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▁the ▁hub ▁of ▁the ▁rail ▁system ▁in ▁the ▁country . ▁Today , ▁the ▁Central ▁Station ▁serves ▁for ▁the ▁arrival ▁and ▁departure ▁of ▁national ▁and ▁divis ional ▁comm uter ▁trains , ▁and ▁is ▁home ▁to ▁the ▁national ▁railway ▁company , ▁Fer roc arr iles ▁Nacional es ▁de ▁Cuba ▁( FF CC ), ▁the ▁only ▁inter city ▁passenger ▁rail ▁transport ▁operating ▁in ▁the ▁Car ib bean . ▁ ▁It ▁is ▁considered ▁a ▁National ▁monument ▁for ▁its ▁architect ural ▁and ▁historical ▁values ▁and ▁is , ▁along ▁with ▁the ▁stations ▁of ▁Santiago , ▁Cam ag ü ey ▁and ▁Santa ▁Clara , ▁a ▁network ' s ▁divis ional ▁head qu arter . ▁ ▁Design ▁The ▁ec lect ic ▁architecture ▁building ▁has ▁four ▁flo ors ▁and ▁a ▁me zz an ine . ▁ ▁On ▁the ▁main ▁fac ade , ▁there ▁are ▁two ▁high ▁to wers ▁on ▁Belg ica ▁Avenue ▁representing ▁the ▁Co at ▁of ▁arms ▁of ▁Cuba ▁and ▁Hav ana , ▁respectively . ▁ ▁The ▁main ▁architect ▁was ▁the ▁American ▁Kenneth ▁Mac K en zie ▁M urch ison , ▁who ▁was ▁inspired ▁by ▁a ▁decor ative ▁style ▁Spanish ▁plan ter es que , ▁which ▁are ▁clearly ▁visible ▁in ▁the ▁elements ▁of ▁the ▁shield s ▁and ▁shell s ▁of ▁the ▁fac ade . ▁The ▁station ' s ▁platforms ▁are ▁nearly ▁one ▁kilometer ▁long ▁and ▁a ▁total ▁area ▁of ▁ 1 4 , 0 0 0 ▁square ▁meters . ▁ ▁History ▁By ▁ 1 9 1 0 , ▁the ▁ 7 1 - year - old ▁Vill an ue va ▁Railway |
▁Station ▁( current ly ▁the ▁Capit ol io ▁grounds ), ▁the ▁first ▁of ▁Hav ana , ▁had ▁exceed ed ▁its ▁capacity ▁due ▁to ▁increasing ▁urban ▁development ▁and ▁population ▁of ▁the ▁city . ▁On ▁July ▁ 2 0 , ▁ 1 9 1 0 , ▁the ▁Congress ▁of ▁Cuba ▁author ized ▁to ▁build ▁the ▁new ▁railway ▁station ▁on ▁the ▁Ar sen al ▁public ▁grounds ▁instead ▁of ▁the ▁Vill an ue va ▁Station ▁private ▁grounds . ▁The ▁value ▁of ▁the ▁old ▁ar sen al ▁grounds ▁and ▁buildings ▁was ▁about ▁US $ 3 . 7 ▁million ▁at ▁the ▁time , ▁while ▁the ▁Vill an ue va ▁grounds ▁were ▁about ▁$ 2 . 3 ▁million . ▁This ▁transaction ▁caused ▁he ated ▁deb ates ▁within ▁the ▁political ▁community ▁and ▁in ▁general ▁throughout ▁the ▁population ▁of ▁the ▁city , ▁because ▁the ▁value ▁of ▁Ar sen al ▁land ▁was ▁more ▁than ▁a ▁million ▁dollars ▁to ▁Vill an ue va , ▁so ▁it ▁was ▁unknown ▁where ▁that ▁amount ▁would ▁go . ▁ ▁This ▁resulted ▁in ▁he ated ▁deb ates ▁in ▁the ▁Congress . ▁The ▁Chamber ▁representative ▁Silver io ▁S ánchez ▁Fig uer as , ▁commander ▁of ▁the ▁liber ation ▁army , ▁den ounced ▁the ▁trade ▁as ▁a ▁" dir ty ▁business ", ▁and ▁the ▁action ▁was ▁contrad icted ▁by ▁con gress man ▁Colonel ▁Sever o ▁M ole ón ▁Guerra . ▁The ▁confront ation ▁cul min ated ▁in ▁a ▁du el ▁to ▁death ▁on ▁December ▁ 9 , ▁ 1 9 1 0 , ▁where ▁Congress man ▁M ole ón ▁died . |
▁ ▁Two ▁years ▁later , ▁on ▁November ▁ 3 0 , ▁ 1 9 1 2 , ▁the ▁new ▁Central ▁Railway ▁Station ▁was ▁opened ▁on ▁the ▁former ▁ar sen al ▁grounds . ▁ ▁Service ▁ ▁Over view ▁Central ▁Railway ▁Station ▁has ▁a ▁network ▁of ▁sub urban , ▁inter urban ▁and ▁long - distance ▁rail ▁lines . ▁The ▁rail ways ▁are ▁national ised ▁and ▁run ▁by ▁the ▁FF CC ▁( F er roc arr iles ▁de ▁Cuba ▁– ▁Rail ways ▁of ▁Cuba ). ▁Rail ▁service ▁connect s ▁the ▁Central ▁Rail ▁Station ▁to ▁various ▁Cub an ▁provinces . ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 9 , ▁the ▁annual ▁passenger ▁volume ▁was ▁roughly ▁ 7 . 5 ▁million , ▁almost ▁ 4 0 0 , 0 0 0 ▁less ▁from ▁the ▁previous ▁year , ▁and ▁ 3 . 5 ▁million ▁less ▁than ▁ 2 0 0 4 , ▁mainly ▁after ▁the ▁government ▁upgrad ed ▁A ST RO ' s ▁long - distance ▁inter - city ▁bus es ▁fleet ▁with ▁brand ▁new ▁air ▁condition ed ▁Y ut ong ▁bus es . ▁Santiago ▁de ▁Cuba ▁is ▁the ▁bus iest ▁route ▁from ▁the ▁Central ▁Station , ▁some ▁ ▁apart ▁by ▁rail . ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 0 ▁the ▁Union ▁de ▁Fer roc arr iles ▁de ▁Cuba ▁bought ▁French ▁first ▁class ▁air condition ed ▁coach es . ▁ ▁Fast ▁trains ▁line ▁ 1 ▁and ▁ 2 , ▁between ▁( Cent ral ▁Station ) ▁and ▁Santiago ▁de ▁Cuba , ▁use ▁comfortable ▁st ain less - ste el ▁air - condition ed |
▁coach es ▁bought ▁from ▁French ▁Rail ways ▁and ▁now ▁known ▁as ▁ ▁the ▁" T ren ▁Franc és " ▁( the ▁French ▁train ). ▁It ▁runs ▁daily ▁at ▁peak ▁periods ▁of ▁the ▁year ▁( Sum mer ▁season , ▁Christmas ▁& ▁E aster ), ▁and ▁on ▁every ▁second ▁day ▁at ▁other ▁times ▁of ▁the ▁year . ▁These ▁coach es ▁were ▁originally ▁used ▁on ▁the ▁premier ▁Trans ▁Europ ▁Express ▁service ▁between ▁Paris , ▁Br uss els ▁and ▁Amsterdam ▁before ▁being ▁replaced ▁with ▁high ▁speed ▁Th al ys ▁trains . ▁They ▁were ▁sh ipped ▁to ▁the ▁Cub an ▁Rail ways ▁System ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 1 . ▁It ▁offers ▁two ▁classes ▁of ▁se ating , ▁basic ▁le ather ette ▁" es pe cial " ▁and ▁quite ▁lux ur ious ▁" prim era ▁especial ". ▁ ▁Route ▁diag rams ▁ ▁Gallery ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁▁ ▁Cam ag ü ey ▁railway ▁station ▁Hav ana ▁Sub urban ▁Railway ▁National ▁Rail ways ▁of ▁Cuba ▁( FF CC ) ▁Santa ▁Clara ▁railway ▁station ▁Santiago ▁de ▁Cuba ▁railway ▁station ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁▁ ▁Hav ana ▁Central ▁railway ▁station ▁on ▁E cu Red ▁ ▁Category : Transport ▁in ▁Hav ana ▁Central ▁Station ▁Category : R ail way ▁stations ▁in ▁Cuba ▁Category : R ail way ▁stations ▁opened ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 2 ▁Category : T our ist ▁attra ctions ▁in ▁Hav ana ▁Category : 1 9 1 2 ▁establish ments ▁in ▁Cuba <0x0A> </s> ▁Britain ' s ▁Best ▁Bak ery ▁is ▁a ▁British ▁day time ▁cook ery ▁show ▁part |
▁of ▁the ▁I TV ▁Food ▁category ▁on ▁I TV ▁and ▁narr ated ▁by ▁W endi ▁Peters ▁with ▁jud ges ▁Mich ▁Turner ▁and ▁Peter ▁Sid well . ▁The ▁show ▁has ▁been ▁air ing ▁from ▁ 2 6 ▁November ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁to ▁ 1 4 ▁February ▁ 2 0 1 4 . ▁ ▁Game play ▁The ▁TV ▁program ▁is ▁a ▁talent ▁show ▁where ▁the ▁target ▁is ▁try ▁the ▁best ▁independent , ▁family - run ▁or ▁community ▁b ak ery . ▁Baker ies ▁from ▁all ▁over ▁the ▁UK ▁comp ete ▁in ▁a ▁series ▁of ▁b aking ▁challeng es ▁that ▁put ▁their ▁skills ▁to ▁the ▁test ▁and ▁make ▁view ers ’ ▁mouth s ▁water . ▁Its ▁a ▁t ough ▁competition : ▁traditional ▁b akers ▁with ▁top - secret ▁family ▁reci pes ▁comp ete ▁against ▁former ▁pat is serie ▁che fs ▁and ▁bread - m akers ▁are ▁challeng ed ▁to ▁create ▁st unning ▁celebr ation ▁c akes . ▁Two ▁big ▁names ▁from ▁the ▁world ▁of ▁b aking ▁judge ▁the ▁competition , ▁not ▁just ▁t ast ing ▁and ▁anal ys ing ▁the ▁b akes ▁but ▁visit ing ▁the ▁b aker ies . ▁The ▁competition ▁builds ▁from ▁regional ▁he ats ▁to ▁a ▁dram atic ▁finale ▁where ▁the ▁winner ▁of ▁Brit ains ▁Best ▁Bak ery ▁is ▁crown ed . ▁Brit ains ▁Best ▁Bak ery ▁sh ines ▁a ▁light ▁on ▁b aking ▁in ▁the ▁UK ▁in ▁all ▁its ▁del icious ▁shapes ▁and ▁sizes . ▁But ▁more ▁than ▁just ▁a ▁competition , ▁it ▁is ▁a ▁celebr ation ▁of ▁the ▁nations |
▁b aker ies ▁and ▁their ▁b akers , ▁reve aling ▁fasc in ating ▁stories ▁about ▁Britain ▁and ▁its ▁regions , ▁communities ▁and ▁cult ures . ▁ ▁In ▁every ▁episode , ▁b aker ies ▁competed ▁in ▁regional ▁he ats , ▁with ▁r ounds ▁including ▁the ▁" Special ity ▁B ake " ▁and ▁" B aker ' s ▁Do zen ", ▁with ▁the ▁daily ▁w inners ▁adv ancing ▁to ▁cook ▁a ▁" J ud ge ' s ▁Cho ice ▁C ake " ▁in ▁the ▁regional ▁final s ▁on ▁Friday . ▁National ▁final s ▁in ▁the ▁last ▁week ▁featured ▁challeng es ▁such ▁as ▁" Ch else a ▁b uns ▁for ▁the ▁Ch else a ▁P ension ers ", ▁and ▁a ▁great ▁wed ding ▁c ake ▁from ▁someone ▁British . ▁ ▁Trans m issions ▁ ▁Series ▁ 1 ▁The ▁first ▁series ▁was ▁won ▁by ▁Ham ble ton ▁Bak ery . ▁ ▁Series ▁ 2 ▁The ▁second ▁series ▁was ▁won ▁by ▁brother ▁and ▁sister , ▁David ▁and ▁L inds ay ▁Wright , ▁from ▁The ▁C ake ▁Sh op ▁Bak ery ▁from ▁Wood bridge ▁in ▁Su ff olk . ▁ ▁International ▁versions ▁The ▁format ▁has ▁been ▁adapted ▁in ▁France , ▁Portugal , ▁Germany , ▁Finland ▁and ▁Italy . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁The ▁Cook ery ▁School ▁at ▁Bra xt ed ▁Park ▁featured ▁in ▁Britain ' s ▁Best ▁Bak ery ▁ ▁Category : 2 0 1 0 s ▁British ▁television ▁series ▁Category : 2 0 1 2 ▁British ▁television ▁series ▁deb uts ▁Category : 2 0 1 4 |
▁British ▁television ▁series ▁end ings ▁Category : English - language ▁television ▁programs ▁Category : IT V ▁game ▁shows <0x0A> </s> ▁This ▁list ▁organ izes ▁and ▁collect s ▁the ▁names ▁of ▁notable ▁people ▁who ▁are ▁known ▁for ▁their ▁birth , ▁res iden cy ▁or ▁other ▁association ▁with ▁C anton , ▁Ohio , ▁including , ▁but ▁not ▁limited ▁to ▁ra pper ▁Tri pp ie ▁Red d , ▁Jess ie ▁Davis ▁( m ur der ed ▁pre gn ant ▁women ), ▁and ▁Bobby ▁C ut ts ▁( pre gn ant ▁murder er ). ▁ ▁Arch ae olog ists ▁Mark ▁Ald ender fer , ▁arch ae ologist ▁and ▁anth rop ologist ▁ ▁Arts ▁and ▁entertain ment ▁ ▁J ake ▁Ab el , ▁actor ▁ ▁James ▁B . ▁All ard ice , ▁Em my ▁Award - win ning ▁television ▁writer ▁ ▁Matt ▁B ors , ▁Pul itzer ▁Prize - n omin ated ▁political ▁cart oon ist ▁and ▁cre ator ▁of ▁Id iot ▁Box ▁web ▁com ic ▁ ▁Bran non ▁B rag a , ▁television ▁producer , ▁director ▁and ▁screen writer ▁ ▁Row land ▁Brown , ▁director ▁and ▁screen writer ▁ ▁Frank ▁De ▁Vol , ▁composer , ▁arr anger , ▁actor ▁ ▁Ab ast enia ▁St . ▁Leg er ▁E ber le , ▁sculpt or ▁ ▁Rand all ▁Craig ▁Fle ischer , ▁phil harm onic ▁conduct or ▁ ▁Peg gy ▁Ann ▁Gar ner , ▁actress ▁ ▁M acy ▁Gray , ▁R & B ▁singer ▁ ▁In h ale ▁Ex h ale , ▁Christian ▁metal ▁band ▁ ▁Josh ua ▁Jay |
, ▁mag ician ▁ ▁James ▁Kar ales , ▁major ▁civil ▁rights ▁era ▁photograph er ▁ ▁Karl ▁King , ▁composer ▁and ▁band le ader ▁ ▁Mark ▁Ko ze lek , ▁music ian ▁ ▁En och ▁Light , ▁band le ader ▁and ▁viol in ist ▁ ▁L oved rug , ▁ind ie ▁band ▁Charles ▁R . ▁Mac au ley , ▁Pul itzer ▁Prize - win ning ▁cart oon ist ▁ ▁Mar il yn ▁M anson ▁( born ▁Brian ▁Hugh ▁Warner ), ▁rock ▁singer ▁of ▁the ▁band ▁of ▁the ▁same ▁name ▁ ▁Edd ie ▁McC lin to ck , ▁actor ▁ ▁Richard ▁Miller , ▁opera ▁singer , ▁voice ▁teacher , ▁professor ▁at ▁Ober lin ▁Conserv atory , ▁author ▁ ▁The ▁O ' J ays , ▁soul ▁group ; ▁a ▁street ▁in ▁n ortheast ▁C anton ▁is ▁named ▁The ▁O ' J ays ▁Park way ▁ ▁Jack ▁Pa ar , ▁host ▁of ▁The ▁Ton ight ▁Show ; ▁names ake ▁of ▁a ▁street ▁named ▁in ▁n ortheast ▁C anton ▁ ▁Jean ▁Peters , ▁actress ; ▁was ▁married ▁to ▁Howard ▁Hugh es ▁ ▁Rel ient ▁K , ▁Christian ▁rock ▁band ▁ ▁Bo z ▁Sc ag gs , ▁music ian ▁ ▁Jeff ▁Sh re ve , ▁sports ▁announ cer ▁ ▁Bl anche ▁The b om , ▁opera ▁singer ▁ ▁Jeff ▁T imm ons , ▁singer , ▁ 9 8 ▁D eg rees ▁ ▁N ate ▁Tor rence , ▁actor ▁ ▁Tri pp ie ▁Red d , ▁ra pper ▁ ▁Joe ▁Vit ale , ▁music ian , ▁has ▁played ▁with ▁Joe |
▁Wal sh , ▁The ▁E ag les , ▁C ros by , ▁St ills ▁& ▁Nash , ▁Michael ▁Stanley ▁Band ▁and ▁The ▁Ch y ld s ▁ ▁Kelly ▁W ear st ler , ▁interior ▁designer ; ▁Play boy ▁play mate ▁ ▁Lee ▁Wil k of , ▁Broadway ▁actor ▁ ▁N icole ▁Wood , ▁Play boy ▁play mate ▁ ▁Er in ▁Wy att , ▁model ▁and ▁actress ▁ ▁Polit ics ▁▁ ▁Frank ▁T . ▁Bow , ▁jur ist ▁and ▁politician ▁ ▁La f ay ette ▁Cas key , ▁Wisconsin ▁state ▁legisl ator ▁and ▁car p enter ▁ ▁L ero y ▁John ▁Cont ie , ▁Jr ., ▁judge ▁ ▁Andrew ▁W . ▁Cord ier , ▁U . N . ▁official ▁ ▁Sh elle y ▁Hugh es , ▁current ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁Al aska ▁House ▁of ▁Representatives ▁ ▁Frank ▁Lav in , ▁international ▁trade ▁official ▁ ▁Sus ie ▁Lee , ▁U . S . ▁Represent ative ▁▁ ▁Benjamin ▁F . ▁Le iter , ▁mayor ▁of ▁C anton , ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁U . S . ▁House ▁of ▁Representatives ▁ ▁William ▁A . ▁Lyn ch , ▁lawyer ▁and ▁politician ▁ ▁I da ▁Sa xt on ▁McK in ley , ▁ 2 9 th ▁First ▁Lady ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁States , ▁wife ▁of ▁William ▁McK in ley ▁ ▁William ▁McK in ley , ▁ 2 5 th ▁U . S . ▁President ; ▁inter red ▁in ▁C anton ▁at ▁the ▁McK in ley ▁National ▁Memorial ▁ ▁Alan ▁Page , ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁Pro ▁Football ▁Hall ▁of ▁Fame ▁and |
▁College ▁Football ▁Hall ▁of ▁Fame ; ▁current ▁Associ ate ▁Justice ▁of ▁the ▁Minnesota ▁Supreme ▁Court ▁ ▁John ▁A . ▁S cal i , ▁United ▁States ▁Amb assador , ▁United ▁Nations ▁ ▁Kirk ▁Sch uring , ▁Republican , ▁Ohio ▁House ▁of ▁Representatives ▁ ▁Sports ▁▁ ▁Tod d ▁Black ledge , ▁football ▁player , ▁Kansas ▁City ▁Chief s , ▁Pitts burgh ▁Ste el ers ; ▁college ▁football ▁comment ator ▁ ▁Dick ▁C unning ham , ▁NBA ▁player ▁for ▁the ▁Mil w au kee ▁Buck s ▁and ▁Houston ▁Rock ets , ▁ 1 9 7 1 ▁NBA ▁champion ▁ ▁Dan ▁D ier dorf , ▁football ▁player , ▁television ▁comment ator , ▁College ▁and ▁Pro ▁Football ▁Hall ▁of ▁F amer ▁ ▁Mike ▁D oss , ▁football ▁player ▁ ▁Wayne ▁Font es , ▁football ▁player ▁and ▁coach , ▁Detroit ▁L ions ▁ ▁D ust in ▁Fox , ▁football ▁player , ▁Buff alo ▁B ills ; ▁nep hew ▁of ▁Tim ▁Fox ▁ ▁Tim ▁Fox , ▁football ▁player , ▁New ▁England ▁Patri ots , ▁San ▁Diego ▁Ch arg ers , ▁Los ▁Angeles ▁R ams ; ▁uncle ▁of ▁D ust in ▁Fox ▁ ▁Gary ▁Grant , ▁basketball ▁player , ▁L . A . ▁C li ppers , ▁NY ▁Kn icks , ▁Miami ▁He at , ▁Port land ▁Tra il ▁Bla z ers ▁ ▁John ▁Gr ims ley , ▁football ▁player , ▁University ▁of ▁Kentucky , ▁Houston ▁O ilers , ▁Miami ▁Dol ph ins ▁ ▁Ron nie ▁Harris , ▁box er , ▁gold ▁medal ist , ▁light weight , ▁ 1 9 |
6 8 ▁Summer ▁Olympics ▁ ▁Brian ▁Hart line , ▁wide ▁receiver ▁for ▁the ▁Cleveland ▁Brow ns ; ▁brother ▁of ▁Mike ▁Hart line ▁ ▁Mike ▁Hart line , ▁former ▁quarter back ▁for ▁the ▁Kentucky ▁Wild c ats ▁football ▁team , ▁former ▁member ▁of ▁New ▁England ▁Patri ots ; ▁brother ▁of ▁Brian ▁Hart line ▁ ▁Michael ▁Haw kins , ▁basketball ▁player ▁ ▁Ralph ▁Hay , ▁National ▁Football ▁League ▁found ing ▁contrib utor ▁ ▁D irk ▁Hay h urst , ▁baseball ▁player ▁ ▁Dick ▁H imes , ▁football ▁player , ▁Green ▁Bay ▁Pack ers ▁ ▁Phil ▁Hub b ard , ▁basketball ▁player ▁and ▁coach , ▁Olympic ▁gold ▁medal ist ▁ ▁Tim ▁H uff man , ▁football ▁player , ▁Green ▁Bay ▁Pack ers ▁ ▁Ch uck ▁H utch ison , ▁football ▁player ▁ ▁K osta ▁K ou f os , ▁basketball ▁player , ▁Ut ah ▁Jazz , ▁Den ver ▁N ug gets ▁and ▁Greece ▁national ▁team ; ▁former ▁Ohio ▁State ▁Buck ey es ▁player ▁ ▁Kirk ▁Low der mil k , ▁football ▁player ▁ ▁J amar ▁Martin , ▁football ▁player ▁ ▁C . J . ▁Mc Coll um , ▁basketball ▁player , ▁Port land ▁Tra il ▁Bla z ers ▁ ▁Josh ▁Mc Dan iels , ▁off ensive ▁coordin ator ▁for ▁New ▁England ▁Patri ots ▁ ▁Keith ▁Mc Le od , ▁basketball ▁player ▁ ▁Ray mar ▁Morgan , ▁professional ▁basketball ▁player ▁for ▁Bar ak ▁Net anya ▁in ▁Israel ▁ ▁Mar ion ▁Mot ley , ▁football ▁player ▁ ▁Th ur man ▁Mun son , ▁baseball ▁player , ▁ 1 |
9 7 6 ▁American ▁League ▁Most ▁Val u able ▁Player , ▁ 7 - time ▁All - Star ▁ ▁Mark ▁Mur phy , ▁football ▁player , ▁Green ▁Bay ▁Pack ers ▁ ▁Don ▁Ne hlen , ▁football ▁coach , ▁College ▁Football ▁Hall ▁of ▁Fame ▁ ▁Alan ▁Page , ▁football ▁player , ▁College ▁and ▁Pro ▁Football ▁Hall ▁of ▁F amer ▁ ▁Ken ny ▁Pet erson , ▁football ▁player ▁ ▁Ed ▁Po ole , ▁baseball ▁player ▁R ene e ▁Pow ell , ▁former ▁LP GA ▁Gol fer ▁▁ ▁Ed ▁R ate , ▁ ▁football ▁player ▁ ▁Nick ▁Roman , ▁football ▁player ▁ ▁Er nie ▁Roth , ▁professional ▁wrest ling ▁manager ▁known ▁as ▁Abd ul lah ▁Far ou k ▁and ▁The ▁Grand ▁W izard ▁of ▁Wrestling ▁ ▁George ▁Sa imes , ▁football ▁player ▁ 1 9 6 3 – 1 9 7 2 , ▁Buff alo ▁B ills , ▁Den ver ▁Bron cos , ▁member ▁of ▁American ▁Football ▁League ▁All - Time ▁Team ▁( first ▁team , ▁defense ) ▁ ▁Eric ▁Snow , ▁basketball ▁player ; ▁brother ▁of ▁Per cy ▁Snow ▁ ▁Per cy ▁Snow , ▁football ▁player , ▁Kansas ▁City ▁Chief s ; ▁brother ▁of ▁Eric ▁Snow ▁ ▁Larry ▁S ny der , ▁track ▁and ▁field ▁ath lete , ▁Ohio ▁State ▁coach ▁for ▁J esse ▁O w ens ▁ ▁Chris ▁Spiel man , ▁football ▁player , ▁College ▁Football ▁Hall ▁of ▁Fame ▁ ▁Rick ▁Spiel man , ▁general ▁manager ▁of ▁the ▁Minnesota ▁Vik ings ; ▁brother ▁of ▁Chris ▁Spiel man ▁ ▁Le Ro y ▁Spr ank le |
, ▁high ▁school ▁multi - s port ▁coach , ▁author , ▁general ▁manager ▁of ▁the ▁C anton ▁Independ ents ▁ ▁Char ley ▁St ance u , ▁baseball ▁player ▁New ▁York ▁Yan ke es , ▁Philadelphia ▁Phill ies ▁ ▁Nick ▁We athers po on , ▁Illinois ▁and ▁professional ▁basketball ▁player ▁ ▁Don ▁Will is , ▁pool ▁player ▁ ▁Dave ▁W ott le , ▁gold ▁medal ist ▁in ▁the ▁ 8 0 0 ▁meter ▁run ▁at ▁the ▁ 1 9 7 2 ▁Summer ▁Olympics ▁ ▁Ind ividual s ▁related ▁to ▁P reg nant ▁Woman ▁Mur der ▁Inc idents ▁ ▁Jess ie ▁Davis , ▁pre gn ant ▁woman ▁( m ur der ed ) ▁ ▁Bobby ▁C ut ts , ▁murder ed ▁pre gn ant ▁woman ▁ ▁Other ▁Notable ▁Pers ons ▁▁▁ ▁Mother ▁Angel ica , ▁Roman ▁Catholic ▁nun ▁and ▁found ress ▁of ▁the ▁E ternal ▁Word ▁Television ▁Network ▁ ▁Jess ie ▁Davis , ▁pre gn ant ▁woman ▁( m ur der ed ) ▁ ▁Hel ias ▁D ound ou lak is , ▁Greek - American ▁soldier , ▁O SS ▁sp y , ▁and ▁designer ▁of ▁the ▁A reci bo ▁An ten na , ▁once ▁the ▁world ' s ▁largest ▁radio ▁teles cope ▁ ▁Ted ▁Henry , ▁broadcast ▁journalist ▁ ▁James ▁Oliver ▁Hub ert y , ▁committed ▁a ▁shooting ▁sp ree ▁in ▁a ▁Mc Donald ' s ▁restaurant ▁ ▁Re uben ▁Kl amer , ▁invent or ▁of ▁The ▁Game ▁of ▁Life ▁and ▁various ▁other ▁to ys ; ▁induct ed ▁into ▁the ▁Toy ▁Indust ry ▁Hall ▁of |
▁Fame ; ▁hon ored ▁by ▁the ▁Smith son ian ▁Institution ▁ ▁Don ▁M ellett , ▁newspaper ▁editor ▁ ▁Marshall ▁Ros enberg , ▁cre ator ▁of ▁Non vi ol ent ▁Communic ation ▁ ▁Rh oda ▁W ise , ▁st ig mat ist ▁named ▁a ▁Serv ant ▁of ▁God ▁by ▁the ▁Roman ▁Catholic ▁Church ▁ ▁C . J . ▁Me ff ie , ▁Pil ates ▁entrepr ene ur ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁C anton ▁C anton ▁▁▁ 4 . ▁[ P reg nant cy ] <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Ohio ▁Governor ' s ▁Res idence ▁and ▁Heritage ▁Garden ▁ ▁is ▁the ▁official ▁residence ▁of ▁the ▁Governor ▁of ▁Ohio . ▁The ▁residence ▁was ▁built ▁during ▁ 1 9 2 3 – 1 9 2 5 ▁by ▁industrial ist ▁Mal col m ▁D . ▁Jeff rey ▁and ▁has ▁served ▁as ▁the ▁official ▁home ▁of ▁the ▁governor ▁since ▁ 1 9 5 7 . ▁The ▁m ansion ▁is ▁located ▁at ▁ 3 5 8 ▁North ▁Park view ▁Avenue ▁in ▁B ex ley , ▁a ▁sub urb ▁and ▁enc lave ▁of ▁the ▁state ▁capital , ▁Columb us . ▁It ▁is ▁only ▁one ▁of ▁four ▁official ▁state ▁governor ' s ▁resid ences ▁in ▁the ▁country ▁that ▁is ▁not ▁located ▁within ▁its ▁state ' s ▁capital ▁( the ▁others ▁being ▁Dr um th w ack et , ▁located ▁in ▁Pr inc eton , ▁New ▁Jersey , ▁instead ▁of ▁Tr ent on ; ▁the ▁Wisconsin ▁Governor ' s ▁M ansion , ▁located ▁in ▁Map le ▁Bl uff , ▁instead ▁of ▁Mad ison ; ▁and |
▁the ▁Tennessee ▁Governor ' s ▁M ansion , ▁located ▁in ▁Oak ▁Hill ▁instead ▁of ▁Nash ville , ▁Tennessee ). ▁ ▁History ▁The ▁current ▁m ansion ▁that ▁houses ▁the ▁governor ▁is ▁the ▁second ▁governor ' s ▁m ansion ▁and ▁was ▁purchased ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 7 ▁to ▁house ▁the ▁governor ▁and ▁his ▁family . ▁The ▁original ▁residence , ▁located ▁at ▁ 1 2 3 4 ▁East ▁Broad ▁Street ▁in ▁Columb us , ▁was ▁purchased ▁after ▁an ▁embar rass ing ▁incident ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 6 ▁occurred ▁with ▁the ▁governor - elect ▁James ▁M . ▁C ox . ▁Govern ors ▁were ▁expected ▁to ▁find ▁their ▁own ▁housing ▁and ▁Mr . ▁C ox ▁was ▁expecting ▁to ▁move ▁into ▁a ▁house ▁after ▁his ▁recent ▁election . ▁Unfortunately , ▁this ▁house ▁was ▁r ented ▁to ▁the ▁newly ▁elected ▁Secretary ▁of ▁State , ▁William ▁D . ▁F ult on . ▁In ▁an ▁effort ▁to ▁avoid ▁such ▁inc idents , ▁House ▁Bill ▁ 5 5 9 ▁was ▁passed ▁to ▁secure ▁a ▁residence ▁for ▁the ▁governor ▁during ▁his ▁ten ure . ▁ ▁The ▁first ▁house ▁was ▁purchased ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 9 ▁and ▁had ▁been ▁built ▁in ▁ 1 9 0 5 ▁for ▁Charles ▁H . ▁L inden berg , ▁a ▁local ▁business ▁owner ▁and ▁a ▁founder ▁of ▁M . C . ▁L ille y ▁and ▁Company . ▁The ▁house ▁served ▁as ▁the ▁official ▁residence ▁of ▁the ▁Ohio ▁Governor ▁until ▁the ▁late ▁ 1 9 5 0 s ▁after ▁the ▁house ▁became ▁dil ap id ated ▁and ▁needed |
▁extensive ▁rep airs ▁and ▁renov ations . ▁When ▁it ▁was ▁discovered ▁these ▁rep airs ▁were ▁not ▁covered ▁in ▁the ▁budget , ▁the ▁state ▁found ▁it ▁would ▁be ▁che aper ▁to ▁find ▁a ▁new ▁residence ▁altogether . ▁ ▁The ▁residence ▁in ▁B ex ley , ▁Ohio ▁was ▁commission ed ▁by ▁Mal col m ▁Jeff rey , ▁the ▁son ▁of ▁J . ▁A . ▁Jeff rey , ▁founder ▁of ▁Jeff rey ▁Man ufact uring ▁Company . ▁It ▁was ▁designed ▁by ▁Robert ▁Gil more ▁Han ford , ▁a ▁Columb us - based ▁architect . ▁Gr ound ▁was ▁broken ▁for ▁the ▁house ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 3 ▁and ▁it ▁was ▁completed ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 5 . ▁The ▁Jeff re ys ▁occupied ▁the ▁home ▁until ▁Mal col m ▁Jeff rey ' s ▁death ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 0 . ▁ ▁It ▁was ▁then ▁sold ▁to ▁Florence ▁Jeff rey ▁Carl ile , ▁Mal col m ▁Jeff rey ' s ▁sister . ▁Under ▁Mrs . ▁Carl ile ' s ▁ownership ▁the ▁house ▁gained ▁a ▁master ▁suite ▁on ▁the ▁second ▁floor ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁a ▁screen ed ▁por ch . ▁Upon ▁Mrs . ▁Carl ile ' s ▁death ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 4 , ▁the ▁house ▁was ▁turned ▁over ▁to ▁the ▁Very ▁Re ver end ▁Charles ▁U . ▁Harris , ▁who ▁in ▁turn ▁offered ▁the ▁residence ▁to ▁the ▁state . ▁The ▁house ▁has ▁been ▁occupied ▁by ▁Ohio ' s ▁govern ors ▁ever ▁since , ▁except ▁for ▁ 1 9 7 5 – 1 9 8 3 |
, ▁the ▁third ▁and ▁fourth ▁terms ▁of ▁Governor ▁James ▁A . ▁Rh odes . ▁( He ▁had ▁lived ▁in ▁the ▁house ▁during ▁his ▁first ▁two ▁terms , ▁from ▁ 1 9 6 3 ▁to ▁ 1 9 7 1 , ▁but ▁then ▁acquired ▁a ▁Columb us ▁residence ▁of ▁his ▁own ▁and ▁remained ▁there ▁after ▁his ▁return ▁to ▁the ▁governor ship .) ▁ ▁Governor ▁John ▁Kas ich ▁owned ▁a ▁private ▁residence ▁in ▁the ▁Columb us ▁sub urb ▁of ▁West er ville ▁and ▁did ▁not ▁live ▁in ▁the ▁Governor ' s ▁M ansion ▁during ▁his ▁two ▁terms ▁( 2 0 1 1 - 2 0 1 9 ). ▁ ▁Kas ich ▁did ▁use ▁the ▁m ansion ▁for ▁meet ings , ▁reception s ▁and ▁special ▁events . ▁ ▁Current ▁Governor , ▁Michael ▁De W ine , ▁and ▁his ▁wife ▁Fran ▁moved ▁into ▁the ▁home ▁in ▁January ▁ 2 0 1 9 . ▁ ▁On ▁week ends , ▁the ▁De W ines ▁return ▁to ▁their ▁family ▁farm ▁in ▁C ed ar ville , ▁Ohio . ▁ ▁Ex terior ▁The ▁residence ▁is ▁fr amed ▁by ▁Park view ▁Avenue ▁to ▁the ▁west , ▁Maryland ▁Avenue ▁to ▁the ▁north , ▁and ▁Columbia ▁Avenue ▁to ▁the ▁east . ▁The ▁house ▁is ▁surrounded ▁on ▁all ▁sides ▁by ▁the ▁Heritage ▁Garden ; ▁to ▁the ▁n ortheast ▁is ▁the ▁Car riage ▁House , ▁G ift ▁Sh op ▁& ▁Gu est ▁Services , ▁and ▁Green house . ▁Direct ly ▁in ▁front ▁of ▁the ▁main ▁entrance ▁is ▁the ▁Heritage ▁F ount ain . ▁ ▁Heritage ▁Garden |
▁When ▁the ▁Governor ' s ▁Res idence ▁was ▁re located ▁to ▁its ▁current ▁location ▁the ▁grounds ▁were ▁occupied ▁by ▁some ▁plants ▁and ▁trees . ▁Over ▁time ▁several ▁works ▁of ▁art , ▁per imeter ▁f encing ▁and ▁low ▁garden ▁walls ▁were ▁installed ▁and ▁resulted ▁in ▁the ▁development ▁of ▁the ▁current ▁gard ens . ▁ ▁The ▁Heritage ▁Garden ▁was ▁developed ▁and ▁plant ed ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 1 , ▁under ▁the ▁guidance ▁of ▁First ▁Lady ▁Hope ▁T aft . ▁The ▁purpose ▁of ▁the ▁garden ▁is ▁to ▁dep ict ▁the ▁diverse ▁ge ological ▁areas ▁of ▁Ohio . ▁The ▁new ▁gard ens ▁and ▁recent ▁add itions ▁such ▁as ▁the ▁solar ▁pan els ▁and ▁por ous ▁drive way ▁have ▁led ▁to ▁recognition ▁as ▁the ▁grounds ▁being ▁the ▁green est ▁governor ' s ▁residence ▁in ▁America . ▁ ▁As ▁one ▁starts ▁from ▁the ▁Car riage ▁House ▁and ▁passes ▁by ▁the ▁northern ▁gates , ▁the ▁Ge olog ic ▁Walk ▁is ▁presented . ▁This ▁walk ▁circles ▁the ▁entire ▁residence ▁and ▁begins ▁the ▁tour ▁of ▁the ▁ge ological ▁regions ▁of ▁Ohio . ▁The ▁Al leg hen y ▁Garden ▁extends ▁along ▁the ▁length ▁of ▁the ▁property ▁wall ▁from ▁the ▁entry ▁gates ▁on ▁Maryland ▁Avenue ▁to ▁the ▁entry ▁gate ▁on ▁Park view ▁Avenue . ▁This ▁garden ▁dep ict s ▁the ▁n ort he astern ▁area ▁of ▁Ohio . ▁Several ▁trees ▁and ▁plants ▁present ▁in ▁this ▁garden ▁are ▁not ▁from ▁the ▁Al leg hen y ▁region ▁but ▁have ▁remained ▁due ▁to ▁being ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁original ▁landscape . ▁At ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁this ▁garden |
▁is ▁a ▁ 1 6 - ton ▁b ould er ▁carried ▁by ▁a ▁gla cier ▁from ▁Canada ▁to ▁Ohio ▁during ▁the ▁Ice ▁Age . ▁ ▁The ▁rest ▁of ▁the ▁west ▁la wn ▁consists ▁of ▁the ▁Governor ' s ▁Gro ve ▁and ▁celebr ates ▁the ▁residents ▁of ▁the ▁home . ▁Each ▁governor ▁has ▁plant ed ▁a ▁tree ▁in ▁this ▁area , ▁such ▁as ▁the ▁H oney ▁loc ust ▁plant ed ▁by ▁C . ▁William ▁O ' Ne ill , ▁the ▁H igan ▁cher ry ▁plant ed ▁by ▁John ▁J . ▁Gill igan , ▁and ▁the ▁six ▁Red bud s ▁plant ed ▁by ▁Dick ▁Cel este , ▁in ▁honor ▁of ▁his ▁six ▁children . ▁A ▁Kentucky ▁co ffe et ree ▁was ▁given ▁to ▁the ▁residence ▁as ▁a ▁gift ▁from ▁Governor ▁Er nie ▁F let cher ▁of ▁Kentucky . ▁ ▁Ext ending ▁from ▁the ▁entrance ▁to ▁the ▁residence ▁is ▁the ▁Ar rival ▁Pla za , ▁a ▁starting ▁point ▁for ▁anyone ▁tour ing ▁the ▁prem ises , ▁which ▁then ▁forms ▁the ▁First ▁Lady ' s ▁Cour ty ard . ▁The ▁Heritage ▁F ount ain ▁is ▁a ▁center pie ce ▁to ▁the ▁cour ty ard . ▁Sym met rical ▁plant ings ▁surr ound ▁the ▁cour ty ard ▁and ▁two ▁flag pol es ▁flying ▁the ▁national ▁and ▁state ▁flag ▁frame ▁the ▁western ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁cour ty ard . ▁ ▁The ▁M ead ow ▁Garden ▁and ▁the ▁Wood land ▁Garden ▁frame ▁the ▁southern ▁border ▁of ▁the ▁property . ▁The ▁County ▁Walk , ▁a ▁collection ▁of ▁stones ▁bearing ▁the ▁names |
▁of ▁each ▁county , ▁leads ▁from ▁the ▁drive ▁to ▁the ▁gard ens ▁and ▁past ▁the ▁Tax us ▁H edge ▁into ▁the ▁Dog wood ▁Gla de . ▁A ▁large ▁brick ▁dep iction ▁of ▁the ▁Great ▁Se al ▁of ▁Ohio ▁s its ▁to ▁the ▁south ▁of ▁the ▁gla de ▁and ▁is ▁a ▁gift ▁from ▁L ick ing ▁County ▁during ▁the ▁George ▁Vo in ov ich ▁administration . ▁ ▁Past ▁the ▁state ▁se al ▁are ▁the ▁Sister ▁State ▁Cher ry ▁Tre es ▁given ▁to ▁Ohio ▁from ▁the ▁S ait ama ▁Pref ect ure ▁in ▁Japan . ▁These ▁trees ▁frame ▁the ▁First ▁Family ▁Pat io . ▁Stand ing ▁to ▁the ▁south ▁of ▁the ▁pat io ▁is ▁a ▁clone ▁of ▁a ▁T idal ▁Bas in ▁Y osh ino ▁cher ry ▁tree ▁in ▁the ▁District ▁of ▁Columbia . ▁The ▁tree ▁was ▁formally ▁don ated ▁by ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁National ▁Ar bor et um . ▁ ▁The ▁Water ▁Garden ▁s its ▁to ▁the ▁north ▁of ▁the ▁pat io ▁and ▁consists ▁of ▁ 6 ▁po ols ▁with ▁ 2 ▁large ▁ur ns ▁in ▁the ▁corners ▁to ▁rec ir cul ate ▁the ▁water . ▁The ▁water ▁garden ▁features ▁a ▁diverse ▁collection ▁of ▁aqu atic ▁plants . ▁The ▁Black ▁Sw amp ▁Garden ▁is ▁located ▁to ▁the ▁east ▁of ▁the ▁pat io , ▁and ▁above ▁this ▁is ▁a ▁c rab ▁apple ▁gro ve ▁with ▁the ▁sculpt ure ▁named ▁“ To ▁Life .” ▁This ▁sculpt ure ▁by ▁Alfred ▁Tib or ▁dep ict s ▁a ▁father ▁with ▁a ▁child ▁on ▁his ▁shoulders , ▁a ▁mother , |
▁and ▁two ▁children ▁playing ▁around ▁them . ▁ ▁The ▁Head lands ▁Sand ▁D une ▁Garden , ▁representing ▁the ▁Lake ▁Er ie ▁sh or eline , ▁is ▁located ▁to ▁the ▁east ▁of ▁the ▁apple ▁gro ve , ▁with ▁the ▁Oak ▁Open ings ▁Sand ▁D une , ▁representing ▁the ▁landscape ▁to ▁the ▁west ▁of ▁To led o , ▁fr aming ▁the ▁path ▁on ▁the ▁other ▁side . ▁These ▁gard ens ▁represent ▁an ▁area ▁of ▁Ohio ▁made ▁when ▁gla ci ers ▁depos ited ▁a ▁yellow - b rown ▁sand ▁from ▁the ▁bed ▁of ▁Lake ▁Er ie . ▁When ▁the ▁gla ci ers ▁retre ated ▁and ▁the ▁lake ▁levels ▁dropped , ▁the ▁sand ▁was ▁left ▁and ▁formed ▁hills ▁and ▁rid ges ▁making ▁its ▁own ▁unique ▁habitat . ▁Some ▁notable ▁plants ▁in ▁this ▁garden ▁are ▁the ▁blue ▁su nd ial ▁l up ine ▁and ▁the ▁pr ick ly ▁p ear ▁c act us . ▁The ▁old ▁will ow ▁tree ▁standing ▁in ▁the ▁garden ▁dates ▁back ▁to ▁when ▁the ▁house ▁was ▁built ▁and ▁provides ▁some ▁sh ade ▁to ▁the ▁garden . ▁ ▁The ▁Al var ▁Rock ▁Garden ▁& ▁Fen ▁contains ▁two ▁somewhat ▁circular ▁flower ▁b eds ▁with ▁large ▁bare ▁sl abs ▁of ▁dol om ite ▁and ▁lim estone . ▁The ▁larger ▁“ is land ” ▁contains ▁sl abs ▁with ▁gla cial ▁stri ations ▁and ▁plant ing ▁of ▁hard y ▁plants ▁such ▁as ▁the ▁L akes ide ▁D ais y . ▁The ▁smaller ▁“ is land ” ▁contains ▁a ▁sl ab ▁containing ▁numerous ▁foss ils ▁and ▁is ▁surrounded ▁by ▁the |
▁same ▁plant ▁vari eties ▁found ▁in ▁the ▁larger ▁bed . ▁ ▁The ▁App al ach ian ▁Garden ▁frames ▁the ▁sout he astern ▁corner ▁of ▁the ▁gard ens ▁and ▁represents ▁the ▁App al ach ian ▁Pl ate au . ▁The ▁garden ▁consists ▁of ▁raised ▁b eds ▁with ▁out cro pping ▁of ▁rocks . ▁These ▁res emble ▁the ▁rock y ▁“ h anging ▁gard ens ” ▁in ▁which ▁plants ▁cre ep ▁out ▁and ▁hang ▁over ▁the ▁edges ▁of ▁cl iff ▁sides ▁and ▁out cro ps ▁of ▁the ▁area . ▁These ▁h anging ▁gard ens ▁feature ▁large ▁stones ▁from ▁the ▁was hed ▁out ▁covered ▁bridge ▁near ▁Z anes ville ▁and ▁large ▁Pe eb les ▁dol om ite ▁from ▁Adams ▁County . ▁ ▁The ▁P ione er ▁Garden ▁is ▁located ▁in ▁the ▁center ▁of ▁the ▁eastern ▁garden . ▁The ▁foc al ▁point ▁is ▁a ▁cutting - g rown ▁apple ▁tree ▁of ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁few ▁living ▁trees ▁plant ed ▁by ▁Johnny ▁" App les eed " ▁Chap man . ▁S urr ounding ▁this ▁area ▁are ▁plants ▁with ▁major ▁significant ▁roles ▁in ▁the ▁lives ▁of ▁the ▁early ▁pione ers ▁ ▁of ▁Ohio . ▁ ▁The ▁Earth ' s ▁Har vest ▁Agricult ural ▁Garden ▁is ▁directly ▁in ▁front ▁of ▁the ▁green house . ▁The ▁garden ▁was ▁plant ed ▁originally ▁by ▁Governor ▁Cel este ▁and ▁was ▁expanded ▁to ▁its ▁current ▁size . ▁The ▁many ▁raised ▁b eds ▁allow ▁a ▁great ▁variety ▁of ▁plants ▁to ▁grow , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁room ▁for ▁rows ▁of ▁fruit ▁trees , ▁ber ry ▁plants , |
▁and ▁gra pe v ines . ▁Ham my ▁B irth day ▁Ohio , ▁a ▁large ▁sculpt ure ▁spons ored ▁by ▁the ▁Ohio ▁B ic ent enn ial ▁Commission , ▁was ▁placed ▁in ▁this ▁garden ▁after ▁particip ating ▁in ▁C inc inn ati ' s ▁Big ▁P ig ▁G ig ▁event . ▁ ▁The ▁sides ▁of ▁the ▁p ig ▁dep ict ▁a ▁b ic ent enn ial ▁bar n ▁on ▁one ▁side ▁and ▁a ▁corn field ▁on ▁the ▁other . ▁ ▁The ▁W alled ▁Garden ▁in ▁the ▁far ▁n ortheast ▁corner ▁of ▁the ▁property ▁ ▁provides ▁enough ▁flowers ▁for ▁the ▁decor ation ▁of ▁the ▁house , ▁and ▁plenty ▁of ▁veget ables ▁for ▁the ▁daily ▁consumption ▁of ▁the ▁residence . ▁The ▁garden ▁also ▁houses ▁several ▁plants ▁found ▁only ▁along ▁the ▁banks ▁of ▁the ▁Ohio ▁River , ▁including ▁the ▁ren owned ▁Am mon ' s ▁Blue . ▁ ▁The ▁Green house ▁s its ▁between ▁the ▁garden ▁and ▁the ▁Car riage ▁House / G ift ▁Sh op . ▁The ▁main ▁charge ▁of ▁the ▁Green house ▁is ▁to ▁nur se ▁sick ▁plants ▁back ▁to ▁health ▁and ▁to ▁start ▁new ▁plants ▁for ▁the ▁gard ens . ▁The ▁G ift ▁Sh op ▁and ▁Service ▁Building ▁was ▁built ▁to ▁benefit ▁the ▁Fri ends ▁of ▁the ▁Governor ' s ▁Res idence ▁and ▁Heritage ▁Garden , ▁a ▁non - pro fit ▁organization ▁with ▁the ▁responsibility ▁of ▁the ▁maintenance ▁of ▁the ▁property . ▁Lar ge ▁solar ▁pan els ▁grace ▁the ▁roof ▁of ▁these ▁structures ▁and ▁supply ▁the ▁residence ▁with ▁electric ity ▁with ▁the ▁extra |
▁power ▁being ▁sold ▁back ▁to ▁the ▁city . ▁ ▁The ▁K ett le ▁Lake ▁Bog ▁rest s ▁directly ▁to ▁the ▁south ▁of ▁the ▁carriage ▁house . ▁The ▁K ett le ▁Lake ▁Bog ▁Garden ▁is ▁partially ▁en closed ▁by ▁cur ved ▁brick ▁walls ▁with ▁built - in ▁ben ches . ▁In ▁the ▁center ▁is ▁a ▁de pression ▁once ▁used ▁as ▁a ▁fish pond , ▁but ▁was ▁partially ▁filled ▁with ▁quart z ▁gra vel ▁and ▁was ▁transformed ▁into ▁a ▁bog . ▁C ran berry , ▁P itch er ▁plant , ▁Pe at , ▁ ▁S ph ag num ▁m oss ▁and ▁Bog ▁orch id ▁are ▁some ▁of ▁the ▁plants ▁that ▁fill ▁the ▁current ▁garden . ▁ ▁The ▁Garden ▁of ▁the ▁Lost ▁also ▁rest s ▁in ▁the ▁location ▁as ▁the ▁bog ▁and ▁illustrate ▁the ▁many ▁plants ▁that ▁were ▁lost ▁to ▁Ohio ▁due ▁to ▁gla cial ▁movements ▁and ▁climate ▁changes . ▁Some ▁of ▁the ▁plants ▁in ▁this ▁garden ▁are ▁S weet bay ▁magn olia ▁and ▁Florida ▁c ork wood . ▁ ▁The ▁reverse ▁L - sh aped ▁Jeff rey - Car l ile ▁Rose ▁Garden ▁is ▁located ▁at ▁the ▁northern ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁East ▁Terra ce ▁and ▁contain ▁several ▁vari eties ▁of ▁ros es ▁b red ▁by ▁Ohio ans . ▁There ▁has ▁been ▁a ▁rose ▁garden ▁located ▁in ▁the ▁area ▁ever ▁since ▁the ▁building ▁of ▁the ▁house . ▁The ▁ros es ▁plant ed ▁by ▁the ▁Carl iles ▁died ▁due ▁to ▁soil - bor ne ▁ill ness es ▁and ▁disease . ▁Master ▁garden ers ▁were ▁h ired ▁to |
▁re plant ▁and ▁cultiv ate ▁the ▁gard ens . ▁ ▁Ac ross ▁the ▁East ▁La wn ▁from ▁the ▁Rose ▁Garden ▁is ▁the ▁L - sh aped ▁Pra irie ▁Garden . ▁River ▁gra vel ▁lines ▁the ▁b eds ▁and ▁represents ▁the ▁western ▁half ▁of ▁the ▁state . ▁Among ▁the ▁plants ▁found ▁in ▁the ▁garden ▁are ▁Sho oting ▁stars , ▁Spider wort , ▁and ▁Pur ple ▁con ef lower . ▁The ▁per g ola ▁runs ▁along ▁the ▁southern ▁border ▁of ▁this ▁garden ▁and ▁has ▁several ▁clim bing ▁plants ▁such ▁as ▁W ister ia ▁and ▁C lem atis . ▁ ▁Res idence ▁The ▁residence ▁is ▁of ▁the ▁Jacob e an ▁Rev ival ▁style , ▁with ▁a ▁few ▁modern ▁elements ▁bl ending ▁into ▁the ▁original ▁scheme . ▁The ▁walls ▁consist ▁of ▁a ▁combination ▁of ▁st u cco ▁and ▁lim estone ▁with ▁Bed ford ▁stone ▁qu o ins ▁on ▁the ▁corners , ▁c apping ▁of ▁the ▁g ables , ▁and ▁fr aming ▁the ▁windows ▁and ▁door frames . ▁The ▁stone ▁exterior ▁are ▁broken ▁up ▁by ▁port ions ▁of ▁half - tim ber ed ▁pan els ▁on ▁the ▁second ▁floor . ▁The ▁g able ▁roof ▁is ▁of ▁st ur dy ▁pitch ed ▁sl ate ▁with ▁several ▁large ▁brick ▁chim ne ys ▁pro tr ud ing ▁from ▁the ▁house . ▁The ▁second ▁floor ▁also ▁contains ▁several ▁bay ▁windows . ▁ ▁The ▁front ▁entrance ▁is ▁reached ▁by ▁a ▁flight ▁of ▁st airs ▁and ▁s its ▁within ▁a ▁two - story ▁g abled ▁projection . ▁Dor ic ▁pil aster s ▁are ▁car |
ved ▁into ▁the ▁sides ▁of ▁the ▁door ▁frame ▁and ▁support ▁car ved ▁ro set tes ▁located ▁above ▁and ▁around ▁the ▁door . ▁As ▁the ▁projection ▁reaches ▁towards ▁the ▁sky , ▁mach icol ation ▁adds ▁interest ▁to ▁the ▁vertical ▁plane . ▁The ▁large ▁o ak ▁door ▁rest s ▁on ▁massive ▁h ing es ▁and ▁has ▁several ▁car ved ▁re cess ed ▁pan els ▁and ▁serves ▁as ▁a ▁transition ▁to ▁the ▁inside . ▁ ▁Inter ior ▁The ▁first ▁floor ▁of ▁the ▁residence ▁serves ▁as ▁public ▁rooms ▁and ▁reception ▁areas . ▁These ▁rooms ▁feature ▁works ▁of ▁notable ▁Ohio ans ▁or ▁are ▁historic ▁to ▁the ▁house ▁collections . ▁The ▁second ▁floor ▁houses ▁the ▁private ▁qu arters ▁of ▁the ▁governor ▁and ▁his ▁family ▁and ▁represents ▁the ▁prefer ences ▁of ▁the ▁governor . ▁ ▁The ▁entrance ▁hall ▁is ▁laid ▁out ▁over ▁a ▁pol ished ▁sl ate ▁stone ▁floor ▁and ▁car ved ▁o ak ▁panel ing ▁reaching ▁up ▁to ▁the ▁o ak - be amed ▁ce iling . ▁A ▁st air case ▁with ▁a ▁car ved ▁open ▁st rap work - ▁pattern ▁bal ust rade ▁gra ces ▁the ▁hall . ▁Two ▁tor ch ier es ▁and ▁ch airs ▁original ▁to ▁the ▁house ▁are ▁located ▁to ▁either ▁side ▁of ▁the ▁door ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁a ▁ch est ▁belonging ▁to ▁Mrs . ▁Carl ile , ▁the ▁last ▁private ▁resident ▁of ▁the ▁house . ▁ ▁The ▁formal ▁d ining ▁room ▁is ▁located ▁to ▁the ▁left ▁of ▁the ▁entrance ▁hall ▁and ▁has ▁full ▁o ak ▁panel ing ▁and ▁pl aster ▁ce iling ▁decor ations |
▁sh aped ▁like ▁ro set tes . ▁A ▁car ved ▁stone ▁fire place ▁and ▁mant el ▁is ▁re cess ed ▁into ▁the ▁wall ▁to ▁the ▁right . ▁The ▁fire place ▁has ▁a ▁decor ative ▁car ved ▁fr ie ze ▁supporting ▁the ▁mant el ▁and ▁is ▁rest ing ▁on ▁Dor ic ▁pil aster s . ▁A ▁bay ▁window ▁is ▁the ▁foc al ▁point ▁of ▁the ▁room ▁and ▁has ▁a ▁small ▁lip ▁forming ▁the ▁base . ▁The ▁bay ▁is ▁formed ▁by ▁six ▁large ▁rect angular ▁bottom ▁windows ▁with ▁six ▁smaller ▁square ▁windows ▁on ▁top . ▁To ▁the ▁left ▁of ▁the ▁room ▁are ▁two ▁sets ▁of ▁French ▁doors ▁with ▁a ▁rect angular ▁window ▁above . ▁A ▁large ▁d ining ▁table ▁rest s ▁in ▁the ▁middle ▁of ▁the ▁room , ▁with ▁a ▁gold ▁and ▁cry stal ▁ch and el ier ▁h anging ▁above ▁the ▁table . ▁ ▁The ▁sun ken ▁living ▁room ▁is ▁located ▁to ▁the ▁right ▁of ▁the ▁entrance ▁hall ▁and ▁also ▁has ▁full ▁o ak ▁panel ing ▁and ▁pl aster ▁decor ative ▁ro set tes ▁on ▁the ▁ce iling . ▁A ▁fire place ▁identical ▁to ▁the ▁one ▁in ▁the ▁d ining ▁room ▁s its ▁across ▁from ▁the ▁entrance ▁hall ▁doors . ▁To ▁the ▁right ▁is ▁a ▁large ▁bay ▁window ▁much ▁like ▁the ▁one ▁in ▁the ▁d ining ▁room , ▁ ▁which ▁over look s ▁the ▁front ▁yard ▁and ▁gard ens . ▁Two ▁large ▁French ▁doors ▁frame ▁the ▁fire place ▁and ▁lead ▁to ▁the ▁sitting ▁room ▁beyond . ▁ ▁References ▁▁ ▁Mai rose , ▁Mary ▁Alice |
▁( 2 0 0 8 ) ▁Our ▁First ▁Family ' s ▁Home : ▁The ▁Ohio ▁Governor ' s ▁Res idence ▁and ▁Heritage ▁Garden ▁Ath ens , ▁Ohio : ▁Ohio ▁University ▁Press ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁ ▁Ohio ▁Governor ' s ▁Res idence ▁and ▁Heritage ▁Garden ▁ ▁Ohio P ix ▁Ph otos ▁of ▁Ohio ' s ▁Governor ' s ▁M ansion ▁from ▁the ▁Ohio ▁Historical ▁Society ▁Import ant ▁tour ▁information ▁ ▁Category : H ouses ▁on ▁the ▁National ▁Register ▁of ▁Historic ▁Places ▁in ▁Ohio ▁Category : G overn ors ' ▁m ans ions ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Category : H istor ic ▁house ▁museum s ▁in ▁Ohio ▁Category : M useum s ▁in ▁Franklin ▁County , ▁Ohio ▁Category : National ▁Register ▁of ▁Historic ▁Places ▁in ▁Franklin ▁County , ▁Ohio ▁Category : G overn ment ▁buildings ▁in ▁Ohio ▁Category : H ouses ▁completed ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 5 ▁Category : H ouses ▁in ▁Franklin ▁County , ▁Ohio <0x0A> </s> ▁San ter ▁is ▁a ▁surname . ▁Notable ▁people ▁with ▁the ▁surname ▁include : ▁ ▁Anna ▁San ter ▁( born ▁ 1 9 7 5 ), ▁Italian ▁cross - country ▁sk ier ▁Benjamin ▁D . ▁San ter , ▁climate ▁research er ▁at ▁Lawrence ▁Liver more ▁National ▁Labor atory ▁Brad ley ▁San ter ▁( born ▁ 1 9 8 2 ), ▁Australian ▁figure ▁sk ater ▁D ieder ick ▁San ter ▁( born ▁ 1 9 6 9 ), ▁British ▁television ▁producer ▁Jacques ▁San ter ▁( born ▁ 1 9 3 7 ), ▁Luxemb ourg ian ▁politician ▁Mark ▁San |
ter ▁( born ▁ 1 9 3 6 ), ▁Ang lic an ▁bishop ▁Patrick ▁San ter ▁( born ▁ 1 9 7 0 ), ▁Luxemb ourg ian ▁lawyer ▁and ▁politician ▁for ▁the ▁Christian ▁Social ▁People ' s ▁Party ▁S ask ia ▁San ter ▁( born ▁ 1 9 7 7 ), ▁Italian ▁bi ath lete ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁N ath al ie ▁San ter - B j ør nd alen ▁( born ▁ 1 9 7 2 ), ▁Italian ▁bi ath lete <0x0A> </s> ▁P ter och el us ▁du ff us i ▁is ▁a ▁species ▁of ▁sea ▁sn ail , ▁a ▁marine ▁g ast rop od ▁m oll usk ▁in ▁the ▁family ▁Mur ic idae . ▁ ▁Description ▁ ▁Distribution ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : M ur ic idae ▁Category : G ast rop ods ▁described ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 6 <0x0A> </s> ▁In ▁cel est ial ▁mechan ics , ▁the ▁argument ▁of ▁latitude ▁() ▁is ▁an ▁angular ▁parameter ▁that ▁defines ▁the ▁position ▁of ▁a ▁body ▁moving ▁along ▁a ▁Ke pler ▁orbit . ▁It ▁is ▁the ▁angle ▁between ▁the ▁asc ending ▁node ▁and ▁the ▁body . ▁ ▁It ▁is ▁the ▁sum ▁of ▁the ▁more ▁commonly ▁used ▁true ▁anom aly ▁and ▁argument ▁of ▁per ia ps is . ▁▁▁▁▁ ▁where ▁ ▁is ▁the ▁argument ▁of ▁latitude , ▁ ▁the ▁true ▁anom aly , ▁and ▁ ▁the ▁argument ▁of ▁per ia ps is . ▁ ▁References ▁W ak ker , ▁K . ▁F . ▁( 2 0 0 7 ). ▁" A st |
rod ynam ics ", ▁Del ft ▁University ▁of ▁Technology . ▁ ▁Category : Or bits <0x0A> </s> ▁B ün z au ▁is ▁a ▁river ▁of ▁Schles wig - Hol stein , ▁Germany . ▁It ▁flows ▁into ▁the ▁St ör ▁near ▁Sar l hus en . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁List ▁of ▁rivers ▁of ▁Schles wig - Hol stein ▁ ▁Category : R ivers ▁of ▁Schles wig - Hol stein ▁Category : R ivers ▁of ▁Germany <0x0A> </s> ▁Cl imate ▁vari ability ▁is ▁the ▁term ▁to ▁describe ▁variations ▁in ▁the ▁mean ▁state ▁and ▁other ▁characteristics ▁of ▁climate ▁( such ▁as ▁ch ances ▁or ▁possibility ▁of ▁extreme ▁weather , ▁etc .) ▁" on ▁all ▁spatial ▁and ▁temporal ▁scales ▁beyond ▁that ▁of ▁individual ▁weather ▁events ." ▁Some ▁of ▁the ▁vari ability ▁does ▁not ▁appear ▁to ▁be ▁caused ▁system atically ▁and ▁occurs ▁at ▁random ▁times . ▁Such ▁vari ability ▁is ▁called ▁random ▁vari ability ▁or ▁noise . ▁On ▁the ▁other ▁hand , ▁periodic ▁vari ability ▁occurs ▁relatively ▁regularly ▁and ▁in ▁distinct ▁modes ▁of ▁vari ability ▁or ▁climate ▁patterns . ▁▁▁ ▁Over ▁the ▁years , ▁the ▁definitions ▁of ▁climate ▁vari ability ▁and ▁the ▁related ▁term ▁climate ▁change ▁have ▁shift ed . ▁While ▁the ▁term ▁climate ▁change ▁now ▁implies ▁change ▁that ▁is ▁both ▁long - term ▁and ▁of ▁human ▁caus ation , ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 6 0 s ▁the ▁word ▁climate ▁change ▁was ▁used ▁for ▁what ▁we ▁now ▁describe ▁as ▁climate ▁vari ability , ▁that ▁is , ▁clim atic ▁incons isten cies ▁and ▁anom al ies . ▁ |
▁M odes ▁of ▁vari ability ▁▁ ▁There ▁are ▁different ▁modes ▁of ▁vari ability : ▁rec urr ing ▁patterns ▁of ▁temperature ▁or ▁other ▁climate ▁variables . ▁They ▁are ▁quant ified ▁with ▁different ▁indices . ▁Much ▁in ▁the ▁way ▁the ▁Dow ▁Jones ▁Indust rial ▁A verage , ▁which ▁is ▁based ▁on ▁the ▁stock ▁prices ▁of ▁ 3 0 ▁companies , ▁is ▁used ▁to ▁represent ▁the ▁fl uct u ations ▁in ▁the ▁stock ▁market ▁as ▁a ▁whole , ▁climate ▁indices ▁are ▁used ▁to ▁represent ▁the ▁essential ▁elements ▁of ▁climate . ▁Cl imate ▁indices ▁are ▁generally ▁de vised ▁with ▁the ▁tw in ▁object ives ▁of ▁simplicity ▁and ▁comple ten ess , ▁and ▁each ▁index ▁typically ▁represents ▁the ▁status ▁and ▁timing ▁of ▁the ▁climate ▁factor ▁it ▁represents . ▁By ▁their ▁very ▁nature , ▁indices ▁are ▁simple , ▁and ▁combine ▁many ▁details ▁into ▁a ▁generalized , ▁overall ▁description ▁of ▁the ▁atmosphere ▁or ▁ocean ▁which ▁can ▁be ▁used ▁to ▁character ize ▁the ▁factors ▁which ▁impact ▁the ▁global ▁climate ▁system . ▁ ▁A ▁climate ▁oscill ation ▁or ▁climate ▁cycle ▁is ▁any ▁rec urr ing ▁cy clic al ▁oscill ation ▁within ▁global ▁or ▁regional ▁climate , ▁and ▁is ▁a ▁type ▁of ▁climate ▁pattern . ▁These ▁fl uct u ations ▁in ▁atmos pher ic ▁temperature , ▁sea ▁surface ▁temperature , ▁precip itation ▁or ▁other ▁parameters ▁can ▁be ▁quasi - period ic , ▁often ▁occurr ing ▁on ▁inter - ann ual , ▁multi - ann ual , ▁dec adal , ▁mult ide c adal , ▁century - wide , ▁mill enn ial ▁or ▁longer |
▁times cal es . ▁They ▁are ▁not ▁perfectly ▁periodic ▁and ▁a ▁Fourier ▁analysis ▁of ▁the ▁data ▁does ▁not ▁give ▁a ▁sharp ▁spectrum . ▁ ▁A ▁prominent ▁example ▁is ▁the ▁El ▁Ni ño ▁Southern ▁O sc ill ation , ▁involving ▁sea ▁surface ▁temper atures ▁along ▁a ▁stretch ▁of ▁the ▁equ atorial ▁Central ▁and ▁East ▁Pacific ▁Ocean ▁and ▁the ▁western ▁coast ▁of ▁tropical ▁South ▁America , ▁but ▁which ▁affect s ▁climate ▁world wide . ▁ ▁Records ▁of ▁past ▁climate ▁conditions ▁are ▁recovered ▁through ▁ge ological ▁exam ination ▁of ▁pro x ies , ▁found ▁in ▁gla cier ▁ice , ▁sea ▁bed ▁sed iment , ▁tree ▁ring ▁studies ▁or ▁otherwise . ▁ ▁El ▁Ni ño – S ou thern ▁O sc ill ation ▁ ▁El ▁Ni ño – S ou thern ▁O sc ill ation ▁( EN SO ) ▁is ▁a ▁global ▁couple d ▁ocean - at mos phere ▁phenomen on . ▁El ▁Ni ño ▁and ▁La ▁Ni ña ▁are ▁important ▁temperature ▁fl uct u ations ▁in ▁surface ▁waters ▁of ▁the ▁tropical ▁Eastern ▁Pacific ▁Ocean . ▁The ▁name ▁El ▁Ni ño , ▁from ▁the ▁Spanish ▁for ▁" the ▁little ▁boy ", ▁refers ▁to ▁the ▁Christ ▁child , ▁because ▁the ▁phenomen on ▁is ▁usually ▁noticed ▁around ▁Christmas ▁time ▁in ▁the ▁Pacific ▁Ocean ▁off ▁the ▁west ▁coast ▁of ▁South ▁America . ▁La ▁Ni ña ▁means ▁" the ▁little ▁girl ". ▁ ▁Their ▁effects ▁on ▁climate ▁in ▁the ▁subt rop ics ▁and ▁the ▁trop ics ▁are ▁prof ound . ▁The ▁air ▁pressure ▁difference ▁between ▁T ah iti ▁and ▁Dar win |
▁fl uct u ates ▁month ly ▁or ▁season ally ▁as ▁the ▁Southern ▁O sc ill ation ▁( SO ). ▁ ▁E NS O ▁is ▁a ▁set ▁of ▁interact ing ▁parts ▁of ▁a ▁single ▁global ▁system ▁of ▁couple d ▁ocean - at mos phere ▁climate ▁fl uct u ations ▁caused ▁by ▁ocean ic ▁and ▁atmos pher ic ▁circul ation . ▁E NS O ▁is ▁the ▁most ▁prominent ▁known ▁source ▁of ▁inter - ann ual ▁vari ability ▁in ▁weather ▁and ▁climate ▁around ▁the ▁world . ▁ ▁The ▁cycle ▁occurs ▁every ▁two ▁to ▁seven ▁years , ▁with ▁El ▁Ni ño ▁last ing ▁nine ▁months ▁to ▁two ▁years ▁within ▁the ▁longer ▁term ▁cycle , ▁though ▁not ▁all ▁areas ▁glob ally ▁are ▁affected . ▁E NS O ▁has ▁sign atures ▁in ▁the ▁Pacific , ▁Atlantic ▁and ▁Indian ▁O ce ans . ▁ ▁Mad den – Jul ian ▁oscill ation ▁▁ ▁The ▁Mad den – Jul ian ▁oscill ation ▁( M J O ) ▁is ▁an ▁equ atorial ▁travel ing ▁pattern ▁of ▁anom alous ▁ra inf all ▁that ▁is ▁planet ary ▁in ▁scale . ▁ ▁It ▁is ▁character ized ▁by ▁an ▁east ward ▁pro gression ▁of ▁large ▁regions ▁of ▁both ▁en hanced ▁and ▁suppress ed ▁tropical ▁ra inf all , ▁observed ▁mainly ▁over ▁the ▁Indian ▁and ▁Pacific ▁O ce ans . ▁ ▁The ▁anom alous ▁ra inf all ▁is ▁usually ▁first ▁evident ▁over ▁the ▁western ▁Indian ▁Ocean , ▁and ▁remains ▁evident ▁as ▁it ▁propag ates ▁over ▁the ▁very ▁warm ▁ocean ▁waters ▁of ▁the ▁western ▁and ▁central ▁tropical ▁Pacific . |
▁This ▁pattern ▁of ▁tropical ▁ra inf all ▁then ▁generally ▁becomes ▁very ▁faint ▁as ▁it ▁moves ▁over ▁the ▁cool er ▁ocean ▁waters ▁of ▁the ▁eastern ▁Pacific , ▁but ▁re app ears ▁over ▁the ▁tropical ▁Atlantic ▁and ▁Indian ▁O ce ans . ▁The ▁wet ▁phase ▁of ▁en hanced ▁con ve ction ▁and ▁precip itation ▁is ▁followed ▁by ▁a ▁dry ▁phase ▁where ▁con ve ction ▁is ▁suppress ed . ▁Each ▁cycle ▁last s ▁approximately ▁ 3 0 – 6 0 ▁days . ▁The ▁M J O ▁is ▁also ▁known ▁as ▁the ▁ 3 0 ▁to ▁ 6 0 - day ▁oscill ation , ▁ 3 0 ▁to ▁ 6 0 - day ▁wave , ▁or ▁the ▁intr ase ason al ▁oscill ation . ▁ ▁North ▁Atlantic ▁oscill ation ▁( NA O ) ▁ ▁Ind ices ▁of ▁the ▁NA O ▁are ▁based ▁on ▁the ▁difference ▁of ▁normal ized ▁sea ▁level ▁pressure ▁( SL P ) ▁between ▁Pont a ▁Del g ada , ▁Az ores ▁and ▁St y kk ish ol m ur / R ey k jav ik , ▁I cel and . ▁The ▁S LP ▁anom al ies ▁at ▁each ▁station ▁were ▁normal ized ▁by ▁division ▁of ▁each ▁season al ▁mean ▁pressure ▁by ▁the ▁long - term ▁mean ▁( 1 8 6 5 – 1 9 8 4 ) ▁standard ▁deviation . ▁Normal ization ▁is ▁done ▁to ▁avoid ▁the ▁series ▁being ▁domin ated ▁by ▁the ▁greater ▁vari ability ▁of ▁the ▁northern ▁of ▁the ▁two ▁stations . ▁Pos itive ▁values ▁of ▁the ▁index ▁indicate ▁stronger - than |
- aver age ▁w ester lies ▁over ▁the ▁middle ▁lat itudes . ▁ ▁Northern ▁Ann ular ▁Mode ▁( NA M ) ▁and ▁Southern ▁Ann ular ▁Mode ▁( S AM ) ▁ ▁The ▁ann ular ▁modes ▁are ▁naturally ▁occurr ing , ▁hem is pher ic - wide ▁patterns ▁of ▁climate ▁vari ability . ▁On ▁times cal es ▁of ▁weeks ▁to ▁months ▁they ▁explain ▁ 2 0 - 3 0 % ▁of ▁the ▁vari ability ▁in ▁their ▁respective ▁hem is pher es . ▁The ▁Northern ▁Ann ular ▁Mode ▁or ▁Ar ctic ▁O sc ill ation ▁( A O ) ▁in ▁the ▁Northern ▁Hem is phere , ▁and ▁the ▁Southern ▁Ann ular ▁Mode ▁or ▁Ant ar ctic ▁oscill ation ▁( AA O ) ▁in ▁the ▁southern ▁hem is phere . ▁The ▁ann ular ▁modes ▁have ▁a ▁strong ▁influence ▁on ▁the ▁temperature ▁and ▁precip itation ▁of ▁mid - to - high ▁latitude ▁land ▁masses , ▁such ▁as ▁Europe ▁and ▁Australia , ▁by ▁alter ing ▁the ▁average ▁paths ▁of ▁storm s . ▁The ▁NA O ▁can ▁be ▁considered ▁a ▁regional ▁index ▁of ▁the ▁A O / NA M . ▁They ▁are ▁defined ▁as ▁the ▁first ▁E OF ▁of ▁sea ▁level ▁pressure ▁or ▁ge op ot ential ▁height ▁from ▁ 2 0 ° N ▁to ▁ 9 0 ° N ▁( NA M ) ▁or ▁ 2 0 ° S ▁to ▁ 9 0 ° S ▁( S AM ). ▁ ▁Pacific ▁dec adal ▁oscill ation ▁( P DO ) ▁ ▁The ▁PDO ▁is ▁a ▁pattern ▁of ▁Pacific ▁climate |
▁vari ability ▁that ▁sh ifts ▁phases ▁on ▁at ▁least ▁inter - dec adal ▁time ▁scale , ▁usually ▁about ▁ 2 0 ▁to ▁ 3 0 ▁years . ▁The ▁PDO ▁is ▁detected ▁as ▁warm ▁or ▁cool ▁surface ▁waters ▁in ▁the ▁Pacific ▁Ocean , ▁north ▁of ▁ 2 0 ° N . ▁ ▁During ▁a ▁" w arm ", ▁or ▁" pos itive ", ▁phase , ▁the ▁west ▁Pacific ▁becomes ▁cool ▁and ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁eastern ▁ocean ▁war ms ; ▁during ▁a ▁" co ol " ▁or ▁" negative " ▁phase , ▁the ▁opposite ▁pattern ▁occurs . ▁ ▁The ▁mechanism ▁by ▁which ▁the ▁pattern ▁last s ▁over ▁several ▁years ▁has ▁not ▁been ▁identified ; ▁one ▁suggestion ▁is ▁that ▁a ▁thin ▁layer ▁of ▁warm ▁water ▁during ▁summer ▁may ▁shield ▁deeper ▁cold ▁waters . ▁A ▁PDO ▁signal ▁has ▁been ▁re construct ed ▁to ▁ 1 6 6 1 ▁through ▁tree - ring ▁chron ologies ▁in ▁the ▁B aja ▁California ▁area . ▁ ▁Inter dec adal ▁Pacific ▁oscill ation ▁( IP O ) ▁ ▁The ▁Inter dec adal ▁Pacific ▁oscill ation ▁( IP O ▁or ▁ID ) ▁displays ▁similar ▁sea ▁surface ▁temperature ▁( S ST ) ▁and ▁sea ▁level ▁pressure ▁patterns ▁to ▁the ▁PDO , ▁with ▁a ▁cycle ▁of ▁ 1 5 – 3 0 ▁years , ▁but ▁affect s ▁both ▁the ▁north ▁and ▁south ▁Pacific . ▁In ▁the ▁tropical ▁Pacific , ▁maximum ▁S ST ▁anom al ies ▁are ▁found ▁away ▁from ▁the ▁equ ator . ▁This ▁is ▁quite ▁different ▁from ▁the ▁quasi - dec adal ▁oscill |
ation ▁( Q DO ) ▁with ▁a ▁period ▁of ▁ 8 – 1 2 ▁years ▁and ▁maximum ▁S ST ▁anom al ies ▁str add ling ▁the ▁equ ator , ▁thus ▁res emb ling ▁E NS O . ▁ ▁Ex amples ▁Many ▁oscill ations ▁on ▁different ▁time - scal es ▁have ▁been ▁found ▁or ▁hypoth es ized . ▁Here ▁is ▁a ▁list ▁of ▁known ▁or ▁proposed ▁clim atic ▁oscill ations .: ▁▁ ▁the ▁Mad den – Jul ian ▁oscill ation ▁( M J O ) ▁- ▁An ▁east ward ▁moving ▁pattern ▁of ▁increased ▁ra inf all ▁over ▁the ▁trop ics ▁with ▁a ▁period ▁of ▁ 3 0 ▁to ▁ 6 0 ▁days . ▁the ▁Qu asi - b ienn ial ▁oscill ation ▁– ▁a ▁well - under stood ▁oscill ation ▁in ▁wind ▁patterns ▁in ▁the ▁str atos phere ▁around ▁the ▁equ ator . ▁Over ▁a ▁period ▁of ▁ 2 8 ▁months ▁the ▁dominant ▁wind ▁changes ▁from ▁e aster ly ▁to ▁w ester ly ▁and ▁back . ▁ ▁the ▁El ▁Ni ño ▁Southern ▁O sc ill ation ▁– ▁A ▁large ▁scale ▁pattern ▁of ▁war mer ▁and ▁col der ▁tropical ▁sea ▁surface ▁temper atures ▁in ▁the ▁Pacific ▁Ocean ▁with ▁world wide ▁effects . ▁It ▁is ▁a ▁self - s ust aining ▁oscill ation , ▁whose ▁mechan isms ▁are ▁well - stud ied . ▁The ▁period ▁of ▁the ▁oscill ation ▁typically ▁var ies ▁between ▁two ▁and ▁eight ▁years . ▁ ▁the ▁Pacific ▁dec adal ▁oscill ation ▁– ▁The ▁dominant ▁pattern ▁of ▁sea ▁surface ▁vari ability ▁in ▁the |
▁North ▁Pacific ▁on ▁a ▁dec adal ▁scale . ▁It ▁is ▁thought ▁not ▁as ▁a ▁single ▁phenomen on , ▁but ▁instead ▁a ▁combination ▁of ▁different ▁physical ▁processes . ▁ ▁the ▁Inter dec adal ▁Pacific ▁O sc ill ation ▁– ▁Bas in ▁wide ▁vari ability ▁in ▁the ▁Pacific ▁Ocean ▁with ▁a ▁period ▁between ▁ 2 0 ▁and ▁ 3 0 ▁years . ▁ ▁the ▁Atlantic ▁Mult ide c adal ▁O sc ill ation ▁– ▁A ▁pattern ▁of ▁vari ability ▁in ▁the ▁North ▁Atlantic ▁of ▁about ▁ 5 5 ▁to ▁ 7 0 ▁years , ▁with ▁effects ▁on ▁ra inf all , ▁dr ought s ▁and ▁h urr icane ▁frequency ▁and ▁intensity . ▁ ▁the ▁Pacific ▁Cent enn ial ▁O sc ill ation ▁- ▁may ▁be ▁a ▁climate ▁model ▁artifact ▁ ▁a ▁ 6 0 - year ▁climate ▁cycle ▁recorded ▁in ▁many ▁ancient ▁cal end ars ▁ ▁North ▁African ▁climate ▁cycles ▁– ▁tens ▁of ▁thousands ▁of ▁years ▁ ▁the ▁gla cial ▁periods ▁of ▁the ▁current ▁ice ▁age ▁– ▁period ▁around ▁ 1 0 0 ▁ 0 0 0 ▁years ▁( see ▁Qu atern ary ▁gla ci ation # A stronom ical ▁cycles ▁and ▁ 1 0 0 , 0 0 0 - year ▁problem ) ▁ ▁the ▁Ar ctic ▁oscill ation ▁– ▁no ▁particular ▁period icity ▁ ▁the ▁North ▁Atlantic ▁O sc ill ation ▁– ▁no ▁particular ▁period icity ▁ ▁the ▁North ▁Pacific ▁O sc ill ation ▁– ▁? ▁ ▁Some ▁natural ▁periodic ities ▁in ▁the ▁sun ▁exist , ▁and ▁these ▁may ▁or ▁may ▁not ▁show |
▁up ▁as ▁periodic ities ▁in ▁climate : ▁▁ ▁the ▁Schw abe ▁Cy cle ▁or ▁sun spot ▁cycle ▁– ▁about ▁ 1 1 ▁years ▁( may ▁be ▁disc ern ible ▁in ▁climate ▁records ; ▁see ▁solar ▁variation ) ▁ ▁the ▁H ale ▁Cy cle ▁or ▁double ▁sun spot ▁cycle ▁- ▁about ▁ 2 2 ▁years ▁ ▁the ▁G le iss berg ▁Cy cle ▁- ▁a ▁solar ▁cycle ▁of ▁about ▁ 8 8 ▁years ▁ ▁the ▁Su ess ▁Cy cle ▁or ▁De ▁V ries ▁Cy cle ▁- ▁a ▁solar ▁cycle ▁of ▁about ▁ 2 0 0 ▁years ▁ ▁the ▁Hall stadt zeit / H all st att ▁Cy cle ▁- ▁a ▁solar ▁cycle ▁of ▁about ▁ 2 , 2 0 0 ▁to ▁ 2 , 4 0 0 ▁years ▁ ▁An om al ies ▁in ▁oscill ations ▁sometimes ▁occur ▁when ▁they ▁co inci de , ▁as ▁in ▁the ▁Ar ctic ▁di pole ▁anom aly ▁( a ▁combination ▁of ▁the ▁Ar ctic ▁and ▁North ▁Atlantic ▁oscill ations ) ▁and ▁the ▁longer - term ▁Young er ▁D ry as , ▁a ▁sudden ▁non - linear ▁cool ing ▁event ▁that ▁occurred ▁at ▁the ▁on set ▁of ▁the ▁current ▁Hol oc ene ▁inter g la cial . ▁In ▁the ▁case ▁of ▁vol cano es , ▁large ▁er u ptions ▁such ▁as ▁Mount ▁Tamb ora ▁in ▁ 1 8 1 6 , ▁which ▁led ▁to ▁the ▁Year ▁Without ▁a ▁Summer , ▁typically ▁cool ▁the ▁climate , ▁especially ▁when ▁the ▁vol cano ▁is ▁located ▁in ▁the ▁trop ics . ▁Ar ound |
▁ 7 0 ▁ 0 0 0 ▁years ▁ago ▁the ▁T oba ▁super vol cano ▁er u ption ▁created ▁an ▁especially ▁cold ▁period ▁during ▁the ▁ice ▁age , ▁leading ▁to ▁a ▁possible ▁gen etic ▁bott l ene ck ▁in ▁human ▁populations . ▁However , ▁out g ass ing ▁from ▁large ▁ igne ous ▁provinces ▁such ▁as ▁the ▁Perm ian ▁Si ber ian ▁Tra ps ▁can ▁input ▁carbon ▁dio x ide ▁into ▁the ▁atmosphere , ▁war ming ▁the ▁climate . ▁Tr igger ing ▁of ▁other ▁mechan isms , ▁such ▁as ▁m eth ane ▁cl ath rate ▁depos its ▁as ▁during ▁the ▁Pale oc ene - E oc ene ▁Th erm al ▁Max imum , ▁increased ▁the ▁rate ▁of ▁clim atic ▁temperature ▁change ▁and ▁ocean ic ▁ext in ctions . ▁ ▁Another ▁longer - term ▁near - mill enn ial ▁oscill ation ▁involves ▁the ▁Dans ga ard - O esch ger ▁cycles , ▁occurr ing ▁on ▁roughly ▁ 1 , 5 0 0 - year ▁cycles ▁during ▁the ▁last ▁gla cial ▁maximum . ▁They ▁may ▁be ▁related ▁to ▁the ▁Hol oc ene ▁Bond ▁events , ▁and ▁may ▁involve ▁factors ▁similar ▁to ▁those ▁responsible ▁for ▁Heinrich ▁events . ▁ ▁Orig ins ▁and ▁causes ▁There ▁are ▁close ▁correl ations ▁between ▁Earth ' s ▁climate ▁oscill ations ▁and ▁astronom ical ▁factors ▁( b ary center ▁changes , ▁solar ▁variation , ▁cos mic ▁ray ▁flux , ▁cloud ▁al bed o ▁feedback , ▁Mil ank ov ic ▁cycles ), ▁and ▁modes ▁of ▁heat ▁distribution ▁between ▁the ▁ocean - at mos |
phere ▁climate ▁system . ▁In ▁some ▁cases , ▁current , ▁historical ▁and ▁pale oc limat ological ▁natural ▁oscill ations ▁may ▁be ▁mask ed ▁by ▁significant ▁vol can ic ▁er u ptions , ▁impact ▁events , ▁irregular ities ▁in ▁climate ▁proxy ▁data , ▁positive ▁feedback ▁processes ▁or ▁anth rop ogen ic ▁em issions ▁of ▁subst ances ▁such ▁as ▁green house ▁g ases . ▁ ▁Effect s ▁Ext reme ▁phases ▁of ▁short - term ▁climate ▁oscill ations ▁such ▁as ▁E NS O ▁can ▁result ▁in ▁characteristic ▁patterns ▁of ▁flo ods ▁and ▁dr ought s ▁( including ▁meg adr ought s ), ▁mon so onal ▁dis ruption ▁and ▁extreme ▁temper atures ▁in ▁the ▁form ▁of ▁heat ▁waves ▁and ▁cold ▁waves . ▁Sh orter - term ▁climate ▁oscill ations ▁typically ▁do ▁not ▁directly ▁result ▁in ▁longer - term ▁climate ▁change ▁in ▁temper atures . ▁However , ▁the ▁effects ▁of ▁underlying ▁climate ▁tr ends ▁such ▁as ▁recent ▁global ▁war ming ▁and ▁oscill ations ▁can ▁be ▁cum ulative ▁to ▁global ▁temperature , ▁producing ▁shorter - term ▁fl uct u ations ▁in ▁the ▁instrument al ▁and ▁satellite ▁temperature ▁records . ▁ ▁Col laps es ▁of ▁past ▁civil izations ▁such ▁as ▁the ▁May a ▁may ▁be ▁related ▁to ▁cycles ▁of ▁precip itation , ▁especially ▁dr ought , ▁that ▁in ▁this ▁example ▁also ▁correl ates ▁to ▁the ▁Western ▁Hem is phere ▁W arm ▁Pool . ▁ ▁One ▁example ▁of ▁possible ▁correl ations ▁between ▁factors ▁affect ing ▁the ▁climate ▁and ▁global ▁events , ▁popular ▁with ▁the ▁media , ▁is ▁a ▁ 2 0 |
0 3 ▁study ▁on ▁the ▁correlation ▁between ▁whe at ▁prices ▁and ▁sun spot ▁numbers . ▁ ▁Analysis ▁and ▁un cert aint ies ▁Rad i ative ▁for c ings ▁and ▁other ▁factors ▁in ▁a ▁climate ▁oscill ation ▁must ▁obey ▁the ▁laws ▁of ▁atmos pher ic ▁therm od ynam ics . ▁However , ▁because ▁Earth ' s ▁climate ▁is ▁inher ently ▁a ▁complex ▁system , ▁simple ▁Fourier ▁analysis ▁or ▁climate ▁mod elling ▁often ▁does ▁not ▁create ▁a ▁perfect ▁rep lication ▁of ▁the ▁observed ▁or ▁infer red ▁conditions . ▁No ▁climate ▁cycle ▁is ▁found ▁to ▁be ▁perfectly ▁periodic , ▁although ▁the ▁Mil ank ov ich ▁cycles ▁( based ▁on ▁multiple ▁super im posed ▁orb ital ▁cycles ▁and ▁Earth ' s ▁pre cess ion ) ▁are ▁quite ▁close ▁to ▁being ▁periodic ▁( per haps ▁almost ▁periodic ? ). ▁ ▁One ▁difficulty ▁in ▁detect ing ▁climate ▁cycles ▁is ▁that ▁the ▁Earth ' s ▁climate ▁has ▁been ▁changing ▁in ▁non - cyc lic ▁ways ▁over ▁most ▁pale oc limat ological ▁times cal es . ▁For ▁instance , ▁we ▁are ▁now ▁in ▁a ▁period ▁of ▁anth rop ogen ic ▁global ▁war ming . ▁In ▁a ▁larger ▁time frame , ▁the ▁Earth ▁is ▁emer ging ▁from ▁the ▁latest ▁ice ▁age , ▁cool ing ▁from ▁the ▁Hol oc ene ▁clim atic ▁optim um ▁and ▁war ming ▁from ▁the ▁so - called ▁" L ittle ▁Ice ▁Age ", ▁which ▁means ▁that ▁climate ▁has ▁been ▁constantly ▁changing ▁over ▁the ▁last ▁ 1 5 , 0 0 0 ▁years ▁or ▁so . ▁During ▁warm ▁periods |
, ▁temperature ▁fl uct u ations ▁are ▁often ▁of ▁a ▁less er ▁amplitude . ▁The ▁Ple ist oc ene ▁period , ▁domin ated ▁by ▁repeated ▁gla ci ations , ▁developed ▁out ▁of ▁more ▁stable ▁conditions ▁in ▁the ▁Mi oc ene ▁and ▁P li oc ene ▁climate . ▁Hol oc ene ▁climate ▁has ▁been ▁relatively ▁stable . ▁All ▁of ▁these ▁changes ▁comp licate ▁the ▁task ▁of ▁looking ▁for ▁cy clic al ▁behavior ▁in ▁the ▁climate . ▁ ▁Pos itive ▁feedback , ▁negative ▁feedback , ▁and ▁e colog ical ▁in ert ia ▁from ▁the ▁land - o cean - at mos phere ▁system ▁often ▁at ten uate ▁or ▁reverse ▁smaller ▁effects , ▁whether ▁from ▁orb ital ▁for c ings , ▁solar ▁variations ▁or ▁changes ▁in ▁concentr ations ▁of ▁green house ▁g ases . ▁Most ▁clim at olog ists ▁recognize ▁the ▁existence ▁of ▁various ▁t ipping ▁points ▁that ▁push ▁small ▁for c ings ▁beyond ▁a ▁certain ▁threshold ▁that ▁makes ▁the ▁change ▁irre vers ible ▁while ▁the ▁for c ings ▁are ▁still ▁in ▁place . ▁C ertain ▁feedback s ▁involving ▁processes ▁such ▁as ▁clouds ▁are ▁also ▁uncertain ; ▁for ▁contra ils , ▁natural ▁cir rus ▁clouds , ▁ocean ic ▁dim eth yl ▁sul f ide ▁and ▁a ▁land - based ▁equivalent , ▁compet ing ▁theories ▁exist ▁concerning ▁effects ▁on ▁clim atic ▁temper atures , ▁for ▁example ▁contrast ing ▁the ▁I ris ▁hypothesis ▁and ▁C LA W ▁hypothesis . ▁ ▁Through ▁ge olog ic ▁and ▁historical ▁time ▁ ▁Vari ous ▁climate ▁for c ings ▁are ▁typically ▁in ▁flux |
▁throughout ▁ge olog ic ▁time , ▁and ▁some ▁processes ▁of ▁the ▁Earth ' s ▁temperature ▁may ▁be ▁self - reg ulating . ▁For ▁example , ▁during ▁the ▁Snow ball ▁Earth ▁period , ▁large ▁gla cial ▁ice ▁sheets ▁sp anned ▁to ▁Earth ' s ▁equ ator , ▁covering ▁nearly ▁its ▁entire ▁surface , ▁and ▁very ▁high ▁al bed o ▁created ▁extremely ▁low ▁temper atures , ▁while ▁the ▁accum ulation ▁of ▁snow ▁and ▁ice ▁likely ▁removed ▁carbon ▁dio x ide ▁through ▁atmos pher ic ▁de position . ▁However , ▁the ▁absence ▁of ▁plant ▁cover ▁to ▁abs orb ▁atmos pher ic ▁CO 2 ▁em itted ▁by ▁vol cano es ▁meant ▁that ▁the ▁green house ▁gas ▁could ▁accum ulate ▁in ▁the ▁atmosphere . ▁There ▁was ▁also ▁an ▁absence ▁of ▁exposed ▁sil icate ▁rocks , ▁which ▁use ▁CO 2 ▁when ▁they ▁under go ▁weather ing . ▁This ▁created ▁a ▁war ming ▁that ▁later ▁m elt ed ▁the ▁ice ▁and ▁brought ▁Earth ' s ▁temperature ▁back ▁to ▁equilibrium . ▁During ▁the ▁following ▁e ons ▁of ▁the ▁Pale oz o ic , ▁cos mic ▁ray ▁flux ▁and ▁occas ional ▁nearby ▁super n ova ▁explos ions ▁( one ▁hypothesis ▁for ▁the ▁cause ▁of ▁the ▁Ord ov ician – Sil ur ian ▁ext inction ▁event ) ▁and ▁g amma ▁ray ▁burst s ▁may ▁have ▁induced ▁ice ▁ages ▁or ▁other ▁sudden ▁climate ▁changes . ▁ ▁Through out ▁the ▁C en oz o ic , ▁multiple ▁climate ▁for c ings ▁led ▁to ▁war ming ▁and ▁cool ing ▁of ▁the ▁atmosphere , ▁which ▁led ▁to |
▁the ▁early ▁formation ▁of ▁the ▁Ant ar ctic ▁ice ▁sheet , ▁subsequent ▁mel ting , ▁and ▁its ▁later ▁reg la ci ation . ▁The ▁temperature ▁changes ▁occurred ▁somewhat ▁suddenly , ▁at ▁carbon ▁dio x ide ▁concentr ations ▁of ▁about ▁ 6 0 0 – 7 6 0 ▁p pm ▁and ▁temper atures ▁approximately ▁ 4 ° C ▁war mer ▁than ▁today . ▁During ▁the ▁Ple ist oc ene , ▁cycles ▁of ▁gla ci ations ▁and ▁inter g la ci als ▁occurred ▁on ▁cycles ▁of ▁roughly ▁ 1 0 0 , 0 0 0 year s , ▁but ▁may ▁stay ▁longer ▁within ▁an ▁inter g la cial ▁when ▁orb ital ▁ecc ent ric ity ▁approaches ▁zero , ▁as ▁during ▁the ▁current ▁inter g la cial . ▁Pre vious ▁inter g la ci als ▁such ▁as ▁the ▁E em ian ▁phase ▁created ▁temper atures ▁higher ▁than ▁today , ▁higher ▁sea ▁levels , ▁and ▁some ▁partial ▁mel ting ▁of ▁the ▁West ▁Ant ar ctic ▁ice ▁sheet . ▁The ▁warm est ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁current ▁inter g la cial ▁occurred ▁during ▁the ▁early ▁Hol oc ene ▁Opt imum , ▁when ▁temper atures ▁were ▁a ▁few ▁degrees ▁Cel si us ▁war mer ▁than ▁today , ▁and ▁a ▁strong ▁African ▁Mon so on ▁created ▁grass land ▁conditions ▁in ▁the ▁Sah ara ▁during ▁the ▁Ne ol ith ic ▁Sub pl uv ial . ▁Since ▁that ▁time , ▁several ▁cool ing ▁events ▁have ▁occurred , ▁including : ▁ ▁the ▁P ior a ▁O sc ill ation ▁the ▁Middle ▁Bron |
ze ▁Age ▁Cold ▁E po ch ▁the ▁H omer ic ▁Min imum ▁the ▁Iron ▁Age ▁Cold ▁E po ch ▁cool ing ▁during ▁the ▁Dark ▁A ges ▁the ▁Sp ör er ▁Min imum ▁the ▁" L ittle ▁Ice ▁Age " ▁the ▁Dal ton ▁Min imum ▁vol can ic ▁cool ings ▁such ▁as ▁from ▁L aki ▁in ▁I cel and ▁the ▁phase ▁of ▁cool ing ▁c . ▁ 1 9 4 0 - 1 9 7 0 , ▁which ▁led ▁to ▁global ▁cool ing ▁hypoth eses ▁ ▁In ▁contrast , ▁several ▁warm ▁periods ▁have ▁also ▁taken ▁place , ▁and ▁they ▁include ▁but ▁are ▁not ▁limited ▁to : ▁the ▁Old er ▁Per on ▁during ▁the ▁late ▁Hol oc ene ▁optim um ▁a ▁warm ▁period ▁during ▁the ▁a pe x ▁of ▁the ▁M ino an ▁civil ization ▁the ▁Roman ▁W arm ▁Period ▁the ▁Med ieval ▁W arm ▁Period ▁the ▁retre at ▁of ▁gla ci ers ▁since ▁ 1 8 5 0 ▁the ▁" Mod ern ▁W arm ing " ▁during ▁the ▁ 2 0 th ▁century ▁ ▁C ertain ▁effects ▁have ▁occurred ▁during ▁these ▁cycles . ▁For ▁example , ▁during ▁the ▁Med ieval ▁W arm ▁Period , ▁the ▁American ▁Mid west ▁was ▁in ▁dr ought , ▁including ▁the ▁Sand ▁Hills ▁of ▁Neb r aska ▁which ▁were ▁active ▁sand ▁d unes . ▁The ▁black ▁death ▁pl ague ▁of ▁Y ers in ia ▁p est is ▁also ▁occurred ▁during ▁Med ieval ▁temperature ▁fl uct u ations , ▁and ▁may ▁be ▁related ▁to ▁changing ▁clim ates . ▁ ▁Given ▁that |
▁records ▁of ▁solar ▁activity ▁are ▁accurate , ▁solar ▁activity ▁may ▁have ▁contributed ▁to ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁modern ▁war ming ▁that ▁pe aked ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 3 0 s , ▁in ▁addition ▁to ▁the ▁ 6 0 - year ▁temperature ▁cycles ▁that ▁result ▁in ▁roughly ▁ 0 . 5 ° C ▁of ▁war ming ▁during ▁the ▁increasing ▁temperature ▁phase . ▁However , ▁solar ▁cycles ▁fail ▁to ▁account ▁for ▁war ming ▁observed ▁since ▁the ▁ 1 9 8 0 s ▁to ▁the ▁present ▁day ▁. ▁Events ▁such ▁as ▁the ▁opening ▁of ▁the ▁North west ▁Pass age ▁and ▁recent ▁record ▁low ▁ice ▁min ima ▁of ▁the ▁modern ▁Ar ctic ▁shr ink age ▁have ▁not ▁taken ▁place ▁for ▁at ▁least ▁several ▁centuries , ▁as ▁early ▁expl or ers ▁were ▁all ▁unable ▁to ▁make ▁an ▁Ar ctic ▁crossing , ▁even ▁in ▁summer . ▁Sh ifts ▁in ▁bi om es ▁and ▁habitat ▁ranges ▁are ▁also ▁un pre ced ented , ▁occurr ing ▁at ▁rates ▁that ▁do ▁not ▁co inci de ▁with ▁known ▁climate ▁oscill ations ▁. ▁The ▁ext inction ▁of ▁many ▁tropical ▁am ph ib ian ▁species , ▁especially ▁in ▁cloud ▁for ests , ▁have ▁been ▁attributed ▁to ▁changing ▁global ▁temper atures , ▁fung al ▁disease ▁and ▁possible ▁influence ▁from ▁unus ually ▁extreme ▁phases ▁of ▁ocean ic ▁climate ▁oscill ations . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁At mos pher ic ▁anom aly ▁ 1 0 0 , 0 0 0 - year ▁problem ▁Global ▁cat ast roph ic ▁risk ▁Historical ▁clim at ology ▁Tele connection ▁E po ch |
▁( ge ology ) ▁ ▁Books ▁and ▁reports ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁El ▁Ni ño ' s ▁Ext ended ▁Family : ▁An ▁Introduction ▁to ▁the ▁Cy clic ▁Pattern s ▁that ▁Det erm ine ▁Global ▁We ather ▁- ▁NASA ▁Earth ▁Observ atory ▁Earth ▁Ch anges ▁Gallery : ▁Cl imate ▁O sc ill ations ▁- ▁Michael ▁Well s ▁Man dev ille ▁ 5 . 2 ▁In ternal ▁climate ▁vari ability ▁- ▁Catholic ▁University ▁of ▁Lou v ain ▁Under standing ▁global ▁climate ▁patterns ▁- ▁USA ▁Today , ▁April ▁ 1 9 , ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁Ocean ic ▁and ▁At mos pher ic ▁Cl imate ▁Data ▁- ▁Cl imate ▁Pred iction ▁Center , ▁NO AA ▁Global ▁Cl imate ▁Change : ▁V ital ▁Sign s ▁of ▁the ▁Planet ▁- ▁NASA ▁Cl imate ▁Website ▁ ▁Category : At mos pher ic ▁chem istry ▁Category : At mos pher ic ▁dynamics ▁Category : C lim ate ▁patterns ▁Category : C lim ate ▁history ▁Category : O sc ill ation ▁ ▁et : K li im ats ü kl id ▁fa : ن و س ا ن ▁ ا ق ل ی م ▁fr : O sc ill ation ▁clim atique ▁ja : 気 候 サ イ ク ル ▁ms : P eng ay un an ▁ik lim ▁z h : <0xE6> <0xB0> <0x94> 候 <0xE6> <0x8C> <0xAF> <0xE8> <0x8D> <0xA1> <0x0A> </s> ▁Events ▁ ▁February ▁ 1 6 ▁– ▁Compos er ▁William ▁Boy ce ▁is ▁buried ▁in ▁St ▁Paul ' s ▁C athedral . ▁The ▁music ▁at |
▁his ▁fun eral ▁features ▁the ▁mass ed ▁cho irs ▁of ▁St ▁Paul ' s ▁itself , ▁West min ster ▁Ab bey ▁and ▁the ▁Chap el ▁Royal . ▁April ▁– ▁The ▁London ▁Magazine ▁reports ▁on ▁the ▁organ - play ing ▁of ▁three - year - old ▁pro dig y ▁William ▁C rot ch . ▁December ▁ 2 6 ▁– ▁Teatro ▁alla ▁Scala ▁in ▁Milan ▁opens ▁its ▁oper atic ▁car n ival ▁season ▁with ▁Josef ▁Mys live č ek ' s ▁new ▁opera ▁Arm ida . ▁The ▁opera ▁house ▁at ▁Es z ter há za ▁burn s ▁down . ▁Me z zo - s op rano ▁Lu ig ia ▁Pol z elli ▁and ▁her ▁viol in ist ▁husband ▁Antonio ▁arrive ▁at ▁the ▁E ster há zy ▁court , ▁where ▁she ▁quickly ▁becomes ▁the ▁lo ver ▁of ▁Joseph ▁Hay dn . ▁ ▁Opera ▁ ▁Johann ▁Christian ▁Bach ▁– ▁Am ad is ▁de ▁G au le ▁D omen ico ▁C imar osa ▁ ▁L ' inf ed elt à ▁f ede le ▁L ' ital iana ▁in ▁Lond ra ▁Christoph ▁Will ib ald ▁Gl uck ▁– ▁I ph ig én ie ▁en ▁T aur ide ▁André ▁Ernest ▁Mod este ▁Gr é try ▁– ▁L ' am ant ▁j al oux ▁Joseph ▁Hay dn ▁– ▁L ' is ola ▁dis ab it ata ▁Wolfgang ▁Ama de us ▁Moz art ▁– ▁Za ide ▁Giovanni ▁P ais iel lo ▁– ▁Dem et rio , ▁R . 1 . 5 9 ▁Antonio ▁Sal ieri ▁– ▁Il ▁T alis man o ▁ |
▁Class ical ▁music ▁ ▁Anna ▁Am alia ▁– ▁Organ ▁T rio ▁in ▁C ▁major ▁Carl ▁Philipp ▁E manuel ▁Bach ▁– ▁C lav ier - S on aten ▁für ▁Ken ner ▁und ▁Lie b hab er , ▁W q . 5 5 ▁Claude - B én igne ▁Bal b ast re ▁– ▁Son ates ▁en ▁Qu atu or , ▁Op . ▁ 3 ▁( Par is ) ▁William ▁Boy ce ▁– ▁ 1 0 ▁Vol unt aries ▁for ▁the ▁Organ ▁M uz io ▁Clement i ▁▁ 6 ▁Son at as , ▁Op . ▁ 2 ▁ 3 ▁P iano ▁Du ets ▁and ▁ 3 ▁Son at as , ▁Op . ▁ 3 ▁François ▁Joseph ▁G os sec ▁– ▁Sym ph onie ▁Con cert ante ▁du ▁Bal let ▁de ▁Mir za , ▁B . 9 0 ▁Joseph ▁Hay dn ▁ ▁Sym phony ▁No . ▁ 7 0 ▁in ▁D ▁major ▁Sym phony ▁No . ▁ 7 1 ▁in ▁B - flat ▁major , ▁Hob . I : 7 1 ▁Michael ▁Hay dn ▁– ▁Sym phony ▁No . 2 3 ▁in ▁D ▁major , ▁M H ▁ 2 8 7 , ▁P . 4 3 ▁Wolfgang ▁Ama de us ▁Moz art ▁S inf onia ▁Con cert ante ▁for ▁Vi olin , ▁Vi ola ▁and ▁Orchestra ▁Con cer to ▁in ▁E - flat ▁major ▁for ▁Two ▁P ian os ▁Ser en ade ▁in ▁D ▁major , ▁" Post horn " ▁K . 3 2 0 ▁Church ▁Son ata ▁in ▁C ▁major , ▁K . 3 2 9 |
/ 3 1 7 a ▁Johann ▁Heinrich ▁Rolle ▁– ▁Th ir za ▁und ▁ihre ▁S öh ne ▁( or atorio ) ▁ ▁Method s ▁and ▁theory ▁writ ings ▁Anton ▁B em itz ried er ▁– ▁N ouvel ▁ess ai ▁sur ▁l ' harm onie ▁François ▁Vincent ▁Cor bel in ▁– ▁Mé th ode ▁de ▁Har pe ▁Franz ▁Paul ▁R ig ler ▁– ▁Anleitung ▁zum ▁K lav ier ▁Francisco ▁In á cio ▁Sol ano ▁– ▁ ▁Francesco ▁Antonio ▁Vall otti ▁– ▁D ella ▁sci enza ▁teor ica ▁e ▁pr atica ▁della ▁modern a ▁musica ▁( On ▁the ▁scientific ▁theory ▁and ▁practice ▁of ▁modern ▁music ) ▁ ▁B irth s ▁ ▁January ▁ 8 ▁– ▁John ▁White , ▁composer ▁January ▁ 1 5 ▁– ▁Jean ▁Cor al li , ▁bal let ▁producer ▁and ▁ch ore ograph er ▁February ▁ 1 ▁– ▁Nikol aus ▁von ▁Kru ff t , ▁Aust rian ▁composer ▁( d ied ▁ 1 8 1 8 ) ▁February ▁ 5 ▁– ▁François ▁van ▁Camp en h out , ▁singer ▁and ▁composer ▁( d . ▁ 1 8 4 8 ) ▁February ▁ 2 2 ▁– ▁Jo achim ▁Nicolas ▁E gg ert , ▁composer ▁( d . ▁ 1 8 1 3 ) ▁February ▁ 2 3 ▁– ▁Johann ▁Cas par ▁A ib ling er , ▁composer ▁( d . ▁ 1 8 6 7 ) ▁March ▁ 1 ▁– ▁Jacob ▁Gott fried ▁We ber , ▁composer ▁( d . ▁ 1 8 3 9 ) ▁March ▁ 1 3 ▁– ▁Oliver ▁Shaw |
, ▁composer ▁( d . ▁ 1 8 4 8 ) ▁April ▁ 1 1 ▁– ▁Louise ▁Reich ard t , ▁German ▁composer ▁( d ied ▁ 1 8 2 6 ) ▁April ▁ 2 1 ▁– ▁William ▁K ny v ett , ▁composer ▁May ▁ 2 8 ▁– ▁Thomas ▁Moore , ▁poet ▁and ▁ly ric ist ▁August ▁ 1 ▁– ▁Francis ▁Scott ▁Key , ▁song writer ▁September ▁ 1 0 ▁– ▁Louis ▁Alexandre ▁Pic cin ni ▁October ▁ 1 5 ▁– ▁Johan ▁O lo f ▁Wall in , ▁song writing ▁bishop ▁ ▁Death s ▁ ▁February ▁ 7 ▁– ▁William ▁Boy ce , ▁composer ▁April ▁ 6 ▁– ▁T omm aso ▁Tra etta , ▁composer ▁April ▁ 7 ▁– ▁Mar tha ▁Ray , ▁singer ▁December ▁ 5 ▁– ▁Hermann ▁Anton ▁G eline k , ▁organ ist ▁and ▁viol in ist ▁( born ▁ 1 7 0 9 ) ▁December ▁ 2 8 ▁– ▁G enn aro ▁Mann a , ▁composer ▁date ▁unknown ▁– ▁Jos se ▁B out my , ▁organ ist ▁and ▁har ps ich ord ist ▁( born ▁ 1 6 9 7 ) ▁ ▁References ▁▁▁ ▁Category : 1 8 th ▁century ▁in ▁music ▁Category : Music ▁by ▁year <0x0A> </s> ▁B omm al att am ▁() ▁is ▁ 1 9 6 8 ▁Indian ▁T amil ▁language ▁comedy ▁film , ▁directed ▁by ▁M uk tha ▁S rin ivas an ▁and ▁produced ▁by ▁V . ▁Ram as amy . ▁The ▁script ▁was ▁written ▁by ▁Cho ▁Ram as w amy . ▁Music |
▁was ▁by ▁V . ▁K umar . ▁It ▁stars ▁Ja ish ank ar , ▁Jay al al ith aa , ▁N ages h , ▁Major ▁Sund ar ar aj an , ▁Cho ▁Ram as w amy ▁and ▁Man or ama ▁playing ▁lead ▁roles . ▁V . ▁S . ▁R ag hav an , ▁Sach u ▁and ▁O . ▁A . ▁K . ▁De var ▁played ▁key ▁roles . ▁ ▁Cast ▁▁ ▁Ja ish ank ar ▁as ▁Su k umar ▁ ▁Jay al al ith aa ▁as ▁Mal ath y ▁ ▁N ages h ▁as ▁Dur ai ▁ ▁Man or ama ▁as ▁Ch in na ▁P onn u ▁ ▁Cho ▁Ram as w amy ▁as ▁J amb aj ar ▁Jak ku ▁ ▁Sach u ▁as ▁Ge eth a ▁ ▁Major ▁Sund ar ar aj an ▁as ▁R ath nam / Bal ▁Raj ▁ ▁V . ▁S . ▁R ag hav an ▁as ▁Dr . ▁D ham od har an ▁ ▁O . ▁A . ▁K . ▁The var ▁as ▁Ch ith amb aram ▁ ▁Sound track ▁ ▁Music ▁was ▁composed ▁by ▁V . ▁K umar ▁and ▁lyr ics ▁were ▁written ▁by ▁Va ali , ▁Al ang udi ▁Som u , ▁Na . ▁P and ur ang an ▁and ▁A vin asi ▁Man i . ▁For ▁the ▁song ▁" V aa ▁V ath iy are ", ▁S rin ivas an ▁wanted ▁the ▁usage ▁of ▁Mad ras ▁Bash ai , ▁but ▁Va ali ▁felt ▁it ▁was ▁hard ▁for ▁him , ▁so ▁M . ▁L . ▁G |
ov ind ▁was ▁h ired ▁to ▁" prov ide ▁the ▁apt ▁words ▁to ▁go ▁with ▁it ", ▁leading ▁to ▁the ▁birth ▁of ▁lines ▁in ▁the ▁song ▁like ▁" J amb aar ▁Jak ku , ▁Na ▁Sa id ap etta ▁K ok ku ". ▁That ▁also ▁became ▁T amil ▁cinema ' s ▁first ▁ga ana ▁song . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁Category : 1 9 6 8 ▁films ▁Category : 1 9 6 0 s ▁T amil - language ▁films ▁Category : Ind ian ▁films ▁Category : Ind ian ▁black - and - white ▁films ▁Category : Fil ms ▁directed ▁by ▁M uk tha ▁S rin ivas an ▁Category : Ind ian ▁comedy ▁films ▁Category : 1 9 6 8 ▁comedy ▁films <0x0A> </s> ▁Craig ▁Mont gom ery ▁is ▁a ▁fict ional ▁character ▁on ▁the ▁CBS ▁soap ▁opera ▁As ▁the ▁World ▁Turn s . ▁He ▁has ▁been ▁port rayed ▁by ▁Scott ▁Bry ce ▁from ▁ 1 9 8 2 ▁to ▁ 1 9 8 8 ▁and ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁to ▁ 2 0 0 8 , ▁H unt ▁Block ▁from ▁ 2 0 0 0 ▁to ▁ 2 0 0 5 , ▁Jeff rey ▁Me ek ▁from ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁to ▁ 2 0 0 7 , ▁and ▁Jon ▁Lind st rom ▁from ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁to ▁ 2 0 1 0 . ▁ ▁Cast ing ▁The ▁role ▁of ▁Craig ▁Mont gom ery ▁has ▁been ▁played ▁by ▁four ▁separate ▁actors ▁through ▁the ▁character ' s ▁run |
. ▁Scott ▁Bry ce ▁appeared ▁in ▁the ▁role ▁from ▁January ▁ 1 9 8 2 ▁to ▁May ▁ 2 2 , ▁ 1 9 8 7 , ▁May ▁ 9 , ▁ 1 9 8 8 ▁to ▁November ▁ 1 9 8 9 , ▁March ▁ 1 9 9 0 ▁to ▁November ▁ 1 9 9 0 , ▁March ▁ 1 9 9 3 ▁to ▁December ▁ 1 9 9 4 ▁and ▁April ▁ 1 0 , ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁to ▁February ▁ 2 1 , ▁ 2 0 0 8 . ▁H unt ▁Block ▁was ▁the ▁second ▁actor ▁to ▁play ▁the ▁character ▁from ▁July ▁ 1 9 , ▁ 2 0 0 0 ▁to ▁October ▁ 3 1 , ▁ 2 0 0 5 ) ▁before ▁Jeff rey ▁Me ek ▁joined ▁from ▁September ▁ 2 8 , ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁to ▁April ▁ 2 , ▁ 2 0 0 7 . ▁Jon ▁Lind st rom ▁was ▁the ▁last ▁actor ▁to ▁play ▁the ▁character ▁from ▁December ▁ 3 , ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁to ▁September ▁ 1 0 , ▁ 2 0 1 0 . ▁▁ ▁Bry ce ▁is ▁often ▁considered ▁to ▁be ▁the ▁most ▁well ▁known ▁actor ▁in ▁the ▁role ▁and ▁was ▁nominated ▁for ▁the ▁Day time ▁Em my ▁Award ▁for ▁Out standing ▁Le ad ▁A ctor ▁in ▁a ▁D rama ▁Series ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 6 ▁and ▁ 1 9 8 7 , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁for ▁two ▁So ap ▁Opera ▁Dig est ▁Awards ▁in |
▁ 1 9 8 6 ▁and ▁ 1 9 8 8 . ▁Following ▁his ▁final ▁appearance ▁on ▁the ▁show , ▁Bry ce ▁appeared ▁on ▁ABC ' s ▁One ▁Life ▁to ▁Live ▁as ▁Dr . ▁C ros by ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁and ▁eventually ▁co - created ▁and ▁executive ▁produced ▁the ▁web ▁series ▁Ste am bo at ▁with ▁Michael ▁O ' Le ary ▁of ▁Gu iding ▁Light . ▁The ▁series ▁was ▁intended ▁to ▁become ▁a ▁cable ▁television ▁show ▁until ▁it ▁was ▁broadcast ▁on ▁the ▁Internet . ▁Block ▁is ▁also ▁known ▁for ▁his ▁day time ▁roles ▁including ▁Ben ▁Warren ▁on ▁CBS ' ▁Gu iding ▁Light , ▁Lee ▁Ram sey ▁on ▁One ▁Life ▁to ▁Live ▁and ▁Guy ▁Don oh ue ▁on ▁All ▁My ▁Children . ▁Following ▁his ▁exit , ▁he ▁also ▁appeared ▁in ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁feature ▁film ▁Salt , ▁which ▁star red ▁Angel ina ▁J ol ie ▁and ▁Lie v ▁Sch rei ber . ▁Me ek ▁has ▁had ▁a ▁career ▁all ▁throughout ▁television ▁including ▁The ▁W B ▁series ▁Char med ▁and ▁also ▁appeared ▁on ▁the ▁soap ▁opera ▁Search ▁for ▁Tom orrow . ▁ ▁Lind st rom ▁took ▁over ▁the ▁role ▁after ▁the ▁exit ▁of ▁Bry ce . ▁He ▁is ▁a ▁veter an ▁of ▁day time ▁dram as , ▁having ▁most ▁not ably ▁played ▁the ▁character ▁of ▁Kevin ▁Collins ▁on ▁ABC ' s ▁General ▁Hospital ▁from ▁ 1 9 9 3 ▁to ▁ 1 9 9 7 ▁and ▁ 2 0 0 4 ▁and ▁on ▁the ▁show ' s ▁spin - |
off ▁Port ▁Charles ▁from ▁ 1 9 9 7 ▁to ▁ 2 0 0 3 . ▁He ▁also ▁played ▁Kevin ' s ▁tw in ▁brother ▁Ryan ▁Chamber lain ▁on ▁G H ▁from ▁ 1 9 9 2 ▁to ▁ 1 9 9 5 . ▁His ▁other ▁day time ▁roles ▁include ▁Br ady ▁Chap in ▁on ▁R it uals ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 4 , ▁Mark ▁McC orm ick ▁on ▁N BC ' s ▁Santa ▁Barbara ▁from ▁ 1 9 8 5 ▁to ▁ 1 9 8 6 ▁and ▁Paul ▁Jar re ▁on ▁Gener ations ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 9 . ▁Lind st om ▁was ▁also ▁nominated ▁for ▁a ▁Day time ▁Em my ▁Award ▁for ▁Out standing ▁Le ad ▁A ctor ▁in ▁a ▁D rama ▁Series ▁for ▁his ▁role ▁on ▁AT WT ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 0 . ▁Lind st rom ▁was ▁also ▁pre - n omin ated ▁for ▁the ▁award ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 1 . ▁After ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁AT WT , ▁Lind st om ▁continues ▁to ▁act ▁and ▁most ▁recently ▁appeared ▁in ▁the ▁rom antic ▁comedy ▁What ▁H app ens ▁Next ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 2 , ▁co - st arring ▁Wend y ▁Mal ick , ▁who ▁stars ▁on ▁the ▁TV ▁Land ▁sit com ▁Hot ▁in ▁Cleveland . ▁The ▁actor ▁also ▁appeared ▁on ▁the ▁CBS ▁series ▁Blue ▁Blo ods ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁released ▁a ▁CD ▁with ▁his ▁band ▁The ▁High ▁L ones ome ▁that ▁same ▁year . ▁ ▁Family ▁and ▁relationships ▁Craig ▁Mont |
gom ery ▁is ▁the ▁son ▁of ▁Bart ▁Mont gom ery ▁and ▁Ly la ▁C raw ford , ▁making ▁him ▁the ▁brother ▁of ▁Mar go ▁Mont gom ery ▁Hugh es , ▁Cr icket ▁Mont gom ery ▁and ▁K atie ▁Per etti . ▁His ▁relationships ▁often ▁surr ound ▁Luc inda ▁Wal sh ▁and ▁her ▁daughter ▁Sierra ▁Est eb an . ▁While ▁he ▁was ▁married ▁to ▁Sierra ▁and ▁had ▁two ▁children ▁with ▁her ▁including ▁Bry ant ▁and ▁Lucy ▁Mont gom ery , ▁his ▁att raction ▁for ▁Luc inda ▁eventually ▁resulted ▁in ▁their ▁cont empt ▁for ▁one ▁another ▁and ▁batt les ▁in ▁business . ▁Craig ▁is ▁often ▁involved ▁in ▁myster ious ▁business ▁deal ings ▁and ▁his ▁attempts ▁for ▁power ▁t ended ▁to ▁cloud ▁his ▁jud g ement ▁when ▁it ▁came ▁to ▁what ▁was ▁best ▁for ▁his ▁family . ▁He ▁was ▁also ▁married ▁to ▁B ets y ▁Stewart , ▁Barbara ▁Ryan , ▁Ros anna ▁Cab ot , ▁whom ▁he ▁adopted ▁their ▁son ▁Cab ot ▁S inc la ir ▁with , ▁and ▁Meg ▁S ny der . ▁His ▁children ▁also ▁include ▁Gabriel ▁Car as ▁and ▁Johnny ▁Mont gom ery , ▁products ▁of ▁affairs ▁with ▁L yd ia ▁Car as ▁and ▁Jenn ifer ▁Mun son . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : As ▁the ▁World ▁Turn s ▁characters ▁Category : T ele vision ▁characters ▁introduced ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 2 ▁Category : F ict ional ▁murder ers ▁Category : F ict ional ▁business people ▁Category : F ict ional ▁crim inals ▁on ▁soap ▁oper as ▁Category : M ale ▁characters |
▁in ▁television <0x0A> </s> ▁This ▁is ▁a ▁listing ▁of ▁the ▁municipal ities ▁of ▁Est onia ▁by ▁the ▁population ▁size ▁as ▁of ▁ 2 0 0 5 ▁and ▁ 2 0 1 0 . ▁ ▁The ▁land ▁area ▁is ▁expressed ▁in ▁km ², ▁and ▁the ▁density ▁is ▁expressed ▁in ▁inhabitants ▁per ▁km ² ▁of ▁land ▁area . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁▁▁ ▁List ▁of ▁the ▁most ▁populated ▁municipal ities ▁in ▁the ▁Nord ic ▁countries ▁▁▁ ▁Municipal ities ▁of ▁Est onia ▁by ▁population ▁Est on iar ▁Est onia <0x0A> </s> ▁Roland ▁Frederick ▁God f rey ▁MB E ▁( 2 7 ▁May ▁ 1 9 2 1 ▁– ▁ 2 1 ▁February ▁ 2 0 1 3 ), ▁known ▁as ▁Bob ▁God f rey , ▁was ▁an ▁English ▁anim ator ▁whose ▁career ▁sp anned ▁more ▁than ▁fifty ▁years . ▁He ▁is ▁probably ▁best ▁known ▁for ▁the ▁children ' s ▁cart oon ▁series ▁Ro obar b ▁( 1 9 7 4 – 7 5 ), ▁No ah ▁and ▁Nel ly ▁in ... ▁Sk yl Ar k ▁( 1 9 7 6 - 7 7 ) ▁and ▁Henry ' s ▁Cat ▁( 1 9 8 3 – 9 5 ) ▁and ▁for ▁the ▁T rio ▁ch oc olate ▁bis c uit ▁advert is ements ▁shown ▁in ▁the ▁UK ▁during ▁the ▁early ▁ 1 9 8 0 s . ▁However , ▁he ▁also ▁produced ▁a ▁B AF TA ▁and ▁Academy ▁award - win ning ▁short ▁film ▁Great ▁( 1 9 7 5 ), ▁a ▁hum orous ▁bi ography ▁of ▁Is |
amb ard ▁Kingdom ▁Brun el . ▁Further ▁Academy ▁Awards ▁nomin ations ▁received ▁were ▁for ▁K ama ▁S ut ra ▁R ides ▁Again ▁( 1 9 7 1 ), ▁Dream ▁D oll ▁( 1 9 7 9 ), ▁with ▁Z lat ko ▁Gr g ic , ▁and ▁Small ▁T alk ▁( 1 9 9 4 ) ▁with ▁anim ator ▁Kevin ▁Bald win . ▁ ▁Life ▁and ▁career ▁God f rey ▁was ▁born ▁in ▁West ▁M ait land , ▁Australia , ▁but ▁his ▁British ▁parents ▁returned ▁to ▁England ▁while ▁he ▁was ▁still ▁a ▁baby . ▁He ▁attended ▁school ▁in ▁Il ford , ▁Es sex , ▁and ▁Ley ton ▁Art ▁School , ▁at ▁first ▁working ▁at ▁Le ver ▁Brothers ▁as ▁a ▁graph ic ▁artist ▁during ▁the ▁ 1 9 3 0 s . ▁ ▁During ▁the ▁Second ▁World ▁War ▁he ▁served ▁as ▁a ▁Royal ▁Marine ▁and ▁was ▁involved ▁in ▁the ▁D - Day ▁land ings . ▁ ▁Early ▁career ▁He ▁was ▁taken ▁on ▁by ▁the ▁L ark ins ▁Studio ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 0 ▁where ▁he ▁worked ▁with ▁Peter ▁Sach s ▁before ▁leaving ▁to ▁set ▁up ▁Bi ographic ▁with ▁Keith ▁Lear ner ▁and ▁Jeff ▁H ale . ▁Other ▁members ▁joined ▁them ▁later , ▁including ▁Nancy ▁H anna ▁and ▁V era ▁Lin ne car ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 7 . ▁The ▁company , ▁set ▁up ▁to ▁make ▁commer ci als ▁for ▁I TV , ▁was ▁responsible ▁for ▁the ▁first ▁animated ▁commercial ▁to ▁be ▁shown ▁on ▁the ▁network . ▁While ▁still ▁working ▁at ▁L ark ins |
▁God f rey ▁made ▁Big ▁Par ade ▁( 1 9 5 2 ) ▁and ▁Watch ▁the ▁Bird ie ▁( 1 9 5 4 ), ▁a ▁film ▁inspired ▁by ▁a ▁painting ▁by ▁Paul ▁Kle e , ▁both ▁were ▁fil med ▁in ▁the ▁bas ement ▁of ▁his ▁flat . ▁▁ 1 9 6 0 s ▁He ▁subsequently ▁made ▁Do ▁It ▁Your self ▁Cart oon ▁Kit ▁( 1 9 6 1 ) ▁which ▁sat ir ises ▁animation ▁and ▁commercial ▁advert ising . ▁The ▁use ▁of ▁different ▁animated ▁forms , ▁materials ▁and ▁techniques ▁makes ▁it ▁one ▁of ▁his ▁most ▁exc iting ▁films ▁to ▁watch . ▁The ▁use ▁of ▁cut out ▁animation ▁for ▁the ▁narr ator ▁pre - dates ▁Terry ▁Gill iam ' s ▁use ▁of ▁the ▁technique , ▁and ▁the ▁film ▁is ▁often ▁mis - cred ited ▁as ▁being ▁produced ▁by ▁Gill iam . ▁Michael ▁Bent ine ▁provided ▁the ▁narr ation ▁for ▁the ▁film ▁and ▁worked ▁with ▁God f rey ▁on ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁films ▁and ▁commer ci als . ▁ ▁God f rey ' s ▁animated ▁work ▁during ▁the ▁later ▁ 1 9 5 0 s ▁and ▁ 1 9 6 0 s ▁continued ▁to ▁appear ▁in ▁TV ▁commer ci als , ▁but ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 4 ▁he ▁started ▁his ▁own ▁company ▁Bob ▁God f rey ' s ▁Movie ▁Emp or ium ▁to ▁develop ▁his ▁own ▁cre ative ▁projects ▁including ▁the ▁children ' s ▁cart o ons . ▁He ▁was ▁also ▁responsible ▁for ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁slightly ▁ris qué ▁cart o ons ▁sat ir |
ising ▁British ▁sexual ▁hab its , ▁such ▁as ▁Henry ▁ 9 ▁To ▁ 5 , ▁which ▁was ▁also ▁awarded ▁a ▁B AF TA ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 1 . ▁He ▁also ▁animated ▁the ▁cart oon ▁Alf , ▁Bill ▁and ▁Fred . ▁ ▁As ▁well ▁as ▁animation , ▁he ▁produced ▁live - action ▁commer ci als ▁and ▁short ▁films . ▁A ▁number ▁of ▁them ▁star red ▁the ▁artist ▁Bruce ▁L ace y , ▁who ▁appeared ▁in ▁Battle ▁of ▁New ▁Orleans ▁and ▁The ▁H anging ▁Tree . ▁His ▁interest ▁in ▁live ▁action ▁included ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁appearances ▁in ▁self - direct ed ▁commer ci als ▁and ▁minor ▁film ▁roles , ▁including ▁The ▁Beat les ' ▁film ▁Help ! ▁( 1 9 6 5 ) ▁and ▁Cas ino ▁Roy ale ▁( 1 9 6 7 ). ▁In ▁ 1 9 6 5 ▁he ▁animated ▁four ▁episodes ▁of ▁The ▁Beat les , ▁an ▁animated ▁television ▁series ▁featuring ▁the ▁pop ▁band , ▁which ▁had ▁been ▁sub - cont ract ed ▁out ▁to ▁different ▁stud ios . ▁God f rey ▁also ▁worked ▁as ▁an ▁un cred ited ▁advis er ▁on ▁Y ellow ▁Sub marine ▁( 1 9 6 8 ). ▁▁ 1 9 7 0 s ▁K ama ▁S ut ra ▁R ides ▁Again ▁( 1 9 7 1 ) ▁was ▁selected ▁by ▁Stanley ▁Kub rick ▁for ▁screen ing ▁with ▁the ▁UK ▁release ▁of ▁his ▁film ▁A ▁C lock work ▁Orange . ▁God f rey ▁noted ▁that ▁" Every one ▁working ▁in ▁films ▁knew ▁Kub rick ▁only ▁ever |
▁ph oned ▁you ▁to ▁give ▁you ▁a ▁bol lock ing , ▁so ▁when ▁I ▁real ised ▁he ▁was ▁calling ▁to ▁do ▁me ▁a ▁favour ▁I ▁nearly ▁dropped ▁the ▁phone ." ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 7 4 ▁he ▁presented ▁Do - It ▁Your self ▁Film ▁An imation ▁Show ▁on ▁BBC 1 ▁which ▁encourag ed ▁children ▁to ▁do ▁animation ; ▁each ▁episode ▁had ▁established ▁anim ators ▁talking ▁about ▁their ▁work ▁and ▁different ▁animation ▁techniques . ▁Gu ests ▁included ▁Richard ▁Williams ▁and ▁Terry ▁Gill iam . ▁The ▁series ▁has ▁subsequently ▁been ▁acknowled ged ▁by ▁a ▁new ▁generation ▁of ▁anim ators , ▁including ▁Nick ▁Park , ▁as ▁a ▁significant ▁influence ▁on ▁them ▁making ▁animated ▁films . ▁For ▁both ▁Ro obar b ▁( 1 9 7 4 – 7 5 ) ▁and ▁No ah ▁and ▁Nel ly ▁in ... ▁Sk yl Ar k ▁( 1 9 7 6 - 7 7 ), ▁Richard ▁B riers ▁was ▁the ▁voice - over ▁artist . ▁ ▁He ▁was ▁the ▁director ▁of ▁the ▁short ▁film ▁Great ▁( 1 9 7 5 ), ▁a ▁hum orous ▁look ▁at ▁the ▁life ▁and ▁works ▁of ▁the ▁Victor ian ▁engineer ▁Is amb ard ▁Kingdom ▁Brun el . ▁The ▁film ▁combined ▁animation ▁with ▁some ▁live ▁action ▁sequences . ▁Richard ▁B riers ▁provided ▁the ▁voice ▁of ▁Brun el . ▁In ▁ 1 9 7 6 ▁Great ▁became ▁the ▁first ▁British ▁film ▁to ▁win ▁the ▁Academy ▁Award ▁for ▁Anim ated ▁Short ▁Film . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁Th ames ▁Television ▁document ary ▁The ▁Th ief ▁Who ▁Never ▁G ave |
▁Up , ▁broadcast ▁in ▁the ▁late ▁ 1 9 8 0 s , ▁anim ator ▁Richard ▁Williams ▁cred its ▁God f rey ▁with ▁giving ▁his ▁career ▁its ▁initial ▁imp et us : ▁" Bob ▁God f rey ▁helped ▁me ... I ▁worked ▁in ▁the ▁bas ement ▁and ▁would ▁do ▁work ▁in ▁kind , ▁and ▁he ▁would ▁let ▁me ▁use ▁the ▁camera ... [ it ▁was ] ▁a ▁bar ter ▁system ". ▁▁ 1 9 8 0 s ▁and ▁after ▁Henry ' s ▁Cat , ▁created ▁by ▁Stan ▁Hay ward ▁and ▁animated ▁and ▁narr ated ▁by ▁Bob ▁God f rey , ▁was ▁first ▁screen ed ▁on ▁ 1 2 ▁September ▁ 1 9 8 3 . ▁ ▁Bob ▁God f rey ▁was ▁awarded ▁an ▁MB E ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 6 , ▁and ▁received ▁the ▁newly ▁established ▁L if etime ▁Ach iev ement ▁Award ▁at ▁the ▁Brad ford ▁An imation ▁Festival ▁on ▁ 1 8 ▁November ▁ 2 0 0 7 , ▁with ▁the ▁festival ▁including ▁a ▁ret ros pective ▁of ▁his ▁films . ▁His ▁later ▁films ▁included ▁social ▁and ▁political ▁sat ires ▁based ▁on ▁the ▁work ▁of ▁Steve ▁Bell , ▁such ▁as ▁Be aks ▁to ▁the ▁Gr ind stone ▁and ▁A ▁Journal ist ' s ▁T ale . ▁He ▁worked ▁with ▁Bell ▁again ▁on ▁the ▁series ▁Margaret ▁Th atch er : ▁Where ▁Am ▁I ▁Now ? ▁He ▁appeared ▁on ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁program mes ▁and ▁document aries ▁on ▁animation ▁over ▁the ▁years , ▁including ▁the ▁BBC ▁ 2 ▁document ary ▁The ▁C |
raft s men ▁and ▁the ▁document ary ▁series ▁An imation ▁Nation , ▁shown ▁on ▁BBC ▁Four ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 5 . ▁He ▁also ▁taught ▁animation ▁at ▁West ▁Sur rey ▁College ▁of ▁Art ▁and ▁Design ▁( now ▁University ▁for ▁the ▁Creative ▁Arts ). ▁ ▁Bob ▁God f rey ▁had ▁a ▁long ▁association ▁with ▁the ▁Royal ▁College ▁of ▁Art . ▁In ▁ 1 9 8 5 , ▁under ▁his ▁direction ▁and ▁Dick ▁Taylor , ▁An imation ▁became ▁a ▁separate ▁course ▁with ▁the ▁first ▁students ▁gradu ating ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 7 . ▁God f rey ▁was ▁made ▁a ▁Senior ▁Fellow ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 9 . ▁He ▁told ▁The ▁Guardian ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 1 : ▁" I ▁teach ▁the ▁bas ics ▁of ▁animation , ▁then ▁it ' s ▁up ▁to ▁the ▁individual . ▁Great ▁ill ust rat ors ▁don ' t ▁always ▁make ▁great ▁anim ators . ▁I ' ve ▁known ▁people ▁who ▁couldn ' t ▁draw ▁at ▁all ▁who ▁were ▁great ▁anim ators . ▁You ▁can ▁always ▁spot ▁the ▁ones ▁with ▁real ▁talent . ▁They ▁don ' t ▁listen ▁to ▁you ." ▁God f rey ▁received ▁a ▁L if etime ▁Ach iev ement ▁Award ▁at ▁the ▁World ▁Festival ▁of ▁Anim ated ▁Film ▁- ▁Anim af est ▁Zag reb ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 2 . ▁ ▁Death ▁God f rey ▁died ▁on ▁ 2 1 ▁February ▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁at ▁the ▁age ▁of ▁ 9 1 . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁▁▁ ▁Bob ▁God f |
rey ▁Films ▁Website ▁of ▁The ▁Bob ▁God f rey ▁Collection ▁▁▁ ▁An imation ▁Research ▁Centre ▁archive ▁of ▁Bob ▁God f rey ' s ▁films ▁and ▁art work ▁ ▁Remember ing ▁Bob ▁God f rey ▁at ▁F LI P ▁An imation ▁Magazine ▁Retrieved ▁February ▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁ ▁Small ▁T alk ▁on ▁YouTube ▁posted ▁by ▁co - direct or ▁Kevin ▁Bald win ▁▁ ▁Official ▁YouTube ▁channel ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 2 1 ▁birth s ▁Category : 2 0 1 3 ▁death s ▁Category : A cadem ics ▁of ▁the ▁Royal ▁College ▁of ▁Art ▁Category : B AF TA ▁w inners ▁( people ) ▁Category : Direct ors ▁of ▁Best ▁Anim ated ▁Short ▁Academy ▁Award ▁w inners ▁Category : English ▁anim ators ▁Category : B rit ish ▁animated ▁film ▁direct ors ▁Category : English ▁television ▁direct ors ▁Category : M embers ▁of ▁the ▁Order ▁of ▁the ▁British ▁Empire ▁Category : Ro yal ▁Mar ines ▁personnel ▁of ▁World ▁War ▁II ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁M ait land , ▁New ▁South ▁Wales <0x0A> </s> ▁Laura ▁Po it ras ▁( ; ▁born ▁February ▁ 2 , ▁ 1 9 6 4 ) ▁is ▁an ▁American ▁director ▁and ▁producer ▁of ▁document ary ▁films . ▁She ▁lives ▁in ▁New ▁York ▁City . ▁ ▁Po it ras ▁has ▁received ▁numerous ▁awards ▁for ▁her ▁work , ▁including ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 5 ▁Academy ▁Award ▁for ▁Best ▁Document ary ▁Fe ature ▁for ▁Cit izen four , ▁about ▁Edward ▁Snow den , ▁while ▁My ▁Country , ▁My ▁Country ▁received |
▁a ▁nom ination ▁in ▁the ▁same ▁category ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 7 . ▁She ▁won ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁George ▁Pol k ▁Award ▁for ▁" n ational ▁security ▁reporting " ▁related ▁to ▁the ▁NS A ▁dis clos ures . ▁The ▁NS A ▁reporting ▁by ▁Po it ras , ▁Gl enn ▁Green wald , ▁E wen ▁Mac A sk ill , ▁and ▁Bart on ▁G ell man ▁contributed ▁to ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁Pul itzer ▁Prize ▁for ▁Public ▁Service ▁awarded ▁joint ly ▁to ▁The ▁Guardian ▁and ▁The ▁Washington ▁Post . ▁ ▁She ▁is ▁a ▁Mac D ow ell ▁Col ony ▁Fellow , ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁Mac Ar thur ▁Fellow , ▁the ▁cre ator ▁of ▁Field ▁of ▁V ision , ▁and ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁initial ▁supp or ters ▁of ▁the ▁Fre edom ▁of ▁the ▁Press ▁Foundation . ▁ ▁She ▁was ▁awarded ▁the ▁I . F . ▁Stone ▁Medal ▁for ▁Journal istic ▁Independ ence ▁by ▁Harvard ' s ▁Niem an ▁Foundation ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 4 . ▁ ▁Early ▁life ▁Born ▁in ▁Boston , ▁Massachusetts , ▁Laura ▁Po it ras ▁is ▁the ▁middle ▁daughter ▁of ▁Pat ric ia ▁" Pat " ▁and ▁James ▁" J im " ▁Po it ras , ▁who ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁don ated ▁$ 2 0 mill ion ▁to ▁found ▁The ▁Po it ras ▁Center ▁for ▁A ffect ive ▁Dis orders ▁Research ▁at ▁McG overn ▁Institute ▁for ▁Bra in ▁Research , ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁Massachusetts ▁Institute ▁of ▁Technology . ▁Her |
▁parents ▁keep ▁a ▁home ▁in ▁Massachusetts , ▁but ▁live ▁mostly ▁in ▁Or lando , ▁Florida . ▁Her ▁sister s ▁are ▁Christ ine ▁Po it ras , ▁an ▁E SL ▁teacher , ▁and ▁Jenn ifer ▁Po it ras , ▁a ▁dis aster ▁response ▁pl anner ▁and ▁consult ant . ▁ ▁G row ing ▁up , ▁Laura ▁planned ▁to ▁become ▁a ▁chef , ▁and ▁spent ▁several ▁years ▁as ▁a ▁cook ▁at ▁L ' Esp al ier , ▁a ▁French ▁restaurant ▁located ▁in ▁Boston ' s ▁Back ▁Bay ▁neighborhood . ▁However , ▁after ▁finishing ▁Sud bury ▁Valley ▁School , ▁where ▁there ▁were ▁no ▁classes , ▁no ▁gr ades , ▁and ▁no ▁division ▁of ▁students ▁by ▁age , ▁she ▁moved ▁to ▁San ▁Francisco ▁and ▁lost ▁interest ▁in ▁becoming ▁a ▁chef . ▁Instead ▁she ▁studied ▁at ▁the ▁San ▁Francisco ▁Art ▁Institute ▁with ▁experimental ▁film m akers ▁Er nie ▁Ge hr ▁and ▁Jan is ▁Cry stal ▁Lip zin . ▁In ▁ 1 9 9 2 , ▁Po it ras ▁moved ▁to ▁New ▁York ▁to ▁purs ue ▁film making . ▁In ▁ 1 9 9 6 , ▁she ▁graduated ▁from ▁The ▁New ▁School ▁for ▁Public ▁Eng agement ▁with ▁a ▁b ach elor ' s ▁degree . ▁ ▁Career ▁Po it ras ▁co - direct ed , ▁produced , ▁and ▁shot ▁her ▁ 2 0 0 3 ▁document ary , ▁Flag ▁Wars , ▁about ▁gent r ification ▁in ▁Columb us , ▁Ohio . ▁It ▁earned ▁a ▁Pe ab ody ▁Award , ▁Best ▁Document ary ▁at ▁both ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 |
3 ▁South ▁by ▁South west ▁( S X SW ) ▁film ▁festival ▁and ▁the ▁Seattle ▁Les bian ▁& ▁Gay ▁Film ▁Festival , ▁and ▁the ▁Fil mm aker ▁Award ▁at ▁the ▁Full ▁Frame ▁Document ary ▁Film ▁Festival . ▁The ▁film ▁also ▁launched ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 3 ▁season ▁of ▁the ▁P BS ▁TV ▁series ▁PO V . ▁It ▁was ▁nominated ▁for ▁a ▁ 2 0 0 4 ▁Independent ▁Spirit ▁Award ▁and ▁a ▁ 2 0 0 4 ▁Em my ▁Award . ▁Po it ras ' s ▁other ▁early ▁films ▁include ▁O ' ▁Say ▁Can ▁You ▁See ... ▁( 2 0 0 3 ) ▁and ▁Ex act ▁Fant asy ▁( 1 9 9 5 ). ▁ ▁Her ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁film ▁My ▁Country , ▁My ▁Country , ▁about ▁life ▁for ▁Ira q is ▁under ▁U . S . ▁occupation , ▁was ▁nominated ▁for ▁an ▁Academy ▁Award . ▁Her ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁film ▁The ▁O ath , ▁about ▁two ▁Y em eni ▁men ▁caught ▁up ▁in ▁America ' s ▁War ▁on ▁T error , ▁won ▁the ▁Ex cell ence ▁in ▁Cin emat ography ▁Award ▁for ▁U . S . ▁Document ary ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁Sund ance ▁Film ▁Festival . ▁The ▁two ▁films ▁are ▁parts ▁of ▁a ▁tr il ogy . ▁The ▁third ▁part ▁Cit izen four ▁from ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁details ▁how ▁the ▁War ▁on ▁T error ▁increasing ly ▁focus es ▁on ▁Americans ▁through ▁surve ill ance , ▁cover t ▁activities , ▁and ▁attacks ▁on |
▁wh ist leb low ers . ▁ ▁On ▁August ▁ 2 2 , ▁ 2 0 1 2 , ▁in ▁a ▁forum ▁of ▁short ▁document aries ▁produced ▁by ▁independent ▁film m akers , ▁The ▁New ▁York ▁Times ▁published ▁an ▁" Op - doc " ▁produced ▁by ▁Po it ras ▁entitled ▁The ▁Program . ▁It ▁was ▁pre lim inary ▁work ▁that ▁was ▁to ▁be ▁included ▁in ▁a ▁document ary ▁planned ▁for ▁release ▁as ▁the ▁final ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁tr il ogy . ▁The ▁document ary ▁was ▁based ▁on ▁inter views ▁with ▁William ▁Bin ney , ▁a ▁ 3 2 - year ▁veter an ▁of ▁the ▁National ▁Security ▁Agency , ▁who ▁became ▁a ▁wh ist leb lower ▁and ▁described ▁the ▁details ▁of ▁the ▁St ell ar ▁Wind ▁project ▁that ▁he ▁helped ▁to ▁design . ▁He ▁stated ▁that ▁the ▁program ▁he ▁worked ▁on ▁had ▁been ▁designed ▁for ▁foreign ▁esp ion age , ▁but ▁was ▁converted ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 1 ▁to ▁sp ying ▁on ▁citizens ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States , ▁prompt ing ▁concerns ▁by ▁him ▁and ▁others ▁that ▁the ▁actions ▁were ▁illegal ▁and ▁un const itution al ▁and ▁that ▁led ▁to ▁their ▁dis clos ures . ▁ ▁The ▁Program ▁imp lied ▁that ▁a ▁facility ▁being ▁built ▁at ▁Bl uff dale , ▁Ut ah ▁is ▁part ▁of ▁domestic ▁surve ill ance , ▁intended ▁for ▁storage ▁of ▁massive ▁amounts ▁of ▁data ▁collected ▁from ▁a ▁broad ▁range ▁of ▁communic ations ▁that ▁could ▁be ▁m ined ▁readily ▁for ▁intelligence ▁without ▁war r ants . ▁Po it ras ▁reported ▁that |
▁on ▁October ▁ 2 9 , ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Supreme ▁Court ▁would ▁hear ▁arguments ▁regarding ▁the ▁constitution ality ▁of ▁the ▁am end ments ▁to ▁the ▁Foreign ▁Int elligence ▁Sur ve ill ance ▁Act ▁that ▁were ▁used ▁to ▁author ize ▁the ▁creation ▁of ▁such ▁facilities ▁and ▁justify ▁such ▁actions . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁Po it ras ▁took ▁an ▁active ▁part ▁in ▁the ▁three - month ▁ex position ▁of ▁Whit ney ▁B ienn ial ▁exhibition ▁of ▁contemporary ▁American ▁art . ▁ ▁Government ▁surve ill ance ▁Po it ras ▁has ▁been ▁subject ▁to ▁monitoring ▁by ▁the ▁U . S . ▁Government , ▁which ▁she ▁spec ul ates ▁is ▁because ▁of ▁a ▁wire ▁transfer ▁she ▁sent ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁to ▁R iy ad h ▁al - Ad had h , ▁the ▁Ira qi ▁medical ▁doctor ▁and ▁Sun ni ▁political ▁candidate ▁who ▁was ▁the ▁subject ▁of ▁her ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁document ary ▁My ▁Country , ▁My ▁Country . ▁After ▁comple ting ▁My ▁Country , ▁My ▁Country , ▁Po it ras ▁claims , ▁" I ' ve ▁been ▁placed ▁on ▁the ▁Department ▁of ▁Hom eland ▁Security ' s ▁( D HS ) ▁watch ▁list " ▁and ▁have ▁been ▁not ified ▁by ▁air port ▁security ▁" that ▁my ▁' th re at ▁rating ' ▁was ▁the ▁highest ▁the ▁Department ▁of ▁Hom eland ▁Security ▁assign s ". ▁She ▁says ▁her ▁work ▁has ▁been ▁ham per ed ▁by ▁constant ▁har ass ment ▁by ▁border ▁agents ▁during ▁more ▁than |
▁three ▁dozen ▁border ▁cross ings ▁into ▁and ▁out ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁States . ▁She ▁has ▁been ▁det ained ▁for ▁hours ▁and ▁inter rog ated ▁and ▁agents ▁have ▁seized ▁her ▁computer , ▁cell ▁phone ▁and ▁rep or ters ▁notes ▁and ▁not ▁returned ▁them ▁for ▁weeks . ▁Once ▁she ▁was ▁threatened ▁with ▁being ▁refused ▁entry ▁back ▁into ▁the ▁United ▁States . ▁In ▁response ▁to ▁a ▁Gl enn ▁Green wald ▁article ▁about ▁this , ▁a ▁group ▁of ▁film ▁direct ors ▁started ▁a ▁pet ition ▁to ▁protest ▁the ▁government ' s ▁actions ▁against ▁her . ▁In ▁April ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁Po it ras ▁was ▁interview ed ▁about ▁surve ill ance ▁on ▁Dem ocracy ▁Now ! ▁and ▁called ▁elected ▁leaders ' ▁behavior ▁" sh ame ful ". ▁▁ 2 0 1 5 ▁law suit ▁over ▁government ▁har ass ment ▁In ▁January ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁Po it ras ▁file d ▁a ▁request ▁under ▁the ▁Fre edom ▁of ▁Information ▁Act ▁to ▁learn ▁the ▁reason ▁for ▁being ▁searched , ▁det ained ▁and ▁inter rog ated ▁on ▁multiple ▁occasions . ▁ ▁After ▁receiving ▁no ▁response ▁to ▁her ▁FO IA ▁request , ▁Po it ras ▁file d ▁a ▁law suit ▁against ▁the ▁Department ▁of ▁Justice ▁and ▁other ▁security ▁ag encies ▁in ▁July ▁ 2 0 1 5 . ▁More ▁than ▁a ▁year ▁later , ▁Po it ras ▁received ▁ 1 , 0 0 0 + ▁pages ▁of ▁material ▁from ▁the ▁federal ▁government . ▁The ▁documents ▁indicate ▁that ▁Po it ras ' s ▁repeated ▁det ain ments ▁were ▁due ▁to |
▁U . S . ▁government ▁susp icion ▁that ▁she ▁had ▁prior ▁knowledge ▁of ▁a ▁ 2 0 0 4 ▁amb ush ▁on ▁U . S . ▁troops ▁in ▁Ira q , ▁an ▁alleg ation ▁Po it ras ▁den ies . ▁ ▁Global ▁surve ill ance ▁dis clos ures ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁Po it ras ▁was ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁initial ▁three ▁journal ists ▁to ▁meet ▁Edward ▁Snow den ▁in ▁Hong ▁Kong ▁and ▁to ▁receive ▁copies ▁of ▁the ▁le aked ▁NS A ▁documents . ▁Po it ras ▁and ▁journalist ▁Gl enn ▁Green wald ▁are ▁the ▁only ▁two ▁people ▁with ▁full ▁arch ives ▁of ▁Snow den ' s ▁ ▁le aked ▁NS A ▁documents , ▁according ▁to ▁Green wald . ▁ ▁Po it ras ▁helped ▁to ▁produce ▁stories ▁expos ing ▁previously ▁secret ▁U . S . ▁intelligence ▁activities , ▁which ▁earned ▁her ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁Pol k ▁award ▁and ▁contributed ▁to ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁Pul itzer ▁Prize ▁for ▁Public ▁Service ▁awarded ▁joint ly ▁to ▁The ▁Guardian ▁and ▁The ▁Washington ▁Post . ▁She ▁later ▁worked ▁with ▁Jacob ▁App el baum ▁and ▁writers ▁and ▁edit ors ▁at ▁Der ▁Sp iegel ▁to ▁cover ▁dis clos ures ▁about ▁mass ▁surve ill ance , ▁particularly ▁those ▁rel ating ▁to ▁NS A ▁activity ▁in ▁Germany . ▁She ▁later ▁revealed ▁in ▁her ▁document ary ▁R isk ▁that ▁she ▁had ▁a ▁brief ▁rom antic ▁relationship ▁with ▁App el baum . ▁ ▁She ▁fil med , ▁edited , ▁and ▁produced ▁Channel ▁ 4 ' s |
▁alternative ▁to ▁the ▁Royal ▁Christmas ▁Message ▁by ▁Queen ▁Elizabeth ▁II ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 3 , ▁the ▁" Al tern ative ▁Christmas ▁Message ", ▁featuring ▁Edward ▁Snow den . ▁ ▁In ▁October ▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁Po it ras ▁joined ▁with ▁rep or ters ▁Green wald ▁and ▁Jer emy ▁Sc ah ill ▁to ▁establish ▁an ▁on - line ▁investig ative ▁journal ism ▁publishing ▁vent ure ▁fund ed ▁by ▁e B ay ▁billion aire ▁Pierre ▁O mid yar , ▁what ▁became ▁First ▁Look ▁Media . ▁O mid yar ' s ▁" con c ern ▁about ▁press ▁fre ed oms ▁in ▁the ▁US ▁and ▁around ▁the ▁world " ▁spark ed ▁the ▁idea ▁for ▁the ▁new ▁media ▁out let . ▁The ▁first ▁publication ▁from ▁that ▁group , ▁a ▁digital ▁magazine ▁called ▁The ▁Inter cept , ▁launched ▁on ▁February ▁ 1 0 , ▁ 2 0 1 4 . ▁Po it ras ▁stood ▁down ▁from ▁her ▁editor ▁role ▁in ▁September ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁to ▁focus ▁on ▁Field ▁of ▁V ision , ▁a ▁First ▁Look ▁Media ▁project ▁focused ▁on ▁non - f iction ▁films . ▁ ▁On ▁March ▁ 2 1 , ▁ 2 0 1 4 , ▁Po it ras ▁joined ▁Green wald ▁and ▁Bart on ▁G ell man ▁via ▁Sk ype ▁on ▁a ▁panel ▁at ▁the ▁S ources ▁and ▁Sec rets ▁Conference ▁to ▁discuss ▁the ▁legal ▁and ▁professional ▁thre ats ▁to ▁journal ists ▁covering ▁national ▁security ▁surve ill ance ▁and ▁wh ist leb lower ▁stories , ▁like ▁that ▁of ▁Edward ▁Snow den |
. ▁Po it ras ▁was ▁asked ▁if ▁she ▁would ▁ha z ard ▁an ▁entry ▁into ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁and ▁she ▁respond ed ▁that ▁she ▁planned ▁to ▁attend ▁an ▁April ▁ 1 1 ▁event , ▁regardless ▁of ▁the ▁legal ▁or ▁professional ▁thre ats ▁pos ed ▁by ▁US ▁authorities . ▁Po it ras ▁and ▁Green wald ▁returned ▁to ▁the ▁US ▁to ▁receive ▁their ▁awards ▁un imp eded . ▁ ▁In ▁May ▁ 2 0 1 4 , ▁Po it ras ▁was ▁reun ited ▁with ▁Snow den ▁in ▁Moscow ▁along ▁with ▁Green wald . ▁▁ 1 9 7 1 ▁document ary ▁ 1 9 7 1 ▁is ▁a ▁document ary ▁film ▁co - produ ced ▁by ▁Po it ras . ▁The ▁film , ▁about ▁the ▁ 1 9 7 1 ▁Media , ▁Pennsylvania ▁ra id ▁of ▁F BI ▁offices , ▁premier ed ▁at ▁the ▁Trib eca ▁Film ▁Festival ▁on ▁April ▁ 1 8 , ▁ 2 0 1 4 . ▁ ▁Cit izen four ▁( 2 0 1 4 ) ▁ ▁Cit izen four ▁is ▁a ▁document ary ▁about ▁Edward ▁Snow den ▁that ▁premier ed ▁on ▁October ▁ 1 0 , ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁at ▁New ▁York ▁Film ▁Festival . ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁Po it ras ▁told ▁the ▁Associ ated ▁Press ▁she ▁was ▁editing ▁the ▁film ▁in ▁Berlin ▁because ▁she ▁fe ared ▁her ▁source ▁material ▁would ▁be ▁seized ▁by ▁the ▁government ▁inside ▁the ▁U . S . ▁Film ▁executive ▁Har vey ▁Wein stein ▁said ▁Cit izen four ▁had ▁changed ▁his ▁opinion |
▁about ▁Edward ▁Snow den , ▁describing ▁the ▁document ary ▁as ▁" one ▁of ▁the ▁best ▁mov ies , ▁period ." ▁▁ ▁In ▁an ▁interview ▁with ▁The ▁Washington ▁Post ▁about ▁Cit izen four ▁shortly ▁before ▁the ▁film ' s ▁release , ▁Po it ras ▁said ▁that ▁she ▁considered ▁herself ▁to ▁be ▁the ▁narr ator ▁of ▁the ▁film ▁but ▁made ▁a ▁choice ▁not ▁to ▁be ▁seen ▁on ▁camera : ▁" I ▁come ▁from ▁a ▁film making ▁tradition ▁where ▁I ' m ▁using ▁the ▁camera — it ' s ▁my ▁l ens ▁to ▁express ▁the ▁film making ▁I ▁do . ▁In ▁the ▁same ▁way ▁that ▁a ▁writer ▁uses ▁their ▁language , ▁for ▁me ▁it ' s ▁the ▁images ▁that ▁tell ▁the ▁story ▁... ▁the ▁camera ▁is ▁my ▁tool ▁for ▁document ing ▁things , ▁so ▁I ▁stay ▁mostly ▁behind ▁it ." ▁Cit izen four ▁won ▁the ▁Academy ▁Award ▁for ▁Best ▁Document ary ▁Fe ature ▁of ▁ 2 0 1 4 . ▁ ▁Po it ras ▁is ▁port rayed ▁by ▁actress ▁Mel issa ▁Leo ▁in ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁bi ographical ▁drama ▁film ▁Snow den , ▁directed ▁by ▁Oliver ▁Stone , ▁and ▁st arring ▁Joseph ▁Gordon - Le v itt ▁as ▁Snow den . ▁ ▁Ast ro ▁No ise ▁On ▁February ▁ 2 0 1 6 , ▁the ▁Whit ney ▁Museum ▁of ▁American ▁Art ▁opened ▁its ▁first ▁solo ▁museum ▁exhibition , ▁Ast ro ▁No ise ▁by ▁Po it ras , ▁port ray ing ▁imm ers ive ▁environments ▁that ▁incorpor ate ▁document ary ▁foot age , ▁architect |
ural ▁inter vent ions , ▁primary ▁documents , ▁and ▁narr ative ▁structures ▁to ▁inv ite ▁visitors ▁to ▁interact ▁with ▁the ▁material ▁gathered ▁by ▁Po it ras ▁in ▁strik ingly ▁int imate ▁and ▁direct ▁ways . ▁ ▁R isk ▁( 2 0 1 6 ) ▁ ▁Po it ras ▁author ed ▁a ▁document ary ▁called ▁R isk , ▁on ▁the ▁life ▁of ▁Julian ▁Ass ange . ▁Po it ras ▁and ▁others ▁described ▁Ass ange ' s ▁statements ▁about ▁women ▁as ▁" tr ou bling ". ▁Ass ange ▁alleg es ▁in ▁the ▁film ▁that ▁he ▁is ▁the ▁victim ▁of ▁a ▁radical ▁femin ist ▁consp i racy ▁over ▁his ▁being ▁wanted ▁for ▁question ing ▁on ▁sexual ▁assault ▁alleg ations ▁by ▁the ▁Swedish ▁authorities . ▁In ▁the ▁film , ▁he ▁arg ues ▁that ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁women ▁in ▁question ▁had ▁potentially ▁alternate ▁motiv ation ▁because ▁she ▁founded ▁Goth enburg ’ s ▁largest ▁les bian ▁night club . ▁According ▁to ▁Po it ras , ▁Ass ange ▁disapp ro ves ▁of ▁the ▁document ary ▁film ▁because ▁of ▁its ▁un fl atter ing ▁dep iction ▁of ▁his ▁relationship ▁with ▁women . ▁In ▁May ▁ 2 0 1 7 , ▁Wik ile aks ' ▁four ▁law y ers ▁ ▁public ly ▁wrote ▁an ▁opinion ▁piece ▁for ▁News week ▁as ser ting ▁that ▁the ▁film ▁serves ▁to ▁und erm ine ▁Wik i Le aks ▁at ▁a ▁time ▁when ▁the ▁Trump ▁administration ▁announced ▁that ▁it ▁int ends ▁to ▁pro sec ute ▁journal ists , ▁edit ors ▁and ▁associ ates ▁of ▁Wik i Le |
aks . ▁The ▁law y ers ▁also ▁scr ut in ize ▁the ▁way ▁in ▁which ▁Po it ras ▁changed ▁the ▁film ▁after ▁its ▁premi ere ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁other ▁critical ▁aspects . ▁ ▁Awards ▁▁ 2 0 0 8 : ▁Creative ▁Capital ▁Award ▁in ▁Mov ing ▁Image ▁▁ 2 0 1 0 : ▁True ▁V ision ▁Award , ▁True / False ▁Film ▁Festival , ▁Columbia , ▁MO ▁▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁An onymous ▁Was ▁A ▁Woman ▁Award ▁▁ 2 0 1 0 : ▁Fellow ship ▁and ▁residence ▁at ▁the ▁Mac D ow ell ▁Col ony , ▁Peter borough , ▁N H ▁▁ 2 0 1 2 : ▁John ▁D . ▁and ▁Catherine ▁T . ▁Mac Ar thur ▁Foundation ' s ▁" Gen ius ▁Grant ", ▁one ▁of ▁ 2 3 ▁Mac Ar thur ▁F ell ows ▁for ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁▁ 2 0 1 3 : ▁Electron ic ▁Front ier ▁Foundation ' s ▁P ione er ▁Award ▁with ▁three ▁other ▁people ▁▁ 2 0 1 3 : ▁George ▁Pol k ▁Award ▁for ▁National ▁Security ▁Report ing ▁with ▁Gl enn ▁Green wald ▁and ▁E wen ▁Mac A sk ill ▁▁ 2 0 1 4 : ▁R iden hour ▁Tr uth - T elling ▁Prize ▁with ▁Edward ▁Snow den ▁▁ 2 0 1 4 : ▁In sp iration ▁Award , ▁She ff ield ▁Doc / F est , ▁She ff ield , ▁UK ▁▁ 2 0 1 4 : ▁Pul itzer ▁Prize ▁for ▁Public ▁Service ▁awarded |
▁to ▁The ▁Washington ▁Post ▁and ▁The ▁Guardian ▁for ▁the ▁NS A ▁reporting ▁on ▁which ▁she ▁worked , ▁along ▁with ▁Bart on ▁G ell man , ▁Gl enn ▁Green wald ▁and ▁E wen ▁Mac A sk ill . ▁Po it ras ▁was ▁byl ined ▁in ▁both ▁publications . ▁▁ 2 0 1 4 : ▁Henri ▁N ann en ▁Award ▁by ▁Gr un er ▁+ ▁Jahr ▁and ▁Stern ▁▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁Ger ald ▁Lo eb ▁Award ▁for ▁Lar ge ▁New sp apers ▁for ▁five ▁stories ▁on ▁the ▁NS A ▁▁ 2 0 1 5 : ▁Academy ▁Award ▁for ▁Best ▁Document ary ▁Fe ature ▁of ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁for ▁Cit izen four ▁▁ 2 0 1 5 : ▁Ford ▁Foundation ▁Art ▁of ▁Change ▁Fellow ▁▁ 2 0 1 5 : ▁German ▁Film ▁Award ▁for ▁Best ▁Document ary ▁Film ▁of ▁ 2 0 1 5 ▁for ▁Cit izen four ▁ ▁Selected ▁film ography ▁▁ ▁Ex act ▁Fant asy ▁( 1 9 9 5 ) ▁ ▁Flag ▁Wars ▁( 2 0 0 3 ) ▁ ▁Oh ▁Say ▁Can ▁You ▁See ... ▁( 2 0 0 3 ) ▁ ▁My ▁Country , ▁My ▁Country ▁( 2 0 0 6 ) ▁ ▁The ▁O ath ▁( 2 0 1 0 ) ▁ ▁Cit izen four ▁( 2 0 1 4 ) ▁ ▁R isk ▁( 2 0 1 6 ) ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁ ▁Pra xis ▁Films ▁which ▁dist ributes ▁Po it ras ' ▁films ▁ ▁Web sites ▁for ▁Po it ras ' ▁films |
: ▁My ▁Country , ▁My ▁country , ▁The ▁O ath , ▁Cit izen four ▁ ▁Det ained ▁in ▁the ▁US : ▁Fil mm aker ▁Laura ▁Po it ras ▁H eld , ▁Question ed ▁Some ▁ 4 0 ▁Times ▁at ▁US ▁Air ports , ▁Dem ocracy ▁Now !, ▁April ▁ 2 0 , ▁ 2 0 1 2 . ▁ ▁The ▁Program , ▁by ▁Po it ras , ▁New ▁York ▁Times , ▁August ▁ 2 2 , ▁ 2 0 1 2 . ▁ ▁Laura ▁Po it ras ▁& ▁Gl enn ▁Green wald ▁Back ▁in ▁U . S . ▁for ▁First ▁Time ▁Since ▁Bre aking ▁NS A - S now den ▁Story ▁( video ), ▁Dem ocracy ▁Now !, ▁April ▁ 1 1 , ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁▁▁ ▁field of vision . org ▁- ▁website ▁of ▁short ▁document aries ▁▁▁▁ ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : Art ists ▁from ▁Boston ▁Category : American ▁film ▁produ cers ▁Category : Ge orge ▁Pol k ▁Award ▁recip ients ▁Category : Mac Ar thur ▁F ell ows ▁Category : Place ▁of ▁birth ▁missing ▁( l iving ▁people ) ▁Category : American ▁women ▁journal ists ▁Category : American ▁document ary ▁film ▁produ cers ▁Category : American ▁women ▁film ▁direct ors ▁Category : American ▁women ▁film ▁produ cers ▁Category : The ▁New ▁School ▁al umn i ▁Category : Art icles ▁containing ▁video ▁cli ps ▁Category : 1 9 6 4 ▁birth s ▁Category : American ▁exp atri ates ▁in ▁Germany ▁Category : Fil m ▁direct ors ▁from |
▁Massachusetts ▁Category : Direct ors ▁Gu ild ▁of ▁America ▁Award ▁w inners ▁Category : Direct ors ▁of ▁Best ▁Document ary ▁Fe ature ▁Academy ▁Award ▁w inners ▁Category : W omen ▁document ary ▁film m akers ▁Category : G er ald ▁Lo eb ▁Award ▁w inners ▁for ▁Lar ge ▁New sp apers <0x0A> </s> ▁Rod rig ue ▁N ' D or am ▁( born ▁ 2 5 ▁November ▁ 1 9 8 7 ) ▁is ▁a ▁Ch ad ian ▁international ▁footballer ▁who ▁currently ▁plays ▁for ▁F oul lah ▁Ed ifice ▁FC . ▁He ▁made ▁his ▁debut ▁for ▁Ch ad ▁on ▁ 6 ▁June ▁ 2 0 1 5 ▁in ▁the ▁ 2 – 1 ▁win ▁against ▁Guinea . ▁He ▁has ▁spent ▁the ▁majority ▁of ▁his ▁playing ▁career ▁in ▁France , ▁representing ▁Car que f ou ▁and ▁Cho let ▁amongst ▁others . ▁ ▁He ▁is ▁the ▁son ▁of ▁former ▁Ch ad ▁international ▁footballer ▁Jap het ▁N ' D or am . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 8 7 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁N ' D j am ena ▁Category : Ch ad ian ▁football ers ▁Category : Ch ad ▁international ▁football ers ▁Category : US J A ▁Car que f ou ▁players ▁Category : SO ▁Cho let ▁players ▁ ▁Category : Associ ation ▁football ▁mid field ers <0x0A> </s> ▁Governor ▁Car roll ▁may ▁refer ▁to : ▁ ▁B ery l ▁F . ▁Car roll ▁( 1 8 6 0 – 1 9 3 9 ), |
▁ 2 0 th ▁Governor ▁of ▁Iowa ▁John ▁Lee ▁Car roll ▁( 1 8 3 0 – 1 9 1 1 ), ▁ 3 7 th ▁Governor ▁of ▁Maryland ▁Julian ▁Car roll ▁( born ▁ 1 9 3 1 ), ▁ 5 4 th ▁Governor ▁of ▁Kentucky ▁Thomas ▁King ▁Car roll ▁( 1 7 9 3 – 1 8 7 3 ), ▁ 2 1 st ▁Governor ▁of ▁Maryland ▁William ▁Car roll ▁( T ennessee ▁politician ) ▁( 1 7 8 8 – 1 8 4 4 ), ▁ 5 th ▁Governor ▁of ▁Tennessee <0x0A> </s> ▁Site ▁ 3 2 ▁at ▁the ▁P les et sk ▁Cos mod rome ▁is ▁a ▁launch ▁complex ▁formerly ▁used ▁by ▁Ts y kl on - 3 ▁car rier ▁rock ets . ▁It ▁consists ▁of ▁a ▁two ▁launch ▁p ads , ▁Site ▁ 3 2 / 1 ▁and ▁Site ▁ 3 2 / 2 , ▁which ▁were ▁used ▁between ▁ 1 9 7 7 ▁and ▁ 2 0 0 9 . ▁It ▁has ▁the ▁G RA U ▁index ▁ 1 1 P 8 6 8 . ▁Site ▁ 3 2 ▁is , ▁along ▁with ▁Site ▁ 3 5 ▁and ▁Site ▁ 4 1 ▁one ▁of ▁three ▁sites ▁under ▁consideration ▁for ▁the ▁Ang ara ▁programme . ▁ ▁History ▁In ▁ 1 9 7 0 , ▁the ▁building ▁of ▁a ▁highly - autom ated ▁launch ▁complex ▁for ▁Ts y kl on - 3 ▁boost er ▁began ▁at ▁Site ▁ 3 2 , ▁which ▁was ▁designed ▁by ▁Om sk ▁Trans m |
ash ▁Design ▁Bureau ▁led ▁by ▁Chief ▁Design er ▁Vladimir ▁Nikol ay ev ich ▁Ch el ome y . ▁The ▁first ▁launch ▁from ▁Site ▁ 3 2 ▁was ▁conducted ▁from ▁pad ▁ 2 ▁on ▁ 2 4 ▁June ▁ 1 9 7 7 , ▁with ▁the ▁first ▁from ▁Site ▁ 3 2 / 1 ▁following ▁on ▁ 2 3 ▁January ▁ 1 9 8 0 . ▁The ▁last ▁launch ▁from ▁Site ▁ 3 2 / 1 ▁occurred ▁on ▁ 2 8 ▁December ▁ 2 0 0 1 . ▁Site ▁ 3 2 / 2 ▁was ▁retired ▁on ▁ 3 0 ▁January ▁ 2 0 0 9 , ▁along ▁with ▁the ▁Ts y kl on - 3 . ▁All ▁ 1 2 2 ▁Ts y kl on - 3 ▁launch es ▁were ▁conducted ▁from ▁the ▁site . ▁ 5 7 ▁launch es ▁were ▁recorded ▁as ▁having ▁been ▁from ▁pad ▁ 1 ▁and ▁ 6 5 ▁were ▁recorded ▁from ▁pad ▁ 2 . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : P les et sk ▁Cos mod rome <0x0A> </s> ▁Am able - Paul ▁C out an ▁( 1 7 9 2 – 1 8 3 7 ) ▁was ▁a ▁French ▁historical ▁painter . ▁ ▁Life ▁C out an ▁was ▁born ▁in ▁Paris ▁in ▁ 1 7 9 2 . ▁He ▁studied ▁under ▁Gros , ▁and ▁obtain ing ▁the ▁Academy ▁p ension ▁was ▁thus ▁enabled ▁later ▁on ▁to ▁improve ▁himself ▁at ▁Rome . ▁Return ing ▁to ▁his ▁native ▁country ▁he ▁produced ▁works , ▁representing ▁chief ly ▁classical ▁and ▁myth |
ological ▁subjects , ▁which ▁realized ▁considerable ▁prices . ▁He ▁took ▁a ▁part ▁also ▁in ▁the ▁labour ▁of ▁decor ating ▁with ▁religious ▁subjects ▁the ▁church ▁of ▁Notre - D ame - de - L or ette . ▁He ▁died ▁in ▁Paris ▁in ▁ 1 8 3 7 . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁S ources ▁▁▁ ▁Category : 1 7 9 2 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 8 3 7 ▁death s ▁Category : 1 9 th - century ▁French ▁pain ters ▁Category : F rench ▁male ▁pain ters ▁Category : Art ists ▁from ▁Paris ▁Category : P up ils ▁of ▁Antoine - Jean ▁Gros ▁Category : 1 9 th - century ▁male ▁artists <0x0A> </s> ▁Tw elve ▁Days ▁of ▁T error : ▁A ▁Def init ive ▁Investig ation ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 9 1 6 ▁New ▁Jersey ▁Sh ark ▁Att acks ▁is ▁a ▁non - f iction ▁book ▁by ▁Richard ▁G . ▁Fern icola ▁about ▁the ▁Jersey ▁Sh ore ▁sh ark ▁attacks ▁of ▁ 1 9 1 6 . ▁The ▁book ▁was ▁published ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 1 ▁by ▁Ly ons ▁Press . ▁ ▁Over view ▁Fern icola ▁offers ▁an ▁in - depth ▁investigation ▁of ▁the ▁sh ark ▁attacks ▁of ▁ 1 9 1 6 ▁plus ▁modern - day ▁attacks . ▁He ▁interview ed ▁people ▁connected ▁with ▁the ▁vict ims ▁of ▁the ▁attacks ▁and ▁exam ines ▁the ▁arguments ▁and ▁conclus ions ▁of ▁contemporary ▁and ▁modern ▁scient ists ▁to ▁determine ▁the ▁species ▁of ▁the ▁sh ark ▁involved ▁in ▁the ▁attacks . ▁ ▁Film ▁The ▁book |
▁was ▁made ▁into ▁an ▁episode ▁of ▁the ▁History ▁Channel ' s ▁document ary ▁series ▁In ▁Search ▁of ... ▁titled ▁Sh ark ▁Att ack ▁ 1 9 1 6 ▁( 2 0 0 1 ) ▁and ▁the ▁Disc overy ▁Channel ' s ▁doc ud rama ▁ 1 2 ▁Days ▁of ▁T error ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 4 . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : 2 0 0 1 ▁non - f iction ▁books ▁Category : American ▁non - f iction ▁books ▁Category : Bi ology ▁books ▁Category : History ▁of ▁New ▁Jersey ▁Category : Sh arks ▁Category : History ▁books ▁about ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Category : Work s ▁about ▁New ▁Jersey <0x0A> </s> ▁P ter ois ▁sp hex , ▁the ▁Hawai ian ▁tur key fish ▁or ▁Hawai ian ▁l ion fish ▁is ▁a ▁sc or pa en id ▁fish ▁found ▁in ▁the ▁eastern ▁Central ▁Pacific , ▁specifically ▁in ▁marine ▁waters ▁off ▁of ▁Hawai i . ▁It ▁is ▁found ▁in ▁sea ward ▁re ef s ▁and ▁l ago ons ▁at ▁depth s ▁from ▁ 3 ▁– ▁ 1 2 2 ▁m . ▁ ▁Description ▁This ▁fish ▁has ▁ 1 3 ▁d ors al ▁sp ines ▁and ▁about ▁ 5 0 – 5 5 ▁vertical ▁scale ▁rows ▁( ct en oid ▁scales ). ▁It ▁reaches ▁a ▁maximum ▁length ▁of ▁ 2 2 cm . ▁ ▁Be havior ▁and ▁di et ▁The ▁Hawai ian ▁tur key fish ▁is ▁a ▁no ct urn al ▁fe eder , ▁pre ying ▁on ▁cr ust ace ans . ▁It ▁h |
ides ▁in ▁c aves ▁during ▁the ▁day . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁sp hex ▁Category : F ish ▁of ▁Hawai i ▁Category : F ish ▁described ▁in ▁ 1 9 0 3 <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁arr ondissement ▁of ▁Cl erm ont - F err and ▁is ▁an ▁arr ondissement ▁of ▁France ▁in ▁the ▁P uy - de - D ôme ▁department ▁in ▁the ▁Au ver g ne - R h ône - Al pes ▁region . ▁It ▁has ▁ 7 4 ▁communes . ▁Its ▁population ▁is ▁ 3 5 4 , 0 4 8 ▁( 2 0 1 6 ), ▁and ▁its ▁area ▁is ▁. ▁ ▁Com position ▁ ▁The ▁communes ▁of ▁the ▁arr ondissement ▁of ▁Cl erm ont - F err and , ▁and ▁their ▁IN SEE ▁codes , ▁are : ▁▁ ▁A ub ière ▁( 6 3 0 1 4 ) ▁ ▁A ul nat ▁( 6 3 0 1 9 ) ▁ ▁Aut he zat ▁( 6 3 0 2 1 ) ▁ ▁A yd at ▁( 6 3 0 2 6 ) ▁ ▁Be aum ont ▁( 6 3 0 3 2 ) ▁ ▁Be a ure g ard - l ' É v êque ▁( 6 3 0 3 4 ) ▁ ▁Bill om ▁( 6 3 0 4 0 ) ▁ ▁Bl anz at ▁( 6 3 0 4 2 ) ▁ ▁B ong he at ▁( 6 3 0 4 4 ) ▁ ▁Bou zel ▁( 6 3 0 4 9 ) ▁ ▁B uss é ol |
▁( 6 3 0 5 9 ) ▁ ▁C éb az at ▁( 6 3 0 6 3 ) ▁ ▁Le ▁C endre ▁( 6 3 0 6 9 ) ▁ ▁C ey rat ▁( 6 3 0 7 0 ) ▁ ▁Cham ali ères ▁( 6 3 0 7 5 ) ▁ ▁Ch anon at ▁( 6 3 0 8 4 ) ▁ ▁Ch as ▁( 6 3 0 9 6 ) ▁ ▁Ch âte aug ay ▁( 6 3 0 9 9 ) ▁ ▁Cha uri at ▁( 6 3 1 0 6 ) ▁ ▁Cl erm ont - F err and ▁( 6 3 1 1 3 ) ▁ ▁Cor ent ▁( 6 3 1 2 0 ) ▁ ▁C ourn ols ▁( 6 3 1 2 3 ) ▁ ▁C ourn on - d ' A u ver g ne ▁( 6 3 1 2 4 ) ▁ ▁Le ▁C rest ▁( 6 3 1 2 6 ) ▁ ▁D urt ol ▁( 6 3 1 4 1 ) ▁ ▁É gl is ene uve - près - B ill om ▁( 6 3 1 4 6 ) ▁ ▁Esp irat ▁( 6 3 1 5 4 ) ▁ ▁Est ande uil ▁( 6 3 1 5 5 ) ▁ ▁F ay et - le - Ch âteau ▁( 6 3 1 5 7 ) ▁ ▁Ger zat ▁( 6 3 1 6 4 ) ▁ ▁Gla ine - Mont a ig ut ▁( 6 3 1 6 8 |
) ▁ ▁Is ser te aux ▁( 6 3 1 7 7 ) ▁ ▁L aps ▁( 6 3 1 8 8 ) ▁ ▁L emp des ▁( 6 3 1 9 3 ) ▁ ▁Mang lie u ▁( 6 3 2 0 5 ) ▁ ▁Les ▁Mart res - de - V ey re ▁( 6 3 2 1 4 ) ▁ ▁Mau z un ▁( 6 3 2 1 6 ) ▁ ▁M ire f le urs ▁( 6 3 2 2 7 ) ▁ ▁Mont mor in ▁( 6 3 2 3 9 ) ▁ ▁Mur - sur - Al lier ▁( 6 3 2 2 6 ) ▁ ▁Ne uv ille ▁( 6 3 2 5 2 ) ▁ ▁N oh an ent ▁( 6 3 2 5 4 ) ▁ ▁Ol lo ix ▁( 6 3 2 5 9 ) ▁ ▁Or c et ▁( 6 3 2 6 2 ) ▁ ▁Or c ines ▁( 6 3 2 6 3 ) ▁ ▁P ér ign at - lès - S ar li ève ▁( 6 3 2 7 2 ) ▁ ▁P ér ign at - sur - Al lier ▁( 6 3 2 7 3 ) ▁ ▁P ign ols ▁( 6 3 2 8 0 ) ▁ ▁Pont - du - Ch âteau ▁( 6 3 2 8 4 ) ▁ ▁Re ign at ▁( 6 3 2 9 7 ) ▁ ▁La ▁Ro che - B lan che ▁( 6 3 3 0 2 |
) ▁ ▁La ▁Ro che - No ire ▁( 6 3 3 0 6 ) ▁ ▁Rom agn at ▁( 6 3 3 0 7 ) ▁ ▁Roy at ▁( 6 3 3 0 8 ) ▁ ▁Saint - Am ant - T all ende ▁( 6 3 3 1 5 ) ▁ ▁Saint - B on net - lès - Al lier ▁( 6 3 3 2 5 ) ▁ ▁Saint - D ier - d ' A u ver g ne ▁( 6 3 3 3 4 ) ▁ ▁Saint - Gen ès - Ch amp an elle ▁( 6 3 3 4 5 ) ▁ ▁Saint - Ge org es - sur - Al lier ▁( 6 3 3 5 0 ) ▁ ▁Saint - Jean - des - O l li ères ▁( 6 3 3 6 5 ) ▁ ▁Saint - Jul ien - de - Co ppel ▁( 6 3 3 6 8 ) ▁ ▁Saint - M aur ice ▁( 6 3 3 7 8 ) ▁ ▁Saint - S and oux ▁( 6 3 3 9 5 ) ▁ ▁Saint - S at urn in ▁( 6 3 3 9 6 ) ▁ ▁S all è des ▁( 6 3 4 0 5 ) ▁ ▁Sa ul zet - le - F roid ▁( 6 3 4 0 7 ) ▁ ▁La ▁Sau vet at ▁( 6 3 4 1 3 ) ▁ ▁T all ende ▁( 6 3 4 2 5 ) ▁ ▁Tr |
é zi oux ▁( 6 3 4 3 8 ) ▁ ▁V ass el ▁( 6 3 4 4 5 ) ▁ ▁Vert a izon ▁( 6 3 4 5 3 ) ▁ ▁V ey re - Mont on ▁( 6 3 4 5 5 ) ▁ ▁Vic - le - Com te ▁( 6 3 4 5 7 ) ▁ ▁Y ron de - et - B ur on ▁( 6 3 4 7 2 ) ▁ ▁History ▁ ▁The ▁arr ondissement ▁of ▁Cl erm ont - F err and ▁was ▁created ▁in ▁ 1 8 0 0 . ▁At ▁the ▁January ▁ 2 0 1 7 ▁re organisation ▁of ▁the ▁arr ond iss ements ▁of ▁P uy - de - D ôme , ▁it ▁gained ▁one ▁commune ▁from ▁the ▁arr ondissement ▁of ▁R iom , ▁and ▁it ▁lost ▁three ▁communes ▁to ▁the ▁arr ondissement ▁of ▁Am bert , ▁ 2 1 ▁communes ▁to ▁the ▁arr ondissement ▁of ▁Is so ire , ▁ 1 7 ▁communes ▁to ▁the ▁arr ondissement ▁of ▁R iom ▁and ▁four ▁communes ▁to ▁the ▁arr ondissement ▁of ▁Th iers . ▁ ▁As ▁a ▁result ▁of ▁the ▁re organisation ▁of ▁the ▁cant ons ▁of ▁France ▁which ▁came ▁into ▁effect ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 5 , ▁the ▁borders ▁of ▁the ▁cant ons ▁are ▁no ▁longer ▁related ▁to ▁the ▁borders ▁of ▁the ▁arr ond iss ements . ▁The ▁cant ons ▁of ▁the ▁arr ondissement ▁of ▁Cl erm ont - F err and ▁were , ▁as ▁of ▁January ▁ 2 0 |
1 5 : ▁▁ ▁A ub ière ▁ ▁Be aum ont ▁ ▁Bill om ▁ ▁Bour g - L astic ▁ ▁Cham ali ères ▁ ▁Cl erm ont - F err and - C entre ▁ ▁Cl erm ont - F err and - Est ▁ ▁Cl erm ont - F err and - N ord ▁ ▁Cl erm ont - F err and - N ord - O uest ▁ ▁Cl erm ont - F err and - O uest ▁ ▁Cl erm ont - F err and - S ud ▁ ▁Cl erm ont - F err and - S ud - Est ▁ ▁Cl erm ont - F err and - S ud - O uest ▁ ▁C ourn on - d ' A u ver g ne ▁ ▁Ger zat ▁ ▁Her ment ▁ ▁Mont fer rand ▁ ▁Pont - du - Ch âteau ▁ ▁Ro che fort - Mont agne ▁ ▁Roy at ▁ ▁Saint - Am ant - T all ende ▁ ▁Saint - D ier - d ' A u ver g ne ▁ ▁Vert a izon ▁ ▁V ey re - Mont on ▁ ▁Vic - le - Com te ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Cl erm ont - F err and <0x0A> </s> ▁William ▁Bernard ▁Con way ▁( 1 8 0 2 – 1 8 3 9 ) ▁was ▁an ▁American ▁politician ▁from ▁Iowa ▁Territ ory ▁and ▁Pennsylvania . ▁ ▁Born ▁in ▁New ▁Castle ▁County , ▁Del aware , ▁Con way ▁was ▁admitted ▁to ▁the ▁Pennsylvania |
▁bar ▁and ▁pract iced ▁law ▁in ▁Pitts burgh , ▁Pennsylvania ▁and ▁was ▁a ▁supp orter ▁of ▁President ▁Andrew ▁Jackson . ▁In ▁ 1 8 3 8 , ▁he ▁was ▁appointed ▁Secretary ▁of ▁the ▁Iowa ▁Territ ory ▁and ▁served ▁briefly ▁as ▁acting ▁governor ▁until ▁the ▁arrival ▁of ▁the ▁Iowa ▁Territ orial ▁Governor ▁Robert ▁Lucas . ▁Con way ▁was ▁a ▁writer ; ▁he ▁wrote ▁a ▁poem : ▁B rib ed ▁Legisl ator , ▁and ▁a ▁novel : ▁The ▁C ott age ▁on ▁the ▁Cl iff : ▁A ▁History ▁of ▁the ▁Revolution . ▁He ▁was ▁also ▁a ▁newspaper ▁editor , ▁conduct ing ▁The ▁American ▁Man ufact urer ▁in ▁Pitts burgh ▁and ▁later ▁the ▁Mount aine er ▁in ▁John st own ▁and ▁Eb ens burg , ▁Pennsylvania . ▁Con way ▁died ▁in ▁D aven port , ▁Iowa ▁Territ ory ▁while ▁in ▁office ▁in ▁ 1 8 3 9 . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : Edit ors ▁of ▁Pennsylvania ▁newsp apers ▁Category : G overn ors ▁of ▁Iowa ▁Territ ory ▁Category : P en nsylvan ia ▁Jackson ians ▁Category : 1 9 th - century ▁American ▁polit icians ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁New ▁Castle ▁County , ▁Del aware ▁Category : Pol it icians ▁from ▁Pitts burgh ▁Category : W rit ers ▁from ▁Del aware ▁Category : W rit ers ▁from ▁Iowa ▁Category : W rit ers ▁from ▁Pitts burgh ▁Category : 1 8 0 2 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 8 3 9 ▁death s ▁Category : 1 9 th - century ▁American ▁newspaper ▁edit ors ▁Category |
: 1 9 th - century ▁American ▁journal ists ▁Category : American ▁male ▁journal ists ▁Category : 1 9 th - century ▁American ▁newspaper ▁found ers ▁Category : J ournal ists ▁from ▁South ▁Dak ota ▁Category : J ournal ists ▁from ▁North ▁Dak ota ▁Category : J ournal ists ▁from ▁Pennsylvania ▁Category : L aw y ers ▁from ▁Pitts burgh <0x0A> </s> ▁Bar mas ▁( , ▁also ▁Roman ized ▁as ▁Bar mes ; ▁also ▁known ▁as ▁Bar mes h , ▁B ā rm ī z , ▁and ▁By rm ys ) ▁is ▁a ▁village ▁in ▁Az ghan ▁R ural ▁District , ▁in ▁the ▁Central ▁District ▁of ▁A har ▁County , ▁East ▁A zer ba ij an ▁Province , ▁Iran . ▁At ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁census , ▁its ▁population ▁was ▁ 2 1 5 , ▁in ▁ 4 9 ▁families . ▁ ▁References ▁▁ ▁Category : Pop ulated ▁places ▁in ▁A har ▁County <0x0A> </s> ▁E os ent omon ▁christ ians eni ▁is ▁a ▁species ▁of ▁prot ur an ▁in ▁the ▁family ▁E os ent om idae . ▁It ▁is ▁found ▁in ▁North ▁America . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : Pro t ura ▁Category : Art icles ▁created ▁by ▁Q bug bot ▁Category : Anim als ▁described ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 0 <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Ch ang ky a ▁Kh ut uk ht u ▁( Ch ak har ▁Mong ol ian : ▁J ang gi y - a ▁q ut u γ - tu , ▁Kh alk ha ▁Mong ol |
ian : ▁З ан ги а ▁Ху та г т ▁Z ang ia ▁Kh ut agt ; ▁Tib et an : ▁ ལ <0xE0> <0xBE> <0x95> ང ་ ས <0xE0> <0xBE> <0x90> ྱ ་ <0xE0> <0xBD> <0xA7> ོ ་ <0xE0> <0xBD> <0x90> ོ ག ་ <0xE0> <0xBD> <0x90> ུ <0xE0> <0xBC> <0x8D> , ▁l c ang - sk ya ▁ho - th og - th u ; ▁Chinese : ▁ 章 嘉 <0xE5> <0x91> <0xBC> <0xE5> <0x9C> <0x96> 克 <0xE5> <0x9C> <0x96> , ▁Zh ā ng ji ā ▁H ū t ú k èt ú ) ▁was ▁the ▁title ▁held ▁by ▁the ▁spiritual ▁head ▁of ▁the ▁Gel ug ▁line age ▁of ▁Tib et an ▁Buddh ism ▁in ▁Inner ▁Mong olia ▁during ▁the ▁Q ing ▁dynast y . ▁ ▁The ▁most ▁important ▁l ama ▁of ▁this ▁series ▁was ▁the ▁Third ▁Ch ang ky a , ▁Rol p ai ▁Dor je , ▁who ▁was ▁pre ceptor ▁to ▁the ▁Q ian long ▁em peror ▁of ▁China , ▁and ▁chief ▁representative ▁of ▁Tib et an ▁Buddh ism ▁at ▁the ▁Q ing ▁court . ▁He ▁and ▁his ▁success ors , ▁mostly ▁based ▁in ▁Be ij ing , ▁were ▁considered ▁to ▁be ▁the ▁senior ▁Tib et an ▁l am as ▁in ▁China ▁proper ▁and ▁Inner ▁Mong olia . ▁The ▁Se vent h ▁Ch ang ky a ▁accompanied ▁the ▁National ist ▁government ▁to ▁Taiwan ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 9 ▁and ▁died ▁there ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 7 . ▁ ▁List ▁of ▁l C ang - sk ya ▁Kh |
ut uk ht u ▁ ▁Note : ▁In ▁some ▁enumer ations , ▁the ▁second ▁Ch ang ky a , ▁Ng aw ang ▁Los ang ▁Ch ö den ▁is ▁counted ▁as ▁the ▁first , ▁the ▁third ▁R öl p é ▁Dor j é ▁as ▁the ▁second , ▁and ▁so ▁on . ▁▁▁ 1 6 0 7 - 1 6 4 1 : ▁Ch ang ky a ▁Drag pa ▁Ö ser ▁( l c ang ▁sk ya ▁g rag s ▁pa ▁' od ▁z er ) ▁▁ 1 6 4 2 - 1 7 1 4 : ▁Ch ang ky a ▁Ng aw ang ▁Los ang ▁Ch ö den ▁( l c ang ▁sk ya ▁ng ag ▁db ang ▁b Lo ▁b z ang ▁ch os ▁l dan ) ▁▁ 1 7 1 7 - 1 7 8 6 : ▁Ch ang ky a ▁R öl p é ▁Dor j é ▁( l c ang ▁sk ya ▁rol ▁pa ' i ▁r do ▁r je ) ▁▁ 1 7 8 7 - 1 8 4 6 : ▁Ch ang ky a ▁Y és hé ▁Ten p é ▁Gy el ts en ▁( l c ang ▁sk ya ▁ye ▁sh es ▁b stan ▁pa ' i ▁r gy al ▁m t sh an ) ▁▁ 1 8 4 9 - 1 8 7 5 : ▁Ch ang ky a ▁Y és hé ▁Ten p é ▁Ny ima ▁( l c ang ▁sk ya ▁ye ▁sh es ▁b stan ▁pa ' i ▁ny i ▁ma ) ▁▁ |
1 8 7 8 - 1 8 8 8 : ▁Ch ang ky a ▁L oz ang ▁T end zin ▁Gy el ts en ▁( l c ang ▁sk ya ▁blo ▁b z ang ▁b stan ▁' dz in ▁r gy al ▁m t sh an ) ▁▁ 1 8 9 1 - 1 9 5 7 : ▁Ch ang ky a ▁L oz ang ▁P enden ▁Ten p é ▁Dr ön mé ▁( l c ang ▁sk ya ▁blo ▁b z ang ▁d pal ▁l dan ▁b stan ▁pa ' i ▁s gr on ▁me ) ▁▁ 1 9 8 0 - ▁: ▁Ch ang ky a ▁T end zin ▁D ö ny ö ▁Y és hé ▁Gy at so ▁( bst an ▁' dz in ▁don ▁y od ▁ye ▁sh es ▁r gy a ▁m t sh o ) ▁ ▁The ▁previous ▁l C ang - sk ya ▁Kh ut uk ht u , ▁named ▁L oz ang ▁P enden ▁Ten p é ▁Dr ön mé , ▁went ▁to ▁Taiwan ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 9 . ▁It ▁has ▁been ▁reported ▁that ▁before ▁his ▁death ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 7 ▁he ▁had ▁signed ▁a ▁p ledge ▁that ▁he ▁would ▁not ▁re inc arn ate ▁until ▁the ▁Republic ▁of ▁China ▁re to ok ▁the ▁main land . ▁However , ▁the ▁Dal ai ▁L ama ▁recogn ised ▁the ▁current ▁inc arn ation ▁on ▁ 1 1 ▁August ▁ 1 9 9 8 . ▁He ▁was ▁born ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 0 |
▁in ▁Ts ong k ha ▁region , ▁was ▁ord ained ▁at ▁an ▁early ▁age ▁and ▁came ▁to ▁India ▁as ▁a ▁refuge e ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 8 . ▁He ▁is ▁now ▁res iding ▁in ▁the ▁re - est ab lished ▁D rep ung ▁Mon aster y , ▁in ▁India . ▁Ne ither ▁he ▁nor ▁two ▁other ▁claim ants ▁to ▁be ▁the ▁current ▁Ch ang ky a ▁are ▁recogn ised ▁by ▁either ▁Tai pe i ▁or ▁P ek ing . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁▁▁ ▁Ch ang ky a ▁R öl p é ▁Dor j é ▁ ▁G ön lung ▁J ampa ▁L ing ▁monaster y ▁ ▁Mong ol ian ▁and ▁Tib et an ▁Cultural ▁Center ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Cit ations ▁ ▁S ources ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁List ▁of ▁living ▁bud d ha ▁re inc arn ations ▁ ▁* ▁Category : G el ug ▁Buddh ists ▁Category : T ulk us <0x0A> </s> ▁{{ T ax obox ▁| ▁name ▁= ▁L ent ze a ▁cal if or ni ensis ▁| ▁domain ▁= ▁B acter ia ▁| ▁ph yl um ▁= ▁" Act in ob acter ia " ▁| ▁class is ▁= ▁Act in ob acter ia ▁| ▁subclass is ▁= ▁Act in ob acter idae ▁| ▁or do ▁= ▁Act in om yc et ales ▁| ▁sub ordo ▁= ▁Pseud on oc ard ine ae ▁| ▁familia ▁= ▁Pseud on oc ard ia ceae ▁| ▁genus ▁= ▁L ent ze a ▁| ▁bin omial ▁= ▁L ent ze a ▁cal if or ni |
ensis | ▁species ▁= ▁L . ▁cal if or ni ensis | ▁bin omial _ author ity ▁= ▁Lab eda ▁et ▁al . ▁ 2 0 0 1 ▁| ▁type _ stra in ▁= ▁CG M CC ▁ 4 . 2 0 9 4 , ▁D SM ▁ 4 3 3 9 3 , ▁I MR U ▁ 5 5 0 , ▁J CM ▁ 1 1 3 0 5 , ▁K CT C ▁ 1 9 9 1 2 , ▁NR LL ▁B - 1 6 1 3 7 , ▁NR RL ▁B - 1 6 1 3 7 , ▁U CLA ▁C 3 0 ▁| ▁syn onym s ▁= ▁ ▁}} L ent ze a ▁cal if or ni ensis ▁is ▁a ▁b acter ium ▁from ▁the ▁genus ▁of ▁L ent ze a '' ▁which ▁has ▁been ▁isolated ▁from ▁soil ▁in ▁California ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : P se ud on oc ard ine ae ▁Category : B acter ia ▁described ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 1 <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁D FB - P okal ▁Final ▁was ▁an ▁association ▁football ▁match ▁that ▁took ▁place ▁on ▁ 1 ▁June ▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁between ▁Bayern ▁Mun ich ▁and ▁V f B ▁Stuttgart ▁at ▁the ▁Olymp iast ad ion ▁in ▁Berlin ▁to ▁decide ▁the ▁w inners ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 2 – 1 3 ▁D FB - P okal . ▁ ▁Bayern ▁Mun ich ▁won ▁the ▁game ▁ 3 – |
2 , ▁claim ing ▁the ▁cup ▁for ▁the ▁ 1 6 th ▁time . ▁The ▁win , ▁combined ▁with ▁earlier ▁titles ▁in ▁the ▁Champions ▁League ▁and ▁Bundes liga , ▁allowed ▁Bayern ▁Mun ich ▁to ▁complete ▁a ▁contin ental ▁tre ble . ▁The ▁fe at ▁had ▁never ▁been ▁achieved ▁by ▁a ▁German ▁team ▁before , ▁and ▁had ▁only ▁been ▁achieved ▁by ▁six ▁other ▁European ▁teams . ▁ ▁Route ▁to ▁the ▁final ▁The ▁D FB - P okal ▁began ▁with ▁ 6 4 ▁teams ▁in ▁a ▁single - el im ination ▁knock out ▁cup ▁competition . ▁There ▁were ▁a ▁total ▁of ▁five ▁r ounds ▁leading ▁up ▁to ▁the ▁final . ▁Teams ▁were ▁drawn ▁against ▁each ▁other , ▁and ▁the ▁winner ▁after ▁ 9 0 ▁minutes ▁would ▁advance . ▁If ▁still ▁tied , ▁ 3 0 ▁minutes ▁of ▁extra ▁time ▁was ▁played . ▁If ▁the ▁score ▁was ▁still ▁level , ▁a ▁penalty ▁shoot - out ▁was ▁used ▁to ▁determine ▁the ▁winner . ▁ ▁Note : ▁In ▁all ▁results ▁below , ▁the ▁score ▁of ▁the ▁final ist ▁is ▁given ▁first ▁( H : ▁home ; ▁A : ▁away ). ▁ ▁Match ▁ ▁Sum mary ▁For ▁the ▁final , ▁Bayern ▁Mun ich ▁was ▁without ▁the ▁services ▁of ▁D ante ▁and ▁Lu iz ▁Gustav o , ▁who ▁were ▁playing ▁for ▁the ▁Brazil ▁national ▁team . ▁Additionally , ▁Mario ▁Gó mez , ▁normally ▁a ▁reserve , ▁was ▁given ▁the ▁start ▁over ▁Mario ▁Mand ž uki ć . ▁Even ▁so , ▁V f B ▁Stuttgart ▁was ▁considered ▁a ▁massive ▁under dog |
▁before ▁the ▁match ▁began . ▁ ▁Mun ich ▁came ▁out ▁pressing , ▁just ▁missing ▁a ▁goal ▁five ▁minutes ▁in . ▁Stuttgart ▁pressed ▁back , ▁narrow ly ▁missing ▁on ▁two ▁scoring ▁ch ances . ▁Another ▁scoring ▁chance ▁by ▁Mun ich ▁failed ▁and ▁the ▁score ▁remained ▁ 0 – 0 ▁after ▁ 3 5 ▁minutes . ▁At ▁the ▁ 3 7 - min ute ▁mark , ▁Thomas ▁Müller ▁got ▁the ▁scoring ▁under way ▁for ▁Mun ich ▁with ▁a ▁penalty , ▁kick ing ▁the ▁ball ▁low ▁to ▁the ▁right ▁and ▁sending ▁the ▁goal keeper ▁the ▁wrong ▁way . ▁Just ▁after ▁half - time , ▁Gó mez ▁made ▁it ▁ 2 – 0 ▁when ▁he ▁turned ▁in ▁a ▁Philipp ▁L ah m ▁cross ▁from ▁the ▁right . ▁At ▁the ▁ 6 1 - min ute ▁mark , ▁Gó mez ▁scored ▁again ▁making ▁the ▁match ▁ 3 – 0 ▁with ▁a ▁low , ▁right - fo oted ▁shot ▁after ▁the ▁ball ▁was ▁crossed ▁low ▁from ▁the ▁right ▁by ▁Thomas ▁Müller ▁and ▁seem ingly ▁putting ▁the ▁game ▁out ▁of ▁reach ▁for ▁Stuttgart , ▁prompt ing ▁Mun ich ▁fans ▁to ▁start ▁celebr ating ▁in ▁the ▁stands . ▁ ▁A ▁head ed ▁goal ▁by ▁Martin ▁H arn ik ▁from ▁a ▁cross ▁from ▁the ▁left ▁got ▁Stuttgart ▁on ▁the ▁board ▁with ▁ 1 9 ▁minutes ▁to ▁play . ▁With ▁ten ▁minutes ▁remaining , ▁substitute ▁Shin ji ▁Ok az aki ' s ▁shot ▁hit ▁the ▁goal ▁post . ▁H arn ik ▁was ▁there ▁for ▁the ▁re bound , ▁kick ing ▁the ▁ball ▁straight |
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