7 ▁and ▁January ▁ 2 0 0 9 , ▁it ▁had ▁three ▁proposed ▁segments ▁and ▁one ▁signed ▁portion . ▁The ▁western most ▁segment ▁was ▁proposed ▁from ▁SR 1 0 4 ▁( W ashington ▁Road ) ▁at ▁the ▁northern ▁termin us ▁of ▁Tow ne ▁Centre ▁Drive ▁east - s out heast ▁to |
▁R ount ree ▁Way , ▁just ▁sout heast ▁of ▁Columbia ▁Indust rial ▁Bou lev ard . ▁The ▁second ▁portion ▁was ▁from ▁R ount ree ▁Way , ▁just ▁north west ▁of ▁Columbia ▁Indust rial ▁Bou lev ard , ▁east - n ortheast ▁slightly ▁to ▁Columbia ▁Indust rial ▁Bou lev ard . ▁The ▁third ▁portion ▁was ▁from ▁Blue ▁R idge ▁Drive , ▁just ▁south west ▁of ▁its ▁southern ▁intersection ▁with ▁Hal if ax ▁Drive , ▁to ▁Old ▁Evans ▁Road , ▁just ▁south - s out heast ▁of ▁Old ▁Petersburg ▁Road . ▁The ▁fourth ▁portion , ▁which ▁was ▁indicated ▁to ▁be ▁signed , ▁was ▁on ▁Old ▁Petersburg ▁Road , ▁from ▁Old ▁Evans ▁Road ▁east - s out heast ▁and ▁sout heast ▁to ▁Bast on ▁Road . ▁By ▁January ▁ 2 0 1 3 , ▁the ▁second ▁and ▁third ▁segments ▁were ▁can ce led , ▁and ▁the ▁fourth ▁segment ▁was ▁de comm ission ed . ▁By ▁January ▁ 2 0 1 7 , ▁the ▁first ▁segment ▁was ▁can ce led . ▁ ▁State ▁Route ▁ 1 1 0 9 ▁ ▁State ▁Route 1 1 0 9 ▁( SR 1 1 0 9 ) ▁was ▁a ▁proposed ▁state ▁highway ▁that ▁was ▁planned ▁for ▁the ▁central ▁part ▁of ▁E ff ingham ▁County . ▁Between ▁the ▁beginning ▁of ▁ 1 9 9 7 ▁and ▁the ▁beginning ▁of ▁ 2 0 1 0 , ▁it ▁was ▁proposed ▁as ▁a ▁northern ▁by pass ▁of ▁Spring field , ▁from ▁SR 2 1 ▁north - n orth west ▁of ▁the ▁city |
▁to ▁SR 1 1 9 ▁in ▁the ▁northern ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁city . ▁Between ▁the ▁beginning ▁of ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁and ▁the ▁beginning ▁of ▁ 2 0 1 5 , ▁SR 1 1 0 9 ▁was ▁can ce led . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁▁ ▁Georgia ▁Department ▁of ▁Transport ation ▁ ▁Georgia ▁Ro ads ▁- ▁The ▁Un o fficial ▁Georgia ▁State ▁High ways ▁Web ▁Site ▁ ▁Georgia ▁State ▁Highway ▁End s ▁ ▁Form er ▁state ▁routes <0x0A> </s> ▁As co chy ta ▁dor on ici ▁is ▁a ▁fung al ▁plant ▁path ogen ▁that ▁causes ▁leaf ▁spot ▁on ▁African ▁da isy . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁List ▁of ▁As co chy ta ▁species ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : F ung al ▁plant ▁path og ens ▁and ▁dise ases ▁Category : E ud ic ot ▁dise ases ▁dor on ici ▁Category : F ung i ▁described ▁in ▁ 1 8 7 8 <0x0A> </s> ▁" Man iac " ▁is ▁a ▁song ▁performed ▁by ▁American ▁girl ▁group ▁Gir lic ious . ▁Re leased ▁as ▁the ▁second ▁single ▁from ▁their ▁second ▁album , ▁Reb u ilt . ▁It ▁officially ▁impact ed ▁Canadian ▁radio ▁on ▁March ▁ 2 3 , ▁ 2 0 1 0 . ▁It ▁was ▁released ▁to ▁i T unes ▁Canada ▁on ▁April ▁ 6 , ▁ 2 0 1 0 . ▁Man iac " ▁reached ▁number ▁sevent y - four ▁on ▁the ▁Canadian ▁Hot ▁ 1 0 0 . ▁It ▁performed ▁best ▁on ▁the ▁Ser bian ▁Top |
▁ 5 0 ▁singles ▁where ▁it ▁chart ed ▁for ▁eleven ▁weeks ▁and ▁reached ▁a ▁peak ▁of ▁eleven . ▁ ▁Writing ▁and ▁insp iration ▁" Man iac " ▁was ▁written ▁by ▁Josh ▁R ams ay ▁of ▁Marian as ▁T rench . ▁Natal ie ▁Me j ia ▁explained ▁the ▁main ▁concept ▁behind ▁the ▁song ▁saying , ▁" It ▁is ▁just ▁about ▁a ▁love ▁that ▁kind ▁of ▁drives ▁you ▁cra zy . ▁You ▁know ▁how ▁love ▁can ▁be . ▁It ▁is ▁a ▁universal ▁law ". ▁Nich ole ▁Cord ova ▁later ▁added , ▁" We ' ve ▁all ▁been ▁through ▁that ▁cra zy ▁love , ▁so ▁that ' s ▁what ▁the ▁song ▁is ▁about ." ▁ ▁Performance ▁The ▁single ▁was ▁performed ▁for ▁the ▁first ▁time ▁on ▁March ▁ 1 2 ▁at ▁CH UM ▁FM ▁F an F est ▁ 2 0 1 0 . ▁On ▁ 4 ▁June ▁ 2 0 1 0 , ▁they ▁performed ▁the ▁single ▁at ▁Toronto ▁P ride . ▁ ▁Release ▁On ▁March ▁ 2 2 , ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁a ▁ 1 : 3 0 ▁clip ▁of ▁the ▁song ▁premier ed ▁on ▁the ▁girl ' s ▁official ▁website ▁and ▁Mys pace . ▁A ▁day ▁later ▁on ▁March ▁ 2 3 , ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁the ▁song ▁was ▁sent ▁to ▁top ▁ 4 0 ▁Canadian ▁radio ▁stations ▁for ▁main stream ▁radio ▁play . ▁The ▁single ▁was ▁digit ally ▁released ▁to ▁i T unes ▁Canada ▁on ▁April ▁ 6 , ▁ 2 0 1 0 . ▁ ▁Chart ▁performance ▁On |
▁the ▁week ▁of ▁May ▁ 2 5 , ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁" Man iac " ▁entered ▁and ▁pe aked ▁on ▁the ▁Canadian ▁Hot ▁ 1 0 0 ▁at ▁number ▁sevent y - four . ▁It ▁remained ▁on ▁the ▁chart ▁for ▁two ▁weeks . ▁On ▁the ▁Ser bian ▁Top ▁ 5 0 ▁singles , ▁the ▁song ▁chart ed ▁for ▁eleven ▁weeks ▁and ▁reached ▁a ▁peak ▁of ▁number ▁eleven . ▁ ▁On ▁Portal ▁Pop Line ▁MTV ▁Brazil , ▁the ▁" Man iac " ▁video ▁became ▁the ▁most ▁requested ▁and ▁watched ▁video ▁ever , ▁with ▁more ▁than ▁ 2 0 0 ▁ 0 0 0 ▁views . ▁ ▁Music ▁video ▁ ▁Background ▁ ▁The ▁music ▁video ▁for ▁" Man iac " ▁was ▁shot ▁on ▁April ▁ 6 , ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁in ▁East ▁Los ▁Angeles , ▁California ▁at ▁the ▁L inda ▁V ista ▁Community ▁Hospital . ▁The ▁video ▁was ▁directed ▁by ▁K yle ▁Dav ison . ▁It ▁premier ed ▁on ▁May ▁ 4 , ▁ 2 0 1 0 . ▁The ▁girls ▁were ▁featured ▁in ▁a ▁special ▁" On ▁Set " ▁with ▁Much ▁Music ▁where ▁the ▁video ▁initially ▁premier ed . ▁While ▁shooting ▁the ▁" On ▁Set " ▁the ▁girls ▁explained ▁the ▁main ▁concept ▁behind ▁the ▁video , ▁" Bas ically ▁were ▁the ▁patients , ▁[...] ▁we ▁act ▁as ▁if ▁were ▁ins ane , ▁mad ▁women . ▁It ' s ▁new , ▁it ' s ▁exc iting , ▁it ' s ▁something ▁we ▁haven ' t ▁done ▁yet ." ▁ ▁Syn opsis |
▁The ▁video ▁starts ▁off ▁with ▁the ▁three ▁girls ▁seen ▁in ▁separate ▁c ages ▁dan cing . ▁It ▁then ▁cut s ▁to ▁Ch ry st ina ' s ▁respective ▁solo ▁where ▁she ▁is ▁seen ▁on ▁an ▁operating ▁room ▁table ▁surrounded ▁by ▁male ▁d anc ers . ▁The ▁following ▁scene ▁shows ▁all ▁three ▁girls ▁performing ▁ch ore ography ▁while ▁walking ▁down ▁a ▁hall way . ▁Nich ole ▁in ▁her ▁respective ▁solo , ▁is ▁seen ▁on ▁a ▁bed ▁singing ▁her ▁vers es ▁while ▁being ▁l oured ▁by ▁male ▁d anc ers . ▁After ▁another ▁scene ▁of ▁ch ore ography ▁in ▁water ▁this ▁time , ▁the ▁video ▁cut s ▁to ▁Natal ie ' s ▁respective ▁solo ; ▁She ▁is ▁seen ▁in ▁a ▁corner ▁with ▁a ▁spot light ▁on ▁her ▁with ▁male ▁backup ▁d anc ers . ▁In ▁the ▁final ▁scene , ▁the ▁girls ▁and ▁male ▁d anc ers ▁are ▁seen ▁performing ▁more ▁ch ore ography ▁until ▁the ▁girls ▁are ▁eventually ▁locked ▁up ▁by ▁the ▁male ▁d anc ers . ▁This ▁was ▁the ▁last ▁music ▁video ▁to ▁feature ▁the ▁group ▁before ▁the ▁dis band ment ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 1 . ▁ ▁Chart ▁positions ▁ ▁Radio ▁date ▁and ▁release ▁history ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁▁ ▁Category : 2 0 1 0 ▁singles ▁Category : G ir lic ious ▁songs ▁Category : S ongs ▁written ▁by ▁Jo ac im ▁Pers son ▁Category : 2 0 1 0 ▁songs ▁Category : Univers al ▁Music ▁Canada ▁singles ▁Category : S ongs ▁written ▁by ▁D rew ▁Ryan ▁Scott <0x0A> </s> |
▁Ass im il ate : ▁A ▁Crit ical ▁History ▁of ▁Indust rial ▁Music ▁is ▁a ▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁book ▁by ▁S . ▁Alexander ▁Re ed , ▁published ▁by ▁Oxford ▁University ▁Press , ▁and ▁b ills ▁itself ▁as ▁" the ▁first ▁serious ▁study ▁published ▁on ▁industrial ▁music ." ▁ ▁Syn opsis ▁ ▁The ▁book ▁is ▁an ▁attempt ▁to ▁chart ▁the ▁history ▁of ▁industrial ▁music ▁as ▁a ▁genre ▁from ▁its ▁early ▁influ ences ▁( including ▁art ▁music , ▁Italian ▁Fut ur ism , ▁Situ ation ism , ▁and ▁the ▁works ▁of ▁Anton in ▁Ar ta ud ▁and ▁William ▁S . ▁B urr ough s ) ▁to ▁the ▁present ▁day ▁( including ▁its ▁connections ▁to ▁political ▁radical ism , ▁the ▁g oth ic ▁sub c ulture , ▁and ▁dance ▁music ). ▁ ▁The ▁book ▁is ▁divided ▁into ▁five ▁parts : ▁▁ ▁Technology ▁and ▁the ▁Pre cond itions ▁of ▁Indust rial ▁Music ▁ ▁Indust rial ▁Geography ▁ ▁Indust rial ▁Musical ▁Style ▁ ▁Indust rial ▁Polit ics ▁ ▁People ▁and ▁Indust rial ▁Music ▁ ▁The ▁for ew ord ▁is ▁written ▁by ▁Stephen ▁Mall inder ▁of ▁first - wave ▁industrial ▁act ▁Cab aret ▁Vol taire . ▁ ▁Release ▁and ▁reception ▁ ▁The ▁book ▁received ▁a ▁sub vention ▁by ▁the ▁American ▁Music ological ▁Society ▁and ▁a ▁certificate ▁of ▁mer it ▁for ▁research ▁in ▁rock ▁music ▁by ▁the ▁Association ▁for ▁Record ed ▁Sound ▁Col lections . ▁ ▁It ▁attract ed ▁attention ▁in ▁the ▁field ▁of ▁popular ▁music ▁studies , ▁appearing ▁on ▁sy ll abi ▁at ▁Indiana ▁University ' s |
▁Jacob s ▁School ▁of ▁Music , ▁New ▁York ▁University ' s ▁C live ▁Davis ▁Institute ▁of ▁Record ed ▁Music , ▁and ▁at ▁I th aca ▁College . ▁It ▁received ▁favor able ▁reviews ▁in ▁Popular ▁Music , ▁Music ▁& ▁Let ters , ▁Popular ▁Music ▁and ▁Society , ▁Music ▁Theory ▁Online , ▁Rock ▁Music ▁Studies , ▁and ▁Cho ice . ▁ ▁In ▁popular ▁media , ▁it ▁was ▁covered ▁by ▁Bra in w ashed , ▁W N Y C , ▁and ▁Keith ▁Mol iné ▁review ed ▁it ▁in ▁The ▁W ire . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁lead ▁up ▁to ▁release , ▁the ▁introduction ▁was ▁reprodu ced ▁by ▁Pop Mat ters . ▁ ▁Music ▁site ▁He ath en ▁Har vest ▁discussed ▁the ▁th esis ▁at ▁length , ▁not ing ▁the ▁" bul k ▁of ▁Re ed ’ s ▁book ▁a ims ▁precisely ▁at ▁showing ▁that , ▁in ▁fact , ▁there ▁are ▁un ifying ▁elements ▁that ▁run ▁through ▁the ▁main ▁stages ▁of ▁industrial ▁music ." ▁▁ ▁The ▁book ▁was ▁translated ▁into ▁French ▁and ▁published ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 8 ▁by ▁Éditions ▁du ▁Cam ion ▁Bl anc . ▁ ▁References ▁▁ ▁Category : 2 0 1 3 ▁non - f iction ▁books ▁Category : O x ford ▁University ▁Press ▁books ▁Category : Book s ▁about ▁rock ▁music <0x0A> </s> ▁Y ig al ▁Ar non ▁( ; ▁December ▁ 9 , ▁ 1 9 2 9 ▁in ▁Tel ▁Av iv ▁– ▁April ▁ 2 7 , ▁ 2 0 1 4 ) ▁was ▁an ▁Isra eli ▁lawyer ▁and ▁founder ▁of |
▁Y ig al ▁Ar non ▁& ▁Co .. ▁ ▁Biography ▁Y ig al ▁Ar non ▁received ▁his ▁LL . M . ▁degree ▁from ▁the ▁Heb rew ▁University ▁of ▁Jerusalem ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 3 , ▁and ▁was ▁admitted ▁to ▁the ▁Israel ▁Bar ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 4 . ▁On ▁the ▁Isra eli ▁Fri ends ▁of ▁the ▁Heb rew ▁University ▁of ▁Jerusalem ▁web ▁site , ▁he ▁is ▁described ▁as ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁leading ▁jur ists ▁in ▁Israel . ▁ ▁Leg al ▁career ▁He ▁served ▁as ▁the ▁chairman ▁of ▁the ▁First ▁International ▁Bank ▁of ▁Israel , ▁the ▁fifth ▁largest ▁bank ▁in ▁Israel , ▁between ▁ 1 9 8 7 ▁and ▁ 2 0 0 0 , ▁followed ▁by ▁becoming ▁Chair man ▁of ▁F . I . B . I ▁Hold ings ▁Ltd .; ▁Chair man ▁of ▁the ▁Board ▁of ▁Govern ors ▁of ▁the ▁Heb rew ▁University ; ▁and ▁Chair man ▁of ▁Ark ia ▁Israel ▁Airlines , ▁the ▁second ▁largest ▁air lin er ▁in ▁Israel , ▁of ▁which ▁he ▁was ▁reported ▁to ▁own ▁almost ▁ 2 0 %. ▁ ▁Ar non ▁was ▁known ▁to ▁represent ▁the ▁Saf ra ▁brothers ' ▁Isra eli ▁interests ▁and ▁has ▁represented ▁E h ud ▁Ol m ert ▁and ▁A ry eh ▁Der i ▁in ▁the ▁past . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Further ▁reading ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁Heb rew ▁U . ▁al umn i ▁bio ▁Y ig al ▁Ar non ▁& ▁Co . ▁Law ▁firm ▁bio ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 2 9 ▁birth s ▁Category : 2 0 1 4 |
▁death s ▁Category : Is ra eli ▁Jews ▁Category : Is ra eli ▁law y ers ▁Category : L aw ▁firm ▁found ers ▁Category : H eb rew ▁University ▁of ▁Jerusalem ▁al umn i <0x0A> </s> ▁K ly t ia ▁( min or ▁planet ▁design ation : ▁ 7 3 ▁K ly t ia ) ▁is ▁a ▁main - b elt ▁astero id . ▁It ▁was ▁the ▁second ▁and ▁last ▁astero id ▁discovery ▁by ▁the ▁pro l ific ▁com et ▁discover er ▁Hor ace ▁T utt le , ▁on ▁April ▁ 7 , ▁ 1 8 6 2 . ▁It ▁is ▁named ▁after ▁C ly t ia , ▁who ▁loved ▁Apol lo ▁in ▁Greek ▁myth ology . ▁Of ▁the ▁first ▁one ▁hundred ▁number ed ▁astero ids , ▁K ly t ia ▁is ▁the ▁smallest . ▁ ▁Based ▁upon ▁phot ometry ▁observations ▁between ▁ 1 9 8 4 − 2 0 0 7 , ▁it ▁has ▁a ▁sid ere al ▁rotation ▁period ▁of ▁ 8 . 2 8 3 0 6 5 h ▁with ▁an ▁amplitude ▁that ▁can ▁range ▁up ▁to ▁ ▁in ▁magnitude . ▁The ▁light cur ve ▁shows ▁some ▁shape ▁irregular ities . ▁There ▁are ▁two ▁valid ▁solutions ▁for ▁the ▁pole ' s ▁e cli ptic ▁coordinates : ▁( λ 1 , ▁ β 1 ) ▁= ▁( 3 8 ° , ▁+ 7 5 ° ) ▁and ▁( λ 2 , ▁ β 2 ) ▁= ▁( 2 3 7 ° , ▁+ 7 3 ° ). ▁ ▁References ▁ |
▁External ▁links ▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁Category : Background ▁astero ids ▁K ly t ia ▁K ly t ia ▁K ly t ia ▁Category : S - type ▁astero ids ▁( Th olen ) ▁ 1 8 6 2 0 4 0 7 <0x0A> </s> ▁West er he ver ▁() ▁is ▁a ▁municipality ▁in ▁Nord f ries land ▁in ▁the ▁German ▁state ▁of ▁Schles wig - Hol stein . ▁ ▁Geography ▁ ▁West er he ver ▁lies ▁on ▁the ▁north western ▁tip ▁of ▁the ▁E ider sted t ▁Pen ins ula . ▁ ▁The ▁West er he vers and ▁L ighth ouse ▁is ▁a ▁major ▁land mark ▁on ▁the ▁pen ins ula ▁which ▁is ▁surrounded ▁by ▁salt ▁mar sh es . ▁The ▁salt mar sh es , ▁l ighth ouse , ▁and ▁be aches ▁attract ▁about ▁ 8 0 , 0 0 0 ▁visitors ▁every ▁year . ▁ ▁History ▁The ▁island ▁West er he ver ▁was ▁first ▁settled ▁by ▁humans ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 2 th ▁Century . ▁ ▁The ▁first ▁humans ▁there ▁built ▁a ▁ring ▁di ke ▁to ▁protect ▁the ▁land . ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : M unicip al ities ▁in ▁Schles wig - Hol stein ▁Category : N ord f ries land <0x0A> </s> ▁Joseph ▁T rot ter ▁M ills ▁( Dec ember ▁ 1 8 , ▁ 1 8 1 2 ▁– ▁November ▁ 2 2 , ▁ 1 8 9 7 ) ▁was ▁an ▁American ▁att orney , ▁jur ist , ▁and ▁politician ▁based ▁in ▁Wisconsin . ▁He |
▁served ▁four ▁one - year ▁terms ▁in ▁the ▁state ▁assembly . ▁ ▁Biography ▁Born ▁in ▁ 1 8 1 2 ▁in ▁C ane ▁R idge , ▁Kentucky , ▁near ▁Paris , ▁Joseph ▁T rot ter ▁M ills ▁as ▁a ▁youth ▁lived ▁and ▁studied ▁with ▁his ▁uncle ▁Benjamin ▁M ills , ▁who ▁was ▁a ▁judge ▁of ▁the ▁Kentucky ▁Court ▁of ▁App e als . ▁Mov ing ▁west , ▁in ▁ 1 8 3 1 ▁M ills ▁studied ▁at ▁Illinois ▁College ▁in ▁Jackson ville , ▁Illinois . ▁ ▁He ▁worked ▁as ▁a ▁t utor ▁in ▁ 1 8 3 4 ▁and ▁ 1 8 3 5 , ▁teaching ▁the ▁children ▁of ▁Colonel ▁Zach ary ▁Taylor , ▁then ▁command ing ▁officer ▁of ▁Fort ▁C raw ford , ▁Pra irie ▁du ▁Ch ien , ▁Michigan ▁Territ ory . ▁Later ▁M ills ▁married ▁and ▁had ▁a ▁family . ▁ ▁He ▁prepared ▁to ▁change ▁his ▁work ▁by ▁reading ▁the ▁law ▁with ▁an ▁established ▁firm ; ▁in ▁ 1 8 4 4 , ▁he ▁was ▁admitted ▁to ▁the ▁Wisconsin ▁bar . ▁He ▁pract iced ▁law ▁in ▁Lanc aster , ▁Wisconsin . ▁From ▁ 1 8 6 5 ▁to ▁ 1 8 7 7 , ▁M ills ▁served ▁as ▁Wisconsin ▁Circ uit ▁Court ▁judge . ▁In ▁ 1 8 5 6 , ▁ 1 8 5 7 , ▁ 1 8 6 2 , ▁and ▁ 1 8 7 9 , ▁M ills ▁served ▁in ▁the ▁Wisconsin ▁State ▁Assembly ▁as ▁a ▁Republican . ▁His ▁son - in - law , ▁James |
▁Sib ree ▁Anderson , ▁was ▁also ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁Assembly . ▁ ▁M ills ▁died ▁at ▁his ▁son ' s ▁home ▁in ▁Den ver , ▁Colorado . ▁ ▁Notes ▁ ▁Category : 1 8 1 2 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 8 9 7 ▁death s ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁Paris , ▁Kentucky ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁Lanc aster , ▁Wisconsin ▁Category : Ill inois ▁College ▁al umn i ▁Category : W is consin ▁law y ers ▁Category : W is consin ▁Republic ans ▁Category : W is consin ▁state ▁court ▁jud ges ▁Category : M embers ▁of ▁the ▁Wisconsin ▁State ▁Assembly ▁Category : Z ach ary ▁Taylor ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁Bour bon ▁County , ▁Kentucky <0x0A> </s> ▁Barbara ▁was ▁launched ▁in ▁Philadelphia ▁in ▁ 1 7 7 1 ▁and ▁came ▁to ▁England ▁circa ▁ 1 7 8 7 . ▁She ▁initially ▁sa iled ▁as ▁a ▁West ▁Ind iam an , ▁but ▁then ▁between ▁ 1 7 8 8 ▁and ▁ 1 8 0 0 ▁made ▁five ▁complete ▁voy ages ▁as ▁a ▁wh aler . ▁The ▁Spanish ▁captured ▁her ▁late ▁in ▁ 1 8 0 0 ▁in ▁the ▁Pacific ▁during ▁her ▁sixth ▁wh aling ▁voyage . ▁ ▁Career ▁Barbara ▁first ▁appeared ▁in ▁Lloyd ' s ▁Register ▁( LR ) ▁in ▁ 1 7 8 7 ▁with ▁W . Cr uden , ▁master , ▁Han key , ▁owner , ▁and ▁trade ▁London – G ren ada . ▁She ▁had ▁been ▁length ened ▁in ▁ 1 7 7 7 , |
▁and ▁had ▁under g one ▁a ▁good ▁repair ▁in ▁ 1 7 8 2 . ▁This ▁information ▁may ▁have ▁been ▁slightly ▁st ale ▁as ▁there ▁are ▁numerous ▁mentions ▁in ▁Lloyd ' s ▁List ▁( LL ) ▁in ▁ 1 7 8 5 – 1 7 8 6 ) ▁of ▁a ▁Bar ber a , ▁Clark , ▁master , ▁sail ing ▁between ▁London ▁and ▁Gren ada . ▁In ▁ 1 7 8 7 – 1 7 8 8 ▁there ▁are ▁also ▁reports ▁Bar ber a , ▁Cr uden , ▁master , ▁sail ing ▁between ▁London ▁and ▁Gren ada . ▁▁ 1 st ▁wh aling ▁voyage ▁( 1 7 8 9 – 1 7 9 0 ): ▁Barbara ▁appeared ▁in ▁L R ▁for ▁ 1 7 8 9 ▁with ▁B . ▁Clark , ▁master , ▁Lucas ▁& ▁Co ., ▁owner , ▁and ▁trade ▁London – S ou thern ▁Fish ery . ▁Captain ▁Benjamin ▁Clark ▁sa iled ▁from ▁London ▁on ▁ 4 ▁February ▁ 1 7 8 8 . ▁When ▁Barbara ▁returned ▁she ▁was ▁carrying ▁ 1 2 4 ▁t uns ▁of ▁wh ale ▁oil ▁and ▁ 1 0 0 ▁c wt ▁of ▁wh ale ▁b one . ▁▁ 2 nd ▁wh aling ▁voyage ▁( 1 7 9 0 – 1 7 9 1 ): ▁Captain ▁Stephen ▁Sk iff ▁sa iled ▁in ▁ 1 7 9 0 . ▁Barbara ▁returned ▁on ▁ 1 3 ▁January ▁ 1 7 9 1 . ▁She ▁had ▁ 1 4 0 0 ▁bar rel s ▁of ▁right ▁wh ale ▁oil |
▁ab o ard ▁when ▁she ▁was ▁at ▁Saint ▁Hel ena ▁in ▁December ▁ 1 7 9 0 ▁on ▁her ▁way ▁home . ▁▁ 3 rd ▁wh aling ▁voyage ▁( 1 7 9 1 – 1 7 9 3 ): ▁On ▁ 2 1 ▁July ▁ 1 7 9 1 ▁Captain ▁Sk iff ▁and ▁Barbara ▁were ▁at ▁, ▁bound ▁for ▁the ▁Le ▁Ma ire ▁Stra it . ▁She ▁had ▁passed ▁Bra va , ▁Cape ▁Ver de ▁two ▁days ▁earlier . ▁arrived ▁at ▁London ▁on ▁ 1 6 ▁August ▁ 1 7 9 2 ▁having ▁left ▁her ▁con voy ▁at ▁the ▁Sc illy ▁Is les ▁a ▁few ▁days ▁earlier , ▁a ▁con voy ▁that ▁included ▁Barbara , ▁on ▁her ▁way ▁home . ▁Barbara ▁returned ▁on ▁ 2 2 ▁August ▁ 1 7 9 3 ▁with ▁ 1 1 3 ▁t uns ▁of ▁oil . ▁▁ 4 th ▁wh aling ▁voyage ▁( 1 7 9 3 – 1 7 9 5 ): ▁Captain ▁Sk iff ▁sa iled ▁again ▁in ▁ 1 7 9 3 ▁for ▁Peru . ▁Barbara ▁returned ▁to ▁London ▁on ▁ 2 5 ▁August ▁ 1 7 9 5 , ▁with ▁ 6 0 ▁t uns ▁of ▁s perm ▁oil , ▁ 9 0 ▁t uns ▁of ▁wh ale ▁oil , ▁+ ▁ 6 0 ▁c wt ▁of ▁wh ale ▁b one . ▁▁ 5 th ▁wh aling ▁voyage ▁( 1 7 9 6 – 1 7 9 8 ): ▁Captain ▁Sk iff ▁sa iled ▁in ▁ 1 7 9 6 , ▁bound ▁for |
▁the ▁Pacific . ▁Barbara ▁returned ▁to ▁London ▁on ▁ 3 ▁July ▁ 1 7 9 8 , ▁via ▁C ork . ▁▁ 6 th ▁wh aling ▁voyage ▁( 1 7 9 8 – loss ): ▁Captain ▁J eth ro ▁Gard ner ▁acquired ▁a ▁letter ▁of ▁marque ▁on ▁ 3 ▁September ▁ 1 7 9 8 . ▁He ▁sa iled ▁from ▁London ▁on ▁ 2 0 ▁September ▁ 1 7 9 8 , ▁bound ▁for ▁the ▁Pacific . ▁In ▁December ▁she ▁stopped ▁in ▁at ▁Rio ▁de ▁Janeiro ▁for ▁food , ▁water , ▁and ▁re pl en ishment . ▁ ▁F ate ▁The ▁Spanish ▁captured ▁Barbara , ▁Gard ner , ▁master , ▁in ▁ 1 8 0 0 ▁and ▁carried ▁her ▁into ▁Gu aya qu il . ▁She ▁was ▁sail ing ▁from ▁the ▁South ▁Se as ▁fish ery ▁to ▁London . ▁She ▁was ▁captured ▁in ▁February ▁ 1 8 0 0 ▁after ▁sail ors ▁from ▁the ▁Spanish ▁packet ▁San ▁Jose ▁killed ▁the ▁captain ▁and ▁two ▁officers . ▁ ▁Cit ations ▁and ▁references ▁Cit ations ▁ ▁References ▁▁▁ ▁Category : 1 7 7 1 ▁ships ▁Category : Sh ips ▁built ▁in ▁Philadelphia ▁Category : Age ▁of ▁S ail ▁merchant ▁ships ▁of ▁England ▁Category : W hal ing ▁ships ▁Category : Capt ured ▁ships <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Independent ▁Social ist ▁Party ▁( Span ish : ▁Partido ▁Social ista ▁Independ iente , ▁P SI ) ▁was ▁founded ▁in ▁March ▁ 1 9 3 8 ▁by ▁V í ctor ▁Paz ▁Est ens s oro , ▁Carlos ▁Sal aman ca |
, ▁Jorge ▁Ar á oz ▁Cam per o , ▁Carlos ▁Mont en eg ro ▁and ▁August o ▁Cés ped es , ▁following ▁a ▁split ▁in ▁the ▁ ▁United ▁Social ist ▁Party . ▁ ▁Independent ▁Social ist ▁Party ▁was ▁created ▁by ▁a ▁radical ▁sector ▁and ▁was ▁“ the ▁advoc ate ▁economic ▁national ism ▁and ▁are ▁in ▁favor ▁of ▁cont rolling ▁foreign ▁capital , ▁and ▁its ▁re - in vest ment ▁in ▁Boliv ia ”. ▁ ▁The ▁Independent ▁Social ist ▁Party ▁was ▁associated ▁with ▁the ▁revolution ary ▁government ▁of ▁Colonel ▁Germ án ▁Bus ch ▁B ec er ra , ▁between ▁ 1 9 3 7 ▁and ▁ 1 9 3 9 . ▁For ▁the ▁ 1 9 3 8 ▁elections , ▁the ▁Independent ▁Social ist ▁Party ▁was ▁the ▁component ▁of ▁the ▁pro - mil it ary ▁Social ist ▁Single ▁Front . ▁ ▁During ▁the ▁ 1 9 3 8 ▁Const itu ent ▁Assembly , ▁the ▁Independent ▁Social ists ▁were ▁an ▁influ ential ▁element ▁of ▁the ▁left ist ▁political ▁grouping . ▁Many ▁of ▁the ▁P SI ' s ▁found ers ▁were ▁student ▁activ ists , ▁war ▁veter ans , ▁and ▁journal ists ▁of ▁the ▁middle ▁class . ▁ ▁The ▁Independent ▁Social ists ▁elected ▁some ▁deput ies ▁of ▁National ▁Congress ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 0 , ▁and ▁during ▁En rique ▁Pe ñ ar anda ▁del ▁Cast illo ' s ▁administration ▁they ▁were ▁among ▁the ▁government ' s ▁oppon ents ▁in ▁parliament . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 4 1 ▁the ▁Social istas ▁Independ ientes ▁decided ▁to |
▁form ▁a ▁more ▁mass ively ▁based ▁political ▁party , ▁the ▁Revolution ary ▁National ist ▁Mov ement . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : Def unct ▁political ▁parties ▁in ▁Boliv ia ▁Category : Pol it ical ▁parties ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 8 ▁Category : So cial ist ▁parties ▁in ▁Boliv ia <0x0A> </s> ▁Stand ings ▁and ▁Results ▁for ▁Group ▁F ▁of ▁the ▁Top ▁ 1 6 ▁phase ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 1 – 1 2 ▁Turkish ▁Airlines ▁Euro le ague ▁basketball ▁tournament . ▁ ▁Stand ings ▁ ▁F i xt ures / Results ▁All ▁times ▁given ▁below ▁are ▁in ▁Central ▁European ▁Time . ▁ ▁Game ▁ 1 ▁ ▁Game ▁ 2 ▁ ▁Game ▁ 3 ▁ ▁Game ▁ 4 ▁ ▁Game ▁ 5 ▁ ▁Game ▁ 6 ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁Stand ings ▁ ▁Group ▁F <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁yellow ▁lance , ▁scientific ▁name ▁Elli pt io ▁lance ol ata , ▁is ▁a ▁species ▁of ▁fresh water ▁muss el , ▁an ▁aqu atic ▁b ival ve ▁m oll usk ▁in ▁the ▁family ▁Union idae , ▁the ▁river ▁muss els . ▁ ▁This ▁species ▁is ▁en demic ▁to ▁the ▁United ▁States . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : Fa una ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Category : El li pt io ▁Category : B ival ves ▁described ▁in ▁ 1 8 2 8 ▁Category : T ax onomy ▁articles ▁created ▁by ▁Pol bot <0x0A> </s> ▁Seg uen zia ▁line ata ▁is ▁a ▁species ▁of ▁extremely ▁small ▁deep ▁water ▁sea ▁sn ail , ▁a |
▁marine ▁g ast rop od ▁m oll usk ▁in ▁the ▁family ▁Seg uen zi idae . ▁ ▁Description ▁The ▁height ▁of ▁the ▁shell ▁att ains ▁ 4 . 6 mm . ▁ ▁Distribution ▁This ▁species ▁occurs ▁in ▁the ▁Car ib bean ▁Sea ▁off ▁Y uc atan , ▁Mexico , ▁and ▁in ▁the ▁Atlantic ▁Ocean ▁off ▁Brazil ▁at ▁depth s ▁between ▁ 6 4 0 ▁m ▁and ▁ 1 2 3 4 ▁m . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁To ▁B iod iversity ▁Heritage ▁Library ▁( 1 ▁publication ) ▁ ▁To ▁Encyclopedia ▁of ▁Life ▁ ▁To ▁World ▁Register ▁of ▁Marine ▁Species ▁ ▁line ata ▁Category : G ast rop ods ▁described ▁in ▁ 1 8 7 9 <0x0A> </s> ▁Ac acia ▁gre gor ii , ▁commonly ▁known ▁as ▁Gregory ' s ▁w attle , ▁is ▁a ▁shr ub ▁belonging ▁to ▁the ▁genus ▁Ac acia ▁and ▁the ▁sub gen us ▁Ph yll od ine ae ▁native ▁to ▁Western ▁Australia . ▁ ▁Description ▁The ▁pro str ate ▁or ▁low ▁spread ing ▁dense ▁shr ub ▁typically ▁grows ▁to ▁a ▁height ▁of ▁ ▁and ▁a ▁width ▁of ▁. ▁It ▁has ▁hair y ▁branch lets ▁with ▁tri angular ▁to ▁ov ate ▁st ip ules ▁that ▁t aper ▁to ▁a ▁sl ender ▁point ▁and ▁are ▁ ▁long ▁and ▁ ▁wide . ▁The ▁hair y ▁ever green ▁ph yll odes ▁have ▁an ▁ov ate , ▁elli ptic ▁to ▁ob long - elli ptic ▁shape ▁with ▁a ▁length ▁of ▁ ▁and ▁a ▁width ▁of ▁. ▁It ▁blo oms ▁from ▁June |
▁to ▁August ▁and ▁produces ▁yellow ▁flowers . ▁The ▁rud iment ary ▁infl ores c ences ▁have ▁glob ular ▁or ▁ob lo id ▁flower head s ▁containing ▁ 3 5 ▁to ▁ 6 0 ▁golden ▁flowers ▁and ▁are ▁ ▁in ▁diameter . ▁Following ▁flow ering ▁ob long ▁hair y ▁seed ▁pod s ▁form ▁that ▁are ▁crow ded ▁on ▁the ▁re cept acle . ▁Each ▁pod ▁is ▁ ▁in ▁length ▁and ▁ ▁wide ▁cont a ing ▁one ▁or ▁two ▁se eds . ▁Each ▁o void ▁sh aped ▁dark ▁brown ▁is ▁around ▁ ▁long . ▁ ▁Tax onomy ▁The ▁species ▁was ▁first ▁formally ▁described ▁by ▁the ▁botan ist ▁Ferdinand ▁von ▁Mu eller ▁in ▁ 1 8 2 6 ▁in ▁the ▁work ▁Fragment a ▁Ph yt ograph iae ▁Australia e . ▁It ▁was ▁rec lass ified ▁by ▁Les lie ▁Ped ley ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 3 ▁as ▁R ac os per ma ▁gre gor ii ▁as ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁work ▁A ▁syn opsis ▁of ▁R ac os per ma ▁C . Mart . ▁( Leg umin osa e : ▁M im oso ide ae ) ▁as ▁published ▁in ▁Aust ro ba ile ya ▁then ▁transferred ▁back ▁to ▁the ▁genus ▁Ac acia ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 6 . ▁ ▁It ▁is ▁similar ▁in ▁appearance ▁to ▁Ac acia ▁cr isp ula ▁and ▁Ac acia ▁sh utt le worth ii ▁which ▁are ▁both ▁found ▁further ▁south . ▁It ▁also ▁shares ▁some ▁aff in ities ▁with ▁Ac acia ▁cr ass ist ip ula . ▁ ▁The ▁species ▁name ▁hon |
ours ▁Francis ▁Thomas ▁Gregory ▁who ▁crossed ▁the ▁Pil bara ▁as ▁part ▁of ▁his ▁ 1 8 6 1 ▁expedition . ▁ ▁Distribution ▁It ▁is ▁native ▁to ▁an ▁area ▁along ▁the ▁west ▁coast ▁in ▁the ▁Gas co y ne , ▁Pil bara ▁and ▁Mid ▁West ▁regions ▁of ▁Western ▁Australia ▁where ▁it ▁is ▁found ▁on ▁sand pla ins , ▁coast al ▁hills ▁and ▁among ▁lim estone ▁out cro ps ▁growing ▁in ▁red ▁sand y ▁so ils ▁as ▁a ▁part ▁of ▁spin if ex ▁or ▁in ▁he ath land ▁communities . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁List ▁of ▁Ac acia ▁species ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁gre gor ii ▁Category : A ca cias ▁of ▁Western ▁Australia ▁Category : T ax a ▁named ▁by ▁Ferdinand ▁von ▁Mu eller ▁Category : Pl ants ▁described ▁in ▁ 1 8 6 2 <0x0A> </s> ▁Rel ikt ▁may ▁refer ▁to : ▁▁ ▁RE LI K T - 1 , ▁a ▁Soviet ▁cos mic ▁mic row ave ▁background ▁an is ot ropy ▁experiment ▁on ▁board ▁the ▁Pro g no z ▁ 9 ▁satellite ▁ ▁Rel ikt ▁explos ive ▁re active ▁arm our ▁for ▁military ▁vehicles , ▁an ▁improved ▁version ▁of ▁Kont akt - 5 <0x0A> </s> ▁In ▁organ ic ▁chem istry , ▁ph os phon ium ▁coupling ▁is ▁a ▁[[ cross - cou pling ▁reaction ▁for ▁organ ic ▁synth esis . ▁ ▁It ▁is ▁a ▁m ild , ▁efficient , ▁chem ose lect ive ▁and ▁vers atile ▁method ology ▁for ▁the ▁formation ▁of ▁C – C , ▁C – N , ▁C – O , |
▁and ▁C – S ▁bond ▁of ▁un activ ated ▁and ▁un protected ▁t aut omer izable ▁heter ocy cles . ▁The ▁method ▁was ▁originally ▁reported ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 4 . ▁The ▁C – OH ▁bond ▁of ▁a ▁t aut omer izable ▁heter oc ycle ▁is ▁activ ated ▁with ▁a ▁ph os phon ium ▁salt ▁( Py Bro P , ▁Py B OP , ▁Bro P , ▁or ▁B OP ), ▁and ▁subsequent ▁functional ization ▁with ▁either ▁a ▁nucle oph ile ▁through ▁SN Ar ▁disp lacement ▁or ▁an ▁organ omet all ic ▁through ▁transition ▁metal ▁catal yz ed ▁cross ▁coupling ▁reaction . ▁ ▁The ▁in ▁situ ▁activation ▁of ▁the ▁C - OH ▁bond ▁in ▁ph os phon ium ▁coupling ▁has ▁been ▁applied ▁to ▁cross ▁coupling ▁re actions ▁of ▁t aut omer izable ▁heter ocy cles ▁and ▁aren ols ▁using ▁other ▁types ▁of ▁activ ating ▁re ag ents . ▁ ▁Ph os phon ium ▁coupling ▁generates ▁in ▁situ ▁a ▁pseudo ▁ar yl ▁or ▁heter o ary l ▁hal ide ▁( the ▁intermediate ▁ph os phon ium ▁species ), ▁which ▁subsequently ▁react s ▁with ▁its ▁coupling ▁partner . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : Organ ic ▁chem istry <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Battle ▁of ▁Tri pol je ▁( ), ▁also ▁known ▁as ▁the ▁Battle ▁of ▁Gra č an ica ▁( ), ▁was ▁fought ▁in ▁November ▁ 1 4 0 2 ▁between ▁the ▁Ser bian ▁Desp ot ate , ▁ruled ▁by ▁the ▁Laz are vić ▁dynast y , ▁and ▁the ▁B rank ović ▁family , ▁a ided |
▁by ▁the ▁Ott oman ▁Empire . ▁ ▁Following ▁the ▁Ott oman ▁defeat ▁at ▁An k ara ▁in ▁ 1 4 0 2 , ▁Ser bian ▁r uler ▁Stefan ▁Laz are vić ▁saw ▁an ▁opportunity ▁to ▁free ▁himself ▁of ▁Ott oman ▁over l ord ship . ▁Award ed ▁the ▁high ▁honor ary ▁title ▁of ▁desp ot ▁by ▁By z antine ▁Emperor ▁Manuel ▁II ▁Pal ai olog os , ▁Laz are vić ▁began ▁to ▁w ield ▁increasing ▁aut onomy ▁in ▁his ▁political ▁decision ▁making . ▁Following ▁a ▁quar rel , ▁said ▁to ▁have ▁ar isen ▁because ▁of ▁his ▁nep hew ▁ Đ ura đ ▁B rank ović ' s ▁intent ▁to ▁join ▁forces ▁with ▁the ▁new ▁Ott oman ▁s ultan , ▁Laz are vić ▁had ▁B rank ović ▁imprison ed . ▁Fre ed ▁by ▁a ▁friend , ▁B rank ović ▁joined ▁the ▁Ott oman ▁ranks ▁and ▁was ▁set ▁to ▁fight ▁Laz are vić . ▁Bu oy ed ▁by ▁Ott oman ▁rein for c ements , ▁B rank ović ▁set ▁up ▁in ▁Kos ovo , ▁along ▁the ▁route ▁through ▁which ▁Laz are vić ▁would ▁return ▁from ▁the ▁Adri atic ▁coast ▁to ▁the ▁Ser bian ▁interior . ▁The ▁two ▁sides ▁cl ashed ▁at ▁the ▁field ▁of ▁Tri pol je ▁on ▁ 2 1 ▁November ▁ 1 4 0 2 . ▁The ▁larger ▁part ▁of ▁Laz are vić ' s ▁army , ▁commanded ▁by ▁his ▁brother ▁V uk , ▁engaged ▁B rank ović ' s ▁forces ▁while ▁Laz are vić ▁cl ashed ▁with ▁the ▁Ott om ans . |
▁While ▁V uk ▁experienced ▁set back s ▁fighting ▁B rank ović ' s ▁forces , ▁Laz are vić ▁encountered ▁more ▁success ▁in ▁f ending ▁off ▁the ▁Ott om ans , ▁thereby ▁dec iding ▁the ▁battle ▁in ▁his ▁favor . ▁▁ ▁The ▁Laz are vić ▁brothers ▁fell ▁out ▁following ▁the ▁battle . ▁Laz are vić ▁al lied ▁himself ▁with ▁Hung ary ▁in ▁ 1 4 0 3 , ▁ending ▁his ▁sub ser vi ence ▁to ▁the ▁Ott om ans , ▁while ▁the ▁Laz are vić – B rank ović ▁conflict ▁continued ▁over ▁the ▁years . ▁ ▁Background ▁The ▁Ott oman ▁defeat ▁at ▁the ▁Battle ▁of ▁An k ara ▁in ▁July ▁ 1 4 0 2 ▁and ▁the ▁subsequent ▁disapp earance ▁of ▁Sultan ▁Bay ez id ▁I ▁presented ▁an ▁opportunity ▁for ▁the ▁Ser bian ▁magn ates ▁to ▁take ▁advantage ▁of ▁the ▁tur mo il ▁and ▁w ield ▁more ▁aut onomy ▁in ▁their ▁political ▁decision ▁making . ▁Having ▁fought ▁on ▁the ▁side ▁of ▁the ▁Ott om ans , ▁they ▁returned ▁from ▁An k ara ▁through ▁By z antine - h eld ▁territory . ▁The ▁new ▁political ▁landscape ▁made ▁for ▁closer ▁By z antine – Ser bian ▁co operation , ▁and ▁in ▁August ▁ 1 4 0 2 , ▁at ▁Constantin ople , ▁By z antine ▁Emperor ▁Manuel ▁II ▁Pal ai olog os ▁awarded ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁Ser bian ▁magn ates , ▁Stefan ▁Laz are vić , ▁the ▁very ▁high ▁title ▁of ▁Desp ot . ▁Second ▁only ▁to ▁imperial ▁dign ity , ▁the ▁title ▁brought ▁the ▁bear |
er ▁great ▁honor . ▁From ▁Constantin ople , ▁Laz are vić ▁was ▁hoping ▁to ▁p ave ▁the ▁way ▁for ▁an ▁independent ▁Ser bia . ▁While ▁stay ing ▁there , ▁he ▁came ▁to ▁quar rel ▁with ▁another ▁Ser bian ▁magn ate , ▁his ▁nep hew ▁ Đ ura đ ▁B rank ović . ▁Although ▁the ▁reasons ▁remain ▁unknown , ▁fif teenth - ▁and ▁six teenth - century ▁R ag us an ▁chron ic ler ▁M av ro ▁Or bin i ▁attributes ▁the ▁quar rel ▁to ▁Laz are vić ' s ▁susp ic ions ▁that ▁B rank ović ▁wanted ▁to ▁join ▁forces ▁with ▁Sü le yman ▁ Ç ele bi , ▁Bay ez id ' s ▁oldest ▁son , ▁who ▁held ▁power ▁in ▁Rum elia . ▁The ▁historian ▁Dim it ris ▁K astr its is ▁notes ▁that ▁the ▁rival ry ▁between ▁B rank ović ▁and ▁Laz are vić ▁dated ▁back ▁to ▁the ▁time ▁of ▁Bay ez id , ▁who ▁had ▁exp elled ▁B rank ović ' s ▁father ▁from ▁his ▁lands ▁and ▁granted ▁some ▁of ▁them ▁to ▁Laz are vić . ▁Although ▁Laz are vić ▁aim ed ▁to ▁indu ce ▁Emperor ▁John ▁VII ▁to ▁imprison ▁B rank ović , ▁it ▁is ▁not ▁certain ▁if ▁he ▁succeeded . ▁In ▁ 1 4 0 2 , ▁Laz are vić ▁ordered ▁B rank ović ▁imprison ed , ▁but ▁the ▁latter ▁spent ▁little ▁time ▁in ▁capt ivity , ▁as ▁he ▁was ▁fre ed ▁with ▁the ▁help ▁of ▁a ▁friend ▁in ▁September ▁of ▁that ▁year . ▁B rank ović ▁immediately |
▁went ▁to ▁Sü le yman ▁ Ç ele bi , ▁whom ▁he ▁asked ▁for ▁troops ▁to ▁fight ▁Laz are vić . ▁ ▁P rel ude ▁The ▁Laz are vić – B rank ović ▁conflict ▁became ▁an ▁opportunity ▁for ▁the ▁Ott om ans , ▁who ▁read ied ▁for ▁war , ▁to ▁reg ain ▁the ▁power ▁they ▁had ▁once ▁w ield ed ▁in ▁the ▁B alk ans . ▁A ▁Ser bian ▁cont ing ent ▁returning ▁home ▁from ▁Asia ▁Minor ▁was ▁ab rupt ly ▁attacked ▁and ▁destroyed ▁near ▁Ed ir ne ▁on ▁the ▁orders ▁of ▁an ▁Ott oman ▁commander . ▁It ▁became ▁clear ▁to ▁Laz are vić ▁that ▁the ▁rest ▁of ▁his ▁army ▁could ▁not ▁return ▁using ▁that ▁route . ▁B rank ović ▁and ▁the ▁Ott om ans ▁sought ▁to ▁prevent ▁Laz are vić ▁and ▁his ▁brother ▁V uk ▁from ▁returning ▁home . ▁B rank ović ' s ▁forces ▁were ▁joined ▁by ▁an ▁Ott oman ▁cont ing ent , ▁ordered ▁by ▁Sü le yman ▁to ▁take ▁control ▁of ▁local ▁roads ▁and ▁prevent ▁the ▁Laz are vić ▁brother ' s ▁crossing , ▁which ▁was ▁expected ▁to ▁take ▁place ▁in ▁the ▁B rank ović - control led ▁territory ▁of ▁Kos ovo . ▁Still ▁m istr ust ful ▁of ▁B rank ović ' s ▁intent ions , ▁Sü le yman ▁sent ▁one ▁of ▁his ▁command ers ▁to ▁monitor ▁B rank ović , ▁to ▁ensure ▁that ▁he ▁was ▁truly ▁loyal . ▁The ▁Laz are vić ▁brothers ▁and ▁a ▁det achment ▁of ▁about ▁ 2 6 0 ▁men ▁left ▁Constantin ople |
▁and ▁emb ark ed ▁for ▁the ▁coast ▁of ▁Z eta ▁by ▁ship . ▁Before ▁landing ▁in ▁Z eta , ▁Laz are vić ▁had ▁become ▁aware ▁of ▁B rank ović ' s ▁plans ; ▁the ▁brothers ▁prepared ▁for ▁battle . ▁They ▁met ▁with ▁their ▁brother - in - law ▁ Đ ura đ ▁II ▁Bal š ić , ▁who ▁supported ▁them ▁militar ily , ▁and ▁had ▁their ▁mother ▁Mil ica ▁raise ▁an ▁army ▁in ▁the ▁Desp ot ate . ▁Laz are vić ' s ▁army ▁made ▁its ▁way ▁in land ▁in ▁late ▁October ▁ 1 4 0 2 , ▁on ▁det our ing ▁roads ▁towards ▁the ▁Ž ič a ▁monaster y . ▁B rank ović ' s ▁forces ▁and ▁the ▁Ott oman ▁cont ing ent ▁gathered ▁near ▁the ▁Gra č an ica ▁Mon aster y . ▁ ▁Battle ▁ ▁The ▁two ▁sides ▁cl ashed ▁on ▁ 2 1 ▁November ▁ 1 4 0 2 , ▁at ▁Tri pol je , ▁near ▁the ▁Gra č an ica ▁Mon aster y . ▁The ▁date ▁of ▁the ▁battle ▁coinc ided ▁with ▁the ▁Pres entation ▁of ▁Mary . ▁Laz are vić ▁divided ▁his ▁army ▁into ▁two ▁groups . ▁Const antine ▁of ▁K osten ets , ▁Laz are vić ' s ▁bi ograph er ▁( ca . ▁ 1 4 3 1 ), ▁wrote ▁that ▁the ▁army ▁was ▁divided ▁between ▁the ▁two ▁brothers , ▁in ▁case ▁one ▁fell ▁the ▁other ▁would ▁be ▁saved ▁and ▁stay ▁a ▁" good ▁she ph erd ▁of ▁the ▁f lock ". ▁Laz are vić |
▁assigned ▁the ▁larger ▁group ▁to ▁his ▁brother ▁V uk , ▁while ▁he ▁took ▁the ▁smaller ▁group . ▁It ▁is ▁unknown ▁whether ▁the ▁army ▁that ▁Bal š ić ▁contributed ▁as ▁security ▁was ▁present ▁at ▁the ▁battle . ▁B rank ović ▁enjoyed ▁significant ▁Ott oman ▁support . ▁ ▁While ▁Laz are vić ▁engaged ▁the ▁Ott om ans , ▁V uk ▁engaged ▁B rank ović ' s ▁forces . ▁Upon ▁seeing ▁Laz are vić ' s ▁bra very ▁on ▁the ▁battle field , ▁it ▁is ▁said ▁that ▁many ▁Ott oman ▁soldiers ▁felt ▁like ▁retre ating . ▁Laz are vić ▁had ▁been ▁f amed ▁for ▁his ▁bra very ▁at ▁the ▁earlier ▁batt les ▁of ▁Nic opol is ▁and ▁An k ara . ▁Among ▁the ▁Ott oman ▁v ass als ▁were ▁k esar ▁U gl je š a ▁V lat k ović ▁and ▁his ▁troops . ▁V lat k ović ▁is ▁believed ▁to ▁have ▁div ul ged ▁the ▁Ott om ans ' ▁battle ▁plans , ▁and ▁perhaps ▁even ▁turned ▁on ▁them ▁during ▁the ▁battle , ▁thereby ▁contrib uting ▁to ▁its ▁outcome ▁in ▁Laz are vić ' s ▁favor . ▁Or bin i ▁claims ▁that ▁V lat k ović ▁disc ou rag ed ▁the ▁Ott om ans ▁by ▁telling ▁them ▁that ▁they ▁would ▁not ▁be ▁able ▁to ▁with stand ▁the ▁first ▁r ush . ▁ ▁According ▁to ▁Or bin i , ▁Laz are vić ▁" ch ased ▁Tur ks ▁by ▁the ▁bunch ". ▁Meanwhile , ▁B rank ović ▁inf lic ted ▁great ▁damage ▁on ▁V uk ' s ▁forces |
. ▁As ▁he ▁was ▁unable ▁to ▁resist ▁B rank ović ' s ▁pressure , ▁it ▁was ▁Laz are vić ▁who ▁decided ▁the ▁battle . ▁Ult imately , ▁B rank ović ▁and ▁the ▁Ott om ans ▁were ▁decis ively ▁defeated . ▁ ▁Const antine ▁of ▁K osten ets ▁wrote ▁how ▁Laz are vić ▁" blo od ied ▁the ▁right ▁hand ▁of ▁his " ▁in ▁battle . ▁Or bin i ▁wrote ▁that ▁Laz are vić ▁won ▁the ▁battle ▁" more ▁with ▁strategy ▁than ▁the ▁courage ▁of ▁his ▁soldiers ". ▁After ▁the ▁battle , ▁the ▁Laz are vić ▁brothers ▁with d rew ▁to ▁the ▁fort ified ▁city ▁of ▁Nov o ▁Br do . ▁ ▁After math ▁Laz are vić ▁managed ▁to ▁take ▁power ▁in ▁the ▁country , ▁bol ster ed ▁by ▁the ▁reputation ▁and ▁work ▁of ▁his ▁mother ▁Mil ica , ▁who ▁was ▁also ▁polit ically ▁active . ▁The ▁Laz are vić – B rank ović ▁conflict ▁continued . ▁In ▁December ▁ 1 4 0 2 , ▁the ▁Republic ▁of ▁R ag usa ▁expressed ▁great ▁regret ▁regarding ▁the ▁conflicts ▁in ▁Ser bia . ▁Sultan ▁Bay ez id ▁died ▁in ▁T atar ▁capt ivity ▁in ▁March ▁ 1 4 0 3 , ▁which ▁ign ited ▁a ▁war ▁between ▁his ▁four ▁sons . ▁There ▁are ▁accounts ▁that ▁Laz are vić ▁and ▁Sü le yman ▁agreed ▁to ▁a ▁tr uce ▁shortly ▁after ▁the ▁battle . ▁Through ▁the ▁Gal lip oli ▁treat y ▁in ▁early ▁ 1 4 0 3 , ▁Sü le yman ▁promised ▁not ▁to ▁inter f ere |
▁in ▁Ser bia , ▁on ▁the ▁condition ▁that ▁Laz are vić ▁accept ▁his ▁oblig ations ▁towards ▁the ▁Ott oman ▁Empire , ▁which ▁were ▁in ▁effect ▁prior ▁to ▁the ▁Battle ▁of ▁An k ara , ▁and ▁consisted ▁primarily ▁of ▁t ribute ▁and ▁military ▁support . ▁Laz are vić ▁ren eg ed ▁on ▁his ▁previous ▁oblig ations ▁and ▁continued ▁fighting ▁B rank ović ▁and ▁the ▁Ott om ans . ▁ ▁Ar ound ▁this ▁time , ▁the ▁Laz are vić ▁brothers ▁had ▁a ▁falling - out . ▁The ▁r ift ▁apparently ▁stem med ▁from ▁V uk ' s ▁per ception ▁that ▁he ▁had ▁not ▁emer ged ▁from ▁the ▁battle ▁as ▁a ▁vict or . ▁Laz are vić ▁compla ined ▁about ▁the ▁cas ual ties ▁under ▁V uk ' s ▁command ▁and ▁wanted ▁him ▁to ▁train ▁in ▁the ▁art ▁of ▁war . ▁Laz are vić ▁took ▁to ▁instruct ing ▁his ▁brother ▁in ▁military ▁matters , ▁but ▁V uk ▁felt ▁slight ed ▁after ▁Laz are vić ▁said ▁" some ▁hard ▁words " ▁during ▁instructions . ▁Fe eling ▁hurt , ▁with ▁a ▁gap ▁between ▁them , ▁V uk ▁" wait ed ▁some ▁time , ▁and ▁finding ▁the ▁right ▁time " ▁ran ▁off ▁to ▁Sü le yman ▁in ▁the ▁summer ▁of ▁ 1 4 0 3 . ▁K ali ć ▁bel ieves ▁that ▁there ▁was ▁also ▁a ▁disag re ement ▁on ▁the ▁division ▁of ▁lands , ▁while ▁B lag o je vić ▁bel ieves ▁that ▁Laz are vić ' s ▁continued ▁opposition ▁to ▁the ▁Ott om ans ▁in ▁light ▁of |
▁the ▁tr uce ▁played ▁a ▁role . ▁V uk ▁thus ▁decided ▁to ▁leave ▁the ▁country ▁and ▁enter ▁the ▁ranks ▁of ▁Sü le yman ▁ Ç ele bi . ▁▁ ▁In ▁order ▁to ▁retain ▁his ▁independence ▁from ▁the ▁Ott om ans , ▁who ▁were ▁closing ▁in ▁from ▁the ▁south , ▁Laz are vić ▁turned ▁to ▁the ▁Kingdom ▁of ▁Hung ary , ▁which ▁could ▁be ▁counted ▁on ▁militar ily . ▁After ▁becoming ▁a ▁Hung arian ▁v ass al ▁in ▁ 1 4 0 3 , ▁Laz are vić ▁was ▁offered ▁peace ▁by ▁the ▁Ott om ans ▁on ▁his ▁terms , ▁and ▁the ▁Desp ot ate ▁was ▁no ▁longer ▁a ▁subject ▁of ▁the ▁Ott oman ▁Empire . ▁V uk ▁returned ▁to ▁the ▁Desp ot ate ▁shortly ▁there after ▁and ▁the ▁brothers ▁ruled ▁in ▁accord . ▁The ▁Ott oman – Ser bian ▁peace , ▁Hung arian – Ser bian ▁al liance , ▁Hung arian ▁c eding ▁of ▁large ▁territ ories ▁in ▁the ▁north ▁to ▁the ▁Desp ot ate , ▁and ▁the ▁mer ger ▁of ▁V lat k ović ' s ▁province ▁to ▁Laz are vić ' s ▁domain , ▁resulted ▁in ▁Laz are vić ▁expand ing ▁his ▁claims ▁on ▁all ▁the ▁Ser bian ▁lands . ▁ ▁An not ations ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁S ources ▁ ▁Tri pol je ▁Category : 1 4 0 2 ▁in ▁the ▁Ott oman ▁Empire ▁Category : 1 5 th ▁century ▁in ▁Ser bia ▁Category : B att les ▁of ▁the ▁Ott oman – Ser bian ▁Wars ▁Tri pol je ▁Tri pol je |
▁Tri pol je ▁Category : G ra č an ica , ▁Kos ovo ▁Category : History ▁of ▁Kos ovo ▁Category : Ser bian ▁Desp ot ate <0x0A> </s> ▁Emer gency ▁Hospital ▁is ▁a ▁ 1 9 5 6 ▁American ▁drama ▁film ▁directed ▁by ▁Lee ▁Sho lem ▁and ▁written ▁by ▁Don ▁Martin . ▁The ▁film ▁stars ▁Walter ▁Re ed , ▁Margaret ▁L inds ay , ▁John ▁Arch er , ▁By ron ▁Pal mer , ▁R ita ▁Johnson ▁and ▁Peg ▁La ▁Cent ra . ▁The ▁film ▁was ▁released ▁on ▁November ▁ 2 , ▁ 1 9 5 6 , ▁by ▁United ▁Art ists . ▁ ▁Plot ▁ ▁Cast ▁ ▁Walter ▁Re ed ▁as ▁Police ▁S gt . ▁Paul ▁Arnold ▁Margaret ▁L inds ay ▁as ▁Dr . ▁Jan et ▁Care y ▁John ▁Arch er ▁as ▁Dr . ▁Her b ▁Ell is ▁By ron ▁Pal mer ▁as ▁Ben ▁C ald well ▁R ita ▁Johnson ▁as ▁Head ▁Nur se ▁Norm a ▁M ull in ▁Peg ▁La ▁Cent ra ▁as ▁Nur se ▁Fran ▁Rich ards ▁Robert ▁Ke ys ▁as ▁Police ▁Officer ▁Mike ▁F lah ert y ▁Rh odes ▁Re ason ▁as ▁Ju ven ile ▁Officer ▁Ross ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁▁▁ ▁Category : 1 9 5 6 ▁films ▁Category : American ▁films ▁Category : English - language ▁films ▁Category : Un ited ▁Art ists ▁films ▁Category : American ▁drama ▁films ▁Category : 1 9 5 0 s ▁drama ▁films ▁Category : Fil ms ▁directed ▁by ▁Lee ▁Sho lem ▁Category : Fil ms ▁scored ▁by ▁Paul ▁Dun lap <0x0A> |
</s> ▁Maur icio ▁Rodríguez ▁may ▁refer ▁to : ▁ ▁Maur icio ▁Al onso ▁Rodríguez , ▁Salvador an ▁football ▁player ▁and ▁manager ▁Maur icio ▁Rod rig uez ▁An za , ▁Mexican ▁architect ▁and ▁designer ▁Maur icio ▁Rod rig uez , ▁vocal ist ▁and ▁front man ▁of ▁Maur icio ▁& ▁Pal ode agua ▁Maur icio ▁Rodríguez ▁( compos er ), ▁Mexican ▁music ian . ▁Maur icio ▁Rodríguez ▁( ath lete ), ▁Venez uel an ▁disc us ▁thro wer ▁Maur icio ▁Rodríguez ▁M ú ner a , ▁Colomb ian ▁journalist ▁and ▁amb assador . ▁Maur icio ▁Rodríguez ▁( polit ician ), ▁Venez uel an ▁Minister ▁of ▁Communic ations ▁and ▁Information <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Secretary ▁of ▁State ▁for ▁Tele communic ations ▁and ▁Digital ▁In frastr uct ures ▁is ▁senior ▁minister ▁of ▁the ▁Spanish ▁Department ▁of ▁Econom ic ▁Affairs ▁and ▁Digital ▁Trans formation . ▁ ▁The ▁Secretary ▁of ▁State ▁for ▁Tele communic ations ▁is ▁responsible ▁for ▁the ▁promotion , ▁reg ulation ▁and ▁knowledge ▁of ▁the ▁tele communic ations ▁sector , ▁audi ovis ual ▁services ▁and ▁the ▁Information ▁Society , ▁the ▁dialog ue ▁with ▁the ▁professional , ▁industrial ▁and ▁academic ▁se ctors ▁and ▁the ▁coord ination ▁or ▁co operation ▁between ▁different ▁minist ries ▁and ▁with ▁other ▁public ▁administr ations ▁regarding ▁these ▁matters . ▁ ▁The ▁Secret ariat ▁of ▁State ▁is ▁divided ▁in ▁five ▁depart ments , ▁one ▁with ▁the ▁level ▁of ▁Director ate - General ▁and ▁four ▁with ▁the ▁level ▁of ▁Deput y ▁Director ate - General . ▁The ▁Secretary ▁of ▁State ▁for ▁Tele communic ations ▁is ▁also ▁the |
▁maximum ▁responsible ▁of ▁the ▁company ▁Red . es , ▁a ▁public ▁company ▁in ▁charge ▁of ▁the ▁development ▁of ▁programs ▁to ▁boost ▁the ▁digital ▁economy , ▁innov ation , ▁entrepr ene ur ship , ▁training ▁for ▁young ▁people ▁and ▁profession als ▁and ▁support ▁for ▁S ME s ▁by ▁prom oting ▁the ▁efficient ▁and ▁int ensive ▁use ▁of ▁Information ▁and ▁Communic ation ▁Techn ologies . ▁ ▁History ▁Since ▁the ▁arrival ▁of ▁the ▁dem ocracy ▁to ▁Spain , ▁becoming ▁an ▁advanced ▁country ▁was ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁goals ▁of ▁the ▁first ▁dem ocr atic ▁govern ments ▁and ▁that ▁means ▁to ▁have ▁a ▁good ▁network ▁of ▁communic ations . ▁ ▁The ▁importance ▁was ▁such ▁that ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 7 , ▁a ▁year ▁before ▁the ▁Constitution ▁was ▁approved , ▁a ▁Ministry ▁of ▁Transport ▁and ▁Communic ations ▁was ▁created . ▁This ▁Ministry ▁assumed ▁most ▁of ▁the ▁compet ences ▁that ▁the ▁current ▁Secret ariat ▁of ▁State ▁for ▁Communic ations ▁has ▁and ▁the ▁org ans ▁of ▁this ▁min istry ▁dedicated ▁to ▁tele com s ▁had ▁most ▁of ▁them ▁the ▁level ▁of ▁Director ate - General . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 8 5 , ▁because ▁of ▁the ▁fast ▁growing ▁of ▁the ▁communic ations ▁systems ▁and ▁media , ▁the ▁department ▁dedicated ▁to ▁tele com s ▁in ▁this ▁Ministry ▁was ▁elev ated ▁to ▁the ▁level ▁of ▁General ▁Secret ariat ▁and ▁was ▁divided ▁in ▁three ▁depart ments : ▁for ▁mail , ▁for ▁tele com s ▁and ▁for ▁communic ations ▁inf ra est ruct ure . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 9 0 , |
▁the ▁Ministry ▁was ▁fusion ated ▁with ▁the ▁Ministry ▁of ▁Development ▁but ▁maintain ▁the ▁communic ations ▁department ▁int act . ▁ ▁It ▁wasn ' t ▁until ▁ 2 0 0 0 ▁when ▁the ▁department ▁was ▁elev ated ▁to ▁the ▁level ▁of ▁Secret ariat ▁of ▁State ▁and ▁the ▁current ▁department ▁is ▁officially ▁created . ▁At ▁the ▁beginning ▁received ▁the ▁name ▁of ▁Secret ariat ▁of ▁State ▁for ▁Tele communic ations ▁and ▁for ▁the ▁Information ▁Society ▁and ▁dep ended ▁from ▁the ▁Ministry ▁of ▁Science ▁from ▁ 2 0 0 0 ▁to ▁ 2 0 0 4 ▁and ▁from ▁the ▁Ministry ▁of ▁Indust ry ▁since ▁ 2 0 0 4 ▁to ▁its ▁renov ation ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 6 . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 6 , ▁a ▁new ▁government ▁re est ruct uration ▁created ▁a ▁new ▁min istry ▁with ▁compet ences ▁over ▁Energy , ▁Tour ism ▁and ▁Communic ations , ▁being ▁called ▁Ministry ▁of ▁Energy , ▁Tour ism ▁and ▁Digital ▁Ag enda . ▁With ▁this ▁min istry , ▁the ▁Secret ariat ▁of ▁State ▁was ▁renamed ▁Secret ariat ▁of ▁State ▁for ▁the ▁Information ▁Society ▁and ▁Digital ▁Ag enda . ▁ ▁Two ▁years ▁later , ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 8 , ▁a ▁change ▁in ▁the ▁government ▁prov oked ▁that ▁the ▁compet ences ▁over ▁tele communic ations ▁were ▁transferred ▁to ▁the ▁Ministry ▁of ▁Econom y ▁and ▁the ▁Secret ariat ▁of ▁State ▁was ▁renamed ▁Secret ariat ▁of ▁State ▁for ▁Digital ▁Progress . ▁ ▁Str ucture ▁Under ▁the ▁authority ▁of ▁the ▁Secretary ▁of ▁State ▁there ▁are ▁the ▁following ▁depart |
ments : ▁ ▁The ▁Director ate - General ▁for ▁Tele communic ations ▁and ▁Management ▁of ▁A udi ovis ual ▁Communic ation ▁Services . ▁ ▁The ▁Deput y ▁Director ate - General ▁for ▁Tele communic ations ▁Management . ▁ ▁The ▁Deput y ▁Director ate - General ▁for ▁Tele communic ations ▁and ▁Digital ▁In frastr ucture ▁Oper ators . ▁ ▁The ▁Deput y ▁Director ate - General ▁for ▁Pl anning ▁and ▁Management ▁of ▁the ▁Radio elect ric ▁Spect rum . ▁ ▁The ▁Deput y ▁Director ate - General ▁for ▁Tele communic ations ▁and ▁Digital ▁In frastr ucture ▁In spe ction . ▁ ▁The ▁Deput y ▁Director ate - General ▁for ▁Customer ▁Service ▁of ▁Tele communic ations ▁and ▁Digital ▁Services . ▁The ▁Deput y ▁Director ate - General ▁for ▁A udi ovis ual ▁Communic ation ▁Services ▁Management . ▁The ▁Provin cial ▁Off ices ▁for ▁Tele communic ations ▁In spe ction . ▁ ▁The ▁Division ▁for ▁Econom ic ▁Program ming ▁and ▁H iring . ▁ ▁List ▁of ▁Secret aries ▁of ▁State ▁for ▁Tele com s ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : G overn ment ▁of ▁Spain ▁Category : Secret aries ▁of ▁State ▁of ▁Spain ▁Category : T ele communic ations ▁in ▁Spain <0x0A> </s> ▁J ad w is in ▁ ▁is ▁a ▁village ▁in ▁the ▁administrative ▁district ▁of ▁G mina ▁S ero ck , ▁within ▁Leg ion owo ▁County , ▁Mas ov ian ▁Vo iv odes hip , ▁in ▁east - central ▁Poland . ▁It ▁lies ▁approximately ▁ ▁south - west ▁of ▁S ero ck , ▁ ▁north |
- east ▁of ▁Leg ion owo , ▁and ▁ ▁north ▁of ▁Wars aw . ▁ ▁The ▁village ▁has ▁a ▁population ▁of ▁ 1 , 0 0 0 . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁J ad w is in <0x0A> </s> ▁Vik ram ō r va ś ī y am ▁( , ▁meaning ▁Ur v ashi ▁W on ▁by ▁Val our ) ▁is ▁a ▁five - act ▁S ansk rit ▁play ▁by ▁ancient ▁Indian ▁poet ▁Kal idas a ▁who ▁fl our ished ▁in ▁the ▁ 4 th ▁Century ▁CE , ▁on ▁the ▁V edic ▁love ▁story ▁of ▁king ▁Pur ur avas ▁and ▁an ▁A ps ara , ▁a ▁cel est ial ▁n ym ph ▁named ▁Ur v ashi . ▁ ▁As ▁per ▁the ▁tradition , ▁while ▁the ▁basic ▁plot ▁has ▁taken ▁elements ▁from ▁the ▁sources ▁such ▁as ▁the ▁Sam v ada ▁Su k ta ▁of ▁the ▁R ig ved a ▁( <0xE0> <0xA4> <0x8B> ग ् व े द ), ▁Mah ab har ata ▁and ▁others , ▁Kal idas a ▁has ▁made ▁significant ▁adapt ations ▁to ▁make ▁the ▁presentation ▁more ▁appe aling ▁while ▁establish ing ▁his ▁pro w ess ▁as ▁a ▁play w right ▁( न ा ट क क ा र ). ▁ ▁Vik ram or v ashi y am ▁is ▁the ▁second ▁of ▁the ▁three ▁plays ▁written ▁by ▁Kal idas a , ▁the ▁first ▁being ▁M ā lav ik ā gn imit ram ▁( म ा ल व ि क ा ग ् न ि म ि त ् र म ् ) ▁and |
▁the ▁third ▁being ▁the ▁celebrated ▁Ab h ij ñ ā na ś ā k unt al am ▁( अ भ ि ज ् <0xE0> <0xA4> <0x9E> ा न श ा क ु न ् त ल म ् ). ▁ ▁According ▁to ▁one ▁theory , ▁" V ik rama " ▁in ▁the ▁title ▁all udes ▁to ▁Kal idas a ' s ▁patron ▁king ▁Vik ram ad ity a ; ▁however , ▁there ▁is ▁no ▁evidence ▁for ▁this . ▁It ▁simply ▁means ▁" Val our ". ▁ ▁Origin ▁of ▁the ▁plot P and ya , ▁S . ▁M . ▁& ▁Shah , ▁U . ▁( 1 9 9 3 ). ▁The ▁S ources ▁of ▁the ▁Play ▁and ▁the ▁Ch anges ▁Br ought ▁about ▁by ▁Kal idas a . ▁( Ed . s ) ▁Chapter - 3 , ▁Mah ak ak av ikal idas av ira ch it am ▁Vik ram or v ashi y am , ▁Sar as w ati ▁P ust ak ▁B hand ar , ▁Ah med abad . ▁p . ▁ 2 5 - 2 9 . ▁The ▁classical ▁theory ▁of ▁S ansk rit ▁drama , ▁known ▁as ▁N aty ash ast ra ▁( न ा ट ् य श ा स ् त ् र ) ▁makes ▁it ▁a ▁rule ▁that ▁the ▁plot ▁of ▁a ▁S ansk rit ▁drama ▁' must ▁be ▁famous ' ▁( न ा ट क ा : ▁ ख ् य ा त व <0xE0> <0xA5> <0x83> त ् त ा : ▁ स ् य |
ा त ् ). ▁According ly , ▁authors ▁of ▁S ansk rit ▁plays ▁use ▁the ▁stories ▁from ▁Pur anas , ▁V edic ▁texts ▁and ▁classic ▁ep ics , ▁namely ▁Mah ab har ata ▁and ▁Ram ay ana ▁for ▁developing ▁plays . ▁However , ▁the ▁core ▁objective ▁of ▁a ▁drama ▁is ▁entertain ment ▁( म न ो र ं ज न ). ▁Since ▁everyone ▁is ▁familiar ▁with ▁the ▁basic ▁plot , ▁if ▁the ▁presentation ▁of ▁the ▁play ▁is ▁not ▁interesting ▁or ▁en chant ing ▁in ▁some ▁way , ▁people ▁would ▁be ▁b ored . ▁Hence ▁there ▁is ▁emphas is ▁on ▁original ity ▁( म <0xE0> <0xA5> <0x8C> ल ि क त ा ) ▁of ▁the ▁play w right . ▁In ▁the ▁case ▁of ▁Vik ram or v ashi y am , ▁here ▁is ▁how ▁Kal idas a ▁has ▁adapted ▁the ▁original ▁subject : ▁ ▁R ig ved a ▁( <0xE0> <0xA4> <0x8B> ग ् व े द ): ▁In ▁the ▁ 9 5 th ▁section , ▁called ▁Su k ta ▁( स ू क ् त ) ▁of ▁the ▁t enth ▁cluster ▁( called ▁Mand ala / म ण ् ड <0xE0> <0xA4> <0xB3> ), ▁there ▁is ▁a ▁dialog ue ▁between ▁Pur ur ava ▁and ▁Ur v ashi . ▁Situ ation ▁suggests ▁that ▁she ▁has ▁left ▁the ▁king ▁after ▁living ▁for ▁four ▁years ▁with ▁him . ▁The ▁king ▁b ese ech es ▁her ▁to ▁return , ▁but ▁she ▁ref uses ▁( say ing , ▁" न ▁ व ै ▁ स ् त ् |
र ै ण ा न ि ▁ स न ् त ि ▁ श ा ल ा व <0xE0> <0xA5> <0x83> क ा न ा ं ▁ ह <0xE0> <0xA5> <0x83> द य ा न ् य े त ा :" ▁- ▁meaning , ▁the ▁hearts ▁of ▁women ▁ ▁are ▁not ▁like ▁those ▁of ▁jack als ). ▁The ▁story ▁ends ▁at ▁that . ▁ ▁Sh at ap ath a ▁Bra h mana ▁( श त प थ ▁ ब ् र ा ह ् म ण ): ▁Appar ently ▁aim ed ▁at ▁emphas izing ▁importance ▁of ▁a ▁Y ag ya , ▁Pur ur ava ▁was ▁attract ed ▁to ▁Ur v ashi ▁when ▁she ▁came ▁to ▁his ▁city . ▁She ▁agreed ▁with ▁a ▁condition , ▁but ▁when ▁the ▁king ▁could ▁not ▁honor ▁it ▁because ▁of ▁manip ulation ▁by ▁Gand har va ▁people , ▁she ▁left ▁him . ▁Later , ▁moved ▁by ▁the ▁king ' s ▁pl ight ▁without ▁her , ▁she ▁agreed ▁to ▁return ▁once ▁every ▁year ▁to ▁him . ▁The ▁king ▁still ▁missed ▁her ▁a ▁lot , ▁so ▁now ▁convinced ▁of ▁his ▁love , ▁the ▁Gand har vas ▁asked ▁him ▁to ▁perform ▁a ▁Y ag ya , ▁due ▁to ▁which ▁Pur ur ava ▁att ained ▁Gand har va - hood ▁and ▁could ▁reun ite ▁with ▁Ur v ashi ▁( P . ▁ 1 . 2 ). ▁ ▁Pur ana : ▁In ▁all , ▁V ish nu ▁Pur ana ▁( व ि ष ् ण ु ▁ प ु र ा ण ) ▁( |
4 . 6 , ▁ 3 4 - 3 9 ), ▁Pad ma ▁Pur ana ▁( प द ् म ▁ प ु र ा ण ) ▁( S ris ht i ▁K hand a / स <0xE0> <0xA5> <0x83> ष ् ट ि ख ण ् ड ▁ 1 2 , ▁ 6 2 - 6 8 ), ▁M ats ya ▁Pur ana ▁( म त ् स ् य ▁ प ु र ा ण ) ▁( 2 4 , ▁ 1 0 - 3 2 ), ▁Mah ab har ata , ▁Bh ag av at ▁Pur ana ▁( भ ा ग व त ▁ प ु र ा ण ) ▁( 9 , ▁ 1 4 ) ▁and ▁the ▁story ▁of ▁Gun ad h ya ▁in ▁B ri hat k ath a ▁are ▁the ▁sources ▁of ▁the ▁story ▁of ▁Pur ur ava ▁and ▁Ur v ashi . ▁There ▁are ▁multiple ▁versions ▁of ▁these ▁stories ▁in ▁different ▁sources , ▁but ▁one ▁can ▁see ▁the ▁following ▁elements ▁in ▁this ▁pool : ▁ ▁( a ) ▁That ▁Ur v ashi ▁desc ended ▁from ▁heaven ▁for ▁some ▁reason ▁and ▁met ▁Pur ur ava ; ▁( b ) ▁The ▁two ▁lived ▁together ▁under ▁some ▁condition ( s ) ▁for ▁some ▁time ; ▁( c ) ▁At ▁least ▁on ▁one ▁occasion ▁Ur v ashi ▁had ▁to ▁part ▁from ▁the ▁king ▁under ▁some ▁sort ▁of ▁bre ach , ▁for ▁which ▁she ▁changed ▁form ; ▁( d ) ▁Ur v ashi ▁returned ▁to ▁her ▁form ▁and ▁got ▁reun |
ited ▁with ▁the ▁king , ▁but ▁there ▁came ▁a ▁time ▁when ▁she ▁had ▁to ▁return ▁to ▁the ▁heaven ▁to ▁serve ▁Ind ra ▁( e ) ▁The ▁two ▁had ▁a ▁son ▁together , ▁named ▁Ay ush ▁( आ य ु ष ). ▁ ▁Whether ▁they ▁lived ▁together ▁happ ily ▁ever ▁after ▁is ▁question able , ▁because ▁there ▁is ▁one ▁more ▁story ▁in ▁Mah ab har ata ▁in ▁which ▁Ar j una ▁( a ▁desc endant ▁of ▁Pur ur ava ) ▁goes ▁to ▁heaven ▁and ▁meets ▁Ur v ashi ▁there . ▁Hence , ▁by ▁inference ▁she ▁and ▁Pur ur ava ▁lived ▁together ▁during ▁his ▁lifetime , ▁as ▁he ▁was ▁a ▁mort al . ▁ ▁Ada pt ations ▁by ▁Kal idas a P and ya , ▁S . ▁M . ▁& ▁Shah , ▁U . ▁( 1 9 9 3 ). ▁The ▁S ources ▁of ▁the ▁Play ▁and ▁the ▁Ch anges ▁Br ought ▁about ▁by ▁Kal idas a . ▁( Ed . s ) ▁Chapter - 3 , ▁Mah ak ak av ikal idas av ira ch it am ▁Vik ram or v ashi y am , ▁Sar as w ati ▁P ust ak ▁B hand ar , ▁Ah med abad . ▁p . ▁ 2 5 - 2 9 . ▁Ada pt ations ▁by ▁Kal idas a ▁add ▁novel ty ▁and ▁surprise ▁in ▁the ▁original ▁subject , ▁and ▁inf use ▁fresh ▁depth ▁and ▁perspective . ▁Here ▁is ▁how : ▁ ▁( 1 ) ▁Ur v ashi ▁was ▁ban ished ▁from ▁the ▁heaven , ▁but ▁how |
▁she ▁got ▁that ▁pun ishment ▁is ▁Kal idas a ' s ▁own ▁imagination . ▁According ▁to ▁Vik ram or v ashi y am , ▁she ▁was ▁playing ▁the ▁part ▁of ▁Lak sh mi ▁in ▁a ▁play ▁directed ▁by ▁B har ata ▁M uni , ▁performed ▁in ▁the ▁court ▁of ▁Ind ra . ▁In ▁the ▁scene ▁of ▁Lak sh mi ▁Sv ay am var a , ▁she ▁was ▁asked ▁who ▁she ▁had ▁given ▁her ▁heart ▁to . ▁Ur v ashi , ▁sm itten ▁by ▁Pur ur ava ▁at ▁that ▁time , ▁could ▁not ▁distinguish ▁between ▁her ▁role ▁and ▁her ▁self , ▁and ▁ended ▁up ▁saying ▁' P ur ur ava ' ▁instead ▁of ▁' P ur ush ott ama '. ▁This ▁lack ▁of ▁mind ful ness ▁anger ed ▁B har ata ▁M uni , ▁who ▁curs ed ▁her ▁to ▁fall ▁to ▁earth . ▁This ▁cur se , ▁actually , ▁was ▁a ▁bo on ▁for ▁her . ▁Ind ra , ▁out ▁of ▁his ▁appreci ation ▁for ▁her , ▁modified ▁the ▁cur se ▁by ▁saying ▁that ▁she ▁would ▁return ▁from ▁earth ▁when ▁Pur ur ava ▁sees ▁the ▁face ▁of ▁their ▁son . ▁ ▁( 2 ) ▁Some ▁of ▁the ▁original ▁versions ▁suggest ▁that ▁Ur v ashi ▁returned ▁to ▁heaven ▁the ▁moment ▁her ▁conditions ▁were ▁bre ached , ▁without ▁consideration ▁for ▁Pur ur ava ' s ▁repeated ▁requests ▁and ▁his ▁an gu ish ▁at ▁part ing . ▁However , ▁Kal idas a ▁adds ▁the ▁wonderful ▁element ▁of ▁Sang am ani ya ▁gem ▁( स ं ग म |
न ी य ▁ म ण ि ) ▁for ▁re unit ing ▁Ur v ashi ▁and ▁Pur ur ava ▁with ▁their ▁son ▁Ay ush , ▁and ▁then ▁adds ▁visit ▁by ▁Nar ada ▁carrying ▁the ▁message ▁from ▁Ind ra ▁that ▁since ▁Pur ur ava ▁is ▁a ▁val ued ▁friend ▁of ▁his , ▁and ▁in ▁future ▁wars ▁with ▁dem ons ▁his ▁support ▁is ▁going ▁to ▁be ▁p iv otal , ▁Ur v ashi ▁could ▁stay ▁with ▁him ▁until ▁end ▁of ▁his ▁days . ▁This ▁addition ▁of ▁Ind ra ' s ▁gesture ▁at ▁once ▁dep ict s ▁Ur v ashi ' s ▁hes itation ▁and ▁pain ▁to ▁leave , ▁desire ▁to ▁stay , ▁being ▁bound ▁by ▁the ▁cur se ▁- ▁all ▁being ▁e ased ▁by ▁Ind ra ' s ▁favor . ▁ ▁( 3 ) ▁Forest ▁of ▁K art i key a ▁where ▁women ▁were ▁b anned : ▁Again , ▁the ▁original ▁story ▁mentions ▁that ▁the ▁two ▁were ▁sent ▁apart ▁due ▁to ▁a ▁cur se , ▁but ▁Kal idas a ▁adds ▁the ▁imagination ▁that ▁when ▁the ▁two ▁went ▁to ▁Mount ▁Gand ham ad ana ▁( ग न ् ध म ा द न ▁ प र ् व त ) ▁after ▁their ▁marriage , ▁Pur ur ava ▁once ▁st ared ▁at ▁a ▁young ▁Gand har va ▁girl ▁named ▁U day av ati , ▁who ▁was ▁playing ▁by ▁the ▁river . ▁En rag ed ▁by ▁je alous y ▁or ▁dis ple asure , ▁Ur v ashi ▁storm ed ▁out ▁of ▁that ▁place ▁- ▁and ▁went ▁straight ▁into |
▁a ▁forest ▁which ▁was ▁prohib ited ▁for ▁women . ▁Thus ▁she ▁turned ▁into ▁a ▁v ine . ▁Pur ur ava , ▁moved ▁to ▁extreme ▁sixth ▁stage ▁of ▁being ▁in ▁love , ▁tried ▁to ▁find ▁her ▁and ▁this ▁is ▁an ▁opportunity ▁Kal idas a ▁creates ▁to ▁add ▁narr ation ▁of ▁Nature , ▁and ▁conversation ▁of ▁Pur ur ava ▁with ▁various ▁elements ▁of ▁Nature , ▁fl ora ▁and ▁fa una . ▁Description ▁of ▁Nature ▁( प ् र क <0xE0> <0xA5> <0x83> त ि ▁ व र ् ण न ) ▁is ▁Kal idas a ' s ▁forte ▁and ▁the ▁met aph ors ▁he ▁uses ▁to ▁describe ▁his ▁bel oved ▁are ▁wonderful . ▁ ▁( 4 ) ▁Ur v ashi ' s ▁d ile m ma : ▁Kal idas a ▁adds ▁complexity ▁confront ing ▁the ▁character ▁of ▁Ur v ashi ▁by ▁introdu cing ▁the ▁condition ▁that ▁when ▁Pur ur ava ▁sees ▁the ▁face ▁of ▁their ▁son , ▁Ur v ashi ▁will ▁return ▁to ▁the ▁heaven . ▁In ▁Vik ram or v ashi y am , ▁Ur v ashi ▁conce ives ▁and ▁del ivers ▁the ▁son ▁quickly ▁without ▁the ▁knowledge ▁of ▁Pur ur ava ▁who ▁never ▁saw ▁her ▁pre gn ant ▁( ex plan ation ▁is ▁that ▁she ▁is ▁a ▁cel est ial ▁being , ▁and ▁they ▁have ▁different ▁patterns ▁of ▁carrying ▁children ). ▁Son ▁is ▁placed ▁under ▁the ▁care ▁of ▁Ch y avan ▁R ishi , ▁who ▁makes ▁sure ▁that ▁since ▁he ▁is ▁a ▁K sh atri ya , ▁he ▁would ▁be ▁taught ▁D han |
ur ved a ▁along ▁with ▁other ▁systems ▁of ▁knowledge , ▁but ▁he ▁will ▁ab ide ▁by ▁the ▁rules ▁of ▁the ▁Ash ram . ▁The ▁day ▁Ay ush ▁breaks ▁the ▁code ▁of ▁non - vi ol ence ▁by ▁hunting ▁a ▁bird ▁who ▁carried ▁a ▁red ▁gem , ▁is ▁also ▁the ▁day ▁when ▁Pur ur ava ' s ▁cher ished ▁Sang am ani ya ▁Gem ▁is ▁picked ▁up ▁by ▁a ▁bird ▁who ▁believed ▁it ▁to ▁be ▁a ▁piece ▁of ▁red ▁meat . ▁Some one ▁brings ▁to ▁the ▁king ▁the ▁dead ▁bird ▁with ▁the ▁gem ▁and ▁the ▁arrow ▁that ▁hit ▁the ▁bird . ▁Ch y av ana ▁R ishi ▁sends ▁back ▁Ay ush ▁to ▁Pur ur ava ' s ▁court . ▁King ▁reads ▁the ▁ins cription ▁on ▁the ▁arrow , ▁which ▁says ▁that ▁it ▁belonged ▁to ▁" A y ush , ▁the ▁son ▁of ▁I la ' s ▁son ▁( imp lying ▁Pur ur ava ) ▁and ▁Ur v ashi ". ▁Ur v ashi ▁tells ▁the ▁whole ▁story ▁of ▁cur se ▁to ▁Pur ur ava ▁who ▁is ▁very ▁happy ▁that ▁his ▁b ane ▁of ▁being ▁child less ▁is ▁removed , ▁who ▁appoint s ▁Ay ush ▁as ▁the ▁Prince ▁and ▁is ▁very ▁unh appy ▁that ▁Ur v ashi ▁would ▁now ▁have ▁to ▁leave . ▁At ▁that ▁point ▁Nar ada ▁brings ▁the ▁happy ▁tid ings ▁and ▁the ▁play ▁ends . ▁ ▁Plot ▁ ▁Once ▁upon ▁a ▁time , ▁Ur v ashi , ▁who ▁was ▁an ▁A ps ara , ▁was ▁returning ▁from ▁the ▁palace ▁of ▁K uber ▁on |
▁mount ▁K ail as ▁leaving ▁her ▁son ▁R isy as ring a ▁with ▁V ib hand aka ▁r ishi ▁to ▁heaven . ▁She ▁was ▁with ▁Ch it rale k ha , ▁R amb ha ▁and ▁many ▁others , ▁but ▁the ▁demon ▁named ▁K es hin ▁ab duct ed ▁Ur v ashi ▁and ▁Ch it rale k ha ▁and ▁went ▁in ▁the ▁North - E ast ▁direction . ▁The ▁group ▁of ▁A ps ar as ▁started ▁sc ream ing ▁for ▁help , ▁which ▁was ▁heard ▁by ▁the ▁king ▁Pur ur ava , ▁who ▁res cu ed ▁the ▁two . ▁Ur v ashi ▁and ▁Pur ur ava ▁fall ▁in ▁love ▁at ▁first ▁sight . ▁The ▁n ym ph s ▁were ▁immediately ▁sum mon ed ▁back ▁to ▁the ▁heaven . ▁▁▁ ▁King ▁tried ▁to ▁focus ▁on ▁his ▁work , ▁but ▁he ▁was ▁unable ▁to ▁sh ake ▁off ▁the ▁pre occupation ▁with ▁the ▁thoughts ▁of ▁Ur v ashi . ▁He ▁wonder ed ▁if ▁his ▁was ▁a ▁case ▁of ▁un re qu ited ▁love . ▁Ur v ashi , ▁who ▁had ▁gone ▁in ▁invisible ▁form ▁to ▁see ▁the ▁king , ▁wrote ▁a ▁message ▁on ▁a ▁bir ch ▁leaf ▁instantly , ▁conform ing ▁her ▁love . ▁ ▁Unfortunately , ▁the ▁leaf ▁was ▁carried ▁off ▁by ▁the ▁wind ▁and ▁stopped ▁only ▁at ▁the ▁feet ▁of ▁the ▁queen ▁A ush in ari , ▁the ▁prin cess ▁of ▁K ashi ▁and ▁the ▁wife ▁of ▁Pur ur ava . ▁The ▁queen ▁was ▁en rag ed ▁at ▁first , ▁but ▁later ▁declared ▁that ▁she |
▁would ▁not ▁come ▁in ▁the ▁way ▁of ▁lo vers . ▁Before ▁Ur v ashi ▁and ▁Pur ur ava ▁could ▁talk , ▁Ur v ashi ▁was ▁sum mon ed ▁again ▁to ▁the ▁heaven ▁to ▁perform ▁in ▁a ▁play . ▁She ▁was ▁so ▁sm itten ▁that ▁she ▁missed ▁her ▁c ue ▁and ▁mis pr on ounced ▁her ▁lo ver ' s ▁name ▁during ▁the ▁performance ▁as ▁Pur ur ava ▁instead ▁of ▁Pur ush ott ama . ▁As ▁a ▁pun ishment , ▁Ur v ashi ▁was ▁ban ished ▁from ▁heaven , ▁which ▁was ▁modified ▁by ▁Ind ra ▁as ▁until ▁the ▁moment ▁her ▁human ▁lo ver ▁laid ▁eyes ▁on ▁the ▁child ▁that ▁she ▁would ▁bear ▁him . ▁After ▁a ▁series ▁of ▁m ish aps , ▁including ▁Ur v ashi ' s ▁temporary ▁transformation ▁into ▁a ▁v ine , ▁the ▁cur se ▁was ▁eventually ▁lifted , ▁and ▁the ▁lo vers ▁were ▁allowed ▁to ▁remain ▁together ▁on ▁Earth ▁as ▁long ▁as ▁Pur ur ava ▁lived . ▁ ▁Major ▁Act s ▁and ▁episodes ▁within ▁each ▁Act ▁ ▁Act - 1 : ▁Starting ▁with ▁Introduction ▁or ▁Pr ast av ana ▁( प ् र स ् त ा व न ा ) ▁( 1 ) ▁Pur ur ava ▁volunte ers ▁to ▁rescue ▁Ur v ashi ▁( <0xE0> <0xA5> <0xA8> ) ▁Res cue ▁of ▁Ur v ashi ▁( 3 ) ▁Mount ▁Hem ak uta ▁ ▁( 4 ) ▁E pisode ▁of ▁single - string ed ▁neck lace ▁ ▁Act - 2 : ▁Starting ▁with ▁P rel ude ▁or ▁Pra ves h aka |
▁( प ् र व े श क ) ▁( 1 ) ▁Forest ▁Pr am ada ▁( 2 ) ▁Entry ▁of ▁Ur v ashi ▁( 3 ) ▁E pisode ▁of ▁Bh ur ja ▁Pat ra ▁ ▁Act - 3 : ▁Starting ▁with ▁Inter l ude / V ish k amb h aka ▁( व ि ष ् क ं भ क ) ▁( 1 ) ▁En unch ▁inv iting ▁Pur ur ava ▁to ▁Man i ▁Mah al aya ▁( म ण ि म ह ा ल य ) ▁( 2 ) ▁waiting ▁and ▁conversation ▁at ▁Man i ▁Mah al aya ▁( 3 ) ▁The ▁rit ual ▁of ▁taking ▁a ▁v ow ▁of ▁ple asing ▁the ▁dear ▁one ▁- ▁Pri yan u pr as ad ana ▁V r ata ▁( प ् र ि य ा न ु प ् र स ा द न ▁ व ् र त ) ▁by ▁A ush in ari ▁accompanied ▁by ▁ma ids ▁( 4 ) ▁conversation ▁involving ▁Ch it rale k ha , ▁Pur ur ava , ▁Vid ush aka / j ester ▁and ▁Ur v ashi ▁and ▁her ▁rende z vous ▁with ▁the ▁king ▁ ▁Act - 4 : ▁Starting ▁with ▁P rel ude ▁or ▁Pra ves h aka ▁( 1 ) ▁episode ▁of ▁U day av ati ▁ ▁( 2 ) ▁extreme ▁an gu ish ▁of ▁Pur ur ava ▁at ▁loss ▁of ▁Ur v ashi ▁( 3 ) ▁episode ▁of ▁Sang am ani ya ▁gem ▁( 4 ) ▁return ▁to ▁the ▁kingdom ▁ ▁Act |
- 5 : ▁Starting ▁with ▁Vid ush aka ▁announ cement ▁( 1 ) ▁Bird ▁taking ▁the ▁gem ▁( <0xE0> <0xA5> <0xA8> ) ▁arrival ▁of ▁Ay ush , ▁about ▁whom ▁Pur ur ava ▁had ▁no ▁knowledge ▁( 3 ) ▁Re vel ation ▁by ▁Ur v ashi ▁of ▁her ▁conditional ▁release ▁from ▁the ▁cur se ▁( 4 ) ▁entry ▁of ▁N aar ada ▁( न ा र द ) ▁( 5 ) ▁Happy ▁ending ▁ ▁Main ▁characters ▁King ▁Pur ur avas ▁- ▁son ▁of ▁I la ▁and ▁Bud ha ▁( who ▁was ▁the ▁son ▁of ▁Ch andra ▁and ▁T ara ) ▁Ur v ashi ▁- ▁the ▁cel est ial ▁n ym ph ▁A ush in ari ▁- ▁the ▁Queen ▁and ▁the ▁wife ▁of ▁Pur ur avas ▁( also ▁the ▁prin cess ▁of ▁K ashi ) ▁ ▁Support ing ▁Char acters ▁Ch it rale k ha ▁- ▁another ▁n ym ph ▁and ▁Ur v ashi ' s ▁close ▁friend ▁N ip un ika ▁- ▁the ▁chamber ma id ▁of ▁A ush in ari ▁Vid ush aka ▁- ▁the ▁j ester ▁and ▁the ▁a ide ▁in ▁Pur ur ava ' s ▁personal ▁matters ▁and ▁rom antic ▁purs uit ▁ ▁In ▁popular ▁culture ▁The ▁story ▁of ▁a ▁n ym ph ▁marry ing ▁a ▁noble - born ▁human ▁and ▁leaving ▁her ▁cel est ial ▁home ▁has ▁been ▁used ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 7 ▁T amil ▁film ▁Man al ane ▁Mang ay in ▁Bh agy am . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁S ansk rit ▁literature ▁ ▁S ansk rit |
▁drama ▁ ▁Notes ▁ ▁Further ▁reading ▁“ U r va ś ī ▁and ▁the ▁Sw an ▁Ma id ens : ▁The ▁Run away ▁W ife .” ▁In ▁Search ▁of ▁the ▁Sw an ▁Ma iden : ▁A ▁N arr ative ▁on ▁Fol kl ore ▁and ▁G ender , ▁by ▁Barbara ▁F ass ▁Le avy , ▁NY U ▁Press , ▁NEW ▁Y OR K ; ▁L ON D ON , ▁ 1 9 9 4 , ▁pp . ▁ 3 3 – 6 3 . ▁J ST OR , ▁www . j stor . org / stable / j . ct t 9 q g 9 9 5 . 5 . ▁Access ed ▁ 2 3 ▁A pr . ▁ 2 0 2 0 . ▁Bak sh i , ▁Ram ▁V . ▁“ K AL ID AS A ' S ▁P LAY S : ▁R IT U AL S ▁OF ▁H U MAN ▁P ER FE CTION .” ▁Journal ▁of ▁South ▁Asian ▁Liter ature , ▁vol . ▁ 1 0 , ▁no . ▁ 2 / 4 , ▁ 1 9 7 5 , ▁pp . ▁ 4 5 – 4 9 . ▁J ST OR , ▁www . j stor . org / stable / 4 0 8 7 1 9 3 0 . ▁Access ed ▁ 2 7 ▁A pr . ▁ 2 0 2 0 . ▁G aur , ▁R . ▁C . ▁“ The ▁Leg end ▁of ▁Pur ū ra vas ▁and ▁Ur va ś ī : ▁An ▁Inter pret ation |
.” ▁Journal ▁of ▁the ▁Royal ▁A si atic ▁Society ▁of ▁Great ▁Britain ▁and ▁Ireland , ▁no . ▁ 2 , ▁ 1 9 7 4 , ▁pp . ▁ 1 4 2 – 1 5 2 . ▁J ST OR , ▁www . j stor . org / stable / 2 5 2 0 3 5 6 5 . ▁Access ed ▁ 2 7 ▁A pr . ▁ 2 0 2 0 . ▁Wright , ▁J . ▁C . ▁“ P ur ū ra vas ▁and ▁Ur va ś ī .” ▁Bul letin ▁of ▁the ▁School ▁of ▁Oriental ▁and ▁African ▁Studies , ▁University ▁of ▁London , ▁vol . ▁ 3 0 , ▁no . ▁ 3 , ▁ 1 9 6 7 , ▁pp . ▁ 5 2 6 – 5 4 7 . ▁J ST OR , ▁www . j stor . org / stable / 6 1 2 3 8 6 . ▁Access ed ▁ 2 7 ▁A pr . ▁ 2 0 2 0 . ▁ ▁Category : Work s ▁by ▁K ā l id ā sa ▁Category : S ansk rit ▁plays <0x0A> </s> ▁T ch ór zn ica ▁Sz la check a ▁() ▁is ▁a ▁village ▁in ▁the ▁administrative ▁district ▁of ▁G mina ▁Sab nie , ▁within ▁S oko łów ▁County , ▁Mas ov ian ▁Vo iv odes hip , ▁in ▁east - central ▁Poland . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : V ill ages ▁in ▁S oko łów ▁County <0x0A> </s> ▁Saint ▁Elizabeth , ▁one ▁of ▁J ama |
ica ' s ▁largest ▁par ishes , ▁is ▁located ▁in ▁the ▁south west ▁of ▁the ▁island , ▁in ▁the ▁county ▁of ▁Corn wall . ▁Its ▁capital , ▁Black ▁River , ▁is ▁located ▁at ▁the ▁mouth ▁of ▁the ▁Black ▁River , ▁the ▁wid est ▁on ▁the ▁island . ▁ ▁History ▁Saint ▁Elizabeth ▁originally ▁included ▁most ▁of ▁the ▁south west ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁island , ▁but ▁West mor eland ▁was ▁taken ▁from ▁it ▁in ▁ 1 7 0 3 , ▁and ▁in ▁ 1 8 1 4 ▁a ▁part ▁of ▁Manchester . ▁The ▁resulting ▁areas ▁were ▁named ▁after ▁the ▁wife ▁of ▁Sir ▁Thomas ▁M ody ford , ▁the ▁first ▁English ▁Governor ▁of ▁J ama ica . ▁ ▁There ▁are ▁ar che ological ▁traces ▁of ▁Ta í no / A raw ak ▁existence ▁in ▁the ▁parish , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁of ▁ 1 7 th - century ▁colonial ▁Spanish ▁settlement s . ▁After ▁ 1 6 5 5 , ▁when ▁the ▁English ▁settled ▁on ▁the ▁island , ▁they ▁concentr ated ▁on ▁developing ▁large ▁sugar ▁can e ▁plant ations ▁with ▁ens la ved ▁African ▁workers . ▁Today , ▁buildings ▁with ▁' Span ish ▁wall ' ▁construction ▁( m ason ry ▁of ▁lim estone ▁sand ▁and ▁stone ▁between ▁wooden ▁frames ) ▁can ▁still ▁be ▁seen ▁in ▁some ▁areas . ▁ ▁St ▁Elizabeth ▁became ▁a ▁prosper ous ▁parish , ▁and ▁Black ▁River ▁an ▁important ▁se ap ort . ▁In ▁addition ▁to ▁sh ipping ▁sugar ▁and ▁mol ass es , ▁Black ▁River ▁became ▁the ▁centre ▁of ▁the ▁logging ▁trade . |
▁Lar ge ▁quantities ▁of ▁log wood ▁were ▁export ed ▁to ▁Europe ▁to ▁make ▁a ▁blue ▁d ye ▁very ▁like ▁Pr uss ian ▁blue , ▁which ▁was ▁very ▁popular ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 8 th ▁and ▁ 1 9 th ▁centuries . ▁ ▁St ▁Elizabeth ▁was ▁the ▁first ▁parish ▁to ▁have ▁electric ▁power , ▁where ▁it ▁was ▁first ▁introduced ▁in ▁a ▁house ▁called ▁Water lo o ▁in ▁Black ▁River ▁in ▁ 1 8 9 3 . ▁ ▁Geography ▁The ▁parish ▁is ▁located ▁at ▁latitude ▁ 1 8 ° 1 5 ' N , ▁and ▁longitude ▁ 7 7 ° 5 6 ' W ; ▁to ▁the ▁west ▁of ▁Manchester , ▁to ▁the ▁east ▁of ▁West mor eland , ▁and ▁to ▁the ▁south ▁of ▁St . ▁James ▁and ▁Tre la wn y . ▁It ▁covers ▁an ▁area ▁of ▁ 1 2 1 2 . 4 km ², ▁making ▁it ▁J ama ica ' s ▁second - larg est ▁parish , ▁smaller ▁only ▁than ▁Saint ▁Ann ' s ▁ 1 2 1 2 . 6 km ². ▁The ▁parish ▁is ▁divided ▁into ▁four ▁elect oral ▁districts ▁( const itu encies ), ▁that ▁is ▁North - E ast , ▁North - West , ▁South - E ast ▁and ▁South - West . ▁ ▁The ▁northern ▁and ▁n ort he astern ▁parts ▁of ▁the ▁parish ▁are ▁mountain ous . ▁There ▁are ▁three ▁mountain ▁ranges ▁— the ▁N ass au ▁Mountains ▁to ▁the ▁north - east , ▁the ▁Lac ov ia ▁Mountains ▁to ▁the ▁west ▁of ▁the |
▁N ass au ▁Mountains , ▁and ▁the ▁Santa ▁Cruz ▁Mountains ▁which , ▁running ▁south , ▁divide ▁the ▁wide ▁plain ▁to ▁end ▁in ▁a ▁precip it ous ▁drop ▁of ▁ ▁at ▁Lo vers ' ▁Le ap . ▁ ▁The ▁central ▁and ▁southern ▁sections ▁form ▁an ▁extensive ▁plain ▁divided ▁by ▁the ▁Santa ▁Cruz ▁Mountains . ▁A ▁large ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁low lands ▁is ▁covered ▁by ▁mor ass , ▁but ▁it ▁still ▁provides ▁gra zing ▁land ▁for ▁horses ▁and ▁m ules . ▁ ▁The ▁main ▁river ▁in ▁the ▁parish ▁is ▁the ▁Black ▁River , ▁and ▁meas uring ▁, ▁it ▁is ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁longest ▁rivers ▁in ▁J ama ica . ▁It ▁is ▁navig able ▁for ▁about ▁, ▁and ▁is ▁supported ▁by ▁many ▁trib ut aries ▁including ▁Y . S ., ▁Broad , ▁Gr ass ▁and ▁Hor se ▁Sav ann ah . ▁The ▁river ▁has ▁its ▁source ▁in ▁the ▁mountains ▁of ▁Manchester ▁where ▁it ▁r ises ▁and ▁flows ▁west ▁as ▁the ▁border ▁between ▁Manchester ▁and ▁Tre la wn y ▁then ▁goes ▁under ground . ▁It ▁re app ears ▁briefly ▁in ▁several ▁surrounding ▁towns , ▁but ▁re emer ges ▁near ▁Bal ac lava ▁and ▁t umb les ▁down ▁g org es ▁to ▁the ▁plain ▁known ▁as ▁the ▁Sav ann ah , ▁through ▁the ▁Great ▁Mor ass ▁and ▁to ▁the ▁sea ▁at ▁Black ▁River , ▁the ▁capital ▁of ▁the ▁parish . ▁ ▁The ▁ge ology ▁of ▁the ▁parish ▁is ▁primarily ▁all uv ial ▁pla ins ▁to ▁the ▁south , ▁and ▁kar st ic ▁lim estone ▁to ▁the ▁north . |
▁The ▁kar st ic ▁zones ▁are ▁known ▁to ▁contain ▁over ▁ 1 3 0 ▁c aves ▁( J ama ica ▁C ave ▁Register ▁as ▁of ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁- ▁from ▁Fin ch am ▁and ▁J CO ). ▁These ▁include ▁Mexico ▁C ave ▁and ▁Wall ing ford ▁River ▁C ave , ▁near ▁Bal ac lava , ▁which ▁are ▁two ▁associated ▁sections ▁of ▁a ▁major ▁under ground ▁river ▁that ▁has ▁its ▁source ▁in ▁south ▁Tre la wn y , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁Y ard ley ▁Ch ase ▁C aves ▁near ▁the ▁foot ▁of ▁Lo vers ' ▁Le ap , ▁and ▁Peru ▁C ave , ▁near ▁G os hen , ▁which ▁has ▁stal act ites ▁and ▁stal ag mit es . ▁Min eral ▁depos its ▁include ▁b aux ite , ▁ant im ony , ▁white ▁lim estone , ▁cl ay , ▁pe at ▁and ▁sil ica ▁sand ▁which ▁is ▁used ▁to ▁manufact ure ▁glass . ▁ ▁Dem ography ▁The ▁parish ▁had ▁an ▁estimated ▁population ▁of ▁ 1 4 8 , 0 0 0 ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 1 , ▁ 4 0 0 0 ▁of ▁whom ▁live ▁in ▁the ▁capital ▁town . ▁The ▁distinct ▁feature ▁of ▁this ▁parish ▁is ▁that ▁numerous ▁eth nic ▁groups ▁can ▁be ▁found ▁here ; ▁St ▁Elizabeth ▁probably ▁has ▁the ▁greatest ▁eth nic ▁mixture ▁in ▁J ama ica . ▁St . ▁Elizabeth ▁provides ▁the ▁best ▁testim ony ▁of ▁the ▁J ama ican ▁mot to ▁– ▁" Out ▁of ▁many , ▁one ▁people ". ▁The ▁M esk ito ▁( cor |
rupted ▁to ▁‘ M os qu ito ’ ) ▁Indians ▁brought ▁to ▁J ama ica ▁to ▁help ▁capture ▁the ▁Mar o ons , ▁were ▁allowed ▁to ▁sett le ▁in ▁southern ▁St . ▁Elizabeth ▁in ▁return ▁for ▁their ▁assistance ▁and ▁given ▁land ▁gr ants ▁in ▁this ▁parish . ▁This ▁parish ▁has ▁also ▁attract ed ▁Dutch , ▁Spanish , ▁Indian , ▁Mar oon , ▁mul atto , ▁English , ▁and ▁European ▁inhabitants ▁from ▁the ▁ 1 7 th ▁century ▁on wards , ▁with ▁the ▁result ▁that ▁many ▁obser vers ▁feel ▁that ▁it ▁has ▁more ▁people ▁of ▁mixed - race ▁ancest ry ▁than ▁can ▁be ▁found ▁in ▁any ▁other ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁island . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁ 1 9 th ▁century ▁Irish , ▁Spanish , ▁Portuguese , ▁Scottish , ▁Germ ans , ▁Chinese , ▁and ▁East ▁Indians ▁migr ated ▁to ▁Saint ▁Elizabeth . ▁There ▁are ▁po ckets ▁of ▁eth nic ▁concentr ations ▁in ▁the ▁parish , ▁including ▁Mul atto ▁and ▁Cre ole , ▁not ably ▁found ▁in ▁the ▁sout heast . ▁ ▁Econom y ▁ ▁M ining ▁The ▁parish ▁has ▁been ▁a ▁major ▁producer ▁of ▁b aux ite ▁since ▁the ▁ 1 9 6 0 s . ▁Port ▁Kaiser , ▁near ▁a ▁town ▁called ▁All ig ator ▁P ond , ▁has ▁a ▁leading ▁deep - water ▁pier ▁for ▁b aux ite ▁export . ▁The ▁Al part ▁al um ina ▁ref in ery ▁was ▁constructed ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 6 0 s ▁at ▁N ain ▁and ▁produces ▁nearly ▁ 2 ▁million ▁t onnes ▁of ▁al |
um ina ▁ann ually ▁for ▁export . ▁ ▁The ▁replacement ▁cost ▁of ▁building ▁the ▁ref in ery ▁is ▁approximately ▁$ 2 ▁billion . ▁ ▁There ▁are ▁other ▁al um ina ▁ref iner ies ▁close ▁to ▁the ▁nearby ▁town ▁of ▁Man dev ille . ▁ ▁Agricult ure ▁A part ▁from ▁b aux ite ▁min ing , ▁the ▁parish ▁also ▁produces ▁a ▁large ▁quantity ▁of ▁J ama ica ' s ▁sugar ; ▁there ▁are ▁two ▁sugar ▁fact ories ▁in ▁the ▁parish . ▁Fish ing ▁is ▁a ▁major ▁industry ▁in ▁the ▁parish , ▁as ▁is ▁tom ato ▁can ning ; ▁a ▁plant ▁is ▁at ▁Bull ▁Sav ann ah . ▁The ▁parish ▁also ▁cultiv ates ▁cro ps ▁such ▁as ▁c ass ava , ▁corn , ▁pe as , ▁be ans , ▁p imento , ▁g inger , ▁to b acco , ▁tom ato , ▁rice ▁sweet ▁pot atoes ▁and ▁coffee . ▁As ▁a ▁result ▁of ▁the ▁fert ile ▁soil ▁that ▁provide ▁for ▁gra zing ▁fields , ▁past oral ism ▁is ▁possible . ▁Liv est ock ▁include ▁go ats , ▁sheep , ▁h ogs , ▁and ▁cattle , ▁horses . ▁ ▁Tour ism ▁Since ▁the ▁ 1 9 9 0 s , ▁the ▁parish ▁has ▁become ▁a ▁significant ▁tour ist ▁destination , ▁with ▁most ▁visitors ▁going ▁to ▁the ▁Tre asure ▁Beach ▁area . ▁The ▁App leton ▁rum ▁dist illery , ▁near ▁the ▁rough ▁C ock pit ▁Country ▁in ▁the ▁north ▁of ▁the ▁parish , ▁is ▁also ▁a ▁tour ist ▁destination . ▁The ▁C ock pit ▁area ▁was ▁the |
▁site ▁of ▁Mar oon ▁settlement s ▁through ▁much ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 8 th ▁century . ▁E colog ical ▁tour ism ▁along ▁the ▁Black ▁and ▁Y S ▁rivers , ▁and ▁in ▁the ▁Great ▁Mor ass , ▁has ▁been ▁developed ▁in ▁recent ▁years . ▁ ▁Education ▁The ▁parish ▁has ▁ 1 2 ▁high ▁schools ▁and ▁ 7 5 ▁primary ▁level ▁institutions ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁ 1 6 7 ▁early ▁child hood ▁institutions . ▁Notable ▁institutions ▁include : ▁▁ ▁Beth le hem ▁Mor av ian ▁College ▁ ▁Black ▁River ▁High ▁School ▁ ▁Ham pton ▁School ▁ ▁Lac ov ia ▁High ▁School ▁ ▁Mun ro ▁College ▁ ▁St . ▁Elizabeth ▁Techn ical ▁High ▁School ▁ ▁Places ▁ ▁Be aches ▁ ▁Font ▁Hill ▁Beach ▁ ▁G alle on , ▁C rane ▁ ▁Full ers wood ▁ ▁Par otte e ▁ ▁Fort ▁Charles ▁ ▁Cal ab ash ▁Bay ▁ ▁Great ▁Bay ▁ ▁Billy ' s ▁Bay ▁ ▁French man ' s ▁Bay ▁ ▁Tre asure ▁Beach ▁ ▁Blue ▁Field s ▁Beach ▁ ▁Town s ▁and ▁villages ▁The ▁Social ▁Development ▁Commission ' s ▁national ▁grid ▁of ▁communities ▁has ▁si xty ▁one ▁communities ▁in ▁St . ▁Elizabeth ▁broken ▁down ▁into ▁ 4 6 5 ▁districts . ▁The ▁communities ▁which ▁include ▁major ▁towns ▁are : ▁ ▁Flag aman ▁ ▁C aves ▁St . ▁Elizabeth ▁has ▁approximately ▁ 4 4 ▁c aves , ▁including : ▁ ▁Mexico ▁ ▁Peru ▁C ave ▁ ▁Y hard ly ▁Ch ase ▁C aves ▁ ▁Wall ing ford ▁C aves ▁ ▁N ain ▁ ▁Other ▁Places ▁of |
▁Interest ▁ ▁L over ' s ▁Le ap ▁is ▁a ▁cl iff ▁pl ung ing ▁several ▁hundred ▁metres ▁into ▁the ▁sea , ▁with ▁an ▁attached ▁rom antic ▁legend ▁of ▁two ▁young ▁slaves ▁jump ing ▁to ▁their ▁death ▁rather ▁than ▁live ▁apart . ▁There ▁is ▁a ▁l ighth ouse ▁here ▁too . ▁ ▁Y . S . ▁F alls ▁is ▁a ▁famous ▁falls ▁in ▁J ama ica , ▁similar ▁to ▁D unn ' s ▁River ▁F alls ▁in ▁O cho ▁R ios , ▁St . ▁Ann . ▁ ▁B am bo o ▁Avenue ▁- ▁was ▁developed ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 7 th ▁century ▁when ▁local ▁land own ers ▁plant ed ▁b am bo o ▁on ▁both ▁sides ▁of ▁the ▁road ▁to ▁provide ▁sh ade ▁during ▁their ▁travel s . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁▁ ▁History ▁of ▁J ama ica ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Notes ▁ ▁Bibli ography ▁L over ' s ▁Le ap : ▁Based ▁on ▁the ▁J ama ican ▁Leg end , ▁Hor ane ▁Smith , ▁Min erva ▁Press ▁( 1 ▁June ▁ 1 9 9 9 ), ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Par ish ▁Information ▁ ▁Statist ical ▁Institute ▁of ▁J ama ica ▁ ▁Political ▁Geography ▁of ▁J ama ica ▁ ▁Mexico ▁C ave ▁- ▁J CO ▁Report ▁ ▁Par ishes ▁of ▁J ama ica ▁ ▁St ats ▁▁▁ ▁Category : Par ishes ▁of ▁J ama ica <0x0A> </s> ▁T oni ▁Fal bo ▁( born ▁ 1 9 4 7 ) ▁is ▁a ▁social ▁psych ologist ▁known ▁for ▁her ▁research ▁on ▁power ▁dynamics ▁in ▁relationships |
, ▁sib ling ▁status , ▁and ▁development ▁of ▁only ▁children . ▁ ▁She ▁is ▁a ▁Professor ▁of ▁Edu c ational ▁Psych ology ▁and ▁Fac ulty ▁Research ▁Aff ili ate ▁of ▁the ▁Population ▁Research ▁Center ▁at ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Texas ▁at ▁Austin . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 7 , ▁Fal bo ▁received ▁the ▁New man - Pro sh ans ky ▁Career ▁Ach iev ement ▁Award ▁from ▁the ▁American ▁Psych ological ▁Association ▁( AP A ) ▁( Div ision ▁ 3 4 ). ▁This ▁award ▁is ▁offered ▁ann ually ▁to ▁recognize ▁significant ▁lifetime ▁contributions ▁to ▁the ▁fields ▁of ▁environmental ▁and ▁population ▁psych ology . ▁Fal bo ▁is ▁a ▁Fellow ▁of ▁A PA ▁Division ▁ 9 , ▁Society ▁for ▁the ▁Psych ological ▁Study ▁of ▁Social ▁Iss ues , ▁and ▁A PA ▁Division ▁ 3 5 , ▁Society ▁for ▁the ▁Psych ology ▁of ▁Women . ▁She ▁has ▁served ▁terms ▁as ▁President ▁of ▁the ▁Society ▁for ▁Environment al , ▁Population ▁and ▁Conserv ation ▁Psych ology ▁( AP A ▁Division ▁ 3 4 ) ▁and ▁the ▁South western ▁Psych ological ▁Association . ▁ ▁Fal bo ▁and ▁Har ri ett ▁Rom o ▁co - author ed ▁the ▁book ▁Lat ino ▁high ▁school ▁gradu ation : ▁Def ying ▁the ▁odd s . ▁Fal bo ▁is ▁editor ▁of ▁the ▁volume ▁The ▁Single - Child ▁Family . ▁ ▁Biography ▁ ▁Fal bo ▁received ▁her ▁B . A . ▁degree ▁in ▁Psych ology ▁at ▁George ▁Washington ▁University ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 8 . ▁She ▁received ▁her ▁M . A ▁degree ▁in |
▁psych ology ▁and ▁Ph D ▁in ▁Social ▁Psych ology ▁at ▁University ▁of ▁California , ▁Los ▁Angeles ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 9 ▁and ▁ 1 9 7 3 , ▁respectively . ▁ ▁Fal bo ▁early ▁work ▁exam ined ▁kind erg arten ▁children ' s ▁att ribution s ▁about ▁academic ▁achiev ement . ▁After ▁holding ▁positions ▁at ▁California ▁State ▁University , ▁Long ▁Beach ▁and ▁W ake ▁Forest ▁University , ▁Fal bo ▁joined ▁the ▁fac ulty ▁of ▁Edu c ational ▁Psych ology ▁at ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Texas ▁at ▁Austin ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 6 . ▁ ▁Fal bo ▁began ▁studying ▁the ▁development ▁of ▁only ▁children ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 7 0 s . ▁She ▁was ▁drawn ▁to ▁this ▁topic ▁as ▁an ▁only ▁child ▁and ▁the ▁mother ▁of ▁an ▁only ▁child . ▁Her ▁research ▁has ▁been ▁fund ed ▁through ▁the ▁National ▁Institute ▁of ▁Child ▁Health ▁and ▁Human ▁Development , ▁the ▁Ford ▁Foundation , ▁and ▁the ▁Hog g ▁Foundation ▁for ▁M ental ▁Health . ▁ ▁Research ▁▁▁▁ ▁Much ▁of ▁Fal bo ' s ▁research ▁has ▁focused ▁on ▁the ▁psych ological ▁and ▁social ▁out comes ▁of ▁small ▁families , ▁with ▁an ▁emphas is ▁on ▁sib ling ▁status ▁effects ▁on ▁children ' s ▁development ▁and ▁educational ▁att ain ment . ▁ ▁Other ▁widely ▁c ited ▁research ▁has ▁exam ined ▁power ▁dynamics ▁and ▁strateg ies ▁in ▁inter person al ▁relationships ▁and ▁parent al ▁strateg ies ▁associated ▁with ▁high ▁school ▁students ' ▁success . ▁ ▁Fal bo ▁conducted ▁extensive ▁research ▁exam ining ▁effects ▁of ▁China ' s ▁one - |
child ▁policy ▁on ▁the ▁personal ities ▁of ▁Chinese ▁children ▁and ▁adult s . ▁Fal bo ▁aim ed ▁to ▁determine ▁whether ▁China ' s ▁one - child ▁policy ▁influenced ▁children ' s ▁academic , ▁physical , ▁social , ▁and ▁person ality ▁tra its . ▁In ▁a ▁synth esis ▁of ▁ 2 2 ▁studies ▁of ▁psych op ath ology ▁among ▁Chinese ▁only ▁children , ▁Fal bo ▁and ▁her ▁colle ague ▁Soph ia ▁Ho oper ▁reported ▁that ▁only ▁children ▁felt ▁more ▁pressure ▁and ▁de alt ▁with ▁higher ▁expect ations ▁from ▁their ▁parents ▁than ▁their ▁pe ers ▁with ▁sib lings . ▁ ▁Fal bo ▁and ▁her ▁colle ague ▁Den ise ▁Polit ▁conducted ▁a ▁series ▁of ▁meta - anal ys es ▁of ▁over ▁ 1 0 0 ▁studies ▁of ▁only ▁children ▁that ▁considered ▁development al ▁out comes ▁in ▁adjust ment , ▁character , ▁soci ability , ▁achiev ement , ▁and ▁intelligence . ▁The ▁studies ▁included ▁in ▁the ▁meta - anal ys es ▁were ▁mainly ▁from ▁the ▁U . S . ▁and ▁Canada , ▁yet ▁were ▁diverse ▁with ▁respect ▁to ▁so cio e conom ic ▁class ▁and ▁race / eth nic ity . ▁The ▁authors ▁found ▁no ▁evidence ▁in ▁support ▁of ▁the ▁s tere ot ype ▁that ▁only ▁children ▁are ▁lon ely , ▁self ish , ▁and ▁mal ad just ed . ▁R ather , ▁only ▁children ▁t ended ▁to ▁score ▁higher ▁on ▁tests ▁of ▁ver bal ▁ability ▁and ▁intelligence ▁than ▁children ▁with ▁sib lings ▁( with ▁the ▁exception ▁of ▁first born s ▁who ▁scored ▁compar ably ▁to ▁only |
▁children ). ▁Only ▁children ▁and ▁first born s ▁also ▁showed ▁higher ▁achiev ement ▁( i . e ., ▁academic ▁performance , ▁educational ▁att ain ment , ▁occup ational ▁prest ige ) ▁than ▁children ▁with ▁older ▁sib lings . ▁Fal bo ▁also ▁found ▁that ▁only ▁children ▁sur pass ed ▁children ▁in ▁large ▁families ▁in ▁the ▁quality ▁of ▁their ▁relationships ▁with ▁parents . ▁Other ▁work , ▁which ▁including ▁children ▁from ▁China ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁the ▁U . S ., ▁indicate ▁advantages ▁of ▁older ▁children ▁with ▁regards ▁to ▁character ▁development ▁( aut onomy , ▁m atur ity , ▁leadership ). ▁ ▁Another ▁study ▁exam ined ▁whether ▁the ▁presence ▁of ▁sib lings ▁promoted ▁health ▁over ▁the ▁lif es pan . ▁Fal bo ▁and ▁her ▁colle agues ▁exam ined ▁the ▁health ▁status ▁of ▁a ▁large ▁sample ▁middle ▁age ▁adult s ▁from ▁the ▁Wisconsin ▁Long itud inal ▁Study . ▁Using ▁data ▁from ▁almost ▁ 4 0 0 0 ▁individuals ▁( high ▁school ▁gradu ates ▁of ▁the ▁class ▁of ▁ 1 9 5 7 ), ▁the ▁research ers ▁found ▁no ▁effect ▁of ▁sib ling ▁status ▁on ▁health ▁out comes . ▁Instead , ▁they ▁found ▁evidence ▁that ▁better ▁health ▁was ▁associated ▁with ▁having ▁higher ▁educational ▁att ain ment ▁and ▁higher ▁so cio e conom ic ▁status . ▁ ▁Represent ative ▁Publications ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁ ▁Fac ulty ▁page ▁ ▁Fal bo ▁lab ▁ ▁Category : American ▁women ▁psych olog ists ▁Category : E du c ational ▁psych olog ists ▁Category : Univers ity ▁of ▁Texas ▁at ▁Austin ▁fac ulty |
▁Category : Univers ity ▁of ▁California , ▁Los ▁Angeles ▁al umn i ▁Category : Col umb ian ▁College ▁of ▁Arts ▁and ▁Sciences ▁al umn i ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : 1 9 4 7 ▁birth s <0x0A> </s> ▁Steven ▁James ▁Ye ager ▁( born ▁ 1 9 7 8 ) ▁is ▁a ▁Democratic ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁Nev ada ▁Assembly . ▁He ▁represents ▁the ▁ 9 th ▁district , ▁which ▁covers ▁parts ▁of ▁the ▁south western ▁Las ▁Veg as ▁Valley . ▁ ▁Biography ▁Ye ager ▁was ▁born ▁in ▁Brook lyn ▁Center , ▁Minnesota ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 8 , ▁the ▁second ▁of ▁three ▁children . ▁He ▁graduated ▁from ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Michigan ▁and ▁then ▁from ▁Corn ell ▁Law ▁School . ▁He ▁pract iced ▁law ▁in ▁Phoenix , ▁Arizona ▁before ▁moving ▁to ▁Nev ada ▁where ▁he ▁has ▁served ▁as ▁a ▁Chief ▁Deput y ▁Public ▁Def ender ▁of ▁Clark ▁County ▁since ▁ 2 0 0 9 . ▁ ▁Ye ager ▁ran ▁for ▁the ▁Assembly ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 4 . ▁He ▁easily ▁won ▁the ▁Democratic ▁primary ▁but ▁was ▁defeated ▁in ▁the ▁general ▁election ▁by ▁Republican ▁David ▁M . ▁Gard ner . ▁ ▁Ye ager ▁again ▁ran ▁against ▁Gard ner ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 6 . ▁That ▁time , ▁he ▁was ▁successful , ▁receiving ▁ 5 5 % ▁of ▁the ▁vote . ▁ ▁Personal ▁life ▁Ye ager ▁comes ▁from ▁a ▁family ▁of ▁public ▁service : ▁he ▁is ▁married ▁to ▁H ear ing ▁Master ▁B ita ▁Ye ager , ▁his ▁oldest ▁brother ▁is |
▁an ▁officer ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Marine ▁Corps , ▁and ▁his ▁young est ▁brother ▁is ▁a ▁local ▁law ▁enfor cement ▁officer . ▁ ▁Political ▁positions ▁Ye ager ▁supports ▁increased ▁background ▁checks ▁for ▁gun ▁purch ases ▁and ▁also ▁supports ▁the ▁legal ization ▁of ▁mar iju ana . ▁ ▁Elect oral ▁history ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁▁ ▁Camp aign ▁website ▁ ▁Legisl ative ▁website ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 7 8 ▁birth s ▁Category : 2 1 st - century ▁American ▁polit icians ▁Category : A rizona ▁law y ers ▁Category : C orn ell ▁Law ▁School ▁al umn i ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : M embers ▁of ▁the ▁Nev ada ▁Assembly ▁Category : N ev ada ▁Democr ats ▁Category : N ev ada ▁law y ers ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁Brook lyn ▁Center , ▁Minnesota ▁Category : Pol it icians ▁from ▁Las ▁Veg as ▁Category : Pol it icians ▁from ▁Phoenix , ▁Arizona ▁Category : Univers ity ▁of ▁Michigan ▁al umn i <0x0A> </s> ▁One ▁Bul let ▁A way : ▁The ▁M aking ▁of ▁a ▁Marine ▁Officer ▁is ▁an ▁aut obi ography ▁by ▁Nathan iel ▁F ick , ▁published ▁by ▁H ought on - M if fl in ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 5 . ▁An ▁account ▁of ▁Nathan iel ▁F ick ' s ▁time ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Marine ▁Corps , ▁it ▁begins ▁with ▁his ▁experiences ▁at ▁Officer ▁C andid ate ' s ▁School ▁in ▁Quant ico , ▁Virginia ▁and ▁details ▁his ▁deploy ments ▁to ▁Afghan istan ▁and ▁Ira |
q ▁during ▁the ▁War ▁on ▁T error . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 6 , ▁Record ed ▁Books ▁published ▁an ▁un ab rid ged ▁audio book ▁edition ▁( ), ▁narr ated ▁by ▁Andy ▁Paris . ▁ ▁Awards ▁Nathan iel ▁F ick ▁received ▁the ▁Col by ▁Award ▁for ▁One ▁Bul let ▁A way ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 6 . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁After ▁W ords ▁interview ▁with ▁F ick ▁on ▁One ▁Bul let ▁A way , ▁November ▁ 1 9 , ▁ 2 0 0 5 ▁ ▁Category : 2 0 0 5 ▁non - f iction ▁books ▁Category : Mil it ary ▁books ▁Category : I ra q ▁War ▁books ▁Category : Book s ▁about ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 3 ▁invasion ▁of ▁Ira q ▁Category : Pop ular ▁culture ▁about ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Marine ▁Corps ▁Category : American ▁mem oir s <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Ox us ▁tre asure ▁( Pers ian : ▁ گ ن ج ی ن ه ▁ آ م و د ر ی ا ) ▁is ▁a ▁collection ▁of ▁about ▁ 1 8 0 ▁surv iving ▁pieces ▁of ▁metal work ▁in ▁gold ▁and ▁silver , ▁the ▁majority ▁rather ▁small , ▁plus ▁perhaps ▁about ▁ 2 0 0 ▁co ins , ▁from ▁the ▁A cha emen id ▁Pers ian ▁period ▁which ▁were ▁found ▁by ▁the ▁Ox us ▁river ▁about ▁ 1 8 7 7 - 1 8 8 0 . ▁The ▁exact ▁place ▁and ▁date ▁of ▁the ▁find ▁remain ▁unclear , ▁and ▁it ▁is ▁likely ▁that |
▁many ▁other ▁pieces ▁from ▁the ▁ho ard ▁were ▁m elt ed ▁down ▁for ▁b ull ion ; ▁early ▁reports ▁suggest ▁there ▁were ▁originally ▁some ▁ 1 5 0 0 ▁co ins , ▁and ▁mention ▁types ▁of ▁metal work ▁that ▁are ▁not ▁among ▁the ▁surv iving ▁pieces . ▁The ▁metal work ▁is ▁believed ▁to ▁date ▁from ▁the ▁sixth ▁to ▁fourth ▁centuries ▁BC , ▁but ▁the ▁co ins ▁show ▁a ▁greater ▁range , ▁with ▁some ▁of ▁those ▁believed ▁to ▁belong ▁to ▁the ▁tre asure ▁coming ▁from ▁around ▁ 2 0 0 ▁BC . ▁The ▁most ▁likely ▁origin ▁for ▁the ▁tre asure ▁is ▁that ▁it ▁belonged ▁to ▁a ▁temple , ▁where ▁vot ive ▁offer ings ▁were ▁depos ited ▁over ▁a ▁long ▁period . ▁How ▁it ▁came ▁to ▁be ▁depos ited ▁is ▁unknown . ▁ ▁As ▁a ▁group , ▁the ▁tre asure ▁is ▁the ▁most ▁important ▁surv ival ▁of ▁what ▁was ▁once ▁an ▁enorm ous ▁production ▁of ▁A cha emen id ▁work ▁in ▁pre cious ▁metal . ▁ ▁It ▁displays ▁a ▁very ▁wide ▁range ▁of ▁quality ▁of ▁execution , ▁with ▁the ▁many ▁gold ▁vot ive ▁pla ques ▁mostly ▁cr ud ely ▁executed , ▁some ▁perhaps ▁by ▁the ▁don ors ▁themselves , ▁while ▁other ▁objects ▁are ▁of ▁super b ▁quality , ▁pres umably ▁that ▁expected ▁by ▁the ▁court . ▁ ▁The ▁British ▁Museum ▁now ▁has ▁nearly ▁all ▁the ▁surv iving ▁metal work , ▁with ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁pair ▁of ▁gr iff in - head ed ▁bra ce lets ▁on ▁loan ▁from ▁the ▁Victoria ▁and ▁Albert ▁Museum , ▁and |
▁displays ▁them ▁in ▁Room ▁ 5 2 . ▁The ▁group ▁arrived ▁at ▁the ▁museum ▁by ▁different ▁routes , ▁with ▁many ▁items ▁be que athed ▁to ▁the ▁nation ▁by ▁August us ▁W oll ast on ▁Fran ks . ▁ ▁The ▁co ins ▁are ▁more ▁widely ▁dispers ed , ▁and ▁more ▁difficult ▁to ▁firm ly ▁connect ▁with ▁the ▁tre asure . ▁ ▁A ▁group ▁believed ▁to ▁come ▁from ▁it ▁is ▁in ▁the ▁Herm itage ▁Museum ▁in ▁Saint ▁Petersburg , ▁and ▁other ▁collections ▁have ▁examples . ▁ ▁Object s ▁ ▁A cha emen id ▁style ▁arose ▁rapidly ▁with ▁the ▁very ▁quick ▁growth ▁of ▁the ▁huge ▁emp ire , ▁which ▁sw allowed ▁up ▁the ▁art istic ▁cent res ▁of ▁the ▁ancient ▁Near ▁East ▁and ▁much ▁of ▁the ▁Greek ▁world , ▁and ▁mixed ▁influ ences ▁and ▁artists ▁from ▁these . ▁Although ▁continu ing ▁influ ences ▁from ▁these ▁sources ▁can ▁often ▁be ▁detected ▁the ▁A cha emen ids ▁formed ▁a ▁distinct ▁style ▁of ▁their ▁own . ▁ ▁The ▁gr iff in - head ed ▁bra ce lets ▁from ▁the ▁ho ard ▁are ▁typical ▁of ▁the ▁ 5 th ▁to ▁ 4 th ▁century ▁BC ▁court ▁style ▁of ▁A cha emen id ▁Pers ia . ▁ ▁Bra ce lets ▁of ▁a ▁similar ▁form ▁to ▁ones ▁from ▁the ▁tre asure ▁can ▁be ▁seen ▁on ▁relief s ▁from ▁Per se pol is ▁being ▁given ▁as ▁t ribute , ▁whilst ▁X en oph on ▁writes ▁that ▁arm lets ▁( am ong ▁other ▁things ) ▁were ▁g ifts ▁of ▁honour ▁at ▁the ▁Pers ian |
▁court . ▁G lass , ▁en am el ▁or ▁semi - pre cious ▁stone ▁in l ays ▁within ▁the ▁bra ce lets ' ▁h ollow ▁spaces ▁have ▁now ▁been ▁lost . ▁ ▁Sir ▁John ▁Board man ▁regards ▁the ▁gold ▁sc abb ard , ▁decor ated ▁with ▁tiny ▁figures ▁showing ▁a ▁l ion ▁h unt , ▁as ▁pre - A cha emen id ▁Med ian ▁work ▁of ▁about ▁ 6 0 0 ▁BC , ▁drawing ▁on ▁Ass y rian ▁styles , ▁though ▁other ▁sch ol ars ▁disag ree , ▁and ▁the ▁British ▁Museum ▁continues ▁to ▁date ▁it ▁to ▁the ▁ 5 th ▁or ▁ 4 th ▁centuries . ▁ ▁The ▁surv iving ▁objects , ▁an ▁uncertain ▁proportion ▁of ▁the ▁original ▁finds , ▁can ▁be ▁divided ▁into ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁groups . ▁ ▁S cul pt ures ▁There ▁are ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁small ▁figur ines , ▁some ▁of ▁which ▁may ▁have ▁been ▁det ached ▁from ▁larger ▁objects . ▁The ▁single ▁male ▁figures ▁appear ▁to ▁show ▁wor sh ipp ers ▁rather ▁than ▁de ities . ▁ ▁The ▁largest ▁is ▁most ▁unusual ▁for ▁Pers ian ▁art ▁in ▁showing ▁a ▁n ude ▁youth ▁( in ▁silver ) ▁standing ▁in ▁a ▁formal ▁pose , ▁with ▁a ▁large ▁con ical ▁hat ▁covered ▁in ▁gold ▁fo il . ▁The ▁stat u ette ▁shows ▁Greek ▁influence , ▁in ▁the ▁figure ▁and ▁the ▁fact ▁of ▁being ▁n ude , ▁but ▁is ▁not ▁typical ▁of ▁ancient ▁Greek ▁art . ▁ ▁Two ▁h ollow ▁gold ▁heads ▁of ▁young ▁males , ▁rather ▁cr ud ely ▁executed |
, ▁probably ▁belonged ▁to ▁composite ▁stat ues ▁with ▁the ▁main ▁body ▁in ▁wood ▁or ▁some ▁other ▁material . ▁One ▁figure ▁in ▁silver ▁and ▁gold ▁has ▁a ▁he address ▁that ▁suggests ▁he ▁may ▁be ▁a ▁king . ▁ ▁Other ▁sculpt ural ▁objects ▁include ▁two ▁model ▁ch ari ots ▁in ▁gold , ▁one ▁incomplete , ▁plus ▁figures ▁of ▁a ▁horse ▁and ▁a ▁r ider ▁that ▁may ▁belong ▁to ▁this ▁or ▁other ▁model ▁groups , ▁as ▁may ▁two ▁other ▁horses ▁cut ▁out ▁from ▁sheet ▁gold . ▁ ▁The ▁whe els ▁of ▁the ▁complete ▁ch ari ot ▁would ▁originally ▁have ▁turned ▁freely , ▁and ▁it ▁had ▁received ▁at ▁least ▁one ▁repair ▁in ▁anti qu ity . ▁ ▁It ▁is ▁pulled ▁by ▁four ▁horses ▁( r ather ▁small , ▁and ▁with ▁only ▁nine ▁legs ▁surv iving ▁between ▁them ) ▁and ▁car ries ▁two ▁figures , ▁a ▁driver ▁and ▁a ▁se ated ▁passenger , ▁both ▁we aring ▁tor cs . ▁ ▁The ▁ch ari ot ▁has ▁hand rails ▁at ▁the ▁open ▁rear ▁to ▁assist ▁getting ▁in ▁and ▁out , ▁while ▁the ▁solid ▁front ▁car ries ▁the ▁face ▁of ▁the ▁protect ive ▁Egypt ian ▁d war f - god ▁Bes . ▁ ▁A ▁le aping ▁i b ex ▁was ▁probably ▁the ▁handle ▁of ▁an ▁am ph ora - type ▁v ase , ▁and ▁comp ares ▁with ▁handles ▁shown ▁on ▁t ribute ▁vessels ▁in ▁the ▁Per se pol is ▁relief s , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁an ▁example ▁now ▁in ▁the ▁Lou vre . ▁ ▁Jew ell ery ▁and ▁f itt ings |
▁The ▁two ▁gr iff in - head ed ▁bra ce lets ▁or ▁arm lets ▁are ▁the ▁most ▁spect ac ular ▁pieces ▁by ▁far , ▁despite ▁lack ing ▁their ▁stone ▁in l ays . ▁There ▁are ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁other ▁bra ce lets , ▁some ▁perhaps ▁tor cs ▁for ▁the ▁neck , ▁several ▁with ▁simpler ▁animal ▁head ▁terminal s ▁various ly ▁dep ict ing ▁go ats , ▁i b ex , ▁sheep , ▁b ull s , ▁du cks , ▁l ions , ▁and ▁fant astic ▁cre atures . ▁ ▁Many ▁have ▁in l ays , ▁or ▁empty ▁cells ▁for ▁them ; ▁it ▁used ▁to ▁be ▁thought ▁that ▁this ▁technique ▁was ▁acquired ▁from ▁An cient ▁Egypt ian ▁j ew ell ery ▁( as ▁in ▁some ▁of ▁T ut ank ham un ' s ▁grave ▁goods ), ▁but ▁Ass y rian ▁examples ▁are ▁now ▁known . ▁ ▁There ▁are ▁ 1 2 ▁finger ▁rings ▁with ▁flat ▁bez els ▁eng ra ved ▁for ▁use ▁as ▁sign et ▁rings , ▁and ▁two ▁stone ▁cyl inder ▁se als , ▁one ▁fin ely ▁car ved ▁with ▁a ▁battle ▁scene . ▁ ▁The ▁gr iff in - head ed ▁bra ce lets ▁were ▁also ▁the ▁most ▁complex ▁objects ▁to ▁manufact ure , ▁being ▁cast ▁in ▁several ▁elements , ▁then ▁worked ▁in ▁many ▁different ▁techniques , ▁and ▁sol der ed ▁together . ▁Some ▁of ▁the ▁surfaces ▁are ▁very ▁thin , ▁and ▁show ▁signs ▁of ▁damage , ▁and ▁in ▁one ▁place ▁repair ▁with ▁a ▁sol der ed ▁patch . ▁ ▁A ▁" |
G old ▁pla que ▁in ▁the ▁form ▁of ▁a ▁l ion - gr iff in , ▁with ▁the ▁body ▁of ▁an ▁i b ex ▁and ▁a ▁leaf - sh aped ▁tail ", ▁with ▁missing ▁in lay , ▁has ▁two ▁pr ongs ▁behind ▁for ▁att aching ▁it , ▁and ▁may ▁have ▁been ▁an ▁orn ament ▁for ▁a ▁cap ▁or ▁the ▁hair , ▁or ▁part ▁of ▁an ▁object . ▁ ▁The ▁animal ' s ▁legs ▁are ▁fol ded ▁beneath ▁its ▁body ▁in ▁a ▁way ▁characteristic ▁of ▁the ▁S cy th ian ▁animal ▁style ▁of ▁the ▁southern ▁Russian ▁ste pp es , ▁an ▁influence ▁also ▁seen ▁in ▁other ▁pieces ▁such ▁a ▁ring ▁with ▁a ▁l ion . ▁ ▁A ▁st yl ized ▁birds - head ▁orn ament ▁can ▁be ▁recogn ised , ▁like ▁the ▁fin ely - decor ated ▁sc abb ard ▁of ▁" Med ian " ▁shape , ▁as ▁very ▁similar ▁to ▁that ▁of ▁a ▁soldier ▁from ▁a ▁Per se pol is ▁relief , ▁where ▁it ▁forms ▁the ▁cr est ▁to ▁his ▁bow - case . ▁These ▁seem ▁to ▁be ▁the ▁only ▁items ▁rel ating ▁to ▁weapons , ▁though ▁other ▁pieces ▁may ▁have ▁decor ated ▁horse ▁har ness . ▁ ▁Another ▁group ▁of ▁pla ques ▁were ▁probably ▁b ract e ates ▁intended ▁to ▁be ▁se wn ▁onto ▁cl othing ▁through ▁the ▁small ▁holes ▁round ▁their ▁edges . ▁These ▁have ▁a ▁variety ▁of ▁mot ifs , ▁including ▁the ▁face ▁of ▁the ▁Egypt ian ▁d war f - god ▁Bes , ▁l ion - gr iff ins |
, ▁a ▁s ph inx , ▁and ▁a ▁cut - out ▁figure ▁apparently ▁showing ▁a ▁king ▁( see ▁illustr ation ▁below ; ▁Bes ▁is ▁centre ▁in ▁the ▁top ▁row , ▁the ▁king ▁at ▁bottom ▁right ). ▁ ▁V ot ive ▁pla ques ▁The ▁British ▁Museum ▁has ▁ 5 1 ▁thin ▁gold ▁pla ques ▁with ▁inc ised ▁designs , ▁which ▁are ▁regarded ▁as ▁vot ive ▁pla ques ▁left ▁by ▁dev ote es ▁at ▁a ▁temple ▁as ▁an ▁offering ▁to ▁the ▁de ity . ▁They ▁are ▁mostly ▁rect angular ▁with ▁the ▁designs ▁in ▁a ▁vertical ▁format , ▁and ▁range ▁from ▁ 2 ▁to ▁ 2 0 cm ▁tall . ▁Most ▁show ▁a ▁single ▁human ▁figure ▁facing ▁left , ▁many ▁carrying ▁a ▁bunch ▁of ▁tw igs ▁called ▁a ▁bars om ▁used ▁in ▁offer ings ; ▁these ▁probably ▁represent ▁the ▁offer or . ▁ ▁The ▁dress ▁of ▁the ▁figures ▁shows ▁the ▁types ▁known ▁as ▁" Med ian " ▁and ▁" Pers ian " ▁to ▁modern ▁histor ians , ▁and ▁the ▁quality ▁of ▁the ▁execution ▁is ▁mostly ▁relatively ▁low , ▁but ▁var ies ▁greatly , ▁with ▁some ▁appearing ▁to ▁have ▁been ▁inc ised ▁by ▁am ateurs . ▁ ▁Three ▁show ▁animals , ▁a ▁horse , ▁a ▁don key ▁and ▁a ▁cam el ; ▁possibly ▁it ▁was ▁their ▁health ▁that ▁was ▁the ▁subject ▁of ▁the ▁offering . ▁ ▁One ▁large ▁figure ▁is ▁in ▁shall ow ▁relief ▁within ▁its ▁inc ised ▁outline ▁( ill ustr ated ). ▁ ▁V ess els ▁The ▁London ▁group ▁includes ▁bow ls , ▁a |
▁gold ▁jug , ▁and ▁a ▁handle ▁from ▁a ▁v ase ▁or ▁e wer ▁in ▁the ▁form ▁of ▁a ▁le aping ▁i b ex , ▁which ▁is ▁similar ▁to ▁a ▁wing ed ▁A cha emen id ▁handle ▁in ▁the ▁Lou vre . ▁ ▁No ▁r hy ton ▁drink ing ▁vessels ▁were ▁found , ▁but ▁the ▁British ▁Museum ▁has ▁two ▁other ▁A cha emen id ▁examples , ▁one ▁ending ▁in ▁a ▁gr iff in ' s ▁head ▁similar ▁to ▁that ▁on ▁the ▁bra ce lets ▁in ▁the ▁tre asure . ▁ ▁A ▁h ollow ▁gold ▁fish , ▁apparently ▁representing ▁a ▁species ▁of ▁car p ▁found ▁only ▁in ▁the ▁Ox us , ▁has ▁a ▁hole ▁at ▁its ▁mouth ▁and ▁a ▁loop ▁for ▁susp ension ; ▁it ▁may ▁have ▁contained ▁oil ▁or ▁perf ume , ▁or ▁hung ▁as ▁one ▁of ▁a ▁group ▁of ▁p end ants . ▁ ▁Co ins ▁The ▁association ▁of ▁surv iving ▁co ins ▁with ▁the ▁tre asure ▁is ▁less ▁generally ▁accepted ▁than ▁for ▁the ▁other ▁items , ▁and ▁O . ▁M . ▁Dal ton ▁of ▁the ▁British ▁Museum , ▁author ▁of ▁the ▁mon ograph ▁on ▁the ▁tre asure , ▁was ▁rel uct ant ▁to ▁identify ▁any ▁specific ▁co ins ▁as ▁part ▁of ▁it , ▁while ▁Sir ▁Alexander ▁C unning ham ▁( see ▁below ) ▁disag re ed , ▁ident ifying ▁about ▁ 2 0 0 . ▁The ▁Russian ▁scholar ▁E . V . ▁Ze ym al ▁associated ▁ 5 2 1 ▁surv iving ▁co ins ▁with ▁the ▁tre asure , ▁without ▁extending ▁the |
▁termin us ▁post ▁qu em ▁for ▁de position ▁of ▁the ▁tre asure ▁beyond ▁C unning ham ' s ▁figure ▁of ▁about ▁ 1 8 0 ▁BC . ▁ ▁The ▁co ins ▁associated ▁with ▁the ▁tre asure ▁include ▁examples ▁from ▁various ▁A cha emen id ▁m ints ▁and ▁dates , ▁but ▁also ▁later ▁ones ▁from ▁after ▁the ▁con quest ▁of ▁the ▁Empire ▁by ▁Alexander ▁the ▁Great , ▁with ▁the ▁latest ▁being ▁of ▁the ▁reign s ▁of ▁Ant io chus ▁the ▁Great ▁( r . ▁ 2 2 3 - 1 8 7 ▁BC ) ▁and ▁E uth y dem us ▁I ▁of ▁B act ria ▁( r . ▁c . ▁ 2 3 5 - 2 0 0 ▁BC ). ▁ ▁History ▁ ▁The ▁tre asure ▁was ▁evidently ▁discovered ▁by ▁local ▁people ▁somewhere ▁on ▁the ▁north ▁bank ▁of ▁the ▁Ox us ▁in ▁what ▁is ▁today ▁T aj ik istan ▁but ▁was ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 8 7 0 s ▁in ▁the ▁Em ir ate ▁of ▁B ok h ara , ▁which ▁was ▁in ▁the ▁process ▁of ▁being ▁sw allowed ▁up ▁by ▁the ▁Russian ▁Empire . ▁ ▁Then ▁as ▁now , ▁the ▁south ▁bank ▁of ▁the ▁Ox us ▁was ▁Afghan istan ; ▁at ▁the ▁period ▁when ▁the ▁tre asure ▁origin ated ▁the ▁whole ▁area ▁was ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁Pers ian ▁Empire . ▁The ▁approximate ▁area ▁of ▁the ▁discovery ▁is ▁fairly ▁clear ; ▁it ▁was ▁near , ▁perhaps ▁some ▁three ▁miles ▁south ▁of , ▁Tak ht i - S ang in , ▁where ▁an ▁important ▁temple |
Subsets and Splits