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▁signed ▁with ▁Isra eli ▁club ▁Mac c abi ▁Tel ▁Av iv . ▁He ▁made ▁ 3 6 ▁appearances ▁and ▁scored ▁eight ▁goals ▁across ▁all ▁compet itions ▁throughout ▁the ▁season . ▁Over ▁the ▁next ▁ 1 2 ▁months , ▁Mr d ak ović ▁played ▁for ▁Portuguese ▁club ▁Vit ória ▁Gu imar ã es ▁with ▁similar ▁success . ▁ ▁In ▁July ▁ 2 0 0 9 , ▁Mr d ak ović ▁returned ▁to ▁Europe ▁and ▁signed ▁a ▁two - year ▁contract ▁with ▁C yp ri ot ▁club ▁Ap oll on ▁Lim ass ol . ▁He ▁failed ▁to ▁make ▁an ▁immediate ▁impact , ▁appearing ▁in ▁just ▁one ▁game , ▁and ▁was ▁loan ed ▁to ▁fellow ▁C yp ri ot ▁First ▁Division ▁side ▁Eth nik os ▁Ach na ▁in ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁winter ▁transfer ▁window . ▁Until ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁season , ▁Mr d ak ović ▁scored ▁eight ▁goals ▁in ▁ 1 4 ▁appearances . ▁He ▁subsequently ▁returned ▁to ▁Ap oll on ▁Lim ass ol ▁and ▁became ▁the ▁league ' s ▁top ▁sc orer ▁in ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 0 – 1 1 ▁campaign ▁with ▁ 2 1 ▁goals . ▁In ▁June ▁ 2 0 1 1 , ▁Mr d ak ović ▁signed ▁with ▁A E K ▁L arn aca ▁on ▁a ▁three - year ▁deal . ▁He ▁scored ▁seven ▁times ▁in ▁ 1 8 ▁league ▁games , ▁before ▁leaving ▁the ▁club ▁in ▁February ▁ 2 0 1 2 . ▁ ▁In ▁early ▁ 2 0 1 2 , ▁Mr d ak |
ović ▁signed ▁with ▁Chinese ▁Super ▁League ▁club ▁Ji ang su ▁Sain ty , ▁thus ▁returning ▁to ▁China ▁after ▁sp ending ▁three ▁seasons ▁in ▁Cy pr us . ▁He ▁appeared ▁on ▁five ▁occasions ▁and ▁scored ▁once ▁in ▁a ▁little ▁more ▁than ▁ 7 0 ▁minutes ▁of ▁action . ▁Less ▁than ▁a ▁year ▁after ▁leaving ▁for ▁China , ▁Mr d ak ović ▁returned ▁to ▁Cy pr us ▁and ▁joined ▁En osis ▁Ne on ▁Par al im ni ▁to ▁recover ▁the ▁form ▁in ▁the ▁remainder ▁of ▁the ▁season . ▁ ▁In ▁July ▁ 2 0 1 3 , ▁Mr d ak ović ▁moved ▁to ▁Super ▁League ▁Greece ▁side ▁Ver ia . ▁He ▁made ▁ 1 3 ▁appearances ▁and ▁scored ▁five ▁goals ▁in ▁the ▁top ▁flight . ▁In ▁January ▁ 2 0 1 4 , ▁Mr d ak ović ▁joined ▁T amp ines ▁Ro vers ▁of ▁Singapore ▁as ▁their ▁marque e ▁player . ▁He ▁scored ▁a ▁career - high ▁ 2 5 ▁goals ▁in ▁all ▁compet itions , ▁helping ▁the ▁side ▁win ▁two ▁cup ▁titles ▁( Char ity ▁Sh ield ▁in ▁February ▁and ▁League ▁Cup ▁in ▁July ). ▁In ▁February ▁ 2 0 1 5 , ▁Mr d ak ović ▁returned ▁to ▁Greece ▁and ▁signed ▁with ▁Lev ad iak os . ▁He ▁appeared ▁in ▁just ▁three ▁games ▁in ▁the ▁Super ▁League , ▁but ▁failed ▁to ▁score ▁in ▁the ▁process . ▁ ▁In ▁June ▁ 2 0 1 5 , ▁Mr d ak ović ▁signed ▁with ▁V oj vod ina ▁for ▁one ▁year . ▁He ▁scored ▁two ▁goals |
▁in ▁the ▁qual ifiers ▁for ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 5 – 1 6 ▁UEFA ▁Europa ▁League , ▁as ▁they ▁were ▁elimin ated ▁in ▁the ▁play - off ▁round . ▁In ▁January ▁ 2 0 1 7 , ▁Mr d ak ović ▁returned ▁to ▁OF K ▁Be og rad , ▁stating ▁his ▁intention ▁to ▁ret ire ▁at ▁the ▁club . ▁ ▁International ▁career ▁Mr d ak ović ▁represented ▁FR ▁Y ug oslav ia ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 1 ▁UEFA ▁European ▁Under - 1 8 ▁Championship . ▁He ▁was ▁also ▁c apped ▁for ▁the ▁national ▁under - 2 1 ▁team , ▁but ▁saw ▁little ▁action ▁due ▁to ▁a ▁conflict ▁with ▁Vladimir ▁Pet ro vić . ▁ ▁In ▁July ▁ 2 0 0 8 , ▁Mr d ak ović ▁was ▁addition ally ▁called ▁up ▁by ▁Mi ros lav ▁ Đ uki ć ▁to ▁the ▁Ser bia ▁squad ▁for ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁Summer ▁Olympics . ▁He ▁was ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁three ▁over - age ▁players ▁alongside ▁Aleks and ar ▁Ž iv k ović ▁and ▁Vladimir ▁Sto jk ović . ▁Mr d ak ović ▁appeared ▁in ▁all ▁three ▁group ▁stage ▁matches , ▁scoring ▁a ▁goal ▁in ▁a ▁ 4 – 2 ▁loss ▁against ▁I v ory ▁Coast . ▁ ▁In ▁May ▁ 2 0 1 1 , ▁Mr d ak ović ▁received ▁his ▁first ▁call - up ▁to ▁a ▁full ▁Ser bia ▁squad ▁from ▁Vladimir ▁Pet ro vić ▁for ▁two ▁friend lies ▁in ▁Asia ▁and ▁O ce ania . ▁He , ▁however |
, ▁missed ▁the ▁mini ▁tour ▁due ▁to ▁injury ▁picked ▁up ▁in ▁a ▁training ▁session . ▁ ▁Statistics ▁ ▁Hon ours ▁ ▁Club ▁Sh and ong ▁L un eng ▁ ▁Chinese ▁Super ▁League : ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁T amp ines ▁Ro vers ▁ ▁Singapore ▁League ▁Cup : ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁ ▁Singapore ▁Char ity ▁Sh ield : ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁ ▁Ind ividual ▁ ▁C yp ri ot ▁First ▁Division ▁top ▁sc orer : ▁ 2 0 1 0 – 1 1 ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁Category : AE K ▁L arn aca ▁FC ▁players ▁Category : Ag rot ik os ▁A ster as ▁F . C . ▁players ▁Category : Ap oll on ▁Lim ass ol ▁FC ▁players ▁Category : Associ ation ▁football ▁for wards ▁Category : A ust rian ▁Football ▁Bundes liga ▁players ▁Category : Bel g ian ▁First ▁Division ▁A ▁players ▁Category : Ch inese ▁Super ▁League ▁players ▁Category : C yp ri ot ▁First ▁Division ▁players ▁Category : En osis ▁Ne on ▁Par al im ni ▁FC ▁players ▁Category : E th nik os ▁Ach na ▁FC ▁players ▁Category : Ex pat ri ate ▁football ers ▁in ▁Austria ▁Category : Ex pat ri ate ▁football ers ▁in ▁Belg ium ▁Category : Ex pat ri ate ▁football ers ▁in ▁China ▁Category : Ex pat ri ate ▁football ers ▁in ▁Cy pr us ▁Category : Ex pat ri ate ▁football ers ▁in ▁Greece ▁Category : Ex pat ri ate ▁football ers ▁in ▁Israel ▁Category |
: Ex pat ri ate ▁football ers ▁in ▁Portugal ▁Category : Ex pat ri ate ▁football ers ▁in ▁Singapore ▁Category : Ex pat ri ate ▁football ers ▁in ▁Ukraine ▁Category : FC ▁Metal ist ▁Kh ark iv ▁players ▁Category : FC ▁Red ▁Bull ▁Sal zburg ▁players ▁Category : First ▁League ▁of ▁Ser bia ▁and ▁Mont en eg ro ▁players ▁Category : F K ▁Rad ▁players ▁Category : F K ▁V oj vod ina ▁players ▁Category : Foot ball ▁League ▁( G ree ce ) ▁players ▁Category : Foot ball ers ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁Summer ▁Olympics ▁Category : Is ra eli ▁Premier ▁League ▁players ▁Category : J i ang su ▁Sun ing ▁F . C . ▁players ▁Category : K . A . A . ▁Gent ▁players ▁Category : Le v ad iak os ▁F . C . ▁players ▁Category : M acc abi ▁Tel ▁Av iv ▁F . C . ▁players ▁Category : OF K ▁Be og rad ▁players ▁Category : O lymp ic ▁football ers ▁of ▁Ser bia ▁Category : Pr ime ira ▁Liga ▁players ▁Category : R . S . C . ▁And er lecht ▁players ▁Category : SC ▁E end racht ▁A al st ▁players ▁Category : Ser bia ▁and ▁Mont en eg ro ▁exp atri ate ▁football ers ▁Category : Ser bia ▁and ▁Mont en eg ro ▁exp atri ate ▁sports people ▁in ▁Austria ▁Category : Ser bia ▁and ▁Mont en eg ro ▁exp atri ate ▁sports people ▁in ▁Belg ium ▁Category : Ser bia |
▁and ▁Mont en eg ro ▁exp atri ate ▁sports people ▁in ▁Ukraine ▁Category : Ser bia ▁and ▁Mont en eg ro ▁football ers ▁Category : Ser bia ▁and ▁Mont en eg ro ▁under - 2 1 ▁international ▁football ers ▁Category : Ser bian ▁exp atri ate ▁football ers ▁Category : Ser bian ▁exp atri ate ▁sports people ▁in ▁China ▁Category : Ser bian ▁exp atri ate ▁sports people ▁in ▁Cy pr us ▁Category : Ser bian ▁exp atri ate ▁sports people ▁in ▁Greece ▁Category : Ser bian ▁exp atri ate ▁sports people ▁in ▁Israel ▁Category : Ser bian ▁exp atri ate ▁sports people ▁in ▁Portugal ▁Category : Ser bian ▁exp atri ate ▁sports people ▁in ▁Singapore ▁Category : Ser bian ▁First ▁League ▁players ▁Category : Ser bian ▁football ers ▁Category : Ser bian ▁Super L iga ▁players ▁Category : Sh and ong ▁L un eng ▁Ta ish an ▁F . C . ▁players ▁Category : Sing ap ore ▁Premier ▁League ▁players ▁Category : S ports people ▁from ▁Ni š ▁Category : Super ▁League ▁Greece ▁players ▁Category : T amp ines ▁Ro vers ▁FC ▁players ▁Category : U k rain ian ▁Premier ▁League ▁players ▁Category : Ver ia ▁F . C . ▁players ▁Category : V it ória ▁S . C . ▁players ▁Category : 1 9 8 2 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people <0x0A> </s> ▁John ▁L ins ▁was ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁Wisconsin ▁State ▁Senate ▁and ▁the ▁Wisconsin ▁State ▁Assembly . ▁ ▁Biography ▁L ins ▁was ▁born ▁on ▁October ▁ |
3 , ▁ 1 8 4 0 ▁in ▁what ▁is ▁now ▁Germany . ▁He ▁moved ▁to ▁Mil w au kee , ▁Wisconsin ▁in ▁ 1 8 5 7 . ▁Later , ▁he ▁moved ▁to ▁E agle , ▁Wisconsin . ▁During ▁the ▁American ▁Civil ▁War , ▁L ins ▁served ▁with ▁the ▁ 5 th ▁Wisconsin ▁Vol unte er ▁Infantry ▁Regiment . ▁Batt les ▁he ▁took ▁part ▁in ▁include ▁the ▁Battle ▁of ▁Lee ' s ▁Mill , ▁the ▁Battle ▁of ▁Williams burg , ▁the ▁Battle ▁of ▁Sav age ' s ▁Station , ▁the ▁Battle ▁of ▁White ▁Oak ▁Sw amp , ▁the ▁Battle ▁of ▁Mal vern ▁Hill , ▁the ▁Battle ▁of ▁C ram pton ' s ▁G ap , ▁the ▁Battle ▁of ▁Anti et am , ▁the ▁Battle ▁of ▁Freder icks burg , ▁the ▁Battle ▁of ▁G ett ys burg , ▁the ▁Battle ▁of ▁Sp ots ylvan ia ▁Court ▁House , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁the ▁Battle ▁of ▁Cold ▁Har bor , ▁during ▁which ▁he ▁was ▁sever ely ▁injured . ▁ ▁Political ▁career ▁L ins ▁was ▁elected ▁to ▁the ▁Senate ▁in ▁ 1 8 8 1 . ▁That ▁year , ▁he ▁was ▁also ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁Assembly . ▁Additionally , ▁L ins ▁was ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁Board ▁of ▁Super vis ors ▁and ▁Tre as urer ▁of ▁W au kes ha ▁County , ▁Wisconsin . ▁He ▁was ▁a ▁Republican . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : Pol it icians ▁from ▁Mil w au kee ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁E agle , ▁Wisconsin ▁Category : Count y |
▁super vis ors ▁in ▁Wisconsin ▁Category : W is consin ▁state ▁sen ators ▁Category : M embers ▁of ▁the ▁Wisconsin ▁State ▁Assembly ▁Category : W is consin ▁Republic ans ▁Category : Pe ople ▁of ▁Wisconsin ▁in ▁the ▁American ▁Civil ▁War ▁Category : Union ▁Army ▁soldiers ▁Category : 1 8 4 0 ▁birth s ▁Category : Year ▁of ▁death ▁missing ▁Category : G erman ▁em igr ants ▁to ▁the ▁United ▁States <0x0A> </s> ▁F lem ish ▁literature ▁is ▁literature ▁from ▁Fland ers , ▁histor ically ▁a ▁region ▁compr ising ▁parts ▁of ▁present - day ▁Belg ium , ▁France ▁and ▁the ▁Netherlands . ▁ ▁Until ▁the ▁early ▁ 1 9 th ▁century , ▁this ▁literature ▁was ▁regarded ▁as ▁an ▁integral ▁part ▁of ▁Dutch ▁literature . ▁After ▁Belg ium ▁became ▁independent ▁from ▁the ▁Netherlands ▁in ▁ 1 8 3 0 , ▁the ▁term ▁F lem ish ▁literature ▁acquired ▁a ▁nar ro wer ▁meaning ▁and ▁refers ▁to ▁the ▁Dutch - language ▁literature ▁produced ▁in ▁Belg ium . ▁ ▁It ▁remains ▁a ▁part ▁of ▁Dutch - language ▁literature . ▁ ▁Med ieval ▁F lem ish ▁literature ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁earliest ▁stages ▁of ▁the ▁Dutch ▁language , ▁a ▁considerable ▁degree ▁of ▁mut ual ▁intellig ibility ▁with ▁some ▁( what ▁we ▁now ▁call ) ▁German ▁dialect s ▁was ▁present , ▁and ▁some ▁fragments ▁and ▁authors ▁are ▁claimed ▁for ▁both ▁real ms . ▁Ex amples ▁include ▁the ▁ 1 2 th - century ▁poet ▁Hend rik ▁van ▁Vel de ke , ▁who ▁is ▁claimed ▁by ▁both ▁Dutch ▁and ▁German ▁literature . |
▁ ▁In ▁the ▁first ▁stages ▁of ▁F lem ish ▁literature , ▁poetry ▁was ▁the ▁pre domin ant ▁form ▁of ▁literary ▁expression . ▁In ▁the ▁Low ▁Count ries ▁as ▁in ▁the ▁rest ▁of ▁Europe , ▁court ly ▁rom ance ▁and ▁poetry ▁were ▁popular ▁gen res ▁during ▁the ▁Middle ▁A ges . ▁One ▁such ▁Minn es anger ▁was ▁the ▁a for ement ioned ▁Van ▁Vel de ke . ▁The ▁ch ival ric ▁ep ic ▁was ▁a ▁popular ▁genre ▁as ▁well , ▁often ▁featuring ▁King ▁Arthur ▁or ▁Char lemagne ▁( K arel ) ▁as ▁protagon ist ▁( with ▁notable ▁example ▁of ▁K arel ▁ende ▁E leg ast , ▁Dutch ▁for ▁" Char lemagne ▁and ▁the ▁el f - sp irit / elf - gu est "). ▁ ▁The ▁first ▁Dutch ▁language ▁writer ▁known ▁by ▁name ▁is ▁the ▁ 1 2 th - century ▁County ▁of ▁Lo on ▁poet ▁Hend rik ▁van ▁Vel de ke , ▁an ▁early ▁contemporary ▁of ▁Wal ther ▁von ▁der ▁Vog el we ide . ▁Van ▁Vel de ke ▁wrote ▁court ly ▁love ▁poetry , ▁a ▁h agi ography ▁of ▁Saint ▁Serv ati us ▁and ▁an ▁ep ic ▁ret elling ▁of ▁the ▁A ene id ▁in ▁a ▁Lim burg ish ▁dialect ▁that ▁str add les ▁the ▁Dutch - G erman ▁language ▁boundary . ▁ ▁A ▁number ▁of ▁the ▁surv iving ▁ep ic ▁works , ▁especially ▁the ▁court ly ▁roman ces , ▁were ▁copies ▁from ▁or ▁exp ans ions ▁of ▁earlier ▁German ▁or ▁French ▁efforts , ▁but ▁there ▁are ▁examples ▁of ▁truly ▁original ▁works |
▁( such ▁as ▁the ▁an onym ously ▁written ▁K arel ▁ende ▁E leg ast ) ▁and ▁original ▁Dutch - language ▁works ▁that ▁were ▁translated ▁into ▁other ▁languages ▁( not able ▁Dutch ▁mor ality ▁play ▁El cker lij c ▁formed ▁the ▁basis ▁for ▁the ▁English ▁play ▁Ever yman ). ▁ ▁A part ▁from ▁ancient ▁tales ▁embedded ▁in ▁Dutch ▁folk ▁songs , ▁virt ually ▁no ▁genu ine ▁folk - t ales ▁of ▁Dutch ▁anti qu ity ▁have ▁come ▁down ▁to ▁us , ▁and ▁scarcely ▁any ▁echo es ▁of ▁German ic ▁myth . ▁On ▁the ▁other ▁hand , ▁the ▁sag as ▁of ▁Char lemagne ▁and ▁Arthur ▁appear ▁immediately ▁in ▁Middle ▁Dutch ▁forms . ▁These ▁were ▁evidently ▁introduced ▁by ▁wand ering ▁min st rel s ▁and ▁translated ▁to ▁grat ify ▁the ▁curiosity ▁of ▁the ▁noble ▁women . ▁It ▁is ▁rarely ▁that ▁the ▁name ▁of ▁such ▁a ▁transl ator ▁has ▁reached ▁us . ▁The ▁Ch anson ▁de ▁Roland ▁was ▁translated ▁somewhere ▁in ▁the ▁tw elf th ▁century , ▁and ▁the ▁F lem ish ▁min st rel ▁D ieder ic ▁van ▁Ass en ede ▁completed ▁his ▁version ▁of ▁Flor is ▁and ▁Bl anche fl our ▁as ▁Flor is ▁ende ▁Bl ance f lo er ▁around ▁ 1 2 6 0 . ▁ ▁The ▁Arthur ian ▁leg ends ▁appear ▁to ▁have ▁been ▁brought ▁to ▁Fland ers ▁by ▁some ▁F lem ish ▁colon ists ▁in ▁Wales , ▁on ▁their ▁return ▁to ▁their ▁mother ▁country . ▁Ar ound ▁ 1 2 5 0 ▁a ▁B rab antine ▁min st rel ▁translated ▁the |
▁Pro se ▁Lan cel ot ▁at ▁the ▁command ▁of ▁his ▁lie ge , ▁L ode w ijk ▁van ▁Vel th em . ▁This ▁adaptation , ▁known ▁as ▁the ▁Lan cel ot - Comp il atie , ▁contains ▁many ▁differences ▁from ▁the ▁French ▁original , ▁and ▁includes ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁episodes ▁that ▁were ▁probably ▁originally ▁separate ▁roman ces . ▁Some ▁of ▁these ▁are ▁themselves ▁transl ations ▁of ▁French ▁original s , ▁but ▁others , ▁such ▁as ▁the ▁Mor ien , ▁seem ▁to ▁be ▁original s . ▁The ▁G au v ain ▁was ▁translated ▁by ▁P enn inc ▁and ▁V osta ert ▁as ▁Roman ▁van ▁W ale w ijn ▁before ▁ 1 2 6 0 , ▁while ▁the ▁first ▁wh olly ▁original ▁Dutch ▁ep ic ▁writer , ▁Jacob ▁van ▁Ma er lant , ▁occupied ▁himself ▁around ▁ 1 2 6 0 ▁with ▁several ▁roman ces ▁dealing ▁with ▁Mer lin ▁and ▁the ▁Holy ▁Gra il . ▁ ▁The ▁earliest ▁existing ▁fragments ▁of ▁the ▁ep ic ▁of ▁Reyn ard ▁the ▁Fox ▁were ▁written ▁in ▁Latin ▁by ▁F lem ish ▁pri ests , ▁and ▁about ▁ 1 2 5 0 ▁the ▁first ▁part ▁of ▁a ▁very ▁important ▁version ▁in ▁Dutch , ▁Van ▁den ▁v os ▁Re yna erde ▁(" Of ▁Reyn ard ") ▁was ▁made ▁by ▁Wille m . ▁In ▁his ▁existing ▁work ▁the ▁author ▁follows ▁Pierre ▁de ▁Saint - Cloud , ▁but ▁not ▁s lav ish ly ; ▁and ▁he ▁is ▁the ▁first ▁really ▁ad mi rable ▁writer ▁that ▁we ▁meet ▁with ▁in ▁Dutch ▁literature . ▁The |
▁second ▁part ▁was ▁added ▁by ▁another ▁poet , ▁A ern out , ▁of ▁whom ▁we ▁know ▁little ▁else ▁either . ▁ ▁The ▁first ▁lyr ical ▁writer ▁of ▁the ▁Low ▁Count ries ▁was ▁John ▁I , ▁Duke ▁of ▁B rab ant , ▁who ▁pract ised ▁the ▁min nel ied ▁with ▁success . ▁In ▁ 1 5 4 4 ▁the ▁earliest ▁collection ▁of ▁Dutch ▁folk - song s ▁saw ▁the ▁light , ▁and ▁in ▁this ▁volume ▁one ▁or ▁two ▁roman ces ▁of ▁the ▁four teenth ▁century ▁are ▁preserved , ▁of ▁which ▁" H et ▁D ag het ▁in ▁den ▁O osten " ▁is ▁the ▁best ▁known . ▁ ▁Up ▁until ▁now , ▁the ▁Middle ▁Dutch ▁language ▁output ▁mainly ▁serv iced ▁the ▁arist ocr atic ▁and ▁mon astic ▁orders , ▁recording ▁the ▁trad itions ▁of ▁ch ival ry ▁and ▁of ▁religion , ▁but ▁scarcely ▁addressed ▁the ▁bulk ▁of ▁the ▁population . ▁With ▁the ▁close ▁of ▁the ▁th ir teenth ▁century ▁a ▁change ▁came ▁over ▁the ▁face ▁of ▁Dutch ▁literature . ▁ ▁The ▁founder ▁and ▁cre ator ▁of ▁this ▁original ▁Dutch ▁literature ▁was ▁Jacob ▁van ▁Ma er lant . ▁His ▁Der ▁Natur en ▁Blo eme ▁(" The ▁F lower ▁of ▁Nature "), ▁written ▁about ▁ 1 2 6 3 , ▁takes ▁an ▁important ▁place ▁in ▁early ▁Dutch ▁literature . ▁It ▁is ▁a ▁collection ▁of ▁moral ▁and ▁sat ir ical ▁addresses ▁to ▁all ▁classes ▁of ▁society . ▁With ▁his ▁R ij mb ij bel ▁(" Ver se ▁Bible ") ▁he ▁for esh adow ed ▁the ▁courage ▁and ▁free |
- th ought ▁of ▁the ▁Re formation . ▁It ▁was ▁not ▁until ▁ 1 2 8 4 ▁that ▁he ▁began ▁his ▁master pie ce , ▁De ▁Sp ieg hel ▁Historia el ▁(" The ▁Mir ror ▁of ▁History ") ▁at ▁the ▁command ▁of ▁Count ▁Flor is ▁V . ▁ ▁From ▁the ▁very ▁first ▁the ▁literary ▁spirit ▁in ▁the ▁Low ▁Count ries ▁began ▁to ▁assert ▁itself ▁in ▁a ▁hom ely ▁and ▁util itar ian ▁spirit . ▁Thor ough ly ▁arist ocr atic ▁in ▁feeling ▁was ▁Hem ▁van ▁A ken , ▁a ▁priest ▁of ▁Lou v ain , ▁who ▁lived ▁about ▁ 1 2 5 5 – 1 3 3 0 , ▁and ▁who ▁combined ▁to ▁a ▁very ▁curious ▁extent ▁the ▁rom antic ▁and ▁did actic ▁elements ▁prev ail ing ▁at ▁the ▁time . ▁As ▁early ▁as ▁ 1 2 8 0 ▁he ▁had ▁completed ▁his ▁translation ▁of ▁the ▁Roman ▁de ▁la ▁Rose , ▁which ▁he ▁must ▁have ▁comm enced ▁in ▁the ▁lifetime ▁of ▁its ▁author ▁Jean ▁de ▁Me ung . ▁ ▁As ▁for ▁pro se , ▁the ▁oldest ▁pieces ▁of ▁Dutch ▁pro se ▁now ▁in ▁existence ▁are ▁char ters ▁of ▁towns ▁in ▁Fland ers ▁and ▁Ze eland , ▁dated ▁ 1 2 4 9 , ▁ 1 2 5 1 ▁and ▁ 1 2 5 4 . ▁Be atrice ▁of ▁Naz are th ▁( 1 2 0 0 – 1 2 6 8 ) ▁was ▁the ▁first ▁known ▁pro se ▁writer ▁in ▁the ▁Dutch ▁language , ▁the ▁author ▁of ▁the ▁notable ▁dis sert ation ▁known |
▁as ▁the ▁Seven ▁W ays ▁of ▁Holy ▁Love . ▁From ▁the ▁other ▁Dutch ▁myst ics ▁whose ▁writ ings ▁have ▁reached ▁us , ▁the ▁Br uss els ▁fri ar ▁Jan ▁van ▁Ru us bro ec ▁( bet ter ▁known ▁in ▁English ▁as ▁the ▁B less ed ▁John ▁of ▁Ru ys bro e ck , ▁ 1 2 9 3 / 4 – 1 3 8 1 ), ▁the ▁" father ▁of ▁Dutch ▁pro se " ▁stands ▁out . ▁A ▁pro se ▁translation ▁of ▁the ▁Old ▁Testament ▁was ▁made ▁about ▁ 1 3 0 0 , ▁and ▁there ▁exists ▁a ▁Life ▁of ▁Jesus ▁of ▁around ▁the ▁same ▁date . ▁ ▁The ▁po ets ▁of ▁the ▁Low ▁Count ries ▁had ▁already ▁discovered ▁in ▁late ▁medieval ▁times ▁the ▁value ▁of ▁gu ild s ▁in ▁prom oting ▁the ▁arts ▁and ▁industrial ▁hand ic raft s . ▁The ▁term ▁" Coll è ges ▁de ▁Rh ét or ique " ▁(" Ch amb ers ▁of ▁Rh et or ic ") ▁is ▁supposed ▁to ▁have ▁been ▁introduced ▁around ▁ 1 4 4 0 ▁to ▁the ▁cour ti ers ▁of ▁the ▁Burg und ian ▁dynast y , ▁but ▁the ▁institutions ▁themselves ▁existed ▁long ▁before . ▁These ▁literary ▁gu ild s , ▁whose ▁members ▁called ▁themselves ▁" R eder ijk ers " ▁or ▁" R het or icians ", ▁last ed ▁until ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁six teenth ▁century ▁and ▁during ▁the ▁greater ▁part ▁of ▁that ▁time ▁preserved ▁a ▁completely ▁medieval ▁character , ▁even ▁when ▁the ▁influ ences ▁of ▁the ▁Renaissance ▁and ▁the |
▁Re formation ▁obliged ▁them ▁to ▁modify ▁in ▁some ▁degree ▁their ▁out ward ▁forms . ▁They ▁were ▁in ▁almost ▁all ▁cases ▁absolutely ▁middle ▁class ▁in ▁tone , ▁and ▁opposed ▁to ▁arist ocr atic ▁ideas ▁and ▁t endencies ▁in ▁thought . ▁ ▁Of ▁these ▁ch amb ers , ▁the ▁earliest ▁were ▁almost ▁entirely ▁engaged ▁in ▁prepar ing ▁myster ies ▁and ▁mi racle ▁plays ▁for ▁the ▁people . ▁Tow ards ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁fif teenth ▁century , ▁the ▁Gh ent ▁chamber ▁began ▁to ▁exercise ▁a ▁so ver eign ▁power ▁over ▁the ▁other ▁F lem ish ▁ch amb ers , ▁which ▁was ▁em ulated ▁later ▁on ▁in ▁Holland ▁by ▁the ▁E gl antine ▁at ▁Amsterdam . ▁But ▁this ▁official ▁recognition ▁proved ▁of ▁no ▁consequence ▁in ▁literature ▁and ▁it ▁was ▁not ▁in ▁Gh ent ▁but ▁in ▁Ant werp ▁that ▁intellectual ▁life ▁first ▁began ▁to ▁stir . ▁In ▁Holland ▁the ▁burg h ers ▁only ▁formed ▁the ▁ch amb ers , ▁while ▁in ▁Fland ers ▁the ▁represent atives ▁of ▁the ▁noble ▁families ▁were ▁honor ary ▁members , ▁and ▁assist ed ▁with ▁their ▁money ▁at ▁the ▁arrangement ▁of ▁ecc les iast ical ▁or ▁political ▁page ants . ▁Their ▁Land ju w elen , ▁or ▁Tourn aments ▁of ▁Rh et or ic , ▁at ▁which ▁rich ▁pri zes ▁were ▁awarded , ▁were ▁the ▁occasions ▁upon ▁which ▁the ▁members ▁of ▁the ▁ch amb ers ▁distinguished ▁themselves . ▁ ▁Between ▁ 1 4 2 6 ▁and ▁ 1 6 2 0 , ▁at ▁least ▁ 6 6 ▁of ▁these ▁festiv als ▁were ▁held |
. ▁The ▁grand est ▁of ▁all ▁was ▁the ▁festival ▁celebrated ▁at ▁Ant werp ▁on ▁August ▁ 3 , ▁ 1 5 6 1 . ▁The ▁Br uss els ▁chamber ▁sent ▁ 3 4 0 ▁members , ▁all ▁on ▁horse back ▁and ▁cl ad ▁in ▁crim son ▁mant les . ▁The ▁town ▁of ▁Ant werp ▁gave ▁a ▁ton ▁of ▁gold ▁to ▁be ▁given ▁in ▁pri zes , ▁which ▁were ▁shared ▁among ▁ 1 , 8 9 3 ▁r het or icians . ▁This ▁was ▁the ▁z en ith ▁of ▁the ▁splend our ▁of ▁the ▁ch amb ers , ▁and ▁after ▁this ▁time ▁they ▁soon ▁fell ▁into ▁dis f av our . ▁ ▁Their ▁dram atic ▁pieces ▁produced ▁by ▁the ▁ch amb ers ▁were ▁of ▁a ▁did actic ▁cast , ▁with ▁a ▁strong ▁far c ical ▁flav our , ▁and ▁continued ▁the ▁tradition ▁of ▁Ma er lant ▁and ▁his ▁school . ▁They ▁very ▁rarely ▁de alt ▁with ▁historical ▁or ▁even ▁Bib lic al ▁person ages , ▁but ▁entirely ▁with ▁alleg or ical ▁and ▁moral ▁abstra ctions . ▁The ▁most ▁notable ▁examples ▁of ▁R eder ij ker ▁theatre ▁include ▁Mar iken ▁van ▁Nie um eg hen ▁(" M ary ▁of ▁N ij m egen ") ▁and ▁El cker lij c ▁( which ▁was ▁translated ▁into ▁English ▁as ▁Ever yman ). ▁ ▁Of ▁the ▁pure ▁far ces ▁of ▁the ▁r het or ical ▁ch amb ers ▁we ▁can ▁speak ▁with ▁still ▁more ▁confidence , ▁for ▁some ▁of ▁them ▁have ▁come ▁down ▁to ▁us , ▁and ▁among ▁the |
▁authors ▁f amed ▁for ▁their ▁skill ▁in ▁this ▁sort ▁of ▁writing ▁are ▁named ▁Corn el is ▁Ever a ert ▁of ▁Bru ges ▁and ▁Laur ens ▁J ans sen ▁of ▁H aar lem . ▁The ▁material ▁of ▁these ▁far ces ▁is ▁extremely ▁raw , ▁consisting ▁of ▁rough ▁jest s ▁at ▁the ▁exp ense ▁of ▁pri ests ▁and ▁fool ish ▁hus b ands , ▁silly ▁old ▁men ▁and ▁their ▁light ▁w ives . ▁ ▁The ▁ch amb ers ▁also ▁encourag ed ▁the ▁composition ▁of ▁songs , ▁but ▁with ▁very ▁little ▁success ; ▁they ▁produced ▁no ▁lyr ical ▁genius ▁more ▁considerable ▁than ▁Matth ij s ▁de ▁C aste le yn ▁( 1 4 8 8 – 1 5 5 0 ) ▁of ▁O ud ena arde , ▁author ▁of ▁De ▁Con ste ▁van ▁Rh et or ij cken ▁(" The ▁Art ▁of ▁Rh et or ic "). ▁ ▁The ▁first ▁writer ▁who ▁used ▁the ▁Dutch ▁tongue ▁with ▁grace ▁and ▁precision ▁of ▁style ▁was ▁a ▁woman ▁and ▁a ▁prof essed ▁oppon ent ▁of ▁Luther an ism ▁and ▁reform ed ▁thought . ▁Modern ▁Dutch ▁literature ▁pract ically ▁begins ▁with ▁Anna ▁Bij ns ▁( c . ▁ 1 4 9 4 – 1 5 7 5 ). ▁Bij ns , ▁who ▁is ▁believed ▁to ▁have ▁been ▁born ▁at ▁Ant werp ▁in ▁ 1 4 9 4 , ▁was ▁a ▁school m ist ress ▁at ▁that ▁city ▁in ▁her ▁middle ▁life , ▁and ▁in ▁old ▁age ▁she ▁still ▁instruct ed ▁youth ▁in ▁the ▁Catholic ▁religion . ▁She ▁died ▁on ▁April |
▁ 1 0 , ▁ 1 5 7 5 . ▁From ▁her ▁work ▁we ▁know ▁that ▁she ▁was ▁a ▁lay ▁nun ▁and ▁that ▁she ▁occupied ▁a ▁position ▁of ▁honour ▁and ▁influence ▁in ▁Ant werp . ▁Bij ns ' ▁main ▁subjects ▁were ▁faith ▁and ▁the ▁character ▁of ▁Luther . ▁In ▁her ▁first ▁volume ▁of ▁poetry ▁( 1 5 2 8 ) ▁the ▁Luther ans ▁are ▁scarcely ▁mentioned ▁and ▁the ▁focus ▁is ▁on ▁her ▁personal ▁experience ▁of ▁faith . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁volume ▁of ▁poetry ▁of ▁ 1 5 3 8 ▁every ▁page ▁is ▁occupied ▁with ▁inve ct ive ▁against ▁the ▁Luther ans . ▁All ▁the ▁po ems ▁of ▁Anna ▁Bij ns ▁still ▁ext ant ▁are ▁of ▁the ▁form ▁called ▁ref ere inen ▁( ref ra ins ). ▁Her ▁master y ▁over ▁verse ▁form ▁is ▁considered ▁to ▁be ▁remarkable . ▁With ▁the ▁writ ings ▁of ▁Anna ▁Bij ns , ▁the ▁period ▁of ▁Middle ▁Dutch ▁clos es ▁and ▁modern ▁Dutch ▁begins . ▁ ▁Split ▁between ▁North ▁and ▁South ▁Fland ers ▁formed ▁a ▁political ▁and ▁cultural ▁whole ▁with ▁the ▁Netherlands ▁until ▁ 1 5 7 9 , ▁when ▁as ▁a ▁result ▁of ▁the ▁Re formation ▁the ▁Protest ant ▁northern ▁provinces ▁( part ▁of ▁today ' s ▁Netherlands ) ▁split ▁off ▁from ▁the ▁Roman - C atholic ▁south ▁which ▁remained ▁under ▁Spanish ▁rule . ▁ ▁While ▁the ▁Republic ▁of ▁the ▁Seven ▁United ▁Netherlands ▁witness ed ▁its ▁Golden ▁Age , ▁the ▁Southern ▁Netherlands ▁suffered ▁war ▁and ▁mis ery ▁under ▁Spanish ▁occupation . ▁As ▁the ▁Protest ants ▁fled ▁from ▁the |
▁Catholic ▁Southern ▁Netherlands , ▁the ▁once ▁prosper ing ▁port ▁town ▁of ▁Ant werp ▁started ▁to ▁decl ine ▁as ▁a ▁metropol is ▁and ▁this ▁to ▁the ▁benefit ▁of ▁towns ▁and ▁cities ▁in ▁the ▁Netherlands , ▁like ▁Amsterdam , ▁' s - G ra ven h age , ▁Rot ter dam ▁and ▁U tre cht . ▁As ▁a ▁result ▁of ▁these ▁political ▁develop ments , ▁the ▁literature ▁in ▁the ▁South , ▁Fland ers ▁and ▁B rab ant ▁changed ▁its ▁character . ▁The ▁flow ering ▁of ▁medieval ▁literature ▁came ▁to ▁an ▁ab rupt ▁end ▁while ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 7 th ▁century ▁the ▁North ▁knew ▁a ▁' G old en ▁Age ' ▁in ▁the ▁arts ▁including ▁literature . ▁With ▁the ▁mass ▁ex od us ▁of ▁F lem ish ▁intellect uals ▁to ▁the ▁Dutch ▁Republic , ▁literary ▁activity ▁in ▁Fland ers ▁virt ually ▁came ▁to ▁a ▁halt . ▁In ▁the ▁French ▁occupied ▁part ▁of ▁Fland ers ▁a ▁few ▁major ▁figures ▁were ▁active ▁including ▁Domin ic ▁De ▁J ong he ▁( 1 6 5 4 – 1 7 1 7 ) ▁who ▁translated ▁Le ▁C id ▁by ▁Pierre ▁Cor ne ille ▁into ▁Dutch , ▁the ▁poet ▁Mich iel ▁de ▁S wa en ▁( 1 6 5 4 – 1 7 0 7 ) ▁who ▁wrote ▁the ▁ep ic ▁Het ▁Le ven ▁en ▁Do od ▁van ▁Je z us ▁Christ us ▁( The ▁Life ▁and ▁Death ▁of ▁Jesus ▁Christ ) ▁( 1 6 9 4 ) ▁and ▁the ▁comedy ▁The ▁g ec ro onde ▁le er se ▁( The |
▁Crown ed ▁Boot ) ▁and ▁Wille m ▁Og ier ▁who ▁is ▁known ▁for ▁the ▁comedy ▁D ron cken ▁He yn ▁( Dr unk ▁He yn ) ▁( 1 6 3 9 ) ▁and ▁a ▁drama ▁series ▁entitled ▁De ▁seven ▁h oo ft - s onden ▁( The ▁Seven ▁Capital ▁S ins ) ▁( 1 6 8 2 ). ▁ ▁During ▁the ▁ 1 8 th ▁century , ▁F lem ish ▁literary ▁production ▁was ▁at ▁a ▁low ▁t ide . ▁In ▁ 1 7 6 1 ▁Jan ▁Des ▁Ro ches ▁who ▁was ▁born ▁in ▁The ▁H ague ▁published ▁the ▁N ieu we ▁Neder du yt sche ▁sp ra ek - kon st , ▁a ▁Dutch ▁grammar ▁that ▁attempted ▁to ▁challenge ▁the ▁use ▁of ▁Latin ▁as ▁a ▁culture ▁language ▁and ▁French ▁as ▁the ▁language ▁of ▁prest ige ▁by ▁elabor ating ▁a ▁standard ized ▁southern ▁Dutch ▁( F lem ish ) ▁language . ▁The ▁Br uss els ▁lawyer ▁Jan - B apt ist ▁Ver lo oy ▁( 1 7 4 6 – 1 7 9 7 ) ▁wrote ▁the ▁Ver hand eling ▁op ▁d ' on acht ▁der ▁mo eder ly ke ▁t ael ▁in ▁de ▁Nederland en ▁( T re at ise ▁on ▁the ▁neg lig ence ▁of ▁the ▁mother ▁tongue ▁in ▁the ▁Netherlands ) ▁( 1 7 8 8 ), ▁a ▁report ▁on ▁the ▁status ▁of ▁the ▁Dutch ▁language ▁and ▁the ▁cont empt ▁with ▁which ▁it ▁was ▁treated ▁in ▁the ▁past . ▁ ▁Other ▁important ▁authors ▁include ▁Wille m ▁Ver ho even ▁( 1 |
7 3 8 – 1 8 0 9 ), ▁Charles ▁Bro e ck a ert ▁( 1 7 6 7 – 1 8 2 6 ) ▁( author ▁of ▁the ▁F lem ish ▁popular ▁novel ▁J elle ▁en ▁M iet je ), ▁and ▁Jan - B apt ist ▁Hof man ▁( 1 7 5 8 – 1 8 3 5 ), ▁author ▁of ▁middle ▁class ▁tra ged ies . ▁ ▁Re un ification ▁and ▁new ▁split ▁ ▁After ▁the ▁conclusion ▁of ▁the ▁Napole onic ▁Wars , ▁Belg ium ▁and ▁the ▁Netherlands ▁were ▁reun ited ▁in ▁ 1 8 1 5 ▁under ▁Dutch ▁rule ▁as ▁the ▁United ▁Kingdom ▁of ▁the ▁Netherlands . ▁ ▁The ▁reun ification ▁lead ▁to ▁a ▁wider ▁recognition ▁of ▁the ▁Dutch ▁language ▁in ▁Belg ium . ▁ ▁R esent ment ▁of ▁Dutch ▁rule ▁by ▁the ▁French - spe aking ▁el ites ▁and ▁the ▁Catholic ▁Church ▁created ▁a ▁climate ▁in ▁which ▁the ▁Bel gi ans ▁revol ted ▁against ▁Dutch ▁rule ▁in ▁ 1 8 3 0 , ▁an ▁event ▁which ▁is ▁known ▁as ▁the ▁Belg ian ▁Revolution . ▁ ▁The ▁immediate ▁result ▁of ▁the ▁Belg ian ▁Revolution ▁was ▁a ▁reaction ▁against ▁everything ▁associated ▁with ▁the ▁Dutch , ▁and ▁a ▁disposition ▁to ▁regard ▁the ▁French ▁language ▁as ▁the ▁speech ▁of ▁liberty ▁and ▁independence . ▁The ▁prov is ional ▁government ▁of ▁ 1 8 3 0 ▁suppress ed ▁the ▁official ▁use ▁of ▁the ▁Dutch ▁language , ▁which ▁was ▁re leg ated ▁to ▁the ▁rank ▁of ▁a ▁p ato is . ▁ ▁For ▁some ▁years |
▁before ▁ 1 8 3 0 ▁Jan ▁Fr ans ▁Wille ms ▁( 1 7 9 3 - 1 8 4 6 ) ▁had ▁been ▁advoc ating ▁the ▁use ▁of ▁the ▁Dutch ▁language . ▁He ▁had ▁done ▁his ▁best ▁to ▁all ay ▁the ▁fr ict ions ▁between ▁the ▁Netherlands ▁and ▁Belg ium ▁and ▁to ▁prevent ▁a ▁separation . ▁As ▁archiv ist ▁of ▁Ant werp ▁he ▁had ▁access ▁to ▁direct ▁sources ▁that ▁allowed ▁him ▁to ▁write ▁a ▁history ▁of ▁F lem ish ▁literature . ▁After ▁the ▁revolution ▁his ▁Dutch ▁sympath ies ▁made ▁it ▁necessary ▁for ▁him ▁to ▁keep ▁a ▁low ▁profile ▁for ▁a ▁while , ▁but ▁in ▁ 1 8 3 5 ▁he ▁settled ▁in ▁Gh ent , ▁and ▁devoted ▁himself ▁to ▁the ▁cultiv ation ▁of ▁the ▁Dutch ▁language . ▁He ▁edited ▁old ▁F lem ish ▁class ics , ▁such ▁as ▁Re ina ert ▁de ▁V os ▁( 1 8 3 6 ), ▁the ▁rh ym ing ▁Chron icles ▁of ▁Jan ▁van ▁He el u ▁and ▁Jean ▁L ec ler c , ▁etc . ▁ ▁He ▁gathered ▁around ▁him ▁a ▁group ▁of ▁people ▁such ▁as ▁the ▁cheval ier ▁Philip ▁Bl om ma ert ▁( 1 8 0 9 – 1 8 7 1 ), ▁K arel ▁L ode w ijk ▁Led eg an ck ▁( 1 8 0 5 – 1 8 4 7 ), ▁Fr ans ▁R ens ▁( 1 8 0 5 – 1 8 7 4 ), ▁Ferdinand ▁August ijn ▁Sn ella ert ▁( 1 8 0 9 – 1 8 7 |
2 ), ▁Pr ud ens ▁van ▁Du y se ▁( 1 8 0 4 – 1 8 5 9 ), ▁and ▁others ▁who ▁wanted ▁to ▁support ▁the ▁use ▁of ▁the ▁Dutch ▁language . ▁ ▁Philipp ▁Bl om ma ert , ▁who ▁was ▁born ▁in ▁Gh ent ▁on ▁ 2 7 ▁August ▁ 1 8 0 9 , ▁founded ▁in ▁ 1 8 3 4 ▁in ▁his ▁native ▁town ▁the ▁Neder du it sche ▁letter o ef en ingen , ▁a ▁review ▁for ▁new ▁writers . ▁This ▁magazine ▁was ▁speed ily ▁followed ▁by ▁other ▁F lem ish ▁org ans , ▁and ▁by ▁literary ▁soci eties ▁for ▁the ▁promotion ▁of ▁Dutch ▁in ▁Fland ers . ▁In ▁ 1 8 5 1 ▁a ▁central ▁organization ▁for ▁the ▁F lem ish ▁propag anda ▁was ▁provided ▁by ▁a ▁society , ▁named ▁after ▁the ▁father ▁of ▁the ▁movement , ▁the ▁Wille ms f onds . ▁The ▁Roman ▁Catholic ▁F lem ings ▁founded ▁in ▁ 1 8 7 4 ▁a ▁rival ▁David sf onds , ▁called ▁after ▁the ▁ener get ic ▁Jean - B apt ist ▁David ▁( 1 8 0 1 – 1 8 6 6 ), ▁professor ▁at ▁the ▁Univers ite ▁C athol ique ▁de ▁Lou v ain ▁( Le u ven ), ▁and ▁the ▁author ▁of ▁a ▁Dutch ▁history ▁book ▁on ▁Belg ium ▁( V ader land sche ▁histor ie , ▁Lou v ain , ▁ 1 8 4 2 – 1 8 6 6 ). ▁As ▁a ▁result ▁of ▁this ▁propag anda ▁the ▁Dutch ▁language ▁was |
▁placed ▁on ▁an ▁equality ▁with ▁French ▁in ▁law , ▁and ▁in ▁administration , ▁in ▁ 1 8 7 3 ▁and ▁ 1 8 7 8 , ▁and ▁in ▁the ▁schools ▁in ▁ 1 8 8 3 . ▁Finally ▁in ▁ 1 8 8 6 ▁a ▁F lem ish ▁Academy ▁was ▁established ▁by ▁royal ▁authority ▁at ▁Gh ent , ▁where ▁a ▁course ▁in ▁F lem ish ▁literature ▁had ▁been ▁established ▁as ▁early ▁as ▁ 1 8 5 4 . ▁ ▁The ▁claims ▁put ▁forward ▁by ▁the ▁F lem ish ▁school ▁were ▁just ified ▁by ▁the ▁appearance ▁( 1 8 3 7 ) ▁of ▁In ▁' t ▁Wonder ja er ▁ 1 5 6 6 ▁( In ▁the ▁Wonder ful ▁year ) ▁of ▁Hend rik ▁Cons cience , ▁who ▁r oused ▁national ▁enthus ias m ▁by ▁describing ▁the ▁hero ic ▁strugg les ▁of ▁the ▁F lem ings ▁against ▁the ▁Sp ani ards . ▁Cons cience ▁was ▁eventually ▁to ▁make ▁his ▁greatest ▁success es ▁in ▁the ▁description ▁of ▁contemporary ▁F lem ish ▁life , ▁but ▁his ▁historical ▁roman ces ▁and ▁his ▁popular ▁history ▁of ▁Fland ers ▁helped ▁to ▁give ▁a ▁popular ▁basis ▁to ▁a ▁movement ▁which ▁had ▁been ▁started ▁by ▁profess ors ▁and ▁sch ol ars . ▁ ▁The ▁first ▁poet ▁of ▁the ▁new ▁school ▁was ▁K arel ▁L ode w ijk ▁Led eg an ck , ▁the ▁best ▁known ▁of ▁whose ▁po ems ▁are ▁those ▁on ▁the ▁three ▁sister ▁cities ▁of ▁Bru ges , ▁Gh ent ▁and ▁Ant werp ▁( De ▁drie ▁z uster st |
eden , ▁v ader land sche ▁tr ilog ie , ▁Gh ent , ▁ 1 8 4 6 ), ▁in ▁which ▁he ▁makes ▁an ▁imp ass ioned ▁protest ▁against ▁the ▁ad option ▁of ▁French ▁ideas , ▁man ners ▁and ▁language , ▁and ▁the ▁neglect ▁of ▁F lem ish ▁tradition . ▁The ▁book ▁speed ily ▁took ▁its ▁place ▁as ▁a ▁F lem ish ▁classic . ▁Led eg an ck , ▁who ▁was ▁a ▁magistr ate , ▁also ▁translated ▁the ▁French ▁code ▁into ▁Dutch . ▁Jan ▁The odo or ▁van ▁R ij sw ij ck ▁( 1 8 1 1 – 1 8 4 9 ), ▁after ▁serving ▁as ▁a ▁volunte er ▁in ▁the ▁campaign ▁of ▁ 1 8 3 0 , ▁settled ▁down ▁as ▁a ▁cl erk ▁in ▁Ant werp , ▁and ▁became ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁h ott est ▁champions ▁of ▁the ▁F lem ish ▁movement . ▁He ▁wrote ▁a ▁series ▁of ▁political ▁and ▁sat ir ical ▁songs , ▁ad mi rab ly ▁su ited ▁to ▁his ▁public . ▁The ▁rom antic ▁and ▁sentiment al ▁poet , ▁Jan ▁van ▁Be ers , ▁was ▁typically ▁F lem ish ▁in ▁his ▁s inc ere ▁and ▁moral ▁out look ▁on ▁life . ▁Pr ud ens ▁van ▁Du y se , ▁whose ▁most ▁am bit ious ▁work ▁was ▁the ▁ep ic ▁Arte vel de ▁( 1 8 5 9 ), ▁is ▁perhaps ▁best ▁remembered ▁by ▁a ▁collection ▁( 1 8 4 4 ) ▁of ▁po ems ▁for ▁children . ▁Peter ▁Fr ans ▁Van ▁Ker ck h oven ▁( |
1 8 1 8 – 1 8 5 7 ), ▁a ▁native ▁of ▁Ant werp , ▁wrote ▁nov els , ▁po ems , ▁dram as , ▁and ▁a ▁work ▁on ▁the ▁F lem ish ▁rev ival ▁( De ▁V la em sche ▁Bew eg ing , ▁ 1 8 4 7 ). ▁ ▁Ant werp ▁produced ▁a ▁real istic ▁novel ist ▁in ▁Jan ▁Lam bre cht ▁Dom ien ▁S lee ck x ▁( 1 8 1 8 – 1 9 0 1 ). ▁An ▁inspect or ▁of ▁schools ▁by ▁profession , ▁he ▁was ▁an ▁in def at ig able ▁journalist ▁and ▁literary ▁critic . ▁He ▁was ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁found ers ▁in ▁ 1 8 4 4 ▁of ▁the ▁V la em sch ▁Belg ie , ▁the ▁first ▁daily ▁paper ▁in ▁the ▁F lem ish ▁interest . ▁His ▁works ▁include ▁a ▁long ▁list ▁of ▁plays , ▁among ▁them ▁Jan ▁Ste en ▁( 1 8 5 2 ), ▁a ▁comedy ; ▁Gre try , ▁which ▁gained ▁a ▁national ▁prize ▁in ▁ 1 8 6 1 ; ▁ ▁V iss ers ▁van ▁Bl ank en ber ge ▁( 1 8 6 3 ); ▁and ▁the ▁patri otic ▁drama ▁of ▁Z an nek in ▁( 1 8 6 5 ). ▁His ▁talent ▁as ▁a ▁novel ist ▁was ▁diam etr ically ▁opposed ▁to ▁the ▁ideal ism ▁of ▁Cons cience . ▁He ▁was ▁precise , ▁so ber ▁and ▁concrete ▁in ▁his ▁methods , ▁re lying ▁for ▁his ▁effect ▁on ▁the ▁accum ulation ▁of ▁carefully ▁observed ▁detail . ▁He |
▁was ▁particularly ▁successful ▁in ▁describing ▁the ▁life ▁of ▁the ▁sh ipping ▁quarter ▁of ▁his ▁native ▁town . ▁Among ▁his ▁nov els ▁are : ▁In ' t ▁Sch ipp ers k wart ier ▁( 1 8 5 6 ), ▁D irk ▁Meyer ▁( 1 8 6 0 ), ▁Ty ba ert s ▁en ▁C ie ▁( 1 8 6 7 ), ▁Kunst ▁en ▁L ief de ▁( Art ▁and ▁Love , ▁ 1 8 7 0 ), ▁and ▁V es al ius ▁in ▁Span je ▁( 1 8 9 5 ). ▁His ▁complete ▁works ▁were ▁collected ▁in ▁ 1 7 ▁volumes ▁( 1 8 7 7 – 1 8 8 4 ). ▁ ▁Jan ▁Ren ier ▁Sn ied ers ▁( 1 8 1 2 – 1 8 8 8 ) ▁wrote ▁nov els ▁dealing ▁with ▁North ▁B rab ant ; ▁his ▁brother , ▁August ▁Sn ied ers ▁( 1 8 2 5 – 1 9 0 4 ), ▁began ▁by ▁writing ▁historical ▁nov els ▁in ▁the ▁manner ▁of ▁Cons cience , ▁but ▁his ▁later ▁nov els ▁are ▁sat ires ▁of ▁contemporary ▁society . ▁A ▁more ▁original ▁talent ▁was ▁displayed ▁by ▁Anton ▁Berg mann ▁( 1 8 3 5 – 1 8 7 4 ), ▁who , ▁under ▁the ▁pseud onym ▁of ▁Tony , ▁wrote ▁Ernest ▁Sta as , ▁Adv oca at , ▁which ▁gained ▁the ▁qu enn ial ▁prize ▁of ▁literature ▁in ▁ 1 8 7 4 . ▁In ▁the ▁same ▁year ▁appeared ▁the ▁Nov ellen ▁of ▁the ▁sister s ▁Ros al ie ▁( |
1 8 3 4 – 1 8 7 5 ) ▁and ▁Virgin ie ▁Lov eling ▁( 1 8 3 6 – 1 9 2 3 ). ▁These ▁simple ▁and ▁touch ing ▁stories ▁were ▁followed ▁by ▁a ▁second ▁collection ▁in ▁ 1 8 7 6 . ▁The ▁sister s ▁had ▁published ▁a ▁volume ▁of ▁po ems ▁in ▁ 1 8 7 0 . ▁Virgin ie ▁Lov el ings ▁g ifts ▁of ▁fine ▁and ▁exact ▁observation ▁soon ▁placed ▁her ▁in ▁the ▁front ▁rank ▁of ▁F lem ish ▁novel ists . ▁Her ▁political ▁sketch es , ▁In ▁on ze ▁V la am sche ▁gew esten ▁( 1 8 7 7 ), ▁were ▁published ▁under ▁the ▁name ▁of ▁W . ▁G . ▁E . ▁Walter . ▁Soph ie ▁( 1 8 8 5 ), ▁Een ▁d ure ▁E ed ▁( 1 8 9 2 ), ▁and ▁Het ▁Land ▁der ▁Ver beeld ing ▁( 1 8 9 6 ) ▁are ▁among ▁the ▁more ▁famous ▁of ▁her ▁later ▁works . ▁Re im ond ▁St ij ns ▁( 1 8 5 0 – 1 9 0 5 ) ▁and ▁Is ido or ▁Te ir lin ck ▁( 1 8 5 1 – 1 9 3 4 ) ▁produced ▁in ▁collaboration ▁one ▁very ▁popular ▁novel , ▁Arm ▁V la ander en ▁( 1 8 8 4 ), ▁and ▁some ▁others , ▁and ▁have ▁since ▁written ▁separately . ▁Cy riel ▁Bu ys se , ▁a ▁nep hew ▁of ▁Virgin ie ▁Lov eling , ▁is ▁a ▁dis ci ple ▁of ▁É mile ▁Z |
ola . ▁Het ▁Recht ▁van ▁den ▁Ster k ste ▁( The ▁Right ▁of ▁the ▁Str ong est , ▁ 1 8 9 3 ) ▁is ▁a ▁picture ▁of ▁v ag ab ond ▁life ▁in ▁Fland ers ; ▁Sch o ppen bo er ▁( The ▁K na ve ▁of ▁Sp ades , ▁ 1 8 9 8 ) ▁de als ▁with ▁brut al ized ▁pe asant ▁life ; ▁and ▁S urs um ▁cord a ▁( 1 8 9 5 ) ▁describes ▁the ▁narrow ness ▁and ▁religios ity ▁of ▁village ▁life . ▁ ▁In ▁poetry , ▁Julius ▁de ▁G ey ter ▁( 1 8 3 0 – 1 9 0 5 ), ▁author ▁of ▁a ▁rh ym ed ▁translation ▁of ▁Re ina ert ▁( 1 8 7 4 ), ▁an ▁ep ic ▁poem ▁on ▁Charles ▁V ▁( 1 8 8 8 ), ▁etc . ▁produced ▁a ▁social ▁ep ic ▁in ▁three ▁parts , ▁D rie ▁mens chen ▁van ▁in ▁de ▁wie g ▁tot ▁in ▁het ▁graf ▁( Three ▁Men ▁from ▁the ▁C rad le ▁to ▁the ▁Gra ve , ▁ 1 8 6 1 ), ▁in ▁which ▁he ▁prop ounded ▁radical ▁and ▁human itar ian ▁views . ▁The ▁songs ▁of ▁Julius ▁V u yl ste ke ▁( 1 8 3 6 – 1 9 0 3 ) ▁are ▁full ▁of ▁liberal ▁and ▁patri otic ▁ar d our ; ▁but ▁his ▁later ▁life ▁was ▁devoted ▁to ▁politics ▁rather ▁than ▁literature . ▁He ▁had ▁been ▁the ▁leading ▁spirit ▁of ▁a ▁students ▁association ▁at ▁Gh ent ▁for ▁the |
▁propag ation ▁of ▁F lem ish ▁views , ▁and ▁the ▁Wille ms f onds ▁ow ed ▁much ▁of ▁its ▁success ▁to ▁his ▁ener get ic ▁co - operation . ▁His ▁U it ▁het ▁student en le ven ▁appeared ▁in ▁ 1 8 6 8 , ▁and ▁his ▁po ems ▁were ▁collected ▁in ▁ 1 8 8 1 . ▁The ▁po ems ▁of ▁M me ▁van ▁A ck ere ▁( 1 8 0 3 – 1 8 8 4 ), ▁n ée ▁Maria ▁D ool a eg he , ▁were ▁model led ▁on ▁Dutch ▁original s . ▁Jo anna ▁Court mans ▁( 1 8 1 1 – 1 8 9 0 ), ▁n ée ▁Ber ch mans , ▁ow ed ▁her ▁fame ▁rather ▁to ▁her ▁tales ▁than ▁her ▁po ems ; ▁she ▁was ▁above ▁all ▁a ▁moral ist ▁and ▁her ▁fifty ▁tales ▁are ▁ser m ons ▁on ▁economy ▁and ▁the ▁practical ▁virt ues . ▁Other ▁po ets ▁were ▁Em manuel ▁H iel , ▁author ▁of ▁com ed ies , ▁opera ▁libre tt i ▁and ▁some ▁ad mi rable ▁songs ; ▁the ▁abb é ▁Gu ido ▁Ge z elle , ▁who ▁wrote ▁religious ▁and ▁patri otic ▁po ems ▁in ▁the ▁dialect ▁of ▁West ▁Fland ers ; ▁L ode w ijk ▁de ▁Kon in ck ▁( 1 8 3 8 – 1 9 2 4 ), ▁who ▁attempted ▁a ▁great ▁ep ic ▁subject ▁in ▁M ensch dom ▁Ver lost ▁( 1 8 7 2 ); ▁Johan ▁Mich iel ▁D aut zen berg ▁( 1 8 0 |
8 – 1 8 6 9 ) ▁from ▁He er len , ▁author ▁of ▁a ▁volume ▁of ▁char ming ▁Volks lieder en . ▁The ▁best ▁of ▁D aut zen berg ' s ▁work ▁is ▁contained ▁in ▁the ▁post hum ous ▁volume ▁of ▁ 1 8 6 9 , ▁published ▁by ▁his ▁son - in - law , ▁Fr ans ▁de ▁Cort ▁( 1 8 3 4 – 1 8 7 8 ), ▁who ▁was ▁himself ▁a ▁song writer , ▁and ▁translated ▁songs ▁from ▁Robert ▁Burn s , ▁from ▁Jacques ▁Jas min ▁and ▁from ▁German . ▁The ▁Mak amen ▁en ▁Gh az elen ▁( 1 8 6 6 ), ▁adapted ▁from ▁Rück ert ' s ▁version ▁of ▁H ari ri , ▁and ▁other ▁volumes ▁by ▁Jan ▁Fer gu ut ▁( J . ▁A . ▁van ▁Dro ogen bro e ck , ▁ 1 8 3 5 – 1 9 0 2 ) ▁show ▁a ▁growing ▁pre occupation ▁with ▁form , ▁and ▁with ▁the ▁work ▁of ▁Gent il ▁The odo or ▁An the un is ▁( 1 8 4 0 – 1 9 0 7 ), ▁they ▁prepare ▁the ▁way ▁for ▁the ▁ingen ious ▁and ▁careful ▁work mans hip ▁of ▁the ▁younger ▁school ▁of ▁po ets , ▁of ▁whom ▁Charles ▁Pol yd ore ▁de ▁Mont ▁was ▁the ▁leader . ▁He ▁was ▁born ▁at ▁W am be ke ▁in ▁B rab ant ▁in ▁ 1 8 5 7 , ▁and ▁became ▁professor ▁in ▁the ▁a cademy ▁of ▁the ▁fine ▁arts ▁at ▁Ant werp . ▁He ▁introduced |
▁something ▁of ▁the ▁ideas ▁and ▁methods ▁of ▁contemporary ▁French ▁writers ▁into ▁F lem ish ▁verse ; ▁and ▁explained ▁his ▁theories ▁in ▁ 1 8 9 8 ▁in ▁an ▁In le iding ▁tot ▁de ▁Po e zie . ▁Among ▁Pol ▁de ▁Mont ' s ▁numerous ▁volumes ▁of ▁verse ▁d ating ▁from ▁ 1 8 7 7 ▁on wards ▁are ▁Clar ib ella ▁( 1 8 9 3 ), ▁and ▁I ris ▁( 1 8 9 4 ), ▁which ▁contains ▁amongst ▁other ▁things ▁a ▁curious ▁U it ▁de ▁Leg ende ▁van ▁Jes cho ea - ben - J os ief , ▁a ▁version ▁of ▁the ▁g ospel ▁story ▁from ▁a ▁Jewish ▁pe asant . ▁ ▁M ention ▁should ▁also ▁be ▁made ▁of ▁the ▁history ▁of ▁Gh ent ▁( G ent ▁van ▁den ▁v ro eg sten ▁T ijd ▁tot ▁h eden , ▁ 1 8 8 2 - 1 8 8 9 ) ▁by ▁Fr ans ▁de ▁Pot ter ▁( 1 8 3 4 – 1 9 0 4 ), ▁and ▁of ▁the ▁art ▁critic isms ▁of ▁Max ▁Ro oses ▁( 1 8 3 9 – 1 9 1 4 ), ▁cur ator ▁of ▁the ▁Pl antin - M oret us ▁Museum ▁in ▁Ant werp , ▁and ▁of ▁Julius ▁Sab be ▁( 1 8 4 6 – 1 9 1 0 ). ▁▁ 2 0 th ▁century ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁tw enti eth ▁Century ▁F lem ish ▁literature ▁evol ved ▁further ▁and ▁was ▁influenced ▁by ▁the ▁international ▁literary ▁evolution . ▁Cy riel ▁Bu ys se |
▁and ▁St ijn ▁Stre u vel s ▁were ▁influenced ▁by ▁the ▁natural ist ▁literary ▁fashion , ▁while ▁Felix ▁T imm erm ans ▁was ▁a ▁ne o - rom antic ist . ▁ ▁After ▁World ▁War ▁I ▁the ▁poet ▁Paul ▁van ▁O sta ij en ▁was ▁an ▁important ▁representative ▁of ▁expression ism ▁in ▁his ▁po ems . ▁In ▁between ▁World ▁War ▁I ▁and ▁World ▁War ▁II , ▁Ger ard ▁Wal schap , ▁Wille m ▁Els sch ot ▁and ▁Mar n ix ▁G ij sen ▁were ▁prominent ▁F lem ish ▁writers . ▁After ▁World ▁War ▁II ▁the ▁first ▁avant - gar de ▁magazine ▁T ijd ▁en ▁Mens ▁( E : ▁Time ▁and ▁People ) ▁was ▁published ▁from ▁ 1 9 4 9 ▁up ▁to ▁ 1 9 5 5 . ▁In ▁ 1 9 5 5 ▁it ▁was ▁succeeded ▁by ▁Gard ▁S iv ik ▁( E : ▁Civil ▁Guard ) ▁( up ▁to ▁ 1 9 6 4 ), ▁with ▁H ug ues ▁C . ▁P ern ath ▁and ▁Paul ▁S no ek . ▁The ▁most ▁prominent ▁F lem ish ▁V ij ft iger ▁( E : ▁Generation ▁f ift ies ) ▁was ▁Hugo ▁Cla us , ▁who ▁plays ▁an ▁important ▁role ▁in ▁F lem ish ▁literature ▁since ▁then . ▁Other ▁post war ▁po ets ▁were ▁Anton ▁van ▁W ilder ode ▁and ▁Christ ine ▁D ' Ha en . ▁Some ▁of ▁the ▁writers ▁who ▁made ▁their ▁debut ▁after ▁ 1 9 6 0 ▁are ▁Edd y ▁Van ▁V li et , ▁H erman ▁de ▁Con |
in ck , ▁Roland ▁Jo oris , ▁Patrick ▁Con rad ▁and ▁Lu uk ▁Gru we z . ▁ ▁The ▁renew al ▁of ▁the ▁F lem ish ▁pro se ▁immediately ▁after ▁World ▁War ▁II ▁was ▁the ▁work ▁of ▁Hugo ▁Cla us ▁and ▁Louis ▁Paul ▁Bo on . ▁Johan ▁D ais ne ▁and ▁Hub ert ▁Lam po ▁introduced ▁magic ▁real ism ▁in ▁F lem ish ▁literature . ▁I vo ▁Mich iels ▁and ▁Paul ▁De ▁W isp ela ere ▁represented ▁the ▁new ▁novel . ▁In ▁the ▁eight ies ▁Walter ▁van ▁den ▁Bro e ck ▁and ▁Mon ika ▁van ▁Pa em el ▁continued ▁to ▁write ▁in ▁the ▁style ▁of ▁Louis ▁Paul ▁Bo on . ▁ ▁Other ▁contemporary ▁authors ▁are ▁Ward ▁Ru ys lin ck ▁and ▁J ef ▁Ge era ert s , ▁Patrick ▁Con rad , ▁Krist ien ▁Hem m ere chts , ▁Eric ▁de ▁K uy per , ▁Stefan ▁H ert mans , ▁Pol ▁Host e , ▁Paul ▁Cla es , ▁Jan ▁Lau w ere yn s , ▁Anne ▁Pro vo ost ▁and ▁Jos ▁V and el oo . ▁In ▁the ▁n inet ies ▁the ▁Generation ▁X , ▁with ▁H erman ▁Br uss elm ans ▁and ▁Tom ▁L ano ye ▁made ▁their ▁debut ▁on ▁the ▁F lem ish ▁literary ▁scene . ▁ ▁Over view ▁Johan ▁Anth ier ens ▁( 1 9 3 7 – 2 0 0 0 ) ▁ ▁Pi eter ▁As pe ▁( Pierre ▁Asp es lag , ▁* 1 9 5 3 ) ▁A ster ▁Ber k hof ▁( L ode ▁Van ▁Den |
▁Berg h , ▁* 1 9 2 0 ) ▁Louis ▁Paul ▁Bo on ▁( 1 9 1 2 – 1 9 7 9 ) ▁H erman ▁Br uss elm ans ▁(* 1 9 5 7 ) ▁Liber a ▁Car lier ▁( 1 9 2 6 - 2 0 0 7 ) ▁Ernest ▁Cla es ▁( 1 8 8 5 - 1 9 6 8 ) ▁Paul ▁Cla es ▁(* 1 9 4 3 ) ▁Hugo ▁Cla us ▁( 1 9 2 9 – 2 0 0 8 ) ▁Patrick ▁Con rad ▁(* 1 9 4 5 ) ▁Johan ▁D ais ne ▁( H erman ▁Th ier y , ▁ 1 9 1 2 – 1 9 7 8 ) ▁H erman ▁De ▁Con in ck ▁( 1 9 4 4 – 1 9 9 7 ) ▁ ▁S ask ia ▁de ▁Cost er ▁(* 1 9 7 6 ) ▁Filip ▁De ▁P ille c yn ▁( 1 8 9 1 – 1 9 6 2 ) ▁R ita ▁D eme ester ▁( 1 9 4 6 – 1 9 9 3 ) ▁Wille m ▁Els sch ot ▁( 1 8 8 2 - 1 9 6 0 ) ▁Mar n ix ▁G ij sen ▁( 1 8 9 9 - 1 9 8 4 ) ▁Maurice ▁Gill iams ▁( 1 9 0 0 – 1 9 8 2 ) ▁Lu uk ▁Gru we z ▁(* 1 9 5 3 ) ▁Krist ien ▁Hem m ere chts ▁(* 1 9 5 5 ) ▁Stefan |
▁H ert mans ▁(* 1 9 5 1 ) ▁K arel ▁Jon ck he ere ▁( 1 9 0 6 – 1 9 9 3 ) ▁Paul ▁Ken is ▁( 1 8 8 5 – 1 9 3 4 ) ▁Eric ▁de ▁K uy per ▁(* 1 9 4 2 ) ▁Hub ert ▁Lam po ▁( 1 9 2 0 – 2 0 0 6 ) ▁Tom ▁L ano ye ▁(* 1 9 5 8 ) ▁Jan ▁Lau w ere yn s ▁(* 1 9 6 9 ) ▁Maurice ▁Ma eter lin ck ▁( 1 8 6 2 – 1 9 4 9 ) ▁Tom ▁Na eg els ▁(* 1 9 7 5 ) ▁Alice ▁N ah on ▁( 1 8 9 6 – 1 9 3 3 ) ▁Leo ▁Ple ys ier ▁(* 1 9 4 5 ) ▁Anne ▁Pro vo ost ▁(* 1 9 6 4 ) ▁Johan ▁de ▁Bo ose ▁Jean ▁Ray ▁( John ▁Fland ers ) ▁( 1 8 8 7 – 1 9 6 4 ) ▁Wille m ▁Rog g eman ▁(* 1 9 3 5 ) ▁Maria ▁Ros se els ▁( 1 9 1 6 - 2 0 0 5 ) ▁ ▁Maur its ▁Sab be ▁( 1 8 7 3 – 1 9 3 8 ) ▁Paul ▁S no ek ▁( 1 9 3 3 – 1 9 8 1 ) ▁St ijn ▁Stre u vel s ▁( 1 8 7 1 – 1 9 6 9 ) ▁H erman ▁Te ir lin ck ▁( 1 |
8 7 9 – 1 9 6 7 ) ▁J ot ie ▁T ' H oo ft ▁( 1 9 5 6 - 1 9 7 7 ) ▁Felix ▁T imm erm ans ▁( 1 8 8 6 – 1 9 4 7 ) ▁Marcel ▁van ▁Ma ele ▁( 1 9 3 1 – 2 0 0 9 ) ▁Paul ▁van ▁O sta ij en ▁( 1 8 9 6 – 1 9 2 8 ) ▁Paul ▁Ver ha eg hen ▁(* 1 9 6 5 ) ▁Peter ▁Ver hel st ▁(* 1 9 6 2 ) ▁Ger ard ▁Wal schap ▁( 1 8 9 8 - 1 9 8 9 ) ▁L ode ▁Ziel ens ▁( 1 9 0 1 – 1 9 4 4 ) ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁Ant werp ▁Book ▁Fair ▁ ▁Archive ▁and ▁Museum ▁for ▁the ▁F lem ish ▁Culture ▁ ▁Belg ian ▁literature ▁ ▁Chamber ▁of ▁r het or ic ▁ ▁Dutch ▁literature ▁ ▁List ▁of ▁Dutch ▁writers ▁ ▁Med ieval ▁Dutch ▁literature ▁ ▁Nin ete enth - century ▁Dutch ▁literature ▁ ▁References ▁( for ▁ 1 9 th ▁century ) ▁ ▁This ▁article ▁in ▁turn ▁c ites : ▁ ▁I da ▁van ▁D ür ings feld , ▁Von ▁der ▁Sch elde ▁bis ▁zur ▁Mass . ▁Des ▁ge ist ige ▁Leben ▁der ▁V lam ingen ▁( Le ip zig , ▁ 3 ▁vol s ., ▁ 1 8 6 1 ) ▁ ▁J . ▁Ste cher , ▁Histoire ▁de ▁la ▁littérature ▁né er landa ise ▁en ▁Belgique |
▁( 1 8 8 6 ) ▁ ▁The odo or ▁Co op man ▁and ▁L . ▁Sch arp é , ▁Gesch iedenis ▁der ▁V la am sche ▁Let ter k unde ▁van ▁het ▁jaar ▁ 1 8 3 0 ▁tot ▁h eden ▁( 1 8 9 9 ) ▁ ▁A . ▁de ▁Kon in ck , ▁Bibliographie ▁nationale ▁( 3 ▁vol s ., ▁ 1 8 8 6 – 1 8 9 7 ) ▁ ▁Paul ▁Ham el ius , ▁Histoire ▁po étique ▁et ▁litt éra ire ▁du ▁mouvement ▁fl am and ▁( 1 8 9 4 ) ▁ ▁Fr ans ▁de ▁Pot ter , ▁V la am sche ▁Bibliographie , ▁issued ▁by ▁the ▁F lem ish ▁Academy ▁of ▁Gh ent ▁— ▁contains ▁a ▁list ▁of ▁publications ▁between ▁ 1 8 3 0 ▁and ▁ 1 8 9 0 ▁▁ ▁W . ▁J . ▁A . ▁Hub ert s ▁et ▁al ., ▁Bi ograph isch ▁wo orden bo e ck ▁der ▁No ord - ▁en ▁Z uid - N eder land sche ▁Let ter k unde ▁( 1 8 7 8 ) ▁ ▁Category : History ▁of ▁literature <0x0A> </s> ▁Val erie ▁J . ▁ ▁Paul ▁is ▁the ▁Director ▁of ▁the ▁Smith son ian ▁Marine ▁Station ▁at ▁Fort ▁Pier ce ▁since ▁ 2 0 0 2 ▁and ▁the ▁Head ▁Scient ist ▁of ▁the ▁Chem ical ▁E col ogy ▁Program . ▁She ▁is ▁interested ▁in ▁marine ▁chemical ▁e col ogy , ▁and ▁special izes ▁in ▁research ing ▁the ▁e col ogy ▁and ▁chem istry |
▁of ▁Cy an ob acter ia , ▁blue - green ▁alg ae , ▁bo oms . ▁She ▁has ▁been ▁a ▁fellow ▁of ▁the ▁American ▁Association ▁for ▁the ▁Ad van cement ▁of ▁Science ▁since ▁ 1 9 9 6 , ▁and ▁was ▁the ▁chair person ▁of ▁the ▁Marine ▁Natural ▁Product s ▁Gordon ▁Research ▁Conference ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 0 . ▁ ▁Life ▁and ▁career ▁ ▁Paul ▁graduated ▁from ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁California ▁at ▁San ▁Diego ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 9 ▁with ▁a ▁B A ▁in ▁Bi ology ▁and ▁Studies ▁in ▁Chem ical ▁E col ogy ▁and ▁then ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 5 ▁with ▁a ▁Ph D ▁in ▁Marine ▁Bi ology ▁at ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁San ▁Diego ▁S cri pp s ▁Institution ▁of ▁Ocean ography . ▁She ▁started ▁working ▁at ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Gu am ▁Marine ▁Labor atory ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 5 , ▁became ▁director ▁of ▁the ▁labor atory ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 1 ▁until ▁ 1 9 9 4 , ▁and ▁then ▁full ▁professor ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 3 . ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 2 ▁she ▁accepted ▁a ▁position ▁at ▁the ▁Smith son ian ▁Marine ▁Station ▁in ▁Fort ▁Pier ce ▁as ▁Head ▁Scient ist ▁and ▁Director ▁of ▁the ▁Car ib bean ▁Cor al ▁Re ef ▁E cos ystem s . ▁ ▁She ▁research es ▁marine ▁chemical ▁e col ogy , ▁marine ▁plant ▁and ▁her b iv ore ▁interactions , ▁cor al ▁re ef ▁e col ogy , ▁and ▁the ▁e colog ical ▁roles ▁of ▁marine ▁natural |
▁products . ▁More ▁specifically ▁in ▁her ▁cor al ▁re ef ▁e col ogy ▁research ▁she ▁studies ▁the ▁impact ▁of ▁cy an ob acter ial ▁blo om ▁on ▁cor al ▁re ef s ▁and ▁lar va e ▁of ▁re ef ▁building ▁cor als . ▁ ▁She ▁has ▁been ▁a ▁council ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁International ▁Society ▁for ▁Re ef ▁Studies ▁from ▁ 1 9 9 2 - 1 9 9 6 , ▁advis ory ▁editor ▁for ▁Cor al ▁Re ef s ▁since ▁ 1 9 9 3 , ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁editor ial ▁advis ory ▁board ▁of ▁the ▁Journal ▁of ▁Natural ▁Product s ▁from ▁ 2 0 0 4 ▁to ▁ 2 0 0 8 , ▁and ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁California ▁Sea ▁Grant ▁Committee ▁from ▁ 2 0 0 0 ▁to ▁ 2 0 0 1 ▁and ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁to ▁ 2 0 0 7 . ▁She ▁was ▁also ▁elected ▁and ▁served ▁as ▁the ▁chair ▁for ▁the ▁Marine ▁Natural ▁Product s ▁Gordon ▁Research ▁Conference ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 0 ▁and ▁as ▁the ▁vice - ch air ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 8 ▁and ▁she ▁was ▁the ▁program ▁director ▁of ▁the ▁N I H ▁Minor ity ▁Bi omed ical ▁Research ▁Support ▁Grant ▁from ▁ 1 9 9 0 ▁to ▁ 2 0 0 2 . ▁Paul ▁was ▁elected ▁a ▁fellow ▁of ▁the ▁American ▁Association ▁for ▁the ▁Ad van cement ▁of ▁Science ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 6 . ▁ ▁Select ▁publications ▁ ▁Paul ▁is ▁the ▁author ▁or ▁co - author |
▁of ▁more ▁than ▁ 2 7 5 ▁papers ▁and ▁review ▁articles . ▁List ed ▁here ▁are ▁the ▁top ▁ 1 0 ▁c ited ▁of ▁her ▁papers ▁of ▁all ▁time : ▁▁ ▁H W ▁Pa er l , ▁V J ▁Paul . ▁ 2 0 1 2 . ▁Cl imate ▁change : ▁links ▁to ▁global ▁expansion ▁of ▁harm ful ▁cy an ob acter ia . ▁Water ▁research ▁ 4 6 ▁( 5 ), ▁ 1 3 4 9 - 1 3 6 3 . ▁https :// t rop ical so y bean . com / sites / default / files / C lim ate % 2 0 Change % 2 0 -% 2 0 Link s % 2 0 To % 2 0 Global % 2 0 Exp ansion % 2 0 Of % 2 0 H arm ful % 2 0 C yan ob acter ia _ Pa er l % 2 0 & % 2 0 Paul _ 2 0 1 2 . pdf . ▁ ▁K ▁Ta ori , ▁V J ▁Paul , ▁H ▁L ues ch . ▁ 2 0 0 8 . ▁Str ucture ▁and ▁Activity ▁of ▁L arg az ole , ▁a ▁Pot ent ▁Ant ip rol ifer ative ▁Agent ▁from ▁the ▁Flor id ian ▁Marine ▁Cy an ob acter ium ▁Sym p lo ca ▁sp . ▁Journal ▁of ▁the ▁American ▁Chem ical ▁Society ▁ 1 3 0 ▁( 6 ), ▁ 1 8 0 6 - 1 8 0 7 . https :// repository . si . |
edu / bit stream / handle / 1 0 0 8 8 / 3 6 5 1 / 7 1 3 L arg az ole _ Str ucture . pdf . ▁ ▁H ▁L ues ch , ▁W Y ▁Y osh ida , ▁RE ▁Moore , ▁V J ▁Paul , ▁TH ▁Cor b ett . ▁ 2 0 0 1 . ▁Total ▁Str ucture ▁Det erm ination ▁of ▁A pr ato x in ▁A , ▁a ▁Pot ent ▁Nov el ▁C yt ot ox in ▁from ▁the ▁Marine ▁Cy an ob acter ium ▁Ly ng by a ▁maj us cul a . ▁Journal ▁of ▁the ▁American ▁Chem ical ▁Society ▁ 1 2 3 ▁( 2 3 ), ▁ 5 4 1 8 - 5 4 2 3 . ▁https :// pub s . acs . org / do i / abs / 1 0 . 1 0 2 1 / ja 0 1 0 4 5 3 j . ▁ ▁M G ▁Had field , ▁V J ▁Paul . ▁ 2 0 0 1 . ▁Natural ▁chemical ▁c ues ▁for ▁settlement ▁and ▁met am orph osis ▁of ▁marine ▁in verte br ate ▁lar va e . ▁Marine ▁chemical ▁e col ogy , ▁ 4 3 1 - 4 6 1 . ▁https :// www . res earch gate . net / profile / Michael _ H ad field / public ation / 2 6 5 2 2 2 4 3 9 _ N atural _ Ch em ical _ C ues _ for |
_ S ett lement _ and _ Met am orph osis _ of _ Mar ine - In verte br ate _ Lar va e / links / 5 4 e 3 9 6 3 b 0 cf 2 b 2 3 1 4 f 5 d 9 a 1 2 / N atural - Ch em ical - C ues - for - S ett lement - and - Met am orph osis - of - Mar ine - In verte br ate - Lar va e . pdf ▁ ▁IB ▁K uff ner , ▁L J ▁Wal ters , ▁MA ▁B ec er ro , ▁V J ▁Paul , ▁R ▁R it son - Will iams , ▁K S ▁Beach . ▁ 2 0 0 6 . ▁In hib ition ▁of ▁cor al ▁rec ruit ment ▁by ▁macro al ga e ▁and ▁cy an ob acter ia . ▁Marine ▁E col ogy ▁Progress ▁Series ▁ 3 2 3 , ▁ 1 0 7 - 1 1 7 . ▁https :// www . int - res . com / articles / me ps 2 0 0 6 / 3 2 3 / m 3 2 3 p 1 0 7 . pdf . ▁ ▁H ▁L ues ch , ▁RE ▁Moore , ▁V J ▁Paul , ▁SL ▁M oo berry , ▁TH ▁Cor b ett . ▁ 2 0 0 1 . ▁Is olation ▁of ▁Dol ast atin ▁ 1 0 ▁from ▁the ▁Marine ▁Cy an ob acter ium ▁Sym p lo |
ca ▁Species ▁V P 6 4 2 ▁and ▁Total ▁S tere och em istry ▁and ▁Bi ological ▁E valu ation ▁of ▁Its ▁Anal og ue ▁Sym p lo stat in ▁ 1 . ▁Journal ▁of ▁Natural ▁Product s ▁ 6 4 ▁( 7 ), ▁ 9 0 7 - 9 1 0 . ▁https :// pub s . acs . org / do i / abs / 1 0 . 1 0 2 1 / np 0 1 0 0 4 9 y . ▁ ▁V J ▁Paul . ▁ 1 9 9 2 . ▁E colog ical ▁roles ▁of ▁marine ▁natural ▁products . ▁Ex pl or ations ▁in ▁chemical ▁e col ogy ▁( USA ). ▁ ▁S ▁Dob ret so v , ▁M ▁Te plit ski , ▁V ▁Paul . ▁ 2 0 0 9 . ▁M ini - review : ▁qu orum ▁sens ing ▁in ▁the ▁marine ▁environment ▁and ▁its ▁relationship ▁to ▁bio f ou ling . ▁Bio f ou ling ▁ 2 5 ▁( 5 ), ▁ 4 1 3 - 4 2 7 . https :// www . t and f online . com / do i / abs / 1 0 . 1 0 8 0 / 0 8 9 2 7 0 1 0 9 0 2 8 5 3 5 1 6 . ▁ ▁V J ▁Paul , ▁ME ▁Hay . ▁ 1 9 8 6 . ▁Sea we ed ▁sus cept ibility ▁to ▁her b iv ory : ▁chemical ▁and ▁morph ological ▁correl ates . |
▁Marine ▁E col ogy ▁Progress ▁Series , ▁ 2 5 5 - 2 6 4 . ▁https :// s mar tech . gate ch . edu / bit stream / handle / 1 8 5 3 / 3 4 3 2 3 / 1 9 8 6 _ ME PS _ 0 0 1 . pdf . ▁ ▁D G ▁Cor ley , ▁R ▁Her b , ▁RE ▁Moore , ▁P J ▁Sche uer , ▁V J ▁Paul . ▁ 1 9 8 8 . ▁La ul imal ides . ▁New ▁pot ent ▁c yt ot ox ic ▁mac rol ides ▁from ▁a ▁marine ▁sp on ge ▁and ▁a ▁n ud ib ranch ▁pred ator . ▁The ▁Journal ▁of ▁Organ ic ▁Chem istry ▁ 5 3 ▁( 1 5 ), ▁ 3 6 4 4 - 3 6 4 6 . ▁https :// pub s . acs . org / do i / abs / 1 0 . 1 0 2 1 / jo 0 0 2 5 0 a 0 5 3 ? j ournal Code = jo ce ah . ▁ ▁References ▁▁ ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : American ▁e colog ists ▁Category : W omen ▁e colog ists ▁Category : Univers ity ▁of ▁California , ▁San ▁Diego ▁al umn i ▁Category : S cri pp s ▁Institution ▁of ▁Ocean ography ▁al umn i ▁Category : Univers ity ▁of ▁Gu am ▁fac ulty ▁Category : Smith son ian ▁Institution ▁people ▁Category : 2 0 th - century ▁American ▁scient |
ists ▁Category : 2 0 th - century ▁American ▁women ▁scient ists ▁Category : 2 1 st - century ▁American ▁scient ists ▁Category : 2 1 st - century ▁American ▁women ▁scient ists ▁Category : F ell ows ▁of ▁the ▁American ▁Association ▁for ▁the ▁Ad van cement ▁of ▁Science ▁Category : Year ▁of ▁birth ▁missing ▁( l iving ▁people ) <0x0A> </s> ▁Hil mar ▁Sw ink a ▁( born ▁ 1 9 3 8 ▁in ▁Berlin ▁- ▁October ▁ 1 , ▁ 1 9 7 0 ▁in ▁Leipzig ) ▁was ▁a ▁German ▁sp ree ▁k iller ▁who ▁killed ▁three ▁women ▁in ▁East ▁Berlin ▁from ▁February ▁ 1 3 ▁to ▁ 1 4 , ▁ 1 9 6 9 . ▁ ▁Sw ink a ▁was ▁the ▁son ▁of ▁a ▁content ious ▁and ▁ir as cible ▁father ▁who ▁left ▁his ▁family ▁after ▁being ▁released ▁from ▁capt ivity . ▁Sw ink a ▁himself ▁was ▁diagn osed ▁with ▁inter mitt ent ▁explos ive ▁dis order ▁at ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁his ▁school ▁days . ▁He ▁was ▁considered ▁a ▁contact - po or ▁lon er ▁and ▁out s ider , ▁who ▁finished ▁school ▁but ▁did ▁not ▁gradu ate . ▁He ▁initially ▁worked ▁as ▁a ▁cas ual ▁worker , ▁but ▁to ▁compens ate ▁for ▁physical ▁def ic its , ▁he ▁joined ▁a ▁box ing ▁club ▁at ▁ 1 7 ▁years ▁old . ▁Since ▁then ▁he ▁became ▁a ▁th ug ▁and ▁was ▁pun ished ▁several ▁times ▁for ▁violent ▁cr imes . ▁He ▁attempted ▁several ▁times ▁to ▁gain ▁a ▁fo oth old |
▁in ▁West ▁Germany , ▁but ▁failed . ▁Event ually ▁he ▁got ▁a ▁job ▁as ▁a ▁lab ▁assistant ▁and ▁later ▁section ▁assistant ▁at ▁the ▁Path ological ▁Institute ▁of ▁the ▁Char ité ▁in ▁East ▁Berlin . ▁At ▁this ▁position ▁Sw ink a ▁developed ▁an ▁interest ▁and ▁continued ▁to ▁study , ▁priv ately ▁setting ▁up ▁his ▁own ▁kn ife ▁collection . ▁ ▁On ▁February ▁ 1 3 , ▁ 1 9 6 9 , ▁he ▁went ▁to ▁two ▁former ▁lo vers ▁and ▁killed ▁both ▁by ▁str ang ulation ▁and ▁sh oving ▁st itch es ▁in ▁the ▁heart ▁area , ▁then ▁" dis se cted " ▁the ▁corps es . ▁He ▁considered ▁these ▁kill ings ▁as ▁a ▁re he ars al ▁for ▁the ▁murder ▁of ▁his ▁ex - w ife . ▁The ▁following ▁day ▁he ▁went ▁to ▁her , ▁cut ▁her ▁thro at ▁and ▁" dis se cted " ▁her ▁too . ▁He ▁was ▁arrested ▁by ▁police ▁at ▁the ▁scene ▁by ▁police , ▁which ▁were ▁alert ed ▁to ▁by ▁neighb ours . ▁ ▁The ▁trial ▁against ▁Sw ink a ▁was ▁conducted ▁under ▁strict ▁secre cy , ▁since ▁from ▁the ▁point ▁of ▁view ▁of ▁the ▁former ▁rules ▁in ▁East ▁Germany ▁this ▁case ▁offered ▁propag anda ▁possibil ites ▁from ▁the ▁West . ▁Sw ink a ▁was ▁sent enced ▁to ▁death , ▁and ▁on ▁October ▁ 1 , ▁ 1 9 7 0 , ▁in ▁the ▁Leipzig ▁pen it enti ary , ▁shot ▁from ▁close ▁range ▁by ▁execution er ▁Hermann ▁Lor enz . ▁The ▁body ▁was ▁then ▁taken ▁to ▁the |
▁cre m ator ium ▁in ▁the ▁Sü df ried hof ▁and ▁was ▁cre m ated ▁there , ▁and ▁the ▁as hes ▁were ▁buried ▁an onym ously ▁buried ▁in ▁the ▁c emetery ▁area . ▁ ▁Sw ink a ' s ▁mur ders ▁were ▁presented ▁in ▁two ▁books . ▁The ▁legal ▁phys ician ▁and ▁former ▁head ▁of ▁the ▁inst itute ▁of ▁Leg al ▁Medicine ▁of ▁Berlin ▁Gun ther ▁Ges er ick ▁and ▁its ▁co - auth ors ▁V end ura ▁and ▁W irth ▁describe ▁the ▁man ▁as ▁Hil mar ▁S ., ▁while ▁author ▁Hans ▁G iro d ▁names ▁him ▁as ▁Henry ▁St utz bach . ▁ ▁Liter ature ▁▁▁ ▁Hans ▁G iro d : ▁Bl ut sp uren . ▁Weit ere ▁un gew ö hn liche ▁M ord f älle ▁aus ▁der ▁DDR . ▁K na ur , ▁München ▁ 2 0 0 3 , ▁, ▁p . 2 1 6 – 2 4 9 . ▁ ▁Gun ther ▁Ges er ick / K laus ▁V end ura / In go ▁W irth : ▁Zeit zeuge ▁Tod . ▁Spe kt ak ul äre ▁F älle ▁der ▁Berliner ▁Ger ichts med izin . ▁Mil itz ke - Verlag , ▁Leipzig ▁ 2 0 0 3 , ▁. ▁ ▁References ▁▁ ▁Category : 1 9 3 8 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 9 7 0 ▁death s ▁Category : Pe ople ▁executed ▁by ▁East ▁Germany ▁by ▁fire arm ▁Category : G erman ▁sp ree ▁kill ers ▁Category : M ur der ▁in ▁Germany ▁Category : Exec |
uted ▁sp ree ▁kill ers ▁Category : 1 9 6 9 ▁cr imes ▁in ▁Germany ▁Category : 1 9 6 9 ▁mur ders ▁in ▁Europe ▁Category : 1 9 6 0 s ▁mur ders ▁in ▁Germany ▁Category : Pe ople ▁executed ▁for ▁murder <0x0A> </s> ▁Sir ▁John ▁Thomas ▁Clar idge ▁( 1 7 9 2 – 1 8 6 8 ) ▁was ▁a ▁British ▁bar r ister ▁who ▁served ▁as ▁Rec order ▁for ▁the ▁Stra its ▁S ett lement s ▁in ▁what ▁is ▁now ▁Malays ia ▁from ▁ 1 8 2 5 ▁to ▁ 1 8 2 9 . ▁ ▁Clar idge ▁was ▁re called ▁from ▁his ▁post ▁after ▁a ▁well - public ised ▁bitter ▁quar rel ▁with ▁the ▁East ▁India ▁Company . ▁He ▁was ▁later ▁involved ▁in ▁a ▁public ▁sc andal ▁regarding ▁the ▁will ▁for ▁a ▁wealth y ▁estate . ▁ ▁Early ▁life ▁ ▁John ▁Clar idge ▁was ▁born ▁in ▁ 1 7 9 2 , ▁into ▁a ▁middle - class ▁family ▁in ▁Seven o aks , ▁Kent ▁in ▁England . ▁ ▁He ▁was ▁the ▁son ▁of ▁John ▁Fellow es ▁Clar idge , ▁a ▁solic itor ▁and ▁partner ▁in ▁a ▁law ▁firm ▁with ▁Francis ▁Aust en , ▁a ▁great - un cle ▁of ▁Jane ▁Aust en . ▁His ▁younger ▁brother , ▁George ▁Clar idge ▁( 1 7 9 4 – 1 8 5 6 ), ▁a ▁solic itor ▁who ▁pract iced ▁in ▁the ▁family ▁firm ▁in ▁Seven o aks ▁and ▁was ▁a ▁famous ▁amateur ▁cr ick eter ▁ ▁H arrow ▁School ▁and |
▁Lord ▁By ron ▁Clar idge ▁started ▁att ending ▁H arrow ▁School ▁in ▁ 1 8 0 5 . ▁ ▁While ▁at ▁H arrow , ▁Clar idge ▁became ▁friends ▁with ▁Lord ▁By ron ▁and ▁his ▁small ▁circle ▁of ▁friends . ▁Although ▁By ron ▁graduated ▁from ▁H arrow ▁in ▁ 1 8 0 5 , ▁he ▁continued ▁to ▁visit ▁there ▁regularly , ▁stay ing ▁with ▁Henry ▁Dr ury ▁who ▁shared ▁accommod ations ▁with ▁Clar idge . ▁Over ▁a ▁dozen ▁letters ▁from ▁Clar idge ▁to ▁By ron ▁ ▁surv ive ▁in ▁the ▁John ▁Murray ▁Archive ▁and ▁cover ▁a ▁period ▁from ▁ 1 8 0 8 ▁to ▁ 1 8 1 1 . ▁The ▁letters ▁strongly ▁hint ▁that ▁By ron ▁ex ert ed ▁a ▁powerful ▁att raction ▁on ▁Clar idge , ▁who ▁express es ▁his ▁love ▁for ▁By ron ▁in ▁une qu iv ocal ▁terms . ▁▁ ▁Clar idge ▁stayed ▁at ▁New st ead ▁over ▁E aster ▁ 1 8 0 9 . ▁ ▁He ▁attended ▁a ▁party ▁in ▁which ▁By ron ▁and ▁his ▁friends ▁John ▁Hob house , ▁Sc ro pe ▁B erd more ▁Dav ies , ▁Charles ▁Sk inner ▁Matt he ws ▁and ▁James ▁Wed der burn ▁Web ster ▁dressed ▁up ▁as ▁mon ks . ▁ ▁The ▁men ▁d rank ▁from ▁a ▁sk ull ▁and ▁cons orted ▁with ▁" P aph ian ▁girls ", ▁played ▁by ▁female ▁servants . ▁Bry on ▁refers ▁to ▁this ▁party ▁in ▁the ▁cant o ▁ 1 ▁of ▁Ch ilde ▁Harold ' s ▁Pil gr image , ▁stating ▁" Now ▁Pap |
h ian ▁girls ▁were ▁known ▁to ▁sing ▁and ▁smile / And ▁mon ks ▁might ▁de em ▁their ▁time ▁was ▁come ▁ag en ". ▁▁ ▁After ▁returning ▁from ▁Greece ▁in ▁ 1 8 1 1 , ▁By ron ▁renew ed ▁his ▁friendship ▁with ▁Clar idge . ▁ ▁However , ▁after ▁a ▁month ▁of ▁his ▁company , ▁By ron ▁became ▁rapidly ▁b ored . ▁By ron ▁wrote ▁in ▁September ▁that ▁year : ▁ ▁In ▁letters ▁to ▁Hob house ▁that ▁fall , ▁By ron ▁exec r ates ▁Clar idge ' s ▁d ull ness , ▁f ending ▁off ▁a ▁claim ▁of ▁an ▁" attach ment " ▁to ▁the ▁youth ▁and ▁eventually ▁dismiss es ▁him ▁with ▁" C lar idge ▁is ▁gone ". ▁Clar idge ' s ▁letters ▁stop ▁and ▁By ron ▁never ▁refers ▁to ▁him ▁again ▁in ▁his ▁ ▁letters ▁or ▁journ als . ▁ ▁Early ▁career ▁Clar idge ▁graduated ▁from ▁Christ ▁Church , ▁Oxford ▁in ▁ 1 8 1 3 ▁and ▁was ▁called ▁to ▁the ▁Bar ▁at ▁the ▁Middle ▁Temple ▁in ▁ 1 8 1 8 . ▁However , ▁there ▁is ▁no ▁evidence ▁of ▁Clar idge ' s ▁work ▁as ▁a ▁bar r ister . ▁▁▁ ▁In ▁ 1 8 2 5 , ▁the ▁London ▁Gazette ▁reported : W inds or ▁Castle , ▁Sept . ▁ 3 0 . ▁The ▁King ▁was ▁this ▁day ▁pleased ▁to ▁confer ▁the ▁honour ▁of ▁kn ighth ood ▁on ▁John ▁Thomas ▁Clar idge , ▁E sq . ▁of ▁the ▁Middle ▁Temple , ▁Rec order ▁of ▁Prince ▁of ▁Wales ' ▁Island |
. C lar idge ▁was ▁then ▁appointed ▁to ▁the ▁position ▁of ▁rec order , ▁a ▁senior ▁jud ges hip ▁in ▁the ▁Stra its ▁S ett lement ▁. ▁ ▁He ▁may ▁have ▁obtained ▁this ▁post ▁due ▁to ▁his ▁friendship ▁with ▁the ▁Duch ess ▁of ▁Dor set , ▁ ▁Prime ▁Minister ▁Lord ▁Liverpool ’ s ▁steps ister . ▁ ▁The ▁post ▁provided ▁a ▁sal ary ▁of ▁£ 4 , 0 0 0 ▁per ▁year ▁with ▁a ▁p ension ▁of ▁£ 5 0 0 ▁a ▁year ▁after ▁five ▁years . ▁ ▁Further ▁promotion ▁seemed ▁a ▁certain ty , ▁as ▁three ▁out ▁of ▁four ▁previous ▁Record ers ▁in ▁the ▁region ▁had ▁gained ▁well - pa id ▁jud ges hips ▁in ▁India . ▁ ▁So on ▁after ▁his ▁appointment ▁as ▁rec order , ▁Clar idge ▁married ▁▁ 2 5 - year - old ▁Mary ▁Pin no ck ▁Scott , ▁the ▁el dest ▁daughter ▁of ▁Vice - Ad mir al ▁Scott . ▁ ▁In ▁spring ▁ 1 8 2 7 , ▁Clar idge , ▁pres umably ▁with ▁Lady ▁Clar idge , ▁sa iled ▁for ▁Prince ▁of ▁Wales ’ ▁Island , ▁arriv ing ▁in ▁Pen ang ▁in ▁early ▁August ▁ ▁Record ership ▁in ▁Pen ang ▁▁ ▁The ▁Stra its ▁Governor ▁was ▁Robert ▁Full erton , ▁a ▁Sc ots man ▁in ▁his ▁mid ▁f ift ies ▁who ▁was ▁long - standing ▁employee ▁of ▁the ▁East ▁India ▁Company . ▁ ▁An ▁ 1 8 2 6 ▁Char ter ▁gave ▁the ▁Governor ▁and ▁the ▁Res idents ▁equal ▁roles ▁with ▁‘ a ▁Rec order |
▁appointed ▁in ▁England , ▁who ▁was ▁to ▁be ▁a ▁Bar r ister ▁of ▁not ▁less ▁than ▁Five ▁Years ▁Stand ing ’ . ▁▁▁ ▁Clar idge ▁felt ▁that ▁he ▁ranked ▁over ▁the ▁governor ▁and ▁residents ▁because ▁he ▁was ▁a ▁representative ▁of ▁the ▁British ▁Govern mor . ▁ ▁In ▁addition , ▁Clar idge ▁wanted ▁to ▁set ▁up ▁a ▁fully ▁separate ▁and ▁fund ed ▁legal ▁arm ▁of ▁government ▁in ▁Pen ang ▁that ▁was ▁separate ▁from ▁the ▁East ▁India ▁Company . ▁ ▁However , ▁neither ▁the ▁East ▁India ▁Company ▁or ▁the ▁British ▁Government ▁supported ▁his ▁initi ative ▁due ▁to ▁its ▁high ▁cost . ▁▁▁ ▁Clar idge ' s ▁relationship ▁with ▁Full erton ▁broke ▁down ▁almost ▁immediately . ▁▁ ▁A ▁ 1 9 2 1 ▁history ▁of ▁the ▁settlement ▁describes ▁the ▁accepted ▁view ▁of ▁the ▁confront ation : … al most ▁immediately ▁there ▁began ▁between ▁him ▁and ▁the ▁Government ▁‘ th ose ▁m isch iev ous ▁discuss ions ,’ ▁as ▁the ▁Indian ▁Law ▁Commission ers ▁later ▁term ed ▁them , ▁which ▁eventually ▁led ▁to ▁his ▁recall ▁and ▁removal ▁from ▁office Ex pected ▁to ▁travel ▁from ▁Pen ang ▁to ▁Singapore ▁and ▁Mal ac ca ▁to ▁admin ister ▁justice , ▁Clar idge ▁refused ▁to ▁go . ▁ ▁He ▁bl amed ▁Full erton ▁and ▁the ▁residents ▁for ▁failing ▁to ▁assume ▁their ▁share ▁of ▁jud icial ▁work . ▁Clar idge ▁also ▁compla ined ▁about ▁the ▁lack ▁of ▁a ▁‘ full , ▁efficient ▁and ▁respect able ▁court ▁establishment ▁of ▁cler ks , ▁interpre ters , ▁etc .’ . ▁ ▁In ▁addition , ▁he |
▁asked ▁for ▁his ▁staff ’ s ▁sal aries ▁to ▁be ▁raised . ▁▁▁ ▁Another ▁Clar idge ▁demand ▁was ▁steam ▁ship ▁transport ation ▁to ▁Singapore ▁and ▁Mal ac ca . ▁ ▁He ▁regarded ▁it ▁as ▁a ▁‘ direct ▁ins ult ’ ▁when ▁Full ter ton ▁refused ▁this ▁request , ▁and ▁‘ Gre at ▁ir as ci b ility ▁of ▁temper ▁( was ) ▁shown ▁on ▁both ▁sides ’ . ▁▁ ▁Clar idge ▁claimed ▁that ▁the ▁President ▁of ▁the ▁Board ▁of ▁Control ▁promised ▁him ▁a ▁steam ▁ship ▁when ▁he ▁was ▁offered ▁the ▁record ership . ▁The ▁East ▁India ▁Company ▁refused ▁to ▁pay ▁for ▁one , ▁calling ▁it ▁a ▁lux ury . ▁Clar idge ▁in ▁turn ▁refused ▁to ▁fund ▁his ▁transport ation ▁costs ▁from ▁his ▁sal ary ▁or ▁exp enses . ▁▁▁ ▁To ▁break ▁this ▁imp asse , ▁Full erton ▁and ▁the ▁Singapore ▁Res ident , ▁Kenneth ▁M urch ison , ▁finally ▁held ▁ass izes ▁in ▁Singapore ▁themselves ▁in ▁May ▁ 1 8 2 8 . ▁ ▁Clar idge ▁eventually ▁travel led ▁to ▁Mal ac ca , ▁but ▁by ▁that ▁point ▁the ▁East ▁India ▁Company ▁was ▁pet ition ing ▁the ▁British ▁government ▁to ▁remove ▁him ▁from ▁office . ▁ ▁Rec all ▁to ▁England ▁ ▁On ▁ 3 0 ▁September ▁ 1 8 2 8 ▁the ▁First ▁Lord ▁of ▁the ▁Admir alty , ▁Lord ▁Mel ville , ▁wrote ▁to ▁the ▁President ▁of ▁the ▁Board ▁of ▁Control , ▁Charles ▁Williams - W yn n : ▁the ▁East ▁India ▁Company ▁Court ▁of ▁Direct ors ▁had ▁asked ▁King ▁George ▁IV |
▁to ▁remove ▁Clar idge ▁from ▁his ▁record ership . ▁ ▁Full erton ▁was ▁acc using ▁Clar idge ▁of ▁‘ ext ort ing ▁higher ▁sal aries ▁for ▁the ▁Offic ers ▁of ▁his ▁Court ▁than ▁the ▁Government ▁de emed ▁proper , ▁on ▁the ▁threat ▁of ▁ref using ▁to ▁admin ister ▁justice ’ . ▁An ▁Order ▁in ▁Council ▁letter ▁was ▁signed ▁and ▁sent ▁in ▁February ▁ 1 8 2 9 , ▁recall ing ▁Clar idge ▁to ▁England . ▁ ▁The ▁letter ▁reached ▁Clar idge ▁i in ▁Mal ac ca ▁in ▁August ▁ 1 8 2 9 . ▁ ▁Clar idge ▁seems ▁to ▁have ▁turned ▁tail ▁immediately ▁and ▁set ▁off ▁for ▁China ▁en ▁route ▁for ▁England . ▁ ▁A ▁Cal cut ta ▁newspaper ▁quoted ▁the ▁British ▁Government ▁as ▁saying ▁that ▁Clar idge ▁‘ is ▁not , ▁in ▁point ▁of ▁fact , ▁re called , ▁for ▁no ▁successor ▁is ▁appointed ; ▁he ▁is ▁merely ▁directed ▁to ▁return ’ . ▁▁ ▁This ▁sentence ▁is ▁key ▁to ▁Clar idge ’ s ▁future : ▁he ▁was ▁never ▁dismiss ed , ▁but ▁more ▁ambigu ously ▁directed ▁to ▁return ▁to ▁England . ▁ ▁Back ▁in ▁England ▁in ▁late ▁ 1 8 3 1 , ▁Clar idge ▁def ended ▁himself ▁against ▁six ▁charges ▁at ▁a ▁hearing ▁of ▁the ▁Priv y ▁Council . ▁ ▁He ▁was ▁acqu itted ▁of ▁all ▁the ▁charges ▁except ▁one . ▁▁ ▁However , ▁the ▁government ▁would ▁not ▁allow ▁him ▁to ▁return ▁to ▁Pen ang . ▁ ▁The ▁case ▁of ▁the ▁‘ G lou c ester ▁M iser ’ ▁▁ ▁By |
▁ 1 8 3 5 , ▁Clar idge ▁was ▁living ▁in ▁P low den ▁Build ings ▁in ▁the ▁Middle ▁Temple . ▁It ▁is ▁unclear ▁if ▁he ▁was ▁pract icing ▁formally ▁as ▁a ▁bar r ister , ▁but ▁it ▁was ▁at ▁this ▁time ▁that ▁he ▁re - emer ges ▁out ▁of ▁the ▁sh adows ▁as ▁a ▁player ▁in ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁most ▁not orious ▁legal ▁cases ▁of ▁the ▁era , ▁that ▁of ▁the ▁Gl ouc ester ▁M iser . ▁ ▁James ▁or ▁more ▁popular ly ▁J em my ▁Wood ▁was ▁the ▁propriet or ▁of ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁oldest ▁private ▁banks ▁in ▁the ▁kingdom , ▁probably ▁the ▁first ▁common er ▁in ▁England ▁to ▁become ▁a ▁million aire ▁and ▁a ▁noted ▁miser . ▁Charles ▁Dick ens ▁is ▁thought ▁to ▁have ▁model led ▁Eb ene zer ▁Sc ro oge ▁on ▁him . ▁The ▁Ch anc ery ▁case ▁following ▁his ▁death ▁and ▁disput ed ▁will ▁may ▁form ▁the ▁theme ▁of ▁‘ B le ak ▁House ’ . ▁Wood , ▁who ▁lived ▁alone ▁and ▁had ▁no ▁close ▁relatives , ▁died ▁in ▁early ▁ 1 8 3 4 ▁and ▁left ▁an ▁estate ▁val ued ▁at ▁£ 9 0 0 , 0 0 0 , ▁( around ▁£ 4 0 , 0 0 0 , 0 0 0 ▁today ). ▁A ▁will ▁naming ▁Wood ’ s ▁execut ors ▁as ▁his ▁benef ici aries ▁was ▁submitted ▁for ▁prob ate , ▁but ▁then ▁alternative ▁will s ▁appeared ▁and ▁a ▁consp i racy ▁was ▁sus pected . ▁ ▁A ▁£ 1 0 0 0 |
▁reward ▁was ▁offered ▁for ▁information ▁about ▁any ▁earlier ▁will . ▁In ▁ 1 8 3 6 , ▁at ▁the ▁height ▁of ▁the ▁will ▁controvers y , ▁‘ Th omas ▁Le ight on , ▁Gent ’ , ▁an ▁att orney ▁from ▁Gl ouc ester ▁working ▁in ▁London , ▁published ▁a ▁fifty - page ▁pam ph let ▁called ▁‘ Extra ordinary ▁facts ▁and ▁circumstances ▁rel ating ▁to ▁the ▁last ▁will ▁and ▁test ament ▁of ▁the ▁late ▁James ▁Wood ’ . ▁▁ ▁Le ight on ▁had ▁attempted ▁to ▁win ▁the ▁reward ▁and , ▁re buff ed , ▁set ▁out ▁the ▁full ▁and ▁complex ▁case ▁in ▁his ▁pam ph let . ▁ ▁Sir ▁John ▁Clar idge ▁was ▁a ▁business ▁associate ▁of ▁Le ight on ’ s ▁employ er , ▁who ▁ad vised ▁him ▁to ▁take ▁his ▁case ▁to ▁the ▁bar r ister . ▁Le ight on ▁soon ▁started ▁to ▁feel ▁Clar idge ▁himself ▁was ▁part ▁of ▁a ▁consp i racy . ▁ ▁The ▁kn ight ’ s ▁behaviour ▁in exp lic ably ▁changed ▁from ▁r ude ▁and ▁dismiss ive , ▁to ▁civil ▁and ▁agree able , ▁and ▁back ▁again . ▁Clar idge , ▁though ▁only ▁compar atively ▁briefly ▁involved ▁in ▁the ▁case , ▁receives ▁a ▁storm ▁of ▁opp rob rium . ▁ ▁This ▁Sir ▁John ▁Thomas ▁Clar idge ▁is ▁a ▁son ▁of ▁an ▁Att orney ▁dece ased , ▁who ▁lived ▁at ▁Seven ▁O aks , ▁in ▁Kent , ▁and ▁who ▁was ▁kn ight ed ▁on ▁being ▁sent ▁out ▁as ▁Rec order ▁of ▁Pen ang ; ▁… ▁he |
▁pet ition ed ▁the ▁House ▁of ▁Commons , ▁against ▁the ▁appointment ▁of ▁a ▁party ▁proposed ▁by ▁my ▁Lord ▁Glen el g … as ▁he ▁considered ▁himself ▁better ▁entitled . ▁ ▁Clar idge ’ s ▁troubles , ▁including ▁implicitly ▁his ▁father ’ s ▁suic ide , ▁the ▁Record ership ▁deb acle ▁and ▁his ▁Commons ▁pet ition ▁to ▁reg ain ▁his ▁post ▁in ▁ 1 8 3 5 , ▁were ▁clearly ▁known ▁in ▁legal ▁circles . ▁ ▁Le ight on ▁calls ▁him ▁someone ▁capable ▁of ▁‘ g ente el ▁bul lying ’ ▁▁ ▁and ▁guilty ▁of ▁‘ dir ty ▁conduct ’ ▁▁ ▁and ▁even ▁emp lo ys ▁poetry ▁by ▁the ▁popular ▁contemporary ▁sat ir ist , ▁Peter ▁P ind ar , ▁to ▁character ize ▁Sir ▁John ▁as ▁a ▁sin ister ▁em in ence ▁cook ing ▁‘ some ▁rare ▁d ish ▁of ▁sin ’ : ▁ ▁‘ The ▁devil ’ s ▁a ▁fellow ▁of ▁such ▁ster ling ▁hum our / And ▁all ▁so ▁civil ▁in ▁each ▁act ▁and ▁look ▁’ ▁ ▁Dec line ▁and ▁death ▁▁ ▁On ▁ 2 5 ▁July ▁ 1 8 4 8 , ▁Hans ard ▁▁▁ ▁reports ▁two ▁interesting ▁speak ers ▁in ▁a ▁debate ▁on ▁Sir ▁John ▁Clar idge ’ s ▁right ▁to ▁be ▁appointed ▁to ▁another ▁colonial ▁position . ▁ ▁Clar idge ▁had ▁spent ▁many ▁years ▁trying ▁to ▁reg ain ▁his ▁right ▁to ▁a ▁judge ’ s ▁post ▁and ▁finally ▁to ▁be ▁granted ▁a ▁p ension ▁and ▁this ▁was ▁his ▁last ▁pet ition ▁to ▁Parliament . ▁ ▁The ▁oppos ing ▁speak |
ers ▁were ▁William ▁Glad stone , ▁Secretary ▁of ▁State ▁for ▁the ▁Col on ies ▁in ▁the ▁previous ▁Government , ▁and ▁Sir ▁John ▁Hob house . ▁ ▁‘ H ob by ’ , ▁By ron ’ s ▁best ▁friend ▁and ▁fl ame - b ear er ▁and ▁Clar idge ’ s ▁erst while ▁fellow ▁guest ▁at ▁New st ead ▁that ▁E aster ▁many ▁years ▁before , ▁was ▁now ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁Government . ▁ ▁From ▁ 1 8 4 6 ▁to ▁ 1 8 5 2 , ▁he ▁was ▁President ▁of ▁the ▁Board ▁of ▁Control , ▁and ▁in ▁this ▁role , ▁played ▁an ▁in exp lic ably ▁negative ▁part ▁in ▁Clar idge ’ s ▁attempts ▁to ▁gain ▁re par ation . ▁ ▁Glad stone ▁spoke ▁for ▁the ▁motion , ▁telling ▁the ▁Commons ▁‘ that ▁he ▁had ▁been ▁guilty ▁of ▁no ▁act ▁which ▁should ▁in cap ac itate ▁him ▁from ▁serving ▁the ▁Crown ▁here after ▁in ▁a ▁jud icial ▁capacity .’ ▁▁▁ ▁Clar idge ▁wished ▁to ▁be ▁appointed ▁now ▁as ▁a ▁judge ▁in ▁India . ▁ ▁Hans ard ▁reports ▁a ▁dismiss ive ▁Hob house ▁response : ▁ ▁The ▁appointment ▁had ▁taken ▁place ▁twenty ▁years ▁ago , ▁and ▁he ▁had ▁nothing ▁to ▁do ▁with ▁it , ▁and ▁had ▁had ▁nothing ▁to ▁do ▁with ▁the ▁matter ▁at ▁all ▁except ▁having ▁been ▁so ▁un fortun ate ▁as ▁to ▁have ▁had ▁a ▁long ▁and ▁by ▁no ▁means ▁agree able ▁correspond ence ▁with ▁that ▁gentleman … He ▁had ▁nothing ▁to ▁say ▁against ▁the ▁character ▁of ▁Sir ▁J . ▁T |
. ▁Clar idge , ▁but ▁he ▁would ▁rather ▁not ▁make ▁him ▁a ▁judge … ▁He ▁wished ▁it ▁was ▁in ▁his ▁power ▁to ▁come ▁to ▁some ▁other ▁conclusion ▁on ▁the ▁subject , ▁and ▁to ▁be ▁able ▁to ▁say ▁that ▁Sir ▁J . ▁T . ▁Clar idge ▁was ▁the ▁f ittest ▁person ▁to ▁be ▁appointed ▁as ▁judge ▁in ▁India ▁or ▁elsewhere ; ▁but ▁he ▁could ▁not ▁give ▁such ▁an ▁answer . ▁ ▁The ▁motion ▁was ▁with dra wn . ▁ ▁Why ▁was ▁Hob house ▁so ▁open ly ▁and ▁cru elly ▁dismiss ive ▁of ▁his ▁and ▁By ron ’ s ▁old ▁friend ? ▁ ▁Let ters ▁to ▁Hob house ▁from ▁Sir ▁Freder ic ▁Th es iger , ▁( Fre der ic ▁Th es iger , ▁ 1 st ▁Baron ▁Ch el ms ford ) ▁until ▁recently ▁the ▁Att orney ▁General , ▁warm ly ▁ple aded ▁his ▁friend ▁Clar idge ’ s ▁case , ▁but ▁they ▁only ▁seemed ▁to ▁r ouse ▁Hob house ’ s ▁i re . ▁▁▁ ▁Hob house , ▁who ▁had ▁once ▁ple aded ▁Clar idge ’ s ▁dec ency ▁and ▁kind ness ▁to ▁a ▁dismiss ive ▁By ron , ▁( ‘ he ▁wrote ▁me ▁a ▁very ▁kind ▁letter , ▁kind ▁both ▁to ▁me ▁and ▁to ▁you ’ ), ▁now ▁dis owned ▁his ▁former ▁associate ▁in ▁the ▁most ▁public ▁manner ▁possible . ▁ ▁Without ▁a ▁legal ▁practice ▁or ▁any ▁p ension , ▁the ▁Clar idge ▁household ▁income ▁decl ined ▁so ▁far ▁that , ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 8 5 1 ▁census , ▁his ▁wife |
▁Mary ▁is ▁recorded ▁as ▁running ▁a ▁‘ sch ol astic ▁establishment ’ ▁in ▁Sid mouth ▁with ▁two ▁ 1 4 - year - old ▁local ▁tr ades men ' s ▁daughters ▁living ▁in . ▁On ▁ 2 0 ▁June ▁ 1 8 6 8 , ▁the ▁Clar id ges ' ▁arrival ▁was ▁reported ▁in ▁the ▁‘ Le am ington ▁Sp a ▁Cou rier ’ , ▁but ▁he ▁died ▁the ▁very ▁same ▁day . ▁ ▁Clar idge ’ s ▁death ▁certificate ▁states ▁he ▁had ▁died ▁of ▁‘ Ap ople xy ▁ 1 0 ▁weeks . ▁ ▁Par al ysis ▁right ▁side ▁ 3 ▁days ’ ▁so ▁a ▁stroke ▁is ▁the ▁most ▁likely ▁cause ▁of ▁death . ▁ ▁He ▁was ▁buried ▁at ▁Le am ington ▁Pri ors ▁Par ish , ▁All ▁Sain ts , ▁but ▁there ▁is ▁no ▁sign ▁of ▁his ▁grav estone ; ▁it ▁may ▁have ▁van ished ▁due ▁to ▁head stone ▁remov als ▁or ▁perhaps ▁Lady ▁Clar idge ▁was ▁unable ▁to ▁afford ▁one . ▁ ▁No ▁will ▁was ▁registered ▁and ▁when ▁in ▁ 1 8 9 7 ▁a ▁great ▁nep hew ▁applied ▁for ▁prob ate ▁on ▁the ▁Clar id ges ’ ▁estate , ▁Lady ▁Clar idge ▁having ▁died ▁in ▁ 1 8 8 8 , ▁it ▁was ▁worth ▁just ▁over ▁£ 1 3 0 . ▁ ▁There ▁is ▁a ▁By ron ic ▁post script . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 8 5 7 , ▁Clar idge , ▁ ▁living ▁from ▁hand ▁to ▁mouth ▁in ▁g ente el ▁pover ty , ▁ ▁made ▁a ▁gift |
▁to ▁his ▁old ▁school ▁of ▁a ▁five ▁volume ▁set ▁of ▁the ▁‘ A rab ian ▁N ights ’ . ▁ ▁His ▁ins cription ▁is ▁roughly ▁written ▁across ▁the ▁front isp ie ce : ▁ ▁This ▁copy ▁of ▁the ▁‘ A rab ian ▁N ights ’ ▁was ▁given ▁to ▁me ▁when ▁I ▁was ▁at ▁H arrow ▁School , ▁nearly ▁ 6 0 ▁years ▁ago ▁( s ic ), ▁by ▁George ▁Gordon , ▁Lord ▁By ron , ▁Author ▁of ▁‘ Ch ilde ▁Harold ’ ▁ ▁T ender ly , ▁Clar idge ▁goes ▁on ▁to ▁recall ▁both ▁his ▁head master ▁Butler ▁and ▁master ▁Henry ▁Dr ury ▁as ▁ ▁‘ friend ’ , ▁but ▁there ▁is ▁no ▁such ▁ep ith et ▁attached ▁to ▁the ▁g iver ▁of ▁the ▁gift , ▁the ▁man ▁who ▁had ▁once ▁been ▁‘ my ▁dear est ▁By ron ’ . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : 1 7 9 2 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 8 6 8 ▁death s ▁Category : Pe ople ▁educated ▁at ▁H arrow ▁School ▁Category : English ▁jud ges ▁Category : English ▁bar r ister s ▁Category : B rit ish ▁Mal aya ▁law y ers ▁Category : St ra its ▁S ett lement s ▁jud ges ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁Seven o aks <0x0A> </s> ▁East on ▁Historic ▁District ▁is ▁a ▁national ▁historic ▁district ▁located ▁at ▁East on , ▁North am pton ▁County , ▁Pennsylvania . ▁ ▁The ▁district ▁includes ▁ 4 0 5 ▁contrib uting ▁buildings ▁in ▁the ▁central ▁business ▁district ▁and ▁surrounding ▁resident ial ▁areas |
▁of ▁East on . ▁ ▁The ▁buildings ▁were ▁primarily ▁built ▁between ▁ 1 8 3 0 ▁and ▁ 1 9 1 0 , ▁with ▁the ▁oldest ▁dated ▁to ▁ 1 7 5 2 . ▁Notable ▁buildings ▁include ▁the ▁First ▁Re formed ▁Church ▁( Un ited ▁Church ▁of ▁Christ ), ▁Colonel ▁Robert ▁Ho oper ▁House , ▁former ▁Or ms by ' s ▁R estaur ant , ▁First ▁Public ▁Library , ▁St . ▁John ' s ▁Luther an ▁Church , ▁Wolf ▁School , ▁Kar es ▁Building , ▁Jacob ▁R iegel ▁House , ▁Benjamin ▁Re ig el ▁House , ▁Det w iler ▁House , ▁North am pton ▁National ▁Bank ▁Building , ▁Al pha ▁Building , ▁Jacob ▁May er ▁Building , ▁and ▁Bell ▁Tele phone ▁Building . ▁Loc ated ▁in ▁the ▁district ▁are ▁the ▁separately ▁listed ▁are ▁the ▁East on ▁House , ▁Par s ons - T aylor ▁House , ▁Jacob ▁Nicholas ▁House , ▁Jacob ▁Mix s ell ▁House , ▁H erman ▁Simon ▁House , ▁and ▁the ▁State ▁Theatre . ▁ ▁It ▁was ▁added ▁to ▁the ▁National ▁Register ▁of ▁Historic ▁Places ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 3 . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : H istor ic ▁districts ▁in ▁North am pton ▁County , ▁Pennsylvania ▁Category : H istor ic ▁districts ▁on ▁the ▁National ▁Register ▁of ▁Historic ▁Places ▁in ▁Pennsylvania ▁Category : National ▁Register ▁of ▁Historic ▁Places ▁in ▁North am pton ▁County , ▁Pennsylvania <0x0A> </s> ▁J um gal ▁To o ▁is ▁a ▁mountain ▁range ▁in ▁internal ▁T ian ▁Sh an ▁in ▁K yr gy z ▁Republic . |
▁It ▁is ▁part ▁of ▁J um gal ▁mountain ▁system ▁which ▁includes ▁also ▁ranges ▁Sand yk , ▁K ara ▁Mo yn ok , ▁Kind ik , ▁and ▁O y ▁K ai yn . ▁The ▁length ▁of ▁the ▁range ▁is ▁ 5 4 km , ▁width ▁- ▁ 1 5 km , ▁and ▁height ▁up ▁to ▁ 4 1 2 1 m . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : Mount ain ▁ranges ▁of ▁K yr gy z stan ▁Category : N ary n ▁Region ▁Category : Mount ain ▁ranges ▁of ▁the ▁T ian ▁Sh an <0x0A> </s> ▁L our in han osa urus ▁( mean ing ▁" L our in h ã ▁l izard ") ▁was ▁a ▁genus ▁of ▁car n iv orous ▁ther op od ▁din osa ur ▁that ▁lived ▁during ▁the ▁Late ▁Jur ass ic ▁Period ▁( K immer id g ian / T ith onian ) ▁in ▁Portugal . ▁It ▁is ▁one ▁of ▁many ▁large ▁pred ators ▁discovered ▁at ▁the ▁L our in h ã ▁Form ation ▁and ▁probably ▁competed ▁with ▁co eval ▁Tor v osa urus ▁g ur ney i , ▁All osa urus ▁europ ae us , ▁and ▁Cer at osa urus . ▁ ▁Disc overy ▁and ▁N aming ▁▁ ▁Its ▁first ▁remains ▁were ▁found ▁at ▁Per al ta , ▁near ▁L our in h ã , ▁Portugal ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 2 , ▁but ▁were ▁not ▁described ▁until ▁ 1 9 9 8 , ▁by ▁Portuguese ▁pale ont ologist ▁Oct áv io ▁Mate us . ▁Its ▁type |
▁( and ▁to ▁date ▁only ) ▁species ▁is ▁L . ▁ant unes i , ▁in ▁honour ▁of ▁Portuguese ▁pale ont ologist ▁Miguel ▁T elles ▁Ant unes . ▁ ▁To ▁date , ▁the ▁most ▁complete ▁spec imen ▁of ▁L . ▁ant unes i ▁found ▁is ▁a ▁partial ▁ske leton . ▁The ▁hol ot ype , ▁ML ▁ 3 7 0 , ▁consists ▁of ▁the ▁remains ▁of ▁six ▁cer v ical ▁verte bra e ▁with ▁six ▁rib s , ▁five ▁sac ral ▁verte bra e ▁with ▁rib s , ▁ 1 4 ▁ca ud al ▁verte bra e , ▁eight ▁che v rons , ▁both ▁fem ora , ▁right ▁tib ia ▁and ▁fib ula , ▁one ▁met at ars us , ▁two ▁il ia ▁and ▁both ▁pub es ▁and ▁is chia , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁an ▁associated ▁ 3 2 ▁g ast rol ith s . ▁A ▁fem ur ▁( ML ▁ 5 5 5 ) ▁found ▁at ▁Porto ▁das ▁Bar cas ▁( L our in h ã ▁Form ation ; ▁Late ▁Jur ass ic ) ▁has ▁also ▁been ▁referred ▁to ▁L . ▁ant unes i . ▁ ▁Besides ▁these ▁spec im ens , ▁around ▁ 1 0 0 ▁eggs ▁( spec imen ▁number ▁ML ▁ 5 6 5 ), ▁some ▁of ▁them ▁containing ▁emb ry onic ▁b ones , ▁have ▁been ▁found ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 3 ▁at ▁the ▁nearby ▁beach ▁of ▁Pa im ogo . ▁These ▁were ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 1 ▁assigned ▁to ▁L . ▁ant unes i . ▁ |
▁Both ▁the ▁ske leton ▁and ▁the ▁eggs ▁are ▁on ▁display ▁at ▁Muse u ▁da ▁L our in h ã . ▁ ▁Pale obi ology ▁ ▁L . ▁ant unes i ▁was ▁rather ▁large . ▁The ▁individual ▁found ▁was ▁a ▁sub - ad ult , ▁meas uring ▁some ▁ 4 . 5 ▁m ▁in ▁length ▁and ▁we igh ing ▁around ▁ 1 6 0 kg . ▁Hist ology ▁shows ▁that ▁the ▁hol ot ype ▁spec imen ▁was ▁between ▁ 1 4 ▁and ▁ 1 7 ▁years ▁old . ▁ ▁Though ▁g ast rol ith s ▁have ▁been ▁found ▁in ▁other ▁ther op ods ▁since ▁the ▁description ▁of ▁L . ▁ant unes i , ▁this ▁was ▁the ▁first ▁ther op od ▁din osa ur ▁for ▁which ▁this ▁kind ▁of ▁remains ▁have ▁been ▁assigned . ▁It ▁was ▁concluded ▁during ▁the ▁description ▁that ▁these ▁stones ▁belonged ▁to ▁the ▁animal , ▁and ▁were ▁not ▁sw allowed ▁while ▁e ating ▁an ▁her b iv orous ▁din osa ur . ▁ ▁Din osa ur ▁eggs ▁and ▁emb ry os , ▁believed ▁to ▁be ▁those ▁of ▁L our in han osa urus , ▁have ▁also ▁been ▁discovered ; ▁a ▁nest ▁containing ▁more ▁than ▁ 1 0 0 ▁eggs , ▁some ▁with ▁well - pres erved ▁emb ry os , ▁was ▁announced ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 8 . ▁ ▁Classification ▁The ▁relationships ▁of ▁L our in han osa urus ▁to ▁other ▁ther op ods ▁have ▁been ▁uncertain , ▁and ▁no ▁firm ▁cons ensus ▁has ▁been ▁reached ▁as ▁to ▁its ▁classification |
. ▁Initial ly ▁regarded ▁as ▁a ▁primitive ▁member ▁of ▁All os au ro idea , ▁it ▁was ▁later ▁discussed ▁as ▁being ▁closely ▁related ▁to ▁Sin ra pt or idae , ▁a ▁more ▁inclus ive ▁cla de ▁within ▁All os au ro idea . ▁Rec ently , ▁some ▁research ers ▁have ▁been ▁fav ou rable ▁to ▁the ▁idea ▁that ▁L . ▁ant unes i ▁is ▁not ▁even ▁an ▁all os au roid , ▁but ▁in ▁fact ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁Meg al os au ro idea , ▁a ▁more ▁primitive ▁group ▁of ▁t et an ur an ▁ther op ods . ▁B enson ▁et ▁al . ▁( 2 0 1 0 ) ▁found ▁it ▁and ▁Po ek il ople ur on ▁to ▁belong ▁to ▁Sin ra pt or idae . ▁Car rano ▁et ▁al . ▁( 2 0 1 2 ) ▁found ▁it ▁to ▁be ▁a ▁co el u ros aur . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Din osa urs ▁of ▁L our in h ã , ▁Portugal ▁ ▁Category : Pre histor ic ▁t et an ur ans ▁Category : L ate ▁Jur ass ic ▁din osa urs ▁of ▁Europe ▁Category : F oss il ▁tax a ▁described ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 8 ▁Category : T ax a ▁named ▁by ▁Oct áv io ▁Mate us ▁Category : P ale ont ology ▁in ▁Portugal <0x0A> </s> ▁Blo em enda al ▁is ▁a ▁town ▁in ▁the ▁Netherlands ▁ ▁Blo em enda al ▁may ▁also ▁refer ▁to : ▁Blo em enda al ▁aan ▁Ze e |
, ▁se as ide ▁resort ▁in ▁the ▁Blo em enda al ▁municipality ▁Blo em enda al ▁railway ▁station ▁a ▁H C ▁Blo em enda al , ▁a ▁Blo em enda al ▁field ▁hockey ▁team ▁Blo em enda al ▁( res idence ) ▁a ▁m ansion ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁build ▁in ▁ 1 8 9 4 ▁ ▁People ▁with ▁the ▁surname ▁Blo em enda al ▁Mark ▁Blo em enda al , ▁Dutch ▁footballer ▁Scott ▁Blo em enda al , ▁Dutch ▁composer <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Melbourne ▁International ▁School ▁of ▁Japanese , ▁Inc . ▁( M IS J ; ▁ メ ル ボ ル ン 国 <0xE9> <0x9A> <0x9B> 日 本 語 学 校 ▁Mer ub or un ▁K ok us ai ▁N ih ongo ▁G ak k ō ) ▁is ▁a ▁supp lement ary ▁Japanese ▁school ▁in ▁Melbourne , ▁Australia . ▁It ▁serves ▁levels ▁kind erg arten ▁through ▁senior ▁high ▁school . ▁Class es ▁are ▁held ▁on ▁S atur days , ▁at ▁Oak le igh ▁South ▁Primary ▁School ▁in ▁Oak le igh ▁South . ▁ ▁History ▁The ▁Japanese ▁School ▁of ▁Melbourne , ▁a ▁full - time ▁Japanese ▁school , ▁was ▁formed ▁out ▁of ▁the ▁previous ▁supp lement ary ▁school , ▁so ▁a ▁new ▁supp lement ary ▁program ▁opened ▁to ▁replace ▁it . ▁There ▁had ▁been ▁Japanese ▁families ▁who ▁already ▁had ▁children ▁en rolled ▁in ▁Australian ▁schools ▁at ▁the ▁time ▁the ▁JS M ▁was ▁established , ▁with ▁many ▁of ▁them ▁being ▁permanent ▁residents . ▁Therefore , ▁there ▁was ▁demand ▁for ▁a ▁new ▁supp lement ary |
▁school . ▁ ▁The ▁M IS J ▁first ▁opened ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 6 . ▁The ▁Japanese ▁government ▁had ▁little ▁connection ▁with ▁the ▁new ▁supp lement ary ▁school . ▁M IS J ▁began ▁adm itting ▁non - J apan ese ▁students ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 5 ; ▁these ▁students ▁were ▁divided ▁into ▁small ▁classes ▁based ▁on ▁their ▁Japanese ▁prof ic iency . ▁ ▁Pre viously ▁the ▁school ▁held ▁its ▁classes ▁at ▁the ▁Bright on ▁Gram mar ▁School ▁in ▁Bright on . ▁The ▁school ▁later ▁moved ▁classes ▁to ▁the ▁Kil ving ton ▁Girls ' ▁Gram mar ▁School ▁in ▁Or mond , ▁and ▁then ▁Oak le igh ▁South ▁Primary ▁School ▁in ▁Oak le igh ▁South . ▁ ▁Student ▁body ▁In ▁April ▁ 1 9 9 5 ▁the ▁M IS J ▁had ▁a ▁total ▁of ▁ 2 3 2 ▁students ▁in ▁the ▁Japanese ▁national ▁classes , ▁which ▁included ▁some ▁part - J apan ese ▁students ▁from ▁mixed ▁mar ri ages , ▁and ▁ 2 3 ▁international ▁class ▁students . ▁The ▁Japanese ▁national ▁classes ▁included ▁ 5 3 ▁kind erg arten ▁students , ▁ 1 2 9 ▁students ▁in ▁gr ades ▁ 1 – 6 , ▁ 3 8 ▁junior ▁high ▁school ▁students , ▁and ▁ 1 2 ▁senior ▁high ▁school ▁students . ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 5 ▁the ▁school ▁had ▁a ▁total ▁of ▁ 3 2 4 ▁students ▁in ▁all ▁divisions , ▁including ▁ 3 1 5 ▁students ▁in ▁Japanese ▁national ▁classes ▁and ▁ 9 ▁international ▁class ▁students . ▁The ▁Japanese ▁national ▁classes |
▁included ▁ 7 3 ▁pr esch ool ▁students , ▁ 1 6 9 ▁elementary ▁school ▁students , ▁ 3 ▁junior ▁high ▁school ▁students , ▁and ▁ 3 0 ▁senior ▁high ▁school ▁students . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁Japanese ▁community ▁of ▁Melbourne ▁ ▁Japanese ▁Australian ▁Other ▁full - time ▁Japanese ▁schools ▁in ▁Australia : ▁ ▁Sydney ▁Japanese ▁International ▁School ▁ ▁The ▁Japanese ▁School ▁in ▁Per th ▁ ▁South ▁Queensland ▁Academy ▁( closed ) ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁M iz uk ami , ▁T ets uo ▁( 水 上 ▁ <0xE5> <0xBE> <0xB9> 男 ▁M iz uk ami ▁T ets uo ). ▁The ▁So j our ner ▁Community : ▁Japanese ▁M igration ▁and ▁Res iden cy ▁in ▁Australia ▁( Volume ▁ 1 0 ▁of ▁Social ▁sciences ▁in ▁Asia , ▁v . ▁ 1 0 ). ▁B RI LL , ▁ 2 0 0 7 . ▁, ▁ 9 7 8 9 0 0 4 1 5 4 7 9 7 . ▁ ▁Y osh im its u , ▁Kun iko ▁( Mon ash ▁University ). ▁" J apan ese ▁school ▁children ▁in ▁Melbourne ▁and ▁their ▁language ▁maintenance ▁efforts ." ▁DO I : ▁ 1 0 . 1 0 7 5 / j ap c . 1 0 . 2 . 0 7 y os . ▁In : ▁J ern ud d , ▁B jör n ▁H . ▁( editor ). ▁Language ▁Management ▁and ▁Language ▁Problem s : ▁Part ▁I . ▁Special ▁issue ▁of ▁Journal ▁of ▁Asian ▁Pacific ▁Communic ation ▁( Vol umes ▁ 1 0 – |
1 1 ) ▁ 1 0 : 2 ▁( 2 0 0 0 ). ▁p . 2 5 5 – 2 7 8 . ▁ ▁Notes ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Melbourne ▁International ▁School ▁of ▁Japanese ▁▁ ▁Category : As ian - Austral ian ▁culture ▁in ▁Melbourne ▁Category : Sch ools ▁in ▁Melbourne ▁Category : E du c ational ▁institutions ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 6 ▁Category : 1 9 8 6 ▁establish ments ▁in ▁Australia ▁Melbourne <0x0A> </s> ▁Battle ▁at ▁Kru ger ▁is ▁an ▁eight - min ute ▁amateur ▁wild life ▁video ▁that ▁dep ict s ▁a ▁confront ation ▁between ▁a ▁her d ▁of ▁Cape ▁buff alo , ▁a ▁small ▁group ▁of ▁young ▁l ions ▁from ▁a ▁pride , ▁and ▁one ▁cro cod ile . ▁The ▁video ▁was ▁shot ▁in ▁September ▁ 2 0 0 4 ▁at ▁the ▁Transport ▁Dam ▁water ing ▁hole ▁in ▁Kru ger ▁National ▁Park , ▁South ▁Africa , ▁during ▁a ▁saf ari ▁gu ided ▁by ▁Frank ▁W att s . ▁It ▁was ▁fil med ▁by ▁vide ograph er ▁David ▁Bud zin ski ▁and ▁photograph er ▁Jason ▁Sch los berg . ▁ ▁Since ▁being ▁posted ▁on ▁YouTube ▁on ▁ 3 ▁May ▁ 2 0 0 7 , ▁Battle ▁at ▁Kru ger ▁has ▁received ▁ 8 0 ▁million ▁views ▁as ▁of ▁ 2 0 1 9 ▁and ▁has ▁become ▁a ▁vir al ▁video ▁sens ation . ▁It ▁was ▁widely ▁pra ised ▁for ▁its ▁dram atic ▁dep iction ▁of ▁wild life ▁on ▁the ▁African ▁sav ann ah . ▁It ▁has |
▁since ▁become ▁one ▁of ▁YouTube ' s ▁most ▁popular ▁nature ▁videos , ▁and ▁has ▁won ▁the ▁Best ▁E y ew it ness ▁Video ▁in ▁the ▁ 2 nd ▁Ann ual ▁YouTube ▁Video ▁Awards . ▁The ▁video ▁was ▁also ▁the ▁subject ▁of ▁an ▁article ▁in ▁the ▁ 2 5 ▁June ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁issue ▁of ▁Time ▁magazine , ▁and ▁was ▁featured ▁in ▁the ▁first ▁episode ▁of ▁ABC ▁News ' ▁i - C aught , ▁which ▁a ired ▁on ▁ 7 ▁August ▁ 2 0 0 7 . ▁A ▁National ▁Geographic ▁document ary ▁on ▁the ▁video ▁deb uted ▁on ▁the ▁National ▁Geographic ▁Channel ▁on ▁ 1 1 ▁May ▁ 2 0 0 8 . ▁ ▁Background ▁▁ ▁T aken ▁from ▁a ▁small ▁game ▁vie wer ▁vehicle ▁on ▁the ▁opposite ▁side ▁of ▁the ▁water ing ▁hole ▁with ▁a ▁digital ▁cam c order , ▁the ▁video ▁begins ▁with ▁the ▁her d ▁of ▁African ▁buff al os ▁approaching ▁the ▁water , ▁una ware ▁that ▁a ▁small ▁group ▁of ▁female ▁l ions ▁are ▁lying ▁nearby . ▁The ▁l ion ess ▁cr ouch es ▁as ▁the ▁her d ▁ne ars ; ▁it ▁is ▁uncertain ▁if ▁the ▁l ion ess ▁attacks ▁first , ▁or ▁the ▁lead ▁buff alo ▁becomes ▁start led ▁and ▁turns ▁to ▁run , ▁but ▁the ▁buff al os ▁fle e ▁and ▁the ▁l ions ▁charge ▁and ▁dis per se ▁the ▁her d , ▁with ▁the ▁l ion ess ▁pick ing ▁off ▁a ▁buff alo ▁cal f , ▁both ▁of ▁them ▁falling ▁into ▁the ▁water . ▁As |
▁the ▁l ions ▁try ▁to ▁drag ▁the ▁buff alo ▁out ▁of ▁the ▁water , ▁the ▁cal f ▁is ▁gra bb ed ▁by ▁a ▁cro cod ile , ▁who ▁f ights ▁for ▁it ▁in ▁a ▁brief ▁t ug ▁of ▁war ▁before ▁giving ▁up ▁and ▁leaving ▁it ▁to ▁the ▁l ions . ▁The ▁l ions ▁lie ▁down ▁and ▁prepare ▁to ▁fe ast , ▁but ▁the ▁full ▁buff alo ▁her d ▁approach ▁and ▁surr ound ▁the ▁l ions . ▁One ▁of ▁the ▁l ions ▁is ▁toss ed ▁into ▁the ▁air ▁by ▁a ▁charg ing ▁buff alo ▁and ▁ch ased ▁away . ▁The ▁remaining ▁l ions ▁are ▁subsequently ▁scattered ▁one ▁by ▁one ▁after ▁the ▁initial ▁eng agement , ▁and ▁the ▁baby ▁buff alo ▁esc apes ▁into ▁the ▁her d ▁while ▁a ▁few ▁l ions ▁remain ▁surrounded ▁by ▁the ▁buff al os . ▁The ▁buff al os ▁then ▁proceed ▁to ▁ag gress ively ▁drive ▁the ▁remaining ▁l ions ▁away . ▁ ▁Ex pert ▁comment ary ▁▁ ▁Two ▁veter in ari ans ▁and ▁animal ▁behavior ists ▁interview ed ▁by ▁Time ▁assert ▁that ▁the ▁behavior ▁exhib ited ▁by ▁the ▁buff alo ▁is ▁not ▁unusual . ▁Dr . ▁Sue ▁Mc D onn ell ▁of ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Pennsylvania ▁( Sch ool ▁of ▁V eter inary ▁Medicine ) ▁said ▁of ▁the ▁video : ▁ ▁" The ▁larger ▁her d ▁is ▁broken ▁down ▁into ▁smaller ▁ha re ms , ▁with ▁a ▁dominant ▁male ▁and ▁many ▁females ▁and ▁their ▁b ab ies . ▁If ▁a ▁young ster ▁is ▁threatened , ▁both ▁the ▁ha rem |
▁males ▁and ▁b ach elor ▁males — which ▁usually ▁fight ▁with ▁one ▁another — will ▁get ▁together ▁to ▁try ▁to ▁rescue ▁it ." ▁ ▁It ▁is , ▁however , ▁rare ▁for ▁such ▁events ▁to ▁be ▁captured ▁on ▁film ▁even ▁by ▁professional ▁wild life ▁photograph ers . ▁Indeed , ▁D ere ck ▁J ou bert , ▁a ▁photograph er ▁and ▁writer ▁for ▁National ▁Geographic ▁said ▁of ▁the ▁video : ▁ ▁" There ▁is ▁no ▁doubt ▁at ▁all ▁that ▁the ▁tour ist ▁who ▁shot ▁that ▁scene ▁... ▁was ▁un bel iev ably ▁luck y . ▁I ▁mean , ▁we ▁would ' ve ▁considered ▁ourselves ▁luck y ▁to ▁have ▁had ▁that ▁whole ▁scene ▁happen ▁in ▁front ▁of ▁us ." ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Official ▁Battle ▁at ▁Kru ger ▁website ▁Ph otos ▁captured ▁by ▁Jason ▁Sch los berg ▁Battle ▁at ▁Kru ger ▁material ▁on ▁National Ge ographic . com ▁website ▁( re tr ieved ▁ 1 2 ▁May ▁ 2 0 0 8 ) ▁Guide ▁Frank ▁W att s ▁gives ▁eye - w it ness ▁account ▁of ▁the ▁' B attle ▁at ▁Kru ger ▁ ▁Category : 2 0 0 4 ▁films ▁Category : 2 0 0 0 s ▁YouTube ▁videos ▁Category : V iral ▁videos ▁Category : Fil ms ▁about ▁l ions ▁Category : Fil ms ▁about ▁cro cod ili ans ▁Category : Pred ation ▁* ▁Kru ger B attle <0x0A> </s> ▁' R am ▁Pat il ' was ▁an ▁Admir al ▁of ▁the ▁A hm ad n agar ▁Navy ▁and ▁K oli ▁king |
▁of ▁Jan ji ra . ▁He ▁built ▁and ▁fort ified ▁the ▁Jan ji ra ▁Island . ▁ ▁History ▁ ▁He ▁was ▁Admir al ▁of ▁ ▁the ▁A hm ad n agar ▁Navy ▁and ▁built ▁the ▁Jan ji ra ▁with ▁permission ▁of ▁Sultan ▁of ▁A hm ad n agar ▁Sultan ate . ▁But ▁later ▁he ▁refused ▁to ▁obey ▁the ▁orders ▁of ▁the ▁Sultan . ▁In ▁ 1 4 8 9 , ▁The ▁A hm ad n agar ▁r uler ▁appointed ▁his ▁new ▁adm iral ▁called ▁Pir am ▁Khan ▁and ▁ordered ▁to ▁capture ▁the ▁jan ji ra ▁from ▁Ram ▁R ao ▁Pat il . ▁Pir am ▁Khan ▁march ed ▁from ▁Sur at ▁but ▁not ▁dare ▁to ▁attack ▁at ▁Pat il ▁so ▁made ▁plans ▁to ▁enter ▁in ▁to ▁jan ji ra . ▁Pir am ▁Khan ▁and ▁his ▁Muslim ▁S idd i ▁member ▁dis gu ised ▁as ▁mer ch ants ▁and ▁requested ▁to ▁the ▁Pat il ▁for ▁keep ▁safe ▁their ▁three ▁hundred ▁large ▁boxes ▁contains ▁the ▁sil k ▁and ▁wine ▁at ▁island ▁and ▁was ▁granted . ▁After ▁that , ▁Pir am ▁Khan ▁thank ed ▁him ▁and ▁gave ▁a ▁party ▁of ▁alco hol ▁( w ine ). ▁When ▁all ▁of ▁the ▁soldiers ▁and ▁Ram ▁R ao ▁Pat il ▁were ▁in ▁full ▁of ▁influence , ▁he ▁attacked ▁at ▁Jan ji ra ▁and ▁captured ▁it ▁from ▁Pat il . ▁ ▁References ▁▁ ▁Category : Ind ian ▁r ul ers ▁ ▁Category : 1 4 8 9 ▁death s <0x0A> </s> ▁St ap leton ▁is ▁a ▁civil ▁parish ▁in ▁the ▁Carl |
is le ▁district ▁of ▁C umb ria , ▁England . ▁ ▁It ▁contains ▁seven ▁listed ▁buildings ▁that ▁are ▁recorded ▁in ▁the ▁National ▁Heritage ▁List ▁for ▁England . ▁ ▁All ▁the ▁listed ▁buildings ▁are ▁designated ▁at ▁Gra de II , ▁the ▁lowest ▁of ▁the ▁three ▁gr ades , ▁which ▁is ▁applied ▁to ▁" build ings ▁of ▁national ▁importance ▁and ▁special ▁interest ". ▁ ▁The ▁parish ▁is ▁almost ▁entirely ▁rural , ▁and ▁the ▁listed ▁buildings , ▁apart ▁from ▁a ▁church , ▁are ▁all ▁farm h ouses , ▁farm ▁buildings , ▁and ▁associated ▁structures . ▁__ NOT OC __ ▁ ▁Build ings ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Cit ations ▁ ▁S ources ▁ ▁Category : List s ▁of ▁listed ▁buildings ▁in ▁C umb ria <0x0A> </s> ▁Bed ous ▁is ▁a ▁commune ▁of ▁the ▁P yr én ées - At l anti ques ▁department ▁in ▁south western ▁France . ▁It ▁is ▁the ▁birth place ▁of ▁Pierre ▁Lac l ède , ▁the ▁French man ▁who ▁founded ▁the ▁U . S . ▁city ▁of ▁St . ▁Louis . ▁ ▁Its ▁station ▁on ▁the ▁P au – Can fran c ▁railway ▁was ▁closed ▁after ▁an ▁accident ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 0 , ▁but ▁re - open ed ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁as ▁the ▁termin us ▁of ▁service ▁from ▁P au . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁Comm unes ▁of ▁the ▁P yr én ées - At l anti ques ▁department ▁ ▁References ▁IN SEE ▁ ▁Category : Comm unes ▁of ▁P yr én ées - At l anti ques ▁Category |
: P yr én ées - At l anti ques ▁communes ▁articles ▁need ing ▁translation ▁from ▁French ▁Wikipedia <0x0A> </s> ▁Say f awa ▁dynast y , ▁Se f ou wa , ▁Se f awa , ▁or ▁Se fu wa ▁dynast y ▁is ▁the ▁name ▁of ▁the ▁Muslim ▁k ings ▁( or ▁mai , ▁as ▁they ▁called ▁themselves ) ▁of ▁the ▁Kan em – B orn u ▁Empire , ▁centered ▁first ▁in ▁Kan em ▁in ▁western ▁Ch ad , ▁and ▁then , ▁after ▁ 1 3 8 0 , ▁in ▁Bor no ▁( today ▁north - e astern ▁Niger ia ). ▁ ▁The ▁dynast y ▁was ▁root ed ▁in ▁the ▁T ub u ▁expansion ▁by ▁the ▁Kan emb u . ▁▁ ▁" The ▁legend ary ▁e pon ym ous ▁ancest or ▁of ▁the ▁Sa if awa , ▁as ▁the ▁Mag h umi ▁are ▁called , ▁only ▁became ▁in ▁Muslim ▁times ▁Sa if , ▁the ▁' l ion ▁of ▁Y aman .' ▁ ▁The ▁pre - Mus lim ▁dynast y ▁is ▁known ▁as ▁the ▁D ug u wa ▁D ynast y . ▁ ▁Say f awa - H um ew a ▁k ings ▁in ▁Kan em ▁The ▁chron ology ▁of ▁the ▁Se fu wa ▁concerns ▁the ▁rule ▁of ▁the ▁Say f awa ▁dynast y ▁first ▁over ▁Kan em , ▁then ▁over ▁Kan em - B orn u ▁and ▁finally , ▁since ▁c . ▁ 1 3 8 0 , ▁over ▁Born u ▁alone . ▁The ▁chron ology ▁of ▁k ings ▁has ▁been ▁as cert ained |
▁from ▁d yn astic ▁records ▁of ▁the ▁Se fu wa ▁on ▁the ▁basis ▁of ▁lengths ▁of ▁reign ▁for ▁the ▁success ive ▁k ings ▁( mai ), ▁found ▁in ▁the ▁Gir g am . ▁African ▁histor ians ▁presently ▁use ▁several ▁conflic ting ▁chron ologies ▁for ▁the ▁history ▁of ▁Kan em - B orn u . ▁Below ▁a ▁list ▁of ▁the ▁main ▁k ings ▁of ▁the ▁Empire ▁with ▁the ▁conflic ting ▁chron ologies ▁is ▁provided . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁Born u ▁Empire ▁Kan em ▁Empire ▁O th man ▁I ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Bibli ography ▁ ▁B ark indo , ▁B aw uro ▁( 1 9 8 5 ). ▁" The ▁early ▁states ▁of ▁the ▁Central ▁Sud an ", ▁in : ▁J . ▁A j ay i ▁and ▁M . ▁Crow der ▁( eds .), ▁The ▁History ▁of ▁West ▁Africa , ▁vol . ▁I , ▁ 3 rd ▁ed . ▁Har low , ▁ 2 2 5 - 2 5 4 . ▁ ▁Bar th , ▁Heinrich ▁( 1 8 5 8 ). ▁" Chr on ological ▁table , ▁containing ▁a ▁list ▁of ▁the ▁Se fu wa ", ▁in : ▁Tra vel ▁and ▁Disc over ies ▁in ▁North ▁and ▁Central ▁Africa . ▁Vol . ▁II , ▁New ▁York , ▁ 5 8 1 - 6 0 2 . ▁ ▁La vers , ▁John ▁( 1 9 9 3 ). ▁" Ad vent ures ▁in ▁the ▁chron ology ▁of ▁the ▁states ▁of ▁the ▁Ch ad ▁Bas in ". ▁In : ▁D . ▁Bar re te au ▁and |
▁C . ▁v . ▁Gra ffen ried ▁( eds .), ▁Dat ations ▁et ▁chron ologies ▁dans ▁le ▁Bass in ▁du ▁Lac ▁Ch ad , ▁Paris , ▁ 2 5 5 - 2 6 7 . ▁ ▁Lev tz ion , ▁Ne hem ia ▁( 1 9 7 8 ): " The ▁Sah aran ▁and ▁the ▁Sud an ▁from ▁the ▁Arab ▁con quest ▁of ▁the ▁Mag h rib ▁to ▁the ▁rise ▁of ▁the ▁Al mor av ids ", ▁in : ▁J . ▁D . ▁F age ▁( ed .), ▁The ▁Cambridge ▁History ▁of ▁Africa , ▁vol . ▁II , ▁Cambridge ▁ 1 9 7 8 , ▁pp . 6 3 7 – 6 8 4 . ▁ ▁Ne hem ia ▁Lev tz ion ▁and ▁John ▁Hop kins ▁( 1 9 8 1 ): ▁Cor pus ▁of ▁Early ▁Arab ic ▁S ources ▁for ▁West ▁African ▁History , ▁Cambridge . ▁ ▁Pal mer , ▁Herbert ▁Richmond ▁( 1 9 3 6 ). ▁Born u ▁Sah ara ▁and ▁Sud an . ▁London . ▁ ▁Smith , ▁Abd ulla hi ▁( 1 9 7 1 ). ▁The ▁early ▁states ▁of ▁the ▁Central ▁Sud an , ▁in : ▁J . ▁A j ay i ▁and ▁M . ▁Crow der ▁( H g .), ▁History ▁of ▁West ▁Africa . ▁Vol . ▁I , ▁ 1 . ▁Aus g ., ▁London , ▁ 1 5 8 - 1 8 3 . ▁ ▁Ur voy , ▁Y ves ▁( 1 9 4 1 ). ▁" Chr on ologie ▁du ▁Born ou |
", ▁Journal ▁de ▁la ▁Société ▁des ▁African istes , ▁ 1 1 , ▁ 2 1 - 3 1 . ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁ ▁; ▁see ▁also ▁Encyclop ædia ▁Britannica , ▁ 4 th ▁ed ., ▁Chicago ▁ 1 9 8 0 , ▁vol . ▁ 4 , ▁ 5 7 2 - 5 8 2 . ▁▁▁ ▁Category : Count ries ▁in ▁medieval ▁Africa ▁Category : History ▁of ▁Ch ad ▁Category : History ▁of ▁Niger ia ▁Category : History ▁of ▁Northern ▁Niger ia ▁Category : B orn u ▁Empire ▁Category : K an em ▁Empire ▁Category : S un ni ▁dynast ies <0x0A> </s> ▁Ce cco ▁d ' As coli ▁( 1 2 5 7 ▁– ▁September ▁ 2 6 , ▁ 1 3 2 7 ) ▁is ▁the ▁popular ▁name ▁of ▁Francesco ▁degli ▁St ab ili ▁( s ometimes ▁given ▁as ▁Francesco ▁degli ▁St ab ili ▁C ich us ), ▁an ▁Italian ▁en cyc lo pa ed ist , ▁phys ician ▁and ▁poet . ▁Ce cco ▁( in ▁Latin , ▁C ich us ) ▁is ▁the ▁dimin utive ▁of ▁Francesco , ▁As coli ▁was ▁the ▁place ▁of ▁his ▁birth . ▁The ▁lun ar ▁cr ater ▁C ich us ▁is ▁named ▁after ▁him . ▁ ▁Life ▁ ▁Born ▁in ▁An car ano , ▁in ▁the ▁modern ▁Ab ru z zo ▁region ▁( at ▁the ▁time ▁under ▁the ▁juris diction ▁of ▁As coli ), ▁he ▁devoted ▁himself ▁to ▁the ▁study ▁of ▁mathematics ▁and ▁ast ro log y . ▁In ▁ 1 3 2 |
2 ▁he ▁was ▁made ▁professor ▁of ▁ast ro log y ▁at ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Bolog na . ▁It ▁is ▁alleg ed ▁that ▁he ▁entered ▁the ▁service ▁of ▁Pope ▁John ▁XX II ▁at ▁Av ignon , ▁and ▁that ▁he ▁cultiv ated ▁the ▁acquaint ance ▁of ▁D ante ▁only ▁to ▁quar rel ▁with ▁the ▁great ▁poet ▁afterwards ; ▁but ▁of ▁this ▁there ▁is ▁no ▁evidence . ▁ ▁Having ▁published ▁a ▁comment ary ▁on ▁the ▁S phere ▁of ▁John ▁de ▁Sac rob os co , ▁in ▁which ▁he ▁prop ounded ▁a uda cious ▁theories ▁concerning ▁the ▁employ ment ▁and ▁ag ency ▁of ▁dem ons , ▁he ▁got ▁into ▁difficulties ▁with ▁the ▁cler ical ▁party , ▁and ▁was ▁condem ned ▁in ▁ 1 3 2 4 ▁to ▁certain ▁fast s ▁and ▁pray ers , ▁and ▁to ▁the ▁payment ▁of ▁a ▁fine ▁of ▁sevent y ▁crow ns . ▁To ▁el ude ▁this ▁sentence ▁he ▁went ▁to ▁Florence , ▁where ▁he ▁was ▁attached ▁to ▁the ▁household ▁of ▁Carlo ▁di ▁Cal ab ria . ▁His ▁fre eth inking ▁and ▁plain ▁speaking ▁had ▁made ▁him ▁many ▁enemies ; ▁he ▁had ▁attacked ▁the ▁Comm edia ▁of ▁D ante , ▁and ▁the ▁Can zone ▁d ' am ore ▁of ▁Gu ido ▁Caval c anti . ▁But ▁according ▁to ▁Ernst ▁Cass ir er ' s ▁The ▁Ind ividual ▁and ▁the ▁Cos mos ▁in ▁Renaissance ▁Philosoph y , ▁he ▁died ▁at ▁the ▁st ake ▁for ▁his ▁attempt ▁to ▁determine ▁the ▁n ativity ▁of ▁Christ ▁by ▁reading ▁his ▁hor os cope ▁( page ▁ 1 0 |
7 ). ▁The ▁phys ician ▁D ino ▁del ▁Gar bo ▁was ▁in def at ig able ▁in ▁purs uit ▁of ▁him ; ▁and ▁the ▁old ▁accus ation ▁of ▁im pi ety ▁being ▁renew ed , ▁Ce cco ▁was ▁again ▁tried ▁and ▁sent enced ▁for ▁re lapse ▁into ▁her es y . ▁He ▁was ▁burn ed ▁at ▁Florence ▁the ▁day ▁after ▁the ▁sentence , ▁in ▁his ▁sevent i eth ▁year . ▁He ▁was ▁the ▁first ▁university ▁scholar ▁to ▁be ▁burn ed ▁by ▁the ▁In quisition . ▁ ▁Works ▁ ▁Ce cco ▁d ' As coli ▁left ▁many ▁works ▁in ▁manuscript , ▁most ▁of ▁which ▁have ▁never ▁been ▁published . ▁The ▁book ▁by ▁which ▁he ▁achieved ▁his ▁ren own ▁and ▁which ▁led ▁to ▁his ▁death ▁was ▁the ▁A cer ba ▁( from ▁ac erv us ), ▁an ▁en cyc lo pa edic ▁poem , ▁of ▁which ▁in ▁ 1 5 4 6 , ▁the ▁date ▁of ▁the ▁last ▁repr int , ▁more ▁than ▁twenty ▁ed itions ▁had ▁been ▁issued . ▁It ▁is ▁a ▁comp end ium ▁for ▁the ▁contemporary ▁natural ▁science ▁of ▁the ▁time , ▁including ▁" the ▁order ▁and ▁influ ences ▁of ▁the ▁heav ens , ▁the ▁characteristics ▁and ▁properties ▁of ▁animals ▁and ▁pre cious ▁stones , ▁the ▁causes ▁of ▁phen omena ▁such ▁as ▁met e ors ▁and ▁earth qu akes — and ▁of ▁common place ▁moral ▁philosophy ". ▁ ▁Bibli ography ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : 1 2 5 7 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 3 2 7 ▁death s ▁Category : Med |
ieval ▁Italian ▁phys icians ▁Category : Ital ian ▁po ets ▁Category : Ital ian ▁male ▁po ets ▁Category : Pe ople ▁executed ▁for ▁her es y ▁Category : Exec uted ▁Italian ▁people ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁the ▁Province ▁of ▁Ter amo ▁Category : V ict ims ▁of ▁the ▁In quisition ▁Category : Pe ople ▁executed ▁by ▁Italy ▁by ▁burning ▁Category : Pe ople ▁executed ▁by ▁Florence ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁Ter amo <0x0A> </s> ▁( 2 , 2 , 3 - Tr im eth yl - 5 - ox oc yc lop ent - 3 - en yl ) ac et yl - Co A ▁ 1 , 5 - m ono ox y gen ase ▁( , ▁ 2 - ox o - Delta 3 - 4 , 5 , 5 - trim eth yl cyc lop ent eny lac et yl - Co A ▁mon o ox y gen ase , ▁ 2 - ox o - Delta 3 - 4 , 5 , 5 - trim eth yl cyc lop ent eny lac et yl - Co A ▁ 1 , 2 - m ono ox y gen ase , ▁O TE MO ) ▁is ▁an ▁en zym e ▁with ▁system atic ▁name ▁(( 1 R )- 2 , 2 , 3 - trim eth yl - 5 - ox oc yc lop ent - 3 - en yl ) ac et yl - Co A , N AD PH : ox y gen ▁ox id ored uct |
ase ▁( 1 , 5 - la ct on izing ). ▁This ▁en zym e ▁catal ys es ▁the ▁following ▁chemical ▁reaction ▁▁ ▁[( 1 R )- 2 , 2 , 3 - trim eth yl - 5 - ox oc yc lop ent - 3 - en yl ] ac et yl - Co A ▁+ ▁O 2 ▁+ ▁N AD PH ▁+ ▁H + ▁ ▁[( 2 R )- 3 , 3 , 4 - trim eth yl - 6 - ox o - 3 , 6 - d ih ydro - 1 H - py ran - 2 - yl ] ac et yl - Co A ▁+ ▁N AD P + ▁+ ▁H 2 O ▁ ▁( 2 , 2 , 3 - trim eth yl - 5 - ox oc yc lop ent - 3 - en yl ) ac et yl - Co A ▁ 1 , 5 - m ono ox y gen ase ▁is ▁F AD ▁dependent ▁en zym e ▁isolated ▁from ▁Pseud omon as ▁put ida . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁▁▁ ▁Category : EC ▁ 1 . 1 4 . 1 3 <0x0A> </s> ▁James ▁Scott ▁( 1 6 7 1 ▁– ▁October ▁ 1 7 3 2 ) ▁of ▁Log ie ▁and ▁Cast l ested , ▁For far ▁was ▁a ▁Scottish ▁politician ▁who ▁sat ▁in ▁the ▁Parliament ▁of ▁Scotland ▁from ▁ 1 7 0 2 ▁to ▁ 1 7 0 7 ▁and ▁in ▁the ▁British ▁House ▁of ▁Commons ▁between ▁ 1 |
7 0 7 ▁and ▁ 1 7 3 2 . ▁▁ ▁Scott ▁was ▁the ▁el dest ▁son ▁of ▁James ▁Scott , ▁of ▁Log ie ▁and ▁his ▁wife ▁Ag nes ▁Fal con er , ▁daughter ▁of ▁Sir ▁Alexander ▁Fal con er , ▁ 1 st ▁Baron et , ▁of ▁Glen far qu har , ▁K inc ard ine . ▁His ▁father ▁was ▁Sh ire ▁Commission er ▁for ▁For far shire ▁in ▁the ▁Parliament ▁of ▁Scotland ▁from ▁ 1 6 9 3 . ▁Scott ▁made ▁a ▁marriage ▁contract ▁with ▁Isabel la ▁B ann erman , ▁daughter ▁of ▁Sir ▁Alexander ▁B ann erman , ▁ 2 nd ▁Baron et , ▁of ▁Els ick , ▁K inc ard ine , ▁on ▁ 3 ▁November ▁ 1 6 9 2 . ▁▁▁▁▁ ▁Scott ▁was ▁a ▁Sh ire ▁Commission er ▁for ▁For far shire ▁from ▁ 1 6 9 8 ▁to ▁ 1 7 0 2 . ▁He ▁was ▁appointed ▁J oint ▁Master ▁of ▁works ▁for ▁Scotland ▁in ▁ 1 7 0 0 ▁and ▁Commission er ▁Just ici ary ▁for ▁the ▁High lands ▁in ▁ 1 7 0 1 ▁and ▁ 1 7 0 2 . ▁He ▁was ▁then ▁ ▁a ▁Burg h ▁Commission er ▁for ▁Mont rose ▁from ▁ 1 7 0 2 ▁to ▁ 1 7 0 7 . ▁After ▁the ▁Union ▁in ▁ 1 7 0 7 , ▁he ▁sat ▁as ▁a ▁Member ▁of ▁Parliament , ▁representing ▁ ▁Scotland ▁in ▁the ▁first ▁Parliament ▁of ▁Great ▁Britain . ▁At ▁the ▁ 1 7 0 8 ▁general ▁election |
▁he ▁stood ▁for ▁Aber de en ▁Burg hs ▁but ▁was ▁un success ful . ▁He ▁became ▁Prov ost ▁of ▁Mont rose ▁in ▁ 1 7 1 0 ▁and ▁was ▁elected ▁MP ▁for ▁Aber de en ▁Burg hs ▁at ▁the ▁ 1 7 1 0 ▁general ▁election ▁but ▁was ▁un se ated ▁on ▁pet ition ▁on ▁ 8 ▁February ▁ 1 7 1 1 . ▁In ▁July ▁ 1 7 1 2 ▁he ▁took ▁part ▁in ▁a ▁violent ▁protest ▁against ▁the ▁provincial ▁syn od , ▁and ▁public ly ▁bur nt ▁the ▁act ▁of ▁pro clam ation ▁at ▁the ▁market ▁cross ▁in ▁Mont rose . ▁However ▁he ▁did ▁not ▁stand ▁at ▁the ▁next ▁two ▁general ▁elections . ▁ ▁Following ▁the ▁ 1 7 1 5 ▁Jacob ite ▁Reb ell ion , ▁several ▁For far shire ▁families ▁who ▁took ▁part ▁lost ▁their ▁est ates ▁and ▁political ▁influence , ▁and ▁the ▁sitting ▁MP ▁for ▁the ▁county ▁was ▁exp elled ▁from ▁parliament . ▁Scott , ▁who ▁was ▁a ▁government ▁supp orter , ▁ ▁was ▁returned ▁uno pp osed ▁as ▁MP ▁for ▁For far shire ▁at ▁the ▁resulting ▁by - e lection ▁on ▁ 3 0 ▁July ▁ 1 7 1 6 . ▁He ▁was ▁prov ost ▁of ▁Mont rose ▁again ▁in ▁ 1 7 2 2 ▁and ▁was ▁returned ▁uno pp osed ▁at ▁the ▁ 1 7 2 2 ▁general ▁election . ▁In ▁ 1 7 2 5 , ▁he ▁was ▁attacked ▁by ▁the ▁mob ▁at ▁D und ee ▁who ▁accused ▁him ▁of ▁being ▁party ▁to ▁the ▁m |
alt ▁tax ▁bill ▁and ▁was ▁only ▁res cu ed ▁by ▁soldiers ▁who ▁happened ▁to ▁be ▁at ▁hand . ▁He ▁was ▁elected ▁for ▁For far shire ▁again ▁at ▁the ▁ 1 7 2 7 ▁general ▁election ▁but ▁the ▁only ▁time ▁he ▁was ▁present ▁to ▁vote ▁was ▁with ▁the ▁Government ▁on ▁the ▁H ess ians ▁in ▁ 1 7 3 0 . ▁ ▁Scott ▁died ▁in ▁October ▁ 1 7 3 2 , ▁aged ▁ 6 1 . ▁He ▁and ▁his ▁wife ▁had ▁three ▁sons ▁James , ▁Alexander ▁and ▁John , ▁and ▁six ▁daughters ▁Margaret , ▁K atherine , ▁Isabel la , ▁Helen , ▁Mary ▁and ▁Elizabeth . ▁His ▁sons ▁had ▁no ▁children ▁and ▁the ▁estate ▁of ▁Log ie ▁passed ▁to ▁his ▁daughter ▁Margaret ▁who ▁married ▁Alexander ▁Mill . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁| ▁ ▁Category : 1 6 7 1 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 7 3 2 ▁death s ▁Category : B urg h ▁Commission ers ▁to ▁the ▁Parliament ▁of ▁Scotland ▁Category : M embers ▁of ▁the ▁Parliament ▁of ▁Scotland ▁ 1 7 0 2 – 1 7 0 7 ▁Category : M embers ▁of ▁the ▁Parliament ▁of ▁Great ▁Britain ▁for ▁Scottish ▁constitu encies ▁Category : B rit ish ▁MP s ▁ 1 7 0 7 – 1 7 0 8 ▁Category : B rit ish ▁MP s ▁ 1 7 1 0 – 1 7 1 3 ▁Category : Pol it ics ▁of ▁Aber de en ▁Category : Pol it ics ▁of ▁Ang us <0x0A> </s> ▁Lars ▁Krist ian ▁Hol st ▁( 2 |
2 ▁November ▁ 1 8 4 8 ▁– ▁ 3 1 ▁May ▁ 1 9 1 5 ) ▁was ▁a ▁Norwegian ▁journalist , ▁newspaper ▁editor ▁and ▁politician . ▁ ▁Biography ▁Hol st ▁was ▁born ▁in ▁Ber gen , ▁Norway . ▁He ▁was ▁the ▁son ▁of ▁ship master ▁S ø ren ▁Dal hol t ▁Hol st ▁( 1 8 1 1 – 8 4 ) ▁and ▁C ath arina ▁K ro hn ▁( 1 8 1 4 – 1 9 0 3 ). ▁He ▁graduated ▁from ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Christian ia ▁( now ▁University ▁of ▁Os lo ) ▁and ▁earned ▁his ▁law ▁degree ▁in ▁ 1 8 7 1 . ▁In ▁ 1 8 7 2 , ▁he ▁moved ▁to ▁Ber gen ▁and ▁worked ▁for ▁Berg ens ▁T id ende ▁from ▁ 1 8 7 4 . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 8 8 3 , ▁he ▁was ▁made ▁Chief ▁editor ▁of ▁D ag bl ad et . ▁He ▁was ▁editor - in - ch ief ▁of ▁D ag bl ad et ▁from ▁ 1 8 8 3 ▁to ▁ 1 8 9 8 ▁and ▁Chair man ▁of ▁the ▁Liberal ▁Party ▁of ▁Norway ▁from ▁ 1 9 0 0 ▁to ▁ 1 9 0 3 . ▁In ▁ 1 8 8 4 ▁he ▁was ▁a ▁co - found er ▁of ▁the ▁Norwegian ▁Association ▁for ▁Women ' s ▁Rights . ▁ ▁Personal ▁life ▁He ▁was ▁a ▁nep hew ▁of ▁Hen rik ▁K ro hn . ▁Through ▁his ▁sister ▁Christ ine ▁Mar gre the , ▁he ▁was |
▁a ▁brother - in - law ▁of ▁N ils ▁W ich str ø m . ▁ ▁He ▁was ▁married ▁to ▁journalist ▁Fern anda ▁Thom esen ▁from ▁ 1 8 8 2 ▁to ▁ 1 8 9 5 . ▁Lars ▁Hol st ▁died ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 5 ▁and ▁was ▁buried ▁in ▁the ▁church yard ▁of ▁Old ▁A ker ▁Church ▁ ▁in ▁Os lo . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : 1 8 4 8 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 9 1 5 ▁death s ▁Category : Pol it icians ▁from ▁Ber gen ▁Category : L iber al ▁Party ▁( N or way ) ▁polit icians ▁Category : N or weg ian ▁newspaper ▁edit ors ▁Category : D ag bl ad et ▁people ▁Category : N or weg ian ▁Association ▁for ▁Women ' s ▁Rights ▁people <0x0A> </s> ▁I th av aram ▁ ▁is ▁a ▁village ▁in ▁N and ig ama ▁mand al ▁in ▁Kr ish na ▁district , ▁And h ra ▁Pr adesh , ▁India . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : V ill ages ▁in ▁Kr ish na ▁district <0x0A> </s> ▁G ri ppe ▁may ▁refer ▁to : ▁ ▁D ise ase ▁In fl uen za , ▁an ▁inf ect ious ▁disease ▁ ▁Places ▁G ri ppe , ▁West ▁Virginia , ▁an ▁un in cor por ated ▁community ▁in ▁K ana wh a ▁County ▁ ▁People ▁Peter ▁G ri ppe ▁ ▁Other ▁uses ▁G ri ppe ▁( album ), ▁from ▁post - hard core ▁band ▁J aw box ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁G |
rip ▁( disambiguation ) ▁ ▁In fl uen za ▁( disambiguation ) ▁ ▁Fl u ▁( disambiguation ) <0x0A> </s> ▁F i esta ▁Sh ows ▁is ▁a ▁trav elling ▁am usement ▁park ▁that ▁ent ert ains ▁and ▁vis its ▁over ▁ 6 0 ▁communities ▁throughout ▁the ▁New ▁England ▁region . ▁It ▁is ▁New ▁England ' s ▁largest ▁car n ival . ▁ ▁History ▁ ▁It ▁was ▁founded ▁in ▁Sal is bury ▁Beach , ▁Massachusetts , ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 5 ▁when ▁Eug ene ▁Dean ▁and ▁Jack ▁F lyn n ▁entered ▁the ▁am usement ▁park ▁business . ▁F i esta ▁Sh ows ▁has ▁been ▁in ▁partners hip ▁with ▁the ▁T ops field ▁Fair ▁for ▁over ▁ 5 0 ▁years ▁now . ▁About ▁ 5 0 0 , 0 0 0 ▁views ▁come ▁to ▁the ▁fair ▁every ▁year . ▁In ▁the ▁year ▁of ▁ 1 9 6 7 , ▁Dean ▁and ▁F lyn n ▁purchased ▁F i esta ▁Sh ows ▁completely . ▁F i esta ▁Sh ows ▁is ▁a ▁travel ing ▁am usement ▁park ▁that ▁features ▁r ides ▁and ▁con cess ion ▁set ▁up ▁for ▁fair s ▁and ▁car n iv als . ▁ ▁Ad mission ▁ ▁At ▁the ▁gate , ▁ad mission ▁is ▁usually ▁less ▁than ▁ 2 ▁or ▁ 3 ▁dollars ▁to ▁get ▁into ▁the ▁car n ival ▁or ▁fair . ▁ ▁To ▁get ▁on ▁the ▁r ides ▁and ▁attra ctions , ▁you ▁need ▁to ▁purchase ▁tick ets . ▁T ick ets ▁are ▁sold ▁at ▁any ▁ticket ▁window ▁you ▁can ▁find ▁at |
▁your ▁local ▁car n ival ▁or ▁fair . ▁Each ▁ride ▁usually ▁takes ▁ 3 ▁to ▁ 5 ▁tick ets ▁for ▁anyone ▁willing ▁to ▁particip ate ▁on ▁them . ▁ ▁Game ▁con cess ions ▁ ▁Typ ical ▁game ▁con cess ions . ▁ ▁R ides ▁ ▁Here ▁are ▁a ▁list ▁of ▁car n ival ▁r ides ▁that ▁F i esta ▁Sh ows ▁currently ▁has ▁( in ▁alphabet ical ▁order ). ▁ ▁K idd ie ▁r ides ▁▁ ▁Ber ry ▁Go ▁Round : ▁A ▁spin ny ▁ride ▁with ▁st raw berry ▁sh aped ▁ride ▁vehicles . ▁ ▁Bo om ers ' ▁Circ us : ▁A ▁mini ature ▁fun house ▁for ▁k ids . ▁ ▁Bo om ers ' ▁Fire ▁Engine : ▁An ▁emer gency ▁them ed ▁area ▁for ▁k ids . ▁ ▁Dal mat ian ▁B ounce : ▁A ▁b oun cy ▁house . ▁ ▁D iz zy ▁Drag ons : ▁Another ▁spin ny ▁ride ▁similar ▁to ▁the ▁Ber ry ▁Go ▁Round , ▁but ▁with ▁drag on ▁sh aped ▁ride ▁vehicles . ▁ ▁Dragon ▁W agon : ▁A ▁small ▁roll er ▁co aster ▁for ▁k ids . ▁ ▁Hot ▁Sh ot : ▁A ▁drop ▁tower ▁ride ▁for ▁k ids . ▁ ▁Jung le ▁Safari : ▁A ▁small ▁car ▁ride ▁for ▁k ids . ▁ ▁Kid ▁Com bo ▁ ▁M ini ▁Ele ph ant : ▁A ▁flying ▁ele ph ant ▁ride ▁similar ▁to ▁J um bo ▁the ▁F lying ▁Ele ph ant ▁at ▁Ed av ille . ▁ ▁M ini ▁Enter prise ▁ ▁M ini ▁P |
anda : ▁A ▁flying ▁ride ▁similar ▁to ▁the ▁M ini ▁Ele ph ant . ▁ ▁M ini ▁T urt le : ▁A ▁spin ny ▁ride ▁with ▁t urt le ▁sh aped ▁ride ▁vehicles . ▁ ▁Rio ▁Grande ▁Train : ▁A ▁k idd ie ▁train ▁ride . ▁ ▁Street ▁R ac er : ▁Another ▁small ▁car ▁ride ▁for ▁k ids . ▁ ▁Sw amp ▁G ator : ▁Another ▁small ▁roll er ▁co aster ▁for ▁k ids . ▁ ▁To oter ville : ▁Another ▁k idd ie ▁train ▁ride ▁similar ▁to ▁the ▁Rio ▁Grande ▁Train . ▁This ▁model ▁can ▁also ▁be ▁found ▁at ▁Ed av ille ▁as ▁A . J .' s ▁Express . ▁ ▁T ract ors : ▁A ▁spin ny ▁ride ▁with ▁tra ctor ▁sh aped ▁ride ▁vehicles . ▁ ▁Um bre lla ▁Bug gy : ▁A ▁spin ny ▁ride ▁with ▁car ▁sh aped ▁ride ▁vehicles ▁under ne ath ▁a ▁can opy . ▁ ▁Family ▁r ides ▁▁ ▁B unge e : ▁An ▁att raction ▁where ▁guests ▁in ▁har ness es ▁jump ▁and ▁f lip ▁on ▁a ▁few ▁tr amp ol ines . ▁ ▁Car ousel : ▁A ▁classic ▁ride ▁with ▁horses ▁and ▁ch ari ots . ▁A ▁fair ground ▁organ ▁is ▁mounted ▁on ▁the ▁top ▁of ▁the ▁ride ▁giving ▁it ▁some ▁music . ▁Comm only ▁r idden ▁by ▁little ▁k ids ▁and ▁their ▁parents . ▁ ▁Cra zy ▁Bus : ▁A ▁bus ▁ride ▁that ▁sends ▁k ids ▁and ▁their ▁parents ▁around ▁the ▁back drop ▁of ▁the ▁ride ▁held ▁by ▁two ▁robot ic |
▁arms ▁and ▁some ▁force . ▁ ▁Earth qu ake : ▁An ▁over ▁the ▁top ▁fun house ▁filled ▁with ▁all ▁sorts ▁of ▁tr icks ▁and ▁g ags ! ▁ ▁L ucky ▁L iz zy : ▁A ▁fun house ▁with ▁moving ▁flo ors , ▁a ▁rot ating ▁bar rel , ▁trick ▁mirror s ▁and ▁other ▁surpr ises . ▁This ▁att raction ▁ends ▁with ▁a ▁slide ▁set ▁ 2 ▁stories ▁above ▁the ▁ground . ▁ ▁Magic ▁Maz e : ▁An ▁att raction ▁that ▁is ▁part ▁glass house ▁and ▁part ▁fun house . ▁Gu ests ▁start ▁by ▁walking ▁through ▁the ▁mirror ▁ma ze ▁in ▁hopes ▁of ▁finding ▁a ▁secret ▁st air case . ▁Once ▁the ▁st air case ▁is ▁found , ▁guests ▁clim b ▁up ▁to ▁the ▁second ▁story ▁and ▁see ▁a ▁hall ▁of ▁mirror s . ▁Gu ests ▁can ▁feel ▁free ▁to ▁look ▁into ▁each ▁mirror ▁of ▁the ▁hall ▁before ▁sl iding ▁down ▁the ▁ 2 ▁story ▁slide . ▁ ▁M ardi ▁Gr as : ▁An ▁exact ▁copy ▁of ▁Magic ▁Maz e , ▁but ▁with ▁a ▁different ▁colored ▁slide ▁and ▁decor ations . ▁Ex act ▁same ▁experience ▁of ▁the ▁att raction . ▁Also ▁owned ▁by ▁Rock well ▁Am us ements . ▁ ▁M t . ▁R ush more ▁Rock wall : ▁A ▁rock ▁clim bing ▁wall ▁for ▁k ids ▁and ▁adult s ▁to ▁use . ▁ ▁Orient ▁Express : ▁Another ▁small ▁roll er ▁co aster ▁for ▁k ids ▁similar ▁to ▁the ▁Dragon ▁W agon . ▁ ▁Rock ' n ▁T ug : ▁A ▁boat ▁ride ▁that |
▁rocks ▁back ▁and ▁forth ▁and ▁sp ins ▁around ▁and ▁around . ▁ ▁Sp in ning ▁Co aster : ▁A ▁roll er ▁co aster ▁with ▁lady bug ▁sh aped ▁trains ▁that ▁move ▁around ▁a ▁figure ▁ 8 ▁track . ▁ ▁Super ▁S lide : ▁A ▁slide ▁att raction ▁for ▁both ▁k ids ▁and ▁adult s . ▁Gu ests ▁get ▁m ats ▁and ▁then ▁they ▁walk ▁up ▁the ▁st airs ▁to ▁the ▁top ▁of ▁the ▁att raction . ▁Once ▁there , ▁they ▁ride ▁down ▁the ▁ 9 0 ▁foot ▁triple ▁slide ▁on ▁their ▁m ats , ▁with ▁feet ▁inside ▁the ▁m ats . ▁ ▁T ilt ▁a ▁Wh irl : ▁A ▁classic ▁ride ▁for ▁guests ▁of ▁all ▁ages . ▁The ▁vehicles ▁look ▁like ▁mini ▁h atch ▁shell s . ▁The ▁ride ▁goes ▁in ▁complete ▁circles ▁with ▁the ▁mini ▁h atch ▁shell ▁vehicles ▁spin ning ▁around ▁multiple ▁times ▁very ▁quickly . ▁ ▁T orn ado : ▁A ▁ride ▁with ▁big ▁ball ▁vehicles ▁that ▁you ▁can ▁spin ▁to ▁increase ▁the ▁speed ▁of ▁the ▁ride . ▁ ▁Toy ▁Bar n : ▁A ▁fun house ▁them ed ▁after ▁the ▁movie ▁Toy ▁Story . ▁ ▁Vor tex ▁( also ▁known ▁as ▁The ▁House ▁of ▁Ill usion ): ▁A ▁walk through ▁att raction ▁featuring ▁a ▁spin ning ▁tunnel ▁possibly ▁making ▁guests ▁d iz zy ▁after ▁going ▁through ▁this ▁thing . ▁ ▁W izard ' s ▁W and : ▁Sometimes ▁referred ▁to ▁as ▁Spider ▁Man ia ▁at ▁some ▁car n iv als ▁and ▁fair s . ▁This ▁is ▁a ▁walk through ▁att |
raction ▁where ▁guests ▁navigate ▁through ▁an ▁obst acle ▁course ▁featuring ▁brid ges , ▁p unch ing ▁b ags ▁and ▁sl ides . ▁ ▁Major ▁r ides ▁▁ ▁Castle ▁of ▁Ev il : ▁A ▁dark ▁ride ▁where ▁guests ▁encounter ▁g hosts , ▁g ob l ins ▁and ▁other ▁cre ep y ▁cre atures ▁l ur king ▁inside . ▁ ▁Cl iff ▁H anger : ▁A ▁ride ▁where ▁guests ▁ride ▁in ▁hang ▁gl ider ▁sh aped ▁vehicles ▁to ▁give ▁them ▁the ▁ability ▁to ▁fly ▁at ▁a ▁ 4 5 ▁degree ▁angle . ▁ ▁Ferr is ▁W heel : ▁A ▁classic ▁ride ▁named ▁after ▁George ▁Ferr is . ▁Up ▁to ▁ 3 ▁adult s ▁can ▁sit ▁in ▁each ▁seat ▁of ▁the ▁ride . ▁ ▁Hyper ▁Sp in : ▁A ▁cra zy ▁fast ▁spin ny ▁ride . ▁ ▁Ph ara oh ' s ▁F ury : ▁An ▁Egypt ian ▁them ed ▁swing ing ▁ship ▁ride . ▁ ▁S co oter : ▁A ▁traditional ▁b um per ▁cars ▁ride . ▁ ▁Star ship ▁Ex od us : ▁A ▁Gra v it ron ▁ride ▁where ▁guests ▁are ▁sp un ▁so ▁quickly ▁that ▁they ▁are ▁quickly ▁attached ▁to ▁the ▁p added ▁walls ▁surrounding ▁the ▁spaces hip ▁dro pping ▁up wards ▁due ▁to ▁the ▁lack ▁of ▁gravity . ▁Event ually , ▁the ▁ride ▁slow s ▁down ▁along ▁with ▁the ▁guests ▁on ▁the ▁walls ▁after ▁several ▁minutes ▁of ▁flying ▁away ▁from ▁Earth . ▁ ▁Sur fer : ▁A ▁spin ny ▁ride ▁similar ▁to ▁any ▁te ac up ▁ride ▁you ▁can ▁find ▁at |
▁an ▁am usement ▁park . ▁ ▁Sw inger : ▁A ▁traditional ▁chair ▁swing ▁ride . ▁ ▁Tw ister : ▁A ▁z any ▁ride ▁that ▁sp ins ▁and ▁tw ists ▁guests ▁around . ▁ ▁Vi per : ▁A ▁ride ▁that ▁sp ins ▁guests ▁in ▁all ▁sorts ▁of ▁directions ▁with ▁all ▁ch airs ▁swing ing ▁out ward ▁while ▁the ▁seat ▁sp ind les ▁rotate . ▁ ▁Zero ▁Gra vity : ▁This ▁ride ▁is ▁inten se . ▁At ▁top ▁speed , ▁rid ers ▁are ▁laid ▁against ▁the ▁wall ▁as ▁the ▁center ▁of ▁the ▁ride ▁lif ts ▁up . ▁ ▁Z i pper : ▁The ▁Z i pper ▁is ▁the ▁most ▁popular ▁car n ival ▁ride ▁ever . ▁Two ▁rid ers ▁are ▁locked ▁in ▁a ▁c age ▁rot ating ▁around ▁a ▁bo om . ▁As ▁the ▁ride ▁goes ▁faster ▁and ▁faster , ▁the ▁c age ▁f li ps ▁the ▁rid ers ▁in ▁several ▁front ▁f li ps ▁and ▁back ▁f li ps ! ▁ ▁Spect ac ular ▁r ides ▁▁ ▁Ar ctic ▁Bl ast : ▁An ▁open ▁top ▁H imal aya ▁att raction . ▁At ▁full ▁speed , ▁rid ers ▁travel ▁up ▁and ▁down ▁the ▁hills ▁and ▁valle ys ▁of ▁the ▁H imal aya . ▁ ▁Ex po ▁W heel : ▁A ▁giant ▁f err is ▁wheel ▁that ▁stands ▁over ▁ 6 0 ft ▁above ▁the ▁mid way . ▁At ▁night , ▁this ▁ride ▁lights ▁up ▁with ▁LED ▁lights . ▁ ▁Fire ball : ▁A ▁ 3 6 0 ▁degree ▁looping ▁roll er ▁co aster . |
▁ ▁F lying ▁Bob s : ▁A ▁high ▁speed ▁music ▁ride ▁with ▁cars ▁s way ing ▁side ▁to ▁side ▁as ▁it ▁pick s ▁up ▁speed . ▁ ▁Fre ak ▁Out : ▁A ▁giant ▁cla w ▁ride ▁imported ▁from ▁the ▁Netherlands . ▁Gu ests ▁are ▁stra pped ▁in ▁with ▁over ▁the ▁shoulder ▁rest raint s . ▁As ▁the ▁ride ▁pick s ▁up ▁speed , ▁the ▁cla w ▁moves ▁back ▁and ▁forth ▁for ▁an ▁increase ▁in ▁thr ill . ▁ ▁Ha unted ▁House : ▁A ▁walk through ▁att raction ▁with ▁ske let ons , ▁z omb ies ▁and ▁more . ▁ ▁Pol ar ▁Express : ▁Another ▁high ▁speed ▁music ▁ride ▁similar ▁to ▁the ▁Ar ctic ▁Bl ast , ▁except ▁this ▁ride ▁is ▁can opy ▁covered . ▁ ▁Seven ▁Se as : ▁A ▁spect ac ular ▁platform ▁ride ▁that ▁takes ▁guests ▁left ▁and ▁right ▁and ▁very ▁soon ▁cr est ing ▁the ▁top . ▁At ▁this ▁point , ▁guests ▁experience ▁a ▁free ▁falling ▁sens ation . ▁ ▁Super ▁Cy clone ▁Rol ler ▁Co aster : ▁A ▁huge ▁roll er ▁co aster ▁with ▁ste ep ▁dro ps ▁and ▁sharp ▁turns . ▁St ands ▁at ▁ 3 ▁stories ▁high . ▁ ▁Th under bol t : ▁Another ▁high ▁speed ▁music ▁ride ▁similar ▁to ▁both ▁the ▁Ar ctic ▁Bl ast ▁and ▁the ▁Pol ar ▁Express . ▁ ▁Vert igo : ▁A ▁ 6 0 ▁foot ▁tall ▁swing ▁ride . ▁Fe et ▁of ▁guests ▁d angle ▁in ▁the ▁air . ▁With ▁some ▁extra ▁wind ▁combined ▁with ▁the ▁height ▁of ▁this ▁ride |
, ▁your ▁thr ill ▁factor ▁might ▁possibly ▁increase ! ▁ ▁Food ▁ ▁This ▁trav elling ▁am usement ▁park ▁serves ▁medi oc re ▁car n ival ▁food . ▁Here ▁are ▁a ▁list ▁of ▁con cess ions ▁you ▁can ▁see ▁at ▁your ▁local ▁car n ival ▁or ▁fair . ▁▁ ▁S aus age ▁Tra iler : ▁This ▁con cess ion ▁stand ▁serves ▁che es eb urg ers ▁and ▁hot ▁dogs . ▁ ▁F ry ▁Tra iler : ▁This ▁con cess ion ▁stand ▁serves ▁ch icken ▁tend ers , ▁corn ▁dogs , ▁f ries , ▁j ala pe ño ▁pe ppers ▁and ▁m oz z are lla ▁st icks . ▁ ▁Fl oss ▁Tra iler : ▁This ▁con cess ion ▁stand ▁serves ▁cot ton ▁c andy , ▁pop c orn ▁and ▁sl ush . ▁ ▁Fried ▁D ough ▁Tra iler : ▁This ▁con cess ion ▁stand ▁only ▁serves ▁f ried ▁d ough . ▁ ▁Fried ▁S we ets ▁Tra iler : ▁This ▁con cess ion ▁stand ▁only ▁serves ▁f ried ▁swe ets . ▁ ▁K ett le ▁Corn ▁Tra iler : ▁This ▁con cess ion ▁stand ▁only ▁serves ▁k ett le ▁corn . ▁ ▁About ▁ ▁F i esta ▁Sh ows ▁continues ▁to ▁be ▁New ▁England ' s ▁L arg est ▁Car n ival . ▁The ▁company ▁now ▁holds ▁over ▁ 1 0 0 ▁am usement ▁r ides . ▁ ▁Cont ro vers y ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁year ▁of ▁ 2 0 1 3 , ▁workers ▁of ▁F i esta ▁Sh ows ▁su ed ▁the ▁fair |
▁because ▁the ▁workers ▁were ▁being ▁paid ▁a ▁flat ▁rate ▁of ▁only ▁$ 4 0 0 ▁a ▁week ▁even ▁though ▁they ▁were ▁working ▁ 1 4 - hour ▁days , ▁and ▁sometimes ▁as ▁much ▁as ▁ 2 2 ▁hours ▁in ▁a ▁single ▁shift . ▁This ▁was ▁a ▁law ▁dispute ▁because ▁it ▁falls ▁well ▁under ▁minimum ▁w age . ▁F i esta ▁Sh ows ▁did ▁not ▁respond ▁with ▁any ▁comments ▁about ▁the ▁law suit . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁▁ ▁Category : Am usement ▁par ks ▁in ▁Massachusetts ▁Category : Am usement ▁par ks ▁in ▁New ▁Ham pshire ▁Category : 1 9 3 5 ▁establish ments ▁in ▁Massachusetts ▁Category : C arn iv als ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States <0x0A> </s> ▁Air ▁Vice ▁Marsh al ▁Far oo q ▁U mar , ▁born ▁F ais al abad , ▁ 1 9 4 1 , ▁( the ▁son ▁of ▁M ian ▁Muhammad ▁Nur ul lah ▁( the ▁first ▁Fin ance ▁Minister ▁of ▁P un j ab ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 4 7 / 4 8 ▁Mam dot ▁cabinet ) ▁joined ▁Pakistan ▁Air ▁force ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 8 ▁and ▁graduated ▁as ▁a ▁f ighter / Com bat ▁pilot ▁from ▁the ▁air ▁force ▁Academy ▁at ▁ ▁Ris al pur ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 0 ▁with ▁distinction ▁after ▁winning ▁Tri ple ▁hon ours ▁i . e . ▁S word ▁of ▁Hon our , ▁Best ▁Pil ot ’ s ▁Tro phy ▁and ▁the ▁Academ ics ▁Tro phy . ▁He ▁subsequently ▁won ▁the ▁Jet ▁Con version ▁Tro phy |
▁in ▁ 1 9 6 1 ▁and ▁the ▁“ Top ▁Gun ” ▁award ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁the ▁Roll ▁of ▁Hon our ▁from ▁the ▁F ighter ▁leader ▁School ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 1 . ▁ ▁Personal ▁Life : ▁ ▁A vm ▁Far oo q ▁U mar ▁was ▁married ▁to ▁Late ▁Se eme en ▁Far oo q ▁from ▁Qu etta . ▁ ▁They ▁have ▁four ▁children : ▁Sy ma ▁Far oo q , ▁She h ma ▁Far oo q , ▁S ala ar ▁Far oo q ▁and ▁Son ia ▁Far oo q . ▁ ▁Grand ▁Children : ▁Any a ▁Ali ▁and ▁Al ize ▁Ali ▁ ▁Education ▁▁ ▁He ▁received ▁his ▁initial ▁school ing ▁at ▁Burn ▁hall ▁Abb ott abad , ▁Central ▁Model ▁School ▁and ▁Government ▁College ▁L ah ore , ▁followed ▁by ▁his ▁B . Sc ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 6 ▁from ▁Kar achi ▁University , ▁and ▁M . Sc ▁in ▁War ▁Studies ▁from ▁Qu a id - e - Az am ▁University ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 8 , ▁and ▁a ▁Ph d ) ▁in ▁International ▁Rel ations ▁from ▁the ▁Royal ▁College ▁of ▁Def ence ▁Studies ▁London ▁ 1 9 8 3 . ▁ ▁He ▁was ▁the ▁only ▁Asian ▁student ▁to ▁give ▁a ▁presentation ▁to ▁the ▁Queen ▁Elizabeth ▁II ▁and ▁the ▁UK ▁Prime ▁Minister ▁Margaret ▁Th atch er ▁regarding ▁“ P ak istan ’ s ▁Import ance ▁for ▁NAT O ” ▁and ▁the ▁need ▁for ▁Pakistan ▁to ▁re join ▁the ▁British ▁Common ▁We alth ". ▁( Wh ile ▁in ▁R CD S |
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