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▁an ▁O HC ▁ ▁inline - four ▁engine ▁model ▁which ▁could ▁develop ▁ ▁at ▁ 3 6 0 0 ▁r pm . ▁A ▁sports ▁version ▁with ▁▁ ▁engine ▁was ▁offered , ▁as ▁was ▁a ▁six - cy l inder ▁version ▁of ▁ 1 9 9 1 cc ; ▁later ▁six - cy l ind ers ▁were ▁offered ▁with ▁engines ▁of ▁ 2 1 7 9 ▁cc . ▁ ▁Among ▁the ▁company ' s ▁last ▁cars ▁was ▁an ▁O H V ▁straight - 8 ▁of ▁ ▁. ▁Ans ald os ▁were ▁generally ▁of ▁good ▁quality ▁and ▁modern ▁design , ▁and ▁competed ▁in ▁many ▁races . ▁When ▁Wik ov ▁began ▁manufact ure ▁in ▁Czech oslov ak ia ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 8 , ▁they ▁built ▁the ▁ ▁An sal do ▁T ipo ▁ 1 0 . ▁ ▁Category : V int age ▁vehicles ▁Category : Def unct ▁motor ▁vehicle ▁manufact ur ers ▁of ▁Italy ▁Category : G io . ▁An sal do ▁& ▁C . <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Bu y ru ks ▁are ▁a ▁collection ▁of ▁spiritual ▁books ▁providing ▁the ▁basis ▁of ▁the ▁Ale vi ▁value ▁system . ▁The ▁word ▁buy ru k ▁in ▁Turkish ▁means ▁" command ". ▁Top ics ▁addressed ▁in ▁the ▁Bu y ru ks ▁include ▁m üs ah ip lik ▁" sp irit ual ▁brother hood " ▁and ▁a ▁wide ▁range ▁of ▁Ale vi ▁stories ▁and ▁po ems . ▁The ▁story ▁of ▁H aj i ▁Be kt ash ▁V eli ▁is ▁found ▁in ▁them . ▁ ▁The ▁Bu y |
ru ks ▁also ▁contain ▁Q ur an ic ▁vers es , ▁the ▁say ings ▁of ▁Ali ▁and ▁ ▁the ▁Tw elve ▁Im ams , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁say ings ▁and ▁songs ▁written ▁by ▁Y un us ▁Em re , ▁Pir ▁Ab dal ▁Mus a , ▁Pir ▁Sultan ▁Ab dal , ▁and ▁Is mail ▁I , ▁known ▁by ▁his ▁pen ▁name , ▁Kh ata ' i . ▁ ▁Author ity ▁The ▁" Bu y ru ks " ▁include ▁pill ars ▁which ▁d edes ▁must ▁u ph old ▁and ▁Ale vis ▁must ▁also ▁generally ▁ad here ▁to ▁the ▁rules ▁put ▁forth ▁in ▁them . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Ale vi . org ▁ ▁Category : A lev ism ▁Category : Rel ig ious ▁texts <0x0A> </s> ▁M - 2 4 ▁is ▁a ▁north – s outh ▁state ▁tr unk line ▁highway ▁in ▁the ▁U . S . ▁state ▁of ▁Michigan ▁that ▁extends ▁ ▁through ▁S out heast ▁Michigan ▁and ▁The ▁Th umb , ▁from ▁n ortheast ▁A ub urn ▁Hills ▁to ▁Union ville . ▁It ▁starts ▁at ▁an ▁inter change ▁with ▁Inter state ▁ 7 5 ▁( I - 7 5 ) ▁and ▁ends ▁where ▁it ▁mer ges ▁with ▁M - 2 5 . ▁ ▁While ▁the ▁M - 2 4 ▁design ation ▁is ▁similar ▁to ▁that ▁of ▁US ▁Highway ▁ 2 4 ▁( US 2 4 ) ▁which ▁has ▁a ▁northern ▁termin us ▁located ▁only ▁a ▁few ▁miles ▁from ▁the ▁southern ▁termin us ▁of ▁M - 2 4 , ▁M - |
2 4 ▁was ▁never ▁part ▁of ▁US 2 4 . ▁ ▁The ▁first ▁M - 2 4 ▁in ▁Michigan ▁was ▁replaced ▁by ▁M - 2 0 ▁when ▁US 1 0 ▁replaced ▁the ▁original ▁M - 2 0 ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 6 . ▁A ▁ 1 9 3 6 ▁by pass ▁of ▁dow nt own ▁Pont iac ▁resulted ▁in ▁the ▁creation ▁of ▁M - 2 4 A ▁which ▁later ▁became ▁B US M - 2 4 ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 0 . ▁An ▁extension ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 7 ▁moved ▁the ▁northern ▁end ▁of ▁M - 2 4 ▁north ward ▁from ▁Car o ▁to ▁Union ville , ▁replacing ▁a ▁section ▁of ▁M - 1 3 8 ▁in ▁the ▁process . ▁ ▁Route ▁description ▁M - 2 4 ▁begins ▁a ▁hundred ▁feet ▁south ▁of ▁an ▁over pass ▁that ▁is ▁part ▁of ▁a ▁double ▁tr ump et ▁inter change ▁with ▁I - 7 5 ▁in ▁A ub urn ▁Hills . ▁ ▁The ▁inter change ▁also ▁connect s ▁with ▁an ▁entrance ▁into ▁The ▁Palace ▁of ▁A ub urn ▁Hills , ▁former ▁home ▁of ▁the ▁NBA ' s ▁Detroit ▁P ist ons , ▁ ▁and ▁a ▁variety ▁of ▁electronic ▁signs ▁are ▁contained ▁in ▁the ▁area ▁to ▁indicate ▁the ▁status ▁of ▁access ▁to ▁the ▁entrance . ▁ ▁The ▁road way ▁is ▁a ▁continu ation ▁of ▁Business ▁Loop ▁I - 7 5 ▁( BL ▁I - 7 5 ) ▁that ▁travel s ▁through ▁Pont iac . ▁This ▁section ▁of ▁the ▁highway ▁dedicated ▁to |
▁William ▁David son , ▁former ▁owner ▁of ▁the ▁P ist ons , ▁in ▁legisl ation ▁signed ▁by ▁Michigan ▁Governor ▁Rick ▁S ny der ▁in ▁May ▁ 2 0 1 1 . ▁ ▁The ▁section ▁of ▁M - 2 4 ▁from ▁its ▁southern ▁termin us ▁in ▁A ub urn ▁Hills ▁north ▁to ▁the ▁village ▁of ▁Oxford ▁is ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁bus iest ▁st ret ches ▁of ▁road ▁in ▁the ▁state ▁in ▁terms ▁of ▁annual ▁average ▁daily ▁traffic ▁( A AD T ). ▁Near ▁The ▁Palace ▁of ▁A ub urn ▁Hills , ▁ 5 0 , 6 0 0 ve h icles ▁used ▁the ▁road way ▁on ▁average ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 7 . ▁The ▁road ▁is ▁a ▁standard ▁Michigan ▁express way ▁design , ▁with ▁at - grade ▁inter sections , ▁traffic ▁signals , ▁and ▁Michigan ▁Left s . ▁ ▁M - 2 4 ▁continues ▁north ▁through ▁the ▁Bald ▁Mountain ▁Rec re ation ▁Area ▁and ▁along ▁the ▁eastern ▁shore ▁of ▁Lake ▁Or ion ▁in ▁the ▁village ▁of ▁Lake ▁Or ion . ▁This ▁express way ▁continues ▁a ▁few ▁miles ▁north ▁of ▁the ▁La pe er ▁County ▁line , ▁where ▁the ▁highway ▁becomes ▁a ▁two - lane ▁highway ▁for ▁a ▁few ▁miles , ▁before ▁returning ▁to ▁express way ▁from ▁Met am ora ▁to ▁I - 6 9 . ▁South ▁of ▁Met am ora , ▁M - 2 4 ▁runs ▁parallel ▁to ▁the ▁former ▁right - of - way ▁for ▁the ▁Michigan ▁Central ▁Rail road ▁north ▁into ▁the ▁city ▁of ▁La pe er . ▁ ▁M |
- 2 4 ▁continues ▁north ▁from ▁La pe er ▁running ▁west ▁of ▁Bar nes ▁Lake ▁and ▁east ▁of ▁the ▁community ▁of ▁Columbia ville ▁just ▁south ▁of ▁the ▁M - 9 0 ▁j unction . ▁South ▁of ▁the ▁T us cola ▁County ▁line , ▁the ▁tr unk line ▁passes ▁the ▁Green b ri ar ▁G olf ▁Club ▁and ▁cross es ▁the ▁Pere ▁Mar qu ette ▁Rail road ▁before ▁turning ▁west ▁along ▁S ag ina w ▁Road ▁into ▁the ▁community ▁of ▁May ville ▁and ▁turning ▁north ▁along ▁M ert z ▁Road . ▁South ▁of ▁Car o , ▁M - 2 4 ▁meets ▁M - 4 6 . ▁Once ▁past ▁Frank ▁Street ▁in ▁Car o , ▁M - 2 4 ▁becomes ▁Ell ington ▁Street . ▁M - 2 4 ▁then ▁comes ▁to ▁meet ▁M - 8 1 ▁in ▁Car o , ▁where ▁the ▁highway ▁becomes ▁Cle aver ▁Road . ▁M - 2 4 ▁then ▁j ogs ▁west ▁along ▁B ie bel ▁Road ▁and ▁then ▁north ▁along ▁Union ville ▁Road ▁past ▁a ▁j unction ▁with ▁M - 1 3 8 ▁to ▁end ▁in ▁Union ville ▁at ▁M - 2 5 . ▁ ▁M - 2 4 ▁is ▁also ▁known ▁locally ▁as ▁La pe er ▁Road ▁in ▁several ▁areas , ▁including ▁Or ion ▁Township , ▁Oxford ▁Township , ▁and ▁Met am ora . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁Village ▁of ▁Oxford , ▁it ▁is ▁also ▁known ▁as ▁ ▁Washington ▁Street . ▁ ▁In ▁dow nt own ▁La pe er , ▁it ▁is ▁known ▁as ▁Main ▁Street , ▁and ▁north ▁of |
▁May ville ▁as ▁M ert z ▁R d . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁Union ville ▁area , ▁it ▁is ▁also ▁known ▁as ▁Union ville ▁Road . ▁ ▁History ▁ ▁Original ▁design ation ▁In ▁ 1 9 1 9 , ▁the ▁first ▁M - 2 4 ▁was ▁designated ▁along ▁today ' s ▁M - 2 0 . ▁From ▁Mid land ▁east , ▁M - 2 4 ▁continued ▁along ▁today ' s ▁M - 4 7 . ▁When ▁the ▁U . S . ▁Highway ▁System ▁was ▁created , ▁US ▁ 1 0 ▁replaced ▁M - 2 0 ▁and ▁M - 2 0 ▁in ▁turn ▁replaced ▁the ▁first ▁M - 2 4 . ▁The ▁M - 2 4 ▁design ation ▁was ▁then ▁applied ▁to ▁the ▁current ▁routing . ▁ ▁Current ▁design ation ▁The ▁current ▁design ation ▁was ▁assigned ▁in ▁two ▁pieces , ▁Pont iac ▁to ▁La pe er ▁and ▁V ass ar ▁to ▁Bay ▁City . ▁The ▁two ▁sections ▁would ▁be ▁joined ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 7 ▁by ▁a ▁conc urrency ▁along ▁M - 2 1 ▁and ▁M - 1 5 . ▁This ▁arrangement ▁last ed ▁until ▁a ▁permanent ▁solo ▁routing ▁was ▁created ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 0 . ▁The ▁Pont iac ▁area ▁saw ▁a ▁r er out ing ▁of ▁M - 2 4 ▁to ▁an ▁eastern ▁by pass ▁of ▁town ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 6 . ▁The ▁former ▁routing ▁in ▁town ▁became ▁M - 2 4 A . ▁It ▁would ▁be ▁red es ign ated ▁as ▁B US ▁M - 2 4 ▁in |
▁ 1 9 4 0 ▁when ▁the ▁State ▁Highway ▁Department ▁deb uted ▁business ▁routes ▁in ▁Michigan . ▁The ▁northern ▁termin us ▁was ▁moved ▁to ▁M - 8 1 ▁in ▁Car o ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 2 , ▁and ▁the ▁southern ▁termin us ▁was ▁shift ed ▁to ▁the ▁present ▁location ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 3 . ▁Prior ▁to ▁a ▁ 1 9 9 7 ▁extension , ▁M - 2 4 ▁ended ▁at ▁M - 8 1 ▁in ▁Car o ; ▁now ▁it ▁continues ▁up ▁to ▁M - 2 5 ▁in ▁Union ville . ▁ ▁From ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁to ▁ 2 0 0 8 , ▁M - 2 4 ▁was ▁expanded ▁to ▁a ▁bou lev ard ▁between ▁Met am ora ▁and ▁La pe er . ▁ ▁There ▁is ▁still ▁a ▁two ▁l ane ▁section ▁between ▁the ▁La pe er / O ak land ▁County ▁Line ▁and ▁Met am ora ▁that ▁is ▁planned ▁to ▁be ▁upgrad ed ▁in ▁the ▁near ▁future . ▁ ▁The ▁construction ▁has ▁been ▁delayed ▁because ▁of ▁development ▁close ▁to ▁the ▁highway ▁near ▁Met am ora . ▁ ▁Major ▁inter sections ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁M - 2 4 ▁at ▁Michigan ▁High ways ▁▁ 0 2 4 ▁Category : Transport ation ▁in ▁Oak land ▁County , ▁Michigan ▁Category : Transport ation ▁in ▁La pe er ▁County , ▁Michigan ▁Category : Transport ation ▁in ▁T us cola ▁County , ▁Michigan <0x0A> </s> ▁Anders ▁Christian ▁N iel sen ▁( J une ▁ 3 0 , |
▁ 1 8 4 8 ▁– ▁January ▁ 1 6 , ▁ 1 9 2 9 ), ▁known ▁only ▁as ▁A . ▁C . ▁N iel sen , ▁was ▁a ▁real ▁estate ▁spec ulator ▁in ▁early ▁ 2 0 th ▁century ▁J unction ▁City , ▁Oregon . ▁His ▁efforts ▁helped ▁to ▁create ▁a ▁Dan ish ▁far ming ▁community ▁in ▁Lane ▁County , ▁Oregon . ▁The ▁annual ▁Sc and in av ian ▁Festival ▁would ▁not ▁exist ▁without ▁Mr . ▁N iel sen ' s ▁Dan ish ▁col ony . ▁He ▁also ▁helped ▁to ▁found ▁the ▁J unction ▁City ▁Dan ish ▁United ▁Evangel ical ▁Luther an ▁Church , ▁now ▁known ▁as ▁Fa ith ▁Luther an ▁Church ▁( J unction ▁City , ▁Oregon ). ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 0 2 , ▁A . ▁C . ▁N iel sen ▁left ▁Ty ler , ▁Minnesota ▁and ▁purchased ▁at ▁au ction ▁ 1 6 0 0 ▁acres ▁east ▁of ▁J unction ▁City , ▁in ▁an ▁area ▁now ▁in ▁the ▁vic inity ▁of ▁D ane ▁Lane . ▁The ▁land ▁was ▁au ction ed ▁by ▁F . ▁T . ▁Pl ank ▁and ▁Company ▁for ▁G ait ▁C . ▁M ille tt . ▁M ille tt ▁later ▁became ▁N iel sen ' s ▁real ▁estate ▁partner . ▁N iel sen ▁placed ▁advert is ements ▁in ▁a ▁Dan ish ▁language ▁newspaper , ▁the ▁Dan ne vir ke , ▁in ▁C ed ar ▁F alls , ▁Iowa , ▁for ▁parc els ▁of ▁ 1 0 ▁to ▁ 6 0 ▁acres . ▁Another ▁publication |
▁to ▁carry ▁the ▁advert is ements ▁was ▁Den ▁Dans ke ▁P ione er ▁in ▁O ma ha , ▁Neb r aska . ▁The ▁far ms ▁were ▁purchased ▁by ▁European ▁imm igr ants , ▁many ▁born ▁in ▁Den mark , ▁and ▁within ▁a ▁few ▁months ▁the ▁Dan ish ▁col ony ▁came ▁into ▁existence . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁▁ ▁Lane ▁County ▁Historical ▁Society ▁Pam ph let ▁ ▁Category : 1 8 4 8 ▁birth s ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁J unction ▁City , ▁Oregon ▁Category : 1 9 2 9 ▁death s ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁Ty ler , ▁Minnesota <0x0A> </s> ▁Bio L ite , ▁a ▁startup ▁based ▁in ▁New ▁York ▁City , ▁develop s ▁and ▁manufact ures ▁off - grid ▁energy ▁products ▁for ▁both ▁the ▁out door ▁recre ational ▁industry ▁and ▁emer ging ▁mark ets . ▁The ▁company ▁is ▁most ▁well ▁known ▁for ▁their ▁flags hip ▁wood - burn ing ▁st ov es ▁that ▁use ▁therm oe lect ric ▁technology ▁to ▁produce ▁us able ▁electric ity ▁from ▁the ▁heat ▁of ▁their ▁fires . ▁ ▁History ▁▁ ▁Jonathan ▁C ed ar ▁and ▁Alexander ▁Dr um mond ▁together ▁developed ▁the ▁Bio L ite ▁st ove ▁technology . ▁They ▁met ▁while ▁working ▁at ▁Sm art ▁Design , ▁a ▁design ▁consult ancy ▁in ▁New ▁York ▁City . ▁ ▁The ▁two ▁invent ors ▁became ▁interested ▁in ▁port able ▁st ov es ▁that ▁combined ▁local ▁sources ▁of ▁wood ▁with ▁battery - power ed ▁fans . ▁The ▁idea ▁evol ved ▁to ▁a ▁low - em issions |
▁st ove ▁that ▁used ▁a ▁therm oe lect ric ▁generator ▁called ▁the ▁Bio L ite ▁Camp Sto ve , ▁which ▁was ▁officially ▁launched ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 2 . ▁Bio L ite ▁is ▁head qu arter ed ▁in ▁D UM BO , ▁Brook lyn ▁with ▁an ▁additional ▁office ▁in ▁N airo bi , ▁Ken ya . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 9 , ▁the ▁found ers ▁learned ▁that ▁their ▁technology ▁could ▁have ▁impact ▁on ▁off - grid ▁developing ▁communities ▁and ▁b if ur c ated ▁the ▁business ▁to ▁incorpor ate ▁both ▁out door ▁recre ational ▁and ▁emer ging ▁mark ets . ▁Using ▁a ▁modified ▁ro cket ▁st ove ▁and ▁working ▁with ▁the ▁A pro ve cho ▁Research ▁Center , ▁C ed ar ▁developed ▁a ▁larger ▁model ▁cook ▁st ove ▁named ▁the ▁Home Sto ve , ▁designed ▁to ▁replace ▁harm ful ▁ind oor ▁cook ing ▁fires . ▁ ▁Tim eline ▁▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁▁ ▁January ▁– ▁Camp Sto ve ▁prototype ▁wins ▁top ▁prize ▁at ▁E TH OS ▁Com b ust ion ▁Conference ▁ ▁September ▁– ▁C ed ar ▁leaves ▁Sm art ▁Design ▁to ▁work ▁on ▁Bio L ite ▁full - time ▁ ▁November ▁– ▁Home Sto ve ▁H 1 ▁prototype ▁is ▁created ▁▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁▁ ▁March ▁– ▁The ▁addition ▁of ▁a ▁USB ▁Port ▁is ▁considered ▁for ▁the ▁future ▁of ▁Bio L ite ▁ ▁April ▁– ▁With ▁the ▁help ▁of ▁the ▁A pro ve cho ▁Research ▁Center , ▁therm oe lect ric ▁ro cket ▁st ove ▁em issions |
▁were ▁measured ▁▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁▁ ▁February ▁– ▁Bio L ite ▁sett les ▁down ▁in ▁Brook lyn , ▁NY ▁and ▁h ires ▁its ▁first ▁staff ▁members ▁ ▁May ▁– ▁In ▁an ▁effort ▁to ▁understand ▁user ▁needs , ▁Bio L ite ▁field ▁tests ▁the ▁H 2 ▁Home Sto ve ▁prototype ▁in ▁India ▁ ▁September ▁– ▁After ▁five ▁r ounds ▁of ▁pro tot ypes , ▁the ▁Camp Sto ve ▁design ▁is ▁approved ▁ ▁November ▁– ▁Field ▁tests ▁are ▁run ▁in ▁Gh ana ▁and ▁U g anda ▁with ▁the ▁H 3 ▁prototype ▁▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁▁ ▁May ▁– ▁The ▁first ▁Camp Sto ve ▁orders ▁ship ▁ ▁April ▁– ▁US P TO ▁gr ants ▁Bio L ite ▁pat ents ▁for ▁core ▁technology ▁ ▁November ▁– ▁Home Sto ve ▁H 4 ▁prototype ▁approved ▁for ▁pilot ▁testing ▁▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁▁ ▁February ▁– ▁Bio L ite ▁launch es ▁Port able ▁Gr ill ▁Access ory ▁ ▁Spring ▁– ▁Bio L ite ▁deb uts ▁at ▁RE I ▁stores ▁nation wide ▁ ▁September ▁ ▁– ▁Bio L ite ▁launch es ▁K ett le P ot ▁Access ory ▁▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁▁ ▁June ▁– ▁Bio L ite ▁launch es ▁Base C amp ▁Sto ve ▁campaign ▁and ▁ra ises ▁$ 1 MM ▁on ▁K ick st arter ▁▁ ▁August ▁– ▁Bio L ite ▁launch es ▁K ett le Char ge ▁▁ 2 0 1 5 ▁▁ ▁February ▁– ▁Bio L ite ▁launch es ▁the ▁N ano Grid , ▁expand ing ▁the ▁organization ' s ▁energy ▁offering |
▁into ▁the ▁Light ing ▁category ▁ ▁November ▁– ▁Bio L ite ▁announ ces ▁that ▁it ▁has ▁er ased ▁its ▁carbon ▁history ▁and ▁commits ▁to ▁on going ▁carbon ▁neutral ity ▁▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁▁ ▁February ▁– ▁Bio L ite ▁launch es ▁Energy ▁E cos ystem : ▁Power Light ▁M ini , ▁Sol ar Panel ▁ 5 ▁Series , ▁and ▁Cook Sto ve ▁September ▁- ▁Bio L ite ▁launch es ▁the ▁Base L an tern ▁on ▁K ick st arter . ▁▁▁ 2 0 1 7 ▁▁ ▁February ▁- ▁Bio L ite ▁exp ands ▁product ▁offering ▁with ▁a ▁second ▁generation ▁of ▁the ▁Camp Sto ve , ▁Camp Sto ve ▁ 2 ▁featuring ▁more ▁power ▁and ▁an ▁on ▁board ▁battery . ▁ ▁The ▁company ▁also ▁launch es ▁a ▁ 1 0 ▁w att ▁solar ▁panel ▁and ▁three ▁sizes ▁of ▁battery ▁banks ▁they ▁call ▁Char ge ▁ 1 0 , ▁Char ge ▁ 2 0 , ▁Char ge ▁ 4 0 . ▁ ▁September ▁- ▁Bio L ite ▁launch es ▁a ▁sm ok eless ▁wood - burn ing ▁fire ▁pit ▁on ▁K ick st arter . ▁ ▁November ▁- ▁Bio L ite ▁launch es ▁Sol ar Home ▁ 6 2 0 , ▁a ▁solar ▁power ed ▁light ing , ▁charg ing ▁and ▁radio ▁system ▁for ▁off ▁grid ▁homes ▁around ▁the ▁world . ▁This ▁product ▁is ▁sold ▁throughout ▁the ▁out door ▁recre ation ▁community ▁and ▁to ▁families ▁living ▁off ▁the ▁grid ▁in ▁Ken ya . ▁▁▁ 2 0 1 8 ▁▁ ▁February ▁- ▁Bio L ite |
▁launch es ▁a ▁small ▁solar ▁power ed ▁lan tern ▁called ▁Sun Light . ▁▁▁ ▁September ▁- ▁Bio L ite ▁releases ▁new ▁Head L amp ▁on ▁K ick st arter ▁▁ 2 0 1 9 ▁▁▁ ▁Bio L ite ▁launch es ▁a ▁re charge able , ▁ 3 3 0 ▁l umen ▁head l amp ▁ ▁Bio L ite ▁and ▁Pe ak ▁Design ▁co - found ▁a ▁non pro fit ▁called ▁Cl imate ▁Ne ut ral ▁, ▁" an ▁independent ▁non - pro fit ▁organization ▁working ▁to ▁acceler ate ▁the ▁transition ▁to ▁a ▁low - car bon ▁world ▁by ▁putting ▁a ▁price ▁on ▁carbon ▁em issions ." ▁ ▁Bio L ite ▁products ▁ ▁Home Sto ve ▁▁ ▁The ▁Home Sto ve ' s ▁design ▁converts ▁the ▁heat ▁of ▁fire ▁into ▁us able ▁electric ity ▁to ▁power ▁a ▁fan , ▁which ▁then ▁reduces ▁fuel ▁needs ▁by ▁ 5 0 %, ▁to xic ▁smoke ▁by ▁about ▁ 9 5 %, ▁and ▁carbon ▁mon ox ide ▁em issions ▁by ▁ 9 1 %. ▁Additionally , ▁the ▁amount ▁of ▁CO 2 ▁saved ▁per ▁year ▁by ▁one ▁st ove ▁equals ▁the ▁amount ▁that ' s ▁saved ▁by ▁bu ying ▁a ▁hy brid ▁car . ▁The ▁remaining ▁off - grid ▁energy ▁that ▁does ▁not ▁power ▁the ▁fan ▁can ▁then ▁be ▁used ▁to ▁charge ▁port able ▁devices ▁through ▁a ▁USB ▁port , ▁such ▁as ▁cell ▁ph ones ▁and ▁LED ▁lights . ▁Moreover , ▁the ▁effects ▁of ▁def or est ation ▁are ▁less ened ▁and ▁time ▁is ▁reg ained ▁by ▁women ▁and |
▁children ▁who ▁spend ▁hours ▁gather ing ▁wood ▁for ▁open ▁fires . ▁Man ufact uring ▁costs ▁are ▁low ▁and ▁this ▁efficient ▁wood - burn ing ▁st ove ▁pays ▁for ▁itself ▁within ▁six ▁to ▁seven ▁months . ▁▁▁ ▁Bio L ite ▁focus es ▁on ▁sust ain able ▁market ▁development ▁by ▁using ▁a ▁market - based ▁approach , ▁as ▁opposed ▁to ▁don ations ▁or ▁a ▁“ one ▁for ▁one ” ▁model . ▁This ▁allows ▁for ▁local ▁entrepr ene ur ship ▁and ▁stim ul ates ▁local ▁mark ets . ▁The ▁Home Sto ve ▁is ▁currently ▁in ▁large - scale ▁pilot ▁testing ▁across ▁India , ▁Gh ana , ▁and ▁U g anda . ▁Rec ently , ▁thanks ▁to ▁a ▁Spark ▁Fund ▁grant , ▁Bio L ite ▁will ▁be ▁kick ing ▁off ▁a ▁project ▁in ▁U g anda ▁with ▁partners ▁at ▁Imp act ▁Car bon . ▁The ▁Spark ▁Fund ▁grant ▁is ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁Global ▁Alliance ▁for ▁C lean ▁Cook st ov es , ▁an ▁organization ▁that ▁provides ▁clean ▁cook ▁st ov es ▁to ▁people ▁in ▁areas ▁with ▁high ▁pover ty ▁rates . ▁Its ▁mission ▁is ▁to ▁reduce ▁the ▁number ▁of ▁death s ▁caused ▁by ▁open ▁cook ing ▁fires ▁each ▁year ▁( appro xim ately ▁four ▁million ), ▁and ▁is ▁end ors ed ▁by ▁people ▁such ▁as ▁Julia ▁Roberts ▁and ▁Hill ary ▁Cl inton ▁( who ▁referred ▁to ▁Bio L ite ▁in ▁her ▁announ cement ▁of ▁the ▁UN ▁C lean ▁Cook st ove ▁Alliance ). ▁ ▁Camp Sto ve ▁▁ ▁The ▁Camp Sto ve ▁was ▁launched ▁in ▁ 2 |
0 1 2 ▁and ▁is ▁pre domin antly ▁used ▁by ▁out door ▁enthus iast s . ▁Ren ew able ▁bi om ass ▁fu els ▁– ▁such ▁as ▁st icks , ▁p ine con es , ▁and ▁br ush ▁– ▁power ▁the ▁st ove , ▁replacing ▁resources ▁like ▁char co al ▁or ▁pet role um . ▁The ▁Camp Sto ve ▁can ▁bo il ▁water ▁in ▁five ▁minutes . ▁ ▁Sm aller ▁than ▁the ▁Home Sto ve , ▁the ▁Camp Sto ve ▁is ▁ 8 . 2 5 ” ▁tall ▁and ▁we igh s ▁ 3 3 ▁o z , ▁but ▁like ▁the ▁larger ▁model , ▁excess ▁heat ▁is ▁converted ▁into ▁energy . ▁Bio L ite ▁s ells ▁st ov es ▁in ▁over ▁sevent y ▁countries . ▁ ▁The ▁Camp Sto ve ▁has ▁also ▁been ▁used ▁as ▁an ▁emer gency ▁prepared ness ▁tool . ▁In ▁the ▁after math ▁of ▁H urr icane ▁Sand y , ▁tables ▁were ▁set ▁up ▁in ▁New ▁York ▁City , ▁offering ▁those ▁without ▁power ▁hot ▁drink s ▁and ▁a ▁chance ▁to ▁charge ▁their ▁cell ▁ph ones . ▁ ▁temper atures ▁can ▁reach ▁between ▁ 1 2 0 0 ▁and ▁ 1 6 0 0 ° F ▁in ▁the ▁bi ol ite . ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 7 , ▁Bio L ite ▁launched ▁a ▁second ▁generation ▁of ▁the ▁Camp Sto ve ▁( C amp Sto ve ▁ 2 ) ▁featuring ▁ 5 0 % ▁more ▁power ▁and ▁an ▁on board ▁ 2 6 0 0 m Ah ▁battery . |
▁ ▁Port able ▁st ov es ▁and ▁gr ills ▁▁ ▁The ▁Bio L ite ▁Port able ▁Gr ill , ▁released ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 3 , ▁is ▁designed ▁to ▁work ▁with ▁the ▁Camp Sto ve . ▁Fe atures ▁include ▁a ▁fuel ▁int ake ▁lid ▁for ▁fire ▁maintenance , ▁compact ▁design ▁with ▁fol d able ▁legs ▁and ▁a ▁travel ▁cover ▁for ▁transport ation . ▁The ▁travel ▁cover ▁can ▁addition ally ▁function ▁as ▁a ▁serving ▁d ish ▁or ▁cutting ▁board . ▁The ▁steel ▁gr ill ▁gr ate ▁has ▁three ▁temperature ▁zones ▁for ▁se aring , ▁cook ing , ▁and ▁to ast ing . ▁The ▁gr ill ▁we igh s ▁in ▁at ▁just ▁under ▁ 2 l bs ▁( 0 . 9 kg ). ▁The ▁Base C amp ▁is ▁much ▁like ▁the ▁Home Sto ve , ▁but ▁is ▁available ▁for ▁purchase ▁to ▁regular ▁consum ers . ▁ ▁The ▁Base C amp ▁was ▁another ▁K ick st arter ▁success ▁They ▁also ▁have ▁a ▁P izza D ome ▁access ory ▁that ▁converts ▁the ▁Base C amp ▁into ▁a ▁p izza ▁o ven . ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 7 , ▁Bio L ite ▁launched ▁a ▁sm ok eless ▁wood - burn ing ▁fire ▁pit ▁called ▁the ▁Fire P it ▁on ▁K ick st arter . ▁The ▁Fire P it ▁uses ▁air flow ▁to ▁help ▁the ▁fire ▁burn ▁more ▁efficiently ▁to ▁the ▁point ▁that ▁there ▁is ▁virt ually ▁no ▁smoke . ▁ ▁Light ing ▁products ▁ ▁Bio L ite ▁also ▁has ▁a ▁set ▁of ▁re charge |
able ▁lights : ▁ ▁Base L an tern ▁X L , ▁Power Light , ▁Power Light ▁M ini ▁and ▁a ▁Head L amp . ▁ ▁All ▁of ▁the ▁lan tern s ▁incorpor ate ▁re charge able ▁Lith ium - ion ▁batter ies ▁with ▁LED ▁flo od light s , ▁can ▁be ▁re charg ed ▁with ▁a ▁USB ▁connection , ▁and ▁some ▁can ▁supply ▁power ▁to ▁external ▁devices ▁via ▁USB . ▁ ▁The ▁Base L an tern ▁was ▁a ▁K ick st arter ▁product ▁and ▁is ▁referred ▁to ▁as ▁a ▁" Sm art Light " ▁due ▁to ▁Sm art phone ▁integration ▁( via ▁Bl uetooth ▁connect ivity ) ▁and ▁program ability . ▁Bio L ite ' s ▁Sol ar Home ▁ 6 2 0 ▁brings ▁has ▁an ▁easy - to - install ▁solar ▁panel ▁that ▁charges ▁up ▁a ▁central ▁control ▁box ▁which ▁powers ▁ 3 ▁h anging ▁lights , ▁USB ▁charge - out , ▁and ▁an ▁MP 3 / FM ▁radio ▁system . ▁The ▁Sol ar Home ▁ 6 2 0 ▁is ▁currently ▁in ▁use ▁in ▁over ▁ 4 0 , 0 0 0 ▁homes ▁across ▁western ▁Ken ya ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁v ans , ▁cab ins , ▁and ▁sh eds ▁throughout ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁and ▁beyond . ▁ ▁Ch arg ing ▁products ▁▁ ▁Bio L ite ▁also ▁s ells ▁products ▁that ▁can ▁generate ▁and ▁store ▁electric ity ▁for ▁USB ▁devices . ▁ ▁They ▁make ▁the ▁Sol ar Panel ▁ 5 , ▁the ▁Sol ar Panel ▁ 5 + , ▁and ▁the ▁Char ge |
▁ 1 0 , ▁Char ge ▁ 2 0 , ▁and ▁Char ge ▁ 4 0 . ▁ ▁The ▁Sol ar Pan els ▁are ▁both ▁solar ▁pan els ▁with ▁a ▁" k ick stand ", ▁with ▁the ▁" +" ▁model ▁including ▁an ▁internal ▁l ith ium - ion ▁battery ▁for ▁energy ▁storage . ▁ ▁The ▁Char ge ▁products ▁are ▁re - charge able ▁battery ▁banks ▁to ▁store ▁power ▁for ▁USB ▁devices . ▁ ▁Business ▁model ▁▁ ▁Bio L ite ▁emp lo ys ▁a ▁model ▁of ▁parallel ▁innov ation , ▁long - term ▁for - pro fit ▁social ▁enter prise ▁supported ▁by ▁more ▁immediate ▁market ▁capital . ▁ ▁According ▁to ▁Bio L ite , ▁they ▁used ▁their ▁“ near - term ▁Camp Sto ve ▁market ▁as ▁a ▁way ▁to ▁generate ▁re venue ▁that ▁essentially ▁allowed ▁[ th em ] ▁to ▁become ▁[ the ir ] ▁own ▁invest ors ▁in ▁the ▁Home Sto ve ▁vision .” ▁ ▁That ▁involves ▁a ▁market - based ▁approach ▁to ▁some ▁of ▁the ▁issues ▁in ▁emer ging ▁communities . ▁The ▁recre ational ▁and ▁emer gency ▁prepared ness ▁mark ets ▁of ▁the ▁Camp Sto ve ▁and ▁other ▁products ▁keep ▁the ▁Home Sto ve ▁and ▁Sol ar Home ▁ 6 2 0 ▁low - cost ▁for ▁off - grid ▁communities ▁in ▁sub - S ah aran ▁Africa . ▁Bio L ite ▁uses ▁local ▁distribution ▁networks ▁and ▁al ters ▁their ▁st ove ▁design ▁to ▁support ▁the ▁variety ▁of ▁cultural ▁cook ing ▁prefer ences . ▁ ▁Awards ▁▁▁ ▁Red ▁D ot ▁Design ▁Award ▁( |
2 0 1 6 ) ▁I SP O ▁Brand New ▁Access ories ▁Award ▁( 2 0 1 6 ) ▁Fast ▁Company ▁In nov ation ▁By ▁Design ▁- ▁Social ▁Good ▁( 2 0 1 4 ) ▁Public ▁Interest ▁Design ▁Global ▁ 1 0 0 ▁( 2 0 1 3 ) ▁▁ ▁Social ▁Imp act ▁Professional ▁W inner ▁( Core 7 7 ▁Design ▁Awards , ▁ 2 0 1 3 ) ▁ ▁Best ▁Advent ure ▁G ear ▁( Tra vel ▁+ ▁Le is ure ▁Design ▁Awards , ▁ 2 0 1 3 ) ▁▁ ▁Aut odes k ’ s ▁In vent or ▁of ▁the ▁Month ▁( F ebru ary , ▁ 2 0 1 3 ) ▁▁ ▁National ▁Geographic ’ s ▁G ear ▁of ▁the ▁Year ▁( 2 0 1 2 ) ▁ ▁In nov ation ▁by ▁Design ▁Award ▁( F ast ▁Company , ▁ 2 0 1 2 ) ▁– ▁Final ist ▁▁ ▁Best ▁of ▁What ' s ▁New ▁( Pop ular ▁Science , ▁ 2 0 1 2 ) ▁– ▁Grand ▁Award ▁W inner ▁ ▁N ok ia ▁Health ▁Award ▁( 2 0 1 2 ) ▁▁ ▁O W PG ▁Der ry ck ▁Dra per ▁Award ▁( 2 0 1 2 ) ▁ ▁E PI C ▁G ear ▁J unk ie ▁Award ▁( 2 0 1 2 ) ▁▁ ▁Play ▁It ▁For ward ▁Project ▁( C it izen ▁Group , ▁ 2 0 1 1 ) ▁▁ ▁IN DEX ▁Awards ▁( 2 0 1 1 ) ▁- ▁Final ist ▁▁ ▁America ' s |
▁Most ▁Prom ising ▁Social ▁Entre pr ene urs ▁( Bus iness week , ▁ 2 0 1 1 ) ▁– ▁Top ▁ 2 5 ▁▁ ▁St . ▁Andrew s ▁Prize ▁for ▁the ▁Environment ▁( 2 0 1 1 ) ▁▁ ▁Das ra ▁Social ▁Imp act ▁Program ▁( 2 0 1 0 ) ▁▁ ▁S ust ain able ▁Br ands ▁In nov ation ▁Open ▁( 2 0 1 0 ) ▁▁▁ ▁Pop T ech ▁Social ▁In nov ation ▁Fellow ship ▁( 2 0 1 0 ) ▁– ▁Final ist ▁ ▁V od af one ▁W ire less ▁In nov ation ▁Prize ▁( 2 0 1 0 ) ▁– ▁Part ners hip ▁with ▁U C ▁Ber keley ▁ ▁Top ▁Prize ▁for ▁Low est ▁Em issions ▁Sto ve ▁( ET H OS ▁Sto ve ▁Conference , ▁ 2 0 0 9 ) ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁▁ ▁Cook ▁st ov es ▁ ▁List ▁of ▁st ov es ▁ ▁Port able ▁st ov es ▁ ▁Ro cket ▁st ove ▁ ▁Wood - burn ing ▁st ov es ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁ ▁Bio L ite ' s ▁Official ▁Website ▁ ▁Global ▁Alliance ▁for ▁C lean ▁Cook st ov es ▁ ▁Category : Comp an ies ▁based ▁in ▁New ▁York ▁City ▁Category : Sto ves <0x0A> </s> ▁Conf essions ▁of ▁a ▁Brazil ian ▁Call ▁Girl ▁( ; ▁) ▁is ▁a ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁Brazil ian ▁drama ▁film ▁directed ▁by ▁Marcus ▁Bald ini , ▁based ▁on ▁the ▁novel ▁The ▁Sc orp ion ' s ▁S weet ▁Ven |
om : ▁The ▁Di ary ▁of ▁a ▁Brazil ian ▁Call ▁Girl ▁written ▁by ▁Ra quel ▁P ach ec o ; ▁st arring ▁Deb or ah ▁Se cco ▁( as ▁Br una ▁Sur f ist inha ) ▁and ▁C áss io ▁Gab us ▁M endes , ▁it ▁was ▁shot ▁in ▁Paul ín ia ▁and ▁São ▁Paulo . ▁ ▁Plot ▁Ra quel ▁P ach ec o ▁is ▁a ▁te en ▁girl , ▁adopted ▁by ▁an ▁upper - middle - class ▁family , ▁who ▁re bel led ▁at ▁ 1 7 ▁years ▁old ▁and ▁left ▁her ▁adopt ive ▁family ▁and ▁studies ▁at ▁a ▁traditional ▁college ▁in ▁São ▁Paulo ▁to ▁become ▁a ▁prost itute , ▁and ▁later ▁call ▁girl . ▁Short ly ▁after ▁starting ▁work , ▁she ▁decided ▁to ▁write ▁a ▁blog ▁about ▁her ▁experiences . ▁Since ▁some ▁clients ▁thought ▁she ▁looked ▁like ▁a ▁sur fer ▁she ▁adopted ▁the ▁name ▁" Sur f ist inha ", ▁which ▁means ▁" l ittle ▁sur fer ▁girl ". ▁This ▁blog ▁became ▁a ▁sens ation , ▁and ▁quickly ▁became ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁most ▁popular ▁blog s ▁in ▁Brazil . ▁Be coming ▁famous , ▁her ▁life ▁changed ▁significantly . ▁She ▁went ▁on ▁to ▁be ▁interview ed ▁on ▁Brazil ian ▁talk ▁shows ▁similar ▁to ▁Op rah ▁and ▁David ▁Let ter man , ▁all ▁the ▁while ▁continu ing ▁her ▁blog ▁about ▁her ▁ racy ▁explo its . ▁But ▁soon ▁afterwards ▁the ▁fame ▁gets ▁to ▁her ▁in ▁the ▁form ▁of ▁add iction ▁to ▁dru gs , ▁which ▁makes ▁her ▁do ▁almost ▁anything ▁for ▁a ▁hit |
. ▁ ▁Cast ▁ ▁Deb or ah ▁Se cco ▁as ▁Br una ▁Sur f ist inha ▁ ▁C áss io ▁Gab us ▁M endes ▁as ▁H uld son ▁ ▁Crist ina ▁L ago ▁as ▁Gab i ▁ ▁Dr ica ▁M ora es ▁as ▁Lar issa ▁ ▁Fab i ula ▁N asc imento ▁as ▁Jan ine ▁ ▁G uta ▁Ru iz ▁as ▁Carol ▁ ▁Clar isse ▁Ab uj am ra ▁as ▁Cel este ▁ ▁Luci ano ▁Chi rol li ▁as ▁Otto ▁ ▁S ér gio ▁Gu iz é ▁as ▁Rod r igo ▁ ▁Sim one ▁I lies cu ▁as ▁Y as min ▁ ▁É ri ka ▁P uga ▁as ▁Mel ▁ ▁Br enda ▁L í gia ▁as ▁Kelly ▁ ▁Gustav o ▁Mach ado ▁as ▁Miguel ▁ ▁Jul iano ▁C az arr é ▁as ▁Gustav o ▁ ▁Rod r igo ▁Dor ado ▁as ▁R omin ho ▁ ▁Roberto ▁Audio ▁as ▁Gian ▁ ▁Pl ín io ▁So ares ▁as ▁Public it ário ▁ ▁Sid ney ▁Rod rig ues ▁as ▁Tom ás ▁ ▁Awards ▁and ▁nomin ations ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁▁▁▁ ▁Category : 2 0 1 0 s ▁bi ographical ▁drama ▁films ▁Category : 2 0 1 0 s ▁er otic ▁drama ▁films ▁Category : 2 0 1 1 ▁films ▁Category : B raz ilian ▁bi ographical ▁drama ▁films ▁Category : B raz ilian ▁er otic ▁drama ▁films ▁Category : B raz ilian ▁films ▁Category : Fil ms ▁about ▁prost itution ▁in ▁Brazil ▁Category : Fil ms ▁based ▁on ▁Brazil ian ▁nov els ▁Category : |
Fil ms ▁set ▁in ▁São ▁Paulo ▁Category : Fil ms ▁shot ▁in ▁Paul ín ia ▁Category : Fil ms ▁shot ▁in ▁São ▁Paulo ▁Category : Port ug uese - language ▁films <0x0A> </s> ▁Lau zer te ▁( L angu edo ci en : ▁La us è r ta ) ▁is ▁a ▁commune ▁in ▁the ▁T arn - et - G aron ne ▁department ▁in ▁the ▁Occ it anie ▁region ▁in ▁southern ▁France . ▁ ▁Et ym ology ▁of ▁the ▁name : ▁Two ▁interpret ations ▁include ▁the ▁possible ▁Latin ▁root ▁of ▁“ V illas erta ” ▁and ▁more ▁likely , ▁the ▁Gall ic ▁root , ▁“ la uz es ”, ▁flat ▁stones ▁used ▁as ▁p aving ▁or ▁roof ing , ▁and ▁“ erta ” ▁from ▁the ▁local ▁Occ itan ▁dialect , ▁meaning ▁hill , ▁thus ▁Hill ▁of ▁St ones . ▁The ▁fact ▁that ▁the ▁bar b ican ▁was ▁explo ited ▁as ▁a ▁quar ry ▁supports ▁this ▁deriv ation . ▁ ▁A ▁medieval ▁bast ide ▁per ched ▁above ▁the ▁valle ys ▁and ▁hills ▁of ▁the ▁area ▁known ▁as ▁the ▁Qu er cy ▁Bl anc , ▁Lau zer te ▁is ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁Most ▁Beautiful ▁Vill ages ▁of ▁France , ▁a ▁distinction ▁granted ▁to ▁only ▁ 1 5 5 ▁villages ▁in ▁the ▁country . ▁F ounded ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 2 th ▁century ▁by ▁the ▁Count ▁of ▁Toul ouse , ▁the ▁village ▁is ▁located ▁on ▁the ▁routes ▁of ▁the ▁Santiago ▁de ▁Com post ella . ▁Lau zer te ▁is ▁described ▁by ▁its ▁tour ism ▁ag ency |
▁as ▁" a ▁nature ▁stop ▁for ▁family ▁exc urs ions ▁and ▁week ends ▁expl oring ▁the ▁rich ▁past ▁and ▁present ▁of ▁the ▁South ▁West : ▁our ▁her itage ▁and ▁architecture , ▁our ▁le is ure ▁activities ▁and ▁festiv ities ." ▁ ▁Geography / Top ography ▁In ▁the ▁north west ▁corner ▁of ▁the ▁T arn ▁et ▁G aron ne ▁department , ▁Lau zer te ▁lies ▁between ▁the ▁fo oth ills ▁of ▁the ▁Mass if ▁Central ▁and ▁the ▁G aron ne ▁river ▁plain ▁in ▁the ▁region ▁known ▁as ▁Qu er cy ▁Bl anc ▁and ▁Pays ▁de ▁Ser res ▁ ▁because ▁of ▁the ▁lim estone ▁which ▁pre domin ates ▁in ▁the ▁landscape . ▁The ▁hill ▁town ▁r ises ▁above ▁parallel ▁valle ys ▁and ▁rivers , ▁the ▁B arg uel onnes , ▁the ▁L end ou ▁and ▁the ▁Se ou ne ▁which ▁feed ▁into ▁the ▁G aron ne ▁River . ▁ ▁Lau zer te ▁is ▁surrounded ▁by ▁agricult ural ▁land ▁known ▁for ▁Mel ons ▁de ▁Qu er cy , ▁Ch ass el as ▁de ▁Mo iss ac ▁( white ▁dess ert ▁g rap es ), ▁and ▁Pr une aux ▁d ’ A gen ▁( pr unes ). ▁ ▁History ▁BC : ▁The ▁discovery ▁of ▁co pper ▁co ins ▁from ▁several ▁years ▁BC ▁indicate ▁that ▁Lau zer te ▁was ▁an ▁opp id um , ▁part ▁of ▁Roman ▁Ga ul . ▁ ▁Ele vent h ▁century : ▁the ▁area ▁belonged ▁to ▁the ▁L ords ▁of ▁Cast eln au ▁Mon trat ier . ▁ ▁At ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁tw |
elf th ▁century , ▁two ▁local ▁no blem en ▁approached ▁Raymond ▁V , ▁Count ▁of ▁Toul ouse , ▁to ▁establish ▁a ▁cast eln au , ▁a ▁plot ▁of ▁ 2 0 0 ▁houses , ▁pre fig uring ▁the ▁bast ide ▁movement ▁which ▁would ▁later ▁pre dom inate ▁in ▁the ▁region . ▁ ▁The ▁motiv ation ▁to ▁do ▁so ▁would ▁have ▁been ▁the ▁same , ▁however , ▁to ▁establish ▁a ▁small ▁community ▁of ▁rent - pay ing ▁supp or ters . ▁With ▁its ▁castle , ▁en closure , ▁to wers ▁and ▁six ▁fort ified ▁gate ways , ▁the ▁fort ified ▁town ▁was ▁the ▁pride ▁of ▁the ▁region . ▁Henry ▁IV , ▁King ▁of ▁France , ▁described ▁it ▁as ▁“ one ▁of ▁four ▁keys ▁of ▁the ▁said ▁Qu er cy ▁land .” ▁Despite ▁this ▁reputation , ▁it ▁was ▁later ▁occupied ▁by ▁the ▁English ▁and ▁suffered ▁ ▁attack ▁in ▁the ▁Wars ▁of ▁Religion . ▁ ▁Th ir teenth ▁century : ▁Al phon se ▁of ▁Po it iers ▁and ▁his ▁wife , ▁Jean ne ▁of ▁Toul ouse ▁visited ▁the ▁hosp ice ▁located ▁here , ▁founded ▁in ▁ 1 2 2 2 ▁( ▁the ▁oldest ▁building ▁in ▁the ▁village , ▁it ▁still ▁serves ▁ 1 1 0 ▁p ension ers .) ▁ ▁When ▁Al phon se ▁died , ▁Lau zer te ▁passed ▁directly ▁to ▁the ▁King ▁of ▁France . ▁The ▁English ▁king ▁cont ested ▁the ▁will , ▁as ▁The ▁Tre aty ▁of ▁Paris ▁had ▁granted ▁Qu er cy ▁to ▁the ▁King ▁of ▁England ▁who ▁gar ner ed ▁a |
▁rent ▁of ▁ 3 , 0 0 0 ▁pounds ▁a ▁year . ▁The ▁many ▁weapons ▁and ▁b ones ▁in ▁the ▁char nel ▁house ▁indicate ▁the ▁extent ▁of ▁sla ugh ter ▁and ▁resistance ▁to ▁the ▁English . ▁ ▁During ▁the ▁H undred ▁Years ' ▁War , ▁Lau zer te ▁was ▁occupied ▁by ▁the ▁English . ▁ ▁Despite ▁foreign ▁occupation , ▁some ▁Lau z ert ins ▁charged ▁interest ▁in ▁exchange ▁for ▁r ans om ▁fe es ▁to ▁nob ility ▁captured ▁by ▁the ▁English . ▁From ▁this ▁same ▁period , ▁legend ▁has ▁it ▁that ▁an ▁old ▁lady ▁named ▁Gand il h onne ▁noticed ▁the ▁English ▁were ▁leaving . ▁Although ▁ill iter ate , ▁she ▁counted ▁the ▁number ▁depart ing ▁by ▁putting ▁a ▁ch est nut ▁in ▁her ▁pocket ▁to ▁count ▁each ▁individual . ▁She ▁reported ▁the ▁ex od us ▁to ▁the ▁town ▁cons uls , ▁who ▁closed ▁the ▁gates , ▁thus ▁prevent ing ▁the ▁English ▁from ▁re ent ering . ▁ ▁Four teenth ▁century : ▁A ▁Car mel ite ▁convent ▁was ▁established . ▁“ P ast oure ux ”, ▁the ▁she ph erd s ▁who ▁pre yed ▁on ▁pil gr ims ▁and ▁other ▁trav ellers , ▁conducted ▁a ▁mass acre ▁of ▁Jews . ▁ ▁Six teenth ▁century : ▁Lau zer te ▁passed ▁first ▁to ▁Protest ant ▁control , ▁after ▁a ▁battle ▁resulting ▁in ▁ 5 6 7 ▁death s , ▁then ▁back ▁to ▁Catholic ▁control ▁under ▁the ▁leadership ▁of ▁Ter ride . ▁ ▁Lau zer te ▁continued ▁to ▁prosper ▁for ▁various ▁reasons . ▁It ▁was ▁the |
▁seat ▁of ▁a ▁secondary ▁sen esch als y ▁( court ▁of ▁appe als ) ▁and ▁administrative ▁center ▁for ▁collect ing ▁tax es ▁from ▁the ▁surrounding ▁coun tr ys ide . ▁ ▁The ▁region ▁provided ▁much ▁of ▁the ▁whe at ▁for ▁C ah ors . ▁Pil gr ims ▁provided ▁income ▁to ▁Lau zer te ▁as ▁well . ▁ ▁At ▁the ▁time ▁of ▁the ▁Revolution , ▁the ▁town ▁elected ▁G oug es ▁Cart ou , ▁a ▁b our ge ois , ▁to ▁represent ▁the ▁town ▁at ▁the ▁new ▁Est ates ▁General , ▁the ▁parliament . ▁ ▁At ▁the ▁beginning ▁of ▁the ▁nin ete enth ▁century , ▁Napoleon ▁created ▁the ▁Depart ement ▁of ▁T arn ▁et ▁G aron ne . ▁Lau zer te , ▁which ▁was ▁until ▁then ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁Lot , ▁was ▁attached ▁to ▁the ▁new ▁Depart ement . ▁ ▁The ▁cell ist ▁and ▁composer ▁Louis - Char les - Jose ph ▁Rey ▁( 1 7 3 8 – 1 8 1 1 ) ▁was ▁born ▁in ▁Lau zer te ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁his ▁elder ▁brother ▁Jean - B apt iste ▁Rey ▁( 1 7 3 4 – 1 8 1 0 ), ▁conduct or ▁and ▁composer . ▁ ▁Architecture ▁The ▁ma irie , ▁the ▁town ▁hall , ▁originally ▁hous ed ▁the ▁M ire po ise ▁Sister s , ▁n uns ▁who ▁founded ▁a ▁school ▁for ▁daughters ▁of ▁the ▁nob ility ▁in ▁the ▁eigh teenth ▁century . ▁Next ▁to ▁this ▁were ▁hous ed ▁the ▁“ P en it ents ▁Ble us ”, ▁a ▁Catholic |
▁brother hood ▁and ▁mut ual ▁help ▁society . ▁The ▁le ather ▁Christ ▁on ▁the ▁Cross ▁displayed ▁in ▁the ▁Church ▁would ▁have ▁been ▁carried ▁in ▁process ions ▁by ▁the ▁brothers ▁on ▁M ardi ▁Gr as ▁and ▁Good ▁Friday . ▁ ▁The ▁s ene ch aus see , ▁the ▁administrative ▁center , ▁constructed ▁between ▁ 1 3 6 0 ▁and ▁ 1 3 7 0 ▁has ▁beneath ▁it ▁a ▁v ault ed ▁cell ar , ▁which ▁includes ▁a ▁tunnel ▁that ▁re put edly ▁leads ▁to ▁Beau ca ire , ▁a ▁ham let ▁ 3 ▁kilom eters ▁away . ▁ ▁The ▁large ▁arch ed ▁door ways ▁in ▁merchant ▁homes ▁acted ▁as ▁shop ▁windows . ▁Good s ▁would ▁have ▁been ▁displayed ▁in ▁the ▁upper ▁half , ▁while ▁doors ▁across ▁the ▁lower ▁half ▁would ▁serve ▁as ▁wind break . ▁ ▁The ▁smaller ▁arch es ▁beside ▁them ▁entered ▁to ▁the ▁home ▁above . ▁T iny ▁windows ▁on ▁the ▁next ▁store y ▁provided ▁light ▁to ▁the ▁store ▁rooms . ▁A bove ▁these , ▁the ▁pair ▁of ▁long ▁windows ▁serve ▁on ▁to ▁the ▁main ▁living ▁area , ▁whilst ▁the ▁o cul us ▁at ▁the ▁top ▁is ▁at ▁the ▁att ic ▁level . ▁ ▁The ▁half - tim ber ed ▁up st airs ▁add itions ▁on ▁some ▁buildings ▁extend ▁out ▁further ▁over ▁the ▁street ▁as ▁a ▁means ▁to ▁increase ▁living ▁area ▁whilst ▁only ▁pay ing ▁tax es ▁on ▁the ▁area ▁of ▁the ▁ground ▁floor . ▁ ▁In ▁addition ▁to ▁the ▁other ▁holy ▁orders ▁located ▁in ▁Lau zer te , ▁the ▁sister s |
▁of ▁St . ▁Cla re ▁established ▁a ▁school ▁in ▁ 1 6 2 3 ▁on ▁R ue ▁de ▁la ▁G endar mer ie . ▁Its ▁door ▁is ▁in ▁the ▁shape ▁of ▁a ▁basket ▁handle , ▁and ▁the ▁square ▁tower ▁to ▁its ▁right ▁houses ▁the ▁chap el . ▁The ▁school ▁attract ed ▁rich ▁young ▁women ▁whose ▁f athers ▁encourag ed ▁them ▁to ▁take ▁the ▁ve il ▁as ▁the ▁dow ry ▁was ▁less ▁than ▁the ▁cost ▁to ▁marry ▁them ▁off . ▁ ▁Records ▁indicate ▁wid ows ▁and ▁unh appy ▁w ives ▁res ided ▁at ▁the ▁convent ▁as ▁well . ▁ ▁Arts ▁and ▁Culture ▁ ▁The ▁main ▁square , ▁Place ▁des ▁Corn ier es , ▁features ▁an ▁u pl ift ed ▁corner ▁of ▁pa vers , ▁a ▁unique ▁and ▁wh ims ical ▁sculpt ure ▁created ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 8 ▁by ▁local ▁cer am ic ▁artist , ▁Jacques ▁Buch hol tz ▁whose ▁work ▁also ▁appears ▁in ▁the ▁J ardin ▁de ▁la ▁Br è che . ▁ ▁The ▁local ▁market ▁takes ▁place ▁in ▁the ▁square ▁on ▁Saturday ▁m orn ings ▁throughout ▁the ▁year . ▁ ▁W r ought ▁iron ▁signs ▁h anging ▁from ▁the ▁exterior ▁of ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁buildings ▁indicate ▁the ▁type ▁of ▁business ▁located ▁within . ▁ ▁Lau zer te ▁has ▁a ▁l ively ▁art istic ▁community ▁with ▁artists ▁working ▁in ▁such ▁medium s ▁as ▁ill umin ated ▁manuscript s , ▁artist ▁books , ▁pot tery , ▁and ▁text iles . ▁ ▁Fest iv als ▁in ▁Lau zer te ▁include ▁the ▁Place ▁A ux |
▁Fle urs ▁in ▁late ▁April , ▁the ▁J ourn ées ▁du ▁Pat r imoine ▁et ▁des ▁M oul ins ▁in ▁mid - J une , ▁the ▁March é ▁aux ▁Pot iers ▁in ▁early ▁July , ▁les ▁March és ▁G our m ands ▁every ▁Th urs day ▁in ▁July ▁and ▁August ▁in ▁the ▁main ▁square ▁up ▁top ... ! ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁Comm unes ▁of ▁the ▁T arn - et - G aron ne ▁department ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁IN SEE ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁http :// www . lau zer te . fr ▁ ▁http :// www . lau zer te - t our isme . fr ▁ ▁http :// www . les - plus - be aux - v ill ages - de - f rance . org / en / lau zer te ▁ ▁Category : Comm unes ▁of ▁T arn - et - G aron ne ▁Category : Qu er cy ▁Category : Plus ▁Be aux ▁Vill ages ▁de ▁France <0x0A> </s> ▁Pet ats ▁is ▁an ▁Aust ron esian ▁language ▁spoken ▁by ▁a ▁few ▁thousand ▁persons ▁in ▁Pap ua ▁New ▁Guinea . ▁Dia lect s ▁are ▁Hit au - P or or an , ▁M ats ung an , ▁and ▁Sum oun . ▁ ▁Gram mar ▁Ver bal ▁inf lection ▁is ▁accomplished ▁through ▁post ▁ver bal ▁pr onom inal ▁particles ▁which ▁carry ▁t ense ▁and ▁m ood ▁mark ing . ▁ ▁Resources ▁ ▁Global ▁Record ings ▁Network ▁Pet ats ▁ ▁Jerry ▁Allen ▁and ▁Matthew ▁Be aso . ▁ 1 9 |
7 5 . ▁Pet ats ▁Ph on emes ▁and ▁Orth ography ▁ ▁Pet ats ▁Organ ised ▁Ph on ology ▁Data ▁ ▁Material s ▁on ▁Pet ats ▁are ▁included ▁in ▁the ▁open ▁access ▁Arthur ▁Cap ell ▁collections ▁( AC 1 ▁and ▁AC 2 ) ▁and ▁the ▁Mal col m ▁Ross ▁collection ▁( MR 1 ) ▁held ▁by ▁Parad is ec . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : N orth west ▁Sol om onic ▁languages ▁Category : L anguages ▁of ▁Pap ua ▁New ▁Guinea ▁Category : L anguages ▁of ▁the ▁Aut onom ous ▁Region ▁of ▁B oug ain ville <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Show ▁Must ▁Go ▁Off ! ▁is ▁a ▁live ▁concert ▁DVD ▁series ▁produced ▁by ▁K ung ▁Fu ▁Films , ▁an ▁off sh oot ▁of ▁the ▁K ung ▁Fu ▁Records ▁label ▁run ▁by ▁V and als ▁bass ist ▁Joe ▁Es cal ante , ▁who ▁also ▁acts ▁as ▁producer ▁for ▁the ▁series . ▁The ▁series ▁began ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 2 ▁and ▁has ▁thus ▁far ▁included ▁ 1 9 ▁" ep is odes ," ▁the ▁most ▁recent ▁of ▁which ▁was ▁released ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 5 . ▁ ▁The ▁series ▁initi ated ▁in ▁July ▁ 2 0 0 2 ▁with ▁the ▁release ▁of ▁a ▁live ▁V and als ▁concert ▁DVD ▁recorded ▁in ▁December ▁ 2 0 0 1 ▁at ▁their ▁annual ▁" Christ mas ▁F ormal " ▁concert . ▁However , ▁this ▁release ▁did ▁not ▁originally ▁bear ▁the ▁" Show ▁Must ▁Go ▁Off !" ▁mon iker . ▁The ▁series ▁title ▁came ▁into ▁use ▁with ▁the |
▁second ▁release ▁in ▁the ▁series , ▁a ▁performance ▁by ▁M est ▁at ▁the ▁House ▁of ▁Blues . ▁This ▁was ▁later ▁re - l abeled ▁as ▁" E pisode ▁ 2 " ▁in ▁the ▁series , ▁with ▁the ▁V and als ▁Christmas ▁DVD ▁being ▁re - l abeled ▁" E pisode ▁ 1 ." ▁The ▁series ▁consists ▁mostly ▁of ▁punk ▁rock ▁and ▁pop ▁punk ▁bands ▁from ▁various ▁er as , ▁including ▁older ▁groups ▁that ▁experienced ▁their ▁he yd ay ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 8 0 s , ▁later ▁groups ▁who ▁rose ▁to ▁popular ity ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 9 0 s , ▁and ▁younger ▁acts ▁that ▁have ▁formed ▁or ▁gained ▁popular ity ▁in ▁recent ▁years . ▁ ▁As ▁the ▁series ▁has ▁progress ed ▁its ▁production ▁values ▁have ▁improved , ▁and ▁numerous ▁special ▁features ▁have ▁been ▁incorpor ated ▁into ▁the ▁DVD ▁releases . ▁E pisode ▁ 9 , ▁The ▁V and als ▁Live ▁at ▁the ▁House ▁of ▁Blues ▁uses ▁the ▁most ▁of ▁such ▁bonus ▁features ▁thus ▁far , ▁including ▁a ▁" J osh ▁Fre ese ▁cam " ▁with ▁a ▁picture - in - picture ▁close - up ▁of ▁his ▁foot ▁ped al , ▁optional ▁on - screen ▁lyr ics , ▁and ▁multiple ▁band ▁comment aries . ▁ ▁Epis odes ▁ ▁Category : Con cert s <0x0A> </s> ▁Major ▁Mos es ▁Cor bet ▁( 1 7 2 8 – 1 8 1 4 ) ▁was ▁a ▁British ▁Army ▁officer ▁who ▁served ▁as ▁Lieutenant ▁Governor ▁of ▁Jersey ▁from ▁ 4 ▁April ▁ 1 7 7 |
1 ▁to ▁ 6 ▁January ▁ 1 7 8 1 . ▁ ▁Early ▁career ▁Cor bet ▁joined ▁the ▁British ▁Army ▁c . 1 7 4 5 . ▁In ▁ 1 7 4 8 ▁he ▁was ▁an ▁En sign ▁in ▁the ▁ 7 th ▁Regiment ▁of ▁Foot ▁and ▁by ▁the ▁start ▁of ▁the ▁Seven ▁Years ' ▁War ▁he ▁had ▁been ▁promoted ▁to ▁Captain , ▁sail ing ▁with ▁his ▁regiment ▁from ▁Ireland ▁to ▁help ▁rel ieve ▁the ▁Sie ge ▁of ▁Fort ▁St ▁Philip ▁( 1 7 5 6 ) ▁in ▁Men or ca . ▁The ▁relief ▁failed ▁and ▁his ▁regiment ▁moved ▁to ▁Gib ral tar ▁where ▁he ▁served ▁until ▁ill ▁health ▁forced ▁his ▁return ▁to ▁England . ▁ ▁Wh ilst ▁in ▁England ▁he ▁married ▁and ▁became ▁A ide - de - camp ▁to ▁Lieutenant ▁Colonel ▁Lord ▁Robert ▁Bert ie ▁the ▁commander ▁of ▁the ▁ 7 th ▁Regiment ▁of ▁Foot ▁He ▁rejo ined ▁the ▁regiment ▁in ▁Gib ral tar ▁and ▁received ▁promotion ▁to ▁Major ▁on ▁ 1 4 ▁December ▁ 1 7 6 1 ▁within ▁the ▁ 7 th ▁Regiment ▁of ▁Foot . ▁Return ing ▁with ▁the ▁regiment ▁to ▁England , ▁he ▁left ▁the ▁army ▁because ▁of ▁ill ▁health ▁and ▁settled ▁back ▁in ▁Jersey ▁Channel ▁Islands . ▁ ▁Be coming ▁involved ▁in ▁politics ▁and ▁following ▁corn ▁ri ot ▁dist urban ces ▁in ▁ 1 7 6 9 , ▁was ▁appointed ▁Lieutenant ▁Governor ▁of ▁Jersey ▁on ▁ 4 ▁April ▁ 1 7 7 1 . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 7 7 9 ▁the ▁Franco - D utch |
▁In vas ion ▁of ▁Jersey ▁was ▁attempted ▁at ▁St ▁O uen ' s ▁Bay . ▁The ▁def enders , ▁led ▁by ▁Mos es ▁Cor bet , ▁were ▁able ▁to ▁prevent ▁the ▁landing , ▁suffering ▁only ▁a ▁few ▁men ▁wounded ▁when ▁a ▁can non ▁burst . ▁ ▁Battle ▁of ▁Jersey ▁▁ ▁On ▁ 6 ▁January ▁ 1 7 8 1 ▁a ▁French ▁inv ading ▁force ▁led ▁by ▁Philippe ▁de ▁R ulle court ▁secured ▁the ▁town ▁of ▁Saint ▁Hel ier ▁and ▁surprised ▁Cor bet ▁in ▁bed ▁in ▁Government ▁House ▁( then ▁situated ▁at ▁Le ▁M ano ir ▁de ▁La ▁Mot te ). ▁De ▁R ulle court ▁convinced ▁Cor bet ▁that ▁thousands ▁of ▁French ▁troops ▁had ▁already ▁over wh el med ▁Jersey . ▁He ▁threatened ▁to ▁burn ▁the ▁town ▁and ▁sla ugh ter ▁the ▁inhabitants ▁if ▁the ▁g arrison ▁did ▁not ▁capit ulate ▁and ▁Cor bet , ▁unable ▁to ▁as certain ▁the ▁true ▁situation , ▁surrender ed . ▁Major ▁Francis ▁Pe ir son , ▁suspect ing ▁that ▁De ▁R ulle court ▁only ▁had ▁a ▁small ▁force , ▁took ▁command ▁of ▁the ▁British ▁troops ▁in ▁Cor bet ' s ▁absence ▁and ▁counter - att ack ed ▁leading ▁to ▁a ▁decis ive ▁eng agement ▁in ▁which ▁the ▁British ▁forces ▁were ▁vict orious . ▁ ▁Cor bet ▁was ▁subsequently ▁tried ▁by ▁Court - mart ial ▁at ▁Hor segu ards . ▁ ▁The ▁charges ▁were ▁▁ ▁Allow ing ▁himself ▁to ▁be ▁surprised ▁by ▁the ▁enemy ▁ ▁Sign ing ▁articles ▁of ▁capit ulation ▁when ▁a ▁prisoner ▁ ▁Att empt ing ▁to |
▁indu ce ▁other ▁officers ▁in ▁command ▁to ▁con cur ▁ ▁The ▁French ▁General ▁had ▁written ▁the ▁capit ulation ▁letter ▁in ▁his ▁own ▁hand ▁and ▁to ▁get ▁Cor bet ▁to ▁sign ▁threatened ▁to ▁destroy ▁the ▁town ▁and ▁sh ipping ▁in ▁the ▁har bour , ▁dis clos ing ▁in ▁great ▁detail ▁the ▁def ences ▁of ▁the ▁Island , ▁leading ▁Cor bet ▁to ▁believe ▁many ▁units ▁had ▁been ▁captured ▁and ▁wish ing ▁to ▁save ▁the ▁town ▁from ▁destruction ▁by ▁fire , ▁and ▁bel ieving ▁his ▁powers ▁of ▁command ▁had ▁already ▁been ▁removed ▁as ▁he ▁was ▁a ▁prisoner , ▁agreed ▁to ▁sign . ▁Cor bet ▁received ▁good ▁references ▁from ▁Lord ▁Robert ▁Bert ie ▁and ▁others . ▁The ▁outcome ▁of ▁the ▁Court ▁Mart ial ▁was ▁incon clus ive ; ▁he ▁was ▁dismiss ed ▁as ▁Lieutenant - G overn or , ▁but ▁granted ▁a ▁p ension ▁of ▁£ 2 5 0 ▁p . a . ▁for ▁life . ▁ ▁Port rait ▁A ▁formal ▁full - length ▁portrait ▁of ▁Major ▁Mos es ▁Cor bet ' s ▁portrait ▁was ▁created ▁by ▁noted ▁artist ▁Philippe ▁Jean ▁( 1 7 5 5 – 1 8 0 2 ). ▁Philippe ▁Jean ▁was ▁made ▁famous ▁for ▁his ▁mini ature ▁portrait ▁of ▁Gu ern sey ▁born ▁Sir ▁Isaac ▁Bro ck ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁his ▁commission ed ▁portrait ▁of ▁King ▁George ▁III . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : 1 7 2 8 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 8 1 4 ▁death s ▁Category : G overn ors ▁of ▁Jersey <0x0A> </s> ▁Captain ▁Mah endra ▁N ath ▁Mul |
la , ▁MVC ▁( 1 5 ▁May ▁ 1 9 2 6 ▁– ▁ 9 ▁December ▁ 1 9 7 1 ) ▁was ▁an ▁officer ▁of ▁the ▁Indian ▁Navy . ▁As ▁the ▁Command ing ▁Officer ▁of ▁, ▁he ▁chose ▁to ▁go ▁down ▁with ▁his ▁ship ▁when ▁his ▁ship ▁was ▁s unk ▁during ▁the ▁Ind o - P ak ist ani ▁War ▁of ▁ 1 9 7 1 . ▁ ▁Early ▁life ▁Mul la ▁was ▁born ▁on ▁ 1 5 ▁May ▁ 1 9 2 6 ▁in ▁Gor akh pur , ▁U tt ar ▁Pr adesh ▁to ▁T . ▁N . ▁Mul la . ▁He ▁was ▁commission ed ▁in ▁the ▁Royal ▁Indian ▁Navy ▁on ▁ 1 ▁May ▁ 1 9 4 8 . ▁ ▁Military ▁Career ▁He ▁was ▁promoted ▁to ▁Lieutenant ▁Commander ▁on ▁ 1 6 ▁September ▁ 1 9 5 8 ▁and ▁to ▁the ▁rank ▁of ▁Commander ▁on ▁ 3 0 ▁June ▁ 1 9 6 4 . ▁ ▁Death ▁During ▁the ▁ 1 9 7 1 ▁Ind o - P ak ist ani ▁War , ▁Mul la ▁was ▁command ing ▁a ▁task ▁force ▁of ▁two ▁ships ▁which ▁formed ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁Western ▁Fle et . ▁The ▁task ▁force ▁was ▁assigned ▁the ▁task ▁of ▁hunting ▁and ▁destroy ing ▁enemy ▁sub mar ines ▁in ▁the ▁North ▁Arab ian ▁Sea . ▁At ▁ 2 0 : 5 0 ▁hours ▁on ▁ 9 ▁December ▁ 1 9 7 1 , ▁his ▁vessel , ▁IN S ▁Kh uk ri , ▁was ▁hit ▁by ▁a ▁tor ped o |
▁fired ▁by ▁an ▁enemy ▁sub marine , ▁, ▁about ▁ ▁off ▁Di u . ▁Mul la ▁issued ▁orders ▁for ▁the ▁ship ▁to ▁be ▁abandoned ▁because ▁it ▁was ▁s inking . ▁ ▁Memorial ▁ ▁A ▁mem orial ▁for ▁the ▁t ribute ▁to ▁Mul la ▁and ▁other ▁mart y red ▁sail ors ▁exists ▁at ▁Di u ▁. ▁The ▁mem orial ▁constit utes ▁a ▁full - scale ▁model ▁of ▁IN S ▁Kh uk ri ▁enc ased ▁in ▁a ▁glass ▁house , ▁placed ▁on ▁a ▁h il lock ▁facing ▁the ▁sea . ▁The ▁mem orial ▁was ▁inaugur ated ▁by ▁Vice ▁Admir al ▁Mad h v endra ▁Singh ▁as ▁the ▁flag ▁officer ▁command ing - in - ch ief . ▁ ▁The ▁Capt . ▁M . ▁N . ▁Mul la ▁Aud itor ium , ▁at ▁Navy ▁Nag ar , ▁Col aba , ▁M umb ai , ▁is ▁named ▁after ▁him . ▁A ▁b ust ▁of ▁Capt . ▁Mul la ▁stands ▁in ▁the ▁fo yer . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁Category : Ind ian ▁military ▁personnel ▁killed ▁in ▁action ▁Category : Ind ian ▁Navy ▁officers ▁Category : Re cip ients ▁of ▁the ▁Mah a ▁Vir ▁Ch ak ra ▁Category : Pe ople ▁of ▁the ▁Ind o - P ak ist ani ▁War ▁of ▁ 1 9 7 1 ▁Category : 1 9 2 6 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 9 7 1 ▁death s ▁Category : Ind ian ▁military ▁personnel ▁of ▁the ▁Ind o - P ak ist ani ▁War ▁of ▁ 1 9 7 1 ▁Category |
: Capt ains ▁who ▁went ▁down ▁with ▁the ▁ship ▁Category : Ro yal ▁Indian ▁Navy ▁officers <0x0A> </s> ▁Bad u ▁is ▁a ▁surname . ▁Notable ▁people ▁with ▁the ▁surname ▁include : ▁▁ ▁Em manuel ▁A gy em ang - B adu ▁Gh ana ian ▁footballer ▁born ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 0 ▁ ▁E ry k ah ▁Bad u ▁American ▁singer / song writer , ▁record ▁producer ▁and ▁actress , ▁born ▁ 1 9 7 1 ▁ ▁D il endra ▁Pr as ad ▁Bad u , ▁Nep al ese ▁politician <0x0A> </s> ▁D ion g olo ▁is ▁a ▁town ▁in ▁the ▁Ban for a ▁Department ▁of ▁Como é ▁Province ▁in ▁south - western ▁Bur k ina ▁F aso . ▁The ▁town ▁has ▁a ▁population ▁of ▁ 2 , 4 0 5 . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁Sat ellite ▁map ▁at ▁Map land ia . com ▁ ▁Category : Pop ulated ▁places ▁in ▁the ▁C asc ades ▁Region ▁Category : Com o é ▁Province <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Dog ▁Who ▁Sto pped ▁the ▁War ▁( , ▁" The ▁To que ▁War ") ▁is ▁a ▁French ▁Canadian ▁drama ▁film ▁from ▁Quebec , ▁directed ▁by ▁André ▁Mel an çon . ▁The ▁film ▁was ▁the ▁first ▁in ▁the ▁T ales ▁for ▁All ▁( Cont es ▁pour ▁tous ) ▁series ▁of ▁children ' s ▁mov ies ▁created ▁by ▁Les ▁Produ ctions ▁la ▁F ête . ▁ ▁Plot ▁ ▁The ▁film ▁involves ▁a ▁huge ▁snow ball ▁fight ▁between ▁the ▁children ▁of ▁a ▁small ▁town ▁in ▁Quebec ▁during ▁winter ▁vac |
ation ▁who ▁split ▁into ▁two ▁rival ▁gang s , ▁one ▁def ending ▁a ▁snow ▁castle , ▁the ▁other ▁attack ing ▁it . ▁The ▁attack ers ▁are ▁led ▁by ▁a ▁boy ▁who ▁styles ▁himself ▁as ▁" General ▁Luc " ▁and ▁has ▁a ▁reputation ▁for ▁being ▁b oss y . ▁The ▁def enders ▁are ▁out number ed ▁and ▁led ▁by ▁Marc , ▁who ▁own s ▁a ▁dog ▁named ▁Cle o . ▁They ▁also ▁have ▁the ▁genius ▁boy ▁François ▁on ▁their ▁side . ▁ ▁François ▁designs ▁a ▁massive , ▁elaborate ▁snow ▁for tr ess , ▁and ▁Marc ' s ▁group ▁construct s ▁it . ▁Luc ▁arriv es ▁with ▁his ▁army , ▁we aring ▁makes h ift ▁arm our ▁and ▁w ield ing ▁wooden ▁s words . ▁They ▁attempt ▁to ▁scale ▁the ▁walls ▁with ▁a ▁lad der , ▁but ▁Luc ▁is ▁injured ▁in ▁the ▁battle ▁and ▁orders ▁a ▁retre at . ▁They ▁re group ▁and ▁stage ▁a ▁second , ▁more ▁cover t ▁attack , ▁but ▁they ▁are ▁sp otted ▁and ▁be aten ▁back ▁again ▁with ▁snow ball s ▁so aked ▁in ▁in k . ▁ ▁Luc ▁coun ters ▁by ▁attack ing ▁a ▁third ▁time , ▁this ▁time ▁with ▁his ▁army ▁dressed ▁in ▁garbage ▁b ags ▁as ▁protection ▁from ▁the ▁in k . ▁They ▁over wh elm ▁the ▁fort ' s ▁def ences , ▁and ▁Marc ▁and ▁François ▁escape ▁via ▁to b og gan ▁through ▁a ▁secret ▁tunnel . ▁The ▁two ▁groups ▁meet ▁and ▁agree ▁to ▁have ▁one ▁final ▁battle ▁to ▁determine ▁the ▁winner . ▁ ▁Luc ▁shows |
▁up ▁for ▁the ▁final ▁sie ge ▁with ▁an ▁even ▁larger ▁army , ▁having ▁rec ru ited ▁additional ▁( you ng er ) ▁children ▁with ▁ch oc olate . ▁They ▁also ▁possess ▁new ▁weapons ▁such ▁as ▁s ling sh ots ▁and ▁a ▁snow ball ▁can non . ▁Luc ▁orders ▁them ▁to ▁charge , ▁and ▁despite ▁being ▁slow ed ▁by ▁bar ric ades , ▁they ▁eventually ▁bre ach ▁the ▁for tr ess ▁walls ▁and ▁eng age ▁in ▁me lee ▁combat ▁with ▁the ▁def enders . ▁Marc ' s ▁dog ▁Cle o ▁comes ▁after ▁her ▁owner , ▁and ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁for tr ess ▁walls ▁col laps es , ▁killing ▁her . ▁The ▁war ▁ends , ▁as ▁both ▁sides ▁help ▁b ury ▁her . ▁ ▁The ▁song ▁at ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁movie ▁is ▁performed ▁by ▁N ath al ie ▁Sim ard . ▁It ' s ▁called ▁" L ' amour ▁a ▁pris ▁son ▁temps ," ▁in ▁English ▁as ▁" L ove ▁Is ▁On ▁Our ▁Side ." ▁ ▁Re ception ▁The ▁film ▁won ▁the ▁Golden ▁Re el ▁Award ▁at ▁the ▁ 6 th ▁Gen ie ▁Awards ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 5 , ▁as ▁Canada ' s ▁top - g ross ing ▁film ▁of ▁the ▁previous ▁year . ▁ ▁An ▁animated ▁re make , ▁Snow time ! ▁( La ▁Guerre ▁des ▁tu ques ▁ 3 D ), ▁was ▁released ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 5 . ▁It ▁was ▁followed ▁by ▁a ▁sp ino ff ▁television ▁series ▁called ▁Sn ows n aps ▁and ▁the ▁sequ el ▁R |
ac etime ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 8 . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁Culture ▁of ▁Quebec ▁Cinema ▁of ▁Quebec ▁List ▁of ▁Quebec ▁mov ies ▁List ▁of ▁Canadian ▁films ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁▁▁ ▁Produ ctions ▁La ▁F ête ▁ ▁Category : Can ad ian ▁films ▁Category : Que bec ▁films ▁Category : F rench - language ▁films ▁Category : 1 9 8 0 s ▁comedy - d rama ▁films ▁Category : Can ad ian ▁comedy - d rama ▁films ▁Category : 1 9 8 4 ▁films ▁Category : Can ad ian ▁children ' s ▁films ▁Category : Fil ms ▁set ▁in ▁Quebec ▁Category : Fil ms ▁shot ▁in ▁Quebec ▁Category : M ir am ax ▁films <0x0A> </s> ▁Th ur man ▁Te ague ▁( J uly ▁ 2 1 , ▁ 1 9 0 9 ▁– ▁October ▁ 1 5 ▁or ▁ 2 0 , ▁ 1 9 8 7 ▁in ▁Los ▁Angeles , ▁California ) ▁was ▁an ▁American ▁jazz ▁double - b ass ist . ▁ ▁Te ague ▁first ▁played ▁ban jo ▁and ▁guitar , ▁and ▁worked ▁in ▁Chicago ▁with ▁Jack ▁G oss ▁around ▁ 1 9 3 0 ▁as ▁a ▁guitar ist ; ▁he ▁switched ▁to ▁double - b ass ▁after ▁this ▁instrument ▁became ▁more ▁aud ible ▁on ▁ ▁record ings ▁in ▁the ▁elect rical ▁recording ▁era . ▁In ▁the ▁ 1 9 3 0 s ▁he ▁worked ▁as ▁a ▁bass ist ▁with ▁Ben ▁Pol lack , ▁Vincent ▁L ope z , ▁Sh ar key ▁Bon ano , ▁and ▁Santo ▁P |
ec ora , ▁then ▁joined ▁Harry ▁James ' s ▁or chestra , ▁with ▁whom ▁he ▁played ▁until ▁ 1 9 4 5 . ▁After ▁World ▁War ▁II ▁he ▁lived ▁on ▁the ▁West ▁Coast ▁and ▁played ▁with ▁Red ▁Nich ols , ▁Jack ▁Te ag arden , ▁Frank ▁Sin atra , ▁and ▁D rew ▁Page ▁among ▁others ; ▁as ▁a ▁session ▁music ian , ▁he ▁played ▁on ▁some ▁ 2 0 0 ▁record ings . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 0 9 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 9 8 7 ▁death s ▁Category : 2 0 th - century ▁American ▁mus icians ▁Category : American ▁jazz ▁double - b ass ists ▁Category : M ale ▁double - b ass ists ▁Category : J azz ▁mus icians ▁from ▁Illinois ▁Category : M ale ▁jazz ▁mus icians <0x0A> </s> ▁Barbara ▁U th mann ▁( born ▁around ▁ 1 5 1 4 ▁in ▁An nab erg ▁in ▁the ▁O re ▁Mountains ▁in ▁Germany ; ▁died ▁ 1 4 ▁January ▁ 1 5 7 5 , ▁also ▁in ▁An nab erg ) ▁was ▁considered ▁to ▁be ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁greatest ▁supp or ters ▁of ▁b ob bin ▁la ce ▁making ▁( pro bably ▁incorrectly , ▁as ▁explained ▁by ▁Rein hart ▁Un ger ▁in ▁his ▁work , ▁Barbara ▁U th mann ▁und ▁ihre ▁Zeit ) ▁and ▁was ▁a ▁successful ▁business w oman ▁in ▁the ▁O re ▁Mountains . ▁ ▁Her ▁last ▁name ▁has ▁sometimes ▁been ▁sp elled ▁U tt mann , ▁but ▁the ▁sp elling ▁U th mann |
▁is ▁generally ▁considered ▁to ▁be ▁correct ▁today . ▁ ▁Life ▁She ▁was ▁the ▁daughter ▁of ▁Heinrich ▁von ▁El ter lein ▁and ▁successfully ▁continued ▁the ▁business ▁of ▁her ▁dece ased ▁husband , ▁Christoph ▁U th mann , ▁but ▁failed ▁as ▁a ▁result ▁of ▁intr igue ▁by ▁her ▁competition . ▁ ▁She ▁was ▁thus ▁forced ▁to ▁look ▁for ▁another ▁field ▁of ▁activity . ▁ ▁It ▁cannot ▁be ▁histor ically ▁proven ▁that ▁she ▁actually ▁had ▁b ob bin ▁la ce ▁made ▁as ▁a ▁c ott age ▁industry ▁( comm only ▁referred ▁to ▁as ▁manufact uring ▁at ▁that ▁time ), ▁but ▁it ▁can ▁be ▁proven ▁that ▁she ▁was ▁active ▁as ▁a ▁manufact urer ▁of ▁bra ids . ▁At ▁times , ▁she ▁employed ▁ 9 0 0 ▁bra id ▁mak ers . ▁ ▁After ▁her ▁death , ▁she ▁left ▁behind ▁a ▁considerable ▁life ' s ▁work ▁and ▁is ▁still ▁counted ▁today ▁as ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁extraordinary ▁personal ities ▁of ▁the ▁O re ▁Mountains . ▁ ▁Mon uments ▁to ▁Barbara ▁U th mann ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 8 8 5 , ▁a ▁bronze ▁figure ▁of ▁U th mann ▁was ▁cast ▁for ▁the ▁town ▁of ▁An nab erg ▁by ▁the ▁Dresden ▁sculpt or , ▁Professor ▁Edu ard ▁Robert ▁Hen ze . ▁It ▁served ▁as ▁an ▁acknowled g ement ▁to ▁Barbara ▁U th mann , ▁who ▁was ▁considered ▁to ▁be ▁the ▁inst ig ator ▁of ▁the ▁second ▁industrial ▁bo om ▁( after ▁silver ▁min ing ) ▁in ▁the ▁history ▁of ▁the ▁O re ▁Mountains . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁second ▁half ▁of |
▁the ▁ 1 9 3 0 s , ▁a ▁child ▁died ▁while ▁playing ▁at ▁the ▁edge ▁of ▁the ▁Barbara ▁U th mann ▁f ount ain ▁and ▁the ▁water ▁was ▁removed ▁from ▁the ▁pool . ▁It ▁was ▁filled ▁with ▁earth ▁and ▁plant ed ▁afterwards . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁Second ▁World ▁War , ▁the ▁bronze ▁figure ▁was ▁m elt ed ▁down ▁for ▁arm aments ▁production ▁( 3 0 ▁July ▁ 1 9 4 2 ). ▁ ▁On ▁ 1 2 ▁November ▁ 1 9 9 8 , ▁after ▁two ▁pol ls , ▁it ▁was ▁decided ▁that ▁the ▁Barbara ▁U th mann ▁monument ▁should ▁be ▁ere cted ▁again . ▁After ▁collect ing ▁don ations ▁for ▁ten ▁years , ▁a ▁rep lica ▁of ▁the ▁Hen ze ▁monument ▁was ▁ere cted ▁in ▁the ▁market ▁square ▁at ▁An nab erg - B uch hol z ▁on ▁ 2 ▁October ▁ 2 0 0 2 . ▁On ▁this ▁occasion , ▁the ▁U th mann ▁family ▁celebrated ▁a ▁family ▁re union ▁in ▁An nab erg - B uch hol z . ▁Over ▁ 6 0 ▁descend ants ▁witness ed ▁the ▁official ▁opening ▁of ▁the ▁f ount ain ▁and ▁signed ▁the ▁golden ▁book ▁of ▁the ▁town . ▁ ▁There ▁is ▁also ▁a ▁Barbara - U th mann ▁monument ▁in ▁the ▁market ▁square ▁of ▁El ter lein . ▁ ▁Hon ours ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 3 , ▁Planet oid ▁ 1 9 9 8 ▁CA , ▁discovered ▁on ▁ 1 ▁February ▁ 1 9 9 8 , ▁by ▁the ▁Dre bach ▁Observ |
atory ▁in ▁the ▁O re ▁Mountains , ▁was ▁named ▁after ▁Barbara ▁U th mann . ▁The ▁planet oid , ▁which ▁is ▁now ▁officially ▁called ▁U th mann ▁( 3 1 2 2 3 1 ), ▁or bits ▁the ▁sun ▁between ▁the ▁plan ets ▁of ▁Mars ▁and ▁Jup iter . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Cont inue ▁reading ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Barbara ▁U th mann ▁und ▁das ▁Kl ö pp eln ▁( in ▁German ) ▁ ▁Jo achim ▁Me hn ert ▁ ▁Barbara ▁U th mann : ▁eine ▁un gew ö hn liche ▁Frau ▁( book ▁over view ) ▁( in ▁German ) ▁ ▁Category : 1 5 1 0 s ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 5 7 5 ▁death s ▁Category : L ace ▁Category : O re ▁Mountains ▁Category : 1 6 th - century ▁German ▁business people ▁Category : G erman ▁women ▁in ▁business ▁Category : 1 6 th - century ▁business w omen <0x0A> </s> ▁Hey ▁America ▁is ▁the ▁ 3 0 th ▁studio ▁album ▁by ▁American ▁music ian ▁James ▁Brown . ▁The ▁album ▁was ▁released ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 0 , ▁by ▁King ▁Records . ▁ ▁Track ▁listing ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 7 0 ▁albums ▁Category : 1 9 7 0 ▁Christmas ▁albums ▁Category : James ▁Brown ▁albums ▁Category : Al bum s ▁produced ▁by ▁James ▁Brown ▁Category : K ing ▁Records ▁( Un ited ▁States ) ▁albums <0x0A> </s> ▁D iss ang is ▁is ▁a ▁commune ▁in ▁the ▁Y onne ▁department ▁in ▁Bour g ogne |
- Fran che - Com té ▁in ▁north - central ▁France . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁Comm unes ▁of ▁the ▁Y onne ▁department ▁ ▁References ▁IN SEE ▁ ▁Category : Comm unes ▁of ▁Y onne <0x0A> </s> ▁Ber te a ▁is ▁a ▁commune ▁in ▁Pra h ova ▁County , ▁Roman ia . ▁It ▁is ▁composed ▁of ▁two ▁villages , ▁Ber te a ▁and ▁L ut u ▁Ro ș u . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Ber te a <0x0A> </s> ▁B ers h ak ovo ▁() ▁is ▁a ▁rural ▁local ity ▁( a ▁sel o ) ▁and ▁the ▁administrative ▁center ▁of ▁B ers h akov sko ye ▁R ural ▁S ett lement , ▁She be kin sky ▁District , ▁Belg or od ▁O blast , ▁Russia . ▁The ▁population ▁was ▁ 5 4 6 ▁as ▁of ▁ 2 0 1 0 . ▁There ▁is ▁ 1 ▁street . ▁ ▁References ▁▁ ▁Category : R ural ▁local ities ▁in ▁Belg or od ▁O blast ▁Category : R ural ▁local ities ▁in ▁She be kin sky ▁District <0x0A> </s> ▁Elizabeth ▁Ross iel lo ▁is ▁the ▁founder ▁and ▁Chief ▁Executive ▁Officer ▁of ▁digital ▁pay ments ▁platform ▁Bit P esa . ▁She ▁grew ▁up ▁in ▁Queens , ▁New ▁York , ▁and ▁now ▁lives ▁in ▁Dak ar , ▁Sen eg al . ▁She ▁is ▁an ▁expert ▁in ▁East ▁African ▁financial ▁product ▁development ▁and ▁establish ing ▁practices ▁in ▁risk , ▁govern ance ▁and ▁IT ▁for ▁local ▁banks . ▁ ▁Career ▁Ross iel lo ▁has ▁a ▁Masters ▁in ▁International ▁Fin ance ▁from ▁the |
▁School ▁of ▁International ▁and ▁Public ▁Affairs ▁at ▁Columbia ▁University . ▁Prior ▁to ▁found ing ▁Bit P esa , ▁she ▁was ▁Deput y ▁Director ▁of ▁Planet ▁R ating ' s ▁East ▁and ▁Southern ▁African ▁office , ▁served ▁as ▁an ▁Anal yst ▁at ▁Cred it ▁Suisse ▁in ▁NY , ▁London ▁and ▁Zur ich , ▁worked ▁at ▁Gold man ▁Sach s ▁and ▁served ▁as ▁a ▁Robert ▁Bos ch ▁Fellow ▁at ▁the ▁German ▁Bund est ag ▁in ▁Frankfurt . ▁She ▁is ▁a ▁found ing ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁World ▁Econom ic ▁Forum ’ s ▁Future ▁Council ▁on ▁Block chain ▁and ▁the ▁Global ▁Block chain ▁Business ▁Council , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁an ▁active ▁advoc ate ▁for ▁block chain ▁technology ▁in ▁emer ging ▁mark ets . ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 8 ▁she ▁was ▁named ▁to ▁Fort une ▁Magazine ' s ▁" The ▁Led ger ▁ 4 0 ▁Under ▁ 4 0 " ▁list ▁of ▁young ▁people ▁who ▁are ▁transform ing ▁business ▁at ▁the ▁leading ▁edge ▁of ▁fin ance ▁and ▁technology . ▁ ▁S ources ▁ ▁Category : American ▁women ▁chief ▁execut ives ▁Category : Sch ool ▁of ▁International ▁and ▁Public ▁Affairs , ▁Columbia ▁University ▁al umn i ▁Category : Univers ity ▁at ▁Buff alo ▁al umn i ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : Pe ople ▁associated ▁with ▁Bit co in ▁Category : Pe ople ▁associated ▁with ▁crypt oc urrency ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁Queens , ▁New ▁York ▁Category : Year ▁of ▁birth ▁missing ▁( l iving ▁people ) <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Bay ▁View ▁H ouses ▁is ▁a |
▁housing ▁project ▁of ▁the ▁New ▁York ▁City ▁H ous ing ▁Author ity ▁in ▁the ▁Can ars ie ▁neighborhood ▁of ▁Brook lyn . ▁It ▁has ▁twenty - three , ▁ 8 - story ▁buildings ▁with ▁ 1 , 6 0 9 ▁apart ments . ▁The ▁ 3 4 . 0 2 - acre ▁complex ▁is ▁border ed ▁by ▁Se av iew ▁Avenue , ▁East ▁ 1 0 2 nd ▁Street , ▁and ▁Rock away ▁Park way . ▁ ▁Development ▁ ▁Const ruction ▁on ▁the ▁Bay ▁View ▁H ouses ▁began ▁in ▁November ▁ 1 9 5 4 ▁and ▁was ▁completed ▁on ▁June ▁ 7 , ▁ 1 9 5 6 . ▁It ▁was ▁designed ▁for ▁middle - in come ▁families ▁to ▁keep ▁these ▁residents ▁from ▁moving ▁to ▁the ▁sub ur bs . ▁The ▁Bay view ▁H ouses ▁was ▁mostly ▁inhab ited ▁by ▁low - ▁to ▁middle - in come ▁working ▁class ▁New ▁York ers . ▁ ▁The ▁development ▁was ▁designed ▁in ▁the ▁super block ▁style ▁which ▁bounds ▁the ▁property ▁with ▁local ▁roads ▁and ▁without ▁roads ▁crossing . ▁The ▁buildings ▁take ▁up ▁roughly ▁ 1 4 % ▁of ▁the ▁site ▁to ▁ensure ▁green ▁space , ▁typical ▁of ▁the ▁time . ▁This ▁design ▁ign ores ▁the ▁surrounding ▁environment , ▁particularly ▁the ▁view ▁of ▁J ama ica ▁Bay ▁from ▁the ▁buildings . ▁Loc ated ▁in ▁the ▁center ▁of ▁the ▁development ▁is ▁the ▁Bay ▁View ▁H ouses ▁Farm , ▁managed ▁by ▁East ▁New ▁York ▁Far ms . ▁__ NOT OC __ ▁ ▁Notable ▁residents ▁▁ ▁John ▁Bro ck ington |
▁( born ▁ 1 9 4 8 ), ▁former ▁NFL ▁player ▁Steven ▁Ke ats ▁( 1 9 4 5 – 1 9 9 4 ), ▁actor ▁ ▁John ▁Sal ley ▁( born ▁ 1 9 6 4 ), ▁former ▁NBA ▁player ▁and ▁the ▁first ▁player ▁to ▁win ▁an ▁NBA ▁championship ▁on ▁three ▁different ▁teams ▁Howard ▁Sch ult z ▁( born ▁ 1 9 5 3 ), ▁former ▁CE O ▁of ▁Star bu cks ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁New ▁York ▁City ▁H ous ing ▁Author ity ▁List ▁of ▁New ▁York ▁City ▁H ous ing ▁Author ity ▁properties ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁Fact ▁sheet ▁ ▁Category : Res ident ial ▁buildings ▁in ▁Brook lyn ▁Category : Can ars ie , ▁Brook lyn ▁Category : Public ▁housing ▁in ▁Brook lyn <0x0A> </s> ▁" High ▁Rol ler " ▁is ▁a ▁song ▁written ▁by ▁Robin ▁Z ander , ▁Rick ▁N iel sen , ▁and ▁Tom ▁Peters son ▁that ▁was ▁first ▁released ▁on ▁Che ap ▁Tr ick ' s ▁ 1 9 7 8 ▁album ▁Heaven ▁Ton ight . ▁ ▁It ▁later ▁appeared ▁on ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁Che ap ▁Tr ick ▁live ▁and ▁compilation ▁albums , ▁and ▁was ▁covered ▁by ▁Sc raw l ▁on ▁their ▁ 1 9 9 1 ▁album ▁Blood su cker . ▁ ▁Che ap ▁Tr ick ▁version ▁Although ▁it ▁did ▁not ▁appear ▁until ▁their ▁third ▁album , ▁" High ▁Rol ler " ▁dates ▁back ▁to ▁the ▁mid - 1 9 7 0 s ▁and ▁was ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁first ▁songs ▁the ▁band ▁wrote ▁after ▁coming |
▁together . ▁ ▁Z ander ▁initi ated ▁writing ▁the ▁song ▁and ▁came ▁up ▁with ▁the ▁mel ody , ▁and ▁N iel sen ▁and ▁Peters son ▁ch ipped ▁in ▁to ▁fill ▁in ▁parts ▁when ▁Z ander ▁felt ▁the ▁song ▁needed ▁something ▁more . ▁ ▁The ▁lyr ics ▁were ▁inspired ▁by ▁a ▁drug ▁deal er ▁from ▁Lake ▁Gene va , ▁Wisconsin . ▁ ▁The ▁song ' s ▁protagon ist ▁b rag s ▁about ▁being ▁a ▁" high ▁roll er " ▁and ▁that ▁" I ▁always ▁get ▁the ▁things ▁that ▁I ▁choose ." ▁ ▁The ▁r iff ▁was ▁adapted ▁from ▁the ▁rh ythm ▁and ▁bl ues ▁standard ▁" Route ▁ 6 6 ." ▁ ▁Crit ic ▁Dave ▁Sw anson ▁describes ▁the ▁r iff ▁as ▁" simple ▁and ▁dynamic " ▁and ▁pra ises ▁N iel sen ' s ▁guitar ▁solo . ▁ ▁On ▁the ▁other ▁hand , ▁critic ▁Bry an ▁W aw zen ek ▁is ▁particularly ▁eff us ive ▁in ▁pra ising ▁Bun ▁E . ▁Carlos ' s ▁drum ming ▁on ▁the ▁song , ▁comparing ▁his ▁fills ▁to ▁The ▁Rol ling ▁St ones ' ▁Charlie ▁W att s . ▁ ▁W aw zen ek ▁also ▁uses ▁the ▁song ▁as ▁an ▁example ▁of ▁how ▁Carlos ▁can ▁" p ound ▁along ▁with ▁the ▁best ▁gl am ▁drum mers ," ▁and ▁states ▁that ▁there ▁is ▁" not ▁a ▁beat ▁out ▁of ▁place ." ▁ ▁W aw zen ek ▁also ▁calls ▁Z ander ' s ▁singing ▁" gre at ," ▁remark ing ▁how ▁he ▁makes ▁" the ▁hot - shot ▁l |
oth ario " ▁who ▁is ▁the ▁protagon ist ▁of ▁the ▁song ▁" sound ▁both ▁really ▁cool ▁and ▁really ▁dangerous ." ▁ ▁Bob ▁S led ▁also ▁pra ises ▁the ▁way ▁the ▁vocal ▁" sh ifts ▁convin cing ly " ▁between ▁rock ing ▁and ▁intros pection . ▁ ▁Author ▁Mike ▁Hay es ▁states ▁that ▁Tom ▁W erman ' s ▁production ▁on ▁Heaven ▁Ton ight ▁soft ened ▁the ▁song ▁compared ▁to ▁its ▁live ▁rend itions . ▁ ▁In ▁Australia , ▁" High ▁Rol ler " ▁was ▁released ▁as ▁the ▁B - side ▁of ▁Heaven ▁Ton ight ''' s ▁second ▁single ▁" Cal iforn ia ▁Man ." ▁ ▁It ▁was ▁performed ▁at ▁the ▁ 1 9 7 8 ▁concert s ▁in ▁Japan ▁that ▁led ▁to ▁the ▁live ▁album ▁Che ap ▁Tr ick ▁at ▁Bud ok an ▁but ▁was ▁not ▁included ▁on ▁the ▁original ▁ 1 9 7 9 ▁release ▁of ▁that ▁album . ▁ ▁That ▁performance ▁was , ▁however , ▁released ▁on ▁the ▁ 1 9 9 4 ▁release ▁Bud ok an ▁II , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁on ▁there lease ▁of ▁the ▁complete ▁concert ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 8 . ▁ ▁Hay es ▁claims ▁that ▁this ▁live ▁version ▁" ec li ps es ▁the ▁original ▁with ▁sn ar ling , ▁up ▁front ▁gu it ars ." ▁ ▁Associ ated ▁Press ▁critic ▁Steven ▁W ine ▁calls ▁it ▁one ▁of ▁Che ap ▁Tr ick ' s ▁" best ▁rock ers ." ▁ ▁An ▁alternate ▁take ▁of ▁" High ▁Rol ler " ▁was ▁included ▁on ▁the ▁ 1 9 |
9 6 ▁compilation ▁album ▁Sex , ▁America , ▁Che ap ▁Tr ick . ▁It ▁was ▁also ▁released ▁on ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 4 ▁compilation ▁album ▁The ▁Ess ential ▁Che ap ▁Tr ick . ▁ ▁In ▁Japan , ▁it ▁was ▁included ▁on ▁the ▁ 1 9 9 1 ▁compilation ▁album ▁The ▁Great est ▁H its . ▁ ▁Sc raw l ▁version ▁Sc raw l ▁covered ▁" High ▁Rol ler " ▁on ▁their ▁ 1 9 9 1 ▁album ▁Blood su cker . ▁ ▁Ira ▁Rob b ins ▁and ▁Michael ▁Sand lin ▁of ▁Tr ou ser ▁Press ▁describe ▁it ▁as ▁a ▁" st ri pped ▁down " ▁version ▁but ▁call ▁it ▁a ▁" ri pping ▁cover ," ▁even ▁though ▁they ▁feel ▁the ▁conception ▁was ▁better ▁than ▁the ▁execution . ▁ ▁Bob ▁S led ▁of ▁CD ▁Review '' ▁finds ▁the ▁Sc raw l ▁version ▁" power ful " ▁but ▁does ▁not ▁think ▁that ▁lead ▁singer ▁Mar cy ▁M ays ' ▁" int ense ▁vocal ▁ple asing " ▁matches ▁up ▁to ▁the ▁original ▁version . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 7 7 ▁songs ▁Category : Che ap ▁Tr ick ▁songs ▁Category : S ongs ▁written ▁by ▁Rick ▁N iel sen ▁Category : S ongs ▁written ▁by ▁Tom ▁Peters son ▁Category : S ong ▁record ings ▁produced ▁by ▁Tom ▁W erman ▁Category : S ongs ▁written ▁by ▁Robin ▁Z ander <0x0A> </s> ▁Arnold ▁Karl ▁S ode man ▁( ▁– ▁), ▁also ▁known ▁as ▁the ▁School - g irl ▁Str ang ler , |
▁was ▁an ▁Australian ▁serial ▁k iller ▁who ▁target ed ▁children . ▁He ▁conf essed ▁to ▁four ▁kill ings ▁before ▁being ▁executed ▁at ▁Pent ridge ▁Pr ison , ▁Victoria ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 6 . ▁S ode man ▁was ▁the ▁second ▁of ▁eleven ▁people ▁to ▁be ▁h anged ▁at ▁Pent ridge ▁Pr ison ▁after ▁the ▁closure ▁of ▁Melbourne ▁Ga ol ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 9 . ▁ ▁Early ▁life ▁Arnold ▁Karl ▁S ode man ▁was ▁born ▁in ▁Victoria ▁in ▁ 1 8 9 9 . ▁His ▁mother ▁suffered ▁from ▁b outs ▁of ▁am nes ia ▁and ▁both ▁his ▁father ▁and ▁grand father ▁died ▁in ▁mental ▁institutions . ▁At ▁ 1 8 , ▁S ode man ▁was ▁sent ▁to ▁a ▁re format ory ▁prison ▁for ▁lar cen y . ▁Short ly ▁after ▁his ▁release ▁from ▁the ▁re format ory , ▁he ▁was ▁charged ▁with ▁armed ▁rob ber y ▁and ▁w ounding ▁the ▁station ▁master ▁at ▁Sur rey ▁Hills ▁railway ▁station . ▁S ode man ▁was ▁sent ▁to ▁prison ▁to ▁serve ▁three ▁years ▁hard ▁labour . ▁S ode man ▁escaped ▁from ▁prison ▁and ▁was ▁sent enced ▁to ▁a ▁further ▁ 1 2 ▁months ▁imprison ment ▁with ▁hard - lab our . ▁ ▁Upon ▁release , ▁S ode man ▁settled ▁down ▁to ▁various ▁labour ing ▁jobs , ▁first ▁in ▁Melbourne , ▁and ▁later ▁in ▁Gi pp s land . ▁He ▁married ▁Bern ice ▁Pope ▁at ▁Col ling wood ▁and ▁their ▁daughter , ▁Joan , ▁was ▁born ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 8 . ▁The ▁marriage |
▁was ▁considered ▁a ▁happy ▁one ; ▁although ▁S ode man ▁seemed ▁to ▁suffer ▁from ▁occas ional ▁b outs ▁of ▁de pression ▁and ▁frequent ▁d run ken ness , ▁he ▁was ▁never ▁violent ▁towards ▁his ▁family . ▁He ▁was ▁reported ▁to ▁be ▁hard - working , ▁m ild ▁and ▁ami able , ▁with ▁a ▁gener ous ▁disposition . ▁ ▁Mur ders ▁and ▁arrest ▁On ▁ 9 ▁November ▁ 1 9 3 0 , ▁S ode man ▁ab duct ed ▁a ▁ 1 2 - year - old ▁school g irl , ▁M ena ▁Griff ith s . ▁He ▁came ▁upon ▁his ▁victim ▁at ▁the ▁local ▁play ground ▁playing ▁with ▁a ▁group ▁of ▁friends . ▁He ▁gave ▁the ▁other ▁girls ▁some ▁money , ▁and ▁told ▁them ▁to ▁go ▁to ▁the ▁shop ▁to ▁get ▁some ▁ice - cre ams ; ▁mean while , ▁he ▁told ▁his ▁victim ▁that ▁he ▁had ▁a ▁different ▁err and ▁for ▁her ▁to ▁run . ▁By ▁the ▁time ▁the ▁little ▁girl ' s ▁friends ▁returned ▁to ▁the ▁play ground , ▁there ▁was ▁no ▁sign ▁of ▁Griff ith s ▁or ▁the ▁man . ▁Griff ith s ' ▁body ▁was ▁discovered ▁two ▁days ▁later ▁at ▁Or mond , ▁in ▁an ▁abandoned ▁building . ▁She ▁had ▁been ▁str ang led ▁to ▁death , ▁then ▁g ag ged ▁and ▁bound ▁post - mort em ▁with ▁her ▁own ▁cl othing . ▁ ▁On ▁ 1 0 ▁January ▁ 1 9 3 1 , ▁he ▁ab duct ed ▁ 1 6 - year - old ▁Haz el ▁Wilson |
▁and ▁str ang led ▁her ▁to ▁death . ▁Her ▁body ▁was ▁also ▁found ▁in ▁the ▁sub urb ▁of ▁Or mond . ▁Again , ▁in ▁a ▁signature ▁move , ▁he ▁had ▁g ag ged ▁and ▁tied ▁her ▁hands ▁behind ▁her ▁back ▁with ▁port ions ▁of ▁her ▁cl othing . ▁ ▁S ode man ▁struck ▁for ▁the ▁third ▁time ▁on ▁ 1 ▁January ▁ 1 9 3 5 . ▁His ▁victim , ▁Eth el ▁Bel sh aw , ▁was ▁a ▁ 1 2 - year - old ▁girl ▁whom ▁he ▁str ang led ▁then ▁bound ▁at ▁the ▁sea - side ▁town ▁of ▁In ver lo ch . ▁Bel sh aw ▁was ▁int ending ▁to ▁buy ▁an ▁ice ▁cre am ▁when ▁she ▁disappeared . ▁ ▁On ▁ 1 ▁December ▁ 1 9 3 5 , ▁S ode man ▁killed ▁his ▁fourth ▁victim , ▁a ▁ 6 - year - old ▁girl ▁named ▁June ▁R ush mer , ▁the ▁daughter ▁of ▁a ▁cow ork er , ▁who ▁was ▁taken ▁from ▁a ▁local ▁park . ▁Her ▁body ▁was ▁found ▁the ▁following ▁day ▁less ▁than ▁ ▁from ▁her ▁Le ong ath a ▁home . ▁She ▁had ▁also ▁been ▁bound , ▁g ag ged ▁and ▁str ang led . ▁Wit ness es ▁stated ▁that ▁they ▁had ▁seen ▁the ▁child ▁with ▁a ▁man ▁on ▁a ▁b icy cle ▁shortly ▁before ▁her ▁disapp earance . ▁ ▁S ode man ▁at ▁the ▁time ▁was ▁on ▁a ▁work ▁crew ▁repair ing ▁road ways . ▁During ▁a ▁morning ▁tea ▁break ▁a ▁fellow ▁worker ▁j ok |
ingly ▁stated ▁he ▁had ▁seen ▁S ode man ▁on ▁his ▁bi ke ▁near ▁the ▁crime ▁scene . ▁S ode man ▁replied ▁an gr ily ▁that ▁he ▁wasn ' t ▁there . ▁He ▁had ▁answered ▁with ▁such ▁anger ▁and ▁ra ge , ▁which ▁was ▁very ▁out ▁of ▁character ▁for ▁him , ▁that ▁the ▁workers ▁told ▁police . ▁Police ▁took ▁him ▁away ▁for ▁question ing ▁and ▁he ▁quickly ▁conf essed ▁to ▁the ▁cr imes . ▁Police ▁were ▁initially ▁ske pt ical ▁of ▁the ▁conf ession , ▁but ▁S ode man ▁gave ▁details ▁of ▁the ▁cr imes ▁that ▁only ▁someone ▁present ▁could ▁have ▁known . ▁ ▁In quest ▁and ▁trial ▁ ▁The ▁court ▁house ▁at ▁Le ong ath a ▁was ▁crow ded ▁when ▁the ▁R ush mer ▁in quest ▁comm enced . ▁The ▁government ▁path ologist , ▁Dr . ▁M oll ison , ▁said ▁that ▁the ▁dead ▁girl ' s ▁hands ▁were ▁tied ▁behind ▁her ▁back ▁with ▁a ▁piece ▁of ▁cloth , ▁and ▁a ▁blood st ained ▁gar ment ▁was ▁pushed ▁into ▁her ▁mouth . ▁A ▁piece ▁of ▁torn ▁so ck ▁was ▁tied ▁around ▁her ▁neck . ▁The ▁body ▁bore ▁bru ises . ▁Death , ▁he ▁thought ▁was ▁due ▁to ▁suff ocation . ▁▁ ▁Nancy ▁Vi ola ▁Smith , ▁aged ▁ 1 2 , ▁said ▁that ▁she ▁played ▁with ▁R ush mer ▁on ▁the ▁Le ong ath a ▁reserve ▁and ▁that ▁R ush mer ▁left ▁the ▁park ▁at ▁ 7 . 1 5 ▁p . m . ▁William ▁Henry ▁M oney , ▁of ▁Le ong ath |
a ▁said ▁that ▁at ▁ 7 . 1 5 ▁p . m . ▁he ▁saw ▁S ode man ▁r iding ▁his ▁b icy cle ▁in ▁the ▁direction ▁of ▁the ▁reserve . ▁S ode man ▁had ▁a ▁strange ▁look ▁on ▁his ▁face ▁and ▁the ▁witness ▁thought ▁it ▁peculiar . ▁S ode man ▁did ▁not ▁speak ▁to ▁him . ▁Vincent ▁Des mond ▁Ryan ▁of ▁Le ong ath a , ▁said ▁that ▁between ▁ 7 . 1 5 ▁and ▁ 7 . 3 0 ▁p . m . ▁he ▁saw ▁a ▁man ▁with ▁a ▁little ▁girl ▁on ▁the ▁front ▁of ▁his ▁cycle . ▁The ▁child ▁was ▁similar ▁in ▁build ▁to ▁R ush mer , ▁but ▁the ▁witness ▁was ▁ 8 0 ▁metres ▁( 9 0 ▁yards ) ▁away ▁and ▁could ▁not ▁see ▁him ▁properly . ▁ ▁Senior ▁Det ect ive ▁O ' Ke efe ▁said ▁that ▁Det ect ive ▁Del min ico ▁was ▁with ▁S ode man ▁when ▁he ▁stated : ▁" I ▁saw ▁June ▁R ush mer ▁on ▁the ▁foot path ▁walking ▁towards ▁her ▁home ▁near ▁the ▁tennis ▁court ▁and ▁she ▁said , ▁' G ive ▁us ▁a ▁ride .' ▁I ▁knew ▁her ▁and ▁she ▁knew ▁me . ▁I ▁agreed , ▁and ▁rode ▁down ▁the ▁stock ▁route ▁and ▁turned ▁down ▁the ▁road ▁leading ▁to ▁the ▁san it ary ▁dep ot . ▁About ▁ 9 0 ▁metres ▁( 1 0 0 ▁yards ) ▁from ▁the ▁corner , ▁she ▁said , ▁' This ▁is ▁far ▁enough .' ▁I ▁got ▁off ▁the ▁bi ke ▁and ▁said ▁' You |
▁can ▁walk ▁home .' ▁I ▁made ▁a ▁run ▁towards ▁her ▁and ▁she ▁ran ▁into ▁the ▁bush . ▁I ▁ran ▁after ▁her , ▁and ▁caught ▁her ▁round ▁the ▁neck , ▁and ▁she ▁started ▁to ▁sc ream . ▁I ▁held ▁her ▁by ▁the ▁neck ▁and ▁she ▁went ▁lim p ▁all ▁of ▁a ▁sudden . ▁I ▁then ▁took ▁off ▁her ▁blo om ers ▁and ▁jam med ▁them ▁into ▁her ▁mouth . ▁I ▁got ▁a ▁bel t ▁from ▁her ▁fro ck ▁and ▁tied ▁it ▁over ▁her ▁mouth ▁and ▁round ▁the ▁back ▁of ▁her ▁neck ." ▁S ode man ▁was ▁then ▁committed ▁for ▁trial ▁by ▁the ▁coron er . ▁In ▁February ▁ 1 9 3 6 , ▁at ▁the ▁conclusion ▁of ▁a ▁two - day ▁trial , ▁the ▁j ury ▁found ▁him ▁guilty ▁of ▁murder . ▁The ▁government ▁medical ▁officer , ▁Dr ▁A . ▁J . ▁W . ▁Phil p ott , ▁his ▁assistant , ▁Dr ▁R . ▁T . ▁All an , ▁and ▁a ▁psych iat rist ▁Dr ▁Regin ald ▁Ell ery ▁all ▁gave ▁evidence ▁that ▁S ode man ▁was ▁suffering ▁from ▁a ▁dis order ▁of ▁the ▁mind ▁which ▁created ▁an ▁' ob session al ▁imp ulse ' ▁of ▁such ▁power ▁that — under ▁the ▁influence ▁of ▁alco hol — he ▁was ▁no ▁longer ▁responsible ▁for ▁his ▁behaviour . ▁Since ▁S ode man ▁was ▁into xic ated ▁on ▁all ▁four ▁occasions , ▁the ▁do ctors ▁concluded ▁that ▁he ▁was ▁ins ane ▁at ▁the ▁times ▁of ▁the ▁mur ders . ▁Their ▁conclusion ▁was ▁rein for ced ▁not ▁only |
▁by ▁S ode man ' s ▁repet itive ▁behaviour , ▁but ▁also ▁by ▁his ▁family ' s ▁medical ▁history : ▁both ▁his ▁father ▁and ▁grand father ▁had ▁died ▁ins ane . ▁Judge ▁Charles ▁G avan ▁D uff y ▁then ▁sent enced ▁him ▁to ▁death ▁for ▁the ▁murder ▁of ▁R ush mer ▁having ▁ad vised ▁the ▁j ury ▁to ▁distinguish ▁between ▁opinions ▁given ▁by ▁expert ▁medical ▁witness es ▁on ▁matters ▁rel ating ▁to ▁the ▁physical ▁body , ▁which ▁could ▁be ▁proved ▁by ▁surg ery , ▁and ▁those ▁concerning ▁the ▁mind . ▁The ▁j ury , ▁in ▁making ▁their ▁decision , ▁ ▁rejected ▁S ode man ' s ▁defence ▁of ▁ins an ity . ▁ ▁App e als ▁An ▁extract ▁from ▁The ▁Arg us , ▁on ▁Friday ▁ 2 4 ▁April ▁ 1 9 3 6 , ▁read :" An ▁English ▁King ' s ▁Coun sel ▁has ▁now ▁been ▁engaged ▁to ▁ple ad ▁the ▁case ▁before ▁the ▁Jud icial ▁Committee ▁of ▁the ▁Priv y ▁Council ▁of ▁Arnold ▁S ode man , ▁who ▁has ▁been ▁condem ned ▁to ▁death ▁for ▁the ▁murder ▁of ▁June ▁R ush mer ▁at ▁Le ong ath a . ▁S ode man ' s ▁solic itor ▁( Mr . ▁C ▁H . ▁Aut y ) ▁said ▁yesterday ▁that ▁he ▁had ▁arranged ▁by ▁cable ▁message ▁for ▁Mr ▁D . ▁N ▁P ritt , ▁K ▁C , ▁a ▁leading ▁Kings ▁Coun sel , ▁and ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁House ▁of ▁Commons , ▁to ▁appear ▁for ▁S ode man ▁in ▁the ▁proposed ▁application ▁by ▁him |
▁for ▁special ▁leave ▁to ▁appeal ▁against ▁the ▁ref us al ▁of ▁the ▁High ▁Court ▁of ▁Australia ▁to ▁grant ▁him ▁special ▁leave ▁to ▁appeal ▁against ▁his ▁conv iction . ▁Mr ▁Aut y ▁said ▁that ▁his ▁agents ▁in ▁London ▁would ▁instruct ▁Mr . ▁P ritt ▁and ▁another ▁bar r ister , ▁who ▁would ▁act ▁as ▁Mr ▁P ritt ' s ▁Junior , ▁regarding ▁the ▁details ▁of ▁the ▁application . ▁Meanwhile , ▁Mr . ▁Aut y ▁has ▁addressed ▁a ▁written ▁request ▁to ▁the ▁Premier ▁Mr . ▁D unst an ) ▁that ▁the ▁Government ▁should ▁grant ▁a ▁further ▁repr ieve ▁to ▁S ode man ▁until ▁such ▁time ▁as ▁the ▁condem ned ▁man ' s ▁application ▁to ▁the ▁Priv y ▁Council ▁has ▁been ▁determined ▁Mr ▁Aut y ▁said ▁yesterday ▁that ▁he ▁was ▁now ▁' pre par ing ▁the ▁pet ition ▁for ▁special ▁leave ▁to ▁appeal ▁and ▁other ▁necessary ▁documents . ▁He ▁expected ▁that ▁those ▁documents ▁would ▁be ▁ready ▁in ▁time ▁to ▁be ▁des patch ed ▁to ▁England ▁next ▁week '. ▁One ▁of ▁the ▁documents ▁which ▁must ▁shortly ▁go ▁forward ▁to ▁London ▁is ▁an ▁aff id av it ▁in ▁support ▁of ▁the ▁application . ▁This ▁must ▁be ▁signed ▁by ▁S ode man , ▁whose ▁present ▁repr ieve ▁exp ires ▁on ▁May ▁ 4 , ▁for ▁which ▁day ▁the ▁execution ▁has ▁been ▁fixed . ▁It ▁is ▁expected ▁that ▁the ▁Executive ▁Council ▁will ▁grant ▁the ▁repr ieve ▁now ▁asked ▁for ▁by ▁Mr . ▁Aut y . ▁It ▁is ▁expected ▁that ▁a ▁report ▁will ▁be ▁received ▁from ▁the ▁Crown ▁Law ▁Department ▁next |
▁week , ▁and ▁if ▁the ▁Cab inet ▁dec ides ▁that ▁the ▁request ▁should ▁be ▁granted ▁the ▁necessary ▁action ▁will ▁be ▁taken ▁immediately ▁by ▁the ▁Executive ▁Council . ▁S ode man ' s ▁appeal ▁against ▁his ▁conv iction ▁was ▁un success ful . ▁The ▁grounds ▁of ▁the ▁appeal ▁were :- ( 1 ) ▁That ▁the ▁learned ▁trial ▁Judge ▁wrong ly ▁admitted ▁evidence , ▁namely , ▁the ▁evidence ▁of ▁the ▁death s ▁of ▁M ena ▁Griff ith s , ▁Haz el ▁Wilson , ▁and ▁Eth el ▁Bel sh aw ; ▁( 2 ) ▁that ▁the ▁learned ▁trial ▁judge ▁mis direct ed ▁the ▁j ury ▁( a ) ▁as ▁to ▁the ▁on us ▁of ▁proof ▁in ▁a ▁case ▁of ▁ins an ity , ▁( b ) ▁as ▁to ▁the ▁requirements ▁of ▁the ▁law ▁in ▁relation ▁to ▁ins an ity , ▁and ▁( c ) ▁as ▁to ▁the ▁law ▁rel ating ▁to ▁drink , ▁ins an ity , ▁and ▁m ans la ugh ter ; ▁and ▁( 3 ) ▁that ▁the ▁pro sec ution ▁and ▁the ▁learned ▁trial ▁Judge ▁made ▁comments ▁on ▁the ▁failure ▁of ▁the ▁accused ▁to ▁give ▁evidence ." ▁ ▁Exec ution ▁S ode man ▁had ▁not ▁wanted ▁a ▁repr ieve ▁because ▁of ▁the ▁fear ▁that ▁if ▁he ▁lived ▁he ▁may ▁have ▁committed ▁more ▁mur ders . ▁S ode man ▁spent ▁a ▁good ▁deal ▁of ▁his ▁time ▁playing ▁dra ug ht s ▁with ▁Edward ▁Corn el ius , ▁who ▁was ▁under ▁sentence ▁of ▁death ▁for ▁the ▁murder ▁of ▁the ▁Rev . ▁Cec il ▁in ▁Fitz |
roy ▁in ▁November ▁of ▁last ▁year . ▁He ▁was ▁h anged ▁and ▁buried ▁at ▁Pent ridge ▁Pr ison , ▁Cob urg , ▁on ▁ 1 ▁June ▁ 1 9 3 6 . ▁An ▁aut ops y ▁dis closed ▁that ▁he ▁was ▁suffering ▁from ▁le pt omen ing itis , ▁a ▁deg ener ative ▁disease ▁which ▁could ▁cause ▁serious ▁con g estion ▁of ▁the ▁brain ▁when ▁ag gra v ated ▁by ▁alco hol . ▁ ▁Media ▁In ▁ 1 9 6 5 , ▁the ▁Australian ▁television ▁series ▁Hom ic ide ▁based ▁episode ▁ 3 9 , ▁" A ▁L on ely ▁Place ", ▁on ▁the ▁case . ▁The ▁episode ▁first ▁went ▁to ▁air ▁in ▁November ▁ 1 9 6 5 , ▁and ▁was ▁introduced ▁by ▁actor ▁John ▁F eg an ▁warning ▁of ▁the ▁importance ▁of ▁protect ing ▁children . ▁Un like ▁many ▁episodes , ▁the ▁episode ▁ended ▁without ▁a ▁voice ▁over , ▁stating ▁what ▁the ▁legal ▁results ▁of ▁the ▁case ▁had ▁been ▁( for ▁example , ▁whether ▁the ▁off ender ▁was ▁sent enced ▁to ▁death ▁but ▁later ▁repr ieved ). ▁ ▁On ▁the ▁sevent y - fif th ▁anni versary ▁of ▁the ▁murder ▁of ▁Eth el ▁Bel sh aw , ▁Le ong ath a ▁newspaper ▁‘ ’ ’ The ▁Great ▁Southern ▁Star ’ ’ ’ ▁published ▁an ▁interview ▁with ▁Ma ure en ▁Lewis ▁( née ▁Ke igh ery ) ▁who ▁was ▁the ▁S od erman ' s ▁neighbour ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 5 . ▁Lewis ▁was ▁with ▁the ▁S ode man ▁family ▁on |
▁the ▁same ▁day ▁he ▁murder ed ▁Bel sh aw . ▁Lewis ▁had ▁travel led ▁with ▁the ▁S ode mans ▁from ▁Le ong ath a , ▁for ▁a ▁fun ▁day ▁in ▁the ▁sun . ▁She ▁was ▁friends ▁with ▁the ▁S ode mans ’ ▁child , ▁Joan , ▁a ▁girl ▁of ▁similar ▁age . ▁“ On ▁the ▁day ▁Eth el ▁was ▁murder ed ▁he ▁wanted ▁to ▁take ▁me ▁for ▁an ▁ice ▁cre am . ▁It ▁could ▁have ▁been ▁me ▁that ▁day ,” ▁she ▁said . ▁“ I ▁went ▁down ▁there ▁with ▁them ▁to ▁In ver lo ch ▁on ▁that ▁day ▁with ▁the ▁S ode mans . ▁... ▁He ▁wanted ▁to ▁take ▁me ▁for ▁an ▁ice ▁cre am ▁and ▁Mrs ▁S ode man ▁wouldn ’ t ▁let ▁him ▁take ▁me ▁unless ▁he ▁also ▁took ▁Joan , ▁his ▁daughter .” ▁( which ▁S ode man ▁refused ▁to ▁do ). ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Further ▁reading ▁Bour ke , ▁John ▁Peter ▁& ▁Son enberg , ▁David ▁Sh ob urn ▁( 1 9 6 9 ). ▁Ins an ity ▁and ▁in just ice . ▁Jac ar anda . ▁S art ain , ▁Bob ▁& ▁In ver lo ch ▁Historical ▁Society ▁( 1 9 9 9 ). ▁Anderson ▁In let ▁In ver lo ch ▁: ▁murder ▁in ▁In ver lo ch ▁: ▁the ▁S ode man ▁mur ders . ▁Norman ▁R . ▁De acon ▁for ▁In ver lo ch ▁Historical ▁Society . ▁ ▁Category : 1 8 9 9 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 9 3 6 ▁death s ▁Category : |
2 0 th - century ▁execution s ▁by ▁Australia ▁Category : Austral ian ▁people ▁conv icted ▁of ▁murder ▁Category : Austral ian ▁serial ▁kill ers ▁Category : C rim inals ▁from ▁Melbourne ▁Category : Es cape es ▁from ▁Victoria ▁( Austral ia ) ▁det ention ▁Category : Exec uted ▁Australian ▁people ▁Category : Exec uted ▁serial ▁kill ers ▁Category : M ale ▁serial ▁kill ers ▁Category : Pe ople ▁conv icted ▁of ▁fra ud ▁Category : Pe ople ▁conv icted ▁of ▁murder ▁by ▁Victoria ▁( Austral ia ) ▁Category : Pe ople ▁executed ▁by ▁Australia ▁by ▁h anging ▁Category : Pe ople ▁executed ▁by ▁Victoria ▁( Austral ia ) ▁Category : Pe ople ▁executed ▁for ▁murder ▁Category : Austral ian ▁murder ers ▁of ▁children <0x0A> </s> ▁Ch ade le uf ▁is ▁a ▁commune ▁in ▁the ▁P uy - de - D ôme ▁department ▁in ▁Au ver g ne - R h ône - Al pes ▁in ▁central ▁France . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁Comm unes ▁of ▁the ▁P uy - de - D ôme ▁department ▁ ▁References ▁IN SEE ▁ ▁Category : Comm unes ▁of ▁P uy - de - D ôme <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁first ▁n atives ▁in ▁Costa ▁Rica ▁were ▁hun ters , ▁and ▁gather ers , ▁and ▁Costa ▁Rica ▁served ▁as ▁an ▁intermediate ▁region ▁between ▁Mes o amer ican ▁and ▁And e an ▁native ▁cult ures . ▁ ▁Christopher ▁Columb us ▁first ▁dropped ▁anchor ▁in ▁Costa ▁Rica ▁in ▁ 1 5 0 2 ▁at ▁Is la ▁U v ita . ▁So |
on ▁after , ▁his ▁forces ▁over c ame ▁the ▁ind igen ous ▁people . ▁He ▁incorpor ated ▁the ▁territory ▁into ▁the ▁Captain cy ▁General ▁of ▁Gu atem ala ▁as ▁a ▁province ▁of ▁New ▁Spain ▁in ▁ 1 5 2 4 . ▁For ▁the ▁next ▁ 3 0 0 ▁years , ▁Costa ▁Rica ▁was ▁a ▁col ony ▁of ▁Spain . ▁As ▁a ▁result , ▁Costa ▁Rica ' s ▁culture ▁has ▁been ▁greatly ▁influenced ▁by ▁the ▁culture ▁of ▁Spain . ▁During ▁this ▁period , ▁Costa ▁Rica ▁remained ▁sp ars ely ▁developed ▁and ▁imp over ished . ▁ ▁Following ▁the ▁Mexican ▁War ▁of ▁Independ ence ▁( 1 8 1 0 – 1 8 2 1 ), ▁Costa ▁Rica ▁became ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁independent ▁Mexican ▁Empire ▁in ▁ 1 8 2 1 . ▁Sub sequently , ▁Costa ▁Rica ▁was ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁Federal ▁Republic ▁of ▁Central ▁America ▁in ▁ 1 8 1 3 , ▁before ▁gain ing ▁full ▁independence ▁in ▁ 1 8 2 1 . ▁Its ▁economy ▁strugg led ▁due ▁to ▁lack ▁of ▁connections ▁with ▁European ▁supp liers . ▁In ▁ 1 8 5 6 , ▁Costa ▁Rica ▁resist ed ▁United ▁States ▁sett lers ▁from ▁mount ing ▁a ▁take - over ▁of ▁the ▁government . ▁ ▁After ▁ 1 8 6 9 , ▁Costa ▁Rica ▁established ▁a ▁dem ocr atic ▁government . ▁ ▁After ▁the ▁Costa ▁R ican ▁Civil ▁War ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 8 , ▁the ▁government ▁draft ed ▁a ▁new ▁constitution , ▁guarantee ing ▁universal ▁suff rage ▁and ▁the ▁dis m ant ling |
▁of ▁the ▁military . ▁Today , ▁Costa ▁Rica ▁is ▁a ▁dem ocracy ▁that ▁re lies ▁on ▁technology ▁and ▁e co - t our ism ▁for ▁its ▁economy . ▁Although ▁pover ty ▁has ▁decl ined ▁since ▁the ▁turn ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 1 st ▁century , ▁economic ▁problems ▁still ▁exist . ▁Costa ▁Rica ▁is ▁facing ▁problems ▁of ▁under emp loyment , ▁foreign ▁and ▁internal ▁deb t , ▁and ▁a ▁trade ▁def ic iency . ▁ ▁Hunter - g ather ers ▁ ▁The ▁oldest ▁evidence ▁of ▁human ▁occupation ▁in ▁Costa ▁Rica ▁is ▁associated ▁with ▁the ▁arrival ▁of ▁groups ▁of ▁h unter - g ather ers ▁about ▁ 1 0 , 0 0 0 ▁to ▁ 7 , 0 0 0 ▁years ▁BC , ▁with ▁ancient ▁arch ae ological ▁evidence ▁( stone ▁tool ▁making ) ▁located ▁in ▁the ▁Tur rial ba ▁Valley , ▁at ▁sites ▁called ▁Guard i ria ▁and ▁Florence , ▁with ▁matching ▁quar ry ▁and ▁work shop ▁areas ▁with ▁presence ▁of ▁type ▁clo vis ▁spe ar head s ▁and ▁South ▁American ▁inspired ▁ar rows . ▁All ▁this ▁suggests ▁the ▁possibility ▁that ▁in ▁this ▁area ▁two ▁different ▁cult ures ▁co ex isted . ▁ ▁The ▁people ▁of ▁this ▁era ▁were ▁nom adic . ▁They ▁were ▁organized ▁in ▁family - based ▁bands ▁of ▁about ▁ 2 0 ▁to ▁ 3 0 ▁members . ▁Their ▁usual ▁pre y ▁animals ▁were ▁called ▁meg af a una , ▁such ▁as ▁giant ▁arm ad ill os ▁and ▁sl oth s , ▁m ast od ons , ▁etc . ▁These ▁became |
▁ext inct ▁about ▁ 8 , 0 0 0 ▁years ▁before ▁the ▁modern ▁era . ▁The ▁first ▁sett lers ▁had ▁to ▁adapt ▁to ▁hunting ▁smaller ▁animals ▁and ▁develop ▁appropriate ▁strateg ies ▁to ▁adjust ▁to ▁the ▁new ▁conditions . ▁ ▁Pre - Col umb ian ▁Costa ▁Rica ▁ ▁In ▁Pre - Col umb ian ▁times , ▁the ▁Native ▁Americans ▁in ▁what ▁is ▁now ▁Costa ▁Rica ▁were ▁part ▁of ▁a ▁cultural ▁complex ▁known ▁as ▁the ▁" I st h mo - Col omb ian ▁area ," ▁between ▁the ▁Mes o amer ican ▁and ▁And e an ▁cultural ▁regions . ▁ ▁The ▁north west ▁of ▁the ▁country , ▁the ▁N ico ya ▁Pen ins ula , ▁was ▁the ▁southern most ▁point ▁of ▁Mes o amer ican ▁cultural ▁influence ▁when ▁the ▁Spanish ▁conquer ors ▁( con qu ist adores ) ▁came ▁in ▁the ▁six teenth ▁century . ▁The ▁central ▁and ▁southern ▁port ions ▁of ▁the ▁country ▁had ▁Ch ib cha ▁influ ences . ▁The ▁ind igen ous ▁people ▁have ▁influenced ▁modern ▁Costa ▁R ican ▁culture ▁to ▁a ▁relatively ▁small ▁degree . ▁In ▁the ▁years ▁soon ▁after ▁European ▁encounter , ▁many ▁of ▁the ▁people ▁died ▁due ▁to ▁inf ect ious ▁dise ases , ▁such ▁as ▁meas les ▁and ▁small po x , ▁which ▁were ▁en demic ▁among ▁the ▁Europe ans ▁but ▁to ▁which ▁they ▁had ▁no ▁imm unity . ▁The ▁Di quis ▁culture ▁fl our ished ▁from ▁ 7 0 0 ▁CE ▁to ▁ 1 5 3 0 ▁CE ▁and ▁were ▁well ▁known ▁for ▁their ▁craft s ▁in |
▁metal ▁and ▁stone work . ▁ ▁Spanish ▁colon ization ▁ ▁The ▁colonial ▁period ▁began ▁when ▁Christopher ▁Columb us ▁reached ▁the ▁eastern ▁coast ▁of ▁Costa ▁Rica ▁on ▁his ▁fourth ▁voyage ▁on ▁September ▁ 1 8 , ▁ 1 5 0 2 . ▁ ▁N umer ous ▁subsequent ▁Spanish ▁exped itions ▁followed , ▁eventually ▁leading ▁to ▁the ▁first ▁Spanish ▁col ony ▁in ▁Costa ▁Rica , ▁, ▁founded ▁in ▁ 1 5 2 4 . ▁ ▁During ▁most ▁of ▁the ▁colonial ▁period , ▁Costa ▁Rica ▁was ▁the ▁southern most ▁province ▁of ▁the ▁Captain cy ▁General ▁of ▁Gu atem ala , ▁which ▁was ▁nomin ally ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁Vic ero yal ty ▁of ▁New ▁Spain ▁( i . e ., ▁Mexico ). ▁In ▁practice ▁it ▁operated ▁as ▁a ▁largely ▁autonom ous ▁entity ▁within ▁the ▁Spanish ▁Empire . ▁Costa ▁Rica ' s ▁distance ▁from ▁the ▁capital ▁in ▁Gu atem ala , ▁its ▁legal ▁prohib ition ▁under ▁Spanish ▁law ▁against ▁trad ing ▁with ▁its ▁southern ▁neighb ors ▁in ▁Pan ama , ▁then ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁Vic ero yal ty ▁of ▁New ▁Gran ada ▁( i . e ., ▁Colombia ), ▁and ▁the ▁lack ▁of ▁resources ▁such ▁as ▁gold ▁and ▁silver , ▁resulted ▁in ▁Costa ▁Rica ▁attract ing ▁few ▁inhabitants . ▁It ▁was ▁a ▁poor , ▁isolated , ▁and ▁sp ars ely ▁inhab ited ▁region ▁within ▁the ▁Spanish ▁Empire . ▁a ▁Spanish ▁governor ▁in ▁ 1 7 1 9 ▁described ▁Costa ▁Rica ▁as ▁" the ▁poor est ▁and ▁most ▁miser able ▁Spanish ▁col ony ▁in ▁all ▁America ." ▁▁ ▁Many |
▁histor ians ▁say ▁that ▁the ▁area ▁suffered ▁a ▁lack ▁of ▁ind igen ous ▁population ▁available ▁for ▁forced ▁labor , ▁which ▁meant ▁that ▁most ▁of ▁the ▁Costa ▁R ican ▁sett lers ▁had ▁to ▁work ▁their ▁own ▁land . ▁This ▁prevent ed ▁the ▁establishment ▁of ▁large ▁ha ci end as . ▁For ▁all ▁these ▁reasons ▁Costa ▁Rica ▁was ▁by ▁and ▁large ▁un app reci ated ▁and ▁over look ed ▁by ▁the ▁Spanish ▁Crown ▁and ▁left ▁to ▁develop ▁on ▁its ▁own . ▁ ▁The ▁small ▁land own ers ' ▁relative ▁pover ty , ▁the ▁lack ▁of ▁a ▁large ▁ind igen ous ▁labor ▁force , ▁the ▁population ' s ▁eth nic ▁and ▁lingu istic ▁hom ogene ity , ▁and ▁Costa ▁Rica ' s ▁isol ation ▁from ▁the ▁Spanish ▁colonial ▁cent ers ▁in ▁Mexico ▁and ▁the ▁And es , ▁all ▁contributed ▁to ▁the ▁development ▁of ▁an ▁autonom ous ▁and ▁individual istic ▁agr arian ▁society . ▁Even ▁the ▁Governor ▁had ▁to ▁farm ▁his ▁own ▁cro ps ▁and ▁tend ▁to ▁his ▁own ▁garden ▁due ▁to ▁his ▁pover ty . ▁The ▁failure ▁to ▁build ▁a ▁colonial ▁society ▁based ▁on ▁ind igen ous ▁and ▁slave ▁labor ▁led ▁to ▁a ▁pe asant ▁economy ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 7 0 0 s . ▁ ▁During ▁the ▁time ▁of ▁con quest , ▁as ▁many ▁as ▁twenty ▁distinct ▁ind igen ous ▁soci eties , ▁number ing ▁in ▁the ▁hundreds ▁of ▁thousands ▁and ▁speaking ▁many ▁different ▁languages , ▁inhab ited ▁the ▁area . ▁The ▁Spanish ▁con quest ▁of ▁Costa ▁Rica ▁last ed ▁more ▁than ▁half ▁a ▁century |
▁after ▁it ▁started ▁ 1 5 1 0 . ▁ ▁The ▁gen oc idal ▁ens lav ement ▁of ▁the ▁ind igen ous ▁soci eties ▁of ▁N ico ya ▁on ▁the ▁Pacific ▁North ▁coast ▁was ▁the ▁con quest ' s ▁first ▁stage . ▁Its ▁second ▁phase ▁began ▁with ▁fruit less ▁attempts ▁to ▁cons olid ate ▁a ▁Spanish ▁settlement ▁on ▁the ▁country ' s ▁Car ib bean ▁side . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁process , ▁Sp ani ards ▁reduced ▁the ▁ind igen ous ▁population ▁to ▁the ▁point ▁of ▁ext inction ▁through ▁disease , ▁war , ▁repr is als , ▁re location ▁and ▁brut al ▁explo itation . ▁The ▁Native ▁American ▁population ▁stood ▁at ▁about ▁ 1 2 0 , 0 0 0 ▁in ▁ 1 5 6 9 ▁and ▁had ▁fallen ▁to ▁ 1 0 , 0 0 0 ▁by ▁ 1 6 1 1 . ▁ ▁Independ ence ▁from ▁Spain ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁early ▁ 1 9 th ▁century , ▁Napoleon ' s ▁occupation ▁of ▁Spain ▁led ▁to ▁the ▁out break ▁of ▁revol ts ▁all ▁across ▁Spanish ▁America . ▁In ▁New ▁Spain , ▁all ▁of ▁the ▁fighting ▁by ▁those ▁seeking ▁independence ▁was ▁done ▁in ▁the ▁center ▁of ▁that ▁area ▁from ▁ 1 8 1 0 ▁to ▁ 1 8 2 1 , ▁what ▁today ▁is ▁central ▁Mexico . ▁Once ▁the ▁Vic ero y ▁was ▁defeated ▁in ▁the ▁capital ▁city — today ▁Mexico ▁City — in ▁ 1 8 2 1 , ▁the ▁news ▁of ▁independence ▁was ▁sent ▁to ▁all ▁the ▁territ ories ▁of ▁New ▁Spain |
, ▁including ▁the ▁Int endencies ▁of ▁the ▁former ▁Captain cy ▁General ▁of ▁Gu atem ala . ▁Costa ▁Rica ▁joined ▁the ▁other ▁Central ▁American ▁Int end an cies ▁in ▁a ▁joint ▁declaration ▁of ▁independence ▁from ▁Spain , ▁the ▁ 1 8 2 1 ▁Act ▁of ▁Independ ence . ▁ ▁On ▁October ▁ 1 3 , ▁ 1 8 2 1 ▁the ▁documents ▁arrived ▁at ▁Cart ago , ▁and ▁an ▁emer gency ▁meeting ▁was ▁called ▁upon ▁by ▁Governor ▁. ▁There ▁were ▁many ▁ideas ▁on ▁what ▁to ▁do ▁upon ▁gain ing ▁independence , ▁such ▁as ▁joining ▁Mexico , ▁joining ▁Gu atem ala ▁or ▁Nueva ▁Gran ada ▁( today ▁Colombia ). ▁A ▁group ▁was ▁declared ▁( J unta ▁de ▁Leg ados ), ▁which ▁created ▁the ▁temporary ▁. ▁Meanwhile , ▁" the ▁clouds ▁clear ▁up " ▁(" M ientras ▁se ▁a clar aban ▁los ▁n ub l ados ▁del ▁día "), ▁was ▁a ▁famous ▁phrase ▁of ▁the ▁events ▁of ▁the ▁day . ▁ ▁Independ ence ▁from ▁Spain ▁was ▁acknowled ged ▁and ▁rat ified ▁on ▁October ▁ 2 9 , ▁ 1 8 2 1 ▁by ▁the ▁colonial ▁authorities . ▁It ▁was ▁then ▁rat ified ▁in ▁the ▁cities ▁of ▁San ▁José ▁on ▁November ▁ 1 , ▁ 1 8 2 1 , ▁at ▁Cart ago ▁on ▁November ▁ 3 rd , ▁ 1 8 2 1 , ▁at ▁Her edia ▁on ▁November ▁ 1 1 , ▁ 1 8 2 1 , ▁and ▁A la j uela ▁on ▁November ▁ 2 5 th , ▁ 1 8 2 1 |
. ▁ ▁After ▁the ▁declaration ▁of ▁independence , ▁the ▁New ▁Spain ▁parliament ▁intended ▁to ▁establish ▁a ▁common wealth ▁where by ▁the ▁King ▁of ▁Spain , ▁Ferdinand ▁VII , ▁would ▁also ▁be ▁Emperor ▁of ▁New ▁Spain , ▁but ▁in ▁which ▁both ▁countries ▁were ▁to ▁be ▁govern ed ▁by ▁separate ▁laws ▁and ▁with ▁their ▁own ▁legisl ative ▁offices . ▁Should ▁the ▁king ▁refuse ▁the ▁position , ▁the ▁law ▁provided ▁for ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁House ▁of ▁Bour bon ▁to ▁acc ede ▁to ▁the ▁New ▁Spain ▁throne . ▁ ▁Ferdinand ▁VII ▁did ▁not ▁recognize ▁the ▁col ony ' s ▁independence ▁and ▁said ▁that ▁Spain ▁would ▁not ▁allow ▁any ▁other ▁European ▁prince ▁to ▁take ▁the ▁throne ▁of ▁New ▁Spain . ▁ ▁By ▁request ▁of ▁Parliament , ▁the ▁president ▁of ▁the ▁reg ency , ▁Ag ust ín ▁de ▁It urb ide , ▁was ▁proc laimed ▁em peror ▁of ▁New ▁Spain , ▁which ▁was ▁renamed ▁Mexico . ▁The ▁Mexican ▁Empire ▁was ▁the ▁official ▁name ▁given ▁to ▁this ▁monarch ical ▁regime ▁from ▁ 1 8 2 1 ▁to ▁ 1 8 2 3 . ▁The ▁territory ▁of ▁the ▁Mexican ▁Empire ▁included ▁the ▁contin ental ▁intend an cies ▁and ▁provinces ▁of ▁New ▁Spain ▁proper ▁( including ▁those ▁of ▁the ▁former ▁Captain cy ▁General ▁of ▁Gu atem ala ) ▁( See : ▁History ▁of ▁Central ▁America ). ▁On ▁ 5 ▁April ▁ 1 8 2 3 ▁the ▁Battle ▁of ▁O ch om ogo ▁was ▁fought ▁between ▁forces ▁from ▁Cart ago ▁who ▁wanted ▁to ▁join ▁the ▁Mexican ▁Empire ▁and ▁those ▁who ▁preferred ▁to |
▁remain ▁independent . ▁The ▁Republic ans ▁won ▁and ▁the ▁capital ▁was ▁moved ▁from ▁Cart ago ▁to ▁San ▁José . ▁ ▁Central ▁America ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 8 2 3 , ▁a ▁revolution ▁in ▁Mexico ▁ou sted ▁Emperor ▁Ag ust ín ▁de ▁It urb ide . ▁A ▁new ▁Mexican ▁con gress ▁voted ▁to ▁allow ▁the ▁Central ▁American ▁Int end an cies ▁to ▁decide ▁their ▁own ▁fate . ▁That ▁year , ▁the ▁United ▁Provin ces ▁of ▁Central ▁America ▁was ▁formed ▁of ▁the ▁five ▁Central ▁American ▁Int end an cies ▁under ▁General ▁Manuel ▁José ▁Ar ce . ▁The ▁Int end an cies ▁took ▁the ▁new ▁name ▁of ▁States . ▁ ▁The ▁United ▁Provin ces ▁feder ation , ▁not ▁strongly ▁un ited ▁to ▁begin ▁with , ▁rapidly ▁dis integr ated ▁under ▁the ▁press ures ▁of ▁int ra - pro vin cial ▁rival ries . ▁ ▁Following ▁full ▁independence ▁in ▁ 1 8 3 8 , ▁Costa ▁Rica ▁had ▁no ▁regular ▁trade ▁routes ▁established ▁to ▁export ▁their ▁coffee ▁to ▁European ▁mark ets . ▁L ack ▁of ▁infrastr ucture ▁caused ▁problems ▁in ▁ ▁transport ation : ▁the ▁coffee - g row ing ▁areas ▁were ▁mainly ▁in ▁the ▁Central ▁Valley ▁and ▁had ▁access ▁only ▁to ▁the ▁port ▁of ▁P unt aren as ▁on ▁the ▁Pacific ▁coast . ▁Before ▁the ▁Pan ama ▁Canal ▁opened , ▁ships ▁from ▁Europe ▁had ▁to ▁sail ▁around ▁Cape ▁Horn ▁in ▁order ▁to ▁get ▁to ▁the ▁Pacific ▁Coast . ▁In ▁ 1 8 4 3 , ▁the ▁country ▁established ▁a ▁trade ▁route ▁to ▁Europe ▁with ▁the ▁help |
▁of ▁William ▁Le ▁L ache ur , ▁a ▁Gu ern sey ▁merchant ▁and ▁ship owner . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 8 5 6 , ▁William ▁Walker , ▁an ▁American ▁fil ib uster , ▁began ▁inc urs ions ▁into ▁Central ▁America . ▁After ▁landing ▁in ▁Nic ar agua , ▁he ▁proc laimed ▁himself ▁as ▁president ▁of ▁Nic ar agua ▁and ▁re - inst ated ▁sla very , ▁which ▁had ▁been ▁abol ished . ▁ ▁He ▁intended ▁to ▁expand ▁into ▁Costa ▁Rica ▁and ▁after ▁he ▁entered ▁that ▁territory , ▁the ▁country ▁declared ▁war ▁against ▁his ▁forces . ▁Led ▁by ▁Commander ▁in ▁Chief ▁of ▁the ▁Army ▁of ▁Costa ▁Rica , ▁President ▁Juan ▁Rafael ▁M ora ▁Por ras , ▁the ▁fil ib ust ers ▁were ▁defeated ▁and ▁forced ▁out ▁of ▁the ▁country . ▁Costa ▁R ican ▁forces ▁followed ▁the ▁fil ib ust ers ▁into ▁R ivas , ▁Nic ar agua , ▁where ▁in ▁a ▁final ▁battle , ▁William ▁Walker ▁and ▁his ▁forces ▁were ▁finally ▁pushed ▁back . ▁Juan ▁Sant amar ía , ▁a ▁drum mer ▁boy ▁from ▁A la j uela ▁who ▁lost ▁his ▁life ▁tor ch ing ▁the ▁fil ib ust ers ' ▁strong hold , ▁was ▁killed ▁in ▁this ▁final ▁battle . ▁He ▁is ▁today ▁remembered ▁as ▁a ▁national ▁hero . ▁ ▁Republic ▁ ▁An ▁era ▁of ▁peace ful ▁dem ocracy ▁in ▁Costa ▁Rica ▁began ▁in ▁ 1 8 6 9 ▁with ▁elections . ▁Costa ▁Rica ▁has ▁avoided ▁much ▁of ▁the ▁violence ▁that ▁has ▁pl ag ued ▁Central ▁America . ▁Since ▁the ▁late ▁nin ete |
enth ▁century , ▁only ▁two ▁brief ▁periods ▁of ▁violence ▁have ▁mar red ▁its ▁republic an ▁development . ▁In ▁ 1 9 1 7 – 1 9 , ▁Feder ico ▁T in oco ▁Gran ados ▁ruled ▁as ▁a ▁dict ator . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 4 8 , ▁José ▁Fig uer es ▁Fer rer ▁led ▁an ▁armed ▁u pr ising ▁in ▁the ▁w ake ▁of ▁a ▁disput ed ▁president ial ▁election . ▁ ▁" With ▁more ▁than ▁ 2 , 0 0 0 ▁dead , ▁the ▁ 4 4 - day ▁Costa ▁R ican ▁Civil ▁War ▁resulting ▁from ▁this ▁u pr ising ▁was ▁the ▁blood iest ▁event ▁in ▁tw enti eth - century ▁Costa ▁R ican ▁history ." ▁The ▁vict orious ▁jun ta ▁draft ed ▁a ▁constitution ▁guarantee ing ▁free ▁elections ▁with ▁universal ▁suff rage ▁and ▁the ▁abol ition ▁of ▁the ▁military . ▁Fig uer es ▁became ▁a ▁national ▁hero , ▁winning ▁the ▁first ▁election ▁under ▁the ▁new ▁constitution ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 3 . ▁Since ▁then ▁Costa ▁Rica ▁has ▁been ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁few ▁dem oc ra cies ▁to ▁operate ▁without ▁a ▁standing ▁army . ▁The ▁nation ▁has ▁held ▁ 1 6 ▁success ive ▁president ial ▁elections , ▁all ▁peace ful , ▁the ▁latest ▁being ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 8 . ▁ ▁Costa ▁Rica ' s ▁economy ▁went ▁under ▁a ▁transformation ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 8 . ▁The ▁country ▁went ▁from ▁being ▁" an ▁economic ▁development ▁success ▁story " ▁to ▁entering ▁a ▁severe ▁so cio - e conom ic |
▁crisis . ▁Costa ▁Rica ▁re lied ▁on ▁the ▁export ation ▁of ▁ban anas ▁and ▁coffee . ▁In ▁ 1 9 7 8 , ▁coffee ▁prices ▁dropped , ▁and ▁its ▁reven ues ▁decl ined . ▁In ▁ 1 9 7 9 , ▁the ▁price ▁of ▁oil , ▁a ▁main ▁imported ▁item , ▁increased ▁sharp ly ▁and ▁rapidly , ▁pl ung ing ▁the ▁country ▁into ▁crisis . ▁In ▁order ▁to ▁help ▁improve ▁the ▁economy , ▁President ▁Rod r igo ▁Car az o ▁continued ▁to ▁borrow ▁money ▁intern ation ally . ▁This ▁led ▁the ▁country ▁into ▁further ▁deb t . ▁ ▁Once ▁a ▁largely ▁agricult ural ▁country , ▁Costa ▁Rica ▁has ▁transformed ▁to ▁re lying ▁on ▁technology ▁industry ▁and ▁services , ▁and ▁e co - t our ism . ▁Costa ▁Rica ' s ▁major ▁source ▁of ▁export ▁income ▁is ▁technology - based . ▁Microsoft , ▁Motor ola , ▁Intel ▁and ▁other ▁technology - related ▁fir ms ▁have ▁established ▁operations ▁in ▁Costa ▁Rica . ▁Local ▁companies ▁create ▁and ▁export ▁software ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁other ▁computer - related ▁products . ▁Tour ism ▁is ▁growing ▁at ▁an ▁acceler ated ▁pace , ▁and ▁many ▁believe ▁that ▁income ▁from ▁this ▁tour ism ▁may ▁soon ▁become ▁the ▁major ▁contrib utor ▁to ▁the ▁nation ' s ▁G DP . ▁Trad itional ▁agricult ure , ▁particularly ▁coffee ▁and ▁ban anas , ▁continues ▁to ▁be ▁an ▁important ▁part ▁of ▁Costa ▁Rica ' s ▁exports . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁José ▁Antonio ▁Lac ay o ▁de ▁Br iones ▁y ▁Pala cios ▁List ▁of ▁Pres idents ▁of ▁Costa |
▁Rica ▁Polit ics ▁of ▁Costa ▁Rica ▁ ▁General : ▁History ▁of ▁Central ▁America ▁Spanish ▁colon ization ▁of ▁the ▁Amer icas ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Further ▁reading ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁History ▁of ▁the ▁Republic ▁of ▁Costa ▁Rica ▁from ▁" C osta ▁Rica ▁Hand book " ▁by ▁Christopher ▁Baker ▁Costa ▁R ican ▁Arch ae ology ▁Br ief ▁History ▁of ▁Costa ▁r ica . com ▁Early ▁History ▁of ▁Costa ▁Rica ▁Dem ocracy ▁in ▁Costa ▁Rica ▁Costa ▁Rica ▁Civil ▁War ▁ ▁Category : History ▁of ▁Costa ▁Rica <0x0A> </s> ▁Ass ocia zione ▁Cal cio ▁Bra ▁is ▁an ▁Italian ▁association ▁football ▁club , ▁based ▁in ▁Bra , ▁P ied mont . ▁Bra ▁currently ▁plays ▁in ▁Serie ▁D . ▁ ▁History ▁ ▁Foundation ▁ ▁The ▁club ▁was ▁founded ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 3 ▁and ▁spent ▁several ▁seasons ▁in ▁Serie ▁C 1 ▁and ▁Serie ▁C 2 . ▁ ▁Serie ▁D ▁ ▁At ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 1 – 1 2 ▁season ▁the ▁team ▁was ▁promoted ▁from ▁E cc ellen za ▁P ied mont ▁and ▁A osta ▁Valley / B ▁to ▁Serie ▁D . ▁ ▁At ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 2 – 1 3 ▁season ▁the ▁team ▁was ▁promoted ▁from ▁Serie ▁D / A ▁to ▁L ega ▁Pro ▁Second a ▁Div is ione ▁ ▁Play ers ▁ ▁Colors ▁and ▁bad ge ▁ ▁The ▁team ' s ▁colors ▁are ▁yellow ▁and ▁red . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Official ▁site ▁ ▁Category : Foot ball ▁clubs ▁in ▁Italy ▁Category : Foot ball ▁clubs |
▁in ▁P ied mont ▁and ▁A osta ▁Valley ▁Category : Associ ation ▁football ▁clubs ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 3 ▁Category : Ser ie ▁C ▁clubs ▁Category : 1 9 1 3 ▁establish ments ▁in ▁Italy <0x0A> </s> ▁O vid ▁or ▁O vid ius ▁( 4 3 ▁BC – 1 7 ▁AD ) ▁was ▁a ▁Roman ▁poet . ▁His ▁name ▁is ▁used ▁as ▁a ▁male ▁first ▁name , ▁especially ▁in ▁Rom ance ▁languages , ▁often ▁in ▁variations ▁such ▁as ▁O vid i , ▁O ví d io , ▁O vid io , ▁or ▁O uv id u , ▁and ▁in ▁some ▁recent ▁usage ▁short ened ▁to ▁O vi . ▁It ▁may ▁refer ▁to : ▁ ▁Places ▁ ▁United ▁States ▁ ▁O vid , ▁Colorado ▁ ▁O vid , ▁Id aho ▁ ▁O vid , ▁Michigan , ▁a ▁village ▁in ▁Cl inton ▁County , ▁Michigan ▁ ▁O vid ▁Township , ▁Branch ▁County , ▁Michigan ▁ ▁O vid ▁Township , ▁Cl inton ▁County , ▁Michigan ▁ ▁O vid , ▁Missouri ▁ ▁O vid ▁( town ), ▁New ▁York ▁ ▁O vid ▁( v ill age ), ▁New ▁York ▁ ▁Else where ▁ ▁O vid iu , ▁Roman ia ▁ ▁O vid i opol , ▁Ukraine ▁ ▁Pers ons ▁ ▁Saint ▁ ▁Saint ▁O vid ius , ▁a ▁Portuguese ▁saint ▁ ▁S urname ▁ ▁Ju vent inus ▁Alb ius ▁O vid ius , ▁a ▁Roman ▁poet , ▁probably ▁of ▁the ▁late ▁ 2 nd ▁century ▁ ▁Given ▁name ▁ ▁O vid ▁D ensus ian u |
, ▁a ▁Roman ian ▁poet ▁ ▁O vid i ▁Mont ll or , ▁a ▁Val enci an ▁singer - song writer ▁and ▁actor ▁ ▁O vid io ▁Ass on itis , ▁an ▁Egypt ian ▁film ▁producer ▁ ▁O vid iu ▁Bur c ă , ▁a ▁Roman ian ▁s occer ▁footballer ▁ ▁O vid iu ▁C ern ă u ţ e anu ▁( aka ▁O vid iu ▁Jacob sen , ▁O vi ▁Martin ), ▁a ▁Roman ian - N or weg ian ▁singer ▁ ▁O vid iu ▁Here a , ▁a ▁Roman ian ▁footballer ▁ ▁O vid iu ▁Pet re , ▁a ▁Roman ian ▁s occer ▁footballer ▁ ▁O vid iu ▁St â ng ă , ▁a ▁Roman ian ▁footballer ▁and ▁manager ▁ ▁O vid iu ▁T oni ţ a , ▁a ▁Roman ian ▁rugby ▁footballer ▁ ▁Other ▁▁ ▁O vid ▁Techn ologies , ▁a ▁vendor ▁of ▁journal ▁full ▁text , ▁book ▁full ▁text , ▁and ▁bibli ographic ▁databases ▁ ▁O vid ▁Nap a ▁Valley ▁- ▁a ▁win ery ▁in ▁Nap a ▁Valley , ▁California ▁ ▁O vid ▁( cr ater ) ▁- ▁a ▁cr ater ▁on ▁Mercur y <0x0A> </s> ▁It ' s ▁Show time ▁may ▁refer ▁to : ▁▁ ▁It ' s ▁Show time ▁( k ick box ing ), ▁a ▁kick box ing ▁and ▁mart ial ▁arts ▁promotion ▁based ▁in ▁the ▁Netherlands ▁ ▁It ' s ▁Show time ▁( vari ety ▁show ), ▁a ▁Philipp ine ▁no ont ime ▁variety ▁show ▁ ▁It ' s ▁Show time ▁( film ), ▁a |
▁film ▁produced ▁by ▁Fred ▁We int ra ub ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 6 ▁ ▁Music ▁ ▁" It ' s ▁Show time !" ▁( B ' z ▁song ), ▁a ▁ 2 0 0 3 ▁single ▁by ▁Japanese ▁hard ▁rock ▁du o ▁B ' z ▁from ▁their ▁album ▁Big ▁Machine ▁ ▁" It ' s ▁Show time ", ▁a ▁ 1 9 8 0 ▁single ▁by ▁Kat ja ▁Eb stein ▁ ▁" It ' s ▁Show time ", ▁a ▁ 2 0 0 3 ▁single ▁by ▁American ▁group ▁The ▁Mo oney ▁Su zu ki ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁Show time ▁( disambiguation ) <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁men ' s ▁e ights ▁was ▁one ▁of ▁four ▁row ing ▁events ▁on ▁the ▁Row ing ▁at ▁the ▁ 1 9 0 8 ▁Summer ▁Olympics ▁programme . ▁▁ 6 ▁boats ▁from ▁ 5 ▁nations ▁competed . ▁ ▁Medal ▁summary ▁ ▁Starting ▁list ▁ ▁The ▁following ▁boats ▁and / or ▁row ing ▁clubs ▁participated : ▁▁ ▁Royal ▁Club ▁N aut ique ▁de ▁Grand ▁( col ours : ▁red , ▁yellow ▁and ▁black ; ▁red ▁and ▁white ▁o ars ) ▁ ▁Toronto ▁Arg onaut ▁( col ours : ▁light ▁and ▁dark ▁blue ) ▁ ▁Cambridge ▁( col ours : ▁light ▁blue ) ▁ ▁Le ander ▁( col ours : ▁cer ise ) ▁ ▁P ann ón ia ▁E ve ző s ▁Egy let / M agyar ▁E ve ző s ▁Sz öv ets ég ▁( col ours : ▁red , ▁white ▁and ▁green ) ▁ ▁N org es |
▁R of orb und ▁( col ours : ▁red , ▁white ▁and ▁blue ) ▁ ▁Results ▁ ▁Qu arter final s ▁ ▁All ▁he ats ▁were ▁held ▁on ▁Wed nes day , ▁July ▁ 2 9 . ▁ ▁Qu arter final ▁ 1 : ▁ 1 ▁p . m . ▁Both ▁started ▁at ▁ 3 9 ▁with ▁a ▁good ▁following ▁wind ▁which ▁ble w ▁slightly ▁off ▁the ▁bush es ▁at ▁the ▁start . ▁Canada ▁led ▁at ▁once ▁and ▁kept ▁a ▁fast ▁stroke ▁going ▁for ▁longer ▁than ▁Norway , ▁which ▁resulted ▁in ▁their ▁getting ▁nearly ▁two ▁lengths ▁by ▁half way ; ▁Norway ▁made ▁trem end ous ▁efforts ▁from ▁this ▁point , ▁but ▁their ▁strength ▁and ▁courage ▁did ▁not ▁produce ▁an ▁equivalent ▁in ▁pace , ▁and ▁the ▁Arg onaut s ▁won ▁by ▁two ▁and ▁three ▁quarter ▁lengths . ▁ ▁Qu arter final ▁ 2 : ▁ 3 . 2 0 ▁p . m . ▁The ▁English ▁crew ▁started ▁at ▁ 4 1 ▁to ▁their ▁visitors ' ▁ 4 0 ▁and ▁led ▁after ▁the ▁first ▁ten ▁stro kes , ▁but ▁on ▁reaching ▁Rem en ham ▁they ▁were ▁able ▁to ▁drop ▁to ▁ 3 4 ▁and ▁still ▁be ▁two ▁lengths ▁ahead ▁at ▁half way . ▁Hung ary ▁never ▁relax ed ▁their ▁efforts , ▁but ▁went ▁after ▁the ▁leaders ▁with ▁the ▁greatest ▁determ ination . ▁The ▁gap , ▁however , ▁was ▁never ▁reduced , ▁and ▁Le ander , ▁row ing ▁beautiful ly ▁together ▁with ▁a ▁reserve ▁of ▁power ▁and ▁pace ▁that ▁was ▁most ▁ex h ilar ating ▁to |
▁observe , ▁won ▁by ▁about ▁two ▁lengths ▁without ▁extending ▁themselves . ▁ ▁Sem if inals ▁ ▁Both ▁semif inals ▁were ▁held ▁on ▁Th urs day , ▁July ▁ 3 0 . ▁ ▁Sem if inal ▁ 1 : ▁ 1 . 1 5 ▁p . m . ▁The ▁Canad ians ▁started ▁at ▁ 4 3 ▁to ▁Le ander ▁' s ▁ 4 0 , ▁but ▁were ▁be aten ▁for ▁speed ▁by ▁the ▁top ▁of ▁the ▁island ▁and ▁were ▁one ▁and ▁a ▁quarter ▁lengths ▁behind ▁at ▁half way . ▁The ▁home ▁team ▁were ▁never ▁allowed ▁to ▁take ▁it ▁too ▁easily , ▁though ▁they ▁were ▁usually ▁able ▁to ▁st all ▁off ▁all ▁the ▁pl ucky ▁efforts ▁made ▁by ▁the ▁Arg onaut s , ▁who ▁kept ▁on ▁r ushing ▁at ▁them , ▁their ▁stroke ' s ▁sp ur ts ▁being ▁splendid ly ▁back ed ▁up ▁by ▁his ▁crew ▁who ▁worked ▁like ▁Tro j ans ▁to ▁the ▁finish , ▁and ▁that ▁last ▁sp urt ▁on ▁the ▁Ber k shire ▁shore ▁will ▁not ▁easily ▁be ▁forgotten ▁as ▁an ▁example ▁of ▁ind om itable ▁courage ▁against ▁a ▁much ▁superior ▁crew , ▁as ▁Le ander ▁won ▁by ▁a ▁length . ▁ ▁Sem if inal ▁ 2 : ▁ 3 . 4 5 ▁p . m . ▁Any ▁advantage ▁which ▁the ▁Bel gi ans ▁may ▁have ▁had ▁from ▁the ▁slight ▁b end ▁in ▁their ▁favour ▁in ▁the ▁first ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁course ▁was ▁counter bal anced ▁by ▁the ▁wind ▁off ▁the ▁bush es . ▁They ▁started ▁at ▁ 4 3 , |
▁but ▁Cambridge ▁were ▁faster ▁at ▁ 4 0 , ▁and ▁both ▁boats ▁went ▁dead ▁level ▁all ▁up ▁the ▁island . ▁They ▁still ▁fought ▁for ▁the ▁lead ▁the ▁whole ▁way ▁to ▁Rem en ham , ▁where ▁the ▁Belg ian ▁canvas ▁was ▁a ▁few ▁inches ▁in ▁front . ▁Here ▁the ▁English ▁fal tered ▁a ▁trif le , ▁but ▁Douglas ▁Stuart ▁and ▁John ▁Burn ▁pulled ▁them ▁together ▁again , ▁and ▁Cambridge ▁were ▁soon ▁going ▁great ▁guns ▁and ▁racing ▁splendid ly . ▁But ▁the ▁Belg ian ▁crew ▁was ▁the ▁more ▁perfectly ▁together , ▁and ▁therefore ▁managed ▁to ▁get ▁a ▁lead ▁of ▁about ▁ 2 0 ▁feet ▁at ▁half way ▁and ▁to ▁increase ▁it ▁afterwards , ▁for ▁they ▁were ▁not ▁so ▁exha usted ▁by ▁their ▁previous ▁efforts ▁as ▁the ▁Cambridge ▁crew , ▁who ▁showed ▁un m ist ak able ▁signs ▁of ▁st alen ess , ▁and ▁in ▁a ▁short ▁time ▁began ▁to ▁go ▁to ▁pieces . ▁There ▁was ▁clear ▁water ▁between ▁the ▁boats ▁after ▁a ▁mile ▁and ▁a ▁quarter ▁had ▁been ▁row ed , ▁and ▁here ▁Stuart ' s ▁sp urt ▁took ▁the ▁last ▁ ounce ▁out ▁of ▁his ▁men , ▁who ▁worked ▁with ▁great ▁determ ination , ▁but ▁were ▁no ▁longer ▁row ing ▁together . ▁The ▁result ▁was ▁that ▁when ▁the ▁stra in ▁came ▁the ▁crew ▁dis integr ated , ▁but ▁they ▁never ▁stopped ▁sh oving ▁till ▁the ▁flag ▁fell . ▁The ▁Bel gi ans ▁won ▁by ▁a ▁length ▁and ▁a ▁third . ▁This ▁race ▁was ▁the ▁only ▁row ing ▁heat ▁in ▁which ▁a ▁British ▁boat ▁was |
▁defeated ▁by ▁a ▁visit ing ▁nation . ▁In ▁each ▁of ▁the ▁other ▁three ▁events , ▁the ▁two ▁British ▁boats ▁won ▁both ▁semif inals . ▁ ▁Final ▁ ▁The ▁final ▁was ▁held ▁on ▁Friday , ▁July ▁ 3 1 . ▁ ▁Final : ▁ 3 . 1 5 ▁p . m . ▁The ▁Bel gi ans ▁started ▁at ▁their ▁full ▁pace ▁and ▁perfectly ▁together , ▁row ing ▁ 1 2 , ▁ 2 3 , ▁and ▁ 4 3 . ▁Le ander , ▁showing ▁beautiful ▁precision ▁and ▁great ▁power , ▁went ▁off ▁at ▁ 1 1 , ▁ 2 2 , ▁and ▁ 4 2 . ▁Only , ▁however , ▁by ▁about ▁six ▁inches ▁did ▁the ▁English ▁crew ▁keep ▁ahead ▁until ▁they ▁had ▁passed ▁the ▁island , ▁up ▁which ▁both ▁e ights ▁went ▁at ▁a ▁trem end ous ▁pace ▁and ▁nearly ▁dead ▁level . ▁But ▁Le ander ▁were ▁gain ing ▁about ▁an ▁in ch ▁at ▁every ▁stroke , ▁and ▁by ▁the ▁first ▁signal ▁they ▁had ▁half ▁a ▁length ▁in ▁hand . ▁The ▁Bel gi ans ▁sp urt ed ▁suddenly ▁at ▁about ▁half ▁a ▁mile ▁from ▁the ▁start , ▁but ▁Le ander ▁answered ▁them ▁at ▁once ▁in ▁no ▁uncertain ▁fashion , ▁and ▁Henry ▁Buck n all ' s ▁tim ely ▁quick en ▁brought ▁his ▁men ▁three - quarters ▁of ▁a ▁length ▁ahead ▁at ▁half way , ▁which ▁the ▁leaders ▁passed ▁in ▁ 3 : 3 4 . ▁Once ▁more ▁the ▁Belg ian ▁stroke ▁made ▁a ▁great ▁effort , ▁and ▁his ▁men ▁respond ed ▁gam ely |
, ▁but ▁it ▁took ▁too ▁much ▁out ▁of ▁them . ▁They ▁had ▁fal tered ▁once ▁before , ▁and ▁recovered ▁themselves ▁with ▁the ▁greatest ▁courage . ▁This ▁time ▁they ▁rolled ▁badly , ▁and ▁for ▁a ▁moment ▁seemed ▁to ▁go ▁to ▁pieces . ▁Like ▁a ▁flash ▁the ▁English ▁crew ▁went ▁away ▁from ▁them , ▁and , ▁with ▁a ▁quarter ▁of ▁a ▁length ▁clear ▁water ▁between ▁the ▁boats . ▁The ▁Bel gi ans ▁sp urt ed ▁again ▁and ▁again ▁as ▁they ▁ne ared ▁the ▁grand ▁stand , ▁but ▁human ▁nature ▁could ▁do ▁no ▁more . ▁Le ander ▁pulled ▁away ▁again , ▁eventually ▁winning ▁by ▁two ▁lengths ▁in ▁a ▁time ▁of ▁ 7 ▁min . ▁ 5 2 ▁sec . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁S ources ▁▁▁▁▁ ▁Men ' s ▁co x ed ▁ 8 <0x0A> </s> ▁S oda ▁Spr ings ▁is ▁an ▁un in cor por ated ▁community ▁in ▁M end oc ino ▁County , ▁California . ▁It ▁is ▁located ▁on ▁the ▁California ▁Western ▁Rail road ▁near ▁Bur beck ▁ ▁west ▁of ▁Will its , ▁at ▁an ▁elev ation ▁of ▁ 7 4 1 ▁feet ▁( 2 2 6 ▁m ). ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : Un in cor por ated ▁communities ▁in ▁California ▁Category : Un in cor por ated ▁communities ▁in ▁M end oc ino ▁County , ▁California <0x0A> </s> ▁Robert ▁Con rad ▁" Bob " ▁Kh ay at ▁( born ▁April ▁ 1 8 , ▁ 1 9 3 8 ) ▁was ▁the ▁ 1 5 th ▁Chan cell or ▁of ▁the ▁University ▁of |
▁Mississippi . ▁He ▁was ▁appointed ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 5 . ▁Kh ay at , ▁a ▁former ▁student ▁of ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Mississippi , ▁is ▁the ▁only ▁Chan cell or ▁of ▁the ▁university ▁to ▁be ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁Student ▁Hall ▁of ▁Fame ▁there . ▁He ▁has ▁B . A . ▁and ▁J . D . ▁degrees ▁from ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Mississippi ▁and ▁a ▁LL . M . ▁degree ▁from ▁Y ale ▁University . ▁▁ ▁He ▁was ▁born ▁in ▁M oss ▁Point , ▁Mississippi . ▁His ▁brother ▁is ▁Ed ▁Kh ay at , ▁former ▁NFL ▁def ensive ▁lin eman ▁and ▁Philadelphia ▁E ag les ▁head ▁coach . ▁ ▁Professional ▁football ▁career ▁ ▁Kh ay at ▁played ▁American ▁football ▁in ▁the ▁National ▁Football ▁League ▁from ▁ 1 9 6 0 ▁to ▁ 1 9 6 3 . ▁D raft ed ▁by ▁the ▁Cleveland ▁Brow ns ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 0 ▁along ▁with ▁Ole ▁Miss ▁team m ates ▁Bobby ▁Franklin ▁and ▁Johnny ▁Bre wer , ▁Kh ay at ▁never ▁played ▁for ▁the ▁Brow ns . ▁He ▁was ▁pack aged ▁with ▁off ensive ▁tack le ▁Fran ▁O ' B rien ▁in ▁an ▁April ▁ 1 9 6 0 ▁trade ▁with ▁the ▁Washington ▁Red sk ins ▁for ▁running ▁back / place k icker ▁Sam ▁Baker . ▁Kh ay at ▁played ▁for ▁Washington ▁through ▁ 1 9 6 3 , ▁primarily ▁as ▁a ▁place k icker . ▁He ▁was ▁named ▁to ▁the ▁Pro ▁Bowl ▁as ▁a ▁ro ok ie ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 0 . |
▁ ▁University ▁of ▁Mississippi ▁ch an cell or ▁ ▁In ▁one ▁of ▁his ▁first ▁acts ▁as ▁ch an cell or , ▁Dr . ▁Kh ay at ▁arranged ▁for ▁a ▁$ 5 . 4 ▁million ▁gift ▁from ▁Jim ▁and ▁S ally ▁B ark sd ale ▁to ▁establish ▁an ▁hon ors ▁college ▁at ▁the ▁university . ▁In ▁ 1 9 9 6 , ▁with ▁en roll ment ▁decl ining , ▁Chan cell or ▁Kh ay at ▁retained ▁the ▁public ▁relations ▁firm , ▁Bur son - Mar steller , ▁to ▁conduct ▁a ▁survey ▁of ▁public ▁per ception ▁— ▁including ▁university ▁symbols . ▁When ▁The ▁New ▁York ▁Times ▁reported ▁on ▁the ▁review , ▁which ▁included ▁the ▁Confeder ate ▁Flag ▁and ▁other ▁Old ▁South ▁symbols , ▁a ▁media ▁f ren zy ▁en su ed . ▁ ▁On ▁January ▁ 6 , ▁ 2 0 0 9 , ▁Dr . ▁Kh ay at ▁announced ▁his ▁ret irement ▁effective ▁June ▁ 3 0 , ▁ 2 0 0 9 . ▁He ▁was ▁succeeded ▁by ▁Dr . ▁Daniel ▁" Dan " ▁Jones ▁on ▁June ▁ 1 5 , ▁ 2 0 0 9 . ▁ ▁Chan cell or ▁Kh ay at ' s ▁mem oir , ▁The ▁Education ▁of ▁a ▁L if etime , ▁was ▁published ▁on ▁September ▁ 1 0 , ▁ 2 0 1 3 . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁▁ ▁List ▁of ▁Chan cell ors ▁of ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Mississippi ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁University ▁of ▁Mississippi ▁profile ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 3 8 ▁birth s |
▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : American ▁football ▁place k ick ers ▁Category : American ▁people ▁of ▁Leb an ese ▁descent ▁Category : Ch an cell ors ▁of ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Mississippi ▁Category : E astern ▁Conference ▁Pro ▁Bowl ▁players ▁Category : O le ▁Miss ▁Reb els ▁athlet ic ▁direct ors ▁Category : O le ▁Miss ▁Reb els ▁football ▁players ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁M oss ▁Point , ▁Mississippi ▁Category : Univers ity ▁of ▁Mississippi ▁al umn i ▁Category : Univers ity ▁of ▁Mississippi ▁School ▁of ▁Law ▁al umn i ▁Category : W ashington ▁Red sk ins ▁players ▁Category : Y ale ▁University ▁al umn i ▁Category : Play ers ▁of ▁American ▁football ▁from ▁Mississippi ▁Category : W rit ers ▁from ▁Mississippi <0x0A> </s> ▁Bo ize ▁( pr on ounced ▁Boys ) ▁was ▁a ▁Canadian ▁heavy ▁metal ▁and ▁gl am ▁metal ▁band ▁based ▁in ▁Montreal , ▁Quebec . ▁The ▁band ▁was ▁formed ▁in ▁the ▁spring ▁of ▁ 1 9 8 9 ▁in ▁L aval , ▁Quebec ▁when ▁vocal ist ▁Perry ▁Bla ine y ▁respond ed ▁to ▁an ▁advert is ement ▁placed ▁in ▁the ▁Montreal ▁Gazette ▁newspaper ▁by ▁bass ist ▁and ▁keyboard ist ▁St é ph ane ▁F ania ▁and ▁guitar ist ▁Robert ▁K our ie . ▁Bo ize ▁was ▁associated ▁with ▁record ▁label ▁Aqu arius ▁Records ▁and ▁was ▁managed ▁by ▁Canadian ▁music ian ▁star ▁and ▁recording ▁studio ▁owner ▁Bill ▁Hill , ▁under ▁his ▁music ▁production ▁company ▁and ▁management ▁ag ency ▁Bill ▁Hill ▁Produ ctions . ▁The ▁band ▁also ▁had ▁a ▁brief |
▁association ▁with ▁South ▁American ▁heavy ▁metal ▁legend ▁Al v ac ast , ▁when ▁singer ▁Carlos ▁" Char ly " ▁L ope z ▁joined ▁Bo ize ▁as ▁new ▁vocal ist ▁in ▁the ▁fall ▁of ▁ 1 9 9 2 . ▁ ▁At ▁its ▁height , ▁Bo ize ▁head lined ▁festiv als ▁around ▁Quebec ▁and ▁was ▁book ed ▁months ▁in ▁advance ▁to ▁perform ▁several ▁night s ▁in ▁a ▁row ▁at ▁local ▁Montreal ▁music ▁ven ues . ▁Its ▁music , ▁including ▁singles ▁In ▁To o ▁Deep ▁and ▁Get ▁a ▁Life , ▁was ▁a ▁st ap le ▁on ▁music ▁television ▁channels ▁Mus ique ▁Plus ▁and ▁Much Music ▁and ▁Montreal ' s ▁top ▁rock ▁radio ▁station ▁CH OM - FM . ▁The ▁band ▁members ▁of ▁Bo ize ▁also ▁founded ▁their ▁own ▁independent ▁music ▁publishing ▁company , ▁K link ▁Publishing , ▁and ▁their ▁own ▁record ▁label , ▁U - I li ot ▁Records , ▁through ▁which ▁they ▁market ed ▁the ▁band ' s ▁record ings ▁ ▁and ▁collected ▁roy alt ies , ▁even ▁over ▁the ▁span ▁of ▁their ▁success ▁and ▁deal ings ▁with ▁major ▁record ▁labels . ▁Both ▁companies ▁are ▁still ▁active ▁to ▁this ▁day , ▁though ▁they ▁are ▁now ▁sole ly ▁owned ▁and ▁operated ▁by ▁found ing ▁member ▁St é ph ane ▁F ania , ▁who ▁has ▁re - iss ued ▁Bo ize ' s ▁entire ▁catalog ▁digit ally ▁along ▁with ▁a ▁selection ▁of ▁previously ▁un re leased ▁material . ▁ ▁Bo ize ' s ▁momentum ▁ended ▁prem ature ly ▁in ▁the ▁summer ▁of ▁ 1 9 9 |
3 ▁following ▁a ▁heavy ▁rotation ▁of ▁vocal ists . ▁After ▁the ▁departure ▁of ▁original ▁singer ▁Perry ▁Bla ine y ▁in ▁the ▁fall ▁of ▁ 1 9 9 2 , ▁the ▁band ▁performed ▁with ▁three ▁different ▁vocal ists ▁over ▁the ▁next ▁nine ▁months ▁and ▁ultimately ▁decided ▁to ▁change ▁the ▁band ' s ▁name ▁to ▁Em iss ary . ▁Under ▁the ▁new ▁name , ▁the ▁band ' s ▁sound ▁changed ▁consider ably ▁and ▁never ▁achieved ▁the ▁same ▁level ▁of ▁success . ▁ ▁History ▁ ▁Foundation ▁( 1 9 8 6 - 1 9 8 9 ) ▁Bo ize ▁was ▁founded ▁by ▁F loyd ▁H are m ▁( Ro bert ▁K our ie ) ▁on ▁guitar ▁and ▁Z any ▁Sh ult z ▁( Ste ph ane ▁F ania ) ▁on ▁bass ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 9 . ▁They ▁had ▁been ▁making ▁music ▁together ▁since ▁ 1 9 8 6 , ▁including ▁the ▁band ▁Un mark ed / Al ter - E go ▁from ▁the ▁summer ▁of ▁ 1 9 8 7 ▁to ▁September ▁ 1 9 8 8 ▁and ▁Le ading ▁Edge / St rike ▁Any where ▁from ▁late ▁ 1 9 8 8 ▁to ▁March ▁ 1 9 8 9 . ▁Some ▁of ▁the ▁material ▁written ▁with ▁Su z anne ▁Mad den ▁as ▁vocal ist ▁in ▁Le ading ▁Edge / St rike ▁Any where ▁would ▁evol ve ▁to ▁become ▁the ▁earliest ▁Bo ize ▁material ▁when ▁F y ia ▁Pow ers ▁( Per ry ▁Bla ine y , ▁an ▁O z zy ▁Os bourne ▁type |
) ▁joined ▁in ▁April ▁ 1 9 8 9 ▁as ▁the ▁vocal ist . ▁They ▁recorded ▁their ▁first ▁" re he ars al ▁demo " ▁in ▁June ▁ 1 9 8 9 ▁and ▁later ▁in ▁the ▁year , ▁re - record ed ▁the ▁same ▁five ▁songs ▁at ▁Studio ▁Works ▁for ▁their ▁original ▁demo . ▁" The ▁Bug " ▁was ▁released ▁in ▁October ▁ 1 9 8 9 ▁and ▁as ▁they ▁had ▁no ▁drum mer , ▁Steph ▁also ▁program med ▁a ▁drum ▁machine ▁while ▁recording ▁the ▁keyboard ▁parts . ▁After ▁sho pping ▁around ▁the ▁demo , ▁they ▁land ed ▁their ▁first ▁TV ▁interview ▁in ▁November ▁ 1 9 8 9 ▁on ▁a ▁late ▁night ▁talk ▁show ▁Zone ▁Rou ge . ▁That ▁December , ▁Bo ize ▁were ▁scheduled ▁to ▁play ▁their ▁first ▁show ▁at ▁L ' Int ro ▁but ▁it ▁had ▁to ▁be ▁cancel led ▁because ▁they ▁couldn ' t ▁find ▁a ▁drum mer ▁in ▁time . ▁ ▁Exp and ing ▁the ▁band ▁& ▁record ▁label ▁interest ▁( 1 9 9 0 - 1 9 9 1 ) ▁In ▁January ▁ 1 9 9 0 , ▁Bo ize ▁posted ▁an ▁add ▁in ▁The ▁Gazette ▁to ▁find ▁a ▁drum mer . ▁After ▁some ▁aud itions , ▁Sieg fried ▁( Sc ott ▁Mac Donald ) ▁was ▁chosen ▁to ▁replace ▁the ▁drum ▁machine . ▁A ▁month ▁later ▁Z or ba ▁( V ict or ▁An an ian ), ▁a ▁high ▁school ▁friend ▁of ▁Steph ▁joined ▁as ▁keyboard ist . ▁The ▁band ▁then ▁moved ▁its ▁jam ▁space ▁from ▁Bob |
' s ▁bas ement ▁to ▁a ▁re he ars al ▁room ▁at ▁ 7 5 0 ▁Cre ma zie ▁O uest , ▁right ▁above ▁Tro phy ' s ▁Sports ▁Bar . ▁It ▁wasn ' t ▁long ▁before ▁they ▁played ▁their ▁first ▁show ▁with ▁this ▁line - up ▁at ▁L ' Int ro ▁on ▁April ▁ 2 , ▁ 1 9 9 0 . ▁However ▁Z or ba ▁couldn ' t ▁stay ▁in ▁the ▁band ▁and ▁left ▁later ▁that ▁month . ▁But ▁they ▁did ▁expand ▁to ▁a ▁second ▁guitar ist ▁with ▁Pascal ▁Tra han ▁after ▁Perry ▁suggested ▁the ▁guitar ist ▁from ▁his ▁previous ▁band . ▁With ▁a ▁rh ythm ▁guitar ist ▁for ▁their ▁concert s , ▁this ▁line - up ▁played ▁their ▁second ▁show , ▁also ▁at ▁L ' Int ro , ▁on ▁May ▁ 2 6 , ▁ 1 9 9 0 , ▁with ▁nearly ▁an ▁hour ▁and ▁a ▁half ' s ▁worth ▁of ▁original ▁material . ▁From ▁its ▁early ▁in ception , ▁the ▁band ▁refused ▁to ▁play ▁covers ▁and ▁stuck ▁to ▁only ▁playing ▁their ▁own ▁songs . ▁During ▁this ▁second ▁show , ▁they ▁announced ▁that ▁they ▁were ▁raising ▁money ▁in ▁order ▁to ▁record ▁their ▁first ▁full - length ▁album . ▁In ▁June ▁ 1 9 9 0 , ▁they ▁played ▁a ▁five - song ▁set ▁for ▁a ▁label ▁show case ▁at ▁the ▁Back street , ▁but ▁things ▁didn ' t ▁turn ▁out ▁in ▁their ▁favor . ▁Instead ▁the ▁band ▁signed ▁with ▁Im ag ination ▁Records ▁for ▁an ▁album ▁re le asing ▁contract |
. ▁That ▁fall ▁Bo ize ▁began ▁recording ▁at ▁Cher ry ▁Studio ▁with ▁the ▁S tocol a ▁brothers ▁for ▁their ▁planned ▁first ▁album . ▁Meanwhile , ▁they ▁played ▁a ▁couple ▁more ▁shows , ▁one ▁at ▁Jack ie ' s ▁Ca fe , ▁another ▁at ▁Wh is key ' s ▁and ▁several ▁at ▁Sam ' s ▁Rock ▁Bar . ▁In ▁September ▁they ▁moved ▁out ▁of ▁their ▁re he ars al ▁space ▁on ▁Cre ma zie ▁because ▁the ▁noise ▁level ▁was ▁so ▁bad ▁and ▁tempor arily ▁jam med ▁back ▁in ▁Bob ' s ▁bas ement . ▁By ▁November ▁they ▁had ▁recorded ▁nine ▁songs , ▁but ▁the ▁label ' s ▁plans ▁had ▁changed ▁and ▁Bo ize ▁were ▁forced ▁to ▁leg ally ▁break ▁their ▁contract ▁with ▁them . ▁ ▁In ▁December , ▁Bo ize ▁was ▁book ed ▁to ▁play ▁all ▁the ▁hol iday ▁shows ▁at ▁Sam ' s ▁Rock ▁Bar . ▁Starting ▁with ▁December ▁ 2 3 , ▁ 1 9 9 0 ▁for ▁the ▁Christmas ▁show , ▁with ▁Bar fly ▁and ▁then ▁the ▁ 3 0 th ▁and ▁ 3 1 st , ▁the ▁first ▁again ▁with ▁Bar fly ▁and ▁the ▁second ▁with ▁Red ▁T ape , ▁for ▁the ▁new ▁year ▁celebr ation . ▁In ▁January ▁ 1 9 9 1 , ▁Bo ize ▁asked ▁Pascal ▁to ▁become ▁a ▁permanent ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁band , ▁but ▁he ▁was ▁already ▁working ▁on ▁his ▁own ▁new ▁band , ▁Les ▁Di ables ▁a ▁Qu atre , ▁which ▁he ▁was ▁beginning ▁to ▁do ▁full - time . ▁Now ▁as ▁a ▁four |
▁piece , ▁Bo ize ▁found ▁a ▁new ▁re he ars al ▁room ▁in ▁Sam ' s ▁Rock ▁Bar ' s ▁bas ement , ▁which ▁had ▁recently ▁been ▁divided ▁into ▁jam ▁spaces . ▁Bo ize ▁were ▁the ▁first ▁band ▁to ▁practice ▁there ▁and ▁would ▁really ▁make ▁a ▁home ▁of ▁the ▁ven ue ▁for ▁the ▁next ▁year ▁and ▁a ▁half . ▁The ▁new ▁year ▁proved ▁to ▁be ▁filled ▁with ▁good ▁luck ▁as ▁they ▁were ▁quickly ▁picked ▁up ▁by ▁Bill ▁Hill ▁Produ ctions ▁in ▁mid ▁January ▁and ▁he ▁immediately ▁took ▁them ▁to ▁Morris ▁Ap el baum ' s ▁Sil ent ▁Sound ▁Studio ▁to ▁re work ▁the ▁Cher ry ▁Studio ▁material . ▁There ▁they ▁did ▁some ▁vocal ▁re - d ubs ▁and ▁attempted ▁to ▁re - mix ▁some ▁of ▁the ▁poor ly ▁recorded ▁material ▁but ▁it ▁wasn ' t ▁happening . ▁In ▁February ▁Bill ▁decided ▁to ▁try ▁at ▁a ▁different ▁studio ▁so ▁they ▁went ▁to ▁Frank ▁Mar ino ' s ▁Star base ▁Studio . ▁There ▁they ▁re - record ed ▁some ▁of ▁the ▁drums ▁and ▁gu it ars ▁and ▁also ▁recorded ▁a ▁t enth ▁song , ▁" In ▁To o ▁Deep ", ▁featuring ▁Kim ▁and ▁Dor ian ▁Sher wood . ▁Bill ▁ins isted ▁that ▁Bo ize ▁record ▁this ▁new ▁song ▁because ▁he ▁intended ▁for ▁it ▁to ▁be ▁their ▁first ▁single , ▁with ▁a ▁plan ▁to ▁press ▁it ▁on ▁max i ▁CD ▁singles , ▁make ▁a ▁video ▁for ▁it ▁and ▁ship ▁it ▁off ▁to ▁the ▁TV ▁and ▁radio ▁stations . ▁With ▁some ▁newly ▁recorded ▁and ▁pol ished ▁up |
▁material , ▁the ▁immediate ▁plan ▁to ▁release ▁the ▁full - length ▁was ▁dropped ▁and ▁instead , ▁four ▁songs ▁were ▁selected ▁to ▁be ▁used ▁on ▁a ▁prom o ▁t ape , ▁titled ▁" I ' ll ▁Still ▁Love ▁You ", ▁to ▁send ▁to ▁the ▁maj ors . ▁When ▁the ▁prom o ▁t ape ▁came ▁out ▁in ▁March ▁ 1 9 9 1 , ▁a ▁lot ▁of ▁promotion ▁started ▁for ▁Bo ize ▁and ▁they ▁were ▁invited ▁to ▁be ▁interview ed ▁by ▁To ot all ▁on ▁CH OM - FM ' s ▁hit ▁show ▁" M ade ▁in ▁Canada " ▁on ▁May ▁ 1 5 , ▁ 1 9 9 1 . ▁During ▁the ▁interview , ▁To ot all ▁played ▁three ▁of ▁the ▁four ▁songs ▁from ▁the ▁prom o ▁t ape . ▁In ▁April ▁ 1 9 9 1 , ▁Bo ize ▁founded ▁their ▁own ▁publishing ▁company , ▁K link ▁Publishing . ▁ ▁The ▁classic ▁line - up ▁& ▁main stream ▁appeal ▁( 1 9 9 1 - 1 9 9 2 ) ▁Bo ize ▁would ▁play ▁their ▁next ▁show ▁on ▁May ▁ 1 8 ▁at ▁Sam ' s ▁Rock ▁Bar ▁where ▁they ▁met ▁a ▁new ▁fan , ▁Steve ▁B ahr ▁( Ste ve ▁Ber ger ▁a ka ▁Min ou ), ▁who ▁would ▁show ▁immediate ▁interest ▁in ▁becoming ▁their ▁new ▁rh ythm ▁guitar ▁player . ▁It ▁would ▁take ▁the ▁band ▁a ▁few ▁more ▁shows ▁and ▁practices ▁before ▁being ▁convinced ▁that ▁a ▁second ▁guitar ▁player ▁was ▁the ▁way ▁to ▁go . ▁Steve ▁officially ▁joined ▁in ▁the ▁late |
▁summer ▁of ▁ 1 9 9 1 . ▁With ▁dual ▁guitar ists , ▁Bo ize ▁started ▁writing ▁heav ier ▁material ▁and ▁quickly ▁gained ▁a ▁reputation ▁as ▁a ▁local ▁att raction ▁in ▁the ▁clubs ▁and ▁their ▁following ▁was ▁growing ▁stead ily . ▁In ▁October ▁ 1 9 9 1 ▁Bill ▁Hill ▁and ▁his ▁assistant ▁Gar field ▁Lamb ▁offered ▁Bo ize ▁a ▁recording ▁deal ▁for ▁an ▁EP ▁which ▁would ▁come ▁to ▁life ▁the ▁ 1 9 9 1 - 1 9 9 2 ▁winter . ▁In ▁January ▁ 1 9 9 2 , ▁Bo ize ▁entered ▁Mot - tel ▁Studio ▁to ▁record ▁for ▁the ▁fifth ▁time . ▁The ▁self - t itled ▁Bo ize ▁EP ▁was ▁released ▁on ▁their ▁own ▁record ▁label , ▁U - I li ot ▁Records , ▁published ▁through ▁K link ▁Publishing ▁and ▁was ▁their ▁first ▁nation ally ▁distributed ▁release . ▁The ▁prom ot ional ▁package ▁included ▁ 5 0 0 0 ▁c ass ette ▁t apes , ▁ 5 0 0 ▁CD s , ▁ 5 0 0 0 ▁post ers ▁and ▁several ▁hundred ▁T - sh ir ts , ▁h ats ▁and ▁stick ers . ▁Bo ize ▁also ▁fil med ▁a ▁music ▁video ▁for ▁" Get ▁a ▁Life " ▁at ▁the ▁Back street , ▁one ▁of ▁their ▁most ▁frequently ▁played ▁ven ue . ▁For ▁this , ▁the ▁club ▁was ▁opened ▁on ▁a ▁usually ▁closed ▁T ues day ▁night ▁and ▁filled ▁to ▁maximum ▁capacity . ▁They ▁h ired ▁Martin ▁T angu ay ▁and ▁Andy ▁Mol ition ▁to ▁direct ▁and ▁edit ▁the |
▁short ▁film . ▁Additionally , ▁they ▁h ired ▁Jud ith ▁C ez ar ▁and ▁Keith ▁Marshall ▁for ▁a ▁full ▁shooting ▁of ▁prom ot ional ▁pictures , ▁some ▁would ▁be ▁used ▁in ▁the ▁EP ▁book let , ▁another ▁for ▁their ▁poster ▁and ▁some ▁for ▁press ▁k its . ▁ ▁The ▁EP ▁was ▁released ▁on ▁April ▁ 2 1 , ▁ 1 9 9 2 ▁with ▁a ▁huge ▁party ▁at ▁Sam ' s ▁Rock ▁Bar ▁where ▁the ▁video ▁a ired ▁for ▁the ▁first ▁time . ▁It ▁was ▁then ▁sent ▁to ▁Mus ique ▁Plus ▁and ▁Much Music ▁where ▁it ▁would ▁play ▁count less ▁times ▁during ▁the ▁year . ▁The ▁day ▁after ▁the ▁release ▁party , ▁Bo ize ▁were ▁invited ▁again ▁by ▁To ot all ▁on ▁CH OM - FM ' s ▁" M ade ▁in ▁Canada " ▁to ▁talk ▁about ▁their ▁new ▁release ▁and ▁four ▁of ▁the ▁five ▁songs ▁from ▁the ▁EP ▁were ▁a ired ▁during ▁the ▁show . ▁CH OM ▁continued ▁playing ▁Bo ize ▁and ▁they ▁were ▁picked ▁up ▁by ▁C K R K - FM ▁and ▁C IB L - FM ▁as ▁well . ▁In ▁early ▁May ▁ 1 9 9 2 , ▁Scott ▁gave ▁an ▁exclusive ▁interview ▁to ▁M ick ▁C ody ▁for ▁his ▁June ▁ 1 9 9 2 ▁publication ▁of ▁A ce ▁Magazine , ▁which ▁also ▁featured ▁an ▁album ▁review ▁The ▁May ▁ 2 8 th ▁ 1 9 9 2 ▁issue ▁of ▁Montreal ▁Mir ror ▁magazine ▁had ▁a ▁write - up ▁on ▁the ▁band ' s ▁new ▁EP , ▁written |
▁by ▁none ▁other ▁than ▁Jen ny ▁Ross ▁in ▁her ▁column ▁" Not es ▁From ▁Under ground ". ▁With ▁all ▁this ▁h ype , ▁the ▁band ▁needed ▁more ▁space ▁and ▁moved ▁their ▁jam ▁room ▁to ▁ 5 9 8 0 ▁Metropolitan ▁East , ▁above ▁a ▁cer am ic ▁store . ▁This ▁new ▁re he ars al ▁space ▁allowed ▁the ▁band ▁to ▁set ▁up ▁a ▁mini ▁recording ▁studio ▁where ▁they ▁could ▁track ▁their ▁progress . ▁On ▁May ▁ 3 0 ▁Bo ize ▁played ▁with ▁National ▁Vel vet ▁at ▁the ▁Back street ▁and ▁from ▁then ▁on , ▁national ▁distribution ▁de als ▁started ▁being ▁offered ▁( including ▁a ▁serious ▁offer ▁from ▁Aqu arius ▁Records ). ▁Bo ize ▁was ▁becoming ▁a ▁st ap le ▁name ▁in ▁Canadian ▁heavy ▁metal ▁and ▁were ▁book ed ▁almost ▁constantly ▁all ▁around ▁Montreal ▁clubs . ▁On ▁August ▁ 1 5 ▁and ▁ 1 6 ▁ 1 9 9 2 , ▁Bo ize ▁was ▁invited ▁to ▁head line ▁the ▁Mont mag ny ▁Festival ▁( Ex position ▁Reg ionale ▁de ▁Mont mag ny ) ▁on ▁its ▁last ▁two ▁dates ▁of ▁the ▁week - long ▁festival . ▁To ▁promote ▁the ▁band ' s ▁coming , ▁some ▁of ▁the ▁local ▁restaur ants ▁printed ▁their ▁men us ▁with ▁the ▁band ' s ▁picture ▁and ▁the ▁show ▁dates . ▁Wh atever ▁was ▁left ▁of ▁the ▁mer ch and ise ▁pressed ▁for ▁the ▁EP ▁was ▁sold ▁out ▁during ▁those ▁two ▁shows . ▁ ▁After ▁head lin ing ▁the ▁festival , ▁Aqu arius ▁Records ▁was ▁even ▁more ▁anxious ▁to ▁sign ▁the |
▁band ▁and ▁attempted ▁to ▁set ▁up ▁a ▁meeting ▁in ▁late ▁September . ▁During ▁September , ▁the ▁band ▁would ▁again ▁move ▁their ▁jam ming ▁space ▁to ▁ 5 6 7 8 ▁Jar ry ▁East , ▁this ▁time ▁in ▁a ▁strip ▁m all ▁where ▁they ▁would ▁remain ▁until ▁the ▁end . ▁Bo ize ▁would ▁book ▁a ▁hand ful ▁of ▁shows ▁through ▁September ▁and ▁October , ▁starting ▁with ▁Bar ▁Che z ▁Sw ann ▁on ▁September ▁ 1 2 , ▁a ▁three - day ▁head line ▁at ▁Sam ' s ▁Rock ▁Bar ▁from ▁the ▁ 1 7 ▁to ▁the ▁ 1 9 , ▁plus ▁another ▁on ▁the ▁ 2 6 , ▁the ▁Back street ▁again ▁on ▁October ▁ 3 ▁and ▁more ▁offers ▁coming ▁in . ▁Unfortunately , ▁Perry ▁announced ▁his ▁desire ▁to ▁leave ▁the ▁band ▁after ▁the ▁show ▁at ▁Bar ▁Che z ▁Sw ann ▁which ▁led ▁to ▁most ▁of ▁the ▁Sam ' s ▁Rock ▁Bar ▁shows ▁being ▁cancel led . ▁The ▁band ▁was ▁not ▁ready ▁to ▁give ▁up ▁and , ▁not ▁wanting ▁to ▁cancel ▁more ▁of ▁the ▁shows ▁that ▁were ▁book ed , ▁placed ▁an ▁ad ▁in ▁the ▁Gazette ▁looking ▁for ▁a ▁new ▁vocal ist . ▁They ▁quickly ▁found ▁Carlos ▁" Char ly " ▁L ope z ▁( a ▁Bruce ▁Dick inson ▁type ), ▁who ▁had ▁recently ▁moved ▁to ▁Montreal ▁from ▁Uruguay . ▁Back ▁home , ▁Char ly ▁was ▁famous ▁as ▁the ▁vocal ist ▁for ▁the ▁band ▁Al v ac ast , ▁who ▁were ▁the ▁South ▁American ▁equivalent ▁to ▁Iron ▁Ma iden . ▁ ▁On ▁September ▁ |
2 7 , ▁ 1 9 9 2 , ▁to ▁celebr ate ▁the ▁new ▁addition ▁to ▁the ▁band , ▁Bo ize ▁went ▁to ▁play ▁a ▁cover ▁of ▁Iron ▁Ma iden ' s ▁" Run ▁to ▁the ▁Hills " ▁at ▁local ▁club ▁Rock p ile . ▁The ▁fans ▁approved ▁right ▁away . ▁The ▁five ▁shows ▁that ▁were ▁book ed ▁for ▁that ▁October , ▁including ▁the ▁Back street , ▁F uz zy ' s ▁and ▁a ▁ 3 - night ▁st int ▁at ▁bar ▁L ' En fer ▁in ▁Sher bro oke , ▁were ▁a ▁huge ▁success . ▁Their ▁last ▁night ▁in ▁Sher bro oke , ▁the ▁crowd ▁che ered ▁so ▁loud ▁that ▁they ▁were ▁asked ▁to ▁play ▁their ▁entire ▁set ▁a ▁second ▁time ▁as ▁an ▁encore ▁until ▁ 3 ▁a . m . ▁when ▁the ▁bar ▁closed . ▁Bill ▁Hill ▁and ▁Gr alf ▁Lamb ▁were ▁interested ▁in ▁getting ▁the ▁band ▁back ▁in ▁studio , ▁in ▁hope ▁to ▁final ize ▁the ▁Aqu arius ▁Records ▁deal . ▁Steph ▁had ▁already ▁set ▁up ▁their ▁new ▁jam ▁space ▁on ▁Jar ry ▁with ▁their ▁mini ▁studio ▁and ▁began ▁recording ▁their ▁re he ars als . ▁In ▁November ▁they ▁provided ▁Bill ▁with ▁a ▁t ape ▁of ▁two ▁new ▁songs ▁they ▁had ▁written ▁along ▁with ▁the ▁songs ▁from ▁the ▁self - t itled ▁EP ▁re - record ed ▁with ▁Char ly ▁on ▁vocals , ▁all ▁recorded ▁live ▁in ▁the ▁re he ars al . ▁On ▁December ▁ 5 , ▁Steve ▁left ▁the ▁band ▁to ▁go ▁live ▁in ▁G asp es ie |
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