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▁London ▁ 1 9 8 2 ). ▁ ▁Service ▁record ▁▁ ▁He ▁joined ▁a ▁P AF ▁F - 1 0 4 ▁squad ron ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 2 . ▁He ▁has ▁fought ▁many ▁major ▁and ▁minor ▁batt les ▁as ▁a ▁ ▁combat ▁pilot . ▁He ▁def ended ▁Pakistan ▁against ▁India ▁in ▁the ▁battle ▁of ▁“ B iar ▁Bet ” ▁in ▁the ▁“ R unn ▁of ▁K UT CH ”. ▁After ▁that ▁in ▁K ash mir ▁Oper ations ▁and ▁the ▁Battle ▁of ▁Ak hn ur ▁near ▁Jam mu , ▁followed ▁by ▁▁ ▁participation ▁in ▁the ▁Ind o _ P ak ▁war ▁ 1 9 6 5 , ▁and ▁Ind o - P ak ▁war ▁ 1 9 7 1 , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁the ▁Arab - Is rael ▁war ▁ 1 9 7 3 . ▁( A ir ▁Def ence ▁Oper ations ▁only ) ▁ ▁He ▁has ▁taught ▁in ▁the ▁National ▁Def ence ▁College ▁War ▁Wing ( ▁now ▁N DU ) ▁and ▁was ▁Air ▁defence ▁S ector ▁Commander ▁for ▁S ind h ▁and ▁Bal uch istan , ▁Base ▁Commander ▁L ah ore , ▁Command ant ▁P AF ▁Staff ▁College ▁F ais al ▁Kar achi , ▁Base ▁commander ▁F ais al ▁Air ▁Base ▁Kar achi , ▁and ▁Director ▁General ▁Pakistan ▁Aer onaut ical ▁Complex , ▁Kam ra . ▁He ▁has ▁been ▁decor ated ▁ 1 2 ▁times ▁by ▁the ▁Government ▁of ▁Pakistan , ▁out ▁of ▁which ▁three ▁times ▁he ▁has ▁been ▁Dec or ated ▁for ▁Cou rage ▁and ▁Bra very ▁in ▁ ▁Com bat |
▁( G all antry ▁Award ▁of ▁Sit ara - e - J urr at , ▁Sit ara - e - Bas al at ▁and ▁Tam g aha - e - Bas al at ) ▁ ▁Ministry ▁of ▁Def ence ▁▁ ▁After ▁his ▁ 3 5 ▁years ▁in ▁uniform , ▁he ▁was ▁Second ed ▁to ▁the ▁Federal ▁Government ▁and ▁was ▁asked ▁to ▁Set up ▁“ S ha he en ▁Air ▁L ines ” ▁and ▁then ▁was ▁made ▁CE O ▁and ▁Man aging ▁Director ▁P I AC ▁and ▁given ▁Gra de - M 1 ▁( Wh ich ▁is ▁equal ▁to ▁three ▁Stars ). ▁ ▁Other ▁activities ▁▁ ▁He ▁was ▁elected ▁“ Pres ident ▁Pakistan ▁Hockey ▁Federation ” ▁( PH F ) ▁serving ▁ 1 9 9 3 - 9 6 . ▁It ▁was ▁during ▁his ▁ten ure ▁that ▁he ▁▁ ▁Pakistan ▁Hockey ▁won ▁a ▁ ▁“ World ▁Champions ▁Tro phy ” ▁and ▁the ▁“ World ▁Cup ▁Sydney ▁ 9 4 ” ▁after ▁a ▁long ▁lap se ▁of ▁ 1 4 ▁years ▁. ▁ ▁Until ▁quite ▁recently ▁he ▁was ▁the ▁elected ▁President ▁of ▁Maj lis - e - Qu a id - e - Az am , ▁President ▁AF OS ▁( F al con ▁Enc lave ), ▁Vice ▁President ▁P AF RO A ▁P un j ab ▁and ▁Pat ron ▁in ▁Chief ▁Al - S ha oor ▁W elf are ▁Association ▁( All ▁Honor ary ) ▁▁ ▁Liter ary ▁Services ▁For ▁the ▁guidance ▁of ▁general ▁public ▁and ▁youth ▁he ▁wrote ▁a ▁book ▁" ▁Lear n ▁The |
▁Sec rets ▁of ▁Success " ▁containing ▁the ▁rules ▁of ▁self - mot iv ation ▁and ▁determ ination ▁to ▁achieve ▁their ▁goals . ▁The ▁first ▁edition ▁of ▁the ▁book ▁was ▁published ▁in ▁September , 2 0 1 3 ▁followed ▁by ▁the ▁second ▁edition ▁in ▁November , ▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁due ▁to ▁quick ▁and ▁warm ▁response ▁of ▁public . ▁The ▁pre face ▁of ▁the ▁book ▁is ▁written ▁by ▁Muhammad ▁Mah m ood ▁Al am , ▁a ▁well ▁known ▁hero ▁of ▁Pak ▁India ▁war ▁ 1 9 6 5 . ▁He ▁is ▁also ▁The ▁Chair man ▁of ▁A VM ▁Far oo q ▁Foundation , ▁which ▁is ▁a ▁great ▁source ▁of ▁insp iration ▁to ▁the ▁youth ▁and ▁general ▁public . ▁ ▁References ▁▁ ▁http :// www . av m far oo qu mar . com / ▁https :// web . archive . org / web / 2 0 1 2 0 3 0 7 1 2 5 3 4 9 / http :// www . av m far oo qu mar . com / inter view 0 1 . html ▁https :// archive . is / 2 0 1 4 0 7 2 6 1 6 5 5 4 9 / http :// pk . link ed in . com / pub / av m - far oo q - umar / 1 b / 8 2 9 / 7 6 3 ▁http :// www . facebook . com / av m far oo q . umar ▁ ▁Category : Year ▁of ▁birth ▁missing ▁( |
l iving ▁people ) ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : P ak istan ▁Air ▁Force ▁officers ▁Category : Univers ity ▁of ▁Kar achi ▁al umn i ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁F ais al abad ▁Category : Re cip ients ▁of ▁Sit ara - e - J ur at ▁Category : Qu a id - i - Az am ▁University ▁al umn i ▁Category : Al umn i ▁of ▁King ' s ▁College ▁London ▁Category : P ak ist ani ▁flying ▁a ces ▁Category : P ak istan ▁International ▁Airlines ▁people ▁Category : P ak istan ▁Air ▁Force ▁air ▁mar sh als <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Bav ar - class ▁of ▁Chinese - built , ▁Iran ian - mod ified ▁miss ile ▁boats ▁is ▁supp lement ing ▁the ▁Tir ▁II - class ▁tor ped o ▁boats . ▁ ▁Category : Miss ile ▁boats <0x0A> </s> ▁Claud ia ▁L enne ar ▁( born ▁ 1 9 4 6 ) ▁is ▁an ▁American ▁soul ▁singer ▁who ▁began ▁her ▁professional ▁career ▁with ▁the ▁Super bs , ▁before ▁becoming ▁as ▁an ▁I k ette ▁in ▁the ▁I ke ▁& ▁T ina ▁Turner ▁Rev ue . ▁After ▁her ▁ten ure ▁as ▁an ▁I k ette , ▁she ▁was ▁a ▁background ▁vocal ist ▁for ▁various ▁acts , ▁including ▁Joe ▁C ocker ▁and ▁Leon ▁Russell . ▁She ▁also ▁released ▁a ▁solo ▁album ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 3 . ▁L enne ar ▁was ▁featured ▁in ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁Oscar - win ning ▁document ary ▁ 2 0 |
▁Fe et ▁from ▁St ard om . ▁She ▁was ▁induct ed ▁in ▁the ▁Rh ode ▁Island ▁Music ▁Hall ▁of ▁Fame ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 9 . ▁ ▁Early ▁life ▁ ▁L enne ar ▁was ▁born ▁Claud ia ▁Joy ▁Off ley ▁at ▁Prov idence ▁L ying - In ▁Hospital ▁in ▁Rh ode ▁Island . ▁Her ▁last ▁name ▁was ▁changed ▁after ▁her ▁mother ▁married ▁Leo ▁V . ▁L enne ar , ▁a ▁Navy ▁man ▁station ed ▁in ▁New port . ▁She ▁grew ▁up ▁in ▁different ▁neighborhood s ▁in ▁Prov idence . ▁Although ▁raised ▁a ▁Catholic , ▁her ▁grand m other ▁taught ▁her ▁to ▁sing ▁g ospel ▁songs ▁child . ▁ ▁In ▁elementary ▁school , ▁L enne ar ▁studied ▁music ▁theory ▁and ▁took ▁French ▁at ▁St . ▁Charles ▁Bor rome o ▁par och ial ▁school . ▁Her ▁career ▁goal ▁was ▁to ▁become ▁a ▁transl ator ▁at ▁the ▁United ▁Nations . ▁She ▁also ▁took ▁private ▁piano ▁less ons . ▁In ▁high ▁school , ▁she ▁was ▁in ▁the ▁ch or ale ▁program . ▁As ▁a ▁te en age ▁she ▁listened ▁to ▁P atti ▁La B elle ▁& ▁the ▁Blue b elles , ▁Glad ys ▁Knight ▁& ▁the ▁P ips , ▁Car la ▁Thomas , ▁and ▁I ke ▁& ▁T ina ▁Turner . ▁During ▁her ▁senior ▁year ▁at ▁Hope ▁High ▁School , ▁her ▁step father ▁retired ▁from ▁the ▁Navy ▁and ▁she ▁moved ▁to ▁Pom ona , ▁California ▁with ▁her ▁family ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 4 . ▁ ▁Career ▁ ▁After ▁gradu ating ▁from ▁high ▁school , ▁L |
enne ar ▁en rolled ▁in ▁college ▁and ▁began ▁front ing ▁the ▁Los ▁Angeles - based ▁soul ▁group ▁the ▁Super bs . ▁They ▁performed ▁local ▁gig s ▁around ▁Los ▁Angeles . ▁L enne ar ▁made ▁her ▁recording ▁debut ▁with ▁the ▁group ▁on ▁the ▁single ▁" One ▁Bad ▁Hab it ," ▁released ▁on ▁Dor é ▁Records ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 8 . ▁ ▁The ▁I k ettes ▁ ▁Through ▁her ▁friend , ▁singer ▁Sher lie ▁Matt he ws , ▁L enne ar ▁land ed ▁an ▁aud ition ▁with ▁band le ader ▁I ke ▁Turner ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 8 . ▁She ▁passed ▁the ▁aud ition ▁and ▁left ▁the ▁Super bs ▁to ▁become ▁an ▁I k ette . ▁" He ▁[ I ke ▁Turner ] ▁was ▁a ▁ter r ific ▁business ▁person , ▁very ▁discipl ined , ▁and ▁he ▁was ▁a ▁vision ary ," ▁she ▁said . ▁L enne ar ▁was ▁with ▁I ke ▁& ▁T ina ▁Turner ▁for ▁a ▁few ▁years ▁until ▁she ▁had ▁a ▁sp at ▁with ▁T ina ▁Turner . ▁However , ▁L enne ar ▁rec alls ▁her ▁time ▁with ▁the ▁Turn ers ▁fond ly , ▁telling ▁The ▁Prov idence ▁Journal : ▁" With out ▁I ke ▁and ▁T ina , ▁I ' d ▁probably ▁be ▁ 2 0 ▁miles ▁from ▁st ard om , ▁not ▁ 2 0 ▁feet .... they ▁taught ▁me ▁how ▁to ▁perform , ▁how ▁to ▁work ▁with ▁other ▁sing ers ▁and ▁mus icians . ▁I ke ▁taught ▁me ▁how ▁to ▁support ▁T ina ▁on ▁stage . |
▁And ▁T ina ▁taught ▁me ▁how ▁how ▁to ▁present ▁myself .... D uring ▁the ▁three ▁years ▁I ▁was ▁an ▁I k ette , ▁I ▁never ▁witness ed ▁any ▁physical ▁ab use . ▁ ▁Post - I k ette ▁career ▁ ▁After ▁leaving ▁the ▁I k ettes ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 0 , ▁L enne ar ▁worked ▁with ▁many ▁acts ▁including ▁Hum ble ▁Pie ▁and ▁Joe ▁C ocker . ▁She ▁was ▁part ▁of ▁a ▁tri o ▁of ▁backup ▁sing ers ▁for ▁Del an ey ▁and ▁Bon nie , ▁that ▁also ▁included ▁R ita ▁C ool idge . ▁ ▁L enne ar ▁was ▁one ▁of ▁Leon ▁Russell ' s ▁Sh elter ▁People . ▁She ▁sang ▁back - up ▁vocals ▁on ▁Joe ▁C ocker ' s ▁ 1 9 7 0 ▁Mad ▁D ogs ▁and ▁English men ▁tour ▁and ▁live ▁album , ▁on ▁Leon ▁Russell ▁and ▁the ▁Sh elter ▁People , ▁released ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 1 ▁and ▁on ▁George ▁Harrison ' s ▁The ▁Con cert ▁for ▁Bang la ▁Des h . ▁Her ▁lead ▁vocal ▁live ▁recording ▁of ▁" Let ▁It ▁Be " ▁from ▁the ▁Mad ▁D ogs ▁and ▁English men ▁movie ▁was ▁the ▁B ▁side ▁of ▁Leon ▁Russell ' s ▁" Mad ▁D ogs ▁and ▁English men " ▁single ▁on ▁A & M ▁Records ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 1 . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 7 3 , ▁L enne ar ▁released ▁her ▁first ▁and ▁only ▁solo ▁album ▁for ▁Warner ▁B ros . ▁Records ▁entitled ▁P hew !. ▁She ▁had ▁a ▁bit |
▁part ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 7 4 ▁film ▁Th under bol t ▁and ▁Light foot , ▁playing ▁the ▁secretary ▁who ▁asks ▁Cl int ▁East wood ' s ▁character ▁for ▁his ▁Social ▁Security ▁number . ▁L enne ar ▁appeared ▁in ▁the ▁August ▁ 1 9 7 4 ▁issue ▁of ▁Play boy ▁magazine ▁in ▁a ▁p ict orial ▁entitled ▁" B rown ▁Sug ar ." ▁ ▁L enne ar ▁appeared ▁in ▁the ▁Academy ▁Award - win ning ▁document ary ▁ 2 0 ▁Fe et ▁from ▁St ard om ▁( 2 0 1 3 ), ▁which ▁premier ed ▁at ▁the ▁Sund ance ▁Film ▁Festival . ▁After ▁the ▁success ▁of ▁the ▁film , ▁David ▁B owie ▁contact ed ▁L enne ar ▁and ▁offered ▁to ▁write ▁songs ▁for ▁her ▁next ▁project . ▁▁ ▁Since ▁ 2 0 1 4 , ▁L enne ar ▁has ▁performed ▁and ▁recorded ▁in ▁Los ▁Angeles ▁with ▁The ▁New ▁Ash ▁Gro ve ▁Play ers ▁with ▁S ▁S ▁Jones ▁& ▁Claud ia ▁L enne ar . ▁They ▁have ▁performed ▁at ▁the ▁McC ab es ▁Gu itar ▁Sh op , ▁The ▁C off ee ▁Gallery , ▁the ▁Pas ad ena ▁Pav il ion ▁for ▁the ▁Perform ing ▁Arts , ▁and ▁The ▁Im prov ▁At ▁the ▁Lock n ' ▁Festival ▁on ▁September ▁ 1 1 , ▁ 2 0 1 5 , ▁L enne ar ▁performed ▁with ▁the ▁Ted esch i ▁Tru cks ▁Band , ▁R ita ▁C ool idge , ▁Leon ▁Russell ▁and ▁other ▁al umn i ▁from ▁the ▁ 1 9 7 0 ▁Joe |
▁C ocker ▁Mad ▁D ogs ▁and ▁English men ▁Tour ▁in ▁a ▁mem orial ▁concert ▁for ▁C ocker . ▁ ▁Academ ic ▁career ▁ ▁L enne ar ▁received ▁degrees ▁in ▁French ▁literature ▁and ▁art ▁history ▁from ▁P itzer ▁College . ▁She ▁began ▁teaching ▁first ▁in ▁high ▁school ▁and ▁then ▁at ▁M t . ▁San ▁Antonio ▁College , ▁where ▁she ▁teach es ▁French , ▁Spanish , ▁English ▁and ▁rem ed ial ▁math . ▁ ▁Acc ol ades ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 9 , ▁L enne ar ▁was ▁induct ed ▁in ▁the ▁Rh ode ▁Island ▁Music ▁Hall ▁of ▁Fame . ▁ ▁Personal ▁life ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 6 9 , ▁L enne ar ▁dated ▁M ick ▁J agger ▁when ▁I ke ▁& ▁T ina ▁Turner ▁were ▁the ▁opening ▁act ▁for ▁the ▁Rol ling ▁St ones ▁on ▁their ▁American ▁tour . ▁L enne ar ' s ▁relationships ▁with ▁M ick ▁J agger ▁and ▁David ▁B owie ▁are ▁often ▁c ited ▁as ▁insp iration ▁for ▁The ▁Rol ling ▁St ones ' ▁" B rown ▁Sug ar " ▁( 1 9 7 1 ) ▁and ▁B owie ' s ▁" L ady ▁Gr in ning ▁Soul " ▁( 1 9 7 3 ). ▁N ME ▁edit ors ▁Roy ▁Car r ▁and ▁Charles ▁Sh aar ▁Murray ▁noted ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 1 ▁that ▁she ▁was ▁" y et ▁to ▁reply ▁in ▁song ▁to ▁either ▁M ick ▁or ▁David ." ▁However , ▁in ▁a ▁ 1 9 7 3 ▁article ▁in ▁Rol ling ▁Stone , ▁she ▁was |
▁quoted ▁as ▁saying ▁that ▁she ▁wrote ▁the ▁song ▁" Not ▁At ▁All " ▁" to ▁inform ▁M ick ▁J agger ▁of ▁his ▁disp ens ability ". ▁ ▁Disc ography ▁ ▁Singles ▁ ▁Albums ▁ ▁As ▁a ▁solo ▁artist ▁ ▁As ▁an ▁I k ette ▁ ▁With ▁other ▁artists ▁ ▁Film ography / TV ▁appearances ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Official ▁Website ▁Claud ia ▁L enne ar ▁on ▁All Music ▁ ▁S inger ▁Claud ia ▁L enne ar ▁a ka ▁the ▁Rol ling ▁St ones ' ▁famous ▁Brown ▁Sug ar ; ▁audio ▁clip ▁from ▁Robert ▁El ms , ▁With ▁Jason ▁Sol om ons , ▁Claud ia ▁L enne ar , ▁Louis a ▁P est ell ▁and ▁Dr . ▁Robert , ▁BBC ▁London , ▁February ▁ 2 0 , ▁ 2 0 1 4 . ▁ ▁Category : American ▁female ▁sing ers ▁Category : 1 9 4 6 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : I ke ▁& ▁T ina ▁Turner ▁members ▁Category : Back ing ▁vocal ists ▁Category : A fr ican - American ▁female ▁sing ers ▁Category : American ▁school te ach ers ▁Category : A & M ▁Records ▁artists ▁Category : W ar ner ▁Records ▁artists ▁Category : American ▁rh ythm ▁and ▁bl ues ▁sing ers ▁Category : American ▁song writ ers ▁Category : American ▁soul ▁sing ers ▁Category : Sing ers ▁from ▁Rh ode ▁Island ▁Category : M uses ▁Category : A fr ican - American ▁female ▁singer - song writ ers ▁Category : S ong writ ers |
▁from ▁Rh ode ▁Island ▁Category : Sing ers ▁from ▁Los ▁Angeles ▁Category : S ong writ ers ▁from ▁California ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁Pom ona , ▁California ▁Category : Mus icians ▁from ▁Prov idence , ▁Rh ode ▁Island <0x0A> </s> ▁First ▁Pres by ter ian ▁Church ▁of ▁Wood ru ff ▁( W ood ru ff ▁Associ ate ▁Re formed ▁Pres by ter ian ▁Church ) ▁is ▁a ▁historic ▁church ▁at ▁ 3 0 0 ▁W . ▁Georgia ▁Street ▁in ▁Wood ru ff , ▁South ▁Carolina . ▁ ▁It ▁was ▁built ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 1 ▁and ▁added ▁to ▁the ▁National ▁Register ▁of ▁Historic ▁Places ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 5 . ▁ ▁On ▁January ▁ 4 , ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁the ▁First ▁Pres by ter ian ▁Church ▁of ▁Wood ru ff ▁( AR P ) ▁was ▁purchased ▁by ▁Paul ▁Kam iner ▁for ▁a ▁private ▁residence ▁named ▁Paul ' s ▁Palace . ▁ ▁The ▁building ▁was ▁restored ▁and ▁renov ated ▁during ▁a ▁ 5 - year ▁renov ation ▁project ▁into ▁the ▁lux ur ious ▁home ▁of ▁Paul ▁and ▁K atherine ▁Kam iner . ▁ ▁The ▁home ▁features ▁such ▁things ▁as ▁a ▁spir al ▁st air case ▁to ▁the ▁me zz an ine , ▁a ▁six - s ided ▁master ▁bed ▁chamber ▁with ▁ 1 4 ▁foot ▁ce iling , ▁a ▁dom ed ▁ce iling ▁over ▁the ▁formal ▁areas ▁with ▁pil aster s ▁in ▁each ▁room ▁and ▁ro set tes ▁for ▁decor , ▁and ▁a ▁master ▁bath ▁with ▁he ated ▁floor |
. ▁ ▁All ▁rooms ▁are ▁them ed ▁with ▁items ▁g lean ed ▁from ▁around ▁the ▁world ▁in ▁the ▁travel s ▁of ▁Paul ▁Kam iner ▁including ▁an ▁African - th emed ▁family ▁room , ▁an ▁I cel and ic - th emed ▁kitchen , ▁Oriental - th emed ▁formal ▁living room ▁and ▁d ining ▁room , ▁Native ▁American - th emed ▁par lor , ▁Goth ic - th emed ▁half ▁bath , ▁South ▁American ▁them ed - master ▁bath , ▁cal la ▁l ily - th emed ▁master ▁bed ▁chamber , ▁ang el - th emed ▁entry ▁hall ▁in ▁the ▁bell ▁tower , ▁and ▁other ▁them es ▁in ▁the ▁ 4 , 0 0 0 ▁sq . ▁ft . ▁home . ▁ ▁The ▁yards ▁are ▁ter rac ed ▁with ▁stat u ary ▁scattered ▁throughout ▁the ▁gard ens . ▁ ▁The ▁fully ▁private ▁back ▁yard ▁includes ▁a ▁hot - t ub . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : Pres by ter ian ▁churches ▁in ▁South ▁Carolina ▁Category : Ch urch es ▁on ▁the ▁National ▁Register ▁of ▁Historic ▁Places ▁in ▁South ▁Carolina ▁Category : G oth ic ▁Rev ival ▁church ▁buildings ▁in ▁South ▁Carolina ▁Category : Ch urch es ▁completed ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 1 ▁Category : 2 0 th - century ▁Pres by ter ian ▁church ▁buildings ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Category : Ch urch es ▁in ▁Spart an burg ▁County , ▁South ▁Carolina ▁Category : National ▁Register ▁of ▁Historic ▁Places ▁in ▁Spart an burg ▁County , ▁South ▁Carolina <0x0A> </s> ▁In ▁the ▁philosophy ▁of |
▁language , ▁the ▁notion ▁of ▁performance ▁concept ual izes ▁what ▁a ▁spoken ▁or ▁written ▁text ▁can ▁bring ▁about ▁in ▁human ▁interactions . ▁ ▁Historical ▁development ▁In ▁the ▁ 1 9 5 0 s ▁the ▁phil os opher ▁of ▁language ▁J . ▁L . ▁Austin ▁introduced ▁the ▁term ▁' perform ative ▁utter ance ' ▁to ▁make ▁clear ▁that ▁' to ▁say ▁something ▁is ▁to ▁do ▁something '. ▁ ▁Develop ing ▁this ▁idea , ▁sch ol ars ▁have ▁the or ized ▁on ▁the ▁relation ▁of ▁a ▁spoken ▁or ▁written ▁text ▁to ▁its ▁bro ader ▁context , ▁that ▁is ▁to ▁say ▁everything ▁outside ▁the ▁text ▁itself . ▁The ▁question ▁whether ▁a ▁perform ative ▁is ▁separ able ▁from ▁the ▁situation ▁it ▁emer ged ▁in ▁is ▁relevant ▁when ▁one ▁addresses ▁for ▁example ▁the ▁status ▁of ▁individual ▁intent ions ▁or ▁speech ▁as ▁a ▁resource ▁of ▁power . ▁There ▁are ▁two ▁main ▁theoretical ▁str ands ▁in ▁research ▁today . ▁One ▁emphas izes ▁the ▁pred et erm ined ▁convent ions ▁surrounding ▁a ▁perform ative ▁utter ance ▁and ▁the ▁clear ▁distinction ▁between ▁text ▁and ▁context . ▁Another ▁emphas izes ▁the ▁active ▁construction ▁of ▁reality ▁through ▁spoken ▁and ▁written ▁texts ▁and ▁is ▁related ▁to ▁theories ▁of ▁human ▁ag ency ▁and ▁disc ourse . ▁The ▁ideas ▁about ▁performance ▁and ▁text ▁have ▁contributed ▁to ▁the ▁perform ative ▁turn ▁in ▁the ▁social ▁sciences ▁and ▁human ities , ▁prov ing ▁their ▁method ological ▁use ▁for ▁example ▁in ▁the ▁interpretation ▁of ▁historical ▁texts . ▁ ▁Class ical ▁theories ▁Early ▁theories ▁acknow ledge ▁that ▁performance ▁and ▁text ▁are ▁both |
▁embedded ▁in ▁a ▁system ▁of ▁rules ▁and ▁that ▁the ▁effects ▁they ▁can ▁produce ▁depend ▁on ▁convention ▁and ▁rec urrence . ▁In ▁this ▁sense , ▁text ▁is ▁an ▁instance ▁of ▁' rest ored ▁behaviour ', ▁a ▁term ▁introduced ▁by ▁Richard ▁Sch ech ner ▁that ▁sees ▁performance ▁as ▁a ▁repeat able ▁rit ual . ▁ ▁The ▁focus ▁here ▁is ▁largely ▁on ▁individual ▁sentences ▁in ▁the ▁active ▁first ▁person ▁voice , ▁rather ▁than ▁on ▁politics ▁or ▁disc ourse . ▁The ▁s ynt act ical ▁anal ys es ▁are ▁firm ly ▁anch ored ▁in ▁analyt ical ▁ep ist em ology , ▁as ▁the ▁distinction ▁between ▁the ▁research ▁object ▁and ▁its ▁context ▁is ▁not ▁conce ived ▁as ▁problem atic . ▁ ▁Austin ▁J . ▁L . ▁Austin ▁introduced ▁the ▁perform ative ▁utter ance ▁as ▁an ▁additional ▁category ▁to ▁' const atives ', ▁statements ▁that ▁can ▁be ▁either ▁true ▁or ▁false . ▁ ▁Language ▁not ▁only ▁represents , ▁but ▁also ▁can ▁make ▁something ▁happen . ▁Austin ▁distingu ishes ▁between ▁two ▁types ▁of ▁perform ative ▁speech ▁acts . ▁The ▁il loc ution ary ▁act ▁is ▁concerned ▁with ▁what ▁an ▁actor ▁is ▁doing ▁in ▁saying ▁something ▁( e . g . ▁when ▁someone ▁says ▁' hello ', ▁he ▁is ▁gre eting ▁another ▁person ). ▁ ▁The ▁per loc ution ary ▁act ▁involves ▁the ▁un int ended ▁consequences ▁of ▁an ▁utter ance ▁and ▁refers ▁to ▁that ▁what ▁an ▁actor ▁is ▁doing ▁by ▁saying ▁something ▁( e . g . ▁when ▁someone ▁says ▁' hello ' ▁and ▁the ▁gre et ed ▁person ▁is |
▁sc ared ▁by ▁it ). ▁ ▁Every ▁perform ative ▁utter ance ▁has ▁its ▁own ▁procedure ▁and ▁ris ks ▁of ▁failure ▁that ▁Austin ▁calls ▁' inf el ic ities '. ▁ ▁He ▁sees ▁a ▁sharp ▁distinction ▁between ▁the ▁individual ▁text ▁and ▁the ▁' total ▁speech ▁act ▁situation ' ▁surrounding ▁it . ▁According ▁to ▁Austin , ▁in ▁order ▁to ▁successfully ▁perform ▁an ▁il loc ution ary ▁act , ▁certain ▁conditions ▁have ▁to ▁be ▁met ▁( e . g . ▁a ▁person ▁who ▁pron oun ces ▁a ▁marriage ▁must ▁be ▁author ized ▁to ▁do ▁so ). ▁ ▁Besides ▁the ▁context , ▁the ▁perform ative ▁utter ance ▁itself ▁is ▁un ambigu ous ▁as ▁well . ▁The ▁words ▁of ▁an ▁il loc ution ary ▁act ▁have ▁to ▁be ▁expressed ▁in ▁earnest ; ▁if ▁not , ▁Austin ▁disc ards ▁them ▁as ▁a ▁par as it ic ▁use ▁of ▁language . ▁ ▁S ear le ▁Building ▁on ▁Austin ' s ▁thought , ▁language ▁phil os opher ▁John ▁S ear le ▁tried ▁to ▁develop ▁his ▁own ▁account ▁of ▁speech ▁acts , ▁suggesting ▁that ▁these ▁acts ▁are ▁a ▁form ▁of ▁rule - g overn ed ▁behaviour . ▁ ▁On ▁the ▁one ▁hand , ▁S ear le ▁disc ern s ▁rules ▁that ▁merely ▁reg ulate ▁language , ▁such ▁as ▁referring ▁and ▁pred ic ating . ▁ ▁These ▁rules ▁account ▁for ▁the ▁' pro pos itional ▁content ' ▁of ▁our ▁sentences . ▁On ▁the ▁other ▁hand , ▁he ▁disc ern s ▁rules ▁that ▁are ▁constit utive ▁in ▁character ▁and ▁define ▁behaviour ▁( e . |
g . ▁when ▁we ▁make ▁a ▁promise ). ▁ ▁These ▁rules ▁are ▁the ▁convent ions ▁underlying ▁perform ative ▁utter ances ▁and ▁they ▁enable ▁us ▁not ▁only ▁to ▁represent ▁and ▁express ▁ourselves , ▁but ▁also ▁to ▁communicate . ▁ ▁This ▁focus ▁on ▁effect ▁implies ▁a ▁conscious ▁actor ▁and ▁S ear le ▁assumes ▁that ▁language ▁st ems ▁from ▁an ▁intr insic ▁intent ional ity ▁of ▁the ▁mind . ▁ ▁These ▁intent ions ▁set ▁the ▁pr ere quis ites ▁for ▁the ▁performance ▁of ▁speech ▁acts ▁and ▁S ear le ▁sets ▁out ▁to ▁map ▁their ▁necessary ▁and ▁sufficient ▁conditions . ▁ ▁Like ▁Austin , ▁he ▁thinks ▁in ▁terms ▁of ▁dem arc ated ▁context s ▁and ▁transparent ▁intent ions , ▁two ▁issues ▁that ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 7 0 s ▁led ▁him ▁into ▁po lem ics ▁with ▁post mod ern ▁think er ▁Jacques ▁Der r ida . ▁ ▁Post mod ern ist ▁theories ▁The ▁second ▁set ▁of ▁theories ▁on ▁performance ▁and ▁text ▁diver ged ▁from ▁the ▁tradition ▁represented ▁by ▁Austin ▁and ▁S ear le . ▁Bear ing ▁the ▁stamp ▁of ▁post mod ern ism , ▁it ▁states ▁that ▁neither ▁the ▁meaning , ▁nor ▁the ▁context ▁of ▁a ▁text ▁can ▁be ▁defined ▁in ▁its ▁entire ty . ▁Instead ▁of ▁emphas izing ▁lingu istic ▁rules , ▁sch ol ars ▁within ▁this ▁str and ▁stress ▁that ▁the ▁perform ative ▁utter ance ▁is ▁inter tw ined ▁with ▁structures ▁of ▁power . ▁Because ▁a ▁text ▁in ev it ably ▁changes ▁a ▁situation ▁or ▁disc ourse , ▁the ▁distinction ▁between ▁text ▁and ▁context |
▁is ▁bl ur red . ▁ ▁Der r ida ▁The ▁post mod ern ▁phil os opher ▁Jacques ▁Der r ida ▁holds ▁with ▁Austin ▁and ▁S ear le ▁that ▁by ▁il loc ution ary ▁force , ▁language ▁itself ▁can ▁transform ▁and ▁effect . ▁However , ▁he ▁critic izes ▁the ▁notion ▁of ▁' fel icity ▁conditions ' ▁and ▁the ▁idea ▁that ▁the ▁success ▁of ▁a ▁perform ative ▁utter ance ▁is ▁determined ▁by ▁convent ions . ▁Der r ida ▁values ▁the ▁distinct iveness ▁of ▁every ▁individual ▁speech ▁act , ▁because ▁it ▁has ▁a ▁specific ▁effect ▁in ▁the ▁particular ▁situation ▁in ▁which ▁it ▁is ▁performed . ▁It ▁is ▁because ▁of ▁this ▁effect ▁or ▁' bre aking ▁force ' ▁that ▁Der r ida ▁calls ▁the ▁possibility ▁of ▁repeating ▁a ▁text ▁' iter ability ', ▁a ▁word ▁derived ▁from ▁Latin ▁iter are , ▁to ▁repeat . ▁ ▁According ▁to ▁Der r ida , ▁the ▁effects ▁caused ▁by ▁a ▁perform ative ▁text ▁are ▁in ▁a ▁sense ▁also ▁part ▁of ▁it . ▁In ▁this ▁way , ▁the ▁distinction ▁between ▁a ▁text ▁and ▁that ▁what ▁is ▁outside ▁it ▁dissol ves . ▁For ▁this ▁reason ▁it ▁is ▁point less ▁to ▁try ▁to ▁define ▁the ▁context ▁of ▁a ▁speech ▁act . ▁Besides ▁the ▁consequ ential ▁effects , ▁the ▁dissol ution ▁of ▁the ▁text - context ▁divide ▁is ▁also ▁caused ▁by ▁iter ability . ▁Due ▁to ▁the ▁possibility ▁of ▁repet ition , ▁the ▁intent ions ▁of ▁an ▁individual ▁actor ▁can ▁never ▁be ▁fully ▁present ▁in ▁a ▁speech ▁act . ▁The ▁core ▁of ▁a ▁perform ative |
▁utter ance ▁is ▁therefore ▁not ▁constit uted ▁by ▁anim ating ▁intent ions , ▁as ▁Austin ▁and ▁S ear le ▁would ▁have ▁it , ▁but ▁by ▁the ▁structure ▁of ▁language . ▁ ▁Butler ▁The ▁phil os opher ▁Jud ith ▁Butler ▁offers ▁a ▁political ▁interpretation ▁of ▁the ▁concept ▁of ▁the ▁perform ative ▁utter ance . ▁Power ▁in ▁the ▁form ▁of ▁active ▁c ensor ship ▁defines ▁and ▁regul ates ▁the ▁domain ▁of ▁a ▁certain ▁disc ourse . ▁Ind eb ted ▁to ▁the ▁work ▁of ▁Michel ▁Fou ca ult , ▁Butler ▁exp ounds ▁how ▁subjects ▁are ▁produced ▁by ▁their ▁context , ▁because ▁the ▁possibilities ▁of ▁speech ▁are ▁pred et erm ined . ▁ ▁Not with standing ▁such ▁social ▁rest raint s , ▁Butler ▁unders c ores ▁the ▁possibility ▁of ▁ag ency . ▁The ▁boundaries ▁of ▁a ▁disc ourse ▁need ▁continuous ▁re - dem arc ation ▁and ▁this ▁is ▁where ▁speech ▁can ▁escape ▁its ▁con str iction . ▁The ▁emphas is ▁on ▁the ▁limits ▁of ▁what ▁is ▁allowed ▁to ▁be ▁said ▁also ▁frames ▁that ▁what ▁is ▁sil enced . ▁Perform ativity ▁has ▁a ▁political ▁aspect ▁that ▁consists ▁in ▁what ▁Der r ida ▁has ▁described ▁as ▁the ▁breaking ▁force , ▁by ▁which ▁an ▁utter ance ▁changes ▁its ▁context . ▁Butler ▁assign s ▁an ▁important ▁role ▁to ▁what ▁Austin ▁has ▁called ▁inf el ic ities ▁and ▁par as it ic ▁uses ▁of ▁language . ▁Qu ot ations , ▁par od ies ▁and ▁other ▁devi ations ▁from ▁official ▁disc ourse ▁can ▁become ▁instruments ▁of ▁power ▁that ▁affect ▁society . ▁ ▁Historical |
▁method ology ▁ ▁Sk inner ▁The ▁historian ▁Qu entin ▁Sk inner ▁developed ▁classical ▁and ▁post mod ern ▁theories ▁on ▁perform ative ▁texts ▁into ▁a ▁concrete ▁research ▁method . ▁Using ▁Austin ' s ▁voc ab ul ary , ▁he ▁see ks ▁to ▁recover ▁what ▁historical ▁authors ▁were ▁doing ▁in ▁writing ▁their ▁texts , ▁which ▁corresponds ▁with ▁the ▁performance ▁of ▁il loc ution ary ▁acts . ▁According ▁to ▁Sk inner , ▁philosoph ical ▁ideas ▁are ▁inter tw ined ▁with ▁claims ▁of ▁power . ▁Every ▁text ▁is ▁an ▁act ▁of ▁communication ▁that ▁positions ▁itself ▁in ▁relation ▁to ▁the ▁status ▁qu o ▁it ▁see ks ▁to ▁change . ▁ ▁Sk inner ▁agre es ▁with ▁Der r ida ▁that ▁context s ▁in ▁their ▁entire ty ▁are ▁irre tr iev able ▁but ▁never theless ▁states ▁that ▁there ▁is ▁a ▁relevant ▁context ▁outside ▁the ▁text ▁that ▁can ▁be ▁described ▁in ▁a ▁pla us ible ▁way . ▁Ext ensive ▁research ▁is ▁required ▁to ▁relate ▁historical ▁texts ▁to ▁their ▁contemporary ▁disc ourses . ▁According ▁to ▁Sk inner ▁' there ▁is ▁a ▁sense ▁in ▁which ▁we ▁need ▁to ▁understand ▁why ▁a ▁certain ▁proposition ▁has ▁been ▁put ▁forward ▁if ▁we ▁wish ▁to ▁understand ▁the ▁proposition ▁itself '. ▁He ▁values ▁ag ency ▁over ▁structure ▁and ▁str esses ▁the ▁importance ▁of ▁author ial ▁intent ions . ▁Sk inner ▁therefore ▁propos es ▁to ▁study ▁historical ▁sources ▁in ▁order ▁to ▁retrieve ▁the ▁conv ict ions ▁the ▁author ▁held , ▁reflect ▁on ▁their ▁coh er ence ▁and ▁investigate ▁possible ▁mot ives ▁for ▁the ▁il loc ution ary ▁act . |
▁This ▁practical ▁method ▁see ks ▁to ▁deal ▁with ▁the ▁bl ur red ▁distinction ▁between ▁text ▁and ▁context ▁and ▁offer ▁a ▁meaning ful ▁way ▁of ▁interpre ting ▁historical ▁reality . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁J . ▁L . ▁Austin ▁ ▁Jacques ▁Der r ida ▁ ▁John ▁S ear le ▁ ▁Jud ith ▁Butler ▁ ▁Perform ative ▁turn ▁ ▁Perform ative ▁utter ance ▁ ▁Perform ativity ▁ ▁Qu entin ▁Sk inner ▁ ▁Spe ech ▁act ▁ ▁Notes ▁ ▁Liter ature ▁ ▁Austin , ▁J . L ., ▁How ▁to ▁do ▁things ▁with ▁words , ▁the ▁William ▁James ▁L ect ures ▁delivered ▁at ▁Harvard ▁University ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 5 ▁( L onden ▁ 1 9 6 2 , ▁re vised ▁edition ▁ 1 9 6 7 ). ▁ ▁Butler , ▁Jud ith , ▁Ex c itable ▁speech , ▁a ▁politics ▁of ▁the ▁perform ative ▁( New ▁York ▁ 1 9 9 7 ). ▁ ▁Der r ida , ▁Jacques , ▁' Sign ature ▁Event ▁Context ' ▁in : ▁Limited ▁inc ▁( 1 9 8 8 ), ▁ 1 - 2 3 . ▁( first ▁published ▁in ▁G lyph ▁vol . ▁I , ▁ 1 9 7 7 ). ▁ ▁Sch ech ner , ▁Richard , ▁Performance ▁Studies , ▁an ▁Introduction ▁( New ▁York ▁ 2 0 0 6 ). ▁ ▁S ear le , ▁John ▁R ., ▁Intent ional ity , ▁an ▁ess ay ▁in ▁the ▁philosophy ▁of ▁mind ▁( C amb ridge ▁ 1 9 8 3 ). ▁ ▁S ear le , |
▁John ▁R ., ▁Spe ech ▁Act s , ▁an ▁ess ay ▁in ▁the ▁philosophy ▁of ▁language ▁( C amb ridge ▁ 1 9 7 4 , ▁ 1 st ▁print ▁ 1 9 6 9 ). ▁ ▁Sk inner , ▁Qu entin , ▁Vis ions ▁of ▁Polit ics , ▁vol . ▁ 1 ▁regarding ▁method ▁( C amb ridge ▁ 2 0 0 3 ). ▁ ▁Category : P rag mat ics ▁Category : Ph il osoph y ▁of ▁language <0x0A> </s> ▁State ▁Road ▁ 1 0 4 ▁( SR 1 0 4 ), ▁locally ▁known ▁as ▁D unn ▁Avenue , ▁is ▁a ▁ ▁state ▁highway ▁that ▁travel s ▁through ▁the ▁northern ▁part ▁of ▁Jackson ville ▁in ▁the ▁n ort he astern ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁U . S . ▁state ▁of ▁Florida . ▁It ▁connect s ▁US 1 / US 2 3 ▁with ▁US 1 7 . ▁ ▁Route ▁description ▁SR 1 0 4 ▁begins ▁at ▁the ▁intersection ▁of ▁D unn ▁Avenue ▁and ▁US 1 / US 2 3 , ▁where ▁SR 1 0 4 ▁takes ▁D unn ▁Avenue ▁east ward ▁into ▁sp ars ely - pop ulated ▁resident ial ▁port ions ▁of ▁Jackson ville . ▁East ▁of ▁the ▁inter change ▁with ▁Inter state ▁ 2 9 5 ▁( I - 2 9 5 ), ▁development ▁becomes ▁more ▁frequent , ▁with ▁wood lands ▁still ▁border ing ▁some ▁port ions ▁of ▁the ▁road . ▁The ▁road ▁becomes ▁more ▁commercial ▁in ▁nature , ▁with ▁some ▁wood lands |
▁on ▁the ▁road , ▁starting ▁at ▁the ▁intersection ▁with ▁SR 1 1 5 ▁( L em ▁Turner ▁Road ) ▁and ▁continu ing ▁to ▁head ▁east . ▁At ▁Ar ms dale ▁Road , ▁SR 1 0 4 ▁heads ▁south , ▁and ▁becomes ▁a ▁divided ▁road ▁at ▁R ut gers ▁Road , ▁and ▁heads ▁east ▁again ▁at ▁B isc ay ne ▁Bou lev ard , ▁where ▁at ▁that ▁point , ▁the ▁wood lands ▁all ▁but ▁disappear ▁from ▁the ▁road . ▁SR 1 0 4 ▁has ▁an ▁inter change ▁with ▁I - 9 5 , ▁continu ing ▁east ▁towards ▁its ▁eastern ▁termin us ▁of ▁US 1 7 , ▁where ▁former ▁SR 1 6 3 ▁used ▁to ▁continue ▁to ▁the ▁east . ▁ ▁Major ▁inter sections ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁▁▁▁▁ ▁List ▁of ▁state ▁roads ▁in ▁Florida ▁ ▁References ▁▁ 1 0 4 ▁ 1 0 4 ▁ 1 0 4 <0x0A> </s> ▁Marc ▁Eug ene ▁Lot ter ing ▁( born ▁ 4 ▁December ▁ 1 9 6 7 ) ▁is ▁a ▁stand - up ▁com ed ian ▁from ▁Cape ▁Town , ▁South ▁Africa , ▁and ▁grew ▁up ▁in ▁the ▁Ret re at ▁town ships ▁of ▁the ▁Cape ▁Fl ats . ▁ ▁His ▁first ▁show ▁was ▁titled ▁" AF TER ▁THE ▁BE EP " ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 7 . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 1 ▁he ▁won ▁the ▁V ita ▁Award ▁for ▁Best ▁A ctor ▁in ▁a ▁Com edy , ▁and ▁he ▁has ▁also ▁multiple ▁Fle ur ▁du ▁Cap ▁Awards |
. ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁he ▁was ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁B af un ny ▁B af un ny ▁show ▁at ▁the ▁Royal ▁Albert ▁Hall . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁he ▁married ▁his ▁partner ▁of ▁ten ▁years , ▁An war ▁McK ay . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 7 ▁he ▁st aged ▁a ▁musical ▁with ▁a ▁full ▁ensemble ▁and ▁original ▁music ▁called ▁" A un ty ▁Mer le ▁the ▁Musical " ▁- ▁the ▁show ▁ran ▁for ▁three ▁sold ▁out ▁seasons ▁in ▁Cape ▁Town ▁and ▁opened ▁for ▁a ▁season ▁in ▁Johannes burg ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 9 ▁which ▁was ▁well ▁received . ▁▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 9 ▁he ▁wrote ▁a ▁new ▁stand ▁up ▁show ▁entitled ▁" Not ▁A ▁Musical " ▁which ▁runs ▁in ▁Job urg ▁ 2 7 ▁May ▁- ▁ 9 ▁June ▁before ▁moving ▁to ▁Cape ▁Town ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : S outh ▁African ▁com ed ians ▁Category : 1 9 6 7 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people <0x0A> </s> ▁And r zej ▁Stanisław ▁Bl umen feld ▁( 1 2 ▁August ▁ 1 9 5 1 ▁in ▁Z ab rze ▁– ▁ 1 4 ▁August ▁ 2 0 1 7 ▁in ▁Wars aw ) ▁was ▁a ▁Polish ▁film , ▁television , ▁and ▁voice ▁actor ▁who ▁worked ▁for ▁S DI ▁Media ▁Pol ska . ▁ ▁Selected ▁film ography ▁Leg end ▁of ▁the ▁White ▁Hor se ▁( 1 9 8 7 ) ▁De kal og : ▁Four ▁( 1 9 8 8 ) |
▁K iler - ów ▁ 2 - ó ch ▁( 1 9 9 7 ) ▁The ▁P ian ist ▁( 2 0 0 2 ) ▁Pope ▁John ▁Paul ▁II ▁( 2 0 0 5 ) ▁O j cie c ▁Mate usz ▁( 2 0 1 2 ) ▁D elivery ▁Man ▁( 2 0 1 3 ) ▁Person a ▁Non ▁Gr ata ▁( 2 0 1 5 ) ▁ ▁Dub bing ▁roles ▁ ▁An imation ▁ ▁Television ▁ ▁The ▁Aven gers : ▁Earth ' s ▁M ight iest ▁Hero es ▁- ▁Le ader , ▁Mad ▁Think er , ▁Man - A pe ▁ ▁The ▁Bat man ▁- ▁Hugo ▁Str ange ▁ ▁Bat man : ▁The ▁Bra ve ▁and ▁the ▁B old ▁- ▁Kan jar ▁Ro , ▁Mer lin , ▁Sl ug , ▁Des per o , ▁Sh rap nel ▁ ▁G . I . ▁Joe : ▁Ren eg ades ▁- ▁Cob ra ▁Commander , ▁Gr anger ▁ ▁H ulk ▁and ▁the ▁Ag ents ▁of ▁S . M . A . S . H . ▁- ▁Ab om ination , ▁Super - S kr ull ▁ ▁Justice ▁League ▁Un limited ▁- ▁General ▁W ade ▁E iling , ▁A res ▁ ▁Mer ry ▁Mad agas car ▁- ▁Santa ▁Cla us ▁ ▁Spider - Man ▁- ▁Kra ven ▁the ▁Hunter ▁ ▁Video ▁games ▁ ▁After fall : ▁Ins an ity ▁- ▁Colonel ▁Henry k ▁Pot ock i ▁ ▁God ▁of ▁War : ▁Ghost ▁of ▁Spart a ▁- ▁Th an atos ▁ ▁G w ent : ▁The ▁W |
itch er ▁Card ▁Game ▁- ▁Sig ism und ▁D ijk stra ▁ ▁Inf am ous ▁ 2 ▁- ▁Joseph ▁Ber tr and ▁III ▁ ▁Sy ber ia ▁ 3 ▁- ▁Dr . ▁Hel mut ▁Mang ö ling ▁ ▁Un chart ed ▁- ▁Victor ▁S ull ivan ▁ ▁The ▁W itch er ▁- ▁ ▁Jacques ▁de ▁Ald ers berg ▁ ▁The ▁W itch er ▁ 2 : ▁Ass ass ins ▁of ▁Kings ▁- ▁Add itional ▁voices ▁ ▁The ▁W itch er ▁ 3 : ▁Wild ▁H unt ▁- ▁Sig ism und ▁D ijk stra ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁▁ ▁And r zej ▁Bl umen feld ▁at ▁Be hind ▁The ▁Vo ice ▁Act ors ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 5 1 ▁birth s ▁Category : 2 0 1 7 ▁death s ▁Category : Pol ish ▁male ▁voice ▁actors ▁Category : Pol ish ▁male ▁film ▁actors ▁Category : Pol ish ▁male ▁stage ▁actors ▁Category : Pol ish ▁male ▁television ▁actors ▁Category : 2 0 th - century ▁Polish ▁male ▁actors ▁Category : 2 1 st - century ▁Polish ▁male ▁actors ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁Z ab rze ▁Category : De ath s ▁from ▁cancer ▁in ▁Poland <0x0A> </s> ▁In ▁statistics , ▁m - separ ation ▁is ▁a ▁measure ▁of ▁dis connected ness ▁in ▁ancest ral ▁graphs ▁and ▁a ▁general ization ▁of ▁d - separ ation ▁for ▁directed ▁a cyc lic ▁graphs . ▁ ▁It ▁is ▁the ▁opposite ▁of ▁m - connected ness . ▁ ▁Suppose ▁G ▁is ▁an ▁ancest ral ▁graph . ▁For ▁given |
▁source ▁and ▁target ▁nodes ▁s ▁and ▁t ▁and ▁a ▁set ▁Z ▁of ▁nodes ▁in ▁G \{ s , ▁t }, ▁m - connected ness ▁can ▁be ▁defined ▁as ▁follows . ▁Consider ▁a ▁path ▁from ▁s ▁to ▁t . ▁An ▁intermediate ▁node ▁on ▁the ▁ ▁path ▁is ▁called ▁a ▁coll ider ▁if ▁both ▁edges ▁on ▁the ▁path ▁touch ing ▁it ▁are ▁directed ▁toward ▁the ▁node . ▁The ▁path ▁is ▁said ▁to ▁m - connect ▁the ▁nodes ▁s ▁and ▁t , ▁given ▁Z , ▁if ▁and ▁only ▁if : ▁every ▁non - coll ider ▁on ▁the ▁path ▁is ▁outside ▁Z , ▁and ▁for ▁each ▁coll ider ▁c ▁on ▁the ▁path , ▁either ▁c ▁is ▁in ▁Z ▁or ▁there ▁is ▁a ▁directed ▁path ▁from ▁c ▁to ▁an ▁element ▁of ▁Z . ▁If ▁s ▁and ▁t ▁cannot ▁be ▁m - connected ▁by ▁any ▁path ▁satisfying ▁the ▁above ▁conditions , ▁then ▁the ▁nodes ▁are ▁said ▁to ▁be ▁m - separ ated . ▁ ▁The ▁definition ▁can ▁be ▁extended ▁to ▁node ▁sets ▁S ▁and ▁T . ▁Specifically , ▁S ▁and ▁T ▁are ▁m - connected ▁if ▁each ▁node ▁in ▁S ▁can ▁be ▁m - connected ▁to ▁any ▁node ▁in ▁T , ▁and ▁are ▁m - separ ated ▁otherwise . ▁ ▁References ▁Dr ton , ▁Math ias ▁and ▁Thomas ▁Richard son . ▁Iter ative ▁Cond itional ▁F itting ▁for ▁Gaussian ▁An c est ral ▁Graph ▁Mod els . ▁ ▁Techn ical ▁Report ▁ 4 3 7 , ▁December ▁ 2 0 0 3 . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁d - |
separ ation ▁ ▁Category : Graph ical ▁models <0x0A> </s> ▁She y v and ▁is ▁a ▁village ▁in ▁the ▁general ▁area ▁areas ▁of ▁the ▁Mong as ht ▁& ▁Sh alu ▁Prote cted ▁Area ▁near ▁I ze h ▁in ▁Kh uz est an ▁Province , ▁Iran . ▁The ▁Kar un ▁River ▁borders ▁the ▁town ▁on ▁the ▁east ▁and ▁a ▁water fall ▁( She y v and ▁Water fall ) ▁is ▁located ▁ 4 km ▁away ▁as ▁it ▁pour s ▁into ▁a ▁lake . ▁The ▁area ▁is ▁pur port ed ▁to ▁include ▁a ▁Saf avid ▁era ▁inn ▁( Ab ass i ▁Inn ), ▁a ▁tomb , ▁d unge on , ▁and ▁Bar deg ary ▁ins cri ptions . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Category : Pop ulated ▁places ▁in ▁Kh uz est an ▁Province <0x0A> </s> ▁Kenneth ▁Ros kie ▁( Nov ember ▁ 2 9 , ▁ 1 9 2 0 ▁– ▁August ▁ 1 8 , ▁ 1 9 8 6 ) ▁was ▁a ▁player ▁in ▁the ▁National ▁Football ▁League . ▁He ▁was ▁draft ed ▁by ▁the ▁Green ▁Bay ▁Pack ers ▁in ▁the ▁thirty - second ▁round ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 9 4 3 ▁NFL ▁D raft . ▁Later ▁he ▁went ▁on ▁to ▁play ▁for ▁the ▁San ▁Francisco ▁ 4 9 ers ▁of ▁the ▁All - America ▁Football ▁Conference ▁before ▁splitting ▁the ▁ 1 9 4 8 ▁NFL ▁season ▁between ▁the ▁Pack ers ▁and ▁the ▁Detroit ▁L ions . ▁ ▁Ros kie ▁later ▁became ▁a ▁coach , ▁including ▁at ▁Washington ▁from ▁ |
1 9 5 1 ▁to ▁ 1 9 5 3 . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 2 0 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 9 8 5 ▁death s ▁Category : American ▁football ▁full back s ▁Category : Det roit ▁L ions ▁players ▁Category : Gre at ▁L akes ▁Navy ▁Blue jack ets ▁football ▁players ▁Category : Green ▁Bay ▁Pack ers ▁players ▁Category : San ▁Francisco ▁ 4 9 ers ▁( A AF C ) ▁players ▁Category : S outh ▁Carolina ▁Game co cks ▁football ▁players ▁Category : W ashington ▁H usk ies ▁football ▁coach es ▁Category : S ports people ▁from ▁Rock ford , ▁Illinois ▁Category : Play ers ▁of ▁American ▁football ▁from ▁Illinois <0x0A> </s> ▁Thomas ▁Fair f ax , ▁ 6 th ▁Lord ▁Fair f ax ▁of ▁Camer on ▁( 2 2 ▁October ▁ 1 6 9 3 9 ▁December ▁ 1 7 8 1 ) ▁was ▁a ▁Scottish ▁peer . ▁He ▁was ▁the ▁son ▁of ▁Thomas ▁Fair f ax , ▁ 5 th ▁Lord ▁Fair f ax ▁of ▁Camer on ▁and ▁of ▁Catherine , ▁daughter ▁of ▁Thomas ▁Cole pe per , ▁ 2 nd ▁Baron ▁Cole pe per . ▁ ▁The ▁only ▁resident ▁peer ▁in ▁late ▁colonial ▁America , ▁Fair f ax ▁admin ister ed ▁his ▁vast ▁Northern ▁Ne ck ▁Prop ri et ary ▁— ▁a ▁Virginia ▁land ▁grant ▁d ating ▁back ▁to ▁ 1 6 4 9 ▁— ▁from ▁his ▁w ilder ness ▁estate ▁at ▁Green way ▁Court , ▁Virginia . ▁Vari ous ▁place ▁names ▁in ▁Northern |
▁Virginia ▁and ▁the ▁Eastern ▁Pan handle ▁of ▁West ▁Virginia ▁are ▁named ▁for ▁him most ▁not ably ▁Fair f ax ▁County , ▁Virginia ▁and ▁the ▁independent ▁City ▁of ▁Fair f ax , ▁Virginia . ▁ ▁Early ▁life ▁Born ▁in ▁Kent , ▁England ▁at ▁Le eds ▁Castle ▁— ▁owned ▁by ▁his ▁mat ernal ▁C ul pe per ▁ancest ors ▁since ▁the ▁ 1 6 3 0 s ▁— ▁Lord ▁Fair f ax ▁succeeded ▁to ▁his ▁title ▁in ▁ 1 7 0 9 . ▁He ▁was ▁educated ▁at ▁Ori el ▁College , ▁Oxford ▁University ▁between ▁ 1 7 1 0 ▁and ▁ 1 7 1 3 ▁and ▁after ward ▁held ▁a ▁commission ▁in ▁the ▁Royal ▁Hor se ▁Gu ards ▁( 1 7 2 1 – 1 7 3 3 ). ▁He ▁was ▁a ▁contrib utor ▁to ▁the ▁early ▁newspaper ▁The ▁Spect ator . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 7 1 9 , ▁Fair f ax ▁came ▁into ▁possession ▁of ▁the ▁vast ▁C ul pe per ▁family ▁est ates ▁in ▁Virginia ' s ▁Northern ▁Ne ck ▁Prop ri et ary ▁between ▁the ▁R app ah ann ock ▁and ▁Pot om ac ▁R ivers . ▁These ▁lands ▁included ▁a ▁great ▁portion ▁of ▁the ▁Sh en ando ah ▁and ▁South ▁Branch ▁Pot om ac ▁valle ys , ▁in ▁all ▁consisting ▁of ▁some ▁ 5 , 2 8 2 , 0 0 0 ▁acres ▁( 2 1 , 3 8 0 km ²). ▁Str ugg ling ▁to ▁keep ▁up ▁an ▁expensive ▁l ifest yle ▁and ▁maintain ▁Le eds ▁Castle , |
▁Fair f ax ▁re lied ▁on ▁the ▁income ▁from ▁his ▁Virginia ▁tract , ▁both ▁from ▁the ▁sale ▁of ▁land ▁and ▁the ▁annual ▁quit ▁r ents , ▁paid ▁by ▁plan ters ▁who ▁settled ▁in ▁the ▁Northern ▁Ne ck . ▁ ▁These ▁r ents ▁were ▁collected ▁by ▁his ▁resident ▁land ▁agent , ▁Robert ▁" K ing " ▁Carter ▁( 1 6 6 2 – 1 7 3 2 ). ▁In ▁the ▁fall ▁of ▁ 1 7 3 2 , ▁Fair f ax ▁read ▁Carter ' s ▁ob itu ary ▁in ▁the ▁London ▁month ly ▁The ▁Gent le man ' s ▁Magazine ▁and ▁was ▁aston ished ▁to ▁read ▁of ▁the ▁vast ▁personal ▁wealth ▁Carter ▁had ▁accum ulated , ▁which ▁included ▁£ 1 0 , 0 0 0 ▁in ▁c ash : ▁this ▁at ▁a ▁time ▁when ▁the ▁Governor ▁of ▁Virginia ▁was ▁paid ▁an ▁annual ▁sal ary ▁of ▁£ 2 0 0 . ▁R ather ▁than ▁appoint ▁another ▁Virgin ian ▁to ▁the ▁position , ▁Lord ▁Fair f ax ▁arranged ▁to ▁have ▁his ▁cousin ▁Colonel ▁William ▁Fair f ax ▁move ▁in ▁ 1 7 3 4 ▁from ▁Massachusetts ▁to ▁Virginia ▁to ▁serve ▁as ▁his ▁resident ▁land ▁agent . ▁ ▁In ▁North ▁America ▁Lord ▁Fair f ax ▁travel led ▁to ▁Virginia ▁for ▁the ▁first ▁time ▁between ▁ 1 7 3 5 ▁and ▁ 1 7 3 7 ▁to ▁inspect ▁and ▁protect ▁his ▁lands . ▁In ▁ 1 7 3 8 , ▁about ▁thirty ▁far ms ▁were ▁established ▁as ▁part ▁of ▁his ▁ ▁P atter son ▁Creek ▁Man or ▁near |
▁present - day ▁Bur ling ton , ▁Min eral ▁County , ▁West ▁Virginia . ▁The ▁north western ▁boundary ▁of ▁his ▁Northern ▁Ne ck ▁Prop ri et ary , ▁which ▁had ▁been ▁cont ested ▁by ▁the ▁English ▁Priv y ▁Council , ▁was ▁marked ▁in ▁ 1 7 4 6 ▁by ▁the ▁" F air f ax ▁Stone " ▁at ▁the ▁head w aters ▁of ▁the ▁North ▁Branch ▁Pot om ac ▁River . ▁Return ing ▁to ▁America ▁in ▁ 1 7 4 7 , ▁he ▁first ▁settled ▁at ▁Bel voir ▁( present - day ▁Fort ▁Bel voir ), ▁an ▁estate ▁which ▁had ▁been ▁completed ▁by ▁Col . ▁Fair f ax ▁six ▁years ▁earlier . ▁That ▁year ▁he ▁also ▁set ▁aside ▁land ▁for ▁his ▁personal ▁use ▁at ▁Sw an ▁P ond ▁Man or ▁( located ▁near ▁present - day ▁Mart ins burg , ▁Ber keley ▁County , ▁West ▁Virginia ). ▁He ▁then ▁became ▁active ▁in ▁developing ▁his ▁lands ▁and ▁collect ing ▁ground ▁r ents . ▁ ▁Fair f ax ▁was ▁the ▁only ▁resident ▁peer ▁in ▁the ▁Th ir teen ▁Col on ies . ▁In ▁ 1 7 4 8 , ▁he ▁made ▁the ▁acquaint ance ▁of ▁George ▁Washington , ▁then ▁a ▁youth ▁of ▁ 1 6 , ▁a ▁distant ▁relative ▁of ▁the ▁York shire ▁Fair f ax ▁family . ▁Im pressed ▁with ▁Washington ' s ▁energy ▁and ▁tal ents , ▁Lord ▁Fair f ax ▁employed ▁him ▁( W ashington ' s ▁first ▁employ ment ) ▁to ▁survey ▁his ▁lands ▁lying ▁west ▁of ▁the ▁Blue ▁R idge |
. ▁ ▁Fair f ax , ▁a ▁lif el ong ▁b ach elor , ▁moved ▁out ▁to ▁the ▁Sh en ando ah ▁Valley ▁in ▁ 1 7 5 2 . ▁At ▁the ▁suggestion ▁of ▁his ▁nep hew ▁Thomas ▁Bry an ▁Martin , ▁he ▁fixed ▁his ▁residence ▁at ▁a ▁hunting ▁l odge ▁at ▁Green way ▁Court , ▁near ▁White ▁Post , ▁Clar ke ▁County . ▁ ▁Here ▁he ▁and ▁Martin ▁lived ▁together ▁in ▁a ▁style ▁of ▁liberal ▁hospital ity , ▁frequently ▁indul ging ▁in ▁the ▁di version ▁of ▁the ▁ch ase . ▁He ▁served ▁as ▁county ▁lieutenant ▁and ▁as ▁justice ▁of ▁the ▁peace ▁for ▁Frederick ▁County ▁which ▁then ▁included ▁Clar ke . ▁ ▁Though ▁an ▁av owed ▁Lo yal ist , ▁Fair f ax ▁kept ▁quiet ▁and ▁was ▁known ▁to ▁be ▁close ▁to ▁Washington . ▁He ▁was ▁never ▁ins ult ed ▁or ▁mol ested . ▁ ▁Title ▁to ▁his ▁domain , ▁however , ▁was ▁conf isc ated ▁during ▁the ▁host ilities ▁by ▁the ▁Virginia ▁Act ▁of ▁ 1 7 7 9 . ▁Less ▁than ▁two ▁months ▁after ▁the ▁ 1 7 8 1 ▁defeat ▁of ▁the ▁British ▁army ▁at ▁York town , ▁the ▁ 8 8 - year - old ▁Fair f ax ▁died ▁at ▁his ▁seat ▁at ▁Green way ▁Court . ▁He ▁was ▁buried ▁on ▁the ▁east ▁side ▁of ▁Christ ▁Church ▁( E pis cop al ) ▁in ▁Win chester , ▁Virginia . ▁ ▁Leg acy ▁Lord ▁Fair f ax ' s ▁title ▁desc ended ▁to ▁his ▁only ▁surv iving ▁brother , ▁Robert |
▁Fair f ax , ▁ 7 th ▁Lord ▁Fair f ax ▁of ▁Camer on , ▁who ▁died ▁at ▁Le eds ▁Castle ▁in ▁ 1 7 9 3 . ▁Since , ▁but ▁for ▁the ▁war , ▁his ▁immense ▁domain ▁should ▁also ▁have ▁passed ▁to ▁Robert ▁Fair f ax , ▁the ▁latter ▁was ▁awarded ▁£ 1 3 , 7 5 8 ▁in ▁ 1 7 9 2 , ▁by ▁Act ▁of ▁Parliament ▁for ▁the ▁relief ▁of ▁American ▁Lo yal ists . ▁A ▁portion ▁of ▁this ▁estate , ▁de vised ▁to ▁nep hew ▁Den ny ▁Martin ▁Fair f ax , ▁was ▁later ▁the ▁subject ▁of ▁the ▁land mark ▁U . S . ▁Supreme ▁Court ▁case ▁Martin ▁v . ▁Hunter ' s ▁Les see ▁( 1 8 1 6 ). ▁Fair f ax ▁County , ▁Virginia ▁and ▁the ▁City ▁of ▁Fair f ax , ▁Virginia ▁are ▁named ▁for ▁Lord ▁Fair f ax . ▁Fair f ax ▁and ▁Camer on ▁Stre ets ▁in ▁Alexand ria , ▁Virginia ▁are ▁named ▁for ▁Lord ▁Fair f ax . ▁The ▁town ' s ▁first ▁survey ▁map ▁was ▁made ▁in ▁ 1 7 4 9 ▁by ▁Lord ▁Fair f ax ' s ▁young ▁prote ge ▁George ▁Washington . ▁▁ ▁Fair f ax , ▁West ▁Virginia ▁is ▁named ▁for ▁Lord ▁Fair f ax . ▁The ▁Fair f ax ▁Line ▁and ▁Fair f ax ▁Stone ▁both ▁bear ▁Lord ▁Fair f ax ' s ▁name . ▁Lord ▁Fair f ax ▁Community ▁College ▁be ars ▁his ▁name . ▁The ▁Sw an ▁P ond ▁Man or ▁Historic ▁District |
▁en comp ass es ▁land ▁Lord ▁Fair f ax ▁set ▁aside ▁in ▁ 1 7 4 7 ▁for ▁his ▁personal ▁use . ▁Fair f ax ▁dep ended ▁on ▁hundreds ▁of ▁slaves ▁who ▁worked ▁among ▁his ▁ 3 0 ▁Virginia ▁plant ations . ▁He ▁was ▁active ▁in ▁trad ing ▁slaves ▁and , ▁despite ▁his ▁age , ▁he ▁proud ly ▁participated ▁in ▁a ▁" l ittle ▁talked ▁about " ▁activity ▁called ▁" bed ding ▁down ▁with ▁a ▁negro ▁wen ch " ▁for ▁which ▁Lord ▁Fair f ax ▁would ▁pay ▁a ▁fee ▁to ▁the ▁person ▁who ▁supplied ▁the ▁" wen ch ". ▁ ▁Notes ▁ ▁Dictionary ▁of ▁American ▁Biography ▁Men ▁of ▁the ▁Time ▁by ▁Francis ▁S . ▁Dra ke ; ▁Boston : ▁James ▁R . ▁Os good ▁and ▁Company , ▁ 1 8 7 2 ▁Conc ise ▁Dictionary ▁of ▁American ▁Biography ; ▁ed . ▁Joseph ▁G . E . ▁Hop kins ; ▁Charles ▁S cri b ner ' s ▁S ons , ▁New ▁York , ▁ 1 9 6 4 ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁▁ ▁C ul pe pper ▁Con ne ctions ! ▁The ▁C ul pe pper ▁Family ▁History ▁Site ▁▁ ▁Category : 1 6 9 3 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 7 8 1 ▁death s ▁Category : 1 8 th - century ▁American ▁Epis cop ali ans ▁Category : Alex and ria , ▁Virginia ▁Category : Al umn i ▁of ▁Ori el ▁College , ▁Oxford ▁Category : American ▁land own ers ▁Category : Lo yal ists ▁in ▁the ▁American ▁Revolution ▁from ▁Virginia ▁Category : |
American ▁people ▁of ▁English ▁descent ▁Category : American ▁people ▁of ▁Scottish ▁descent ▁Category : American ▁plan ters ▁Category : B rit ish ▁North ▁American ▁Ang lic ans ▁Category : C ul pe per ▁family ▁Category : F air f ax ▁County , ▁Virginia ▁Thomas ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁Clar ke ▁County , ▁Virginia ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁the ▁Bor ough ▁of ▁Ma id stone ▁Category : Sc ott ish ▁representative ▁pe ers ▁Category : English ▁people ▁of ▁Dutch ▁descent ▁Category : American ▁people ▁of ▁Dutch ▁descent ▁Category : K ing dom ▁of ▁England ▁em igr ants ▁to ▁the ▁Th ir teen ▁Col on ies ▁Category : B ur ial s ▁in ▁Virginia ▁Category : American ▁slave ▁own ers ▁Category : L ords ▁Fair f ax ▁of ▁Camer on <0x0A> </s> ▁K ale idos cope ▁is ▁an ▁American ▁female ▁Christian ▁music ▁pop ▁du o ▁of ▁C amm ie ▁A vers ▁and ▁Natal ie ▁Brown , ▁who ▁play ▁a ▁Christian ▁pop ▁and ▁worship ▁style ▁of ▁music . ▁They ▁originally ▁met ▁while ▁they ▁were ▁att ending ▁Bel mont ▁University ▁in ▁Nash ville , ▁Tennessee . ▁Their ▁first ▁extended ▁play , ▁K ale idos cope , ▁was ▁released ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 5 . ▁ ▁Background ▁C amm ie ▁A vers ▁was ▁born ▁Cam ary n ▁Elizabeth ▁Rog ers , ▁on ▁November ▁ 1 3 , ▁ 1 9 8 8 , ▁in ▁Detroit , ▁Michigan , ▁the ▁daughter ▁of ▁John ▁Craig ▁and ▁Pat ric ia ▁E . ▁Rog ers ▁( née , ▁Wh |
ites ide ), ▁while ▁she ▁grew ▁up ▁in ▁Fort ▁W orth , ▁Texas , ▁eventually ▁marry ing ▁her ▁high ▁school ▁boy friend , ▁Steven ▁A vers , ▁who ▁is ▁a ▁medical ▁doctor . ▁ ▁Natal ie ▁Brown ▁was ▁born ▁Natal ie ▁Marie ▁Mc Donald , ▁on ▁December ▁ 2 2 , ▁ 1 9 8 9 , ▁in ▁Los ▁G atos , ▁California , ▁the ▁daughter ▁of ▁a ▁lawyer , ▁Edward ▁Court , ▁Jr . ▁and ▁Mary ▁Mc Donald ▁( née , ▁Simon ), ▁while ▁she ▁grew ▁up ▁with ▁two ▁older ▁brothers , ▁eventually ▁marry ing ▁her ▁boy friend ▁of ▁two ▁years , ▁Case y ▁Brown , ▁a ▁Christian ▁music ▁song writer ▁and ▁producer . ▁ ▁They ▁both ▁met ▁while ▁they ▁were ▁students ▁at ▁Bel mont ▁University ▁in ▁Nash ville , ▁Tennessee , ▁where ▁they ▁were ▁and ▁still ▁are ▁best ▁friends ▁while ▁going ▁to ▁university ▁together . ▁They ▁started ▁profession ally ▁recording ▁music ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 4 . ▁ ▁Music ▁history ▁The ▁du o ▁started ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 4 , ▁with ▁their ▁first ▁extended ▁play , ▁K ale idos cope , ▁that ▁was ▁released ▁on ▁September ▁ 1 , ▁ 2 0 1 5 , ▁independently . ▁ ▁M embers ▁ ▁Cam ary n ▁Elizabeth ▁" C amm ie " ▁A vers ▁( née ; ▁Rog ers , ▁born ▁November ▁ 1 3 , ▁ 1 9 8 8 ▁in ▁Detroit , ▁Michigan ) ▁ ▁Natal ie ▁Marie ▁Brown ▁( née , ▁Mc Donald , ▁born ▁December ▁ 2 |
2 , ▁ 1 9 8 9 , ▁in ▁Los ▁G atos , ▁California ) ▁ ▁Disc ography ▁EP s ▁ ▁K ale idos cope ▁( Se ptember ▁ 1 , ▁ 2 0 1 5 ) ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Official ▁website ▁ ▁Category : American ▁musical ▁du os ▁Category : Mus ical ▁groups ▁from ▁Nash ville , ▁Tennessee ▁Category : 2 0 1 4 ▁establish ments ▁in ▁Tennessee ▁Category : Mus ical ▁groups ▁established ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 4 <0x0A> </s> ▁Call um ▁Bur rows ▁( born ▁ 3 0 ▁March ▁ 1 9 9 5 ), ▁known ▁profession ally ▁as ▁Saint ▁Raymond , ▁is ▁a ▁ ▁singer - song writer ▁ ▁from ▁Not ting ham . ▁He ▁has ▁released ▁one ▁album , ▁four ▁EP s ▁and ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁singles . ▁ ▁Early ▁career ▁Bur rows ▁grew ▁up ▁in ▁Br am c ote , ▁Not ting ham . ▁He ▁took ▁the ▁' Saint ▁Raymond ' ▁name ▁from ▁the ▁street ▁that ▁he ▁grew ▁up ▁on ▁and ▁his ▁grand father ' s ▁name . ▁ ▁He ▁began ▁his ▁career ▁playing ▁small ▁gig s ▁and ▁open ▁mic ▁night s ▁around ▁Not ting ham ▁before ▁gain ing ▁popular ity ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁when ▁he ▁released ▁his ▁self ▁p enn ed , ▁debut ▁extended ▁play ▁" E sc ap ade " ▁on ▁Gab ri elle ▁A pl in ' s ▁Never ▁F ade ▁Records . ▁It ▁featured ▁heavily ▁in ▁the ▁i T unes ▁album ▁chart ▁upon ▁its ▁release ▁and |
▁the ▁lead ▁track ▁" F all ▁At ▁Your ▁Fe et " ▁was ▁promoted ▁as ▁i T unes ▁Single ▁of ▁the ▁Week . ▁ ▁Bur rows ▁received ▁early ▁support ▁from ▁BBC ▁Int rodu cing ▁and ▁after ▁a ▁successful ▁slot ▁on ▁the ▁BBC ▁Int rodu cing ▁Stage ▁at ▁Reading ▁and ▁Le eds ▁Festival ▁in ▁August ▁ 2 0 1 3 , ▁it ▁was ▁announced ▁that ▁Bur rows ▁had ▁signed ▁a ▁major ▁record ▁deal ▁with ▁As yl um ▁Records . ▁ ▁Bur rows ▁emb ark ed ▁on ▁a ▁head line ▁tour ▁in ▁the ▁UK ▁and ▁Ireland ▁in ▁September ▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁before ▁announ cing ▁in ▁October ▁that ▁he ▁would ▁be ▁supporting ▁Californ ian ▁girl ▁band ▁Ha im ▁on ▁their ▁sold ▁out ▁UK ▁and ▁European ▁tour ▁in ▁December . ▁ ▁In ▁January ▁ 2 0 1 4 , ▁Bur rows ▁released ▁his ▁second ▁EP ▁" You ng ▁Blood " ▁on ▁ind ie ▁label ▁National ▁Anth em . ▁The ▁title ▁track ▁featured ▁as ▁Z ane ▁L owe ’ s ▁" H ott est ▁Record ▁in ▁The ▁World ". ▁ ▁Bur rows ▁was ▁invited ▁to ▁perform ▁a ▁live ▁session ▁in ▁Ma ida ▁V ale ▁Studios ▁for ▁BBC ▁Radio ▁ 1 ▁and ▁Z ane ▁L owe ▁in ▁January ▁ 2 0 1 4 . ▁ ▁Ed ▁She er an ▁Tour ▁and ▁Young ▁Blood ▁In ▁April ▁ 2 0 1 4 , ▁Bur rows ▁was ▁announced ▁as ▁the ▁opening ▁act ▁for ▁Ed ▁She er an ' s ▁three ▁month ▁Aut umn ▁Mult ip ly ▁Tour ▁in ▁the ▁UK ▁and |
▁Europe . ▁ ▁Bur rows ▁released ▁his ▁third ▁EP ▁' G hosts ' ▁on ▁As yl um ▁Records ▁in ▁May ▁ 2 0 1 4 . ▁Le ad ▁track ▁' Every thing ▁She ▁W ants ' ▁and ▁its ▁subsequent ▁rem ix ▁by ▁art ▁rock ▁band ▁Everything ▁Everything ▁were ▁both ▁made ▁' H ott est ▁Records ' ▁on ▁Z ane ▁L owe ' s ▁ ▁BBC ▁Radio ▁ 1 ▁show . ▁ ▁In ▁September ▁ 2 0 1 4 , ▁Bur rows ▁announced ▁that ▁he ▁was ▁working ▁on ▁his ▁debut ▁album ▁Young ▁Blood ▁with ▁the ▁Irish ▁music ▁producer ▁Jack n ife ▁Lee ▁( U 2 , ▁B loc ▁Party , ▁Kas ab ian ). ▁ ▁The ▁album ▁was ▁released ▁on ▁ 3 ▁July ▁ 2 0 1 5 ▁on ▁As yl um ▁Records ▁and ▁it ▁reached ▁no . ▁ 8 ▁in ▁the ▁UK ▁album ▁chart . ▁ ▁In ▁November ▁ 2 0 1 5 , ▁" You ng ▁Blood " ▁was ▁released ▁as ▁a ▁D LC ▁track ▁for ▁Rock ▁Band ▁ 4 , ▁exclus ively ▁bund led ▁with ▁Ed ▁She er an ' s ▁" Sing " ▁as ▁a ▁special ▁edition . ▁ ▁Following ▁the ▁release ▁of ▁his ▁new ▁album , ▁Bur rows ▁went ▁on ▁a ▁solo ▁head line ▁tour ▁in ▁the ▁UK ▁in ▁November ▁and ▁December ▁ 2 0 1 5 , ▁during ▁which ▁he ▁performed ▁his ▁new ▁song ▁called ▁We ▁Are ▁Fire . ▁ ▁Disc ography ▁ ▁Albums ▁Young ▁Blood ▁( J uly ▁ 2 0 1 5 ) ▁UK ▁# 8 |
▁ ▁Ext ended ▁plays ▁Esc ap ade ▁( A pril ▁ 2 0 1 3 ) ▁Young ▁Blood ▁( J anu ary ▁ 2 0 1 4 ) ▁ ▁G hosts ▁( May ▁ 2 0 1 4 ) ▁A ▁Light ▁That ▁Bl inds ▁( Nov ember ▁ 2 0 1 7 ) ▁ 3 ▁( M arch ▁ 2 0 1 9 ) ▁ ▁Singles ▁ ▁" You ng ▁Blood " ▁( J anu ary ▁ 2 0 1 4 ) ▁UK ▁# 5 8 ▁ ▁" Every thing ▁She ▁W ants " ▁( May ▁ 2 0 1 4 ) ▁ ▁" I ▁W ant ▁You " ▁( August ▁ 2 0 1 4 ) ▁# 7 6 ▁ ▁" F all ▁At ▁Your ▁Fe et " ▁( Dec ember ▁ 2 0 1 4 ) ▁ ▁" Come ▁Back ▁to ▁You " ▁( A pril ▁ 2 0 1 5 ) ▁ ▁" Be ▁There " ▁( May ▁ 2 0 1 5 ) ▁ ▁" Don ' t ▁Fail ▁Me ▁Now " ▁( J une ▁ 2 0 1 5 ) ▁ ▁" Oh ▁Bro ther " ▁( J anu ary ▁ 2 0 1 7 ) ▁ ▁" N ight c raw ling " ▁( Oct ober ▁ 2 0 1 7 ) ▁ ▁" We ▁Are ▁Fire " ▁( Nov ember ▁ 2 0 1 7 ) ▁ ▁" Dan cing " ▁( May ▁ 2 0 1 8 ) ▁ ▁" Car ried ▁A way " |
▁( J une ▁ 2 0 1 8 ) ▁ ▁" One ▁More ▁Night " ▁( August ▁ 2 0 1 8 ) ▁ ▁" E cho " ▁( Oct ober ▁ 2 0 1 8 ) ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : English ▁singer - song writ ers ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : 1 9 9 5 ▁birth s ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁Br am c ote ▁Category : 2 1 st - century ▁English ▁sing ers <0x0A> </s> ▁Horn ell sv ille ▁can ▁refer ▁to : ▁▁ ▁The ▁town ▁( town ship ) ▁of ▁Horn ell sv ille , ▁New ▁York ▁ ▁Until ▁ 1 9 0 6 , ▁the ▁city ▁of ▁Horn ell , ▁New ▁York ▁was ▁also ▁named ▁Horn ell sv ille . <0x0A> </s> ▁Lin um ▁strict um , ▁commonly ▁known ▁as ▁rig id ▁fla x , ▁u pr ight ▁fla x , ▁and ▁u pr ight ▁yellow ▁fla x , ▁is ▁a ▁species ▁of ▁fla x ▁that ▁has ▁a ▁rig id ▁stem , ▁from ▁wh ence ▁it ▁der ives ▁its ▁tax onom ic ▁name , ▁growing ▁to ▁a ▁height ▁of ▁ 1 0 – 4 5 ▁cm . ▁The ▁plant ▁is ▁en demic ▁to ▁the ▁Mediter rane an ▁region , ▁and ▁features ▁highly ▁in ▁classical ▁Heb rew ▁and ▁Greek ▁literature , ▁ow ing ▁princip ally ▁to ▁its ▁cultiv ation ▁for ▁its ▁plant ▁fi ber , ▁lin en , ▁but ▁also ▁for ▁its ▁ed ible ▁se eds ▁and ▁cul inary ▁fol i age . ▁ ▁Hab |
itat ▁Lin um ▁strict um ▁pre fers ▁well - light ed ▁habit ats , ▁mostly ▁in ▁dry ▁hills , ▁sand y ▁and ▁rock y ▁places , ▁and ▁v ine y ards . ▁Its ▁range ▁is ▁from ▁southern ▁Europe ▁and ▁North ▁Africa , ▁all ▁along ▁the ▁Mediter rane an ▁as ▁far ▁as ▁the ▁Lev ant , ▁and ▁east ▁to ▁Afghan istan ▁and ▁Iran . ▁ ▁Description ▁Lin um ▁strict um ▁is ▁a ▁ther oph y te ▁( ann ual ), ▁one ▁of ▁many ▁annual ▁plants ▁that ▁complete ▁their ▁lives ▁rapidly ▁in ▁favor able ▁conditions ▁and ▁surv ive ▁the ▁unf avor able ▁cold ▁or ▁dry ▁season ▁in ▁the ▁form ▁of ▁se eds . ▁In ▁the ▁Lev ant , ▁the ▁plant ▁bl oss oms ▁between ▁February ▁and ▁May ; ▁the ▁flowers ▁being ▁of ▁a ▁light ▁yellow ▁colour , ▁each ▁bearing ▁ 5 ▁sep als ▁( 4 - 6 ▁mm ) ▁and ▁ 5 ▁pet als ▁( 6 - 1 2 ▁mm ), ▁with ▁ 5 ▁stam ens , ▁and ▁having ▁a ▁g yn oe ci um ▁bearing ▁five ▁connected ▁styles ▁running ▁length wise . ▁Its ▁st ig mas ▁are ▁cap itate , ▁res emb ling ▁the ▁head ▁of ▁a ▁pin . ▁The ▁plant ▁be ars ▁ov ate - l ance olate ▁leaves , ▁with ▁marg ins ▁min utely ▁ser r ulate , ▁very ▁rough , ▁often ▁in rolled . ▁ ▁The ▁fruit ▁is ▁a ▁symmet rical ▁drum - sh aped ▁caps ule , ▁remaining ▁dry ▁as ▁it ▁rest s ▁closely ▁against ▁the ▁mother ▁plant ▁for ▁many |
▁months , ▁until ▁the ▁se eds ▁there in ▁gradually ▁scatter . ▁ ▁The ▁species ▁is ▁divided ▁into ▁the ▁following ▁sub species : ▁Lin um ▁strict um ▁sub sp . ▁sp ic atum , ▁which ▁grows ▁chief ly ▁in ▁Cy pr us , ▁Lin um ▁strict um ▁sub sp . ▁strict um , ▁and ▁Lin um ▁strict um ▁sub sp . ▁rac emos um . ▁ ▁References ▁in ▁classical ▁literature ▁F lax ▁lin en ▁was ▁grown ▁princip ally ▁for ▁its ▁plant ▁fi ber ▁used ▁in ▁making ▁lin en ▁cloth , ▁its ▁production ▁thought ▁to ▁be ▁essential ▁for ▁the ▁text ile ▁industry ▁of ▁that ▁time . ▁According ▁to ▁the ▁M ish nah ▁( B aba ▁K ama ▁ 1 0 : 9 ), ▁in ▁ 2 nd - century ▁Palest ine , ▁women ▁were ▁the ▁primary ▁sell ers ▁of ▁w ool ▁in ▁J ude a , ▁while ▁they ▁sold ▁gar ments ▁of ▁fla x ▁in ▁Gal ile e . ▁According ▁to ▁Mid r ash ▁Rab ba ▁( Gen esis ▁Rab ba ▁ 1 9 : 1 ), ▁the ▁people ▁of ▁Beit ▁She an ▁would ▁make ▁very ▁fine ▁( th in ly ▁w oven ) ▁lin en ▁gar ments ▁which ▁were ▁expensive ▁to ▁buy , ▁but ▁which ▁would ▁spo il ▁easily ▁at ▁the ▁slight est ▁sm ear ▁of ▁char co al . ▁Like wise , ▁the ▁inhabitants ▁of ▁Ar bel ▁( now ▁Kh ir bet ▁I rb id ) ▁were ▁also ▁ren owned ▁for ▁making ▁lin en ▁gar ments , ▁but ▁these ▁were ▁made ▁of ▁a |
▁much ▁th icker ▁we ave ▁and ▁were ▁che aper ▁to ▁buy , ▁and ▁they ▁would ▁normally ▁last ▁longer . ▁ ▁Histor ically , ▁lin en ▁production ▁has ▁played ▁an ▁important ▁role ▁in ▁Jewish ▁agr arian ▁laws , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁in ▁religious ▁r ites ▁and ▁ceremony . ▁There ▁are ▁strict ▁reg ulations ▁regarding ▁its ▁we aring ▁with ▁w ool len ▁fab rics . ▁Text iles ▁made ▁from ▁a ▁mixture ▁of ▁lin en ▁and ▁w ool ▁are ▁prohib ited ▁to ▁be ▁worn ▁under ▁religious ▁Jewish ▁law . ▁At ▁the ▁time ▁of ▁the ▁fla x ▁har vest , ▁the ▁S ages ▁have ▁even ▁defined ▁how ▁many ▁stal ks ▁of ▁fla x ▁that ▁were ▁forgotten ▁in ▁the ▁field ▁by ▁their ▁owner ▁can ▁be ▁este emed ▁as ▁" f org ot ten ▁she aves ," ▁en abling ▁their ▁find er ▁to ▁possess ▁them , ▁without ▁him ▁being ▁guilty ▁of ▁the ft . ▁What ▁constit utes ▁a ▁viol ation ▁of ▁S abb ath - day ▁laws ▁is ▁also ▁discussed ▁with ▁regard ▁to ▁fla x , ▁as ▁bund les ▁of ▁fresh ly ▁re tt ed ▁fla x ▁were ▁permitted ▁to ▁be ▁placed ▁inside ▁a ▁he ated ▁ear then ware ▁o ven ▁in ▁order ▁to ▁acceler ate ▁the ▁ev ap oration - rate ▁of ▁mo ist ure ▁remaining ▁in ▁the ▁fla x , ▁so ▁long ▁as ▁this ▁could ▁be ▁done ▁before ▁the ▁night ▁of ▁S abb ath ▁had ▁comm enced . ▁After ▁dry ing , ▁and ▁after ▁the ▁limitations ▁of ▁the ▁S abb ath ▁had ▁passed , ▁it ▁facil itated |
▁sc utch ing ▁of ▁the ▁fla x ▁stal ks , ▁for ▁the ▁production ▁of ▁bast ▁fi ber . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁ancient ▁land ▁of ▁Israel , ▁fla x ▁was ▁har v ested ▁in ▁the ▁lun ar ▁month ▁of ▁Ad ar . ▁To ▁proc ure ▁a ▁wh iter ▁fabric , ▁the ▁leaves ▁of ▁bl ad der ▁campion ▁( Sil ene ▁ven osa ) ▁were ▁tradition ally ▁used ▁to ▁ble ach ▁the ▁fla x ▁fib ers . ▁▁▁ ▁Dios cor ides , ▁in ▁the ▁Second ▁Book ▁of ▁his ▁De ▁M ater ia ▁Med ica ▁( 2 : 1 2 5 ), ▁brings ▁down ▁the ▁plant ' s ▁medic inal ▁uses ▁in ▁his ▁day . ▁ ▁C ul inary ▁usage ▁In ▁ancient ▁times , ▁the ▁green ▁spr outs ▁and ▁tender ▁leaves ▁of ▁fla x ▁( Lin um ▁strict um ) ▁were ▁served ▁in ▁a ▁hot ▁d ish ▁of ▁k ū ta ḥ ▁( cons isting ▁of ▁milk ▁whe y , ▁st ale ▁bread ▁cr umb s , ▁vin eg ar , ▁and ▁salt ), ▁for ▁added ▁flav our . ▁In ▁some ▁cult ures , ▁fla x seed ▁is ▁tradition ally ▁ro asted , ▁ground ▁to ▁a ▁pow der , ▁and ▁e aten ▁with ▁bo iled ▁rice , ▁a ▁little ▁water , ▁and ▁a ▁little ▁salt . ▁T ender , ▁germ in ated ▁spr outs ▁of ▁fla x - se eds , ▁when ▁e aten ▁together ▁with ▁spr outs ▁of ▁cel ery ▁se eds ▁( Api um ▁grave ol ens ) ▁and ▁fen ug reek ▁( Tr |
ig on ella ▁fo enum - gra ec um ), ▁are ▁said ▁to ▁have ▁a ▁cool ing ▁effect ▁on ▁the ▁entire ▁body . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁F lax ▁ ▁References ▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁strict um ▁Category : F lax ▁Category : F iber ▁plants ▁Category : Fl ora ▁of ▁Turkey ▁Category : Fl ora ▁of ▁Israel ▁Category : Fl ora ▁of ▁Leb anon ▁Category : Fl ora ▁of ▁Palest ine ▁( region ) ▁Category : Fl ora ▁of ▁Spain ▁Category : Fl ora ▁of ▁Europe ▁Category : Fl ora ▁of ▁Asia ▁Category : Fl ora ▁of ▁France ▁Category : Fl ora ▁of ▁Italy ▁Category : Fl ora ▁of ▁Cy pr us ▁Category : Fl ora ▁of ▁Greece ▁Category : Fl ora ▁of ▁Western ▁Asia ▁Category : Fl ora ▁of ▁Mal ta <0x0A> </s> ▁Joseph - Fran çois ▁Cou ill ard - Des prés ▁( August ▁ 1 , ▁ 1 7 6 5 ▁– ▁July ▁ 1 7 , ▁ 1 8 2 8 ) ▁was ▁a ▁far mer ▁and ▁political ▁figure ▁in ▁Lower ▁Canada . ▁He ▁represented ▁Dev on ▁in ▁the ▁Legisl ative ▁Assembly ▁of ▁Lower ▁Canada ▁from ▁ 1 8 1 4 ▁to ▁ 1 8 2 0 ▁and ▁ 1 8 2 4 ▁to ▁ 1 8 2 7 . ▁ ▁He ▁was ▁born ▁at ▁L ' Is let , ▁Quebec , ▁the ▁son ▁of ▁se igneur ▁Jean - B apt iste ▁Cou ill ard - Des prés ▁and ▁Marie - J os ette ▁Pin . ▁Cou ill ard - Des |
prés ▁served ▁as ▁a ▁major ▁in ▁the ▁milit ia ▁during ▁the ▁War ▁of ▁ 1 8 1 2 . ▁He ▁was ▁also ▁a ▁justice ▁of ▁the ▁peace . ▁In ▁ 1 7 8 8 , ▁he ▁married ▁Marie ▁B él ang é . ▁He ▁died ▁in ▁L ' Is let ▁at ▁the ▁age ▁of ▁ 6 2 . ▁ ▁References ▁▁ ▁Category : 1 7 5 5 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 8 2 8 ▁death s ▁Category : M embers ▁of ▁the ▁Legisl ative ▁Assembly ▁of ▁Lower ▁Canada <0x0A> </s> ▁Fab io ▁V ás quez ▁Cast añ o ▁( 1 9 4 0 ▁– ▁ 1 0 ▁December ▁ 2 0 1 9 ) ▁was ▁a ▁Colomb ian ▁re bel ▁and ▁revolution ary ▁who ▁was ▁trained ▁by ▁F idel ▁Castro ▁regime ▁during ▁the ▁ 1 9 6 0 s . ▁He ▁was ▁born ▁in ▁Cal arc á , ▁Qu ind ío , ▁and ▁was ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁original ▁found ers ▁of ▁the ▁Colomb ian ▁gu err illa ▁group ▁EL N . ▁The ▁EL N ▁movement ▁began ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 4 ▁when ▁a ▁group ▁of ▁students , ▁inspired ▁by ▁Che ▁G ue var a ▁and ▁led ▁by ▁Fab io ▁V ás quez , ▁returned ▁from ▁their ▁training ▁in ▁Cuba . ▁▁ ▁V áz quez ▁Cast añ o ▁died ▁on ▁ 1 0 ▁December ▁ 2 0 1 9 ▁in ▁Hav ana ▁at ▁the ▁age ▁of ▁ 7 9 . ▁ ▁Following ▁the ▁death ▁of ▁V ás quez , ▁the ▁EL N |
▁was ▁led ▁by ▁a ▁series ▁of ▁pri ests ▁until ▁the ▁emer gence ▁of ▁its ▁present ▁leader , ▁Antonio ▁García . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 4 0 ▁birth s ▁Category : 2 0 1 9 ▁death s ▁Category : Col omb ian ▁revolution aries ▁Category : M embers ▁of ▁the ▁National ▁Liber ation ▁Army ▁( Col omb ia ) <0x0A> </s> ▁Th iot rich a ▁alb ice phal ata ▁is ▁a ▁moth ▁of ▁the ▁family ▁Ge le chi idae . ▁It ▁was ▁described ▁by ▁Wal ia ▁and ▁W ad h aw an ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 4 . ▁It ▁is ▁found ▁in ▁northern ▁India . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : M oth s ▁described ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 4 ▁Category : Th iot rich a <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁ 4 th ▁Main ten ance ▁Battalion ▁is ▁a ▁batt alion ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Marine ▁Corps ▁Reserve ▁that ▁provides ▁intermediate - level ▁maintenance ▁for ▁the ▁Marine ▁Reserve ' s ▁tact ical ▁ord n ance , ▁engineer , ▁motor ▁transport , ▁communic ations ▁electron ics ▁and ▁general ▁support ▁ground ▁equipment . ▁They ▁are ▁head qu arter ed ▁in ▁New ▁Orleans , ▁Louisiana ▁with ▁sub ordinate ▁units ▁throughout ▁the ▁United ▁States . ▁They ▁fall ▁under ▁the ▁command ▁of ▁ 4 th ▁Marine ▁Log istics ▁Group . ▁ ▁Mission ▁Prov ide ▁general ▁support ▁and ▁intermediate ▁( 3 rd ▁and ▁ 4 th ▁e ch el on ) ▁maintenance ▁support ▁for ▁Marine ▁Corps ▁furn ished ▁tact ical ▁ord n ance , ▁engineer , ▁motor |
▁transport , ▁communic ations ▁electron ics , ▁and ▁general ▁support ▁ground ▁equipment . ▁The ▁Battalion ▁is ▁struct ured ▁to ▁provide ▁command ▁and ▁control ▁for ▁central ized ▁coord ination ▁and ▁decent ral ized ▁execution ▁of ▁maintenance ▁efforts ▁to ▁sust ain ▁combat ▁power . ▁Sub ordinate ▁Element s ▁are ▁organized ▁along ▁functional ▁area ▁lines ▁to ▁provide ▁maintenance ▁support ▁in ▁comm od ity ▁areas ▁that ▁are ▁critical ▁to ▁Marine ▁Forces ▁Reserve ' s ▁war ▁fighting ▁cap ability . ▁ ▁Sub ordinate ▁units ▁ ▁Head quarters ▁And ▁Service ▁Company ▁( H SC ) ▁Charlotte , ▁North ▁Carolina ▁ ▁Electron ic ▁Equ ip ment ▁Main ten ance ▁Company ▁( EE MC ) ▁– ▁W ich ita , ▁Kansas ▁ ▁Det achment ▁ 1 , ▁Electron ic ▁Equ ip ment ▁Main ten ance ▁Company ▁( 1 - EE MC ) ▁– ▁Gre ens bor o , ▁North ▁Carolina ▁ ▁Det achment ▁ 2 , ▁Electron ic ▁Equ ip ment ▁Main ten ance ▁Company ▁( 2 - EE MC ) ▁– ▁Indian apolis , ▁Indiana ▁ ▁Engine er ▁Equ ip ment ▁Main ten ance ▁Company ▁( EE MC ) ▁– ▁O ma ha , ▁Neb r aska ▁ ▁General ▁Support ▁Main ten ance ▁Company ▁( GS MC ) ▁– ▁Rock ▁Island , ▁Illinois ▁ ▁Motor ▁Transport ▁Main ten ance ▁Company ▁( MT MC ) ▁– ▁ 4 th ▁Main ten ance ▁Battalion ▁– ▁Sac r amento , ▁California ▁ ▁Det achment ▁ 1 , ▁Motor ▁Transport ▁Main ten ance ▁Company ▁( 1 - MT MC ) ▁– ▁Ab il ene |
, ▁Texas ▁ ▁Det achment ▁ 2 , ▁Motor ▁Transport ▁Main ten ance ▁Company ▁( 2 - MT MC ) ▁– ▁August a , ▁Georgia ▁ ▁Det achment ▁ 3 , ▁Motor ▁Transport ▁Main ten ance ▁Company ▁( 3 - MT MC ) ▁– ▁All ent own , ▁Pennsylvania ▁ ▁Or dn ance ▁Main ten ance ▁Company ▁( OM C ) ▁– ▁W aco , ▁Texas ▁ ▁Or dn ance ▁Contact ▁Team ▁ 1 ▁( O CT ▁ 1 ) ▁– ▁Fort ▁Dev ens ▁ ▁History ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁History ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Marine ▁Corps ▁List ▁of ▁United ▁States ▁Marine ▁Corps ▁batt al ions ▁ ▁References ▁▁▁ 4 th ▁Main ten ance ▁Battalion ' s ▁official ▁website ▁ ▁Category : 4 th ▁Marine ▁Log istics ▁Group ▁M aint 4 <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁McK in ney – V ento ▁Hom eless ▁Ass istance ▁Act ▁of ▁ 1 9 8 7 ▁( Pub . ▁L . ▁ 1 0 0 - 7 7 , ▁July ▁ 2 2 , ▁ 1 9 8 7 , ▁ 1 0 1 ▁Stat . ▁ 4 8 2 , ▁ ▁et ▁seq .) ▁is ▁a ▁United ▁States ▁federal ▁law ▁that ▁provides ▁federal ▁money ▁for ▁hom eless ▁shelter ▁programs . ▁It ▁was ▁the ▁first ▁significant ▁federal ▁legisl ative ▁response ▁to ▁hom eless ness , ▁and ▁was ▁passed ▁by ▁the ▁ 1 0 0 th ▁United ▁States ▁Congress ▁and ▁signed ▁into ▁law ▁by ▁President ▁Ron ald ▁Re agan ▁on ▁July ▁ 2 2 , ▁ 1 9 8 |
7 . ▁ ▁The ▁act ▁has ▁been ▁re author ized ▁several ▁times ▁over ▁the ▁years . ▁ ▁The ▁McK in ney ▁Act ▁originally ▁had ▁fifteen ▁programs ▁providing ▁a ▁spectrum ▁of ▁services ▁to ▁hom eless ▁people , ▁including ▁the ▁Cont inu um ▁of ▁Care ▁Program s : ▁the ▁Support ive ▁H ous ing ▁Program , ▁the ▁Sh elter ▁Plus ▁Care ▁Program , ▁and ▁the ▁Single ▁Room ▁Occ up ancy ▁Program , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁the ▁Emer gency ▁Sh elter ▁Grant ▁Program . ▁ ▁It ▁established ▁the ▁Inter ag ency ▁Council ▁on ▁the ▁Hom eless ▁( l ater ▁called ▁the ▁Inter ag ency ▁Council ▁on ▁Hom eless ness ). ▁ ▁The ▁legisl ation ▁has ▁been ▁am ended ▁several ▁times ▁since ▁it ▁was ▁first ▁written ▁and ▁en act ed . ▁ ▁Sp ons ored ▁by ▁Represent ative ▁Tom ▁F ole y ▁( D - WA ), ▁the ▁bill ▁was ▁named ▁after ▁Representatives ▁Stewart ▁McK in ney ▁( R - CT ) ▁and ▁Bruce ▁V ento ▁( D - M N ). ▁ ▁Cong r essional ▁find ings ▁and ▁purpose ▁The ▁following ▁are ▁the ▁find ings ▁and ▁purpose ▁from ▁the ▁law ▁as ▁of ▁January ▁ 6 , ▁ 1 9 9 9 : ▁( a ) ▁Find ings ▁The ▁Congress ▁finds ▁that ▁— ▁the ▁Nation ▁faces ▁an ▁immediate ▁and ▁un pre ced ented ▁crisis ▁due ▁to ▁the ▁lack ▁of ▁shelter ▁for ▁a ▁growing ▁number ▁of ▁individuals ▁and ▁families , ▁including ▁elder ly ▁persons , ▁hand ic apped ▁persons , ▁families ▁with ▁children , ▁Native ▁Americans , ▁and |
▁veter ans ; ▁the ▁problem ▁of ▁hom eless ness ▁has ▁become ▁more ▁severe ▁and , ▁in ▁the ▁absence ▁of ▁more ▁effective ▁efforts , ▁is ▁expected ▁to ▁become ▁dram atically ▁worse , ▁end ang ering ▁the ▁lives ▁and ▁safety ▁of ▁the ▁hom eless ; ▁the ▁causes ▁of ▁hom eless ness ▁are ▁many ▁and ▁complex , ▁and ▁hom eless ▁individuals ▁have ▁diverse ▁needs ; ▁there ▁is ▁no ▁single , ▁simple ▁solution ▁to ▁the ▁problem ▁of ▁hom eless ness ▁because ▁of ▁the ▁different ▁sub - pop ulations ▁of ▁the ▁hom eless , ▁the ▁different ▁causes ▁of ▁and ▁reasons ▁for ▁hom eless ness , ▁and ▁the ▁different ▁needs ▁of ▁hom eless ▁individuals ; ▁due ▁to ▁the ▁record ▁increase ▁in ▁hom eless ness , ▁States , ▁units ▁of ▁local ▁government , ▁and ▁private ▁volunt ary ▁organizations ▁have ▁been ▁unable ▁to ▁meet ▁the ▁basic ▁human ▁needs ▁of ▁all ▁the ▁hom eless ▁and , ▁in ▁the ▁absence ▁of ▁greater ▁Federal ▁assistance , ▁will ▁be ▁unable ▁to ▁protect ▁the ▁lives ▁and ▁safety ▁of ▁all ▁the ▁hom eless ▁in ▁need ▁of ▁assistance ; ▁and ▁the ▁Federal ▁Government ▁has ▁a ▁clear ▁responsibility ▁and ▁an ▁existing ▁capacity ▁to ▁ful fill ▁a ▁more ▁effective ▁and ▁responsible ▁role ▁to ▁meet ▁the ▁basic ▁human ▁needs ▁and ▁to ▁eng ender ▁respect ▁for ▁the ▁human ▁dign ity ▁of ▁the ▁hom eless . ▁( b ) ▁Pur pose ▁It ▁is ▁the ▁purpose ▁of ▁this ▁chapter ▁— ▁ ▁to ▁establish ▁an ▁Inter ag ency ▁Council ▁on ▁the ▁Hom eless ; ▁ ▁to ▁use ▁public ▁resources ▁and ▁programs ▁in ▁a ▁more ▁coordin |
ated ▁manner ▁to ▁meet ▁the ▁crit ically ▁ur gent ▁needs ▁of ▁the ▁hom eless ▁of ▁the ▁Nation ; ▁and ▁ ▁to ▁provide ▁funds ▁for ▁programs ▁to ▁assist ▁the ▁hom eless , ▁with ▁special ▁emphas is ▁on ▁elder ly ▁persons , ▁hand ic apped ▁persons , ▁families ▁with ▁children , ▁Native ▁Americans , ▁and ▁veter ans . ▁( Pub . ▁L . ▁ 1 0 0 - 7 7 , ▁title ▁I , ▁Sec . ▁ 1 0 2 , ▁July ▁ 2 2 , ▁ 1 9 8 7 , ▁ 1 0 1 ▁Stat . ▁ 4 8 4 .) ▁ ▁Hom eless ▁children ▁and ▁education ▁ ▁The ▁original ▁federal ▁Act , ▁known ▁simply ▁as ▁the ▁McK in ney ▁Act , ▁provided ▁little ▁protection ▁for ▁hom eless ▁children ▁in ▁the ▁area ▁of ▁public ▁education . ▁ ▁As ▁a ▁result , ▁the ▁State ▁of ▁Illinois ▁passed ▁the ▁Illinois ▁Education ▁for ▁Hom eless ▁Children ▁Act , ▁which ▁was ▁draft ed ▁by ▁Joseph ▁Cl ary , ▁an ▁att orney ▁and ▁advoc ate ▁for ▁the ▁Illinois ▁Co al ition ▁to ▁End ▁Hom eless ness . ▁ ▁Cl ary ▁then ▁worked ▁with ▁national ▁advoc ates ▁to ▁ensure ▁that ▁the ▁prote ctions ▁afford ed ▁to ▁hom eless ▁children ▁by ▁the ▁Illinois ▁stat ute ▁were ▁incorpor ated ▁into ▁the ▁McK in ney ▁Act . ▁ ▁At ▁that ▁point , ▁the ▁McK in ney ▁Act ▁was ▁am ended ▁to ▁become ▁the ▁McK in ney - V ento ▁Act . ▁ ▁That ▁Act ▁uses ▁the ▁Illinois ▁stat ute ▁in ▁defining ▁hom |
eless ▁children ▁as ▁" ind ividual s ▁who ▁lack ▁a ▁fixed , ▁regular , ▁and ▁ade qu ate ▁night time ▁residence ." ▁ ▁The ▁Act ▁then ▁goes ▁on ▁to ▁give ▁examples ▁of ▁children ▁who ▁would ▁fall ▁under ▁this ▁definition : ▁▁ ▁( a ) ▁Children ▁sharing ▁housing ▁due ▁to ▁economic ▁hard ship ▁or ▁loss ▁of ▁housing ; ▁( b ) ▁Children ▁living ▁in ▁" mot els , ▁hot els , ▁tra iler ▁par ks , ▁or ▁camp ▁grounds ▁due ▁to ▁lack ▁of ▁alternative ▁accommod ations " ▁( c ) ▁Children ▁living ▁in ▁" emer gency ▁or ▁trans itional ▁sh el ters " ▁( d ) ▁Children ▁whose ▁primary ▁night time ▁residence ▁is ▁not ▁ordin arily ▁used ▁as ▁a ▁regular ▁sleep ing ▁accommod ation ▁( e . g . ▁park ▁ben ches , ▁etc .) ▁( e ) ▁Children ▁living ▁in ▁" c ars , ▁par ks , ▁public ▁spaces , ▁abandoned ▁buildings , ▁sub standard ▁housing , ▁bus ▁or ▁train ▁stations ..." ▁ ▁Following ▁the ▁Illinois ▁stat ute , ▁the ▁McK in ney - V ento ▁Act ▁also ▁ens ures ▁hom eless ▁children ▁transport ation ▁to ▁and ▁from ▁school ▁free ▁of ▁charge , ▁allowing ▁children ▁to ▁attend ▁their ▁school ▁of ▁origin ▁( last ▁school ▁en rolled ▁or ▁the ▁school ▁they ▁attended ▁when ▁they ▁first ▁became ▁hom eless ) ▁regardless ▁of ▁what ▁district ▁the ▁family ▁res ides ▁in . ▁It ▁further ▁requires ▁schools ▁to ▁register ▁hom eless ▁children ▁even ▁if ▁they ▁lack ▁normally ▁required ▁documents , ▁such ▁as ▁imm un ization ▁records ▁or ▁proof |
▁of ▁residence . ▁To ▁implement ▁the ▁Act , ▁States ▁must ▁design ate ▁a ▁state wide ▁hom eless ▁coordin ator ▁to ▁review ▁policies ▁and ▁create ▁procedures , ▁including ▁dispute ▁resolution ▁procedures , ▁to ▁ensure ▁that ▁hom eless ▁children ▁are ▁able ▁to ▁attend ▁school . ▁Local ▁school ▁districts ▁must ▁appoint ▁Local ▁Education ▁L ia isons ▁to ▁ensure ▁that ▁school ▁staff ▁are ▁aware ▁of ▁these ▁rights , ▁to ▁provide ▁public ▁notice ▁to ▁hom eless ▁families ▁( at ▁sh el ters ▁and ▁at ▁school ) ▁and ▁to ▁facil itate ▁access ▁to ▁school ▁and ▁transport ation ▁services . ▁ ▁State ▁implementations ▁The ▁McK in ney - V ento ▁Act ▁is ▁a ▁conditional ▁fund ing ▁act ▁which ▁means ▁that ▁the ▁federal ▁government ▁gives ▁gr ants ▁to ▁states ▁and , ▁in ▁return , ▁the ▁gran te e ▁states ▁are ▁bound ▁by ▁the ▁terms ▁of ▁the ▁act . ▁If ▁a ▁state ▁cho oses ▁not ▁to ▁accept ▁federal ▁funds ▁for ▁these ▁purposes , ▁it ▁does ▁not ▁have ▁to ▁implement ▁the ▁act . ▁ ▁While ▁some ▁states ▁are ▁am ply ▁comp lying ▁with ▁the ▁Act , ▁others ▁are ▁falling ▁short . ▁The ▁fail ures ▁of ▁states ▁to ▁ade qu ately ▁implement ▁the ▁act — rem oving ▁bar riers ▁to ▁en roll ment ▁and ▁developing ▁transport ation ▁systems — has ▁been ▁the ▁subject ▁of ▁numerous ▁law su its . ▁The ▁National ▁Law ▁Center ▁on ▁Hom eless ness ▁and ▁P over ty ▁successfully ▁lit ig ated ▁cases ▁against ▁the ▁District ▁of ▁Columbia ▁and ▁the ▁State ▁of ▁New ▁York . ▁See ▁L amp kin ▁v . |
▁District ▁of ▁Columbia , ▁ 2 7 ▁F . 3 d ▁ 6 0 5 ▁( D . C . ▁Cir . ▁ 1 9 9 3 ); ▁rem and ed ▁to ▁trial ▁at ▁ 8 7 9 ▁F . ▁Supp . ▁ 1 1 6 ▁( D . ▁D . C . ▁ 1 9 9 5 ); ▁Nat ’ l ▁Law ▁C tr . ▁on ▁Hom eless ness ▁and ▁P over ty ▁v . ▁New ▁York , ▁ 2 2 4 ▁F . R . D . ▁ 3 1 4 ▁( E . D . N . Y . ▁ 2 0 0 4 ). ▁( In ▁L amp kin , ▁the ▁District ▁initially ▁rejected ▁further ▁federal ▁money ▁to ▁avoid ▁comp lying ▁with ▁the ▁act . ▁Ult imately , ▁however , ▁the ▁District ▁changed ▁its ▁position ▁and ▁began ▁receiving ▁federal ▁funds ▁and ▁more ▁meaning fully ▁implementing ▁the ▁act ). ▁A ▁case ▁has ▁also ▁been ▁successfully ▁lit ig ated ▁in ▁Maryland . ▁See ▁Bul lock ▁v . ▁Maryland , ▁ 2 1 0 ▁F . R . D . ▁ 5 5 6 ▁( D . ▁M d ▁ 2 0 0 2 ). ▁Other ▁cases ▁are ▁currently ▁being ▁lit ig ated ▁around ▁the ▁country , ▁including ▁an ▁action ▁against ▁the ▁State ▁of ▁Hawai i , ▁brought ▁by ▁the ▁A CL U ▁Foundation ▁of ▁Hawai i ▁and ▁Law y ers ▁for ▁Equ al ▁Justice , ▁alleg ing ▁wh oles ale ▁viol ations ▁of ▁the ▁Act . ▁K ale u ati ▁v |
. ▁T onda , ▁CV 0 7 - 5 0 4 ▁( D . ▁Haw ). ▁ ▁Design ation ▁of ▁Act ▁Title ▁The ▁ 1 9 8 7 ▁Act ▁was ▁renamed ▁with ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁ 1 0 6 th ▁Cong r essional ▁session ▁en act ment ▁of ▁the ▁McK in ney - V ento ▁Hom eless ▁Ass istance ▁Act ▁of ▁ 2 0 0 0 . ▁The ▁ 2 0 0 0 ▁Act ▁was ▁confirmed ▁as ▁a ▁federal ▁law ▁by ▁the ▁ 4 2 nd ▁President ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Bill ▁Cl inton ▁on ▁October ▁ 3 0 , ▁ 2 0 0 0 . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁Bill ▁summary ▁at ▁TH O MA S ▁ ▁Category : Un ited ▁States ▁federal ▁housing ▁legisl ation ▁Category : 1 0 0 th ▁United ▁States ▁Congress ▁Category : Hom eless ness ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Category : Aff ord able ▁housing ▁Category : 1 9 8 6 ▁in ▁law ▁Category : Hom eless ness ▁and ▁law <0x0A> </s> ▁ Ō z ut su ▁T akes hi ▁( born ▁ 1 8 ▁April ▁ 1 9 5 6 ▁as ▁Tak ak oshi ▁M ats um oto ) ▁is ▁a ▁former ▁sum o ▁wrest ler ▁from ▁Mie , ▁Japan . ▁Begin ning ▁his ▁professional ▁career ▁in ▁May ▁ 1 9 7 1 , ▁he ▁was ▁ranked ▁in ▁the ▁top ▁mak u uch i ▁division ▁continu ously ▁from ▁March ▁ 1 9 7 9 ▁to ▁January ▁ 1 9 9 2 , ▁and ▁his ▁record |
▁of ▁ 1 1 7 0 ▁consecutive ▁b outs ▁there ▁is ▁the ▁second ▁best ▁in ▁history ▁after ▁Tak ami y ama . ▁His ▁highest ▁rank ▁was ▁se ki w ake . ▁He ▁was ▁runner - up ▁in ▁one ▁tournament ▁and ▁earned ▁ten ▁kin b oshi ▁or ▁gold ▁stars ▁for ▁defe ating ▁y ok oz una . ▁He ▁also ▁won ▁four ▁sans h ō ▁or ▁special ▁pri zes . ▁He ▁wrest led ▁for ▁Tai h ō ▁stable ▁and ▁after ▁his ▁ret irement ▁in ▁May ▁ 1 9 9 2 ▁he ▁worked ▁there ▁as ▁a ▁coach ▁before ▁leaving ▁the ▁Japan ▁Sum o ▁Association ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 8 . ▁ ▁Career ▁Born ▁in ▁Y ok ka ichi , ▁he ▁came ▁from ▁a ▁sum o ▁family ▁as ▁his ▁father , ▁Ry u ichi ▁M ats um oto , ▁was ▁a ▁professional ▁sum o ▁wrest ler ▁known ▁as ▁Ken ry u ▁Tak et ora ▁who ▁reached ▁a ▁highest ▁rank ▁of ▁j ū ry ō ▁ 1 ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 5 . ▁ Ō z ut su ▁joined ▁N ish on ose ki ▁stable ▁in ▁May ▁ 1 9 7 1 ▁at ▁the ▁age ▁of ▁ 1 5 . ▁The ▁great ▁y ok oz una ▁Tai h ō ▁retired ▁in ▁the ▁same ▁tournament ▁and ▁that ▁December ▁he ▁followed ▁Tai h ō ▁to ▁a ▁newly ▁created ▁he ya , ▁Tai h ō ▁stable . ▁In ▁his ▁early ▁days ▁he ▁wrest led ▁under ▁a ▁different ▁sh ik ona , ▁Da ish in . ▁In ▁July ▁ 1 |
9 7 7 ▁he ▁became ▁a ▁se k itori ▁for ▁the ▁first ▁time ▁upon ▁promotion ▁to ▁the ▁j ū ry ō ▁division . ▁He ▁was ▁injured ▁during ▁the ▁November ▁ 1 9 7 7 ▁tournament ▁and ▁had ▁to ▁withdraw , ▁dro pping ▁back ▁to ▁mak ush ita . ▁However , ▁he ▁was ▁never ▁to ▁miss ▁another ▁bout ▁in ▁his ▁career . ▁Upon ▁his ▁return ▁to ▁j ū ry ō ▁in ▁March ▁ 1 9 7 8 ▁he ▁adopted ▁the ▁sh ik ona ▁of ▁ Ō z ut su ▁( liter ally ▁" big ▁can non "; ▁he ▁was ▁sometimes ▁nick named ▁" Top ▁Gun "). ▁In ▁September ▁ 1 9 7 8 ▁he ▁claimed ▁the ▁j ū ry ō ▁championship ▁with ▁an ▁ 1 1 – 4 ▁record ▁( his ▁only ▁career ▁y us ho ), ▁and ▁in ▁January ▁ 1 9 7 9 , ▁after ▁losing ▁a ▁play off ▁for ▁the ▁championship ▁to ▁ Ō sh io ▁he ▁was ▁promoted ▁to ▁the ▁top ▁mak u uch i ▁division ▁for ▁the ▁March ▁ 1 9 7 9 ▁tournament . ▁▁ Ō z ut su ▁won ▁the ▁Fight ing ▁Spirit ▁Prize ▁in ▁his ▁second ▁top ▁division ▁tournament ▁in ▁May ▁ 1 9 7 9 , ▁and ▁in ▁July ▁he ▁defeated ▁two ▁y ok oz una , ▁W ak an oh ana ▁and ▁M ien ou mi , ▁the ▁first ▁of ▁his ▁ten ▁career ▁kin b oshi . ▁In ▁March ▁ 1 9 8 0 ▁he ▁made ▁his ▁san ' y aku ▁debut ▁at ▁kom |
us ub i ▁but ▁fell ▁short ▁with ▁a ▁ 6 – 9 ▁record . ▁He ▁was ▁runner - up ▁to ▁K itan ou mi ▁with ▁an ▁ 1 1 – 4 ▁record ▁in ▁March ▁ 1 9 8 1 ▁and ▁was ▁promoted ▁to ▁se ki w ake , ▁the ▁highest ▁rank ▁he ▁was ▁to ▁achieve . ▁He ▁held ▁it ▁on ▁two ▁further ▁occasions , ▁in ▁July ▁ 1 9 8 1 ▁and ▁November ▁ 1 9 8 3 , ▁and ▁made ▁his ▁final ▁appearance ▁in ▁san ' y aku ▁at ▁kom us ub i ▁in ▁November ▁ 1 9 8 4 , ▁continu ing ▁as ▁a ▁rank - and - file ▁ma eg ash ira ▁for ▁the ▁rest ▁of ▁his ▁mak u uch i ▁career . ▁ ▁He ▁won ▁his ▁first ▁two ▁b outs ▁against ▁Chi y on of u ji ▁before ▁the ▁latter ▁became ▁a ▁y ok oz una , ▁and ▁earned ▁two ▁kin b oshi ▁from ▁him ▁in ▁September ▁ 1 9 8 4 ▁and ▁March ▁ 1 9 8 6 , ▁but ▁was ▁defeated ▁by ▁him ▁on ▁every ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁ 3 7 ▁other ▁occasions ▁they ▁met . ▁He ▁was ▁the ▁man ▁Chi y on of u ji ▁beat ▁in ▁September ▁ 1 9 8 9 ▁to ▁reach ▁ 9 6 5 ▁career ▁wins , ▁more ▁than ▁any ▁other ▁wrest ler ▁in ▁history . ▁ ▁He ▁remained ▁in ▁the ▁top ▁division ▁for ▁ 7 8 ▁consecutive ▁tournament s ▁but ▁was ▁finally ▁dem oted ▁in ▁January ▁ 1 9 9 |
2 ▁after ▁recording ▁only ▁a ▁ 4 – 1 1 ▁score ▁at ▁ma eg ash ira ▁ 1 5 . ▁His ▁ 1 1 7 0 th ▁and ▁final ▁bout ▁in ▁mak u uch i ▁was ▁a ▁win ▁over ▁Main ou mi . ▁He ▁announced ▁his ▁ret irement ▁from ▁sum o ▁two ▁tournament s ▁later ▁at ▁the ▁age ▁of ▁ 3 6 ▁after ▁facing ▁certain ▁dem otion ▁to ▁the ▁mak ush ita ▁division . ▁ ▁Ret irement ▁from ▁sum o ▁ Ō z ut su ▁remained ▁in ▁sum o ▁as ▁an ▁elder ▁of ▁the ▁Japan ▁Sum o ▁Association , ▁and ▁worked ▁as ▁a ▁coach ▁at ▁Tai h ō ▁stable , ▁initially ▁under ▁the ▁name ▁ Ō take ▁O y ak ata . ▁In ▁ 1 9 9 7 ▁he ▁switched ▁to ▁the ▁T ate y ama ▁k ab u ▁when ▁it ▁was ▁vac ated ▁by ▁the ▁former ▁ ō ze ki ▁Da iju . ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 3 ▁Tai h ō ▁retired ▁as ▁head ▁coach ▁and ▁the ▁former ▁Tak at ō ri ki ▁took ▁over , ▁ren aming ▁the ▁he ya ▁ Ō take ▁stable . ▁ Ō z ut su ▁continued ▁to ▁work ▁as ▁a ▁coach ▁there ▁until ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁when ▁his ▁T ate y ama ▁stock , ▁which ▁he ▁was ▁only ▁borrow ing , ▁was ▁needed ▁by ▁the ▁ret iring ▁Tam ak as uga . ▁ Ō z ut su ▁had ▁to ▁leave ▁the ▁Sum o ▁Association ▁as ▁a ▁result . ▁He ▁now ▁runs ▁a ▁French |
- style ▁restaurant ▁in ▁Y ok oh ama . ▁ ▁Fight ing ▁style ▁ Ō z ut su ▁was ▁a ▁y ots u - sum o ▁wrest ler , ▁prefer ring ▁to ▁fight ▁on ▁the ▁ma w ashi ▁rather ▁than ▁push ▁his ▁oppon ents . ▁His ▁favour ite ▁g rip ▁was ▁m igi - y ots u , ▁with ▁a ▁right ▁hand ▁inside ▁and ▁left ▁hand ▁outside ▁his ▁oppon ent ' s ▁arms . ▁His ▁most ▁common ▁winning ▁k imar ite ▁was ▁y ori - ki ri ▁or ▁force ▁out , ▁but ▁he ▁also ▁regularly ▁used ▁his ▁outside ▁g rip ▁to ▁win ▁by ▁u w aten age ▁( over arm ▁throw ) ▁and ▁u w ated ash in age ▁( pull ing ▁over arm ▁throw ). ▁He ▁was ▁also ▁fond ▁of ▁t sur id ashi , ▁the ▁lift ▁out . ▁ ▁Career ▁record ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁List ▁of ▁sum o ▁record ▁hold ers ▁List ▁of ▁sum o ▁tournament ▁top ▁division ▁run ners - up ▁List ▁of ▁sum o ▁tournament ▁second ▁division ▁champions ▁List ▁of ▁past ▁sum o ▁wrest lers ▁List ▁of ▁se ki w ake ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁Complete ▁career ▁record ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 5 6 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : J apan ese ▁sum o ▁wrest lers ▁Category : Sum o ▁people ▁from ▁Mie ▁Pref ect ure ▁Category : S ek iw ake ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁Y ok ka ichi <0x0A> </s> ▁Land ou zy - la - C our ▁ ▁is |
▁a ▁commune ▁in ▁the ▁A is ne ▁department ▁in ▁Haut s - de - France ▁in ▁northern ▁France . ▁ ▁Population ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁Comm unes ▁of ▁the ▁A is ne ▁department ▁ ▁References ▁IN SEE ▁ ▁Category : Comm unes ▁of ▁A is ne ▁Category : A is ne ▁communes ▁articles ▁need ing ▁translation ▁from ▁French ▁Wikipedia <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁chap ters ▁of ▁Gra v itation ▁are ▁written ▁and ▁illustrated ▁by ▁M aki ▁Mur ak ami . ▁Tok y op op ▁lic ensed ▁the ▁series ▁for ▁an ▁English - language ▁release ▁in ▁North ▁America ▁and ▁published ▁the ▁twelve ▁volumes ▁from ▁August ▁ 5 , ▁ 2 0 0 3 ▁to ▁ ▁July ▁ 1 2 , ▁ 2 0 0 5 . ▁Mad man ▁Entertainment ▁dist ributes ▁the ▁series ▁in ▁New ▁Zealand ▁and ▁Australia . ▁__ TO C __ ▁ ▁Volume ▁list ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Gra v itation <0x0A> </s> ▁CD 8 + ▁cell ▁non cy tot ox ic ▁anti - H IV ▁response ▁appears ▁to ▁be ▁an ▁anti - H IV ▁inn ate ▁imm une ▁response ▁because ▁it ▁can ▁be ▁observed ▁in ▁vit ro ▁with ▁CD 8 + ▁cells ▁from ▁un ex posed ▁and ▁un in fect ed ▁health y ▁individuals . ▁ ▁The ▁presence ▁of ▁a ▁CD 8 + ▁cell ▁non cy tot ox ic ▁anti - H IV ▁response ▁( CN AR ) ▁was ▁first ▁reported ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 6 ▁by ▁research ers ▁in ▁the ▁labor atory ▁of ▁Dr . ▁Jay ▁Le vy ▁at ▁the ▁University ▁of |
▁California ▁San ▁Francisco ▁( U CS F ). ▁It ▁was ▁recognized ▁that ▁CD 8 + ▁cells ▁from ▁H IV - in fect ed ▁individuals ▁can ▁suppress ▁H IV ▁rep lication ▁without ▁directly ▁killing ▁the ▁inf ected ▁cells . ▁ ▁C N AR ▁appears ▁to ▁be ▁medi ated ▁by ▁a ▁CD 8 + ▁cell ▁anti - H IV ▁factor ▁( C AF ) ▁that ▁has ▁not ▁yet ▁been ▁identified . ▁Other ▁sol ub le ▁factors ▁can ▁act ▁against ▁H IV ▁including ▁the ▁ β - chem ok ines . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : H IV / A ID S <0x0A> </s> ▁Such od ół ▁may ▁refer ▁to ▁the ▁following ▁places : ▁Such od ół , ▁Pi ase cz no ▁County ▁in ▁Mas ov ian ▁Vo iv odes hip ▁( east - central ▁Poland ) ▁Such od ół , ▁P ł ock ▁County ▁in ▁Mas ov ian ▁Vo iv odes hip ▁( east - central ▁Poland ) ▁Such od ół , ▁So ch acz ew ▁County ▁in ▁Mas ov ian ▁Vo iv odes hip ▁( east - central ▁Poland ) ▁Such od ół , ▁W ę gr ów ▁County ▁in ▁Mas ov ian ▁Vo iv odes hip ▁( east - central ▁Poland ) ▁Such od ół , ▁Lub usz ▁Vo iv odes hip ▁( west ▁Poland ) ▁Such od ol <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁par ox ys mal ▁dy sk ines ias ▁( PD ) ▁are ▁a ▁group ▁of ▁movement ▁dis orders ▁character ized ▁by ▁attacks ▁of ▁hyper k ines ia ▁with ▁int act ▁conscious |
ness . ▁Par ox ys mal ▁dy sk ines ia ▁is ▁a ▁rare ▁dis order , ▁however ▁the ▁number ▁of ▁individuals ▁it ▁affect s ▁remains ▁unclear . ▁There ▁are ▁three ▁different ▁sub types ▁of ▁P D ▁that ▁include ▁par ox ys mal ▁k ines igen ic ▁dy sk ines ia ▁( PK D ), ▁par ox ys mal ▁non - k ines igen ic ▁dy sk ines ia ▁( PN K D ), ▁and ▁par ox ys mal ▁exercise - indu ced ▁dy sk ines ia ▁( P ED ). ▁Other ▁ne uro log ical ▁dise ases ▁have ▁similar ▁sympt oms ▁to ▁P D , ▁such ▁as ▁ep ile ps y ▁and ▁Park inson ' s . ▁The ▁different ▁sub types ▁make ▁accurate ▁and ▁quick ▁diagn osis ▁of ▁P D ▁challeng ing . ▁Thus , ▁P D ▁is ▁often ▁under ▁reported ▁and ▁mis di agn osed , ▁making ▁it ▁difficult ▁to ▁accur ately ▁study ▁its ▁pre val ence ▁in ▁human ▁populations . ▁ ▁On set ▁of ▁P D ▁is ▁usually ▁in ▁late ▁child hood ▁to ▁early ▁ad oles c ence . ▁New ▁drug ▁reg im ens ▁help ▁treat ▁sympt oms ▁of ▁P D , ▁but ▁no ▁c ure ▁for ▁the ▁dis order ▁is ▁known . ▁ ▁Types ▁ ▁These ▁movement ▁dis orders ▁are ▁class ified ▁into ▁three ▁main ▁types ▁based ▁on ▁their ▁triggers ▁and ▁the ▁duration ▁and ▁frequency ▁of ▁the ▁attacks . ▁ ▁Par ox ys mal ▁k ines igen ic ▁dy sk ines ia ▁( PK D ) ▁▁ ▁This ▁is ▁character |
ized ▁by ▁attacks ▁of ▁invol unt ary ▁movements ▁( d yst onia , ▁ch ore a , ▁or ▁ball ism ), ▁which ▁are ▁typically ▁triggered ▁by ▁sudden ▁volunt ary ▁movements , ▁but ▁can ▁also ▁be ▁triggered ▁by ▁invol unt ary ▁movements ▁as ▁well ▁( for ▁example , ▁hyper vent il ating ). ▁These ▁volunt ary ▁movements ▁usually ▁involve ▁whole ▁body ▁activity ▁such ▁as ▁standing , ▁walking , ▁and ▁running . ▁The ▁age ▁of ▁on set ▁is ▁typically ▁in ▁child hood ▁or ▁early ▁ad oles c ence ▁with ▁most ▁cases ▁reporting ▁improvement ▁or ▁complete ▁rem ission ▁with ▁ag ing . ▁Att acks ▁last ▁from ▁seconds ▁to ▁minutes ▁and ▁are ▁known ▁to ▁be ▁at ▁higher ▁risk ▁of ▁occurr ing ▁during ▁stress , ▁fear , ▁cold , ▁heat , ▁or ▁men stru ation . ▁ ▁Par ox ys mal ▁non - k ines ogen ic ▁dy sk ines ia ▁( PN K D ) ▁▁ ▁This ▁is ▁similar ▁to ▁PK D , ▁character izing ▁as ▁an ▁epis od ic ▁movement ▁dis order , ▁but ▁is ▁not ▁triggered ▁by ▁volunt ary ▁movements . ▁ ▁The ▁attacks ▁for ▁P N K D ▁are ▁sp ont aneous ▁and ▁last ▁from ▁hours ▁to ▁days . ▁It ▁is ▁an ▁aut os om al ▁dominant ▁dis order ▁passing ▁to ▁nearly ▁ 5 0 % ▁of ▁the ▁off spring . ▁ ▁Some ▁pre dis pos ing ▁factors ▁include ▁stress , ▁excitement , ▁alco hol ic ▁be ver ages , ▁tea , ▁and ▁be ver ages ▁with ▁c aff e ine . ▁ ▁Par |
ox ys mal ▁exercise - indu ced ▁dy sk ines ia ▁( P ED ) ▁▁ ▁This ▁is ▁an ▁extremely ▁rare ▁type ▁of ▁par ox ys mal ▁dy sk ines ia ▁character ized ▁by ▁sudden , ▁invol unt ary , ▁d yst onic ▁movements , ▁often ▁including ▁repet itive ▁tw isting ▁mot ions ▁and ▁pain ful ▁post uring . ▁The ▁attacks ▁are ▁triggered ▁by ▁exercise ▁and ▁other ▁physical ▁ex ert ion , ▁and ▁usually ▁last ▁from ▁minutes ▁to ▁an ▁hour . ▁Att acks ▁usually ▁appear ▁in ▁the ▁body ▁part ▁that ▁is ▁being ▁exerc ised ▁or ▁ex ert ed ▁over ▁a ▁period ▁of ▁time , ▁perhaps ▁ 1 0 ▁to ▁ 1 5 ▁minutes . ▁ ▁Sign s ▁and ▁sympt oms ▁ ▁PK D ▁The ▁sympt oms ▁for ▁PK D ▁are ▁varied ▁from ▁case ▁to ▁case , ▁however , ▁typically ▁they ▁consist ▁of ▁invol unt ary ▁movements . ▁Such ▁contract ile ▁movements ▁include ▁d yst onia , ▁ch ore a , ▁ath et osis , ▁and ▁ball ism . ▁For ▁example , ▁“ Her ▁attacks ▁were ▁character ized ▁as ▁sudden ▁un il ater al ▁st iff ness ▁of ▁upper ▁and ▁lower ▁lim bs ▁followed ▁by ▁an ▁invol unt ary ▁extr ar ot ation ▁of ▁the ▁arm ▁and ▁leg .” ▁ ▁Another ▁frequently ▁occurr ing ▁sympt om ▁is ▁the ▁presence ▁of ▁an ▁a ura ▁before ▁the ▁attack . ▁These ▁sens ations ▁manifest ▁in ▁several ▁forms , ▁usually ▁described ▁as ▁a ▁t ing ling ▁in ▁the ▁target ▁lim b . ▁ ▁A ▁single ▁lim b ▁is |
▁the ▁most ▁frequently ▁affected ▁area ; ▁however ▁it ▁is ▁possible ▁for ▁an ▁attack ▁to ▁affect ▁more ▁than ▁one ▁lim b . ▁When ▁more ▁than ▁one ▁lim b ▁is ▁affected , ▁the ▁two ▁lim bs ▁are ▁usually ▁un il ater al ▁( same ▁side ), ▁even ▁though ▁cases ▁of ▁bil ater al ▁( opp os ite ▁sides ) ▁sympt oms ▁have ▁also ▁been ▁observed . ▁Another ▁frequently ▁affected ▁area ▁is ▁the ▁tor so , ▁with ▁some ▁PK D ▁patients ▁tw isting ▁their ▁body . ▁ ▁Att acks ▁experienced ▁by ▁PK D ▁patients ▁typically ▁last ▁less ▁than ▁a ▁minute , ▁however ▁longer ▁attack ▁can ▁occur . ▁To ▁further ▁distinguish ▁between ▁PK D ▁and ▁ep ile ps y , ▁patients ▁typically ▁retain ▁conscious ness ▁during ▁their ▁attacks , ▁and ▁are ▁able ▁to ▁recall ▁the ▁attacks ▁even ▁after ▁they ▁have ▁ended . ▁Despite ▁retain ing ▁conscious ness , ▁patients ▁are ▁usually ▁in cap able ▁of ▁speech ▁during ▁the ▁attack ▁and ▁may ▁experience ▁great ▁pain ▁in ▁the ▁affected ▁area . ▁The ▁frequency ▁of ▁attacks ▁vary ▁greatly . ▁Some ▁patients ▁have ▁been ▁noted ▁as ▁having ▁hundreds ▁of ▁attacks ▁per ▁day , ▁while ▁others ▁go ▁months ▁without ▁an ▁attack . ▁ ▁P N K D ▁The ▁attacks ▁consist ▁of ▁d yst onia , ▁ch ore a , ▁and ▁ath et osis ▁just ▁like ▁PK D . ▁ ▁They ▁are ▁mostly ▁of ▁the ▁lim bs , ▁and ▁are ▁usually ▁un il ater al ▁or ▁asym metric . ▁What ▁sets ▁P N K D ▁apart ▁from ▁PK D ▁is ▁that ▁the ▁attacks |
▁can ▁last ▁anywhere ▁from ▁four ▁minutes ▁to ▁four ▁hours , ▁but ▁shorter ▁and ▁longer ▁attacks ▁have ▁been ▁reported ▁as ▁well . ▁ ▁The ▁attacks ▁also ▁affect ▁the ▁lim bs , ▁usually ▁un il ater ally , ▁but ▁bil ater al ▁sympt oms ▁have ▁also ▁been ▁experienced . ▁P N K D ▁patients ▁usually ▁report ▁the ▁presence ▁of ▁an ▁a ura ▁before ▁an ▁attack ▁as ▁well ; ▁however ▁they ▁are ▁usually ▁different ▁from ▁those ▁of ▁PK D ▁patients . ▁Once ▁again ▁the ▁a ura ▁var ies , ▁but ▁is ▁typically ▁felt ▁in ▁the ▁target ▁lim b . ▁Another ▁frequently ▁noted ▁a ura ▁is ▁d izz iness ▁▁ ▁P N K D ▁patients ▁experience ▁attacks ▁that ▁last ▁much ▁longer ▁than ▁those ▁of ▁PK D . ▁These ▁attacks ▁vary ▁in ▁length ▁and ▁can ▁last ▁anywhere ▁between ▁four ▁minutes ▁and ▁four ▁hours . ▁Similar ▁to ▁the ▁difference ▁between ▁length ▁of ▁attacks , ▁the ▁intervals ▁between ▁attacks ▁are ▁much ▁longer . ▁The ▁Inter val ▁between ▁P N K D ▁patients ’ ▁attacks ▁is ▁from ▁one ▁day ▁to ▁several ▁months . ▁ ▁P ED ▁P ED ▁attacks ▁are ▁character ized ▁in ▁multiple ▁ways . ▁One ▁distingu ishing ▁characteristic ▁of ▁P ED ▁patients ▁is ▁that ▁they ▁typically ▁experience ▁longer ▁dur ations ▁of ▁d yst onia ▁during ▁their ▁attacks . ▁The ▁most ▁frequent ▁target ▁of ▁attacks ▁are ▁both ▁legs ▁bil ater ally , ▁rather ▁than ▁un il ater al ▁sympt oms . ▁The ▁attacks ▁have ▁also ▁been ▁known ▁to ▁affect ▁the ▁upper ▁half ▁of ▁the ▁body ▁as ▁well . ▁In ▁some |
▁cases , ▁patients ▁have ▁had ▁attacks ▁that ▁affected ▁the ▁post uring ▁of ▁their ▁neck ▁and ▁shoulder . ▁Usually ▁there ▁is ▁not ▁an ▁indic ative ▁a ura ▁sympt om ▁prior ▁to ▁a ▁P ED ▁attack , ▁which ▁has ▁to ▁do ▁with ▁the ▁nature ▁of ▁the ▁on set ▁of ▁attacks . ▁ ▁The ▁duration ▁and ▁frequency ▁of ▁P ED ▁attacks ▁fall ▁between ▁those ▁of ▁PK D ▁and ▁P N K D . ▁The ▁attacks ▁can ▁be ▁rel ieved ▁with ▁rest , ▁typically ▁taking ▁about ▁ 1 0 ▁minutes ▁from ▁c ess ation ▁of ▁the ▁exercise . ▁Att acks ▁usually ▁do ▁not ▁last ▁longer ▁than ▁ 3 0 ▁minutes . ▁Att acks ▁typically ▁occur ▁at ▁intervals ▁of ▁between ▁a ▁day ▁and ▁a ▁month , ▁however , ▁there ▁is ▁a ▁great ▁deal ▁of ▁vari ability ▁here . ▁This ▁vari ability ▁can ▁be ▁contributed ▁to ▁the ▁nature ▁of ▁the ▁on set ▁of ▁attacks . ▁ ▁C aus es ▁All ▁P D ▁associated ▁sub types ▁have ▁gen etic ▁contributions ▁and ▁are ▁likely ▁to ▁run ▁in ▁a ▁families ▁gen etic ▁history ▁due ▁to ▁dominant ▁alle le ▁mut ations . ▁Mut ations ▁of ▁identified ▁gen es ▁have ▁been ▁leading ▁areas ▁of ▁research ▁in ▁the ▁study ▁and ▁treatment ▁of ▁par ox ys mal ▁dy sk ines ia . ▁PK D , ▁P N K D , ▁and ▁P ED ▁are ▁class ified ▁as ▁separate ▁sub types ▁because ▁they ▁all ▁have ▁different ▁present ations ▁of ▁sympt oms , ▁but ▁also , ▁because ▁they ▁are ▁believed ▁to ▁have ▁different ▁path ologies . ▁ ▁Studies |
▁on ▁dise ases ▁that ▁are ▁similar ▁in ▁nature ▁to ▁P D ▁have ▁revealed ▁ins ights ▁into ▁the ▁causes ▁of ▁movement ▁dis orders . ▁Hyp n ogen ic ▁par ox ys mal ▁dy sk ines ia ▁is ▁a ▁form ▁of ▁ep ile ps y ▁affect ing ▁the ▁front al ▁lo be . ▁Single ▁gen es ▁have ▁been ▁identified ▁on ▁chrom os om es ▁ 1 5 , ▁ 2 0 , ▁and ▁ 2 1 , ▁which ▁contribute ▁to ▁the ▁path ology ▁of ▁these ▁ep ile ps y ▁dis orders . ▁Util izing ▁new ▁knowledge ▁about ▁path ologies ▁of ▁related ▁and ▁similar ▁disease ▁can ▁shed ▁insight ▁on ▁the ▁caus al ▁relationships ▁in ▁par ox ys mal ▁dy sk ines ia . ▁ ▁PK D ▁N umer ous ▁causes ▁have ▁been ▁proposed ▁for ▁PK D , ▁such ▁as ▁gen etic ▁mut ations , ▁multiple ▁s cl eros is , ▁brain ▁tra uma , ▁and ▁end ocr ine ▁d ys function . ▁This ▁is ▁not ▁an ▁exhaust ive ▁list ; ▁many ▁other ▁causes ▁are ▁being ▁proposed ▁and ▁studied . ▁Until ▁caus al ▁gen es ▁can ▁be ▁identified , ▁the ▁path ology ▁of ▁PK D ▁will ▁not ▁be ▁fully ▁understood . ▁Research ers ▁have ▁identified ▁specific ▁lo ci ▁in ▁chrom os om es ▁ 1 6 ▁and ▁ 2 2 , ▁which ▁have ▁been ▁reported ▁to ▁have ▁a ▁gen ot ype - phen ot ype ▁correlation . ▁ ▁P N K D ▁Research ▁on ▁the ▁path ology ▁for ▁P N K D ▁suggests ▁that ▁mut ations ▁to |
▁specific ▁nucle ot ide ▁sequences ▁in ▁chrom os ome ▁ 2 , ▁MR - 1 ▁( my of ib ril il ogen esis ▁reg ulator ▁- ▁ 1 ) ▁may ▁be ▁linked ▁to ▁P N K D . ▁Studies ▁on ▁MR - 1 ▁reve al ▁that ▁it ▁serves ▁as ▁a ▁det ox ifying ▁agent . ▁P N K D ▁is ▁sometimes ▁induced ▁by ▁the ▁consumption ▁of ▁alco hol ▁or ▁coffee . ▁Ind ividual s ▁with ▁a ▁mut ation ▁in ▁the ▁MR - 1 ▁gene ▁sequence ▁may ▁have ▁problems ▁det ox ifying ▁the ▁body ▁when ▁alco hol ▁or ▁c aff e ine ▁is ▁ing ested , ▁perhaps ▁resulting ▁in ▁the ▁on set ▁of ▁P N K D . ▁ ▁Other ▁studies ▁have ▁revealed ▁a ▁possible ▁mut ation ▁on ▁the ▁calci um ▁sensitive ▁pot ass ium ▁( B K ) ▁channel . ▁A ▁mut ation ▁affect ing ▁the ▁infl ux ▁and ▁eff l ux ▁of ▁pot ass ium ▁and ▁calci um ▁can ▁cause ▁large ▁scale ▁changes ▁in ▁a ▁neur on . ▁This ▁specific ▁mut ation ▁leads ▁to ▁increased ▁exc it ability ▁of ▁the ▁neur on , ▁often ▁indu cing ▁rapid ▁dep olar ization ▁el ic iting ▁numerous ▁action ▁potential s . ▁ ▁The ▁path ogen esis ▁of ▁PK ND ▁is ▁partially ▁defined ▁by ▁the ▁identification ▁of ▁mut ations ▁in ▁the ▁my of ib ril log en esis ▁reg ulator ▁ 1 ▁( MR - 1 ), ▁whose ▁gene ▁product ▁is ▁an ▁en zym e ▁involved ▁in ▁the ▁det ox ification ▁of ▁m eth yl gly |
ox al ▁( a ▁comp ound ▁present ▁in ▁coffee , ▁col a , ▁and ▁alco hol ic ▁be ver ages ). ▁ ▁P ED ▁Long ▁periods ▁of ▁continuous ▁physical ▁exercise ▁is ▁often ▁considered ▁the ▁caus al ▁factor ▁involved ▁in ▁a ▁P ED ▁diagn osis . ▁It ▁is ▁important ▁to ▁note ▁that ▁P ED ▁a ▁is ▁sometimes ▁co - di agn osed ▁with ▁ep ile ps y ▁and ▁young - ons et ▁Park inson ' s ▁disease . ▁Cor rel ations ▁between ▁the ▁causes ▁of ▁young - ons et ▁Park inson ' s ▁disease ▁and ▁P ED ▁may ▁be ▁due ▁to ▁a ▁similar ▁problem , ▁specifically ▁a ▁mut ation ▁of ▁a ▁pot ass ium ▁channel ▁gene ▁on ▁chrom os ome ▁ 1 . ▁ ▁The ▁path ogen esis ▁of ▁P ED ▁has ▁also ▁been ▁linked ▁to ▁mut ations ▁in ▁the ▁GL UT 1 ▁gl uc ose ▁trans porter ▁which ▁can ▁result ▁in ▁trans ient ▁ ▁energy ▁def ic its ▁in ▁the ▁bas al ▁gang lia . ▁ ▁Di agn osis ▁Di agn osis ▁is ▁similar , ▁but ▁slightly ▁different ▁for ▁each ▁type ▁of ▁P D . ▁Some ▁types ▁are ▁more ▁understood ▁than ▁others , ▁and ▁therefore ▁have ▁more ▁criteria ▁for ▁diagn osis . ▁ ▁PK D ▁The ▁gu idel ines ▁for ▁diagn osing ▁PK D ▁were ▁review ed ▁and ▁confirmed ▁by ▁Unter berger ▁and ▁Tr ink a . ▁PK D ▁consists ▁of ▁unexpected ▁forms ▁of ▁invol unt ary ▁movements ▁of ▁the ▁body . ▁The ▁patient ▁is ▁usually ▁diagn osed ▁som etime ▁before ▁their ▁ |
2 0 s , ▁and ▁is ▁more ▁likely ▁diagn osed ▁during ▁child hood ▁than ▁early ▁ad ul th ood . ▁Al most ▁all ▁PK D ' s ▁are ▁id iop ath ic , ▁but ▁there ▁have ▁been ▁examples ▁of ▁aut os om al ▁dominant ▁inheritance ▁as ▁well . ▁Phys ical ▁exam ination ▁and ▁brain ▁imag ing ▁exam in ations ▁show ▁normal ▁results , ▁and ▁an ▁E EG ▁shows ▁no ▁specific ▁ab normal ities ▁as ▁well . ▁However , ▁the ▁negative ▁synchron ous ▁E EG ▁results ▁can ▁be ▁used ▁to ▁prove ▁that ▁PK D ▁is ▁not ▁a ▁sort ▁of ▁ref lex ▁ep ile ps y , ▁but ▁a ▁different ▁disease . ▁ ▁PK D ▁is ▁the ▁most ▁pre val ent ▁sub type ▁of ▁par ox ys mal ▁dy sk ines ia , ▁en comp ass ing ▁over ▁ 8 0 % ▁of ▁all ▁given ▁P D ▁diagn osis . ▁PK D ▁is ▁more ▁pre val ent ▁in ▁boys , ▁usually ▁as ▁high ▁as ▁ 3 . 7 5 : 1 . ▁ ▁P N K D ▁P N K D ▁has ▁a ▁set ▁guid eline ▁for ▁diagn osis ▁that ▁is ▁slightly ▁different ▁from ▁PK D . ▁P N K D ▁usually ▁occurs ▁unexpected ly , ▁and ▁is ▁not ▁brought ▁on ▁by ▁sudden ▁movements ▁or ▁exercise . ▁Instead ▁the ▁attacks ▁are ▁brought ▁on ▁by ▁str esses ▁such ▁as ▁emot ional ▁stress , ▁fat igue , ▁alco hol , ▁or ▁c aff e ine ▁consumption . ▁Just ▁like ▁PK D , ▁P N K D ▁also |
▁shows ▁aut os om al ▁domin ance ▁in ▁family ▁history . ▁Phys ical ▁exam ination ▁and ▁brain ▁imag ing ▁exam in ations ▁show ▁normal ▁results , ▁and ▁E EG ▁shows ▁no ▁specific ▁ab normal ities ▁as ▁well . ▁ ▁P N K D ▁is ▁more ▁pre val ent ▁in ▁boys , ▁with ▁r ati os ▁of ▁ 1 . 4 : 1 . ▁ ▁P ED ▁P ED ▁has ▁a ▁set ▁guid eline ▁for ▁diagn osis ▁that ▁is ▁similar , ▁but ▁slightly ▁different ▁from ▁both ▁PK D ▁and ▁P N K D . ▁P ED ▁attacks ▁consist ▁of ▁d yst onic ▁and ▁bil ater al ▁movements ▁usually ▁in ▁the ▁lower ▁lim bs ▁of ▁the ▁body . ▁These ▁attacks ▁are ▁usually ▁brought ▁about ▁only ▁by ▁exercise ▁and ▁physical ▁exhaust ion . ▁P ED ▁patients ▁do ▁not ▁feel ▁an ▁a ura - like ▁sens ation ▁before ▁an ▁attack ▁occurs , ▁unlike ▁PK D ▁and ▁P N K D . ▁These ▁attacks ▁usually ▁last ▁from ▁ 5 ▁to ▁ 3 0 ▁minutes , ▁and ▁can ▁occur ▁once ▁a ▁day ▁or ▁once ▁a ▁month . ▁Phys ical ▁exam ination ▁and ▁brain ▁imag ing ▁exam in ations ▁show ▁normal ▁results , ▁and ▁E EG ▁shows ▁no ▁specific ▁ab normal ities ▁as ▁well . ▁ ▁P ED ▁is ▁the ▁r ar est ▁para ox ys mal ▁dy sk ines ia ▁sub type . ▁ ▁Management ▁ ▁PK D ▁ ▁PK D ▁patients ▁usually ▁show ▁a ▁good ▁response ▁to ▁ant icon v uls ants . ▁Most ▁commonly ▁used ▁medic ations |
▁are ▁sod ium ▁block ers , ▁car b am az ep ine ▁and ▁ph eny to in . ▁During ▁a ▁drug - testing ▁study , ▁patients ▁reported ▁a ▁decre asing ▁response ▁to ▁the ▁latter ▁use ▁of ▁ant icon v uls ants ▁and ▁switched ▁to ▁car b am az ep ine ▁or ▁ph eny to in . ▁Ref ra ining ▁from ▁established ▁triggers ▁such ▁as ▁sudden ▁movement ▁has ▁been ▁shown ▁to ▁less en ▁attacks ▁occurr ences . ▁ ▁A void ance ▁of ▁pre dis pos ing ▁factors ▁such ▁as ▁stress , ▁excitement , ▁and ▁fat igue ▁also ▁help ▁manage ▁attacks . ▁ ▁P N K D ▁ ▁Tre at ment ▁for ▁PK ND ▁is ▁more ▁difficult ▁than ▁other ▁Par ox ys mal ▁Dy sk ines ias . ▁ ▁The ▁majority ▁of ▁patients ▁experience ▁some ▁relief ▁from ▁low ▁dos ages ▁of ▁cl on az ep am , ▁a ▁mus cle ▁relax ant ▁and ▁ant icon v uls ant . ▁Similar ▁to ▁PK D , ▁avoid ance ▁of ▁stress , ▁excitement , ▁and ▁fat igue ▁will ▁lower ▁the ▁frequency ▁of ▁P N K D ▁attacks . ▁ ▁Many ▁patients ▁also ▁avoid ▁known ▁m eth yg ly ox al ▁containing ▁food s ▁and ▁be ver ages ▁such ▁as ▁alco hol , ▁coffee , ▁tea , ▁and ▁ch oc olate . ▁ ▁P ED ▁P ED ▁patients ▁usually ▁avoid ▁prolong ed , ▁continuous ▁ex ert ion ▁to ▁prevent ▁occurrence ▁of ▁attacks . ▁Use ▁of ▁ant icon v uls ants ▁such ▁as ▁ben z odia ze p ines ▁show |
▁little ▁to ▁no ▁success ▁in ▁P ED ▁patients . ▁A ▁few ▁cases ▁have ▁shown ▁that ▁patients ▁were ▁able ▁to ▁less en ▁their ▁attacks ▁with ▁a ▁high ▁car bo h yd rate ▁sn ack . ▁A ▁new ▁approach ▁to ▁man aging ▁P ED ▁is ▁the ▁k et ogen ic ▁di et , ▁which ▁al ters ▁the ▁primary ▁c ere br al ▁energy ▁met abol ism ▁from ▁gl uc ose ▁to ▁k et one ▁bodies . ▁Re ports ▁have ▁shown ▁that ▁the ▁k et onic ▁di et ▁protect s ▁against ▁se iz ures ▁in ▁ep ile ps y . ▁In ▁P ED , ▁it ▁is ▁probable ▁that ▁k et ones ▁will ▁provide ▁sufficient ▁energy ▁for ▁the ▁bas al ▁ ▁gang lia , ▁which ▁is ▁normally ▁def ic ient ▁in ▁patients ▁with ▁P ED . ▁ ▁Pro gn osis ▁Par ox ys mal ▁Dy sk ines ia ▁is ▁not ▁a ▁fatal ▁disease . ▁Life ▁can ▁be ▁extremely ▁difficult ▁with ▁this ▁disease ▁depending ▁on ▁the ▁sever ity . ▁The ▁pro gn osis ▁of ▁P D ▁is ▁extremely ▁difficult ▁to ▁determine ▁because ▁the ▁disease ▁var ies ▁from ▁person ▁to ▁person . ▁The ▁attacks ▁for ▁PK D ▁can ▁be ▁reduced ▁and ▁managed ▁with ▁proper ▁ant icon v uls ants , ▁but ▁there ▁is ▁no ▁particular ▁end ▁in ▁sight ▁for ▁any ▁of ▁the ▁P D ▁dise ases . ▁PK D ▁has ▁been ▁described ▁to ▁ce ase ▁for ▁some ▁patients ▁after ▁the ▁age ▁of ▁ 2 0 , ▁and ▁two ▁patients ▁have ▁reported ▁to ▁have ▁a ▁family ▁history ▁of ▁the ▁disease |
▁where ▁PK D ▁went ▁into ▁complete ▁rem ission ▁after ▁the ▁age ▁of ▁ 2 3 . ▁With ▁P N K D ▁and ▁P ED , ▁at ▁this ▁time , ▁there ▁is ▁no ▁proper ▁way ▁to ▁determine ▁an ▁accurate ▁pro gn osis . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁ ▁Category : Ne uro log ical ▁dis orders <0x0A> </s> ▁Body ▁per cussion ▁may ▁be ▁performed ▁on ▁its ▁own ▁or ▁as ▁an ▁accompan iment ▁to ▁music ▁and / or ▁dance . ▁Ex amples ▁of ▁countries ' ▁folk ▁trad itions ▁that ▁incorpor ate ▁body ▁per cussion ▁include ▁Indones ian ▁sam an , ▁Eth iop ian ▁ar mp it ▁music , ▁pal mas ▁in ▁fl amen co , ▁and ▁the ▁h amb one ▁from ▁the ▁United ▁States . ▁Body ▁per cussion ▁is ▁a ▁subset ▁of ▁" body ▁music ". ▁ ▁Body ▁per cussion ▁sounds ▁ ▁Per cussion ▁instruments ▁produce ▁their ▁sound ▁when ▁a ▁player ▁hits , ▁sc rap es , ▁rub s ▁or ▁sh akes ▁them ▁to ▁produce ▁v ibr ations . ▁These ▁techniques ▁can ▁also ▁be ▁applied ▁to ▁the ▁human ▁body . ▁The ▁body ▁also ▁presents ▁several ▁unique ▁possibilities ▁including ▁the ▁use ▁of ▁in h aled ▁or ▁ex h aled ▁air ▁and ▁vocal ▁sounds . ▁ ▁Trad itionally ▁the ▁four ▁main ▁body ▁per cussion ▁sounds ▁( in ▁order ▁from ▁lowest ▁pitch ▁to ▁highest ▁in ▁pitch ) ▁are : ▁St om ping : ▁St rik ing ▁left , ▁right , ▁or ▁both ▁feet ▁against ▁the ▁floor ▁or ▁other ▁reson ant ▁surface ▁P atting : ▁P atting ▁either |
▁the ▁left , ▁right , ▁or ▁both ▁th igh s ▁or ▁che eks ▁with ▁hands ▁Cla pping ▁hands ▁together ▁Sn apping ▁fingers ▁ ▁However , ▁there ▁are ▁numerous ▁other ▁possibilities ▁including : ▁ ▁hitting ▁the ▁ch est , ▁wh ist ling , ▁sla pping ▁or ▁f lick ing ▁the ▁che eks ▁with ▁an ▁open ▁mouth , ▁clicking ▁with ▁the ▁tongue ▁against ▁the ▁roof ▁of ▁the ▁mouth , ▁gr un ting , ▁and ▁hitting ▁the ▁but to cks . ▁ ▁Vari ations ▁of ▁sound ▁are ▁possible ▁through ▁changing ▁the ▁playing ▁technique . ▁For ▁example , ▁cla pping ▁the ▁hands ▁in ▁various ▁positions ▁will ▁affect ▁factors ▁such ▁as ▁pitch ▁and ▁reson ance . ▁ ▁Music ▁education ▁ ▁Body ▁per cussion ▁is ▁used ▁extens ively ▁in ▁music ▁education , ▁because ▁of ▁its ▁access ibility — the ▁human ▁body ▁is ▁the ▁original ▁musical ▁instrument ▁and ▁the ▁only ▁instrument ▁that ▁every ▁student ▁poss esses . ▁Using ▁the ▁body ▁in ▁this ▁manner ▁gives ▁students ▁a ▁direct ▁experience ▁of ▁musical ▁elements , ▁such ▁as ▁beat , ▁rh ythm , ▁and ▁met re ▁and ▁helps ▁a ▁student ▁internal ise ▁rh yth mic ▁skills . ▁C ertain ▁approaches ▁to ▁music ▁education , ▁including ▁Or ff , ▁K od ály ▁and ▁B ap ne ▁make ▁particular ▁use ▁of ▁body ▁per cussion . ▁ ▁Perform ers ▁ ▁Body ▁per cussion ▁may ▁be ▁performed ▁solo ▁or ▁several ▁perform ers ▁may ▁combine ▁to ▁create ▁a ▁musical ▁ensemble . ▁One ▁of ▁the ▁most ▁accomplished ▁body ▁per cussion ▁solo ists ▁is ▁Keith ▁Terry . ▁Terry ▁res ides ▁in |
▁San ▁Francisco , ▁California ▁and ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 8 0 s ▁he ▁established ▁Cross ▁P ulse , ▁a ▁non - pro fit ▁organization ▁dedicated ▁to ▁the ▁creation , ▁performance ▁and ▁recording ▁of ▁rh ythm - based , ▁inter c ult ural ▁music ▁and ▁dance . ▁Perhaps ▁the ▁most ▁famous ▁body ▁per cussion ▁ensemble ▁is ▁the ▁United ▁Kingdom ▁per cussion ▁group ▁St omp . ▁St omp ▁perform ▁in ▁a ▁musical ▁genre ▁known ▁as ▁tr ash ▁per cussion , ▁which ▁involves ▁the ▁use ▁of ▁non - trad itional ▁instruments ▁combined ▁with ▁body ▁per cussion . ▁In ▁Brazil , ▁the ▁most ▁well - known ▁body ▁per cussion ▁group ▁is ▁Barb atu ques . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁Beat box ing ▁K onn ak ol ▁V ocal ▁Per cussion ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Print ▁sources ▁▁ ▁Diet rich ▁W oe hr lin . ▁" R h yth mic ▁& ▁Body ▁Per cussion ". ▁Book / CD , ▁C oda ▁Verlag , ▁ 2 0 0 8 , ▁▁ ▁Martin ▁J . ▁J unker . ▁" S ix ▁Bag at ells ▁for ▁Body ▁Per cussion ▁Solo ". ▁D ink lage ▁ 2 0 0 0 ▁( G ret el - Verlag , ▁Germany ) ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁▁ ▁B ina ural ▁ 3 D ▁audio ▁demonstr ation ▁of ▁hand ▁per cussion ▁sounds ▁ ▁Category : Body ▁per cussion <0x0A> </s> ▁Tit ã s ▁– ▁A ▁V ida ▁At é ▁P are ce ▁U ma ▁F esta ▁( lit . ▁Tit ã s ▁- ▁Life ▁Even ▁Looks ▁Like |
▁a ▁Party ) ▁is ▁a ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁document ary ▁featuring ▁the ▁career ▁of ▁the ▁Brazil ian ▁rock ▁band ▁Tit ã s ▁since ▁its ▁beginning . ▁The ▁document ary ▁features ▁the ▁t apes ▁recorded ▁by ▁Bran co ▁M ello ▁when ▁he ▁earned ▁his ▁V HS ▁camera ▁in ▁the ▁early ▁ 1 9 8 0 s . ▁The ▁album ▁was ▁awarded ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁V MB ▁Award ▁of ▁Musical ▁Movie / Document ary ▁of ▁the ▁Year . ▁ ▁Background ▁ ▁Bran co ▁M ello ▁used ▁his ▁camera ▁to ▁record ▁several ▁moments ▁in ▁shows , ▁stud ios , ▁hotel ▁rooms , ▁air ports ▁and ▁any ▁other ▁kind ▁of ▁back stage ▁actions . ▁He ▁and ▁his ▁band ▁m ates ▁recorded ▁the ▁images ▁and ▁sound ▁in ▁formats ▁such ▁as ▁V HS , ▁Hi - 8 , ▁Super ▁ 8 ▁e ▁mini ▁D V . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 2 , ▁M ello ▁invited ▁the ▁award - win ning ▁Oscar ▁Rod rig ues ▁Al ves , ▁who ▁had ▁already ▁directed ▁the ▁prom ot ional ▁clip ▁for ▁" E pit á f io ", ▁to ▁write ▁and ▁direct ▁the ▁film . ▁together ▁they ▁selected ▁videos ▁among ▁the ▁more ▁than ▁ 2 0 0 ▁hours ▁of ▁recorded ▁material . ▁They ▁also ▁searched ▁at ▁television ▁networks ▁for ▁prom ot ional ▁videos , ▁talk ▁shows ▁and ▁inter views . ▁All ▁that ▁material ▁together ▁was ▁able ▁to ▁tell ▁the ▁story ▁of ▁the ▁band ▁through ▁shows , ▁national ▁and ▁international ▁t ours , ▁music ▁festiv als ▁and |
▁important ▁moments ▁like ▁the ▁death ▁of ▁Marcel o ▁From er ▁and ▁the ▁departure ▁of ▁Arn al do ▁Ant unes ▁and ▁N ando ▁Re is . ▁It ▁took ▁them ▁six ▁years ▁to ▁edit ▁the ▁film , ▁because ▁they ▁would ▁only ▁be ▁able ▁to ▁do ▁that ▁during ▁their ▁fre etime . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁▁▁ ▁Tit ã s ▁- ▁A ▁V ida ▁At é ▁P are ce ▁U ma ▁F esta ▁at ▁Mov iem ob z . com ▁▁▁ ▁Category : 2 0 0 8 ▁films ▁Category : B raz ilian ▁films ▁Category : Port ug uese - language ▁films ▁Category : Document ary ▁films ▁about ▁music ▁and ▁mus icians ▁Category : T it ã s <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Dre ic er ▁field ▁( or ▁Dre ic er ▁electric ▁field ) ▁is ▁the ▁critical ▁electric ▁field ▁above ▁which ▁electrons ▁in ▁a ▁coll is ional ▁pl asma ▁can ▁be ▁acceler ated ▁to ▁become ▁run away ▁electrons . ▁It ▁was ▁named ▁after ▁Harry ▁Dre ic er ▁who ▁derived ▁the ▁expression ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 9 ▁and ▁expanded ▁on ▁the ▁concept ▁( i . e . ▁run away ▁generation ) ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 0 . ▁The ▁Dre ic er ▁field ▁is ▁an ▁important ▁parameter ▁in ▁the ▁study ▁of ▁to k am aks ▁to ▁suppress ▁run away ▁generation ▁in ▁nuclear ▁fusion . ▁▁▁ ▁The ▁Dre ic er ▁field ▁is ▁given ▁by ▁▁▁▁▁ ▁where ▁ ▁is ▁the ▁electron ▁density , ▁is ▁the ▁elementary ▁charge , ▁is ▁the ▁C oul omb ▁log arith m , ▁is |
▁the ▁vac u um ▁perm itt ivity , ▁is ▁the ▁electron ▁mass ▁and ▁is ▁the ▁electron ▁thermal ▁speed . ▁It ▁was ▁derived ▁by ▁considering ▁the ▁balance ▁between ▁the ▁electric ▁field ▁and ▁the ▁coll is ional ▁forces ▁acting ▁on ▁a ▁single ▁electron ▁within ▁the ▁pl asma . ▁▁ ▁Rec ent ▁experiments ▁have ▁shown ▁that ▁the ▁electric ▁field ▁required ▁to ▁acceler ate ▁electrons ▁is ▁significantly ▁larger ▁than ▁the ▁theoret ically ▁calculated ▁Dre ic er ▁field . ▁New ▁models ▁have ▁been ▁proposed ▁to ▁explain ▁the ▁dis cre p ancy . ▁ ▁References ▁▁ ▁Category : Pl asma ▁physics <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁United ▁Farm ers ▁of ▁Quebec ▁( F erm iers ▁un is ▁du ▁Québec ) ▁were ▁founded ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 0 ▁as ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁bro ader ▁United ▁Farm ers ▁movement ▁in ▁of ▁Canada . ▁ ▁The ▁gen esis ▁of ▁the ▁organization ▁was ▁in ▁protest s ▁resulting ▁from ▁the ▁Cons cription ▁Cris is ▁of ▁ 1 9 1 7 ▁against ▁the ▁attempt ▁of ▁Robert ▁B orden ' s ▁federal ▁government ▁to ▁cons cript ▁farm ▁youth s ▁into ▁the ▁Canadian ▁military ▁during ▁World ▁War ▁I . ▁Quebec ▁far mers ▁organized ▁a ▁large ▁demonstr ation ▁on ▁Parliament ▁Hill ▁in ▁Ott awa ▁on ▁May ▁ 1 5 , ▁ 1 9 1 8 ▁bringing ▁them ▁into ▁contact ▁with ▁the ▁United ▁Farm ers ▁national ▁movement . ▁ ▁The ▁Quebec ▁far mers ▁organized ▁ 2 0 ▁associations ▁in ▁western ▁Quebec ▁and ▁in ▁September ▁ 1 9 1 8 ▁organized ▁the ▁ ▁Inter pro vin cial ▁Union ▁of ▁Farm ers |
▁as ▁an ▁um bre lla ▁group . ▁A ▁conference ▁held ▁in ▁Montreal ▁in ▁January ▁ 1 9 2 0 ▁transformed ▁this ▁group ▁into ▁the ▁United ▁Farm ers ▁of ▁Québec ▁which , ▁by ▁ 1 9 2 1 , ▁had ▁ 5 , 0 0 0 ▁members ▁in ▁ 2 0 ▁count ies . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 2 1 , ▁the ▁United ▁Farm ers ▁and ▁the ▁Union ▁des ▁cultiv ateurs ▁du ▁Québec ▁formed ▁the ▁Parti ▁ferm ier - progress iste ▁du ▁Québec ▁( Progress ive ▁Farm ers ▁of ▁Québec ) ▁with ▁the ▁support ▁of ▁Joseph - No é ▁Pont on ▁and ▁the ▁Bul letin ▁des ▁agr icul te urs . ▁ ▁The ▁party ▁was ▁inspired ▁by ▁both ▁the ▁program ▁of ▁the ▁Progress ive ▁Party ▁of ▁Canada ▁( the ▁political ▁party ▁of ▁the ▁national ▁United ▁Farm ers ▁movement ) ▁and ▁the ▁national ism ▁of ▁Henri ▁Bour assa . ▁ ▁The ▁party ▁supported ▁ 2 1 ▁candidates , ▁most ▁of ▁whom ▁ran ▁in ▁conj unction ▁with ▁the ▁Progress ive ▁Party ▁of ▁Canada ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 2 1 ▁federal ▁election , ▁but ▁none ▁were ▁elected . ▁The ▁far mers ' ▁candidates ▁won ▁ 4 2 , 0 0 0 ▁votes , ▁or ▁ 1 1 % ▁of ▁the ▁total ▁in ▁Quebec . ▁ ▁By ▁ 1 9 2 4 , ▁the ▁group ▁had ▁been ▁over shadow ed ▁by ▁the ▁more ▁conserv ative ▁Catholic ▁Union ▁of ▁Farm ers . ▁ ▁References ▁United ▁Farm ers ▁of ▁Quebec ▁The ▁Canadian ▁Encyclopedia ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 |
2 0 ▁establish ments ▁in ▁Quebec ▁Category : 1 9 2 4 ▁dis est ab lish ments ▁in ▁Quebec ▁Category : A gr arian ▁parties ▁in ▁Canada ▁Category : Def unct ▁agr arian ▁political ▁parties ▁Category : Pol it ical ▁history ▁of ▁Quebec ▁Category : Pol it ical ▁parties ▁dis est ab lished ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 4 ▁Category : Pol it ical ▁parties ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 0 ▁Category : So cial ▁dem ocr atic ▁parties ▁in ▁Canada ▁Category : Un ited ▁Farm ers <0x0A> </s> ▁Ch inos phere ▁may ▁refer ▁to : ▁ ▁Cry os phere ▁( ear th ▁sciences ), ▁an ▁ar ctic ▁ge ography ▁termin ology ▁ ▁S inos phere ▁( ling u istics ), ▁a ▁term ▁refers ▁to ▁the ▁Main land ▁S out heast ▁Asia ▁lingu istic ▁area <0x0A> </s> ▁Mass ac ces i ▁is ▁John ▁F anning ▁( born ▁ 1 9 7 8 ) ▁of ▁Ham pton , ▁New ▁Ham pshire , ▁United ▁States . ▁He ▁is ▁a ▁multimedia ▁artist , ▁util izing ▁performance , ▁installation , ▁physical ▁art ▁pieces , ▁experimental ▁sound ▁compos itions ▁electronic ▁music , ▁video ▁& ▁more , ▁generally ▁using ▁the ▁them es ▁of ▁rec y cling / re - usage ▁and ▁unique ▁concepts ▁( the ▁sound ▁of ▁tr ash ▁in ▁refuge e ▁cam ps , ▁building ▁a ▁city ▁out ▁of ▁a ▁city ' s ▁rec y cling , ▁performances ▁based ▁on ▁the ▁southern ▁Asian ▁sport ▁of ▁B uz k ashi , ▁sleep ing , ▁worship ing ▁tr ash |
). ▁having ▁released ▁for ▁such ▁record ▁labels ▁as ▁Ph th alo . ▁He ▁was ▁previously ▁known ▁as ▁DJ ▁En to x , ▁and ▁he ▁used ▁to ▁edit ▁a ▁hard core ▁te ch no / g ab ber ▁music ▁f anz ine ▁called ▁The ▁S kre em . ▁He ▁took ▁his ▁artist ▁alias ▁from ▁the ▁Italian ▁horror ▁film ▁director ▁Joe ▁d ' Am ato ▁whose ▁real ▁name ▁was ▁Arist ide ▁Mass ac ces i . ▁Mass ac ces i ▁has ▁had ▁exhib itions ▁of ▁work ▁& ▁performed ▁numerous ▁times ▁around ▁the ▁world . ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Official ▁website ▁ ▁Mass ac ces i ▁Mass ac ces i ( John ▁F anning ) ▁Category : 1 9 7 8 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people <0x0A> </s> ▁T eb ait a he ▁( S ometimes ▁sp elt ▁Te v ait a he ) ▁is ▁a ▁village ▁in ▁the ▁Sol omon ▁Islands , ▁on ▁R enn ell ▁Island ▁in ▁the ▁R enn ell ▁and ▁Bell ona ▁province . ▁ ▁Location ▁ ▁Loc ated ▁at ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁main ▁road ▁about ▁ 2 ▁ ¾ ▁hr ▁drive ▁from ▁T igo a . ▁ ▁This ▁village ▁is ▁located ▁on ▁the ▁shore ▁of ▁Lake ▁Te ▁N gg ano . ▁Tra vel ▁e aster ly ▁for ▁ 3 0 km ▁from ▁T igo a ▁until ▁T - inter section ▁just ▁prior ▁to ▁Lav angu , ▁turn ▁left ▁and ▁travel ▁for ▁ 1 8 km . ▁ ▁Population ▁ 2 0 0 ▁people ▁appro x ▁ |
▁Religion ▁South ▁Sea ▁Evangel ical ▁Church ▁( S SE C ) ▁ ▁Police ▁Gener ally ▁polic ing ▁is ▁serv iced ▁by ▁the ▁T igo a ▁police ▁station ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁a ▁local ▁Provin cial ▁government ▁employed ▁area ▁Const able . ▁ ▁The ▁Royal ▁Sol omon ▁Island ▁Police ▁has ▁a ▁Ban ana ▁boat ▁located ▁at ▁this ▁village . ▁The ▁Out board ▁motor ▁is ▁stored ▁in ▁the ▁police ▁station ▁at ▁T igo a . ▁ ▁Category : Pop ulated ▁places ▁in ▁R enn ell ▁and ▁Bell ona ▁Province <0x0A> </s> ▁Mar ius ▁P ant el imon ▁( born ▁February ▁ 2 7 , ▁ 1 9 7 9 ), ▁is ▁a ▁former ▁Roman ian ▁rugby ▁union ▁football ▁player . ▁He ▁played ▁as ▁a ▁lock . ▁ ▁Club ▁career ▁During ▁his ▁career , ▁P ant el imon ▁played ▁for ▁Gra ul het and ▁F ige ac ▁in ▁F éd éra le ▁ 2 ▁Championship ▁of ▁France . ▁ ▁International ▁career ▁P ant el imon ▁was ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁his ▁national ▁side ▁for ▁the ▁ 6 th ▁ ▁Rugby ▁World ▁Cup ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 3 . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 7 9 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : R oman ian ▁rugby ▁union ▁players ▁Category : R ugby ▁union ▁lo cks ▁Category : S port ing ▁Club ▁Gra ul het ois ▁players ▁Category : Ex pat ri ate ▁rugby ▁union ▁players ▁in ▁France <0x0A> </s> ▁Marcel a ▁Rub ial es ▁Jim é nez ▁( born ▁ |
1 6 ▁April ▁ 1 9 5 8 ) ▁is ▁a ▁Mexican ▁singer , ▁actress , ▁and ▁television ▁present er . ▁ ▁She ▁is ▁the ▁daughter ▁of ▁announ cer ▁and ▁present er ▁Pac o ▁Mal g esto ▁( Fran cis co ▁Rub ial es ▁Cal vo ) ▁and ▁singer ▁and ▁actress ▁Flor ▁Sil vest re ▁( Gu ill erm ina ▁Jim é nez ▁Ch abol la ). ▁She ▁has ▁a ▁brother , ▁Francisco ▁Rub ial es ; ▁a ▁mat ernal ▁half - s ister , ▁Dal ia ▁In és ; ▁a ▁pat ernal ▁half - s ister , ▁Crist ina ▁Rub ial es ; ▁and ▁two ▁mat ernal ▁half - bro thers , ▁Antonio ▁Agu ilar , ▁hijo ▁and ▁Pe pe ▁Agu ilar . ▁She ▁is ▁also ▁a ▁nie ce ▁of ▁sing ers ▁La ▁Pri eta ▁L inda ▁and ▁Mary ▁Jim é nez , ▁her ▁mother ' s ▁younger ▁sister s . ▁ ▁Rub ial es ▁began ▁her ▁career ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 7 , ▁when ▁she ▁was ▁given ▁a ▁supporting ▁role ▁in ▁the ▁t elen ov ela ▁La ▁v eng anza . ▁Later , ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 9 , ▁she ▁hosted ▁the ▁television ▁program ▁Comp lic ad í sim o . ▁She ▁made ▁her ▁singing ▁debut ▁in ▁the ▁early ▁ 1 9 8 0 s ▁and ▁recorded ▁most ▁of ▁her ▁hit ▁songs ▁for ▁Mexico ' s ▁E MI ▁Capit ol ▁label . ▁In ▁films ▁she ▁has ▁star red ▁opposite ▁actors ▁Antonio ▁Agu ilar ▁and ▁Gas par ▁H ena ine |
. ▁She ▁had ▁her ▁own ▁e quest rian ▁show ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 9 0 s ▁and ▁has ▁also ▁acted ▁on ▁stage . ▁ ▁Disc ography ▁ ▁Studio ▁albums ▁ ▁C ari ño ▁de ▁mi ▁c ari ño ▁( 1 9 8 1 ) ▁ ▁É ch ale ▁un ▁qu into ▁al ▁piano ▁( 1 9 8 2 ) ▁ ▁Pap al ote ando ▁( 1 9 8 5 ) ▁ ▁De ▁que br ad ita ▁con ▁banda ▁( 1 9 9 3 ) ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁▁ ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : M ex ican ▁female ▁sing ers ▁Category : R anch era ▁sing ers ▁Category : M ex ican ▁film ▁actress es ▁Category : M ex ican ▁stage ▁actress es ▁Category : M ex ican ▁television ▁actress es ▁Category : M ex ican ▁television ▁present ers ▁Category : Place ▁of ▁birth ▁missing ▁( l iving ▁people ) ▁Category : W omen ▁television ▁present ers ▁Category : 1 9 5 8 ▁birth s <0x0A> </s> ▁Maria ▁E ich wald ▁( born ▁at ▁Tal gar , ▁Kaz akh stan ) ▁is ▁a ▁Kaz akh st ani ▁bal let ▁dan cer ▁who ▁has ▁settled ▁in ▁Germany . ▁ ▁Biography ▁ ▁E ich wald ▁trained ▁at ▁the ▁national ▁bal let ▁a cademy ▁in ▁Al ma - A ta , ▁Kaz akh stan ▁before ▁becoming ▁a ▁solo ist ▁dan cer ▁at ▁the ▁national ▁theatre . ▁Due ▁to ▁her ▁German ▁ancest ry ▁she ▁moved ▁to ▁Germany ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 5 |
. ▁In ▁ 1 9 9 6 ▁she ▁joined ▁the ▁National ▁Theatre ▁Mun ich ▁where ▁she ▁became ▁a ▁principal ▁dan cer ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 9 . ▁In ▁Mun ich ▁she ▁dan ced ▁a ▁variety ▁of ▁leading ▁roles ▁including ▁Kit ri ▁in ▁Don ▁Qu ix ote , ▁Od ette / O d ile ▁in ▁Sw an ▁Lake ▁( P et ip a ), ▁Tat iana ▁and ▁Ol ga ▁in ▁On egin ▁( C ran ko ), ▁Mar guer ite ▁Du val ▁in ▁Die ▁Kam eli end ame ▁( Ne ume ier ) ▁and ▁Man on ▁in ▁Man on ▁( Mac mill an ). ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 4 , ▁E ich wald ▁caused ▁a ▁sc andal ▁in ▁the ▁press ▁when ▁she ▁ab rupt ly ▁left ▁the ▁company ▁to ▁accept ▁an ▁offer ▁from ▁the ▁celebrated ▁Stuttgart ▁Bal let ▁in ▁Stuttgart , ▁Germany . ▁Since ▁then , ▁E ich wald ▁has ▁tou red ▁the ▁world ▁with ▁the ▁company ▁and ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 5 ▁dan ced ▁opposite ▁Paris ▁Opera ▁é to ile ▁Manuel ▁Leg ris ▁as ▁Tat iana ▁in ▁On egin ▁( C ran ko ) ▁on ▁a ▁tour ▁of ▁Asia . ▁As ▁of ▁ 2 0 0 8 , ▁E ich wald ▁continues ▁to ▁be ▁an ▁international ▁bal let ▁favorite ▁among ▁critics ▁and ▁aud ien ces ▁al ike ▁and ▁is ▁known ▁for ▁her ▁exception al ▁skill ▁and ▁technique . ▁ ▁N omin ations ▁and ▁P riz es ▁ ▁E ich wald ▁was ▁nominated ▁for ▁a ▁Prix ▁Ben ois ▁de ▁la ▁Dan |
se ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 2 . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁The ▁Stuttgart ▁Bal let ▁B aller ina ▁Gallery ▁h ucky . com ▁Bayer isches ▁B alle tt ▁Prix ▁de ▁Ben ois ▁History ▁ ▁Category : B aller inas ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁Al mat y ▁Category : K az akh st ani ▁people ▁of ▁German ▁descent ▁Category : G erman ▁people ▁of ▁Kaz akh st ani ▁descent ▁Category : K az akh st ani ▁female ▁d anc ers ▁Category : K az akh st ani ▁bal let ▁d anc ers ▁Category : 1 9 7 4 ▁birth s <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁South ▁Kal go or lie ▁Gold ▁Mine ▁is ▁a ▁gold ▁mine ▁located ▁south - west ▁of ▁Kal go or lie , ▁Western ▁Australia . ▁The ▁mine ▁is ▁sometimes ▁also ▁referred ▁to ▁as ▁South ▁Kal ▁M ines ▁- ▁New ▁C ele br ation , ▁being ▁a ▁mer ger ▁of ▁the ▁former ▁New ▁C ele br ation ▁Gold ▁Mine ▁and ▁the ▁J ub ile e ▁Gold ▁Mine , ▁which ▁were ▁combined ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 2 . ▁ ▁It ▁was ▁operated ▁by ▁D ior o ▁Ex pl oration ▁N L , ▁who ▁purchased ▁the ▁mine ▁from ▁South ▁Kal ▁M ines ▁P ty ▁Ltd ▁in ▁December ▁ 2 0 0 7 , ▁until ▁April ▁ 2 0 1 0 , ▁when ▁Av oca ▁succeeded ▁in ▁its ▁bid ▁for ▁D ior o ▁and ▁D ior o ▁was ▁del isted ▁from ▁the ▁AS X . ▁ |
▁D ior o ▁had ▁been ▁the ▁subject ▁of ▁a ▁take over ▁war ▁between ▁Av oca ▁Resources ▁Limited ▁and ▁Ram el ius ▁Resources ▁from ▁mid - 2 0 0 9 ▁on wards . ▁Av oca ▁eventually ▁had ▁to ▁drop ▁its ▁bid ▁for ▁D ior o , ▁having ▁reached ▁a ▁ 4 4 . 8 5 % ▁interest ▁in ▁D ior o ▁at ▁the ▁close ▁of ▁the ▁offer ▁on ▁ 2 0 ▁August , ▁short ▁of ▁the ▁ 5 0 % ▁needed . ▁Ram el ius ' s ▁offer ▁for ▁the ▁company ▁closed ▁on ▁ 8 ▁February ▁ 2 0 1 0 . ▁Av oca ▁made ▁a ▁renew ed ▁take over ▁offer ▁for ▁the ▁company ▁in ▁late ▁December ▁ 2 0 0 9 . ▁ ▁History ▁ ▁J ub ile e ▁Origin ally ▁owned ▁by ▁Ham pton ▁Australia , ▁the ▁mine ▁was ▁taken ▁over ▁by ▁Norm andy ▁M ining ▁in ▁January ▁ 1 9 9 4 . ▁It ▁was ▁then ▁owned ▁by ▁Norm andy ▁until ▁April ▁ 1 9 9 6 , ▁when ▁it ▁was ▁acquired ▁by ▁New ▁Ham pton ▁Gold fields ▁Limited , ▁which , ▁in ▁turn , ▁was ▁taken ▁over ▁by ▁Harm ony ▁Gold ▁in ▁April ▁ 2 0 0 1 ▁for ▁A $ 5 4 ▁million . ▁ ▁New ▁C ele br ation ▁Origin ally ▁owned ▁by ▁New mont ▁Australia ▁Ltd , ▁the ▁mine ▁became ▁part ▁of ▁New c rest ▁M ining ▁Ltd ▁in ▁April ▁ 1 9 9 1 . ▁New ▁C ele br ation ▁became ▁a ▁subs idi ary ▁of |
▁Hill ▁ 5 0 ▁Gold ▁in ▁August ▁ 2 0 0 1 , ▁when ▁New c rest ▁sold ▁the ▁mine ▁for ▁A $ 1 0 ▁million . ▁ ▁Harm ony ▁announced ▁a ▁take ▁over ▁bid ▁for ▁Hill ▁ 5 0 ▁Gold ▁Limited ▁in ▁December ▁ 2 0 0 1 ▁and ▁comp uls ory ▁acquired ▁out standing ▁Hill ▁ 5 0 ▁shares ▁and ▁listed ▁options ▁in ▁April ▁ 2 0 0 2 , ▁after ▁ach ieving ▁a ▁ 9 9 % ▁interest ▁in ▁the ▁company . ▁Harm ony ▁paid ▁A $ 2 3 3 ▁million ▁for ▁this ▁ac quisition . ▁ ▁South ▁Kal ▁Harm ony ▁merged ▁the ▁New ▁C ele br ation ▁and ▁the ▁J ub ile e ▁operations ▁to ▁form ▁South ▁Kal ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 2 . ▁ ▁South ▁Kal ▁became ▁part ▁of ▁Harm ony ' s ▁Australian ▁operations , ▁consisting ▁of ▁Hill ▁ 5 0 , ▁the ▁Hill ▁ 5 0 ▁Gold ▁Mine , ▁the ▁Big ▁Bell ▁Gold ▁Mine ▁( closed ▁June ▁ 2 0 0 3 ) ▁and ▁the ▁G idge e ▁Gold ▁Mine ▁( s old ▁in ▁December ▁ 2 0 0 3 ). ▁ ▁In ▁December ▁ 2 0 0 7 , ▁Harm ony ▁in ▁turn ▁sold ▁the ▁operation ▁to ▁D ior o ▁Ex pl oration ▁N L . ▁ ▁D ior o ▁settled ▁the ▁purchase ▁of ▁the ▁mine ▁on ▁ 3 0 ▁November ▁ 2 0 0 7 . ▁Harm ony ▁Gold ▁received ▁A $ 4 5 ▁million ▁for ▁the ▁operations , ▁of ▁which ▁$ 2 |
5 ▁million ▁were ▁in ▁c ash ▁while ▁the ▁remainder ▁was ▁paid ▁in ▁D ior o ▁shares . ▁ ▁D ior o ▁suffered ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁set - back s ▁at ▁its ▁South ▁Kal ▁mine , ▁when , ▁on ▁two ▁occasions , ▁major ▁pit ▁wall ▁col laps es ▁interrupted ▁min ing . ▁These ▁events , ▁in ▁October ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁at ▁the ▁M t ▁Mar ion ▁pit ▁and ▁in ▁January ▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁at ▁the ▁H B J ▁pit , ▁made ▁access ▁to ▁high - grade ▁ore ▁tempor arily ▁impossible ▁and ▁affected ▁oper ational ▁c ash ▁flow ▁for ▁more ▁than ▁six ▁months . ▁ ▁O re ▁from ▁the ▁South ▁Kal go or lie ▁mine ▁is ▁processed ▁at ▁the ▁nearby ▁D ior o - owned ▁J ub ile e ▁Mill , ▁commission ed ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 7 , ▁which ▁also ▁processes ▁ore ▁from ▁the ▁F rog ' s ▁Leg ▁Gold ▁Mine , ▁which ▁D ior o ▁own s ▁ 4 9 % ▁of . ▁The ▁former ▁New ▁C ele br ation ▁plant , ▁which ▁function ed ▁as ▁the ▁processing ▁facility ▁for ▁the ▁mine , ▁was ▁sold ▁to ▁In te gra ▁M ining ▁in ▁May ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁for ▁A $ 3 ▁million . ▁In te gra ▁removed ▁the ▁processing ▁plant ▁by ▁May ▁ 2 0 0 8 , ▁to ▁use ▁it ▁at ▁its ▁new ▁Rand alls ▁Gold ▁Mine . ▁ ▁The ▁South ▁Kal ▁operation , ▁together ▁with ▁D ior o ' s ▁ 4 9 % ▁st |
ake ▁in ▁the ▁F rog ' s ▁Leg ▁mine ▁were ▁part ▁of ▁a ▁take over ▁war ▁between ▁Av oca ▁Resources ▁and ▁Ram el ius ▁Resources . ▁Av oca , ▁owner ▁of ▁the ▁H igg ins ville ▁Gold ▁Mine ▁and ▁Ram el ius , ▁owner ▁of ▁the ▁W attle ▁Dam ▁Gold ▁Mine , ▁both ▁in ▁the ▁area ▁south ▁of ▁Kal go or lie , ▁were ▁both ▁interested ▁in ▁acqu iring ▁D ior o ▁to ▁combine ▁their ▁existing ▁operations ▁with ▁D ior o ' s . ▁After ▁a ▁failed ▁bid ▁by ▁Av oca ▁in ▁August ▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁and ▁a ▁subsequent ▁extension ▁to ▁the ▁bid ▁by ▁Ram el ius , ▁Av oca ▁made ▁a ▁new ▁offer ▁for ▁D ior o ▁on ▁ 2 9 ▁December ▁ 2 0 0 9 , ▁despite ▁having ▁earlier ▁declared ▁that ▁its ▁August ▁bid ▁was ▁final . ▁ ▁Production ▁Production ▁figures ▁for ▁the ▁mine : ▁ ▁New ▁C ele br ation ▁ ▁J ub ile e ▁ ▁South ▁Kal ▁▁▁ 1 ▁ 2 0 0 7 - 0 8 ▁figures ▁are ▁for ▁D ior o ▁ownership ▁only , ▁comprom ising ▁the ▁time ▁from ▁ 1 ▁December ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁to ▁ 3 1 ▁August ▁ 2 0 0 8 . ▁D ior o ' s ▁financial ▁year ▁runs ▁from ▁ 1 ▁September ▁to ▁ 3 1 ▁August . ▁▁ 2 ▁Result ▁for ▁Harm ony ' s ▁combined ▁Australian ▁operations , ▁consisting ▁of ▁South ▁Kal go or lie , ▁the ▁Hill ▁ 5 0 ▁Gold ▁Mine , |
▁the ▁Big ▁Bell ▁Gold ▁Mine ▁( closed ▁June ▁ 2 0 0 3 ) ▁and ▁the ▁G idge e ▁Gold ▁Mine ▁( s old ▁in ▁December ▁ 2 0 0 3 ). ▁▁ 3 ▁Fig ures ▁for ▁January ▁to ▁September ▁ 2 0 0 2 ▁only . ▁ ▁S ources ▁ ▁The ▁Australian ▁M ines ▁Hand book : ▁ 2 0 0 3 - 2 0 0 4 ▁Edition , ▁L out he an ▁Media ▁P ty ▁Ltd , ▁Editor : ▁Ross ▁L out he an ▁ ▁Western ▁Australian ▁Min eral ▁and ▁Pet role um ▁Statistics ▁Dig est ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁Page ▁ 3 4 : ▁Princi pal ▁Min eral ▁and ▁Pet role um ▁Produ cers ▁- ▁Gold ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁ ▁M INE DEX ▁website ▁ ▁Category : G old ▁mines ▁in ▁Western ▁Australia ▁Category : Sur face ▁mines ▁in ▁Australia ▁Category : Under ground ▁mines ▁in ▁Australia ▁Category : G old fields - Es per ance <0x0A> </s> ▁Z DF d ok uk anal ▁was ▁a ▁TV ▁station ▁between ▁ 1 ▁April ▁ 2 0 0 0 ▁and ▁ 3 1 ▁October ▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁and ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁digital ▁TV ▁package ▁offered ▁by ▁Z DF . ▁ ▁Distribution ▁The ▁program ▁was ▁broadcast ▁nation wide ▁via ▁the ▁TV ▁cable ▁networks ▁( D VB - C ) ▁and ▁the ▁satellite ▁A stra ▁ 1 9 . 2 ° E ▁( D VB - S ). ▁In ▁the ▁regions ▁where ▁D VB - T ▁was ▁available , |
▁Z DF d ok uk anal ▁could ▁be ▁also ▁received ▁via ▁anten na ▁between ▁ 9 ▁pm ▁and ▁ 6 ▁am , ▁altern ating ▁with ▁Ki K a . ▁It ▁was ▁also ▁included ▁in ▁the ▁IP TV ▁offer ▁of ▁some ▁D SL ▁prov iders . ▁ ▁Program ming ▁The ▁station ▁provided ▁background ▁information ▁on ▁nature , ▁science , ▁history ▁and ▁society . ▁ ▁Since ▁May ▁ 2 0 0 9 , ▁the ▁station ▁has ▁been ▁transformed ▁into ▁a ▁youth ▁and ▁family ▁station ▁in ▁which ▁the ▁proportion ▁of ▁the ▁document aries ▁has ▁gradually ▁been ▁reduced ▁and ▁the ▁number ▁of ▁entertain ment ▁programming ▁has ▁been ▁increased . ▁On ▁ 1 9 ▁August ▁ 2 0 0 9 , ▁Z DF ▁announced ▁that ▁the ▁station ▁would ▁ce ase ▁broadcast ing ▁as ▁of ▁ 3 1 ▁October ▁ 2 0 0 9 . ▁Z DF d ok uk anal ▁was ▁then ▁replaced ▁by ▁Z DF neo . ▁ ▁Since ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 4 ▁Summer ▁Olympics ▁in ▁Ath ens , ▁AR D ▁and ▁Z DF ▁have ▁been ▁using ▁their ▁digital ▁TV ▁programs ▁Eins Extra , ▁Eins F estival , ▁Z DF d ok uk anal ▁and ▁Z DF inf ok anal ▁to ▁report ▁addition ally ▁from ▁the ▁Olympic ▁Games . ▁This ▁opportunity ▁was ▁also ▁used ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁European ▁Football ▁Championship ▁to ▁be ▁able ▁to ▁broadcast ▁matches ▁simultaneously . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁▁ ▁Category : G erman - language ▁television ▁stations ▁Category : Def unct ▁German ▁television ▁channels ▁Category : |
T ele vision ▁channels ▁and ▁stations ▁established ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 0 ▁Category : T ele vision ▁channels ▁and ▁stations ▁dis est ab lished ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁Category : 2 0 0 0 ▁establish ments ▁in ▁Germany ▁Category : 2 0 0 9 ▁dis est ab lish ments ▁in ▁Germany ▁Category : M ass ▁media ▁in ▁Main z ▁Category : Z DF <0x0A> </s> ▁James ▁Luke ▁Pr ender g ast ▁( A pril ▁ 7 , ▁ 1 8 0 0 ▁– ▁May ▁ 1 3 , ▁ 1 8 9 5 ) ▁was ▁a ▁merchant ▁and ▁political ▁figure ▁in ▁New found land . ▁He ▁represented ▁Con ception ▁Bay ▁from ▁ 1 8 4 2 ▁to ▁ 1 8 5 2 ▁and ▁Har bour ▁Grace ▁from ▁ 1 8 5 5 ▁to ▁ 1 8 5 9 ▁and ▁from ▁ 1 8 6 0 ▁to ▁ 1 8 6 1 ▁in ▁the ▁New found land ▁and ▁Lab r ador ▁House ▁of ▁Assembly ▁as ▁a ▁Liberal . ▁ ▁He ▁was ▁born ▁in ▁Har bour ▁Grace , ▁the ▁son ▁of ▁James ▁Pr ender g ast , ▁and ▁established ▁himself ▁in ▁business ▁there . ▁Pr ender g ast ▁married ▁Margaret ▁Br ans field ▁in ▁ 1 8 2 5 . ▁In ▁an ▁ 1 8 4 0 ▁by - e lection , ▁he ▁ran ▁for ▁a ▁seat ▁in ▁the ▁New found land ▁assembly ▁as ▁an ▁independent ▁Liberal ▁against ▁Edmund ▁Han ra han . ▁Following ▁w ides p read ▁violence ▁during ▁the ▁campaign |
, ▁the ▁governor ▁Henry ▁Pres c ott ▁set ▁aside ▁the ▁results ▁of ▁the ▁election . ▁Pr ender g ast ▁was ▁first ▁elected ▁when ▁he ▁ran ▁as ▁a ▁Liberal ▁in ▁ 1 8 4 2 . ▁He ▁was ▁defeated ▁when ▁he ▁ran ▁again ▁as ▁an ▁independent ▁Liberal ▁in ▁ 1 8 5 2 . ▁He ▁served ▁as ▁acting ▁super int endent ▁of ▁fish eries ▁after ▁he ▁was ▁elected ▁again ▁in ▁ 1 8 5 5 ▁as ▁a ▁Liberal . ▁His ▁election ▁in ▁ 1 8 5 9 ▁was ▁over turn ed ▁but ▁Pr ender g ast ▁was ▁elected ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 8 6 0 ▁by - e lection ▁that ▁followed . ▁The ▁pol ls ▁were ▁not ▁opened ▁in ▁Har bour ▁Grace ▁for ▁the ▁general ▁election ▁in ▁ 1 8 6 1 ▁because ▁of ▁the ▁threat ▁of ▁violence ▁and ▁Pr ender g ast ▁was ▁defeated ▁in ▁the ▁by - e lection ▁held ▁later ▁that ▁year . ▁He ▁ran ▁un success fully ▁for ▁a ▁seat ▁in ▁the ▁assembly ▁in ▁ 1 8 6 9 ▁as ▁an ▁anti - Conf eder ate . ▁Pr ender g ast ▁later ▁served ▁as ▁sh er iff ▁of ▁Har bour ▁Grace ▁and ▁as ▁a ▁justice ▁of ▁the ▁peace . ▁He ▁died ▁in ▁Har bour ▁Grace ▁at ▁the ▁age ▁of ▁ 9 5 . ▁ ▁References ▁▁ ▁Category : M embers ▁of ▁the ▁New found land ▁and ▁Lab r ador ▁House ▁of ▁Assembly ▁Category : 1 8 0 0 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 8 9 5 ▁death s ▁Category : |
New found land ▁Col ony ▁people <0x0A> </s> ▁D ry andra ▁sub g . ▁Hem ic l idia ▁is ▁an ▁ob sole te ▁plant ▁tax on ▁that ▁en comp ass ed ▁material ▁that ▁is ▁now ▁included ▁in ▁B anks ia . ▁Pub lished ▁at ▁genus ▁rank ▁as ▁Hem ic l idia ▁by ▁Robert ▁Brown ▁in ▁ 1 8 3 0 , ▁it ▁was ▁set ▁aside ▁by ▁George ▁Bent ham ▁in ▁ 1 8 7 0 , ▁but ▁re inst ated ▁at ▁sub gen us ▁rank ▁by ▁Alex ▁George ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 6 . ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 7 , ▁all ▁D ry andra ▁species ▁were ▁transferred ▁into ▁B anks ia ▁at ▁series ▁rank , ▁and ▁the ▁inf rag ener ic ▁D ry andra ▁tax a , ▁including ▁D . sub g . ▁Hem ic l idia , ▁were ▁set ▁aside . ▁ ▁According ▁to ▁Brown ▁In ▁ 1 8 1 0 , ▁Robert ▁Brown ▁published ▁the ▁genus ▁D ry andra ▁in ▁his ▁On ▁the ▁Prote aceae ▁of ▁J uss ieu . ▁Th ir teen ▁species ▁were ▁published , ▁including ▁D ry andra ▁fal c ata ▁( now ▁B anks ia ▁fal c ata ), ▁but ▁no ▁inf rag ener ic ▁arrangement ▁was ▁prof fer ed . ▁Tw enty ▁years ▁later , ▁Brown ▁published ▁a ▁further ▁eleven ▁species ▁and ▁the ▁first ▁inf rag ener ic ▁arrangement ▁in ▁his ▁Supp lement um ▁prim um ▁prod rom i ▁fl ora e ▁Nov ae ▁Holland iae . ▁By ▁this ▁time , ▁Brown ▁had |
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