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▁interactive ▁play ▁area ▁for ▁k ids . ▁Hon ol ulu ▁Bay ▁- ▁wave ▁pool . ▁Junior ▁Aqu a ▁Park ▁- ▁play ▁area ▁for ▁k ids . ▁Wa ik iki ▁Sur f ▁School ▁- ▁six ▁side ▁by ▁side ▁sl ides . ▁Water ▁Sl ides ▁- ▁water ▁sl ides ; ▁height ▁limit ▁ 9 0 cm . ▁The ▁W ave ▁- ▁two - person ▁t ube ▁half pipe ; ▁height ▁limit ▁ 1 . 4 ▁m . ▁Wild ▁River ▁- ▁ra ging ▁river ▁t ube ▁ride ; ▁height ▁limit ▁none ▁/ ▁ 1 . 4 ▁m ▁alone . ▁ ▁Other ▁Mag ical ▁Hall owe en ▁in ▁October . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁▁ ▁Dj urs ▁Sommer land ▁home page ▁ ▁Category : Am usement ▁par ks ▁in ▁Den mark ▁Category : T our ist ▁attra ctions ▁in ▁the ▁Central ▁Den mark ▁Region ▁Category : 1 9 8 1 ▁establish ments ▁in ▁Den mark ▁Category : Am usement ▁par ks ▁opened ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 1 <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁city ▁and ▁county ▁of ▁Sw anse a ▁covers , ▁in ▁addition ▁to ▁the ▁port ▁city ▁of ▁Sw anse a , ▁areas ▁of ▁u pl and ▁to ▁the ▁north , ▁and ▁the ▁G ower ▁pen ins ula ▁to ▁the ▁west . ▁It ▁is ▁on ▁G ower ▁that ▁the ▁earliest ▁Sch eduled ▁monuments ▁are ▁found . ▁Three ▁sites ▁have ▁evidence ▁of ▁habit ation ▁from ▁the ▁Pale ol ith ic , ▁a ▁time ▁before ▁the ▁last ▁Ice ▁Age . ▁These ▁include ▁the ▁oldest ▁rock ▁painting ▁in ▁Britain |
▁and ▁the ▁earliest ▁known ▁bur ial ▁in ▁Western ▁Europe . ▁There ▁are ▁in ▁total ▁ 1 2 4 ▁scheduled ▁sites . ▁Pre histor ic ▁sites ▁of ▁many ▁sorts ▁are ▁found , ▁particularly ▁on ▁G ower . ▁ 6 4 ▁pre - histor ic ▁sites ▁are ▁from ▁Pale ol ith ic ▁to ▁Iron ▁Age ▁dates , ▁and ▁include ▁c aves , ▁bur ial ▁m ounds ▁and ▁tomb s , ▁c air ns , ▁def ensive ▁en clos ures , ▁hill fort s ▁and ▁prom ent ary ▁for ts . ▁Roman ▁and ▁early ▁medieval ▁sites , ▁by ▁contrast ▁are ▁scar ce . ▁The ▁post - N orm an ▁Med ieval ▁period , ▁by ▁contrast , ▁has ▁▁ 2 6 ▁sites , ▁ 1 7 ▁of ▁them ▁cast les ▁or ▁other ▁def ensive ▁monuments . ▁The ▁other ▁ 9 ▁are ▁all ▁ecc les iast ical ▁monuments . ▁The ▁ 2 6 ▁post - med ieval ▁monuments ▁are ▁more ▁diverse , ▁including ▁industrial ▁and ▁mar itime ▁sites , ▁but ▁also ▁le ats , ▁quar ries , ▁a ▁mill ▁and ▁even ▁an ▁observ atory ▁and ▁an ▁orch id ▁house . ▁ ▁All ▁of ▁the ▁Sw anse a ▁administrative ▁area ▁lies ▁within ▁the ▁historic ▁county ▁of ▁G lam organ . ▁ ▁Sch eduled ▁An cient ▁Mon uments ▁( S AM s ) ▁have ▁stat ut ory ▁protection . ▁It ▁is ▁illegal ▁to ▁disturb ▁the ▁ground ▁surface ▁or ▁any ▁standing ▁remains . ▁The ▁compilation ▁of ▁the ▁list ▁is ▁undert aken ▁by ▁Cad w ▁Wel sh ▁Historic ▁Mon uments , ▁which |
▁is ▁an ▁executive ▁ag ency ▁of ▁the ▁National ▁Assembly ▁of ▁Wales . ▁The ▁list ▁of ▁scheduled ▁monuments ▁below ▁is ▁supplied ▁by ▁Cad w ▁with ▁additional ▁material ▁from ▁R CA H MW ▁and ▁G lam organ - G w ent ▁Arch ae ological ▁Trust . ▁ ▁Sch eduled ▁Mon uments ▁in ▁Sw anse a ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁List ▁of ▁Cad w ▁properties ▁List ▁of ▁cast les ▁in ▁Wales ▁List ▁of ▁hill ▁for ts ▁in ▁Wales ▁Historic ▁houses ▁in ▁Wales ▁List ▁of ▁mon astic ▁houses ▁in ▁Wales ▁List ▁of ▁museum s ▁in ▁Wales ▁List ▁of ▁Roman ▁vill as ▁in ▁Wales ▁ ▁References ▁C of lein ▁is ▁the ▁online ▁database ▁of ▁R CA H MW : ▁Royal ▁Commission ▁on ▁the ▁An cient ▁and ▁Historical ▁Mon uments ▁of ▁Wales , ▁G G AT ▁is ▁the ▁G lam organ - G w ent ▁Arch ae ological ▁Trust , ▁Cad w ▁is ▁the ▁Wel sh ▁Historic ▁Mon uments ▁Agency ▁ ▁Sw anse a ▁Sch eduled ▁Category : Arch ae ological ▁sites ▁in ▁Sw anse a <0x0A> </s> ▁H aste ▁is ▁an ▁American ▁hard core ▁punk ▁band ▁from ▁New ▁H aven , ▁Connecticut , ▁United ▁States . ▁The ▁band ▁formed ▁in ▁May ▁ 2 0 1 5 ▁and ▁played ▁their ▁first ▁show ▁at ▁a ▁" P iano ▁Burn ing " ▁festival ▁held ▁ann ually ▁in ▁M idd let own , ▁Connecticut ▁on ▁July ▁ 1 1 , ▁ 2 0 1 5 . ▁They ▁have ▁since ▁played ▁numerous ▁shows ▁around ▁the ▁N ortheast ▁Area ▁including ▁a ▁week ▁of ▁shows ▁with |
▁D . R . I ▁in ▁June ▁ 2 0 1 6 . ▁Short ly ▁after ▁July ▁ 2 0 1 6 , ▁the ▁band ▁went ▁on ▁a ▁temporary ▁hi atus ▁due ▁to ▁cre ative ▁differences ▁and ▁has ▁since ▁reform ed ▁with ▁Field ▁switching ▁from ▁drums ▁to ▁guitar , ▁bringing ▁in ▁Greg ▁Thomas ▁( P ale hor se ) ▁on ▁drums . ▁▁ ▁Their ▁first ▁release , ▁Context , ▁a ▁ 7 " ▁EP , ▁is ▁a ▁self - re leased ▁limited ▁run ▁of ▁ 3 0 0 ▁copies ▁and ▁is ▁currently ▁available ▁along ▁with ▁a ▁self - t itled ▁c ass ette ▁released ▁through ▁Sav age ▁Era ▁Records , ▁out ▁of ▁Philadelphia , ▁Pennsylvania . ▁ ▁M embers ▁Current : ▁ ▁Eric ▁Hart lett ▁( G uit ar ▁/ ▁vocals ) ▁ ▁James ▁Field ▁( G uit ar ▁/ ▁vocals ) ▁ ▁Greg ▁Thomas ▁( D rum s ) ▁ ▁Past : ▁ ▁Co y ▁Graf ▁( B ass ▁/ ▁vocals ) ▁( 2 0 1 5 - 2 0 1 6 ) ▁ ▁Disc ography ▁ ▁Context ▁ 7 " ▁EP ▁( 2 0 1 6 ) ▁ ▁Self - T itled ▁Cass ette ▁- ▁Sav age ▁Era ▁Records ▁( 2 0 1 6 ) ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : Mus ical ▁groups ▁established ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 5 <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Inter ag ency ▁Aut ism ▁Co ordin ating ▁Committee ▁( I AC C ) ▁is ▁a ▁United ▁States ▁federal ▁advis ory ▁panel ▁within ▁the ▁Department ▁of ▁Health ▁and |
▁Human ▁Services ▁( H HS ). ▁It ▁coordinates ▁all ▁efforts ▁within ▁H HS ▁concerning ▁aut ism ▁spectrum ▁dis order . ▁ ▁The ▁I AC C ▁was ▁established ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 0 , ▁and ▁was ▁re author ized ▁and ▁char tered ▁as ▁a ▁federal ▁advis ory ▁committee ▁since ▁ 2 0 0 6 . ▁It ▁is ▁subject ▁to ▁periodic ▁re author ization . ▁ ▁Mission ▁The ▁I AC C ' s ▁primary ▁objective ▁is ▁to ▁monitor ▁aut ism ▁research ▁and ▁associated ▁services ▁and ▁support ▁activities ▁throughout ▁all ▁federal ▁depart ments ▁and ▁ag encies , ▁ens uring ▁that ▁efforts ▁are ▁not ▁dup lic ative ▁and ▁that ▁they ▁benefit ▁from ▁cross - coll abor ative ▁opportun ities . ▁The ▁I AC C ▁advis es ▁the ▁Secretary ▁of ▁H HS ▁of ▁adv ances ▁in ▁aut ism ▁spectrum ▁dis order ▁research ▁related ▁to ▁causes , ▁prevent ion , ▁treatment , ▁early ▁screen ing , ▁diagn osis ▁or ▁r uling ▁out ▁a ▁diagn osis ; ▁inter vent ions , ▁and ▁access ▁to ▁services ▁and ▁supports ▁for ▁individuals ▁with ▁aut ism ▁spectrum ▁dis order . ▁Add itional ▁functions ▁of ▁the ▁I AC C ▁are ▁to ▁increase ▁public ▁understanding ▁of ▁member ▁ag encies ' ▁activities ▁and ▁research , ▁and ▁to ▁act ▁as ▁a ▁public ▁forum ▁to ▁discuss ▁aut ism ▁spectrum ▁dis order - related ▁matters . ▁ ▁An ▁annual ▁update ▁summar izing ▁adv ances ▁is ▁submitted ▁to ▁Congress ▁and ▁the ▁President . ▁The ▁annual ▁update ▁has ▁been ▁published ▁online ▁every ▁year ▁since ▁ 2 0 0 7 . ▁The |
▁I AC C ▁report ▁of ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁activities ▁was ▁released ▁in ▁April ▁ 2 0 1 7 . ▁ ▁G A O ▁recommend ations ▁ ▁The ▁I AC C ▁Str ateg ic ▁Plan ▁is ▁released ▁period ically , ▁with ▁the ▁new est ▁update ▁since ▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁expected ▁in ▁the ▁fall ▁of ▁ 2 0 1 7 . ▁A ▁November ▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁study ▁of ▁federal ▁aut ism ▁activities ▁by ▁the ▁U . S . ▁General ▁Account ing ▁Office ▁found ▁that ▁better ▁data ▁and ▁more ▁coord ination ▁was ▁needed , ▁with ▁specific ▁recommend ations ▁for ▁I AC C , ▁including ▁annual ▁updates ▁of ▁the ▁I AC C ▁strateg ic ▁plan . ▁ ▁Sam anth a ▁C rane , ▁an ▁I AC C ▁board ▁member , ▁confirmed ▁that ▁none ▁of ▁the ▁eight ▁object ives ▁that ▁the ▁I AC C ▁identified ▁for ▁research ▁on ▁aut istic ▁adult ▁issues ▁were ▁ful filled ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 3 . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 7 , ▁the ▁G A O ▁noted ▁that ▁the ▁I AC C ▁has ▁not ▁collabor ated ▁with ▁ag encies ▁outside ▁the ▁Department ▁of ▁Health ▁and ▁Human ▁Services ▁to ▁support ▁research ▁for ▁transition - age ▁youth ▁with ▁AS D . ▁ ▁They ▁stated ▁" As ▁a ▁result , ▁I AC C ▁may ▁continue ▁to ▁miss ▁opportun ities ▁to ▁le verage ▁the ▁knowledge ▁of ▁other ▁ag encies ." ▁ ▁M emb ership ▁and ▁administration ▁The ▁Committee ▁includes ▁both ▁federal ▁and ▁public ▁members . ▁Federal ▁officials ▁are |
▁selected ▁from ▁government ▁ag encies ▁that ▁work ▁on ▁aut ism ▁related ▁issues . ▁Public ▁members ▁include ▁advoc ates , ▁community ▁prov iders , ▁and ▁research ers . ▁There ▁are ▁ 3 1 ▁I AC C ▁members , ▁three ▁of ▁whom ▁are ▁aut istic . ▁ ▁I AC C ▁activities ▁and ▁associated ▁cross - ag ency ▁programs , ▁policies ▁and ▁research ▁are ▁coordin ated ▁and ▁managed ▁by ▁the ▁Office ▁of ▁Aut ism ▁Research ▁Co ord ination ▁( O AR C ). ▁ ▁Jonathan ▁Mitchell , ▁an ▁aut istic ▁advoc ate , ▁has ▁critic ized ▁the ▁I AC C ' s ▁nom ination ▁process ▁by ▁claim ing ▁that ▁it ▁is ▁too ▁bi ased ▁towards ▁ne uro d iversity . ▁ ▁He ▁points ▁out ▁that ▁seven ▁pro - ne uro d iversity , ▁anti - c ure ▁aut istics ▁were ▁appointed . ▁Two ▁anti - ne uro d iversity ▁pro - c ure ▁aut istics ▁were ▁nominated ▁but ▁turned ▁down . ▁ ▁Jonathan ▁Rose , ▁a ▁history ▁professor ▁at ▁D rew ▁University , ▁agreed ▁with ▁his ▁comment ary ▁that ▁ne uro d iversity ▁view points ▁are ▁over - re present ed ▁at ▁the ▁I AC C . ▁ ▁Member ▁ag encies ▁I AC C ▁member ▁ag encies ▁within ▁H HS ▁are : ▁▁ ▁Administration ▁for ▁Community ▁Living ▁ ▁Agency ▁for ▁Health care ▁Resources ▁and ▁Qu ality ▁( A HR Q ) ▁ ▁Cent ers ▁for ▁Medic are ▁and ▁Med ica id ▁Services ▁( C MS ) ▁ ▁Cent ers ▁for ▁D ise ase ▁Control ▁and ▁Pre |
vention ▁( CD C ) ▁ ▁Food ▁and ▁D rug ▁Administration ▁( F DA ) ▁ ▁Health ▁Resources ▁and ▁Services ▁Administration ▁▁ ▁National ▁Instit utes ▁of ▁Health ▁( NI H ) ▁ ▁Member ▁ag encies ▁external ▁to ▁H HS ▁are ▁the ▁U . S . ▁Department ▁of ▁Def ense ▁and ▁U . S . ▁Department ▁of ▁Education . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Category : Aut ism - related ▁organizations ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Category : Un ited ▁States ▁Department ▁of ▁Health ▁and ▁Human ▁Services ▁ag encies <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Cost s ▁of ▁Acc idents : ▁A ▁Leg al ▁and ▁Econom ic ▁Analysis ▁by ▁Gu ido ▁Cal ab res i ▁is ▁a ▁work ▁in ▁the ▁law ▁and ▁econom ics ▁tradition ▁because ▁it ▁provides ▁an ▁economic ▁efficiency ▁analysis ▁of ▁the ▁rules ▁of ▁tort ▁law . ▁ ▁The ▁text ▁was ▁initially ▁published ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 0 ▁by ▁Y ale ▁University ▁Press . ▁ ▁Over view ▁The ▁central ▁aim ▁of ▁tort ▁law ▁is ▁not ▁the ▁absolute ▁minim ization ▁of ▁losses ▁from ▁individual ▁acc idents ▁because ▁the ▁total ▁accident ▁cost ▁of ▁any ▁econom ically ▁fruit ful ▁activity / indust ry ▁includes ▁both ▁the ▁expected ▁cost ▁of ▁the ▁acc idents ▁that ▁happen ▁to ▁occur ▁and ▁the ▁actual ▁costs ▁exp ended ▁in ▁avoid ing ▁the ▁acc idents . ▁ ▁For ▁exp end it ures ▁to ▁prevent ▁acc idents , ▁there ▁must ▁be ▁associated ▁levels ▁of ▁expected ▁acc idents ▁and ▁expected ▁losses . ▁Unfortunately , ▁there ▁is ▁a ▁serious ▁under reg istration ▁of ▁the ▁most ▁common ▁acc |
idents ▁that ▁have ▁only ▁a ▁small ▁cost ▁per ▁accident ▁but ▁may ▁be ▁important ▁in ▁the ▁total ▁cost ▁of ▁acc idents . ▁Only ▁few ▁studies ▁have ▁accur ately ▁quant ified ▁the ▁entire ▁cost ▁of ▁acc idents . ▁The ▁whole ▁cost ▁at ▁a ▁given ▁level ▁of ▁pre ca ution ▁is ▁the ▁net ▁of ▁the ▁pre ca ution ary ▁exp end it ures ▁in ▁addition ▁to ▁the ▁losses ▁acc ru ed ▁from ▁the ▁acc idents ▁that ▁were ▁not ▁prevent ed . ▁ ▁If ▁the ▁goal ▁is ▁to ▁minim ize ▁the ▁total ▁costs ▁of ▁acc idents , ▁the ▁costs ▁of ▁pre ca ution ▁should ▁be ▁included . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 7 0 ▁non - f iction ▁books ▁Category : E conom ics ▁books ▁Category : L aw ▁books ▁Category : L aw ▁and ▁econom ics ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 7 0 s ▁non - f iction ▁books ▁Category : Y ale ▁University ▁Press ▁books <0x0A> </s> ▁N ade zh da ▁Ivan ova - V as ily e va ▁(? ▁– ▁ 1 9 7 1 ; ▁C yr ill ic : ▁На де жда ▁Влади ми ров на ▁Иван ова - В а си ль ева ) ▁was ▁one ▁of ▁several ▁women ▁who ▁claimed ▁to ▁be ▁Grand ▁Duch ess ▁An ast asia ▁Nik ola ev na ▁of ▁Russia . ▁Vas ily e va ▁first ▁sur fac ed ▁in ▁Si ber ia ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 0 , ▁as ▁she ▁was ▁trying ▁to ▁travel ▁to ▁China . ▁She ▁was ▁arrested ▁by ▁the |
▁B ols he vik ▁authorities ▁and ▁was ▁imprison ed ▁in ▁succession ▁at ▁N iz h ny ▁Nov gor od , ▁Moscow , ▁L ening rad , ▁and ▁an ▁island ▁g ul ag ▁in ▁the ▁White ▁Sea . ▁In ▁ 1 9 3 4 ▁she ▁was ▁moved ▁to ▁a ▁prison ▁hospital ▁in ▁Kaz an . ▁She ▁wrote ▁letters ▁in ▁French ▁and ▁German ▁to ▁King ▁George ▁V ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁Kingdom ▁asking ▁him ▁to ▁help ▁his ▁" c ousin " ▁An ast asia . ▁At ▁one ▁point ▁she ▁changed ▁her ▁story ▁and ▁said ▁she ▁was ▁the ▁daughter ▁of ▁a ▁merchant ▁from ▁R iga . ▁Later , ▁she ▁again ▁claimed ▁to ▁be ▁An ast asia . ▁She ▁died ▁in ▁an ▁ins ane ▁as yl um ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 1 . ▁According ▁to ▁the ▁head ▁of ▁the ▁hospital ▁in ▁Kaz an , ▁" except ▁for ▁her ▁claim ▁that ▁she ▁was ▁An ast asia , ▁she ▁was ▁completely ▁s ane ." ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁Roman ov ▁imp ost ors ▁ ▁References ▁▁ ▁Category : 1 9 7 1 ▁death s ▁Category : Year ▁of ▁birth ▁missing ▁Category : R oman ov ▁imp ost ors ▁Category : An ast asia ▁Nik ola ev na ▁of ▁Russia <0x0A> </s> ▁Cir roc um ulus ▁l entic ular is ▁is ▁a ▁type ▁of ▁cir roc um ulus ▁cloud . ▁The ▁name ▁cir roc um ulus ▁l entic ular is ▁is ▁derived ▁from ▁Latin , ▁meaning ▁" like ▁a ▁l ent il ". ▁Cir roc um ulus ▁l entic ular is |
▁are ▁smooth ▁clouds ▁that ▁have ▁the ▁appearance ▁of ▁a ▁l ens ▁or ▁an ▁al mond . ▁They ▁usually ▁form ▁at ▁the ▁cr ests ▁of ▁atmos pher ic ▁waves , ▁which ▁would ▁otherwise ▁be ▁invisible . ▁This ▁species ▁of ▁cir roc um ulus ▁can ▁often ▁be ▁quite ▁el ong ated ▁and ▁normally ▁has ▁very ▁distinguished ▁boundaries . ▁Cir roc um ulus ▁l entic ular is ▁forms ▁when ▁stable ▁air ▁is ▁forced ▁up ward ; ▁this ▁is ▁usually ▁due ▁to ▁or ographic ▁features , ▁but ▁can ▁occur ▁away ▁from ▁mountains ▁as ▁well . ▁I ris ation ▁can ▁occasionally ▁occur ▁with ▁these ▁clouds . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁L entic ular ▁cloud ▁List ▁of ▁cloud ▁types ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁International ▁Cloud ▁Atlas ▁– ▁Cir roc um ulus ▁l entic ular is ▁ ▁Category : C ir rus ▁Category : C um ulus <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁F ear ▁is ▁a ▁post - ap oc aly ptic ▁young ▁adult ▁horror ▁novel ▁written ▁by ▁Charlie ▁H ig son . ▁The ▁book , ▁released ▁by ▁P uff in ▁Books ▁in ▁the ▁UK ▁on ▁ 1 5 ▁September ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁and ▁by ▁Disney ▁Hyper ion ▁in ▁the ▁US ▁on ▁ 1 1 ▁May ▁ 2 0 1 0 , ▁is ▁the ▁third ▁book ▁in ▁a ▁planned ▁seven - book ▁series , ▁titled ▁The ▁En emy . ▁The ▁F ear ▁takes ▁place ▁in ▁London , ▁a ▁year ▁after ▁a ▁world wide ▁sick ness ▁has ▁inf ected ▁adult s , ▁turning ▁them ▁into ▁something ▁a kin ▁to ▁v ora |
cious , ▁can n ib al istic ▁z omb ies . ▁ ▁Series ▁P uff in ▁Books ▁released ▁the ▁first ▁novel ▁in ▁the ▁series , ▁titled ▁The ▁En emy , ▁in ▁the ▁UK ▁on ▁ 3 ▁September ▁ 2 0 0 9 ; ▁Disney ▁Hyper ion ▁released ▁it ▁in ▁the ▁US ▁on ▁ 1 1 ▁May ▁ 2 0 1 0 . ▁P uff in ▁Books ▁released ▁the ▁second ▁novel ▁in ▁the ▁series , ▁titled ▁The ▁Dead , ▁on ▁ 1 6 ▁September ▁ 2 0 1 0 ; ▁the ▁third ▁novel , ▁titled ▁The ▁F ear , ▁on ▁ 1 5 ▁September ▁ 2 0 1 1 ; ▁the ▁fourth ▁novel , ▁The ▁Sac rifice , ▁on ▁ 2 0 ▁September ▁ 2 0 1 2 ; ▁the ▁fifth ▁novel , ▁The ▁F allen , ▁on ▁ 1 2 ▁September ▁ 2 0 1 3 ; ▁the ▁sixth ▁novel , ▁The ▁H unted , ▁on ▁ 4 ▁September ▁ 2 0 1 4 ; ▁and ▁the ▁final ▁book , ▁The ▁End , ▁on ▁ 1 0 ▁November ▁ 2 0 1 5 . ▁Disney ▁Hyper ion ▁released ▁H ig son ' s ▁short ▁story ▁companion ▁book ▁in ▁the ▁series , ▁titled ▁Ge eks ▁vs . ▁Z omb ies , ▁on ▁ 5 ▁June ▁ 2 0 1 2 ; ▁it ▁port ray s ▁an ▁exclusive ▁scene ▁from ▁The ▁F ear , ▁on ▁World ▁Book ▁Day . ▁ ▁Sum mary ▁The ▁F ear ▁starts ▁a ▁few ▁days ▁before ▁Small ▁Sam ▁and ▁the ▁Kid |
▁arrive ▁at ▁the ▁Tower ▁of ▁London , ▁at ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁The ▁Dead , ▁and ▁another ▁few ▁days ▁before ▁the ▁events ▁of ▁The ▁En emy ▁( with ▁both ▁books ▁mer ging ▁into ▁each ▁other ▁near ▁the ▁middle ). ▁A ▁pro log ue ▁introdu ces ▁a ▁new ▁z omb ie ▁called ▁" The ▁Collect or ", ▁a ▁massive ▁father ▁who ▁collect s ▁" to ys " ▁( k ids ), ▁plays ▁with ▁them ▁until ▁they ▁break ▁( t ort ures ▁them ▁until ▁they ▁die ), ▁and ▁e ats ▁them . ▁He ▁finds ▁two ▁children ▁and ▁adds ▁them ▁to ▁his ▁" collection ", ▁as ▁described ▁in ▁the ▁pro log ue ▁of ▁the ▁book . ▁ ▁The ▁real ▁story ▁begins ▁at ▁the ▁Tower , ▁where ▁D ogn ut ▁is ▁growing ▁rest less ▁of ▁his ▁conf in ement ▁and ▁is ▁anno yed ▁that ▁he ▁has ▁been ▁k icked ▁down ▁from ▁second ▁in ▁command ▁by ▁Ed . ▁He ▁plans ▁on ▁heading ▁out ▁to ▁find ▁Bro oke ▁and ▁the ▁others ▁from ▁the ▁T es co ▁tr uck , ▁whom ▁they ▁lost ▁contact ▁with ▁during ▁the ▁fire ▁of ▁South ▁London ▁and ▁The ▁Battle ▁of ▁Lamb eth ▁Bridge . ▁Although ▁his ▁intent ions ▁are ▁to ▁find ▁everybody ▁that ▁went ▁missing , ▁he ▁also ▁wants ▁to ▁go ▁because ▁of ▁the ▁cr ush ▁he ▁has ▁on ▁Bro oke . ▁He ▁discuss es ▁this ▁with ▁Ed ▁( as ▁seen ▁in ▁" The ▁Dead ") ▁and ▁he ▁agre es ▁with ▁him . ▁D ogn ut ▁assemb les ▁a ▁team ▁consisting ▁of ▁Court ney ▁( who |
▁wants ▁to ▁find ▁Bro oke , ▁but ▁also ▁secret ly ▁has ▁a ▁cr ush ▁on ▁D ogn ut ), ▁best ▁friends ▁Marco ▁and ▁Felix ▁( who ▁were ▁with ▁D ogn ut ▁at ▁the ▁Imperial ▁War ▁Museum ), ▁Finn ▁( who ▁is ▁looking ▁for ▁old ▁friends ), ▁Al ▁( who ▁is ▁looking ▁for ▁his ▁sister ▁Maria ), ▁young ster ▁Oliv ia ▁( who ▁is ▁looking ▁for ▁her ▁older ▁brother ▁Paul ) ▁and ▁Jess ica ▁( who ▁has ▁recently ▁broken ▁up ▁with ▁her ▁boy friend ▁Br end an ). ▁▁ ▁After ▁a ▁quick ▁but ▁difficult ▁row ▁up river , ▁they ▁end ▁up ▁at ▁the ▁H ouses ▁of ▁Parliament , ▁where ▁they ▁find ▁a ▁girl ▁named ▁Nicola ▁and ▁her ▁group . ▁Nicola ▁tells ▁them ▁none ▁of ▁their ▁friends ▁are ▁at ▁the ▁H ouses ▁of ▁Parliament , ▁but ▁lets ▁them ▁know ▁about ▁David ▁taking ▁residence ▁at ▁Buck ingham ▁Palace . ▁The ▁group ▁dec ides ▁to ▁travel ▁to ▁the ▁palace , ▁thinking ▁that ▁their ▁friends ▁might ▁be ▁there . ▁During ▁the ▁journey , ▁the ▁group ▁is ▁attacked ▁by ▁the ▁' g ym ▁b unn ies ', ▁a ▁group ▁of ▁z omb ies ▁who , ▁due ▁to ▁their ▁good ▁physical ▁condition , ▁are ▁harder ▁to ▁kill ; ▁the ▁g ym ▁b unn ies ▁corner ▁D ogn ut ' s ▁crew . ▁About ▁to ▁go ▁in ▁for ▁the ▁kill , ▁they ▁are ▁saved ▁by ▁a ▁brut al ▁group ▁of ▁hun ters ▁led ▁by ▁a ▁boy ▁named ▁Ryan . ▁Ryan ' s ▁group ▁gu ides ▁D ogn ut ' s ▁crew |
▁to ▁the ▁palace , ▁where ▁Al ▁is ▁reun ited ▁with ▁Maria . ▁David ▁claims ▁that ▁he ▁does ▁not ▁know ▁where ▁their ▁friends ▁are , ▁but ▁the ▁group ▁ ▁later ▁realize ▁he ▁isn ' t ▁all ▁that ▁he ▁seems ; ▁mainly , ▁he ' s ▁lying ▁about ▁their ▁friends , ▁who ▁are ▁stay ing ▁at ▁the ▁Natural ▁History ▁Museum . ▁They ▁head ▁to ▁the ▁museum ▁at ▁night , ▁without ▁Al , ▁who ▁stays ▁with ▁his ▁sister ▁and ▁Jess ica , ▁who ▁is ▁too ▁sc ared ▁to ▁continue . ▁ ▁As ▁night ▁draw s ▁closer , ▁z omb ies ▁come ▁out ▁in ▁large ▁numbers ▁and ▁ch ase ▁the ▁group ▁to ▁a ▁house ▁where ▁they ▁think ▁k ids ▁are ▁living , ▁which ▁is ▁primarily ▁due ▁to ▁Marco ▁bel ieving ▁an ▁arm ▁stick ing ▁out ▁of ▁a ▁container ▁on ▁a ▁table ▁( with ▁an ▁u pr ight ▁k ids ▁body ▁next ▁to ▁it ) ▁was ▁w aving ▁at ▁them ▁to ▁come ▁in . ▁Instead , ▁it ▁turns ▁out ▁to ▁be ▁the ▁Collect or ' s ▁la ir , ▁and ▁the ▁group ▁encounter ▁the ▁large ▁mon ster . ▁They ▁make ▁a ▁run ▁for ▁it , ▁una ware ▁that ▁they ' ve ▁left ▁Oliv ia ▁behind . ▁She ▁k ills ▁herself ▁before ▁the ▁Collect or ▁can ▁get ▁her ▁by ▁jump ing ▁off ▁a ▁high ▁bal con y ▁to ▁her ▁death . ▁The ▁group ▁later ▁arriv es ▁at ▁the ▁Natural ▁History ▁Museum ▁where ▁they ▁find ▁Bro oke ▁and ▁the ▁others , ▁and ▁meet ▁Rob bie ▁( the ir ▁Head ▁of |
▁Security ), ▁Justin ▁( the ▁leader ), ▁and ▁Paul ▁( O liv ia ' s ▁brother ). ▁Paul ▁asks ▁for ▁Oliv ia , ▁but ▁Court ney ▁explains ▁that ▁Oliv ia ▁was ▁killed ▁by ▁the ▁Collect or . ▁Paul ▁goes ▁h yst er ical ▁after ▁learning ▁about ▁Oliv ia ' s ▁death , ▁and ▁he ▁becomes ▁determined ▁to ▁kill ▁the ▁Collect or . ▁D ogn ut ' s ▁group , ▁Rob bie , ▁Jackson ▁( a ▁friend ▁of ▁Rob bie ' s ), ▁Ryan ' s ▁hun ters , ▁and ▁several ▁others ▁from ▁the ▁museum ▁all ▁join ▁with ▁Paul ▁to ▁kill ▁the ▁Collect or . ▁The ▁large ▁group ▁co ax es ▁the ▁Collect or ▁out ▁of ▁his ▁la ir ▁onto ▁the ▁road , ▁where ▁they ▁sav ag ely ▁beat ▁him ▁to ▁death . ▁Jackson , ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁girls ▁from ▁Ryan ' s ▁group , ▁ultimately ▁finish es ▁the ▁job ▁by ▁st abb ing ▁a ▁spe ar ▁through ▁the ▁Collect ors ▁neck , ▁where ▁she ▁also ▁st ab bed ▁him ▁there ▁before , ▁but ▁not ▁to ▁the ▁extent ▁of ▁killing ▁him . ▁ ▁Upon ▁returning , ▁Justin ▁gives ▁D ogn ut ▁a ▁tour ▁of ▁the ▁place . ▁He ▁shows ▁D ogn ut ▁the ▁experiments ▁they ' ve ▁been ▁carrying ▁out ▁to ▁investigate ▁the ▁disease ▁and ▁to ▁find ▁a ▁c ure ▁- ▁which ▁included ▁taking ▁samples ▁from ▁three ▁z omb ies ▁they ' ve ▁locked ▁up ▁in ▁the ▁T es co ▁l orry . ▁Justin ▁tells ▁D ogn ut ▁about ▁the ▁large ▁number ▁of ▁z |
omb ies ▁res iding ▁in ▁the ▁museum ' s ▁bas ement , ▁where ▁the ▁group ▁obtain s ▁their ▁test ▁subjects . ▁They ▁have ▁found ▁out ▁so ▁far ▁that ▁U V ▁light ▁( sun light ) ▁rapidly ▁increases ▁the ▁speed ▁of ▁the ▁disease , ▁causing ▁a ▁sick o ▁to ▁die ▁if ▁exposed ▁to ▁too ▁much ▁sun light ▁( As ▁shown ▁with ▁Nick ▁in ▁" The ▁En emy "). ▁However , ▁they ' ve ▁also ▁found ▁that ▁sick os ▁can ▁build ▁up ▁a ▁resistance ▁to ▁sun light , ▁through ▁expos ure ▁to ▁a ▁fixed ▁amount ▁of ▁sun light ▁each ▁day ▁until ▁they ▁are ▁fully ▁able ▁to ▁ro am ▁about ▁in ▁the ▁day time . ▁After wards , ▁Paul ▁los es ▁his ▁mind ▁and ▁starts ▁to ▁threaten ▁and ▁bl ame ▁everyone ▁for ▁Oliv ia ' s ▁death . ▁Bro oke ▁eventually ▁cal ms ▁him ▁down , ▁and ▁D ogn ut ▁dec ides ▁to ▁head ▁back ▁to ▁the ▁Tower ▁first ▁thing ▁the ▁following ▁morning ▁but ▁is ▁persu aded ▁by ▁Justin ▁to ▁stay ▁longer , ▁to ▁write ▁his ▁and ▁his ▁group ' s ▁story ▁into ▁a ▁book ▁which ▁a ▁book w orm ▁named ▁Chris ▁( pre viously ▁and ▁originally ▁st arring ▁in ▁" The ▁Dead ") ▁is ▁writing ▁in ▁the ▁library . ▁During ▁a ▁chat ▁where ▁D ogn ut ▁fl ir ts ▁with ▁Bro oke , ▁she ▁reve als ▁that ▁Court ney ▁lik es ▁him ▁( m uch ▁to ▁his ▁surprise ). ▁D ogn ut ▁tal ks ▁to ▁Court ney ▁about ▁this , ▁where ▁she ▁explains ▁that ▁she |
▁thinks ▁Bro oke ▁still ▁has ▁a ▁cr ush ▁on ▁Ed , ▁and ▁when ▁they ▁return ▁to ▁the ▁Tower ▁with ▁them , ▁Bro oke ▁will ▁start ▁a ▁rom ance ▁with ▁him . ▁D ogn ut ▁list ens ▁to ▁Court ney ▁and ▁rem embers ▁what ▁she ▁says . ▁ ▁At ▁the ▁Palace , ▁David ▁and ▁Nicola ▁meet ▁in ▁secret . ▁David ▁propos es ▁that ▁the ▁two ▁groups ▁form ▁an ▁al liance ▁- ▁a ▁step ▁toward ▁implementing ▁his ▁man ia cal ▁plan ▁to ▁take ▁over ▁the ▁entire ty ▁of ▁London . ▁Nicola ▁is ▁rel uct ant ▁but ▁ends ▁up ▁creating ▁a ▁deal ▁that ▁involves ▁removing ▁the ▁' squ at ters ' ▁at ▁St ▁James ' s ▁Park , ▁as ▁they ▁pose ▁a ▁threat ▁to ▁her ▁group ▁at ▁the ▁House ▁of ▁Parliament . ▁Until ▁then , ▁she ▁won ' t ▁officially ▁agree ▁to ▁the ▁al liance . ▁David ▁accepts ▁and ▁immediately ▁asks ▁J ester ▁to ▁go ▁and ▁rec ruit ▁children ▁who ▁can ▁fight ▁( which ▁reve als ▁this ▁to ▁be ▁J ester ' s ▁actual ▁mission ▁when ▁he ▁is ▁found ▁by ▁the ▁H ollow ay ▁k ids ▁in ▁" The ▁En emy "). ▁David ▁also ▁has ▁a ▁cr ush ▁on ▁Nicola , ▁which ▁she ▁te ases ▁him ▁about ▁until ▁they ▁are ▁interrupted . ▁ ▁A ▁lon er ▁named ▁Sh adow man ▁( who ▁has ▁been ▁sp ying ▁on ▁the ▁S qu at ters ) ▁vis its ▁J ester ▁in ▁Buck ingham ▁Palace ▁and ▁is ▁convinced ▁to ▁join ▁the ▁expedition ▁to ▁rec ruit ▁f igh ters ▁for ▁the |
▁Palace . ▁They ▁are ▁joined ▁by ▁a ▁couple ▁named ▁Tom ▁and ▁Kate , ▁and ▁a ▁boy ▁named ▁Alf ie . ▁J ester ▁is ▁initially ▁mad ▁of ▁the ▁small ▁group ▁that ▁they ▁have , ▁and ▁said ▁that ▁David ▁only ▁sent ▁them ▁" blo ody ▁civ ili ans ". ▁The ▁small ▁group ▁begin ▁walking ▁north ▁until ▁they ▁encounter ▁a ▁group ▁of ▁z omb ies . ▁They ▁fle e ▁the ▁z omb ies ▁and ▁end ▁up ▁at ▁King ' s ▁Cross ▁Station . ▁They ▁fight ▁off ▁some ▁z omb ies ▁before ▁J ester ▁accident ally ▁hits ▁Sh adow man , ▁leaving ▁him ▁with ▁a ▁slight ▁conc uss ion . ▁J ester , ▁Alf ie , ▁Tom , ▁and ▁Kate ▁abandon ▁Sh adow man , ▁and ▁then ▁split ▁into ▁two ▁groups ▁with ▁J ester ▁and ▁Alf ie ▁in ▁one , ▁and ▁Tom ▁and ▁Kate ▁in ▁the ▁other . ▁Sh adow man ▁passes ▁out , ▁and ▁w akes ▁up ▁to ▁a ▁huge ▁pain ▁in ▁the ▁head , ▁and ▁to ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁remaining ▁grow nu ps ▁attempting ▁to ▁dev our ▁him . ▁As ▁the ▁grown up ▁cannot ▁walk ▁( due ▁to ▁broken ▁sp ine ) ▁and ▁Sh adow man ▁passes ▁out ▁upon ▁standing ▁up ▁and ▁at ▁random ▁intervals , ▁a ▁" night m are ▁version ▁of ▁ha re ▁and ▁tort o ise " ▁occurs , ▁in ▁which ▁the ▁faster ▁Sh adow man ▁craw ls ▁away ▁from ▁the ▁slower ▁grown up , ▁but ▁then ▁passes ▁out ▁randomly , ▁allowing ▁the ▁slower ▁grown up ▁to ▁catch ▁him . ▁Finally , |
▁in ▁a ▁l atch ▁d itch ▁effort , ▁Sh adow man ▁k ills ▁the ▁grown up ▁using ▁a ▁steel ▁rod ▁he ▁finds ▁in ▁a ▁p ile ▁of ▁sc rap ▁metal . ▁He ▁then ▁succ umb s ▁in ▁to ▁his ▁pain ▁and ▁tired ness , ▁and ▁passes ▁out ▁to ▁a ▁fight ▁taking ▁place ▁between ▁other ▁grow nu ps ▁and ▁a ▁stronger ▁group ▁that ▁takes ▁him . ▁▁ ▁J ester ▁and ▁Alf ie ▁find ▁refuge ▁in ▁a ▁flat , ▁until ▁a ▁group ▁of ▁z omb ies ▁find ▁them ▁and ▁attempt ▁to ▁break ▁in . ▁In ▁creating ▁a ▁plan ▁of ▁escape , ▁J ester ▁tr icks ▁Alf ie ▁and ▁ab and ons ▁him , ▁esc aping ▁by ▁himself . ▁Alf ie ▁is ▁then ▁killed ▁by ▁the ▁grow nu ps , ▁after ▁he ▁finds ▁out ▁J ester ▁ran ▁away . ▁His ▁fingers ▁gets ▁cut ▁off ▁by ▁the ▁window ▁where ▁he ▁j umps ▁off ▁( not ▁explicitly ▁stated , ▁but ▁most ▁likely ▁by ▁the ▁window ▁falling ▁down ▁upon ▁him , ▁or ▁less ▁likely ▁by ▁the ▁ax e , ▁which ▁is ▁mentioned ▁earlier , ▁by ▁a ▁grown up ) ▁where ▁he ▁then ▁pain fully ▁st umb les ▁into ▁his ▁fate . ▁J ester ▁runs ▁and ▁disco vers ▁the ▁Mor r ison ' s ▁super market ▁but ▁is ▁denied ▁entry . ▁He ▁then ▁finds ▁the ▁Wait rose ▁super market , ▁where ▁he ▁is ▁res cu ed ▁by ▁Ar ran ' s ▁group ▁( des cribed ▁in ▁The ▁En emy ) ▁and ▁convin ces ▁them ▁to ▁come ▁to ▁the ▁palace . |
▁ ▁Sh adow man ▁aw ak ens ▁and ▁finds ▁himself ▁at ▁the ▁Em ir ates ▁Stadium , ▁being ▁watched ▁by ▁Saint ▁George ' s ▁" L ie uten ants " ▁( who ▁he ▁nick names ▁S pi ke , ▁Man - U , ▁One - Ar med ▁Band it , ▁and ▁Bl uetooth ). ▁He ▁lear ns ▁that ▁St . ▁George ▁is ▁much ▁sm arter ▁than ▁the ▁rest ▁of ▁the ▁z omb ies , ▁and ▁he ▁is ▁creating ▁an ▁army ▁in ▁the ▁stad ium . ▁Sh adow man ▁esc apes ▁the ▁army ▁of ▁z omb ies ▁when ▁a ▁fire ▁lights ▁up ▁in ▁the ▁stands ▁( most ▁likely ▁as ▁part ▁of ▁Small ▁Sam ' s ▁escape , ▁as ▁told ▁in ▁The ▁En emy ). ▁Sh adow man ▁takes ▁refuge ▁in ▁a ▁nearby ▁a partment ▁building ▁where ▁he ▁disco vers ▁boxes ▁of ▁weapons ▁and ▁food . ▁He ▁sees ▁this ▁as ▁a ▁sign ▁to ▁follow ▁St . ▁George ' s ▁army , ▁and ▁to ▁learn ▁about ▁them ▁before ▁returning ▁to ▁London ▁city . ▁While ▁watching ▁their ▁movement , ▁he ▁sees ▁Tom ▁and ▁Kate ▁being ▁pulled ▁out ▁of ▁a ▁house ▁they ▁had ▁taken ▁shelter ▁in , ▁and ▁they ▁get ▁killed ▁by ▁St . ▁George ' s ▁army . ▁Do zing ▁off ▁to ▁sleep , ▁Sh adow man ▁is ▁suddenly ▁aw ak ened ▁by ▁a ▁group ▁of ▁z omb ies ▁that ▁have ▁found ▁his ▁hiding ▁spot , ▁including ▁One - Ar med ▁Band it . ▁He ▁man ages ▁to ▁kill ▁them ▁all , ▁and ▁plans ▁to ▁sla ugh |
ter ▁every ▁single ▁one ▁of ▁St . ▁George ' s ▁remaining ▁right - hand ▁men , ▁St . ▁George ▁himself , ▁and ▁J ester ▁( for ▁leaving ▁him ▁behind ). ▁ ▁Meanwhile , ▁D ogn ut , ▁Court ney , ▁Marco , ▁and ▁Felix ▁are ▁still ▁at ▁the ▁museum , ▁prepar ing ▁to ▁head ▁back ▁to ▁the ▁Tower . ▁In ▁a ▁sudden ▁sur ge ▁of ▁happiness , ▁D ogn ut ▁kiss es ▁Court ney . ▁Finn ▁dec ides ▁to ▁stay ▁at ▁the ▁museum , ▁whilst ▁Bro oke ▁joins ▁the ▁group ▁and ▁prepar es ▁to ▁head ▁back ▁to ▁the ▁tower . ▁Rob bie ▁and ▁Jackson ▁join ▁the ▁group , ▁but ▁only ▁to ▁esc ort ▁them ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁way . ▁They ▁set ▁off ▁toward ▁the ▁Tower ▁until ▁they ▁are ▁amb ushed ▁by ▁the ▁' g ym ▁b unn ies ' ▁again . ▁D ogn ut , ▁Court ney , ▁Marco ▁and ▁Felix ▁are ▁all ▁killed ▁whilst ▁Jackson ▁esc apes ▁with ▁a ▁wounded ▁Rob bie , ▁and ▁Bro oke ▁is ▁saved ▁by ▁the ▁H ollow ay ▁k ids ▁( as ▁described ▁in ▁The ▁En emy ). ▁She ▁is ▁taken ▁to ▁Buck ingham ▁Palace ▁with ▁the ▁H ollow ay ▁crew , ▁and ▁is ▁revealed ▁that ▁she ▁is ▁the ▁band aged ▁girl ▁in ▁the ▁sick ▁bay . ▁J ester ▁and ▁David ▁both ▁fail ▁to ▁recognize ▁her ▁due ▁to ▁her ▁inj uries , ▁and ▁as ▁in ▁The ▁En emy , ▁Bro oke ▁w akes ▁up ▁and ▁tells ▁Max ie ▁and ▁Blue ▁that ▁David ▁is ▁a ▁li ar . |
▁ ▁Meanwhile , ▁Paul , ▁who ▁is ▁still ▁c raz ed , ▁secret ly ▁leaves ▁the ▁museum ▁for ▁Buck ingham ▁Palace . ▁He ▁meets ▁with ▁David ▁and ▁J ester , ▁who ▁take ▁advantage ▁of ▁his ▁mental ▁state , ▁and ▁tell ▁him ▁a ▁fake ▁story ▁that ▁everyone ▁at ▁the ▁museum ▁ ▁was ▁plot ting ▁against ▁him . ▁This ▁causes ▁Paul ▁to ▁take ▁want ▁to ▁take ▁reven ge ▁on ▁everyone ▁who ▁he ▁bel ieves ▁he ▁killed ▁Oliv ia , ▁and ▁David ▁convin ces ▁him ▁to ▁return ▁to ▁the ▁museum ▁and ▁release ▁all ▁the ▁z omb ies ▁who ▁are ▁in ▁the ▁bas ement . ▁Paul ▁agre es ▁and ▁returns ▁to ▁the ▁museum . ▁ ▁Wh ilst ▁Bro oke ▁and ▁the ▁H ollow ay ▁children ▁escape ▁the ▁palace ▁( As ▁shown ▁in ▁" The ▁En emy "), ▁Paul ▁k ills ▁a ▁boy ▁named ▁Jam ie ▁and ▁releases ▁the ▁z omb ies ▁under ne ath ▁the ▁museum ▁( re ve aling ▁that ▁he ▁has ▁been ▁inf ected ▁by ▁a ▁z omb ie ▁b ite ▁all ▁along ), ▁and ▁Sh adow man ▁watch es ▁as ▁Saint ▁George ' s ▁army ▁k ills ▁Call um , ▁burn s ▁Wait rose ▁to ▁the ▁ground ▁and ▁march es ▁on ▁to ▁the ▁heart ▁of ▁the ▁city ▁( as ▁seen ▁in ▁" The ▁En emy "), ▁finally ▁dec iding ▁to ▁name ▁them ▁" The ▁F ear ". ▁ ▁Char acters ▁ ▁The ▁Tower ▁of ▁London ▁Al ▁- ▁Part ▁of ▁the ▁Tower ▁crew . ▁He ▁was ▁separated ▁from ▁his ▁sister ▁Maria ▁at ▁the ▁battle ▁of |
▁Lamb eth ▁Bridge ▁and ▁stays ▁with ▁her ▁when ▁they ▁find ▁her ▁at ▁Buck ingham ▁Palace . ▁He ▁is ▁a ▁sc ary ▁f ighter ▁who ▁car ries ▁a ▁ma ce . ▁He ▁has ▁a ▁fat ▁nose ▁and ▁large ▁front ▁teeth . ▁D ogn ut ▁refers ▁to ▁him , ▁Marco , ▁and ▁Felix ▁as ▁" The ▁Good , ▁the ▁Bad ▁and ▁the ▁U gly "; ▁Al ▁is ▁the ▁U gly . ▁Court ney ▁- ▁Part ▁of ▁the ▁Tower ▁crew . ▁She ▁has ▁a ▁love ▁interest ▁in ▁D ogn ut ▁and ▁is ▁killed ▁in ▁the ▁final ▁battle ▁with ▁the ▁' g ym ▁b unn ies '. ▁She ▁goes ▁on ▁the ▁expedition ▁to ▁get ▁some ▁time ▁alone ▁with ▁D ogn ut ▁and ▁to ▁find ▁Bro oke . ▁She ▁is ▁in secure ▁about ▁her ▁weight . ▁D ogn ut ▁- ▁The ▁captain ▁of ▁the ▁Tower ▁of ▁London ▁group ▁which ▁sets ▁out ▁to ▁find ▁Bro oke . ▁He ▁is ▁leaving ▁because ▁he ▁wants ▁to ▁be ▁a ▁hero , ▁as ▁he ▁feels ▁he ▁doesn ' t ▁get ▁enough ▁respect ▁at ▁the ▁Tower , ▁and ▁to ▁find ▁Bro oke , ▁whom ▁he ▁has ▁a ▁cr ush ▁on . ▁He ▁is ▁killed ▁in ▁the ▁final ▁battle ▁with ▁the ▁' g ym ▁b unn ies ' ▁by ▁protect ing ▁Bro oke ▁to ▁his ▁final ▁breath , ▁ultimately ▁becoming ▁the ▁respect ed ▁and ▁loved ▁hero ▁he ▁originally ▁wanted ▁to ▁be . ▁Ed ▁Carter ▁- ▁Captain ▁of ▁the ▁Tower ▁Guard ▁at ▁the ▁Tower ▁of ▁London . ▁He ▁is ▁described ▁by ▁D ogn ut ▁as ▁Jordan |
▁H ord ern ' s ▁second - in - command . ▁St ▁George ▁badly ▁scar red ▁Ed ' s ▁face ▁was ▁in ▁the ▁previous ▁book . ▁He ▁appears ▁in ▁D ogn ut ' s ▁night m are - memory ▁and ▁at ▁the ▁beginning ▁to ▁see ▁off ▁the ▁expedition , ▁but ▁is ▁mentioned ▁many ▁times ▁throughout ▁the ▁book . ▁Felix ▁- ▁Part ▁of ▁the ▁Tower ▁crew , ▁and ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁boys ▁who ▁originally ▁came ▁from ▁the ▁Imperial ▁War ▁Museum . ▁He ▁is ▁best ▁friends ▁with ▁Marco , ▁though ▁they ▁often ▁argue . ▁He ▁is ▁stated ▁to ▁always ▁put ▁people ▁down ▁by ▁speaking ▁his ▁mind . ▁He , ▁like ▁Marco , ▁goes ▁on ▁the ▁expedition ▁to ▁support ▁D ogn ut . ▁He ▁is ▁killed ▁in ▁the ▁final ▁battle ▁with ▁the ▁' g ym ▁b unn ies '. ▁D ogn ut ▁refers ▁to ▁him , ▁Marco , ▁and ▁Al ▁as ▁" The ▁Good , ▁the ▁Bad ▁and ▁the ▁U gly " ▁by ▁Dog N ut ; ▁Felix ▁is ▁the ▁Bad . ▁Finn ▁- ▁Part ▁of ▁the ▁Tower ▁crew . ▁He ▁is ▁the ▁only ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁expedition ▁to ▁not ▁end ▁up ▁at ▁the ▁Tower ▁via ▁the ▁boat ▁at ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁The ▁Dead . ▁He ▁is ▁from ▁Forest ▁Hill ▁school ▁and ▁ended ▁up ▁at ▁the ▁Tower ▁after ▁being ▁separated ▁from ▁friends ▁who ▁tra ve led ▁west . ▁He ▁is ▁going ▁on ▁the ▁expedition ▁to ▁find ▁his ▁friends . ▁He ▁is ▁large ▁and ▁good ▁at ▁fighting , ▁but ▁prior ▁to ▁the ▁events ▁of ▁the ▁book , |
▁he ▁cut ▁his ▁arm ▁and ▁the ▁w ound ▁became ▁inf ected , ▁putting ▁it ▁out ▁of ▁action ▁and ▁rendering ▁him ▁unable ▁to ▁fight . ▁He ▁stays ▁at ▁the ▁Natural ▁History ▁Museum ▁when ▁the ▁group ▁goes ▁on , ▁as ▁he ▁wants ▁to ▁wait ▁for ▁his ▁arm ▁to ▁he al ▁and ▁has ▁yet ▁to ▁find ▁his ▁friends . ▁Jess ica ▁- ▁Part ▁of ▁the ▁Tower ▁crew . ▁She ▁goes ▁on ▁the ▁expedition ▁alleg edly ▁to ▁find ▁friends ▁she ▁was ▁separated ▁from ▁at ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁The ▁Dead , ▁but ▁really ▁wants ▁to ▁get ▁away ▁from ▁her ▁ex - boy friend ▁Br end an , ▁whom ▁she ▁just ▁broke ▁up ▁with . ▁She ▁stays ▁at ▁Buck ingham ▁Palace , ▁as ▁she ▁is ▁already ▁away ▁from ▁him , ▁safe , ▁and ▁sc ared ▁to ▁go ▁further . ▁Jordan ▁H ord ern ▁- ▁Le ader ▁of ▁the ▁group ▁at ▁the ▁Tower ▁of ▁London . ▁He ▁appears ▁at ▁the ▁beginning ▁to ▁see ▁D ogn ut ' s ▁crew ▁off ▁and ▁tells ▁D ogn ut ▁his ▁position ▁is ▁open . ▁K yle ▁- ▁Ed ' s ▁right - hand ▁man ▁at ▁the ▁Tower , ▁he ▁appears ▁in ▁D ogn ut ' s ▁night m are - memory ▁at ▁the ▁beginning , ▁helping ▁Ed ▁save ▁D ogn ut ▁from ▁sick os ▁but ▁fails ▁to ▁save ▁Leo . ▁Leo ▁- ▁A ▁determined ▁but ▁cl ums y ▁boy ▁who ▁died ▁prior ▁to ▁the ▁events ▁of ▁the ▁book , ▁but ▁whom ▁D ogn ut ▁dream s ▁about ▁every ▁night , ▁as ▁D ogn ut |
▁bl ames ▁himself ▁for ▁Leo ' s ▁death . ▁Short ly ▁after ▁arriv ing ▁at ▁the ▁Tower , ▁Ed , ▁K yle , ▁D ogn ut , ▁and ▁Leo ▁had ▁gone ▁on ▁a ▁sc av eng ing ▁mission ▁into ▁a ▁bank , ▁where ▁Leo ▁and ▁D ogn ut ▁fell ▁through ▁the ▁crack ed ▁floor ▁into ▁a ▁p ile ▁of ▁sick os , ▁which ▁tried ▁to ▁eat ▁them . ▁Leo ▁tried ▁to ▁clim b ▁out ▁but ▁fell ▁off ▁D ogn ut ' s ▁shoulders ▁and ▁further ▁into ▁the ▁mob , ▁where ▁his ▁thr ash ing ▁caused ▁them ▁to ▁pull ▁him ▁deeper ▁in . ▁Ed ▁and ▁K yle ▁gra bb ed ▁D ogn ut ' s ▁arm , ▁and ▁D ogn ut ▁Leo ' s ▁sh irt , ▁but ▁they ▁couldn ' t ▁pull ▁both ▁up , ▁and ▁D ogn ut ▁had ▁let ▁Leo ▁go ▁to ▁save ▁himself . ▁Marco ▁- ▁Part ▁of ▁the ▁Tower ▁crew , ▁and ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁boys ▁who ▁originally ▁came ▁from ▁the ▁Imperial ▁War ▁Museum . ▁He ▁often ▁we ars ▁a ▁W W II ▁German ' s ▁hel met ▁and ▁is ▁best ▁friends ▁with ▁Felix , ▁though ▁they ▁often ▁argue . ▁He ▁is ▁nice ▁to ▁everybody . ▁He ▁goes ▁on ▁the ▁expedition ▁to ▁support ▁D ogn ut . ▁He ▁w ield s ▁a ▁spe ar ▁and ▁a ▁kn ife , ▁though ▁the ▁kn ife ▁is ▁st olen ▁by ▁the ▁' g ym ▁b unn ies ' ▁when ▁the ▁group ▁first ▁enc oun ters ▁them . ▁He ▁is ▁killed ▁in ▁the |
▁final ▁battle ▁with ▁the ▁' g ym ▁b unn ies '. ▁D ogn ut ▁refers ▁to ▁him , ▁Felix , ▁and ▁Al ▁as ▁" The ▁Good , ▁the ▁Bad ▁and ▁the ▁U gly "; ▁Marco ▁is ▁the ▁Good . ▁Oliv ia ▁Ch anning ▁- ▁Part ▁of ▁the ▁Tower ▁crew . ▁She ▁was ▁separated ▁from ▁her ▁older ▁brother ▁Paul ▁during ▁the ▁battle ▁on ▁Lamb eth ▁Bridge ▁at ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁The ▁Dead , ▁and ▁is ▁going ▁on ▁the ▁expedition ▁to ▁find ▁him . ▁She ▁is ▁ 1 0 ▁years ▁old ▁and ▁sc ared . ▁She ▁is ▁killed ▁in ▁the ▁first ▁encounter ▁with ▁the ▁Collect or ▁after ▁they ▁leave ▁Buck ingham ▁Palace , ▁and ▁later ▁her ▁death ▁is ▁a ven ged ▁by ▁her ▁friends , ▁some ▁k ids ▁from ▁the ▁museum , ▁and ▁Ryan ' s ▁group . ▁David ▁later ▁lies ▁about ▁the ▁circumstances ▁of ▁her ▁death ▁to ▁manipulate ▁Paul ▁into ▁turning ▁on ▁the ▁other ▁museum ▁k ids . ▁ ▁The ▁Natural ▁History ▁Museum ▁Bro oke ▁- ▁After ▁the ▁events ▁of ▁The ▁Dead , ▁she ▁lives ▁at ▁the ▁Natural ▁History ▁Museum , ▁we ars ▁an ▁old ▁fashion ed ▁dress , ▁and ▁no ▁longer ▁ble aches ▁her ▁hair ▁bl ond . ▁She ▁tells ▁Dog N ut ▁about ▁Court ney ' s ▁feelings ▁for ▁him , ▁which ▁he ▁cannot ▁see . ▁She ▁later ▁leaves ▁with ▁Dog N ut ' s ▁crew ▁for ▁the ▁Tower . ▁After ward , ▁she ▁surv ives ▁the ▁final ▁battle ▁with ▁' g ym ▁b unn ies ', ▁as ▁she ▁is ▁saved ▁by |
▁the ▁H ollow ay ▁crew . ▁She ▁tells ▁Max ie ▁and ▁Blue ▁about ▁the ▁museum . ▁Chris ▁Mark er ▁- ▁Once ▁unable ▁to ▁stop ▁reading . ▁He ▁has ▁now ▁grown ▁a ▁be ard , ▁and ▁lives ▁in ▁the ▁library ▁and ▁records ▁the ▁stories ▁of ▁how ▁the ▁k ids ▁at ▁the ▁museum ▁and ▁Dog N ut ' s ▁crew ▁surv ived , ▁calling ▁it ▁" The ▁Chron icles ▁of ▁Sur v ival ". ▁He ▁is ▁less ▁obs essed ▁with ▁reading ▁now . ▁Ein stein ▁- ▁A ▁hand some ▁boy ▁with ▁brown ▁teeth , ▁who ▁works ▁in ▁the ▁l abs ▁at ▁the ▁museum ▁on ▁a ▁c ure . ▁He ▁doesn ' t ▁seem ▁to ▁like ▁Dog N ut ▁too ▁much . ▁His ▁real ▁name ▁is ▁Or lando ▁Ep stein . ▁Jackson ▁- ▁A ▁strong ▁girl ▁f ighter ▁at ▁the ▁museum , ▁with ▁a ▁face ▁like ▁a ▁pot ato . ▁She ▁is ▁the ▁one ▁who ▁finish es ▁off ▁the ▁Collect or . ▁Later , ▁she ▁helps ▁get ▁Rob bie ▁back ▁to ▁the ▁museum ▁after ▁he ▁is ▁injured . ▁She ▁is ▁th ir teen ▁years ▁old . ▁Jam ie ▁- ▁A ▁boy ▁who ▁Paul ▁Ch anning ▁str angles ▁in ▁the ▁bas ement ▁before ▁letting ▁the ▁sick os ▁in . ▁After ▁in cap ac it ating ▁him , ▁Paul ▁lets ▁the ▁sick os ▁in , ▁who ▁proceed ▁to ▁eat ▁Jam ie . ▁As ▁he ▁dies , ▁Paul ▁shows ▁him ▁that ▁he ▁is ▁bit ten . ▁He ▁is ▁th ir teen , ▁and ▁was ▁friendly ▁to ▁Paul ▁at ▁the |
▁beginning . ▁Justin ▁- ▁Le ader ▁at ▁the ▁Natural ▁History ▁Museum . ▁Form er ly ▁in ▁charge ▁of ▁driving ▁the ▁T es co ▁tr uck , ▁which ▁is ▁now ▁used ▁to ▁house ▁sick os . ▁He ▁is ▁leading ▁the ▁search ▁for ▁a ▁c ure . ▁He ▁real izes ▁that ▁Dog N ut ▁is ▁on ▁the ▁expedition ▁to ▁gain ▁fame ▁and ▁possibly ▁take ▁over ▁the ▁Natural ▁History ▁Museum . ▁He ▁is ▁fifteen ▁years ▁old . ▁Paul ▁Ch anning ▁- ▁Oliv ia ' s ▁brother . ▁At ▁the ▁museum , ▁he ▁is ▁in ▁charge ▁of ▁clean ing ▁after ▁the ▁sick os ▁on ▁the ▁tr uck . ▁He ▁doesn ' t ▁take ▁his ▁sister ' s ▁death ▁very ▁well ▁and ▁los es ▁his ▁mind ▁after ▁they ▁kill ▁the ▁sick o ▁responsible , ▁the ▁Collect or . ▁He ▁releases ▁the ▁sick os ▁in ▁the ▁bas ement ▁of ▁the ▁museum , ▁seeking ▁reven ge , ▁after ▁David ▁takes ▁advantage ▁of ▁his ▁mental ▁state ▁to ▁manipulate ▁him ▁to ▁do ▁so . ▁It ▁is ▁revealed ▁that ▁he ▁was ▁bit ten ▁by ▁the ▁sick o ▁in ▁the ▁l orry . ▁He ▁is ▁fifteen ▁years ▁old , ▁and ▁very ▁thin , ▁with ▁lim bs ▁like ▁a ▁sp ider . ▁He ▁commonly ▁we ars ▁a ▁black ▁t urt l ene ck . ▁Rob bie ▁- ▁Head ▁of ▁security ▁at ▁the ▁museum . ▁He ▁is ▁saved ▁by ▁Jackson ▁but ▁is ▁seriously ▁injured ▁from ▁the ▁final ▁battle ▁with ▁the ▁' g ym ▁b unn ies '. ▁ ▁Buck ingham ▁Palace ▁Alf ie ▁Walker ▁- ▁Part |
▁of ▁J ester ' s ▁crew . ▁He ▁is ▁killed ▁after ▁J ester ▁ab and ons ▁him . ▁He ▁is ▁th ir teen , ▁short , ▁car ries ▁a ▁spe ar ▁and ▁enjo ys ▁singing . ▁He ▁seems ▁more ▁determined ▁than ▁Tom ▁and ▁Kate , ▁but ▁is ▁also ▁slower ▁and ▁less ▁of ▁a ▁f ighter . ▁Andy ▁Thomas ▁- ▁A ▁red - co ated ▁guard ▁with ▁fair ▁hair ▁and ▁a ▁big ▁nose . ▁He ▁is ▁b ored ▁with ▁his ▁job , ▁but ▁pre fers ▁it ▁to ▁the ▁bland ness ▁of ▁garden ing , ▁and ▁is ▁nice ▁when ▁compared ▁to ▁other ▁gu ards ▁at ▁the ▁palace . ▁He ▁inform s ▁D ogn ut ▁of ▁the ▁way ▁over ▁the ▁wall ▁when ▁press ured ▁to . ▁He ▁is ▁revealed ▁to ▁be ▁the ▁" Big ▁N ose " ▁who ▁esc apes ▁with ▁the ▁H ollow ay ▁crew ▁when ▁Bro oke ▁mentions ▁him ▁as ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁gu ards ▁guard ing ▁the ▁inf irm ary . ▁David ▁King ▁- ▁A ▁power - mad ▁te en ager . ▁He ▁is ▁the ▁leader ▁of ▁the ▁Buck ingham ▁Palace ▁group ▁and ▁plans ▁to ▁restore ▁law ▁and ▁order ▁in ▁London , ▁with ▁him ▁in ▁charge . ▁He ▁has ▁a ▁love ▁interest ▁in ▁Nicola , ▁who ▁seems ▁to ▁realize ▁this . ▁He ▁is ▁ 1 5 ▁years ▁old . ▁J ester ▁- ▁David ▁King ' s ▁right - hand ▁man . ▁He ▁is ▁the ▁leader ▁of ▁the ▁small ▁group ▁which ▁finds ▁f igh ters ▁to ▁deal ▁with ▁the ▁squ at ters . ▁He |
▁is ▁a ▁cow ard ▁who ▁ab and ons ▁those ▁who ▁look ▁up ▁to ▁him ▁to ▁save ▁himself , ▁while ▁convin cing ▁himself ▁it ▁was ▁the ▁only ▁thing ▁he ▁could ▁do . ▁He ▁we ars ▁a ▁patch work ▁coat ▁to ▁memor ialize ▁all ▁those ▁he ▁has ▁lost . ▁Jonathan ▁- ▁A ▁young ▁cad et ▁who ▁is ▁training ▁to ▁be ▁a ▁guard ▁at ▁the ▁palace . ▁He ▁inform s ▁David ▁and ▁J ester ▁that ▁the ▁roy als ▁have ▁escaped . ▁Kate ▁- ▁Part ▁of ▁J ester ' s ▁crew . ▁Tom ' s ▁girl friend , ▁who ▁is ▁four teen ▁or ▁fifteen , ▁car ries ▁a ▁sword ▁and ▁constantly ▁compla ins . ▁She , ▁like ▁her ▁boy friend , ▁express es ▁a ▁desire ▁to ▁go ▁back ▁to ▁the ▁palace ▁that ▁same ▁night . ▁After ▁a ▁battle ▁with ▁adult s ▁in ▁which ▁J ester ▁conc uss es ▁Sh adow man , ▁she ▁and ▁Tom ▁abandon ▁the ▁rest ▁of ▁their ▁crew ▁and ▁hole ▁up ▁in ▁a ▁house . ▁Saint ▁George ▁and ▁his ▁crew ▁later ▁find ▁them , ▁and ▁attack ▁them . ▁When ▁they ▁are ▁carried ▁out ▁of ▁the ▁house , ▁she ▁is ▁bare ly ▁alive , ▁and ▁is ▁killed ▁when ▁Saint ▁George ▁and ▁his ▁crew ▁eat ▁her . ▁Sh adow man ▁witness es ▁their ▁death s . ▁Maria ▁- ▁A ▁cook ▁at ▁the ▁palace , ▁Al ' s ▁younger ▁sister , ▁and ▁Pod ' s ▁girl friend . ▁She ▁did ▁not ▁know ▁of ▁her ▁brother ' s ▁where about s , ▁and ▁is ▁over jo yed ▁to |
▁be ▁reun ited ▁with ▁him . ▁She ▁later ▁tells ▁them ▁where ▁Bro oke ▁is , ▁after ▁David ▁claims ▁he ▁doesn ' t ▁know . ▁She ▁knows ▁because ▁Pod ▁tells ▁her ▁certain ▁things ▁he ▁shouldn ' t ▁in ▁an ▁attempt ▁to ▁impress ▁her . ▁Al ▁stays ▁at ▁the ▁palace ▁to ▁be ▁close ▁to ▁her . ▁Pod ▁- ▁Head ▁of ▁security ▁at ▁the ▁palace . ▁He ▁is ▁not ▁very ▁intellig ent , ▁and ▁David ▁knows ▁this , ▁and ▁cons iders ▁him ▁one ▁who ▁will ▁easily ▁follow ▁orders . ▁Rose ▁- ▁Head ▁doctor ▁at ▁the ▁palace . ▁She ▁is ▁considered ▁a ▁professional , ▁by ▁kid ▁standards . ▁She ▁is ▁instruct ed ▁by ▁David ▁to ▁keep ▁the ▁H ollow ay ▁k ids ▁away ▁from ▁Bro oke ▁( who ▁he ▁does ▁not ▁recognize ). ▁Sh adow man ▁- ▁A ▁boy ▁who ▁sp ies ▁on ▁settlement s ▁throughout ▁London . ▁He ▁and ▁J ester ▁know ▁each ▁other ▁from ▁before ▁the ▁virus , ▁and ▁have ▁been ▁close ▁friends ▁for ▁a ▁while . ▁He ▁becomes ▁part ▁of ▁J ester ' s ▁crew ▁but ▁is ▁soon ▁abandoned ▁by ▁J ester ▁after ▁he ▁is ▁accident ally ▁given ▁a ▁conc uss ion ▁( by ▁J ester ). ▁He ▁starts ▁to ▁follow ▁St ▁George ▁to ▁learn ▁about ▁his ▁z omb ie ▁army . ▁His ▁real ▁name ▁is ▁D yl an ▁Pe ake . ▁Tom ▁- ▁Part ▁of ▁J ester ' s ▁crew . ▁Kate ' s ▁boy friend , ▁who ▁is ▁four teen ▁or ▁fifteen , ▁car ries ▁a ▁sword ▁and ▁constantly ▁compla ins . |
▁He , ▁like ▁his ▁girl friend , ▁express es ▁a ▁desire ▁to ▁go ▁back ▁to ▁the ▁palace ▁that ▁same ▁night . ▁After ▁a ▁battle ▁with ▁adult s ▁in ▁which ▁J ester ▁conc uss es ▁Sh adow man , ▁he ▁and ▁Kate ▁abandon ▁the ▁rest ▁of ▁their ▁crew ▁and ▁hole ▁up ▁in ▁a ▁house . ▁Saint ▁George ▁and ▁his ▁crew ▁later ▁find ▁them , ▁and ▁attack ▁them . ▁When ▁they ▁are ▁carried ▁out ▁of ▁the ▁house ▁to ▁be ▁e aten , ▁he ▁is ▁already ▁dead . ▁Sh adow man ▁witness es ▁their ▁death s . ▁ ▁H ouses ▁of ▁Parliament ▁Bo zo ▁- ▁A ▁boy ▁on ▁guard ▁duty ▁outside ▁Parliament . ▁He ▁we ars ▁a ▁polic eman ' s ▁hel met , ▁and ▁cons iders ▁himself ▁stupid . ▁Nicola ▁- ▁A ▁girl ▁who ▁is ▁the ▁Prime ▁Minister ▁stay ing ▁at ▁the ▁House ▁of ▁Parliament . ▁She ▁tells ▁David ▁about ▁the ▁squ at ters ' ▁ra ids ▁against ▁her ▁base ▁and ▁strik es ▁a ▁deal ▁with ▁David ▁that ▁if ▁he ▁removes ▁the ▁squ at ters , ▁she ▁will ▁form ▁an ▁al liance ▁with ▁him . ▁David ▁has ▁a ▁cr ush ▁on ▁her , ▁which ▁am uses ▁her . ▁P ony tail ▁- ▁A ▁boy ▁from ▁Parliament ▁who ▁is ▁bald , ▁except ▁for ▁a ▁p ony tail , ▁has ▁some ▁hair ▁above ▁his ▁lip , ▁and ▁missing ▁his ▁front ▁teeth . ▁He ▁appears ▁to ▁be ▁Nicola ' s ▁second - in - command , ▁and ▁came ▁over ▁Lamb eth ▁Bridge ▁at ▁the ▁same ▁time ▁as ▁the |
▁T es co ▁tr uck . ▁ ▁S qu at ters ▁Carl ▁- ▁A ▁pir ate - looking ▁boy ▁who ▁is ▁Just ▁John ' s ▁second ▁in ▁command . ▁He ▁pre fers ▁to ▁take ▁orders ▁from ▁John ▁than ▁have ▁his ▁own ▁authority . ▁Just ▁John ▁- ▁The ▁leader ▁of ▁the ▁squ at ters ▁in ▁St ▁James ▁Park . ▁He ▁seems ▁to ▁be ▁ment ally ▁un stable . ▁P addy ▁- ▁A ▁boy ▁in ▁Just ▁John ' s ▁camp ▁whom ▁Sh adow man ▁be fri ends . ▁He ▁enjo ys ▁playing ▁with ▁H alo ▁action ▁figures . ▁ ▁Other ▁K ids ▁Blue ▁- ▁A ▁character ▁from ▁The ▁En emy , ▁he ▁is ▁noticed ▁by ▁Bro oke , ▁held ▁capt ive ▁in ▁the ▁inf irm ary ▁at ▁Buck ingham ▁Palace . ▁Max ie ▁- ▁A ▁character ▁from ▁The ▁En emy , ▁she ▁is ▁noticed ▁by ▁Bro oke , ▁held ▁capt ive ▁in ▁the ▁inf irm ary ▁at ▁Buck ingham ▁Palace . ▁Ryan ▁A her ne ▁- ▁The ▁brut al ▁leader ▁of ▁the ▁hun ters ▁who ▁cut s ▁off ▁the ▁ears ▁of ▁adult s ▁and ▁we ars ▁them ▁as ▁tro ph ies . ▁He ▁has ▁ac ne , ▁and ▁we ars ▁a ▁mask ▁which ▁is ▁the ▁face ▁of ▁an ▁adult ▁he ▁killed , ▁cut ▁off ▁its ▁head . ▁He ▁looks ▁to ▁be ▁six teen ▁years ▁old . ▁ ▁Ad ult s ▁Bl uetooth ▁- ▁A ▁father ▁in ▁a ▁business ▁suit ▁with ▁a ▁Bl uetooth ▁ear pie ce ▁in ▁his ▁ear , ▁and ▁one ▁of ▁Saint ▁George |
' s ▁lie uten ants . ▁He ▁is ▁more ▁intellig ent ▁than ▁most ▁adult s , ▁though ▁not ▁on ▁the ▁level ▁of ▁Saint ▁George . ▁The ▁Collect or ▁- ▁A ▁very ▁large ▁fat ▁man ▁who , ▁without ▁his ▁be ard , ▁might ▁be ▁mistaken ▁for ▁a ▁woman . ▁He ▁bel ieves ▁children ▁are ▁to ys , ▁and ▁collect s ▁them ▁and ▁other ▁things ▁regularly . ▁He ▁is ▁intellig ent , ▁even ▁for ▁a ▁sick o , ▁and ▁capable ▁of ▁speech ▁( though ▁can ▁only ▁say ▁one ▁or ▁two ▁words ▁at ▁a ▁time ). ▁He ▁sp ends ▁his ▁days ▁sleep ing ▁in ▁an ▁a partment ▁bas ement , ▁having ▁knock ed ▁out ▁the ▁walls ▁separ ating ▁his ▁a partment ▁from ▁neighbor ing ▁apart ments , ▁and ▁goes ▁out ▁at ▁night , ▁collect ing ▁anything . ▁He ▁is ▁encountered ▁by ▁Dog N ut ' s ▁crew ▁after ▁they ▁leave ▁Buck ingham ▁Palace , ▁and ▁e ats ▁Oliv ia ' s ▁body ▁after ▁she ▁commits ▁suic ide . ▁The ▁group ▁later ▁returns ▁with ▁some ▁k ids ▁from ▁the ▁museum , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁Ryan ' s ▁hun ters , ▁and ▁k ills ▁him . ▁Man ▁U ▁- ▁A ▁father ▁in ▁a ▁Manchester ▁United ▁T - sh irt , ▁and ▁one ▁of ▁Saint ▁George ' s ▁lie uten ants . ▁He ▁is ▁more ▁intellig ent ▁than ▁most ▁adult s , ▁though ▁not ▁on ▁the ▁level ▁of ▁Saint ▁George . ▁Mother ▁with ▁S ung lass es ▁- ▁A ▁mother ▁with ▁s ung lass es ▁to ▁resist ▁the ▁sun |
, ▁and ▁the ▁leader ▁of ▁the ▁' g ym ▁b unn ies '. ▁She ▁is ▁first ▁seen ▁we aring ▁jog ging ▁p ants ▁and ▁she ▁we ars ▁her ▁hair ▁in ▁a ▁cru de , ▁pulled ▁back ▁p ony tail . ▁On ▁her ▁w rist ▁is ▁a ▁C elt ic ▁kn ot ▁t atto o . ▁She ▁is ▁more ▁intellig ent ▁than ▁most ▁adult s , ▁even ▁able ▁to ▁remember ▁that ▁she ▁at ▁one ▁point ▁had ▁children ▁and ▁is ▁able ▁to ▁w ield ▁a ▁kn ife . ▁She ▁sc ars ▁Felix ▁and ▁Bro oke ▁during ▁the ▁battle , ▁but ▁as ▁she ▁is ▁about ▁to ▁kill ▁Bro oke , ▁the ▁only ▁surv iv or , ▁she ▁is ▁shot ▁in ▁the ▁back ▁of ▁the ▁head ▁with ▁an ▁arrow ▁( pres umably ▁by ▁Soph ie ). ▁One - Ar med ▁Band it ▁- ▁A ▁sh irt less ▁father ▁with ▁one ▁arm ▁missing , ▁and ▁one ▁of ▁Saint ▁George ' s ▁lie uten ants . ▁He ▁is ▁more ▁intellig ent ▁than ▁most ▁adult s , ▁though ▁not ▁on ▁the ▁level ▁of ▁Saint ▁George . ▁He ▁uses ▁a ▁rock ▁as ▁a ▁weapon . ▁At ▁the ▁end , ▁he ▁and ▁a ▁group ▁of ▁adult s ▁find ▁Sh adow man ' s ▁hiding ▁place ▁and ▁attack ▁him , ▁but ▁Sh adow man , ▁despite ▁still ▁being ▁slightly ▁conc uss ed , ▁k ills ▁all ▁of ▁them , ▁including ▁the ▁One - Ar med ▁Band it . ▁Saint ▁George ▁- ▁The ▁sick o ▁in ▁the ▁Saint ▁George ▁sh irt ▁who ▁was ▁previously |
▁known ▁as ▁Greg ▁Thor ne . ▁He ▁is ▁introduced ▁in ▁the ▁second ▁book . ▁He ▁is ▁far ▁more ▁intellig ent ▁than ▁most ▁inf ected ▁adult s , ▁even ▁to ▁the ▁extent ▁of ▁being ▁able ▁to ▁remember ▁some ▁words ▁and ▁recall ▁some ▁mem ories , ▁and ▁to ▁plan . ▁In ▁the ▁middle ▁of ▁the ▁book , ▁he ▁is ▁revealed ▁to ▁still ▁be ▁able ▁to ▁remember ▁his ▁son , ▁Li am ▁( though ▁does ▁not ▁remember ▁killing ▁him ) ▁and ▁that ▁they ▁used ▁to ▁enjoy ▁s occer . ▁S pi ke ▁- ▁A ▁father , ▁and ▁one ▁of ▁Saint ▁George ' s ▁lie uten ants . ▁He ▁is ▁more ▁intellig ent ▁than ▁most ▁adult s , ▁though ▁not ▁on ▁the ▁level ▁of ▁Saint ▁George . ▁He ▁is ▁at ▁first ▁called ▁" Mr . ▁Ord inary " ▁because ▁he ▁has ▁no ▁marks ▁by ▁which ▁Sh adow man ▁can ▁give ▁him ▁a ▁nick name . ▁Later , ▁Sh adow man ▁sho ots ▁him ▁in ▁the ▁shoulder ▁with ▁a ▁cross bow ▁b olt ▁while ▁he ▁and ▁the ▁crew ▁are ▁e ating ▁Tom ▁and ▁Kate . ▁After ▁this , ▁Sh adow man ▁we eps ▁with ▁joy ▁at ▁having ▁found ▁a ▁nick name ▁for ▁him . ▁ ▁References ▁▁ ▁Category : 2 0 1 1 ▁British ▁nov els ▁Category : Hor ror ▁nov els ▁Category : Post - ap oc aly ptic ▁nov els ▁Category : English ▁nov els <0x0A> </s> ▁Sk etch er ▁was ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁earliest ▁" natural ▁media " ▁r aster ▁graphics ▁software ▁applications . ▁It |
▁was ▁released ▁in ▁the ▁early ▁ 1 9 9 0 s ▁by ▁the ▁US ▁company ▁F ract al ▁Design ▁Corporation ▁for ▁the ▁Apple ▁Mac int osh . ▁ ▁This ▁software ▁sim ulated ▁the ▁behavior ▁of ▁various ▁types ▁of ▁paper ▁and ▁art ▁materials ▁such ▁as ▁ch alk , ▁past els , ▁p enc ils ▁and ▁br ush es . ▁Even ▁though ▁color ▁Mac int osh es ▁existed ▁at ▁the ▁time , ▁it ▁ran ▁in ▁gray scale . ▁A ▁r ationale ▁for ▁this ▁may ▁be ▁that , ▁while ▁color ▁support ▁existed ▁in ▁the ▁computer , ▁large ▁gray scale ▁mon itors ▁were ▁consider ably ▁less ▁expensive ▁than ▁color ▁ones , ▁with ▁color ▁sometimes ▁cost ing ▁three ▁times ▁as ▁much ▁for ▁an ▁equivalent ▁size ▁display . ▁Like wise , ▁Sk etch er ▁sold ▁for ▁a ▁lower ▁price ▁than ▁P ain ter ▁($ 9 9 ▁vs . ▁$ 2 9 9 ) ▁ ▁Following ▁Sk etch er , ▁F ract al ▁Design ▁added ▁color ▁support , ▁new ▁features , ▁modified ▁the ▁interface ▁somewhat ▁and ▁released ▁D abb ler . ▁Sk etch er ▁was ▁dis cont in ued ▁shortly ▁afterwards . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁List ▁of ▁r aster ▁graphics ▁edit ors ▁Com parison ▁of ▁r aster ▁graphics ▁edit ors ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Blo om berg ▁over view ▁of ▁F ract al ▁Design ▁Corporation ▁ ▁Category : R aster ▁graphics ▁edit ors <0x0A> </s> ▁Car n oust ie ▁High ▁School ▁is ▁a ▁compreh ensive ▁secondary ▁school ▁in ▁Car n oust ie , ▁Ang us , ▁Scotland . ▁Situ ated |
▁to ▁the ▁north ▁of ▁the ▁town , ▁the ▁school ▁serves ▁Car n oust ie ▁and ▁surrounding ▁villages , ▁including ▁Barry , ▁Mon ik ie , ▁New big ging , ▁Craig ton , ▁Mu ird rum , ▁Pan b ride ▁and ▁E as th aven . ▁ ▁History ▁ ▁Education ▁in ▁Car n oust ie ▁prior ▁to ▁ 1 8 7 8 ▁ ▁Car n oust ie ▁was ▁founded ▁as ▁a ▁town ▁in ▁ 1 7 9 7 . ▁Prior ▁to ▁the ▁passing ▁of ▁the ▁Education ▁( Sc ot land ) ▁Act ▁ 1 8 7 2 , ▁the ▁provision ▁of ▁schools ▁in ▁Scotland ▁was ▁the ▁responsibility ▁of ▁the ▁parish . ▁The ▁Education ▁Act ▁of ▁ 1 6 9 6 ▁allowed ▁churches ▁to ▁set ▁up ▁schools , ▁fund ed ▁mainly ▁by ▁the ▁land owner . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁mid ▁to ▁late ▁ 1 9 th ▁century , ▁each ▁church ▁in ▁the ▁town ▁had ▁its ▁own ▁school . ▁The ▁buildings ▁of ▁these ▁are ▁still ▁in ▁existence ▁today , ▁in ▁the ▁former ▁primary ▁schools ▁of ▁Barry ▁and ▁Pan b ride , ▁which ▁were ▁at ▁that ▁point ▁the ▁schools ▁of ▁Pan b ride ▁Par ish ▁Church ▁and ▁Barry ▁Free ▁Church , ▁and ▁the ▁Phill ip ▁Hall ▁on ▁D und ee ▁Street , ▁which ▁was ▁the ▁school ▁connected ▁with ▁The ▁Er sk ine ▁Free ▁Church . ▁ ▁These ▁were ▁supp lement ed ▁with ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁private ▁subscription ▁schools , ▁including ▁a ▁school ▁in ▁Link s ▁Avenue , ▁opened ▁in ▁ 1 8 3 1 , ▁that ▁now |
▁houses ▁the ▁local ▁Sc out ▁Group ▁and ▁a ▁school ▁off ▁Mau le ▁Street ▁that ▁is ▁now ▁used ▁as ▁Holy ro od ▁Church ' s ▁Hall . ▁These ▁were ▁both ▁vict ims ▁of ▁the ▁success ▁of ▁Car n oust ie ▁Free ▁Church ▁school ▁and ▁were ▁abandoned . ▁More ▁successful ▁were ▁the ▁school ▁linked ▁to ▁Pan m ure ▁Works ▁and ▁a ▁private ▁Girls ▁School ▁in ▁Kin lo ch ▁Street , ▁but ▁these ▁too ▁were ▁made ▁redundant ▁by ▁the ▁ 1 8 7 2 ▁act . ▁ ▁Car n oust ie ▁Public ▁School ▁( 1 8 7 8 - 1 9 7 2 ) ▁Car n oust ie ▁Public ▁School ▁was ▁built ▁in ▁ 1 8 7 8 ▁near ▁the ▁Free ▁Church ▁school ▁on ▁D und ee ▁Street . ▁It ▁was ▁extended ▁several ▁times ▁as ▁the ▁town ▁grew ▁and ▁in ▁the ▁late ▁ 1 9 6 0 s ▁the ▁school ▁c ater ed ▁for ▁primary ▁and ▁secondary ▁students ▁up ▁to ▁O - grade ▁level ▁( age ▁ 1 6 ), ▁with ▁those ▁wanting ▁to ▁continue ▁education ▁beyond ▁S 4 ▁would ▁travel ▁to ▁Ar bro ath ▁for ▁school . ▁ ▁The ▁school ' s ▁secondary ▁students ▁were ▁dec anted ▁to ▁the ▁new ▁Car n oust ie ▁High ▁School ▁building ▁in ▁Sh an well ▁Road ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 1 . ▁The ▁old ▁school ▁was ▁renamed ▁Kin lo ch ▁Primary ▁School , ▁and ▁continued ▁as ▁a ▁primary ▁school ▁until ▁ 2 0 0 6 , ▁when ▁it , ▁along ▁with ▁Barry ▁and ▁Pan b ride ▁Primary ▁School |
s , ▁was ▁closed ▁as ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁re organisation ▁of ▁schools ▁in ▁the ▁area . ▁The ▁building ▁hous ed ▁Car log ie ▁Primary ▁School ▁during ▁renov ations ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 8 - 2 0 0 9 , ▁and ▁was ▁finally ▁demol ished ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁to ▁make ▁way ▁for ▁housing . ▁ ▁Car n oust ie ▁High ▁School ▁( 1 9 7 2 - present ) ▁A ▁dedicated ▁secondary ▁school ▁was ▁built ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 0 - 1 9 7 2 ▁to ▁the ▁north ▁of ▁the ▁town . ▁This ▁was ▁to ▁co pe ▁with ▁the ▁increasing ▁population ▁in ▁the ▁town ▁and ▁surrounding ▁area , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁to ▁offer ▁classes ▁beyond ▁O - grade ▁level . ▁The ▁buildings ▁were ▁opened ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 2 ▁by ▁Princess ▁Alex andra . ▁These ▁buildings ▁served ▁until ▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁when ▁they ▁were ▁replaced ▁with ▁new ▁teaching ▁blocks ▁built ▁on ▁the ▁former ▁playing ▁fields . ▁ ▁The ▁new ▁build ▁retained ▁the ▁P E ▁block ▁and ▁the ▁theatre ▁of ▁the ▁previous ▁school . ▁Cap acity ▁of ▁the ▁present ▁school ▁is ▁ 1 0 5 0 , ▁allowing ▁for ▁considerable ▁expansion ▁of ▁its ▁present ▁roll . ▁ ▁Fe eder ▁primary ▁schools ▁Car n oust ie ▁High ▁School ▁offers ▁places ▁to ▁pup ils ▁of ▁the ▁three ▁primary ▁schools ▁in ▁Car n oust ie ▁( Car log ie , ▁Wood lands ▁and ▁Burn side ) ▁and ▁pup ils ▁from ▁Mon ik ie ▁and ▁New big ging ▁Primary ▁School s |
. ▁ ▁Notable ▁al umn i ▁L ance ▁Corpor al ▁Charles ▁Jar vis , ▁( 1 8 8 1 - 1 9 4 8 ) ▁ 5 7 th ▁Field ▁Company , ▁Royal ▁Engine ers . ▁Re cip ient ▁of ▁Victoria ▁Cross ▁Chief ▁Pet ty ▁Officer ▁George ▁Sam son , ▁( 1 8 8 9 - 1 9 2 3 ) ▁Royal ▁Navy . ▁Re cip ient ▁of ▁Victoria ▁Cross ▁Stewart ▁H os ie ▁( born ▁ 1 9 6 3 ), ▁Member ▁of ▁Parliament ▁K irst en ▁O sw ald , ▁Member ▁of ▁Parliament ▁Alan ▁C um ming ▁( born ▁ 1 9 6 5 ), ▁actor . ▁Gra eme ▁Black ▁( born ▁ 1 9 6 7 ), ▁fashion ▁designer ▁( G al li ano , ▁Ar man i , ▁Fer rag amo ) ▁Rod dy ▁Wo om ble ▁( born ▁ 1 9 7 6 ), ▁singer ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Bibli ography ▁▁▁ ▁Category : Second ary ▁schools ▁in ▁Ang us ▁Category : 1 8 7 8 ▁establish ments ▁in ▁Scotland ▁Category : E du c ational ▁institutions ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 8 7 8 ▁Category : C arn oust ie <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Ach el ata ▁is ▁an ▁inf ra - order ▁of ▁the ▁dec ap od ▁cr ust ace ans , ▁holding ▁the ▁sp iny ▁lo bst ers , ▁sli pper ▁lo bst ers ▁and ▁their ▁foss il ▁relatives . ▁ ▁Description ▁The ▁name ▁" A ch el ata " ▁der ives ▁from ▁the ▁fact ▁that ▁all ▁the |
▁members ▁of ▁this ▁group ▁lack ▁the ▁ch ela e ▁( cla ws ) ▁that ▁are ▁found ▁on ▁almost ▁all ▁other ▁dec ap ods ▁( from ▁the ▁Greek ▁, ▁ ▁= ▁" not ", ▁, ▁ch ela ▁= ▁" c law "). ▁They ▁are ▁further ▁un ited ▁by ▁the ▁great ▁en larg ement ▁of ▁the ▁first ▁anten na e , ▁by ▁the ▁special ▁" phy ll os oma " ▁form ▁of ▁the ▁lar va , ▁and ▁by ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁other ▁characters . ▁ ▁Classification ▁and ▁foss il ▁record ▁Ach el ata ▁contains ▁the ▁sp iny ▁lo bst ers ▁( Pal in ur idae ), ▁the ▁sli pper ▁lo bst ers ▁( S cy ll ar idae ) ▁and ▁the ▁fur ry ▁lo bst ers ▁( Syn ax idae , ▁now ▁usually ▁included ▁in ▁Pal in ur idae ), ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁two ▁ext inct ▁families , ▁Can cr in idae ▁and ▁Tr ic arin idae . ▁ ▁Both ▁Pal in ur idae ▁and ▁S cy ll ar idae ▁have ▁a ▁foss il ▁record ▁extending ▁back ▁to ▁the ▁C ret ace ous . ▁The ▁two ▁foss il ▁families ▁contain ▁a ▁single ▁genus ▁each ; ▁Tr ic arina ▁is ▁known ▁from ▁a ▁single ▁C ret ace ous ▁foss il , ▁while ▁Can cr inos ▁is ▁known ▁from ▁the ▁Jur ass ic ▁and ▁C ret ace ous . ▁One ▁estimate ▁of ▁the ▁diver gence ▁between ▁Ach el ata ▁and ▁its ▁closest ▁relatives ▁places ▁it ▁at ▁about ▁. ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁▁ ▁Category : Ar |
th rop od ▁inf ra orders ▁Category : Ext ant ▁Late ▁Jur ass ic ▁first ▁appearances <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁City ▁of ▁Philadelphia ▁M ural ▁Arts ▁Program ▁is ▁an ▁anti - gra ff iti ▁m ural ▁program ▁in ▁Philadelphia ▁and ▁Pennsylvania , ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States . ▁The ▁program ▁was ▁founded ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 6 ▁under ▁the ▁direction ▁of ▁the ▁local ▁artist ▁Jane ▁Golden , ▁as ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁Philadelphia ▁Anti - G ra ff iti ▁Network , ▁with ▁the ▁goal ▁of ▁facil it ating ▁collaboration ▁between ▁professional ▁artists ▁and ▁pro sec uted ▁gra ff iti ▁writers ▁to ▁create ▁new ▁mur als ▁in ▁the ▁city . ▁ ▁It ▁also ▁works ▁with ▁community ▁groups ▁to ▁educ ate ▁and ▁children ▁in ▁the ▁arts ▁and ▁involve ▁them ▁in ▁the ▁creation ▁of ▁the ▁mur als . ▁The ▁program ▁is ▁currently ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁largest ▁employ ers ▁of ▁artists ▁in ▁Philadelphia , ▁employ ing ▁more ▁than ▁ 3 0 0 ▁artists ▁each ▁year . ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁the ▁organization ▁was ▁re brand ed ▁as ▁M ural ▁Arts ▁Philadelphia . ▁ ▁History ▁In ▁ 1 9 8 4 , ▁artist ▁Jane ▁Golden ▁approached ▁Tim ▁Sp encer , ▁then ▁head ▁of ▁the ▁Philadelphia ▁Anti - G ra ff iti ▁Network , ▁in ▁the ▁hopes ▁of ▁creating ▁a ▁new ▁program ▁under ▁the ▁group ▁name ▁" U m bre lla ". ▁Sp encer ▁had ▁initially ▁en vision ed ▁a ▁program ▁that ▁would ▁re h abil itate ▁gra ff iti ▁artists ▁and ▁lead ▁them ▁towards ▁other ▁art ▁forms . |
▁In ▁the ▁end , ▁Golden ' s ▁proposal ▁won , ▁and ▁the ▁M ural ▁Arts ▁Program ▁was ▁created . ▁The ▁program ▁works ▁with ▁community ▁groups ▁to ▁educ ate ▁and ▁involve ▁children ▁in ▁the ▁arts ▁and ▁the ▁creation ▁of ▁mur als ▁throughout ▁the ▁city . ▁ ▁Two ▁years ▁later ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 6 , ▁the ▁M ural ▁Arts ▁Project , ▁led ▁by ▁Jane ▁Golden , ▁was ▁founded ▁as ▁a ▁division ▁of ▁the ▁Philadelphia ▁Anti - G ra ff iti ▁Network . ▁▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 9 1 , ▁Philadelphia ▁was ▁awarded ▁the ▁In nov ation ▁in ▁American ▁Government ▁Award ▁for ▁the ▁success ▁of ▁the ▁M ural ▁Arts ▁Project ▁in ▁and ▁around ▁Philadelphia . ▁▁ ▁The ▁Philadelphia ▁Anti - G ra ff iti ▁Network ▁was ▁absor bed ▁by ▁the ▁Philadelphia ▁Rec re ation ▁Department ▁and ▁the ▁M ural ▁Arts ▁Program , ▁and ▁was ▁elev ated ▁to ▁an ▁independent ▁entity ▁under ▁the ▁Philadelphia ▁Rec re ation ▁Department . ▁The ▁Philadelphia ▁M ural ▁Arts ▁Adv oc ates ▁was ▁founded ▁as ▁a ▁non pro fit ▁corpor ation ▁to ▁raise ▁funds ▁for ▁the ▁M ural ▁Arts ▁Program . ▁▁ ▁Since ▁ 2 0 0 1 ▁the ▁M ural ▁Arts ▁Program ▁has ▁been ▁head qu arter ed ▁in ▁the ▁former ▁home ▁and ▁studio ▁of ▁the ▁painter ▁Thomas ▁E ak ins ▁at ▁ 1 7 2 7 - 2 9 ▁Mount ▁Vern on ▁Street ▁in ▁the ▁Spring ▁Garden ▁section ▁of ▁Philadelphia . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁the ▁M ural ▁Arts ▁Program ▁celebrated ▁its ▁ 3 |
0 th ▁anni versary ▁with ▁the ▁book ▁" Ph il adel phia ▁M ural ▁Arts ▁@ 3 0 " ▁and ▁an ▁exhibition ▁at ▁the ▁Pennsylvania ▁Academy ▁of ▁the ▁Fine ▁Arts . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁the ▁organization ▁was ▁renamed ▁M ural ▁Arts ▁Philadelphia . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 7 ▁the ▁program ▁partner ed ▁with ▁Monument ▁Lab ▁to ▁produce ▁several ▁works ▁of ▁public ▁art ▁in ▁Philadelphia . ▁ ▁Mur als ▁▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 9 8 , ▁m ural ▁artist ▁Meg ▁Sal ig man ▁created ▁Common ▁Thread s ▁at ▁Broad ▁and ▁Spring ▁Garden ▁streets . ▁The ▁work ▁comments ▁on ▁the ▁shared ▁history ▁of ▁human ity ▁through ▁the ▁ju xt ap osition ▁of ▁classical ▁sculpt ural ▁forms ▁with ▁those ▁of ▁local ▁high ▁school ▁students . ▁▁ ▁On ▁a ▁royal ▁visit ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 7 , ▁the ▁Prince ▁of ▁Wales , ▁Charles , ▁and ▁his ▁wife , ▁Camil la , ▁Duch ess ▁of ▁Corn wall , ▁visited ▁the ▁Donald ▁G ens ler ▁m ural ▁Reading : ▁A ▁J our ney , ▁at ▁ 4 0 th ▁and ▁Pen ns ▁Gro ve ▁Stre ets . ▁The ▁visit ▁was ▁intended ▁to ▁demonstrate ▁how ▁the ▁mur als ▁have ▁inspired ▁reg ener ation ▁in ▁the ▁West ▁Philadelphia ▁Ne igh bor hood . ▁Prince ▁Charles ▁was ▁interested ▁in ▁the ▁potential ▁of ▁creating ▁a ▁similar ▁project ▁in ▁London . ▁▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 8 4 , ▁several ▁gra ff iti ▁tag gers ▁were ▁given ▁the ▁option ▁to ▁either ▁go ▁to ▁j ail ▁or |
▁take ▁part ▁in ▁a ▁new ▁city ▁beaut ification ▁initi ative . ▁Since ▁then , ▁the ▁Philadelphia ▁M ural ▁Arts ▁Program ▁has ▁over seen ▁the ▁creation ▁of ▁more ▁than ▁ 3 , 8 0 0 ▁pieces ▁of ▁art ▁painted ▁on ▁sides ▁of ▁buildings . ▁Of ▁these ▁art ▁pieces ▁painted ▁on ▁buildings , ▁ 2 , 0 0 0 ▁are ▁still ▁view able ▁by ▁the ▁public , ▁making ▁this ▁collection ▁the ▁" World ’ s ▁L arg est ▁Out door ▁Art ▁Gallery ." ▁▁ ▁The ▁Atlas ▁of ▁Tom orrow : ▁A ▁Device ▁for ▁Philosoph ical ▁Ref lection ▁( 5 3 3 ▁South ▁Juni per ▁Street , ▁Philadelphia ) ▁is ▁a ▁piece ▁by ▁C andy ▁Ch ang , ▁an ▁artist ▁who ' s ▁pieces ▁often ▁have ▁a ▁particip atory ▁element ▁to ▁them . ▁In ▁this ▁kin etic ▁m ural , ▁view ers ▁are ▁invited ▁to ▁spin ▁a ▁numeric ▁d ial . ▁Where ▁the ▁d ial ▁lands ▁direct s ▁the ▁vie wer ▁to ▁read ▁and ▁reflect ▁on ▁one ▁of ▁ 6 4 ▁unique ▁stories . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 8 , ▁artist ▁Josh ua ▁M ays ▁and ▁DJ ▁King ▁Brit t ▁worked ▁with ▁M ural ▁Arts ▁Philadelphia ▁to ▁create ▁Dream s , ▁D ias por a ▁and ▁Dest iny , ▁an ▁" aug ment ed ▁reality " ▁m ural ▁that ▁included ▁music ▁and ▁a ▁mobile ▁app . ▁The ▁piece ▁is ▁at ▁ 5 3 0 0 ▁Land sd ow ne ▁A ve . ▁ ▁Leg acy ▁The ▁M ural ▁Arts ▁Program ▁is ▁responsible ▁for ▁the |
▁creation ▁of ▁the ▁largest ▁m ural ▁in ▁Philadelphia , ▁at ▁ ▁in ▁length . ▁Tit led ▁History ▁of ▁Im m igration , ▁it ▁displays ▁sett lers ▁of ▁different ▁eth nic ities ▁who ▁settled ▁in ▁Philadelphia ▁over ▁time . ▁▁ ▁The ▁mur als ▁painted ▁by ▁the ▁program ▁are ▁on ▁average ▁the ▁height ▁of ▁a ▁three - story ▁row ▁house ▁and ▁ ▁wide . ▁The ▁average ▁cost ▁of ▁each ▁m ural ▁was ▁$ 1 0 , 0 0 0 – $ 1 5 , 0 0 0 , ▁including ▁artists ' ▁comm issions ▁and ▁supplies . ▁ ▁The ▁program ▁is ▁currently ▁one ▁of ▁Philadelphia ' s ▁largest ▁employ ers ▁of ▁artists , ▁employ ing ▁more ▁than ▁ 3 0 0 ▁artists ▁ann ually . ▁The ▁program ▁also ▁h ires ▁more ▁than ▁ 1 0 0 ▁pro sec uted ▁gra ff iti ▁writers ▁every ▁year ▁and ▁involves ▁them ▁in ▁the ▁creation ▁of ▁mur als ▁around ▁Philadelphia . ▁Currently , ▁the ▁program ▁emp lo ys ▁ 3 6 ▁former ▁gra ff iti ▁artists ▁as ▁staff ▁members ▁on ▁permanent ▁pay roll , ▁and ▁involves ▁more ▁than ▁ 3 0 0 ▁children ▁a ▁year ▁in ▁art ▁programs . ▁During ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 1 – 2 0 0 4 ▁Ne igh bor hood ▁Trans formation ▁In iti ative , ▁the ▁M ural ▁Arts ▁Program ▁painted ▁more ▁than ▁ 6 0 0 ▁mur als ▁around ▁Philadelphia . ▁▁ ▁In ▁February ▁ 2 0 0 6 , ▁the ▁city ▁of ▁Wat ert own , ▁New ▁York ▁asked ▁Jane ▁Golden ▁to |
▁speak ▁in ▁hopes ▁of ▁creating ▁a ▁similar ▁program ▁in ▁their ▁community . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁▁ ▁The ▁Spr out ▁Fund ▁— ▁Pitts burgh ▁m ural ▁program ▁ ▁City ▁of ▁Philadelphia ▁M ural ▁Arts ▁Program ▁at ▁Google ▁Cultural ▁Institute ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁M ural ▁Art ▁ ▁Category : Culture ▁of ▁Philadelphia ▁Category : 1 9 8 6 ▁establish ments ▁in ▁Pennsylvania ▁Category : Art ▁in ▁Pennsylvania <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁E tt amp ada i ▁() ▁is ▁a ▁temple ▁of ▁Lord ▁Mur ug an ▁( Sub rah man ya ) ▁in ▁India , ▁located ▁in ▁the ▁neighbourhood ▁of ▁T rip lic ane ▁( Th ir u val lik ken i ) ▁in ▁Chen na i . ▁ ▁History ▁The ▁id ol ▁of ▁Lord ▁Mur uga ▁of ▁this ▁temple ▁is ▁placed ▁in ▁the ▁K and has w amy ▁temple ▁and ▁Th ir up oro or ▁Mur ug an ▁Temple . ▁In ▁the ▁early ▁days ▁pil gr ims ▁carrying ▁the ▁K av adi . ▁ ▁The ▁land ▁for ▁the ▁temple ▁construction ▁was ▁don ated ▁by ▁a ▁woman ▁named ▁P ach ay amm al . ▁To ▁rest ruct ure ▁this ▁temple , ▁Th ir u val lik ken i ▁Th ir um ur ug an adi y arg al , ▁the ▁local ▁dev ote es ▁of ▁Lord ▁Mur uga , ▁started ▁a ▁dev ot ional ▁musical ▁organization ▁called ▁" B h aj an esh w ara " ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 8 . ▁From ▁the ▁rem un er ation ▁they ▁received , ▁the ▁initial |
▁structure ▁of ▁this ▁temple ▁was ▁rest ruct ured . ▁ ▁The ▁Temple ▁The ▁E tt amp ada i ▁temple ▁is ▁the ▁e ighth ▁P ada ive edu ▁of ▁Lord ▁Mur uga . ▁In ▁the ▁first ▁inner ▁p rak ā ram ▁are ▁the ▁shr ines ▁of ▁de ities , ▁namely , ▁P ill ay ar , ▁K umb esh w ara , ▁Am big ai , ▁and ▁Sri ▁Kan aga ▁D urg a . ▁The ▁Nav ag ra ha ▁S ann id hi ▁is ▁beside ▁the ▁An cient ▁P ill ar ▁of ▁Lord ▁Mur uga . ▁ ▁Fest iv als ▁Besides ▁regular ▁services , ▁days ▁sacred ▁to ▁the ▁Lord ▁Mur uga ▁are ▁celebrated ▁in ▁a ▁grand ▁way ▁every ▁year ▁and ▁are ▁attended ▁by ▁thousands ▁of ▁dev ote es ▁from ▁all ▁over ▁South ▁India . ▁Some ▁of ▁these ▁festiv als ▁are ▁the ▁Th ai - Po os am , ▁the ▁Va ik hash i - V ish ak ham ▁and ▁the ▁So ora - Sam har am . ▁ ▁P ang uni ▁Ut th ir am ▁festival ▁is ▁the ▁most ▁famous ▁festival ▁at ▁temple . ▁The ▁six - day ▁celebr ation ▁includes ▁hom ams , ▁dev ot ional ▁music , ▁nad has w ara ▁concert , ▁k av adi att am , ▁special ▁ab his he k am ▁and ▁ann ad han am ▁on ▁the ▁festival . ▁ ▁Pil gr ims ▁after ▁first ▁having ▁taken ▁a ▁strict ▁v ow ▁of ▁ab st in ence , ▁come ▁bare foot , ▁by ▁walk , ▁from ▁distant ▁towns |
▁and ▁villages . ▁Many ▁pil gr ims ▁also ▁bring ▁a ▁l itter ▁of ▁wood , ▁called ▁a ▁K ā v adi , ▁bor ne ▁on ▁their ▁shoulders , ▁in ▁comm em oration ▁of ▁the ▁act ▁of ▁the ▁demon ▁H id um ba ▁who ▁is ▁cred ited ▁by ▁legend ▁with ▁bringing ▁the ▁two ▁hills ▁of ▁Pal ani ▁to ▁their ▁present ▁location , ▁sl ung ▁upon ▁his ▁shoulders ▁in ▁a ▁similar ▁fashion . ▁O thers ▁bring ▁p ots ▁of ▁san ct ified ▁water , ▁known ▁as ▁the er tha - k ā v adi , ▁for ▁the ▁pri ests ▁to ▁conduct ▁the ▁ab his he k am ▁on ▁the ▁holy ▁day . ▁ ▁P oo jas ▁Dar sh an ▁hours ▁are ▁from ▁ 6 : 0 0 a . m . ▁to ▁ 1 2 . 0 0 ▁p . m . ▁and ▁ 4 . 3 0 ▁p . m . ▁to ▁ 8 . 0 0 ▁p . m . ▁On ▁festival ▁days ▁the ▁temple ▁opens ▁at ▁ 4 . 3 0 ▁a . m . ▁and ▁remains ▁open ▁till ▁ 1 0 . 3 0 ▁p . m . ▁ ▁Ann ual ▁festiv als ▁ ▁K and ha ▁Sh as ht i ▁ ▁Va iga asi ▁Vis ag am ▁ ▁S esh ad ri ▁S wa am ig al ▁Jay anth i ▁ ▁P ang uni ▁Ut th ira ▁Peru ▁V iz ha a ▁- ▁ 2 5 th ▁Year ▁C ele br ation ▁( 2 8 – 3 1 ▁March |
▁ 2 0 1 0 ) ▁ ▁Gallery ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁Mur ug an ▁P ang uni ▁U th ir am ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁http :// m ur ug an . org . htm ▁ ▁http :// m ur ug an . org / b h akt as / b h og ar - life . htm ▁ ▁http :// www . hind u . com / the hind u / fr / 2 0 0 4 / 0 4 / 0 2 / index . htm ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁▁ ▁Category : H indu ▁tem ples ▁in ▁Chen na i ▁Category : M ur ug an ▁tem ples ▁in ▁T amil ▁N adu <0x0A> </s> ▁Kar in ▁Bor ner ▁( born ▁ 2 1 ▁September ▁ 1 9 3 5 ) ▁is ▁a ▁Swiss ▁former ▁compet itive ▁figure ▁sk ater . ▁She ▁represented ▁Switzerland ▁at ▁the ▁ 1 9 5 6 ▁Winter ▁Olympics ▁in ▁Cort ina ▁d ' Am pez zo . ▁She ▁won ▁the ▁bronze ▁medal ▁at ▁the ▁ 1 9 5 6 ▁Richmond ▁Tro phy . ▁ ▁Compet itive ▁highlight s ▁ ▁References ▁▁ ▁Category : 1 9 3 5 ▁birth s ▁Category : Fig ure ▁sk aters ▁at ▁the ▁ 1 9 5 6 ▁Winter ▁Olympics ▁Category : Sw iss ▁female ▁single ▁sk aters ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : O lymp ic ▁figure ▁sk aters ▁of ▁Switzerland ▁Category : Place ▁of ▁birth ▁missing ▁( l iving ▁people ) <0x0A> </s> ▁V asant ra o ▁Mad hav |
ra o ▁G hat ge ▁( 9 ▁May ▁ 1 9 1 6 ▁– ▁ 3 ▁September ▁ 1 9 8 6 ) ▁was ▁an ▁Indian ▁entrepr ene ur , ▁business ▁magn ate , ▁industrial ist ▁and ▁a ▁professor . ▁He ▁was ▁the ▁co - found er ▁of ▁G hat ge ▁Pat il ▁Trans ports ▁along ▁with ▁Jay k umar ▁Pat il ▁in ▁the ▁year ▁ 1 9 4 5 ▁based ▁in ▁Kol h ap ur . ▁G hat ge ▁was ▁widely ▁recognized ▁as ▁the ▁pione er ▁in ▁the ▁road ▁transport ▁sector ▁for ▁revolution izing ▁transport ation ▁of ▁cargo ▁or ▁goods . ▁He ▁was ▁born ▁in ▁Kol h ap ur ▁to ▁Rad hab ai ▁and ▁Mad hav ra o ▁G hat ge . ▁He ▁was ▁raised ▁in ▁Kol h ap ur ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 2 0 s ▁and ▁completed ▁Master ▁of ▁Science ▁in ▁Bot any ▁in ▁the ▁year ▁ 1 9 3 8 ▁from ▁Fer g us son ▁College ▁of ▁P une . ▁ ▁During ▁his ▁lect ures hip ▁at ▁the ▁Raj aram ▁College ▁of ▁Kol h ap ur , ▁he ▁fell ▁pre y ▁to ▁T uber cul osis ▁and ▁had ▁to ▁leave ▁his ▁position ▁due ▁to ▁his ▁prolong ed ▁treatment . ▁After ▁fighting ▁T B , ▁he ▁along ▁with ▁his ▁friend ▁Mr . ▁Jay k umar ▁Pat il ▁started ▁goods ▁transport ation ▁in ▁the ▁year ▁ 1 9 4 6 ▁as ▁G hat ge ▁Pat il ▁Trans ports ▁Ltd . ▁Ext ensive ▁reach ▁of ▁G hat ge ▁Pat il ▁tr |
uck s ▁in ▁every ▁corner ▁of ▁Mah ar as ht ra ▁had ▁made ▁it ▁a ▁household ▁name . ▁So on , ▁the ▁organization ▁divers ified ▁to ▁multiple ▁indust ries ▁like ▁spare ▁parts ▁manufact uring ▁unit ▁named ▁as ▁K GP ▁Auto ▁Ltd . ▁( K irl os kar ▁G hat ge ▁Pat il ▁Auto ▁Ltd .), ▁the ▁top ▁engine ▁and ▁autom obile ▁deal ers hips ▁like ▁Morris ▁Mot ors , ▁Lam bre tta ▁under ▁its ▁wing ▁during ▁the ▁ 1 9 5 0 s . ▁The ▁customer ▁service ▁and ▁sales ▁service ▁of ▁G hat ge - Pat il ▁was ▁popular ▁in ▁the ▁industry ▁which ▁eventually ▁gained ▁the ▁group ▁more ▁international ▁deal ership ▁offers . ▁ ▁G hat ge ▁tried ▁his ▁luck ▁in ▁manufact uring ▁and ▁produced ▁an ▁Auto ▁S co oter ▁named ▁' L ax mi ▁S co oter ette ' ▁with ▁the ▁support ▁of ▁the ▁K irl os kar ▁Group ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 2 . ▁ ▁He ▁was ▁a ▁noted ▁particip ant ▁in ▁the ▁De cc an ▁Association ▁along ▁with ▁influen cers ▁like ▁V asant d ad ▁Pat il , ▁Y ash w ant ra o ▁Ch avan . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 8 6 , ▁G hat ge ▁succ um bed ▁to ▁multiple ▁health ▁dis orders ▁and ▁exp ired ▁on ▁ 3 ▁September ▁ 1 9 8 6 . ▁ ▁After ▁his ▁dem ise , ▁the ▁G hat ge ▁Group ▁divers ified ▁in ▁various ▁vertical s . ▁G hat ge ▁Pat il ▁Trans ports ▁P vt . ▁Ltd . |
▁formed ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 8 ▁is ▁ ▁the ▁flags hip ▁company . ▁It ▁completed ▁ 6 0 ▁years ▁in ▁December ▁ 2 0 1 7 ▁and ▁is ▁currently ▁under ▁the ▁leadership ▁of ▁the ▁young est ▁grand son ▁of ▁the ▁G hat ge ▁family , ▁Mr . ▁T ush ar ▁Sat ish ▁G hat ge . ▁ ▁Background ▁ ▁Family ▁ ▁G hat ge ▁belonged ▁to ▁a ▁Des has tha ▁Bra h min ▁family ▁of ▁sch ol ars . ▁Mad hav ra o ▁had ▁studied ▁Up an ish ads ▁while ▁his ▁elder ▁brother ▁Am rut ra o ▁was ▁an ▁Indian ▁S ansk rit ▁scholar . ▁G hat ge ▁had ▁three ▁brothers ▁and ▁one ▁sister , ▁G hat ge ▁being ▁the ▁young est . ▁V ish n up ant ▁had ▁studied ▁Aer onaut ics ▁while ▁Sak har am ▁was ▁a ▁builder ▁by ▁profession . ▁Born ▁in ▁a ▁small ▁village ▁Has urch amp u ▁in ▁G ad hing la j ▁Tal uka , ▁the ▁G hat ges ▁are ▁traditional ▁Bra hm ins ▁with ▁strong ▁roots ▁in ▁Kol h ap ur . ▁Go ing ▁back , ▁six ▁to ▁seven ▁gener ations , ▁it ▁is ▁known ▁that ▁the ▁G hat ges ▁actually ▁belonged ▁to ▁the ▁K ul kar ni ▁community ▁of ▁Kol h ap ur . ▁Mad hav ra o ▁V enk ates h , ▁father ▁to ▁G hat ge ▁was ▁born ▁into ▁the ▁Va ish av ▁community ▁of ▁K arn ata ka ▁in ▁ 1 8 8 6 . ▁Mad hav ra o ▁and ▁Rad |
hab ai ▁had ▁five ▁children , ▁the ▁young est ▁being ▁V asant ra o . ▁ ▁Education ▁and ▁business ▁ ▁After ▁finishing ▁Master ▁of ▁Science ▁in ▁Bot any ▁from ▁Fer g us son ▁College ▁of ▁P une , ▁G hat ge ▁started ▁his ▁career ▁as ▁a ▁professor ▁in ▁Raj aram ▁College . ▁After ▁teaching ▁for ▁a ▁few ▁months , ▁he ▁had ▁to ▁res ign ▁his ▁post ▁when ▁he ▁was ▁diagn osed ▁with ▁T uber cul osis . ▁G hat ge , ▁being ▁calm ▁and ▁understanding ▁by ▁nature ▁made ▁friends ▁very ▁easily ; ▁one ▁of ▁his ▁closest ▁friends ▁was ▁Jay k umar ▁Pat il . ▁ ▁Jay k umar ▁Pat il ▁belonged ▁to ▁a ▁J ain ▁family ▁of ▁Kol h ap ur . ▁The ▁Pat il ▁family ▁ran ▁a ▁small ▁goods ▁transport ation ▁business ▁which ▁was ▁dependent ▁on ▁a ▁single ▁tr uck ▁and ▁the ▁route ▁for ▁which ▁was ▁a ▁fixed ▁Kol h ap ur - M umb ai ▁trip . ▁Many ▁a ▁times , ▁Jay k umar ▁Pat il ▁himself ▁drove ▁the ▁tr uck ▁all ▁the ▁way ▁to ▁M umb ai . ▁Sak har amp ant , ▁the ▁elder ▁brother ▁of ▁G hat ge ▁was ▁a ▁civil ▁engineer ▁by ▁profession ▁had ▁started ▁with ▁the ▁construction ▁business ▁in ▁Kol h ap ur . ▁During ▁ 1 9 4 1 – 4 2 , ▁Sak har am ▁had ▁bag ged ▁an ▁Airport ▁building ▁contract ▁which ▁required ▁regular ▁goods ▁transport ation ▁from ▁Kol h ap ur ▁to ▁Bel ga um . ▁Sak har am ▁had ▁one ▁tr |
uck ▁to ▁handle ▁the ▁transport ation ▁but ▁had ▁a ▁short age ▁of ▁one ▁tr uck . ▁G hat ge ▁suggested ▁Jay k umar ▁what ▁for ▁the ▁assignment ▁to ▁which ▁Jay k umar ▁agreed ▁at ▁once ▁to ▁help . ▁After ▁the ▁completion ▁of ▁the ▁assignment ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 3 , ▁G hat ge ▁suggested ▁to ▁start ▁a ▁sole ▁goods ▁transport ▁business ▁using ▁the ▁two ▁tr uck s ▁and ▁that ▁is ▁how ▁G hat ge ▁Pat il ▁Trans ports ▁took ▁birth ▁and ▁the ▁partners hip ▁began . ▁In ▁ 1 9 4 5 , ▁during ▁the ▁reign ▁of ▁E . W ▁Perry , ▁the ▁business ▁bag ged ▁its ▁first ▁major ▁contract ▁of ▁Raj aram ▁R if les ▁to ▁transport ▁wood ▁under ▁the ▁command ment ▁of ▁Gen . ▁Thor at . ▁With ▁this ▁contract , ▁G hat ge ▁& ▁Pat il ▁had ▁struck ▁a ▁gold ▁mine ▁and ▁gained ▁respect ▁in ▁town ▁for ▁handling ▁the ▁Indian ▁Army ▁cons ign ments . ▁ ▁D ivers ification ▁and ▁deal ers hips ▁ ▁Sp are ▁parts ▁ ▁After ▁the ▁World - W ar ▁II , ▁the ▁infrastr ucture ▁and ▁specifically ▁roads ▁were ▁in ▁ru ins ▁which ▁directly ▁affected ▁vehicle ▁transport ▁and ▁the ▁motor ▁components . ▁G hat ge ▁noticed ▁a ▁growing ▁need ▁of ▁such ▁replace able ▁components ▁i . e . ▁spare ▁parts . ▁He ▁identified ▁that ▁if ▁he ▁made ▁Sp are ▁parts ▁available ▁in ▁Kol h ap ur , ▁he ▁can ▁provide ▁to ▁numerous ▁tr uck s ▁in ▁the ▁town . ▁He ▁would ▁take ▁tri ps ▁to |
▁the ▁ ▁Royal ▁Opera ▁House ▁( M umb ai ) ▁in ▁Gir ga on ▁to ▁would ▁spare ▁parts ▁not ▁just ▁for ▁his ▁business ▁but ▁for ▁creating ▁a ▁market ▁place ▁in ▁Kol h ap ur . ▁The ▁M umb ai ▁tri ps ▁not ▁only ▁helped ▁G hat ge ▁to ▁gain ▁entry ▁in ▁the ▁spare ▁components ▁market ▁but ▁he ▁made ▁acquaint ances ▁with ▁the ▁vendor ▁and ▁fellow ▁trans por ters . ▁Later , ▁G hat ge ▁expl ored ▁the ▁T ruck ▁& ▁Body ▁building ▁business ▁started ▁by ▁building ▁variety ▁of ▁closed ▁v ans ▁and ▁amb ul ances ▁but ▁were ▁remembered ▁for ▁building ▁Kol h ap ur ▁Police ▁V ans ▁and ▁were ▁app la ud ed ▁by ▁the ▁then ▁Ins pect or ▁G . P ▁Khan ▁Bah ad ur ▁Sad ari . ▁ ▁Motor ▁and ▁autom ot ive ▁components ▁ ▁G hat ge ▁was ▁soon ▁eye ing ▁the ▁Motor ▁or ▁Autom obile ▁industry ▁but ▁it ▁was ▁not ▁possible ▁to ▁buy ▁or ▁manufact ure ▁in ▁India ▁since ▁every ▁make ▁was ▁out s our ced ▁due ▁to ▁better ▁available ▁quality ▁over se as . ▁But ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 9 , ▁when ▁Morris ▁Mot ors ▁company ▁shut ▁down ▁its ▁production , ▁G hat ge ▁was ▁hope ful ▁again . ▁He ▁visited ▁the ▁FR EN CH ▁M OT OR ▁C AR ▁CO . ▁who ▁had ▁the ▁spare ▁parts ▁for ▁one ▁of ▁G hat ge ' s ▁tr uck s . ▁Al ong ▁with ▁the ▁spare ▁parts , ▁they ▁also ▁had ▁the ▁ag ency ▁of ▁Morris ▁Mot ors . |
▁G hat ge ▁& ▁Pat il , ▁then ▁held ▁the ▁ag ency ▁of ▁Morris ▁Mot ors ▁because ▁of ▁the ▁she er ▁dedic ation ▁and ▁strong ▁corpor ate ▁relations ▁of ▁G hat ge ▁in ▁the ▁Indust ry . ▁Al ong side , ▁G hat ge ▁also ▁bag ged ▁the ▁Morris ▁Com mer cial ▁tr uck s ▁which ▁gave ▁India ▁its ▁first ▁Dies el ▁tr uck . ▁With ▁the ▁help ▁of ▁G . P ▁Khan ▁of ▁Kol h ap ur ▁Police , ▁G hat ge ▁& ▁Pat il ▁held ▁the ▁General ▁Mot ors ▁ag ency ▁too . ▁ ▁Post ▁World ▁War , ▁the ▁small ▁towns ▁generated ▁dem ands ▁of ▁motor ▁vehicles ▁and ▁components , ▁too . ▁Initial ly ▁the ▁major ▁distrib utors ▁isolated ▁the ▁metropol itan ▁cities ▁for ▁supp lying ▁their ▁motor ▁components ▁but ▁with ▁the ▁changing ▁era ▁they ▁wished ▁to ▁dist ribute ▁by ▁giving ▁ag encies ▁in ▁the ▁small ▁towns ▁like ▁Kol h ap ur . ▁G hat ge ▁opened ▁its ▁first ▁show room ▁at ▁Raj aram ▁Road , ▁Kol h ap ur ▁with ▁a ▁sp a cious ▁display ▁of ▁motor ▁equip ments ▁and ▁multiple ▁b ays ▁and ▁work sh ops ▁for ▁repair ▁work . ▁So on , ▁all ▁the ▁vertical s ▁of ▁G hat ge ▁& ▁Pat il ▁excel led ▁and ▁word ▁spread ▁that ▁they ▁are ▁the ▁top ▁deal ership ▁house ▁for ▁autom ot ive ▁components , ▁tr uck s ▁etc . ▁which ▁brought ▁numerous ▁deal ers hips ▁under ▁their ▁house . ▁ ▁B icy cle ▁company ▁ ▁The ▁B icy cle ▁demand |
▁in ▁the ▁country ▁was ▁bo oming ▁and ▁G hat ge ▁did ▁not ▁miss ▁the ▁opportunity . ▁R ale igh ▁B icy cle ▁Company , ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁oldest ▁b icy cle ▁manufact uring ▁company ▁in ▁the ▁world ▁from ▁England ▁that ▁goes ▁by ▁the ▁brand ▁name ▁R ale igh ▁had ▁given ▁its ▁ag ency ▁to ▁the ▁Sen ▁& ▁P and it ▁of ▁Kol k atta . ▁G hat ge ▁& ▁Pat il ▁took ▁the ▁Open ▁general ▁lic ence ▁with ▁the ▁help ▁of ▁Mr . ▁M . ▁F . ▁Vas v ani ▁who ▁was ▁the ▁Manager ▁of ▁R ale igh ▁and ▁ordered ▁the ▁b icy cles ▁directly ▁to ▁Kol h ap ur ▁that ▁led ▁to ▁the ▁sale ▁of ▁ 3 0 0 ▁lot ▁of ▁b icy cles ▁in ▁a ▁very ▁short ▁span . ▁In ▁ 1 9 5 2 , ▁when ▁T I ▁Cy cles ▁of ▁India ▁started ▁its ▁production ▁of ▁Her cules ▁Cy cles , ▁Phill ips ▁Cy cles ▁and ▁B SA ▁motor cy cles ▁in ▁Mad ras , ▁G hat ge ▁had ▁it ▁under ▁his ▁bel t ▁too . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁small ▁town ▁of ▁Kol h ap ur , ▁the ▁only ▁ice ▁factory ▁shut ▁followed ▁by ▁which ▁G hat ge ▁founded ▁the ▁Pear l ▁Ice ▁Factory ▁to ▁meet ▁the ▁dem ands ▁of ▁the ▁people ▁of ▁his ▁town . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 5 2 , ▁G hat ge - ▁Pat il ▁shock ed ▁people ▁with ▁their ▁decision ▁to ▁shut ▁its ▁flags hip ▁transport ▁business . ▁They ▁eventually ▁did ▁not ▁stand ▁by |
▁it ▁and ▁changed ▁the ▁decision ▁ow ing ▁to ▁the ▁growing ▁market ▁needs ▁of ▁surface ▁transport ation ▁and ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 4 , ▁G hat ge ▁Pat il ▁Trans ports ▁res umed ▁its ▁book ings . ▁ ▁S co ot ers ▁and ▁auto - rick sh aw ▁deal ers ▁ ▁The ▁growing ▁popular ity ▁of ▁G hat ge ▁as ▁the ▁dynamic ▁and ▁social ▁business man ▁brought ▁multiple ▁deal ers hips ▁to ▁the ▁door step ▁of ▁G hat ge ▁& ▁Pat il . ▁The ▁Italian ▁company , ▁Autom obile ▁Product s ▁of ▁India , ▁the ▁manufact urer ▁at ▁Bomb ay ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 9 , ▁produced ▁Lam bre tta ▁sc oot ers ▁and ▁autor ick sh aws ▁& ▁offered ▁G hat ge ▁& ▁Pat il ▁to ▁become ▁the ▁distrib utors ▁of ▁their ▁products ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 6 . ▁They ▁also ▁bag ged ▁the ▁deal ership ▁of ▁Mah ind ra ▁& ▁Mah ind ra ▁which ▁started ▁its ▁production ▁in ▁India ▁around ▁ 1 9 5 4 ; ▁G hat ge ▁founded ▁the ▁deal ership ▁show rooms ▁in ▁Kol h ap ur , ▁Rat n ag iri , ▁Sat ara ▁and ▁Sol ap ur . ▁ ▁T ract ors ▁and ▁Agricult ural ▁Equ ip ments ▁ ▁G hat ge ▁Pat il ▁held ▁the ▁M asse y ▁Fer g us on ▁ag ency ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 7 , ▁a ▁major ▁American ▁manufact urer ▁of ▁Agricult ural ▁Equ ip ments ▁along ▁with ▁T ract ors ▁and ▁Farm ▁Equ ip ment ▁Limited |
▁T AF E ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 0 . ▁ ▁La x mi ▁S co oter ette ▁ ▁API , ▁under ▁the ▁wing ▁of ▁ ▁M . ▁A ▁Ch id amb aram ▁was ▁granted ▁the ▁permission ▁to ▁manufact ure ▁two ▁out ▁of ▁the ▁three ▁models ▁of ▁Lam bre tta ▁by ▁the ▁Indian ▁Government . ▁After ▁having ▁all ▁the ▁major ▁deal ers hips ▁under ▁his ▁wing , ▁G hat ge ▁decided ▁to ▁manufact ure ▁the ▁third ▁model ▁which ▁was ▁better ▁known ▁as ▁an ▁Auto ▁S co oter . ▁It ▁was ▁a ▁big ▁le ap ▁for ▁the ▁G hat ge - Pat il ▁and ▁under ▁the ▁guidance ▁of ▁K irl os k ars , ▁the ▁production ▁of ▁the ▁model ▁started ▁in ▁U ch ga on ▁under ▁K GP ▁Auto ▁Ltd . ▁( K irl os kar ▁G hat ge ▁Pat il ▁Auto ▁Ltd .) ▁which ▁was ▁set ▁up ▁near ▁G hat ge ▁Pat il ▁Indust ries ▁Found ry . which ▁was ▁named . ▁The ▁Auto ▁S co oter ▁was ▁named ▁as ▁" L ax mi ▁S co oter ette " ▁touch ing ▁upon ▁the ▁emot ions ▁and ▁connect ▁better ▁with ▁the ▁people . ▁K irl os kar ▁K isa an , ▁an ▁oil ▁company ▁supplied ▁Eng ines ▁and ▁O agle ▁Bro ther ' s ▁Del star ▁supplied ▁the ▁body , ▁fuel ▁tank ▁along ▁with ▁the ▁front ▁and ▁rear ▁fork ▁assembly ▁for ▁La x mi . ▁La x mi ▁was ▁released ▁in ▁the ▁market ▁during ▁ 1 9 7 2 ▁with ▁a ▁target ▁to ▁produce |
▁ 2 4 0 0 0 ▁models ▁by ▁the ▁year ▁ 1 9 7 5 . ▁Unfortunately , ▁La x mi ▁could ▁not ▁make ▁a ▁mark ▁in ▁the ▁industry ▁due ▁to ▁technical ▁and ▁market ▁in e ffic ien cies . ▁Ar ound ▁four ▁years ▁after ▁V asant ra o ▁G hat ge ' s ▁dem ise , ▁the ▁group ▁saw ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁La x mi ▁S co oter ette ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 0 . ▁ ▁Phil anth ropy ▁and ▁social ▁activities ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 6 7 , ▁G hat ge ▁along ▁with ▁Ab asa heb ▁K ul kar ni ▁K he bud kar ▁from ▁Sang li ▁was ▁a ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁De cc an ▁Co - oper ative ▁Sp in ning ▁Mill ▁Ltd . ▁Although ▁having ▁little ▁or ▁no ▁interest ▁in ▁politics , ▁he ▁soon ▁made ▁friends ▁with ▁noted ▁polit icians ▁and ▁influen cers ▁namely ▁V asant d ada ▁Pat il , ▁Y ash w ant ra o ▁Ch avan ▁and ▁V asant ra o ▁Na ik ▁who ▁were ▁active ▁members ▁of ▁the ▁De cc an ▁Association . ▁ ▁He ▁was ▁the ▁head ▁of ▁the ▁New ▁Education ▁Society ▁of ▁Kol h ap ur ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 2 ▁after ▁Mad an ▁Moh an ▁L oh i ya . ▁G hat ge ▁started ▁and ▁supported ▁ 2 4 ▁schools ▁and ▁ 3 ▁Junior ▁colleg es . ▁ ▁On ▁ 3 0 ▁August ▁ 1 9 4 9 , ▁Rem and ▁Home ▁was ▁established ▁by ▁L al it ade |
vi ▁Naj appa , ▁wife ▁to ▁Chief ▁Administr ator ▁Captain ▁V . ▁Naj appa . ▁In ▁the ▁next ▁ 2 ▁years , ▁G hat ge ▁was ▁heading ▁the ▁depart ments ▁from ▁fund ing ▁allocation . ▁A ▁well - known ▁Social ▁activ ist , ▁Dr . ▁Sun il k umar ▁Law ate ▁was ▁associated ▁with ▁the ▁Rem and ▁Home ▁which ▁is ▁now ▁converted ▁to ▁B alk al yan ▁Sank ul ▁and ▁admitted ▁ 4 5 ▁boys ▁and ▁ 4 ▁girls . ▁ ▁With ▁a ▁growing ▁popular ity ▁and ▁a ▁huge ▁social ▁circle , ▁G hat ge ▁had ▁notable ▁visitors ▁in ▁Kol h ap ur . ▁The ▁Gan esh ▁Festival , ▁which ▁was ▁the ▁most ▁cov et ed ▁and ▁celebrated ▁event ▁in ▁the ▁organization ▁had ▁the ▁most ▁tal ented ▁artists ▁of ▁India . ▁P and it ▁Bh im sen ▁Jos hi ▁had ▁performed ▁five ▁times ▁at ▁the ▁Gan esh ▁Festival ▁in ▁G hat ge - ▁Pat il ▁since ▁ 1 9 5 5 ; ▁the ▁world - f am ous ▁s itar ist ▁ ▁R avi ▁Sh ank ar , ▁the ▁Indian ▁Tab la ▁player ▁Al la ▁Rak ha ▁and ▁the ▁classical ▁sing ers ▁K ish ori ▁Am on kar , ▁P and it ▁K umar ▁Gand har va , ▁Bal ▁Gand har va , ▁P and it ▁V asant ra o ▁Des hp ande ▁ ▁References ▁▁▁ 1 9 . ▁Lam bre tta ▁ 4 8 ▁m oped ▁was ▁sold ▁by ▁API , ▁later ▁was ▁sold ▁by ▁under ▁the ▁brand ▁name ▁' L ax |
mi ' ▁by ▁K irl os kar - G hat ge ▁Pat il ▁Mot ors ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁Category : 2 0 th - century ▁Indian ▁business people ▁Category : 2 0 th - century ▁Indian ▁educ ators ▁Category : Ind ian ▁phil anth rop ists ▁Category : F erg us son ▁College ▁al umn i ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁Kol h ap ur ▁Category : Ind ian ▁business people ▁Category : 1 9 1 6 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 9 8 6 ▁death s ▁Category : 2 0 th - century ▁phil anth rop ists <0x0A> </s> ▁W L V G ▁( FM ▁ 1 0 5 . 1 ) ▁is ▁a ▁Christian ▁radio ▁station ▁lic ensed ▁to ▁Cl erm ont , ▁Georgia , ▁and ▁owned ▁by ▁Edu c ational ▁Media ▁Foundation ▁The ▁current ▁format ▁is ▁Christian ▁Contempor ary ▁and ▁ident ifies ▁itself ▁as ▁" Pos itive ▁& ▁Enc ou rag ing ▁K - lo ve ”. ▁ ▁History ▁The ▁station ▁was ▁founded ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 3 ▁by ▁Charles ▁Smith g all ▁as ▁WH EL ; ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 8 , ▁it ▁was ▁acquired ▁by ▁Jac or , ▁which ▁was ▁sold ▁to ▁Clear ▁Channel ▁Communic ations ▁a ▁year ▁later . ▁At ▁one ▁point ▁an ▁old ies ▁station , ▁the ▁station ▁soon ▁became ▁a ▁sim ul cast ▁of ▁W G ST ▁AM ▁ 6 4 0 ▁from ▁Atlanta , ▁and ▁later ▁a ▁sim ul cast ▁of ▁W W VA - FM ▁( as ▁W V WA |
). ▁The ▁necessity ▁of ▁the ▁W W VA ▁sim ul cast ▁was ▁often ▁deb ated , ▁as ▁the ▁residents ▁of ▁the ▁north ▁Georgia ▁mountains ▁did ▁not ▁understand ▁why ▁a ▁Spanish ▁pop ▁station ▁was ▁needed ▁more ▁than ▁a ▁news ▁station . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 5 , ▁the ▁station ▁was ▁sold ▁to ▁Sor enson ▁S out heast ▁Radio ▁and ▁operated ▁on ▁a ▁local ▁market ing ▁agreement ▁( L MA ) ▁by ▁Douglas ▁M . ▁S utton , ▁Jr ., ▁who ▁is ▁the ▁license e ▁of ▁several ▁broadcast ▁stations ▁in ▁Georgia ▁and ▁the ▁Carol inas , ▁the ▁station ▁remained ▁silent ▁for ▁several ▁months . ▁On ▁June ▁ 1 , ▁ 2 0 0 6 , ▁O con ee ▁River ▁Broadcast ing , ▁L LC ▁signed ▁a ▁programming ▁agreement ▁with ▁S utton ▁for ▁a ▁three - year ▁period . ▁Upon ▁return ▁to ▁the ▁air , ▁the ▁station ▁held ▁a ▁listener ▁poll ▁to ▁determine ▁the ▁station ' s ▁format ; ▁a ▁rock ▁AC ▁format ▁was ▁chosen ▁and ▁was ▁known ▁as ▁Georgia ▁ 1 0 5 . ▁The ▁station ▁initially ▁rec laimed ▁the ▁WH EL ▁call ▁letters ▁for ▁its ▁city ▁of ▁Helen , ▁but ▁on ▁November ▁ 1 , ▁ 2 0 0 6 , ▁it ▁became ▁W Z GA . ▁O con ee ▁River ▁Broadcast ing ▁was ▁unable ▁to ▁secure ▁a ▁long - term ▁agreement ▁to ▁own ▁or ▁operate ▁the ▁station . ▁Prior ▁to ▁the ▁exp iration ▁of ▁the ▁three - year ▁term , ▁Sor enson ▁file d ▁for ▁consent ▁to ▁re assign ▁the ▁license |
▁of ▁W Z GA ▁to ▁S utton ' s ▁company , ▁T ug art ▁Properties , ▁L LC . ▁On ▁April ▁ 2 0 , ▁ 2 0 0 9 , ▁the ▁assignment ▁was ▁approved ▁by ▁the ▁F CC . ▁On ▁June ▁ 1 , ▁ 2 0 0 9 , ▁the ▁station ▁revert ed ▁to ▁the ▁control ▁of ▁S utton ▁under ▁his ▁company , ▁T ug art ▁Properties , ▁L LC , ▁the ▁call ▁letters ▁were ▁changed ▁to ▁W NG A ▁and ▁after ▁a ▁short ▁st un ting ▁period ▁the ▁station ▁changed ▁to ▁country ▁music . ▁The ▁station ▁left ▁the ▁air ▁on ▁August ▁ 1 0 , ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁due ▁to ▁ins u fficient ▁advert ising ▁re venue . ▁The ▁station ▁is ▁now ▁owned ▁by ▁Edu c ational ▁Media ▁Foundation , ▁and ▁broadcast s ▁the ▁K - LO VE ▁Contempor ary ▁Christian ▁format . ▁ ▁, ▁W NG A ▁had ▁special ▁temporary ▁authority ▁to ▁be ▁off ▁the ▁air , ▁apparently ▁pending ▁a ▁change ▁in ▁facilities ▁related ▁to ▁its ▁construction ▁perm its . ▁The ▁most ▁recent ▁change , ▁F CC - appro ved ▁on ▁April ▁ 1 6 , ▁moved ▁it ▁from ▁Helen , ▁Georgia ▁to ▁Long ▁Mountain ▁south - s outh west ▁of ▁Cleveland , ▁Georgia , ▁between ▁D ahl on ega ▁Highway ▁( Ge org ia ▁ 1 1 5 ) ▁to ▁the ▁west ▁and ▁Main ▁Street ▁/ ▁Cleveland ▁Highway ▁( both ▁Georgia ▁ 1 1 ▁and ▁U . S . ▁ 1 2 9 ) ▁to ▁the |
▁east . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁L V G ▁Category : K - L ove ▁radio ▁stations ▁Category : Radio ▁stations ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 5 ▁Category : 1 9 9 5 ▁establish ments ▁in ▁Georgia ▁( U . S . ▁state ) ▁Category : E du c ational ▁Media ▁Foundation ▁radio ▁stations ▁Category : Christ ian ▁radio ▁stations ▁in ▁Georgia ▁( U . S . ▁state ) <0x0A> </s> ▁Pseud omon as ▁ant arct ica ▁is ▁a ▁psych roph il ic , ▁Gram - negative , ▁mot ile ▁with ▁a ▁polar ▁flag ell um , ▁rod - sh aped ▁b acter ium ▁isolated ▁from ▁cy an ob acter ial ▁m ats ▁in ▁Ant arct ica . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁Type ▁stra in ▁of ▁Pseud omon as ▁ant arct ica ▁at ▁Bac D ive ▁- ▁ ▁the ▁B acter ial ▁D iversity ▁Met ad atabase ▁ ▁Category : P se ud omon ad ales ▁Category : B acter ia ▁described ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 4 <0x0A> </s> ▁Pick ering ▁Township ▁is ▁a ▁civil ▁town ship ▁in ▁B ott ine au ▁County ▁in ▁the ▁U . S . ▁state ▁of ▁North ▁Dak ota . ▁Its ▁population ▁was ▁ 1 9 3 ▁as ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁census , ▁down ▁from ▁ 2 1 3 ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 0 ▁census . ▁ ▁History ▁Pick ering ▁Township ▁was ▁organized ▁som etime ▁between ▁ 1 9 1 0 ▁and ▁ 1 9 2 0 |
▁from ▁V inge ▁School ▁Township ▁and ▁the ▁western ▁portion ▁of ▁B ott ine au ▁School ▁Township . ▁ ▁Report edly , ▁in ▁ 1 8 8 3 , ▁Norwegian ▁sett lers ▁from ▁Pol k ▁County , ▁Minnesota , ▁established ▁the ▁first ▁Norwegian ▁settlement ▁in ▁B ott ine au ▁County ▁near ▁Car bury ▁in ▁present - day ▁Pick ering ▁Township . ▁Other ▁Norweg ians ▁followed ▁in ▁ 1 8 8 6 . ▁ ▁Geography ▁Pick ering ▁Township ▁is ▁located ▁in ▁Township ▁ 1 6 2 N , ▁Range ▁ 7 6 W . ▁North ▁Dak ota ▁Highway ▁ 1 4 ▁is ▁a ▁primary ▁highway ▁in ▁the ▁town ship , ▁and ▁the ▁city ▁of ▁B ott ine au , ▁which ▁is ▁the ▁county ▁seat , ▁is ▁located ▁in ▁the ▁sout heast ▁corner ▁of ▁the ▁town ship . ▁ ▁According ▁to ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁United ▁States ▁Census , ▁the ▁town ship ▁has ▁a ▁total ▁area ▁of ▁, ▁of ▁which ▁ ▁is ▁land ▁and ▁ ▁is ▁water . ▁ ▁Car bury ▁Dam ▁is ▁a ▁public ▁fish ing ▁area ▁located ▁ ▁south ▁and ▁ ▁west ▁of ▁Car bury . ▁It ▁is ▁managed ▁by ▁the ▁North ▁Dak ota ▁Game ▁and ▁Fish ▁Department . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : T own ships ▁in ▁B ott ine au ▁County , ▁North ▁Dak ota ▁Category : Pop ulated ▁places ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 8 8 3 ▁Category : 1 8 8 3 ▁establish ments ▁in ▁Dak ota ▁Territ ory ▁Category : T own ships ▁in ▁North ▁Dak ota <0x0A> |
</s> ▁Paul ▁Kle e ▁( 1 8 7 9 – 1 9 4 0 ), ▁was ▁a ▁German - Sw iss ▁painter . ▁ ▁Kle e ▁or ▁K LE E ▁may ▁also ▁refer ▁to : ▁▁ ▁Kle e ▁( s urname ), ▁a ▁surname ▁ ▁Kle e ▁( band ), ▁a ▁German ▁pop ▁band ▁ ▁Kle e ▁Pass age , ▁a ▁channel ▁of ▁water ▁in ▁the ▁Marshall ▁Islands ▁▁ 1 0 5 4 3 ▁Kle e ▁( 1 9 9 2 ▁D L 4 ), ▁a ▁main - b elt ▁astero id ▁ ▁K LE E , ▁an ▁American ▁radio ▁station ▁ ▁K LE E - TV , ▁a ▁Houston ▁TV ▁channel ▁now ▁renamed ▁K P RC - TV ▁ ▁The ▁I CA O ▁code ▁for ▁Le es burg ▁International ▁Airport ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁Kle e ▁K ai , ▁a ▁bre ed ▁of ▁dog ▁ ▁C lee ▁( disambiguation ) <0x0A> </s> ▁Order ▁of ▁Lo yal ty ▁and ▁Val our ▁( Tr ad itional ▁Chinese : ▁ 忠 <0xE5> <0x8B> <0x87> <0xE5> <0x8B> <0xB3> 章 ) is ▁a ▁military ▁award ▁from ▁the ▁Republic ▁of ▁China . ▁It ▁was ▁created ▁on ▁ 2 3 ▁September ▁ 1 9 4 4 ▁for ▁out standing ▁command ▁in ▁battle . ▁ ▁It ▁has ▁one ▁rank . ▁ ▁Reference ▁list ▁ ▁Category : Or ders , ▁decor ations , ▁and ▁med als ▁of ▁the ▁Republic ▁of ▁China ▁Category : A wards ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 4 <0x0A> </s> ▁was ▁the ▁lead ▁vessel ▁of ▁the ▁five |
▁ ▁light ▁cru is ers ▁in ▁the ▁Imperial ▁Japanese ▁Navy . ▁She ▁was ▁named ▁after ▁the ▁K uma ▁River ▁in ▁K um am oto ▁pre fect ure , ▁Japan . ▁ ▁Background ▁After ▁the ▁construction ▁of ▁the ▁s , ▁the ▁de mer its ▁of ▁the ▁small ▁cru iser ▁concept ▁became ▁apparent . ▁At ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁ 1 9 1 7 , ▁plans ▁for ▁an ▁additional ▁six ▁Ten ry ū - class ▁vessels , ▁plus ▁three ▁new - design ▁ 7 , 2 0 0 ▁ton - class ▁sc out ▁cru is ers ▁were ▁sh el ved , ▁in ▁place ▁of ▁an ▁intermediate ▁ 5 , 5 0 0 ▁ton - class ▁vessel ▁which ▁could ▁be ▁used ▁as ▁both ▁a ▁long - range , ▁high ▁speed ▁reconna issance ▁ship , ▁and ▁also ▁as ▁a ▁command ▁vessel ▁for ▁destroy er ▁or ▁sub marine ▁fl ot illas . ▁K uma ▁was ▁laid ▁down ▁at ▁S ase bo ▁Naval ▁Ar sen al ▁on ▁ 2 9 ▁August ▁ 1 9 1 8 , ▁launched ▁on ▁ 1 4 ▁July ▁ 1 9 1 9 ▁and ▁commission ed ▁on ▁ 3 1 ▁August ▁ 1 9 2 0 . ▁ ▁Design ▁ ▁The ▁K uma - class ▁vessels ▁were ▁essentially ▁en larg ed ▁versions ▁of ▁the ▁Ten ry ū - class ▁cru is ers , ▁with ▁greater ▁speed , ▁range , ▁and ▁weapon ry . ▁With ▁improvements ▁in ▁ge ared - t urb ine ▁engine ▁technology , ▁the ▁K uma - class ▁vessels ▁were ▁capable ▁of ▁the |
▁high ▁speed ▁of ▁, ▁and ▁a ▁range ▁of ▁ ▁at ▁. ▁ ▁The ▁number ▁of ▁ 1 4 ▁cm / 5 0 ▁ 3 rd ▁Year ▁Type ▁naval ▁guns ▁was ▁increased ▁from ▁four ▁on ▁the ▁Ten ry ū ▁class ▁to ▁seven ▁on ▁K uma : ▁two ▁forward , ▁two ▁on ▁each ▁side ▁of ▁the ▁super structure ▁and ▁three ▁a ft , ▁which ▁meant ▁that ▁only ▁six ▁guns ▁could ▁be ▁brought ▁to ▁bear ▁on ▁a ▁broad side . ▁The ▁tor ped o ▁launch ers ▁were ▁also ▁increased ▁to ▁four ▁double ▁launch ers : ▁however , ▁the ▁K uma ▁class ▁remained ▁highly ▁def ic ient ▁in ▁anti - air craft ▁protection , ▁with ▁only ▁two ▁ 8 ▁cm / 4 0 ▁ 3 rd ▁Year ▁Type ▁naval ▁guns ▁and ▁two ▁ 6 . 5 ▁mm ▁machine ▁guns . ▁K uma ▁could ▁be ▁distinguished ▁from ▁her ▁sister ▁ships ▁by ▁the ▁addition ▁of ▁fun nel ▁caps ▁from ▁ 1 9 2 9 . ▁ ▁Service ▁career ▁ ▁Early ▁career ▁Im medi ately ▁after ▁commission ing , ▁K uma ▁was ▁assigned ▁to ▁cover ▁the ▁land ings ▁of ▁Japanese ▁troops ▁during ▁the ▁Japanese ▁inter vention ▁in ▁Si ber ia ▁against ▁the ▁B ols he vik ▁Red ▁Army . ▁She ▁was ▁subsequently ▁based ▁at ▁Port ▁Arthur , ▁and ▁pat rolled ▁the ▁northern ▁China ▁coast ▁between ▁the ▁K w ant ung ▁Le ased ▁Territ ory ▁and ▁T sing ta o . ▁ ▁K uma ▁was ▁ref it ▁in ▁late ▁ 1 9 3 4 ▁with ▁a ▁tri pod ▁m ast , |
▁two ▁rot atable ▁quad ru ple ▁tor ped o ▁launch ers , ▁and ▁an ▁aircraft ▁cat ap ult ▁for ▁launch ing ▁a ▁reconna issance ▁float plane , ▁typically ▁a ▁K aw an ishi ▁E 7 K 1 ▁" Al f ". ▁As ▁the ▁Second ▁S ino - J apan ese ▁War ▁began ▁to ▁es cal ate , ▁K uma ▁pat rolled ▁the ▁China ▁coast , ▁and ▁covered ▁the ▁land ings ▁of ▁Japanese ▁forces ▁in ▁central ▁China . ▁She ▁was ▁capt ained ▁by ▁Captain ▁T ad ash ige ▁Da igo ▁from ▁November ▁ 1 9 3 5 ▁to ▁December ▁ 1 9 3 6 . ▁In ▁December ▁ 1 9 3 7 , ▁K uma ▁served ▁as ▁flags hip ▁for ▁a ▁squad ron ▁of ▁min el ay ing ▁sub mar ines ▁ ▁through ▁ ▁based ▁out ▁of ▁T sing ta o ▁until ▁fall ▁of ▁ 1 9 3 8 . ▁ ▁In vas ion ▁of ▁the ▁Philippines ▁On ▁ 1 0 ▁April ▁ 1 9 4 1 , ▁K uma ▁was ▁assigned ▁to ▁Vice ▁Admir al ▁I bo ▁Tak ah ashi ' s ▁Cru Div ▁ 1 6 ▁in ▁the ▁Japanese ▁ 3 rd ▁Fle et . ▁At ▁the ▁time ▁of ▁the ▁attack ▁on ▁Pear l ▁Har bor ▁on ▁ 8 ▁December ▁ 1 9 4 1 , ▁K uma ▁was ▁particip ating ▁in ▁the ▁invasion ▁of ▁the ▁northern ▁Philippines , ▁having ▁depart ed ▁from ▁its ▁base ▁in ▁M ako , ▁P esc adores ▁Islands ▁with ▁the ▁, ▁ ▁and ▁destroy ers ▁ ▁and |
▁. ▁From ▁ 1 0 – 1 1 ▁December , ▁K uma ▁covered ▁land ings ▁at ▁A par ri ▁and ▁V igan ; ▁off ▁V igan , ▁K uma ▁was ▁attacked ▁un success fully ▁by ▁five ▁USA AF ▁Bo eing ▁B - 1 7 ▁F lying ▁Fort ress ▁bom bers ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 4 th ▁Squadron . ▁On ▁ 2 2 ▁December , ▁K uma ▁covered ▁further ▁land ings ▁at ▁L ing ay en ▁G ulf , ▁Philippines . ▁ ▁On ▁ 3 ▁January ▁ 1 9 4 2 , ▁K uma ▁was ▁re ass igned ▁to ▁Vice ▁Admir al ▁R ok uz ō ▁Sug iy ama ' s ▁Third ▁Southern ▁Ex ped ition ary ▁Fle et . ▁She ▁was ▁assigned ▁to ▁pat rol s ▁around ▁the ▁Philipp ine ▁islands ▁from ▁ 1 0 ▁January ▁to ▁ 2 7 ▁February ▁ 1 9 4 2 . ▁ ▁In ▁March , ▁K uma ▁was ▁assigned ▁to ▁cover ▁the ▁invasion ▁of ▁the ▁southern ▁Philippines , ▁shell ing ▁C eb u ▁har bor ▁on ▁ 1 ▁March , ▁s inking ▁two ▁coast al ▁trans ports , ▁and ▁covering ▁the ▁land ings ▁at ▁Zam bo anga , ▁Mind ana o ▁on ▁ 3 ▁March . ▁Special ▁Naval ▁Land ing ▁Forces ▁( SN L F ) ▁from ▁K uma ▁res cu ed ▁about ▁ 8 0 ▁Japanese ▁national s ▁who ▁had ▁been ▁intern ed . ▁K uma ▁is ▁also ▁cred ited ▁with ▁s inking ▁twelve ▁transport ▁vessels ▁in ▁the ▁Sul u ▁Sea ▁off ▁of ▁C eb u |
▁the ▁same ▁night . ▁ ▁On ▁ 9 ▁April ▁ 1 9 4 2 , ▁off ▁C eb u , ▁K uma ▁and ▁the ▁tor ped o ▁boat ▁K iji ▁were ▁attacked ▁by ▁U . S . ▁tor ped o ▁boats ▁P T - 3 4 ▁and ▁P T - 4 1 . ▁K uma ▁was ▁hit ▁in ▁the ▁bow ▁by ▁one ▁of ▁eight ▁Mark ▁ 8 ▁Tor ped o es ▁fired , ▁but ▁it ▁was ▁a ▁d ud . ▁P T - 3 4 ▁was ▁destroyed ▁by ▁M its ub ishi ▁F 1 M ▁" P etes " ▁launched ▁from ▁the ▁se ap lane ▁tender ▁San uki ▁Mar u . ▁ ▁On ▁ 1 0 ▁April , ▁K uma ▁covered ▁land ings ▁on ▁C eb u ▁by ▁the ▁K aw ag uch i ▁Det achment ' s ▁ 3 5 th ▁Infantry ▁Brigade ▁H Q ▁and ▁the ▁ 1 2 4 th ▁Infantry ▁Regiment , ▁and ▁on ▁ 1 6 ▁April ▁land ings ▁on ▁Pan ay ▁by ▁the ▁K aw am ura ▁Det achment ' s ▁ 9 th ▁Infantry ▁Brigade ▁H Q ▁and ▁the ▁ 4 1 st ▁Infantry ▁Regiment . ▁On ▁ 6 ▁May , ▁K uma ▁covered ▁the ▁final ▁assault ▁on ▁the ▁American ▁bast ion ▁on ▁Cor reg idor ▁Island ▁in ▁Man ila ▁Bay . ▁After wards , ▁K uma ▁remained ▁on ▁pat rol ▁at ▁Man ila ▁until ▁ 1 2 ▁August ▁ 1 9 4 2 . ▁ ▁Dutch ▁East ▁Ind ies ▁and ▁New ▁Guinea ▁campaign s ▁After |
▁a ▁ref it ▁at ▁K ure ▁Naval ▁Ar sen al ▁in ▁September , ▁K uma ▁returned ▁to ▁Man ila ▁on ▁ 2 0 ▁September ▁ 1 9 4 2 ▁and ▁was ▁re ass igned ▁to ▁Vice ▁Admir al ▁Sh ir ō ▁Tak as u ' s ▁Second ▁Southern ▁Ex ped ition ary ▁Fle et ▁( D utch ▁East ▁Ind ies ▁Force ). ▁She ▁was ▁sent ▁to ▁Hong ▁Kong ▁to ▁emb ark ▁troops ▁of ▁the ▁ 3 8 th ▁Infantry ▁Division , ▁which ▁she ▁dis emb ark ed ▁at ▁R aba ul , ▁New ▁Britain ▁on ▁ 1 0 ▁October . ▁K uma ▁then ▁proceeded ▁to ▁Mak ass ar , ▁C ele bes ▁where ▁she ▁began ▁pat rol s ▁under ▁the ▁command ▁of ▁Captain ▁Ich iro ▁Y ok oy ama , ▁with ▁occas ional ▁emb ark ation ▁of ▁rein for c ements ▁for ▁R aba ul , ▁Ka im ana , ▁New ▁Guinea ▁and ▁Kab ui , ▁New ▁Guinea ▁until ▁ 1 3 ▁April ▁ 1 9 4 3 . ▁ ▁From ▁late ▁April ▁through ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁May ▁ 1 9 4 3 , ▁K uma ▁was ▁ref itted ▁at ▁the ▁Se let ar ▁Naval ▁Base ▁Singapore , ▁and ▁afterwards ▁res umed ▁pat rol s ▁around ▁the ▁Dutch ▁East ▁Ind ies ▁to ▁ 2 3 ▁June . ▁ ▁On ▁ 2 3 ▁June ▁ 1 9 4 3 , ▁while ▁at ▁Mak ass ar ▁with ▁Cru Div ▁ 1 6 ' s ▁, ▁, ▁and ▁, ▁K uma ▁was ▁attacked ▁by ▁sevent een |
▁Cons olid ated ▁A ircraft ▁B - 2 4 ▁Liber ator ▁bom bers ▁of ▁the ▁ 3 1 9 th ▁Squadron / 9 0 th ▁Bomb ▁Group ▁( H ) ▁of ▁the ▁ 5 th ▁Air ▁Force . ▁All ▁four ▁light ▁cru is ers ▁were ▁str add led ▁by ▁near - miss es , ▁but ▁suffered ▁only ▁slight ▁damage . ▁ ▁On ▁ 2 4 ▁June ▁ 1 9 4 3 , ▁Cru Div ▁ 1 6 ' s ▁flag ▁was ▁transferred ▁from ▁K inu ▁to ▁K uma . ▁Both ▁cru is ers ▁then ▁depart ed ▁Mak ass ar ▁for ▁pat rol s ▁around ▁the ▁Dutch ▁East ▁Ind ies ▁until ▁ 2 3 ▁October . ▁From ▁ 1 ▁November , ▁K uma ▁was ▁ref it ▁in ▁Singapore . ▁Her ▁No . ▁ 5 ▁ 1 4 0 - mm ▁gun ▁was ▁removed ▁as ▁were ▁her ▁aircraft ▁cat ap ult ▁and ▁der rick . ▁Two ▁triple ▁mount ▁Type ▁ 9 6 ▁ 2 5 - mm ▁AA ▁guns ▁were ▁fitted . ▁This ▁brought ▁the ▁total ▁number ▁of ▁K um as ▁ 2 5 - mm ▁AA ▁guns ▁to ▁ten ▁bar rel s ▁( 2 x 3 , ▁ 2 x 2 ). ▁Re fit ▁was ▁completed ▁by ▁ 1 2 ▁November , ▁and ▁pat rol s / transport ▁runs ▁around ▁the ▁Dutch ▁East ▁Ind ies ▁res umed , ▁extending ▁occasionally ▁to ▁Port ▁Bla ir , ▁And aman ▁Islands , ▁Pen ang , ▁Mer gui , ▁Bur ma ▁through ▁ 9 ▁January ▁ 1 9 |
4 4 . ▁ ▁On ▁ 1 1 ▁January ▁ 1 9 4 4 , ▁after ▁depart ing ▁from ▁Pen ang ▁with ▁the ▁destroy er ▁ ▁on ▁anti - sub marine ▁war fare ▁exer cis es , ▁K uma ▁was ▁sight ed ▁by ▁Royal ▁Navy ▁sub marine ▁ ▁based ▁out ▁of ▁ ▁Tr in com ale e , ▁C ey lon . ▁Appro xim ately ▁ ▁north west ▁of ▁Pen ang , ▁T ally - H o ▁fired ▁a ▁seven - tor ped o ▁sal vo ▁from ▁. ▁K um as ▁look outs ▁sp otted ▁the ▁tor ped o es ' ▁w akes , ▁and ▁although ▁the ▁rud der ▁was ▁sent ▁hard ▁over , ▁K uma ▁was ▁hit ▁star board ▁a ft ▁by ▁two ▁tor ped o es , ▁setting ▁the ▁ship ▁on ▁fire . ▁K uma ▁s ank ▁by ▁the ▁stern ▁in ▁the ▁vic inity ▁of ▁ ▁det on ating ▁her ▁own ▁depth ▁charges . ▁U ran ami ▁took ▁on ▁surv iv ors , ▁including ▁Captain ▁Sug ino , ▁but ▁ 1 3 8 ▁crew men ▁per ished ▁with ▁the ▁ship . ▁ ▁K uma ▁was ▁removed ▁from ▁the ▁n avy ▁list ▁on ▁ 1 0 ▁March ▁ 1 9 4 4 . ▁ ▁The ▁w reck ▁K um as ▁w reck ▁was ▁discovered ▁in ▁March ▁ 2 0 0 4 ▁by ▁a ▁group ▁of ▁divers ▁including ▁Australian ▁expl orer ▁Kevin ▁Den lay ▁ ▁operating ▁off ▁the ▁research ▁vessel ▁M V ▁Em press , ▁based ▁out ▁of ▁Singapore . ▁The ▁w reck |
▁was ▁found ▁to ▁be ▁on ▁its ▁star board ▁side ▁in ▁ ▁of ▁water , ▁covered ▁in ▁fish ing ▁n ets ▁and ▁sn ag ged ▁fish ing ▁lines . ▁The ▁bridge ▁structure ▁was ▁fairly ▁int act , ▁although ▁half - bur ied ▁in ▁bottom ▁s ilt , ▁and ▁her ▁fun n els ▁had ▁fallen ▁off . ▁The ▁port ▁side ▁wa ist ▁ 5 . 5 - inch ▁gun ▁was ▁basically ▁int act , ▁as ▁were ▁the ▁two ▁on ▁the ▁fore - deck , ▁although ▁the ▁top ▁of ▁the ▁wa ist ▁mount ▁en closure ▁had ▁partially ▁dis integr ated . ▁The ▁circular ▁rot ating ▁base ▁of ▁the ▁forward ▁port ▁tor ped o ▁ra ck ▁was ▁int act , ▁but ▁there ▁were ▁no ▁tor ped o ▁tub es ▁mounted ▁on ▁it . ▁However , ▁the ▁a ft ▁port ▁rot ating ▁tor ped o ▁t ube ▁mount ▁had ▁completely ▁fallen ▁off ▁the ▁ship . ▁The ▁glass ▁in ▁many ▁of ▁the ▁por th oles , ▁especially ▁amid ships , ▁has ▁been ▁m elt ed ▁and ▁f used ▁due ▁to ▁the ▁intensity ▁of ▁the ▁fire ▁that ▁ra ged ▁while ▁the ▁vessel ▁was ▁s inking . ▁The ▁ship ' s ▁stern ▁was ▁missing ▁completely ▁a ft ▁of ▁where ▁the ▁tor ped o es ▁hit ; ▁all ▁that ▁remained ▁was ▁a ▁j ag ged ▁edge , ▁although ▁the ▁out board ▁port ▁prop eller ▁and ▁sh aft ▁were ▁still ▁visible ▁pro tr ud ing ▁from ▁the ▁w reck . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁it ▁was ▁reported ▁that ▁illegal ▁salv |
agers ▁recovered ▁sc rap ▁metal ▁from ▁several ▁ship w re cks , ▁including ▁K uma . ▁Sub sequ ent ▁reports ▁state ▁that ▁the ▁w reck ▁is ▁almost ▁completely ▁gone ▁now . ▁ ▁Notes ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁▁▁ ▁Category : K uma - class ▁cru is ers ▁Category : Sh ips ▁built ▁in ▁Japan ▁Category : 1 9 1 9 ▁ships ▁Category : World ▁War ▁II ▁cru is ers ▁of ▁Japan ▁Category : World ▁War ▁II ▁ship w re cks ▁in ▁the ▁Stra it ▁of ▁Mal ac ca ▁Category : Mar itime ▁inc idents ▁in ▁January ▁ 1 9 4 4 ▁Category : Sh ips ▁s unk ▁by ▁British ▁sub mar ines <0x0A> </s> ▁Ib sen ▁is ▁a ▁Norwegian ▁family ▁of ▁Dan ish ▁extra ction . ▁Its ▁most ▁famous ▁members ▁are ▁play w right ▁Hen rik ▁Ib sen , ▁his ▁son , ▁states man ▁Sig urd ▁Ib sen , ▁and ▁grand son , ▁pione er ▁film ▁director ▁Tan cred ▁Ib sen . ▁Several ▁other ▁family ▁members ▁have ▁been ▁noted ▁artists . ▁ ▁History ▁ ▁The ▁name ▁Ib sen ▁is ▁a ▁" f ro zen " ▁patron ym ic , ▁meaning ▁" son ▁of ▁Ib ." ▁Ib ▁is ▁a ▁Dan ish ▁variant ▁of ▁Jacob . ▁The ▁name ▁became ▁fro zen ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 7 th ▁century , ▁while ▁this ▁practice ▁was ▁only ▁widely ▁adopted ▁in ▁Den mark ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 th ▁century ▁and ▁in ▁Norway ▁from ▁around ▁ 1 9 0 0 . ▁The ▁phenomen on ▁of ▁patron ym ics |
▁becoming ▁fro zen ▁started ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 7 th ▁century ▁in ▁b our ge ois ▁families ▁in ▁Den mark . ▁ ▁The ▁family ' s ▁earliest ▁known ▁ancest or ▁is ▁Ras mus ▁Ib sen ▁( 1 6 3 2 – 1 7 0 3 ), ▁a ▁merchant ▁in ▁Ste ge , ▁Den mark . ▁Ras mus ▁Ib sen ' s ▁son , ▁ship ' s ▁captain ▁and ▁merchant ▁Peter ▁Ib sen ▁( d ied ▁ 1 7 6 5 ), ▁settled ▁in ▁Norway ▁as ▁a ▁burg her ▁of ▁Ber gen . ▁Peter ' s ▁son ▁Hen rik ▁Ib sen ▁( 1 7 2 6 – 1 7 6 5 ) ▁became ▁a ▁ship ' s ▁captain ▁in ▁Ber gen . ▁After ▁his ▁father ▁died ▁early ▁and ▁his ▁mother ▁W en che ▁D ish ington ▁rem ar ried , ▁Hen rik ' s ▁son ▁Hen rik ▁Johan ▁Ib sen ▁( 1 7 6 5 – 1 7 9 7 ) ▁grew ▁up ▁in ▁the ▁household ▁of ▁parish ▁priest ▁Jacob ▁von ▁der ▁Li ppe , ▁his ▁step father . ▁After ▁Hen rik ▁Johan ▁Ib sen , ▁a ▁ship ' s ▁captain ▁and ▁merchant ▁in ▁Sk ien , ▁died ▁at ▁sea ▁outside ▁H es nes , ▁his ▁wid ow ▁Joh anne ▁P les ner ▁rem ar ried ▁to ▁ship ' s ▁captain ▁Ole ▁P aus , ▁and ▁their ▁son ▁Kn ud ▁Ib sen ▁grew ▁up ▁in ▁the ▁P aus ▁household ▁at ▁R ising ▁in ▁G jer pen . ▁Kn ud ▁Ib sen ▁had ▁several ▁half |
▁sib lings , ▁among ▁them ▁judge ▁and ▁Member ▁of ▁Parliament ▁Christian ▁Corn el ius ▁P aus ▁and ▁bank er ▁and ▁ship owner ▁Christopher ▁Bl om ▁P aus . ▁Kn ud ▁Ib sen ▁married ▁the ▁nie ce ▁of ▁his ▁step father , ▁Mar ichen ▁Al ten burg ▁( a ▁daughter ▁of ▁ship owner ▁Johan ▁Andreas ▁Al ten burg ▁and ▁H ede v ig ▁Christ ine ▁P aus ), ▁and ▁became ▁a ▁prominent ▁merchant ▁in ▁Sk ien . ▁Kn ud ▁and ▁Mar ichen ▁Ib sen ▁were ▁the ▁parents ▁of ▁play w right ▁Hen rik ▁Ib sen ▁( mar ried ▁to ▁Su z ann ah ▁Th ores en ), ▁who ▁in ▁turn ▁was ▁the ▁father ▁of ▁Prime ▁Minister ▁Sig urd ▁Ib sen ▁( mar ried ▁to ▁Berg li ot ▁B j ør n son , ▁the ▁only ▁daughter ▁of ▁B j ør n st jer ne ▁B j ør n son ) ▁and ▁grand father ▁of ▁film ▁director ▁Tan cred ▁Ib sen ▁( mar ried ▁to ▁L ille bil ▁K ro hn ), ▁novel ist ▁I rene ▁Ib sen ▁B ille ▁( mar ried ▁to ▁Jos ias ▁B ille ) ▁and ▁Ele on ora ▁Ib sen . ▁Tan cred ' s ▁only ▁child ▁was ▁diplom at ▁Tan cred ▁Ib sen , ▁Jr . ▁ ▁The ▁Ib sen ▁family ▁is ▁becoming ▁ext inct ▁( in ▁the ▁male ▁line ); ▁the ▁last ▁living ▁members ▁( by ▁birth ) ▁are ▁Tan cred ▁Ib sen , ▁Jr .' s ▁two ▁daughters ▁N ora ▁and ▁Hed da ▁Ib sen . ▁There |
▁are ▁however ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁descend ants ▁of ▁the ▁family ▁through ▁female ▁lines , ▁namely ▁descend ants ▁of ▁Hed v ig ▁Ib sen ▁( mar ried ▁St ous land ), ▁I rene ▁Ib sen ▁( mar ried ▁B ille ), ▁N ora ▁Ib sen ▁and ▁Hed da ▁Ib sen . ▁ ▁The ▁Ib sen ▁family ▁in ▁theatre ▁ ▁Hen rik ▁Ib sen ' s ▁ancest ry ▁has ▁been ▁a ▁much ▁studied ▁subject , ▁due ▁to ▁his ▁perce ived ▁foreign ness ▁( leading ▁his ▁bi ograph er ▁Hen rik ▁J æ ger ▁to ▁fam ously ▁state ▁that ▁" the ▁ancest ral ▁Ib sen ▁was ▁a ▁D ane ") ▁and ▁due ▁to ▁the ▁influence ▁of ▁his ▁bi ography ▁and ▁family ▁on ▁his ▁plays . ▁Ib sen ▁often ▁made ▁references ▁to ▁his ▁family ▁in ▁his ▁plays , ▁sometimes ▁by ▁name , ▁or ▁by ▁mod elling ▁characters ▁after ▁them . ▁Hence , ▁both ▁of ▁Ib sen ' s ▁parents , ▁Kn ud ▁Ib sen ▁and ▁Mar ichen ▁Ib sen , ▁served ▁as ▁the ▁models ▁for ▁various ▁characters , ▁a ▁fact ▁admitted ▁by ▁Hen rik ▁Ib sen . ▁" J on ▁G ynt " ▁in ▁Pe er ▁G ynt , ▁" Old ▁Ek d ahl " ▁in ▁The ▁Wild ▁D uck ▁and ▁Daniel ▁He j re ▁in ▁The ▁League ▁of ▁Youth ▁are ▁widely ▁considered ▁to ▁be ▁based ▁on ▁Kn ud ▁Ib sen . ▁Mar ichen ▁Ib sen ▁is ▁considered ▁the ▁model ▁for ▁" Å se " ▁in ▁Pe er ▁G ynt ▁and ▁" In ga ▁of ▁Var te |
ig " ▁in ▁The ▁P ret enders , ▁and ▁she ▁would ▁" echo ▁through ▁her ▁son ' s ▁work ▁in ▁un rem itting ▁port ray als ▁of ▁suffering ▁women ." ▁More ▁broad ly , ▁Ib sen ▁used ▁his ▁own ▁bi ography , ▁relatives ▁and ▁ancest ors ▁as ▁a ▁background ▁for ▁his ▁plays ▁and ▁characters . ▁The ▁G ynt ▁family ' s ▁prosper ous ▁ancest or , ▁Ras mus ▁G ynt , ▁is ▁probably ▁named ▁for ▁Ras mus ▁Ib sen , ▁the ▁oldest ▁known ▁Ib sen , ▁and ▁model led ▁after ▁Ib sen ' s ▁wealth y ▁mat ernal ▁grand father , ▁Johan ▁Andreas ▁Al ten burg . ▁Ib sen ' s ▁great - a unt ▁Krist ine ▁C ath r ine ▁Pl oug ▁( née ▁Al ten burg ), ▁who ▁lived ▁with ▁the ▁Ib sen ▁family , ▁served ▁as ▁the ▁model ▁for ▁characters ▁such ▁as ▁" The ▁Rat - W ife " ▁in ▁Little ▁E y olf . ▁The ▁character ▁" H ed v ig " ▁in ▁The ▁Wild ▁D uck ▁is ▁named ▁for ▁Ib sen ' s ▁sister ▁Hed v ig ▁Ib sen ▁and / or ▁his ▁grand m other ▁H ede v ig ▁P aus . ▁Ib sen ' s ▁plays ▁often ▁take ▁place ▁in ▁b our ge ois ▁circles ▁in ▁small ▁towns ▁rem in is cent ▁of ▁Sk ien , ▁res emb ling ▁the ▁social ▁environment ▁of ▁his ▁child hood . ▁ ▁M embers ▁ ▁Ras mus ▁Ib sen ▁( 1 6 3 2 – 1 7 0 3 ), |
▁a ▁ship ' s ▁captain ▁from ▁Ste ge , ▁Den mark . ▁P eder ▁R asm ussen ▁Ib sen ▁( d ied ▁ 1 7 6 5 ), ▁ship ' s ▁captain ▁and ▁merchant , ▁settled ▁in ▁Ber gen ▁where ▁he ▁became ▁a ▁burg her . ▁Hen rik ▁Ib sen ▁( 1 7 2 6 – 1 7 6 5 ), ▁merchant ▁in ▁Sk ien , ▁who ▁married ▁W en che ▁D ish ington ▁( 1 7 3 8 – 1 7 8 0 ). ▁After ▁Ib sen ' s ▁death , ▁W en che ▁married ▁parish ▁priest ▁Jacob ▁von ▁der ▁Li ppe ▁( 1 7 3 2 – 1 8 0 4 ) ▁Hen rich ▁Ib sen ▁( 1 7 6 5 – 1 7 9 7 ), ▁ship ' s ▁captain ▁and ▁merchant ▁in ▁Sk ien , ▁who ▁married ▁Joh anne ▁P les ner ▁( 1 7 7 0 – 1 8 4 7 ). ▁Hen rich ▁Ib sen ▁died ▁at ▁sea ▁in ▁ 1 7 9 7 , ▁and ▁Joh anne ▁married ▁ship owner ▁Ole ▁P aus ▁( 1 7 7 6 – 1 8 5 5 ). ▁Kn ud ▁Ib sen ▁( 1 7 9 7 – 1 8 7 7 ), ▁merchant ▁in ▁Sk ien ▁until ▁his ▁bank rupt cy ▁in ▁ 1 8 3 5 , ▁who ▁married ▁Mar ichen ▁Al ten burg ▁( 1 7 9 9 – 1 8 6 9 ). ▁Johan ▁Al ten burg ▁Ib sen ▁( 1 8 2 6 – 1 |
8 2 8 ) ▁Hen rik ▁Ib sen ▁( 1 8 2 8 – 1 9 0 6 ), ▁play w right , ▁who ▁married ▁Su z ann ah ▁Th ores en ▁( 1 8 3 6 – 1 9 1 4 ) ▁Sig urd ▁Ib sen ▁( 1 8 5 9 – 1 9 3 0 ), ▁Prime ▁Minister ▁of ▁Norway , ▁who ▁married ▁Berg li ot ▁B j ør n son ▁( 1 8 6 9 – 1 9 5 3 ) ▁Tan cred ▁Ib sen ▁( 1 8 9 3 – 1 9 7 8 ), ▁film ▁director , ▁who ▁married ▁L ille bil ▁K ro hn ▁( 1 8 9 9 – 1 9 8 9 ) ▁Tan cred ▁Ib sen , ▁Jr . ▁( born ▁ 1 9 2 1 ), ▁Amb assador , ▁married ▁Ell in or ▁( b . ▁ 1 9 2 2 ) ▁N ora ▁Berg li ot ▁Ib sen ▁( born ▁ 1 9 5 1 ), ▁theatre ▁director , ▁has ▁issue ▁Hed da ▁Soph ie ▁Y v onne ▁Ib sen ▁( born ▁ 1 9 5 6 ), ▁has ▁issue ▁I rene ▁Ib sen ▁( 1 9 0 1 – 1 9 8 5 ), ▁author , ▁who ▁married ▁Jos ias ▁B ille , ▁had ▁issue ▁( including ▁sons ▁Anders ▁B ille ▁( 1 9 4 0 - 2 0 1 1 ) ▁( gr ands ons : ▁Ste en ▁Ol uf ▁B ille ▁and ▁Ber nt ▁I var ▁B ille ) |
▁and ▁Jo en ▁B ille ▁( b . ▁ 1 9 4 4 ) ▁( grand d augh ter ▁Be ate ▁B ille ▁and ▁grand son ▁Johan ▁P eder ▁B ille ) ▁Ele on ora ▁Ib sen ▁( 1 9 0 6 – 1 9 7 8 ) ▁Johan ▁Andreas ▁Ib sen ▁( born ▁ 1 8 3 0 ), ▁em igr ated ▁to ▁the ▁US ▁in ▁ 1 8 4 9 . ▁According ▁to ▁a ▁letter ▁he ▁sent ▁home ▁in ▁ 1 8 6 0 , ▁he ▁settled ▁in ▁O conom ow oc , ▁Wisconsin . ▁Where about s ▁since ▁unknown , ▁no ▁known ▁issue . ▁Hed v ig ▁Ib sen ▁( 1 8 3 1 – 1 9 2 0 ), ▁married ▁ship ' s ▁captain ▁Jacob ▁St ous land , ▁had ▁issue ▁( including ▁son ▁Carl ▁St ous land ) ▁Nicol ai ▁Alexander ▁Ib sen ▁( 1 8 3 4 – 1 8 8 8 ), ▁un mar ried , ▁phys ically ▁disabled ▁after ▁his ▁n anny ▁dropped ▁him ▁to ▁the ▁floor , ▁em igr ated ▁to ▁the ▁US ▁in ▁the ▁late ▁ 1 8 6 0 s , ▁lived ▁in ▁Est her ville , ▁Iowa . ▁Ole ▁P aus ▁Ib sen ▁( 1 8 3 5 – 1 9 1 7 ), ▁married ▁Anne ▁Mart he ▁Bo yes en ▁and ▁Jen ny ▁My hre , ▁no ▁issue . ▁ ▁Il leg it imate ▁descend ants ▁of ▁Hen rik ▁Ib sen ▁As ▁leg ally ▁established , ▁Hen rik ▁Ib sen |
▁also ▁had ▁an ▁il leg it imate ▁son ▁by ▁the ▁ma id ▁Else ▁Soph ie ▁B irk ed alen ▁( 1 8 1 8 – 1 8 9 2 ), ▁named ▁Hans ▁Jacob ▁Henri ks en ▁( B irk ed alen ) ▁( 1 8 4 6 – 1 9 1 6 ) ▁( Hen ri ks en ▁is ▁an ▁active ▁patron ym ic , ▁meaning ▁" son ▁of ▁Hen rik ▁[ I b sen ] ", ▁as ▁opposed ▁to ▁the ▁" f ro zen " ▁patron ym ic ▁Ib sen ). ▁Hans ▁Jacob ▁Henri ks en ▁was ▁a ▁black sm ith ▁and ▁married ▁three ▁times , ▁to ▁Math ilde ▁Andreas d atter ▁( 1 8 5 1 – 1 8 8 1 ), ▁Tr ine ▁Marie ▁Gun val d sen ▁( d ied ▁ 1 8 8 2 ) ▁and ▁I da ▁G ur ine ▁O ls d atter ▁( d ied ▁ 1 9 3 8 ). ▁He ▁was ▁the ▁father ▁of ▁eight ▁children , ▁including ▁J ens ▁Hans en ▁B irk ed alen ▁( 1 8 7 6 – 1 8 9 5 ), ▁who ▁was ▁a ▁ship ' s ▁cook ▁at ▁the ▁sch oon er ▁" Jose f ▁af ▁L illes and ", ▁and ▁who ▁died ▁at ▁a ▁hospital ▁in ▁L ø g st ør , ▁Den mark ▁Ole ▁Hans en ▁B irk ed alen ▁( 1 8 8 4 – 1 8 8 4 ), ▁died ▁as ▁an ▁infant ▁Is ak ▁Hans en ▁B irk ed alen ▁( |
1 8 8 5 – 1 8 8 8 ), ▁died ▁as ▁an ▁infant ▁Inga ▁Hans ine ▁Hans d atter ▁B irk ed alen ▁( 1 8 8 8 – 1 9 0 4 ) ▁G unda ▁El ise ▁Hans d atter ▁B irk ed alen ▁( 1 8 9 2 – 1 8 9 6 ) ▁Jen ny ▁Hans d atter ▁B irk ed alen ▁( 1 8 9 5 – 1 9 2 2 ) ▁Hen rik ▁Ib sen ▁had ▁no ▁contact ▁with ▁his ▁il leg it imate ▁son ▁or ▁grand children , ▁who ▁lived ▁in ▁relatively ▁hum ble ▁conditions . ▁Most ▁of ▁the ▁grand children ▁died ▁as ▁children , ▁and ▁neither ▁of ▁them ▁had ▁descend ants . ▁Even ▁if ▁they ▁were ▁male ▁line ▁descend ants ▁of ▁the ▁Ib sen ▁family , ▁they ▁were ▁not ▁entitled ▁to ▁use ▁the ▁family ▁name ▁Ib sen ▁under ▁the ▁law ▁of ▁the ▁time , ▁were ▁hence ▁leg ally ▁not ▁considered ▁members ▁of ▁the ▁Ib sen ▁family , ▁and ▁had ▁no ▁inheritance ▁rights . ▁Hen rik ▁Ib sen ▁was ▁however ▁obliged ▁to ▁pay ▁for ▁the ▁up br ing ing ▁of ▁his ▁son ▁until ▁he ▁was ▁ 1 4 ▁years ▁old . ▁After ▁receiving ▁a ▁letter ▁from ▁Gr im stad ' s ▁judge ▁Johan ▁Cas par ▁Pre us ▁on ▁the ▁pat ern ity ▁of ▁the ▁child , ▁Hen rik ▁Ib sen ▁acknowled ged ▁the ▁pat ern ity ▁in ▁a ▁reply ▁letter ▁of ▁ 7 ▁December ▁ 1 8 4 6 , ▁as ▁" I ▁unfortunately ▁have ▁had |
▁sexual ▁inter course ▁with ▁her ." ▁ ▁Foot notes ▁ ▁Liter ature ▁Johan ▁Ki ell and ▁Berg witz , ▁Hen rik ▁Ib sen ▁i ▁sin ▁av st am ning : ▁nor sk ▁eller ▁f rem med ?, ▁Gy ld end al ▁Nor sk ▁For lag , ▁ 1 9 1 6 ▁Hen rik ▁J æ ger , ▁Hen rik ▁Ib sen , ▁ 1 8 2 8 - 1 8 8 8 : ▁A ▁Crit ical ▁Biography , ▁A . C . Mc Cl urg , ▁ 1 8 9 0 ▁( 1 8 8 8 ) ▁H ø g vol l , ▁Ar vid ; ▁B ær land , ▁Ruth ▁( 1 9 9 6 ). ▁Hen rik ▁Ib sen : ▁her reg år der , ▁kam mer her rer , ▁god se iere ▁og ▁propriet æ rer ▁: ▁bro k ker ▁av ▁en ▁sle kt sh istor ie , ▁N ome ▁Ant ik vari at ▁ ▁Category : I b sen ▁family ▁Category : N or weg ian ▁people ▁of ▁Dan ish ▁descent ▁Category : Sk ien <0x0A> </s> ▁Stre pt omy ces ▁euro cid icus ▁is ▁a ▁b acter ium ▁species ▁from ▁the ▁genus ▁of ▁Stre pt omy ces . ▁Stre pt omy ces ▁euro cid icus ▁produces ▁az om yc in , ▁euro cid in ▁C , ▁euro cid in ▁D , ▁euro cid in ▁E , ▁t ert iom yc ine ▁A , ▁ 2 - nit ro im id az ole ▁and ▁t ert iom yc ine |
▁B . ▁ ▁Further ▁reading ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁▁ ▁List ▁of ▁Stre pt omy ces ▁species ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁Type ▁stra in ▁of ▁Stre pt omy ces ▁euro cid icus ▁at ▁Bac D ive ▁- ▁ ▁the ▁B acter ial ▁D iversity ▁Met ad atabase ▁ ▁euro cid icus ▁Category : B acter ia ▁described ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 1 <0x0A> </s> ▁Roman es que ▁architecture ▁in ▁Spain ▁is ▁the ▁architect ural ▁style ▁reflect ive ▁of ▁Roman es que ▁architecture , ▁with ▁peculiar ▁influ ences ▁both ▁from ▁architect ural ▁styles ▁outside ▁the ▁I ber ian ▁pen ins ula ▁via ▁Italy ▁and ▁France ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁traditional ▁architect ural ▁patterns ▁from ▁within ▁the ▁pen ins ula . ▁Roman es que ▁architecture ▁was ▁developed ▁in ▁and ▁propag ated ▁throughout ▁Europe ▁for ▁more ▁than ▁two ▁centuries , ▁r anging ▁approximately ▁from ▁the ▁late ▁t enth ▁century ▁until ▁well ▁into ▁the ▁th ir teenth ▁century . ▁ ▁During ▁the ▁e ighth ▁century , ▁though ▁Carol ing ian ▁Renaissance ▁extended ▁its ▁influence ▁to ▁Christian ▁Western ▁Europe , ▁Christian ▁Spain ▁remained ▁attached ▁to ▁the ▁traditional ▁His p ano - R oman ▁and ▁Goth ic ▁culture , ▁without ▁being ▁influenced ▁by ▁European ▁cultural ▁movements , ▁until ▁the ▁arrival ▁of ▁the ▁Roman es que . ▁ ▁Roman es que ▁architecture ▁spread ▁throughout ▁the ▁entire ▁northern ▁half ▁of ▁Spain , ▁reaching ▁as ▁far ▁as ▁the ▁Tag us ▁river , ▁at ▁the ▁height ▁of ▁the ▁Re con qu ista ▁and ▁Rep ob la ción , ▁movements ▁which ▁greatly ▁fav oured |
▁the ▁Roman es que ▁development . ▁The ▁First ▁Roman es que ▁style ▁spread ▁from ▁Lomb ard y ▁to ▁the ▁Catal an ▁region ▁via ▁the ▁Mar ca ▁His p án ica , ▁where ▁it ▁was ▁developed ▁and ▁from ▁where ▁it ▁spread ▁to ▁the ▁rest ▁of ▁the ▁pen ins ula ▁with ▁the ▁help ▁of ▁the ▁Cam ino ▁de ▁Santiago ▁and ▁the ▁Bened ict ine ▁monaster ies . ▁Its ▁mark ▁was ▁left ▁especially ▁on ▁religious ▁buildings ▁( e . g . ▁c athed r als , ▁churches , ▁monaster ies , ▁clo ister s , ▁chap els ) ▁which ▁have ▁surv ived ▁into ▁the ▁twenty - first ▁century , ▁some ▁better ▁preserved ▁than ▁others . ▁Civil ▁monuments ▁( brid ges , ▁pal aces , ▁cast les , ▁walls ▁and ▁to wers ) ▁were ▁also ▁built ▁in ▁this ▁style , ▁although ▁few ▁have ▁surv ived . ▁ ▁Background ▁and ▁historical ▁context ▁ ▁The ▁Roman es que ▁period ▁corresponds ▁to ▁a ▁time ▁when ▁Christian ity ▁was ▁more ▁secure ▁and ▁optim istic . ▁Europe ▁had ▁seen , ▁in ▁the ▁preceding ▁centuries , ▁the ▁decl ine ▁of ▁the ▁Carol ing ian ▁splend our ▁and ▁had ▁under g one ▁Norman ▁and ▁Hung arian ▁invas ions ▁( the ▁Hung ari ans ▁reached ▁as ▁far ▁as ▁Burg und y ) ▁that ▁resulted ▁in ▁the ▁destruction ▁of ▁many ▁of ▁the ▁pen ins ula ' s ▁monaster ies . ▁In ▁Spain ▁the ▁Al man zor ▁campaign s ▁were ▁dis astr ous , ▁also ▁raz ing ▁and ▁destroy ing ▁many ▁of ▁the ▁monaster ies ▁and ▁small |
▁churches . ▁ ▁Tow ards ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁t enth ▁century , ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁stabil izing ▁events ▁restored ▁some ▁balance ▁and ▁tran qu ill ity ▁in ▁Europe , ▁greatly ▁eas ing ▁the ▁political ▁situation ▁and ▁life ▁in ▁Christ end om . ▁The ▁main ▁forces ▁that ▁emer ged ▁were ▁the ▁Ott om ans ▁and ▁the ▁Holy ▁Roman ▁Empire , ▁including ▁the ▁po pe , ▁whose ▁power ▁became ▁universal ▁and ▁who ▁had ▁the ▁power ▁in ▁Rome ▁to ▁crown ▁em per ors . ▁In ▁Spain ▁the ▁Christian ▁k ings ▁were ▁well ▁under way ▁with ▁the ▁Re con qu ista , ▁signing ▁p act s ▁and ▁coh ab itation ▁char ters ▁with ▁the ▁Muslim ▁k ings . ▁Within ▁this ▁context ▁an ▁organiz ational ▁spirit ▁emer ged ▁throughout ▁Christ end om ▁with ▁the ▁mon ks ▁from ▁Cl un y . ▁Mon aster ies ▁and ▁churches ▁were ▁built ▁during ▁these ▁years ▁and ▁architecture ▁was ▁ge ared ▁towards ▁more ▁dur able ▁structures ▁to ▁with stand ▁future ▁attack ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁fire ▁and ▁natural ▁dis aster s . ▁The ▁use ▁of ▁a ▁v ault ▁instead ▁of ▁a ▁wood ▁covering ▁spread ▁throughout ▁Europe . ▁ ▁Additionally ▁communic ations ▁were ▁re - est ab lished ▁and ▁there ▁was ▁rapp ro ch ement ▁between ▁various ▁European ▁monarch s ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁restored ▁relations ▁with ▁By z ant ium . ▁The ▁Roman ▁legacy ▁of ▁roads ▁and ▁high ways ▁allowed ▁better ▁communication ▁between ▁the ▁numerous ▁monaster ies ▁and ▁facil itated ▁pil gr images ▁to ▁the ▁holy ▁places ▁or ▁small ▁enc la ves ▁of ▁popular |
▁dev otion . ▁As ▁a ▁result , ▁commerce ▁was ▁increased ▁and ▁the ▁movement ▁of ▁people ▁dis sem in ated ▁new ▁l ifest yles , ▁among ▁which ▁was ▁the ▁Roman es que ▁style . ▁S hr ines , ▁c athed r als , ▁and ▁others , ▁were ▁built ▁in ▁the ▁Roman es que ▁style ▁over ▁nearly ▁two ▁and ▁a ▁half ▁centuries . ▁ ▁Art ists ▁and ▁profession als ▁In ▁the ▁Middle ▁A ges , ▁the ▁concept ▁of ▁" arch itect " ▁– ▁as ▁understood ▁amongst ▁the ▁Rom ans ▁– ▁fell ▁out ▁of ▁use , ▁giving ▁way ▁to ▁a ▁social ▁change . ▁The ▁duties ▁of ▁the ▁former ▁architect ▁came ▁to ▁rest ▁on ▁the ▁master ▁builder . ▁This ▁was ▁an ▁artist ▁who , ▁in ▁most ▁cases , ▁took ▁part ▁in ▁the ▁actual ▁construction ▁along ▁with ▁the ▁team ▁of ▁workers ▁which ▁he ▁had ▁under ▁his ▁command . ▁The ▁master ▁builder ▁was ▁the ▁one ▁who ▁o vers aw ▁the ▁ed ifice ▁( as ▁the ▁ancient ▁architect ▁did ), ▁but ▁at ▁the ▁same ▁time ▁could ▁also ▁be ▁a ▁craft s man , ▁a ▁sculpt or , ▁a ▁car p enter ▁or ▁stone c utter . ▁This ▁person ▁was ▁usually ▁educated ▁in ▁monaster ies ▁or ▁groups ▁of ▁union ized ▁m ason ic ▁lod ges . ▁Many ▁of ▁these ▁master ▁build ers ▁were ▁the ▁design ers ▁of ▁g orge ous ▁port als ▁or ▁port icos , ▁such ▁as ▁the ▁one ▁at ▁the ▁Santiago ▁de ▁Com post ela ▁C athedral ▁made ▁by ▁Master ▁Mate o , ▁the ▁port ico ▁of ▁the ▁N |
og al ▁de ▁las ▁Hu ert as ▁in ▁Pal encia , ▁by ▁Master ▁Jim eno , ▁or ▁the ▁north ▁portal ▁of ▁the ▁San ▁Salvador ▁de ▁E je a ▁de ▁los ▁Cab all eros ▁Church ▁( in ▁Zar ago za ▁province ) ▁by ▁Master ▁Ag ü ero . ▁ ▁All ▁Roman es que ▁architect ural ▁work ▁was ▁made ▁up ▁of ▁the ▁director ▁( master ▁builder ), ▁a ▁for eman ▁in ▁charge ▁of ▁a ▁large ▁group ▁forming ▁work sh ops ▁of ▁stone cut ters , ▁mas ons , ▁sculpt ors , ▁glass m akers , ▁car pent ers , ▁pain ters ▁and ▁many ▁other ▁tr ades ▁or ▁special ties , ▁who ▁moved ▁from ▁one ▁place ▁to ▁another . ▁These ▁cre ws ▁formed ▁work sh ops ▁from ▁which ▁local ▁master s ▁often ▁emer ged , ▁who ▁were ▁able ▁to ▁raise ▁rural ▁churches . ▁In ▁this ▁set ▁we ▁must ▁not ▁forget ▁the ▁most ▁important ▁figure , ▁the ▁patron ▁or ▁developer , ▁without ▁whom ▁the ▁work ▁would ▁not ▁be ▁completed . ▁ ▁From ▁documents ▁that ▁have ▁surv ived ▁in ▁Spain ▁about ▁works ▁contract s , ▁lit ig ation ▁and ▁other ▁issues , ▁it ▁is ▁known ▁that ▁a ▁house ▁or ▁living ▁accommod ation ▁was ▁allocated ▁in ▁the ▁c athed r als ▁for ▁the ▁master ▁and ▁his ▁family . ▁There ▁are ▁lit ig ation ▁documents ▁that ▁speak ▁of ▁the ▁problems ▁of ▁the ▁wid ow ▁of ▁a ▁master , ▁where ▁she ▁claimed ▁for ▁herself ▁and ▁her ▁family ▁a ▁house ▁for ▁life . ▁In ▁some ▁cases , ▁this ▁issue ▁presented ▁a ▁real |
▁conflict ▁as ▁the ▁subsequent ▁master ▁of ▁the ▁building ▁would ▁also ▁need ▁to ▁occup y ▁the ▁house . ▁ ▁The ▁master ▁build ers ▁frequently ▁had ▁to ▁commit ▁themselves ▁for ▁a ▁lifetime ▁if ▁the ▁work ▁were ▁long - term , ▁as ▁was ▁the ▁case ▁of ▁Master ▁Mate o ▁with ▁the ▁construction ▁of ▁the ▁Santiago ▁de ▁Com post ela ▁C athedral ▁or ▁Master ▁Ram on ▁L l amb ard ▁( or ▁Ra im undo ▁Lamb ardo ) ▁with ▁the ▁Santa ▁Maria ▁de ▁Ur gel ▁C athedral . ▁There ▁was ▁a ▁provision ▁in ▁the ▁contract s ▁requiring ▁that ▁master s ▁always ▁provide : ▁their ▁daily ▁presence ▁on ▁site ▁and ▁strict ▁control ▁of ▁workers ▁and ▁of ▁the ▁progress ▁of ▁the ▁building . ▁ ▁A ▁work ▁house ▁was ▁also ▁always ▁built ▁for ▁the ▁prepar ation ▁of ▁materials ▁and ▁car ving ▁of ▁the ▁stone . ▁Many ▁four teenth - century ▁documents ▁speak ▁of ▁this ▁house : ▁La ▁obra ▁de ▁ig lesia ▁de ▁Burg os ▁que ▁há ▁un as ▁cas as ▁cerca ▁de ▁la ▁dich a ▁ig lesia ▁en ▁que ▁tienen ▁todas ▁las ▁cos as ▁que ▁son ▁men ester ▁para ▁la ▁dich a ▁obra ; ▁e ▁los ▁lib ros ▁de ▁las ▁cu ent as ▁é ▁todas ▁las ▁otras ▁her ram ient as ▁con ▁que ▁lab ran ▁los ▁ma est ros ▁en ▁la ▁dich a ▁obra . ▁( The ▁construction ▁of ▁the ▁Burg os ▁church ▁that ▁has ▁some ▁houses ▁near ▁the ▁said ▁church ▁in ▁which ▁they ▁have ▁all ▁the ▁things ▁that ▁are ▁necessary ▁for ▁said ▁work ; ▁and ▁the ▁books ▁of ▁the |
▁accounts ▁and ▁all ▁other ▁tools ▁with ▁which ▁the ▁master s ▁labour ▁in ▁the ▁said ▁work .) ▁ ▁St on em asons ▁ ▁St on em asons ▁formed ▁the ▁bulk ▁of ▁workers ▁in ▁the ▁ere ction ▁of ▁the ▁building . ▁The ▁number ▁of ▁stone cut ters ▁could ▁vary ▁depending ▁on ▁the ▁local ▁economy . ▁Some ▁of ▁these ▁numbers ▁are ▁known , ▁such ▁as ▁the ▁Old ▁C athedral ▁of ▁Sal aman ca , ▁which ▁employed ▁between ▁ 2 5 ▁and ▁ 3 0 . ▁A ym er ic ▁P ica ud ▁in ▁his ▁Code x ▁C ali xt inus ▁provides ▁data ▁that : ▁ ▁[...] ▁with ▁about ▁ 5 0 ▁other ▁st on em asons ▁who ▁worked ▁there ▁regularly , ▁under ▁the ▁car ing ▁direction ▁of ▁Don ▁W ic arto ▁( con ▁aproxim adamente ▁otros ▁ 5 0 ▁can ter os ▁que ▁all í ▁trabaj aban ▁as id u amente , ▁bajo ▁la ▁sol í cita ▁dire cción ▁de ▁don ▁W ic arto )[ ...] ▁ ▁These ▁mas ons ▁and ▁other ▁workers ▁were ▁ex empt ed ▁from ▁pay ing ▁tax es . ▁They ▁were ▁separated ▁in ▁two ▁groups ▁depending ▁on ▁their ▁special ization . ▁The ▁first ▁group ▁those ▁who ▁were ▁engaged ▁in ▁a ▁special ▁high - quality ▁work ▁( gen u ine ▁sculpt ing ▁artists ) ▁and ▁who ▁worked ▁at ▁their ▁own ▁pace , ▁leaving ▁their ▁completed ▁work ▁at ▁the ▁site ▁to ▁be ▁later ▁placed ▁on ▁the ▁building . ▁The ▁second ▁group ▁were ▁permanent ▁employees , ▁who ▁raised ▁buildings ▁stone ▁upon ▁stone ▁and ▁put ▁in |
▁place ▁those ▁quality ▁pieces ▁or ▁car ved ▁relief s ▁done ▁by ▁the ▁first ▁group ▁at ▁the ▁right ▁time . ▁This ▁way ▁of ▁working ▁could ▁lead ▁to ▁a ▁time ▁lag ▁in ▁the ▁pieces ▁being ▁placed ▁some ▁time ▁after ▁being ▁created , ▁a ▁lag ▁in ▁many ▁cases ▁which ▁has ▁become ▁a ▁big ▁problem ▁for ▁histor ians ▁in ▁d ating ▁the ▁building . ▁ ▁There ▁was ▁also ▁a ▁group ▁of ▁un sk illed ▁labour ers ▁who ▁worked ▁wherever ▁there ▁was ▁a ▁need . ▁In ▁many ▁cases ▁these ▁people ▁offered ▁their ▁work ▁or ▁skill ▁as ▁an ▁act ▁of ▁mer cy ▁because ▁as ▁Christians ▁they ▁were ▁willing ▁to ▁collabor ate ▁on ▁a ▁great ▁work ▁dedicated ▁to ▁their ▁God . ▁In ▁any ▁case ▁they ▁received ▁a ▁rem un er ation ▁that ▁was ▁either ▁by ▁the ▁day ▁or ▁per ▁piece . ▁In ▁documents ▁many ▁names ▁appear ▁on ▁lists ▁of ▁daily ▁w ages ▁so ▁this ▁act ▁was ▁not ▁arbitrary ▁but ▁rather ▁well ▁reg ulated . ▁ ▁Among ▁the ▁C ister ci ans ▁they ▁became ▁known ▁as ▁cu adr illas ▁de ▁p onte adores ▁( sc oring ▁cre ws ), ▁made ▁up ▁of ▁lay men ▁or ▁mon ks ▁who ▁moved ▁from ▁one ▁county ▁to ▁another , ▁always ▁under ▁the ▁direction ▁of ▁a ▁professional ▁mon k , ▁whose ▁job ▁it ▁was ▁to ▁p ave ▁grounds , ▁build ▁roads , ▁or ▁build ▁brid ges . ▁ ▁An onym ity ▁and ▁artists ' ▁sign atures ▁ ▁Most ▁Roman es que ▁works ▁are ▁anonymous ▁in ▁the ▁sense ▁of ▁lack ing ▁a ▁signature ▁or ▁proof ▁of ▁author |
ship . ▁Even ▁if ▁the ▁work ▁is ▁signed , ▁special ists ▁histor ians ▁sometimes ▁have ▁difficulty ▁distingu ishing ▁whether ▁reference ▁is ▁made ▁to ▁the ▁actual ▁cre ator ▁or ▁the ▁spons or ▁of ▁the ▁work . ▁Sometimes ▁however , ▁the ▁signature ▁is ▁followed ▁or ▁preced ed ▁by ▁an ▁explanation ▁that ▁clar ifies ▁whether ▁it ▁is ▁one ▁or ▁the ▁other ▁person . ▁Arn au ▁Cad ell ▁made ▁it ▁clear ▁on ▁the ▁Sant ▁C ug at ▁capital : ▁This ▁is ▁the ▁image ▁of ▁Arn au ▁Cad ell ▁sculpt or ▁who ▁built ▁this ▁clo ister ▁for ▁poster ity . ▁ ▁he c ▁est ▁ar nal li ▁sculpt oris ▁forma ▁cat elli ▁qui ▁cla ustr um ▁tale ▁constru x it ▁perpet uale ▁▁ ▁Rod r igo ▁Gust io z ▁also ▁wanted ▁to ▁be ▁imm ort al ized ▁for ▁his ▁fund ing ▁of ▁an ▁arch ▁in ▁the ▁Santa ▁Maria ▁de ▁Leb anza : ▁Rod r igo ▁Gust io z ▁made ▁this ▁arc , ▁a ▁man ▁from ▁Val bu ena , ▁soldier , ▁pray ▁for ▁him . ▁is to ▁ar co ▁f ec it rod ric us ▁g ust i ut ▁vir ▁val de bon us ▁mil ite or ate ▁pro ▁il lo ▁▁ ▁This ▁notice ▁by ▁another ▁spons or ▁appears ▁on ▁a ▁capital : ▁El ▁prior ▁Pedro ▁Car o ▁hizo ▁esta ▁ig lesia , ▁casa , ▁cla ust ro ▁y ▁todo ▁lo ▁que ▁aqu í ▁está ▁fund ado ▁en ▁el ▁año ▁ 1 1 8 5 . ▁ ▁Prior ▁Pedro ▁Car o ▁made ▁this ▁church , ▁house , ▁clo |
Subsets and Splits