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ard ien ▁was ▁h ired ▁as ▁the ▁football ▁coach ▁at ▁Ober lin ▁College . ▁With ▁almost ▁every ▁veter an ▁player ▁missing ▁from ▁the ▁football ▁team ▁due ▁to ▁a ▁frat ern ity ▁exp ulsion , ▁Des ▁J ard iens ' ▁ 1 9 1 6 ▁Ober lin ▁team ▁failed ▁to ▁win ▁a ▁game ▁for ▁the ▁first ▁time ▁in ▁the ▁program ' s ▁history ▁and ▁scored ▁only ▁ 1 3 ▁points ▁throughout ▁the ▁season . ▁ ▁That ▁year , ▁Des ▁J ard ien ▁also ▁played ▁for ▁Peg gy ▁Par r att ' s ▁Cleveland ▁Indians ▁football ▁team ▁in ▁their ▁first ▁and ▁only ▁season ▁as ▁a ▁professional ▁football ▁team . ▁Par r att ▁built ▁a ▁team ▁of ▁all - st ars ▁around ▁Des ▁J ard ien . ▁The ▁Indians ▁lost ▁two ▁games ▁to ▁Jim ▁Thor pe ' s ▁C anton ▁Bul ld ogs , ▁played ▁the ▁Mass illon ▁Tig ers ▁to ▁a ▁sc or eless ▁tie , ▁and ▁closed ▁the ▁season ▁with ▁three ▁wins ▁against ▁the ▁Columb us ▁Pan hand les , ▁Detroit ▁Her ald s ▁and ▁To led o ▁Mar o ons . ▁Des ▁J ard ien ▁also ▁reported ly ▁played ▁professional ▁football ▁for ▁the ▁C anton ▁Bul ld ogs ▁and ▁Fort ▁Wayne ▁Fri ars . ▁During ▁the ▁ 1 9 1 6 – 1 7 ▁basketball ▁season ▁he ▁played ▁professional ▁basketball ▁with ▁the ▁P ine ▁Village , ▁Indiana ▁team . ▁ ▁Des ▁J ard ien ▁served ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Army ▁during ▁World ▁War ▁I . ▁In ▁the ▁fall ▁of ▁ 1 9 1 |
7 ▁he ▁played ▁on ▁an ▁Army ▁football ▁team ▁at ▁Fort ▁Sher idan ▁that ▁included ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁former ▁All - Amer icans ▁including ▁Albert ▁Ben bro ok , ▁Ernest ▁All m ending er , ▁James ▁B . ▁Craig ▁and ▁Dol ly ▁Gray . ▁In ▁ 1 9 1 8 ▁he ▁was ▁placed ▁in ▁charge ▁of ▁a ▁German ▁prison ▁camp ▁in ▁Paris . ▁After ▁returning ▁from ▁France , ▁Des ▁J ard ien ▁played ▁professional ▁football ▁for ▁the ▁Hamm ond ▁Pro s ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 9 . ▁In ▁December ▁ 1 9 1 9 , ▁P . J . ▁P ard u hn , ▁president ▁of ▁the ▁Hamm ond ▁football ▁team , ▁was ▁arrested ▁on ▁a ▁charge ▁of ▁issu ing ▁bog us ▁checks , ▁after ▁a ▁compla int ▁was ▁lod ged ▁by ▁Des ▁J ard ien ▁and ▁M ilt ▁G he e . ▁They ▁dropped ▁the ▁charges ▁when ▁P ard u hn ▁agreed ▁to ▁make ▁good ▁on ▁the ▁payment . ▁After ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁football ▁season ▁that ▁month , ▁Des ▁J ard ien ▁signed ▁to ▁play ▁professional ▁basketball ▁with ▁the ▁Red ▁Crow ns ▁team ▁from ▁Wh iting , ▁Indiana . ▁The ▁Red ▁Crow ns ▁were ▁back ed ▁by ▁Standard ▁O il ▁and ▁were ▁considered ▁the ▁fast est ▁team ▁west ▁of ▁Buff alo . ▁ ▁Des ▁J ard ien ' s ▁presence ▁was ▁expected ▁to ▁draw ▁crow ds ▁from ▁throughout ▁the ▁Mid west . ▁In ▁ 1 9 2 0 ▁he ▁played ▁for ▁the ▁Chicago ▁Tig ers ▁in ▁the ▁inaug ural ▁season ▁of |
▁the ▁National ▁Football ▁League , ▁then ▁known ▁as ▁the ▁AP FA . ▁Des ▁J ard ien ▁played ▁in ▁all ▁eight ▁games ▁for ▁the ▁ 1 9 2 0 ▁Tig ers , ▁including ▁seven ▁as ▁the ▁starting ▁center . ▁ ▁The ▁Tig ers ▁compiled ▁a ▁record ▁of ▁ 2 – 5 – 1 ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 0 ▁and ▁Des ▁J ard ien ▁was ▁selected ▁as ▁a ▁second - team ▁All - AP FA ▁player . ▁ ▁In ▁October ▁ 1 9 2 2 ▁Des ▁J ard ien ▁signed ▁to ▁play ▁semi - prof essional ▁football ▁for ▁the ▁Iron wood ▁Leg ion ▁team ▁from ▁Iron wood ▁in ▁Michigan ' s ▁Upper ▁Pen ins ula . ▁In ▁an ▁October ▁ 1 9 2 2 ▁game ▁against ▁B ess emer , ▁Des ▁J ard ien ▁k icked ▁pun ts ▁of ▁ 5 0 , ▁ 5 5 ▁and ▁ 6 5 ▁yards . ▁He ▁also ▁appeared ▁in ▁one ▁game ▁for ▁the ▁Min ne apolis ▁Mar ines ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 2 2 ▁NFL ▁season . ▁ ▁Later ▁years ▁After ▁ret iring ▁from ▁athlet ics , ▁Des ▁J ard ien ▁worked ▁as ▁a ▁manufact uring ▁executive ▁in ▁Los ▁Angeles . ▁He ▁was ▁induct ed ▁into ▁the ▁College ▁Football ▁Hall ▁of ▁Fame ▁in ▁July ▁ 1 9 5 5 . ▁He ▁died ▁at ▁his ▁home ▁in ▁Mon ro via , ▁California ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 6 ▁from ▁a ▁c ere br al ▁th rom b osis ▁and ▁was ▁buried ▁at ▁the ▁Forest ▁La wn ▁C |
emetery . ▁Des ▁J ard ien ▁was ▁post hum ously ▁induct ed ▁into ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Chicago ▁Hall ▁of ▁Fame ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 6 . ▁ ▁Head ▁co aching ▁record ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁Category : 1 8 9 3 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 9 5 6 ▁death s ▁Category : American ▁football ▁cent ers ▁Category : American ▁men ' s ▁basketball ▁players ▁Category : M aj or ▁League ▁Baseball ▁pitch ers ▁Category : Ch icago ▁Tig ers ▁players ▁Category : Ch icago ▁Mar o ons ▁baseball ▁players ▁Category : Ch icago ▁Mar o ons ▁football ▁players ▁Category : Ch icago ▁Mar o ons ▁men ' s ▁basketball ▁players ▁Category : C leveland ▁Indians ▁players ▁Category : H amm ond ▁Pro s ▁players ▁Category : Mar sh all town ▁Ans ons ▁players ▁Category : Min ne apolis ▁Mar ines ▁players ▁Category : O ber lin ▁Ye omen ▁football ▁coach es ▁Category : Col lege ▁men ' s ▁track ▁and ▁field ▁athlet es ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Category : All - American ▁college ▁football ▁players ▁Category : Col lege ▁Football ▁Hall ▁of ▁Fame ▁induct ees ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁C off ey ville , ▁Kansas ▁Category : S ports people ▁from ▁Chicago ▁Category : Play ers ▁of ▁American ▁football ▁from ▁Illinois ▁Category : Base ball ▁players ▁from ▁Illinois ▁Category : B asketball ▁players ▁from ▁Illinois <0x0A> </s> ▁Karl ▁Josef ▁Maxim ilian ▁of ▁Lim burg ▁St ir um , ▁count ▁of ▁Lim burg ▁St yr um , ▁so ver |
eign ▁lord ▁zu ▁G emen , ▁was ▁the ▁son ▁of ▁Alo is ▁of ▁Lim burg ▁St ir um . ▁ ▁He ▁inherited ▁the ▁immediate ▁lord ship ▁of ▁G emen ▁from ▁his ▁uncle ▁Ferdinand ▁I ▁of ▁Lim burg ▁St ir um ▁in ▁ 1 7 9 1 ▁and ▁remained ▁until ▁his ▁death ▁in ▁ 1 7 9 8 . ▁Alo is ▁having ▁surv ived ▁his ▁three ▁sons , ▁G emen ▁passed ▁to ▁his ▁grand son ▁Ferdinand ▁IV ▁of ▁Lim burg ▁St ir um . ▁ ▁He ▁married ▁Maria ▁Anna ▁Vog el ▁von ▁W assen hof en ▁and ▁they ▁had ▁five ▁children : <0x09> ▁▁ ▁Johann ▁Nep om uck , ▁count ▁of ▁Lim burg ▁St ir um ▁( born ▁ 1 7 5 6 , ▁died ▁ 1 7 9 1 ); ▁ ▁Joseph ▁( born ▁ 1 7 5 7 , ▁died ▁ 1 7 6 6 ); ▁ ▁Franz , ▁born ▁in ▁ 1 7 6 0 ; ▁ ▁Johann ▁Nep om uck ▁( ?) ▁( born ▁ 1 7 6 6 , ▁died ▁ 1 7 8 7 ); ▁ ▁Anna ▁Maria , ▁born ▁in ▁ 1 7 5 0 ; ▁ ▁Maria ▁Barbara ▁( born ▁ 1 7 6 2 , ▁died ▁ 1 7 6 9 ). ▁ ▁Category : Year ▁of ▁birth ▁missing ▁Category : 1 7 9 8 ▁death s ▁Karl ▁Josef <0x0A> </s> ▁Ir win ▁Bel k ▁( A pril ▁ 4 , ▁ 1 9 2 2 ▁– ▁February ▁ 2 4 , ▁ 2 0 |
1 8 ) ▁was ▁an ▁American ▁business man ▁and ▁politician . ▁ ▁Bel k ▁was ▁born ▁in ▁Charlotte , ▁North ▁Carolina . ▁He ▁went ▁to ▁The ▁Mc Call ie ▁School ▁and ▁David son ▁College . ▁In ▁ 1 9 4 6 , ▁Bel k ▁received ▁his ▁b ach elor ' s ▁degree ▁from ▁University ▁of ▁North ▁Carolina ▁at ▁Chap el ▁Hill . ▁Bel k ▁served ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Army ▁Air ▁Forces ▁during ▁World ▁War ▁II . ▁He ▁work ▁for ▁Bel k , ▁a ▁department ▁store ▁in ▁Charlotte , ▁North ▁Carolina . ▁Bel k ▁served ▁in ▁the ▁North ▁Carolina ▁House ▁of ▁Representatives ▁from ▁ 1 9 5 9 ▁to ▁ 1 9 6 2 ▁and ▁the ▁North ▁Carolina ▁Senate ▁from ▁ 1 9 6 3 ▁to ▁ 1 9 6 6 . ▁Bel k ▁was ▁a ▁Dem ocrat . ▁In ▁ 1 9 9 9 , ▁President ▁Bill ▁Cl inton ▁appointed ▁Bel k ▁as ▁an ▁alternative ▁delegate ▁to ▁the ▁United ▁Nations . ▁ ▁Notes ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 2 2 ▁birth s ▁Category : 2 0 1 8 ▁death s ▁Category : Bus iness people ▁from ▁Charlotte , ▁North ▁Carolina ▁Category : Pol it icians ▁from ▁Charlotte , ▁North ▁Carolina ▁Category : Un ited ▁States ▁Army ▁Air ▁Forces ▁soldiers ▁Category : Mil it ary ▁personnel ▁from ▁North ▁Carolina ▁Category : David son ▁College ▁al umn i ▁Category : Univers ity ▁of ▁North ▁Carolina ▁at ▁Chap el ▁Hill ▁al umn i ▁Category : N orth ▁Carolina ▁Democr ats ▁Category : M embers ▁of |
▁the ▁North ▁Carolina ▁House ▁of ▁Representatives ▁Category : N orth ▁Carolina ▁state ▁sen ators <0x0A> </s> ▁Jas ran a ▁is ▁a ▁nag ar ▁pan ch ay at ▁( a ▁form ▁of ▁an ▁urban ▁political ▁unit ▁in ▁India ▁compar able ▁to ▁a ▁municipality ) ▁in ▁F iro z abad ▁district ▁in ▁the ▁Indian ▁state ▁of ▁U tt ar ▁Pr adesh ▁ ▁Geography ▁and ▁atmosphere ▁Jas ran a ▁is ▁located ▁at ▁. ▁It ▁has ▁an ▁average ▁elev ation ▁of ▁ 1 6 9 met res ▁( 5 5 4 fe et ). ▁ ▁Dem ograph ics ▁ ▁India ▁census , ▁Jas ran a ▁had ▁a ▁population ▁of ▁ 1 5 5 6 7 . ▁M ales ▁const itute ▁ 5 3 % ▁of ▁the ▁population ▁and ▁females ▁ 4 7 %. ▁Jas ran a ▁has ▁an ▁average ▁liter acy ▁rate ▁of ▁ 4 7 %, ▁ ▁In ▁Jas ran a , ▁ 1 6 % ▁of ▁the ▁population ▁is ▁under ▁ 6 ▁years ▁of ▁age . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : C ities ▁and ▁towns ▁in ▁F iro z abad ▁district <0x0A> </s> ▁Walter ▁Hu pp enk oth en ▁ ▁( 3 1 ▁December ▁ 1 9 0 7 ▁in ▁Ha an , ▁Rh in eland ▁– ▁ 5 ▁April ▁ 1 9 7 8 ▁in ▁Lü beck ) ▁was ▁a ▁German ▁lawyer , ▁S icher heits dienst ▁( SD ) ▁leader , ▁and ▁Schutz st aff el ▁( SS ) ▁pro sec utor ▁in ▁the ▁Haupt amt ▁SS - G er icht |
. ▁ ▁Hu pp enk oth en ▁attended ▁school ▁in ▁O pl aden ▁and ▁studied ▁Law ▁and ▁Political ▁Science ▁at ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁C ologne ▁and ▁University ▁of ▁Düsseldorf ▁and ▁then ▁qualified ▁as ▁a ▁lawyer . ▁On ▁ 1 ▁May ▁ 1 9 3 3 , ▁he ▁joined ▁the ▁Naz i ▁Party ▁and ▁the ▁All geme ine ▁SS . ▁Unable ▁to ▁find ▁employ ment ▁in ▁government ▁service ▁he ▁joined ▁the ▁SD ▁( the ▁intelligence ▁service ▁of ▁the ▁SS ) ▁in ▁Düsseldorf . ▁He ▁also ▁served ▁for ▁a ▁brief ▁time ▁as ▁head ▁of ▁State ▁Police ▁and ▁as ▁an ▁SD ▁Chief ▁in ▁the ▁East ▁Pr uss ian - town ▁of ▁T ils it ▁( now ▁Sov et sk , ▁Russia ), ▁and ▁was ▁replaced ▁in ▁both ▁positions ▁by ▁fellow ▁Gest ap o ▁member ▁Dr . ▁Hein z ▁Gr ä fe ▁in ▁October ▁and ▁November ▁of ▁ 1 9 3 7 . ▁ ▁World ▁War ▁II ▁ ▁Ro le ▁in ▁the ▁Hol oca ust ▁▁ ▁Following ▁the ▁German ▁invasion ▁of ▁Poland , ▁Hu pp enk oth en ▁was ▁involved ▁in ▁the ▁Hol oca ust ▁in ▁various ▁areas ▁of ▁occupied ▁Poland ▁( part ▁of ▁the ▁Naz i - control led ▁General ▁Government ). ▁He ▁worked ▁as ▁a ▁l ia ison ▁with ▁the ▁SD ' s ▁Einsatz gru ppen ▁during ▁his ▁time ▁as ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁Gest ap o , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁an ▁SD ▁Chief ▁in ▁Krak ów ▁and ▁as ▁head ▁of ▁the ▁Gest ap o ▁in ▁Lub lin ▁in ▁February ▁ 1 9 4 0 ▁. |
▁In ▁July ▁ 1 9 4 1 , ▁he ▁was ▁appointed ▁to ▁the ▁Reich ▁Main ▁Security ▁Office ▁( R SHA ) ▁in ▁Berlin ▁with ▁the ▁rank ▁of ▁St ur mb ann führ er ▁( M aj or ) ▁in ▁charge ▁of ▁a ▁Gest ap o ▁unit ▁dealing ▁with ▁political ▁enemies ▁of ▁the ▁Reich ▁as ▁the ▁successor ▁to ▁Walter ▁Sch ellen berg . ▁ ▁Pro sec utions ▁▁ ▁As ▁an ▁SS ▁Stand arten führ er ▁( Col onel ) ▁he ▁was ▁appointed ▁the ▁pro sec utor ▁of ▁the ▁SS ▁and ▁police ▁court ▁in ▁Mun ich . ▁On ▁ 6 ▁April ▁ 1 9 4 5 , ▁he ▁pro sec uted ▁Hans ▁von ▁D ohn any i ▁in ▁Sachsen hausen ▁concentration ▁camp ▁while ▁the ▁def endant ▁lay ▁semi - cons cious ▁on ▁a ▁st ret cher ▁having ▁contract ed ▁a ▁serious ▁in fection ▁and ▁the ▁proceed ings ▁ended ▁with ▁him ▁being ▁condem ned ▁to ▁death ▁by ▁St ur mb ann führ er ▁Otto ▁Thor beck . ▁ ▁On ▁ 8 ▁April ▁ 1 9 4 5 , ▁under ▁orders ▁from ▁Ernst ▁Kal ten br un ner , ▁he ▁was ▁the ▁pro sec utor ▁at ▁a ▁drum head ▁court - mart ial ▁pres ided ▁over ▁by ▁Otto ▁Thor beck ▁without ▁witness es , ▁records ▁of ▁proceed ings ▁or ▁a ▁defence ▁in ▁Fl ossen b ür g ▁concentration ▁camp . ▁Among ▁the ▁condem ned ▁were ▁Luther an ▁cl erg yman ▁Diet rich ▁Bon ho ef fer , ▁General ▁Hans ▁O ster , ▁Army ▁Chief ▁Judge ▁Dr . |
▁Karl ▁S ack , ▁Captain ▁Ludwig ▁Ge hre ▁and ▁former ▁head ▁of ▁the ▁Ab wehr ▁Admir al ▁Wilhelm ▁Can aris . ▁The ▁prisoners ▁were ▁accused ▁of ▁making ▁an ▁assass ination ▁attempt ▁by ▁bomb ing ▁on ▁Adolf ▁Hitler ▁at ▁his ▁headquarters ▁of ▁Wolf ' s ▁La ir , ▁which ▁killed ▁four ▁and ▁wounded ▁Hitler ▁himself . ▁ ▁The ▁court ' s ▁pro sec ution ▁employed ▁tort ure ▁methods ▁such ▁as ▁thumb ▁sc rew ing ▁and ▁mechanical ▁stretch ing ▁devices ▁on ▁the ▁accused , ▁who ▁were ▁subsequently ▁sent enced ▁to ▁death ▁after ▁a ▁brief ▁trial ▁and ▁executed ▁by ▁h anging ▁on ▁ 9 ▁April ▁ 1 9 4 5 , ▁only ▁around ▁two ▁weeks ▁before ▁the ▁camp ' s ▁liber ation . ▁Otto ▁Thor beck ▁later ▁test ified ▁that ▁the ▁consp i racy ▁tri als ▁last ed ▁three ▁hours ▁under ▁Hu pp enk oth en ' s ▁direction ▁and ▁that ▁he ▁shout ed ▁the ▁accus ation ▁at ▁them , ▁then ▁permitted ▁a ▁brief ▁answer ▁period ▁before ▁the ▁death ▁sentence ▁was ▁im posed . ▁A ▁comm emor ative ▁pla que ▁for ▁the ▁prisoners ▁executed , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁a ▁statue ▁of ▁Bon ho ef fer , ▁exists ▁at ▁the ▁former ▁site ▁of ▁the ▁camp , ▁now ▁a ▁mem orial ▁site . ▁ ▁Post - W ar ▁ ▁Coll abor ation ▁with ▁US ▁Military ▁▁ ▁Hu pp enk oth en ▁was ▁captured ▁at ▁G m unden ▁on ▁ 2 6 ▁April ▁ 1 9 4 5 . ▁After ▁the ▁war , ▁Hu pp enk oth en ▁was |
▁intern ed ▁by ▁the ▁Americans ▁and ▁worked ▁for ▁the ▁C ounter int elligence ▁Corps ▁of ▁the ▁US ▁Army ▁until ▁ 1 9 4 9 . ▁The ▁Army ' s ▁counter int elligence ▁division ▁took ▁a ▁particular ▁interest ▁in ▁Hu pp enk oth en ' s ▁knowledge ▁of ▁Commun ism ▁and ▁his ▁work ▁as ▁a ▁Gest ap o ▁official ▁in ▁searching ▁for ▁members ▁of ▁the ▁Commun ist ▁resistance ▁and ▁esp ion age ▁group , ▁the ▁Red ▁Orchestra . ▁ ▁Tri als ▁and ▁Test imon ies ▁▁ ▁From ▁ 1 9 4 9 - 1 9 5 6 , ▁Walter ▁Hu pp enk oth en ▁was ▁tried ▁multiple ▁times ▁for ▁tort ure ▁and ▁murder ▁in ▁his ▁ 8 ▁April ▁ 1 9 4 5 ▁pro sec ution . ▁For ▁the ▁charge ( s ) ▁of ▁murder , ▁Hu pp enk oth en ▁was ▁acqu itted , ▁but ▁he ▁was ▁still ▁sent enced ▁to ▁prison - time ▁on ▁charges ▁of ▁tort ure ▁( s ources ▁conflict ▁on ▁the ▁exact ▁length ▁of ▁the ▁sentence , ▁but ▁it ▁is ▁believed ▁to ▁have ▁r anged ▁somewhere ▁between ▁ 3 . 5 - 7 ▁years ), ▁although ▁the ▁acqu itt al ▁of ▁his ▁murder ▁charge ( s ) ▁has ▁continued ▁to ▁ar ouse ▁criticism ▁in ▁modern ▁times . ▁Hu pp enk oth en ▁also ▁test ified ▁at ▁the ▁May ▁ 1 9 6 1 ▁trial ▁of ▁Adolf ▁E ich mann ▁in ▁Jerusalem , ▁Israel , ▁though ▁his ▁family ▁reported ▁that ▁he ▁was ▁rel uct ant ▁to ▁do ▁so . ▁ |
▁References ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 0 7 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 9 7 8 ▁death s ▁Category : SS - Stand arten führ er ▁Category : G erman ▁law y ers ▁Category : Gest ap o ▁personnel ▁Category : E ins atz gru ppen ▁personnel ▁Category : N azi ▁law y ers ▁Category : R SHA ▁personnel <0x0A> </s> ▁Sand r one ▁( S and ró un ▁in ▁Mod en ese ▁dialect ) ▁is ▁the ▁traditional ▁mask ▁and ▁character ▁of ▁the ▁Comm edia ▁dell ' arte ▁representing ▁the ▁city ▁of ▁Mod ena . ▁ ▁Origin ▁▁ ▁Sand r one , ▁is ▁represented ▁as ▁a ▁pe asant ▁who ▁is ▁cru de , ▁clever , ▁and ▁c unning . ▁He ▁is ▁seen ▁as ▁the ▁sp okes man ▁of ▁a ▁hum ble ▁people ▁who ▁are ▁ill - tre ated , ▁et ern ally ▁hun gry , ▁and ▁always ▁using ▁ ▁tr icks ▁to ▁make ▁ends ▁meet . ▁The ▁character ▁of ▁his ▁wife , ▁Pul onia , ▁appears ▁in ▁ 1 8 4 0 , ▁soon ▁followed ▁by ▁a ▁son ▁S g org h ig uel o . ▁The ▁three ▁form ▁what ▁is ▁known ▁as ▁the ▁Pav ir onica ▁family . ▁ ▁Initial ly , ▁these ▁characters ▁were ▁presented ▁as ▁pu ppets . ▁Begin ning ▁in ▁the ▁late ▁ 1 9 th ▁century ▁the ▁three ▁were ▁represented ▁by ▁male ▁actors ▁known ▁as ▁" the ▁Pul onia ". ▁D ress ed ▁in ▁a ▁style ▁of ▁cl othing ▁popular ▁around ▁ 1 7 0 0 , ▁Sand |
r one ▁sports ▁a ▁cord uro y ▁jack et , ▁short ▁cord uro y ▁p ants , ▁red ▁and ▁white ▁cross - strip ed ▁so cks , ▁a ▁fl oral ▁emb roid ered ▁vest , ▁and ▁st ur dy ▁far mer ' s ▁bo ots . ▁He ▁also ▁we ars ▁a ▁w ig ▁with ▁long ▁hair , ▁partly ▁covered ▁by ▁a ▁white ▁w ool ▁night cap ▁ending ▁in ▁a ▁t ass el . ▁ ▁His ▁son ▁( S g org h ig uel o ) ▁we ars ▁a ▁w ig ▁and ▁a ▁re dd ish - b rown ▁cap ▁with ▁a ▁vis or . ▁His ▁wife ▁( P ul onia ) ▁we ars ▁a ▁white ▁hat ▁and ▁an ▁an k le ▁length ▁dress ▁decor ated ▁with ▁bright ly ▁colored ▁flowers . ▁She ▁may ▁also ▁wear ▁a ▁white ▁apr on , ▁ ▁black ▁pat ent ▁le ather ▁sho es ▁with ▁bright ▁bu ck les , ▁and ▁a ▁white ▁w ig ▁with ▁ring lets . ▁ ▁For ▁over ▁a ▁century ▁these ▁three ▁characters ▁have ▁been ▁a ▁symbol ▁of ▁Car n ival ▁in ▁Mod ena . ▁The ▁tradition ▁is ▁kept ▁alive ▁by ▁the ▁Society ▁of ▁Sand r one . ▁Every ▁year , ▁on ▁the ▁Th urs day ▁before ▁L ent , ▁Sand r one ▁and ▁his ▁family ▁arrive ▁at ▁the ▁train ▁station ▁from ▁the ▁imag inary ▁village ▁of ▁Bos co ▁di ▁S otto ▁(" Lower ▁Wood "). ▁From ▁there , ▁they ▁para de ▁to ▁Pia zza ▁Grande ▁where ▁the ▁crowd ▁witness es ▁the ▁traditional ▁" s |
pro lo qu io ," ▁a ▁speech ▁spoken ▁in ▁traditional ▁Mod en ese ▁dialect ▁by ▁the ▁three ▁from ▁the ▁bal con y ▁of ▁Pal azzo ▁Comun ale . ▁The ▁speech ▁includes ▁w itt y ▁comments ▁on ▁city ▁life ▁and ▁hum orous ▁criticism ▁of ▁local ▁authorities . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Soci età ▁del ▁Sand r one ▁home ▁page ▁( Ital ian ) ▁Mas ch ere ▁Trad iz ionali ▁( Tr ad itional ▁M ask s ) ▁ ▁Category : C le ver ▁Z anni ▁class ▁characters <0x0A> </s> ▁Char ax es ▁b up alus ▁is ▁a ▁but ter fly ▁in ▁the ▁family ▁N ym phal idae . ▁It ▁was ▁described ▁by ▁Otto ▁Sta ud inger ▁in ▁ 1 8 8 9 . ▁It ▁is ▁en demic ▁to ▁Pal aw an ▁in ▁the ▁Ind om al ay an ▁real m . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁Char ax es ▁O ch sen heimer , ▁ 1 8 1 6 ▁at ▁Mark ku ▁Sav ela ' s ▁Le pid optera ▁and ▁Some ▁Other ▁Life ▁Form s ▁ ▁b up alus ▁Category : But ter f lies ▁described ▁in ▁ 1 8 8 9 <0x0A> </s> ▁Wayne ▁Victor ▁Rost ad , ▁C M ▁( born ▁ 2 8 ▁October ▁ 1 9 4 7 ▁in ▁Ott awa , ▁Ontario ) ▁is ▁a ▁Canadian ▁music ian ▁and ▁television ▁present er . ▁ ▁Career ▁In ▁ 1 9 6 9 , ▁he ▁became ▁a ▁radio ▁host ▁for ▁C J ET ▁in ▁Smith s ▁F alls , |
▁Ontario . ▁After ▁this , ▁he ▁worked ▁at ▁C K WS - TV ▁King ston , ▁Ontario , ▁C K BY ▁radio ▁Ott awa , ▁and ▁C J CN ▁radio ▁in ▁Grand ▁F alls , ▁New found land . ▁He ▁moved ▁from ▁broadcast ing ▁to ▁music ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 7 0 s , ▁ear ning ▁a ▁Jun o ▁Award ▁nom ination ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 1 ▁and ▁recording ▁several ▁albums ▁to ▁date . ▁Rost ad ▁returned ▁to ▁broadcast ing ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 8 0 s , ▁leading ▁to ▁his ▁most ▁prominent ▁work ▁as ▁host ▁of ▁C BC ▁Television ' s ▁On ▁the ▁Road ▁Again . ▁During ▁the ▁program ' s ▁run ▁from ▁ 1 9 8 7 ▁to ▁ 2 0 0 7 , ▁he ▁interview ed ▁ordinary ▁people ▁throughout ▁Canada . ▁Rost ad ▁also ▁particip ates ▁in ▁various ▁char itable ▁events ▁such ▁as ▁tele th ons ▁for ▁the ▁Children ' s ▁Hospital ▁of ▁Eastern ▁Ontario ▁and ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Ott awa ▁Heart ▁Institute , ▁among ▁others . ▁He ▁founded ▁the ▁G at ine au ▁C log ▁Music ▁Festival ▁which ▁took ▁place ▁at ▁T ucker ▁Lake ▁in ▁Low , ▁Quebec . ▁Rost ad ▁also ▁served ▁as ▁a ▁Canadian ▁Forces ▁Honor ary ▁Colonel ▁for ▁the ▁ 8 ▁Air ▁Main ten ance ▁Squadron . ▁ ▁Personal ▁life ▁Rost ad ▁currently ▁lives ▁in ▁Ott awa , ▁Ontario . ▁He ▁has ▁one ▁son , ▁Josh , ▁from ▁a ▁previous ▁marriage . ▁ ▁Awards ▁and ▁recognition ▁▁ 1 9 8 1 : ▁nom |
ine e , ▁Jun o ▁Award ▁for ▁Country ▁Male ▁V ocal ist ▁of ▁the ▁Year ▁▁ 1 9 8 8 : ▁nom ine e , ▁Gem ini ▁Award ▁for ▁Best ▁Performance ▁by ▁a ▁Host , ▁Inter v iewer ▁or ▁An chor ▁( Out ▁Our ▁Way ) ▁▁ 1 9 9 0 : ▁nom ine e , ▁Gem ini ▁Award ▁for ▁Best ▁Performance ▁by ▁a ▁Host , ▁Inter v iewer ▁or ▁An chor ▁( On ▁the ▁Road ▁Again ) ▁▁ 1 9 9 2 : ▁nom ine e , ▁Gem ini ▁Award ▁for ▁Best ▁Host ▁in ▁a ▁Light ▁Information , ▁Vari ety ▁or ▁Perform ing ▁Arts ▁Program ▁or ▁Series ▁( On ▁the ▁Road ▁Again ) ▁▁ 1 9 9 4 : ▁nom ine e , ▁Gem ini ▁Award ▁for ▁Best ▁Host ▁in ▁a ▁L ifest yle ▁Information , ▁Vari ety ▁or ▁Perform ing ▁Arts ▁Program ▁or ▁Series ▁( On ▁the ▁Road ▁Again ) ▁▁ 1 9 9 5 : ▁nom ine e , ▁Gem ini ▁Award ▁for ▁Best ▁Host ▁in ▁a ▁L ifest yle ▁Information , ▁Vari ety ▁or ▁Perform ing ▁Arts ▁Program ▁or ▁Series ▁( On ▁the ▁Road ▁Again ) ▁▁ 1 9 9 6 : ▁nom ine e , ▁Gem ini ▁Award ▁for ▁Best ▁Host ▁in ▁a ▁L ifest yle ▁Information , ▁Vari ety ▁or ▁Perform ing ▁Arts ▁Program ▁or ▁Series ▁( On ▁the ▁Road ▁Again ) ▁▁ 1 9 9 9 : ▁nom ine e , ▁Gem ini ▁Award ▁for ▁Best ▁Host ▁in ▁a ▁L ifest yle ▁or ▁Perform ing ▁Arts |
▁Program ▁or ▁Series ▁( On ▁the ▁Road ▁Again ) ▁▁ 2 0 0 0 : ▁nom ine e , ▁Gem ini ▁Award ▁for ▁Best ▁Host ▁in ▁a ▁L ifest yle ▁or ▁Perform ing ▁Arts ▁Program ▁or ▁Series ▁( On ▁the ▁Road ▁Again ) ▁▁ 2 0 0 2 : ▁Ind u cted ▁into ▁the ▁Ott awa ▁Valley ▁Country ▁Music ▁Hall ▁of ▁Fame ▁▁ 2 0 0 3 : ▁appointed ▁Member ▁of ▁the ▁Order ▁of ▁Canada ▁▁ 2 0 1 0 : ▁induct ed ▁into ▁the ▁Canadian ▁Country ▁Music ▁Hall ▁of ▁Fame ▁ ▁Disc ography ▁ ▁Albums ▁ ▁Singles ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁C BC ▁Television : ▁Wayne ▁Rost ad ▁profile ▁ 2 , ▁accessed ▁ 1 9 ▁February ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁Wayne ▁Rost ad ▁on ▁My Space , ▁accessed ▁ 1 9 ▁February ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁ ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : 1 9 4 7 ▁birth s ▁Category : Can ad ian ▁country ▁singer - song writ ers ▁Category : Can ad ian ▁male ▁singer - song writ ers ▁Category : Can ad ian ▁television ▁hosts ▁Category : M embers ▁of ▁the ▁Order ▁of ▁Canada ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁Lan ark ▁County ▁Category : Mus icians ▁from ▁Ott awa <0x0A> </s> ▁Is ak ▁Gust af ▁Cl ason ▁( 3 0 ▁July ▁ 1 8 5 6 ▁Fal un ▁– ▁ 1 9 ▁July ▁ 1 9 3 0 ▁R ätt vik ) ▁was ▁a ▁Swedish ▁architect . ▁ ▁Biography ▁ ▁Cl ason ▁studied |
▁engineering ▁and ▁later ▁architecture ▁at ▁the ▁Institute ▁of ▁Technology ▁in ▁Stockholm , ▁where ▁he ▁was ▁a ▁student ▁of ▁A . ▁T . ▁G eller sted t , ▁and ▁later ▁at ▁the ▁architect ural ▁school ▁of ▁the ▁Academy ▁of ▁Arts , ▁at ▁the ▁time ▁head ed ▁by ▁Fred rik ▁Wilhelm ▁Sch ol ander . ▁He ▁received ▁the ▁royal ▁medal ▁in ▁ 1 8 8 1 ▁and ▁studied ▁abroad ▁ 1 8 8 3 - 1 8 8 6 . ▁He ▁was ▁elected ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁Academy ▁of ▁Arts ▁in ▁ 1 8 8 9 , ▁appointed ▁professor ▁of ▁architecture ▁at ▁the ▁Royal ▁Institute ▁of ▁Technology ▁in ▁ 1 8 8 9 ▁and ▁became ▁first ▁survey or ▁in ▁the ▁Chief ▁Survey or ' s ▁Office ▁in ▁ 1 9 0 4 . ▁He ▁became ▁vice ▁president ▁of ▁the ▁Art ▁Academy ▁in ▁ 1 9 0 2 ▁and ▁president ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 8 . ▁He ▁was ▁also ▁elected ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁Royal ▁Academy ▁of ▁Sciences ▁in ▁ 1 9 0 7 . ▁ ▁Work ▁ ▁His ▁first ▁major ▁work ▁was ▁the ▁Bü ns ow ▁building ▁( 1 8 8 6 – 1 8 8 8 ) ▁at ▁Str and vä gen ▁in ▁Stockholm , ▁commission ed ▁by ▁the ▁saw mill ▁baron ▁Friedrich ▁Bü ns ow ▁and ▁influenced ▁by ▁French ▁Renaissance ▁architecture . ▁It ▁broke ▁new ▁ground ▁in ▁its ▁use ▁of ▁natural ▁material ▁throughout ▁( lim estone ▁and ▁br icks ) ▁rather ▁than ▁the ▁pl aster ▁that ▁had ▁been ▁dominant ▁in ▁Swedish ▁architecture ▁until ▁that |
▁point . ▁It ▁also ▁broke ▁against ▁convent ions ▁through ▁its ▁avoid ance ▁of ▁complete ▁symmetry . ▁He ▁also ▁built ▁Ö st erm alm sh allen ▁( 1 8 8 9 ) ▁in ▁Stockholm ▁( the ▁ind oor ▁market ▁at ▁Ö st erm alm st org ▁and , ▁together ▁with ▁Kas per ▁Sah lin ), ▁the ▁house ▁at ▁ 1 4 , ▁Ö ster l ång g atan ▁( 1 8 8 8 - 1 8 8 9 ), ▁and ▁the ▁Ad els v är d ▁House ▁at ▁Nor r ström ▁in ▁Stockholm ▁( 1 8 8 9 ). ▁▁ ▁His ▁largest ▁commission ▁was ▁the ▁Nord ic ▁Museum ▁on ▁Dj urg år den , ▁in ▁North ▁European ▁Renaissance ▁style , ▁which ▁he ▁began ▁in ▁collaboration ▁with ▁M . ▁Is ae us ▁but ▁continued ▁alone ▁after ▁Is ae us ' s ▁death ▁in ▁ 1 8 9 0 . ▁The ▁building ▁was ▁partly ▁finished ▁for ▁the ▁Stockholm ▁Ex hib ition ▁in ▁ 1 8 9 7 , ▁and ▁completed ▁a ▁few ▁years ▁later . ▁ ▁Other ▁designs ▁include ▁the ▁Hall w yl ▁Palace , ▁also ▁in ▁Stockholm , ▁the ▁Rosen ▁house ▁at ▁Str and vä gen , ▁and ▁the ▁building ▁for ▁St änd ern as ▁all m än na ▁brand för s ä k ring , ▁an ▁ins urance ▁company , ▁at ▁S ke pp s br on ▁in ▁the ▁Old ▁Town ▁of ▁Stockholm . ▁Cl ason ▁also ▁is ▁responsible ▁for ▁the ▁fa ç ade ▁of ▁Nor r lands ▁nation ▁in ▁U pp s ala |
. ▁ ▁References ▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁Category : 1 9 th - century ▁Swedish ▁architect s ▁Category : K TH ▁Royal ▁Institute ▁of ▁Technology ▁al umn i ▁Category : M embers ▁of ▁the ▁Royal ▁Swedish ▁Academy ▁of ▁Sciences ▁Category : 1 8 5 6 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 9 3 0 ▁death s ▁Category : B ur ial s ▁at ▁Nor ra ▁beg rav nings pl ats en ▁Category : 2 0 th - century ▁Swedish ▁architect s ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁Fal un <0x0A> </s> ▁Tim ▁Cur ran ▁may ▁refer ▁to : ▁Tim ▁Cur ran ▁( author ), ▁American ▁author ▁Tim ▁Cur ran ▁( Austral ian ▁rules ▁footballer ), ▁former ▁Australian ▁rules ▁footballer ▁Tim ▁Cur ran ▁( rug by ▁union ) ▁( born ▁ 1 9 8 4 ), ▁Australian ▁rugby ▁union ▁footballer ▁Tim my ▁Cur ran , ▁sur fer ▁Tim ▁Cur ran , ▁a ▁fict ional ▁character ▁on ▁the ▁TV ▁Series ▁Terra ▁Nova ▁Tim ▁Cur ran , ▁former ▁political ▁editor ▁of ▁Roll ▁Call ▁Tim ▁Cur ran , ▁pla int iff ▁in ▁Cur ran ▁v . ▁Mount ▁Di ablo ▁Council ▁of ▁the ▁Boy ▁Sc outs ▁of ▁America <0x0A> </s> ▁Ren ate ▁J unker ▁( born ▁ 2 6 ▁March ▁ 1 9 3 8 ) ▁is ▁a ▁German ▁ath lete . ▁She ▁competed ▁in ▁the ▁women ' s ▁long ▁jump ▁at ▁the ▁ 1 9 6 0 ▁Summer ▁Olympics . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 3 8 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁S |
pre m berg ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁the ▁Province ▁of ▁Brandenburg ▁Category : G erman ▁female ▁long ▁jump ers ▁Category : S ports people ▁from ▁Brandenburg ▁Category : O lymp ic ▁athlet es ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁Team ▁of ▁Germany ▁Category : A th let es ▁( track ▁and ▁field ) ▁at ▁the ▁ 1 9 6 0 ▁Summer ▁Olympics <0x0A> </s> ▁B ela ▁V ista ▁do ▁Mar anh ão ▁is ▁a ▁municipality ▁in ▁the ▁state ▁of ▁Mar anh ão ▁in ▁the ▁N ortheast ▁region ▁of ▁Brazil . ▁ ▁The ▁municipality ▁contains ▁a ▁small ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁Ba ix ada ▁Mar anh ense ▁Environment al ▁Prote ction ▁Area , ▁a ▁ ▁sust ain able ▁use ▁conservation ▁unit ▁created ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 1 ▁that ▁has ▁been ▁a ▁R ams ar ▁Site ▁since ▁ 2 0 0 0 . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁List ▁of ▁municipal ities ▁in ▁Mar anh ão ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : M unicip al ities ▁in ▁Mar anh ão <0x0A> </s> ▁__ NOT OC __ ▁Year ▁ 5 4 9 ▁( D X LI X ) ▁was ▁a ▁common ▁year ▁starting ▁on ▁Friday ▁( link ▁will ▁display ▁the ▁full ▁calendar ) ▁of ▁the ▁Julian ▁calendar . ▁The ▁den om ination ▁ 5 4 9 ▁for ▁this ▁year ▁has ▁been ▁used ▁since ▁the ▁early ▁medieval ▁period , ▁when ▁the ▁An no ▁Dom ini ▁calendar ▁era ▁became ▁the ▁pre val ent ▁method ▁in ▁Europe ▁for ▁naming ▁years . ▁ ▁Events ▁▁ ▁By ▁place ▁▁ ▁By z antine ▁Empire ▁▁ ▁Sie ge |
▁of ▁Rome : ▁The ▁Ost rog oth s ▁under ▁Tot ila ▁bes ie ge ▁Rome ▁for ▁the ▁third ▁time , ▁after ▁Bel is arius ▁has ▁returned ▁to ▁Constantin ople . ▁He ▁offers ▁a ▁peace ▁agreement , ▁but ▁this ▁is ▁rejected ▁by ▁Emperor ▁Justin ian ▁I . ▁ ▁Tot ila ▁conqu ers ▁the ▁city ▁of ▁Per ug ia ▁( Cent ral ▁Italy ) ▁and ▁stations ▁a ▁Goth ic ▁g arrison . ▁He ▁takes ▁bishop ▁Her cul anus ▁prisoner , ▁and ▁orders ▁him ▁to ▁be ▁completely ▁fl ay ed . ▁The ▁Ost rog oth ▁soldier ▁asked ▁to ▁perform ▁this ▁gru esome ▁execution ▁shows ▁pity , ▁and ▁dec ap it ates ▁Her cul anus ▁before ▁the ▁skin ▁on ▁every ▁part ▁of ▁his ▁body ▁is ▁removed . ▁▁ ▁In ▁the ▁Circ us ▁Maxim us , ▁first ▁and ▁largest ▁circ us ▁in ▁Rome , ▁the ▁last ▁ch ari ot ▁races ▁are ▁held . ▁▁ ▁Europe ▁▁ ▁January ▁- ▁At ▁the ▁Battle ▁of ▁C ii il ▁Con aire ▁in ▁Ireland , ▁A il ill ▁In band a ▁and ▁his ▁brother ▁are ▁defeated ▁and ▁killed . ▁ ▁Ag ila ▁I ▁succeed s ▁The ud ig is el ▁as ▁king ▁of ▁the ▁Vis ig oth s , ▁after ▁he ▁is ▁murder ed ▁by ▁a ▁group ▁of ▁consp ir ators ▁during ▁a ▁ban quet ▁in ▁Se ville . ▁▁ ▁Pers ia ▁▁ ▁Spring ▁– ▁Laz ic ▁War : ▁The ▁By z antine ▁army ▁under ▁B ess as ▁comb ines ▁forces ▁with ▁King ▁G ub az es ▁II , ▁and ▁defe ats ▁the |
▁Pers ians ▁in ▁Laz ica ▁( mod ern ▁Georgia ) ▁in ▁a ▁surprise ▁attack . ▁The ▁surv iv ors ▁retre at ▁into ▁C au cas ian ▁I ber ia . ▁ ▁The ▁Rom ans ▁un success fully ▁bes ie ge ▁Pet ra , ▁Laz ica . ▁▁ ▁Asia ▁▁ ▁J ian wen ▁Di ▁succeed s ▁his ▁father ▁Wu ▁Di ▁as ▁em peror ▁of ▁the ▁Li ang ▁D ynast y ▁( Ch ina ). ▁▁ ▁By ▁topic ▁▁ ▁Religion ▁▁ ▁c . ▁ 5 4 9 – 5 6 4 ▁– ▁Trans fig uration ▁of ▁Christ , ▁m osa ic ▁in ▁the ▁ap se , ▁Church ▁of ▁the ▁Virgin , ▁Saint ▁Catherine ' s ▁Mon aster y ▁in ▁Egypt , ▁is ▁made . ▁ ▁Fif th ▁Council ▁of ▁Or lé ans : ▁N ine ▁arch b ish ops ▁and ▁forty - one ▁b ish ops ▁pron ounce ▁an ▁an ath ema ▁against ▁the ▁errors ▁of ▁N est or ius ▁and ▁E ut ych es . ▁▁ ▁Bishop ▁Maxim ian us ▁of ▁R aven na ▁consec r ates ▁the ▁Bas il ica ▁of ▁Sant ' A pol lin are ▁in ▁Cl asse . ▁ ▁The ▁Roman ▁Catholic ▁Dioc ese ▁of ▁O ss ory ▁( which ▁still ▁exists ) ▁is ▁founded ▁in ▁Ireland . ▁ ▁B irth s ▁ ▁Ab ū ▁L ah ab , ▁uncle ▁and ▁sta unch ▁critic ▁of ▁proph et ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁Muhammad ▁( d . ▁ 6 2 4 ) ▁ ▁J iz ang , ▁Chinese ▁Buddh ist ▁mon k ▁( d . |
▁ 6 2 3 ) ▁ ▁Death s ▁▁ ▁January ▁– ▁A il ill ▁In band a , ▁king ▁of ▁Con n acht ▁( I reland ) ▁( kil led ▁in ▁battle ) ▁ ▁February ▁ 1 6 ▁– ▁Z hu ▁Y i , ▁official ▁of ▁the ▁Li ang ▁dynast y ▁( b . ▁ 4 8 3 ) ▁ ▁December ▁ 1 2 ▁– ▁Finn ian ▁of ▁Cl on ard , ▁Irish ▁mon astic ▁saint ▁( b . ▁ 4 7 0 ) ▁exact ▁date ▁unknown ▁C iar án ▁of ▁Cl on mac no ise , ▁Irish ▁mon astic ▁saint ▁G ao ▁Ch eng , ▁official ▁and ▁reg ent ▁of ▁Eastern ▁Wei ▁( b . ▁ 5 2 1 ) ▁Her cul anus , ▁bishop ▁of ▁Per ug ia ▁The ud ig is el , ▁king ▁of ▁the ▁Vis ig oth s ▁( ass ass in ated ) ▁T ú ath al ▁M á el gar b , ▁king ▁of ▁T ara ▁( I reland ) ▁Wu ▁Di , ▁em peror ▁of ▁the ▁Li ang ▁dynast y ▁( b . ▁ 4 6 4 ) ▁X iao ▁Zh eng de , ▁prince ▁of ▁the ▁Li ang ▁dynast y ▁X u ▁Z ha ope i , ▁prin cess ▁of ▁the ▁Li ang ▁dynast y ▁ ▁References <0x0A> </s> ▁Dow nt own ▁New ▁I ber ia ▁Com mer cial ▁Historic ▁District ▁is ▁a ▁historic ▁district ▁in ▁dow nt own ▁New ▁I ber ia , ▁Louisiana , ▁located ▁along ▁Main ▁Street ▁and ▁St . ▁Peter |
▁Street , ▁from ▁Jefferson ▁Street ▁to ▁We eks ▁Street . ▁ ▁The ▁ ▁area ▁compr ises ▁a ▁total ▁of ▁ 1 2 1 ▁buildings , ▁of ▁which ▁ 7 3 ▁are ▁considered ▁contrib uting ▁properties , ▁and ▁ 9 ▁are ▁also ▁listed ▁on ▁the ▁National ▁Register ▁of ▁Historic ▁Places ▁as ▁individual ▁properties ▁or ▁as ▁part ▁of ▁East ▁Main ▁Street ▁Historic ▁District . ▁Building ▁dates ▁vary ▁from ▁ 1 8 7 0 ▁to ▁ 1 9 6 7 ▁and ▁represent ▁relevant ▁structures ▁related ▁to ▁commerce ▁and ▁entertain ment / re cre ation . ▁ ▁Despite ▁being ▁located ▁inside ▁the ▁district ▁area , ▁the ▁individually ▁listed ▁The ▁Magn ol ias ▁is ▁not ▁part ▁of ▁Dow nt own ▁New ▁I ber ia ▁Com mer cial ▁Historic ▁District , ▁as ▁the ▁building ▁is ▁not ▁commerce ▁related . ▁The ▁house ▁is ▁therefore ▁considered ▁a ▁non - contrib uting ▁property . ▁ ▁The ▁historic ▁district ▁was ▁listed ▁on ▁the ▁National ▁Register ▁of ▁Historic ▁Places ▁on ▁December ▁ 1 3 , ▁ 2 0 1 7 . ▁ ▁Cont rib uting ▁Properties ▁The ▁historical ▁district ▁contains ▁a ▁total ▁of ▁ 7 3 ▁contrib uting ▁properties , ▁built ▁between ▁ 1 8 7 0 ▁and ▁ 1 9 6 7 : ▁ ▁NEW ▁I BER IA ▁( ste am bo at ) ▁ship w reck , ▁. ▁ ▁Also ▁individually ▁listed . ▁ ▁Main ▁Street ▁ ▁We eks ▁Street ▁and ▁Julia ▁Street ▁ ▁St . ▁Peter ▁Street ▁and ▁Jefferson ▁Street ▁ ▁I ber ia ▁Street , ▁Bur ke ▁Street ▁and ▁Bridge |
▁Street ▁ ▁Church ▁Al ley ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁National ▁Register ▁of ▁Historic ▁Places ▁list ings ▁in ▁I ber ia ▁Par ish , ▁Louisiana ▁East ▁Main ▁Street ▁Historic ▁District ▁Pascal ▁Building ▁Ev ang eline ▁Theater ▁John ▁R . ▁Taylor ▁D rug store ▁People ' s ▁National ▁Bank ▁W orm ser ' s ▁Department ▁Store ▁First ▁United ▁Method ist ▁Church ▁NEW ▁I BER IA ▁( ste am bo at ) ▁ship w reck ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : H istor ic ▁districts ▁on ▁the ▁National ▁Register ▁of ▁Historic ▁Places ▁in ▁Louisiana ▁Category : National ▁Register ▁of ▁Historic ▁Places ▁in ▁I ber ia ▁Par ish , ▁Louisiana <0x0A> </s> ▁Go ▁with ▁Me ▁is ▁a ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁novel ▁by ▁American ▁writer ▁Castle ▁Fre eman , ▁Jr .. ▁It ▁is ▁Castle ▁Fre eman ' s ▁third ▁novel ▁and ▁it ▁was ▁first ▁published ▁by ▁Ste er for th ▁Press ▁in ▁January ▁ 2 0 0 8 . ▁ ▁Plot ▁summary ▁This ▁short ▁novel ▁of ▁only ▁ 1 6 0 ▁pages ▁is ▁set ▁in ▁back wood s ▁Verm ont ▁where ▁the ▁local ▁villa in , ▁Black way , ▁is ▁making ▁life ▁hell ish ▁for ▁L ill ian , ▁a ▁young ▁woman ▁from ▁outside ▁the ▁area . ▁Her ▁boy friend ▁has ▁fled ▁the ▁state ▁in ▁fear , ▁and ▁local ▁law ▁enfor cement ▁can ▁do ▁nothing ▁to ▁protect ▁her . ▁She ▁resol ves ▁to ▁stand ▁her ▁ground , ▁and ▁to ▁fight ▁back . ▁L ill ian ▁en lists ▁the ▁powerful ▁br ute ▁N ate ▁and ▁the ▁w ily ▁old |
- timer ▁L ester ▁to ▁take ▁the ▁fight ▁to ▁her ▁tor ment er ▁whilst ▁an ▁ecc ent ric ▁Greek ▁ch orus ▁of ▁loc als ▁p onders ▁her ▁likely ▁fate . ▁ ▁In sp iration ▁The ▁novel ▁was ▁inspired ▁by ▁Thomas ▁Mal ory ' s ▁King ▁Arthur ▁T ales , ▁specifically ▁" The ▁T ale ▁of ▁Sir ▁G are th ▁of ▁Or k ney ". ▁ ▁Re ception ▁The ▁Wall ▁Street ▁Journal ▁called ▁it ▁" a ▁novel ▁with ▁echo es ▁of ▁Del iver ance ▁and ▁C orm ac ▁Mc Car thy ," ▁and ▁goes ▁on ▁to ▁pra ise ▁the ▁author ▁for ▁capt uring ▁" the ▁feel ▁of ▁played - out ▁Verm ont ▁towns ▁and ▁people , ▁his ▁dialog ue ▁has ▁a ▁ter se , ▁almost ▁hum orous , ▁cad ence ." ▁People ▁agreed , ▁writing ▁that ▁" Fre eman ▁has ▁a ▁f law less ▁ear ▁for ▁dialog ue ▁and ▁a ▁sharp ▁eye ▁for ▁qu ir ky ▁detail ." ▁O : ▁The ▁Op rah ▁Magazine ▁called ▁it ▁an ▁" e leg ant ▁little ▁thr iller ▁about ▁c unning ▁versus ▁cruel ty ... This ▁is ▁a ▁met icul ous ▁New ▁England ▁mini ature , ▁with ▁not ▁a ▁was ted ▁word ." ▁The ▁Boston ▁Glo be ▁called ▁it ▁" a ▁gem ▁that ▁spark les ▁with ▁s ly ▁insight ▁and ▁cut s ▁like ▁a ▁kn ife ." ▁Matthew ▁Lew in ▁of ▁The ▁Guardian ▁wrote , ▁" This ▁unusual ▁little ▁gem ▁of ▁a ▁book ▁is ▁part ▁com ic ▁rom p ▁and ▁part ▁n ail - bit ing ▁thr iller |
" ▁and ▁concluded ▁that ▁" Cast le ▁Fre eman ▁writes ▁with ▁both ▁wit ▁and ▁a ▁deep ▁understanding ▁of ▁the ▁human ▁ps y che , ▁and ▁he ▁does ▁not ▁che at ▁us ▁out ▁of ▁a ▁dram atic ▁clim ax ." ▁ ▁Ada pt ation ▁ ▁The ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁film ▁Black way ▁is ▁based ▁on ▁the ▁book . ▁ ▁The ▁film ▁was ▁previously ▁known ▁as ▁Go ▁with ▁Me ▁and ▁was ▁released ▁in ▁some ▁mark ets ▁with ▁that ▁title . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁book group . info : ▁interview : ▁Castle ▁Fre eman ▁A ▁Ch at ▁with ▁Castle ▁Fre eman , ▁Jr ▁Inter view : ▁Castle ▁Fre eman , ▁author ▁of ▁Go ▁with ▁Me ▁ ▁Ed itions ▁▁ ▁Ste er for th ▁Press ▁( First ▁Edition , ▁Hard back , ▁ ▁US , ▁ 2 0 0 8 ) ▁▁ ▁Har per ▁Per enn ial ▁( P aper back , ▁US , ▁ 2 0 0 8 ) ▁▁ ▁D uck worth ▁( P aper back , ▁UK , ▁ 2 0 0 8 ) ▁ ▁Category : 2 0 0 8 ▁American ▁nov els ▁Category : Nov els ▁set ▁in ▁Verm ont ▁Category : American ▁thr iller ▁nov els ▁Category : American ▁nov els ▁adapted ▁into ▁films <0x0A> </s> ▁Cow town ▁Gu it ars ▁was ▁a ▁v int age ▁guitar ▁shop ▁located ▁in ▁Las ▁Veg as , ▁Nev ada , ▁owned ▁by ▁husband ▁and ▁wife , ▁J esse ▁and ▁Ro x ie ▁Am or oso . ▁The ▁shop ▁was |
▁well ▁known ▁having ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁largest ▁collection ▁of ▁v int age ▁gu it ars ▁in ▁North ▁America ▁and ▁bo asted ▁a ▁client ▁list ▁of ▁cele brit ies , ▁which ▁includes ▁Carlos ▁Sant ana ▁and ▁Im agine ▁Drag ons . ▁O wner ▁J esse ▁Am or oso ▁has ▁appeared ▁several ▁times ▁as ▁the ▁v int age ▁guitar ▁expert ▁on ▁the ▁History ▁Channel ' s ▁hit ▁reality ▁television ▁series ▁Pa wn ▁Stars . ▁The ▁shop ▁closed ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 9 ▁following ▁a ▁prolong ed ▁decl ine ▁in ▁other ▁business ▁vent ures ▁run ▁by ▁the ▁Am or osos . ▁ ▁History ▁Cow town ▁was ▁opened ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 0 ▁by ▁Mark ▁Ch at field ▁in ▁the ▁Sh apter ▁Center ▁strip ▁m all ▁at ▁the ▁corner ▁of ▁R t . ▁ 1 6 1 ▁and ▁N . ▁M ead ows ▁Bl vd ▁on ▁the ▁north ▁side ▁of ▁Columb us , ▁Ohio . ▁The ▁store ▁was ▁operated ▁by ▁Ch at field , ▁who ▁also ▁tou red ▁as ▁Bob ▁Seg er ' s ▁guitar ist , ▁until ▁he ▁sold ▁the ▁business ▁to ▁long time ▁employees ▁J esse ▁and ▁Ro x ie ▁Am or oso ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 1 . ▁ ▁After ▁ow ning ▁the ▁store ▁for ▁less ▁than ▁a ▁year , ▁J esse ▁and ▁Ro x ie ▁Am or oso ▁moved ▁Cow town ▁to ▁a ▁new ▁location ▁in ▁the ▁arts ▁district ▁of ▁dow nt own ▁Las ▁Veg as . ▁The ▁shop ▁was ▁now ▁closer ▁to ▁the ▁Gold ▁& ▁Silver ▁Pa wn ▁Sh |
op , ▁where ▁Am or oso ▁continues ▁to ▁do ▁app rais als ▁for ▁Pa wn ▁Stars . ▁With ▁the ▁success ▁of ▁shows ▁like ▁Pa wn ▁Stars , ▁and ▁American ▁Rest oration , ▁both ▁of ▁which ▁are ▁fil med ▁in ▁dow nt own ▁Las ▁Veg as , ▁there ▁have ▁also ▁been ▁rum ors ▁of ▁Cow town ▁Gu it ars ▁acqu iring ▁their ▁own ▁reality ▁television ▁series . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 2 , ▁Cow town ▁became ▁the ▁official ▁bro ker ▁of ▁a ▁ 1 9 6 3 ▁F ender ▁Str at oc aster ▁once ▁owned ▁by ▁Jim i ▁Hend rix . ▁J esse ▁Am or oso ▁was ▁one ▁of ▁three ▁v int age ▁guitar ▁exper ts ▁to ▁app raise ▁the ▁guitar , ▁after ▁which ▁was ▁authentic ated ▁by ▁the ▁specific ▁modifications ▁made ▁by ▁Hend rix ▁personally , ▁its ▁unusual ▁green ▁pick guard , ▁and ▁a ▁tell t ale ▁black ▁mark ▁on ▁the ▁inside ▁of ▁the ▁electron ics ▁compart ment . ▁These ▁details ▁were ▁confirmed ▁by ▁Am or oso ▁along ▁with ▁Hend rix ' s ▁brother , ▁Leon , ▁who ▁remembered ▁seeing ▁the ▁guitar ▁around ▁the ▁a partment ▁he ▁shared ▁with ▁Jim i ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 6 0 s . ▁The ▁guitar ▁originally ▁belonged ▁to ▁studio ▁head ▁Henry ▁" J ug gy " ▁Murray ▁at ▁Jug gy ▁Sound . ▁It ▁is ▁believed ▁that ▁Hend rix ▁used ▁the ▁guitar ▁to ▁record ▁Blues ▁in ▁ ¾ " ▁and ▁My ▁Friend ▁for ▁a ▁No el ▁Red ding ▁solo ▁album . ▁▁▁ ▁When ▁Cow town |
▁Gu it ars ▁re located ▁in ▁early ▁ 2 0 1 2 , ▁guitar ist ▁J ake ▁E . ▁Lee ▁agreed ▁to ▁cut ▁the ▁rib bon ▁at ▁the ▁grand ▁re open ing ▁ceremony . ▁ ▁In ▁June ▁ 2 0 1 3 , ▁J esse ▁and ▁the ▁Str at oc aster ▁visited ▁Se ym our ▁Dun can ▁who ▁had ▁originally ▁custom ▁w ound ▁the ▁pick ups ▁for ▁Hend rix ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 6 0 s . ▁Dun can ▁authentic ated ▁the ▁pick ups ▁and ▁pick guard . ▁ ▁O wn ers ▁J esse ▁and ▁Ro x ie ▁Am or oso ▁are ▁mus icians ▁who ▁have ▁perform ▁together ▁in ▁the ▁Las ▁Veg as ▁based ▁rock ▁bands ▁Cra zy ▁Chief , ▁P ig as us , ▁and ▁The ▁L oud ▁P ipes . ▁They ▁were ▁married ▁in ▁the ▁home ▁of ▁Ro x ie ' s ▁parents ▁on ▁June ▁ 6 , ▁ 2 0 0 6 . ▁T ogether , ▁they ▁have ▁three ▁children , ▁one ▁of ▁whom ▁is ▁named ▁Gib son ▁Felix ▁after ▁the ▁famous ▁guitar ▁manufact urer . ▁Self - proc laimed ▁" s oul - m ates ," ▁the ▁couple ▁have ▁been ▁known ▁to ▁dress ▁similarly ▁in ▁public ▁while ▁together . ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 9 , ▁the ▁couple ▁are ▁head ed ▁toward ▁divor ce . ▁ ▁In ▁October ▁ 2 0 0 5 ▁J esse ▁and ▁Ro x ie ▁opened ▁The ▁Club house , ▁a ▁large ▁re he ars al ▁facility ▁that ▁was ▁run ▁by ▁the ▁couple ' |
s ▁production ▁company ▁Re ven ge ▁Ther apy ▁Produ ctions . ▁The ▁ 3 ▁story ▁building ▁contained ▁eight ▁re he ars al ▁rooms ▁of ▁varying ▁sizes , ▁with ▁a ▁single ▁large ▁re he ars al ▁room ▁on ▁the ▁top ▁floor ▁equ ipped ▁with ▁a ▁considerable ▁amount ▁of ▁amen ities ▁and ▁a ▁view ▁of ▁the ▁Las ▁Veg as ▁St rip . ▁Ep ic ▁Records ▁band ▁M ud v ay ne ▁was ▁a ▁client ▁of ▁The ▁Club house ▁before ▁it ▁eventually ▁closed ▁when ▁a ▁partner ▁of ▁the ▁Am or oso ' s ▁pulled ▁out . ▁ ▁J esse ▁Am or oso ▁is ▁a ▁guitar ist , ▁formerly ▁of ▁Cra zy ▁Chief , ▁The ▁L oud ▁P ipes , ▁Cy an ide ▁Blues , ▁and ▁P ig as us , ▁a ▁band ▁J esse ▁once ▁described ▁as ▁sound ing ▁like ▁" G od ▁sc ream ing ▁at ▁the ▁top ▁of ▁his ▁l ungs ". ▁J esse ▁is ▁also ▁co - owner ▁of ▁Cow town ▁Gu it ars ▁with ▁wife ▁Ro x ie . ▁His ▁main ▁expert ise ▁lies ▁in ▁v int age ▁string ed ▁instruments ▁and ▁ampl ifiers , ▁which ▁he ▁frequently ▁app ra ises ▁for ▁the ▁reality ▁television ▁series ▁Pa wn ▁Stars ▁on ▁the ▁History ▁Channel . ▁When ▁asked ▁by ▁the ▁Las ▁Veg as ▁Sun ▁to ▁comment ▁on ▁his ▁marriage , ▁J esse ▁said , ▁" It ' s ▁kind ▁of ▁a ▁bless ing ▁and ▁a ▁cur se , ▁because ▁you ’ re ▁in ▁a ▁relationship ▁with ▁someone ▁who ' s ▁a ▁music ian ▁and |
▁understand s ▁being ▁in ▁a ▁band ▁and ▁stuff , ▁but ▁you ▁also ▁don ’ t ▁have ▁that ▁voice ▁of ▁reason ▁that ▁some ▁people ▁do ." ▁ ▁Jenn ifer ▁" R ox ie " ▁Am or oso ▁moved ▁to ▁Las ▁Veg as ▁from ▁Death ▁Valley , ▁CA ▁when ▁she ▁was ▁ 1 8 ▁and ▁began ▁design ing ▁cost umes ▁for ▁cas inos ▁around ▁town ▁before ▁starting ▁a ▁screen ▁printing ▁business . ▁She ▁became ▁well ▁known ▁as ▁a ▁live ▁music ▁prom oter ▁who ▁has ▁book ed ▁for ▁several ▁local ▁ven ues ▁around ▁Las ▁Veg as , ▁which ▁include ▁Bo om ers ▁Bar , ▁East ▁Bon anza ▁Theatre , ▁Texas ▁Station ▁Cas ino ' s ▁South ▁P adre ▁L oun ge , ▁The ▁Road house ▁Cas ino , ▁S qu ig gy ' s ▁Bar , ▁The ▁Las ▁Veg as ▁Country ▁Sal oon , ▁and ▁The ▁Club house . ▁Her ▁color ful ▁person ality ▁earned ▁her ▁a ▁reputation ▁among ▁her ▁pe ers ▁in ▁Las ▁Veg as . ▁In ▁January ▁ 2 0 0 6 , ▁Ro x ie ▁made ▁Las ▁Veg as ▁City Life ' s ▁top ▁ 5 ▁list ▁of ▁" W omen ▁in ▁the ▁Local ▁Music ▁Sc ene ▁You ▁Def initely ▁Don ' t ▁W ant ▁to ▁P iss ▁Off ". ▁Ro x ie ▁was ▁also ▁Vice ▁Chair ▁of ▁the ▁Clark ▁County ▁Animal ▁Control ▁Ad vis ory ▁Committee ▁in ▁Las ▁Veg as . ▁ ▁In ▁April ▁ 2 0 1 8 , ▁Ro x ie ▁Am or oso ▁became ▁part ▁owner ▁and ▁man aging |
▁member ▁of ▁Beaut y ▁Bar ▁Las ▁Veg as , ▁a ▁popular ▁bar ▁and ▁music ▁ven ue ▁in ▁Dow nt own ▁Las ▁Veg as . ▁This ▁change ▁in ▁ownership ▁was ▁announced ▁in ▁the ▁press ▁the ▁following ▁August . ▁The ▁announ cement ▁delay ▁can ▁be ▁attributed ▁to ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁issues ▁pl agu ing ▁the ▁bar , ▁including ▁the ▁death ▁of ▁Pan tera / Hel ly e ah ▁drum mer ▁V inn ie ▁Paul ▁who ▁was ▁seen ▁part ying ▁at ▁Beaut y ▁Bar ▁Las ▁Veg as ▁hours ▁prior ▁to ▁his ▁passing . ▁ ▁In ▁March ▁ 2 0 1 9 , ▁Beaut y ▁Bar ▁Las ▁Veg as ▁was ▁served ▁an ▁ev iction ▁notice ▁cit ing ▁" le wd ▁activity " ▁and ▁" dis order ". ▁Las ▁Veg as ▁Metropolitan ▁Police ▁confirmed ▁several ▁vis its ▁to ▁Beaut y ▁Bar ▁Las ▁Veg as , ▁with ▁one ▁investigation ▁reve aling ▁an ▁employee ▁s elling ▁dru gs ▁from ▁within ▁the ▁business . ▁On ▁April ▁ 1 , ▁ 2 0 1 9 , ▁a ▁second ▁ev iction ▁notice ▁was ▁posted ▁on ▁Beaut y ▁Bar ▁Las ▁Veg as , ▁effectively ▁sh utter ing ▁the ▁business . ▁ ▁On ▁April ▁ 3 , ▁ 2 0 1 9 , ▁Las ▁Veg as ▁City ▁Council ▁met ▁to ▁discuss ▁possible ▁action ▁regarding ▁the ▁appro val ▁of ▁Beaut y ▁Bar ▁Las ▁Veg as ' s ▁ta vern - limited ▁license , ▁which ▁gover ns ▁alco hol ▁be verage ▁sales . ▁The ▁Council ▁voted ▁to ▁re voke ▁Ro x ie ▁Am or oso ' s |
▁temporary ▁license ▁and ▁den y ▁her ▁application ▁for ▁a ▁permanent ▁license ▁based ▁on ▁several ▁city ▁and ▁county ▁viol ations . ▁In ▁the ▁meeting , ▁City ▁of ▁Las ▁Veg as ▁Deput y ▁Pl anning ▁Director ▁Mary ▁Mc El h one ▁remarked : In ▁the ▁eight ▁short ▁months ▁that ▁this ▁operation ▁has ▁been ▁open , ▁the ▁Beaut y ▁Bar ▁has ▁had ▁problems ▁with ▁the ▁security ▁staff ▁and ▁general ▁management ▁obey ing ▁laws ▁and ▁reg ulations , ▁including ▁inc id ences ▁that ▁have ▁involved ▁[ L as ▁Veg as ▁Metropolitan ▁Police ] ▁and ▁have ▁included ▁lack ▁of ▁co operation . ▁M s . ▁Am or oso ▁has ▁not ▁demonstrated ▁that ▁she ▁is ▁capable ▁of ▁operating ▁a ▁night ▁club ▁with ▁a ▁Ta vern - L im ited ▁License . ▁ ▁Staff ▁ ▁Davis ▁– ▁On site ▁Gu itar ▁Rep air / L uth ier ▁ ▁Cra zy ▁Chief ▁Al ong ▁with ▁the ▁Am or osos , ▁Cra zy ▁Chief , ▁now ▁def unct , ▁included ▁members ▁of ▁previous ▁notable ▁bands , ▁prompt ing ▁the ▁press ▁to ▁refer ▁to ▁them ▁as ▁a ▁local ▁" super ▁group ". ▁S inger ▁D rew ▁Johnson ▁also ▁front s ▁Mo jo ▁R ising , ▁a ▁Do ors ▁cover ▁band , ▁while ▁drum mer ▁Dan ▁Con way ▁performed ▁on ▁tour ▁with ▁W arr ant ▁and ▁rh ythm ▁guitar ist ▁Nick ▁Thompson ▁performed ▁in ▁D irty ▁Som eth ings , ▁which ▁became ▁known ▁as ▁Red ▁Fe ather ▁shortly ▁before ▁dis band ing . ▁ ▁In ▁November ▁ 2 0 1 2 , ▁Las ▁Veg |
as ▁City Life ▁announced ▁plans ▁for ▁Black ▁Cam aro ' s ▁Brian ▁Gar th ▁to ▁move ▁out ▁of ▁Chrome ▁W ere w olf , ▁his ▁studio ▁of ▁two ▁years , ▁and ▁into ▁the ▁Am or oso ' s ▁house ▁to ▁record ▁Cra zy ▁Chief ' s ▁debut ▁album . ▁ ▁Events ▁▁ ▁When ▁Cow town ▁Gu it ars ▁re located ▁in ▁early ▁ 2 0 1 2 , ▁guitar ist ▁J ake ▁E . ▁Lee ▁agreed ▁to ▁cut ▁the ▁rib bon ▁at ▁the ▁grand ▁re open ing ▁ceremony . ▁ ▁On ▁June ▁ 1 , ▁ 2 0 1 2 , ▁Cow town ▁participated ▁in ▁the ▁month ly ▁First ▁Friday ▁event ▁held ▁in ▁the ▁arts ▁district ▁of ▁Las ▁Veg as . ▁The ▁event ▁featured ▁E ch op ark ▁gu it ars ▁by ▁intern ation ally ▁ren owned ▁guitar ▁builder ▁Gabriel ▁C urr ie . ▁The ▁hand ▁craft ed ▁gu it ars ▁were ▁made ▁famous ▁by ▁artists ▁such ▁as ▁Jakob ▁D yl an , ▁Brad ▁Whit ford , ▁and ▁Joe ▁Perry ▁of ▁A eros m ith , ▁and ▁Jon ny ▁" 2 ▁B ags " ▁W ick ers ham ▁of ▁Social ▁Dist ort ion . The ▁success ▁of ▁this ▁event ▁sp ur red ▁the ▁idea ▁of ▁bringing ▁in ▁more ▁guitar ▁mak ers ▁to ▁future ▁events ▁as ▁owner ▁J esse ▁Am or oso ▁tells ▁a ▁rep orter ▁for ▁Sym phony ▁Park , ▁" It ▁was ▁great ▁to ▁have ▁Gabriel ▁here ▁in ▁person ▁for ▁a ▁meet ▁and ▁gre et , ▁and ▁we ’ re ▁excited ▁to |
▁continue ▁hosting ▁new ▁guests ▁at ▁Cow town ▁every ▁First ▁Friday .” ▁ ▁On ▁December ▁ 7 , ▁ 2 0 1 2 , ▁Cow town ▁hosted ▁an ▁event ▁to ▁celebr ate ▁the ▁premi ere ▁of ▁their ▁episode ▁of ▁S ail or ▁Jerry ' s ▁Hold ▁Fast ▁artist ▁document ary ▁series . ▁According ▁to ▁Las ▁Veg as ▁Week ly , ▁the ▁project ▁see ks ▁out ▁“ ind ividual s ▁and ▁business es ▁who ▁have ▁dedicated ▁themselves ▁to ▁master ing ▁their ▁field ▁and ▁then ▁fear lessly ▁purs ued ▁its ▁innov ation ▁like ▁Norman ▁' S ail or ▁Jerry ' ▁Collins ▁did ▁with ▁t atto o ing .” ▁The ▁event ▁featured ▁Las ▁Veg as ' ▁Pick ▁Your ▁Po ison ▁B ake ▁Sh op , ▁Studio ▁ 2 1 ▁T atto o , ▁and ▁Cow town ▁Gu it ars . ▁Cow town ▁also ▁served ▁as ▁the ▁don ation ▁center ▁for ▁used ▁b icy cles ▁at ▁this ▁event . ▁ ▁Ex ile ▁On ▁Main ▁Street ▁On ▁June ▁ 6 , ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁Ro x ie ▁and ▁J esse ▁opened ▁a ▁v int age ▁cl othing ▁and ▁access ory ▁bout ique ▁in ▁the ▁suite ▁next ▁to ▁Cow town . ▁Ex ile ▁On ▁Main ▁Street ▁bor rows ▁its ▁name ▁from ▁the ▁Rol ling ▁St ones ▁album ▁of ▁the ▁same ▁name , ▁and ▁is ▁a ▁pun ▁on ▁its ▁location ▁on ▁Main ▁St . ▁in ▁Las ▁Veg as . ▁The ▁opening ▁night ▁event ▁was ▁spons ored ▁by ▁S ail or ▁Jerry ▁Rum ▁with ▁musical ▁guest ▁Jon ny ▁“ 2 |
▁B ags ” ▁W ick ers ham ▁of ▁soc al ▁punk ▁bands ▁Social ▁Dist ort ion ▁and ▁U . S . ▁Bomb s ▁performing ▁a ▁live ▁set . ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 8 , ▁Ex ile ▁On ▁Main ▁Street ▁sh utter ed ▁its ▁doors . ▁ ▁Phil anth ropy ▁In ▁January ▁ 2 0 1 1 , ▁a ▁friend ▁inspired ▁Ro x ie ▁to ▁host ▁a ▁fund ra ising ▁event ▁of ▁which ▁the ▁proceed s ▁would ▁go ▁towards ▁building ▁a ▁well ▁in ▁Africa . ▁Am or oso ▁said ▁in ▁an ▁interview , ▁“ It ▁only ▁takes ▁$ 2 , 0 0 0 ▁to ▁build ▁a ▁well ▁that ▁will ▁[ prov ide ] ▁ 9 0 0 ▁people — 9 0 0 ▁b ab ies , ▁moth ers , ▁f athers , ▁sister s ▁and ▁brothers — with ▁water ... So , ▁I ▁was ▁like , ▁Hey ... I ▁want ▁to ▁build ▁a ▁well .” ▁Al ong ▁with ▁the ▁help ▁of ▁her ▁sister ▁at ▁North west ▁Naz ar ene ▁University , ▁the ▁event ▁helped ▁Am or oso ▁raise ▁a ▁total ▁of ▁$ 2 5 0 0 ▁toward ▁the ▁Com pass ion ▁for ▁Africa ▁organization . ▁ ▁In ▁August ▁ 2 0 1 1 , ▁Cow town ▁te amed ▁up ▁with ▁Title ▁I ▁Hope ▁and ▁Out back ▁Ste ak house ▁for ▁a ▁food ▁and ▁h yg iene ▁products ▁drive ▁to ▁benefit ▁the ▁Veg as ▁Valley ' s ▁hom eless ▁youth . ▁J esse ▁was ▁featured ▁in ▁an ▁interview ▁on ▁Las ▁Veg as ' ▁Channel |
▁ 8 ▁news ▁prom oting ▁the ▁cause . ▁ ▁In ▁a ▁partners hip ▁between ▁shop ▁own ers ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 8 b ▁Las ▁Veg as ▁Arts ▁District ▁Ne igh bor hood ▁Association ▁and ▁Aut ism ▁Community ▁Trust , ▁In ▁June ▁ 2 0 1 2 , ▁J esse ▁appeared ▁on ▁Las ▁Veg as ▁Channel ▁ 1 3 ' s ▁Mor ning ▁Bl end ▁in ▁an ▁interview ▁with ▁Don ny ▁O sm ond ▁to ▁promote ▁Gu it ars ▁For ▁Aut ism , ▁a ▁char ity ▁that ▁benefits ▁children ▁with ▁aut ism . ▁Cow town ▁serves ▁as ▁a ▁drop ▁off ▁location ▁for ▁both ▁guitar ▁and ▁c ash ▁don ations ▁for ▁the ▁char ity . ▁When ▁asked ▁in ▁the ▁interview ▁how ▁Cow town ▁became ▁involved ▁in ▁the ▁char ity , ▁J esse ▁tells ▁O sm ond , ▁" It ' s ▁something ▁we ' re ▁passion ate ▁about ▁at ▁the ▁shop , ▁we ▁have ▁a ▁lot ▁of ▁friends ▁with ▁k ids ▁who ▁have ▁aut ism ." ▁ ▁Ro x ie ▁later ▁told ▁the ▁Las ▁Veg as ▁Business ▁Press , ▁" we ' re ▁determined ▁to ▁collect ▁ 1 0 0 ▁gu it ars ... Wh ether ▁we ▁have ▁to ▁use ▁gu it ars ▁from ▁my ▁husband ' s ▁collection ▁or ▁raise ▁money ▁to ▁purchase ▁additional ▁gu it ars , ▁we ' ll ▁get ▁them ." ▁ ▁Awards ▁ ▁Best ▁Music ▁Sh op ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁– ▁Veg as ▁SE V EN ▁ ▁Best ▁R estaur ant ▁to ▁B low ▁Your ▁Pay check ▁– |
▁Las ▁Veg as ▁Week ly ▁ ▁In ▁July ▁ 2 0 1 6 , ▁Ex ile ▁received ▁a ▁Best ▁of ▁The ▁City ▁award ▁from ▁Veg as ▁Seven ▁Magazine . ▁ ▁In ▁February ▁ 2 0 1 7 , ▁Ex ile ▁was ▁awarded ▁" best ▁v int age ▁store " ▁in ▁Nev ada ▁Public ▁Radio ▁publication ▁Des ert ▁Comp an ion ' s ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁Best ▁of ▁the ▁City . ▁ ▁Pa wn ▁Stars ▁episodes ▁No ▁Sho es , ▁No ▁Sh irt , ▁No ▁Service ▁( Oct ober ▁ 2 4 , ▁ 2 0 1 3 ) ▁Hot ▁Air ▁Buff oon ▁( E pisode ▁ 2 . 5 ) ▁Ch um dog ▁Mill ion aire ▁( E pisode ▁ 3 . 2 2 ) ▁St rike ▁a ▁Ch ord ▁( E pisode ▁ 4 . 1 0 ) ▁Honor ▁They ▁Father ▁( E pisode ▁ 4 . 3 4 ) ▁Face ▁the ▁Music ▁( E pisode ▁ 4 . 3 8 ) ▁Bu yer ▁Bew are ▁( E pisode ▁ 5 . 5 ) ▁Les ▁is ▁More ▁( E pisode ▁ 5 . 1 8 ) ▁K ick ▁the ▁Can ▁( E pisode ▁ 5 . 5 1 ) ▁On ▁Guard ▁( E pisode ▁ 6 . 7 ) ▁Little ▁Pa wn ▁Sh op ▁of ▁Hor ror s ▁( E pisode ▁ 6 . 1 7 ) ▁Book ▁' Em ▁Rick ▁( E pisode ▁ 6 . 3 1 ) ▁Te e ' d ▁Off ▁( E pisode ▁ 8 |
. 5 0 ) ▁Pon ies ▁and ▁Ph on ies ▁( E pisode ▁ 8 . 5 5 ) ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁S ail or ▁Jerry ' s ▁Hold ▁Fast ▁featuring ▁Cow town ▁Gu it ars ▁ 1 9 6 3 ▁F ender ▁Str at oc aster ▁owned ▁by ▁Jim i ▁Hend rix ▁Cow town ▁grand ▁re open ing ▁at ▁On eth irty e ight . org ▁E ch op ark ▁Gu it ars ▁J esse ▁at ▁LA ▁A mp ▁Show ▁with ▁E ch op ark ▁Gu it ars ▁Mor ning ▁Bl end ▁with ▁Don nie ▁O sm ond ▁Pa wn ▁Stars ▁Exper ts ▁ ▁Category : Ret ail ▁companies ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 0 ▁Category : Comp an ies ▁based ▁in ▁Las ▁Veg as ▁Category : G uit ars <0x0A> </s> ▁Terry ▁Moore ▁or ▁Ter ence ▁Moore ▁( born ▁St ▁Alb ans , ▁England ) ▁is ▁a ▁New ▁Zealand ▁music ian , ▁best ▁known ▁as ▁a ▁former ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁band ▁The ▁Ch ills , ▁for ▁whom ▁he ▁played ▁bass ▁from ▁ 1 9 8 1 – 8 3 , ▁ 1 9 8 5 – 8 6 ▁and ▁again ▁from ▁ 1 9 9 1 - 9 3 . ▁He ▁has ▁also ▁worked ▁as ▁a ▁recording ▁engineer ▁and ▁producer ▁in ▁N Z , ▁UK ▁and ▁US , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁being ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁other ▁bands , ▁most ▁not ably ▁the ▁sem inal ▁B ored ▁Games , ▁where ▁he ▁played ▁alongside ▁future ▁Stra it jack et |
▁F its ▁and ▁Dim mer ▁leader ▁Sh ay ne ▁Carter . ▁Disc ography ▁http :// www . dis c ogs . com / art ist / 2 7 5 3 6 4 ▁ ▁Moore ▁left ▁the ▁music ▁industry ▁in ▁the ▁mid - 1 9 9 0 s ▁to ▁work ▁on ▁Internet ▁start - ups , ▁and ▁later ▁in ▁financial ▁services . ▁He ▁now ▁res ides ▁in ▁Brook lyn ▁and ▁is ▁married ▁to ▁Nick y ▁O ' Con nor . ▁ ▁References ▁▁ ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : New ▁Zealand ▁mus icians ▁Category : The ▁Ch ills ▁members ▁Category : Year ▁of ▁birth ▁missing ▁( l iving ▁people ) <0x0A> </s> ▁Wu ▁Di ▁( ; ▁born ▁March ▁ 1 , ▁ 1 9 8 2 ▁in ▁P anz hi h ua , ▁S ich uan ) ▁is ▁a ▁female ▁Chinese ▁soft ball ▁player ▁who ▁competed ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 4 ▁Summer ▁Olympics ▁and ▁again ▁in ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁Summer ▁Olympics ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 4 ▁Olympic ▁soft ball ▁competition ▁she ▁finished ▁fourth ▁with ▁the ▁Chinese ▁team . ▁She ▁played ▁four ▁matches ▁as ▁inf iel der . ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁profile ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 8 2 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : O lymp ic ▁soft ball ▁players ▁of ▁China ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁P anz hi h ua ▁Category : So ft ball ▁players ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 4 ▁Summer ▁Olympics ▁Category : So ft ball |
▁players ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁Summer ▁Olympics ▁Category : As ian ▁Games ▁medal ists ▁in ▁soft ball ▁Category : So ft ball ▁players ▁Category : S ports people ▁from ▁S ich uan ▁Category : So ft ball ▁players ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁Asian ▁Games ▁Category : Med al ists ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁Asian ▁Games ▁Category : As ian ▁Games ▁bronze ▁medal ists ▁for ▁China <0x0A> </s> ▁Joseph ▁Hub ert us ▁Pil ates ▁( 9 ▁December ▁ 1 8 8 3 ▁– ▁ 9 ▁October ▁ 1 9 6 7 ) ▁was ▁a ▁German ▁physical ▁tra iner , ▁and ▁notable ▁for ▁having ▁invent ed ▁and ▁promoted ▁the ▁Pil ates ▁method ▁of ▁physical ▁fit ness . ▁ ▁Biography ▁Joseph ▁H . ▁Pil ates ▁was ▁born ▁ 9 ▁December ▁ 1 8 8 3 ▁in ▁M ön ch eng lad bach , ▁Germany . ▁His ▁father ▁who ▁was ▁born ▁in ▁Greece , ▁Heinrich ▁Friedrich ▁Pil ates , ▁was ▁a ▁metal ▁worker ▁and ▁enthus i astic ▁g ymn ast , ▁and ▁his ▁German - born ▁mother ▁was ▁a ▁house w ife . ▁▁ ▁Pil ates ▁was ▁a ▁sick ly ▁child . ▁He ▁suffered ▁from ▁ast h ma , ▁r ick ets , ▁and ▁r he um atic ▁fe ver , ▁and ▁he ▁dedicated ▁his ▁entire ▁life ▁to ▁impro ving ▁his ▁physical ▁strength . ▁He ▁was ▁introduced ▁by ▁his ▁father ▁to ▁g ymn ast ics ▁and ▁body - building , ▁and ▁to ▁mart ial ▁arts ▁like ▁j iu |
- j its u ▁and ▁box ing . ▁By ▁the ▁age ▁of ▁ 1 4 , ▁he ▁was ▁fit ▁enough ▁to ▁pose ▁for ▁an atom ical ▁charts . ▁Pil ates ▁came ▁to ▁believe ▁that ▁the ▁" mod ern " ▁life - style , ▁bad ▁post ure , ▁and ▁in efficient ▁breath ing ▁lay ▁at ▁the ▁roots ▁of ▁poor ▁health . ▁He ▁ultimately ▁de vised ▁a ▁series ▁of ▁exer cis es ▁and ▁training ▁techniques , ▁and ▁engine ered ▁all ▁the ▁equipment , ▁specific ations , ▁and ▁tun ing ▁required ▁to ▁teach ▁his ▁methods ▁properly . ▁ ▁Pil ates ▁was ▁originally ▁a ▁g ymn ast ▁and ▁body builder , ▁but ▁when ▁he ▁moved ▁to ▁England ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 2 , ▁he ▁earned ▁a ▁living ▁as ▁a ▁professional ▁box er , ▁a ▁circ us - perform er , ▁and ▁a ▁self - def ense ▁tra iner ▁at ▁police ▁schools ▁and ▁Scotland ▁Y ard . ▁During ▁World ▁War ▁I ▁the ▁British ▁authorities ▁intern ed ▁him , ▁along ▁with ▁other ▁German ▁citizens , ▁in ▁Lanc aster ▁Castle , ▁where ▁he ▁taught ▁wrest ling ▁and ▁self - def ense , ▁bo ast ing ▁that ▁his ▁students ▁would ▁emer ge ▁stronger ▁than ▁they ▁were ▁before ▁their ▁intern ment . ▁It ▁was ▁there ▁that ▁he ▁began ▁ref ining ▁and ▁teaching ▁his ▁minimal ▁equipment ▁system ▁of ▁mat ▁exer cis es ▁that ▁later ▁became ▁" Cont ro log y ". ▁He ▁was ▁then ▁transferred ▁ ▁to ▁another ▁intern ment ▁camp ▁at ▁Kno ck alo e ▁on ▁the ▁Is le ▁of ▁Man |
. ▁During ▁that ▁invol unt ary ▁break , ▁he ▁began ▁to ▁intens ively ▁develop ▁his ▁concept ▁of ▁an ▁integrated , ▁compreh ensive ▁system ▁of ▁physical ▁exercise , ▁which ▁he ▁himself ▁called ▁" Cont ro log y ". ▁Some ▁of ▁the ▁early ▁use ▁of ▁Pil ates ' s ▁exercise ▁methods ▁included ▁re h abil itation ▁of ▁seriously ▁injured ▁veter ans . ▁ ▁He ▁studied ▁y oga ▁and ▁the ▁movements ▁of ▁animals ▁and ▁trained ▁his ▁fellow ▁in m ates ▁in ▁fit ness ▁and ▁exer cis es . ▁ ▁After ▁World ▁War ▁I , ▁he ▁returned ▁to ▁Germany ▁and ▁collabor ated ▁with ▁important ▁exper ts ▁in ▁dance ▁and ▁physical ▁exercise ▁such ▁as ▁Rudolf ▁L aban . ▁In ▁Hamburg , ▁he ▁trained ▁police ▁officers . ▁He ▁imm igr ated ▁to ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁around ▁ 1 9 2 5 . ▁On ▁the ▁ship ▁to ▁America , ▁he ▁met ▁his ▁future ▁wife ▁Clara . ▁The ▁couple ▁founded ▁a ▁studio ▁in ▁New ▁York ▁City ▁and ▁directly ▁taught ▁and ▁super vised ▁their ▁students ▁well ▁into ▁the ▁ 1 9 6 0 s . ▁" Cont ro log y ", ▁related ▁to ▁encourag ing ▁the ▁use ▁of ▁the ▁mind ▁to ▁control ▁mus cles , ▁foc using ▁attention ▁on ▁ ▁core ▁post ural ▁mus cles ▁that ▁help ▁keep ▁the ▁body ▁bal anced ▁and ▁provide ▁support ▁for ▁the ▁sp ine . ▁In ▁particular , ▁Pil ates ▁exer cis es ▁teach ▁aw aren ess ▁of ▁breath ▁and ▁of ▁alignment ▁of ▁the ▁sp ine , ▁and ▁strength en ▁the ▁deep ▁tor so ▁and ▁ab dom |
inal ▁mus cles . ▁ ▁Joseph ▁and ▁Clara ▁Pil ates ▁soon ▁established ▁a ▁devoted ▁following ▁in ▁the ▁local ▁dance ▁and ▁performing - arts ▁community ▁of ▁New ▁York . ▁Well - known ▁d anc ers ▁such ▁as ▁George ▁Bal anch ine , ▁who ▁arrived ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 3 , ▁and ▁Mar tha ▁Graham , ▁who ▁had ▁come ▁to ▁New ▁York ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 3 , ▁became ▁dev ote es ▁and ▁regularly ▁sent ▁their ▁students ▁to ▁the ▁Pil ates ▁for ▁training ▁and ▁re h abil itation . ▁His ▁exercise ▁reg imen ▁built ▁flex ibility , ▁strength ▁and ▁stam ina . ▁So on ▁after ▁it ▁became ▁known ▁that ▁ball er inas ▁were ▁att ending ▁the ▁Pil ates ▁g ym ▁on ▁ 8 th ▁Avenue , ▁society ▁women ▁followed . ▁ ▁One ▁of ▁the ▁ball er inas ▁was ▁Rom ana ▁K ry zan ow ska , ▁who ▁become ▁Pil ates ' ▁prote ge . ▁K ry zan ow ska ▁started ▁Pil ates ▁at ▁the ▁age ▁of ▁ 1 6 ▁following ▁an ▁an k le ▁injury . ▁Pil ates ▁said ▁of ▁her , ▁" she ' s ▁a ▁natural ". ▁K ry zan ow ska ▁was ▁named ▁a ▁helper ▁and ▁started ▁teaching ▁Pil ates ▁alongside ▁Pil ates ▁and ▁his ▁wife . ▁Tow ard ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁his ▁life , ▁Pil ates ▁named ▁K ry zan ow ska ▁as ▁the ▁director ▁of ▁The ▁Pil ates ▁Studio . ▁K ry zan ow ska ▁and ▁her ▁daughter ▁continued ▁to ▁operate ▁Pil ates ' |
▁original ▁studio . ▁Jay ▁Gr imes ▁bel ieves ▁that ▁nobody ▁knows ▁Joseph ▁Pil ates ’ ▁work ▁better ▁than ▁K ry zan ow ska . ▁ ▁Joseph ▁Pil ates ▁wrote ▁several ▁books , ▁including ▁Return ▁to ▁Life ▁through ▁Cont ro log y ▁and ▁Your ▁Health , ▁and ▁he ▁was ▁also ▁a ▁pro l ific ▁invent or , ▁with ▁over ▁ 2 6 ▁pat ents ▁c ited . ▁Joe ▁and ▁Clara ▁had ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁dis ci ples ▁who ▁continued ▁to ▁teach ▁variations ▁of ▁his ▁method ▁or , ▁in ▁some ▁cases , ▁focused ▁exclus ively ▁on ▁pres erving ▁the ▁method ▁and ▁the ▁instruct or - training ▁techniques ▁they ▁had ▁learned ▁during ▁their ▁studies ▁with ▁Joe ▁and ▁Clara . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 6 7 , ▁Joseph ▁Pil ates ▁died ▁in ▁New ▁York ▁of ▁advanced ▁em phys ema , ▁aged ▁ 8 3 . ▁ ▁Books ▁▁▁▁ ▁Your ▁Health ▁by ▁Joseph ▁H . ▁Pil ates ▁( 1 9 3 4 ) ▁ ▁Return ▁to ▁Life ▁Through ▁Cont ro log y ▁by ▁Joseph ▁H . ▁Pil ates ▁and ▁William ▁J . ▁Miller ▁( 1 9 4 5 ) ▁ ▁Films ▁▁ ▁Joseph ▁Pil ates ▁is ▁featured ▁in ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁document ary ▁film , ▁" A ▁Mov ement ▁of ▁Mov ement " ▁made ▁by ▁Mark ▁Ped ri . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁▁ ▁English - G erman ▁blog ▁of ▁Pil ates - bi ograph er ▁Eva ▁R in cke ▁in ▁which ▁she ▁shares ▁background ▁information ▁on ▁her ▁research ▁on ▁Joseph ▁Pil ates |
' ▁life . ▁ ▁Category : 1 8 8 3 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 9 6 7 ▁death s ▁Category : G erman ▁em igr ants ▁to ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Category : Pe ople ▁associated ▁with ▁physical ▁culture ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁M ön ch eng lad bach ▁Category : S ports people ▁from ▁New ▁York ▁City ▁Category : P il ates ▁Category : World ▁War ▁I ▁civil ian ▁prisoners <0x0A> </s> ▁Em per at riz ▁Car v aj al ▁( born ▁in ▁Chile ; ▁died ▁in ▁Mexico ) ▁was ▁a ▁Chile an ▁actress ▁and ▁singer ▁who ▁worked ▁extens ively ▁in ▁Argentina ▁and ▁Mexico . ▁ ▁Film ography ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Category : Ch ile an ▁female ▁sing ers ▁Category : Ch ile an ▁film ▁actress es ▁Category : Ch ile an ▁stage ▁actress es ▁Category : Ch ile an ▁exp atri ates ▁in ▁Argentina ▁Category : Ch ile an ▁exp atri ates ▁in ▁Mexico <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Democratic ▁Party ▁( ; ▁D P ) ▁is ▁a ▁moder ate ▁conserv ative ▁political ▁party ▁in ▁U g anda ▁led ▁by ▁Nor bert ▁Ma o . ▁The ▁D P ▁was ▁led ▁by ▁Paul ▁S sem og er ere ▁for ▁ 2 5 ▁years ▁until ▁his ▁ret irement ▁in ▁November ▁ 2 0 0 5 . ▁John ▁S se ba ana ▁K iz ito ▁replaced ▁S sem og er ere , ▁and ▁led ▁the ▁party ▁until ▁February ▁ 2 0 1 0 , ▁when ▁Nor bert ▁Ma o ▁was ▁elected ▁party ▁president . |
▁ ▁In ▁the ▁general ▁election ▁of ▁ 1 8 ▁February ▁ 2 0 1 1 , ▁the ▁party ▁won ▁ 1 1 ▁out ▁of ▁ 2 3 8 ▁elected ▁seats . ▁In ▁the ▁president ial ▁election ▁of ▁the ▁same ▁date , ▁Ma o ▁won ▁ 1 . 8 6 ▁percent ▁of ▁the ▁vote . ▁As ▁of ▁June ▁ 2 0 1 3 , ▁the ▁party ▁had ▁fifteen ▁seats ▁in ▁the ▁parliament . ▁ ▁Background ▁ ▁The ▁D P ▁was ▁formed ▁out ▁of ▁the ▁religious ▁and ▁economic ▁dem ograph ics ▁that ▁began ▁to ▁model ▁politics ▁in ▁Bug anda ▁before ▁U g anda ' s ▁independence . ▁Bug anda ▁is ▁U g anda ' s ▁largest ▁eth nic ▁region ▁and ▁has ▁influenced ▁the ▁country ' s ▁politics ▁since ▁the ▁country ▁was ▁drawn ▁up ▁by ▁the ▁British ▁colonial ▁power . ▁Bug anda , ▁like ▁most ▁parts ▁of ▁Africa ▁before ▁independence , ▁had ▁been ▁visited ▁by ▁three ▁key ▁religious ▁forces ▁- ▁the ▁Roman ▁C athol ics , ▁the ▁Church ▁of ▁England ▁( Pro test ant ▁Christians ), ▁and ▁Islam . ▁They ▁batt led ▁each ▁other ▁to ▁extend ▁their ▁influence ▁in ▁Bug anda ▁and ▁U g anda ▁as ▁a ▁whole . ▁In ▁Bug anda , ▁all ▁three ▁built ▁powerful ▁ind igen ous ▁al li ances ▁and ▁tried ▁to ▁influence ▁the ▁Bug anda ▁King ▁- ▁the ▁Kab aka . ▁By ▁the ▁ 1 9 5 0 s , ▁the ▁Protest ants ▁had ▁achieved ▁the ▁most ▁influence ▁over ▁the ▁Kab aka . ▁ ▁Bug anda ▁ ▁Another ▁important ▁factor ▁influen |
cing ▁Bug anda ▁politics ▁at ▁the ▁time ▁was ▁what ▁the ▁role ▁of ▁the ▁Kab aka ▁should ▁be ▁in ▁an ▁independent ▁U g anda . ▁A ▁significant ▁majority ▁in ▁Bug anda ▁wanted ▁aut onomy ▁with ▁the ▁Kab aka ▁as ▁the ▁symbol ▁of ▁Bug and an ▁self - det erm ination . ▁Most ▁other ▁people ▁in ▁U g anda , ▁however , ▁wanted ▁a ▁unit ary ▁modern ▁state ▁unh inder ed ▁by ▁traditional ▁royal ty . ▁This ▁asp iration ▁was ▁shared ▁by ▁some ▁of ▁the ▁Bug anda ▁el ite , ▁particularly ▁those ▁who ▁belonged ▁to ▁the ▁Catholic ▁Church . ▁They ▁formed ▁the ▁basis ▁of ▁what ▁was ▁to ▁become ▁the ▁D P . ▁ ▁To ▁the ▁Kab aka , ▁D P ▁members ▁were ▁seen ▁as ▁dis loy al , ▁and , ▁in ▁response , ▁the ▁Kab aka ▁formed ▁an ▁alternative ▁more ▁popular ▁party ▁in ▁Bug anda ▁called ▁Kab aka ▁Y ek ka ▁(" The ▁King ▁Only "). ▁Re alis ing ▁they ▁had ▁little ▁chance ▁of ▁winning ▁support ▁in ▁Bug anda , ▁the ▁D P ▁under ▁Ben edic to ▁K iw anu ka ▁began ▁to ▁campaign ▁for ▁the ▁support ▁of ▁other ▁southern ▁B ant u - spe aking ▁tribes ▁in ▁southern ▁U g anda . ▁The ▁D P ▁effectively ▁became ▁U g anda ' s ▁first ▁national ▁political ▁party . ▁ ▁Independ ence ▁ ▁" A ▁third ▁political ▁force ▁emer ged ▁from ▁the ▁Nil otic / Lu o ▁speaking ▁North ▁of ▁U g anda ." ▁This ▁statement ▁is ▁fact ually ▁wrong . ▁The ▁UN C ▁was ▁formed |
▁in ▁ 1 9 5 2 . ▁It ▁was ▁not ▁led ▁by ▁any ▁Nil otic . ▁It ▁was ▁led ▁by ▁Ign ati us ▁Mus azi ▁who ▁was ▁a ▁M ug anda . ▁ ▁" In ▁fact ▁there ▁was ▁very ▁little ▁difference ▁in ▁policy ▁between ▁the ▁D P ▁and ▁U PC ." ▁This ▁statement ▁is ▁also ▁fact ually ▁wrong . ▁The ▁two ▁parties ▁represented ▁gr iev ances ▁of ▁different ▁ident ities . ▁D P ▁represented ▁the ▁gr iev ances ▁of ▁C athol ics ▁who ▁had ▁been ▁disc rimin ated ▁against ▁since ▁the ▁battle ▁of ▁M engo ▁of ▁ 1 8 9 2 . ▁The ▁U PC , ▁on ▁the ▁other ▁hand , ▁represented ▁the ▁gr iev ances ▁of ▁the ▁non - Bag anda ▁who ▁had ▁been ▁domin ated ▁by ▁Bag anda ▁since ▁ 1 6 0 0 . ▁ ▁The ▁U g anda ▁National ▁Congress , ▁later ▁to ▁become ▁the ▁U g anda ▁People ' s ▁Congress ▁( UP C ), ▁was ▁led ▁by ▁Mil ton ▁Ob ote . ▁Like ▁the ▁Democratic ▁Party , ▁the ▁U PC ▁campaign ed ▁for ▁a ▁unit ary ▁modern ▁state . ▁In ▁fact ▁there ▁was ▁very ▁little ▁difference ▁in ▁policy ▁between ▁the ▁D P ▁and ▁U PC . ▁ ▁The ▁first ▁election ▁in ▁U g anda ▁prior ▁to ▁Independ ence ▁saw ▁the ▁Democratic ▁Party ▁as ▁the ▁largest ▁party , ▁however ▁the ▁U PC ▁formed ▁an ▁al liance ▁of ▁convenience ▁with ▁the ▁Kab aka ▁Y ek ka ▁and ▁Mil ton ▁Ob ote ▁became ▁Prime ▁Minister , ▁prom ising ▁to ▁preserve |
▁the ▁Kab aka ' s ▁status ▁in ▁Bug anda . ▁That ▁al liance ▁did ▁not ▁last ▁and ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 6 , ▁Ob ote ▁ordered ▁the ▁military ▁against ▁the ▁Kab aka ▁who ▁fled ▁into ▁ex ile . ▁The ▁Kab aka ▁Y ek ka ▁party ▁was ▁b anned ▁and ▁Ben edic to ▁K iw anu ka ▁was ▁imprison ed . ▁ ▁New ▁political ▁forces ▁ ▁When ▁Ob ote ▁was ▁over th rown ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 1 ▁by ▁Id i ▁A min , ▁Ben edic to ▁K iw anu ka ▁accepted ▁a ▁minister ial ▁post ▁in ▁the ▁new ▁government . ▁He ▁was ▁eventually ▁murder ed ▁by ▁A min ' s ▁agents . ▁All ▁political ▁parties ▁were ▁b anned ▁in ▁U g anda ▁during ▁A min ' s ▁rule . ▁ ▁The ▁D P ▁emer ged ▁again ▁after ▁Id i ▁A min ▁was ▁over th rown ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 9 . ▁The ▁absence ▁of ▁the ▁Kab aka ▁Y ek ka ▁party ▁now ▁made ▁the ▁D P ▁the ▁main ▁political ▁force ▁in ▁Bug anda ▁and ▁southern ▁U g anda , ▁while ▁the ▁U PC ▁cons olid ated ▁its ▁support ▁in ▁the ▁north . ▁This ▁regional ▁polar ization ▁of ▁U g and an ▁politics ▁had ▁made ▁the ▁D P ▁a ▁convenient ▁vehicle ▁for ▁Bag anda ▁to ▁express ▁their ▁political ▁asp ir ations , ▁which ▁had ▁moved ▁significantly ▁towards ▁aut onomy ▁after ▁the ▁apparent ▁economic ▁and ▁political ▁failure ▁of ▁the ▁U g and an ▁state . ▁This ▁was ▁further ▁en hanced ▁by ▁the |
▁brut ality ▁of ▁the ▁new ▁government ▁whose ▁army ▁was ▁domin ated ▁by ▁northern ers . ▁To ▁many ▁Bag anda , ▁the ▁D P ▁was ▁the ▁first ▁stage ▁to ▁ach ieving ▁the ▁return ▁of ▁the ▁Kab aka ▁and ▁the ▁" in dep end ence " ▁of ▁Bug anda . ▁ ▁The ▁leadership ▁of ▁the ▁D P ▁did ▁not ▁asp ire ▁to ▁a ▁share ▁Bug and an ▁independence , ▁but ▁went ▁along ▁with ▁it . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 8 0 , ▁Paul ▁S sem og er ere ▁assumed ▁leadership ▁of ▁the ▁party . ▁In ▁ 1 9 8 4 , ▁he ▁was ▁re elect ed ▁as ▁leader ▁over ▁the ▁challenge ▁of ▁Ok ney ▁At w oma . ▁ ▁In ▁response ▁to ▁Ok ney ▁At w oma ' s ▁un success ful ▁challenge , ▁At w oma ▁established ▁the ▁National ist ▁Liberal ▁Party ▁alongside ▁former ▁minister ▁Anthony ▁O ch aya , ▁C uth bert ▁Joseph ▁Ob w ang or , ▁and ▁Francis ▁B wen ge . ▁This ▁new ▁party ▁was ▁eventually ▁re - integr ated ▁with ▁the ▁Democratic ▁Party . ▁ ▁Paul ▁S sem og er ere ▁was ▁a ▁political ▁nov ice ▁but ▁used ▁the ▁Bug anda ▁asp iration ▁effectively ▁and ▁provided ▁a ▁significant ▁challenge ▁to ▁the ▁U PC ▁led ▁once ▁again ▁by ▁Ob ote ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 8 0 ▁elections . ▁These ▁elections ▁are ▁widely ▁believed ▁to ▁have ▁been ▁rig ged ▁by ▁the ▁military ▁jun ta ▁that ▁ruled ▁U g anda ▁after ▁A min ▁in ▁favour ▁of ▁Ob ote ▁and ▁the |
▁U PC . ▁ ▁A ▁third ▁political ▁party , ▁the ▁U g anda ▁Patri otic ▁Mov ement ▁( UP M ) ▁led ▁by ▁Y ower i ▁Muse ven i , ▁rejected ▁the ▁result ▁and ▁went ▁to ▁the ▁bush ▁to ▁start ▁a ▁gu err illa ▁war . ▁There ▁was ▁pressure ▁on ▁the ▁D P ▁to ▁reject ▁the ▁result , ▁but ▁the ▁leadership ▁decided ▁to ▁take ▁their ▁seats ▁in ▁parliament ▁much ▁to ▁the ▁disappoint ment ▁of ▁their ▁supp or ters . ▁However ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁D P ' s ▁younger ▁leaders , ▁Andrew ▁Kay ii ra , ▁did ▁take ▁up ▁arms ▁to ▁fight ▁the ▁new ▁government , ▁joining ▁an ▁organisation ▁called ▁the ▁U g anda ▁Fre edom ▁Mov ement . ▁ ▁When ▁Muse ven i ▁came ▁to ▁power , ▁he ▁was ▁able ▁to ▁out fl ank ▁any ▁support ▁the ▁D P ▁retained ▁in ▁Bug anda ▁by ▁allowing ▁the ▁Kab aka ' s ▁son ▁to ▁return ▁and ▁be ▁crown ed ▁as ▁a ▁cer emon ial ▁king . ▁The ▁D P ▁performed ▁so ▁badly ▁in ▁the ▁elections ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 6 , ▁it ▁is ▁doubt ful ▁whether ▁the ▁party ▁will ▁ever ▁reg ain ▁its ▁popular ity . ▁ ▁F actions ▁ ▁Since ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁elections , ▁pl ural ism ▁has ▁strugg led ▁to ▁find ▁its ▁place ▁in ▁U g and an ▁politics . ▁State ▁spons ored ▁in - f ight ing ▁and ▁fa ction al ism ▁have ▁driven ▁away ▁many ▁of ▁its ▁traditional ▁supp or ters . ▁They ▁do ▁fear ▁that |
▁their ▁small ▁scale ▁market ▁garden ing ▁business es , ▁would ▁be ▁target ed ▁by ▁the ▁NR M - No - Part y - Home - g rown ▁dem ocracy ▁of ▁Mr . ▁Y ower i ▁K ag uta ▁Muse ven i ▁who ▁has ▁enjoyed ▁fis cal ▁economic ▁growth ▁up ▁to ▁ 6 %. ▁His ▁regime ▁open ly ▁claims ▁to ▁want ▁and ▁need ▁no ▁foreign ▁aid ▁as ▁U g and ans ▁are ▁happy ▁to ▁be ▁sleep ing ▁well ▁regardless ▁of ▁their ▁surv iving ▁under ▁minimum ▁star v ation ▁with ▁maximum ▁pover ty . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Bibli ography ▁ ▁Ap ter , ▁D . E . ▁" The ▁Political ▁Kingdom ▁in ▁U g anda ," ▁Pr inc eton . ▁University ▁Press , ▁Pr inc eton , ▁New ▁Jersey , ▁ 1 9 6 1 ▁Gray , ▁J . M . ▁( 1 9 5 0 ) ▁" The ▁Year ▁of ▁the ▁three ▁Kings ," ▁U g anda ▁Journal , ▁March , ▁ 1 9 5 0 . ▁Hans en , ▁H ▁B ▁( 1 9 8 4 ) ▁Mission , ▁Church ▁and ▁State ▁in ▁a ▁Col onial ▁Setting , ▁ 1 8 9 0 - 1 9 2 5 " ▁Hein mann , ▁N airo bi ▁& ▁London , ▁ 1 9 8 4 . ▁Lock ard , ▁K . ▁( ▁ 1 9 8 0 ) ▁' Rel ig ion ▁and ▁Polit ics ▁in ▁independent ▁U g anda : ▁the ▁movement ▁toward ▁sec ular ization ", ▁in ▁Sc ar itt , ▁J . |
R . ▁( editor ) ▁" Anal ys ing ▁Political ▁Change ▁in ▁Africa ," ▁Colorado ▁( USA ), ▁West view ▁Press . ▁Lock ard , ▁K . ▁' Rel ig ion ▁and ▁Political ▁Development ▁in ▁U g anda , ▁ 1 9 6 2 - 1 9 7 2 , ▁( un pub lished ▁Ph D . ▁dis sert ation , ▁University ▁of ▁Wisconsin ▁ 1 9 7 4 ) ▁( A ▁micro film ▁copy ▁of ▁this ▁th esis ▁is ▁available ▁in ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁N airo bi ▁Library ). ▁Low , ▁D . A . ▁" Pol it ical ▁Part ies ▁in ▁U g anda , ▁ 1 9 4 9 - 6 2 ," ▁London , ▁Ath l one ▁Press ▁( 1 9 6 2 ); ▁also ▁in ▁Low , ▁D . A . ▁" B ug anda ▁in ▁Modern ▁History ," Ber keley ▁& ▁Los ▁Angeles , ▁University ▁of ▁California ▁Press , ▁ 1 9 6 7 . ▁Mut ib wa , ▁P . M . ▁" Internal ▁Self - G overn ment : ▁March ▁ 1 9 6 1 ▁to ▁October ▁ 1 9 6 2 ," ▁in ▁U zo ig we , ▁G . N . ▁( editor ) ▁" U g anda : ▁the ▁D ile m ma ▁of ▁Nation hood ," ▁New ▁York ▁& ▁London : ▁N OK ▁Publish ers , ▁ 1 9 8 2 . ▁ ▁Ob ote , ▁A . M . ▁" Not es ▁on ▁Con ce al ment ▁of ▁Gen o |
cide ▁in ▁U g anda ," ▁L us aka , ▁Z amb ia . ▁R owe , ▁John ▁( 1 9 6 9 ) ▁' L ug ard ▁at ▁K amp ala ; ▁M aker ere ▁History ▁Pap ers ▁K amp ala , ▁Long mans . ▁ ▁San th ym ur thy , ▁T . V ., ▁" The ▁Political ▁Development ▁of ▁U g anda : ▁ 1 9 0 0 - 1 9 8 6 ," A ld ers hot , ▁H ants , ▁England : ▁G ow ers ▁Publishing ▁Company , ▁ 1 9 8 6 . ▁ ▁Tw addle , ▁M . ▁( J ▁ 9 7 2 ) ▁" The ▁Muslim ▁Revolution ▁in ▁Bug anda " ▁African ▁Affairs ▁Volume ▁ 7 7 ▁ ▁Tw addle , ▁M ▁( 1 9 8 8 ) ▁" The ▁emer gence ▁of ▁politico - rel ig ious ▁group ings ▁in ▁late ▁ 1 9 th ▁century ▁Bug anda ," ▁Journal ▁of ▁African ▁History ▁Volume ▁ 2 9 . ▁ ▁Wright , ▁M . ▁( 1 9 7 1 ) ▁" B ug anda ▁in ▁a ▁Hero ic ▁Age ," ▁Oxford ▁University ▁Press , ▁N airo bi , ▁ 1 9 7 1 ▁ ▁Ad h ola , ▁Y oga : ▁" The ▁Ro ots ▁of ▁the ▁Democratic ▁Party ," ▁found ▁at ▁http :// www . up c party . net / mem board / 2 0 1 2 / root so f party . pdf ▁ ▁Also ▁see ▁The ▁Mon itor ▁at ▁http |
:// www . mon itor . co . ug / Special Re ports / ug anda at 5 0 /- / 1 3 7 0 4 6 6 / 1 3 7 7 4 2 2 /- / u ji y de z /- / index . html ▁ ▁continued ▁at ▁ ▁http :// www . mon itor . co . ug / Special Re ports / ug anda at 5 0 /- / 1 3 7 0 4 6 6 / 1 3 8 2 1 6 8 /- / uj 0 y bl z /- / index . html ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁Archive ▁of ▁def unct ▁D P ▁website ▁- ▁www . dp ug anda . org ▁( M arch ▁ 2 0 0 4 ) ▁New ▁D P ▁website ▁- ▁www . dp - ug anda . com ▁( Oct ober ▁ 2 0 0 6 ) ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 5 4 ▁establish ments ▁in ▁U g anda ▁Category : Con serv ative ▁parties ▁in ▁Africa ▁Category : L iber al ▁conserv ative ▁parties ▁Category : Pol it ical ▁parties ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 4 ▁Category : Pol it ical ▁parties ▁in ▁U g anda <0x0A> </s> ▁M ool man ▁is ▁an ▁A frika ans ▁surname . ▁Notable ▁people ▁with ▁the ▁surname ▁include : ▁ ▁Ash le igh ▁M ool man ▁( born ▁ 1 9 8 5 ), ▁South ▁African ▁cycl ist ▁Brad ley ▁M ool man ▁( born ▁ 1 9 9 1 ), |
▁South ▁African ▁rugby ▁union ▁player ▁Kob us ▁M ool man , ▁South ▁African ▁poet ▁Louis ▁M ool man ▁( 1 9 5 1 – 2 0 0 6 ), ▁South ▁African ▁rugby ▁union ▁player ▁M orn é ▁M ool man ▁( born ▁ 1 9 9 4 ), ▁South ▁African ▁j avel in ▁thro wer ▁Wh est ley ▁M ool man ▁( born ▁ 1 9 9 0 ), ▁South ▁African ▁rugby ▁union ▁player ▁ ▁Category : A frika ans - language ▁s urn ames <0x0A> </s> ▁Johann ▁Hugo ▁" John " ▁K lie gl ▁( Oct ober ▁ 1 3 , ▁ 1 8 6 9 ▁– ▁September ▁ 3 0 , ▁ 1 9 5 9 ) ▁was ▁a ▁German – American ▁business man ▁and ▁invent or . ▁ ▁Life ▁and ▁work ▁▁ ▁K lie gl ▁was ▁one ▁of ▁eight ▁children ▁of ▁the ▁sp a ▁music ian ▁Adam ▁T iber ius ▁K lie gl ▁and ▁his ▁wife ▁Ther ese ▁Str öh lein . ▁Johann ▁K lie gl ' s ▁grand father ▁Johann ▁K lie gl ▁came ▁with ▁his ▁or chestra ▁from ▁Boh emia ▁to ▁Bad ▁K iss ingen ▁in ▁ 1 8 3 6 , ▁where ▁he ▁founded ▁the ▁Kur or chester ▁Bad ▁K iss ingen ▁(" Bad ▁K iss ingen ▁Sp a ▁Orchestra ") ▁in ▁ 1 8 3 7 . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 8 8 8 , ▁Johann ▁K lie gl , ▁trained ▁as ▁a ▁lock sm ith , ▁em igr ated ▁to ▁New ▁York ▁City , ▁United |
▁States . ▁His ▁brother ▁Anton ▁followed ▁him ▁there ▁in ▁ 1 8 9 3 . ▁There ▁they ▁both ▁worked ▁in ▁a ▁factory ▁which ▁manufact ured ▁electric ▁arc ▁l amps . ▁They ▁bought ▁the ▁factory ▁in ▁ 1 8 9 6 , ▁and ▁renamed ▁it ▁as ▁their ▁own ▁company , ▁K lie gl ▁Brothers ▁Universal ▁Electric ▁Stage ▁Light ing ▁Company . ▁The ▁company ▁special ized ▁in ▁stage ▁technology ▁and ▁stage ▁effects , ▁which ▁they ▁themselves ▁designed . ▁The ▁company ▁was ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁first ▁of ▁its ▁kind . ▁ ▁On ▁May ▁ 2 7 , ▁ 1 8 9 9 , ▁K lie gl ▁married ▁Anna ▁Schl und ▁( b . ▁ 1 8 7 8 ▁in ▁D ür rw angen ). ▁They ▁had ▁four ▁children ▁– ▁Alfred ▁Hugo ▁( b . ▁ 1 9 0 0 ), ▁Fran zes ▁Julia ▁( b . ▁ 1 9 0 1 ), ▁Herbert ▁Anton ▁( b . ▁ 1 9 0 4 ), ▁and ▁Anna ▁Beat rix ▁( b . ▁ 1 9 0 7 ). ▁▁ ▁The ▁city ▁of ▁Bad ▁K iss ingen ▁awarded ▁K lie gl ▁an ▁honor ary ▁citizens hip ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 2 . ▁Johann ▁K lie gl ▁participated ▁in ▁his ▁brother ▁Anton ' s ▁phil anth rop ic ▁activities ▁in ▁Bad ▁K iss ingen ▁and ▁continued ▁them ▁after ▁the ▁latter ' s ▁death ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 7 . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁ ▁K lie gl ▁Brothers ▁Universal ▁Electric ▁Stage ▁Light ing ▁Company ▁Collect ors ▁Society |
▁ ▁Category : 1 8 6 9 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 9 5 9 ▁death s ▁Category : American ▁business people ▁Category : American ▁people ▁of ▁German ▁Boh em ian ▁descent ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁Bad ▁K iss ingen ▁Category : American ▁invent ors <0x0A> </s> ▁Rudolf ▁Je h le ▁( 2 0 ▁February ▁ 1 8 9 4 ▁– ▁ 1 8 ▁December ▁ 1 9 7 0 ) ▁was ▁a ▁Lie chten stein ▁sports ▁shoot er . ▁He ▁competed ▁in ▁the ▁ 5 0 ▁m ▁rif le ▁event ▁at ▁the ▁ 1 9 3 6 ▁Summer ▁Olympics . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : 1 8 9 4 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 9 7 0 ▁death s ▁Category : L ie chten stein ▁male ▁sport ▁shoot ers ▁Category : O lymp ic ▁shoot ers ▁of ▁Lie chten stein ▁Category : S ho ot ers ▁at ▁the ▁ 1 9 3 6 ▁Summer ▁Olympics ▁Category : Place ▁of ▁birth ▁missing <0x0A> </s> ▁Ak bar w ala ▁is ▁a ▁village ▁in ▁the ▁F iro z pur ▁district ▁of ▁P un j ab , ▁India . ▁It ▁is ▁located ▁in ▁the ▁Z ira ▁te hs il . ▁ ▁Dem ograph ics ▁▁ ▁According ▁to ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁census ▁of ▁India , ▁Ak bar w ala ▁has ▁ 1 0 0 ▁households . ▁The ▁effective ▁liter acy ▁rate ▁( i . e . ▁the ▁liter acy ▁rate ▁of ▁population ▁ex cluding ▁children ▁aged ▁ 6 ▁and ▁below ) ▁is ▁ |
6 1 . 5 2 %. ▁ ▁References ▁▁ ▁Category : V ill ages ▁in ▁Z ira ▁te hs il <0x0A> </s> ▁Many ▁memory ▁imp air ments ▁exist ▁as ▁a ▁result ▁from ▁or ▁cause ▁of ▁e ating ▁dis orders . ▁E ating ▁dis orders ▁( ED s ) ▁are ▁character ized ▁by ▁ab normal ▁and ▁dist urbed ▁e ating ▁patterns ▁that ▁affect ▁the ▁lives ▁of ▁the ▁individuals ▁who ▁worry ▁about ▁their ▁weight ▁to ▁the ▁extreme . ▁These ▁ab normal ▁e ating ▁patterns ▁involve ▁either ▁in ade qu ate ▁or ▁excess ive ▁food ▁int ake , ▁affect ing ▁the ▁individual ' s ▁physical ▁and ▁mental ▁health . ▁ ▁In ▁regard ▁to ▁mental ▁health , ▁individuals ▁with ▁e ating ▁dis orders ▁appear ▁to ▁have ▁imp air ments ▁in ▁executive ▁function ing , ▁visual - sp atial ▁ability , ▁divided ▁and ▁sust ained ▁attention , ▁ver bal ▁function ing , ▁learning , ▁and ▁memory . ▁Some ▁memory ▁imp air ments ▁found ▁in ▁individuals ▁with ▁ED , ▁are ▁due ▁to ▁nut r itional ▁def ic ien cies , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁various ▁cogn itive ▁and ▁att ent ional ▁bi ases . ▁Ne uro bi ological ▁differences ▁have ▁been ▁found ▁in ▁individuals ▁with ▁ED ▁compared ▁to ▁health y ▁individuals , ▁and ▁these ▁differences ▁are ▁reflected ▁in ▁specific ▁memory ▁imp air ments . ▁There ▁are ▁certain ▁treat ments ▁and ▁effects ▁of ▁treat ments , ▁aim ed ▁at ▁these ▁ED - specific ▁memory ▁imp air ments . ▁Animal ▁research ▁and ▁areas ▁of ▁future ▁research ▁in ▁relation ▁to ▁ED ▁and ▁memory |
, ▁are ▁also ▁integral ▁to ▁understanding ▁the ▁effects ▁of ▁ED ▁on ▁memory . ▁There ▁are ▁three ▁particular ▁diagn oses ▁of ▁e ating ▁dis orders ▁that ▁have ▁been ▁linked ▁to ▁memory ▁imp air ments : ▁an ore x ia ▁nerv osa ▁( AN ), ▁bul im ia ▁nerv osa ▁( B N ), ▁and ▁b inge ▁e ating ▁dis order ▁( B ED ). ▁ ▁Memory ▁Imp air ments ▁ ▁Memory ▁Bi ases ▁Ind ividual s ▁with ▁e ating ▁dis orders ▁show ▁increased ▁t endencies ▁to ▁direct ▁their ▁attention ▁towards ▁irregular ▁e ating - related ▁thought ▁processing ▁and ▁att ent ional ▁bias , ▁compared ▁to ▁non - ED ▁individuals . ▁Studies ▁have ▁suggested ▁a ▁strong ▁link ▁between ▁e ating ▁dis orders ▁and ▁information ▁processing ▁such ▁as ▁attention ▁and ▁memory . ▁All ▁types ▁of ▁e ating ▁dis orders ▁( bul im ia ▁nerv osa , ▁an ore x ia ▁nerv osa , ▁ob es ity ▁and ▁ED N OS ) ▁consist ently ▁display ▁att ent ional ▁bi ases ▁towards ▁dis order - related ▁stim uli ▁specific ▁to ▁their ▁ED . ▁Ex amples ▁of ▁dis order - related ▁stim uli ▁include ▁food , ▁shape , ▁weight ▁and ▁size . ▁This ▁height ened ▁attention ▁to ▁dis order - related ▁stim uli ▁leads ▁to ▁higher ▁levels ▁of ▁encoding , ▁cons olid ation ▁and ▁retr ieval ▁of ▁this ▁information , ▁acting ▁as ▁a ▁potential ▁cause ▁for ▁the ▁mental ▁maintenance ▁of ▁the ▁dis order ( s ). ▁ ▁Ind ividual s ▁with ▁e ating ▁dis orders ▁display ▁several ▁memory ▁and |
▁att ent ional ▁bi ases ▁to ▁food , ▁shape , ▁weight ▁and ▁size . ▁Specific ▁memory ▁bi ases ▁include : ▁Direct ed - for getting : ▁individuals ▁with ▁e ating ▁dis orders , ▁particularly ▁an ore x ia ▁nerv osa , ▁display ▁more ▁difficulty ▁in ▁forget ting ▁information ▁or ▁c ues ▁related ▁to ▁body , ▁shape ▁and ▁food ▁than ▁those ▁without ▁e ating ▁dis orders . ▁This ▁leads ▁to ▁greater ▁avail ability ▁of ▁such ▁mem ories , ▁facil it ating ▁the ▁maintenance ▁of ▁the ▁e ating ▁dis order . ▁Sch ema - related : ▁display ▁mal ada pt ive ▁per ception s ▁of ▁food , ▁shape , ▁weight ▁and ▁self ▁that ▁lead ▁to ▁obs ess ive ▁attention ▁on ▁and ▁en hanced ▁memory ▁for ▁these ▁items , ▁leading ▁to ▁maintain ing ▁the ▁e ating ▁dis order ▁thought ▁and ▁e ating ▁behaviour . ▁Mem ories ▁for ▁these ▁items ▁are ▁more ▁easily ▁encoded ▁and ▁retrieved ▁compared ▁to ▁other ▁information . ▁Most ▁of ▁the ▁research ▁in ▁this ▁area ▁has ▁been ▁on ▁individuals ▁with ▁an ore x ia ▁nerv osa . ▁C ued ▁recall ▁tasks , ▁recognition ▁tasks ▁and ▁St ro op ▁task ▁tests ▁are ▁used ▁to ▁study ▁these ▁effects . ▁Some ▁studies ▁have ▁shown ▁contradict ory ▁results ▁to ▁ED ▁individuals ' ▁height ened ▁attention ▁and ▁en hanced ▁memory , ▁however ▁the ▁difference ▁could ▁be ▁attributed ▁to ▁an ▁anx iety - indu ced ▁response ▁and ▁avoid ance ▁behaviour . ▁This ▁could ▁cause ▁imp air ments ▁in ▁the ▁individuals ' ▁ability ▁to ▁remember ▁the ▁information ▁learned , ▁and ▁suggests |
▁that ▁more ▁research ▁needs ▁to ▁be ▁done ▁in ▁this ▁area ▁to ▁better ▁understand ▁the ▁relationship ▁between ▁schema - related ▁bi ases ▁and ▁ED ' s . ▁Select ive ▁memory ▁bias : ▁studies ▁have ▁been ▁done ▁on ▁individuals ▁with ▁bul im ia ▁nerv osa , ▁suggesting ▁select ive ▁memory ▁bias ▁exists ▁for ▁positive ▁and ▁negative ▁weight - related ▁items ▁compared ▁to ▁emot ional ▁items . ▁Bi ases ▁towards ▁food - related ▁items ▁were ▁also ▁found , ▁a ▁common ▁finding ▁in ▁individuals ▁with ▁de pression . ▁ ▁Exp licit ▁memory ▁An ore x ia ▁nerv osa ▁( AN ) ▁ ▁Pat ients ▁with ▁AN ▁show ▁a ▁strong ▁explicit ▁memory ▁bias ▁towards ▁an ore x ia - related ▁words . ▁In ▁one ▁study , ▁participants ▁( AN ▁group ▁compared ▁to ▁a ▁control ▁group ) ▁were ▁presented ▁with ▁a ▁list ▁of ▁words ▁divided ▁into ▁four ▁categories : ▁positive , ▁negative , ▁neutral ▁and ▁an ore x ia - related . ▁ ▁They ▁were ▁then ▁tested ▁explicitly ▁with ▁cu ed ▁recall ▁and ▁it ▁was ▁found ▁that ▁the ▁AN ▁participants ▁better ▁fav ored ▁the ▁an ore x ia - related ▁words , ▁showing ▁a ▁schema - related ▁memory ▁bias . ▁Part icip ants ▁were ▁also ▁tested ▁implicitly ▁with ▁word ▁stem ▁completion ▁tests , ▁but ▁no ▁implicit ▁bias ▁was ▁found . ▁ ▁In ▁another ▁study , ▁AN ▁participants ▁were ▁found ▁to ▁have ▁less ▁ability ▁to ▁concent rate ▁in ▁the ▁presence ▁of ▁explicit ▁dist ract ors , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁to ▁have ▁a ▁conscious ▁cogn itive ▁bias ▁towards ▁ill ness - |
related ▁words . ▁These ▁explicit ▁bi ases ▁were ▁associated ▁with ▁longer ▁duration ▁of ▁the ▁ill ness . ▁A ▁different ▁study ▁character ized ▁AN ▁patients ▁as ▁having ▁trouble ▁integr ating ▁positive ▁and ▁negative ▁experiences ▁and ▁that ▁the ▁length ▁of ▁the ▁ill ness ▁also ▁affected ▁these ▁sympt oms ▁and ▁rein for ced ▁these ▁imp air ments . ▁The ▁results ▁of ▁these ▁studies ▁suggest ▁that ▁there ▁are ▁clear ▁differences ▁in ▁the ▁explicit ▁cogn itive ▁processing ▁of ▁stim uli ▁between ▁AN ▁individuals ▁and ▁health y ▁controls ▁and ▁that ▁length ▁of ▁the ▁ill ness ▁can ▁affect ▁the ▁extent ▁of ▁these ▁memory ▁bi ases . ▁ ▁A ▁different ▁study ▁showed ▁that ▁currently ▁ill ▁AN ▁patients ▁had ▁problems ▁with ▁immediate ▁and ▁delayed ▁ver bal ▁recall ; ▁these ▁dis adv antages ▁were ▁also ▁found ▁in ▁weight - rest ored ▁AN ▁individuals . ▁There ▁was ▁no ▁difference ▁between ▁health y ▁controls ▁and ▁AN ▁patients ▁in ▁working ▁memory , ▁just ▁memory ▁function . ▁This ▁study ▁demonstr ates ▁that ▁there ▁are ▁not ▁only ▁memory ▁bi ases ▁found ▁in ▁AN ▁individuals , ▁but ▁memory ▁imp air ments ▁as ▁well . ▁ ▁Aut obi ographical ▁memory ▁def ic its ▁have ▁been ▁found ▁in ▁individuals ▁with ▁AN . ▁One ▁study ▁found ▁that ▁AN ▁patients ▁with ▁a ▁history ▁of ▁sexual ▁ab use ▁had ▁imp air ments ▁in ▁their ▁aut obi ographical ▁memory ▁character ized ▁by ▁their ▁increased ▁general ▁memory ▁recall . ▁Another ▁study ▁found ▁that ▁an ore xic ▁patients ▁are ▁character ized ▁by ▁an ▁over - general ization ▁of ▁both ▁positive ▁and ▁negative ▁aut obi ographical ▁mem ories |
, ▁which ▁posit ively ▁correl ates ▁with ▁the ▁duration ▁of ▁the ▁ill ness . ▁The ▁imp air ment ▁of ▁both ▁positive ▁and ▁negative ▁mem ories ▁suggests ▁a ▁general ▁imp air ment ▁in ▁the ▁access ▁to ▁emot ional ▁mem ories , ▁therefore ▁an ore xic ▁patients ▁are ▁more ▁pr one ▁to ▁suppress ▁or ▁control ▁not ▁only ▁negative ▁but ▁also ▁positive ▁affect . ▁One ▁hypothesis ▁suggests ▁that ▁these ▁more ▁general ▁mem ories ▁are ▁what ▁allow ▁these ▁patients ▁to ▁reduce ▁the ▁impact ▁of ▁a ▁negative ▁event . ▁ ▁Bul im ia ▁nerv osa ▁( B N ) ▁ ▁In ▁one ▁study , ▁participants ▁( B N ▁and ▁health y ▁controls ) ▁were ▁exposed ▁to ▁television ▁commer ci als ▁that ▁were ▁neutral , ▁food - related ▁or ▁body - related . ▁Rec all ▁and ▁recognition ▁tests ▁were ▁carried ▁out ▁to ▁test ▁for ▁an ▁explicit ▁memory ▁bias . ▁When ▁compared ▁to ▁health y ▁controls , ▁B N ▁patients ▁had ▁less ▁recall ▁and ▁recognition ▁for ▁body - related ▁stim uli . ▁This ▁suggests ▁that ▁B N ▁individuals ▁avoid ▁encoding / processing ▁stim uli ▁related ▁to ▁body ▁image ▁and ▁have ▁a ▁select ive ▁memory ▁bias . ▁ ▁B inge ▁e ating ▁dis order ▁( B ED ) ▁ ▁Ob ese ▁individuals ▁with ▁b inge ▁e ating ▁dis order ▁have ▁been ▁compared ▁with ▁ob ese ▁controls ▁to ▁see ▁if ▁there ▁are ▁different ▁explicit ▁memory ▁bi ases ▁between ▁these ▁two ▁groups ▁of ▁people . ▁ ▁It ▁was ▁found ▁that ▁both ▁groups ▁showed ▁a ▁bias ▁towards ▁negative ▁words , ▁but ▁individuals ▁with ▁B |
ED ▁retrieved ▁positive ▁words ▁less ▁often . ▁This ▁demonstr ates ▁an ▁explicit ▁memory ▁bias ▁in ▁which ▁individuals ▁with ▁B ED ▁avoid ▁encoding ▁or ▁pay ▁less ▁attention ▁to ▁positive ▁words ▁and ▁focus ▁their ▁conscious ▁attention ▁almost ▁exclus ively ▁on ▁negative ▁words . ▁This ▁is ▁similar ▁to ▁the ▁select ive ▁memory ▁bias ▁mentioned ▁above . ▁ ▁Imp licit ▁memory ▁ ▁It ▁was ▁once ▁thought ▁that ▁individuals ▁with ▁e ating ▁dis orders ▁had ▁different ▁implicit ▁memory ▁bi ases ▁and ▁att itudes ▁towards ▁food , ▁depending ▁on ▁the ▁type ▁of ▁e ating ▁dis order . ▁B ED ▁was ▁associated ▁with ▁positive ▁evaluation ▁of ▁food ▁and ▁an ore x ia ▁and ▁bul im ia ▁were ▁associated ▁with ▁negative ▁evaluation ▁of ▁food . ▁This ▁turns ▁out ▁to ▁not ▁be ▁the ▁case . ▁ ▁There ▁were ▁no ▁implicit ▁differences ▁in ▁affect ive ▁att itudes ▁towards ▁food s ▁between ▁high ▁and ▁low - rest raint ▁e aters . ▁This ▁suggests ▁that ▁regardless ▁of ▁the ▁type ▁of ▁e ating ▁dis order , ▁individuals ▁with ▁e ating ▁dis orders ▁view ▁food ▁in ▁similar ▁ways ▁and ▁have ▁similar ▁implicit ▁att itudes ▁towards ▁food . ▁ ▁F oc using ▁on ▁ob es ity , ▁it ▁has ▁been ▁found ▁that ▁ob ese ▁individuals ▁have ▁more ▁negative ▁att itudes ▁towards ▁high - f at ▁food s ▁than ▁a ▁normal ▁weight ▁control ▁group . ▁It ▁has ▁also ▁been ▁found ▁that ▁children , ▁particularly ▁ob ese ▁children , ▁were ▁faster ▁at ▁pushing ▁a ▁positive ▁key ▁than ▁a ▁negative ▁key ▁for ▁food . ▁These ▁different ▁att itudes ▁towards ▁food ▁at |
▁different ▁ages ▁could ▁represent ▁different ▁stages ▁in ▁development ▁of ▁ob es ity . ▁Future ▁research ▁could ▁be ▁done ▁to ▁explore ▁these ▁effects ▁found ▁in ▁ob es ity ▁and ▁determine ▁if ▁similar ▁effects ▁are ▁seen ▁in ▁individuals ▁with ▁b inge ▁e ating ▁dis order ▁and ▁perhaps ▁also ▁in ▁individuals ▁with ▁an ore x ia ▁and ▁bul im ia . ▁ ▁Other ▁ ▁A ▁study ▁on ▁the ▁effects ▁of ▁prim ing ▁combined ▁event - related ▁potential ▁( ER P ) ▁and ▁behaviour al ▁re actions , ▁and ▁investig ated ▁explicit ▁and ▁implicit ▁associations ▁between ▁shape , ▁weight , ▁and ▁self - evalu ations . ▁This ▁was ▁done ▁by ▁means ▁of ▁shape / weight ▁related ▁prim ing ▁sentences ▁and ▁target ▁words . ▁ER P , ▁reaction ▁times , ▁and ▁subject ▁ratings ▁were ▁collected ▁and ▁prim ing ▁effects ▁were ▁analyz ed . ▁Results ▁showed ▁that ▁there ▁were ▁stronger ▁affect ive ▁prim ing ▁effects ▁in ▁patients ▁with ▁AN ▁and ▁B N ▁compared ▁to ▁health y ▁controls , ▁showing ▁that ▁e ating ▁dis order ▁( ED ) ▁patients ▁associate ▁shape / weight ▁concerns ▁not ▁only ▁with ▁appearance , ▁but ▁also ▁non app earance - related ▁self - evalu ation ▁domains ▁of ▁inter person al ▁relationships ▁and ▁also ▁with ▁achiev ement ▁and ▁performance . ▁ ▁Social ▁cogn ition ▁is ▁the ▁understanding ▁and ▁action ▁in ▁inter person al ▁situations , ▁and ▁include ▁cogn itive ▁processes ▁involved ▁in ▁how ▁people ▁perce ive ▁and ▁interpret ▁information ▁about ▁themselves , ▁others , ▁and ▁social ▁situations . ▁The ▁d ys function ▁of ▁social ▁control ▁may |
▁play ▁a ▁role ▁in ▁e ating ▁dis orders . ▁Women ▁with ▁ED ▁have ▁been ▁shown ▁to ▁have ▁lower ▁levels ▁of ▁negative ▁affect ▁att ribution ▁compared ▁to ▁health y ▁controls , ▁which ▁suggests ▁that ▁they ▁learn ▁to ▁expect ▁others ▁to ▁be ▁un available ▁and ▁ins ens itive ▁to ▁their ▁needs . ▁In ▁addition , ▁these ▁patients ▁were ▁less ▁successful ▁at ▁correctly ▁encoding ▁cause - effect ▁relations ▁in ▁a ▁social ▁context s ▁and ▁it ▁has ▁been ▁suggested ▁that ▁their ▁capacity ▁to ▁mental ize ▁experiences ▁is ▁imp a ired . ▁In ▁addition ▁to ▁imp air ments ▁in ▁social ▁cogn ition , ▁it ▁has ▁been ▁found ▁that ▁individuals ▁with ▁ED ▁have ▁an ▁in ability ▁to ▁recognize , ▁label , ▁and ▁respond ▁to ▁different ▁emot ional ▁states , ▁and ▁are ▁imp a ired ▁in ▁visual ▁recognition ▁tasks . ▁ ▁D ement ia ▁is ▁a ▁dis order ▁character ized ▁by ▁multiple ▁def ic its ▁in ▁cogn ition , ▁including ▁memory ▁imp air ments . ▁Pat ients ▁with ▁various ▁forms ▁of ▁de ment ia ▁have ▁imp air ments ▁in ▁their ▁activities ▁of ▁daily ▁living ▁including ▁e ating , ▁and ▁e ating ▁dis orders ▁have ▁been ▁found ▁in ▁patients ▁with ▁de ment ia . ▁Pat ients ▁with ▁front ot empor al ▁de ment ia ▁( FT D ) ▁tend ▁to ▁have ▁an ▁e ating ▁dis order ▁where ▁they ▁have ▁food ▁c rav ings ▁and ▁difficulty ▁cont rolling ▁the ▁amount ▁and ▁type ▁of ▁food ▁e aten ▁but ▁their ▁memory ▁and ▁spatial ▁function ing ▁is ▁not ▁affected . ▁Meanwhile , ▁patients ▁with ▁Al |
z heimer ' s ▁D ise ase ▁( AD ), ▁do ▁not ▁have ▁this ▁imp air ment , ▁but ▁their ▁memory ▁and ▁spatial ▁loss ▁is ▁neg atively ▁affected . ▁Similar ▁find ings ▁were ▁shown ▁where ▁patients ▁with ▁fr onto ▁variant - front ot empor al ▁de ment ia ▁( f v FT D ) ▁show ▁more ▁severe ▁and ▁frequent ▁sympt oms ▁of ▁e ating ▁dis orders ▁than ▁patients ▁with ▁AD . ▁ED ▁in ▁patients ▁with ▁de ment ia ▁have ▁been ▁track ed ▁back ▁to ▁les ions ▁in ▁the ▁front al ▁sub c ort ical ▁circ uits ▁including ▁the ▁anterior ▁c ing ulate ▁circuit , ▁and ▁data ▁suggests ▁that ▁ED ▁seem ▁to ▁be ▁distinct ive ▁features ▁of ▁behaviour al ▁synd rom es ▁in ▁groups ▁of ▁patients ▁with ▁f v FT D . ▁ ▁Ne uro bi ology ▁Ne uro bi ological ▁differences ▁have ▁been ▁found ▁between ▁individuals ▁with ▁e ating ▁dis orders ▁( ED ) ▁and ▁health y ▁individuals . ▁These ▁differences ▁are ▁reflected ▁in ▁memory ▁ab ilities ▁and ▁capabilities . ▁Some ▁of ▁the ▁main ▁ne uro bi ological ▁differences ▁are ▁highlight ed ▁below : ▁ ▁An ore x ia ▁N erv osa ▁ ▁Im bal ances ▁found ▁in ▁certain ▁ser ot on in ▁re ceptor ▁activity ▁in ▁cort ical ▁association ▁regions , ▁including ▁the ▁front al ▁lo bes , ▁are ▁found ▁in ▁individuals ▁with ▁AN ▁and ▁may ▁be ▁the ▁cause ▁of ▁imp air ment ▁in ▁their ▁working ▁memory , ▁attention , ▁motiv ation , ▁and ▁concentration . ▁In ▁addition , ▁the ▁ability ▁of |
▁individuals ▁with ▁AN ▁to ▁activ ate ▁remote ▁mem ories , ▁learn ▁new ▁information , ▁plan ▁ahead , ▁reg ulate ▁actions ▁according ▁to ▁environmental ▁stim uli , ▁and ▁shift ▁behaviour al ▁sets ▁appropri ately ▁are ▁all ▁imp licated . ▁Some ▁individuals ▁with ▁an ore x ia ▁nerv osa ▁( AN ) ▁have ▁an ▁in ability ▁to ▁change ▁their ▁pattern ▁response ▁behav i ours , ▁which ▁has ▁been ▁linked ▁to ▁dist urban ces ▁found ▁in ▁the ▁cort ical ▁and ▁sub gen ual ▁c ing ulate ▁- ▁mes ial ▁temporal ▁path ways ▁of ▁these ▁individuals . ▁ ▁The ▁reduced ▁blood ▁flow ▁in ▁the ▁lim b ic ▁system ▁of ▁individuals ▁with ▁AN ▁is ▁what ▁mostly ▁accounts ▁for ▁their ▁imp air ment ▁in ▁cogn itive ▁function ing . ▁More ▁specifically , ▁the ▁set ▁of ▁structures ▁in ▁the ▁lim b ic ▁system ▁including ▁the ▁temporal ▁lo bes ▁and ▁adjacent ▁structures ▁like ▁the ▁hypoth al am us , ▁am yg d ala , ▁and ▁hi pp oc amp us ▁are ▁important ▁in ▁memory ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁em otion , ▁app et ite ▁reg ulation , ▁motiv ation , ▁and ▁per ception , ▁and ▁are ▁therefore ▁imp licated . ▁Red u ced ▁c ere br al ▁blood ▁flow ▁to ▁these ▁areas ▁have ▁also ▁been ▁associated ▁with ▁imp air ments ▁in ▁complex ▁visual ▁memory , ▁en hanced ▁information ▁processing ▁and ▁vis u osp atial ▁ability . ▁ ▁Ind ividual s ▁with ▁AN ▁have ▁been ▁reported ▁to ▁have ▁prolong ed ▁expos ure ▁to ▁high ▁levels ▁of ▁cort ic ost ero ids , ▁a |
▁class ▁of ▁chemical s ▁involved ▁in ▁things ▁such ▁as ▁stress ▁and ▁behaviour , ▁and ▁prolong ed ▁expos ure ▁to ▁cort ic ost ero ids ▁has ▁been ▁associated ▁with ▁imp air ments ▁in ▁memory ▁and ▁learning . ▁The ▁hi pp oc amp us ▁is ▁an ▁area ▁of ▁the ▁brain ▁that ▁is ▁dense ▁with ▁cort ic ost ero id ▁re cept ors , ▁and ▁therefore ▁may ▁be ▁what ▁is ▁medi ating ▁these ▁imp air ments . ▁ ▁Bul im ia ▁N erv osa ▁ ▁Activ ation ▁of ▁the ▁med ial ▁pre front al ▁cor tex ▁has ▁been ▁shown ▁in ▁some ▁studies ▁to ▁reflect ▁self - sch em ata ▁evaluation ▁of ▁relevant ▁information , ▁and ▁could ▁be ▁used ▁to ▁investigate ▁body ▁image ▁representations ▁in ▁individuals ▁with ▁bul im ia ▁nerv osa ▁( B N ). ▁In ▁addition , ▁increased ▁activation ▁in ▁brain ▁areas ▁associated ▁with ▁information ▁processing ▁like ▁the ▁d ors al ▁and ▁anterior ▁med ial ▁pre front al ▁cor tex ▁( m P FC ), ▁adjacent ▁areas ▁of ▁the ▁c ing ulate ▁cor tex , ▁and ▁the ▁posterior ▁c ing ulate ▁and ▁prec une us ▁have ▁been ▁imp licated ▁in ▁individuals ▁with ▁B N , ▁meaning ▁that ▁the ▁working ▁memory ▁used ▁to ▁act ively ▁manipulate ▁information ▁in ▁these ▁individuals ▁is ▁affected . ▁ ▁Are as ▁of ▁the ▁brain ▁such ▁as ▁the ▁ins ula ▁and ▁anterior ▁circul ate ▁cor tex ▁( AC C ) ▁have ▁been ▁found ▁to ▁be ▁dist urbed ▁in ▁individuals ▁with ▁B N . ▁These ▁areas ▁are ▁involved ▁in ▁self - reg ulation |
▁as ▁well ▁as ▁executive ▁control ▁which ▁controls ▁cogn itive ▁processes ▁including ▁working ▁memory , ▁and ▁may ▁be ▁the ▁reason ▁for ▁imp air ment . ▁ ▁B inge ▁E ating ▁ ▁An ▁increase ▁in ▁dop am ine ▁in ▁the ▁ca ud ate ▁and ▁put amen ▁have ▁been ▁found ▁in ▁b inge ▁e aters , ▁and ▁studies ▁have ▁found ▁a ▁decrease ▁in ▁a ▁particular ▁ser ot on in ▁trans porter ▁( 5 - HT ) ▁in ▁b inge ▁e aters ▁compared ▁to ▁controls . ▁Both ▁the ▁ca ud ate ▁nucle us ▁and ▁put amen ▁make ▁up ▁the ▁d ors al ▁stri atum ▁and ▁are ▁important ▁as ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁brain ' s ▁memory ▁system . ▁D op am ine ▁is ▁required ▁to ▁allow ▁these ▁structures ▁to ▁perform ▁properly ▁and ▁thus ▁this ▁is ▁affected ▁in ▁individuals ▁with ▁b inge ▁e ating ▁dis orders , ▁however ▁the ▁exact ▁mechanism ▁is ▁unknown . ▁ ▁A ▁d ys reg ulation ▁of ▁the ▁vent ral ▁lim b ic ▁circuit ▁has ▁been ▁found ▁in ▁individuals ▁who ▁b inge ▁eat . ▁The ▁vent ral ▁lim b ic ▁circuit ▁is ▁important ▁in ▁the ▁reg ulation ▁of ▁feed ing ▁behaviour ▁and ▁includes ▁the ▁am yg d ala e , ▁ins ula , ▁vent ral ▁stri atum , ▁vent ral ▁regions ▁of ▁the ▁anterior ▁A CC , ▁and ▁orbit of ront al ▁cor tex ▁( O FC ). ▁A ▁stronger ▁activation ▁of ▁the ▁OF C ▁has ▁been ▁found ▁in ▁patients ▁who ▁b inge ▁eat ▁compared ▁to ▁normal ▁weight ▁controls , ▁when ▁view ing ▁pictures ▁of |
▁food . ▁ ▁Cond ition ing ▁ ▁The ▁reg ulation ▁of ▁e ating ▁is ▁controlled ▁by ▁areas ▁of ▁the ▁brain ▁involved ▁in ▁behaviour ▁rein for cement . ▁The ▁reward ing ▁qual ities ▁of ▁food , ▁including ▁taste ▁and ▁sm ell , ▁activ ate ▁regions ▁of ▁the ▁brain ▁that ▁are ▁imp a ired ▁in ▁patients ▁with ▁an ore x ia ▁nerv osa ▁( AN ) ▁and ▁bul im ia ▁nerv osa ▁( B N ), ▁including ▁the ▁orbit of ront al ▁cor tex ▁( O FC ), ▁anterior ▁c ing ulate ▁cor tex ▁( AC C ), ▁an ter omed ial ▁temporal , ▁and ▁the ▁ins ula . ▁ ▁Norm ally , ▁e ating ▁is ▁pleasant ▁when ▁an ▁individual ▁is ▁hun gry ▁and ▁less ▁pleasant ▁when ▁an ▁individual ▁is ▁full . ▁Ne ur onal ▁activation ▁in ▁the ▁OF C ▁decre ases ▁when ▁an ▁individual ▁is ▁full , ▁however ▁there ▁is ▁a ▁disturb ance ▁in ▁this ▁path way ▁in ▁individuals ▁with ▁AN ▁and ▁B N . ▁Thus , ▁patients ▁with ▁AN ▁have ▁little ▁response ▁to ▁food ▁or ▁a ▁quick ▁response ▁to ▁being ▁full , ▁and ▁patients ▁with ▁B N ▁have ▁an ▁ex agger ated ▁response ▁to ▁food ▁or ▁a ▁decrease ▁in ▁feeling ▁full . ▁ ▁Are as ▁of ▁the ▁cor tex ▁receive ▁signals ▁of ▁being ▁full ▁by ▁the ▁gut ▁through ▁sub c ort ical ▁mechan isms ▁including ▁the ▁th al am us ▁which ▁rel ays ▁information ▁from ▁associated ▁systems ▁in ▁the ▁hypoth al am us . ▁The ▁hypoth al am us ▁has ▁pro jections ▁into |
▁the ▁nucle us ▁acc umb ens ▁( NA cc ), ▁which ▁is ▁involved ▁in ▁the ▁reward ▁system ▁of ▁feed ing . ▁In cre ased ▁ext rac ell ular ▁ac et yl ch oline ▁from ▁inter neur ons ▁in ▁the ▁N Acc ▁have ▁been ▁found ▁to ▁be ▁associated ▁with ▁the ▁dis continu ation ▁of ▁e ating , ▁and ▁the ▁d ys reg ulation ▁of ▁this ▁mechanism ▁has ▁been ▁found ▁in ▁the ▁food - re ward ▁system ▁in ▁e ating ▁dis order ▁studies . ▁ ▁Body ▁Image ▁ ▁Ne ur ons ▁located ▁in ▁different ▁structures ▁of ▁the ▁med ial ▁temporal ▁lo be ▁are ▁what ▁cause ▁the ▁transformation ▁from ▁an ▁eg oc ent ric ▁to ▁an ▁allo cent ric ▁representation ▁in ▁space . ▁The ▁hi pp oc amp us ▁generates ▁allo cent ric ▁representations ▁for ▁long - term ▁memory , ▁and ▁the ▁par iet al ▁cor tex , ▁ret ros pl en ial ▁cor tex , ▁ent or h inal ▁cor tex , ▁and ▁hi pp oc amp us ▁are ▁part ▁of ▁a ▁network ▁that ▁processes ▁allo cent ric ▁spatial ▁information . ▁The ▁later al ▁ent or h inal ▁cor tex ▁car ries ▁n ons pat ial ▁information ▁from ▁the ▁per ir h inal ▁cor tex ▁to ▁the ▁d ors al ▁hi pp oc amp us ▁where ▁it ▁is ▁then ▁combined ▁with ▁the ▁med ial ▁ent or h inal ▁cor tex ▁to ▁create ▁object - place ▁or ▁event - place ▁representations ▁in ▁the ▁hi pp oc amp us . ▁ ▁Imp air ment ▁of ▁the ▁transformation |
▁from ▁an ▁eg oc ent ric ▁to ▁allo cent ric ▁representation ▁of ▁ones elf ▁is ▁what ▁is ▁thought ▁to ▁be ▁behind ▁the ▁origin ▁of ▁ob es ity ▁and ▁e ating ▁dis orders , ▁where ▁the ▁eg oc ent ric ▁per ception - dri ven ▁experience ▁of ▁an ▁individual ' s ▁real ▁body ▁image ▁cannot ▁change ▁the ▁allo cent ric ▁memory - dri ven ▁experience ▁of ▁a ▁negative ▁body , ▁and ▁an ▁individual ▁is ▁therefore ▁“ locked ” ▁in ▁an ▁allo cent ric ▁view ▁of ▁a ▁negative ▁representation ▁of ▁their ▁body . ▁In ▁addition , ▁stress ▁and ▁chron ic ▁stress ▁can ▁cause ▁damage ▁to ▁the ▁hi pp oc amp us ▁through ▁the ▁over wh el ming ▁activity ▁of ▁the ▁am yg d ala ▁on ▁the ▁hi pp oc amp us . ▁ ▁N ut r itional ▁Def ic ien cies ▁and ▁Memory ▁N ut r ition ▁has ▁proven ▁to ▁show ▁effects ▁on ▁cogn itive ▁ab ilities ▁and ▁spatial ▁memory . ▁The ▁brain ' s ▁neur onal ▁and ▁gli al ▁cells ▁require ▁sufficient ▁nut ri ents ▁for ▁energy ▁to ▁perform ▁important ▁cogn itive ▁functions ▁such ▁as ▁attention ▁and ▁memory , ▁and ▁without ▁a ▁steady ▁supply ▁of ▁nut ri ents ▁including ▁gl uc ose , ▁fat ty ▁ac ids , ▁and ▁vit am ins ▁B 1 ▁( Th iam ine ), ▁neural ▁activation ▁required ▁for ▁memory ▁functions ▁becomes ▁imp a ired . ▁Ind ividual s ▁suffering ▁from ▁e ating ▁dis orders ▁often ▁lack ▁the ▁ability ▁to ▁consume ▁the ▁required ▁amount ▁of ▁these ▁nut ri ents , |
▁resulting ▁in ▁notable ▁cogn itive ▁imp air ments ▁such ▁as ▁those ▁necessary ▁for ▁proper ▁memory ▁function ing . ▁ ▁Gl uc ose ▁is ▁the ▁preferred ▁energy ▁source ▁for ▁the ▁brain , ▁account ing ▁for ▁ 2 5 % ▁of ▁the ▁body ' s ▁gl uc ose ▁consumption , ▁despite ▁being ▁only ▁ 2 % ▁of ▁the ▁body ' s ▁total ▁weight . ▁Gl uc ose , ▁along ▁with ▁ser ot on in , ▁have ▁been ▁found ▁to ▁have ▁significant ▁effects ▁within ▁the ▁c ing ulate ▁cor tex , ▁front al ▁lo be , ▁temporal ▁lo be , ▁and ▁par iet al ▁lo be ▁regions ▁of ▁the ▁brain , ▁including ▁in ▁those ▁with ▁an ore x ia . ▁Ind ividual s ▁with ▁e ating ▁dis orders ▁such ▁as ▁bul im ia ▁and ▁an ore x ia ▁show ▁lower ▁neural ▁met abol ism ▁of ▁gl uc ose , ▁possibly ▁due ▁to ▁neural ▁consequences ▁of ▁the ▁dis order ▁and / or ▁due ▁to ▁height ened ▁anx iety ▁or ▁de pression . ▁Studies ▁have ▁indicated ▁the ▁importance ▁of ▁gl uc ose ▁on ▁memory , ▁showing ▁that ▁reduced ▁levels ▁of ▁gl uc ose ▁in ▁the ▁brain ▁imp air ▁an ▁individual ' s ▁ability ▁to ▁retrieve ▁mem ories . ▁Most ▁evidence ▁suggests ▁that ▁severe ▁negative ▁imp air ments ▁are ▁due ▁to ▁long ▁term , ▁prolong ed ▁gl uc ose ▁dep riv ation ▁or ▁restriction , ▁such ▁as ▁those ▁seen ▁in ▁individuals ▁affected ▁by ▁e ating ▁dis orders , ▁however ▁effects ▁have ▁been ▁studied ▁on ▁a ▁more ▁short - term |
▁basis ▁with ▁negative ▁memory ▁imp air ments ▁seen ▁in ▁individuals ▁who ▁consum ed ▁breakfast ▁compared ▁to ▁those ▁who ▁did ▁not . ▁ ▁The ▁brain ▁contains ▁high ▁concentr ations ▁of ▁lip ids ▁than ▁any ▁other ▁organ ▁in ▁the ▁body ▁with ▁the ▁most ▁prominent ▁type ▁being ▁poly uns atur ated ▁fat ty ▁ac ids ▁( PU F As ), ▁such ▁as ▁om ega - 3 ▁fat ty ▁ac ids ▁( ω - 3 ). ▁Ev idence ▁that ▁shows ▁that ▁low - f at ▁int ake ▁occurs ▁during ▁weight ▁loss ▁in ▁ad oles cent ▁girls ▁with ▁e ating ▁dis orders . ▁Diet ary ▁ ω - 3 ▁fat ty ▁ac ids ▁play ▁a ▁particularly ▁important ▁role ▁in ▁prevent ion ▁of ▁ne uro ps ych iat ric ▁dis orders ▁such ▁as ▁de pression ▁and ▁Al z heimer ' s ▁disease . ▁Studies ▁using ▁animal ▁models ▁have ▁expressed ▁that ▁ ω - 3 ▁def ic ien cies ▁result ▁in ▁dimin ished ▁syn apt ic ▁pl astic ity , ▁imp a ired ▁learning , ▁memory ▁and ▁emot ional ▁cop ing ▁performance ▁later ▁in ▁life . ▁ ▁All ▁B ▁vit am ins ▁play ▁a ▁part ▁in ▁helping ▁the ▁nerv ous ▁system ▁function ▁properly . ▁Vit amin ▁B 1 ▁( th iam ine ) ▁is ▁an ▁important ▁B ▁vit amin ▁and ▁is ▁associated ▁with ▁K ors ak off ' s ▁synd rome , ▁a ▁ne uro log ical ▁dis order ▁due ▁to ▁the ▁lack ▁of ▁vit amin ▁B 1 . ▁Chron ic ▁alco hol ▁ab use ▁is ▁the ▁number ▁one ▁cause |
▁of ▁this ▁synd rome , ▁but ▁unfortunately , ▁even ▁though ▁supp lement ation ▁may ▁improve ▁mus cle ▁co - ord ination , ▁it ▁usually ▁cannot ▁reverse ▁memory ▁loss . ▁Case ▁studies ▁have ▁reported ▁that ▁the ▁co - m orb id ity ▁between ▁e ating ▁dis orders ▁and ▁subst ance ▁ab use ▁as ▁a ▁significant ▁health ▁issue ▁for ▁women , ▁and ▁the ▁subgroup ▁of ▁patients ▁with ▁AN ▁who ▁also ▁mis use ▁alco hol ▁are ▁at ▁particular ▁risk ▁of ▁developing ▁K ors ak off ' s ▁synd rome . ▁In ▁other ▁studies ▁regarding ▁th iam ine ▁def ic iency , ▁imp air ments ▁in ▁spatial ▁memory , ▁retro grade ▁am nes ia , ▁epis od ic ▁memory ▁and ▁working ▁memory ▁have ▁all ▁been ▁observed . ▁ ▁Animal ▁Mod els ▁U sed ▁in ▁E ating ▁Dis orders ▁Animal ▁models ▁have ▁contributed ▁a ▁fair ▁amount ▁to ▁the ▁current ▁understanding ▁of ▁e ating ▁dis orders ▁and ▁ob es ity , ▁in ▁different ▁ways ▁and ▁to ▁different ▁ext ents ; ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁main ▁reasons ▁being ▁the ▁difference ▁in ▁path oph ys i ology ▁of ▁these ▁dis orders . ▁The ▁one ▁specific ▁feature ▁of ▁e ating ▁dis orders ▁not ▁shared ▁with ▁animal ▁behavior , ▁is ▁the ▁personal ▁choice ▁to ▁cur tail ▁food ▁int ake . ▁The ▁suit ability ▁and ▁limitations ▁of ▁animal ▁models ▁in ▁studies ▁regarding ▁human ▁e ating ▁dis orders ▁have ▁been ▁discussed ▁in ▁various ▁reviews . ▁Several ▁various ▁types ▁of ▁animal ▁models ▁have ▁been ▁described ▁which ▁include : ▁et i olog ic , ▁is omorphic , ▁mechan |
istic ▁and ▁predict ive ▁models . ▁ ▁An ore x ia ▁N erv osa ▁ ▁The ▁activity - based ▁an ore x ia ▁model ▁has ▁been ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁most ▁suitable ▁animal ▁models ▁when ▁studying ▁an ore x ia ▁nerv osa ▁( AN ). ▁The ▁important ▁behavior al ▁aspects ▁of ▁AN , ▁the ▁drive ▁for ▁activity , ▁the ▁restricted ▁food ▁int ake ▁during ▁hung er , ▁and ▁other ▁phys i ological ▁consequences ▁of ▁mal nut r ition , ▁are ▁all ▁reprodu ced ▁in ▁this ▁model . ▁The ▁“ activity / str ess ” ▁model ▁produces ▁star v ation - indu ced ▁imm un ode fic iency ▁and ▁various ▁comp lications ▁not ▁observed ▁in ▁individuals ▁with ▁AN . ▁" Se par ation " ▁models ▁involve ▁physical ▁separation ▁as ▁a ▁str essor ▁to ▁indu ce ▁a ▁de pression - like ▁condition ; ▁this ▁includes ▁decre ased ▁feed ing , ▁weight ▁loss , ▁and ▁various ▁cogn itive ▁changes ▁. ▁Studies ▁with ▁animal ▁models ▁sim ulating ▁loss ▁of ▁hung er ▁are ▁not ▁well ▁su ited ▁to ▁rep licate ▁AN ▁because ▁they ▁are ▁essentially ▁based ▁on ▁the ▁assumption ▁of ▁loss ▁of ▁app et ite . ▁ ▁Bul im ia ▁N erv osa ▁Two ▁major ▁factors ▁found ▁to ▁contribute ▁to ▁b inge ▁e ating ▁in ▁bul im ia ▁nerv osa ▁( B N ) ▁patients ▁are : ▁stress ▁and ▁negative ▁emot ions . ▁One ▁model ▁of ▁B N ▁produces ▁stress - indu ced ▁hyper ph ag ia , ▁where ▁r ats ▁go ▁through ▁periods ▁of ▁restricted ▁food ▁and ▁then |
▁are ▁allowed ▁free ▁access ▁to ▁food ; ▁this ▁m im ics ▁the ▁inter mitt ent ▁self - im posed ▁fast ing ▁and ▁yield ing ▁to ▁food ▁of ▁B N ▁patients . ▁Sh am - feed ing ▁rat ▁models ▁have ▁been ▁used ▁to ▁present ▁the ▁defect ▁in ▁the ▁sat iety ▁mechan isms ▁in ▁B N ▁due ▁to ▁vom iting ▁or ▁p urg ing ▁after ▁food ▁int ake . ▁It ▁is ▁known ▁that ▁multiple ▁mechan isms ▁reg ulate ▁me al ▁pattern ing , ▁although ▁in ▁order ▁to ▁study ▁them , ▁precise ▁consumption ▁patterns ▁of ▁B N ▁patients ▁must ▁be ▁known ; ▁ ▁these ▁int ake ▁patterns ▁are ▁still ▁currently ▁being ▁studied . ▁ ▁Other ▁models ▁of ▁b inge ▁e ating ▁have ▁used ▁various ▁combinations ▁of ▁stress ▁limited ▁access ▁to ▁optional ▁food s , ▁and / or ▁restriction / ref eed ing ▁cycles , ▁along ▁with ▁scheduled ▁e ating . ▁These ▁specific ▁models ▁have ▁been ▁able ▁to ▁address ▁the ▁consum pt ive ▁side ▁of ▁B N , ▁and ▁have ▁proven ▁to ▁be ▁useful ▁for ▁testing ▁drug ▁effects ▁on ▁int ake ▁behavior . ▁Due ▁to ▁the ▁ph arm ac ological ▁response ▁differences ▁between ▁rod ents ▁and ▁humans , ▁new ▁drug ▁development ▁has ▁been ▁concentr ating ▁on ▁drug ▁testing ▁specifically ▁in ▁human ▁subjects . ▁ ▁B inge ▁E ating ▁Dis order ▁The ▁development ▁of ▁animal ▁models ▁for ▁b inge ▁e ating ▁has ▁been ▁necessary , ▁because ▁the ▁mechan isms ▁underlying ▁the ▁phys i ological ▁and ▁neural ▁effects ▁are ▁not ▁very ▁well ▁understood . ▁Since ▁the ▁emot ional ▁aspects |
▁such ▁as ▁dist ress ▁and ▁loss ▁of ▁control ▁prove ▁difficult ▁to ▁model ▁in ▁animals , ▁the ▁central ▁feature ▁of ▁the ▁b inge ▁e ating ▁dis order , ▁was ▁attempted ▁to ▁be ▁m im icked . ▁Sh am - feed ing ▁was ▁the ▁most ▁prominent ▁model ▁used ▁to ▁study ▁B ED . ▁ ▁Ob es ity ▁Animal ▁models ▁have ▁been ▁able ▁to ▁provide ▁key ▁knowledge ▁of ▁the ▁central ▁and ▁peri pher al ▁bi ological ▁path ways ▁reg ulating ▁body ▁weight ▁and ▁energy ▁balance . ▁They ▁have ▁proven ▁effective ▁and ▁critical ▁in ▁exam ining ▁environmental ▁influ ences , ▁along ▁with ▁ident ifying ▁th era pe ut ic ▁targets ▁and ▁treat ments . ▁ ▁Animal ▁models ▁have ▁been ▁able ▁to ▁determine ▁that ▁mal nut r ition , ▁mat ernal ▁stress , ▁and ▁ins ul in ▁in jections ▁can ▁pre dis pose ▁off spring ▁to ▁adult ▁ob es ity . ▁Pre vious ▁studies ▁have ▁identified ▁the ▁effect ▁of ▁the ▁ad ip ocy te ▁h orm one ▁le pt in , ▁reve al ▁that ▁le pt in ▁treat ments ▁reverse ▁ob es ity ▁in ▁knock out ▁m ice ▁( ob / ob ), ▁and ▁that ▁di ab etic ▁( db / db ) ▁and ▁Z ucker ▁fat ty ▁( fa / fa ) ▁r ats ▁( Z ucker ▁rat ) ▁display ▁similar ▁ob es ity ▁phen ot ypes . ▁Work ▁on ▁character izing ▁rod ent ▁ob es ity ▁synd rom es ▁sp ont ane ously ▁ar ising ▁from ▁single ▁gene ▁mut ations ▁has ▁been ▁critical ▁in ▁ob es |
ity ▁research . ▁By ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁there ▁were ▁ 1 0 ▁sp ont ane ously ▁single ▁gene ▁mut ations ▁character ized ▁which ▁deliber ate ▁an ▁ob es ity ▁phen ot ype . ▁Currently , ▁many ▁investig ators ▁are ▁using ▁animal ▁models ▁in ▁order ▁to ▁analyze ▁gen etic , ▁neural , ▁and ▁phys i ological ▁influ ences ▁on ▁sus cept ibility ▁to ▁di et - indu ced ▁ob es ity . ▁ ▁Tre at ments ▁ ▁Ne uro c ogn itive ▁Reserve ▁ ▁C ogn ition ▁in ▁individuals ▁with ▁an ore x ia ▁nerv osa ▁( AN ) ▁has ▁been ▁shown ▁to ▁improve ▁after ▁treatment . ▁It ▁has ▁been ▁found ▁that ▁age , ▁education , ▁de pression , ▁body ▁mass ▁index ▁( B MI ), ▁duration ▁of ▁ill ness , ▁and ▁length ▁of ▁hospital ization ▁were ▁not ▁related ▁to ▁cogn itive ▁function ing ▁during ▁hospital ization ▁and ▁ne uro ps ych ological ▁improvement . ▁One ▁of ▁the ▁predict ors ▁of ▁cogn itive ▁imp air ment ▁in ▁individuals ▁with ▁AN ▁is ▁their ▁cogn itive ▁reserve , ▁where ▁the ▁greater ▁cogn itive ▁reserve ▁leads ▁to ▁more ▁res il iency ▁to ▁cogn itive ▁imp air ment . ▁The ▁level ▁of ▁cogn itive ▁reserve ▁predict s ▁improvement ▁in ▁ne uro ps ych ological ▁function ▁including ▁ver bal ▁memory , ▁semantic ▁flu ency , ▁basic ▁aud itory ▁attention , ▁and ▁vis u osp atial ▁construction . ▁In ▁addition , ▁the ▁level ▁of ▁cogn itive ▁reserve ▁has ▁been ▁found ▁to ▁be ▁associated ▁with ▁different ▁AN ▁pro gn |
osis ▁and ▁therefore ▁treatment ▁may ▁be ▁alter ed ▁based ▁on ▁the ▁cogn itive ▁reserve , ▁where ▁individuals ▁who ▁may ▁experience ▁more ▁severe ▁neu ros ps ych ological ▁def ic its ▁may ▁need ▁more ▁re he ars al ▁and ▁repeated ▁practice ▁of ▁skills ▁during ▁treatment . ▁ ▁CO ME T ▁ ▁Low ▁self - este em ▁is ▁considered ▁to ▁be ▁an ▁important ▁aspect ▁of ▁various ▁e ating ▁dis orders ▁( ED ). ▁Imp licit ▁and ▁opinions ▁that ▁refer ▁to ▁ones elf ▁are ▁the ▁main ▁issues ▁of ▁low ▁self - este em , ▁and ▁compet itive ▁memory ▁training ▁( CO ME T ) ▁was ▁developed ▁as ▁a ▁treatment ▁method ▁for ▁individuals ▁with ▁ED ▁in ▁order ▁to ▁target ▁these ▁opinions . ▁CO ME T ▁is ▁aim ed ▁at ▁making ▁the ▁knowledge ▁that ▁patients ▁already ▁know ▁more ▁easily ▁retrieved ▁from ▁long - term ▁memory ▁by ▁strength ening ▁the ▁retr ieval ▁of ▁functional ▁representations ▁that ▁are ▁in ▁competition ▁with ▁d ys function al ▁representations . ▁ ▁CO ME T ▁emphas izes ▁positive ▁mem ories ▁by ▁using ▁imag ery , ▁post ure ▁and ▁fa cial ▁expressions , ▁self - ver bal izations , ▁and ▁music . ▁CO ME T ▁stim ul ates ▁emot ional ▁sal iency ▁of ▁functional ▁self - con cept s ▁by ▁writing ▁stories ▁about ▁scenes ▁where ▁positive ▁characteristics ▁are ▁in ▁action ▁and ▁repeatedly ▁ver bal ized ▁positive ▁self - stat ements ▁are ▁connected ▁to ▁the ▁scenes . ▁Other ▁techniques ▁of ▁CO ME T ▁used ▁to ▁promote ▁emot ional ▁s ali ence ▁include ▁the ▁deliber ate ▁movements |
▁of ▁post ure , ▁fa cial ▁expressions ▁and ▁imag ery . ▁Music ▁that ▁is ▁selected ▁by ▁patients ▁with ▁ED ▁is ▁used ▁to ▁stim ulate ▁positive ▁m ood . ▁CO ME T ▁prom otes ▁higher ▁and ▁compet itive ▁retr ieval ▁by ▁activ ating ▁em otion ally ▁en hanced ▁positive ▁self - know ledge ▁repeatedly , ▁and ▁then ▁this ▁knowledge ▁is ▁associated ▁with ▁situations ▁and ▁c ues ▁that ▁trigger ▁these ▁d ys function al ▁negative ▁self - con cept s . ▁Over all , ▁studies ▁have ▁confirmed ▁that ▁CO ME T , ▁in ▁addition ▁to ▁regular ▁ther apy , ▁enh ances ▁self - este em ▁in ▁individuals ▁with ▁e ating ▁dis orders ▁and ▁low ▁self - este em . ▁ ▁Virtual ▁Re ality ▁ ▁A ▁reference ▁frame ▁is ▁a ▁way ▁someone ▁can ▁represent ▁their ▁location ▁in ▁space , ▁and ▁evidence ▁has ▁shown ▁that ▁our ▁spatial ▁experience ▁involves ▁the ▁combination ▁of ▁our ▁sens ory ▁inputs ▁from ▁two ▁specific ▁reference ▁frames ▁including ▁eg oc ent ric ▁and ▁allo cent ric . ▁The ▁ability ▁to ▁represent ▁and ▁recall ▁objects , ▁including ▁our ▁own ▁body , ▁changes ▁according ▁to ▁our ▁frame ▁of ▁references , ▁where ▁an ▁eg oc ent ric ▁st ance ▁represents ▁objects ▁relative ▁to ▁ourselves ▁while ▁an ▁allo cent ric ▁st ance ▁represents ▁objects ▁independent ▁of ▁ourselves . ▁These ▁reference ▁frames ▁influence ▁how ▁mem ories ▁are ▁stored ▁and ▁retrieved ▁where ▁in ▁the ▁eg oc ent ric ▁frame , ▁an ▁individual ▁sees ▁an ▁event ▁from ▁their ▁own ▁perspective ▁while ▁in ▁the ▁allo cent ric ▁frame , ▁an ▁individual |
▁sees ▁themselves ▁engaged ▁in ▁the ▁event ▁as ▁an ▁observer ▁would . ▁ ▁In ▁Western ▁culture , ▁the ▁body ▁is ▁considered ▁a ▁personal ▁symbol ▁where ▁sl end ern ess ▁is ▁associated ▁with ▁happiness , ▁success ▁and ▁social ▁accept ability ▁and ▁being ▁over weight ▁is ▁associated ▁with ▁la z iness , ▁lack ▁of ▁will power ▁and ▁being ▁out ▁of ▁control . ▁Social ▁influence ▁may ▁therefore ▁explain ▁the ▁pro gression ▁from ▁the ▁“ locked ” ▁allo cent ric ▁negative ▁body ▁image , ▁to ▁ob es ity ▁or ▁e ating ▁dis orders ▁( ED ) ▁because ▁the ▁media ▁and ▁culture ▁both ▁promote ▁di et ▁and ▁controlled ▁e ating ▁as ▁methods ▁to ▁improve ▁body - image ▁satisfaction . ▁Ind ividual s ▁with ▁ED ▁are ▁not ▁able ▁to ▁use ▁their ▁sens ory ▁inputs ▁to ▁update ▁allo cent ric ▁representations ▁of ▁the ▁body , ▁therefore ▁they ▁hate ▁their ▁body ▁even ▁after ▁significant ▁weight ▁loss ▁and ▁continue ▁to ▁attempt ▁to ▁improve ▁it . ▁ ▁Virtual ▁reality ▁( V R ) ▁has ▁been ▁aim ed ▁at ▁fixing ▁this ▁issue ▁by ▁helping ▁to ▁change ▁the ▁experience ▁of ▁the ▁body ▁and ▁to ▁improve ▁body ▁image ▁in ▁patients ▁suffering ▁from ▁ED ▁or ▁ob es ity . ▁In ▁V R ▁sessions , ▁patients ▁enter ▁a ▁virtual ▁environment ▁that ▁causes ▁them ▁to ▁face ▁critical ▁situations ▁and ▁are ▁then ▁helped ▁to ▁develop ▁specific ▁strateg ies ▁to ▁co pe ▁and ▁avoid ▁these ▁situations . ▁Side ▁effects ▁of ▁V R ▁include ▁n ause a ▁and ▁d izz iness . ▁Over all , ▁good ▁results ▁were ▁found ▁during ▁treatment ▁with ▁exper |
ient ial ▁cogn itive ▁ther apy ▁that ▁also ▁included ▁specific ▁body - image ▁protocol ▁based ▁on ▁V R ▁in ▁ob ese ▁and ▁b inge - e ating ▁patients . ▁ ▁Future ▁Research ▁ ▁Further ▁research ▁should ▁be ▁carried ▁out ▁on ▁implicit ▁memory ▁and ▁its ▁effects ▁and ▁bi ases ▁on ▁e ating ▁dis orders . ▁ ▁There ▁are ▁conflic ting ▁results ▁from ▁different ▁studies ▁which ▁should ▁be ▁resolved . ▁ ▁Future ▁studies ▁can ▁focus ▁on ▁correct ing ▁these ▁implicit ▁and ▁explicit ▁bi ases ▁in ▁patients ▁with ▁e ating ▁dis orders , ▁and ▁see ▁if ▁the ▁way ▁these ▁individuals ▁affect ively ▁view ▁and ▁eat ▁food ▁can ▁be ▁changed ▁by ▁teaching ▁these ▁individuals ▁how ▁to ▁cons ci ously ▁change ▁their ▁own ▁thought ▁patterns . ▁ ▁More ▁research ▁is ▁also ▁needed ▁to ▁study ▁the ▁specific ▁effects ▁of ▁memory ▁and ▁att ent ional ▁bi ases ▁in ▁various ▁e ating ▁dis orders . ▁Most ▁of ▁the ▁current ▁research ▁has ▁been ▁done ▁in ▁individuals ▁with ▁AN , ▁however ▁to ▁gain ▁a ▁more ▁compreh ensive ▁understanding ▁of ▁how ▁memory ▁imp air ments ▁effect ▁individuals ▁with ▁ED s , ▁B N ▁and ▁ED N OS ▁must ▁also ▁be ▁looked ▁at , ▁and ▁differences ▁and ▁similar ities ▁in ▁memory ▁imp air ments ▁should ▁be ▁compared ▁across ▁e ating ▁dis orders . ▁Currently ▁many ▁animal ▁models ▁have ▁provided ▁valuable ▁information ▁in ▁regard ▁to ▁e ating ▁dis orders , ▁but ▁because ▁of ▁the ▁cogn itive ▁and ▁physical ▁differences , ▁differences ▁do ▁still ▁arise . ▁Using ▁rod ents ▁to ▁examine ▁gen etic ▁et i ological ▁factors |
▁for ▁e ating ▁dis orders ▁must ▁patient ly ▁await ▁break through s ▁in ▁human ▁studies ▁of ▁the ▁same ▁dis orders . ▁ ▁It ▁would ▁be ▁benef icial ▁to ▁continue ▁research ▁on ▁the ▁CO ME T ▁and ▁virtual ▁reality ▁treatment ▁methods . ▁CO ME T , ▁so ▁far , ▁seems ▁to ▁be ▁an ▁effective ▁inter vention ▁and ▁the ▁results ▁from ▁studies ▁on ▁the ▁inter vention ▁method ▁show ▁that ▁further ▁investigation ▁will ▁be ▁useful . ▁Virtual ▁reality ▁is ▁another ▁treatment ▁tool ▁that ▁has ▁been ▁shown ▁to ▁help ▁modify ▁locked ▁negative ▁body ▁image , ▁and ▁good ▁results ▁were ▁obtained ▁from ▁this ▁study . ▁Im prov ements ▁can ▁be ▁made ▁for ▁both ▁of ▁these ▁studies ▁including ▁better ▁control ▁of ▁certain ▁variables . ▁The ▁imp a ired ▁memory ▁systems ▁have ▁been ▁found ▁to ▁be ▁the ▁cause ▁of , ▁or ▁drive ▁these ▁e ating ▁dis orders . ▁If ▁treatment ▁methods ▁are ▁developed ▁that ▁are ▁able ▁to ▁target ▁these ▁imp a ired ▁memory ▁systems , ▁it ▁could ▁help ▁not ▁only ▁to ▁individuals ▁in ▁critical ▁state ▁but ▁also ▁as ▁an ▁inter vention ▁to ▁individuals ▁in ▁the ▁early ▁stages ▁to ▁prevent ▁their ▁e ating ▁dis orders ▁from ▁getting ▁worse . ▁ ▁Ult imately ▁using ▁the ▁present ▁research ▁that ▁is ▁available , ▁it ▁is ▁important ▁to ▁conduct ▁future ▁research ▁that ▁exp ands ▁and ▁elabor ates ▁on ▁what ▁has ▁already ▁been ▁discovered ▁to ▁find ▁treatment ▁options ▁for ▁each ▁ill ness . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : E ating ▁dis orders <0x0A> </s> ▁N ath u ▁Ram ▁Ah ir war ▁( 1 ▁July ▁ 1 |
9 2 3 ▁– ▁ 5 ▁December ▁ 2 0 1 3 ) ▁was ▁an ▁Indian ▁politician , ▁social ▁leader , ▁Form er ▁Education ▁minister ▁and ▁education ist ▁from ▁the ▁village ▁of ▁B ham ou ra ▁K has ▁in ▁T ik am gar h ▁district ▁of ▁Mad h ya ▁Pr adesh , ▁India . ▁Form er ▁minister ▁of ▁Mad h ya ▁Pr adesh ▁and ▁senior ▁Congress ▁leader ▁died ▁at ▁his ▁ancest ral ▁village ▁B ham ou ra ▁K has ▁here ▁following ▁brief ▁ill ness . ▁Ah ir war , ▁who ▁had ▁been ▁a iling ▁for ▁quite ▁some ▁time , ▁died ▁on ▁ 5 ▁December ▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁around ▁ 1 8 : 0 0 , ▁his ▁family ▁said . ▁ ▁He ▁has ▁served ▁as ▁a ▁Member ▁of ▁Mad h ya ▁Pr adesh ▁Legisl ative ▁Assembly ▁for ▁years ▁ 1 9 5 7 - 6 2 ▁and ▁was ▁also ▁elected ▁as ▁a ▁Member ▁of ▁Four th ▁Lok ▁Sab ha ▁- ▁( 1 9 6 7 – 7 0 ) ▁and ▁Fif th ▁Lok ▁Sab ha ▁- ▁( 1 9 7 1 - 1 9 7 7 ) ▁as ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁Congress ▁Party ▁from ▁T ik am gar h ▁constitu ency , ▁a ▁seat ▁reserved ▁for ▁Sch eduled ▁Cast es . ▁He ▁has ▁also ▁served ▁as ▁Minister ▁of ▁State ▁for ▁Re h abil itation ▁and ▁Co operation ▁and ▁Education ▁Minister . ▁He ▁was ▁elected ▁as ▁Member ▁of ▁Mad h ya ▁Pr adesh ▁Legisl ative ▁Assembly ▁from ▁Kh arg ap ur ▁constitu ency |
▁in ▁ 1 9 7 7 ▁as ▁representative ▁of ▁Jan ata ▁Party ▁and ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 0 ▁as ▁member ▁of ▁Congress ▁Party . ▁After ▁ 1 9 9 7 , ▁he ▁left ▁Congress ▁and ▁joined ▁Bah uj an ▁Sam aj ▁Party . ▁ ▁He ▁is ▁noted ▁for ▁his ▁activities ▁for ▁better ment ▁of ▁scheduled ▁cast es ▁and ▁also ▁an ▁education ist , ▁who ▁served ▁as ▁member ▁of ▁Second ary ▁Education ▁Committee , ▁Mad h ya ▁Pr adesh ▁( 1 9 5 8 – 6 3 ). ▁He ▁has ▁also ▁founded ▁a ▁High er ▁Second ary ▁School ▁at ▁Te h ark a ▁T ik am gar h ▁and ▁also ▁is ▁Vice - Pres ident , ▁D eg ree ▁College ▁of ▁New ari ▁near ▁T ik am gar h . ▁ ▁References ▁▁ ▁Category : 1 9 2 3 ▁birth s ▁Category : 4 th ▁Lok ▁Sab ha ▁members ▁Category : 5 th ▁Lok ▁Sab ha ▁members ▁Category : Mad h ya ▁Pr adesh ▁ML As ▁ 1 9 5 7 – 1 9 6 2 ▁Category : Ind ian ▁National ▁Congress ▁polit icians ▁from ▁Mad h ya ▁Pr adesh ▁Category : 2 0 th - century ▁Indian ▁educational ▁the or ists ▁Category : Found ers ▁of ▁Indian ▁schools ▁and ▁colleg es ▁Category : Mad h ya ▁Pr adesh ▁ML As ▁ 1 9 7 7 – 1 9 8 0 ▁Category : Mad h ya ▁Pr adesh ▁ML As ▁ 1 9 8 0 – 1 9 8 5 ▁Category : 2 |
0 1 3 ▁death s ▁Category : L ok ▁Sab ha ▁members ▁from ▁Mad h ya ▁Pr adesh ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁T ik am gar h ▁district <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Missouri – Ok lahoma ▁football ▁rival ry ▁was ▁an ▁American ▁college ▁football ▁rival ry ▁between ▁the ▁Missouri ▁Tig ers ▁football ▁team ▁of ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Missouri ▁and ▁Oklahoma ▁So on ers ▁football ▁team ▁of ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Oklahoma . ▁The ▁T iger – S oon er ▁Peace ▁Pi pe ▁is ▁the ▁tro phy ▁awarded ▁to ▁the ▁winner ▁of ▁the ▁game . ▁ ▁Series ▁history ▁Missouri ▁and ▁Oklahoma ' s ▁football ▁teams ▁first ▁played ▁in ▁ 1 9 0 2 , ▁and ▁played ▁ann ually ▁from ▁ 1 9 1 0 – 9 5 , ▁with ▁only ▁a ▁one - year ▁inter ruption ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 8 ▁during ▁World ▁War ▁I . ▁The ▁T iger - S oon er ▁Peace ▁Pi pe ▁has ▁been ▁awarded ▁since ▁ 1 9 2 9 . ▁The ▁Big ▁ 1 2 ▁Conference ▁was ▁formed ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 5 , ▁and ▁was ▁split ▁into ▁two ▁divisions . ▁The ▁two ▁univers ities ▁being ▁placed ▁in ▁different ▁division ▁( Miss ouri ▁in ▁the ▁Big ▁ 1 2 ▁North ▁Division , ▁Oklahoma ▁in ▁the ▁South ▁Division ) ▁prevent ed ▁an ▁annual ▁match up . ▁After ▁the ▁formation ▁of ▁the ▁Big ▁ 1 2 , ▁the ▁teams ▁played ▁a ▁home - and - home ▁series ▁with ▁three ▁years ▁in ▁between ▁each ▁series ▁( 1 9 9 8 |
– 9 9 , ▁ 2 0 0 2 – 0 3 , ▁ 2 0 0 6 – 0 7 , ▁ 2 0 1 0 – 1 1 ). ▁ ▁The ▁So on ers ▁won ▁the ▁last ▁meeting ▁ 3 8 – 2 8 ▁on ▁September ▁ 2 4 , ▁ 2 0 1 1 . ▁With ▁Missouri ' s ▁withdraw al ▁from ▁the ▁Big ▁ 1 2 ▁and ▁ad mission ▁to ▁the ▁S out he astern ▁Conference ▁effective ▁July ▁ 1 , ▁ 2 0 1 2 , ▁the ▁future ▁of ▁the ▁rival ry ▁is ▁uncertain . ▁ ▁T iger – S oon er ▁Peace ▁Pi pe ▁In ▁November ▁ 1 9 4 0 , ▁a ▁genu ine ▁Indian ▁peace ▁pipe ▁was ▁don ated ▁by ▁Dr . ▁John ▁S . ▁Knight ▁of ▁Kansas ▁City ▁to ▁become ▁the ▁travel ing ▁tro phy ▁of ▁the ▁rival ry . ▁Dr . ▁Knight ▁was ▁a ▁ 1 9 2 3 ▁gradu ate ▁of ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Missouri . ▁The ▁peace ▁pipe , ▁in ▁the ▁form ▁of ▁a ▁tom ah awk , ▁belonged ▁to ▁Chief ▁White ▁E agle ▁of ▁the ▁P aw ne e ▁tribe . ▁The ▁peace ▁pipe ▁was ▁believed ▁to ▁be ▁over ▁ 1 0 0 ▁years ▁old ▁at ▁the ▁time ▁it ▁was ▁don ated ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 0 . ▁An ▁ins cription ▁on ▁the ▁peace ▁pipe ▁reads ▁" M yst ical ▁Seven ▁Society ▁Cer emon ial ▁Tom ah awk ▁Pi pe , ▁University ▁of ▁Missouri ▁vs . ▁University ▁of ▁Oklahoma |
, ▁Dr . ▁John ▁S . ▁Knight ▁– ; ▁don or ▁of ▁peace ▁pipe ." ▁W inners ▁of ▁each ▁game ▁are ▁also ▁ins cribed ▁on ▁the ▁pipe . ▁The ▁peace ▁pipe ▁was ▁entr usted ▁to ▁M U ' s ▁Myst ical ▁Seven ▁and ▁O U ' s ▁Pe - et , ▁who ▁would ▁share ▁the ▁peace ▁pipe ▁in ▁the ▁end ▁zone ▁at ▁hal ft ime ▁to ▁celebr ate ▁the ▁two ▁univers ities . ▁The ▁society ▁of ▁the ▁winning ▁university ▁would ▁return ▁the ▁peace ▁pipe ▁to ▁its ▁university ▁until ▁the ▁next ▁meeting ▁of ▁the ▁two ▁teams . ▁ ▁The ▁So on ers ▁were ▁the ▁first ▁to ▁take ▁possession ▁of ▁the ▁peace ▁pipe ▁following ▁their ▁ 7 – 0 ▁victory ▁over ▁the ▁Tig ers ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 0 . ▁In ▁fact , ▁Oklahoma ▁was ▁ins cribed ▁ 1 9 ▁times ▁on ▁the ▁pipe ▁from ▁ 1 9 4 0 – 6 3 . ▁After ▁a ▁tie ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 4 , ▁O U ▁gave ▁possession ▁of ▁the ▁pipe ▁to ▁M U ▁as ▁Oklahoma ▁had ▁held ▁the ▁tro phy ▁so ▁many ▁more ▁times ▁since ▁the ▁tro phy ' s ▁in ception . ▁Records ▁indicate ▁that ▁the ▁tradition ▁continued ▁through ▁ 1 9 7 4 , ▁but ▁the ▁peace ▁pipe ▁exchange ▁did ▁not ▁take ▁place ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 5 . ▁The ▁current ▁location ▁of ▁the ▁pipe ▁is ▁unknown ▁since ▁it ▁was ▁last ▁held ▁by ▁Oklahoma . ▁O U ' s ▁senior ▁associate ▁athlet ic ▁director , ▁Ken ny ▁M oss man |
, ▁has ▁indicated ▁that ▁Oklahoma ▁officials ▁have ▁conducted ▁an ▁extensive ▁search ▁of ▁their ▁arch ives ▁for ▁historical ▁items , ▁and ▁the ▁peace ▁pipe ▁has ▁not ▁been ▁located . ▁ ▁Notable ▁games ▁▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁Big ▁ 1 2 ▁Championship ▁Game ▁The ▁Tig ers ▁were ▁the ▁Big ▁ 1 2 ▁North ' s ▁representative ▁to ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁Big ▁ 1 2 ▁Championship ▁Game ▁where ▁they ▁faced ▁Big ▁ 1 2 ▁South ▁representative ▁Oklahoma . ▁Missouri ▁came ▁into ▁the ▁game ▁ranked ▁# 1 ▁in ▁the ▁AP ▁Pol l ▁and ▁B CS ▁stand ings . ▁However , ▁they ▁were ▁ups et ▁( Ok lahoma ▁was ▁fav ored ▁by ▁cas inos ▁in ▁Las ▁Veg as ) ▁by ▁Oklahoma , ▁making ▁their ▁record ▁ 1 1 – 2 ▁at ▁the ▁time . ▁This ▁loss ▁also ▁allowed ▁Kansas ▁( 1 1 – 1 ) ▁to ▁pass ▁Missouri ▁in ▁the ▁conference ▁rank ings , ▁ear ning ▁them ▁a ▁spot ▁in ▁the ▁Orange ▁Bowl , ▁where ▁they ▁defeated ▁Virginia ▁Te ch ▁ 2 4 – 2 1 ▁to ▁ear n ▁their ▁first ▁B CS ▁bow l ▁victory . ▁▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁Big ▁ 1 2 ▁Championship ▁Game ▁The ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁Big ▁ 1 2 ▁Championship ▁Game ▁featured ▁a ▁rem atch ▁between ▁the ▁two ▁schools ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁Big ▁ 1 2 ▁Championship ▁Game . ▁This ▁time , ▁Oklahoma ▁was ▁fav ored ▁and ▁won ▁hand ily , ▁ 6 2 – 2 1 . ▁ ▁October ▁ |
2 3 , ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁In ▁their ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁meeting , ▁M izz ou ▁defeated ▁Oklahoma ▁( then ▁ranked ▁No . ▁ 1 ▁in ▁the ▁B CS ▁stand ings ). ▁The ▁game ▁was ▁the ▁site ▁of ▁ESP N ' s ▁College ▁Game Day , ▁where ▁Missouri ▁set ▁the ▁on - camp us ▁attend ance ▁record ▁for ▁Game Day . ▁ ▁Game ▁results ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁▁▁ ▁List ▁of ▁NCAA ▁college ▁football ▁rival ry ▁games ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : Col lege ▁football ▁rival ries ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Category : Miss ouri ▁Tig ers ▁football ▁Category : Ok lahoma ▁So on ers ▁football <0x0A> </s> ▁is ▁a ▁railway ▁station ▁of ▁H ank y u ▁Railway ▁in ▁N ish in omi ya , ▁Hy ō go ▁Pref ect ure , ▁Japan . ▁ ▁It ▁is ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁main ▁stations ▁in ▁N ish in omi ya ▁City , ▁with ▁Hans hin ▁N ish in omi ya ▁Station ▁and ▁J R ▁N ish in omi ya ▁Station . ▁ ▁L ines ▁H ank y u ▁K obe ▁Line ▁ ▁H ank y u ▁I ma zu ▁Line ▁ ▁The ▁platforms ▁of ▁H ank y u ▁I ma zu ▁Line ▁to ▁Tak ar azu ka ▁Station , ▁north bound , ▁and ▁I ma zu ▁Station , ▁south bound ▁are ▁separated , ▁and ▁so ▁there ▁are ▁no ▁through ▁trains ▁from ▁Tak ar azu ka ▁to ▁I ma zu . ▁ ▁Layout ▁ ▁K obe ▁Line : ▁ 2 ▁island ▁platforms ▁and |
▁ 2 ▁side ▁platforms ▁serving ▁ 2 ▁tracks ▁each . ▁ ▁I ma zu ▁Line ▁( s outh ): ▁an ▁elev ated ▁side ▁platform ▁serving ▁a ▁track . ▁ ▁I ma zu ▁Line ▁( n orth ): ▁ 3 ▁dead - end ▁platforms ▁serving ▁ 2 ▁tracks . ▁ ▁History ▁The ▁station ▁opened ▁on ▁July ▁ 1 6 , ▁ 1 9 2 0 ▁when ▁the ▁K obe ▁Main ▁Line ▁opened . ▁The ▁I ma zu ▁Line ▁opened ▁the ▁next ▁year . ▁ ▁Past ▁layout ▁ ▁There ▁were ▁four ▁ 9 0 - deg ree ▁diam ond ▁cross ings ▁served ▁by ▁the ▁K obe ▁Line ▁and ▁the ▁I ma zu ▁Line ▁until ▁they ▁were ▁removed ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 4 ▁to ▁build ▁the ▁new ▁station ▁building . ▁The ▁cross ings ▁were ▁located ▁in ▁the ▁south ▁of ▁the ▁platforms ▁for ▁the ▁I ma zu ▁Line , ▁between ▁the ▁west bound ▁platforms ▁and ▁the ▁east bound ▁platforms ▁for ▁the ▁K obe ▁Line . ▁ ▁K obe ▁Line ▁west bound ▁platforms : ▁on ▁the ▁east ▁side ▁of ▁the ▁I ma zu ▁Line , ▁an ▁island ▁platform ▁serving ▁ 2 ▁tracks ▁with ▁a ▁side ▁platform ▁for ▁arrival s ▁in ▁the ▁south . ▁ ▁K obe ▁Line ▁east bound ▁platforms : ▁on ▁the ▁west ▁side ▁of ▁the ▁I ma zu ▁Line , ▁an ▁island ▁platform ▁serving ▁ 2 ▁tracks ▁with ▁a ▁side ▁platform ▁for ▁arrival s ▁in ▁the ▁north . ▁ ▁I ma zu ▁Line : ▁on ▁the ▁north ▁side ▁of ▁the ▁K obe ▁Line , ▁a |
▁side ▁platform ▁and ▁a ▁dead - end ▁platform ▁serving ▁ 4 ▁tracks , ▁one ▁of ▁which ▁tracks ▁was ▁removed ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 7 . ▁ ▁S urr ound ings ▁H ank y u ▁N ish in omi ya ▁Gard ens ▁( former ly ▁H ank y u ▁N ish in omi ya ▁Stadium ) ▁Hy ogo ▁Perform ing ▁Arts ▁Center ▁A CT A ▁N ish in omi ya ▁K osh ien ▁G aku in ▁K osh ien ▁Junior ▁College ▁ ▁B uses ▁ ▁Ad j acent ▁stations ▁▁ ▁| - ▁! col span = 5 | H ank y ū ▁Railway ▁( H K - 0 8 ) ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁O rix ▁Buff alo es ▁- ▁The ▁H ank y u ▁Bra ves , ▁prede cess ors ▁of ▁the ▁O rix ▁Buff alo es , ▁were ▁based ▁at ▁N ish in omi ya ▁Stadium ▁and ▁N ish in omi ya - Kit ag uch i ▁Station ▁was ▁the ▁nearest ▁station . ▁In ▁those ▁days , ▁train ▁conduct ors ▁called ▁the ▁station ▁name ▁as ▁" N ish in omi ya - kit ag uch i , ▁N ish in omi ya ▁Stadium - ma e ". ▁ ▁Now ▁there ▁is ▁H ank y u ▁N ish in omi ya ▁Gard ens ▁opened ▁on ▁November ▁ 2 6 , ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁on ▁the ▁vac ant ▁lot ▁where ▁the ▁stad ium ▁used ▁to ▁be , ▁and ▁the ▁station ▁name ▁is ▁announced ▁" N ish in omi ya - kit |
ag uch i , ▁H ank y u ▁N ish in omi ya ▁Gard ens - ma e ". ▁The ▁Mel anch oly ▁of ▁Har u hi ▁Su z umi ya ▁- ▁" Kit ag uch i ▁station " ▁in ▁this ▁an ime ▁was ▁mode led ▁on ▁this ▁station . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : R ail way ▁stations ▁in ▁Hy ō go ▁Pref ect ure ▁Category : H ank y ū ▁K ō be ▁Main ▁Line ▁Category : H ank y u ▁Railway ▁I ma zu ▁Line <0x0A> </s> ▁General ▁Ins pect or ▁of ▁the ▁Ar med ▁Forces ▁() ▁was ▁an ▁office ▁created ▁in ▁the ▁Second ▁Polish ▁Republic ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 6 , ▁after ▁the ▁May ▁C oup . ▁▁ ▁The ▁General ▁Ins pect or ▁reported ▁directly ▁to ▁the ▁President , ▁and ▁was ▁not ▁responsible ▁to ▁the ▁Se jm ▁( par liament ) ▁or ▁the ▁government . ▁In ▁the ▁event ▁of ▁war , ▁the ▁General ▁Ins pect or ▁was ▁to ▁become ▁the ▁Commander - in - ch ief ▁of ▁the ▁Polish ▁Ar med ▁Forces . ▁▁ ▁Following ▁the ▁German ▁invasion ▁of ▁Poland ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 9 ▁and ▁the ▁post - war ▁establishment ▁of ▁the ▁Polish ▁People ' s ▁Republic , ▁the ▁position ▁was ▁retained ▁by ▁the ▁Polish ▁government - in - ex ile ▁until ▁ 1 9 8 0 . ▁ ▁List ▁of ▁General ▁Ins pect ors ▁ ▁† ▁denotes ▁people ▁who ▁died ▁in ▁office . ▁ ▁Second ▁Polish ▁Republic ▁ ▁R yd z - Ś m ig |
ły ▁went ▁into ▁ex ile ▁on ▁ 1 8 ▁September ▁ 1 9 3 9 , ▁during ▁the ▁German ▁invasion ▁of ▁Poland . ▁After wards , ▁all ▁General ▁Ins pect ors ▁were ▁in ▁ex ile ▁( and ▁increasing ly ▁connected ▁with ▁educational ▁activities ▁such ▁as ▁co operation ▁with ▁the ▁London - based ▁Polish ▁Institute ▁and ▁S ikor ski ▁Museum ). ▁ ▁Polish ▁government - in - ex ile ▁ ▁Duch ▁died ▁on ▁ 9 ▁October ▁ 1 9 8 0 . ▁After wards , ▁in ▁place ▁of ▁the ▁G IS Z , ▁a ▁Military ▁Council ▁was ▁created , ▁led ▁by ▁gen . ▁b ry g . ▁K lem ens ▁Rud nick i . ▁ ▁Notes ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁Polish ▁General ▁Staff ▁Ministry ▁of ▁National ▁Def ence ▁( Pol and ) ▁Captain ▁general ▁Ins pect or ▁general ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 2 6 ▁establish ments ▁in ▁Poland ▁Category : 1 9 8 0 ▁dis est ab lish ments ▁Category : Mil it ary ▁history ▁of ▁Poland <0x0A> </s> ▁Not ▁to ▁be ▁confused ▁with ▁the ▁Ans ald i ▁car ▁manufact ured ▁in ▁Milan ▁in ▁ 1 9 0 4 , ▁and ▁which ▁was ▁sold ▁as ▁the ▁F iat ▁Bre v etti ▁after ▁ 1 9 0 5 . ▁ ▁The ▁An sal do ▁was ▁an ▁Italian ▁autom obile ▁manufact ured ▁by ▁the ▁arm aments ▁concern ▁G io . ▁An sal do ▁& ▁C . ▁from ▁ 1 9 2 1 ▁to ▁ 1 9 3 1 . ▁The ▁company ▁entered ▁car ▁manufact ure ▁with |
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