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ister ▁and ▁everything ▁here ▁was ▁founded ▁in ▁ 1 1 8 5 . ▁ ▁In ▁other ▁cases ▁it ▁is ▁the ▁system atic ▁study ▁of ▁the ▁sculpt ure ▁along ▁with ▁the ▁architecture ▁that ▁has ▁allowed ▁histor ians ▁to ▁draw ▁conclus ions . ▁Thus ▁it ▁is ▁known ▁that ▁in ▁the ▁L le ida ▁C athedral , ▁Pere ▁de ▁Com a ▁served ▁as ▁master ▁builder ▁from ▁ 1 1 9 0 - 1 2 2 0 , ▁but ▁during ▁that ▁period ▁there ▁were ▁also ▁several ▁clearly ▁differenti ated ▁sculpt ure ▁work sh ops . ▁The ▁same ▁study ▁conducted ▁in ▁the ▁Santiago ▁de ▁Com post ela ▁C athedral ▁suggests ▁Master ▁Mate o ▁as ▁the ▁prom oter ▁and ▁director ▁of ▁success ive ▁work sh ops ▁which ▁has ▁aspects ▁performed ▁by ▁different ▁hands ▁but ▁under ▁one ▁coh er ent ▁direction . ▁ ▁The ▁fact ▁that ▁most ▁Roman es que ▁works ▁have ▁remained ▁anonymous ▁has ▁developed ▁the ▁theory ▁that ▁the ▁artist ▁considered ▁that ▁he ▁was ▁not ▁the ▁right ▁person ▁to ▁place ▁his ▁name ▁on ▁works ▁dedicated ▁to ▁God . ▁However , ▁on ▁one ▁hand , ▁the ▁few ▁civil ▁works ▁that ▁remain ▁are ▁not ▁signed ▁either ▁and ▁on ▁the ▁other ▁hand , ▁such ▁a ▁view ▁is ▁counter ed ▁by ▁a ▁long ▁list ▁that ▁could ▁be ▁given ▁of ▁artists ▁who ▁sign ▁their ▁works ▁themselves , ▁among ▁which ▁are : ▁ ▁Ra im undo ▁de ▁Mon for te , ▁which ▁appears ▁in ▁ 1 1 2 9 ▁documents ▁as ▁contract ed ▁to ▁build ▁the ▁L ugo ▁C athedral . ▁Pedro ▁De ust amb |
en , ▁appears ▁on ▁a ▁fun eral ▁ep it aph ▁in ▁San ▁Is id oro ▁de ▁León ▁as ▁builder ▁of ▁the ▁dom es . ▁Ra im undo ▁Lamb ard ▁or ▁Lamb ardo , ▁who ▁worked ▁from ▁ 1 1 7 5 ▁on ▁the ▁Ur g ell ▁C athedral . ▁Masters ▁Bern ardo ▁el ▁Vie jo , ▁Roberto ▁and ▁Est eb an ▁who ▁worked ▁on ▁the ▁Santiago ▁de ▁Com post ela ▁C athedral . ▁Master ▁Pere ▁de ▁Com a , ▁who ▁worked ▁in ▁the ▁late ▁tw elf th ▁century ▁on ▁the ▁L le ida ▁C athedral . ▁Master ▁M ica el is , ▁who ▁worked ▁on ▁several ▁churches ▁and ▁chap els ▁in ▁northern ▁Pal encia , ▁and ▁left ▁his ▁portrait ▁while ▁working ▁on ▁the ▁portal ▁of ▁ ▁in ▁Pal encia . ▁ ▁The ▁list ▁could ▁be ▁extended ▁with ▁many ▁more ▁names ▁which ▁appeared ▁right ▁on ▁the ▁stone ▁itself ▁by ▁way ▁of ▁signature ▁or ▁on ▁proc ure ment ▁documents , ▁as ▁proof ▁that ▁the ▁intended ▁construction ▁was ▁neither ▁prohib ited ▁nor ▁disc ou rag ed . ▁What ▁is ▁difficult ▁to ▁distinguish ▁in ▁many ▁cases ▁is ▁the ▁trade ▁of ▁the ▁person ▁signing ▁as ▁they ▁could ▁either ▁be ▁architect s , ▁special ized ▁st on em asons ▁or ▁sculpt ors ▁of ▁selected ▁pieces . ▁All ▁of ▁them ▁were ▁often ▁called ▁Master ▁and ▁all ▁used ▁his ▁craft ▁during ▁the ▁construction ▁according ▁to ▁the ▁wishes ▁and ▁the ▁mand ate ▁of ▁the ▁prom ot ers ▁and ▁pat rons . ▁ ▁Develop ers ▁and ▁spons ors ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁Roman es |
que ▁world ▁both ▁the ▁prom oter ▁of ▁the ▁works ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁the ▁patron ▁and ▁financi er ▁were ▁the ▁true ▁stars ▁of ▁the ▁architect ural ▁work ▁or ▁the ▁work ▁of ▁art ▁to ▁be ▁created . ▁They ▁are ▁in ▁charge ▁and ▁determine ▁how ▁the ▁work ▁should ▁be ▁done , ▁what ▁should ▁be ▁the ▁characters ▁or ▁the ▁sain ts ▁in ▁sculpt ure ▁and ▁relief s , ▁the ▁geometric ▁dimensions ▁( which ▁then ▁will ▁be ▁the ▁responsibility ▁of ▁the ▁true ▁professional ▁to ▁carry ▁them ▁out ▁with ▁mathematical ▁rig or ) ▁and ▁they ▁encou rage ▁and ▁ex alt ▁the ▁project . ▁The ▁prom ot ers ▁were ▁in ▁charge ▁of ▁h iring ▁and ▁also ▁calling ▁the ▁best ▁artists ▁and ▁architect s ▁who ▁worked ▁with ▁their ▁momentum ▁and ▁enthus ias m . ▁ ▁Es pecially ▁in ▁sculpt ure ▁and ▁painting , ▁the ▁artist ▁was ▁fully ▁submitted ▁to ▁the ▁will ▁of ▁the ▁pat rons ▁and ▁spons ors , ▁without ▁whose ▁inter vention ▁the ▁work ▁would ▁never ▁be ▁done . ▁The ▁Roman es que ▁artist ▁adapted ▁to ▁the ▁will ▁of ▁these ▁people ▁giving ▁the ▁best ▁work ▁of ▁his ▁trade ▁and ▁comp lying ▁with ▁the ▁satisfaction ▁of ▁a ▁job ▁well ▁done ▁without ▁having ▁any ▁desire ▁nor ▁int ending ▁to ▁ac quire ▁world wide ▁fame ▁as ▁he ▁began ▁to ▁develop ▁from ▁the ▁Renaissance . ▁The ▁pride ▁of ▁a ▁job ▁well ▁done ▁and ▁the ▁recognition ▁of ▁his ▁pe ers ▁and ▁patron ▁were ▁the ▁greatest ▁of ▁the ▁awards ▁and ▁so ▁sometimes ▁this ▁pride ▁led ▁them ▁to ▁put ▁it ▁very ▁simply ▁in ▁one ▁of ▁his ▁finished |
▁works . ▁ ▁In ▁Spain , ▁k ings ▁and ▁a ▁minor ity ▁of ▁the ▁nob ility ▁introduced ▁the ▁new ▁Roman es que ▁tr ends ▁early ▁on ▁( which ▁carried ▁with ▁it ▁a ▁Bened ict ine ▁renew al ▁and ▁accept ance ▁of ▁the ▁Roman ▁Lit ur gy ), ▁while ▁another ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁nob ility ▁and ▁most ▁of ▁the ▁b ish ops ▁and ▁mon ks ▁still ▁cl ung ▁to ▁the ▁old ▁ways ▁and ▁the ▁His pan ic ▁lit ur gy . ▁However ▁the ▁Roman es que ▁fully ▁triumph ed ▁and ▁this ▁was ▁mainly ▁due ▁to ▁the ▁pat rons ▁and ▁prom ot ers ▁who ▁carried ▁out ▁great ▁works ▁from ▁which ▁the ▁new ▁style ▁was ▁developed ▁throughout ▁the ▁northern ▁half ▁of ▁the ▁I ber ian ▁Pen ins ula . ▁ ▁Abb ot ▁O lib a ▁was ▁a ▁patron , ▁spons or ▁and ▁huge ▁prom oter ▁of ▁Roman es que ▁art ▁in ▁Catal onia ▁from ▁an ▁early ▁date . ▁In ▁ 1 0 0 8 ▁he ▁was ▁appointed ▁ab bot ▁of ▁the ▁monaster ies ▁in ▁R ip oll ▁and ▁Cu ix á ▁and ▁ten ▁years ▁later ▁he ▁was ▁appointed ▁bishop ▁of ▁V ich . ▁His ▁travel s ▁to ▁Rome ▁( 1 0 1 1 ▁and ▁ 1 0 1 6 ) ▁and ▁his ▁contact ▁with ▁Franco ▁mon astic ism , ▁account ed ▁for ▁his ▁knowledge ▁of ▁the ▁Roman ▁lit ur gy ▁and ▁its ▁introduction ▁into ▁the ▁Catal an ▁Church . ▁The ▁Bened ict ine ▁reform ▁in ▁Cl un y ▁had ▁a ▁considerable ▁impact ▁on ▁Cu ix á |
▁with ▁which ▁O lib a ▁maintained ▁close ▁relations . ▁O lib a ▁adopted ▁Cl un y ' s ▁standards , ▁both ▁in ▁architecture ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁custom s ▁and ▁under ▁his ▁patron age ▁and ▁direction ▁major ▁re forms ▁were ▁carried ▁out , ▁new ▁buildings ▁or ▁in ▁other ▁cases ▁mere ▁extensions ▁to ▁suit ▁the ▁needs ▁of ▁the ▁times . ▁During ▁these ▁initial ▁years ▁Abb ot ▁O lib a ▁endeav ored ▁to ▁be ▁present ▁at ▁consec r ations ▁- ▁meet ings ▁in ▁which ▁discuss ions ▁regarding ▁a ▁particular ▁construction , ▁etc . ▁were ▁held . ▁O lib a , ▁during ▁the ▁period ▁between ▁ 1 0 3 0 ▁and ▁ 1 0 4 0 ▁was ▁the ▁driving ▁force ▁behind ▁important ▁buildings ▁such ▁as : ▁ ▁Church ▁of ▁Sant ▁Vic enç , ▁completely ▁re built . ▁Mont ser rat ▁and ▁Mont bu y ▁Mon aster ies . ▁The ▁R ip oll , ▁Cu ix á , ▁St - Martin - du - Can ig ou ▁and ▁Vic ▁Mon aster ies , ▁the ▁latter ▁of ▁which ▁he ▁was ▁personally ▁and ▁directly ▁involved . ▁Sant ▁Pere ▁de ▁R odes . ▁Gir ona ▁C athedral . ▁ ▁Arch itect ural ▁schools ▁in ▁Spain ▁ ▁In ▁Spain ▁ge ographical ▁schools ▁of ▁architecture ▁such ▁as ▁those ▁in ▁France , ▁are ▁not ▁easily ▁distinguished , ▁because ▁they ▁are ▁usually ▁mixed ▁with ▁other ▁architect ural ▁forms . ▁However , ▁there ▁are ▁a ▁variety ▁of ▁buildings ▁that ▁can ▁be ▁clearly ▁identified , ▁if ▁not ▁entirely ▁but ▁to ▁a ▁large ▁extent , ▁as ▁following ▁the |
▁pattern ▁of ▁these ▁French ▁schools : ▁ ▁The ▁Au ver g ne ▁School ▁seen ▁in ▁the ▁Santiago ▁de ▁Com post ela ▁C athedral ▁and ▁the ▁San ▁Vic ente ▁Bas il ica ▁in ▁Av ila . ▁The ▁Po it ou ▁School , ▁with ▁Santo ▁Dom ingo ▁de ▁S oria ▁and ▁most ▁tw elf th - century ▁Catal an ▁churches , ▁such ▁as ▁Sant ▁Pere ▁de ▁R odes ▁and ▁Sant ▁Pere ▁de ▁Gall ig ants . ▁The ▁P ér ig ord ▁School , ▁examples ▁of ▁which ▁are ▁now ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁transition ▁to ▁the ▁Goth ic , ▁such ▁as ▁the ▁Tor o ▁Colleg iate ▁( except ▁its ▁By z antine - infl uen ced ▁d ome ). ▁ ▁Local ▁variations ▁ ▁Each ▁kingdom , ▁region ▁or ▁ge ographic ▁region ▁of ▁the ▁pen ins ula , ▁and ▁some ▁human ▁events ▁( such ▁as ▁the ▁Cam ino ▁de ▁Santiago ), ▁marked ▁a ▁distinct ive ▁style ▁influenced ▁by ▁the ▁ge ographical ▁environment ▁itself , ▁by ▁tradition , ▁or ▁simply ▁by ▁the ▁gang s ▁of ▁h ired ▁mas ons ▁and ▁build ers ▁who ▁moved ▁from ▁one ▁place ▁to ▁another . ▁As ▁a ▁result , ▁in ▁Roman es que ▁architecture ▁in ▁Spain ▁there ▁are ▁variations ▁such ▁as ▁Catal an ▁Roman es que , ▁Arag on ese ▁Roman es que , ▁Pal encia ▁Roman es que , ▁Cast ilian ▁and ▁León ese ▁Roman es que , ▁among ▁others . ▁ ▁Another ▁fact ▁to ▁consider ▁is ▁the ▁surv ival ▁of ▁the ▁Mo or ish ▁populations , ▁who ▁formed ▁gang s ▁of ▁workers |
▁and ▁artists ▁who ▁gave ▁a ▁special ▁stamp ▁to ▁buildings . ▁These ▁are ▁what ▁is ▁known ▁as ▁brick ▁Roman es que ▁or ▁Mo or ish ▁Roman es que . ▁ ▁Roman es que ▁periods ▁ ▁In ▁Spain , ▁as ▁in ▁the ▁rest ▁of ▁the ▁Western ▁Christian ▁world , ▁Roman es que ▁art ▁developed ▁over ▁three ▁stages ▁with ▁their ▁own ▁characteristics . ▁Histor i ography ▁has ▁defined ▁these ▁stages ▁as ▁early ▁Roman es que , ▁full ▁Roman es que ▁and ▁late ▁Roman es que . ▁ ▁First ▁Roman es que : ▁architecture ▁compr ises ▁a ▁well - defined ▁ge ographical ▁area ▁that ▁runs ▁from ▁northern ▁Italy , ▁Mediter rane an ▁France , ▁Burg und y ▁and ▁Catal an ▁and ▁Arag on ese ▁lands ▁in ▁Spain . ▁It ▁developed ▁from ▁the ▁late ▁t enth ▁century ▁until ▁the ▁middle ▁of ▁the ▁ele vent h ▁century , ▁except ▁in ▁isolated ▁locations . ▁During ▁this ▁Roman es que ▁period , ▁there ▁were ▁neither ▁mini ature ▁paint ings ▁nor ▁monument al ▁sculpt ures . ▁Full ▁Roman es que : ▁developed ▁from ▁east ▁towards ▁Lis bon ▁and ▁from ▁the ▁south ▁of ▁Italy ▁to ▁Sc and in avia . ▁It ▁spread , ▁thanks ▁to ▁the ▁mon astic ▁movement , ▁the ▁un ification ▁of ▁the ▁Catholic ▁faith ▁with ▁the ▁Roman ▁lit ur gy ▁and ▁communication ▁channels ▁along ▁the ▁routes . ▁It ▁began ▁its ▁launch ▁in ▁the ▁first ▁half ▁of ▁the ▁ele vent h ▁century ▁and ▁continued ▁until ▁mid - tw elf th ▁century . ▁The ▁best ▁examples ▁are ▁in ▁the ▁" p il |
gr image ▁churches " ▁( e . g . ▁the ▁Santiago ▁c athedral ), ▁especially ▁in ▁areas ▁of ▁the ▁rep ob la ción . ▁It ▁is ▁character ized ▁by ▁the ▁inclusion ▁of ▁monument al ▁sculpt ures ▁in ▁the ▁port als ▁and ▁sp and rel s ▁and ▁for ▁the ▁decor ation ▁and ▁sty ling ▁of ▁the ▁capit als , ▁m ould ings , ▁fas cias , ▁etc . ▁The ▁Jac a ▁C athedral ▁was ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁first ▁tem ples ▁– ▁if ▁not ▁the ▁first ▁– ▁that ▁was ▁elev ated ▁with ▁the ▁a est h etic ▁ideas ▁and ▁architecture ▁of ▁this ▁Roman es que ▁style ▁which ▁entered ▁the ▁pen ins ula ▁with ▁large ▁French ▁Roman es que ▁influ ences . ▁The ▁decor ation ▁of ▁its ▁imp ost s ▁and ▁Roman es que ▁arch es ▁with ▁geometric ▁them ed ▁check er board ▁played ▁a ▁role ▁in ▁many ▁of ▁the ▁buildings ▁that ▁were ▁later ▁built , ▁giving ▁this ▁style ▁the ▁name ▁of ▁be le ag uer ed ▁or ▁che quer ed ▁Ja ques . ▁Late ▁Roman es que : ▁chron olog ically ▁it ▁was ▁diff used ▁from ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁full ▁Roman es que ▁period ▁until ▁the ▁first ▁quarter ▁of ▁the ▁th ir teenth ▁century , ▁when ▁it ▁began ▁to ▁be ▁succeeded ▁by ▁Goth ic ▁art . ▁This ▁period ▁was ▁the ▁bus iest ▁in ▁terms ▁of ▁the ▁construction ▁of ▁monaster ies ▁by ▁the ▁C ister cian ▁mon ks . ▁ ▁Const ruction ▁of ▁Roman es que ▁buildings ▁in ▁Spain ▁ ▁Roman es que ▁religious ▁buildings |
▁were ▁never ▁as ▁monument al ▁as ▁the ▁French ▁constru ctions , ▁or ▁the ▁constru ctions ▁that ▁later ▁gave ▁rise ▁to ▁Goth ic ▁art . ▁The ▁first ▁buildings ▁designs ▁had ▁thick ▁walls ▁and ▁small ▁open ings ▁through ▁which ▁a ▁dim ▁light ▁could ▁enter ▁from ▁outside . ▁Later ▁there ▁was ▁an ▁evolution ▁in ▁the ▁construction ▁of ▁the ▁walls ▁allowing ▁the ▁buildings ▁to ▁be ▁better ▁light ened ▁and ▁for ▁opening ▁bigger ▁windows . ▁ ▁The ▁mon astic ▁buildings ▁were ▁the ▁most ▁numerous ▁sharing ▁importance ▁with ▁the ▁c athed r als . ▁Church es ▁and ▁par ishes ▁were ▁constructed ▁in ▁cities ▁while ▁in ▁small ▁towns ▁count less ▁small ▁churches , ▁known ▁as ▁rural ▁Roman es que , ▁were ▁built . ▁ ▁Material ▁ ▁The ▁most ▁pre cious ▁but ▁also ▁the ▁most ▁expensive ▁material ▁was ▁the ▁stone . ▁The ▁st on em asons ▁bus ied ▁themselves ▁car ving ▁it ▁with ▁a ▁ch is el , ▁always ▁selecting ▁the ▁good ▁face ▁of ▁the ▁block . ▁These ▁were ▁made ▁into ▁as hl ars , ▁which ▁were ▁generally ▁available ▁in ▁horizontal ▁rows ▁and ▁sometimes ▁used ▁along ▁the ▁edges . ▁Hard ▁rocks ▁were ▁almost ▁always ▁used . ▁Mason ry ▁was ▁also ▁used , ▁with ▁he wn ▁stone ▁in ▁the ▁corners , ▁windows ▁and ▁doors . ▁If ▁the ▁stone ▁was ▁hard ▁to ▁get , ▁because ▁the ▁corresponding ▁ge ographic ▁location ▁had ▁no ▁quar ries , ▁or ▁because ▁it ▁was ▁too ▁expensive ▁at ▁certain ▁times , ▁they ▁used ▁b aked ▁brick , ▁sl ate ▁or ▁any ▁as hl ars ▁stone . ▁P aint ▁and |
▁pl aster ▁were ▁used ▁as ▁finish , ▁both ▁for ▁the ▁stone ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁for ▁the ▁m ason ry ▁and ▁the ▁other ▁materials , ▁so ▁that , ▁once ▁the ▁walls ▁were ▁painted , ▁it ▁was ▁difficult ▁to ▁distinguish ▁whether ▁it ▁had ▁one ▁or ▁the ▁other ▁under ne ath . ▁Col our ful ▁Roman es que ▁architecture ▁was ▁as ▁w ides p read ▁as ▁it ▁had ▁been ▁in ▁Roman ▁buildings . ▁ ▁Found ations ▁ ▁Med ieval ▁build ers ▁did ▁extensive ▁study ▁for ▁the ▁foundation , ▁taking ▁into ▁account ▁the ▁type ▁of ▁building ▁that ▁was ▁to ▁be ▁built , ▁the ▁materials ▁that ▁were ▁to ▁be ▁used ▁and ▁the ▁ground ▁upon ▁which ▁the ▁building ▁would ▁be ▁laid . ▁First ▁deep ▁d itch es ▁were ▁d ug ▁and ▁were ▁filled ▁with ▁stones ▁and ▁rub ble . ▁T rench es ▁were ▁distributed ▁under ▁the ▁walls ▁that ▁would ▁go ▁over ▁them ▁and ▁others ▁were ▁made ▁cross wise ▁in ▁order ▁to ▁join ▁the ▁passage ways ▁together ▁and ▁strength en ▁the ▁pill ars ▁of ▁the ▁trans verse ▁arch es . ▁The ▁foundation ▁formed ▁a ▁network ▁that ▁pract ically ▁sketch ed ▁the ▁plan ▁of ▁the ▁temple , ▁thus ▁differ ing ▁from ▁the ▁isolated ▁foundation ▁for ▁the ▁support ▁of ▁the ▁pill ars ▁used ▁in ▁the ▁Goth ic ▁style . ▁In ▁some ▁ru ined ▁churches ▁all ▁that ▁remains ▁is ▁this ▁foundation , ▁giving ▁arch ae olog ists ▁good ▁study ▁material . ▁Arch ae olog ists ▁are ▁able ▁to ▁determine ▁the ▁thick ness ▁of ▁the ▁walls ▁from ▁these ▁revealed ▁remains ▁of ▁the ▁found ations |
, ▁although ▁it ▁is ▁known ▁that ▁in ▁this ▁respect ▁the ▁build ers ▁rather ▁ex agger ated ▁and ▁made ▁excess ively ▁deep ▁tren ches ▁and ▁over ly ▁thick ▁foundation ▁for ▁fear ▁of ▁land sl ides . ▁ ▁V ault s , ▁n aves ▁and ▁ce il ings ▁ ▁During ▁the ▁First ▁Roman es que ▁period , ▁many ▁rural ▁churches ▁were ▁still ▁being ▁covered ▁with ▁a ▁wooden ▁roof , ▁more ▁so ▁in ▁Catal onia ▁and ▁especially ▁in ▁the ▁Bo i ▁Valley ▁where ▁the ▁Roman es que ▁renew al ▁of ▁old ▁churches ▁was ▁done ▁by ▁Lomb ard ▁build ers ▁who ▁covered ▁the ▁g abled ▁n aves ▁with ▁a ▁wooden ▁structure , ▁respect ing ▁the ▁old ▁trad itions ▁of ▁the ▁region . ▁However , ▁the ▁ap se ▁in ▁these ▁churches ▁was ▁always ▁to pped ▁with ▁an ▁o ven ▁v ault . ▁ ▁Through out ▁the ▁ele vent h ▁century , ▁n aves ▁were ▁covered ▁with ▁bar rel ▁v ault s , ▁either ▁a ▁half ▁bar rel ▁or ▁a ▁quarter ▁bar rel , ▁a ▁device ▁used ▁in ▁Roman es que ▁architecture ▁throughout ▁Europe . ▁Later ▁the ▁gro in ▁v ault ▁was ▁used . ▁In ▁Catal onia , ▁these ▁bar rel ▁v ault s ▁were ▁used ▁without ▁rein for c ements , ▁while ▁in ▁Cast ile ▁and ▁León ▁arch es ▁were ▁used ▁as ▁support . ▁The ▁use ▁of ▁the ▁gro in ▁v ault ▁( ar ising ▁from ▁the ▁crossing ▁of ▁two ▁per pend icular ▁bar rel ▁v ault s ) ▁had ▁been ▁lost ▁and ▁was ▁later ▁taken ▁up ▁by |
▁great ▁master ▁build ers . ▁The ▁gro in ▁v ault ▁in ▁turn ▁gave ▁way ▁to ▁the ▁rib bed ▁v ault , ▁which ▁later ▁became ▁very ▁common ▁in ▁Goth ic ▁architecture . ▁ ▁The ▁type ▁of ▁v ault s ▁used ▁exclus ively ▁on ▁the ▁st airs ▁of ▁the ▁to wers ▁were ▁also ▁called ▁hel ical ▁v ault s . ▁Ex amples ▁of ▁their ▁use ▁are ▁at ▁San ▁Martín ▁de ▁From ista , ▁Sant ▁Pere ▁de ▁Gall ig ants ▁and ▁San ▁Salvador ▁de ▁Ley re , ▁among ▁others . ▁ ▁Cor ner ▁v ault s ▁were ▁built ▁in ▁the ▁clo ister s ▁of ▁monaster ies ▁and ▁c athed r als . ▁These ▁result ▁from ▁the ▁meeting ▁of ▁two ▁groups ▁in ▁a ▁clo ister . ▁The ▁finishing ▁of ▁these ▁v ault s ▁was ▁not ▁very ▁easy , ▁so ▁build ers ▁had ▁to ▁use ▁various ▁tr icks ▁that ▁ens ured ▁that ▁fla ws ▁were ▁not ▁easily ▁visible ▁to ▁the ▁n aked ▁eye . ▁ ▁Arch es ▁ ▁In ▁Spain ▁the ▁most ▁used ▁arch ▁was ▁the ▁sem ic irc ular ▁although ▁the ▁horses ho e ▁arch ▁and ▁the ▁pointed ▁arch ▁were ▁also ▁used . ▁The ▁arch ▁was ▁used ▁exclus ively ▁throughout ▁the ▁ele vent h ▁century ▁and ▁first ▁half ▁of ▁the ▁tw elf th ▁century . ▁In ▁order ▁to ▁achieve ▁certain ▁height s , ▁the ▁v ault s ▁were ▁made ▁quite ▁st ilt ed , ▁as ▁in ▁Sant ▁Joan ▁de ▁les ▁Ab ad esses . ▁Many ▁ar cs ▁were ▁built ▁double d ▁with ▁the ▁intention ▁that ▁they ▁would |
▁be ▁stronger . ▁Later , ▁in ▁the ▁port als , ▁arch es ▁were ▁formed ▁with ▁archiv ol ts , ▁i . e . ▁a ▁sequence ▁of ▁concent ric ▁arch es ▁decor ated ▁with ▁simple ▁or ▁decor ative ▁plants ▁or ▁geometric ▁m ould ings . ▁ ▁Point ed ▁arch es ▁came ▁from ▁the ▁Orient . ▁It ▁is ▁unknown ▁the ▁exact ▁date ▁of ▁their ▁use ▁in ▁Roman es que ▁architecture ▁in ▁Spain , ▁although ▁histor ians ▁proposed ▁some ▁dates ▁based ▁on ▁buildings ▁containing ▁one ▁or ▁more ▁pointed ▁arch es ▁that ▁sometimes ▁spawn ▁an ▁entire ▁v ault ▁in ▁some ▁of ▁its ▁parts . ▁There ▁are ▁buildings ▁that ▁correspond ▁to ▁the ▁first ▁quarter ▁of ▁the ▁tw elf th ▁century , ▁such ▁as ▁the ▁L ugo ▁and ▁Santa ▁Maria ▁de ▁Terr assa ▁c athed r als . ▁The ▁early ▁use ▁of ▁these ▁ar cs ▁became ▁a ▁construction ▁element ▁which ▁provided ▁many ▁advantages . ▁It ▁was ▁an ▁architect ural ▁break through ▁that ▁the ▁C ister cian ▁mon ks ▁were ▁able ▁to ▁see ▁from ▁the ▁beginning . ▁ ▁But tr esses ▁ ▁But tr esses ▁are ▁continuous ▁thick ▁vertical ▁walls ▁that ▁are ▁placed ▁at ▁the ▁sides ▁of ▁an ▁arch ▁or ▁v ault ▁to ▁counter act ▁attacks . ▁They ▁were ▁also ▁placed ▁on ▁the ▁outer ▁walls ▁of ▁the ▁n aves ▁of ▁churches ▁or ▁clo ister s . ▁In ▁Roman es que ▁architecture ▁are ▁always ▁visible ▁is ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁elements ▁that ▁character ize ▁it , ▁especially ▁in ▁Spanish ▁architecture , ▁except ▁in ▁the ▁Catal onia ▁area ▁where ▁construction ▁was ▁done ▁adopt |
ing ▁a ▁greater ▁thick ness ▁of ▁the ▁walls . ▁ ▁Co vers ▁ ▁The ▁buildings ▁were ▁covered ▁with ▁a ▁roof ▁that ▁could ▁be ▁made ▁of ▁different ▁materials : ▁ ▁Stone ▁( used ▁frequently ). ▁These ▁covers ▁can ▁still ▁be ▁seen ▁in ▁the ▁Gal lo ▁tower ▁of ▁the ▁old ▁of ▁Sal aman ca ▁c athedral ▁and ▁the ▁Á v ila ▁C athedral . ▁Ro of ▁tile ▁- ▁capable ▁of ▁being ▁changed ▁frequently , ▁the ▁material ▁res ists ▁weather ing ▁over ▁time . ▁Gla zed ▁sheets , ▁rare ▁materials . ▁It ▁is ▁located ▁in ▁the ▁sp ire ▁of ▁the ▁tower ▁of ▁the ▁former ▁Vall ad olid . ▁S late , ▁especially ▁in ▁areas ▁where ▁this ▁material ▁is ▁abund ant , ▁especially ▁in ▁Gal icia . ▁ ▁Tow ers ▁In ▁Spanish ▁buildings ▁to wers ▁are ▁located ▁in ▁different ▁parts ▁of ▁the ▁church ▁- ▁on ▁the ▁sides , ▁over ▁the ▁tr anse pt ▁and , ▁in ▁very ▁special ▁cases , ▁over ▁the ▁straight ▁section ▁of ▁the ▁ap se , ▁as ▁in ▁the ▁churches ▁of ▁the ▁city ▁of ▁Sah ag ún ▁in ▁León . ▁This ▁pla cement ▁was ▁because , ▁being ▁built ▁of ▁brick ▁( a ▁material ▁less ▁consistent ▁than ▁stone ), ▁the ▁build ers ▁had ▁to ▁locate ▁the ▁to wers ▁in ▁the ▁strong est , ▁more ▁resist ant ▁section ▁( us ually ▁at ▁the ▁a ps es ). ▁A ▁fa ç ade ▁made ▁up ▁of ▁two ▁to wers ▁was ▁not ▁very ▁common ▁and ▁usually ▁seen ▁only ▁in ▁tem ples ▁of ▁great ▁importance . ▁ ▁Tow ers ▁served |
▁as ▁ste e ples , ▁especially ▁in ▁the ▁Roman es que ▁styles ▁in ▁Cast ile ▁and ▁León , ▁they ▁are ▁what ▁are ▁called ▁Tur res ▁sign orum . ▁In ▁many ▁cases ▁they ▁were ▁built ▁as ▁defence ▁to wers , ▁especially ▁in ▁border ▁territ ories ▁experien cing ▁military ▁conflict , ▁and ▁the ▁location ▁of ▁the ▁tower ▁dep ended ▁on ▁what ▁was ▁being ▁def ended . ▁Thus ▁the ▁tower ▁of ▁the ▁church ▁of ▁the ▁Sil os ▁monaster y ▁was ▁located ▁to ▁defend ▁the ▁monaster y , ▁the ▁tower ▁of ▁the ▁San ▁Pedro ▁de ▁Ar lan za ▁monaster y ▁was ▁a ▁very ▁important ▁defence ▁for ▁the ▁entire ▁area . ▁The ▁military ▁aspect ▁of ▁these ▁Roman es que ▁to wers ▁evol ved ▁and ▁changed ▁over ▁time ▁so ▁that ▁at ▁present ▁it ▁is ▁difficult ▁to ▁guess ▁at ▁their ▁original ▁purpose ▁or ▁purpose ▁for ▁which ▁they ▁were ▁used ▁in ▁other ▁er as . ▁In ▁many ▁cases ▁these ▁to wers ▁were ▁attached ▁to ▁the ▁sides ▁of ▁the ▁church , ▁and ▁some ▁even ▁completely ▁independent ▁of ▁the ▁churches . ▁ ▁Bell - g ables ▁ ▁A ▁g able ▁is ▁an ▁architect ural ▁element ▁that ▁is ▁usually ▁built ▁on ▁the ▁fa ç ade ▁and ▁used , ▁instead ▁of ▁a ▁tower , ▁to ▁house ▁the ▁b ells . ▁The ▁bell - gable ▁( re ferred ▁to ▁as ▁esp ada ña ▁in ▁the ▁I ber ian ▁pen ins ula ) ▁was ▁built ▁as ▁a ▁vertical ▁continu ation ▁of ▁the ▁wall ▁and ▁the ▁sp ans ▁were ▁opened ▁to ▁receive ▁the ▁b ells . ▁The ▁g |
able ▁was ▁easier ▁and ▁che aper ▁to ▁build . ▁In ▁Spanish ▁Roman es que ▁they ▁were ▁very ▁numerous ▁especially ▁in ▁smaller ▁rural ▁Roman es que ▁churches . ▁They ▁were ▁made ▁of ▁a ▁single ▁span ▁or ▁several ▁ter rac ed ▁store ys . ▁They ▁usually ▁had ▁pointed ▁or ▁pin ion ▁to ps . ▁ ▁There ▁are ▁all ▁kinds ▁of ▁g ables ▁in ▁the ▁Roman es que ▁style ▁of ▁Cam po o ▁and ▁Val der red ible . ▁There ▁are ▁some ▁spect ac ular ▁ones ▁in ▁other ▁locations ▁such ▁as ▁the ▁one ▁at ▁Ag ull ana ▁in ▁the ▁Al to ▁A mp urd án ▁or ▁the ▁Ast ud illo , ▁with ▁five ▁open ings . ▁There ▁are ▁more ▁mod est ▁ones ▁such ▁as ▁at ▁the ▁Santa ▁Maria ▁de ▁Val bu ena ▁Mon aster y ▁where ▁its ▁ve ins ▁also ▁have ▁a ▁unique ▁pla cement . ▁ ▁P aint ings ▁During ▁the ▁Roman es que ▁era , ▁a ▁building ▁was ▁not ▁considered ▁finished ▁until ▁its ▁walls ▁had ▁appropriate ▁paint ings . ▁The ▁walls ▁of ▁the ▁most ▁important ▁and ▁significant ▁parts ▁( es pecially ▁the ▁a ps es ) ▁were ▁l ined ▁inside ▁with ▁icon ographic ▁paint ings , ▁many ▁of ▁which ▁have ▁come ▁down ▁to ▁the ▁twenty - first ▁century , ▁such ▁as ▁those ▁belonging ▁to ▁churches ▁in ▁the ▁T ah ull ▁Valley . ▁The ▁walls , ▁both ▁inside ▁and ▁out , ▁were ▁covered ▁with ▁a ▁layer ▁of ▁paint ▁in ▁one ▁color ▁and ▁the ▁imp ost s , ▁v ains ▁and ▁columns ▁were ▁highlight ed ▁in |
▁the ▁original ▁material , ▁but ▁sometimes ▁they ▁were ▁also ▁painted ▁in ▁bright ▁colors : ▁green , ▁yellow , ▁och er , ▁red ▁and ▁blue . ▁This ▁custom ▁of ▁painting ▁or ▁rev oking ▁the ▁buildings ▁was ▁not ▁new ▁or ▁unique ▁to ▁the ▁Roman es que ▁of ▁the ▁Middle ▁A ges ▁but ▁represented ▁an ▁inheritance ▁or ▁continu ity ▁of ▁the ▁construction ▁method ▁from ▁old en ▁times . ▁ ▁Whether ▁the ▁material ▁used ▁was ▁stone , ▁as hl ar ▁or ▁if ▁the ▁m ason ry ▁was ▁in ▁br icks , ▁the ▁finish ▁was ▁a ▁painted ▁surface . ▁Thus , ▁in ▁many ▁cases ▁it ▁could ▁not ▁be ▁determined ▁if ▁the ▁exterior ▁was ▁made ▁of ▁stone ▁or ▁brick , ▁which ▁could ▁only ▁be ▁determined ▁from ▁pl aster ▁sc rap ings . ▁The ▁paint ▁finish ▁gave ▁the ▁buildings ▁protection ▁against ▁environmental ▁assault s ▁but ▁these ▁were ▁removed ▁in ▁the ▁nin ete enth - century ▁when ▁theories ▁were ▁applied ▁to ▁expose ▁the ▁original ▁building ▁materials . ▁ ▁Some ▁of ▁these ▁paint ings ▁have ▁remained ▁in ▁certain ▁buildings , ▁as ▁a ▁testim ony ▁of ▁the ▁past , ▁on ▁walls , ▁sculpt ures ▁and ▁capit als . ▁On ▁the ▁fa ç ade ▁of ▁the ▁, ▁traces ▁of ▁paint ▁were ▁still ▁visible ▁into ▁the ▁tw enti eth ▁century , ▁as ▁witness ed ▁and ▁described ▁by ▁the ▁Spanish ▁historian ▁Mar qu és ▁de ▁L oz o ya . ▁Sometimes ▁car ving ▁the ▁b ask ets ▁of ▁the ▁capit als ▁was ▁too ▁expensive ▁and ▁they ▁were ▁left ▁completely ▁smooth ▁so ▁that ▁the ▁painter ▁could ▁finish |
▁them ▁with ▁fl oral ▁or ▁historical ▁mot ifs . ▁In ▁the ▁San ▁Pa io ▁de ▁A be led a ▁church ▁in ▁Our ense , ▁there ▁are ▁v estig es ▁of ▁paint ings ▁on ▁some ▁capit als , ▁which ▁have ▁even ▁been ▁rep aint ed ▁throughout ▁its ▁history . ▁F rag ments ▁of ▁capit als ▁with ▁their ▁original ▁painting ▁have ▁been ▁found ▁among ▁the ▁ru ins ▁of ▁the ▁San ▁Pedro ▁de ▁Ar lan za ▁monaster y ▁and ▁they ▁give ▁an ▁indic ation ▁of ▁how ▁the ▁rest ▁was ▁decor ated . ▁ ▁C ister cian ▁and ▁Prem on str at ens ians ▁mon ks ▁also ▁painted ▁the ▁walls ▁of ▁their ▁churches , ▁in ▁white ▁or ▁a ▁light ▁earth y ▁color , ▁and ▁they ▁sometimes ▁out lined ▁the ▁joint s ▁of ▁the ▁blocks . ▁ ▁S cul pt ures ▁The ▁use ▁of ▁sculpt ures ▁as ▁decor ation ▁for ▁buildings ▁during ▁the ▁full ▁Roman es que ▁period ▁was ▁something ▁so ▁common place ▁that ▁it ▁was ▁considered ▁a ▁necessity . ▁Architecture ▁and ▁sculpt ing ▁represented ▁an ▁in separ able ▁icon ographical ▁program . ▁The ▁idea ▁of ▁the ▁Church ▁( an ▁idea ▁developed ▁and ▁dis sem in ated ▁by ▁the ▁Bened ict ines ▁of ▁Cl un y ), ▁was ▁to ▁teach ▁Christian ▁doctrine ▁through ▁the ▁sculpt ures ▁and ▁paint ings ▁of ▁the ▁a ps es ▁and ▁interior ▁walls . ▁The ▁capit als ▁of ▁the ▁columns , ▁the ▁sp and rel s , ▁the ▁fr ie zes , ▁the ▁cant ile vers ▁and ▁the ▁archiv ol ts ▁of ▁the ▁port |
als ▁were ▁intr ic ately ▁decor ated ▁with ▁stories ▁from ▁the ▁Old ▁and ▁New ▁Test aments . ▁These ▁sculpt ures ▁were ▁not ▁limited ▁to ▁religious ▁dep ict ions ▁but ▁also ▁covered ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁prof ane ▁but ▁equally ▁important ▁issues ▁to ▁the ▁ele vent h - ▁and ▁tw elf th - century ▁population , ▁such ▁as ▁field ▁work , ▁the ▁calendar ▁( as ▁in ▁the ▁case ▁of ▁the ▁capit als ▁of ▁the ▁Santa ▁María ▁la ▁Real ▁de ▁Nie va ▁clo ister , ▁from ▁late ▁Roman es que ), ▁war , ▁custom s , ▁among ▁others . ▁In ▁other ▁buildings ▁real , ▁myth ological ▁and ▁symbol ic ▁animals ▁were ▁sculpt ed , ▁plus ▁alleg ories ▁of ▁v ices ▁and ▁virt ues ▁( the ▁best ▁example ▁can ▁be ▁given ▁in ▁the ▁er otic ▁cor b els ▁of ▁the ▁San ▁Pedro ▁de ▁C erv atos ▁Colleg iate ▁in ▁southern ▁Cant ab ria ). ▁These ▁decor ations ▁were ▁not ▁always ▁of ▁a ▁historical ▁or ▁animals ▁type ; ▁geometric ▁decor ation ▁was ▁very ▁important ▁at ▁the ▁beginning ▁of ▁the ▁Roman es que ▁thus ▁fl oral ▁and ▁plant ▁decor ation ▁were ▁also ▁used . ▁O ften ▁the ▁car ved ▁tym pan um ▁or ▁the ▁fr ie ze ▁dep icted ▁a ▁series ▁of ▁images ▁along ▁the ▁capit als ▁of ▁the ▁columns ▁of ▁the ▁archiv ol ts . ▁ ▁Church es ▁ ▁The ▁tem ples ▁of ▁the ▁First ▁Roman es que ▁are ▁simple , ▁with ▁a ▁single ▁nave ▁to pped ▁by ▁a ▁sem ic irc ular ▁ap se ▁( without ▁a |
▁tr anse pt ). ▁The ▁prototype ▁of ▁the ▁Roman es que ▁church ▁was ▁non - r ural , ▁medium - s ized ▁and ▁with ▁the ▁floor ▁plan ▁of ▁a ▁bas il ica ▁with ▁three ▁n aves ▁containing ▁three ▁sem ic irc ular ▁a ps es ▁and ▁a ▁tr anse pt . ▁Through out ▁the ▁tw elf th ▁century ▁the ▁traditional ▁His pan ic ▁type ▁tem ples ▁with ▁three ▁straight ▁and ▁ter rac ed ▁a ps es ▁were ▁still ▁being ▁built ▁in ▁some ▁areas ▁( such ▁as ▁in ▁the ▁city ▁of ▁Zam ora ). ▁Church ▁plans ▁were ▁adapted ▁to ▁the ▁lit urg ical ▁needs , ▁as ▁the ▁number ▁of ▁can ons ▁or ▁fri ars ▁who ▁required ▁more ▁alt ars ▁for ▁their ▁religious ▁functions ▁was ▁increasing . ▁Tem ples ▁were ▁built ▁with ▁Bened ict ine ▁Cl un y - style ▁a ps es ▁added . ▁A ▁long ▁tr anse pt ▁that ▁could ▁accommod ate ▁more ▁a ps es ▁was ▁adopted ▁in ▁C ister cian ▁architecture , ▁and ▁there ▁are ▁more ▁examples ▁of ▁this ▁type ▁of ▁construction . ▁This ▁feature ▁was ▁also ▁adopted ▁by ▁the ▁c athed r als ▁( T ar rag ona , ▁L le ida , ▁Our ense ▁and ▁Sig ü enza ). ▁There ▁are ▁also ▁examples ▁of ▁cru c iform ▁structures ▁that ▁precisely ▁dep ict ▁a ▁Latin ▁cross , ▁such ▁as ▁the ▁ele vent h - century ▁Santa ▁Mart a ▁de ▁T era ▁church ▁in ▁Zam ora , ▁or ▁the ▁San ▁Lorenzo ▁de ▁Z or ita ▁del ▁P á ram o ▁church |
▁in ▁Pal encia , ▁whose ▁header ▁is ▁not ▁square ▁but ▁sem ic irc ular . ▁There ▁are ▁also ▁circular ▁plans , ▁with ▁a ▁single ▁nave ▁such ▁as ▁the ▁San ▁Mar cos ▁church ▁in ▁Sal aman ca , ▁or ▁the ▁V era ▁Cruz ▁church ▁in ▁Seg ov ia . ▁ ▁V est ry ▁In ▁the ▁Roman es que ▁era ▁small ▁churches ▁or ▁parish ▁churches ▁did ▁not ▁have ▁vest ries . ▁V est ries ▁were ▁only ▁added ▁to ▁these ▁churches ▁beginning ▁in ▁the ▁six teenth ▁century . ▁However , ▁in ▁the ▁grand ▁monaster ies ▁or ▁c athed r als ▁there ▁was ▁a ▁space ▁adapted ▁in ▁the ▁clo ister ▁for ▁this ▁purpose . ▁ ▁C rypt s ▁C rypt s ▁are ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁characteristic ▁features ▁of ▁Roman es que ▁architecture . ▁In ▁the ▁First ▁Roman es que , ▁its ▁use ▁spread ▁due ▁to ▁the ▁influence ▁of ▁the ▁Fran ks . ▁Sp aces ▁were ▁built ▁just ▁below ▁the ▁top ▁of ▁the ▁church ▁and ▁were ▁intended ▁for ▁keeping ▁the ▁re lic s ▁of ▁mart y rs , ▁the ▁worship ▁of ▁whom ▁came ▁about ▁from ▁Carol ing ian ▁influence . ▁They ▁usually ▁had ▁three ▁n aves ▁with ▁a ▁gro in ▁v ault ▁cover , ▁although ▁there ▁are ▁variations , ▁such ▁as ▁the ▁circular ▁crypt ▁with ▁a ▁pill ar ▁in ▁the ▁center ▁( C u ix á ▁and ▁Sant ▁Pere ▁de ▁R odes ). ▁Through out ▁the ▁ele vent h ▁century , ▁they ▁began ▁to ▁lose ▁importance ▁as ▁recip ients ▁of ▁re lic s ▁and ▁were ▁instead ▁built ▁for |
▁practical ▁and ▁necessary ▁architect ural ▁purposes , ▁adapt ing ▁to ▁the ▁terrain ▁on ▁which ▁the ▁church ▁was ▁built ▁( this ▁is ▁the ▁function ▁of ▁the ▁Mon aster y ▁of ▁Ley re ▁crypt ). ▁Through out ▁the ▁tw elf th ▁century , ▁few ▁crypt s ▁were ▁built ▁and ▁those ▁that ▁were ▁built ▁were ▁due ▁to ▁the ▁une ven ▁ground . ▁Later ▁the ▁crypt s ▁were ▁converted ▁to ▁fun er ary ▁purposes . ▁ ▁Trib unes ▁The ▁trib unes ▁were ▁gall eries ▁over ▁the ▁a is les ▁that ▁were ▁used ▁by ▁important ▁people ▁to ▁monitor ▁the ▁lit ur gy . ▁They ▁had ▁little ▁importance ▁in ▁Roman es que ▁Spain , ▁with ▁their ▁construction ▁being ▁very ▁scar ce . ▁Two ▁examples ▁are ▁known : ▁the ▁San ▁Vic ente ▁de ▁Av ila ▁and ▁the ▁Bas il ica ▁of ▁San ▁Is id oro . ▁Trad itional ▁histor i ography ▁suggests ▁that , ▁in ▁the ▁latter ▁church , ▁the ▁trib une ▁was ▁a ▁special ▁place ▁for ▁Queen ▁San cha , ▁wife ▁of ▁Ferdinand ▁I , ▁but ▁more ▁recent ▁studies ▁show ▁that ▁the ▁dates ▁do ▁not ▁match . ▁There ▁is ▁little ▁information ▁on ▁this ▁architecture . ▁ ▁Tr if oria ▁A ▁trif or ium ▁is ▁a ▁gallery ▁with ▁arch es ▁running ▁along ▁the ▁top ▁of ▁the ▁lower ▁n aves ▁of ▁a ▁church , ▁below ▁the ▁large ▁windows ▁of ▁the ▁main ▁nave . ▁It ▁sometimes ▁surr ounds ▁the ▁ap se ▁at ▁the ▁same ▁height . ▁Its ▁origin ▁was ▁purely ▁cos met ic , ▁since ▁if ▁the ▁nave ▁was ▁too ▁high ▁there |
▁was ▁a ▁heavy ▁space ▁between ▁the ▁ce iling ▁windows ▁and ▁the ▁supporting ▁arch es ▁of ▁the ▁lower ▁later al ▁n aves . ▁ ▁At ▁first ▁the ▁arch ▁of ▁the ▁trif or ium ▁was ▁not ▁set , ▁but ▁it ▁was ▁then ▁thought ▁that ▁it ▁could ▁be ▁used ▁to ▁provide ▁light ▁and ▁vent ilation , ▁while ▁leaving ▁a ▁passage ▁for ▁building ▁services ▁and ▁surve ill ance . ▁This ▁construction ▁could ▁be ▁done ▁because ▁the ▁a is les ▁are ▁always ▁pushed ▁into ▁the ▁central ▁nave , ▁thus ▁leaving ▁a ▁us able ▁hole ▁of ▁the ▁same ▁depth ▁as ▁the ▁width ▁of ▁the ▁a is le . ▁This ▁element ▁had ▁its ▁true ▁development ▁in ▁the ▁Goth ic ▁era . ▁In ▁Spanish ▁Roman es que ▁architecture ▁trif oria ▁are ▁scar ce ▁because ▁the ▁bare ▁wall ▁was ▁usually ▁left ▁in ▁their ▁place ▁or ▁a ▁blind ▁ar cade ▁was ▁built . ▁ ▁A ▁good ▁example ▁of ▁a ▁trif or ium ▁is ▁the ▁Santiago ▁de ▁Com post ela ▁c athedral . ▁The ▁a is les ▁of ▁this ▁temple ▁has ▁two ▁flo ors ▁and ▁the ▁trif or ium ▁occup ies ▁the ▁entire ▁second , ▁covering ▁the ▁entire ▁building ▁and ▁l ining ▁the ▁outside ▁by ▁a ▁series ▁of ▁windows ▁that ▁provide ▁light ▁and ▁interior ▁arch es . ▁Another ▁example ▁is ▁in ▁the ▁L ugo ▁C athedral , ▁although ▁in ▁this ▁case ▁it ▁runs ▁along ▁all ▁the ▁walls . ▁In ▁San ▁Vic ente ▁de ▁Á v ila ▁the ▁trif or ium ▁is ▁a ▁dark ▁gallery ▁that ▁does ▁not ▁provide ▁light ▁from ▁outside . ▁ ▁In |
▁some ▁pil gr image ▁churches ▁the ▁trif or ium ▁was ▁at ▁times ▁used ▁as ▁an ▁area ▁for ▁over night ▁accommod ation ▁for ▁pil gr ims . ▁ ▁Port icos ▁and ▁gall eries ▁The ▁port ico ▁is ▁a ▁space ▁originally ▁designed ▁for ▁prevent ing ▁inc lement ▁weather . ▁It ▁was ▁constructed ▁in ▁both ▁rural ▁and ▁city ▁churches , ▁in ▁front ▁of ▁the ▁main ▁door ▁to ▁protect ▁it . ▁In ▁most ▁cases ▁they ▁were ▁made ▁with ▁a ▁wooden ▁structure ▁that ▁stood ▁the ▁test ▁of ▁time , ▁but ▁in ▁many ▁cases ▁the ▁construction ▁was ▁in ▁stone ▁resulting ▁in ▁gall eries ▁of ▁great ▁development , ▁which ▁in ▁some ▁cases ▁were ▁true ▁works ▁of ▁art . ▁ ▁The ▁port icos ▁were ▁rem in is cent ▁of ▁the ▁n art hex ▁of ▁the ▁Latin ▁bas il icas . ▁It ▁formed ▁an ▁advanced ▁body ▁over ▁the ▁central ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁main ▁fa ç ade ▁and ▁if ▁this ▁fa ç ade ▁had ▁to wers ▁then ▁it ▁occupied ▁the ▁space ▁between ▁them , ▁as ▁in ▁the ▁Port ico ▁of ▁Gl ory ▁in ▁Santiago ▁de ▁Com post ela ▁c athedral . ▁At ▁other ▁times ▁it ▁occupied ▁the ▁entire ▁front , ▁forming ▁a ▁covered ▁space ▁that ▁was ▁called ▁a ▁" G al ile e ". ▁ ▁Rose ▁windows ▁Rose ▁windows ▁are ▁circular ▁windows ▁made ▁of ▁stone , ▁whose ▁origin ▁is ▁in ▁the ▁Roman ▁o cul us ▁of ▁the ▁bas il icas . ▁In ▁Spain ▁these ▁rose ▁windows ▁were ▁employed ▁from ▁the ▁ele vent h ▁century . ▁Through out ▁the ▁Roman es que , ▁rose |
▁windows ▁became ▁important ▁and ▁increased ▁in ▁size , ▁cul min ating ▁in ▁the ▁Goth ic ▁era , ▁which ▁produced ▁some ▁of ▁the ▁most ▁beautiful ▁and ▁spect ac ular ▁spec im ens . ▁ ▁Clo ister s ▁ ▁The ▁clo ister ▁is ▁an ▁architect ural ▁unit ▁usually ▁built ▁next ▁to ▁c athed r als ▁and ▁mon astic ▁churches , ▁attached ▁to ▁the ▁north ▁or ▁south . ▁The ▁clo ister ▁par ▁excell ence ▁is ▁the ▁one ▁prom ul g ated ▁by ▁the ▁Bened ict ine ▁mon ks . ▁The ▁different ▁units ▁of ▁the ▁clo ister , ▁h ing ed ▁on ▁all ▁four ▁sides ▁of ▁a ▁square ▁cour ty ard , ▁were ▁dedicated ▁to ▁the ▁service ▁of ▁the ▁life ▁of ▁the ▁community . ▁In ▁Spanish ▁Roman es que ▁many ▁clo ister s ▁have ▁been ▁preserved , ▁especially ▁in ▁the ▁Catal an ▁region . ▁ ▁Civil ▁and ▁military ▁architecture ▁The ▁Roman es que ▁civil ▁architecture ▁is ▁almost ▁un he ard ▁of ▁and ▁most ▁of ▁the ▁buildings ▁that ▁are ▁considered ▁to ▁be ▁from ▁this ▁period , ▁are ▁not , ▁although ▁some ▁retain ▁parts ▁of ▁the ▁foundation ▁or ▁a ▁door ▁or ▁sem ic irc ular ▁window ▁from ▁the ▁Roman es que ▁era , ▁their ▁development ▁and ▁architect ural ▁design ▁belong ▁to ▁more ▁modern ▁times . ▁ ▁Civil ▁buildings ▁ ▁Dom estic ▁buildings , ▁including ▁pal aces , ▁had ▁no ▁great ▁pret ensions . ▁H ouses ▁were ▁built ▁of ▁fl ims y ▁material ▁( as ▁opposed ▁to ▁the ▁grande ur ▁of ▁the ▁churches ) ▁and ▁were ▁unable ▁to ▁stand ▁the |
▁test ▁of ▁time . ▁When ▁they ▁wished ▁to ▁give ▁importance ▁to ▁the ▁civil ▁architecture , ▁the ▁little ▁that ▁there ▁was ▁transformed ▁and ▁the ▁new ▁one ▁was ▁built ▁with ▁Goth ic ▁t endencies . ▁So ▁it ▁was ▁with ▁the ▁so - called ▁Roman es que ▁palace ▁of ▁Diego ▁G elm í rez ▁in ▁Santiago ▁de ▁Com post ela , ▁which ▁is ▁actually ▁a ▁totally ▁Goth ic ▁factory , ▁or ▁buildings ▁of ▁Seg ov ia ▁s ine c ures ▁from ▁the ▁Middle ▁A ges . ▁ ▁There ▁is ▁the ▁famous ▁palace ▁of ▁D ona ▁Ber eng uela ▁in ▁the ▁city ▁of ▁Leon , ▁called ▁a ▁Roman es que ▁palace , ▁but ▁its ▁structure ▁and ▁planning ▁actually ▁correspond ▁to ▁the ▁last ▁years ▁of ▁the ▁late ▁Middle ▁A ges , ▁far ▁from ▁Roman es que , ▁though ▁it ▁retain s ▁( per haps ▁from ▁outside ▁the ▁original ▁location ) ▁some ▁Roman es que ▁windows . ▁There ▁is ▁also , ▁in ▁Cu é ll ar , ▁the ▁, ▁the ▁origin ▁of ▁which ▁is ▁supposed ▁to ▁date ▁from ▁the ▁time ▁of ▁the ▁Rep ob la ción . ▁Maybe ▁part ▁of ▁its ▁found ations ▁are ▁Roman es que , ▁but ▁the ▁current ▁building ▁is ▁from ▁the ▁early ▁four teenth ▁century , ▁even ▁though ▁it ▁has ▁a ▁Roman es que ▁portal ▁that ▁was ▁perhaps ▁inherited ▁from ▁the ▁previous ▁building ▁or ▁re used ▁from ▁another . ▁This ▁palace ▁is ▁however ▁considered ▁as ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁few ▁examples ▁of ▁civil ▁Roman es que . ▁Trad itionally , ▁buildings ▁that ▁have ▁a ▁good ▁portal |
▁with ▁a ▁sem ic irc ular ▁arch ▁and ▁large ▁segments ▁have ▁been ▁called ▁" R oman es que " ▁houses ▁or ▁pal aces , ▁but ▁they ▁are ▁actually ▁structures ▁from ▁the ▁Goth ic ▁era . ▁ ▁An ▁example ▁of ▁what ▁could ▁be ▁a ▁Roman es que ▁palace ▁built ▁in ▁stone ▁is ▁seen ▁in ▁the ▁fa ç ade ▁of ▁the ▁Palace ▁of ▁the ▁Kings ▁of ▁Navar re ▁in ▁Est ella , ▁Navar re . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁Spanish ▁Roman es que ▁Roman es que ▁churches ▁in ▁Madrid ▁List ▁of ▁Roman es que ▁buildings ▁ ▁Notes ▁ ▁Bibli ography ▁ ▁Al cal de ▁C res po , ▁Gonz alo . ▁Ig les ias ▁r up est res . ▁O ll eros ▁de ▁P is uer ga ▁y ▁otras ▁de ▁su ▁ent orno . ▁ ▁Ed iles a , ▁ 2 0 0 7 . ▁▁ ▁B ango ▁Tor vis o , ▁Is id ro ▁G . ▁T es or os ▁de ▁España . ▁Vol . ▁III . ▁Rom ánico . ▁Esp asa ▁Cal pe , ▁ 2 0 0 0 . ▁▁ ▁B ango ▁Tor vis o , ▁Is id ro ▁G . ▁Historia ▁del ▁Arte ▁de ▁Cast illa ▁y ▁León . ▁Tom o ▁II . ▁Arte ▁Rom ánico . ▁Á mb ito ▁Ed iciones , ▁Vall ad olid ▁ 1 9 9 4 . ▁▁ ▁Cham or ro ▁Lam as , ▁Manuel . ▁R ut as ▁rom án ica ▁en ▁Gal icia . ▁Ed iciones ▁En cu ent ro , ▁Madrid ▁ 1 9 |
9 6 . ▁▁ ▁García ▁Guinea , ▁Miguel ▁Áng el . ▁Rom ánico ▁en ▁Pal encia . ▁Di put ación ▁de ▁Pal encia , ▁ 2 0 0 2 ▁( 2 nd ▁re vised ▁edition ). ▁. ▁ ▁García ▁Guinea , ▁Miguel ▁Áng el , ▁Blan co ▁Martín ▁and ▁Francisco ▁J avier . ▁In icia ción ▁al ▁Arte ▁Rom ánico . ▁La ▁arquitect ura ▁rom án ica : ▁téc n icas ▁y ▁princi pios . ▁Fund ación ▁de ▁Santa ▁María ▁la ▁Real . ▁Agu ilar ▁de ▁Cam po o , ▁ 2 0 0 0 . ▁▁ ▁García ▁Guinea , ▁Miguel ▁Áng el . ▁Rom ánico ▁en ▁Cant ab ria . ▁Gu ías ▁Est udio , ▁Sant ander ▁ 1 9 9 6 . ▁▁ ▁Herr era ▁Mar cos , ▁Jes ús , ▁Ar qu itect ura ▁y ▁sim bol ismo ▁del ▁rom ánico ▁en ▁Vall ad olid . ▁Ed ita ▁Ar s ▁Mag na , ▁ 1 9 9 7 . ▁Di put ación ▁de ▁Vall ad olid . ▁▁ ▁L amp érez ▁y ▁Rome a , ▁Vic ente . ▁Historia ▁de ▁la ▁arquitect ura ▁crist iana ▁españ ola ▁en ▁la ▁Ed ad ▁Media . ▁Tom o ▁I . ▁Editor ial ▁Á mb ito , ▁ 1 9 9 9 . ▁▁ ▁L amp érez ▁y ▁Rome a , ▁Vic ente . ▁Historia ▁de ▁la ▁arquitect ura ▁crist iana . ▁Man ual es ▁Gal lach . ▁Editor ial ▁Esp asa ▁Cal pe , ▁Madrid ▁ 1 9 3 5 ▁ ▁Nu ño |
▁González , ▁Ja ime . ▁In icia ción ▁al ▁Arte ▁Rom ánico : ▁A port ación ▁de ▁la ▁Historia , ▁de ▁la ▁Ar que ología ▁y ▁de ▁las ▁c ien cias ▁auxili ares ▁al ▁conoc imiento ▁del ▁estilo ▁rom ánico . ▁Agu ilar ▁de ▁Cam po o , ▁ 2 0 0 0 . ▁▁ ▁P ijo án , ▁José . ▁Sum ma ▁Art is . ▁Historia ▁general ▁del ▁arte . ▁Vol . ▁IX . ▁El ▁arte ▁rom ánico ▁sig los ▁XI ▁y ▁XII . ▁Esp asa ▁Cal pe , ▁Madrid ▁ 1 9 4 9 . ▁▁▁ 0 1 ▁. ▁Category : Med ieval ▁architecture ▁Category : C atholic ▁architecture ▁Category : R oman es que ▁architecture ▁Category : Arch itecture ▁of ▁Spain ▁ ▁pl : Arch ite kt ura ▁r oma ńska ▁w ▁His z pan ii <0x0A> </s> ▁Daniel ▁B él anger ▁( born ▁December ▁ 2 6 , ▁ 1 9 6 1 ) ▁is ▁a ▁Canadian ▁singer - song writer . ▁His ▁music ▁is ▁ec lect ic , ▁inspired ▁by ▁alternative ▁rock , ▁folk ▁and ▁electronic ▁music , ▁sometimes ▁hum orous , ▁sometimes ▁w ist ful . ▁ ▁Biography ▁In ▁middle ▁ 1 9 8 3 , ▁he ▁founded ▁the ▁band ▁Hum ph rey ▁Sal ade ▁with ▁Norman ▁L ach ance , ▁Eric ▁Ma ier ▁and ▁Jean ▁G au vin . ▁Unfortunately , ▁timing ▁was ▁not ▁right ▁and ▁the ▁band ▁never ▁recorded . ▁ ▁His ▁first ▁solo ▁album ▁released ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 2 , ▁Les ▁Ins |
om nia ques ▁s ' am us ent ▁has ▁sold ▁ 1 7 5 , 0 0 0 ▁copies ▁and ▁won ▁the ▁F éli x ▁for ▁best ▁pop - rock ▁album . ▁The ▁first ▁single ▁released ▁O pi um ▁was ▁number ▁one ▁in ▁Quebec ▁for ▁seven ▁weeks ▁and ▁won ▁the ▁F éli x ▁for ▁V ide oc lip ▁of ▁the ▁Year . ▁ ▁This ▁first ▁album ▁also ▁earned ▁him ▁the ▁AD IS Q ▁awards ▁for ▁Best s elling ▁Album ▁of ▁the ▁Year , ▁Male ▁Per former ▁of ▁the ▁Year ▁and ▁Show ▁of ▁the ▁Year ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 4 . ▁With ▁this ▁debut ▁album , ▁B él anger ▁had ▁car ved ▁out ▁his ▁own ▁special ▁place ▁in ▁the ▁hearts ▁of ▁Quebec ers . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 9 6 , ▁Qu atre ▁sa isons ▁dans ▁le ▁dés ordre ▁was ▁released . ▁Awards ▁flo oded ▁in ▁( F éli x ▁for ▁the ▁Pop - R ock ▁Album , ▁S inger - S ong writer ▁and ▁Show ▁of ▁the ▁Year , ▁in ▁the ▁singer - song writer ▁category ), ▁sales ▁went ▁wild ▁( the ▁album ▁was ▁cert ified ▁Pl atin um ), ▁and ▁titles ▁like ▁Les ▁deux ▁print em ps , ▁S orte z - mo i ▁de ▁moi ▁and ▁Les ▁Tem ps ▁f ous ▁( F éli x ▁for ▁V ide oc lip ▁of ▁the ▁Year ) ▁to pped ▁the ▁charts . ▁▁ 1 9 9 8 : ▁Daniel ▁B él anger ▁tou red , ▁reve aling ▁an ▁artist ▁able ▁to ▁inhab |
it ▁the ▁whole ▁stage ▁performing ▁solo , ▁with ▁music ▁and ▁com ic ▁mon olog ues ; ▁this ▁led ▁to ▁the ▁recording ▁of ▁an ▁unusual ▁album , ▁Tr icy cle ▁( 1 9 9 9 ), ▁featuring ▁ex cer pts ▁from ▁performances ▁recorded ▁at ▁different ▁points ▁in ▁his ▁career . ▁▁ 2 0 0 0 : ▁Daniel ▁B él anger ▁thr illed ▁his ▁fans ▁with ▁Er re ur ▁d ’ im pression , ▁a ▁collection ▁of ▁ 1 5 0 ▁wh ims ical ▁stories ▁and ▁ref lections ▁border ing ▁on ▁the ▁abs urd , ▁and ▁founded ▁the ▁publishing ▁house ▁Cor on et ▁liv . ▁He ▁continued ▁to ▁take ▁part ▁in ▁major ▁shows , ▁including ▁the ▁opening ▁concert ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 2 th ▁Franco F ol ies ▁de ▁Montr éal , ▁featuring ▁legend ary ▁sing ers ▁from ▁three ▁gener ations : ▁Jean - Pierre ▁Fer land , ▁Michel ▁Riv ard ▁and ▁himself . ▁ ▁With ▁the ▁album ▁R ê ver ▁mie ux ▁( cert ified ▁Pl atin um ) ▁released ▁in ▁October ▁ 2 0 0 1 , ▁B él anger ▁employed ▁electro ▁sounds ▁with ▁play ful ▁insp iration ▁and ▁w owed ▁his ▁fans . ▁R ê ver ▁mie ux ▁was ▁show ered ▁with ▁t ributes ▁( se ven ▁AD IS Q ▁awards ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 2 , ▁including ▁Pop - R ock ▁Album ▁of ▁the ▁Year , ▁and ▁the ▁following ▁year , ▁the ▁AD IS Q ▁award ▁for ▁V ide oc lip ▁of ▁the ▁Year ▁for ▁Dans ▁un ▁Sp out nik |
, ▁the ▁Jun o ▁Award ▁for ▁Franc oph one ▁Album ▁of ▁the ▁Year , ▁and ▁various ▁other ▁dist in ctions ). ▁ ▁Daniel ▁B él anger ▁has ▁also ▁made ▁successful ▁in ro ads ▁into ▁the ▁world ▁of ▁film ▁music ▁( nom ination ▁for ▁the ▁Gen ie ▁Award ▁for ▁Best ▁Original ▁Song ▁for ▁the ▁movie ▁theme ▁Le ▁D ern ier ▁sou ff le ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 0 ; ▁J ut ra ▁for ▁Best ▁Music ▁for ▁L ’ A ud ition ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 6 ). ▁ ▁L ' É ch ec ▁du ▁mat éri el , ▁in ▁stores ▁April ▁ 2 0 0 7 , ▁is ▁an ▁album ▁just ▁as ▁po etic ▁and ▁mel od ious ▁as ▁R ê ver ▁mie ux , ▁but ▁more ▁root ed ▁in ▁the ▁concerns ▁and ▁asp ir ations ▁of ▁his ▁contempor aries . ▁ ▁Bel anger ▁won ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁Jun o ▁Award ▁for ▁Franc oph one ▁Album ▁of ▁the ▁Year ▁for ▁L ' É ch ec ▁du ▁mat éri el . ▁In ▁November ▁ 2 0 0 9 , ▁he ▁released ▁his ▁album ▁N ous ▁and , ▁once ▁again , ▁won ▁the ▁F éli x ▁for ▁the ▁Pop - R ock ▁Album ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 0 . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁he ▁wrote ▁the ▁music ▁for ▁the ▁French ▁musical ▁Les ▁B elles - So eurs ▁and ▁its ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁English ▁adaptation , ▁B elles ▁So eurs : ▁The ▁musical . ▁ ▁In |
▁ 2 0 1 8 ▁his ▁album ▁Pal oma ▁was ▁named ▁Franc oph one ▁album ▁of ▁the ▁year ▁at ▁the ▁Jun o ▁Awards . ▁ ▁Disc ography ▁ ▁V ide ography ▁▁ ▁Ens or cel ée ▁( 1 9 9 2 ) ▁ ▁Les ▁temps ▁f ous ▁( 1 9 9 2 ) ▁ ▁Le ▁par ap lu ie ▁( 1 9 9 6 ) ▁ ▁Ch ante ▁encore ▁( 2 0 0 2 ) ▁ ▁Sp out nik ▁( 2 0 0 2 ) ▁ ▁R este ▁( 2 0 0 9 ) ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 6 1 ▁birth s ▁Category : Sing ers ▁from ▁Montreal ▁Category : Can ad ian ▁singer - song writ ers ▁Category : Can ad ian ▁pop ▁sing ers ▁Category : Can ad ian ▁male ▁sing ers ▁Category : F rench - language ▁sing ers ▁of ▁Canada ▁Category : J uno ▁Award ▁for ▁Franc oph one ▁Album ▁of ▁the ▁Year ▁w inners ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : A udi ogram ▁artists ▁Category : 2 0 th - century ▁Canadian ▁sing ers ▁Category : 2 1 st - century ▁Canadian ▁sing ers ▁Category : 2 0 th - century ▁male ▁sing ers ▁Category : 2 1 st - century ▁male ▁sing ers <0x0A> </s> ▁Bon am ia ▁men z ies ii , ▁commonly ▁known ▁as ▁Hawai i ▁lady ' s ▁night cap , ▁is ▁a ▁species ▁of ▁flow ering ▁plant ▁in ▁the ▁morning ▁glory ▁family , ▁Con vol v ul aceae , |
▁that ▁is ▁en demic ▁to ▁Hawai i . ▁It ▁is ▁a ▁v ine ▁or ▁tw isting ▁li ana ▁with ▁branches ▁that ▁can ▁reach ▁ ▁in ▁length . ▁Hawai i ▁lady ' s ▁night cap ▁inhab its ▁ste ep ▁s lop es ▁and ▁level ▁ground ▁in ▁dry , ▁coast al ▁mes ic , ▁mixed ▁mes ic , ▁and , ▁sometimes , ▁wet ▁for ests ▁at ▁elev ations ▁of ▁. ▁ ▁Sc atter ed ▁populations ▁exist ▁on ▁most ▁main ▁islands , ▁but ▁the ▁total ▁number ▁of ▁individuals ▁remaining ▁is ▁probably ▁fewer ▁than ▁ 1 0 0 0 . ▁ ▁The ▁plant ▁is ▁threatened ▁by ▁habitat ▁loss . ▁Hab itat ▁has ▁been ▁destroyed ▁or ▁de grad ed ▁by ▁development , ▁fires , ▁ex otic ▁plant ▁species , ▁and ▁agricult ure . ▁Military ▁exer cis es ▁damage ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁critical ▁habitat ▁on ▁O ahu . ▁Fer al ▁p igs , ▁go ats , ▁cattle , ▁sheep ▁and ▁de er ▁eat ▁the ▁plant ▁and ▁tr ample ▁the ▁habitat . ▁The ▁non - native ▁sweet ▁pot ato ▁bug ▁( Phys omer us ▁gross ipes ) ▁has ▁been ▁noted ▁to ▁feed ▁on ▁the ▁plant . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁men z ies ii ▁Category : End em ic ▁fl ora ▁of ▁Hawai i ▁Category : C rit ically ▁end anger ed ▁plants ▁Category : N ature Ser ve ▁crit ically ▁imper iled ▁species ▁Category : T ax onomy ▁articles ▁created ▁by ▁Pol bot <0x0A> </s> ▁F uro ▁I yen emi ▁( born ▁ 1 7 ▁July ▁ 1 9 7 |
8 ) ▁is ▁a ▁retired ▁Niger ian ▁international ▁footballer ▁who ▁played ▁as ▁a ▁def ender ▁for ▁clubs ▁in ▁France , ▁Belg ium , ▁Switzerland ▁and ▁Greece . ▁ ▁Club ▁career ▁Born ▁in ▁Ok ri ka , ▁I yen emi ▁moved ▁to ▁France ▁and ▁began ▁playing ▁football ▁for ▁Paris ▁Saint - G erm ain ' s ▁reserve ▁side ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 5 . ▁He ▁signed ▁a ▁contract ▁with ▁Belg ian ▁Pro ▁League ▁club ▁K . S . V . ▁W are gem ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 7 . ▁He ▁acquired ▁Belg ian ▁citizens hip ▁and ▁moved ▁to ▁Swiss ▁Super ▁League ▁side ▁FC ▁S ion . ▁ ▁In ▁January ▁ 2 0 0 3 , ▁I yen emi ▁joined ▁Greek ▁Super le ague ▁side ▁Ak rat itos ▁F . C ., ▁where ▁he ▁would ▁make ▁ 7 ▁league ▁appearances ▁before ▁leaving ▁the ▁club . ▁ ▁International ▁career ▁I yen emi ▁played ▁for ▁Niger ia ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 0 ▁Summer ▁Olympics ▁in ▁Sydney . ▁He ▁capt ained ▁the ▁team ▁as ▁they ▁reached ▁the ▁last ▁eight ▁of ▁the ▁tournament . ▁ ▁I yen emi ▁played ▁for ▁the ▁Niger ia ▁national ▁football ▁team ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 0 ▁African ▁Cup ▁of ▁Nations ▁final s , ▁making ▁five ▁appearances ▁as ▁Niger ia ▁finished ▁run ners - up . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁F uro ▁I yen emi ▁official ▁website ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 7 8 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from |
▁Ok ri ka ▁Category : S ports people ▁from ▁R ivers ▁State ▁Category : Associ ation ▁football ▁def enders ▁Category : N iger ian ▁football ers ▁Category : N iger ia ▁international ▁football ers ▁Category : O lymp ic ▁football ers ▁of ▁Niger ia ▁Category : Foot ball ers ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 0 ▁Summer ▁Olympics ▁Category : 2 0 0 0 ▁African ▁Cup ▁of ▁Nations ▁players ▁Category : Ro yal ▁Ant werp ▁F . C . ▁players ▁Category : K . S . V . ▁W are gem ▁players ▁Category : FC ▁S ion ▁players ▁Category : Serv ette ▁FC ▁players ▁Category : A k rat itos ▁F . C . ▁players ▁Category : Bel g ian ▁Second ▁Division / Bel g ian ▁First ▁Division ▁B ▁players ▁Category : Super ▁League ▁Greece ▁players ▁Category : Ex pat ri ate ▁football ers ▁in ▁France ▁Category : Ex pat ri ate ▁football ers ▁in ▁Belg ium ▁Category : Ex pat ri ate ▁football ers ▁in ▁Switzerland ▁Category : Ex pat ri ate ▁football ers ▁in ▁Greece ▁Category : N iger ian ▁exp atri ate ▁football ers <0x0A> </s> ▁Mount ▁Rat ▁is ▁a ▁former ▁sub div ision ▁in ▁South ▁Australia ▁located ▁in ▁the ▁local ity ▁of ▁Wa ural te e ▁on ▁the ▁Y or ke ▁Pen ins ula . ▁ ▁It ▁is ▁located ▁near ▁the ▁j unction ▁of ▁the ▁Sp encer ▁Highway ▁and ▁Mount ▁Rat ▁Road ▁about ▁half way ▁between ▁the ▁cent res ▁of ▁M ait land ▁and ▁Min lat on . ▁It |
▁was ▁first ▁founded ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 8 5 0 s , ▁and ▁by ▁ 1 8 8 2 ▁had ▁a ▁school , ▁hotel , ▁black sm ith s , ▁chap el ▁and ▁a ▁large ▁water ▁tank . ▁By ▁ 1 9 0 5 ▁the ▁school ▁had ▁closed , ▁and ▁now ▁the ▁town ▁has ▁mostly ▁disappeared . ▁ ▁There ▁are ▁two ▁water ▁t anks ▁and ▁a ▁tele communic ations ▁tower ▁at ▁Mount ▁Rat . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁Mount ▁Rat ▁Home ▁Page ▁on ▁Very ph ot ographic . com . au ▁ ▁Category : G host ▁towns ▁in ▁South ▁Australia <0x0A> </s> ▁P FLAG ▁is ▁the ▁United ▁States ' ▁first ▁and ▁largest ▁organization ▁unit ing ▁parents , ▁families , ▁and ▁al lies ▁with ▁people ▁who ▁are ▁les bian , ▁gay , ▁bis ex ual , ▁trans gender , ▁and ▁que er ▁( L GB T Q + ). ▁P FLAG ▁National ▁is ▁the ▁national ▁organization , ▁which ▁provides ▁support ▁to ▁the ▁P FLAG ▁network ▁of ▁local ▁chap ters . ▁P FLAG ▁has ▁over ▁ 4 0 0 ▁chap ters ▁across ▁the ▁United ▁States , ▁with ▁more ▁than ▁ 2 0 0 , 0 0 0 ▁members ▁and ▁supp or ters . ▁ ▁P FLAG ▁( pr on ounced ▁ ▁) ▁is ▁no ▁longer ▁an ▁ac ron ym , ▁but ▁just ▁the ▁name ▁of ▁the ▁organization . ▁Prior ▁to ▁ 2 0 1 4 , ▁the ▁ac ron ym ▁stood ▁for ▁Par ents ▁and ▁Fri ends ▁of ▁Les bi ans ▁and ▁G ays |
▁( l ater ▁bro aden ed ▁to ▁Par ents , ▁Famil ies ▁and ▁Fri ends ▁of ▁Les bi ans ▁and ▁G ays ). ▁Until ▁removal ▁of ▁the ▁hy phen ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 3 ▁the ▁name ▁was ▁officially ▁sty led ▁as ▁P - FLAG . ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁the ▁membership ▁of ▁the ▁organization ▁voted ▁to ▁officially ▁change ▁the ▁name ▁to ▁P FLAG ▁to ▁reflect ▁the ▁dec ades ▁of ▁fully ▁inclus ive ▁work ▁it ▁had ▁been ▁doing ▁in ▁the ▁L GB T Q + ▁community . ▁ ▁History ▁ ▁In ▁April ▁ 1 9 7 2 , ▁Jean ne ▁Man ford , ▁an ▁elementary ▁school ▁teacher , ▁and ▁her ▁husband ▁were ▁at ▁home ▁in ▁Fl ushing , ▁Queens , ▁when ▁they ▁learned ▁from ▁a ▁hospital ' s ▁tele phone ▁call ▁that ▁her ▁son ▁Mort y , ▁a ▁gay ▁activ ist , ▁had ▁been ▁be aten ▁while ▁distrib uting ▁fly ers ▁inside ▁the ▁f ift i eth ▁annual ▁Inner ▁Circle ▁dinner , ▁a ▁political ▁gather ing ▁in ▁New ▁York ▁City . ▁In ▁response , ▁she ▁wrote ▁a ▁letter ▁of ▁protest ▁to ▁the ▁New ▁York ▁Post ▁that ▁identified ▁herself ▁as ▁the ▁mother ▁of ▁a ▁gay ▁protest er ▁and ▁compla ined ▁of ▁police ▁in action . ▁She ▁gave ▁inter views ▁to ▁radio ▁and ▁television ▁shows ▁in ▁several ▁cities ▁in ▁the ▁weeks ▁that ▁followed , ▁sometimes ▁accompanied ▁by ▁her ▁husband ▁or ▁son . ▁On ▁June ▁ 2 5 , ▁she ▁participated ▁with ▁her ▁son ▁in ▁the ▁New ▁York ▁P ride ▁March , ▁carrying ▁a |
▁hand - letter ed ▁sign ▁that ▁read ▁" Par ents ▁of ▁G ays ▁Un ite ▁in ▁Support ▁for ▁Our ▁Children ". ▁Prom pt ed ▁by ▁their ▁enthus i astic ▁reception , ▁they ▁developed ▁an ▁idea ▁for ▁an ▁organization ▁of ▁the ▁parents ▁of ▁g ays ▁and ▁les bi ans ▁that ▁could ▁be , ▁she ▁later ▁said , ▁" a ▁bridge ▁between ▁the ▁gay ▁community ▁and ▁the ▁heter osex ual ▁community ". ▁They ▁were ▁soon ▁holding ▁meet ings ▁for ▁such ▁parents , ▁with ▁her ▁husband ▁particip ating ▁as ▁well . ▁She ▁called ▁him ▁" a ▁very ▁art ic ulate ▁person ... ▁a ▁much ▁better ▁speaker ▁than ▁I . ▁He ▁was ▁right ▁along ▁with ▁me ▁on ▁everything ." ▁ ▁The ▁first ▁formal ▁meeting ▁took ▁place ▁on ▁March ▁ 1 1 , ▁ 1 9 7 3 ▁at ▁the ▁Metropolitan - D u ane ▁Method ist ▁Church ▁in ▁Green wich ▁Village ▁( now ▁the ▁Church ▁of ▁the ▁Village ). ▁Appro xim ately ▁ 2 0 ▁people ▁attended . ▁In ▁the ▁next ▁few ▁years , ▁through ▁word ▁of ▁mouth ▁and ▁community ▁need , ▁similar ▁groups ▁spr ang ▁up ▁around ▁the ▁country , ▁offering ▁" safe ▁ha vens " ▁and ▁mut ual ▁support ▁for ▁parents ▁with ▁gay ▁and ▁les bian ▁children . ▁In ▁ 1 9 7 6 , ▁P FLAG ▁LA ▁had ▁their ▁first ▁meeting ▁of ▁ 3 0 ▁parents . ▁By ▁ 1 9 7 7 , ▁the ▁group ▁had ▁integrated ▁with ▁other ▁L GB T ▁activ ist ▁groups ▁to ▁opp ose ▁An ita ▁Bry ant |
' s ▁anti - g ay ▁cr us ade ▁and ▁defeat ▁the ▁state wide ▁Brig gs ▁In iti ative . ▁Following ▁the ▁ 1 9 7 9 ▁National ▁March ▁on ▁Washington ▁for ▁Les bian ▁and ▁Gay ▁Rights , ▁represent atives ▁from ▁these ▁groups ▁met ▁for ▁the ▁first ▁time ▁in ▁Washington , ▁DC . ▁ ▁By ▁ 1 9 8 0 , ▁P FLAG , ▁then ▁known ▁as ▁Par ents ▁F LA G , ▁began ▁to ▁dist ribute ▁information ▁to ▁educational ▁institutions ▁and ▁communities ▁of ▁faith ▁nation wide , ▁establish ing ▁itself ▁as ▁a ▁source ▁of ▁information ▁for ▁the ▁general ▁public . ▁When ▁A de le ▁St arr , ▁who ▁organized ▁the ▁Los ▁Angeles ▁P - FLAG ▁chapter , ▁called ▁" D ear ▁Abb y " ▁to ▁discuss ▁the ▁purpose ▁of ▁P - FLAG , ▁" D ear ▁Abb y " ▁mentioned ▁P FLAG ▁in ▁one ▁of ▁her ▁advice ▁columns . ▁Los ▁Angeles ▁P - FLAG ▁then ▁received ▁more ▁than ▁ 7 , 5 0 0 ▁letters ▁request ing ▁information . ▁Every ▁letter ▁was ▁answered ▁by ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁chapter . ▁In ▁ 1 9 8 1 , ▁members ▁decided ▁to ▁launch ▁a ▁national ▁organization . ▁The ▁first ▁P FLAG ▁office ▁was ▁established ▁in ▁Los ▁Angeles ▁under ▁found ing ▁president ▁A de le ▁St arr . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 8 2 , ▁the ▁Federation ▁of ▁Par ents ▁and ▁Fri ends ▁of ▁Les bi ans ▁and ▁G ays , ▁Inc ., ▁then ▁representing ▁some ▁ 2 0 ▁groups , ▁was ▁incorpor ated |
▁in ▁California ▁and ▁granted ▁non - pro fit , ▁tax - ex empt ▁status . ▁In ▁ 1 9 8 7 , ▁P FLAG ▁re located ▁to ▁Den ver , ▁under ▁President ▁El in or ▁Lew allen . ▁Also ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 8 0 s , ▁P FLAG ▁worked ▁to ▁end ▁the ▁US ▁military ' s ▁efforts ▁to ▁dis charge ▁les bi ans — more ▁than ▁a ▁de cade ▁before ▁military ▁issues ▁came ▁to ▁the ▁fore front ▁of ▁the ▁GL B T ▁movement . ▁ ▁And ▁by ▁the ▁late ▁ 1 9 8 0 s , ▁P FLAG ▁began ▁to ▁have ▁notable ▁success ▁in ▁organ izing ▁chap ters ▁in ▁rural ▁communities . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 9 0 , ▁following ▁a ▁period ▁of ▁significant ▁growth , ▁P FLAG ▁employed ▁an ▁Executive ▁Director , ▁expanded ▁its ▁staff , ▁and ▁moved ▁to ▁Washington , ▁DC . ▁Also ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 0 , ▁P FLAG ▁President ▁P au lette ▁Good man ▁sent ▁a ▁letter ▁to ▁Barbara ▁Bush ▁asking ▁for ▁Mrs . ▁Bush ' s ▁support . ▁The ▁first ▁lady ' s ▁personal ▁reply ▁stated , ▁" I ▁firm ly ▁believe ▁that ▁we ▁cannot ▁toler ate ▁disc rim ination ▁against ▁any ▁individuals ▁or ▁groups ▁in ▁our ▁country . ▁ ▁Such ▁treatment ▁always ▁brings ▁with ▁it ▁pain ▁and ▁perpet u ates ▁int ol er ance ." ▁ ▁In ad vert ently ▁given ▁to ▁the ▁Associ ated ▁Press , ▁her ▁comments ▁caused ▁a ▁political ▁ma el st rom ▁and ▁were ▁perhaps ▁the ▁first ▁gay |
- pos itive ▁comments ▁to ▁come ▁from ▁the ▁White ▁House . ▁ ▁In ▁time ▁the ▁scope ▁of ▁the ▁organization ▁expanded ▁to ▁include ▁bis ex uals , ▁and ▁ultimately , ▁trans gender ▁people , ▁but ▁the ▁name ▁remained ▁P - FLAG . ▁In ▁particular , ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 8 , ▁gender ▁identity , ▁including ▁trans gender ▁people , ▁was ▁added ▁to ▁the ▁mission ▁of ▁P FLAG ▁after ▁a ▁vote ▁at ▁their ▁annual ▁meeting ▁in ▁San ▁Francisco . ▁P FLAG ▁was ▁the ▁first ▁national ▁L GB T ▁organization ▁to ▁officially ▁adopt ▁a ▁trans gender - in clus ive ▁policy ▁for ▁its ▁work , ▁v ow ing ▁not ▁only ▁to ▁include ▁trans gender ▁people ▁in ▁all ▁of ▁its ▁work , ▁but ▁also ▁never ▁to ▁support ▁any ▁policies ▁or ▁laws ▁that ▁are ▁not ▁trans - in clus ive . ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 2 , ▁P FLAG ' s ▁Trans gender ▁Network , ▁also ▁known ▁as ▁T NET , ▁became ▁P FLAG ' s ▁first ▁official ▁" Special ▁Aff ili ate ," ▁recognized ▁with ▁the ▁same ▁privileges ▁and ▁respons ib ilities ▁as ▁regular ▁chap ters . ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 3 , ▁T NET ▁was ▁replaced ▁by ▁the ▁Trans gender ▁and ▁G ender ▁Non con form ing ▁( T G NC ) ▁Ad vis ory ▁Council . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 4 , ▁P FLAG / Ch icago ▁was ▁induct ed ▁into ▁the ▁Chicago ▁Gay ▁and ▁Les bian ▁Hall ▁of ▁Fame ▁as ▁a ▁Friend ▁of ▁the ▁Community . ▁ ▁In ▁ |
2 0 1 3 , ▁Jean ne ▁Man ford ▁was ▁awarded ▁the ▁President ial ▁Cit iz ens ▁Medal ▁by ▁then ▁President ▁Bar ack ▁Ob ama . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 3 , ▁a ▁bronze ▁pla que ▁was ▁installed ▁at ▁The ▁Church ▁of ▁the ▁Village ▁in ▁Green wich ▁Village , ▁mem orial izing ▁the ▁fact ▁that ▁the ▁first ▁meeting ▁of ▁what ▁came ▁to ▁be ▁P FLAG ▁was ▁held ▁at ▁the ▁church ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 3 . ▁The ▁pla que ▁reads , ▁" In ▁ 1 9 7 2 , ▁Queens ▁school te acher ▁Jean ne ▁Man ford ▁walked ▁alongside ▁her ▁gay ▁son , ▁activ ist ▁Mort y ▁Man ford , ▁at ▁the ▁Christopher ▁Street ▁Liber ation ▁Day ▁Par ade , ▁carrying ▁a ▁sign ▁that ▁read ▁' Par ents ▁of ▁G ays : ▁Un ite ▁in ▁Support ▁of ▁Our ▁Children .' ▁The ▁over wh el ming ▁response ▁to ▁that ▁simple ▁act ▁led ▁Jean ne , ▁her ▁husband ▁Jules , ▁and ▁early ▁pione ers ▁of ▁the ▁L GB T ▁equality ▁movement ▁to ▁create ▁a ▁support ▁group ▁for ▁L GB T ▁people , ▁their ▁parents , ▁family , ▁and ▁friends . ▁The ▁first ▁meeting ▁of ▁that ▁group ▁- ▁now ▁known ▁as ▁P FLAG ▁- ▁took ▁place ▁on ▁this ▁site ▁in ▁March ▁ 1 9 7 3 . ▁Pla ced ▁by ▁the ▁Green wich ▁Village ▁Society ▁for ▁Historic ▁Pres ervation ▁in ▁partners hip ▁with ▁P FLAG ▁members ▁everywhere , ▁in ▁honor ▁of ▁the ▁legacy ▁of ▁love ▁that ▁began ▁here ". ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 |
0 1 7 , ▁P FLAG ▁celebrated ▁the ▁ 4 5 th ▁anni versary ▁of ▁founder ▁Jean ne ▁Man ford ' s ▁famous ▁march ▁by ▁her ▁son , ▁gay - right s ▁activ ist ▁Mort y ▁Man ford ' s ▁side ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 7 2 ▁Christopher ▁Street ▁Liber ation ▁Day ▁March . ▁ ▁Project s ▁Stra ight ▁for ▁Equ ality ▁is ▁a ▁national ▁out re ach ▁and ▁education ▁project ▁created ▁by ▁P FLAG ▁National ▁to ▁emp ower ▁new ▁straight ▁al lies ▁and ▁trans ▁al lies ▁who , ▁unlike ▁a ▁more ▁traditional ▁P FLAG ▁member , ▁don ' t ▁necessarily ▁have ▁a ▁family ▁or ▁friend ▁connection ▁to ▁the ▁L GB T Q ▁community . ▁The ▁Stra ight ▁for ▁Equ ality ▁project ▁was ▁launched ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 7 . ▁This ▁nation wide ▁initi ative ▁expanded ▁the ▁organization ' s ▁efforts ▁to ▁include ▁more ▁people ▁in ▁the ▁equality ▁movement ▁than ▁ever ▁before . ▁With ▁almost ▁ 4 0 ▁years ▁of ▁being ▁the ▁" stra ight ▁voice ▁in ▁the ▁gay ▁movement " ▁no ▁other ▁organization ▁has ▁as ▁successful ▁a ▁track ▁record ▁in ▁educ ating ▁and ▁emp ower ing ▁parents , ▁families , ▁friends ▁and ▁al lies . ▁ ▁Since ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁launch , ▁Stra ight ▁for ▁Equ ality ▁in ▁the ▁Work place ▁has ▁been ▁P FLAG ' s ▁most ▁successful ▁initi ative , ▁with ▁an ▁always - develop ing ▁array ▁of ▁work sh ops ▁available ▁to ▁corpor ations ▁in ▁the ▁US . ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 9 |
, ▁P FLAG ▁launched ▁Stra ight ▁for ▁Equ ality ▁in ▁Health care ▁to ▁educ ate ▁and ▁eng age ▁health care ▁prov iders ▁in ▁all ▁discipl ines ▁to ▁be ▁more ▁cult ur ally - in clus ive ▁in ▁their ▁work . ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 2 , ▁P FLAG ▁launched ▁Stra ight ▁for ▁Equ ality ▁in ▁Fa ith ▁Commun ities , ▁which ▁features ▁faith - f oc used ▁resources ▁and ▁tools ▁for ▁people ▁of ▁all ▁denomin ations ▁to ▁start ▁having ▁critical ▁convers ations ▁in ▁their ▁faith ▁communities ▁to ▁create ▁more ▁wel coming ▁institutions . ▁And ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 4 , ▁P FLAG ▁launched ▁a ▁new ▁trans ▁al ly ▁program ▁through ▁Stra ight ▁for ▁Equ ality . ▁ ▁Each ▁year ▁since ▁ 2 0 0 9 , ▁P FLAG ▁National ▁has ▁held ▁the ▁Stra ight ▁for ▁Equ ality ▁Awards ▁G ala , ▁the ▁only ▁awards ▁g ala ▁that ▁exclus ively ▁celebr ates ▁the ▁contributions ▁of ▁straight ▁al lies ▁to ▁the ▁movement ▁for ▁L GB T ▁equality . ▁ ▁Past ▁w inners ▁include ▁civil ▁rights ▁pione ers ▁like ▁May a ▁Angel ou ▁and ▁John net ta ▁B . ▁Cole ; ▁ent ert ainer ▁L iza ▁Minn elli ; ▁actors ▁Ros ie ▁Pere z , ▁Patrick ▁Stewart , ▁and ▁Sig our ney ▁We aver ; ▁Broadway ▁stars ▁Aud ra ▁Mc Donald ▁and ▁Will ▁Sw enson ; ▁sports ▁icons ▁Br end on ▁A yan b ade jo , ▁Scott ▁F uj ita , ▁Chris ▁K lu we , ▁and ▁Hudson ▁Taylor ; ▁authors ▁Char la |
ine ▁Harris ▁and ▁John ▁Ir ving ; ▁faith ▁leaders ▁like ▁Jay ▁Bak ker ; ▁and ▁organizations ▁including ▁IBM , ▁K PM G , ▁Met Life , ▁S ode x o , ▁and ▁Wh irl pool . ▁ ▁Cult iv ating ▁Res pect : ▁Sa fe ▁School s ▁For ▁All ▁is ▁P FLAG ▁National ' s ▁um bre lla ▁program ▁to ▁support ▁the ▁efforts ▁of ▁educ ators , ▁parents , ▁and ▁other ▁trust ed ▁adult s ▁to ▁make ▁schools ▁safe ▁and ▁inclus ive . ▁ ▁Cla im ▁Your ▁Rights , ▁created ▁in ▁partners hip ▁with ▁G LS EN , ▁is ▁a ▁program ▁to ▁help ▁parents , ▁teachers , ▁administr ators ▁and ▁other ▁trust ed ▁adult s ▁file ▁compla ints ▁with ▁the ▁Office ▁for ▁Civil ▁Rights ▁at ▁the ▁US ▁Department ▁of ▁Education ▁on ▁beh alf ▁of ▁youth ▁who ▁have ▁experienced ▁school - based ▁bul lying , ▁har ass ment , ▁or ▁disc rim ination . ▁ ▁Camp aign s ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁mid - 1 9 9 0 s , ▁" Project ▁Open ▁Mind " ▁caused ▁some ▁controvers y ▁from ▁Pat ▁Robert son . ▁He ▁threatened ▁to ▁sue ▁P FLAG ▁and ▁any ▁television ▁station ▁that ▁a ired ▁the ▁project ' s ▁ad s , ▁which ▁showed ▁cli ps ▁of ▁anti - L GB T ▁quotes ▁from ▁several ▁people , ▁including ▁Robert son , ▁Jerry ▁Fal well , ▁and ▁United ▁States ▁Sen . ▁J esse ▁Hel ms . ▁ ▁The ▁ad s ▁can ▁currently ▁be ▁seen ▁on ▁the ▁Com mer cial ▁Cl os et ▁webpage . |
▁ ▁Adv oc acy ▁work ▁P FLAG ▁National ▁and ▁the ▁P FLAG ▁chapter ▁network ▁eng ages ▁in ▁advoc acy ▁at ▁the ▁local , ▁state ▁and ▁federal ▁level ▁and ▁has ▁issued ▁public ▁policy ▁statements ▁on ▁a ▁wide ▁variety ▁of ▁issues . ▁In ▁the ▁early ▁ 1 9 9 0 s , ▁P FLAG ▁chap ters ▁in ▁Massachusetts ▁helped ▁pass ▁the ▁first ▁Sa fe ▁School s ▁legisl ation ▁in ▁the ▁country . ▁By ▁the ▁mid - 1 9 9 0 s ▁a ▁P FLAG ▁family ▁was ▁responsible ▁for ▁the ▁Department ▁of ▁Education ' s ▁r uling ▁that ▁Title ▁IX ▁also ▁protected ▁gay ▁and ▁les bian ▁students ▁from ▁har ass ment ▁based ▁on ▁sexual ▁orientation . ▁P FLAG ▁put ▁the ▁Relig ious ▁Right ▁on ▁the ▁def ensive , ▁when ▁Pat ▁Robert son ▁threatened ▁to ▁sue ▁any ▁station ▁that ▁carried ▁Project ▁Open ▁Mind ▁advert is ements . ▁The ▁resulting ▁media ▁coverage ▁drew ▁national ▁attention ▁to ▁P FLAG ' s ▁message ▁linking ▁hate ▁speech ▁with ▁hate ▁cr imes ▁and ▁L GB T ▁te en ▁suic ide . ▁P FLAG ▁National ▁has ▁been ▁on ▁the ▁front ▁lines ▁to ▁help ▁repe al ▁Don ' t ▁Ask , ▁Don ' t ▁Tell ; ▁in ▁the ▁fight ▁for ▁marriage ▁equality ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States — including ▁fil ing ▁an ▁am icus ▁brief ▁with ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Supreme ▁Court ; ▁working ▁to ▁end ▁the ▁practice ▁of ▁so - called ▁" con version ▁ther apy " ▁and ▁to ▁combat ▁dangerous ▁R F RA ▁laws , ▁and ▁more . ▁ ▁List ▁of ▁Pres idents ▁ |
▁Out side ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Similarly ▁pur posed ▁( and ▁sometimes ▁similarly ▁named ) ▁organizations ▁have ▁been ▁established ▁outside ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁since ▁P FLAG ' s ▁ 1 9 7 2 ▁establishment , ▁although ▁the ▁majority ▁of ▁such ▁organizations ▁are ▁una ff ili ated ▁with ▁each ▁other ▁or ▁with ▁the ▁US ▁P FLAG . ▁Most ▁recently , ▁a ▁P FLAG ▁organization ▁in ▁People ' s ▁Republic ▁of ▁China , ▁P FLAG ▁China ▁was ▁established ▁in ▁June ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁by ▁Wu ▁You j ian ▁in ▁Gu ang z hou ▁after ▁accepting ▁her ▁son ' s ▁hom osex ual ity . ▁ ▁Other ▁organizations ▁ ▁Te h ila ▁( Is rael ) ▁ ▁Famil ies ▁and ▁Fri ends ▁of ▁Les bi ans ▁and ▁G ays ▁( Un ited ▁Kingdom ) ▁ ▁P FLAG ▁Canada ▁( Se par ately ▁origin ated , ▁similarly ▁named ) ▁ ▁T els ▁Qu els ▁( Bel g ium ) ▁ ▁Famil ies ▁for ▁Sex ual ▁D iversity ▁( Lat in ▁America ) ▁ ▁CON TA CT ▁( France ) ▁ ▁BE FA H ▁( G erm any ) ▁ ▁A GE DO ▁( Ital y ) ▁ ▁Association ▁of ▁F athers ▁and ▁M oth ers ▁of ▁G ays ▁and ▁Les bi ans ▁( Sp ain ) ▁ ▁F EL S ▁( Sw itzerland ) ▁ ▁P FLAG ▁Vietnam ▁( V ietnam ) ▁ ▁P FLAG ▁China ▁( Pe ople ' s ▁Republic ▁of ▁China ) ▁ ▁P FLAG ▁in ▁Australia ▁ ▁P FLAG ▁South ▁Africa ▁ |
▁P FLAG ▁My an mar / B ur ma ▁ ▁Popular ▁culture ▁The ▁organization ▁is ▁featured ▁in ▁the ▁TV ▁movie ▁P ray ers ▁for ▁Bobby , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁in ▁The ▁Tr uth ▁about ▁Jane ▁ ▁P FLAG ▁Canada ▁supports ▁the ▁web ▁series ▁Out ▁with ▁D ad . ▁The ▁two ▁main ▁characters , ▁Rose ▁and ▁her ▁d ad ▁Nathan , ▁attend ▁to ▁P FLAG ▁meet ings ▁during ▁season ▁ 2 ▁and ▁ 3 . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁US ▁version ▁of ▁Que er ▁as ▁Fol k , ▁characters ▁Deb bie ▁Nov ot ny ▁and ▁Jenn ifer ▁Taylor ▁are ▁members ▁of ▁the ▁organization ▁with ▁Deb bie ▁serving ▁as ▁chapter ▁president ▁and ▁Jenn ifer ▁joining ▁soon ▁after ▁finding ▁out ▁her ▁son ▁is ▁gay . ▁ ▁P FLAG ▁National ▁provided ▁guidance ▁and ▁support ▁to ▁D egr ass i ▁High ▁when ▁the ▁show ▁introduced ▁its ▁first ▁trans gender ▁character ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 0 . ▁It ▁offered ▁a ▁special ▁resources ▁page ▁for ▁view ers ▁who ▁wanted ▁more ▁information ▁on ▁trans ▁issues . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁▁ ▁P ray ers ▁for ▁Bobby – ▁Film ▁based ▁on ▁a ▁book ▁based ▁on ▁a ▁true ▁story ▁featuring ▁the ▁organization ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Foot notes ▁ ▁Bibli ography ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁▁ ▁P FLAG ▁Long ▁Beach ▁( Cal iforn ia ) ▁ ▁Category : Comm unity - building ▁organizations ▁Category : History ▁of ▁L GB T ▁civil ▁rights ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Category : L GB T ▁family ▁and ▁peer ▁support ▁groups ▁Category : L GB T ▁political ▁advoc acy ▁groups |
▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Category : Non - pro fit ▁organizations ▁based ▁in ▁New ▁York ▁City ▁Category : Organ izations ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 3 ▁Category : 1 9 7 3 ▁establish ments ▁in ▁New ▁York ▁( state ) <0x0A> </s> ▁Victor ▁Sed don ▁Vincent ▁( 1 ▁June ▁ 1 9 0 8 ▁– ▁ 9 ▁November ▁ 1 9 6 4 ) ▁was ▁an ▁Australian ▁politician . ▁Born ▁at ▁Leon ora , ▁Western ▁Australia , ▁he ▁was ▁educated ▁at ▁Scot ch ▁College ▁in ▁Per th , ▁and ▁then ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Western ▁Australia , ▁becoming ▁a ▁bar r ister . ▁He ▁pract iced ▁in ▁Kal go or lie ▁from ▁ 1 9 3 1 . ▁After ▁serving ▁in ▁World ▁War ▁II ▁( 1 9 3 9 - 1 9 4 5 ), ▁he ▁was ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁Kal go or lie ▁Municipal ▁Council , ▁and ▁President ▁of ▁the ▁Kal go or lie ▁Chamber ▁of ▁Com merce . ▁In ▁ 1 9 4 9 , ▁he ▁was ▁elected ▁to ▁the ▁Australian ▁Senate ▁as ▁a ▁Liberal ▁Senator ▁for ▁Western ▁Australia . ▁He ▁held ▁the ▁seat ▁until ▁his ▁death ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 4 ; ▁Peter ▁Sim ▁was ▁appointed ▁to ▁replace ▁him . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 0 8 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 9 6 4 ▁death s ▁Category : L iber al ▁Party ▁of ▁Australia ▁members ▁of ▁the ▁Parliament ▁of ▁Australia ▁Category : M embers ▁of ▁the ▁Australian ▁Senate ▁for ▁Western ▁Australia ▁Category : M embers ▁of |
▁the ▁Australian ▁Senate ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁Leon ora , ▁Western ▁Australia ▁Category : Univers ity ▁of ▁Western ▁Australia ▁al umn i ▁Category : 2 0 th - century ▁Australian ▁polit icians ▁Category : Pe ople ▁educated ▁at ▁Scot ch ▁College , ▁Per th <0x0A> </s> ▁Ryan ▁Jay ▁is ▁a ▁TV ▁and ▁radio ▁film ▁critic , ▁O z ▁historian , ▁director , ▁writer ▁and ▁producer . ▁ ▁Current ▁Ryan ▁Jay ▁is ▁one ▁of ▁America ' s ▁most ▁popular , ▁nation ally ▁synd ic ated , ▁radio ▁film ▁critics . ▁He ▁can ▁be ▁heard ▁live ▁Friday ▁m orn ings ▁on ▁FM ▁stations ▁across ▁the ▁country , ▁in ▁addition ▁to ▁recorded ▁week ly ▁movie ▁review ▁segments ▁for ▁Prem iere ▁Network s . ▁He ▁is ▁also ▁featured ▁week ly ▁as ▁resident ▁film ▁critic ▁on ▁The ▁Mor ning ▁Bl end , ▁N BC - TV ▁affili ate ▁in ▁Mil w au kee , ▁W I ▁and ▁the ▁FO X - TV ▁affili ate ▁in ▁Fort ▁My ers , ▁F L . ▁Ryan ▁is ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁Broadcast ▁Film ▁Crit ics ▁Association . ▁Every ▁other ▁week ▁he ▁can ▁be ▁found ▁in ▁the ▁pages ▁of ▁Us ▁Week ly ▁magazine ▁as ▁F ashion ▁Police . ▁As ▁an ▁O z ▁historian , ▁Ryan ▁works ▁to ▁preserve ▁the ▁legacy ▁and ▁culture ▁impact ▁of ▁all ▁things ▁related ▁to ▁The ▁W izard ▁of ▁O z , ▁by ▁interview ing ▁and ▁present ing ▁on ▁beh alf ▁of ▁many ▁of ▁the ▁most ▁high - profile ▁produ ctions ▁about ▁the ▁subject . ▁ ▁History ▁As |
▁an ▁O z ▁historian , ▁Ryan ▁has ▁spent ▁dec ades ▁studying ▁The ▁W izard ▁of ▁O z ▁and ▁related ▁materials , ▁products ▁and ▁produ ctions . ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 5 ▁his ▁hand print s ▁and ▁aut ograph ▁were ▁c ement ed ▁in ▁the ▁O z ▁Museum ▁in ▁W am ego , ▁K S , ▁just ▁below ▁those ▁of ▁Jerry ▁Mar en , ▁the ▁middle ▁L ol lip op ▁Gu ild ▁m unch kin ▁in ▁The ▁W izard ▁of ▁O z , ▁and ▁near ▁other ▁acc laimed ▁stars ▁of ▁O z ▁films ▁and ▁histor ians . ▁ ▁He ▁received ▁Honor ary ▁L if etime ▁M emb ership ▁from ▁the ▁International ▁L . ▁Frank ▁Ba um ▁and ▁All ▁Things ▁O z ▁Historical ▁Foundation ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 7 , ▁in ▁recognition ▁of ▁his ▁significant ▁and ▁substantial ▁lifetime ▁achiev ement ▁in ▁scholar ship , ▁performance , ▁teaching ▁and / or ▁support ▁of ▁All ▁Things ▁O z . ▁ ▁Prior ▁to ▁going ▁solo ▁as ▁a ▁film ▁critic ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 1 , ▁from ▁ 2 0 0 6 – 2 0 0 9 , ▁Ryan ▁was ▁the ▁co - host ▁of ▁Clear ▁Channel ' s ▁PR IDE ▁Radio ▁with ▁Ryan ▁& ▁Caroline , ▁the ▁first ▁nation ally ▁synd ic ated ▁radio ▁talk ▁show ▁target ed ▁to ▁the ▁L GB T ▁community . ▁Kn own ▁as ▁radio ' s ▁" Will ▁& ▁Grace ", ▁Ryan ▁and ▁Caroline ▁interview ed ▁cele brit ies , ▁d ished ▁pop ▁culture ▁g oss ip ▁and ▁covered ▁fashion |
, ▁travel ▁and ▁l ifest yle ▁tr ends . ▁T ogether , ▁Ryan ▁and ▁Caroline ▁were , ▁and ▁continue ▁to ▁be ▁featured ▁as ▁F ashion ▁Police ▁in ▁Us ▁Week ly ▁magazine . ▁They ▁co - created ▁the ▁movie ▁review ▁and ▁news ▁site : ▁We See M ov ies . com ▁which ▁is ▁now ▁Ryan J ay Re views . com . ▁Ryan ▁& ▁Caroline ▁were ▁heard ▁every ▁Friday ▁on ▁morning ▁radio ▁talk ▁shows ▁around ▁the ▁US ▁offering ▁their ▁week end ▁movie ▁pre views . ▁ ▁They ▁were ▁the ▁official ▁film ▁critics ▁for ▁Prem iere ▁Radio ▁Network s . ▁ ▁Ryan ▁is ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁Broadcast ▁Film ▁Crit ics ▁Association ▁( BF CA ). ▁Ryan ▁Jay ▁& ▁Caroline ▁Hand ▁met ▁during ▁the ▁summer ▁of ▁ 2 0 0 0 ▁while ▁working ▁as ▁produ cers ▁at ▁V H 1 ▁in ▁New ▁York ▁City ▁and ▁fast ▁became ▁best ▁friends . ▁Prior ▁to ▁that ▁significant ▁moment , ▁Ryan ▁had ▁earned ▁a ▁B . A . ▁in ▁Journal ism ▁from ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Wisconsin ▁– ▁Mad ison . ▁While ▁in ▁school ▁he ▁created ▁and ▁led ▁an ▁opportunity ▁for ▁fellow ▁students , ▁offering ▁college ▁credit ▁based ▁on ▁his ▁field ▁experience ▁as ▁intern ▁at ▁Entertainment ▁Ton ight ▁and ▁The ▁S ally ▁J esse ▁Rap ha el ▁Show . ▁He ▁delivered ▁the ▁comm enc ement ▁address ▁at ▁his ▁gradu ation . ▁ ▁After ▁college , ▁Ryan ▁joined ▁the ▁news ▁team ▁at ▁the ▁CBS - TV ▁affili ate ▁in ▁Mad ison , ▁Wisconsin ▁as ▁an ▁on - air ▁rep orter . |
▁His ▁dis like ▁for ▁formula ic ▁news ▁soon ▁led ▁him ▁to ▁Chicago ▁where ▁he ▁worked ▁as ▁a ▁producer ▁for ▁The ▁Jerry ▁Springer ▁Show . ▁That ▁experience , ▁though ▁wild , ▁was ▁in valu able ▁and ▁p aved ▁the ▁way ▁to ▁New ▁York ▁City . ▁He ▁produced ▁another ▁talk ▁show ▁in ▁the ▁Big ▁Apple ▁before ▁moving ▁on ▁to ▁pop ▁culture ▁programming ▁at ▁V H 1 ▁where ▁he ▁met ▁Caroline . ▁Among ▁the ▁shows ▁he ▁produced ▁for ▁V H 1 ▁was ▁the ▁highly ▁r ated ▁five - hour ▁min is eries ▁The ▁ 1 0 0 ▁Great est ▁Red ▁Car pet ▁M om ents . ▁ ▁Post ▁V H 1 , ▁Ryan ▁produced ▁a ▁week ly ▁half - hour ▁series ▁for ▁MTV ▁called ▁Bang in ' ▁the ▁Ch arts . ▁He ▁further ▁produced ▁the ▁prom ot ional ▁campaign ▁for ▁the ▁third ▁season ▁of ▁Show time ' s ▁Que er ▁as ▁Fol k , ▁many ▁on - air ▁prom os ▁for ▁Nick el ode on , ▁The ▁Sund ance ▁Channel , ▁and ▁Log o , ▁pil ots ▁for ▁V H 1 ▁and ▁the ▁reality ▁TV ▁version ▁of ▁Sex ▁and ▁the ▁City ▁for ▁Bra vo . ▁ ▁More ▁recently ▁he ▁has ▁produced ▁The ▁Mill ion aire ▁Match maker ▁for ▁Bra vo ▁and ▁What ▁the ▁S ell ? ! ▁for ▁T LC . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁▁ ▁Ryan ▁And ▁Caroline ▁B log ▁ ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : American ▁radio ▁personal ities ▁Category : American ▁television ▁produ cers ▁Category : L GB T ▁broad |
c aster s ▁from ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Category : Place ▁of ▁birth ▁missing ▁( l iving ▁people ) ▁Category : Univers ity ▁of ▁Wisconsin – Mad ison ▁School ▁of ▁Journal ism ▁& ▁Mass ▁Communic ation ▁al umn i ▁Category : Year ▁of ▁birth ▁missing ▁( l iving ▁people ) <0x0A> </s> ▁AD ▁ 4 0 ▁( X L ) ▁was ▁a ▁le ap ▁year ▁starting ▁on ▁Friday ▁( link ▁will ▁display ▁the ▁full ▁calendar ) ▁of ▁the ▁Julian ▁calendar . ▁At ▁the ▁time , ▁it ▁was ▁known ▁as ▁the ▁Year ▁of ▁the ▁Cons ul ship ▁of ▁August us ▁without ▁colle ague ▁( or , ▁less ▁frequently , ▁year ▁ 7 9 3 ▁Ab ▁ur be ▁cond ita ). ▁The ▁den om ination ▁AD ▁ 4 0 ▁for ▁this ▁year ▁has ▁been ▁used ▁since ▁the ▁Early ▁Middle ▁A ges , ▁when ▁the ▁An no ▁Dom ini ▁calendar ▁era ▁became ▁the ▁pre val ent ▁method ▁in ▁Europe ▁for ▁naming ▁years . ▁ ▁Events ▁ ▁By ▁place ▁ ▁Roman ▁Empire ▁▁ ▁Emperor ▁Cal ig ula ▁is ▁cons ul ▁without ▁colle ague . ▁ ▁Cal ig ula ▁starts ▁on ▁a ▁campaign ▁to ▁conquer ▁Britain , ▁which ▁fails ▁miser ably . ▁He ▁decl ares ▁himself ▁vict orious ▁regardless . ▁ ▁Nor icum ▁and ▁Ma ure t ania ▁are ▁incorpor ated ▁into ▁the ▁Roman ▁Empire . ▁ ▁Cal ig ula ▁re forms ▁the ▁princip atus ▁into ▁a ▁H ellen istic ▁Aut ocracy . ▁He ▁dist ributes ▁hon ors ▁care lessly , ▁decl ares ▁himself ▁a ▁god ▁and ▁orders ▁that |
▁all ▁the ▁heads ▁of ▁the ▁Greek ▁de ity ▁stat ues ▁be ▁replaced ▁by ▁his . ▁He ▁also ▁appoint s ▁his ▁horse , ▁Inc it atus , ▁ ▁a ▁sen ator . ▁ ▁Appro xim ate ▁date ▁of ▁start ▁of ▁construction ▁on ▁the ▁Pont ▁du ▁Gard ▁aqu ed uct ▁in ▁Gall ia ▁Nar bon ensis . ▁ ▁Europe ▁▁ ▁The ▁German ic ▁Qu adi ▁tribe ▁begin ▁sett ling ▁in ▁present - day ▁Mor avia ▁and ▁Slov ak ia . ▁ ▁Par th ia ▁▁ ▁V ard anes ▁I ▁becomes ▁king ▁of ▁Par th ia , ▁opposed ▁by ▁his ▁brother ▁Got ar zes ▁II . ▁ ▁Vietnam ▁▁ ▁The ▁Vietnam ese ▁Tr ư ng ▁Sister s ▁re bel ▁against ▁the ▁rule ▁of ▁the ▁Chinese ▁Emperor ▁Gu ang ▁Wu ▁of ▁Han . ▁ ▁By ▁topic ▁ ▁Arts ▁and ▁sciences ▁▁ ▁Phil o ▁teach es ▁that ▁all ▁men ▁are ▁born ▁free . ▁ ▁Religion ▁▁ ▁Christian ity ▁comes ▁to ▁Egypt ▁as ▁a ▁church ▁is ▁founded ▁in ▁Alexand ria . ▁Mark ▁the ▁Evangel ist ▁found s ▁the ▁Church ▁of ▁Alexand ria ▁as ▁the ▁first ▁Patri arch . ▁ ▁An ▁early ▁Christian ▁church ▁is ▁ere cted ▁at ▁Cor inth ▁( most ▁probable ▁date ). ▁ ▁The ▁traditional ▁date ▁of ▁Saint ▁James ▁the ▁Great ▁meeting ▁Our ▁Lady ▁of ▁the ▁P ill ar ▁in ▁Spain ▁ ▁B irth s ▁▁ ▁June ▁ 1 3 ▁– ▁G na eus ▁Julius ▁Agr icola , ▁Roman ▁governor ▁( d . ▁AD ▁ 9 3 ) ▁ ▁Claud ia ▁Oct avia , ▁daughter ▁of ▁Claud |
ius ▁and ▁Mess al ina ▁( d . ▁AD ▁ 6 2 ) ▁ ▁D io ▁Ch rys ost om , ▁Greek ▁phil os opher ▁and ▁historian ▁( d . ▁c . ▁ 1 1 5 ) ▁ ▁Ma , ▁Chinese ▁em press ▁of ▁the ▁Han ▁D ynast y ▁( d . ▁AD ▁ 7 9 ) ▁ ▁Ped an ius ▁Dios cor ides , ▁Greek ▁phys ician ▁and ▁ph arm ac ologist ▁( d . ▁AD ▁ 9 0 ) ▁ ▁Se xt us ▁Julius ▁Front inus , ▁Roman ▁general ▁and ▁military ▁author ▁( d . ▁ 1 0 3 ) ▁ ▁Tit us ▁Pet ron ius ▁Sec und us , ▁Roman ▁pre fect ▁( d . ▁AD ▁ 9 7 ) ▁ ▁Death s ▁▁ ▁G na eus ▁Dom it ius ▁A hen obar bus , ▁husband ▁of ▁Ag ri pp ina ▁the ▁Young er ▁( b . ▁ 1 7 ▁BC ) ▁ ▁Fa ust us ▁Corn el ius ▁Sul la , ▁Roman ▁politician ▁and ▁su ffect ▁cons ul ▁ ▁P to le my ▁of ▁Ma ure t ania , ▁Roman ▁client ▁king ▁ ▁( exec uted ▁by ▁Cal ig ula ) ▁ ▁References ▁▁▁ 0 0 4 0 <0x0A> </s> ▁Sh aron ▁Cost ant ino ▁( born ▁ 1 5 ▁May ▁ 1 9 7 5 ) ▁is ▁a ▁M alt ese ▁retired ▁footballer ▁who ▁played ▁as ▁a ▁goal keeper . ▁She ▁has ▁been ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁Mal ta ▁women ' s ▁national ▁team . ▁ ▁References ▁ |
▁Category : 1 9 7 5 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : W omen ' s ▁association ▁football ▁goal keep ers ▁Category : M alt ese ▁women ' s ▁football ers ▁Category : Mal ta ▁women ' s ▁international ▁football ers <0x0A> </s> ▁Hans ▁Pet ter ▁S j ø li ▁( born ▁ 1 6 ▁January ▁ 1 9 7 4 ▁in ▁Ste ink jer ) ▁is ▁a ▁Norwegian ▁journalist ▁for ▁D ags av isen ▁and ▁K lasse k amp en ▁and ▁author ▁of ▁the ▁book ▁Ma o , ▁min ▁ma o . ▁Histor ien ▁om ▁A K P s ▁v ek st ▁og ▁fall , ▁published ▁by ▁C app elen ▁for lag ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 5 . ▁ ▁S j ø li ▁studied ▁history ▁at ▁Univers itet et ▁i ▁Os lo , ▁he ▁also ▁studied ▁in ▁Ber gen ▁and ▁Tr ond heim . ▁The ▁Norwegian ▁journalist ▁formerly ▁worked ▁in ▁K lasse k amp en ▁and ▁D agens ▁N ær ings liv . ▁Currently , ▁he ▁lives ▁in ▁Rod el ø k ka , ▁Os lo ▁with ▁his ▁family . ▁ ▁References ▁▁ ▁Category : N or weg ian ▁journal ists ▁Category : N or weg ian ▁non - f iction ▁writers ▁Category : 1 9 7 4 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people <0x0A> </s> ▁Ph az aca ▁is ▁a ▁genus ▁of ▁moth s ▁in ▁the ▁family ▁U ran i idae ▁first ▁described ▁by ▁Walker ▁in ▁ 1 8 6 3 . ▁ ▁Description ▁Pal pi |
▁u pt urn ed , ▁reaching ▁vertex ▁of ▁head . ▁An ten na e ▁thick ened ▁and ▁fl atten ed ▁in ▁male . ▁Fore w ings ▁broad . ▁The ▁outer ▁margin ▁even ly ▁cur ved . ▁Ve in ▁ 5 ▁from ▁below ▁the ▁upper ▁angle ▁of ▁cell ▁and ▁ve ins ▁ 6 , 7 ▁and ▁ 8 , 9 ▁st alk ed . ▁ve in ▁ 1 0 ▁from ▁cell . ▁H ind w ings ▁usually ▁with ▁the ▁outer ▁margin ▁produced ▁to ▁points ▁at ▁ve ins ▁ 4 ▁and ▁ 7 , ▁slightly ▁developed ▁in ▁male . ▁Ve in ▁ 5 ▁from ▁the ▁middle ▁of ▁disc oc ell ular s . ▁Ve ins ▁ 6 ▁and ▁ 7 ▁from ▁angle ▁of ▁cell ▁or ▁shortly ▁st alk ed . ▁Male ▁with ▁a ▁fol d ▁on ▁inner ▁area ▁containing ▁a ▁tu ft ▁of ▁long ▁hair , ▁ve ins ▁ 1 b ▁and ▁ 2 ▁being ▁dist orted . ▁W ings ▁held ▁more ▁or ▁less ▁apart ▁in ▁rep ose . ▁ ▁Species ▁Ph az aca ▁ac util inea ▁( W ar ren , ▁ 1 8 9 7 ) ▁Ph az aca ▁al ik ang ensis ▁( Str and , ▁ 1 9 1 7 ) ▁Ph az aca ▁ces ena ▁( S win ho e , ▁ 1 9 0 2 ) ▁Ph az aca ▁ces en ale uca ▁H ollow ay , ▁ 1 9 9 8 ▁Ph az aca ▁con if era ▁( Mo ore , ▁ 1 8 8 7 ) ▁Ph |
az aca ▁con if ero ides ▁H ollow ay , ▁ 1 9 9 8 ▁Ph az aca ▁cy c loc ross a ▁( Turn er , ▁ 1 9 2 6 ) ▁Ph az aca ▁cy ther a ▁( S win ho e , ▁ 1 9 0 2 ) ▁Ph az aca ▁decor ata ▁( W ar ren , ▁ 1 8 9 8 ) ▁Ph az aca ▁er os io ides ▁Walker , ▁ 1 8 6 3 ▁Ph az aca ▁interrupt a ▁( W ar ren , ▁ 1 8 9 6 ) ▁Ph az aca ▁k ellers i ▁T ams , ▁ 1 9 3 5 ▁( from ▁Sam oa ) ▁Ph az aca ▁le u co ce ph ala ▁( W alk er , ▁ 1 8 6 3 ) ▁Ph az aca ▁le uc oc era ▁( H am pson , ▁ 1 8 9 1 ) ▁Ph az aca ▁lug ens ▁( W ar ren , ▁ 1 8 9 7 ) ▁Ph az aca ▁mont ices ena ▁H ollow ay , ▁ 1 9 9 8 ▁Ph az aca ▁mut ans ▁( But ler , ▁ 1 8 8 7 ) ▁Ph az aca ▁perf alla x ▁( W ar ren , ▁ 1 8 9 8 ) ▁Ph az aca ▁plan im argo ▁( W ar ren , ▁ 1 9 0 6 ) ▁Ph az aca ▁rh omb if era ▁( W ar ren , ▁ 1 8 9 7 ) ▁Ph |
az aca ▁st ol ida ▁( But ler , ▁ 1 8 8 6 ) ▁Ph az aca ▁the cl ata ▁( G uen ée , ▁ 1 8 5 7 ) ▁Ph az aca ▁un ica uda ▁( D ud geon , ▁ 1 9 0 5 ) ▁Ph az aca ▁un ica udo ides ▁H ollow ay , ▁ 1 9 9 8 ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : U ran i idae <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Four th ▁Dim ension ▁is ▁the ▁third ▁studio ▁album ▁by ▁Hyp oc ris y , ▁released ▁on ▁October ▁ 2 5 , ▁ 1 9 9 4 . ▁The ▁limited ▁edition ▁dig ip ak ▁( cat .- no . ▁N B ▁ 1 1 2 - 2 ▁D IG I ), ▁not ▁to ▁be ▁confused ▁with ▁the ▁dig ip ak ▁re - release , ▁had ▁" The ▁A by ss " ▁instead ▁of ▁" The ▁Ar rival ▁of ▁the ▁Dem ons ". ▁This ▁track ▁was ▁later ▁re - record ed ▁for ▁The ▁Ar rival ▁album . ▁The ▁dig ip ak ▁re - release ▁contains ▁two ▁bonus ▁tracks : ▁" Request ▁Den ied " ▁and ▁" Str ange ▁W ays " ▁taken ▁from ▁the ▁Max imum ▁Ab du ction ▁EP . ▁After ▁the ▁departure ▁of ▁vocal ist ▁M asse ▁Bro berg , ▁Hyp oc ris y ' s ▁lyr ics ▁began ▁to ▁focus ▁more ▁on ▁the ▁par an ormal ▁and ▁science ▁fiction . ▁The ▁person ▁on ▁the ▁cover ▁is ▁M ika el ▁Hed l und , ▁Hyp |
oc ris y ' s ▁bass ▁guitar ▁player . ▁ ▁Track ▁listing ▁ ▁Cred its ▁ ▁Band ▁members ▁ ▁Peter ▁T ägt gren ▁− ▁vocals , ▁electric ▁gu it ars , ▁key boards ▁ ▁M ika el ▁Hed l und ▁− ▁bass ▁guitar ▁ ▁Lars ▁Sz ö ke ▁− ▁drums ▁ ▁Production ▁ ▁Produ ced ▁and ▁mixed ▁by ▁Peter ▁T ägt gren ▁ ▁Engine ered ▁by ▁G unn ar ▁Sil ins ▁ ▁Master ed ▁by ▁G unn ar ▁Sil ins , ▁at ▁Park ▁Studio , ▁Stockholm ▁ ▁Ph otos , ▁art ▁and ▁design ▁by ▁P ▁Gr ø n , ▁Sweden ▁ ▁Executive ▁producer ▁M . ▁Sta iger ▁ ▁Category : H yp oc ris y ▁( band ) ▁albums ▁Category : N uc lear ▁Bl ast ▁albums ▁Category : 1 9 9 4 ▁albums ▁Category : Al bum s ▁produced ▁by ▁Peter ▁T ägt gren <0x0A> </s> ▁Ball ▁& ▁Ch ain ▁is ▁a ▁ 2 0 0 4 ▁rom antic ▁comedy ▁written ▁by ▁Thomas ▁Mort imer . ▁It ▁was ▁directed ▁by ▁Sh ira z ▁J af ri ▁and ▁produced ▁by ▁A . ▁V . ▁T . ▁Sh ank ard ass . ▁It ▁stars ▁Sun il ▁Mal hot ra , ▁Lisa ▁Ray , ▁Kal ▁P enn , ▁Pur va ▁Bed i ▁and ▁As ran i . ▁It ▁was ▁fil med ▁on ▁location ▁in ▁Austin , ▁Texas . ▁It ▁was ▁released ▁by ▁L ions ▁Gate ▁Entertainment . ▁ ▁Plot ▁ ▁Some where ▁in ▁the ▁middle ▁of ▁Texas , ▁A me et ▁( S un il |
▁Mal hot ra ) ▁and ▁Sa ima ▁( L isa ▁Ray ) ▁have ▁a ▁problem . ▁They ▁were ▁perfectly ▁happy ▁avoid ing ▁each ▁other ▁until ▁their ▁parents ▁set ▁them ▁up ▁to ▁get ▁married . ▁The ▁rel uct ant ▁couple ▁decide ▁to ▁do ▁whatever ▁it ▁takes ▁to ▁break ▁off ▁the ▁eng agement . ▁After ▁some ▁very ▁embar rass ing ▁efforts , ▁they ▁finally ▁succeed ▁in ▁getting ▁their ▁parents ▁to ▁call ▁off ▁the ▁wed ding , ▁only ▁to ▁realize ▁they ▁have ▁another ▁problem , ▁they ' re ▁in ▁love ! ▁Meanwhile , ▁Sa ima ' s ▁father ▁( As ran i ), ▁dec iding ▁that ▁she ' s ▁passed ▁her ▁exp iration ▁date , ▁promises ▁her ▁to ▁Ash ol ▁( Is mail ▁Bas he y )- ▁a ▁sle azy ▁play boy . ▁Finally , ▁there ' s ▁a ▁wed ding ; ▁Ash ol ' s ▁big ▁secret , ▁A me et ' s ▁bigger ▁surprise , ▁and ▁Sa ima ' s ▁biggest ▁decision . ▁ ▁Cast ▁ ▁Sun il ▁Mal hot ra ▁as ▁A me et ▁Lisa ▁Ray ▁as ▁Sa ima ▁As ran i ▁as ▁Papa ▁Kal ▁P enn ▁as ▁Bobby ▁Pur va ▁Bed i ▁as ▁Ruby ▁Is mail ▁Bas he y ▁as ▁Ash ol ▁Johnny ▁K ast l ▁as ▁Mont y ▁A ther ▁Ali ▁as ▁Dev ▁B rea ▁Col a ▁as ▁Ang ela ▁Sub ash ▁K und an mal ▁as ▁A me et ' s ▁Father ▁No or ▁Sh ic ▁as ▁A me et ' s ▁Mother ▁Ul ka ▁A min ▁as ▁Sa ima |
' a ▁M om ▁Sh a an ▁P uri ▁as ▁Deep y ▁Eric ▁D ane ▁as ▁Jack ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁Category : American ▁films ▁Category : English - language ▁films ▁Category : 2 0 0 0 s ▁rom antic ▁comedy ▁films ▁Category : American ▁rom antic ▁comedy ▁films <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Union ▁N ationale ▁field ed ▁a ▁full ▁sl ate ▁of ▁ 1 0 8 ▁candidates ▁under ▁the ▁leadership ▁of ▁Jean - Jac ques ▁Ber tr and ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 7 0 ▁Quebec ▁provincial ▁election . ▁Although ▁it ▁entered ▁the ▁election ▁as ▁the ▁gover ning ▁party , ▁it ▁won ▁only ▁sevent een ▁seats ▁and ▁emer ged ▁as ▁the ▁official ▁opposition ▁in ▁the ▁next ▁sitting ▁of ▁the ▁National ▁Assembly . ▁The ▁party , ▁which ▁had ▁domin ated ▁Quebec ▁politics ▁at ▁the ▁provincial ▁level ▁for ▁most ▁of ▁the ▁period ▁since ▁ 1 9 3 6 , ▁was ▁never ▁again ▁a ▁serious ▁cont ender ▁for ▁power ▁after ▁this ▁election . ▁ ▁C andid ates ▁Note : ▁This ▁section ▁is ▁incomplete . ▁ ▁Source : ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : C andid ates ▁in ▁Quebec ▁provincial ▁elections ▁ 1 9 7 0 <0x0A> </s> ▁War ▁Music ▁is ▁the ▁debut ▁studio ▁album ▁of ▁V amp ire ▁Rod ents , ▁released ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 0 ▁by ▁V . R . ▁Produ ctions . ▁It ▁introduced ▁the ▁sound ▁of ▁the ▁band , ▁and ▁several ▁of ▁the ▁techniques ▁they ▁would ▁use ▁in ▁their ▁later ▁works , ▁such ▁as ▁sound ▁cli ps ▁and ▁songs ▁in ▁different ▁languages |
. ▁Daniel ▁has ▁described ▁War ▁Music ▁as ▁being ▁" a ▁little ▁primitive , ▁but ▁very ▁fun ny ". ▁ ▁Music ▁and ▁lyr ics ▁A ▁simpler ▁musical ▁foundation ▁consisting ▁of ▁drums , ▁bass ▁guitar ▁and ▁electric ▁guitar ▁was ▁util ized ▁to ▁trick ▁listen ers ▁into ▁bel ieving ▁the ▁du o ▁were ▁an ▁industrial ▁rock ▁group . ▁Similar ▁to ▁other ▁industrial ▁music ▁of ▁the ▁time , ▁sample d ▁movie ▁and ▁television ▁dialog ue ▁was ▁pe pper ed ▁throughout ▁the ▁compos itions . ▁This ▁prompt ed ▁some ▁to ▁draw ▁compar isons ▁between ▁the ▁Rod ents ▁and ▁other ▁prominent ▁musical ▁acts ▁such ▁as ▁Sk in ny ▁Pu ppy ▁and ▁E inst ür zen de ▁Ne ub aut en . ▁The ▁compos itions ▁also ▁borrow ▁sni ppets ▁of ▁sound ▁from ▁previously ▁recorded ▁and ▁released ▁music , ▁such ▁as ▁" M oment ous " ▁from ▁older ▁fun k ▁t unes . ▁ ▁The ▁album ▁probably ▁gained ▁the ▁most ▁recognition ▁for ▁V ahn ke ' s ▁lyr ics , ▁which ▁util ize ▁dark ▁humor ▁to ▁explore ▁environmental ist ▁and ▁anti - human ▁them es . ▁Although ▁primary ▁an ▁English ▁language ▁album , ▁lyr ics ▁for ▁two ▁tracks ▁were ▁translated ▁into ▁another ▁language : ▁" D um me ▁We isse ▁Menschen ", ▁whose ▁lyr ics ▁were ▁written ▁in ▁German , ▁and ▁" P LA ▁Man ", ▁which ▁was ▁written ▁in ▁Chinese . ▁" D um me ▁We isse ▁Menschen ", ▁which ▁opened ▁the ▁album , ▁even ▁caused ▁some ▁listen ers ▁to ▁assume ▁that ▁the ▁band ▁compr ised ▁German ▁mus icians . |
▁The ▁song , ▁which ▁transl ates ▁to ▁" st up id ▁white ▁people ", ▁was ▁described ▁by ▁Victor ▁W ulf ▁as ▁a ▁crit iqu ing ▁of ▁Western ▁culture ▁and ▁an ▁arch et ype ▁of ▁the ▁band ' s ▁philosophy . ▁ ▁V ahn ke ▁described ▁the ▁Chinese ▁language ▁song ▁" P la ▁Man " ▁as ▁a ▁po lem ic ▁against ▁the ▁Be ij ing ▁government ▁and ▁for ▁its ▁invol vement ▁in ▁the ▁T ian an men ▁Square ▁Mass acre ▁of ▁ 1 9 8 9 . ▁The ▁track ▁Ab ort ion ▁C lin ic ▁D eli ▁was ▁inspired ▁by ▁the ▁famous ▁sat ir ical ▁piece , ▁A ▁Mod est ▁Pro pos al . ▁ ▁Release ▁and ▁reception ▁The ▁record ▁was ▁completed ▁in ▁January ▁ 1 9 9 0 ▁and ▁released ▁on ▁c ass ette ▁for ▁a ▁limited ▁run ▁of ▁ 9 1 8 ▁press ings ▁under ▁the ▁label ▁V . R . ▁Produ ctions . ▁The ▁album ▁was ▁then ▁adopted ▁by ▁D oss ier ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 1 ▁and ▁re - re leased ▁on ▁CD ▁for ▁a ▁wider ▁distribution . ▁When ▁War ▁Music ▁was ▁re - iss ued , ▁the ▁song ▁" Me at " ▁was ▁moved ▁from ▁being ▁the ▁album ' s ▁op ener ▁to ▁its ▁closer . ▁The ▁album ▁is ▁currently ▁out ▁of ▁print ▁on ▁both ▁labels . ▁There ▁were ▁plans ▁to ▁re - issue ▁the ▁album ▁with ▁Prem on ition ▁and ▁an ▁expanded ▁track ▁listing , ▁including ▁the ▁un re leased ▁songs ▁" L izard man ", ▁" |
Bl ind ▁Acc eler ation ", ▁" Sm art ass ", ▁" H are lip ", ▁and ▁" An nex ation ▁II ". ▁ ▁Robert ▁B air d ▁of ▁the ▁Phoenix ▁New ▁Times ▁was ▁somewhat ▁enthus i astic ▁about ▁the ▁album , ▁saying ▁that ▁although ▁" the ▁band ' s ▁dark ly ▁hum orous , ▁ap oc aly ptic ▁vis ions ▁are ▁set ▁to ▁a ▁cy ber - ag gress ive ▁post - indust rial ist ▁beat " ▁that ▁there ▁is ▁" a ▁point ▁to ▁all ▁the ▁sick ness ▁and ▁g ore ." ▁ ▁Track ▁listing ▁ ▁Person nel ▁Ada pt ed ▁from ▁the ▁War ▁Music ▁l iner ▁notes . ▁ ▁V amp ire ▁Rod ents ▁ ▁Daniel ▁V ahn ke ▁( as ▁Anton ▁R ath aus en ) – ▁lead ▁vocals , ▁guitar , ▁sam pler ▁ ▁Victor ▁W ulf – ▁key boards , ▁lead ▁vocals ▁( 1 7 ) ▁ ▁Add itional ▁mus icians ▁ ▁Karl ▁Ge ist – ▁bass ▁guitar , ▁key boards ▁ ▁J ing ▁La os hu – ▁per cussion ▁ ▁Release ▁history ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁ ▁War ▁Music ▁at ▁Band camp ▁ ▁War ▁Music ▁at ▁Discogs ▁( list ▁of ▁releases ) ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 9 0 ▁debut ▁albums ▁Category : V amp ire ▁Rod ents ▁albums <0x0A> </s> ▁Ab an ar ▁( , ▁also ▁Roman ized ▁as ▁ Ā b ā n ā r ▁and ▁ Ā b - e ▁An ā r ) ▁is ▁a ▁village ▁in ▁Ab |
an ar ▁R ural ▁District , ▁Kal at ▁District , ▁Abd an an ▁County , ▁Il am ▁Province , ▁Iran . ▁At ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁census , ▁its ▁population ▁was ▁ 1 , 0 6 4 , ▁in ▁ 1 7 9 ▁families . ▁ ▁References ▁▁ ▁Category : Pop ulated ▁places ▁in ▁Abd an an ▁County <0x0A> </s> ▁Santa ▁Cruz ▁is ▁a ▁former ▁civil ▁parish ▁in ▁the ▁municipality ▁of ▁Co im bra , ▁Portugal . ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 3 , ▁the ▁parish ▁merged ▁into ▁the ▁new ▁parish ▁Co im bra ▁( S é ▁Nova , ▁Santa ▁Cruz , ▁Al med ina ▁e ▁São ▁Bart ol ome u ). ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 1 , ▁its ▁population ▁was ▁ 6 8 6 6 ▁inhabitants , ▁in ▁an ▁area ▁of ▁ 5 . 5 6 km ² ▁that ▁par alle ls ▁the ▁north ▁( right ) ▁margin ▁of ▁the ▁Monde go ▁River , ▁extending ▁to ▁the ▁village ▁of ▁Ad ém ia ▁in ▁Tr oux em il ▁( its ▁density ▁is ▁approximately ▁ 1 2 3 5 ▁inhabitants ▁per ▁km ²). ▁ ▁History ▁ ▁After ▁the ▁Christian ▁con quest ▁from ▁the ▁Mo ors , ▁Af onso ▁Henri ques ▁moved ▁the ▁capital ▁of ▁the ▁kingdom ▁from ▁Gu imar ã es ▁to ▁Co im bra , ▁a ▁strateg ic ▁location ▁and ▁point ▁of ▁departure ▁for ▁future ▁inc urs ions ▁into ▁the ▁Muslim ▁south . ▁ ▁Af onso ▁Henri ques ▁sought ▁the ▁influ ential ▁support ▁of ▁the ▁August in ian ▁can |
ons , ▁such ▁as ▁Dom ▁T elo , ▁Dom ▁Te ot ón io ▁of ▁B rag ança ▁and ▁Dom ▁João ▁P ec uliar , ▁who ▁from ▁the ▁Roman es que ▁Mon aster y ▁of ▁Santa ▁Cruz , ▁contributed ▁to ▁the ▁transformation ▁of ▁the ▁city ▁into ▁an ▁important ▁cultural ▁nucle us ▁of ▁the ▁kingdom . ▁Con struct ed ▁in ▁an ▁area ▁outside ▁the ▁gates ▁of ▁the ▁old ▁city , ▁from ▁ 1 1 3 1 , ▁the ▁old ▁monaster y ▁was ▁built ▁in ▁the ▁area ▁called ▁Ban hos ▁Rég ios ▁( ). ▁The ▁monaster y , ▁later , ▁had ▁an ▁important ▁influence ▁on ▁the ▁diplom atic ▁battle ▁between ▁Af onso ▁Henri ques , ▁the ▁Kingdom ▁of ▁Cast ile ▁and ▁León ▁and ▁the ▁Holy ▁See ▁for ▁the ▁recognition ▁of ▁Kingdom . ▁The ▁del im itation ▁of ▁the ▁historical ▁par och ia ▁of ▁Santa ▁Cruz ▁actually ▁occurred ▁before ▁the ▁recognition ▁of ▁the ▁Kingdom , ▁around ▁ 1 1 3 7 - 1 1 3 9 . ▁The ▁master s ▁of ▁the ▁monaster y , ▁such ▁as ▁Fernando ▁Mart ins ▁de ▁Bul h ão ▁( l ater ▁Anthony ▁of ▁Pad ua ), ▁helped ▁motiv ate ▁the ▁cultural ▁development ▁of ▁the ▁nation ' s ▁nob ility , ▁prof ound ly ▁reform ulated ▁during ▁the ▁reign ▁of ▁Manuel ▁I . ▁ ▁King ▁John ▁III ▁developed ▁the ▁area ▁of ▁Santa ▁Cruz ▁by ▁transfer ring , ▁definit ively , ▁to ▁Co im bra ▁the ▁University , ▁under ▁the ▁administration ▁of ▁fri ar ▁Br ás ▁de ▁B rag a ; ▁this ▁resulted |
▁initially ▁in ▁the ▁construction ▁of ▁the ▁M anga ▁Garden , ▁but ▁was ▁followed ▁by ▁the ▁opening ▁of ▁the ▁R ua ▁da ▁Sof ia , ▁which ▁became ▁the ▁centre ▁of ▁many ▁of ▁the ▁religious ▁orders ▁of ▁the ▁Kingdom . ▁What ▁followed ▁was ▁a ▁period ▁of ▁construction , ▁with ▁establishment ▁of ▁many ▁of ▁the ▁religious ▁Col ég ios ▁( col leg es ), ▁such ▁as ▁the ▁Colleg es ▁of ▁São ▁Miguel , ▁Tod os - os – S ant os , ▁São ▁Bern ardo , ▁São ▁Bo av ent ura , ▁São ▁Dom ing os , ▁São ▁Tom ás , ▁Car mo , ▁Gra ça ▁and ▁São ▁Pedro ), ▁designed ▁to ▁m ould ▁members ▁of ▁the ▁nob ility ▁and ▁land ed ▁gent ry . ▁Its ▁cler ical ▁beg inn ings ▁was ▁the ▁basis ▁for ▁the ▁civil ▁parish ▁coat - of - ar ms ; ▁this ▁includes ▁the ▁books ▁of ▁Santa ▁Cruz , ▁the ▁Crow ns ▁of ▁the ▁first ▁Kings ▁of ▁Portugal , ▁and ▁the ▁Holy ▁Cross , ▁representing ▁its ▁to pon ym y . ▁ ▁In ▁addition ▁the ▁historical ▁Church ▁of ▁Santa ▁Cruz ▁( ), ▁the ▁Chap el ▁of ▁São ▁João ▁das ▁Don as , ▁Church ▁of ▁Santa ▁Just a , ▁the ▁Mad al ena ▁and ▁Nova ▁F ount ains , ▁F onte ▁da ▁Mad al ena ▁e ▁F onte ▁Nova , ▁In quisition ▁Cour ty ard , ▁and ▁many ▁aspects ▁of ▁the ▁medieval ▁architect ural ▁mot ifs ▁were ▁first ▁established ▁during ▁this ▁period . ▁ ▁In ▁Ped r ul ha , ▁for ▁example , |
▁there ▁were ▁a ▁pill ory ▁Cross ▁( from ▁the ▁ 1 6 th ▁century ), ▁the ▁Marco ▁do ▁Bol ão , ▁the ▁Church ▁of ▁N ossa ▁Sen hora ▁da ▁Vis ita ção , ▁the ▁Chap el ▁of ▁São ▁Sim ão ▁and ▁Pass arin hos ▁F ount ain ▁( all ▁created ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 7 th ▁century ) ▁were ▁established ▁during ▁this ▁period . ▁ ▁The ▁existence ▁of ▁the ▁Jewish ▁quarter , ▁within ▁the ▁limits ▁of ▁its ▁territory ▁( around ▁R ua ▁Nova ) ▁was ▁a ▁decis ive ▁factor ▁in ▁the ▁development ▁of ▁the ▁merc ant ile ▁community ▁( even ▁as ▁Manuel ▁I ▁imp eded ▁their ▁religious ▁libert ies ). ▁In ▁the ▁areas ▁of ▁Pra ça ▁ 8 ▁de ▁Ma io , ▁R ua ▁da ▁Lou ça , ▁R ua ▁da ▁Mo eda , ▁R ua ▁da ▁Sof ia , ▁P át io ▁da ▁In quis ição ▁and ▁L argo ▁dos ▁O lei ros ▁the ▁merchant ▁classes ▁th riv ed , ▁resulting ▁in ▁the ▁establishment ▁of ▁the ▁Municipal ▁Market , ▁sh ops , ▁bank ing ▁institutions , ▁offices , ▁medical ▁pract ives , ▁book st ores , ▁k ios ks , ▁c afé , ▁restaur ants ▁and ▁ta ver ns . ▁ ▁Geography ▁ ▁Loc ated ▁in ▁the ▁municipality ▁of ▁Co im bra , ▁Santa ▁Cruz ▁is ▁part ▁of ▁an ▁integrated ▁rural - urban ▁environment ▁that ▁includes ▁the ▁principal ▁par ishes ▁of ▁the ▁city ▁of ▁Co im bra . ▁It ▁is ▁surrounded ▁by ▁the ▁civil ▁par ishes ▁of ▁São ▁Bart ol ome u |
, ▁Santa ▁Clara ▁( both ▁to ▁the ▁south ), ▁São ▁Martin ho ▁do ▁Bis po ▁and ▁Ant uz ede ▁( in ▁the ▁west ), ▁Tr oux em il ▁( in ▁the ▁north ), ▁E iras ▁and ▁São ▁Paulo ▁de ▁Fr ades ▁( in ▁the ▁east ) ▁and ▁Santo ▁Ant ón io ▁dos ▁Oliv ias ▁and ▁Sé ▁Nova ▁( in ▁the ▁sout heast ). ▁ ▁The ▁parish ▁is ▁inter se cted ▁by ▁several ▁rivers , ▁including : ▁the ▁Monde go ▁River ▁( which ▁flows ▁from ▁the ▁Ser ra ▁da ▁Est re la ▁to ▁Fig ue ira ▁da ▁F oz ) ▁through ▁the ▁parish , ▁from ▁R ua ▁dos ▁O lei ros ▁until ▁Ch oup al ; ▁the ▁R ibe ira ▁de ▁Cos el has ▁( spring ing ▁from ▁the ▁Ser ras ▁do ▁Ro x o / A ve le ira ▁and ▁exit ing ▁at ▁the ▁Rio ▁Vel ho ) ▁and ▁bis ect s ▁east ▁to ▁west ▁in ▁the ▁zone ▁of ▁Cos el has ; ▁the ▁V ale ▁do ▁Norte , ▁cross es ▁the ▁parish ▁south ▁to ▁north ▁around ▁Cam pos ▁do ▁Bol ão ▁passing ▁around ▁Lor eto ▁in ▁Ped r ul ha , ▁before ▁exit ing ▁in ▁Ad ém ia ; ▁the ▁R ibe ira ▁do ▁V ale ▁Me ão , ▁which ▁cross es ▁from ▁the ▁Reg o ▁do ▁Bon f im ▁joining ▁the ▁R ibe ira ▁de ▁Cos el has ▁near ▁Fu coli ; ▁and ▁the ▁Val a ▁dos ▁Fr ades , ▁which ▁par alle ls ▁the ▁rail - line ▁and ▁Val a |
▁do ▁Norte , ▁before ▁joining ▁it ▁near ▁Ped r ul ha . ▁ ▁The ▁ 2 0 0 1 ▁Census ▁indicated ▁an ▁approximation ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 9 2 0 ▁total ▁population , ▁indicating ▁a ▁decrease ▁in ▁the ▁local ▁population ▁during ▁the ▁ 2 0 th ▁century , ▁marked ▁by ▁the ▁transformation ▁of ▁the ▁historic ▁centre ▁of ▁Co im bra ' s ▁Ba ixa ▁zone ▁from ▁resident ial ▁to ▁commercial ▁usage , ▁the ▁age ing ▁of ▁the ▁resident ▁population ▁and ▁the ▁abandon ment ▁of ▁the ▁urban ▁infrastr uct ures . ▁In ▁comparison , ▁the ▁daily ▁population ▁fl uct u ates ▁with ▁ 5 0 , 0 0 0 ▁day ▁visitors , ▁who ▁work ▁in ▁the ▁quarter . ▁ ▁Econom y ▁Although ▁economic ▁activities ▁are ▁essentially ▁commerce - ▁or ▁service - based , ▁an ▁extensive ▁agricult ural ▁space ▁( in ▁the ▁area ▁of ▁Cam pos ▁do ▁Bol ão ) ▁and ▁industrial ▁zone ▁( in ▁Ped r ul ha ) ▁is ▁established ▁in ▁the ▁parish , ▁which ▁is ▁supported ▁by ▁public ▁transport , ▁infrastr uct ures ▁and ▁so cio - c ult ural ▁institutions . ▁ ▁Architecture ▁ ▁C iv ic ▁▁ ▁Arn ado ▁Book store ▁() ▁ ▁Building ▁of ▁the ▁CG D ▁Ca ixa ▁Ger al ▁de ▁De po ist os ▁() ▁ ▁Building ▁of ▁the ▁C TT ▁Cor re ios , ▁Tel ég raf os ▁e ▁Tele f ones ▁() ▁ ▁Co im bra ▁City ▁Hall ▁() ▁ ▁In quisition ▁Square ▁() ▁ ▁D . ▁Pedro ▁K ios k / Bar ▁() ▁ |
▁D . ▁Pedro ▁V ▁Municipal ▁Market ▁() ▁ ▁F ount ain ▁of ▁Mad al ena ▁() ▁ ▁F ount ain ▁of ▁the ▁Jews ▁() ▁ ▁Hospital ▁de ▁São ▁L áz aro ▁ ▁Hotel ▁T iv oli ▁ ▁J ard im ▁da ▁M anga ▁() ▁ ▁( Form er ) ▁Santa ▁Cruz ▁Inf irm ary / J a ime ▁Cort es ão ▁Second ary ▁School ▁() ▁ ▁( Form er ) ▁Mir andas ▁P asta ▁Factory ▁() ▁ ▁( Form er ) ▁Bar n ▁of ▁Santa ▁Cruz / P SP ▁Quart el ▁() ▁ ▁Relig ious ▁▁ ▁Chap el ▁of ▁N ossa ▁Sen hora ▁da ▁Vit ória / Cor po ▁de ▁De us ▁() ▁ ▁Church ▁of ▁Car mo ▁() ▁ ▁Church ▁of ▁N ossa ▁Sen hora ▁da ▁Gra ça ▁() ▁ ▁Church ▁of ▁Santa ▁Just a ▁() ▁ ▁Church ▁of ▁São ▁Dom ing os ▁() ▁ ▁College ▁of ▁São ▁Bern ardo / Esp ir ito ▁Santo ▁() ▁ ▁College ▁of ▁São ▁Pedro ▁dos ▁Relig ious ▁Ter ce iros ▁() ▁ ▁Mon aster y ▁of ▁Santa ▁Cruz ▁( ), ▁established ▁by ▁Saint ▁The ot on ius ▁and ▁the ▁Can ons ▁regular ▁of ▁Saint ▁August ine , ▁around ▁ 1 1 3 1 , ▁who ▁supported ▁the ▁early ▁asp ir ations ▁of ▁Portuguese ▁monarch s ; ▁ ▁Mon aster y ▁of ▁São ▁João ▁das ▁Don as ▁() ▁ ▁( Form er ) ▁College ▁of ▁São ▁Bo av ent ura ▁() ▁ ▁( Form er ) ▁College ▁of ▁São ▁Tom ás ▁() ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category |
: Par ishes ▁of ▁Co im bra ▁Category : Form er ▁par ishes ▁of ▁Portugal <0x0A> </s> ▁Mat ías ▁Santiago ▁S ánchez ▁( born ▁ 5 ▁July ▁ 1 9 9 6 ) ▁is ▁an ▁Argent ine ▁professional ▁footballer ▁who ▁plays ▁as ▁a ▁mid f iel der ▁for ▁Ch ac ar ita ▁Juni ors . ▁ ▁Career ▁ ▁Club ▁S ánchez ▁began ▁his ▁senior ▁career ▁with ▁Ch ac ar ita ▁Juni ors . ▁He ▁made ▁his ▁professional ▁debut ▁on ▁ 2 1 ▁March ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁in ▁a ▁Copa ▁Argentina ▁match ▁against ▁G im nas ia ▁y ▁Es gr ima . ▁He ▁featured ▁once ▁in ▁Primera ▁B ▁Metropol it ana ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 2 – 1 3 ▁before ▁not ▁playing ▁for ▁the ▁first - team ▁again ▁until ▁February ▁ 2 0 1 5 . ▁He ▁had ▁a ▁loan ▁spell ▁with ▁River ▁Pl ate ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 4 . ▁After ▁returning ▁to ▁Char car ita , ▁he ▁scored ▁his ▁first ▁professional ▁goal ▁in ▁a ▁ 3 – 2 ▁defeat ▁to ▁Est udi antes ▁in ▁November ▁ 2 0 1 5 . ▁In ▁total , ▁S ánchez ▁made ▁six teen ▁appearances ▁and ▁scored ▁once ▁for ▁Ch ac ar ita ▁by ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁ 2 0 1 5 . ▁In ▁January ▁ 2 0 1 6 , ▁S ánchez ▁completed ▁a ▁two - season ▁loan ▁move ▁to ▁Lan ús . ▁ ▁He ▁failed ▁to ▁feature ▁until ▁mid way ▁through ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 6 – 1 7 ▁season |
, ▁during ▁which ▁he ▁made ▁seven ▁appearances ▁and ▁scored ▁one ▁goal . ▁ ▁International ▁S ánchez ▁played ▁eleven ▁times ▁and ▁scored ▁four ▁goals ▁for ▁the ▁Argentina ▁U 1 7 s . ▁He ▁scored ▁two ▁goals ▁in ▁five ▁games ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁South ▁American ▁Under - 1 7 ▁Football ▁Championship ▁as ▁Argentina ▁won ▁the ▁tournament , ▁while ▁he ▁also ▁scored ▁twice ▁in ▁six ▁matches ▁during ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁FIFA ▁U - 1 7 ▁World ▁Cup ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁Arab ▁Em ir ates ▁as ▁Argentina ▁placed ▁ 4 th . ▁He ▁also ▁won ▁two ▁caps ▁for ▁the ▁U 2 0 ▁team ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁L ' Al c ú dia ▁International ▁Football ▁Tournament . ▁ ▁Career ▁statistics ▁. ▁ ▁Hon ours ▁Argentina ▁U 1 7 ▁South ▁American ▁Under - 1 7 ▁Football ▁Championship : ▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 9 6 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁San ▁Martín , ▁Buenos ▁Aires ▁Category : Ar gent ine ▁football ers ▁Category : Ar gent ina ▁youth ▁international ▁football ers ▁Category : Ar gent ina ▁under - 2 0 ▁international ▁football ers ▁Category : Associ ation ▁football ▁mid field ers ▁Category : Prim era ▁B ▁Nacional ▁players ▁Category : Prim era ▁B ▁Metropol it ana ▁players ▁Category : Ar gent ine ▁Primera ▁División ▁players ▁Category : Ch ac ar ita ▁Juni ors ▁football ers ▁Category : R iver ▁Pl ate |
▁football ers ▁Category : Cl ub ▁Atl ético ▁Lan ús ▁football ers <0x0A> </s> ▁Ev acu ation ▁Day ▁is ▁a ▁hol iday ▁observed ▁on ▁March ▁ 1 7 ▁in ▁Su ff olk ▁County , ▁Massachusetts ▁( which ▁includes ▁the ▁cities ▁of ▁Boston , ▁Ch else a , ▁and ▁Re vere , ▁and ▁the ▁town ▁of ▁Win th rop ) ▁and ▁also ▁by ▁the ▁public ▁schools ▁in ▁Som er ville , ▁Massachusetts . ▁The ▁hol iday ▁comm emor ates ▁the ▁ev acu ation ▁of ▁British ▁forces ▁from ▁the ▁city ▁of ▁Boston ▁following ▁the ▁Sie ge ▁of ▁Boston , ▁early ▁in ▁the ▁American ▁Revolution ary ▁War . ▁School s ▁and ▁government ▁offices ▁( including ▁some ▁Massachusetts ▁state ▁government ▁offices ▁located ▁in ▁Su ff olk ▁County ) ▁are ▁closed . ▁If ▁March ▁ 1 7 ▁falls ▁on ▁a ▁week end , ▁schools ▁and ▁government ▁offices ▁are ▁closed ▁on ▁the ▁following ▁Monday ▁in ▁observ ance . ▁It ▁is ▁the ▁same ▁day ▁as ▁Saint ▁Patrick ' s ▁Day , ▁a ▁coinc idence ▁that ▁played ▁a ▁role ▁in ▁the ▁establishment ▁of ▁the ▁hol iday . ▁ ▁Historical ▁background ▁ ▁The ▁ 1 1 - month ▁sie ge ▁of ▁Boston ▁ended ▁when ▁the ▁Cont inental ▁Army , ▁under ▁the ▁command ▁of ▁George ▁Washington , ▁fort ified ▁Dor chester ▁He ights ▁in ▁early ▁March ▁ 1 7 7 6 ▁with ▁can n ons ▁captured ▁at ▁T icon der oga . ▁British ▁General ▁William ▁How e , ▁whose ▁g arrison ▁and ▁n avy ▁were ▁threatened ▁by ▁these ▁positions , ▁was ▁forced ▁to |
▁decide ▁between ▁attack ▁and ▁retre at . ▁To ▁prevent ▁what ▁could ▁have ▁been ▁a ▁repeat ▁of ▁the ▁Battle ▁of ▁B unker ▁Hill , ▁How e ▁decided ▁to ▁retre at , ▁withdraw ing ▁from ▁Boston ▁to ▁Nova ▁Scot ia ▁on ▁March ▁ 1 7 , ▁ 1 7 7 6 . ▁ ▁The ▁British ▁ev acu ation ▁was ▁Washington ' s ▁first ▁victory ▁of ▁the ▁war . ▁It ▁was ▁also ▁a ▁huge ▁mor ale ▁boost ▁for ▁the ▁Th ir teen ▁Col on ies , ▁as ▁the ▁city ▁where ▁the ▁re bell ion ▁began ▁was ▁the ▁first ▁to ▁be ▁liber ated . ▁ ▁Est ab lish ment ▁of ▁the ▁hol iday ▁While ▁Saint ▁Patrick ' s ▁Day ▁par ades ▁have ▁been ▁held ▁in ▁Boston ▁since ▁ 1 8 7 6 , ▁Ev acu ation ▁Day ▁was ▁not ▁declared ▁a ▁hol iday ▁in ▁the ▁city ▁until ▁ 1 9 0 1 , ▁amid ▁interest ▁in ▁local ▁history ▁that ▁also ▁resulted ▁in ▁the ▁construction ▁of ▁the ▁Dor chester ▁He ights ▁Monument . ▁The ▁state ▁made ▁it ▁a ▁hol iday ▁in ▁Su ff olk ▁County ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 8 . ▁The ▁large ▁Irish ▁American ▁population ▁of ▁Boston ▁at ▁that ▁time ▁played ▁a ▁role ▁in ▁the ▁establishment ▁of ▁the ▁hol iday . ▁A ▁ 1 9 4 1 ▁law ▁establish ing ▁the ▁hol iday ▁in ▁Su ff olk ▁County ▁was ▁signed ▁in ▁both ▁black ▁and ▁green ▁in k . ▁ ▁Observ ance ▁activities ▁Ev acu ation ▁Day ▁activities ▁in ▁the ▁areas ▁that ▁observe ▁the ▁hol iday ▁are |
▁limited . ▁ ▁Most ▁events ▁of ▁note , ▁like ▁the ▁annual ▁para de ▁and ▁polit icians ' ▁breakfast ▁in ▁South ▁Boston , ▁are ▁domin ated ▁by ▁celebr ations ▁of ▁Irish ▁culture . ▁The ▁para de ▁is ▁officially ▁designated ▁the ▁Saint ▁Patrick ' s ▁Day ▁and ▁Ev acu ation ▁Day ▁Par ade . ▁The ▁Al lied ▁War ▁V eter ans ▁of ▁South ▁Boston ▁mark ▁the ▁day ▁with ▁a ▁ceremony ▁on ▁Dor chester ▁He ights . ▁Since ▁ 1 9 9 2 , ▁the ▁participation ▁of ▁gay ▁and ▁les bian ▁people ▁in ▁the ▁para de ▁has ▁been ▁disput ed , ▁and ▁was ▁the ▁subject ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 9 9 5 ▁U . S . ▁Supreme ▁Court ▁case ▁Hur ley ▁v . ▁Irish - American ▁Gay , ▁Les bian , ▁and ▁Bis ex ual ▁Group ▁of ▁Boston . ▁Mayor ▁Thomas ▁Men ino ▁boy c otted ▁the ▁para de ▁every ▁year ▁he ▁was ▁in ▁office , ▁in ▁protest ▁of ▁the ▁ex clusion ▁of ▁L GB T Q + ▁march ers . ▁ ▁Another ▁local ▁hol iday ▁obser ving ▁an ▁event ▁in ▁the ▁American ▁Revolution ary ▁War ▁is ▁B unker ▁Hill ▁Day . ▁State ▁workers ▁outside ▁Su ff olk ▁County ▁are ▁allowed ▁to ▁choose ▁any ▁two ▁days ▁off ▁in ▁lieu ▁of ▁celebr ating ▁Ev acu ation ▁Day ▁and ▁B unker ▁Hill ▁Day ▁on ▁the ▁observ ance ▁days . ▁The ▁two ▁hol id ays ▁are ▁generally ▁not ▁observed ▁by ▁the ▁private ▁business es . ▁In ▁Char l est own , ▁where ▁the ▁Battle ▁of ▁B unker ▁Hill ▁took |
▁place , ▁there ▁are ▁week - long ▁celebr ations ▁cul min ating ▁in ▁a ▁road ▁race ▁and ▁a ▁para de . ▁Some ▁government ▁services ▁remain ▁in ▁operation , ▁such ▁as ▁tr ash ▁pick up ▁in ▁the ▁City ▁of ▁Boston ▁and ▁all ▁state ▁Reg istry ▁of ▁Motor ▁Ve h icle ▁offices . ▁The ▁MB TA ▁runs ▁a ▁normal ▁schedule ▁but , ▁due ▁to ▁special ▁events , ▁prohib its ▁b icy cles ▁on ▁the ▁sub way . ▁ ▁Mov es ▁to ▁eliminate ▁hol iday ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 0 , ▁the ▁state ▁legisl ature ▁deb ated ▁elimin ating ▁Ev acu ation ▁Day ▁and ▁B unker ▁Hill ▁Day ▁as ▁official ▁hol id ays , ▁cit ing ▁the ▁exp ense ▁of ▁giving ▁state ▁and ▁local ▁workers ▁paid ▁days ▁off . ▁ ▁The ▁state ' s ▁F Y 2 0 1 1 ▁budget ▁requires ▁all ▁state ▁and ▁municipal ▁offices ▁in ▁Su ff olk ▁County ▁be ▁open ▁on ▁both ▁days . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁Ev acu ation ▁Day ▁( New ▁York ) ▁Mass acre ▁Day ▁Patri ots ' ▁Day ▁ ▁Notes ▁ ▁References ▁▁▁▁ ▁Category : H olid ays ▁related ▁to ▁the ▁American ▁Revolution ▁Category : M ass achusetts ▁culture ▁Category : Culture ▁of ▁Boston ▁Category : M ass achusetts ▁in ▁the ▁American ▁Revolution ▁Category : C amb ridge , ▁Massachusetts ▁Category : S omer ville , ▁Massachusetts ▁Category : M arch ▁observ ances ▁Category : 1 9 0 1 ▁establish ments ▁in ▁Massachusetts <0x0A> </s> ▁Er l end ▁may ▁refer ▁to : ▁ ▁Er l end ▁Ap |
nes eth ▁( born ▁ 1 9 9 0 ), ▁award - win ning ▁hard ing fe le ▁player ▁Er l end ▁B j ø n te ga ard ▁( born ▁ 1 9 9 0 ), ▁Norwegian ▁bi ath lete ▁Er l end ▁Br at land ▁( born ▁ 1 9 9 1 ), ▁Norwegian ▁singer ▁Er l end ▁C asp ers en ▁( born ▁ 1 9 8 2 ), ▁Norwegian ▁bass ist ▁Er l end ▁Eng els vol l ▁( born ▁ 1 9 7 5 ), ▁Norwegian ▁former ▁professional ▁racing ▁cycl ist ▁Er l end ▁Er ich sen ▁of ▁G org or oth , ▁a ▁Norwegian ▁black ▁metal ▁band ▁Er l end ▁F ug l um ▁( born ▁ 1 9 7 8 ), ▁Norwegian ▁politician ▁for ▁the ▁Centre ▁Party ▁Er l end ▁Han st ve it ▁( born ▁ 1 9 8 1 ), ▁former ▁Norwegian ▁footballer ▁Er l end ▁Har ald sson , ▁joint ▁Earl ▁of ▁Or k ney ▁from ▁ 1 1 5 1 ▁to ▁ 1 1 5 4 ▁Er l end ▁H jel vik ▁of ▁K vel ert ak , ▁a ▁Norwegian ▁heavy ▁metal ▁band ▁from ▁St av anger ▁Er l end ▁Hol m ▁( born ▁ 1 9 8 3 ), ▁former ▁Norwegian ▁football ▁def ender ▁Er l end ▁J ento ft ▁( born ▁ 1 9 7 6 ), ▁Norwegian ▁sa x oph on ist ▁and ▁composer ▁Le if ▁Er l end ▁Johann essen ▁( born ▁ 1 9 8 0 ), |
▁Norwegian ▁ch ess ▁player ▁and ▁Norway ' s ▁fifth ▁grand master ▁Er l end ▁Lars en ▁( born ▁ 1 9 6 5 ), ▁Norwegian ▁politician ▁Er l end ▁Les und ▁( born ▁ 1 9 9 4 ), ▁Norwegian ▁ice ▁hockey ▁player ▁Er l end ▁Lo e ▁( born ▁ 1 9 6 9 ), ▁Norwegian ▁novel ist , ▁screen writer ▁and ▁film ▁critic ▁Er l end ▁Mam el und ▁( born ▁ 1 9 8 4 ), ▁Norwegian ▁hand ball ▁player ▁Er l end ▁Ott em ▁of ▁Cla w f inger , ▁a ▁heavy ▁metal ▁band ▁from ▁Sweden ▁Er l end ▁ Ø ye ▁( born ▁ 1 9 7 5 ), ▁Norwegian ▁composer , ▁music ian , ▁producer , ▁singer ▁and ▁song writer ▁Er l end ▁D ahl ▁Re itan ▁( born ▁ 1 9 9 7 ), ▁Norwegian ▁professional ▁footballer ▁Er l end ▁R ian ▁( born ▁ 1 9 4 1 ), ▁Norwegian ▁politician ▁who ▁formerly ▁represented ▁the ▁Conserv ative ▁Party ▁Er l end ▁Seg berg ▁( born ▁ 1 9 9 7 ), ▁Norwegian ▁professional ▁footballer ▁Er l end ▁S iver ts en ▁( born ▁ 1 9 9 1 ), ▁Norwegian ▁professional ▁footballer ▁Er l end ▁Sk oms vol l ▁( born ▁ 1 9 6 9 ), ▁Norwegian ▁jazz ▁music ian , ▁band ▁leader , ▁composer ▁and ▁arr anger ▁Er l end ▁S lette vol l ▁( born ▁ 1 9 8 1 ), ▁Norwegian ▁jazz ▁pian ist ▁Er l end ▁Slo k vik , |
▁Norwegian ▁ski - or iente ering ▁compet itor ▁Er l end ▁St ores und ▁( born ▁ 1 9 8 5 ), ▁Norwegian ▁footballer ▁Paul ▁and ▁Er l end ▁Th orf inn sson ▁( E rl end ▁died ▁ 1 0 9 8 ), ▁brothers ▁who ▁ruled ▁together ▁as ▁Ear ls ▁of ▁Or k ney ▁Er l end ▁Tur f - E inar sson , ▁a ▁Nor se ▁jar l ▁r uling ▁the ▁Nor ð rey jar ▁( the ▁islands ▁of ▁Or k ney ▁and ▁Sh et land ) ▁Er l end ▁T v inn ere im ▁( born ▁ 1 9 8 1 ), ▁Norwegian ▁ten or ▁based ▁in ▁Zürich ▁Er l end ▁W ib org ▁( born ▁ 1 9 8 4 ), ▁Norwegian ▁politician ▁for ▁the ▁Progress ▁Party ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁El end ▁( disambiguation ) ▁Er len ▁Er l end ur ▁( disambiguation ) <0x0A> </s> ▁Robert ▁Ke il way ▁( by ▁ 1 4 8 3 ▁– ▁ 1 5 3 7 ▁or ▁later ) ▁was ▁an ▁English ▁politician . ▁ ▁He ▁was ▁a ▁Member ▁( MP ) ▁of ▁the ▁Parliament ▁of ▁England ▁for ▁Sal is bury ▁in ▁ 1 5 2 3 . ▁His ▁son ▁was ▁Robert ▁Ke il way , ▁also ▁an ▁MP . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : 1 5 th - century ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 6 th - century ▁death s ▁Category : Pe ople ▁of ▁the ▁T ud or ▁period ▁Category : English ▁MP s ▁ 1 5 2 3 <0x0A> |
</s> ▁The ▁Gi ude cca ▁Canal ▁() ▁is ▁a ▁body ▁of ▁water ▁that ▁flows ▁into ▁the ▁San ▁Marco ▁bas in ▁in ▁Ven ice , ▁Italy . ▁ ▁It ▁is ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁major ▁can als ▁in ▁the ▁city , ▁it ▁bis ect s ▁the ▁s est ieri ▁of ▁D ors od uro , ▁separ ating ▁Gi ude cca ▁island ▁and ▁district ▁from ▁D ors od uro ▁district . ▁ ▁Land marks ▁Major ▁buildings ▁include : ▁Al ong ▁the ▁Gi ude cca ▁district ▁qu ay , ▁Mol ino ▁St ucky ▁( 1 9 th ▁century ▁factory ▁complex ), ▁Le ▁Z it elle ▁church , ▁and ▁the ▁Il ▁Red ent ore ▁church ▁by ▁P all ad io . ▁Al ong ▁the ▁D ors od uro ▁district ▁side : ▁Il ▁Ges u ati ▁church ▁on ▁the ▁Z atter e ▁qu ay , ▁and ▁at ▁P unta ▁della ▁Dog ana ▁where ▁Gi ude cca ▁Canal ▁and ▁the ▁Grand ▁Canal ▁meet , ▁the ▁Santa ▁Maria ▁della ▁Sal ute ▁church ▁and ▁Dog ana ▁da ▁Mar , ▁a ▁former ▁custom s ▁house ▁and ▁present ▁day ▁art ▁museum − g allery . ▁Pal azzo ▁Gi ust in ian ▁Rec an ati ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁ ▁Category : Can als ▁in ▁Ven ice ▁Category : D ors od uro ▁Category : Ge ography ▁of ▁Ven ice ▁Category : W ater ▁transport ▁in ▁Ven ice ▁Category : W ater ways ▁of ▁Italy <0x0A> </s> ▁City ▁of ▁the ▁R ats ▁is ▁the ▁third ▁book ▁in ▁the ▁eight - volume ▁D elt |
ora ▁Qu est ▁series ▁written ▁by ▁Em ily ▁Rod da . ▁It ▁continues ▁the ▁tri o ' s ▁journey ▁to ▁find ▁the ▁seven ▁missing ▁g ems ▁of ▁D elt ora , ▁bra ving ▁d angers ▁and ▁guard ians ▁in ▁each ▁book . ▁ ▁Plot ▁summary ▁L ief , ▁B arda , ▁and ▁J asm ine ▁leave ▁the ▁Lake ▁of ▁T ears ▁after ▁they ▁have ▁retrieved ▁the ▁Ruby . ▁They ▁are ▁now ▁searching ▁for ▁the ▁op al , ▁which ▁is ▁located ▁in ▁H ira , ▁or ▁the ▁City ▁of ▁the ▁R ats . ▁While ▁travel ing , ▁they ▁find ▁signs ▁which ▁all ▁have ▁the ▁word ▁" Tom " ▁written ▁on ▁it . ▁They ▁then ▁find ▁themselves ▁in ▁a ▁trap ▁that ▁Th a eg an ' s ▁remaining ▁eleven ▁children ▁had ▁prepared . ▁With ▁the ▁help ▁of ▁F illi , ▁the ▁three ▁managed ▁to ▁kill ▁all ▁the ▁children ▁except ▁for ▁one , ▁Ich ab od , ▁and ▁continue ▁on ▁their ▁quest . ▁ ▁They ▁find ▁and ▁enter ▁Tom ' s ▁shop ▁and ▁buy ▁useful ▁prov isions ▁such ▁as ▁Fire ▁B ead s , ▁Water ▁E aters , ▁G low ing ▁B ub bles , ▁and ▁Inst ant ▁B read . ▁They ▁also ▁bought ▁three ▁animals ▁called ▁M ud d lets . ▁M ud d lets ▁had ▁three ▁legs ▁and ▁can ▁be ▁r idden ▁much ▁like ▁a ▁horse . ▁Despite ▁Tom ' s ▁directions , ▁L ief ▁didn ' t ▁listen ▁to ▁him ▁and ▁went ▁the ▁wrong ▁way . ▁The ▁three ▁lost ▁control ▁of ▁the ▁M |
ud d lets ▁as ▁they ▁ran ▁on ▁their ▁own . ▁L ief , ▁B arda , ▁and ▁J asm ine ▁followed ▁the ▁M ud d lets ▁home , ▁to ▁the ▁city ▁of ▁Nor ad z ▁and ▁become ▁tra pped . ▁Nor ad z ▁has ▁custom s ▁that ▁keep ▁the ▁city ▁vig or ously ▁clean . ▁When ▁F illi ▁comes ▁out ▁of ▁hiding ▁from ▁J asm ine ' s ▁sh irt , ▁a ▁Ra - K ach arz ▁mistakes ▁it ▁for ▁a ▁rat ▁and ▁gives ▁the ▁tri o ▁two ▁choices , ▁to ▁live ▁or ▁to ▁die . ▁L ief ▁was ▁commanded ▁to ▁pick ▁a ▁card ▁l abeled ▁either ▁Life ▁or ▁Death ▁out ▁of ▁a ▁cup . ▁Real izing ▁that ▁both ▁cards ▁say ▁Death , ▁L ief ▁tr icks ▁the ▁Ra - K ach arz ▁and ▁the ▁tri o ▁are ▁thrown ▁into ▁prison . ▁A ▁girl ▁named ▁T ira ▁managed ▁to ▁free ▁them ▁and ▁shows ▁them ▁the ▁secret ▁way ▁out , ▁by ▁passing ▁through ▁the ▁kitchen ▁tr ash ▁t ube . ▁They ▁surv ive ▁the ▁d angers ▁of ▁the ▁t ube ▁by ▁we aring ▁the ▁Ra - K ach arz ▁clothes ▁that ▁they ▁st ole ▁and ▁finally ▁reached ▁the ▁Broad ▁River . ▁Using ▁the ▁Water ▁E aters , ▁L ief , ▁B arda , ▁and ▁J asm ine ▁crossed ▁the ▁river , ▁only ▁to ▁find ▁that ▁there ▁were ▁r ats ▁waiting ▁for ▁them . ▁They ▁managed ▁to ▁escape ▁the ▁dead ly ▁r ats ▁using ▁the ▁explos ive ▁Fire ▁B ead s ▁and ▁enter ▁the ▁city |
' s ▁center . ▁The ▁G low ing ▁B ub bles ▁come ▁into ▁use ▁and ▁lights ▁their ▁way ▁as ▁they ▁move ▁through ▁the ▁dark . ▁There , ▁L ief ▁starts ▁to ▁hear ▁voices , ▁which ▁was ▁revealed ▁to ▁be ▁of ▁Re e ah ' s , ▁a ▁huge ▁s nake ▁called ▁the ▁King ▁of ▁R ats . ▁The ▁crown ▁at op ▁of ▁Re e ah ' s ▁head ▁hous ed ▁the ▁op al . ▁L ief ▁realized ▁that ▁the ▁past ▁inhabitants ▁of ▁the ▁City ▁of ▁the ▁R ats ▁were ▁the ▁people ▁of ▁Nor ad z . ▁He ▁also ▁realized ▁that ▁" N or ad z " ▁was ▁a ▁hom oph one ▁of ▁" No ▁R ats " ▁and ▁" R a - K ach arz " ▁was ▁a ▁hom oph one ▁of ▁" R at - C atch ers ". ▁The ▁over run ▁of ▁r ats ▁in ▁their ▁city ▁had ▁caused ▁them ▁to ▁move ▁and ▁take ▁up ▁vig or ously ▁clean ▁custom s . ▁Also , ▁" N or ad ze er ", ▁which ▁is ▁repeated ▁very ▁often ▁by ▁the ▁people ▁of ▁Nor ad z , ▁appears ▁to ▁be ▁a ▁hom oph one ▁of ▁" No ▁R ats ▁Here ". ▁L ief ▁real izes ▁that ▁Re e ah ▁had ▁set ▁a ▁trap ▁for ▁them . ▁After ▁a ▁fight , ▁L ief ▁and ▁J asm ine ▁defeat ▁the ▁s nake . ▁L ief ▁touch es ▁the ▁op al ▁to ▁take ▁it ▁and ▁gets ▁a ▁vision ▁of ▁him ▁s inking ▁into ▁the ▁Sh ifting ▁S |
ands . ▁L ief ▁rem embers ▁that ▁the ▁op al ' s ▁vision ▁of ▁the ▁future ▁is ▁not ▁always ▁true , ▁and ▁they ▁continue ▁their ▁quest ▁to ▁seek ▁their ▁fourth ▁gem ▁at ▁the ▁Sh ifting ▁S ands . ▁ ▁Char acters ▁L ief : ▁L ief ▁is ▁the ▁main ▁character ▁of ▁the ▁series . ▁L ief ▁was ▁born ▁to ▁parents ▁King ▁End on ▁and ▁Queen ▁Sh arn ▁though ▁he ▁believed ▁them ▁to ▁be ▁Jar red ▁and ▁Anna ▁of ▁the ▁for ge . ▁As ▁a ▁child ▁L ief ▁ro amed ▁the ▁streets ▁of ▁Del , ▁sh ar pen ing ▁his ▁w its ▁and ▁gain ing ▁him ▁the ▁skills ▁needed ▁for ▁his ▁future ▁qu ests . ▁Though ▁he ▁did ▁not ▁know ▁it , ▁he ▁was ▁constantly ▁protected ▁by ▁B arda ▁and ▁he ▁pr ided ▁himself ▁on ▁his ▁many ▁' l ucky ' ▁esc apes . ▁On ▁his ▁six teenth ▁birth day , ▁it ▁is ▁revealed ▁to ▁him ▁that ▁he ▁must ▁begin ▁a ▁dangerous ▁quest ▁to ▁find ▁the ▁lost ▁g ems ▁of ▁the ▁B elt ▁of ▁D elt ora . ▁B arda : ▁B arda ▁was ▁en list ed ▁as ▁a ▁friend ▁by ▁the ▁king ▁and ▁queen ▁of ▁D elt ora ▁and ▁was ▁trust ed ▁to ▁help ▁him ▁find ▁the ▁lost ▁g ems ▁of ▁D elt ora ▁six teen ▁years ▁before ▁the ▁initial ▁story ▁took ▁place . ▁For ▁the ▁next ▁six teen ▁years , ▁B arda ▁dis gu ised ▁himself ▁as ▁a ▁begg ar ▁so ▁as ▁to ▁discover ▁information ▁vital ▁to ▁the ▁quest . ▁He ▁also |
▁became ▁the ▁body guard ▁of ▁End on ▁and ▁Sh arn ' s ▁child ▁L ief , ▁al beit ▁without ▁the ▁semi - ar rog ant ▁L ief ' s ▁knowledge ▁there of . ▁Upon ▁L ief ' s ▁six teenth ▁birth day ▁B arda ▁revealed ▁himself ▁to ▁L ief ▁and ▁the ▁quest ▁for ▁the ▁g ems ▁of ▁D elt ora ▁began . ▁Though ▁B arda ▁was ▁at ▁first ▁anno yed ▁to ▁travel ▁enc umber ed ▁by ▁a ▁child , ▁he ▁soon ▁saw ▁L ief ▁as ▁more ▁of ▁a ▁help ▁than ▁a ▁h ind rance . ▁J asm ine : ▁J asm ine ▁is ▁a ▁wild ▁girl , ▁described ▁as ▁having ▁wild ▁black ▁hair ▁( dark ▁green ▁hair ▁in ▁the ▁an ime ) ▁and ▁emer ald ▁green ▁eyes ▁who ▁has ▁grown ▁up ▁in ▁the ▁For ests ▁of ▁Sil ence , ▁where ▁L ief ▁and ▁B arda ▁meet ▁her ▁shortly ▁after ▁leaving ▁Del . ▁Her ▁parents , ▁Jar red ▁and ▁Anna , ▁were ▁captured ▁by ▁Grey ▁Gu ards ▁when ▁she ▁was ▁seven ▁years ▁old , ▁and ▁so ▁she ▁has ▁been ▁raised ▁by ▁the ▁forest . ▁She ▁can ▁understand ▁the ▁language ▁of ▁the ▁trees ▁and ▁of ▁many ▁animals , ▁and ▁has ▁incred ibly ▁sharp ▁sens es , ▁but ▁has ▁trouble ▁understanding ▁some ▁social ▁custom s . ▁J asm ine ▁is ▁usually ▁seen ▁with ▁her ▁black bird , ▁K ree , ▁and ▁a ▁mouse - like ▁creature ▁she ▁calls ▁F illi . ▁J asm ine ▁is ▁like ▁L ief ▁and ▁occasionally ▁has ▁a ▁quick ▁temper . ▁After |
▁helping ▁L ief ▁and ▁B arda ▁in ▁the ▁forest ▁and ▁with ▁the ▁help ▁of ▁the ▁top az , ▁she ▁is ▁gre et ed ▁by ▁her ▁mother ' s ▁spirit ▁from ▁beyond ▁the ▁grave , ▁who ▁tells ▁her ▁to ▁go ▁with ▁L ief ▁and ▁B arda ▁in ▁their ▁quest . ▁After ▁this ▁encounter , ▁she ▁joins ▁L ief ▁and ▁B arda ▁in ▁the ▁search ▁for ▁the ▁great ▁g ems ▁that ▁will ▁complete ▁the ▁B elt . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁D elt ora ▁series ▁D elt ora ▁Qu est ▁ 1 ▁Em ily ▁Rod da ▁Char acters ▁in ▁the ▁D elt ora ▁series ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁USA ▁D elt ora ▁website ▁Australian ▁D elt ora ▁Qu est ▁website ▁Em ily ▁Rod da ' s ▁official ▁website ▁ ▁Category : 2 0 0 1 ▁Australian ▁nov els ▁Category : 2 0 0 1 ▁fant asy ▁nov els ▁Category : Austral ian ▁children ' s ▁nov els ▁Category : Austral ian ▁fant asy ▁nov els ▁Category : Children ' s ▁fant asy ▁nov els ▁Category : D elt ora ▁Category : F ict ional ▁populated ▁places ▁Category : 2 0 0 1 ▁children ' s ▁books <0x0A> </s> ▁Fu ▁Kun - ch eng ▁( ; ▁born ▁ 1 9 5 1 ) ▁is ▁a ▁Taiwan ese ▁politician . ▁ ▁Education ▁Fu ▁attended ▁elementary ▁school ▁in ▁P ingt ung ▁County , ▁middle ▁school ▁in ▁, ▁Zh ong sh an ▁District , ▁Tai pe i , ▁and ▁graduated ▁from ▁Tai pe i ▁Municipal ▁Ji angu o ▁High ▁School |
. ▁He ▁studied ▁law ▁at ▁National ▁Taiwan ▁University , ▁and ▁completed ▁a ▁doctor ate ▁in ▁the ▁subject ▁at ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Virginia . ▁ ▁Career ▁Fu ▁taught ▁as ▁an ▁associate ▁professor ▁at ▁his ▁al ma ▁mater , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁National ▁Ch eng chi ▁University , ▁So och ow ▁University , ▁Tam k ang ▁University , ▁Chinese ▁Culture ▁University , ▁and ▁National ▁Taiwan ▁Ocean ▁University . ▁He ▁was ▁elected ▁to ▁the ▁second ▁National ▁Assembly ▁in ▁December ▁ 1 9 9 1 , ▁then ▁cont ested ▁the ▁ 1 9 9 5 ▁Taiwan ▁legisl ative ▁election ▁for ▁a ▁seat ▁on ▁the ▁Legisl ative ▁Y uan ▁as ▁a ▁New ▁Party ▁representative ▁of ▁Tai pe i ▁County . ▁Fu ▁left ▁politics ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 2 , ▁moving ▁to ▁China ▁for ▁a ▁position ▁at ▁X iam en ▁University . ▁He ▁later ▁taught ▁at ▁National ▁Kin men ▁Institute ▁of ▁Technology ▁and ▁Shang hai ▁J ia ot ong ▁University . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 5 1 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : T ai wan ese ▁legal ▁sch ol ars ▁Category : New ▁Party ▁M embers ▁of ▁the ▁Legisl ative ▁Y uan ▁Category : M embers ▁of ▁the ▁ 3 rd ▁Legisl ative ▁Y uan ▁Category : T ai wan ese ▁exp atri ates ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Category : Univers ity ▁of ▁Virginia ▁School ▁of ▁Law ▁al umn i ▁Category : National ▁Ch eng chi ▁University ▁fac ulty ▁Category : National ▁Taiwan ▁University ▁fac ulty ▁Category : National ▁Taiwan ▁University |
▁al umn i ▁Category : T ai wan ese ▁exp atri ates ▁in ▁China ▁Category : Sh ang hai ▁J iao ▁T ong ▁University ▁fac ulty ▁Category : So och ow ▁University ▁( T ai wan ) ▁fac ulty ▁Category : T am k ang ▁University ▁fac ulty ▁Category : Ch inese ▁Culture ▁University ▁fac ulty ▁Category : X iam en ▁University ▁fac ulty ▁Category : New ▁Tai pe i ▁M embers ▁of ▁the ▁Legisl ative ▁Y uan <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁CON C AC AF ▁Gold ▁Cup ▁was ▁the ▁nin th ▁edition ▁of ▁the ▁Gold ▁Cup , ▁the ▁football ▁championship ▁of ▁North ▁America , ▁Central ▁America ▁and ▁the ▁Car ib bean ▁( CON C AC AF ), ▁and ▁was ▁won ▁by ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁over ▁Mexico . ▁It ▁was ▁cont ested ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁from ▁June ▁ 6 ▁to ▁ 2 4 , ▁ 2 0 0 7 . ▁ ▁This ▁competition ▁was ▁the ▁third ▁overall ▁edition ▁of ▁the ▁tournament ▁without ▁guests ▁( for ▁the ▁first ▁time ▁since ▁ 1 9 9 3 ) ▁from ▁other ▁conf eder ations . ▁As ▁the ▁winner , ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁represented ▁CON C AC AF ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁FIFA ▁Confeder ations ▁Cup . ▁ ▁Qual ified ▁teams ▁A ▁total ▁of ▁ 1 2 ▁teams ▁qualified ▁for ▁the ▁tournament . ▁Three ▁ber th s ▁were ▁allocated ▁to ▁North ▁America , ▁five ▁to ▁Central ▁America , ▁and ▁four ▁to ▁the ▁Car ib bean . ▁ ▁Ven ues ▁ |
▁Squad s ▁ ▁The ▁ 1 2 ▁national ▁teams ▁involved ▁in ▁the ▁tournament ▁were ▁required ▁to ▁register ▁a ▁squad ▁of ▁ 2 3 ▁players ; ▁only ▁players ▁in ▁these ▁squad s ▁were ▁el ig ible ▁to ▁take ▁part ▁in ▁the ▁tournament . ▁ ▁Compet ition ▁format ▁The ▁twelve ▁teams ▁that ▁qualified ▁were ▁divided ▁into ▁three ▁groups . ▁The ▁top ▁two ▁teams ▁in ▁each ▁group ▁advanced ▁to ▁the ▁knock out ▁stage ▁along ▁with ▁the ▁best ▁two ▁of ▁the ▁third - place ▁teams , ▁filling ▁out ▁the ▁knock out ▁field ▁of ▁eight . ▁ ▁If ▁teams ▁were ▁level ▁on ▁points , ▁they ▁were ▁ranked ▁on ▁the ▁following ▁criteria ▁in ▁order : ▁▁ ▁Head ▁to ▁head ▁matches ▁between ▁the ▁tied ▁teams ▁( if ▁applicable ) ▁ ▁Great est ▁goal ▁difference ▁in ▁group ▁matches ▁ ▁Great est ▁number ▁of ▁goals ▁scored ▁in ▁the ▁three ▁group ▁matches ▁ ▁If ▁teams ▁are ▁still ▁tied , ▁CON C AC AF ▁will ▁hold ▁a ▁drawing ▁of ▁lots ▁ ▁Group ▁stage ▁ ▁Group ▁A ▁ ▁Canada ▁finished ▁as ▁group ▁leaders , ▁but ▁were ▁be aten ▁by ▁Gu adel oupe , ▁who ▁also ▁drew ▁with ▁H ait i ▁before ▁suffering ▁a ▁defeat ▁in ▁their ▁last ▁match ▁against ▁Costa ▁Rica . ▁That ▁win ▁sent ▁the ▁T icos ▁through ▁to ▁the ▁next ▁round ; ▁Gu adel oupe ▁also ▁qualified ▁as ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁best ▁two ▁third - place ▁finish ers . ▁H ait i , ▁the ▁current ▁Car ib bean ▁Nations ▁Cup ▁champions , ▁were ▁knock ed ▁out ▁at ▁the ▁group ▁stage . ▁All ▁games |
▁were ▁played ▁at ▁the ▁Orange ▁Bowl ▁in ▁Miami , ▁Florida . ▁ ▁Group ▁B ▁ ▁The ▁group ▁was ▁won ▁by ▁the ▁host ▁and ▁def ending ▁Gold ▁Cup ▁champion ▁United ▁States ▁side , ▁who ▁achieved ▁the ▁best ▁first - round ▁record ▁of ▁any ▁team ▁with ▁three ▁wins , ▁during ▁which ▁it ▁scored ▁a ▁total ▁of ▁seven ▁goals ▁without ▁conced ing . ▁Gu atem ala ▁finished ▁in ▁second ▁place , ▁despite ▁an ▁early ▁loss ▁to ▁the ▁U . S ., ▁by ▁be ating ▁fellow ▁Central ▁Americans ▁El ▁Salvador , ▁and ▁then ▁drawing ▁with ▁Tr in idad ▁and ▁Tob ago . ▁El ▁Salvador ▁and ▁Tr in idad ▁and ▁Tob ago ▁failed ▁to ▁advance . ▁All ▁games ▁were ▁played ▁at ▁The ▁Home ▁Dep ot ▁Center ▁in ▁Car son , ▁California ▁and ▁G illet te ▁Stadium ▁in ▁Fox borough , ▁Massachusetts . ▁ ▁Group ▁C ▁ ▁Four - time ▁Gold ▁Cup ▁champion ▁Mexico ▁were ▁defeated ▁ 2 – 1 ▁by ▁event ual ▁group ▁winner ▁H ond uras ▁on ▁the ▁second ▁day ▁of ▁group ▁play , ▁but ▁subsequently ▁beat ▁Pan ama ▁to ▁come ▁second ▁in ▁the ▁group . ▁The ▁controvers ial ▁match ▁saw ▁two ▁Canal eros ▁sent ▁off ▁but ▁they ▁still ▁made ▁the ▁quarter final s ▁by ▁finishing ▁as ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁two ▁best ▁third - pla ced ▁teams . ▁Cuba , ▁initially ▁impress ive ▁against ▁Mexico ▁and ▁Pan ama , ▁finished ▁in ▁last ▁place , ▁after ▁being ▁defeated ▁ 5 – 0 ▁by ▁H ond uras . ▁All ▁games ▁were ▁played ▁at ▁Gi ants ▁Stadium ▁in ▁East ▁R |
uther ford , ▁New ▁Jersey ▁and ▁R eli ant ▁Stadium ▁in ▁Houston , ▁Texas . ▁Two ▁members ▁of ▁the ▁Cub an ▁team , ▁stri ker ▁L ester ▁Mor é ▁and ▁mid f iel der ▁Os val do ▁Al onso , ▁defect ed ▁from ▁the ▁team ▁following ▁a ▁sho pping ▁trip ▁in ▁East ▁R uther ford . ▁ ▁Rank ing ▁of ▁third - pla ced ▁teams ▁ ▁Kno ck out ▁stage ▁The ▁quarter final s ▁saw ▁all ▁three ▁North ▁American ▁teams ▁advance , ▁as ▁Canada ▁beat ▁Gu atem ala , ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁defeated ▁Pan ama , ▁and ▁Mexico ▁won ▁after ▁extra ▁time ▁against ▁Costa ▁Rica ▁in ▁a ▁controvers ial ▁match ▁that ▁saw ▁three ▁red ▁cards ▁for ▁the ▁T icos . ▁Gu adel oupe ▁reached ▁the ▁final ▁four ▁with ▁a ▁ 2 – 1 ▁victory ▁over ▁H ond uras . ▁Their ▁participation ▁ended ▁in ▁the ▁semif inal ▁against ▁Mexico , ▁as ▁El ▁Tri ▁over c ame ▁Gu adel oupe ▁to ▁win ▁ 1 – 0 ▁and ▁make ▁the ▁Gold ▁Cup ▁final . ▁The ▁United ▁States ▁won ▁the ▁other ▁semif inal ▁game , ▁defe ating ▁Canada ▁ 2 – 1 ▁in ▁a ▁match ▁with ▁a ▁controvers ial ▁ending , ▁as ▁a ▁late ▁Canadian ▁equal izer ▁was ▁incorrectly ▁ruled ▁off side . ▁The ▁final ▁match ▁between ▁Mexico ▁and ▁the ▁United ▁States , ▁the ▁two ▁highest - rank ed ▁teams ▁in ▁CON C AC AF , ▁resulted ▁in ▁a ▁ 2 – 1 ▁victory , ▁and ▁a ▁successful ▁title ▁defense , ▁for ▁the ▁United ▁States . ▁ |
▁Qu arter - final s ▁ ▁Sem i - final s ▁ ▁Late ▁in ▁the ▁second ▁half , ▁while ▁leading ▁ 2 – 1 , ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁were ▁reduced ▁to ▁ten ▁men ▁when ▁Michael ▁Brad ley ▁was ▁sent ▁off . ▁In ▁sto pp age ▁time ▁At iba ▁H utch inson ▁appeared ▁to ▁score ▁for ▁Canada ▁to ▁tie ▁the ▁game ▁in ▁the ▁dying ▁seconds , ▁but ▁lines man ▁Ric ardo ▁Louis ville ▁incorrectly ▁raised ▁his ▁flag ▁for ▁off side ▁and ▁ref eree ▁Arch und ia ▁dis allowed ▁the ▁goal . ▁The ▁Canadian ▁Press ▁reported ▁that ▁re plays ▁show ▁H utch inson ▁in ▁an ▁on side ▁position ▁at ▁the ▁time ▁of ▁Pat rice ▁Bern ier ' s ▁pass , ▁and ▁that ▁he ▁received ▁the ▁ball ▁only ▁after ▁it ▁was ▁played ▁by ▁American ▁def ender ▁Og uch i ▁O ny ew u . ▁ ▁Final ▁ ▁Don ovan ▁converted ▁a ▁penalty ▁kick ▁to ▁level ▁the ▁match ▁at ▁ 1 – 1 ▁and ▁tied ▁him ▁with ▁Eric ▁W yn al da ▁for ▁the ▁USA ’ s ▁all - time ▁scoring ▁record ▁with ▁ 3 4 ▁goals . ▁Fe il hab er ▁scored ▁the ▁game - win ning ▁goal ▁on ▁a ▁vol ley ▁from ▁outside ▁the ▁penalty ▁box . ▁ ▁Statistics ▁ ▁Go als cor ers ▁▁ 5 ▁goals ▁ ▁Carlos ▁Pav ón ▁▁ 4 ▁goals ▁ ▁Land on ▁Don ovan ▁▁ 3 ▁goals ▁▁ ▁D way ne ▁De ▁Ros ario ▁ ▁Ali ▁Ger ba ▁▁ ▁Walter ▁Cent eno ▁ ▁Carlos ▁Cost ly ▁▁ ▁Bl as ▁Pérez |
▁▁ 2 ▁goals ▁▁ ▁Juli án ▁de ▁Gu zm án ▁▁ ▁Reyn ier ▁Alc ánt ara ▁ ▁J oc ely n ▁Ang l oma ▁▁ ▁Am ado ▁G ue var a ▁ ▁J ared ▁Bor get ti ▁▁ ▁José ▁Luis ▁Garc és ▁ ▁Da M arc us ▁Be as ley ▁▁ 1 ▁goal ▁▁ ▁I ain ▁H ume ▁ ▁Ja ime ▁Col om é ▁ ▁Dennis ▁Al as ▁ ▁Ram ón ▁S ánchez ▁ ▁C éd rick ▁F ist on ▁ ▁David ▁Fle ur ival ▁ ▁Richard ▁Soc rier ▁ ▁José ▁Manuel ▁Con tr eras ▁ ▁Carlos ▁Ru iz ▁▁ ▁Alexandre ▁Bou c ica ut ▁ ▁Mon ès ▁Ch é ry ▁ ▁Cu au ht ém oc ▁Blan co ▁ ▁N ery ▁Cast illo ▁ ▁And rés ▁Guard ado ▁ ▁P ável ▁P ardo ▁ ▁Carlos ▁Sal cido ▁ ▁Carlos ▁River a ▁ ▁Er rol ▁Mc F ar lane ▁▁ ▁Sil v io ▁Sp ann ▁ ▁Carlos ▁B oc an eg ra ▁ ▁Brian ▁Ch ing ▁ ▁Cl int ▁D emp sey ▁ ▁Ben ny ▁Fe il hab er ▁ ▁Frank ie ▁He j du k ▁ ▁Edd ie ▁Johnson ▁ ▁Taylor ▁T well man ▁ ▁Awards ▁ ▁W inners ▁ ▁Ind ividual ▁awards ▁ ▁All - T ourn ament ▁team ▁ ▁The ▁All - T ourn ament ▁Team ▁was ▁selected ▁by ▁the ▁CON C AC AF ▁Techn ical ▁Study ▁Group ▁and ▁features ▁the ▁" Best ▁XI " ▁along ▁with ▁seven ▁Honor able ▁M ent ions . ▁The ▁player ▁se lections ▁were ▁made |
▁from ▁the ▁eight ▁teams ▁that ▁reached ▁the ▁quarter final s ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁CON C AC AF ▁Gold ▁Cup . ▁ ▁Final ▁ranking ▁Per ▁statistical ▁convention ▁in ▁football , ▁matches ▁decided ▁in ▁extra ▁time ▁are ▁counted ▁as ▁wins ▁and ▁losses , ▁while ▁matches ▁decided ▁by ▁penalty ▁shoot - out ▁are ▁counted ▁as ▁draw s . ▁ ▁Notes ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁CON C AC AF ▁Gold ▁Cup ▁D ates ▁Ann ounced ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁CON C AC AF ▁Gold ▁Cup ▁( with ▁all ▁match re ports ) ▁▁▁ ▁Gold ▁Cup ▁CON C AC AF ▁Gold ▁Cup ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁CON C AC AF ▁Gold ▁Cup ▁Category : CON C AC AF ▁Gold ▁Cup ▁tournament s <0x0A> </s> ▁Mik ani opsis ▁ma it land ii ▁is ▁a ▁species ▁of ▁flow ering ▁plant ▁in ▁the ▁family ▁A ster aceae . ▁It ▁is ▁found ▁in ▁Cam ero on , ▁Equ atorial ▁Guinea , ▁and ▁Niger ia . ▁Its ▁natural ▁habit ats ▁are ▁subt rop ical ▁or ▁tropical ▁mo ist ▁low land ▁for ests ▁and ▁subt rop ical ▁or ▁tropical ▁mo ist ▁mont ane ▁for ests . ▁It ▁is ▁threatened ▁by ▁habitat ▁loss . ▁ ▁References ▁▁▁ ▁Category : M ik ani opsis ▁Category : Fl ora ▁of ▁Cam ero on ▁Category : Fl ora ▁of ▁Equ atorial ▁Guinea ▁Category : Fl ora ▁of ▁Niger ia ▁Category : V ul ner able ▁plants ▁Category : T ax onomy ▁articles ▁created ▁by ▁Pol bot |
<0x0A> </s> ▁Marian ne ▁S ág hy ▁( 1 9 6 1 ▁– ▁ 2 0 1 8 ) ▁was ▁a ▁Hung arian ▁expert ▁on ▁the ▁religious ▁and ▁social ▁culture ▁of ▁Late ▁Anti qu ity , ▁with ▁an ▁especial ▁focus ▁on ▁the ▁cult ▁of ▁sain ts ▁and ▁h agi ography . ▁She ▁was ▁Associ ate ▁Professor ▁at ▁the ▁Department ▁of ▁Med ieval ▁Studies , ▁Central ▁European ▁University , ▁and ▁at ▁the ▁Department ▁of ▁Med ieval ▁and ▁Early ▁Modern ▁Universal ▁History , ▁E öt v ös ▁Lor ánd ▁University , ▁Budapest . ▁ ▁Biography ▁ ▁Early ▁life ▁and ▁education ▁ ▁S ág hy ▁was ▁born ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 1 . ▁She ▁attended ▁the ▁Sz il á gy i ▁Erz s é bet ▁Second ary ▁School , ▁Budapest . ▁She ▁graduated ▁from ▁E öt v ös ▁Lor ánd ▁University ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 5 ▁with ▁a ▁degree ▁in ▁History ▁and ▁French . ▁She ▁received ▁a ▁French ▁government ▁scholar ship ▁( 1 9 8 4 – 8 5 ) ▁to ▁study ▁at ▁the ▁Centre ▁d ' Ét udes ▁Sup érie ures ▁de ▁Civil isation ▁Méd i év ale , ▁Univers ité ▁de ▁Po it iers . ▁Her ▁Master ' s ▁th esis ▁was ▁entitled ▁Pierre ▁Dub ois ’ ▁Plan ▁for ▁the ▁Rec overy ▁of ▁the ▁Holy ▁Land ▁in ▁ 1 3 0 6 . ▁Between ▁ 1 9 8 6 ▁and ▁ 1 9 8 7 ▁she ▁was ▁a ▁visit ing ▁scholar ▁at ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Oxford , ▁receiving ▁a ▁st ip end |
▁from ▁the ▁Sor os ▁Foundation . ▁In ▁ 1 9 8 9 ▁she ▁began ▁her ▁Ph D ▁at ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Pr inc eton . ▁Her ▁super vis ors ▁were ▁Natal ie ▁Z emon ▁Davis ▁and ▁Peter ▁Brown . ▁She ▁was ▁awarded ▁her ▁Ph D ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 8 ▁for ▁a ▁th esis ▁entitled ▁Pat rons ▁and ▁Pri ests : ▁The ▁Roman ▁Sen atorial ▁Arist ocracy ▁and ▁the ▁Church , ▁AD ▁ 3 5 5 - 3 8 4 . ▁ ▁Career ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 9 3 ▁she ▁was ▁a ▁found ing ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁Department ▁of ▁Med ieval ▁Studies ▁at ▁Central ▁European ▁University , ▁where ▁she ▁was ▁employed ▁as ▁a ▁lect urer . ▁From ▁ 1 9 9 9 ▁to ▁ 2 0 0 3 ▁she ▁was ▁the ▁Academ ic ▁Director ▁of ▁the ▁Hung arian ▁Cultural ▁Institute , ▁Paris , ▁where ▁she ▁sought ▁to ▁promote ▁French - H ung arian ▁scientific ▁and ▁cultural ▁relations . ▁S ág hy ▁held ▁the ▁position ▁of ▁President ▁of ▁the ▁Hung arian ▁H agi ography ▁Society . ▁She ▁sat ▁on ▁the ▁editor ial ▁bo ards ▁of ▁such ▁academic ▁journ als ▁as ▁the ▁Ann ual ▁of ▁the ▁Department ▁of ▁Med ieval ▁Studies ▁and ▁the ▁Hung arian ▁Historical ▁Review . ▁ ▁S ág hy ▁has ▁been ▁described ▁as ▁' a ▁well - vers ed ▁and ▁fruit ful ▁author , ▁a ▁transl ator ▁of ▁important ▁works ▁and ▁a ▁writer ▁of ▁serious ▁scholar ship '. ▁Her ▁contribution ▁to ▁scholar ship ▁on ▁late ▁ant ique ▁and ▁medieval ▁religion |
Subsets and Splits