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▁if ▁I ▁is ▁a ▁set , ▁A i ▁and ▁Bi ▁are ▁sets ▁for ▁every ▁i ▁in ▁I , ▁and ▁ ▁for ▁every ▁i ▁in ▁I , ▁then ▁▁ ▁where ▁< ▁means ▁strictly ▁less ▁than ▁in ▁cardinal ity , ▁i . e . ▁there ▁is ▁an ▁inject ive ▁function ▁from ▁A i ▁to ▁Bi , ▁but ▁not ▁one ▁going ▁the ▁other ▁way . ▁The ▁union ▁involved ▁need ▁not ▁be ▁dis joint ▁( a ▁non - dis joint ▁union ▁can ' t ▁be ▁any ▁bigger ▁than ▁the ▁dis joint ▁version , ▁also ▁assuming ▁the ▁ax iom ▁of ▁choice ). ▁ ▁In ▁this ▁form ulation , ▁König ' s ▁theorem ▁is ▁equivalent ▁to ▁the ▁ax iom ▁of ▁choice . ▁ ▁( Of ▁course , ▁König ' s ▁theorem ▁is ▁trivial ▁if ▁the ▁cardinal ▁numbers ▁mi ▁and ▁ni ▁are ▁finite ▁and ▁the ▁index ▁set ▁I ▁is ▁finite . ▁If ▁I ▁is ▁empty , ▁then ▁the ▁left ▁sum ▁is ▁the ▁empty ▁sum ▁and ▁therefore ▁ 0 , ▁while ▁the ▁right ▁product ▁is ▁the ▁empty ▁product ▁and ▁therefore ▁ 1 ). ▁ ▁König ' s ▁theorem ▁is ▁remarkable ▁because ▁of ▁the ▁strict ▁inequality ▁in ▁the ▁conclusion . ▁ ▁There ▁are ▁many ▁easy ▁rules ▁for ▁the ▁arithmetic ▁of ▁infinite ▁sums ▁and ▁products ▁of ▁card inals ▁in ▁which ▁one ▁can ▁only ▁conclude ▁a ▁weak ▁inequality ▁ ≤ , ▁for ▁example : ▁ ▁if ▁ ▁for ▁all ▁i ▁in ▁I , ▁then ▁one ▁can ▁only ▁conclude ▁ ▁since , ▁for ▁example , ▁setting ▁ ▁and ▁, ▁where ▁the ▁index ▁set ▁I ▁is |
▁the ▁natural ▁numbers , ▁yields ▁the ▁sum ▁ ▁for ▁both ▁sides , ▁and ▁we ▁have ▁an ▁equality . ▁ ▁Cor oll aries ▁of ▁König ' s ▁theorem ▁ ▁If ▁ ▁is ▁a ▁cardinal , ▁then ▁. ▁If ▁we ▁take ▁mi ▁= ▁ 1 , ▁and ▁ni ▁= ▁ 2 ▁for ▁each ▁i ▁in ▁ κ , ▁then ▁the ▁left ▁side ▁of ▁the ▁above ▁inequality ▁is ▁just ▁ κ , ▁while ▁the ▁right ▁side ▁is ▁ 2 κ , ▁the ▁cardinal ity ▁of ▁functions ▁from ▁ κ ▁to ▁{ 0 , ▁ 1 }, ▁that ▁is , ▁the ▁cardinal ity ▁of ▁the ▁power ▁set ▁of ▁ κ . ▁Thus , ▁König ' s ▁theorem ▁gives ▁us ▁an ▁alternate ▁proof ▁of ▁Cant or ' s ▁theorem . ▁( H istor ically ▁of ▁course ▁Cant or ' s ▁theorem ▁was ▁proved ▁much ▁earlier .) ▁ ▁A xi om ▁of ▁choice ▁One ▁way ▁of ▁stating ▁the ▁ax iom ▁of ▁choice ▁is ▁" an ▁arbitrary ▁Cart esian ▁product ▁of ▁non - empty ▁sets ▁is ▁non - empty ". ▁Let ▁Bi ▁be ▁a ▁non - empty ▁set ▁for ▁each ▁i ▁in ▁I . ▁Let ▁A i ▁= ▁{} ▁for ▁each ▁i ▁in ▁I . ▁Thus ▁by ▁König ' s ▁theorem , ▁we ▁have : ▁ ▁If ▁, ▁then ▁. ▁That ▁is , ▁the ▁Cart esian ▁product ▁of ▁the ▁given ▁non - empty ▁sets ▁Bi ▁has ▁a ▁larger ▁cardinal ity ▁than ▁the ▁sum ▁of ▁empty ▁sets . ▁Thus ▁it ▁is ▁non - empty , ▁which ▁is ▁just ▁what ▁the ▁ax |
iom ▁of ▁choice ▁states . ▁Since ▁the ▁ax iom ▁of ▁choice ▁follows ▁from ▁König ' s ▁theorem , ▁we ▁will ▁use ▁the ▁ax iom ▁of ▁choice ▁freely ▁and ▁implicitly ▁when ▁discuss ing ▁consequences ▁of ▁the ▁theorem . ▁ ▁König ' s ▁theorem ▁and ▁c of inal ity ▁König ' s ▁theorem ▁has ▁also ▁important ▁consequences ▁for ▁c of inal ity ▁of ▁cardinal ▁numbers . ▁▁ ▁If ▁, ▁then ▁. ▁ ▁Cho ose ▁a ▁strictly ▁increasing ▁c f ( κ )- sequence ▁of ▁ord inals ▁approaching ▁ κ . ▁Each ▁of ▁them ▁is ▁less ▁than ▁ κ , ▁so ▁their ▁sum , ▁which ▁is ▁ κ , ▁is ▁less ▁than ▁the ▁product ▁of ▁c f ( κ ) ▁copies ▁of ▁ κ . ▁ ▁According ▁to ▁East on ' s ▁theorem , ▁the ▁next ▁consequence ▁of ▁König ' s ▁theorem ▁is ▁the ▁only ▁n ont rivial ▁constraint ▁on ▁the ▁continu um ▁function ▁for ▁regular ▁card inals . ▁ ▁If ▁ ▁and ▁, ▁then ▁. ▁Let ▁. ▁Suppose ▁that , ▁contrary ▁to ▁this ▁cor ollary , ▁. ▁Then ▁using ▁the ▁previous ▁cor ollary , ▁, ▁a ▁contradiction . ▁Thus ▁the ▁supp osition ▁must ▁be ▁false , ▁and ▁this ▁cor ollary ▁must ▁be ▁true . ▁ ▁A ▁proof ▁of ▁König ' s ▁theorem ▁Assuming ▁Z erm elo – F ra enk el ▁set ▁theory , ▁including ▁especially ▁the ▁ax iom ▁of ▁choice , ▁we ▁can ▁prove ▁the ▁theorem . ▁Remember ▁that ▁we ▁are ▁given ▁, ▁and ▁we ▁want ▁to ▁show ▁: ▁ ▁The ▁ax iom ▁of |
▁choice ▁implies ▁that ▁the ▁condition ▁A ▁< ▁B ▁is ▁equivalent ▁to ▁the ▁condition ▁that ▁there ▁is ▁no ▁function ▁from ▁A ▁onto ▁B ▁and ▁B ▁is ▁non empty . ▁So ▁we ▁are ▁given ▁that ▁there ▁is ▁no ▁function ▁from ▁A i ▁onto ▁Bi ≠ { }, ▁and ▁we ▁have ▁to ▁show ▁that ▁any ▁function ▁f ▁from ▁the ▁dis joint ▁union ▁of ▁the ▁As ▁to ▁the ▁product ▁of ▁the ▁B s ▁is ▁not ▁sur jective ▁and ▁that ▁the ▁product ▁is ▁non empty . ▁That ▁the ▁product ▁is ▁non empty ▁follows ▁immediately ▁from ▁the ▁ax iom ▁of ▁choice ▁and ▁the ▁fact ▁that ▁the ▁factors ▁are ▁non empty . ▁For ▁each ▁i ▁choose ▁a ▁bi ▁in ▁Bi ▁not ▁in ▁the ▁image ▁of ▁A i ▁under ▁the ▁composition ▁of ▁f ▁with ▁the ▁projection ▁to ▁Bi . ▁Then ▁the ▁product ▁of ▁the ▁elements ▁bi ▁is ▁not ▁in ▁the ▁image ▁of ▁f , ▁so ▁f ▁does ▁not ▁map ▁the ▁dis joint ▁union ▁of ▁the ▁As ▁onto ▁the ▁product ▁of ▁the ▁B s . ▁ ▁Notes ▁ ▁References ▁▁▁ ▁, ▁repr int ed ▁as ▁▁ ▁Category : A xi om ▁of ▁choice ▁Category : The or ems ▁in ▁the ▁found ations ▁of ▁mathematics ▁Category : Card inal ▁numbers ▁Category : Art icles ▁containing ▁proofs <0x0A> </s> ▁Naj af abad ▁( , ▁also ▁Roman ized ▁as ▁Naj af ā b ā d ) ▁is ▁a ▁village ▁in ▁Z az - e ▁Sh ar qi ▁R ural ▁District , ▁Z az ▁va ▁Mah ru ▁District , ▁Al ig ud arz ▁County , ▁Lor |
est an ▁Province , ▁Iran . ▁At ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁census , ▁its ▁population ▁was ▁ 1 4 3 , ▁in ▁ 2 3 ▁families . ▁ ▁References ▁▁ ▁Category : T own s ▁and ▁villages ▁in ▁Al ig ud arz ▁County <0x0A> </s> ▁This ▁tim eline ▁of ▁music ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁covers ▁the ▁period ▁from ▁ 1 8 5 0 ▁to ▁ 1 8 7 9 . ▁It ▁en comp ass es ▁the ▁California ▁Gold ▁R ush , ▁the ▁Civil ▁War ▁and ▁Re const ruction , ▁and ▁touch es ▁on ▁topics ▁related ▁to ▁the ▁inter sections ▁of ▁music ▁and ▁law , ▁commerce ▁and ▁industry , ▁religion , ▁race , ▁eth nic ity , ▁politics , ▁gender , ▁education , ▁histor i ography ▁and ▁academ ics . ▁Sub ject s ▁include ▁folk , ▁popular , ▁the atr ical ▁and ▁classical ▁music , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁Ang lo - American , ▁African ▁American , ▁Native ▁American , ▁Irish ▁American , ▁Arab ▁American , ▁Catholic , ▁Swedish ▁American , ▁Sh aker ▁and ▁Chinese ▁American ▁music . ▁▁ 1 8 5 0 ▁ ▁The ▁jun ius ▁Theater ▁of ▁Nash ville , ▁Tennessee ▁opens , ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁then ▁largest ▁stages ▁in ▁the ▁country . ▁The ▁California ▁Gold ▁R ush ▁brings ▁the ▁first ▁major ▁infl ux ▁of ▁European - der ived ▁music ▁to ▁the ▁ind igen ous ▁pe op les ▁of ▁the ▁Sierra ▁Nev ada ▁and ▁northern ▁California ▁count ies . ▁The ▁first ▁American ▁E isted df od , ▁a ▁Wel sh ▁music |
▁and ▁art ▁festival ▁tradition , ▁is ▁held ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States . ▁Isaac ▁B . ▁Wood bury ▁publish es ▁The ▁D ul c imer ; ▁or , ▁The ▁New ▁York ▁Collection ▁of ▁Sac red ▁Music , ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁most ▁successful ▁collections ▁of ▁Christian ▁songs ▁of ▁the ▁era . ▁One ▁of ▁the ▁biggest ▁musical ▁stars ▁of ▁the ▁day , ▁Swedish ▁singer ▁Jen ny ▁Lind , ▁dem ands ▁the ▁un he ard - of ▁sum ▁of ▁$ 1 8 7 , 0 0 0 ▁from ▁prom oter ▁P . T . ▁Bar num ▁to ▁go ▁on ▁a ▁national ▁concert ▁tour . ▁Bar num ▁ra ises ▁the ▁money , ▁and ▁prom otes ▁her ▁so ▁successfully ▁that ▁an ▁estimated ▁thirty ▁thousand ▁people ▁arrived ▁to ▁watch ▁her ▁ship ▁land ▁in ▁New ▁York ▁Har bor , ▁and ▁the ▁tour ▁is ▁a ▁great ▁financial ▁success . ▁Lind ▁first ▁performs ▁at ▁Castle ▁Gard ens ▁in ▁New ▁York . ▁Louis ▁More au ▁Gott sch alk ▁compos es ▁" The ▁Last ▁Hope ", ▁his ▁most ▁popular ▁song . ▁It ▁will ▁later ▁become ▁a ▁st ap le ▁of ▁film ▁scores , ▁often ▁used ▁to ▁accomp any ▁death ▁scenes . ▁The ▁Lu ca ▁Family ▁performs ▁at ▁an ▁abol ition ist ▁meeting ▁in ▁New ▁York , ▁then ▁goes ▁on ▁to ▁become ▁the ▁most ▁prominent ▁African ▁American ▁singing ▁family ▁of ▁the ▁kind ▁inspired ▁by ▁the ▁white ▁H utch inson ▁Family . ▁The ▁first ▁the ater ▁opens ▁in ▁San ▁Francisco , ▁California . ▁The ▁S li pp ery ▁No od le ▁opens ▁in ▁Indian apolis , ▁Indiana |
. ▁As ▁of ▁ 2 0 0 9 , ▁it ▁is ▁the ▁oldest ▁bar ▁in ▁Indiana ▁and ▁a ▁prominent ▁regional ▁bl ues ▁ven ue . ▁Stephen ▁F oster ' s ▁" G w ine ▁to ▁Run ▁All ▁Night ", ▁or ▁" De ▁Cam pt own ▁R aces ", ▁becomes ▁a ▁min st rel ▁show ▁hit , ▁helping ▁to ▁launch ▁F oster ' s ▁career ; ▁he ▁would ▁go ▁on ▁to ▁become ▁the ▁most ▁famous ▁song writer ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 9 th ▁century , ▁and ▁the ▁first ▁" full - time ▁popular ▁song writer ". ▁He ▁also ▁composed ▁Angel ina ▁Baker ▁in ▁this ▁year . ▁ ▁Henry ▁We hr mann ▁and ▁his ▁wife ▁become ▁the ▁most ▁prominent ▁eng ra vers ▁in ▁the ▁Southern ▁music ▁publishing ▁industry . ▁Self - cons ci ously ▁old - f ashion ed ▁concert s , ▁in ▁period ▁dress , ▁present ing ▁the ▁music ▁of ▁the ▁colonial - era ▁United ▁States ▁become ▁popular ; ▁they ▁are ▁known ▁as ▁Old ▁Fol ks ▁Con cert s , ▁and ▁are ▁first ▁organized ▁by ▁Robert ▁K emp . ▁The ▁San ▁Francisco ▁opera ▁tradition ▁begins ▁in ▁ 1 8 5 0 ▁and ▁bo asts ▁international ▁stars ▁and ▁a ▁l ively ▁set ▁of ▁local ▁perform ers ▁by ▁the ▁middle ▁of ▁the ▁de cade . ▁Popular ▁songs ▁become ▁more ▁" ha un ting ▁and ▁ma w k ish , ▁the ▁for er un ner ▁of ▁the ▁modern ▁' h urt in ▁songs ". ▁| } ▁▁ 1 8 5 1 ▁ ▁Community ▁br ass ▁bands ▁have |
▁spread ▁across ▁the ▁country , ▁even ▁to ▁rural ▁Columbia , ▁California , ▁where ▁a ▁local ▁br ass ▁band ▁gre ets ▁the ▁arrival ▁of ▁the ▁first ▁white ▁woman ▁in ▁the ▁town . ▁Ex - s lave ▁Elizabeth ▁Green field ▁begins ▁performing ▁in ▁Buff alo , ▁New ▁York , ▁under ▁the ▁spons or ship ▁of ▁the ▁Buff alo ▁Musical ▁Association . ▁She ▁subsequently ▁t ours ▁across ▁North ▁America , ▁becoming ▁popular ly ▁known ▁as ▁the ▁Black ▁Sw an , ▁the ▁country ' s ▁first ▁black ▁concert ▁singer . ▁Lewis ▁Henry ▁Morgan ▁conduct s ▁the ▁first ▁eth n ographic ▁study ▁of ▁the ▁Native ▁Americans ▁of ▁the ▁N ortheast ▁United ▁States . ▁Music ▁education ▁is ▁first ▁introduced ▁into ▁the ▁public ▁school ▁systems ▁of ▁Cleveland , ▁Ohio ▁and ▁San ▁Francisco , ▁California . ▁Stephen ▁F oster ' s ▁" Old ▁Fol ks ▁at ▁Home " ▁is ▁published ; ▁it ▁will ▁become ▁his ▁most ▁popular ▁and ▁remains ▁perhaps ▁his ▁best - known ▁composition . Ch ase , ▁pg . ▁ 2 5 6 ▁The odore ▁E isf eld ▁begins ▁a ▁series ▁of ▁concert s ▁that ▁will ▁play ▁a ▁major ▁part ▁in ▁introdu cing ▁public ▁chamber ▁music ▁concert s ▁to ▁New ▁York ▁City . ▁The ▁first ▁opera ▁performed ▁in ▁San ▁Francisco ▁is ▁V inc en zo ▁Bell ini ' s ▁La ▁son n amb ula , ▁performed ▁by ▁a ▁tr oupe ▁led ▁by ▁an ▁Italian ▁ten or ▁formerly ▁employed ▁in ▁Peru ▁and ▁Chile . ▁▁ 1 8 5 2 ▁ ▁The ▁first ▁C anton ese ▁opera ▁performed ▁in ▁the ▁United |
▁States ▁premiers ▁in ▁San ▁Francisco , ▁performed ▁by ▁the ▁Hong ▁To ok ▁T ong ▁Chinese ▁D ram atic ▁Company . ▁A ▁fire ▁dest ro ys ▁the ▁Boston ▁factory ▁of ▁Ch ick ering ▁and ▁Songs , ▁the ▁market ▁leader ▁in ▁the ▁American ▁piano ▁manufact uring ▁industry , ▁it ▁will ▁be ▁re built ▁to ▁be ▁the ▁largest ▁building ▁in ▁the ▁country ▁after ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Capit ol ▁building . D w ight ' s ▁Journal ▁of ▁Music , ▁an ▁influ ential ▁period ical , ▁is ▁first ▁published ▁in ▁Boston . ▁One ▁of ▁its ▁contrib utors ▁is ▁Alexander ▁W heel ock ▁Th ayer , ▁who ▁will ▁go ▁on ▁to ▁become ▁the ▁first ▁North ▁American ▁" sch olar ▁to ▁undert ake ▁studies ▁of ▁music ▁history ▁based ▁on ▁criticism ▁of ▁primary ▁sources ". ▁The ▁Boston ian ▁El iza ▁B isc acci anti ▁and ▁the ▁Irish born ▁Catherine ▁Hay es ▁are ▁the ▁first ▁in ▁a ▁series ▁of ▁star ▁sing ers ▁to ▁make ▁the ▁fled g ling ▁San ▁Francisco ▁opera ▁tradition ▁among ▁the ▁most ▁prominent ▁in ▁the ▁country . ▁The ▁mel ody ▁for ▁the ▁song ▁that ▁would ▁eventually ▁be ▁known ▁as ▁" John ▁Brown ' s ▁Body " ▁is ▁composed ▁by ▁William ▁Ste ffe . ▁It ▁will ▁become ▁the ▁uno fficial ▁theme ▁song ▁for ▁African ▁American ▁serv ic emen ▁during ▁the ▁Civil ▁War . ▁The ▁song ▁is ▁spread ▁by ▁the ▁Tw elf th ▁Massachusetts ▁Regiment . ▁Music ▁education ▁is ▁first ▁introduced ▁into ▁the ▁public ▁school ▁system ▁of ▁St . ▁Louis , ▁Missouri . A ▁Sac red ▁Re pository ▁of ▁Anth |
ems ▁and ▁H ym ns , ▁the ▁first ▁Sh aker ▁h ymn al ▁to ▁feature ▁t unes , ▁is ▁published ▁in ▁Can ter bury , ▁New ▁Ham pshire . ▁▁ 1 8 5 3 ▁ ▁Bro oks ▁K . ▁M ould ▁releases ▁" G arden ▁City ▁Pol ka ", ▁the ▁first ▁copy right ed ▁music ▁published ▁in ▁Chicago . ▁This ▁is ▁the ▁beginning ▁of ▁that ▁city ' s ▁publishing ▁industry . ▁F irth , ▁P ond ▁& ▁Company ▁publish ▁The ▁Br ass ▁Band ▁Journal , ▁which ▁includes ▁the ▁first ▁band ▁music ▁to ▁use ▁the ▁sa x horn . ▁Frederick ▁Law ▁Ol m sted ▁gives ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁earliest ▁dep ict ions ▁of ▁an ▁African ▁American ▁field ▁hol ler , ▁describing ▁it ▁as ▁" a ▁long , ▁loud ▁musical ▁shout , ▁rising ▁and ▁falling , ▁and ▁breaking ▁into ▁a ▁cres c endo ... ▁like ▁a ▁bug le ▁call ". ▁George ▁F . ▁Root , ▁William ▁Brad bury ▁and ▁Low ell ▁Mason ▁organ ize ▁the ▁first ▁Normal ▁Musical ▁Institute , ▁a ▁school ▁offering ▁training ▁for ▁music ▁teachers , ▁located ▁in ▁New ▁York . Ch ase , ▁pg . ▁ 1 4 3 ▁Root ▁and ▁Brad bury , ▁with ▁Thomas ▁H ast ings ▁and ▁Tim othy ▁Mason , ▁collabor ate ▁on ▁The ▁Shaw m , ▁a ▁popular ▁collection ▁of ▁church ▁music ▁which ▁they ▁advert ise ▁as ▁s elling ▁more ▁in ▁its ▁first ▁year ▁of ▁release ▁than ▁" any ▁previous ▁similar ▁publication ". ▁Louis ▁Antoine ▁Jul li en , ▁a ▁French ▁conduct or , ▁forms ▁an ▁or |
chestra ▁in ▁New ▁York , ▁to ▁great ▁acc laim ; ▁his ▁prominent ▁use ▁of ▁the ▁quadr ille ▁helps ▁to ▁sp ur ▁the ▁development ▁of ▁sheet ▁music ▁for ▁that ▁dance . ▁Louis ▁Gott sch alk ▁begins ▁his ▁concert ▁career ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States , ▁already ▁a ▁ren owned ▁composer ▁from ▁his ▁work ▁in ▁Europe . ▁The ▁first ▁opera ▁performed ▁in ▁Chicago ▁is ▁Lu cia ▁de ▁L amm erm oor . ▁V irt u oso ▁Norwegian ▁viol in ist ▁Ole ▁Bull ▁attract s ▁an ▁un pre ced ented ▁ 1 0 , 0 0 0 ▁people ▁to ▁a ▁concert ▁in ▁M emph is , ▁Tennessee . ▁Phill ip ▁Wer lein ▁enters ▁the ▁music ▁publishing ▁business ▁in ▁New ▁Orleans . ▁He ▁will ▁go ▁on ▁to ▁become ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁principal ▁publish ers ▁of ▁that ▁city ▁in ▁the ▁mid - 1 9 th ▁century . ▁Stephen ▁F oster ' s ▁" My ▁Old ▁Kentucky ▁Home , ▁Good ▁Night " ▁represents ▁a ▁radical ▁shift ▁in ▁his ▁approach ▁to ▁composition , ▁abandon ing ▁the ▁use ▁of ▁dialect ▁and ▁im part ing ▁a ▁" bl at ant ▁message ▁( that ) ▁und ou bt edly ▁affect ( s ) ▁working - class ▁min st rel ▁show ▁aud ien ces ▁( who ) ▁would ▁soon ▁be ▁called ▁on ▁to ▁shed ▁their ▁blood ▁to ▁bring ▁about ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁sla very ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ". ▁William ▁Henry ▁F ry ' s ▁Santa ▁Cla us : ▁Christmas ▁Sym phony ▁is ▁first ▁performed . ▁It ▁is ▁a ▁controvers ial ▁piece , ▁and ▁is |
▁probably ▁the ▁first ▁American ▁composition ▁to ▁use ▁the ▁sa x oph one . ▁It ▁also ▁uses ▁special ▁effects ▁that ▁will ▁not ▁become ▁common ▁elements ▁in ▁such ▁pieces ▁until ▁the ▁following ▁century , ▁including ▁a ▁to y ▁tr ump et , ▁sle igh ▁b ells , ▁a ▁wh ip , ▁and ▁the ▁use ▁of ▁a ▁double ▁bass ▁to ▁make ▁the ▁sound ▁of ▁how ling ▁wind ▁and ▁a ▁dying ▁travel er . ▁▁ 1 8 5 4 ▁ ▁The ▁English ▁singer ▁Anna ▁Th illon ▁stars ▁in ▁a ▁series ▁of ▁opera ▁performances ▁in ▁San ▁Francisco , ▁in ▁the ▁city ' s ▁first ▁professional ▁season . ▁A ▁local ▁Italian ▁opera ▁company ▁forms ▁as ▁well , ▁performing ▁four teen ▁oper as , ▁half ▁of ▁them ▁by ▁the ▁rising ▁composer ▁Giuseppe ▁Ver di . ▁A ▁Sy rian ▁sett ling ▁in ▁Brook lyn ▁is ▁ap oc ry ph ally ▁said ▁to ▁be ▁the ▁first ▁Arab ▁to ▁perman ently ▁move ▁to ▁the ▁United ▁States , ▁thus ▁beginning ▁the ▁Arab ▁American ▁musical ▁tradition . ▁Tw elve - year - old ▁August us ▁Mey ers ▁en lists ▁in ▁the ▁Army . ▁His ▁account ▁of ▁the ▁School ▁of ▁Pract ice ▁for ▁Army ▁bands men ▁on ▁Govern ors ▁Island ▁in ▁New ▁York , ▁published ▁in ▁Ten ▁Years ▁in ▁the ▁R anks , ▁U . S . ▁Army , ▁is ▁the ▁first ▁description ▁of ▁that ▁School . ▁M embers ▁of ▁the ▁New ▁England ▁Em igr ant ▁A id ▁Company , ▁led ▁by ▁a ▁young ▁man ▁named ▁Forest ▁Sav age , ▁form ▁a ▁band ▁in ▁Lawrence , |
▁Kansas . ▁This ▁is ▁said ▁to ▁be ▁the ▁beginning ▁of ▁the ▁documented ▁music ▁history ▁of ▁Kansas . ▁Victor - E ug ene ▁McC art y , ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁first ▁of ▁several ▁prominent ▁free ▁black ▁compos ers ▁in ▁New ▁Orleans , ▁publish es ▁Fle urs ▁de ▁sal on : ▁ 2 ▁F avor ite ▁Pol k as . ▁William ▁A . ▁H od g don ▁moves ▁to ▁St . ▁Louis , ▁Missouri , ▁where ▁he ▁will ▁pione er ▁the ▁use ▁of ▁music ▁in ▁that ▁area ' s ▁public ▁schools . B ir ge , ▁pg . ▁ 8 0 ▁▁ 1 8 5 5 ▁ ▁The ▁Board ▁of ▁Music ▁Trade ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁States , ▁a ▁trade ▁cart el , ▁is ▁formed ▁by ▁the ▁twenty - five ▁biggest ▁music ▁publishing ▁companies ▁in ▁the ▁country , ▁inst itut ing ▁price ▁controls ▁on ▁sheet ▁music ▁for ▁European ▁classical ▁music , ▁which ▁will ▁remain ▁in ▁place ▁until ▁ 1 8 8 5 . ▁The ▁Board ▁will ▁also ▁fight ▁music ▁teachers , ▁who ▁sell ▁sheet ▁music ▁to ▁their ▁students . ▁George ▁F . ▁Br ist ow ' s ▁R ip ▁Van ▁W ink le ▁is ▁said ▁to ▁be ▁the ▁first ▁successful ▁opera ▁on ▁an ▁American ▁subject , ▁Washington ▁Ir ving ' s ▁short ▁story ▁R ip ▁Van ▁W ink le . ▁It ▁is ▁also ▁the ▁first ▁American ▁opera ▁based ▁on ▁a ▁subject ▁by ▁a ▁contempor aneous ▁author . ▁ ▁Henry ▁W ad sw orth ▁Long f ellow ▁publish es ▁a ▁long ▁poem ▁called ▁The ▁Song ▁of ▁H |
ia w ath a , ▁which ▁spark s ▁a ▁sur ge ▁of ▁interest ▁in ▁Native ▁American ▁culture ; ▁this ▁helps ▁to ▁insp ire ▁many ▁later ▁attempts ▁at ▁f using ▁elements ▁of ▁Native ▁American ▁and ▁European - der ived ▁mus ics . ▁Long f ellow ' s ▁work ▁insp ires ▁many ▁compos ers ▁like ▁Charles ▁Cro zat ▁Con verse ' s ▁" The ▁Death ▁of ▁Min neh aha ". ▁Louis ▁Gr un ew ald , ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁major ▁music ▁publish ers ▁of ▁the ▁Civil ▁War ▁era ▁in ▁New ▁Orleans , ▁enters ▁the ▁business ▁for ▁the ▁first ▁time . ▁William ▁Joseph ▁Har de e ▁publish es ▁a ▁two ▁volume ▁manual ▁R if le ▁and ▁Light ▁Infantry ▁T act ics : ▁For ▁the ▁Ex erc ise ▁and ▁M ano e uv res ▁of ▁Tro ops ▁When ▁Act ing ▁as ▁Light ▁Infantry ▁or ▁R if le men . ▁It ▁contains ▁the ▁" General ▁C alls " ▁that ▁will ▁signal ▁all ▁the ▁important ▁events ▁in ▁daily ▁military ▁camp ▁life ▁for ▁both ▁the ▁Confeder ate ▁and ▁Union ▁arm ies ▁in ▁the ▁coming ▁Civil ▁War . ▁▁ 1 8 5 6 ▁ ▁W . C . ▁Peters ▁and ▁Son , ▁a ▁music ▁publishing ▁company , ▁releases ▁a ▁collection ▁of ▁h ym ns ▁that ▁is ▁the ▁first ▁such ▁collection ▁published ▁in ▁the ▁American ▁Mid west . ▁▁ 1 8 5 7 ▁ ▁Edmund ▁D édé ▁is ▁possibly ▁the ▁first ▁black ▁North ▁American ▁to ▁gradu ate ▁from ▁the ▁Paris ▁Conserv atory . ▁Joseph ▁William ▁Post el wa ite , ▁a ▁free |
▁African ▁American , ▁begins ▁leading ▁bands ▁in ▁the ▁St . ▁Louis ▁area , ▁also ▁compos ing ▁several ▁pieces , ▁including ▁the ▁popular ▁" St . ▁Louis ▁Gre ys ▁Quick ▁Step ". ▁Louis ville , ▁Kentucky ▁becomes ▁the ▁first ▁city ▁in ▁the ▁country ▁to ▁include ▁music ▁education ▁in ▁the ▁primary ▁gr ades . ▁Oliver ▁Dit son ' s ▁music ▁publishing ▁business ▁begins ▁collabor ating ▁with ▁John ▁C . ▁Hay nes ; ▁the ▁du o ▁will ▁be ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁major ▁publish ers ▁of ▁the ▁American ▁Civil ▁War , ▁and ▁will ▁bo ast ▁of ▁publishing ▁half ▁of ▁the ▁songs ▁printed ▁in ▁the ▁country ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 8 7 0 s . ▁The ▁National ▁Association ▁of ▁Music ▁Te ach ers ▁is ▁formed . ▁▁ 1 8 5 8 ▁ ▁Dan ▁Em m ett , ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁major ▁compos ers ▁of ▁min st rel ▁songs , ▁begins ▁his ▁career ▁with ▁Bry ant ' s ▁M inst rel s . ▁Root ▁& ▁C ady , ▁a ▁Chicago - based ▁music ▁publishing ▁firm , ▁is ▁founded . ▁It ▁will ▁become ▁the ▁most ▁successful ▁publishing ▁company ▁in ▁the ▁North ▁during ▁the ▁Civil ▁War , ▁and ▁will ▁publish ▁most ▁of ▁the ▁popular ▁songs ▁of ▁the ▁war . ▁William ▁Walker ' s ▁Southern ▁Harm ony ▁contains ▁a ▁song ▁consisting ▁of ▁the ▁text ▁from ▁John ▁Newton ' s ▁" A maz ing ▁Grace " ▁and ▁the ▁t une ▁of ▁the ▁traditional ▁song ▁" New ▁Britain "; ▁this ▁will ▁go ▁on ▁to ▁become ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁most ▁famous ▁songs ▁of ▁the ▁American |
▁folk ▁re per toire . ▁▁ 1 8 5 9 ▁ ▁" D ix ie ", ▁a ▁song ▁by ▁Dan ▁Em m ett ▁premiers ▁on stage ▁in ▁New ▁York , ▁soon ▁becoming ▁a ▁r ally ing ▁cry ▁for ▁both ▁sides ▁of ▁the ▁Civil ▁War . ▁The ▁song ▁will ▁eventually ▁become ▁an ▁icon ic ▁symbol ▁of ▁the ▁South . C raw ford , ▁pg . ▁ 2 6 4 ▁James ▁Hung er ford , ▁in ▁his ▁novel , ▁The ▁Old ▁Plant ation , ▁and ▁What ▁I ▁G ather ed ▁There ▁in ▁an ▁Aut umn ▁Month , ▁becomes ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁first ▁to ▁trans cribe ▁a ▁mel ody ▁from ▁an ▁African ▁American ▁slave ▁song , ▁a ▁" bo at ▁song " ▁from ▁Southern ▁Maryland . ▁Patrick ▁Gil more , ▁an ▁Irish ▁American ▁band le ader , ▁deb uts ▁his ▁band ▁in ▁New ▁York ; ▁the ▁ensemble ' s ▁professional ▁and ▁grand io se ▁performances ▁will ▁make ▁it ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁most ▁popular ▁of ▁the ▁Civil ▁War ▁era . C raw ford , ▁p gs . ▁ 2 8 7 – 2 8 9 ▁▁ 1 8 6 0 ▁ ▁Arm and ▁Black mar ▁and ▁his ▁brother , ▁Henry , ▁open ▁a ▁music ▁publishing ▁business ▁in ▁New ▁Orleans . ▁They ▁will ▁become ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁most ▁prominent ▁Southern ▁publishing ▁houses ▁during ▁the ▁Civil ▁War . C orn el ius , ▁pg . ▁ 1 7 ▁This ▁year ▁also ▁sees ▁the ▁entry ▁into ▁the ▁publishing ▁business ▁of ▁John ▁Sch re iner ▁of ▁Ma con , ▁Georgia , |
▁the ▁most ▁advent ur ous ▁publish er ▁of ▁the ▁war ▁era . ▁" The ▁First ▁Gun ▁Is ▁F ired ! ▁May ▁God ▁Prote ct ▁the ▁Right !" ▁by ▁George ▁Frederick ▁Root ▁is ▁inspired ▁by ▁the ▁Battle ▁of ▁Fort ▁Sum ter , ▁the ▁first ▁fighting ▁of ▁the ▁American ▁Civil ▁War . ▁The ▁song ▁is ▁published ▁only ▁three ▁days ▁after ▁the ▁attack . ▁With ▁the ▁death ▁of ▁J och ▁C . ▁Walker , ▁his ▁company ▁becomes ▁known ▁as ▁Evans ▁& ▁C og sw ell , ▁the ▁most ▁important ▁l ith ograph er ▁and ▁printer ▁in ▁the ▁Confeder acy . ▁San ▁Francisco ▁is ▁home ▁to ▁ 1 4 5 ▁opera ▁performances , ▁making ▁this ▁year ▁a ▁waters hed ▁for ▁opera , ▁both ▁in ▁San ▁Francisco ▁and ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States . ▁An ▁estimated ▁ 2 1 7 , 0 0 0 ▁seats ▁were ▁sold ▁in ▁the ▁year , ▁in ▁a ▁city ▁with ▁a ▁population ▁of ▁about ▁ 6 0 , 0 0 0 . ▁This ▁level ▁of ▁popular ity ▁is ▁un he ard ▁of ▁in ▁any ▁North ▁American ▁city ▁at ▁any ▁point ▁in ▁history . ▁" The ▁Pal met to ▁State ▁Song " ▁is ▁published , ▁first ▁of ▁" what ▁was ▁to ▁become ▁the ▁Confeder ate ▁music ▁collection ". ▁It ▁is ▁the ▁first ▁published ▁Confeder ate ▁sheet ▁music . ▁▁ 1 8 6 1 ▁ ▁The ▁American ▁Civil ▁War ▁begins . ▁Before ▁it ▁ends , ▁it ▁will ▁have ▁a ▁prof ound ▁impact ▁on ▁American ▁music , ▁sp urr ing ▁the ▁publishing ▁of ▁patri otic ▁songs ▁on |
▁both ▁sides , ▁the ▁migration ▁of ▁African ▁Americans , ▁and ▁their ▁styles ▁and ▁instruments , ▁to ▁new ▁local es ▁and ▁the ▁mixing ▁of ▁the ▁mus ics ▁of ▁many ▁pe op les ▁and ▁regions ▁in ▁diverse ▁military ▁units . ▁The ▁Civil ▁War ▁will ▁also ▁stim ulate ▁the ▁production ▁of ▁br ass ▁instruments ▁and ▁drums . ▁The ▁Battle ▁of ▁First ▁Man ass as ▁is ▁among ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁early ▁Southern ▁vict ories ▁that ▁are ▁" conf ident ly ▁celebrated ▁in ▁broad s ides ▁and ▁sheet ▁music , ▁no ▁matter ▁how ▁ins ign ific ant ▁the ▁outcome ". ▁Other ▁important ▁vict ories ▁include ▁the ▁Battle ▁of ▁Wilson ' s ▁Creek ▁and ▁the ▁Battle ▁of ▁Bel mont . ▁Clara ▁Louise ▁Kel log g , ▁a ▁professional ▁solo ist , ▁deb uts ▁at ▁the ▁New ▁York ▁Academy ▁of ▁Music , ▁soon ▁becoming ▁a ▁company ▁manager ▁and ▁major ▁figure ▁in ▁American ▁opera ▁history . ▁Thomas ▁Baker ▁publish es ▁the ▁first ▁" sheet - music ▁publication ▁of ▁any ▁black ▁spiritual ", ▁Song ▁of ▁the ▁Cont rab ands . ▁Har ri et ▁T ub man ' s ▁" Go ▁Down , ▁Mos es " ▁is ▁the ▁first ▁spiritual ▁published ▁with ▁music ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States . M alone ▁and ▁Str ick lin , ▁pg . ▁ 2 6 ▁It ▁is ▁also ▁the ▁most ▁famous ▁cont rab and ▁song , ▁or ▁those ▁spiritual s ▁which ▁refuge e ▁slaves ▁( cont rab ands ) ▁brought ▁to ▁Fort ress ▁Mon roe , ▁Virginia ; ▁for ▁many ▁white ▁northern ers , ▁these ▁songs ▁became ▁their |
▁first ▁significant ▁contact ▁with ▁spiritual s . ▁Harry ▁Mac ar thy ▁writes ▁" The ▁Bon nie ▁Blue ▁Flag ", ▁which ▁becomes ▁a ▁popular ▁Confeder ate ▁anth em ▁after ▁he ▁performs ▁it ▁for ▁the ▁Texas ▁R angers ▁and ▁other ▁soldiers ▁at ▁the ▁Academy ▁of ▁Music ▁in ▁New ▁Orleans . ▁The ▁success ▁of ▁the ▁song ▁and ▁his ▁" Person ation ▁Con cert s ", ▁which ▁feature ▁imp erson ations ▁of ▁dialect s ▁and ▁acc ents , ▁made ▁him ▁the ▁" best - known ▁and ▁best - lo ved ▁ent ert ainer ▁of ▁the ▁Civil ▁War " ▁A ▁fire ▁dest ro ys ▁Hi bern ian ▁Hall , ▁the ▁major ▁the ater ▁of ▁the ▁city ▁of ▁Char l eston , ▁South ▁Carolina ; ▁though ▁the ▁Hall ▁is ▁re built , ▁it ▁never ▁reg ains ▁its ▁former ▁reputation . ▁The ▁most ▁compreh ensive ▁collection ▁of ▁h ym ns ▁in ▁American ▁history , ▁H ym ns ▁An cient ▁and ▁Modern , ▁is ▁first ▁published . ▁By ▁the ▁time ▁its ▁second ▁edition ▁is ▁released ▁in ▁ 1 8 7 5 , ▁it ▁will ▁be ▁by ▁far ▁the ▁dominant ▁Ang lic an ▁h ymn al ▁in ▁the ▁country . ▁A ▁se cess ion ist ▁attack ▁on ▁Union ▁troops ▁in ▁Baltimore ▁insp ire ▁James ▁Ry der ▁Rand all ▁to ▁write ▁" M ary land , ▁My ▁Maryland ". ▁The ▁song ▁became ▁perhaps ▁the ▁most ▁end uring ▁of ▁the ▁era ▁and ▁reflect s ▁the ▁bitter ▁part is ans hip ▁of ▁border ▁states ▁like ▁Maryland . ▁It ▁is ▁eventually ▁chosen ▁as ▁the ▁state ▁song |
▁of ▁Maryland . El son , ▁University ▁Musical ▁Encyclopedia , ▁pg . ▁ 8 1 ; ▁El son ▁calls ▁it ▁the ▁" only ▁distinct ive ▁anth em " ▁among ▁state ▁songs . ▁The ▁song ▁is ▁set ▁to ▁music ▁later ▁that ▁year ▁by ▁members ▁of ▁the ▁Baltimore ▁G lee ▁Club , ▁including ▁the ▁prominent ▁pro - Conf eder ate ▁C ary ▁family , ▁most ▁fam ously ▁Het ty ▁C ary . ▁During ▁the ▁attack , ▁the ▁military ▁mus icians ▁drop ▁their ▁instruments ▁and ▁fle e . ▁Four ▁bands men ▁die , ▁the ▁first ▁such ▁cas ual ties ▁of ▁the ▁Civil ▁War . ▁Jefferson ▁Davis ▁is ▁inaugur ated ▁President ▁of ▁the ▁Confeder acy ▁in ▁Mont gom ery , ▁Alabama . ▁Local ▁band le ader ▁Hermann ▁Arnold , ▁adapt s ▁" D ix ie " ▁into ▁a ▁military ▁quick step ▁for ▁the ▁event . ▁The ▁song ▁energ izes ▁the ▁crowd , ▁and ▁Davis ▁con cludes ▁that ▁" D ix ie " ▁should ▁be ▁the ▁national ▁anth em ▁for ▁the ▁Confeder acy . ▁Notable ▁alternative ▁versions ▁are ▁soon ▁prof fer ed , ▁including ▁the ▁def i ant ▁" war ▁song " ▁version ▁of ▁Albert ▁Pi ke ▁and ▁one ▁by ▁Henry ▁Tro op ▁St anton , ▁known ▁at ▁the ▁time ▁as ▁the ▁" Po et ▁La ure ate ▁of ▁Kentucky ". ▁A ▁number ▁of ▁popular ▁songs ▁are ▁published ▁later ▁in ▁the ▁year , ▁celebr ating ▁Davis , ▁most ▁fam ously ▁including ▁" O ur ▁First ▁President ' s ▁Quick step ". ▁The ▁Northern ▁Army , ▁having ▁already ▁occupied |
▁Port ▁Royal , ▁South ▁Carolina , ▁sends ▁an ▁educational ▁mission ▁to ▁care ▁for ▁the ▁large ▁African ▁American ▁population ; ▁Lucy ▁McK im ▁G arrison ▁is ▁among ▁the ▁northern ▁visitors , ▁and ▁her ▁study ▁is ▁the ▁" first ▁account ▁of ▁( A fr ican ▁American ▁spiritual s ) ▁that ▁attempted ▁to ▁describe ▁some ▁of ▁their ▁characteristic ▁features ". ▁Her ▁work ▁will ▁later ▁be ▁used ▁in ▁the ▁influ ential ▁collection ▁S lave ▁Songs ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁States . D arden , ▁pg . ▁ 9 9 ▁Congress ▁author izes ▁the ▁h iring ▁of ▁mus icians ▁in ▁varying ▁amounts ▁for ▁inf antry , ▁caval ry ▁and ▁art illery ▁units ▁in ▁the ▁U . S . ▁Army . ▁▁ 1 8 6 2 ▁ ▁" The ▁Battle ▁H ymn ▁of ▁the ▁Republic ", ▁with ▁words ▁by ▁Julia ▁Ward ▁How e , ▁is ▁first ▁published ; ▁it , ▁and ▁" B attle ▁Cry ▁of ▁Fre edom " ▁by ▁George ▁Frederick ▁Root , ▁become ▁perhaps ▁the ▁most ▁influ ential ▁pro - Union ▁songs ▁of ▁the ▁Civil ▁War . C raw ford , ▁pg . ▁ 2 6 3 ▁The ▁Confeder ate ▁government ▁instit utes ▁cons cription , ▁leading ▁to ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁songs ▁that ▁neg atively ▁described ▁the ▁cons cript s ▁as ▁having ▁a ▁t endency ▁to ▁desert ▁and ▁act ▁cow ard ly ▁in ▁battle . ▁Union ▁general ▁Dan ▁But ter field ▁compos es ▁the ▁modern ▁mel ody ▁known ▁as ▁" T aps ", ▁after ▁the ▁Seven ▁Days ▁Batt les ; ▁this ▁is ▁the ▁only ▁new ▁field ▁music ▁to |
▁appear ▁during ▁the ▁Civil ▁War . ▁To ▁re assert ▁Northern ▁ownership ▁of ▁the ▁song , ▁" D ix ie ", ▁which ▁is ▁wild ly ▁popular ▁in ▁both ▁the ▁North ▁and ▁the ▁South ▁and ▁claimed ▁as ▁a ▁patri otic ▁anth em ▁in ▁both ▁areas , ▁is ▁incorpor ated ▁into ▁this ▁year ' s ▁re issue ▁of ▁The ▁Dr um mer ' s ▁and ▁F ifer ' s ▁Guide , ▁the ▁uno fficial ▁manual ▁for ▁field ▁music ▁in ▁the ▁Union ▁army . ▁George ▁F . ▁Root ▁writes ▁" Just ▁Before ▁the ▁Battle , ▁Mother ", ▁the ▁most ▁popular ▁of ▁many ▁Civil ▁War ▁era ▁songs ▁that ▁focus ▁on ▁the ▁love ▁of ▁a ▁soldier ▁for ▁his ▁mother ; ▁the ▁song ▁is ▁first ▁published ▁only ▁in ▁the ▁North , ▁but ▁becomes ▁popular ▁in ▁the ▁South ▁too ▁after ▁being ▁published ▁there ▁in ▁ 1 8 6 5 . ▁The ▁song , ▁along ▁with ▁" B attle ▁Cry ▁of ▁Fre edom ", ▁" The ▁V ac ant ▁Chair " ▁and ▁" Tr amp , ▁Tr amp , ▁Tr amp ▁( or ▁the ▁Pr ison er ' s ▁Hope )", ▁become ▁among ▁Root ' s ▁most ▁end uring , ▁and ▁among ▁the ▁most ▁popular ▁of ▁the ▁Civil ▁War . ▁H ood ' s ▁M inst rel s ▁build ▁themselves ▁a ▁log ▁cabin ▁the ater ▁to ▁perform ▁in , ▁and ▁become ▁the ▁best - known ▁of ▁the ▁amateur ▁Confeder ate ▁military ▁bands ▁of ▁the ▁Civil ▁War . ▁John ▁William son ▁Pal mer ▁writes ▁and ▁publish es ▁an onym ously ▁the ▁popular ▁song |
▁" St one wall ▁Jackson ' s ▁Way ", ▁ ▁which ▁celebr ates ▁General ▁Stone wall ▁Jackson . ▁The ▁song ▁" M ary land , ▁My ▁Maryland ", ▁though ▁still ▁a ▁popular ▁r ally ing ▁cry ▁for ▁Confeder ate ▁soldiers ▁and ▁sympath izers , ▁end ures ▁a ▁back l ash ▁that ▁re leg ates ▁it ▁to ▁a ▁second ▁tier ▁Confeder ate ▁anth em ▁( comp ared ▁to ▁the ▁other ▁two ▁major ▁cont enders , ▁" D ix ie " ▁and ▁" B on nie ▁Blue ▁Flag ") ▁after ▁it ▁becomes ▁apparent ▁that ▁Maryland ▁will ▁not ▁join ▁the ▁Confeder acy , ▁both ▁due ▁to ▁a ▁lack ▁of ▁support ▁in ▁much ▁of ▁the ▁state ▁and ▁the ▁ending ▁of ▁the ▁Southern ▁invasion ▁of ▁Maryland ▁with ▁the ▁Battle ▁of ▁Anti et am . ▁William ▁Miller ▁and ▁Joseph ▁R . ▁Beach am ▁form ▁Miller ▁& ▁Beach am ▁after ▁purch asing ▁the ▁music ▁publishing ▁firm ▁originally ▁formed ▁by ▁John ▁Cole ▁in ▁Baltimore ; ▁the ▁company ▁will ▁published ▁many ▁of ▁the ▁most ▁popular ▁Confeder ate ▁songs ▁during ▁the ▁Civil ▁War . ▁The ▁Richmond ▁Theater , ▁the ▁most ▁important ▁concert ▁stage ▁in ▁Richmond , ▁Virginia , ▁burn s ▁down . ▁Con cert s ▁immediately ▁moved ▁to ▁the ▁nearby ▁Franklin ▁Hall . ▁Root ▁& ▁C ady ▁publish es ▁The ▁Silver ▁L ute , ▁the ▁first ▁music ▁book ▁printed ▁in ▁Chicago . ▁It ▁will ▁go ▁on ▁to ▁be ▁used ▁in ▁the ▁Chicago ▁school ▁system . ▁Popular ▁Confeder ate ▁sheet ▁music ▁and ▁broad s ides ▁switch ▁from ▁grand ly ▁celebr ating ▁the ▁South ' |
s ▁early ▁vict ories ▁to ▁l aments ▁that ▁her ald ed ▁" mart ial ▁de eds ▁( but ▁also ) ▁began ▁to ▁e ul og ize ▁sacrifice " ▁after ▁a ▁series ▁of ▁set back s , ▁including ▁the ▁blo ody ▁st alem ate ▁at ▁Sh il oh . ▁Very ▁few ▁vict ories ▁are ▁celebrated ▁in ▁Southern ▁song ▁after ▁the ▁defeat ▁at ▁the ▁Battle ▁of ▁Freder icks burg . ▁Congress ▁abol ishes ▁regiment al ▁bands ▁in ▁the ▁U . S . ▁Army ▁to ▁cut ▁costs , ▁replacing ▁them ▁with ▁brig ade ▁bands . ▁The ▁pay ▁and ▁rank ▁of ▁bands men ▁is ▁reduced ▁as ▁well . ▁Will ▁S . ▁H ays , ▁a ▁popular ▁Kent uck ian ▁song writer , ▁publish es ▁" The ▁Dr um mer ▁Boy ▁of ▁Sh il oh ", ▁an ▁important ▁work ▁influenced ▁by ▁Irish ▁and ▁Italian ▁songs . ▁▁ 1 8 6 3 ▁ ▁The ▁Battle ▁of ▁Gal vest on ▁leads ▁to ▁a ▁large ▁number ▁of ▁refuge es ▁moving ▁to ▁Houston , ▁Texas , ▁establish ing ▁that ▁city ▁as ▁a ▁musical ▁and ▁cultural ▁center ▁along ▁the ▁G ulf ▁Coast . National ▁Conference ▁of ▁Music ▁of ▁the ▁Civil ▁War ▁Era , ▁pg . ▁ 1 7 , ▁cit ing ▁P ugh ▁B ands men ▁in ▁the ▁Confeder ate ▁army ▁are ▁given ▁a ▁raise , ▁and ▁are ▁now ▁paid ▁more ▁than ▁priv ates ▁and ▁field ▁mus icians . ▁In flu ential ▁publish er ▁and ▁l ith ograph er ▁George ▁D unn ▁enters ▁the ▁music ▁publishing ▁business ▁in ▁Richmond , ▁Virginia , ▁while |
▁the ▁publish er ▁Bl anton ▁Dun can ▁similarly ▁begins ▁his ▁career ▁in ▁Columbia , ▁South ▁Carolina . ▁George ▁F . ▁Root ' s ▁" The ▁Battle ▁Cry ▁of ▁Fre edom " ▁becomes ▁a ▁r ally ing ▁cry ▁for ▁Union ▁soldiers . ▁Henry ▁T ucker ▁and ▁Charles ▁Car roll ▁S aw yer ▁publish ▁" We eping ▁Sad ▁and ▁L on ely , ▁or ▁When ▁This ▁Cru el ▁War ▁Is ▁Over ", ▁becoming ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁best - s elling ▁songs ▁of ▁the ▁Civil ▁War ▁among ▁soldiers ▁of ▁both ▁sides . ▁The ▁song ▁is ▁said ▁to ▁be ▁so ▁dem oral izing ▁that ▁several ▁command ers ▁ban ▁it ▁completely . ▁Though ▁many ▁songs ▁in ▁the ▁early ▁years ▁of ▁the ▁Civil ▁War ▁had ▁pra ised ▁Jefferson ▁Davis , ▁this ▁practice ▁ended ▁by ▁this ▁year , ▁when ▁" people ▁across ▁the ▁Confeder acy ▁were ▁dis en ch anted ▁with ▁Davis ' ▁leadership ", ▁rather ▁res erving ▁" the ir ▁aff e ctions ▁for ▁their ▁military ▁leaders , ▁beginning ▁with ▁General ▁P . ▁G . ▁T . ▁Be a ure g ard . ▁General ▁Be a ure g ard ▁is ▁a ▁subject ▁of ▁rever ence ▁and ▁the ▁topic ▁of ▁many ▁Confeder ate ▁songs ▁that ▁celebr ate ▁him ▁as ▁a ▁national ▁hero . ▁Part isan ▁r anger ▁John ▁H unt ▁Morgan ▁esc apes ▁from ▁a ▁prison ▁in ▁Columb us , ▁Ohio , ▁insp iring ▁numerous ▁Confeder ate ▁songs ▁and ▁turning ▁Morgan ▁into ▁a ▁folk ▁hero . ▁The ▁Southern ▁music ▁publishing ▁industry ▁suff ers ▁due ▁to ▁a ▁paper ▁short age . |
▁Among ▁the ▁first ▁modern ▁American ▁mus icians ' ▁organizations ▁is ▁the ▁Musical ▁Mut ual ▁Prote ct ive ▁Union ▁of ▁New ▁York , ▁a ▁prec ursor ▁of ▁today ' s ▁American ▁Federation ▁of ▁Mus icians . ▁The ▁New ▁Richmond ▁Theater ▁opens ▁in ▁Richmond , ▁Virginia , ▁becoming ▁a ▁major ▁concert ▁stage ▁in ▁the ▁city ▁and ▁riv alling ▁the ▁previous ▁inc arn ation . ▁With ▁the ▁war ▁not ▁going ▁well ▁for ▁Confeder ate ▁soldiers , ▁popular ▁sheet ▁music ▁and ▁broad s ides ▁shift ed ▁from ▁up be at ▁and ▁pride ful ▁to ▁encourag ing ▁soldiers ▁to ▁" rem ain ▁resol ute , ▁( rem inding ▁and ▁worry ing ) ▁them ▁that ▁they ▁were ▁fighting ▁to ▁protect ▁their ▁loved ▁ones ▁at ▁home ". ▁Thomas ▁W ent worth ▁H ig gin son ▁leads ▁the ▁First ▁South ▁Carolina ▁Col ored ▁Vol unte ers , ▁the ▁first ▁group ▁of ▁author ized ▁African ▁American ▁soldiers . ▁H ig gin son ▁is ▁a ▁notable ▁author ▁who ▁helps ▁popular ize ▁many ▁aspects ▁of ▁African ▁American ▁music . ▁▁ 1 8 6 4 ▁ ▁The ▁ever - dim in ishing ▁food ▁r ation ▁of ▁the ▁Confeder ate ▁army ▁soldier ▁is ▁cut ▁again , ▁leading ▁to ▁a ▁fresh ▁array ▁of ▁songs ▁popular ▁among ▁soldiers ▁and ▁compla ining ▁of ▁the ▁poor ▁food ▁situation . ▁George ▁F . ▁Root ▁publish es ▁" Tr amp ! ▁Tr amp ! ▁Tr amp ! ▁( The ▁Pr ison er ' s ▁Hope ) "; ▁the ▁song ▁is ▁about ▁being ▁a ▁prisoner ▁of ▁war , ▁and ▁is ▁popular ▁among ▁Northern |
▁soldiers , ▁s elling ▁one ▁hundred ▁thousand ▁copies ▁in ▁six ▁months . ▁This ▁year ' s ▁" All ▁Qu iet ▁Al ong ▁the ▁Pot om ac ▁Ton ight " ▁by ▁John ▁Hill ▁H ew itt ▁and ▁" T ent ing ▁on ▁the ▁Old ▁Camp ▁Gr ound " ▁by ▁Walter ▁K itt red ge ▁are ▁also ▁popular ▁hits . ▁General ▁J eb ▁Stuart ▁is ▁killed ▁at ▁the ▁Battle ▁of ▁Y ellow ▁Ta vern ; ▁Stuart , ▁who ▁was ▁both ▁a ▁"' man ' s ▁man ' ▁adm ired ▁widely ▁for ▁his ▁courage , ▁and ▁a ▁' l ady ' s ▁man ', ▁the ▁heart th rob ▁of ▁the ▁Confeder acy ", ▁was ▁a ▁noted ▁ban jo ist ▁who ▁led ▁his ▁men ▁into ▁battle ▁singing . ▁He ▁was ▁the ▁" most ▁fl am boy ant ▁figure ▁in ▁the ▁Confeder acy ". ▁Despite ▁the ▁increasing ly ▁des perate ▁military ▁position ▁of ▁the ▁South , ▁the ▁capital ▁city ▁of ▁Richmond , ▁Virginia ▁is ▁home ▁to ▁a ▁large ▁amount ▁of ▁mer ry making ▁and ▁festiv ities , ▁including ▁regular ▁parties ▁held ▁by ▁Jefferson ▁Davis ▁and ▁his ▁wife , ▁Var ina . ▁She et ▁music ▁and ▁broad s ides ▁popular ▁among ▁Southern ers , ▁especially ▁soldiers , ▁reflect ▁the ▁batter ed ▁Confeder ate ▁military ▁efforts , ▁celebr ating ▁the ▁sacrific es ▁of ▁Southern ▁soldiers , ▁also ▁stress ing ▁the ▁" common ▁bond ▁of ▁sacrifice ▁between ▁men ▁in ▁the ▁field ▁and ▁women ▁at ▁home ". ▁Songs ▁described ▁women ▁end uring ▁hard ships ▁and ▁learning ▁to ▁end ure ▁without ▁the ▁comfort |
s ▁that ▁had ▁previously ▁been ▁ordered ▁from ▁the ▁industri ous ▁north . ▁▁ 1 8 6 5 ▁ ▁En ▁route ▁to ▁his ▁second ▁inaug uration , ▁Abraham ▁Lincoln ▁is ▁perce ived ▁as ▁cow ard ly ▁s ne aking ▁through ▁the ▁city ▁of ▁Baltimore ▁to ▁avoid ▁a ▁potential ▁assass ination ▁plot . ▁The ▁incident ▁insp ires ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁popular ▁Confeder ate ▁songs ▁rid icul ing ▁Lincoln , ▁whose ▁behavior ▁and ▁appearance ▁are ▁critic ized ▁in ▁much ▁of ▁Confeder ate ▁popular ▁music . ▁Benjamin ▁Je pson , ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁first ▁primary ▁school ▁music ▁teachers ▁in ▁the ▁country , ▁leads ▁the ▁introduction ▁of ▁music ▁education ▁into ▁the ▁public ▁school ▁system ▁of ▁New ▁H aven , ▁Connecticut . ▁George ▁Bruce ▁and ▁Daniel ▁Em m ett ▁publish ▁The ▁Dr um mers ▁and ▁Fif ers ▁Guide , ▁an ▁important ▁ped agog ical ▁work ▁of ▁the ▁Civil ▁War . ▁The ▁first ▁African ▁American ▁min st rel ▁tr oup es ▁are ▁formed , ▁beginning ▁with ▁the ▁Georgia ▁M inst rel s , ▁led ▁by ▁W . ▁H . ▁Lee ▁and ▁based ▁originally ▁out ▁of ▁Ma con , ▁Georgia ; ▁the ▁second , ▁and ▁more ▁histor ically ▁notable ▁line - up , ▁is ▁led ▁by ▁Charles ▁" Bar ney " ▁H icks , ▁and ▁t ours ▁the ▁N ortheast , ▁insp iring ▁a ▁wave ▁of ▁im it ators . S ou thern , ▁pg . ▁ 2 3 2 ▁It ▁will ▁be ▁the ▁most ▁successful ▁black ▁min st rel ▁group . ▁The ▁Ober lin ▁College - Con serv atory ▁is |
▁one ▁of ▁the ▁earliest ▁and ▁most ▁influ ential ▁music ▁conserv ator ies . ▁The odore ▁Thomas ▁forms ▁an ▁or chestra ▁that ▁he ▁led ▁both ▁artist ically ▁and ▁finan cially , ▁in ▁stark ▁contrast ▁to ▁the ▁norm ▁at ▁the ▁time . ▁Under ▁his ▁leadership , ▁the ▁or chestra ▁is ▁soon ▁viewed ▁as ▁perhaps ▁the ▁best ▁in ▁the ▁country . ▁Thomas ▁will ▁go ▁on ▁to ▁play ▁a ▁" major ▁role ▁in ▁bringing ▁sym ph onic ▁music ▁to ▁the ▁American ▁people ". ▁Tony ▁Past or ' s ▁Opera ▁House ▁opens , ▁mark ing ▁the ▁beginning ▁of ▁the ▁development ▁of ▁v au dev ille . ▁An ▁article ▁entitled ▁" The ▁Neg ro ▁Dia lect " ▁by ▁William ▁Francis ▁Allen ▁in ▁The ▁Nation ▁is ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁first ▁to ▁use ▁the ▁word ▁spiritual ▁in ▁a ▁musical ▁sense . ▁▁ 1 8 6 6 The ▁Black ▁Cro ok ▁premiers ▁at ▁N ib lo ' s ▁Garden ▁in ▁New ▁York ▁City , ▁using ▁a ▁mel od rama ▁and ▁a ▁French ▁bal let ▁tr oupe ▁whose ▁ven ue ▁bur nt ▁to ▁the ▁ground ▁while ▁they ▁still ▁re he ars ed . ▁The ▁" result ▁was ▁an ▁un pre ced ented ▁triumph ", ▁and ▁the ▁show ' s ▁mixture ▁of ▁" mel od rama , ▁dance , ▁music , ▁extraordinary ▁special ▁effects , ▁and ▁m ild ▁er otic ism ... ▁d azz led ▁far ▁beyond ▁any ▁previous ▁the atr ical ▁conception ". ▁The ▁show ▁is ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁major ▁events ▁in ▁the ▁early ▁history ▁of ▁the ▁extra v ag anza . ▁Music |
▁was ▁cred ited ▁to ▁Thomas ▁Baker , ▁author ▁of ▁" Trans formation ▁Pol ka ". ▁The ▁ven ue ▁was ▁the ▁managed ▁by ▁the ▁first ▁female ▁the atr ical ▁manager ▁in ▁the ▁country . ▁George ▁B . ▁Lo om is ▁begins ▁teaching ▁music . ▁He ▁will ▁be ▁the ▁first ▁super int endent ▁of ▁music ▁in ▁the ▁Indian apolis ▁public ▁school ▁system , ▁and ▁will ▁publish ▁Lo om is ' ▁Progress ive ▁Music ▁Less ons , ▁a ▁commonly ▁used ▁music ▁education ▁book ▁in ▁Indiana ▁and ▁surrounding ▁states . ▁He ▁will ▁also ▁co - found ▁the ▁Indiana ▁Music ▁Te ach ers ▁Association , ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁first ▁such ▁organizations ▁in ▁the ▁country . ▁▁ 1 8 6 7 ▁ ▁The ▁Boston ▁Conserv atory , ▁New ▁England ▁Conserv atory , ▁Chicago ▁Musical ▁College ▁and ▁the ▁C inc inn ati ▁Conserv atory ▁are ▁all ▁founded . S lave ▁Songs ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁is ▁the ▁first , ▁and ▁most ▁influ ential , S ou thern , ▁pg . ▁ 1 5 2 ▁collection ▁of ▁spiritual s ▁to ▁be ▁published ; C lar ke , ▁pg . ▁ 4 1 ▁notes ▁that ▁the ▁book ▁will ▁not ▁be ▁recognized ▁as ▁a ▁land mark ▁until ▁ 1 9 2 9 ▁the ▁collect ors ▁were ▁Northern ▁abol ition ists , ▁William ▁Francis ▁Allen , ▁Lucy ▁McK im ▁G arrison ▁and ▁Charles ▁Pick ard ▁W are . ▁It ▁is ▁a ▁" mil estone ▁not ▁just ▁in ▁African ▁American ▁music ▁but ▁in ▁modern ▁folk ▁history ". S nell ▁and ▁K elle y , ▁pg |
. ▁ 2 2 ▁It ▁is ▁also ▁the ▁first ▁published ▁collection ▁of ▁African ▁American ▁music ▁of ▁any ▁kind . C us ic , ▁pg . ▁ 8 6 ▁▁ 1 8 6 8 ▁ ▁John ▁Thomas ▁Doug lass ' ▁Virginia ' s ▁Ball ▁is ▁the ▁first ▁documented ▁opera ▁composed ▁by ▁an ▁African ▁American ; ▁it ▁is ▁now ▁lost , ▁but ▁was ▁performed ▁at ▁least ▁once , ▁in ▁New ▁York ▁in ▁this ▁year . ▁" Sh í ▁na ash á ▁is ▁composed ▁to ▁comm emor ate ▁the ▁N ava jos ' ▁release ▁from ▁a ▁four - year ▁stretch ▁of ▁imprison ment ▁at ▁Fort ▁Sum ner , ▁New ▁Mexico . ▁It ▁will ▁become ▁" pro bably ▁the ▁best ▁known ▁N ava jo ▁song ". ▁▁ 1 8 6 9 ▁ ▁Alice ▁F let cher ▁records ▁a ▁deleg ation ▁from ▁Le ech ▁Lake ▁in ▁Washington , ▁D . C ., ▁the ▁first ▁recording ▁of ▁O j ib we ▁music . ▁Lew ▁Johnson ▁organ izes ▁his ▁first ▁permanent ▁black ▁min st rel ▁tr oupe , ▁in ▁St . ▁Louis , ▁Missouri ; ▁he ▁will ▁be ▁the ▁most ▁well - reg arded ▁min st rel ▁show ▁manager ▁of ▁the ▁era . ▁Band le ader ▁Patrick ▁Gil more ▁organ izes ▁a ▁National ▁Peace ▁J ub ile e ▁in ▁Boston , ▁featuring ▁more ▁than ▁ 1 1 , 0 0 0 ▁perform ers ▁- ▁solo ists , ▁a ▁cho ir , ▁an ▁or chestra ▁and ▁others . ▁The ▁event ▁inspired ▁a ▁wave ▁of ▁interest ▁in ▁instrument al ▁music ▁across ▁the |
▁country . ▁Music ▁historian ▁Richard ▁C raw ford ▁has ▁called ▁this ▁the ▁" high - water ▁mark ▁in ▁the ▁influence ▁of ▁the ▁band ▁in ▁American ▁life ". ▁Gard iner ▁A . ▁Str ub es ' ▁Str ub es ▁Dr um ▁and ▁F ife ▁Inst ruct or ▁is ▁adopted ▁by ▁the ▁U . S . ▁Army ▁as ▁the ▁manual ▁for ▁training ▁field ▁mus icians . ▁▁ 1 8 7 0 ▁ ▁Research ▁by ▁William ▁D all ▁is ▁the ▁first ▁detailed ▁eth nom us ic ological ▁study ▁of ▁the ▁ind igen ous ▁pe op les ▁of ▁the ▁Western ▁Ar ctic . ▁A ▁cho ir ▁forms ▁at ▁the ▁African ▁American ▁F isk ▁University ▁- ▁the ▁F isk ▁J ub ile e ▁Sing ers , ▁who ▁will ▁soon ▁begin ▁tour ing , ▁bringing ▁spiritual s ▁to ▁wider ▁aud ien ces . ▁The ▁Library ▁of ▁Congress ▁becomes ▁the ▁sole ▁repository ▁for ▁copy right ed ▁works . ▁Luther ▁Wh iting ▁Mason ▁releases ▁The ▁National ▁Music ▁Cour se , ▁a ▁set ▁of ▁four ▁books ▁and ▁a ▁chart ▁for ▁educ ating ▁students ▁in ▁musical ▁notation , ▁which ▁will ▁become ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁standard ▁texts ▁of ▁American ▁music ▁education . B ir ge , ▁pg . ▁ 9 8 ▁The ▁Peace ▁Policy ▁places ▁Native ▁American ▁res erv ations ▁under ▁the ▁control ▁of ▁various ▁Christian ▁denomin ations , ▁which ▁takes ▁its ▁to ll ▁on ▁the ▁culture ▁and ▁music ▁of ▁ind igen ous ▁pe op les . ▁W od zi w ob , ▁a ▁Northern ▁P ai ute ▁proph et , ▁begins ▁pre aching |
▁the ▁earliest ▁manifest ation ▁of ▁the ▁teach ings ▁of ▁the ▁Ghost ▁Dance . ▁▁ 1 8 7 1 ▁ ▁The ▁Great ▁Chicago ▁Fire ▁dest ro ys ▁hundreds ▁of ▁thousands ▁of ▁dollars ▁worth ▁of ▁invent ory ▁for ▁the ▁Root ▁& ▁C ady ▁music ▁publishing ▁firm , ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁leading ▁publish ers ▁since ▁the ▁Civil ▁War . ▁Root ▁& ▁C ady ▁will ▁go ▁bank rupt ▁within ▁a ▁year . ▁The ▁fire ▁will ▁end ▁Chicago ' s ▁position ▁as ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁cent ers ▁for ▁music ▁publishing ▁in ▁the ▁country . S nell ▁and ▁K elle y , ▁pg . ▁ 3 1 ▁Ned ▁Harr igan ▁helps ▁develop ▁the ▁v au dev ille ▁show ▁in ▁New ▁York ▁City . ▁Will ▁S . ▁H ays ▁publish es ▁" The ▁Little ▁Old ▁Log ▁Cab in ▁in ▁the ▁Lane ", ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁most ▁popular ▁min st rel ▁songs ▁of ▁the ▁era . ▁▁ 1 8 7 2 ▁ ▁Pre acher ▁D w ight ▁Mo ody ▁and ▁singer ▁Ira ▁San key , ▁having ▁published ▁a ▁wild ly ▁popular ▁series ▁of ▁books ▁entitled ▁G ospel ▁H ym ns ▁and ▁Sac red ▁Songs , ▁perform ▁in ▁a ▁series ▁of ▁concert s ▁that ▁establish ▁a ▁religious ▁rev ival ▁in ▁the ▁urban ▁north . ▁Their ▁travel s ▁" f irm ly ▁( est ab lish ) ▁the ▁g ospel ▁h ymn ▁as ▁an ▁effective ▁song ▁genre ▁for ▁use ▁in ▁Sunday ▁School s ▁and ▁rev ival ▁meet ings ". ▁Ned ▁Harr igan ▁and ▁Tony ▁Hart ▁begin ▁a ▁run ▁at ▁the ▁Theatre ▁Com ique |
▁in ▁New ▁York , ▁mark ing ▁" the ir ▁big ▁break through ". ▁They ▁will ▁become ▁most ▁famous ▁for ▁the ▁song ▁" The ▁M ull igan ▁Gu ards ", ▁with ▁music ▁by ▁David ▁Bra ham . ▁ ▁After ▁the ▁Or atorio ▁Society ▁of ▁Chicago ▁is ▁destroyed ▁by ▁a ▁fire , ▁Boston ' s ▁Hand el ▁and ▁Hay dn ▁Society ▁sends ▁materials ▁to ▁re build ▁the ▁organization , ▁which ▁re forms ▁as ▁the ▁Apol lo ▁Club , ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁most ▁famous ▁musical ▁clubs ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States . ▁The odore ▁S ew ard ▁begins ▁publishing ▁his ▁arrang ements ▁of ▁African ▁American ▁spiritual s , ▁in ▁book ▁form ▁like ▁a ▁h ymn al , ▁with ▁his ▁publication ▁of ▁J ub ile e ▁Songs ▁As ▁S ung ▁by ▁the ▁J ub ile e ▁Sing ers ▁of ▁F isk ▁University , ▁a ▁collection ▁of ▁spiritual s ▁from ▁the ▁re per toire ▁of ▁the ▁F isk ▁University ▁J ub ile e ▁Sing ers . ▁That ▁group ▁r ises ▁to ▁fame ▁in ▁this ▁year ▁after ▁a ▁highly ▁successful ▁concert ▁in ▁Boston ▁during ▁the ▁World ' s ▁Peace ▁J ub ile e ▁and ▁International ▁Musical ▁Festival , ▁the ▁first ▁time ▁African ▁American ▁" sing ers ▁( are ) ▁included ▁in ▁a ▁big ▁musical ▁production " ▁in ▁the ▁country . ▁▁ 1 8 7 3 ▁ ▁San ▁Francisco ▁begins ▁passing ▁laws ▁limit ing ▁the ▁use ▁of ▁cer emon ial ▁Chinese ▁g ongs . ▁John ▁S ingen berger ▁organ izes ▁the ▁American ▁St . ▁Cec ilia ▁Society , ▁an ▁important ▁organization |
▁in ▁the ▁rev ival ▁of ▁the ▁Roman ▁Catholic ▁masses ▁and ▁mot ets ▁of ▁Pal estr ina . ▁The ▁Society ▁sought ▁" to ▁restore ▁to ▁the ▁lit ur gy ▁Greg or ian ▁chant ▁and ▁poly phony ▁in ▁the ▁style ▁of ▁Pal estr ina ". ▁Patrick ▁Gil more , ▁a ▁popular ▁band le ader , ▁organ izes ▁a ▁band ▁for ▁the ▁Tw enty - second ▁Regiment ▁of ▁New ▁York , ▁soon ▁becoming ▁the ▁most ▁influ ential ▁professional ▁music ▁ensemble ▁in ▁the ▁country . ▁P . ▁T . ▁Bar num ▁adds ▁an ▁African ▁American ▁j ub ile e ▁cho ir ▁to ▁his ▁act , ▁calling ▁himself ▁the ▁first ▁to ▁use ▁a ▁" full ▁band " ▁of ▁African ▁Americans ▁in ▁a ▁" men ager ie ▁and ▁circ us ". ▁Bar ber ▁William ▁T . ▁Benjamin ▁forms ▁the ▁first ▁African ▁American ▁opera ▁company , ▁and ▁the ▁first ▁opera ▁company ▁of ▁any ▁kind ▁in ▁Washington , ▁D . C ., ▁based ▁out ▁of ▁a ▁local ▁Roman ▁Catholic ▁church . ▁▁ 1 8 7 4 ▁ ▁The ▁first ▁educational , ▁and ▁later , ▁musical , ▁convention ▁known ▁as ▁a ▁Ch aut au qua ▁is ▁held ▁in ▁what ▁is ▁now ▁Ch aut au qua , ▁New ▁York . E v ang eline , ▁by ▁Edward ▁E . ▁R ice ▁and ▁J . ▁Che ever ▁Good win , ▁a ▁popular ▁Victor ian ▁bur les que ▁extra v ag anza , ▁is ▁the ▁first ▁American ▁production ▁bil led ▁as ▁a ▁musical ▁comedy . ▁Edward ▁King ' s ▁travel ▁di ary ▁The ▁Great ▁South |
▁is ▁finished , ▁with ▁each ▁section ▁published ▁as ▁an ▁article ▁in ▁S cri b ner ' s ▁Magazine ; ▁it ▁contains ▁many ▁descri ptions ▁of ▁African ▁American ▁church ▁music ▁in ▁the ▁South . ▁Leopold ▁Dam ro sch ▁forms ▁the ▁New ▁York ▁Or atorio ▁Society , ▁beginning ▁the ▁musical ▁career ▁of ▁his ▁family , ▁which ▁will ▁extend ▁for ▁three ▁gener ations . ▁Philip ▁Bl iss ' ▁collection ▁G ospel ▁Songs ▁contains ▁the ▁first ▁use ▁of ▁the ▁term ▁g ospel ▁song ▁to ▁describe ▁the ▁music ▁later ▁known ▁as ▁g ospel ▁music . ▁▁ 1 8 7 5 ▁ ▁Henry ▁Clay ▁Work ' s ▁" My ▁Grand father ' s ▁C lock " ▁becomes ▁the ▁" most ▁popular ▁song ▁of ▁the ▁de cade ", ▁and ▁is ▁said ▁to ▁have ▁sold ▁ 8 0 0 , 0 0 0 ▁copies . ▁African ▁American ▁song writ ers ▁like ▁James ▁A . ▁B land ▁and ▁Sam ▁Lucas ▁begin ▁compos ing ▁works ▁similar ▁to ▁spiritual s , ▁sometimes ▁based , ▁in ▁part , ▁on ▁actual ▁spiritual s . ▁John ▁Know les ▁Pa ine ▁becomes ▁a ▁full ▁professor ▁at ▁Harvard ▁University , ▁the ▁first ▁music ian ▁to ▁do ▁so ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States . ▁The ▁Af ro - C ub an ▁José ▁Sil vest re ▁White ▁becomes ▁the ▁first ▁person ▁of ▁African ▁descent ▁to ▁perform ▁with ▁an ▁American ▁sym phony , ▁after ▁he ▁performs ▁with ▁the ▁New ▁York ▁Phil harm onic . ▁▁ 1 8 7 6 ▁ ▁" Home ▁on ▁the ▁Range " ▁is ▁first ▁published ; ▁it ▁is ▁the |
▁earliest ▁song ▁to ▁dep ict ▁a ▁" rom antic ized ▁image ▁of ▁the ▁cow boy ". ▁Sister s ▁Anna ▁and ▁Emma ▁Hy ers , ▁and ▁their ▁father , ▁form ▁a ▁concert ▁tour ▁company , ▁Hy ers ▁Sister s ▁Com ic ▁Opera ▁Co ., ▁then ▁work ▁with ▁play w right s ▁Paul ine ▁Hop kins ▁and ▁Joseph ▁Brad ford ▁to ▁produce ▁the ▁" first ▁full - f led ged ▁musical ▁plays ... ▁in ▁which ▁African ▁Americans ▁themselves ▁comment ▁on ▁the ▁pl ight ▁of ▁the ▁slaves ▁and ▁the ▁relief ▁of ▁E man cip ation ▁without ▁the ▁dis gu ises ▁of ▁min st rel ▁comedy ", ▁with ▁this ▁year ' s ▁Out ▁of ▁Bond age ▁( also ▁known ▁as ▁Out ▁of ▁the ▁W ilder ness ). ▁David ▁Wall is ▁Re e ves ▁adds ▁the ▁counter mel ody ▁to ▁the ▁military ▁march . ▁The ▁Music ▁Te ach ers ▁National ▁Association , ▁the ▁first ▁major ▁professional ▁organization ▁for ▁music ▁teachers , ▁is ▁founded . ▁▁ 1 8 7 7 ▁ ▁Sebastian ▁Y rad iers ▁" La ▁Pal oma " ▁popular izes ▁the ▁hab an era ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States . ▁The ▁Dak ota ▁Dr um ▁Dance ▁is ▁introduced ▁to ▁the ▁Native ▁Americans ▁of ▁the ▁Great ▁L akes ▁region ; ▁this ▁is ▁a ▁set ▁of ▁belief s ▁that ▁revol ve ▁around ▁a ▁legend ary ▁woman ▁named ▁Turkey ▁T ail fe ather ▁Woman , ▁who ▁is ▁said ▁to ▁have ▁escaped ▁from ▁the ▁American ▁military ▁and ▁received ▁instructions ▁to ▁build ▁and ▁use ▁a ▁large , ▁cer emon ial ▁drum ▁while ▁in |
▁hiding . ▁The ▁religion ▁based ▁around ▁this ▁drum ▁will ▁spread ▁throughout ▁the ▁region , ▁and ▁the ▁drum ▁itself ▁will ▁become ▁the ▁ancest or ▁of ▁the ▁big ▁drum ▁used ▁in ▁modern ▁pow w ow ▁cer emon ies . ▁Thomas ▁Ed ison ▁invent s ▁the ▁technology ▁to ▁record ▁sound , ▁using ▁a ▁tin - fo il ▁cyl inder ▁ph on ograph . ▁His ▁first ▁recording ▁is ▁" M ary ▁Had ▁a ▁Little ▁Lamb ". ▁▁ 1 8 7 8 ▁ ▁James ▁A . ▁B land , ▁the ▁most ▁important ▁black ▁min st rel s y ▁song writer ▁and ▁the ▁first ▁successful ▁black ▁song writer , ▁publish es ▁a ▁huge ▁hit ▁with ▁" Car ry ▁Me ▁Back ▁to ▁Old ▁Virgin ny ", ▁which ▁will ▁become ▁the ▁state ▁song ▁of ▁Virginia ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 0 . ▁B land ▁is ▁the ▁first ▁African ▁American ▁composer ▁whose ▁music ▁is ▁published ▁by ▁a ▁major ▁company . ▁James ▁Mon roe ▁T rot ter ▁publish es ▁Music ▁and ▁Some ▁High ly ▁Musical ▁People , ▁making ▁him ▁the ▁first ▁African ▁American ▁music ▁historian . ▁W . ▁S . ▁Gilbert ▁and ▁Arthur ▁S ull ivan ' s ▁H . M . S . ▁P ina fore ▁premiers ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States , ▁launch ing ▁a ▁f ad ▁for ▁light ▁opera ▁throughout ▁the ▁country . ▁Sam ▁Lucas , ▁the ▁" most ▁celebrated ▁min st rel " ▁of ▁the ▁era , ▁becomes ▁the ▁first ▁African ▁American ▁to ▁play ▁Uncle ▁Tom ▁in ▁Uncle ▁Tom ' s ▁Cab in ' '. ▁▁ 1 8 7 9 |
▁ ▁The ▁Bureau ▁of ▁American ▁Eth n ology ▁is ▁created ▁at ▁the ▁Smith son ian ▁Institution ; ▁the ▁Bureau ▁studies ▁and ▁documents ▁Native ▁American ▁music ▁and ▁culture . ▁Ned ▁Harr igan ▁and ▁Tony ▁Hart ▁transition ▁from ▁the ▁variety ▁show ▁to ▁the ▁musical ▁play , ▁with ▁stories ▁centered ▁around ▁characters ▁with ▁distinct ▁eth nic ▁background s . ▁Their ▁work ▁established ▁" eth nic ▁groups ▁as ▁major ▁characters ▁in ▁the ▁American ▁stage ". ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Notes ▁ ▁Further ▁reading ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ 1 8 2 5 ▁Category : 1 9 th ▁century ▁in ▁music <0x0A> </s> ▁Joe ▁Creek ▁is ▁an ▁un in cor por ated ▁community ▁in ▁Hugh es ▁County , ▁in ▁the ▁U . S . ▁state ▁of ▁South ▁Dak ota . ▁ ▁History ▁A ▁post ▁office ▁called ▁Joe ▁Creek ▁was ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 9 , ▁and ▁remained ▁in ▁operation ▁until ▁ 1 9 5 4 . ▁The ▁community ▁took ▁its ▁name ▁from ▁Joe ▁Creek . ▁Joe ▁Creek ▁had ▁a ▁population ▁of ▁ 5 ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 0 ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : Un in cor por ated ▁communities ▁in ▁Hugh es ▁County , ▁South ▁Dak ota ▁Category : Un in cor por ated ▁communities ▁in ▁South ▁Dak ota <0x0A> </s> ▁Amy ▁and ▁Jordan ▁( P ant he on , ▁ 2 0 0 4 ) ▁is ▁a ▁com ic ▁book ▁by ▁Mark ▁Bey er , ▁featuring ▁a ▁d ys function al ▁couple ▁who ▁are ▁victim ized ▁by ▁each ▁other ▁and ▁by ▁blind ▁circumst ance . ▁The ▁characters |
▁Amy ▁and ▁Jordan ▁appear ▁in ▁other ▁works ▁by ▁Bey er , ▁including ▁Ag ony ▁and ▁Dead ▁St ories ▁in ▁the ▁magazine ▁Raw ▁( New ▁York : ▁P ant he on , ▁ 1 9 8 7 ). ▁It ▁was ▁listed ▁in ▁Time ▁magazine ' s ▁" Best ▁Com ix ▁of ▁ 2 0 0 4 ". ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : 2 0 0 4 ▁books ▁Category : 2 0 0 4 ▁com ics ▁deb uts ▁Category : P ant he on ▁Books ▁com ics ▁titles <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁ 2 0 0 8 – 0 9 ▁season ▁is ▁the ▁ 1 2 2 nd ▁season ▁of ▁compet itive ▁football ▁by ▁Hamilton ▁Academ ical . ▁ ▁Dom estic ▁Cu ps ▁Hamilton ▁Academ ical ▁entered ▁the ▁Scottish ▁Cup ▁at ▁the ▁ 4 th ▁round ▁and ▁were ▁knock ed ▁out ▁in ▁the ▁quarter - final s ▁by ▁R angers ▁who ▁also ▁knock ed ▁them ▁out ▁the ▁Scottish ▁League ▁Cup ▁at ▁the ▁quarter - final s , ▁both ▁games ▁were ▁played ▁at ▁I bro x . ▁They ▁entered ▁the ▁Scottish ▁League ▁Cup ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 nd ▁round . ▁ ▁Results ▁and ▁fi xt ures ▁ ▁League ▁table ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Hamilton ▁Academ ical ▁Category : H amilton ▁Academ ical ▁F . C . ▁seasons <0x0A> </s> ▁Will ie ▁Rog ers ▁( 2 3 ▁May ▁ 1 8 8 3 ▁– ▁ 8 ▁August ▁ 1 9 5 6 ) ▁was ▁an ▁Australian ▁rules ▁footballer ▁who ▁played ▁with ▁Melbourne ▁in ▁the ▁Victor ian ▁Football ▁League ▁( |
V FL ). ▁ ▁Notes ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁ ▁Category : 1 8 8 3 ▁birth s ▁Category : Austral ian ▁rules ▁football ers ▁from ▁Victoria ▁( Austral ia ) ▁Category : M el bourne ▁Football ▁Club ▁players ▁Category : 1 9 5 6 ▁death s <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁band olin ▁is ▁a ▁ 1 5 - string ed ▁musical ▁instrument ▁in ▁E cuador . ▁It ▁is ▁used ▁as ▁a ▁rh ythm ▁and ▁mel ody ▁instrument ▁in ▁the ▁And e an ▁region ▁of ▁E cuador ▁during ▁festiv als ▁where ▁dan cing ▁and ▁music ▁are ▁involved . ▁It ▁has ▁a ▁flat ▁back ▁and ▁ 1 5 ▁strings ▁in ▁triple ▁courses . ▁ ▁Us es ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁And e an ▁region ▁of ▁E cuador , ▁the ▁band olin ▁is ▁used ▁during ▁the ▁celebr ation ▁of ▁the ▁fe asts ▁of ▁San ▁Juan ▁and ▁San ▁Pedro , ▁along ▁with ▁several ▁other ▁instruments ▁including : ▁tw in ▁fl utes , ▁gu it ars , ▁viol ins , ▁qu enas , ▁a ▁drum , ▁a ▁char ango , ▁a ▁rond ador , ▁and ▁a ▁harm onica . ▁The ▁music ▁and ▁dance ▁that ▁character ize ▁the ▁festival ▁is ▁called ▁a ▁san ju an ito . ▁The ▁band ol ines ▁and ▁the ▁gu it ars ▁mark ▁the ▁ 2 / 4 ▁tempo ▁of ▁the ▁san ju an ito ▁rh ythm , ▁which ▁is ▁acc ent u ated ▁by ▁the ▁bom bo , ▁and ▁the ▁qu enas , ▁rond ador , ▁and ▁viol ins ▁carry ▁the ▁mel ody . ▁ ▁Const |
ruction ▁and ▁tun ing ▁ ▁The ▁body ▁shape ▁of ▁the ▁band olin ▁is ▁similar ▁to ▁that ▁of ▁the ▁band ola , ▁the ▁cuatro , ▁or ▁the ▁guitar , ▁with ▁the ▁cave at ▁that , ▁just ▁as ▁in ▁the ▁case ▁of ▁the ▁mentioned ▁instruments , ▁l uth iers ▁who ▁produce ▁band ol ins ▁will ▁incorpor ate ▁into ▁their ▁personal ▁designs ▁changes ▁to ▁the ▁body ▁shape ▁for ▁a ▁variety ▁of ▁reasons . ▁It ▁has ▁ 1 5 ▁strings , ▁in ▁five ▁courses ▁of ▁triple ▁strings , ▁in ▁a ▁guitar - t uning . ▁It ▁has ▁a ▁flat ▁back , ▁metal ▁fre ts , ▁and ▁a ▁slightly ▁raised ▁finger board ▁in ▁the ▁front . ▁The ▁ 1 5 ▁strings ▁run ▁over ▁a ▁floating ▁bridge ▁to ▁a ▁metal ▁tail pie ce ▁on ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁body . ▁ ▁It ▁is ▁tun ed ▁E 5 ▁E 4 ▁E 5 , ▁A 5 ▁A 4 ▁A 5 , ▁D 5 ▁D 5 ▁D 5 , ▁F # 5 ▁F # 5 ▁F # 5 , ▁B 5 ▁B 5 ▁B 5 ▁or ▁E 5 ▁E 4 ▁E 5 , ▁A 5 ▁A 4 ▁A 5 , ▁D 5 ▁D 5 ▁D 5 , ▁G # 5 ▁G # 5 ▁G # 5 , ▁B 5 ▁B 5 ▁B 5 . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁Music ▁of ▁E cuador ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁The ▁String ed ▁Inst rument ▁Database ▁ ▁A TL AS ▁of ▁Pl uck ed ▁Inst ru ments ▁ ▁C uer da ▁at ▁Pac ow |
eb . net ▁ ▁Category : E cuador ian ▁musical ▁instruments ▁Category : M and olin ▁family ▁instruments <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Social ▁Conserv ative ▁Party ▁( Span ish : ▁Partido ▁Social ▁Conserv ador ▁- ▁P SC ) ▁is ▁a ▁right - wing ▁conserv ative ▁Nic ar agu an ▁political ▁party ▁founded ▁by ▁its ▁leader ▁Fernando ▁Ag ü ero ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 8 . ▁The ▁P SC ▁received ▁legal ▁status ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 9 ▁and ▁participated ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 9 0 ▁elections ▁as ▁an ▁independent ▁party . ▁Fernando ▁Ag ü ero ▁was ▁the ▁conserv ative ▁president ial ▁candidate ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 9 6 6 ▁National ▁O pp osition ▁Union ▁( UN O ) ▁against ▁the ▁Som o za ▁regime . ▁In ▁a ▁U NO ▁political ▁r ally ▁in ▁support ▁of ▁the ▁candid acy ▁of ▁Ag ü ero ▁in ▁Man agua ▁on ▁January ▁ 2 2 , ▁ 1 9 6 7 , ▁the ▁National ▁Guard ▁killed ▁hundreds ▁of ▁oppos itors . ▁ ▁Four ▁years ▁later , ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 1 , ▁Ag ü ero ▁signed ▁the ▁" K up ia - K umi ▁( M isk itu ; ▁transl ates ▁as ▁" One ▁Heart ") ▁P act " ▁with ▁Som o za ▁where by ▁the ▁Conserv atives ▁had ▁their ▁con gression al ▁qu ota ▁increased ▁to ▁ 4 0 ▁per ▁cent , ▁a ▁constitu ent ▁assembly ▁was ▁established , ▁and ▁a ▁tri um vir ate ▁composed ▁of ▁Ag ü ero ▁and ▁two ▁Som oc istas |
▁designated ▁to ▁rule ▁until ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁ 1 9 7 4 . ▁ ▁Before ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁elections , ▁the ▁party ▁joined ▁the ▁Alliance ▁for ▁the ▁Republic ▁and ▁then ▁the ▁Nic ar agu an ▁Liberal ▁Alliance . ▁ ▁S ources ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 8 9 ▁establish ments ▁in ▁Nic ar agua ▁Category : Con serv ative ▁parties ▁in ▁Nic ar agua ▁Category : Pol it ical ▁parties ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 9 ▁Category : Pol it ical ▁parties ▁in ▁Nic ar agua ▁Category : Right - wing ▁parties <0x0A> </s> ▁John ▁Schw art z ▁may ▁refer ▁to : ▁▁ ▁John ▁Schw art z ▁( 1 7 9 3 - 1 8 6 0 ), ▁United ▁States ▁con gress man ▁John ▁Burn ham ▁Schw art z ▁( born ▁ 1 9 6 5 ), ▁American ▁novel ist ▁John ▁William ▁Schw art z ▁( 1 7 5 5 - after ▁ 1 8 0 2 ), ▁Nova ▁Scot ia ▁politician ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁John ▁Sw art z ▁( 1 8 5 8 - 1 9 3 0 ), ▁American ▁photograph er ▁John ▁Schwar z ▁( disambiguation ) ▁Jonathan ▁Schw art z ▁( disambiguation ) <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁ 1 9 3 5 ▁Notre ▁D ame ▁Fight ing ▁Irish ▁football ▁team ▁represented ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Notre ▁D ame ▁during ▁the ▁ 1 9 3 5 ▁college ▁football ▁season . ▁ ▁Sch edule ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Notre ▁D ame ▁Category : Not re ▁D ame ▁Fight ing ▁Irish ▁football |
▁seasons ▁Notre ▁D ame ▁Fight ing ▁Irish <0x0A> </s> ▁Vo yn ich ▁may ▁refer ▁to : ▁▁ ▁Eth el ▁Vo yn ich ▁( 1 8 6 4 – 1 9 6 0 ), ▁Irish ▁novel ist ▁and ▁music ian , ▁wife ▁of ▁Wil fr id ▁ ▁Wil fr id ▁Vo yn ich ▁( 1 8 6 5 – 1 9 3 0 ), ▁Polish ▁revolution ary , ▁discover er ▁of ▁the ▁Vo yn ich ▁manuscript , ▁husband ▁of ▁Eth el ▁ ▁Vo yn ich ▁manuscript , ▁a ▁myster ious ▁und e ci pher ed ▁document ▁from ▁the ▁ 1 5 th ▁century , ▁named ▁after ▁its ▁re - dis cover er , ▁Wil fr id ▁Vo yn ich <0x0A> </s> ▁C ym oth oe ▁cap r ina ▁is ▁a ▁but ter fly ▁in ▁the ▁family ▁N ym phal idae . ▁It ▁is ▁found ▁in ▁the ▁Republic ▁of ▁the ▁Congo ▁and ▁the ▁south - central ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁Democratic ▁Republic ▁of ▁the ▁Congo . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : But ter f lies ▁described ▁in ▁ 1 8 9 7 ▁Category : C ym oth oe ▁( but ter fly ) ▁Category : But ter f lies ▁of ▁Africa ▁Category : T ax a ▁named ▁by ▁Per ▁O lo f ▁Christopher ▁Aur iv ill ius <0x0A> </s> ▁General ▁elections ▁were ▁held ▁in ▁H ait i ▁on ▁ 2 8 ▁November ▁ 2 0 1 0 , ▁having ▁originally ▁been ▁scheduled ▁for ▁ 2 8 ▁February . ▁Ten ▁sen ators ▁and ▁all ▁ 9 9 |
▁deput ies ▁were ▁to ▁be ▁elected . ▁ ▁President ial ▁elections ▁were ▁also ▁held . ▁A ▁run - off ▁was ▁originally ▁scheduled ▁for ▁ 1 6 ▁January ▁as ▁no ▁candidate ▁received ▁ 5 0 % ▁of ▁the ▁votes ▁cast . ▁However , ▁it ▁was ▁post pon ed ▁until ▁ 2 0 ▁March ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁as ▁election ▁officials ▁said ▁they ▁could ▁not ▁hold ▁the ▁run off ▁while ▁await ing ▁results ▁from ▁re - pol ling , ▁with ▁results ▁expected ▁on ▁ 3 1 ▁March . ▁ ▁Official ▁results , ▁announced ▁on ▁ 2 1 ▁April ▁ 2 0 1 1 , ▁showed ▁Michel ▁Mart elly ▁defe ating ▁M irl ande ▁Man ig at ▁in ▁the ▁second ▁round ▁of ▁the ▁president ial ▁election . ▁ ▁Background ▁Due ▁to ▁the ▁January ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁earth qu ake , ▁H ait ian ▁president ial ▁election ▁was ▁in def initely ▁post pon ed ; ▁although ▁November ▁ 2 8 ▁was ▁then ▁decided ▁as ▁the ▁date ▁to ▁hold ▁the ▁president ial ▁and ▁legisl ative ▁elections . ▁ ▁Following ▁the ▁magnitude ▁ 7 . 0 ▁earth qu ake , ▁there ▁were ▁concerns ▁of ▁inst ability ▁in ▁the ▁country , ▁and ▁the ▁election ▁came ▁amid ▁international ▁pressure ▁over ▁inst ability ▁in ▁the ▁country . ▁The ▁election ▁was ▁term ed ▁in ▁the ▁media ▁as ▁a ▁" se ism ic " ▁one . ▁This ▁would ▁be ▁the ▁third ▁dem ocr atic ▁election ▁in ▁H ait ian ▁history . ▁ ▁President ial ▁candidates ▁The ▁dead line ▁to ▁file ▁candid |
acy ▁for ▁the ▁elections ▁was ▁August ▁ 7 . ▁ ▁The ▁list ▁of ▁president ial ▁candidates ▁was ▁to ▁have ▁become ▁official ▁on ▁August ▁ 1 7 ▁after ▁the ▁nine - member ▁prov is ional ▁elect oral ▁council ▁was ▁to ▁announ ce ▁the ▁el ig ibility ▁criteria . ▁However , ▁the ▁election ▁commission ▁post pon ed ▁its ▁r uling ▁until ▁August ▁ 1 9 ▁because ▁of ▁disag re ement ▁on ▁the ▁elect oral ▁law ▁which ▁st ip ul ates ▁that ▁candidates ▁must ▁hold ▁a ▁H ait ian ▁pass port ▁and ▁have ▁five ▁consecutive ▁years ▁of ▁residence ▁in ▁H ait i , ▁among ▁other ▁requirements . ▁This ▁was ▁to ▁affect ▁Wy cle f ▁Jean , ▁Jacques ▁Ed ou ard ▁Alex is , ▁and ▁Les lie ▁Vol taire . ▁ ▁The ▁absence ▁of ▁the ▁F an mi ▁L aval as ▁( FL ) ▁party ▁was ▁notable ▁because ▁of ▁its ▁popular ▁support . ▁Peter ▁Hall ward ▁explained : ▁" The ▁final ▁F L ▁list ▁of ▁candidates ▁was ▁end ors ed ▁by ▁the ▁party ▁leader ▁( Jean ▁Ber tr and ▁Arist ide ) ▁by ▁f ax , ▁but ▁at ▁the ▁last ▁minute ▁the ▁CE P ▁invent ed ▁a ▁new ▁requirement , ▁knowing ▁F L ▁would ▁be ▁unable ▁to ▁meet ▁it : ▁Arist ide , ▁still ▁ex iled ▁in ▁South ▁Africa ▁and ▁denied ▁entry ▁to ▁H ait i , ▁would ▁have ▁to ▁sign ▁the ▁list ▁in ▁person ." ▁ ▁Wy cle f ▁Jean ▁Music ian ▁Wy cle f ▁Jean , ▁who ▁left ▁H ait i ▁for ▁the ▁United ▁States |
▁at ▁the ▁age ▁of ▁ 9 , ▁said ▁he ▁is ▁qualified ▁to ▁run ▁for ▁president ▁and ▁was ▁in ▁H ait i ▁to ▁initi ate ▁the ▁legal ▁process ▁with ▁law y ers ▁and ▁have ▁his ▁finger print s ▁taken ▁by ▁the ▁jud icial ▁police ▁to ▁run ▁for ▁president . ▁He ▁did , ▁however , ▁declare ▁that ▁" There ▁are ▁a ▁lot ▁of ▁rum ors ▁that ▁I ▁am ▁running ▁for ▁president . ▁I ▁have ▁not ▁declared ▁that . ▁If ▁we ▁decide ▁to ▁move ▁forward , ▁I ▁am ▁pretty ▁sure ▁that ▁we ▁[ w ould ] ▁have ▁all ▁our ▁paper work ▁straight ." ▁He ▁added ▁that ▁after ▁discuss ions ▁with ▁his ▁family ▁he ▁would ▁" de cide ▁on ▁what ▁we ' re ▁going ▁to ▁do ▁because ▁it ▁is ▁a ▁big ▁sacrifice ." ▁His ▁a ides ▁said ▁he ▁would ▁officially ▁announ ce ▁his ▁candid acy ▁on ▁CNN ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁before ▁flying ▁back ▁to ▁H ait i ▁to ▁enter ▁the ▁race . ▁Some ▁anal yst s ▁predicted ▁Jean ' s ▁popular ity ▁with ▁the ▁youth ▁of ▁H ait i ▁could ▁help ▁him ▁" e as ily ▁win ▁the ▁president ial ▁election ▁if ▁his ▁candid acy ▁were ▁approved ." ▁On ▁ 5 ▁August , ▁he ▁officially ▁registered ▁as ▁a ▁candidate ▁for ▁Viv ▁Ans an m ▁(" Live ▁T ogether ") ▁party ▁with ▁the ▁mot to ▁" F as ▁a ▁F as ." ▁(" Face ▁to ▁Face ") ▁The ▁head ▁of ▁the ▁party , ▁Daniel ▁Jean ▁Jacques , ▁confirmed ▁Jean ▁would ▁be ▁the ▁party ' s ▁candidate ▁for |
▁president . ▁Jean ▁spoke ▁of ▁his ▁nom ination ▁as ▁" a ▁moment ▁in ▁time ▁and ▁in ▁history . ▁It ' s ▁very ▁emot ional . ▁The ▁United ▁States ▁has ▁Bar ack ▁Ob ama ▁and ▁H ait i ▁has ▁Wy cle f ▁Jean ." ▁He ▁told ▁CNN ' s ▁Wolf ▁Bl itzer ▁that ▁he ▁was ▁running , ▁despite ▁Bl itzer ' s ▁questions ▁about ▁Jean ' s ▁actual ▁citizens hip ▁and ▁pass port ▁facts . ▁He ▁also ▁res igned ▁from ▁the ▁chair mans hip ▁of ▁Y é le ▁H ait i . ▁ ▁He ▁was ▁critic ised ▁by ▁Pr as ▁Michel , ▁one ▁of ▁his ▁former ▁band m ates ▁in ▁the ▁F uge es , ▁for ▁the ▁decision ▁to ▁run ▁for ▁president . ▁O thers ▁critic ised ▁him ▁for ▁his ▁lack ▁of ▁political ▁experience ▁and ▁a ▁vague ▁platform ▁he ▁was ▁to ▁have ▁run ▁on . ▁In ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁he ▁was ▁also ▁critic ised ▁by ▁Se an ▁P enn ▁and ▁Ar cade ▁Fire ' s ▁Win ▁Butler ▁who ▁said ▁" Te chn ically , ▁[ W ycle f ▁Jean ] ▁shouldn ' t ▁be ▁el ig ible ▁because ▁he ▁hasn ' t ▁been ▁a ▁resident ▁of ▁H ait i . ▁And ▁I ▁think ▁him ▁not ▁speaking ▁French ▁and ▁not ▁being ▁fl uent ▁in ▁Cre ole ▁would ▁be ▁a ▁really ▁major ▁issue ▁in ▁trying ▁to ▁run ▁a ▁really ▁complex ▁government , ▁like ▁the ▁government ▁in ▁H ait i . ▁It ▁would ▁kind ▁of ▁be ▁like ▁Arnold ▁Schwar zen eg ger ▁only ▁speaking ▁Aust rian ▁and |
▁being ▁elected ▁president ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁after ▁New ▁York ▁City ▁and ▁L . A . ▁had ▁burn ed ▁to ▁the ▁ground ... I ▁think ▁he ▁is ▁a ▁great ▁music ian ▁and ▁he ▁really ▁passion ately ▁car es ▁about ▁H ait i . ▁I ▁really ▁hope ▁he ▁throws ▁his ▁support ▁behind ▁someone ▁who ▁is ▁really ▁compet ent ▁and ▁really ▁el ig ible ." ▁ ▁On ▁August ▁ 2 0 , ▁ 2 0 1 0 , ▁he ▁was ▁de emed ▁in el ig ible ▁to ▁run ▁for ▁the ▁presiden cy ▁and ▁his ▁candid acy ▁was ▁rejected ▁by ▁H ait i ' s ▁Elect oral ▁Council . ▁While ▁he ▁accepted ▁the ▁r uling , ▁many ▁supp or ters ▁protest ed ▁the ▁decision . ▁He ▁asked ▁his ▁supp or ters ▁to ▁stay ▁calm ▁in ▁the ▁w ake ▁of ▁the ▁r uling . ▁He ▁also ▁respond ed ▁in ▁saying ▁he ▁would ▁file ▁an ▁appeal ▁and ▁that ▁"[ The ▁political ▁establishment ] ▁are ▁trying ▁to ▁keep ▁us ▁out ▁of ▁the ▁race ." ▁He ▁argued ▁that ▁he ▁could ▁not ▁comp ly ▁with ▁the ▁law ▁so ▁strictly ▁because ▁President ▁René ▁Pr é val ▁had ▁appointed ▁him ▁as ▁a ▁ro ving ▁amb assador ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁and ▁he ▁was ▁allowed ▁to ▁travel ▁and ▁live ▁outside ▁the ▁country . ▁ ▁Final ▁list ▁of ▁candidates ▁There ▁were ▁supposed ▁to ▁have ▁been ▁ 3 4 ▁candidates ▁in ▁the ▁pre lim inary ▁race ▁but ▁a ▁H ait ian ▁political ▁website ▁came ▁up ▁with ▁ 3 8 . ▁ ▁Charles ▁Henri ▁Baker |
, ▁a ▁prominent ▁business man ▁in ▁the ▁app arel ▁industry . ▁Charles ▁Henri ▁Baker ▁is ▁running ▁under ▁the ▁Res p è ▁Party . ▁Jean ▁Henry ▁Ce ant , ▁a ▁prominent ▁not aire ▁and ▁founder ▁of ▁A imer ▁H ait i ▁which ▁operated ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁few ▁hosp it als ▁after ▁the ▁January ▁ 1 2 ▁qu ake . ▁Jacques - É d ou ard ▁Alex is , ▁a ▁two - time ▁former ▁prime ▁minister ▁who ▁was ▁forced ▁to ▁res ign ▁in ▁the ▁after math ▁of ▁food ▁ri ots ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 8 . ▁J ude ▁C él est in , ▁Executive ▁director ▁of ▁the ▁government ' s ▁road - building ▁out fit , ▁the ▁National ▁Center ▁of ▁Equ ip ment , ▁and ▁member ▁of ▁President ▁René ▁Pr é val ' s ▁Unity ▁( In ite ) ▁party . ▁Edd y ▁Del ale u , ▁president , ▁founder , ▁and ▁chief ▁executive ▁officer ▁of ▁the ▁N GO ▁Operation ▁Hope ▁for ▁Children ▁of ▁H ait i ▁since ▁its ▁in ception ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 4 . ▁Lav ar ice ▁Ga ud in , ▁an ▁Arist ide ▁al ly ▁and ▁Miami ▁activ ist ▁and ▁radio ▁comment ator . ▁Wilson ▁Je udi , ▁mayor ▁of ▁Del mas ▁who ▁organized ▁a ▁sister - city ▁relationship ▁with ▁North ▁Miami . ▁Ch av annes ▁Je une , ▁development ▁agent , ▁civil ▁engineer ▁and ▁evangel ist ▁who ▁came ▁in ▁ 3 rd ▁place ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁election . ▁Raymond ▁Joseph , ▁former ▁amb assador ▁to |
▁the ▁United ▁States ▁and ▁Wy cle f ▁Jean ' s ▁uncle . ▁M irl ande ▁Man ig at , ▁a ▁long time ▁opposition ▁leader , ▁professor , ▁and ▁former ▁first ▁lady . ▁Michel ▁Mart elly , ▁a ▁comp as ▁music ian ▁and ▁ent ert ainer ▁whose ▁lyr ics ▁have ▁pok ed ▁fun ▁at ▁the ▁concept ▁of ▁the ▁H ait ian ▁presiden cy . ▁Y von ▁Ne pt une , ▁an ▁architect ▁and ▁ex - sen ator ▁who ▁served ▁as ▁prime ▁minister ▁under ▁former ▁President ▁Jean - Ber tr and ▁Arist ide . ▁Les lie ▁Vol taire , ▁a ▁US - ed uc ated ▁urban ▁pl anner , ▁former ▁minister , ▁and ▁government ▁l ia ison ▁to ▁the ▁United ▁Nations . ▁ ▁Other ▁candidates ▁included ▁Ax an ▁Ab ell ard , ▁Charles ▁Vo igt , ▁Cla ire ▁L yd ie ▁Parent , ▁De je an ▁Bel iz aire , ▁D uro seau ▁V ila ire ▁Cl un y , ▁Eric ▁Charles , ▁Franco is ▁Turn ier , ▁G ara ud y ▁Lag uer re , ▁Gary ▁Gu ite au , ▁Gen ard ▁Joseph , ▁Ger ard ▁Bl ot , ▁Guy ▁The odore , ▁Jacques ▁Philippe ▁Eug ene , ▁Jean ▁Bert in , ▁Jean ▁H ector ▁An ac ac is , ▁Jos ette ▁Bij ou , ▁K es nel ▁Dal m acy , ▁Leon ▁Je une , ▁Mario ▁Edd y ▁Rod rig uez , ▁Men el as ▁V ils aint , ▁O lic ier ▁Pier iche , ▁R ene ▁Saint - F ort , ▁Wil |
kens ▁C . ▁G illes , ▁Y ves ▁Christ alin , ▁and ▁Paul ▁Arthur ▁Fle ur ival . ▁ ▁Camp aign ▁President ▁René ▁Pr é val ▁told ▁the ▁UN , ▁" It ▁is ▁important ▁that ▁we ▁take ▁this ▁difficult ▁process ▁to ▁a ▁conclusion , ▁with ▁rig our , ▁equality , ▁and ▁trans par ency , ▁essential ▁conditions ▁for ▁cons olid ating ▁our ▁young ▁dem ocracy . ▁I ▁therefore ▁call ▁on ▁all ▁the ▁national ▁st ake hold ers ▁and ▁our ▁over se as ▁friends ▁so ▁we ▁can ▁successfully ▁cross ▁this ▁elect oral ▁cross ro ads ▁together ." ▁ ▁Two ▁issues ▁for ▁candidates ▁to ▁answer ▁were ▁considered ▁re building ▁from ▁the ▁earth qu ake ▁earlier ▁in ▁the ▁year ▁and ▁an ▁out break ▁of ▁ch ol era ▁less ▁than ▁two ▁months ▁before ▁the ▁election , ▁which ▁was ▁bl amed ▁on ▁the ▁United ▁Nations ▁by ▁many ▁H ait ians . ▁ ▁Independent ▁research ▁confirmed ▁the ▁origin ▁of ▁the ▁ch ol era ▁out break ▁as ▁being ▁linked ▁to ▁UN ▁Nep al ese ▁troops , ▁and ▁a ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁UN ▁Report ▁admitted ▁as ▁much . ▁The ▁UN ▁alleg ed ▁that ▁the ▁out break ▁was ▁used ▁for ▁" polit ical ▁reasons ▁because ▁of ▁forth coming ▁elections ," ▁as ▁the ▁government ▁in ▁H ait i ▁sent ▁its ▁own ▁forces ▁to ▁" prote ct " ▁the ▁peace keep ers . ▁ ▁The ▁election ▁was ▁term ed ▁in ▁the ▁media ▁as ▁a ▁" se ism ic " ▁one . ▁ ▁Op in ion ▁pol ls ▁ 2 ▁October ▁ 2 |
0 1 0 : ▁ ▁M irl ande ▁Man ig at ▁( R ally ▁of ▁Progress ive ▁National ▁Democr ats ): ▁▁ 2 3 . 0 % ▁ ▁Charles - Hen ri ▁Baker ▁( Res pect ): ▁ 1 7 . 3 % ▁ ▁J ude ▁C él est in ▁( Un ity ): ▁ 7 . 8 % ▁▁ 1 4 ▁November ▁ 2 0 1 0 : ▁ ▁Charles - Hen ri ▁Baker ▁( Res pect ): ▁ 2 4 . 3 8 % ▁ ▁M irl ande ▁Man ig at ▁( R ally ▁of ▁Progress ive ▁National ▁Democr ats ): ▁ 1 7 . 5 8 % ▁ ▁Je une ▁Lé on ▁( R ally ▁for ▁Econom ic ▁Liber ation ): ▁ 1 4 . 5 1 % ▁ ▁Michel ▁Mart elly ▁( Pe asant ▁Response ): ▁ 1 4 . 1 0 % ▁▁ 6 – 1 0 ▁February ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁( run off ): ▁ ▁Michel ▁Mart elly ▁( Pe asant ▁Response ): ▁ 6 0 . 3 % ▁ ▁M irl ande ▁Man ig at ▁( R ally ▁of ▁Progress ive ▁National ▁Democr ats ): ▁ 3 8 . 9 % ▁ ▁Con duct ▁On ▁the ▁day ▁of ▁the ▁first ▁round ▁of ▁voting , ▁Mart elly ▁and ▁Man ig at , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁most ▁other ▁candidates , ▁den ounced ▁the ▁results ▁as ▁invalid ▁by ▁no on , ▁before ▁voting ▁had ▁even ▁concluded . ▁ ▁A ▁notable ▁exception ▁to ▁this ▁den unci ation ▁was |
▁J ude ▁Cel est in . ▁ ▁Following ▁demonstr ation ▁and ▁dem ands ▁by ▁the ▁opposition ▁to ▁hold ▁elections ▁amid ▁a ▁parliament ary ▁call ▁that ▁he ▁can ▁stay ▁beyond ▁his ▁ 7 ▁February ▁mand ate , ▁President ▁René ▁Pr é val ▁issued ▁decre es ▁ordering ▁the ▁country ' s ▁nine - member ▁prov is ional ▁elect oral ▁council ▁to ▁organ ise ▁the ▁election . ▁However ▁he ▁still ▁did ▁not ▁address ▁calls ▁for ▁the ▁council ▁itself ▁to ▁be ▁replaced ▁before ▁a ▁vote ▁is ▁held . ▁Despite ▁the ▁constitution al ▁legit im acy ▁and ▁im partial ity ▁of ▁the ▁CE P ▁having ▁been ▁challeng ed . ▁ ▁Some ▁question ed ▁whether ▁H ait i ▁was ▁ready ▁to ▁hold ▁an ▁election ▁following ▁the ▁earth qu ake ▁that ▁left ▁more ▁than ▁a ▁million ▁people ▁in ▁makes h ift ▁cam ps ▁and ▁without ▁IDs . ▁There ▁was ▁also ▁a ▁fear ▁that ▁the ▁election ▁could ▁throw ▁the ▁country ▁into ▁a ▁political ▁crisis ▁due ▁to ▁a ▁lack ▁of ▁trans par ency ▁and ▁voting ▁fra ud . ▁ ▁Canada ▁had ▁also ▁press ured ▁H ait i ▁to ▁hold ▁elections ▁as ▁st ip ulated ▁in ▁its ▁constitution . ▁It ▁wanted ▁a ▁firm ▁commit ment ▁to ▁holding ▁elections ▁by ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁year ▁as ▁domestic ▁opposition ▁grew ▁to ▁inc umb ent ▁President ▁René ▁Pr é val ' s ▁response ▁to ▁the ▁earth qu ake . ▁ ▁Due ▁to ▁the ▁elections ▁and ▁alleg edly ▁accepted ▁inst ability , ▁H ait ian ▁security ▁services ▁were ▁given ▁special ▁training ▁by ▁foreign ▁forces . ▁ ▁The |
▁United ▁Nations ▁voted ▁to ▁extend ▁M IN UST A H ' s ▁mand ate ▁amid ▁fear s ▁of ▁inst ability . ▁This ▁was ▁gre et ed ▁with ▁protest ers ▁in ▁Port - au - Pr ince ▁carrying ▁b ann ers ▁reading ▁" Down ▁with ▁the ▁occupation ," ▁and ▁burning ▁the ▁flag ▁of ▁Brazil , ▁as ▁they ▁had ▁the ▁largest ▁cont ing ent ▁in ▁M IN UST A H . ▁Despite ▁months ▁of ▁relative ▁calm ▁after ▁the ▁earth qu ake , ▁this ▁represented ▁a ▁" chor us ▁of ▁opposition ▁to ▁René ▁Pr é val , ▁H ait i ' s ▁president , ▁and ▁to ▁UN ▁forces ." ▁ ▁Due ▁to ▁the ▁ch ol era ▁out break , ▁there ▁were ▁fear s ▁that ▁the ▁election ▁could ▁be ▁post pon ed . ▁However , ▁the ▁head ▁of ▁M IN UST A H , ▁Ed mond ▁Mu let , ▁said ▁that ▁it ▁should ▁not ▁be ▁delayed ▁as ▁that ▁could ▁lead ▁to ▁a ▁political ▁vac u um ▁with ▁un t old ▁potential ▁problems . ▁ ▁After ▁a ▁visit ▁by ▁then ▁Secretary ▁of ▁State ▁Hill ary ▁Cl inton , ▁Man ig at ▁and ▁Mart elly ▁agreed ▁to ▁accept ▁the ▁results ▁of ▁the ▁first ▁round ▁of ▁voting . ▁ ▁During ▁the ▁first ▁round ▁of ▁voting , ▁two ▁people ▁were ▁killed ▁in ▁a ▁fire f ight ▁between ▁rival ▁parties ' ▁supp or ters ▁in ▁Aqu in , ▁with ▁several ▁injured ▁in ▁violence ▁across ▁the ▁country . ▁ ▁Post - 1 st ▁round ▁There ▁were ▁calls ▁for ▁Mart elly ▁to ▁be ▁included |
▁in ▁the ▁run - off ; ▁however , ▁he ▁has ▁stated ▁that ▁he ▁would ▁not ▁take ▁part ▁if ▁C él est in ▁is ▁also ▁a ▁candidate ▁in ▁the ▁run - off . ▁A ▁rec ount ▁was ▁announced ▁on ▁ 1 0 ▁December . ▁However , ▁both ▁Man ig at ▁and ▁Mart elly ▁then ▁rejected ▁the ▁proposed ▁rec ount , ▁with ▁only ▁C él est in ▁accepting ▁it . ▁Man ig at ▁and ▁Mart elly ▁also ▁critic ised ▁the ▁lack ▁of ▁clear ▁procedures ▁or ▁a ▁tim et able . ▁ ▁Following ▁a ▁deal ▁reached ▁in ▁late ▁December ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁to ▁look ▁into ▁the ▁vote ▁counting ▁process ▁and ▁have ▁re - pol ling ▁in ▁certain ▁constitu encies , ▁the ▁run - off ▁was ▁post pon ed ▁until ▁at ▁least ▁February ▁ 2 0 1 1 . ▁Pierre - Louis ▁Op ont , ▁the ▁director ▁general ▁of ▁the ▁Pro vis ional ▁Elect oral ▁Council ▁said : ▁" It ▁will ▁be ▁material ly ▁impossible ▁to ▁hold ▁the ▁run - off ▁on ▁January ▁ 1 6 . ▁From ▁the ▁date ▁of ▁the ▁publication ▁of ▁the ▁final ▁results ▁of ▁the ▁first ▁round , ▁we ▁will ▁need ▁at ▁least ▁one ▁month ▁to ▁hold ▁the ▁run - off ." ▁He ▁also ▁said ▁that ▁a ▁report ▁by ▁the ▁Organisation ▁of ▁American ▁States ▁and ▁a ▁completion ▁of ▁review ▁for ▁the ▁results ▁that ▁had ▁been ▁challeng ed ▁would ▁be ▁needed ▁first . ▁ ▁The ▁O AS ▁report ▁proposed ▁that ▁Man ig at ▁and ▁Mart elly ▁advance ▁to ▁the ▁run - off |
, ▁dro pping ▁C él est in ▁from ▁the ▁second ▁round . ▁However , ▁the ▁Pro vis ional ▁Elect oral ▁Council ▁rejected ▁that ▁suggestion ▁on ▁ 1 9 ▁January ▁ 2 0 1 1 . ▁Additionally , ▁some ▁anal ys es ▁showed ▁that ▁the ▁O AS ▁report ▁was ▁statist ically ▁fla wed ▁and ▁made ▁the ▁recommendation ▁to ▁eliminate ▁C él est in ▁with ▁no ▁apparent ▁just ification . ▁ ▁In ▁a ▁January ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁report , ▁the ▁Center ▁for ▁Econom ic ▁and ▁Policy ▁Research ▁concluded ▁that ▁ 7 1 . 5 % ▁of ▁the ▁el ig ible ▁H ait ian ▁population ▁did ▁not ▁vote ▁during ▁the ▁first ▁round ▁of ▁the ▁election ▁on ▁November ▁ 2 8 , ▁ 2 0 1 0 . ▁Furthermore , ▁from ▁the ▁remaining ▁votes ▁ 8 . 1 % ▁were ▁considered ▁to ▁be ▁invalid , ▁leaving ▁only ▁ 2 0 . 1 % ▁of ▁the ▁votes ▁being ▁cast ▁on ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁candidates ▁in ▁the ▁election . ▁The ▁high ▁rate ▁of ▁irregular ▁votes ▁led ▁the ▁CE PR ▁to ▁conclude ▁that ▁no ▁statistics - based , ▁non - ar bitr ary ▁selection ▁of ▁a ▁second - place ▁candidate ▁was ▁possible . ▁ ▁In ▁a ▁later ▁August ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁report , ▁the ▁CE PR ▁further ▁concluded ▁that ▁the ▁data ▁actually ▁contrad icted ▁the ▁O AS ▁recommendation ▁to ▁over turn ▁the ▁initial ▁vote ▁counts ▁and ▁select ▁Mart elly ▁as ▁the ▁second - place ▁candidate , ▁and ▁that ▁this ▁move ▁was ▁not ▁in ▁line ▁with ▁normal |
▁international ▁election ▁resolution ▁processes , ▁suggesting ▁a ▁bias ▁on ▁the ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁O AS . ▁ ▁C él est in ▁was ▁reported ly ▁likely ▁to ▁drop ▁out ▁of ▁the ▁run - off ▁by ▁himself , ▁however , ▁as ▁stated ▁by ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁his ▁party ▁on ▁ 2 5 ▁January ▁ 2 0 1 1 , ▁partially ▁as ▁a ▁result ▁of ▁international ▁pressure . ▁The ▁official ▁withdraw al ▁statement ▁came ▁on ▁ 2 6 ▁January ▁ 2 0 1 1 . ▁ ▁Baby ▁Doc ▁returned ▁to ▁H ait i ▁on ▁ 1 6 ▁January ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁in ▁what ▁was ▁seen ▁as ▁possibly ▁more ▁uncertainty . ▁Cor ruption ▁and ▁the ft ▁charges ▁were ▁then ▁file d ▁against ▁him . ▁Jean - Ber tr and ▁Arist ide ▁returned ▁in ▁March ▁amid st ▁concern ▁for ▁stability ▁by ▁both ▁the ▁run off ▁candidates . ▁The ▁rum our ▁of ▁his ▁return ▁led ▁to ▁several ▁thousand ▁of ▁his ▁supp or ters ▁in ▁Port - au - Pr ince ▁demand ing ▁that ▁without ▁Arist ide ▁there ▁should ▁not ▁be ▁a ▁second ▁round ▁election . ▁The ▁protest ▁even ▁reached ▁as ▁far ▁as ▁Miami , ▁where ▁approximately ▁ 6 0 ▁protest ers ▁gathered ▁in ▁front ▁of ▁the ▁offices ▁of ▁The ▁Miami ▁Her ald . ▁Question s ▁were ▁then ▁asked ▁about ▁the ▁effect ▁the ▁former ▁pres idents ▁could ▁have ▁on ▁the ▁political ▁process . ▁ ▁Camp aign ing ▁for ▁the ▁second ▁round ▁of ▁the ▁president ial ▁election ▁officially ▁comm enced ▁on ▁Th urs day , ▁ 1 7 ▁February |
. ▁While ▁M irl ande ▁Man ig at ▁discussed ▁her ▁future ▁plans ▁for ▁H ait i ▁in ▁a ▁hotel ▁with ▁rep or ters , ▁Mart elly ▁took ▁to ▁the ▁streets ▁of ▁Cap - Ha ï t ien , ▁the ▁second ▁largest ▁city ▁in ▁H ait i , ▁where ▁he ▁and ▁his ▁follow ers ▁dan ced ▁and ▁sang ▁in ▁the ▁streets . ▁Mart elly ▁even ▁went ▁as ▁far ▁as ▁to ▁campaign ▁in ▁Miami ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁of ▁America , ▁which ▁is ▁home ▁to ▁a ▁large ▁number ▁of ▁H ait ian ▁exp atri ates . ▁ ▁On ▁ 1 7 ▁February , ▁Wy cle f ▁Jean ▁announced ▁his ▁support ▁for ▁Mart elly ▁in ▁the ▁second ▁round ▁of ▁the ▁president ial ▁election . ▁Wy cle f ▁Jean ▁was ▁also ▁shot ▁at ▁and ▁gra zed ▁by ▁a ▁bullet ▁the ▁day ▁before ▁the ▁second ▁round ▁vote ▁during ▁campaign ing ▁for ▁Mart elly . ▁He ▁was ▁wounded ▁and ▁taken ▁to ▁a ▁hospital . ▁ ▁During ▁voting ▁for ▁the ▁second ▁round ▁some ▁pol ling ▁stations ▁failed ▁to ▁open ▁on ▁time ▁as ▁they ▁lack ed ▁the ▁necessary ▁equipment ▁and ▁documents . ▁ ▁President ▁Bar ack ▁Ob ama ▁of ▁the ▁US ▁asked ▁the ▁government ▁of ▁South ▁Africa ▁to ▁delay ▁former ▁president ▁Jean - Ber tr and ▁Arist ide ' s ▁attempt ▁to ▁return ▁to ▁H ait i , ▁however , ▁the ▁request ▁was ▁rejected ▁by ▁Arist ide ▁himself . ▁ ▁Results ▁The ▁result ▁for ▁the ▁first ▁round ▁president ial ▁poll ▁was ▁announced ▁on ▁ 3 ▁February ▁ 2 0 1 1 |
, ▁with ▁the ▁run - off ▁set ▁for ▁ 2 0 ▁March ▁between ▁Man ig at ▁and ▁Mart elly . ▁ ▁Fra ud ▁alleg ations ▁Despite ▁the ▁Pro vis ional ▁E lection ▁Council ▁san ction ing ▁the ▁election , ▁protest s ▁continued ▁the ▁next ▁day . ▁Al most ▁two - third s ▁of ▁the ▁candidates ▁also ▁called ▁for ▁the ▁election ▁to ▁be ▁ann ul led ▁alleg ing ▁fra ud ▁and ▁many ▁vot ers ▁being ▁refused ▁ball ots . ▁Despite ▁this , ▁international ▁election ▁mon itors ▁declared ▁the ▁pol ls ▁valid ▁and ▁said ▁the ▁results ▁should ▁not ▁be ▁invalid ated . ▁This ▁opinion ▁was ▁not ▁shared ▁by ▁the ▁O AS ▁and ▁the ▁C AR IC OM ▁who , ▁after ▁a ▁pre lim inary ▁report , ▁said ▁that ▁there ▁many ▁problems ▁surrounding ▁the ▁election . ▁Following ▁further ▁protest s ▁by ▁several ▁candidates , ▁the ▁UN ▁called ▁for ▁calm ▁and ▁ur ged ▁candidates ▁to ▁call ▁on ▁their ▁supp or ters ▁not ▁to ▁inst ig ate ▁trouble . ▁It ▁also ▁said ▁that ▁a ▁d eter ior ating ▁security ▁situation ▁could ▁und erm ine ▁contain ment ▁of ▁the ▁ch ol era ▁ep ide mic . ▁C BC ▁News ▁rep or ters ▁also ▁alleg ed ▁that ▁there ▁was ▁" mass ive ▁fra ud ," ▁though ▁they ▁did ▁no ▁clarify ▁what ▁they ▁meant . ▁Pro tests ▁continued ▁in ▁Port - au - Pr ince ▁and ▁G ona ives , ▁with ▁bar ric ades ▁in ▁the ▁streets . ▁Port - au - Pr ince ▁had ▁four ▁consecutive ▁days ▁of ▁protest s |
. ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁H ait i ' s ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁President ial ▁E lection ▁Results ▁Graph ic ▁from ▁H ait i ' s ▁F at ally ▁F la wed ▁E lection ▁by ▁J ake ▁John ston ▁and ▁Mark ▁We is b rot . ▁pdf ▁file . ▁The ▁Ent ire ▁Deb ate ▁Between ▁Mart elly ▁And ▁Man ig at ▁- ▁Live ▁In ▁Video , ▁H ait i ▁Ob server , ▁March ▁ 1 0 , ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁ ▁The ▁Organ ization ▁of ▁American ▁States ▁in ▁H ait i : ▁ ▁E lection ▁Mon itor ing ▁or ▁Political ▁Inter vention ?, ▁from ▁the ▁Center ▁for ▁Econom ic ▁and ▁Policy ▁Research , ▁October ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁ ▁Category : E lections ▁in ▁H ait i ▁Category : 2 0 1 0 ▁in ▁H ait i ▁Category : 2 0 1 1 ▁in ▁H ait i ▁Category : 2 0 1 0 ▁elections ▁in ▁the ▁Car ib bean ▁Category : 2 0 1 1 ▁elections ▁in ▁the ▁Car ib bean ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁Category : Foreign ▁elect oral ▁inter vention <0x0A> </s> ▁Welcome ▁to ▁the ▁Real ▁World ▁is ▁the ▁debut ▁studio ▁album ▁by ▁the ▁Australian ▁rock ▁band , ▁S ick ▁Pu pp ies . ▁ ▁The ▁album ▁was ▁released ▁only ▁in ▁Australia ▁on ▁ 3 ▁September ▁ 2 0 0 1 ▁as ▁an ▁en hanced ▁CD ▁with ▁the ▁" Every ▁Day " ▁music ▁video ▁featured ▁as ▁a ▁' multi - media ▁component '. |
▁The ▁album ' s ▁ 3 , 0 0 0 ▁copies ▁that ▁were ▁pressed ▁were ▁only ▁sold ▁in ▁Australia , ▁making ▁it ▁very ▁valuable ▁– ▁and ▁only ▁available ▁– ▁on ▁the ▁second ▁hand ▁market . ▁The ▁album ▁was ▁released ▁with ▁the ▁Every ▁Day ▁single ▁on ▁some ▁press ings . ▁This ▁is ▁the ▁band ' s ▁only ▁studio ▁album ▁to ▁feature ▁Chris ▁Mil es ki ▁on ▁drums . ▁ ▁Pre - release ▁The ▁band ▁entered ▁the ▁Tri ple ▁J ▁Une arth ed ▁band ▁competition ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 0 ▁with ▁a ▁demo ▁of ▁their ▁song , ▁" Nothing ▁Re ally ▁Mat ters ", ▁and ▁went ▁on ▁to ▁co - win ▁the ▁Sydney - region ▁along ▁with ▁Blue ▁and ▁Ari els . Sp ans . E arth . ▁which ▁led ▁to ▁a ▁management ▁deal ▁with ▁Paul ▁Ste pan ek ▁Management . ▁This ▁deal ▁enabled ▁the ▁band ▁to ▁release ▁the ▁full ▁album ▁of ▁Welcome ▁to ▁the ▁Real ▁World . ▁Al ong ▁with ▁" Nothing ▁Re ally ▁Mat ters ", ▁two ▁other ▁singles ▁were ▁released ▁before ▁the ▁full ▁album ▁was ▁made ▁available ; ▁" Every ▁Day " ▁and ▁" R ock ▁K ids ". ▁ ▁Music ▁videos ▁Two ▁music ▁videos ▁were ▁produced ▁for ▁this ▁album , ▁the ▁first ▁being ▁for ▁the ▁demo ▁version ▁of ▁" Nothing ▁Re ally ▁Mat ters ", ▁which ▁was ▁released ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 0 , ▁and ▁the ▁other ▁being ▁for ▁" Every ▁Day ", ▁which ▁was ▁released ▁with ▁the ▁album . ▁ ▁The ▁music ▁video ▁for ▁" Nothing ▁Re ally |
▁Mat ters " ▁is ▁composed ▁of ▁live ▁foot age ▁from ▁ 2 0 0 0 ▁of ▁the ▁band ▁playing ▁in ▁Sydney . ▁The ▁music ▁video ▁for ▁" Every ▁Day ", ▁on ▁the ▁other ▁hand , ▁shows ▁the ▁band ▁playing ▁in ▁an ▁old ▁hall way , ▁with ▁cut s ▁to ▁the ▁band ▁members ▁dressed ▁in ▁different ▁occup ational ▁att ires ▁such ▁as ▁a ▁c low n , ▁an ▁astr onaut , ▁a ▁box er ▁and ▁a ▁polic eman , ▁with ▁other ▁sh ots ▁of ▁them ▁dressed ▁in ▁straight ▁jack ets . ▁ ▁U . S . ▁Release ▁Welcome ▁to ▁the ▁Real ▁World ▁was ▁released ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁in ▁early ▁ 2 0 1 6 . ▁With ▁no ▁official ▁word ▁from ▁the ▁band , ▁the ▁record ▁was ▁added ▁to ▁the ▁Apple ▁Music ▁i T unes ▁store . ▁Single ▁releases ▁for ▁Rock ▁K ids ▁and ▁Every ▁Day ▁also ▁appeared ▁for ▁purchase . ▁This ▁came ▁after ▁the ▁departure ▁of ▁vocal ist / gu itar ist ▁Sh imon ▁Moore ▁and ▁on ▁the ▁he el ▁of ▁their ▁record , ▁F ury , ▁with ▁new ▁vocal ist ▁Bry an ▁Scott . ▁ ▁Track ▁listing ▁ ▁Out t akes ▁The ▁album ▁was ▁initially ▁supposed ▁to ▁feature ▁a ▁hum orous ▁cover ▁version ▁of ▁Dest iny ' s ▁Child ' s ▁hit ▁single ▁" S ay ▁My ▁Name ", ▁character ized ▁by ▁tur nt able ▁samples ▁and ▁heavy ▁Fle a - es que ▁bass ▁lines . ▁The ▁song ▁" Brain ▁Ste w " ▁by ▁Green ▁Day ▁is ▁used ▁as ▁background ▁music . |
▁The ▁cover ▁contains ▁additional ▁lyr ics ▁with ▁co arse ▁language ; ▁for ▁example , ▁the ▁ch orus ▁invari ably ▁ends ▁with ▁" You ' re ▁acting ▁kind a ▁sh ady , ▁ain ' t ▁call in ' ▁me ▁baby / So ▁what ▁the ▁f uck ? ". ▁The ▁song , ▁however , ▁was ▁not ▁included ▁due ▁to ▁the ▁threat ▁of ▁a ▁law suit ▁by ▁Dest iny ' s ▁Child ' s ▁record ▁label . ▁The ▁cover ▁was ▁later ▁le aked ▁on ▁the ▁internet ▁and ▁is ▁regularly ▁played ▁at ▁S ick ▁Pu pp ies ' ▁concert s . ▁▁ ▁" S ay ▁My ▁Name " ▁( Dest iny ' s ▁Child ▁cover ) ▁– ▁ 2 : 4 1 ▁ ▁Person nel ▁ ▁Sh im ▁Moore ▁– ▁lead ▁vocals , ▁guitar ▁ ▁Emma ▁An za i ▁– ▁Bass ▁guitar , ▁backing ▁vocals ▁ ▁Chris ▁Mil es ki ▁– ▁drums ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : S ick ▁Pu pp ies ▁albums ▁Category : 2 0 0 1 ▁debut ▁albums ▁Category : V ir gin ▁Records ▁albums <0x0A> </s> ▁V rá ble ▁() ▁is ▁a ▁small ▁town ▁in ▁the ▁N it ra ▁District , ▁N it ra ▁Region , ▁western ▁Slov ak ia . ▁ ▁Et ym ology ▁The ▁name ▁der ives ▁from ▁v rá be ľ ▁- ▁a ▁Slov ak ▁dialect ▁name ▁of ▁sp arrow ▁( v rab ec ). ▁ ▁Geography ▁It ▁is ▁located ▁in ▁the ▁Dan ub ian ▁Hills ▁on ▁the ▁Ž it ava ▁river , ▁about ▁ ▁south - east - east |
▁from ▁N it ra . ▁The ▁c adas tr al ▁area ▁of ▁the ▁town ▁has ▁an ▁alt itude ▁from ▁ ▁AS L . ▁There ' s ▁a ▁small ▁dam ▁called ▁V od ná ▁n ád r ž ▁V rá ble ▁west ▁of ▁the ▁town . ▁ ▁The ▁town ▁has ▁three ▁parts : ▁V rá ble ▁proper , ▁and ▁the ▁former ▁villages ▁of ▁Dy čka ▁and ▁Horn ý ▁Oh aj ▁( both ▁an nex ed ▁ 1 9 7 5 ). ▁ ▁History ▁The ▁oldest ▁evidence ▁of ▁the ▁settlement ▁of ▁V rá ble ▁comes ▁from ▁the ▁Ne ol ith ic ▁age ▁( 6 0 0 0 - 2 0 0 0 ▁BC ). ▁The ▁ ▁first ▁written ▁reference ▁is ▁from ▁ 1 2 6 5 ▁as ▁Vere bel . ▁In ▁V rá ble , ▁there ▁was ▁the ▁oldest ▁post - station . ▁The ▁city ▁kept ▁ ▁an ▁agricult ural ▁character ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 th ▁and ▁ 2 0 th ▁centuries . ▁Econom ic ▁development ▁has ▁influenced ▁the ▁architecture ▁of ▁the ▁city . ▁After ▁break - up ▁of ▁Austria - H ung ary ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 8 , ▁the ▁town ▁became ▁part ▁of ▁Czech oslov ak ia ▁and ▁received ▁status ▁of ▁the ▁district ▁capital ▁( until ▁ 1 9 6 0 ). ▁After ▁the ▁First ▁Vienna ▁Award , ▁the ▁town ▁was ▁from ▁ 1 9 3 8 ▁to ▁ 1 9 4 5 ▁part ▁of ▁Hung ary . ▁ ▁Dem ograph ics ▁The ▁town ▁had ▁Hung arian ▁majority ▁in ▁the ▁ |
1 7 th ▁century ▁according ▁to ▁the ▁Turkish ▁tax ▁census . ▁According ▁to ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 1 ▁census , ▁the ▁town ▁had ▁ 9 , 4 9 3 ▁inhabitants . ▁ 9 3 . 3 2 % ▁of ▁inhabitants ▁were ▁Slov aks , ▁ 4 . 6 9 % ▁Hung ari ans , ▁ 0 . 7 8 % ▁Roma ▁and ▁ 0 . 5 5 % ▁C ze chs . ▁The ▁religious ▁make - up ▁was ▁ 8 8 . 4 1 % ▁Roman ▁C athol ics , ▁ 8 . 5 3 % ▁people ▁with ▁no ▁religious ▁affili ation ▁and ▁ 0 . 6 2 % ▁Luther ans . ▁ ▁Arch ae ological ▁site ▁The ▁largest ▁urban ▁ag gl omer ation ▁of ▁the ▁Bron ze ▁Age ▁Europe ▁was ▁found ▁in ▁V rá ble . ▁The ▁area ▁of ▁ 2 0 ▁hect ares ▁makes ▁it ▁larger ▁than ▁the ▁contemporary ▁My c ena e ▁and ▁T roy . ▁A ▁settlement ▁was ▁inhab ited ▁by ▁about ▁ 1 , 0 0 0 ▁people ▁and ▁buildings ▁were ▁built ▁around ▁streets . ▁Three ▁d itch es ▁strength ened ▁the ▁fort ifications . ▁The ▁site ▁is ▁also ▁the ▁northern most ▁known ▁tell ▁in ▁Central ▁Europe . ▁The ▁settlement ▁was ▁attributed ▁to ▁the ▁Ma ď ar ov ce ▁culture . ▁ ▁T win ▁towns ▁— ▁sister ▁cities ▁ ▁V rá ble ▁is ▁tw inned ▁with : ▁ ▁And ou illé , ▁France ▁ ▁Cs urg ó , ▁Hung ary ▁▁▁ ▁Nova ▁V aro š , ▁Ser |
bia ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Official ▁website ▁▁ ▁Category : C ities ▁and ▁towns ▁in ▁Slov ak ia ▁Category : Arch ae ological ▁sites ▁in ▁Slov ak ia <0x0A> </s> ▁K ak agi ▁Lake , ▁also ▁known ▁as ▁Crow ▁Lake , ▁is ▁a ▁lake ▁in ▁both ▁Un organ ized ▁Ken ora ▁District ▁and ▁the ▁town ship ▁of ▁Si oux ▁N arrow s - N est or ▁F alls , ▁Ken ora ▁District , ▁in ▁North western ▁Ontario , ▁Canada . ▁It ▁is ▁just ▁north ▁of ▁the ▁community ▁of ▁N est or ▁F alls , ▁and ▁right ▁across ▁Ontario ▁Highway ▁ 7 1 ▁from ▁Stevens ▁Bay ▁on ▁Lake ▁of ▁the ▁Wood s . ▁It ▁also ▁fe eds ▁Lake ▁of ▁the ▁Wood s ▁through ▁a ▁series ▁of ▁la kes ▁starting ▁with ▁C ed art ree ▁Lake . ▁ ▁Geography ▁It ▁is ▁a ▁body ▁of ▁water ▁that ▁is ▁essentially ▁not ▁chart ed , ▁and ▁ca ution ▁must ▁be ▁taken ▁when ▁navig ating ▁this ▁body ▁of ▁water . ▁K ak agi ▁Lake ▁is ▁approximately ▁ ▁in ▁size , ▁about ▁ ▁long ▁and ▁up ▁to ▁ ▁wide . ▁It ▁is ▁ ▁above ▁sea ▁level ▁with ▁an ▁average ▁depth ▁ ▁and ▁a ▁maximum ▁depth ▁of ▁. ▁The ▁lake ▁has ▁many ▁islands ▁such ▁as ▁Gold ▁Point ▁Island , ▁Green ▁Island , ▁M ink ▁Island , ▁Bear - Be aver ▁Island , ▁Al ora ▁Island , ▁Mos qu ito ▁Point ▁Island ▁and ▁P ine ▁Island . ▁There ▁are ▁several ▁sp ots ▁on ▁the ▁lake ▁frequ ented ▁by ▁camp ers |
▁as ▁well ▁as ▁several ▁natural ▁recre ational ▁areas ▁such ▁as ▁J ump ing ▁Rock , ▁Se ag ull ▁Rock ▁and ▁So ft ▁Sand ▁Beach . ▁ ▁There ▁are ▁small ▁number ▁of ▁private ▁cab ins ▁mostly ▁on ▁Young ' s ▁Bay , ▁and ▁several ▁commercial ▁fish ing ▁lod ges ▁and ▁resort s . ▁In ▁winter , ▁K ak agi ▁is ▁the ▁gateway ▁to ▁a ▁system ▁of ▁la kes ▁and ▁port ages ▁that ▁st ret ches ▁almost ▁ ▁east ▁of ▁N est or ▁F alls ▁by ▁snow mobile . ▁Young ' s ▁Bay ▁is ▁named ▁after ▁C ly de ▁Young ▁who ▁came ▁to ▁Canada ▁from ▁Chicago ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 2 ▁and ▁was ▁founder ▁of ▁Crow ▁Lake ▁Camp . ▁ ▁The ▁O j ib ways ▁of ▁On ig aming ▁First ▁Nation ▁lay ▁claim ▁to ▁much ▁of ▁K ak agi ▁Lake ; ▁their ▁Sab ask ong ▁Bay ▁ 3 5 D ▁reserve ▁is ▁on ▁the ▁south west ▁shore ▁of ▁the ▁lake . ▁ ▁The ▁lake ▁also ▁has ▁a ▁history ▁of ▁gold ▁min ing . ▁ ▁Natural ▁history ▁K ak agi ▁lake ▁is ▁well ▁known ▁for ▁its ▁lake ▁tr out ▁fish ing ▁because ▁of ▁its ▁many ▁sp aw ning ▁re ef s ▁throughout ▁the ▁lake ▁and ▁deep ▁water ▁bas ins ▁equally ▁well ▁distributed . ▁Mus ky , ▁small mouth ▁bass , ▁northern ▁pi ke ▁and ▁lake ▁white fish ▁also ▁inhab it ▁K ak agi . ▁ ▁K ag aki ' s ▁for age ▁fish ▁include ▁per ch , ▁rock ▁bass , ▁c is co , ▁lake |
▁sh in ers ▁and ▁a ▁variety ▁of ▁other ▁min now ▁species . ▁ ▁Rec re ation ▁ ▁C ano e ▁Route ▁There ▁is ▁a ▁popular ▁can oe ▁route ▁known ▁as ▁the ▁K ak agi ▁Lake - C amer on ▁Lake ▁can oe ▁route . ▁The ▁loop ▁is ▁considered ▁of ▁moder ate ▁difficulty ▁and ▁starts ▁and ▁ends ▁at ▁K ak agi . ▁Native ▁p ict ograph s ▁and ▁bald ▁e ag les ▁exist ▁on ▁Stephen ▁Lake . ▁The ▁length ▁is ▁ 5 1 km ▁and ▁typically ▁takes ▁ 4 ▁days ▁across ▁ 5 ▁port ages . ▁The ▁route ▁typically ▁starts ▁at ▁the ▁Government ▁D ock ▁( ), ▁and ▁moves ▁north ▁for ▁ ▁to ▁Em m ▁Bay . ▁Then ▁move ▁north ▁through ▁a ▁narrow s ▁and ▁then ▁ ▁until ▁the ▁first ▁port age ▁to ▁C ed art ree ▁Lake . ▁The ▁port age ▁is ▁ ▁long ▁( ). ▁Then ▁follow ▁the ▁west ▁shore ▁of ▁C ed art ree ▁Lake ▁into ▁the ▁river ▁and ▁continue ▁the ▁length ▁of ▁the ▁river ▁until ▁the ▁port age ▁to ▁Fl int ▁Lake . ▁The ▁port age ▁is ▁ ▁long ▁() ▁and ▁passes ▁over ▁Camer on ▁Lake ▁Road . ▁Next ▁follow ▁the ▁rest ▁of ▁the ▁river ▁into ▁Fl int ▁Lake ▁and ▁then ▁go ▁to ▁the ▁south ▁shore ▁until ▁the ▁next ▁port age ▁into ▁Stephen ▁Lake ▁via ▁Camer on ▁Creek . ▁The ▁port age ▁is ▁ ▁long ▁and ▁is ▁located ▁on ▁the ▁east ▁side ▁of ▁Camer on ▁Creek . ▁Move ▁east ▁down ▁Stephen ▁Lake ▁via ▁the ▁narrow s . ▁The ▁p |
ict ograph s ▁are ▁found ▁just ▁after ▁the ▁narrow s ▁and ▁to ▁the ▁left ▁just ▁around ▁the ▁bay . ▁Move ▁to ▁the ▁east ▁on ▁Stephen ▁Lake ▁into ▁the ▁bay ▁until ▁the ▁port age ▁to ▁Camer on ▁Lake ▁via ▁Camer on ▁Creek . ▁The ▁port age ▁is ▁ ▁long ▁() ▁and ▁follows ▁a ▁small ▁cre ek ▁to ▁the ▁south ▁of ▁the ▁trail . ▁Next ▁move ▁into ▁Bog ▁Bay ▁through ▁the ▁narrow s ▁and ▁into ▁Camer on ▁Lake ▁and ▁then ▁follow ▁the ▁south ▁shore ▁for ▁ ▁to ▁the ▁most ▁sout he aster ly ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁lake ▁to ▁the ▁port age ▁back ▁into ▁K ak agi ▁Lake . ▁The ▁port age ▁is ▁ ▁long ▁( ). ▁Once ▁on ▁K ak agi ▁Lake , ▁follow ▁the ▁north ▁shore , ▁heading ▁west ▁for ▁about ▁ ▁the ▁continue ▁west ▁back ▁to ▁the ▁Government ▁dock ▁for ▁. ▁ ▁Popular ▁culture ▁Although ▁the ▁book ▁is ▁set ▁in ▁Northern ▁Ontario , ▁Crow ▁Lake ▁is ▁not ▁actually ▁about ▁K ak agi ▁( C row ) ▁Lake . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁List ▁of ▁la kes ▁in ▁Ontario ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁ ▁Bull ▁Mo ose ▁L odge ▁ ▁B ore al ▁Bay ▁L odge ▁ ▁Black ▁Bear ▁Fish ing ▁ ▁Mus kie ▁Bay ▁Res ort ▁ ▁Category : L akes ▁of ▁Ken ora ▁District ▁Category : H ud son ' s ▁Bay ▁Company ▁trad ing ▁posts <0x0A> </s> ▁U CS F ▁Helen ▁D iller ▁Family ▁Com pre h ensive ▁Can cer ▁Center ▁is ▁an ▁N CI - design ated ▁Can cer ▁Center |
, ▁affili ated ▁with ▁the ▁U CS F ▁School ▁of ▁Medicine ▁and ▁the ▁U CS F ▁Medical ▁Center . ▁ ▁It ▁is ▁one ▁of ▁ 6 9 ▁cancer ▁research ▁institutions ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁supported ▁by ▁the ▁National ▁Can cer ▁Institute , ▁and ▁one ▁of ▁three ▁in ▁Northern ▁California . ▁ ▁The ▁H DF CC C ▁integr ates ▁basic ▁and ▁clin ical ▁science , ▁patient ▁care , ▁and ▁population ▁science ▁to ▁address ▁prevent ion ▁and ▁early ▁detection ▁of ▁cancer ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁the ▁quality ▁of ▁life ▁following ▁diagn osis ▁and ▁treatment . ▁ ▁H DF CC C ▁is ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁California ▁Can cer ▁Cons ort ium , ▁the ▁National ▁Com pre h ensive ▁Can cer ▁Network ▁( N CCN ) ▁and ▁Association ▁of ▁American ▁Can cer ▁Instit utes . ▁ ▁Can cer ▁programs ▁at ▁U CS F ▁have ▁been ▁continu ously ▁acc red ited ▁since ▁ 1 9 3 3 ▁by ▁the ▁Commission ▁on ▁Can cer ▁of ▁the ▁American ▁College ▁of ▁Sur ge ons . ▁ ▁History ▁In ▁ 1 9 4 8 , ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁California ▁at ▁San ▁Francisco ▁( U CS F ) ▁established ▁the ▁Can cer ▁Research ▁Institute . ▁In ▁▁ 1 9 9 2 , ▁ ▁U CS F ▁ ▁received ▁ ▁an ▁ ▁N CI ▁planning ▁ ▁grant ▁ ▁to ▁ ▁develop ▁ ▁a ▁Can cer ▁Center . ▁ ▁The ▁Center ▁received ▁its ▁N CI ▁" Com pre h ensive " ▁design ation ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 9 ▁and ▁was ▁renamed ▁the |
▁U CS F ▁Helen ▁D iller ▁Family ▁Com pre h ensive ▁Can cer ▁Center ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁in ▁honor ▁of ▁phil anth rop ist ▁Helen ▁D iller . ▁ ▁Loc ations ▁Can cer ▁care , ▁research , ▁and ▁training ▁programs ▁are ▁carried ▁out ▁across ▁San ▁Francisco ▁at ▁U CS F ▁locations ▁at ▁Mission ▁Bay ▁in ▁Pot rero , ▁Mount ▁Z ion ▁in ▁the ▁Western ▁Add ition ▁neighborhood , ▁Par n ass us ▁near ▁Golden ▁Gate ▁Park , ▁Z ucker berg ▁San ▁Francisco ▁General ▁Hospital ▁in ▁the ▁Mission ▁neighborhood , ▁and ▁San ▁Francisco ▁V eter ans ▁Affairs ▁Medical ▁Center ▁in ▁the ▁Richmond ▁district . ▁ ▁In ▁addition ▁to ▁individual ▁lab ▁space ▁across ▁U CS F ▁camp uses , ▁there ▁are ▁cancer ▁research ▁facilities ▁at ▁Mount ▁Z ion ▁and ▁Mission ▁Bay . ▁The ▁Helen ▁D iller ▁Family ▁Can cer ▁Research ▁Building ▁at ▁Mission ▁Bay ▁was ▁designed ▁by ▁Rafael ▁Vi ñ oly ▁and ▁opened ▁in ▁June ▁ 2 0 0 9 . ▁ ▁U CS F / Par n ass us ▁is ▁the ▁center ▁for ▁patient ▁care ▁in ▁ne uro logic ▁on col ogy ; ▁le uk emia , ▁l ym ph oma , ▁and ▁other ▁h emat opo iet ic ▁m align an cies ; ▁and ▁b one ▁mar row ▁trans plant . ▁ ▁Mount ▁Z ion ▁offers ▁out pat ient ▁facilities ▁for ▁radiation ▁on col ogy , ▁breast ▁care , ▁inf usion , ▁ped iat ric ▁der mat ology , ▁and ▁support ▁services . ▁ ▁The ▁Bak ar ▁Can cer ▁Hospital |
▁opened ▁on ▁the ▁Mission ▁Bay ▁campus ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 5 ▁and ▁has ▁ 7 0 ▁adult ▁b eds ▁and ▁serves ▁patients ▁with ▁orth op edic ▁u ro logic , ▁gy ne colog ic , ▁head ▁and ▁neck ▁and ▁g astro int est inal ▁and ▁col ore ct al ▁can cers . ▁ ▁The ▁U CS F ▁Ben io ff ▁Children ' s ▁Hospital ▁at ▁Mission ▁Bay ▁accommod ates ▁the ▁Center ' s ▁Ped iat ric ▁On col ogy ▁Program . ▁ ▁Gr ound bre aking ▁for ▁a ▁new ▁P rec ision ▁Can cer ▁Medicine ▁Building ▁at ▁the ▁Mission ▁Bay ▁campus ▁began ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 7 , ▁with ▁the ▁facility ▁scheduled ▁to ▁open ▁to ▁patients ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 9 . ▁ ▁Rank ing ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 6 , ▁the ▁center ▁ranked ▁first ▁in ▁California ▁and ▁sixth ▁nation wide ▁in ▁National ▁Can cer ▁Institute ▁research ▁gr ants . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 7 ▁U . S . ▁News ▁& ▁World ▁Report ▁ ▁" America ’ s ▁Best ▁H osp it als " ▁survey ▁ranked ▁U CS F ▁ 1 0 th ▁for ▁cancer ▁care . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : Can cer ▁hosp it als ▁Category : H osp it als ▁in ▁San ▁Francisco ▁Category : Med ical ▁research ▁instit utes ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Category : N CI - design ated ▁cancer ▁cent ers <0x0A> </s> ▁John ▁Sm ill ie ▁( born ▁April ▁ 1 6 , ▁ 1 9 5 4 ) ▁is |
▁a ▁Scottish ▁retired - American ▁s occer ▁player ▁who ▁played ▁profession ally ▁in ▁the ▁North ▁American ▁Soccer ▁League ▁and ▁Major ▁Ind oor ▁Soccer ▁League . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 7 2 , ▁Sm ill ie ▁began ▁his ▁colleg iate ▁s occer ▁career ▁at ▁De ▁An za ▁College ▁before ▁transfer ring ▁to ▁San ▁Jose ▁State ▁University ▁where ▁he ▁was ▁a ▁ 1 9 7 5 ▁Second ▁Team ▁All ▁American ▁s occer ▁player . ▁In ▁ 1 9 7 6 , ▁the ▁Port land ▁Tim bers ▁selected ▁Sm ill ie ▁in ▁the ▁first ▁round ▁of ▁the ▁North ▁American ▁Soccer ▁League ▁draft . ▁He ▁transferred ▁to ▁the ▁San ▁Jose ▁Earth qu akes ▁for ▁the ▁ 1 9 7 7 ▁and ▁ 1 9 7 8 ▁seasons . ▁In ▁the ▁fall ▁of ▁ 1 9 7 8 , ▁he ▁moved ▁ind o ors ▁with ▁the ▁C inc inn ati ▁K ids ▁of ▁the ▁Major ▁Ind oor ▁Soccer ▁League . ▁He ▁also ▁played ▁the ▁ 1 9 8 0 - 1 9 8 1 ▁season ▁with ▁the ▁San ▁Francisco ▁F og ▁of ▁M IS L . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁NAS L / M IS L ▁stats ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 5 4 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : Foot ball ers ▁from ▁Glasgow ▁Category : American ▁s occer ▁players ▁Category : C inc inn ati ▁K ids ▁players ▁Category : M aj or ▁Ind oor ▁Soccer ▁League ▁( 1 9 7 8 – 1 9 9 2 ) ▁players ▁Category : |
Sc ott ish ▁em igr ants ▁to ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Category : N orth ▁American ▁Soccer ▁League ▁( 1 9 6 8 – 1 9 8 4 ) ▁players ▁Category : Port land ▁Tim bers ▁( 1 9 7 5 – 1 9 8 2 ) ▁players ▁Category : San ▁Francisco ▁F og ▁( M IS L ) ▁players ▁Category : San ▁Jose ▁Earth qu akes ▁( 1 9 7 4 – 1 9 8 8 ) ▁players ▁Category : San ▁Jose ▁State ▁Spart ans ▁men ' s ▁s occer ▁players ▁Category : Sc ott ish ▁football ers ▁Category : Sc ott ish ▁exp atri ate ▁football ers ▁Category : Associ ation ▁football ▁for wards ▁Category : Sc ott ish ▁exp atri ate ▁sports people ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Category : Ex pat ri ate ▁s occer ▁players ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Category : Associ ation ▁football ▁def enders <0x0A> </s> ▁Mon ica ▁S ail i ▁( born ▁ 1 8 ▁September ▁ 1 9 9 7 ) ▁is ▁a ▁Sam o an ▁sw immer ▁who ▁currently ▁lives ▁in ▁New ▁Zealand . ▁She ▁competed ▁in ▁the ▁ 5 0 ▁m , ▁ 1 0 0 ▁m , ▁ 2 0 0 ▁m , ▁ 4 0 0 m , ▁ 8 0 0 ▁m ▁fre est yle , ▁ 5 0 ▁m , ▁ 1 0 0 ▁m ▁breast stroke , ▁ 5 0 ▁m , ▁ 1 0 0 ▁m ▁back stroke , ▁ 1 0 0 ▁m ▁but ter fly ▁and |
▁ 1 0 0 ▁m ▁individual ▁med ley ▁events ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁F IN A ▁World ▁Sw imming ▁Championships ▁( 2 5 ▁m ). ▁S ail i ▁also ▁competed ▁in ▁the ▁ 8 0 0 ▁m ▁and ▁ 4 0 0 ▁m ▁fre est yle ▁events ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁World ▁Aqu at ics ▁Championships . ▁ ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : 1 9 9 7 ▁birth s ▁Category : S amo an ▁female ▁sw imm ers <0x0A> </s> ▁Pseud ham mus ▁r ham n us ▁is ▁a ▁species ▁of ▁be et le ▁in ▁the ▁family ▁Cer amb yc idae . ▁It ▁was ▁described ▁by ▁D illon ▁and ▁D illon ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 9 . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : L ami inae ▁Category : Be et les ▁described ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 9 <0x0A> </s> ▁Monte fal con e ▁di ▁Val ▁Fort ore ▁is ▁a ▁comune ▁( m unicip ality ) ▁in ▁the ▁Province ▁of ▁B ene vent o ▁in ▁the ▁Italian ▁region ▁Camp ania , ▁located ▁about ▁ 8 0 km ▁n ortheast ▁of ▁Nap les ▁and ▁about ▁ 3 0 km ▁n ortheast ▁of ▁B ene vent o . ▁ ▁Monte fal con e ▁di ▁Val ▁Fort ore ▁is ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁Roman ▁Catholic ▁Dioc ese ▁of ▁Ari ano ▁Ir p ino - L ac ed onia ▁and ▁its ▁territory ▁borders ▁the ▁following ▁municipal ities : ▁Cast elf ran co ▁in ▁M isc ano , ▁Fo |
iano ▁di ▁Val ▁Fort ore , ▁G in estra ▁degli ▁Sch ia v oni , ▁Ros eto ▁Val fort ore , ▁San ▁Giorg io ▁La ▁Mol ara . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Monte fal con e ▁Di ▁Val ▁Fort ore ▁comune ▁website ▁ ▁Category : C ities ▁and ▁towns ▁in ▁Camp ania <0x0A> </s> ▁Thomas ▁Richard ▁Martin ▁( J anu ary ▁ 3 0 , ▁ 1 9 2 2 ▁– ▁May ▁ 2 4 , ▁ 2 0 0 8 ), ▁known ▁profession ally ▁as ▁Dick ▁Martin , ▁was ▁an ▁American ▁com ed ian ▁and ▁director . ▁He ▁was ▁known ▁for ▁his ▁role ▁as ▁the ▁co - host ▁of ▁the ▁sketch ▁comedy ▁program ▁Row an ▁& ▁Martin ' s ▁L augh - In ▁from ▁ 1 9 6 8 ▁to ▁ 1 9 7 3 . ▁ ▁Early ▁life ▁and ▁career ▁ ▁Martin ▁was ▁born ▁in ▁Battle ▁Creek , ▁Michigan ▁to ▁William , ▁a ▁sales man ▁and ▁Eth el ▁Martin , ▁a ▁hom em aker . ▁In ▁the ▁early ▁ 1 9 3 0 s , ▁the ▁family ▁moved ▁to ▁Detroit , ▁where ▁his ▁te en age ▁years ▁included ▁a ▁bout ▁with ▁t uber cul osis , ▁which ▁kept ▁him ▁out ▁of ▁the ▁military . ▁He ▁graduated ▁from ▁Michigan ▁State ▁University . ▁▁ ▁Early ▁in ▁his ▁career , ▁Martin ▁was ▁a ▁staff ▁writer ▁for ▁D uff y ' s ▁Ta vern , ▁a ▁radio ▁situation ▁comedy . ▁He ▁and ▁Dan ▁Row an ▁formed ▁the ▁comedy ▁team ▁Row an ▁and ▁Martin |
▁in ▁ 1 9 5 2 ▁and ▁played ▁in ▁night cl ubs ▁throughout ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁and ▁over se as . ▁Martin ▁played ▁a ▁dr unk ▁he ck ling ▁a ▁Shakespeare an ▁perform er , ▁a ▁main st ay ▁of ▁their ▁act ▁for ▁years . ▁They ▁could ▁frequently ▁be ▁seen ▁as ▁host - perform ers ▁on ▁N BC ' s ▁Col gate ▁Com edy ▁H our , ▁altern ating ▁with ▁Dean ▁Martin ▁and ▁Jerry ▁Lewis ▁and ▁other ▁more ▁established ▁names . ▁In ▁ 1 9 5 8 , ▁they ▁star red ▁in ▁Hal ▁Kan ter ' s ▁comedy ▁Western ▁Once ▁Upon ▁a ▁Hor se ▁which ▁failed ▁to ▁catch ▁on ▁with ▁mov iego ers . ▁In ▁ 1 9 6 0 , ▁their ▁contract ▁with ▁N BC ▁was ▁cancel led ▁four ▁years ▁early ▁by ▁mut ual ▁consent . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 6 2 , ▁Martin ▁worked ▁solo , ▁playing ▁next - door ▁neighbor ▁to ▁Luc ille ▁Ball ▁during ▁the ▁first ▁season ▁of ▁her ▁com eb ack ▁comedy ▁The ▁Lucy ▁Show . ▁He ▁and ▁Row an ▁returned ▁to ▁the ▁night club ▁circuit ▁until ▁ 1 9 6 6 , ▁when ▁they ▁were ▁asked ▁to ▁host ▁the ▁summer ▁replacement ▁series ▁for ▁the ▁Dean ▁Martin ▁Show . ▁He ▁co - star red ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 6 6 ▁Dor is ▁Day ▁movie ▁The ▁G lass ▁B ottom ▁Bo at . ▁ ▁L augh - In ▁The ▁expos ure ▁led ▁to ▁an ▁opportunity ▁for ▁Row an ▁and ▁Martin ▁to ▁team ▁up ▁with ▁produ cers ▁Ed |
▁Friend ly ▁and ▁George ▁Schl atter ▁and ▁create ▁Row an ▁& ▁Martin ' s ▁L augh - In ▁( 1 9 6 8 – 1 9 7 3 ) ▁on ▁N BC . ▁The ▁comedy ▁show ▁was ▁an ▁immediate ▁hit , ▁becoming ▁the ▁number ▁one ▁American ▁television ▁program ▁within ▁two ▁months ▁of ▁its ▁debut . ▁It ▁was ▁the ▁top - r ated ▁show ▁in ▁its ▁second ▁and ▁third ▁seasons . ▁L augh - In ▁had ▁a ▁uniqu ely ▁fast - p ac ed ▁stream - of - cons cious ness ▁style ▁of ▁black out ▁g ags , ▁double ▁ent endre , ▁top ical ▁sat ire , ▁and ▁catch phr ases , ▁much ▁of ▁it ▁delivered ▁by ▁a ▁cast ▁of ▁unknown s ▁such ▁as ▁Gold ie ▁Ha wn , ▁L ily ▁Tom lin , ▁and ▁Arte ▁Johnson . ▁ ▁At ▁the ▁center ▁of ▁the ▁ma el st rom ▁stood ▁the ▁veter ans ▁Row an ▁and ▁Martin , ▁who ▁am used ly ▁made ▁no ▁effort ▁to ▁slow ▁down ▁the ▁program . ▁Martin ▁later ▁said , ▁" We ▁designed ▁it ▁so ▁that ▁we ▁are ▁two ▁relatively ▁normal ▁guys ▁wand ering ▁through ▁a ▁sea ▁of ▁mad ness ," ▁and ▁described ▁his ▁com ic ▁persona ▁as ▁" a ▁kind ▁of ▁in e pt ▁le ch " ▁who ▁could ▁be ▁laughed ▁at ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁laughed ▁with . ▁In ▁real ▁life , ▁Martin ▁spent ▁the ▁ 1 9 6 0 s ▁enjo ying ▁his ▁high - f lying ▁l ifest yle ▁of ▁women ▁and ▁parties . ▁After ▁Row an |
▁retired ▁from ▁show ▁business , ▁Martin ▁was ▁a ▁frequent ▁panel ist ▁on ▁game ▁shows ▁such ▁as ▁Match ▁Game , ▁Password ▁Plus , ▁and ▁T att let ales , ▁and ▁he ▁also ▁hosted ▁a ▁par ody ▁game ▁show ▁called ▁The ▁Che ap ▁Show ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 8 , ▁and ▁the ▁game ▁show ▁Mind read ers ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 9 . ▁ ▁Later ▁career ▁Martin ▁also ▁established ▁himself ▁as ▁an ▁efficient ▁comedy ▁director . ▁Starting ▁on ▁The ▁Bob ▁New hart ▁Show , ▁he ▁directed ▁for ▁over ▁a ▁dozen ▁series . ▁Martin ▁later ▁became ▁the ▁chief ▁director ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 9 8 0 s ▁sit com ▁New hart . ▁In ▁a ▁ 1 9 9 8 ▁episode ▁of ▁The ▁N anny , ▁Martin ▁guest - star red ▁as ▁a ▁hom eless ▁man ▁Fran ▁Fine ▁meets ▁in ▁a ▁park ▁who ▁turns ▁out ▁to ▁be ▁Pr eston ▁Col lier , ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁wealth iest ▁men ▁in ▁New ▁York ▁City . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 9 2 , ▁he ▁played ▁a ▁small ▁role ▁in ▁the ▁Canadian ▁film ▁North ▁of ▁Pitts burgh , ▁which ▁was ▁directed ▁by ▁his ▁son ▁Richard . ▁In ▁ 1 9 9 6 , ▁Martin ▁guest ▁star red ▁as ▁soci ology ▁professor ▁Dr . ▁Ben ▁L itt me yer ▁on ▁ 3 rd ▁Rock ▁from ▁the ▁Sun . ▁ ▁Personal ▁life ▁Martin ' s ▁son ▁Richard ▁was ▁born ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 6 . ▁He ▁married ▁singer ▁Peg gy ▁Con nel ly ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 7 |
, ▁and ▁after ▁divor cing ▁her ▁he ▁married ▁Play boy ▁Play mate ▁and ▁Bey ond ▁the ▁Valley ▁of ▁the ▁D oll s ▁star ▁Dol ly ▁Read ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 1 . ▁Martin ▁and ▁Read ▁divor ced ▁in ▁June ▁ 1 9 7 4 , ▁but ▁rem ar ried ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 8 ▁and ▁remained ▁married ▁until ▁his ▁death . ▁ ▁Death ▁Martin ▁died ▁on ▁May ▁ 2 4 , ▁ 2 0 0 8 , ▁of ▁breath ing ▁comp lications ▁in ▁Santa ▁Mon ica , ▁California . ▁He ▁had ▁lost ▁the ▁use ▁of ▁a ▁lung ▁due ▁to ▁t uber cul osis ▁as ▁a ▁te en ager ▁and ▁suffered ▁resp ir atory ▁problems ▁late ▁in ▁life . ▁ ▁Film ography ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 2 2 ▁birth s ▁Category : 2 0 0 8 ▁death s ▁Category : American ▁male ▁com ed ians ▁Category : American ▁male ▁television ▁actors ▁Category : American ▁male ▁screen writ ers ▁Category : American ▁television ▁direct ors ▁Category : American ▁game ▁show ▁hosts ▁Category : De ath s ▁from ▁resp ir atory ▁failure ▁Category : D ise ase - related ▁death s ▁in ▁California ▁Category : M ale ▁actors ▁from ▁Michigan ▁Category : Mich igan ▁State ▁University ▁al umn i ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁Battle ▁Creek , ▁Michigan ▁Category : 2 0 th - century ▁American ▁male ▁actors ▁Category : Screen writ ers ▁from ▁Michigan ▁Category : 2 0 th - century ▁American ▁com ed ians <0x0A> </s> |
▁El wood ▁Hope ▁" M ike " ▁Smith ▁( Nov ember ▁ 1 6 , ▁ 1 9 0 4 ▁in ▁Nor folk , ▁Virginia ▁– ▁May ▁ 3 1 , ▁ 1 9 8 1 ▁in ▁Ch es ape ake , ▁Virginia ) ▁was ▁an ▁American ▁out f iel der , ▁who ▁played ▁Major ▁League ▁Baseball ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 6 ▁for ▁the ▁New ▁York ▁Gi ants . ▁Smith ▁attended ▁the ▁College ▁of ▁William ▁& ▁Mary . ▁Smith ▁played ▁ 4 ▁major ▁league ▁games ▁in ▁his ▁career , ▁going ▁ 1 - 7 ▁with ▁ 2 ▁strike outs . ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁ ▁Category : 1 9 0 4 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 9 8 1 ▁death s ▁Category : M aj or ▁League ▁Baseball ▁out field ers ▁Category : New ▁York ▁Gi ants ▁( NL ) ▁players ▁Category : Base ball ▁players ▁from ▁Virginia ▁Category : Will iam ▁& ▁Mary ▁Tri be ▁baseball ▁players ▁Category : S ports people ▁from ▁Nor folk , ▁Virginia <0x0A> </s> ▁Peter ▁Mark ▁Br ant ▁Jr . ▁( born ▁December ▁ 3 0 , ▁ 1 9 9 3 ) ▁is ▁an ▁American ▁social ite ▁and ▁model . ▁ ▁Biography ▁R ais ed ▁in ▁Green wich , ▁Connecticut , ▁Br ant ▁is ▁the ▁son ▁of ▁business man ▁and ▁art ▁collect or ▁Peter ▁M . ▁Br ant ▁and ▁model ▁Steph anie ▁Se ym our . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 4 , ▁Br ant ▁was ▁quoted ▁in ▁a ▁Har per ' s ▁B az |
aar ▁profile ▁of ▁him , ▁his ▁brother ▁Harry ▁and ▁mother , ▁Steph anie , ▁about ▁enjo ying ▁his ▁cl an ' s ▁not or iety , ▁" We ▁had ▁to ▁do ▁a ▁report ▁about ▁our ▁parents : ▁where ▁they ▁were ▁born , ▁what ▁they ▁did , ▁and ▁all ▁that . ▁Every one ▁else ▁had ▁to ▁do ▁their s ▁as ▁home work , ▁but ▁I ▁finished ▁mine ▁before ▁class ▁ended ▁using ▁Wikipedia ." ▁ ▁Br ant ▁is ▁a ▁student ▁at ▁B ard ▁College ▁in ▁Ann and ale - on - H ud son , ▁New ▁York . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 5 , ▁Peter ▁along ▁with ▁his ▁younger ▁brother ▁Harry , ▁in ▁collaboration ▁with ▁Mac ▁Cos met ics , ▁launched ▁a ▁un is ex ▁cos met ics ▁line ▁aim ed ▁at ▁the ▁G ender ▁fluid ▁youth ▁movement . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 9 3 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : M ale ▁models ▁from ▁New ▁York ▁( state ) ▁Category : American ▁social ites ▁Category : Models ▁from ▁New ▁York ▁City ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁Green wich , ▁Connecticut ▁Category : L GB T ▁models ▁Category : F ashion ▁influen cers ▁Category : M ale ▁blog gers <0x0A> </s> ▁Com è ▁is ▁a ▁town ▁and ▁arr ondissement ▁located ▁in ▁the ▁Mon o ▁Department ▁of ▁Ben in . ▁The ▁commune ▁covers ▁an ▁area ▁of ▁ 1 6 3 ▁square ▁kilometres ▁and ▁as ▁of ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁had ▁a ▁population ▁of ▁ 3 3 , |
5 0 7 ▁people . ▁It ▁was ▁home ▁to ▁a ▁refuge e ▁camp ▁for ▁T og ol ese ▁refuge es ▁until ▁it ▁was ▁closed ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 6 . ▁ ▁References ▁▁▁ ▁Category : Comm unes ▁of ▁Ben in ▁Category : Arr ond iss ements ▁of ▁Ben in ▁Category : Pop ulated ▁places ▁in ▁the ▁Mon o ▁Department <0x0A> </s> ▁is ▁a ▁ 1 9 8 5 ▁Japanese ▁film ▁directed ▁by ▁Shin ji ▁S ō mai . ▁ ▁Cast ▁Yu ichi ▁Mik ami ▁as ▁K yo ichi ▁Mik ami ▁You ki ▁K ud oh ▁as ▁R ie ▁Tak ami ▁Tom ok azu ▁Mi ura ▁as ▁Te acher ▁Um emi ya ▁Y uka ▁On ishi ▁as ▁ ▁Mich iko ▁Om achi ▁Y ur iko ▁F uch iz aki ▁as ▁Mid ori ▁Mor is aki ▁Sh ingo ▁T sur umi ▁Tom iko ▁I sh ii ▁as ▁K ats ue ▁Y ag is awa ▁ ▁Awards ▁and ▁nomin ations ▁ 7 th ▁Y ok oh ama ▁Film ▁Festival ▁ ▁W on : ▁Best ▁Director ▁- ▁Shin ji ▁S ō mai ▁W on : ▁Best ▁Support ing ▁A ctor ▁- ▁Tom ok azu ▁Mi ura ▁ 2 nd ▁Best ▁Film ▁ 1 st ▁Tokyo ▁International ▁Film ▁Festival ▁W on : ▁Tokyo ▁Sak ura ▁Grand ▁Prix ▁ 1 0 th ▁Hoch i ▁Film ▁Award ▁ ▁W on : ▁Best ▁Support ing ▁A ctor ▁- ▁Tom ok azu ▁Mi ura ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 8 5 ▁films ▁Category : Fil ms |
▁directed ▁by ▁Shin ji ▁S ō mai ▁Category : J apan ese ▁films ▁Category : J apan ese - language ▁films ▁Category : Les bian - related ▁films ▁Category : J apan ese ▁L GB T - related ▁films <0x0A> </s> ▁Nov gor od ▁Province ▁may ▁refer ▁to : ▁Nov gor od ▁O blast , ▁a ▁federal ▁subject ▁of ▁Russia ▁Nov gor od ▁Governor ate , ▁an ▁administrative ▁division ▁of ▁the ▁Russian ▁Empire ▁Nov gor od ▁Province , ▁Nov gor od ▁Governor ate , ▁a ▁sub div ision ▁of ▁Saint ▁Petersburg ▁Governor ate ▁and , ▁after ▁ 1 7 2 7 , ▁of ▁Nov gor od ▁Governor ate <0x0A> </s> ▁Me et ▁the ▁W ife ▁refers ▁to : ▁▁ ▁Me et ▁the ▁W ife ▁( play ), ▁ 1 9 2 3 ▁Broadway ▁play ▁ ▁Me et ▁the ▁W ife ▁( film ), ▁ 1 9 3 1 ▁American ▁film ▁ ▁Me et ▁the ▁W ife ▁( TV ▁series ), ▁British ▁TV ▁series <0x0A> </s> ▁is ▁a ▁Japanese ▁performing ▁artist ▁and ▁a ▁former ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁Tak ar azu ka ▁Rev ue , ▁where ▁she ▁special ized ▁in ▁playing ▁male ▁characters ▁( O to ko y aku ). ▁She ▁joined ▁the ▁rev ue ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 8 ▁and ▁res igned ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 6 . ▁ ▁Her ▁nick names ▁are ▁Tak ako ▁( from ▁her ▁real ▁name : ▁Tak ako ▁ Ō ka wa ▁( 大 川 ▁ 貴 子 ▁ Ō ka wa ▁Tak ako ) ▁and ▁W |
ao . ▁ ▁She ▁is ▁the ▁only ▁O to ko y aku ▁to ▁be ▁top ▁in ▁her ▁class ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁the ▁last ▁o to ko y aku ▁top ▁star ▁to ▁have ▁joined ▁the ▁company ▁during ▁the ▁Sh ō wa ▁era . ▁ ▁She ▁was ▁born ▁and ▁raised ▁in ▁Os aka ▁( acc ording ▁to ▁Tak ar azu ka ▁Graph ▁ 2 0 0 3 ▁April ▁issue ). ▁ ▁Tr oupe ▁history ▁ ▁Snow ▁Tr oupe : ▁ 1 9 8 8 – 1 9 9 7 ▁ ▁Cos mos ▁Tr oupe : ▁ 1 9 9 8 – 2 0 0 6 ▁ ▁General ▁information ▁W ao ▁first ▁attract ed ▁attention ▁when ▁she ▁played ▁the ▁role ▁of ▁Oscar ▁in ▁the ▁New ▁A ctor ▁Show ▁of ▁ 1 9 8 9 ▁Snow ▁Production ▁Rose ▁of ▁Vers a illes . ▁Later ▁on , ▁she ▁took ▁the ▁leading ▁role ▁in ▁the ▁New ▁A ctor ▁Show ▁of ▁High ▁and ▁Low . ▁After ▁gradu ating ▁from ▁the ▁New ▁A ctor ▁Show ▁cast , ▁she ▁progress ed ▁to ▁playing ▁solid ▁supporting ▁roles ▁in ▁the ▁main ▁tr oupe ▁produ ctions . ▁One ▁of ▁her ▁notable ▁roles ▁during ▁the ▁M aki ▁Ich iro ▁era ▁is ▁El mer ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 9 7 ▁production ▁of ▁Elizabeth . ▁When ▁K ou ju ▁T ats uki , ▁who ▁played ▁Rudolf ▁in ▁the ▁Grand ▁Theater , ▁changed ▁tr oup es , ▁W ao ▁took ▁the ▁role ▁for ▁the ▁Tokyo ▁performance . ▁ ▁She ▁got ▁her ▁first ▁Tak ar azu ka ▁Bow ▁Hall |
▁show ▁( Gr and ▁Shang hai ) ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 5 ▁and ▁the ▁second ▁one ▁( W uther ing ▁He ights ) ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 7 . ▁ ▁With ▁the ▁ret irement ▁of ▁M aki ▁Ich iro ▁and ▁her ▁successor ▁F ub uki ▁Tak ane , ▁W ao ▁became ▁the ▁firm ▁second ▁man ▁for ▁Y ū ▁Tod or oki ▁in ▁Snow ▁Tr oupe ▁before ▁she ▁was ▁selected ▁for ▁the ▁new ▁Cos mos ▁Tr oupe ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 8 . ▁She ▁continued ▁to ▁be ▁the ▁second ▁man ▁in ▁Cos mos ▁Tr oupe ▁until ▁the ▁res ignation ▁of ▁As ato ▁Sh iz uki . ▁She ▁became ▁the ▁top ▁star ▁of ▁Cos mos ▁Tr oupe ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 0 ▁and ▁when ▁she ▁retired ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 6 , ▁she ▁had ▁had ▁the ▁longest ▁run ▁ever ▁as ▁male - role ▁top ▁star ▁of ▁all ▁time . ▁ ▁With ▁a ▁height ▁of ▁ 1 7 4 cm , ▁she ▁was ▁the ▁tall est ▁star ▁among ▁her ▁peer ▁top ▁stars ▁such ▁as ▁M ire ▁A ika ▁( F lower ), ▁H ib iki ▁Tak umi ▁( F lower ), ▁T sub asa ▁Mak oto ▁( M oon ), ▁Jun ▁Sh ib uki ▁( M oon ), ▁Y ū ▁Tod or oki ▁( S now ), ▁Y ū ▁E ma o ▁( S now ), ▁K ō ▁Minor u ▁( Star ) ▁and ▁T ats uki ▁K ō ju ▁( Star ). ▁ ▁She ▁is ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁three |
▁actress es ▁to ▁port ray ▁both ▁ ▁Emperor ▁Franz ▁Joseph ▁and ▁Prince ▁Rud olph ▁in ▁Elizabeth ▁( the ▁other ▁are ▁S aki ho ▁J uri ▁and ▁Ma o ▁Ay ab uki ) ▁and ▁is ▁one ▁of ▁two ▁actress es ▁to ▁port ray ▁Rudolf ▁in ▁two ▁different ▁musical s ▁( El iz abeth ▁and ▁May er ling ), ▁the ▁other ▁being ▁O uki ▁Kan ame , ▁the ▁current ▁top ▁star ▁of ▁the ▁Cos mos ▁tr oupe . ▁ ▁In ▁December ▁ 2 0 0 5 , ▁she ▁injured ▁herself ▁during ▁the ▁performance ▁of ▁W - W ing ▁( her ▁personal ▁concert ) ▁but ▁was ▁able ▁to ▁come ▁back ▁for ▁Never ▁Say ▁Good bye , ▁her ▁last ▁musical ▁with ▁Tak ar azu ka . ▁ ▁In ▁January ▁ 2 0 0 7 , ▁she ▁had ▁her ▁first ▁personal ▁concert ▁since ▁she ▁left ▁the ▁company . ▁ ▁Right ▁now , ▁she ▁is ▁considered ▁as ▁an ▁independent ▁artist ▁as ▁she ▁and ▁her ▁top ▁star ▁partner ▁Mari ▁H ana f usa ▁have ▁founded ▁their ▁own ▁private ▁office ▁W ao ▁Enter prise ▁with ▁H ana f usa ▁as ▁her ▁manager . ▁ ▁It ▁is ▁rare ▁that ▁top ▁star ▁partners ▁who ▁have ▁left ▁the ▁company ▁would ▁continue ▁to ▁work ▁together ▁in ▁such ▁close ▁relationship . ▁ ▁While ▁having ▁her ▁second ▁concert ▁( New ▁Y oka ▁ ～ R ock in ' ▁Broadway ～ ) ▁at ▁Tokyo ▁in ▁August ▁ 2 0 0 7 , ▁she ▁was ▁the ▁guest ▁star ▁for ▁Russell ▁Watson ' s ▁concert ▁at ▁Tokyo ▁later ▁on . |
▁She ▁and ▁Watson ▁performed ▁at ▁R oku on ji ▁Temple . ▁ ▁Her ▁first ▁movie ▁was ▁Ch ach a : ▁T eng ai ▁no ▁On na , ▁which ▁she ▁plays ▁as ▁the ▁leading ▁actress ▁in ▁the ▁role ▁of ▁Lady ▁Ch ach a . ▁ ▁The ▁movie ▁premier ed ▁in ▁Japan ▁on ▁December ▁ 2 2 , ▁ 2 0 0 7 . ▁She ▁later ▁received ▁the ▁award ▁of ▁Best ▁Act ress ▁at ▁the ▁Os aka ▁Cinema ▁Festival ▁for ▁this ▁role . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 8 , ▁it ▁was ▁announced ▁that ▁she ▁will ▁be ▁Vel ma ▁Kelly ▁for ▁the ▁Japanese ▁version ▁of ▁Chicago ▁with ▁Ry oko ▁Y one k ura ▁as ▁Ro x ie ▁and ▁Ry u ichi ▁K aw am ura ▁as ▁Billy ▁in ▁October ▁and ▁November . ▁This ▁was ▁marked ▁as ▁her ▁first ▁musical ▁drama ▁outside ▁Tak ar azu ka . ▁ ▁W ao ▁is ▁currently ▁set ▁to ▁star ▁in ▁D rac ula , ▁the ▁Musical , ▁another ▁Frank ▁Wild horn ▁production , ▁in ▁August ▁ 2 0 1 1 . ▁This ▁is ▁her ▁first ▁o to ko y aku ▁role ▁outside ▁of ▁Tak ar azu ka , ▁and ▁she ▁is ▁the ▁first ▁female ▁to ▁play ▁the ▁role . ▁In ▁April ▁ 2 0 1 5 ▁she ▁married ▁Frank ▁Wild horn ▁in ▁Mau i , ▁Hawai i . ▁ ▁Notable ▁performances ▁and ▁roles ▁ ▁Tak ar azu ka ▁Era ▁ ▁Snow ▁New ▁A ctor ▁Show ▁Era ▁Rose ▁of ▁Vers a illes ▁- ▁Oscar ▁High ▁and ▁Low ▁ ▁Snow ▁Era |
▁Elisabeth ▁- ▁ ▁El mer / R ud olph ▁( Rep la cing ▁T ats u ji ▁K ou ju ▁for ▁Tokyo ▁performance ) ▁Grand ▁Shang hai ▁- ▁Chan ▁( First ▁leading ▁performance ▁at ▁Tak ar azu ka ▁Bow ▁Hall ) ▁An ▁Inv itation ▁from ▁Alice ▁- ▁ ▁Michael ▁( B ow ▁Hall ▁Performance , ▁st arring ▁F ub uki ▁Tak ane ) ▁On ▁a ▁Clear ▁Day ▁You ▁Can ▁See ▁Fore ver ▁- ▁Mel inda ' s ▁lo ver ▁W uther ing ▁He ights ▁- ▁He ath cl iff ▁( L ead ing ▁performance ▁at ▁Tak ar azu ka ▁Bow ▁Hall ) ▁ ▁Cos mos ▁Era ▁Ex cal ib ur ▁- ▁Christopher ▁( First ▁show ▁for ▁Cos mos ▁Tr oupe ) ▁Elizabeth ▁- ▁Franz ▁Joseph ▁Cross road ▁- ▁Al ph onso ▁( Last ▁leading ▁performance ▁before ▁being ▁top ▁star ) ▁Black ▁Rose ▁of ▁the ▁Des ert ▁- ▁Y aw an ▁ ▁Cos mos ▁Top ▁Star ▁Era ▁May er ling ▁( Top ▁Star ▁Deb ut ) ▁- ▁Rud olph ▁N ost alg ia ▁Ac ross ▁the ▁Sea ▁( Top ▁Star ▁Deb ut ▁at ▁Grand ▁Theater ) ▁Rose ▁of ▁Vers a illes : ▁F ers en ▁and ▁Marie ▁Anto in ette ▁- ▁Hans ▁Ax el ▁Von ▁F ers en ▁Cast el ▁Mira ge ▁- ▁Leon ardo ▁Cal af ▁& ▁Tur and ot ▁- ▁Cal af ▁Pierre ▁the ▁Mer cen ary ▁- ▁Pierre ▁Light ning ▁in ▁the ▁Day time ▁- ▁Albert ▁de ▁Cla ir ▁Box man ▁- ▁Kevin ▁Rand all ▁Ph antom ▁- ▁Ph antom / |
E rik ▁G one ▁with ▁the ▁Wind ▁- ▁Rh ett ▁Butler ▁A ▁K iss ▁to ▁the ▁Fl ames ▁- ▁Man rico ▁Hotel ▁St ella ▁Mar is ▁- ▁William ▁O den ell ▁Never ▁Say ▁Good bye ▁- ▁Georges ▁Mal ra ux ▁( Last ▁musical ▁with ▁Tak ar azu ka ) ▁ ▁Personal ▁Con cert ▁So ▁in ▁Love ▁W - ing ▁ ▁Performance ▁after ▁Tak ar azu ka ▁ ▁Con cert ▁W ao ▁Y oka ▁Con cert ▁New ▁Y oka ▁~ R ock in ' ▁Broadway ~ ▁( Also ▁cred ited ▁as ▁the ▁cre ator ) ▁J AL ▁K ink aku ji ▁O to but ai ▁ ▁Film Ch ach a : ▁T eng ai ▁no ▁On na ▁- ▁Ch ach a ▁ ▁Stage Ch icago ▁( J apan ese ▁version ) ▁- ▁Vel ma ▁Kelly ▁ ▁Awards ▁ ▁W ao , ▁K oz uki ▁and ▁Elisabeth ▁Wat aru ▁K oz uki , ▁who ▁is ▁a ▁year ▁junior ▁than ▁W ao , ▁shares ▁some ▁similar ities ▁of ▁their ▁career ▁related ▁to ▁Elisabeth ' ': ▁ ▁Both ▁are ▁the ▁veter ans ▁from ▁the ▁production ▁of ▁ 1 9 9 7 ▁Snow ▁and ▁Star ▁when ▁they ▁participated ▁the ▁Cos mos ▁production . ▁W ao ▁port rayed ▁El mer ▁in ▁the ▁Tak ar azu ka ▁run ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 9 7 ▁Snow ▁production ▁and ▁K oz uki ▁port rayed ▁the ▁same ▁role ▁in ▁both ▁locations . ▁They ▁became ▁the ▁top ▁stars ▁of ▁the ▁company ▁later ▁on ▁( C os mos ▁and ▁Star ) ▁During ▁their ▁junior |
▁years ▁and ▁before ▁the ▁found ing ▁of ▁Cos mos ▁Tr oupe , ▁they ▁had ▁been ▁in ▁the ▁same ▁tr oup es ▁with ▁legend ▁Mari ▁H ana f usa , ▁who ▁is ▁the ▁only ▁star ▁that ▁port rayed ▁Elisabeth ▁in ▁both ▁Snow ▁and ▁Cos mos ▁Production . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁Tok y oh ive . com ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 6 8 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁Os aka ▁Category : T ak ar azu ka ▁Rev ue ▁Category : 2 0 th - century ▁Japanese ▁actress es ▁Category : 2 1 st - century ▁Japanese ▁actress es ▁Category : C ross - gender ▁actress es <0x0A> </s> ▁Freder ik ▁Ad olph ▁de ▁Ro ep stor ff ▁( M arch ▁ 2 5 , ▁ 1 8 4 2 ▁– ▁October ▁ 2 4 , ▁ 1 8 8 3 ) ▁was ▁a ▁Dan ish ▁phil ologist ▁who ▁worked ▁in ▁the ▁And aman ▁pen al ▁col ony ▁in ▁India , ▁in ▁charge ▁of ▁the ▁Nic obar ▁Islands , ▁where ▁he ▁was ▁shot ▁dead ▁by ▁a ▁conv ict . ▁He ▁studied ▁the ▁languages ▁of ▁And aman ▁and ▁Nic obar ▁tribes ▁and ▁collected ▁numerous ▁spec im ens ▁of ▁fa una ▁and ▁fl ora . ▁The ▁And aman ▁mask ed ▁ow l ▁( Ty to ▁der o ep stor ff i ) ▁was ▁named ▁after ▁him ▁by ▁H ume . ▁ ▁Biography ▁ ▁De ▁Ro ep stor ff ▁was ▁born ▁ab o ard ▁an ▁English ▁ship ▁sail |
ing ▁from ▁Mad ras ▁to ▁Europe ▁near ▁the ▁Cape ▁of ▁Good ▁Hope ▁and ▁bapt ized ▁in ▁Cape ▁Town ▁giving ▁him ▁English ▁citizens hip . ▁He ▁was ▁the ▁son ▁of ▁Captain ▁Ad olph ▁de ▁Ro ep stor ff ▁and ▁Charlotte ▁Georg iana ▁Hol mes , ▁born ▁Far ley . ▁He ▁studied ▁in ▁ ▁C open hagen ▁and ▁at ▁H ors ens ▁St ats sk ole ▁gradu ating ▁in ▁ 1 8 6 3 . ▁He ▁went ▁to ▁India ▁in ▁ 1 8 6 7 ▁and ▁became ▁an ▁extra ▁assistant ▁super int endent ▁in ▁the ▁And aman ▁Islands ▁pen al ▁col ony ▁and ▁later ▁became ▁in - charge ▁of ▁the ▁Nic obar ▁Islands . ▁His ▁work ▁was ▁to ▁super v ise ▁the ▁prisoners . ▁He ▁went ▁back ▁to ▁Den mark ▁in ▁ 1 8 7 1 , ▁married ▁H ede v ig ▁Christian e ▁Wille mo ë s ▁( 1 8 4 3 – 1 8 9 6 ) ▁on ▁January ▁ 1 1 , ▁ 1 8 7 2 ▁and ▁made ▁a ▁trip ▁again ▁in ▁ 1 8 7 8 . ▁His ▁wife ▁was ▁a ▁mission ary ▁and ▁continued ▁her ▁work ▁in ▁the ▁Nic ob ars . ▁The ▁pen al ▁settlement ▁largely ▁consisted ▁of ▁Indian ▁se po ys ▁from ▁the ▁ 1 8 5 7 ▁re bell ion . ▁In ▁his ▁spare ▁time ▁Ro ep stor ff ▁took ▁a ▁great ▁interest ▁in ▁the ▁fa una ▁and ▁fl ora , ▁collect ing ▁spec im ens ▁for ▁the ▁Indian ▁Museum , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁sending ▁them |
▁to ▁special ists ▁in ▁Europe . ▁He ▁also ▁expl ored ▁the ▁region ▁and ▁wrote ▁to ▁various ▁journ als ▁of ▁eth n ology ▁and ▁ge ographical ▁expl oration . ▁He ▁also ▁helped ▁set ▁up ▁the ▁Nic obar ▁Islands ▁Eclipse ▁station ▁to ▁observe ▁the ▁total ▁solar ▁eclipse ▁of ▁ 6 ▁April ▁ 1 8 7 5 . ▁The ▁scientific ▁team ▁included ▁Captain ▁J . ▁Water house , ▁Professor ▁A . ▁Ped ler ▁and ▁Pietro ▁T ac ch ini . ▁ ▁The ▁death ▁of ▁Ro ep stor ff ▁has ▁two ▁versions . ▁In ▁one ▁a ▁small ▁group ▁of ▁Indian ▁soldiers ▁had ▁been ▁posted ▁to ▁Kam ort a ▁where ▁one ▁was ▁reported ▁to ▁ste al ▁co con uts ▁from ▁the ▁n atives . ▁He ▁was ▁repr im and ed ▁by ▁Ro ep stor ff ▁with ▁the ▁threat ▁of ▁being ▁sent ▁off ▁to ▁Port ▁Bla ir . ▁The ▁next ▁morning , ▁as ▁de ▁Ro ep stor ff ▁was ▁mount ing ▁his ▁horse , ▁the ▁soldier ▁shot ▁him ▁and ▁injured ▁him ▁gr iev ously . ▁He ▁sent ▁of ▁a ▁letter ▁to ▁the ▁And am ans ▁but ▁died ▁before ▁any ▁help ▁could ▁arrive . ▁He ▁was ▁n urs ed ▁by ▁the ▁Nic obar ese ▁who ▁refused ▁to ▁let ▁Indians ▁near ▁him ▁and ▁after ▁he ▁died ▁they ▁buried ▁him . ▁The ▁other ▁version ▁of ▁greater ▁ver acity ▁is ▁that ▁a ▁hav ild ar ▁from ▁the ▁Mad ras ▁army ▁station ed ▁at ▁N anka uri ▁was ▁on ▁trial ▁for ▁assault ing ▁a ▁conv ict . ▁The ▁case ▁had ▁been ▁adj ourn ed |
▁by ▁de ▁Ro ep stor ff ▁and ▁afraid ▁of ▁being ▁dismiss ed ▁from ▁the ▁army ▁he ▁had ▁taken ▁a ▁shot ▁at ▁de ▁Ro ep stor ff ▁who ▁was ▁r iding ▁by ▁and ▁when ▁he ▁found ▁that ▁he ▁had ▁mort ally ▁wounded ▁him , ▁he ▁shot ▁himself . ▁It ▁took ▁five ▁days ▁for ▁the ▁news ▁to ▁reach ▁and ▁for ▁officials ▁to ▁arrive ▁leaving ▁Mrs ▁de ▁Ro ep stor ff ▁to ▁deal ▁with ▁the ▁situation . ▁His ▁grave ▁was ▁described ▁as ▁being ▁in ▁‘ the ▁ ▁little ▁ ▁Cam ort a ▁ ▁gra vey ard , ▁where ▁ ▁the ▁ ▁bl uff ▁ ▁near ▁the ▁English ▁settlement ▁over look s ▁the ▁beautiful ▁N anc ow ry ▁har bour , ▁and ▁the ▁nest ling ▁h uts ▁of ▁the ▁n atives ▁whom ▁he ▁loved ▁so ▁well ’ . ▁The ▁grave ▁of ▁Nicolas ▁Sh imm ings ▁was ▁next ▁to ▁his . ▁ ▁Ro ep stor ff ▁and ▁his ▁wife ▁were ▁interested ▁in ▁languages ▁and ▁eth n ography ▁and ▁he ▁compiled ▁a ▁dictionary ▁of ▁the ▁N anc ow ry ▁dialect ▁and ▁helped ▁improve ▁a ▁translation ▁the ▁G ospel ▁of ▁ ▁Matthew ▁into ▁Nic obar ese ▁which ▁had ▁been ▁begun ▁by ▁Mor av ian ▁mission aries ▁and ▁was ▁published ▁post hum ously ▁by ▁his ▁wife ▁in ▁ 1 8 8 4 . ▁His ▁work ▁on ▁lingu istics ▁was ▁continued ▁by ▁his ▁successor ▁Edward ▁Hor ace ▁Man . ▁He ▁also ▁collected ▁spec im ens ▁of ▁birds ▁from ▁the ▁Islands ▁and ▁correspond ed ▁with ▁A . O . ▁H ume ▁who ▁named |
▁it ▁St rix ▁De - Ro ep stor ff i ▁( now ▁Ty to ▁der o ep stor ff i ) ▁after ▁him ▁in ▁ 1 8 7 5 . ▁He ▁contributed ▁le pid optera , ▁insect ▁and ▁s nake ▁spec im ens ▁to ▁the ▁Indian ▁Museum . ▁Several ▁but ter f lies ▁and ▁moth s ▁described ▁from ▁his ▁collections ▁bear ▁his ▁name ▁- ▁including ▁E ure ma ▁bland a ▁ro ep stor ff i ▁( Mo ore ), ▁E up lo ea ▁mid am us ▁ro ep stor ff i ▁( Mo ore , ▁ 1 8 8 3 ), ▁Pro so pe as ▁ro ep stor ff i , ▁and ▁Heb omo ia ▁gla u ci ppe ▁ro ep stor ff i ▁Wood - M ason . ▁He ▁sent ▁m oll us cs ▁to ▁the ▁Indian ▁Museum ▁among ▁which ▁he ▁named ▁one ▁species ▁as ▁En nea ▁( H utton ella ) ▁mo er ch iana ▁after ▁his ▁Dan ish ▁collabor ator ▁Otto ▁Andreas ▁Low son ▁M ör ch ▁in ▁a ▁manuscript , ▁a ▁name ▁that ▁was ▁retained ▁in ▁the ▁formal ▁description ▁by ▁Geoff rey ▁Nev ill . ▁His ▁collections ▁of ▁m oll us cs ▁were ▁made ▁available ▁to ▁H . H . ▁God win - A ust en ▁by ▁Christian e ▁after ▁her ▁husband ' s ▁death . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁ ▁V oc ab ul ary ▁of ▁dialect s ▁spoken ▁in ▁the ▁Nic obar ▁and ▁And aman ▁Is les ▁: ▁with ▁a ▁short ▁account ▁of ▁the ▁n atives |
, ▁their ▁custom s ▁and ▁hab its , ▁and ▁of ▁previous ▁attempts ▁at ▁colon isation ▁( 1 8 7 5 ) ▁ ▁A ▁dictionary ▁of ▁the ▁N anc ow ry ▁dialect ▁of ▁the ▁Nic obar ese ▁language ▁( 1 8 8 4 ) ▁ ▁Category : Dan ish ▁eth n olog ists ▁Category : 1 8 4 2 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 8 8 3 ▁death s ▁Category : Dan ish ▁natural ists <0x0A> </s> ▁Oregon ▁Route ▁ 1 9 4 ▁is ▁an ▁Oregon ▁state ▁highway ▁running ▁from ▁OR ▁ 2 2 3 ▁near ▁Dallas ▁to ▁OR ▁ 9 9 W ▁and ▁OR ▁ 5 1 ▁in ▁Mon mouth . ▁ ▁OR ▁ 1 9 4 ▁is ▁known ▁as ▁the ▁Mon mouth ▁Highway ▁No . ▁ 1 9 4 ▁( see ▁Oregon ▁high ways ▁and ▁routes ). ▁ ▁It ▁is ▁ ▁long ▁and ▁runs ▁east – west , ▁entirely ▁within ▁Pol k ▁County . ▁ ▁OR ▁ 1 9 4 ▁was ▁established ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 2 ▁as ▁part ▁of ▁Oregon ' s ▁project ▁to ▁assign ▁route ▁numbers ▁to ▁high ways ▁that ▁previously ▁were ▁not ▁assigned , ▁and , ▁as ▁of ▁July ▁ 2 0 1 8 , ▁remains ▁unsigned . ▁ ▁O dd ly , ▁the ▁four ▁O D OT ▁bridge ▁invent ory ▁signs ▁along ▁the ▁highway ▁list ▁the ▁route ▁number ▁as ▁" US ▁ 5 1 ," ▁suggesting ▁it ▁may ▁eventually ▁be ▁signed ▁instead ▁as ▁an ▁extension ▁of ▁Oregon ▁Route ▁ 5 1 . ▁ ▁Route ▁description ▁▁ ▁OR |
▁ 1 9 4 ▁begins ▁at ▁an ▁intersection ▁with ▁OR ▁ 2 2 3 ▁approximately ▁five ▁miles ▁south ▁of ▁Dallas . ▁ ▁It ▁heads ▁east ▁to ▁an ▁intersection ▁with ▁OR ▁ 9 9 W ▁and ▁OR ▁ 5 1 ▁in ▁Mon mouth , ▁where ▁it ▁ends . ▁ ▁History ▁▁ ▁OR ▁ 1 9 4 ▁was ▁assigned ▁to ▁the ▁Mon mouth ▁Highway ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 2 . ▁ ▁Major ▁inter sections ▁ ▁References ▁▁ ▁Oregon ▁Department ▁of ▁Transport ation , ▁Descri ptions ▁of ▁US ▁and ▁Oregon ▁Rout es , ▁https :// web . archive . org / web / 2 0 0 5 1 1 0 2 0 8 4 3 0 0 / http :// www . or eg on . gov / OD OT / H W Y / T RA FF IC / TE OS _ Public ations / PDF / Des cri ptions _ of _ US _ and _ O regon _ Rout es . pdf , ▁page ▁ 2 7 . ▁ ▁Oregon ▁Department ▁of ▁Transport ation , ▁Mon mouth ▁Highway ▁No . ▁ 1 9 4 , ▁f tp :// ftp . odot . state . or . us / td b / tr and ata / maps / sl chart _ pdf s _ 1 9 8 0 _ to _ 2 0 0 2 / H wy 1 9 4 _ 1 9 9 7 . pdf ▁▁ 1 9 4 ▁Category : Mon mouth , ▁Oregon ▁Category : Transport ation ▁in |
▁Pol k ▁County , ▁Oregon ▁Category : 2 0 0 2 ▁establish ments ▁in ▁Oregon <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁E sk imo ▁Baby ▁( G erman : D as ▁E skim ob aby ) ▁is ▁a ▁ 1 9 1 8 ▁German ▁silent ▁comedy ▁film ▁directed ▁by ▁Hein z ▁Sch all ▁and ▁st arring ▁A sta ▁N iel sen . ▁ ▁Cast ▁ ▁A sta ▁N iel sen ▁as ▁E sk imo ▁I v igt ut ▁▁▁ ▁Fred dy ▁Wing ard h ▁as ▁Kn ud ▁Pr ät or ius ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Bibli ography ▁ ▁An net te ▁Ku hn . ▁The ▁Women ' s ▁Comp an ion ▁to ▁International ▁Film . ▁University ▁of ▁California ▁Press , ▁ 1 9 9 0 . ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 1 8 ▁films ▁Category : G erman ▁films ▁Category : Fil ms ▁of ▁the ▁German ▁Empire ▁Category : Fil ms ▁directed ▁by ▁Hein z ▁Sch all ▁Category : G erman ▁silent ▁feature ▁films ▁Category : G erman ▁black - and - white ▁films ▁Category : 1 9 1 0 s ▁comedy ▁films ▁Category : G erman ▁comedy ▁films <0x0A> </s> ▁Douglas ▁Bl ay ney ▁is ▁an ▁on colog ist ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁and ▁is ▁very ▁involved ▁with ▁several ▁clin ical ▁on colog ical ▁organizations ▁within ▁the ▁United ▁States . ▁He ▁is ▁intern ation ally ▁recognized ▁for ▁his ▁expert ise ▁in ▁on col ogy ▁quality ▁and ▁inform at ics ▁and ▁h emat ological ▁m align ancy . ▁He ▁has ▁currently ▁been ▁elected ▁to |
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