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8 7 0 . ▁It ▁is ▁found ▁in ▁Central ▁America . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : Ch et one ▁Category : M oth s ▁described ▁in ▁ 1 8 7 0 <0x0A> </s> ▁Wang ▁Ba o ▁( ▁ 8 4 ▁ 5 3 ▁B CE ), ▁cour tes y ▁name ▁Z iy uan ▁( 子 <0xE6> <0xB7> <0xB5> ), ▁was ▁a ▁Chinese ▁poet ▁during ▁the ▁Western ▁Han ▁D ynast y . ▁He ▁was ▁well ▁vers ed ▁in ▁the ▁Class ical ▁Chinese ▁poetry ▁tradition . ▁He ▁was ▁involved ▁in ▁the ▁Ch u ▁Ci ▁poetry ▁rev ival ▁which ▁took ▁place ▁in ▁the ▁second ▁part ▁of ▁Emperor ▁X uan ' s ▁reign , ▁and ▁which ▁led ▁to ▁the ▁creation ▁of ▁poetry ▁that ▁would ▁ ▁eventually ▁form ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁early ▁poetry ▁anth ology ▁by ▁the ▁same ▁name , ▁compiled ▁by ▁Wang ▁Y i . ▁Ch u ▁Ci ▁means ▁" liter ature ▁of ▁Ch u ", ▁Ch u ▁being ▁the ▁area ▁of ▁a ▁former ▁independent ▁kingdom , ▁located ▁in ▁what ▁was ▁from ▁the ▁view point ▁of ▁the ▁Han ▁D ynast y ▁the ▁south ▁of ▁China . ▁Wang ▁Ba o ▁is ▁particularly ▁known ▁today ▁as ▁the ▁author ▁of ▁the ▁Ch u ▁Ci ▁section ▁" N ine ▁Reg rets ". ▁His ▁poetry ▁was ▁not ▁as ▁famous ▁as ▁" Li ▁Sa o " ▁or ▁" He aven ly ▁Question s ". ▁ ▁Indeed ▁sometimes ▁Qu ▁Y uan ▁has ▁been ▁cred ited ▁as ▁the ▁author ▁of ▁his ▁poetry ▁( as ▁have ▁all ▁the ▁Ch u ▁Ci ▁contents ) ▁. ▁Wang ▁Ba |
o ' s ▁works ▁were ▁included ▁in ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁two ▁major ▁early ▁anth ologies ▁of ▁Chinese ▁poetry ▁which ▁has ▁helped ▁to ▁secure ▁Wang ▁Ba o ' s ▁legacy ▁as ▁a ▁poet ▁and ▁author . ▁Wang ▁Ba o ▁became ▁famous ▁during ▁the ▁reign ▁of ▁Han ▁D ynast y ▁em peror ▁Emperor ▁X uan ▁( r . ▁ 7 4 ▁B CE ▁– ▁ 4 9 ▁B CE ), ▁and ▁he ▁attended ▁the ▁courts ▁of ▁the ▁em peror ▁and ▁the ▁prince , ▁his ▁pres um pt ive ▁he ir . ▁ ▁Biography ▁ ▁Early ▁years ▁Wang ▁Ba o ▁was ▁a ▁native ▁of ▁Z iy ang , ▁in ▁S ich uan : ▁the ▁S ich uan ▁area ▁was ▁then ▁known ▁as ▁Sh u ▁and ▁was ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁remote ▁parts ▁of ▁the ▁territory ▁of ▁the ▁Han ▁Empire . ▁One ▁of ▁Wang ▁Ba o ' s ▁songs ▁incorpor ating ▁lyr ics ▁which ▁he ▁wrote ▁by ▁commission ▁from ▁a ▁local ▁official ▁in ▁pra ise ▁of ▁the ▁Han ▁government ▁and ▁which ▁were ▁then ▁set ▁to ▁music ▁was ▁eventually ▁performed ▁for ▁em peror ▁X uan , ▁who ▁quite ▁enjoyed ▁the ▁performance , ▁particularly ▁the ▁lyr ics , ▁and ▁sum mon ed ▁Wang ▁by ▁imperial ▁command ▁to ▁attend ▁him ▁at ▁court ▁. ▁He ▁was ▁received ▁as ▁a ▁court ▁poet , ▁with ▁an ▁honor ary ▁position ▁as ▁a ▁government ▁officer ▁( with ▁a ▁nom inal ▁title ▁but ▁real ▁sal ary ), ▁and ▁where ▁his ▁continued ▁literary ▁success ▁at ▁the ▁imperial ▁court ▁derived ▁from ▁his ▁exercise ▁of ▁his ▁talent ▁for ▁combining ▁ly |
ric ism ▁and ▁fl atter y . ▁ ▁Att ending ▁the ▁em peror ▁While ▁at ▁the ▁court , ▁the ▁po ems ▁of ▁the ▁Ch u ci ▁style ▁returned ▁to ▁fashion ▁for ▁some ▁years , ▁a ▁rev ival ▁in ▁which ▁Wang ▁Ba o ▁was ▁a ▁particip ant . ▁Wang ▁was ▁assigned ▁to ▁cheer ▁up ▁the ▁he ir ▁apparent ▁who ▁was ▁suffering ▁from ▁de pression , ▁rec iting ▁his ▁writ ings ▁until ▁the ▁prince ▁felt ▁better : ▁most ▁successful ▁in ▁this ▁regard ▁were ▁a ▁couple ▁of ▁his ▁fu ▁( or ▁r haps od ies , ▁as ▁they ▁are ▁sometimes ▁known ), ▁" The ▁Fl ute " ▁and ▁" The ▁Gan qu an ▁Palace ": ▁the ▁fu ▁on ▁the ▁Gan qu an ▁Palace ▁() ▁was ▁written ▁about ▁the ▁Summer ▁resort ▁fav oured ▁by ▁Emperor ▁Wu ▁and ▁other ▁em per ors ▁of ▁the ▁Han . ▁ ▁The ▁actual ▁Gan qu an ▁palace ▁was ▁located ▁in ▁what ▁is ▁now ▁Ch un h ua ▁County , ▁of ▁X ian y ang ▁region , ▁Sh a an xi ▁province , ▁China : ▁the ▁site ▁of ▁its ▁remains ▁are ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁Major ▁National ▁Historical ▁and ▁Cultural ▁S ites ▁of ▁Sh a an xi . ▁ ▁Death ▁However , ▁after ▁a ▁few ▁years ▁he ▁was ▁ordered ▁back ▁to ▁Sh u , ▁upon ▁reports ▁that ▁a ▁green ▁ro oster ▁and ▁a ▁golden ▁horse ▁had ▁appeared ▁in ▁the ▁hills ▁or ▁mountains ▁near ▁Y iz hou . ▁While ▁on ▁his ▁mission , ▁assigned ▁by ▁X u and i ▁to ▁bring ▁the ▁alleg ed ▁golden |
▁horse ▁to ▁the ▁capital , ▁Wang ▁became ▁ill ▁and ▁died , ▁to ▁X u and i ' s ▁sorrow . ▁Wang ▁Ba o ▁was ▁a ▁contemporary ▁of ▁Li u ▁X i ang ; ▁however , ▁specific ▁bi ographic ▁dates ▁for ▁him ▁are ▁not ▁available ▁through ▁the ▁known ▁surv iving ▁historical ▁records , ▁but ▁the ▁period ▁in ▁which ▁he ▁wrote ▁the ▁Ch u ci ▁pieces ▁should ▁be ▁between ▁ 6 0 ▁and ▁ 5 0 ▁B CE . ▁ ▁Works ▁Wang ▁Ba o ▁wrote ▁the ▁" N ine ▁Reg rets ", ▁consisting ▁of ▁nine ▁po ems ▁in ▁the ▁" S ong ▁( Sh ij ing )" ▁style , ▁plus ▁a ▁lu an ▁( en vo i ), ▁which ▁were ▁incorpor ated ▁into ▁the ▁Ch u ▁ci ▁anth ology , ▁as ▁its ▁ 1 1 th ▁section . ▁Wang ▁Ba o ▁is ▁also ▁known ▁for ▁writing ▁in ▁the ▁fu ▁style , ▁which ▁was ▁particularly ▁popular ▁during ▁the ▁Han ▁D ynast y . ▁ ▁" The ▁S lave ' s ▁Cont ract " ▁is ▁an ▁example ▁of ▁hum orous ▁writing , ▁in ▁which ▁Wang ▁Ba o ▁somewhat ▁cru elly ▁pret ends ▁to ▁propose ▁the ▁purchase ▁of ▁a ▁certain ▁ir as cible ▁old ▁slave , ▁present ing ▁an ▁extended ▁account ▁of ▁the ▁on er ous ▁list ▁of ▁duties ▁to ▁which ▁the ▁slave ▁would ▁then ▁be ▁responsible ▁to ▁perform . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁Ch u ▁ci ▁Fu ▁( po etry ) ▁List ▁of ▁Ch u ci ▁contents ▁Li u ▁X i ang ▁( sch olar ) ▁N ine |
▁Reg rets ▁Qu ▁Y uan ▁Sh u ▁( state ) ▁Wang ▁Y i ▁( li br arian ) ▁ ▁Notes ▁ ▁References ▁David ▁Haw kes , ▁transl ator ▁and ▁introduction ▁( 2 0 1 1 ▁[ 1 9 8 5 ]). ▁Qu ▁Y uan ▁et ▁al ., ▁The ▁Songs ▁of ▁the ▁South : ▁An ▁An cient ▁Chinese ▁Anth ology ▁of ▁Po ems ▁by ▁Qu ▁Y uan ▁and ▁Other ▁Po ets . ▁London : ▁P engu in ▁Books . ▁▁▁▁ ▁Category : 1 st - century ▁BC ▁Chinese ▁po ets ▁Category : H an ▁dynast y ▁po ets ▁Category : Po ets ▁from ▁S ich uan ▁Category : W rit ers ▁from ▁Z iy ang <0x0A> </s> ▁Hal ▁T . ▁H ick el ▁is ▁a ▁visual ▁effects ▁anim ator ▁for ▁Indust rial ▁Light ▁& ▁Magic . ▁ ▁At ▁the ▁age ▁of ▁ 1 2 , ▁H ick el ▁wrote ▁a ▁letter ▁to ▁Lucas film , ▁out lin ing ▁his ▁ideas ▁for ▁a ▁sequ el ▁to ▁the ▁original ▁Star ▁Wars ▁movie ▁( now ▁known ▁as ▁Star ▁Wars ▁E pisode ▁IV : ▁A ▁New ▁Hope ), ▁and ▁received ▁a ▁pol ite ▁re jection ▁letter ▁from ▁producer ▁Gary ▁Kurt z . ▁The ▁letter ▁now ▁hang s ▁on ▁the ▁wall ▁of ▁H ick el ' s ▁office ▁at ▁IL M . ▁Tw enty ▁years ▁later , ▁H ick el ▁found ▁himself ▁working ▁on ▁Star ▁Wars ▁after ▁all , ▁as ▁a ▁lead ▁anim ator ▁on ▁Star ▁Wars : ▁E pisode ▁I ▁– ▁The ▁Ph antom ▁Men ace . ▁ |
▁A ▁native ▁of ▁Ba iley , ▁Colorado , ▁H ick el ▁joined ▁the ▁Film ▁Graphics ▁Program ▁at ▁Cal Ar ts ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 2 . ▁He ▁worked ▁at ▁An - FX ▁from ▁ 1 9 8 2 ▁until ▁ 1 9 8 8 , ▁and ▁then ▁joined ▁Will ▁V inton ▁Studios , ▁working ▁in ▁stop - m otion ▁and ▁motion ▁control . ▁ ▁H ick el ▁began ▁his ▁animation ▁career ▁at ▁P ix ar ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 4 , ▁where ▁he ▁worked ▁on ▁Toy ▁Story ▁and ▁the ▁TH X ▁prom os , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁some ▁of ▁P ix ar ' s ▁short ▁films . ▁H ear ing ▁that ▁a ▁new ▁Star ▁Wars ▁tr il ogy ▁was ▁in ▁pre - production , ▁H ick el ▁applied ▁for ▁a ▁transfer ▁to ▁IL M ▁on ▁the ▁chance ▁that ▁he ▁might ▁get ▁to ▁work ▁on ▁the ▁pre qu els . ▁He ▁was ▁first ▁assigned ▁as ▁an ▁anim ator ▁on ▁The ▁Lost ▁World : ▁Jur ass ic ▁Park , ▁but ▁was ▁eventually ▁assigned ▁to ▁work ▁on ▁The ▁Ph antom ▁Men ace , ▁and ▁later ▁its ▁sequ el , ▁Star ▁Wars : ▁E pisode ▁II ▁– ▁Att ack ▁of ▁the ▁Cl ones , ▁where ▁he ▁was ▁responsible ▁for ▁the ▁unique ▁movement ▁of ▁the ▁Dro ide ka ▁destroy er ▁d roid s . ▁ ▁His ▁other ▁cred its ▁include : ▁A . I . ▁Art ific ial ▁Int elligence , ▁Space ▁Cow bo ys , ▁Dream catch er ▁and ▁Van ▁Hels ing . ▁In ▁ |
2 0 0 7 , ▁H ick el ▁won ▁the ▁B AF TA ▁and ▁the ▁Academy ▁Award ▁for ▁Best ▁Visual ▁Effect s ▁along ▁with ▁John ▁Kn oll , ▁Charles ▁Gib son ▁and ▁Allen ▁Hall , ▁for ▁Pir ates ▁of ▁the ▁Car ib bean : ▁Dead ▁Man ' s ▁Ch est . ▁He ▁also ▁received ▁an ▁Academy ▁Award ▁nom ination ▁for ▁his ▁work ▁on ▁Rog ue ▁One : ▁A ▁Star ▁Wars ▁Story . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Rol ling ▁Out ▁D roid s ▁- ▁An ▁Inter view ▁with ▁Hal ▁H ick el , ▁Star w ars . com , ▁May ▁ 1 2 , ▁ 2 0 0 0 . ▁Visual - effect s ▁master s ▁put ▁the ▁magic ▁in ▁IL M , ▁Z D Net , ▁January ▁ 2 5 , ▁ 2 0 0 7 . ▁ ▁Category : American ▁anim ators ▁Category : Best ▁Visual ▁Effect s ▁Academy ▁Award ▁w inners ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : Place ▁of ▁birth ▁missing ▁( l iving ▁people ) ▁Category : Year ▁of ▁birth ▁missing ▁( l iving ▁people ) ▁Category : Special ▁effects ▁people ▁Category : Stop ▁motion ▁anim ators <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁ge ography ▁of ▁Moz amb ique ▁consists ▁mostly ▁of ▁coast al ▁low lands ▁with ▁u pl ands ▁in ▁its ▁center ▁and ▁high ▁plate aus ▁in ▁the ▁north west . ▁There ▁are ▁also ▁mountains ▁in ▁the ▁western ▁portion . ▁The ▁country ▁is ▁located ▁on ▁the ▁east ▁coast ▁of ▁southern ▁Africa , ▁directly ▁west ▁of ▁the ▁island ▁of ▁Mad |
agas car . ▁Moz amb ique ▁has ▁a ▁tropical ▁climate ▁with ▁two ▁seasons , ▁a ▁wet ▁season ▁from ▁October ▁to ▁March ▁and ▁a ▁dry ▁season ▁from ▁April ▁to ▁September . ▁ ▁Phys ical ▁features ▁ ▁The ▁Coast ▁The ▁coast line ▁extends ▁from ▁ 2 6 ° ▁ 5 2 ′ ▁S . ▁to ▁ 1 0 ° ▁ 4 0 ′ ▁S ., ▁and ▁from ▁south ▁to ▁north ▁makes ▁a ▁double ▁curve ▁with ▁a ▁general ▁tr end ▁out ward ▁to ▁the ▁east . ▁It ▁has ▁a ▁length ▁of ▁. ▁▁ ▁The ▁southern ▁coast line ▁is ▁character ized ▁by ▁sand y ▁be aches ▁back ed ▁by ▁coast al ▁d unes . ▁The ▁d unes ▁can ▁reach ▁up ▁to ▁ 1 2 0 ▁meters ▁in ▁height , ▁and ▁older ▁d unes ▁are ▁veget ated . ▁Be hind ▁the ▁coast al ▁d unes ▁are ▁l ago ons , ▁including ▁river ▁est u aries , ▁closed ▁sal ine ▁l ago ons , ▁and ▁salt ▁la kes . ▁Some ▁ ▁north ▁of ▁the ▁South ▁African ▁front ier ▁is ▁the ▁deep ▁ind entation ▁of ▁Map uto ▁Bay ▁( former ly ▁Del ago a ▁Bay ). ▁The ▁land ▁then ▁turns ▁out ward ▁to ▁Cape ▁Cor r entes , ▁a ▁little ▁north ▁of ▁which ▁is ▁In h amb ane ▁Bay . ▁B ending ▁west ward ▁again ▁and ▁passing ▁the ▁B azar uto ▁Arch ip el ago ▁of ▁several ▁small ▁islands , ▁of ▁which ▁the ▁chief ▁is ▁B azar uto . ▁ ▁Moz amb ique ' s ▁central ▁coast , ▁from ▁B |
azar uto ▁Island ▁north ▁to ▁An go che ▁Island , ▁is ▁known ▁as ▁the ▁B ight ▁of ▁Sof ala ▁or ▁Sof ala ▁Bay . ▁It ▁is ▁also ▁known ▁as ▁the ▁Sw amp ▁Coast , ▁and ▁is ▁ ▁character ized ▁by ▁extensive ▁mang ro ve ▁sw amps ▁and ▁coast al ▁wet lands . ▁As ▁in ▁the ▁south , ▁the ▁coast line ▁is ▁generally ▁low , ▁and ▁har b ours ▁are ▁few ▁and ▁poor . ▁Be ira ▁is ▁the ▁principal ▁se ap ort ▁on ▁the ▁central ▁coast , ▁with ▁rail ▁and ▁highway ▁links ▁to ▁the ▁interior . ▁ ▁The ▁bay ▁has ▁an ▁area ▁of ▁. ▁The ▁contin ental ▁sh elf ▁is ▁up ▁to ▁ 1 4 0 ▁km ▁wide ▁at ▁Be ira , ▁and ▁is ▁Moz amb ique ' s ▁most ▁important ▁marine ▁fish ery . ▁Several ▁large ▁rivers , ▁including ▁the ▁Save , ▁P ung we , ▁and ▁Zam be zi , ▁create ▁cost al ▁est u aries ▁and ▁river ▁del t as , ▁of ▁which ▁the ▁Zam be zi ▁delta ▁is ▁the ▁largest . ▁North ▁of ▁the ▁Zam be zi , ▁the ▁small ▁cor all ine ▁islands ▁of ▁the ▁Prime iras ▁and ▁Seg und as ▁Arch ip el ago ▁lie ▁parallel ▁to ▁the ▁coast . ▁ ▁The ▁northern ▁coast ▁is ▁much ▁ind ented , ▁ab ounding ▁in ▁rock y ▁head lands ▁and ▁rug ged ▁cl iffs , ▁with ▁an ▁almost ▁continuous ▁fr inge ▁of ▁islands . ▁On ▁one ▁of ▁these ▁islands ▁is ▁Moz amb ique , ▁and ▁immediately ▁north ▁of ▁that ▁port ▁is |
▁Con du cia ▁Bay . ▁Some what ▁farther ▁north ▁are ▁two ▁large ▁b ays , ▁Fern ao ▁Vel oso ▁Bay ▁and ▁M emb a ▁Bay . ▁N ac ala ▁on ▁Fern ao ▁ ▁Vel oso ▁Bay ▁is ▁the ▁principal ▁se ap ort ▁on ▁the ▁northern ▁coast , ▁with ▁a ▁rail ▁link ▁to ▁Mal aw i ▁and ▁the ▁coal fields ▁of ▁north western ▁Moz amb ique . ▁North ▁of ▁Fern ao ▁Vel oso ▁and ▁M emb a ▁b ays ▁is ▁P emb a ▁Bay , ▁where ▁there ▁is ▁comm od ious ▁anch orage ▁for ▁heavy ▁dra ug ht ▁vessels . ▁North ▁of ▁P emb a ▁Bay ▁the ▁Qu ir im bas ▁Islands ▁lie ▁off sh ore , ▁and ▁numerous ▁b ays ▁and ▁est u aries ▁indent ▁the ▁coast . ▁Cape ▁Del g ado , ▁the ▁northern most ▁point ▁on ▁Moz amb ique ' s ▁coast , ▁is ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁delta ▁of ▁the ▁R uv uma ▁River , ▁which ▁forms ▁Moz amb ique ' s ▁border ▁with ▁T anz ania . ▁ ▁The ▁northern ▁coast ▁is ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁East ▁African ▁cor al ▁coast , ▁a ▁marine ▁e cor eg ion ▁that ▁extends ▁along ▁the ▁coast s ▁of ▁northern ▁Moz amb ique , ▁T anz ania , ▁and ▁Ken ya . ▁Al ong ▁the ▁northern ▁coast ▁the ▁Moz amb ique ▁Current , ▁which ▁flows ▁south ▁between ▁Mad agas car ▁and ▁the ▁main land , ▁is ▁close ▁to ▁the ▁coast ▁and ▁sc ours ▁out ▁all ▁the ▁so fter ▁material , ▁while ▁at ▁the ▁same ▁time |
▁the ▁cor als ▁are ▁building ▁in ▁deep ▁waters . ▁ ▁O ro graph y ▁O ro graph ically ▁the ▁back bone ▁of ▁the ▁country ▁is ▁the ▁mountain ▁chain ▁which ▁forms ▁the ▁eastern ▁esc arp ment ▁of ▁the ▁contin ental ▁plate au . ▁It ▁does ▁not ▁present ▁a ▁uniformly ▁ab rupt ▁descent ▁to ▁the ▁pla ins , ▁but ▁in ▁places , ▁as ▁in ▁the ▁lower ▁Zam be zi ▁district , ▁s lop es ▁gradually ▁to ▁the ▁coast . ▁The ▁Leb om bo ▁Mountains , ▁behind ▁Del ago a ▁Bay , ▁now here ▁exceed ▁ ▁in ▁height . ▁The ▁Man ica ▁Pl ate au , ▁farther ▁north ▁between ▁the ▁Save ▁and ▁Zam be zi ▁rivers , ▁is ▁higher , ▁rising ▁towards ▁the ▁Eastern ▁High lands ▁along ▁the ▁border ▁with ▁Z imb ab we . ▁Monte ▁B ing a ▁( ), ▁on ▁the ▁border ▁with ▁Z imb ab we , ▁is ▁Moz amb ique ' s ▁highest ▁peak . ▁Mount ▁Gor ong osa ▁() ▁lies ▁north - east ▁of ▁the ▁Man ica ▁Pl ate au , ▁and ▁is , ▁like ▁it , ▁of ▁gran it ic ▁formation . ▁Gor ong osa , ▁rising ▁isolated ▁with ▁precip it ous ▁outer ▁s lop es , ▁has ▁been ▁li ken ed ▁in ▁its ▁aspect ▁to ▁a ▁f row ning ▁cit adel . ▁East ▁of ▁Gor ong osa ▁a ▁gra ben ▁valley ▁extends ▁from ▁the ▁Zam be zi ▁to ▁P ung we ▁Bay , ▁the ▁southern ▁extension ▁of ▁the ▁African ▁R ift ▁Valley . ▁The ▁Ch ering oma ▁Pl ate |
au ▁lies ▁east ▁of ▁the ▁gra ben , ▁s lop ing ▁g ently ▁towards ▁the ▁coast . ▁ ▁The ▁chief ▁mountain ▁range ▁lies ▁north ▁of ▁the ▁Zam be zi , ▁and ▁east ▁of ▁Lake ▁Ch il wa , ▁namely , ▁the ▁Nam uli ▁Mountains , ▁in ▁which ▁Nam uli ▁Pe ak ▁r ises ▁to ▁, ▁and ▁Mol is ani , ▁Mr uli ▁and ▁M res i ▁att ain ▁alt itudes ▁of ▁ ▁These ▁mountains ▁are ▁covered ▁with ▁magnific ent ▁for ests . ▁Far ther ▁north ▁the ▁river ▁bas ins ▁are ▁divided ▁by ▁well - mark ed ▁ranges ▁with ▁height s ▁of ▁ ▁and ▁over . ▁Near ▁the ▁south - east ▁shore ▁of ▁Lake ▁Mal aw i ▁there ▁is ▁a ▁high ▁range ▁( ▁with ▁an ▁ab rupt ▁descent ▁to ▁the ▁lake ▁- ▁some ▁ ▁in ▁. ▁The ▁country ▁between ▁Mal aw i ▁and ▁I bo ▁is ▁remarkable ▁for ▁the ▁number ▁of ▁fant ast ically - sh aped ▁gran ite ▁pe aks , ▁or ▁ins el berg s , ▁which ▁rise ▁from ▁the ▁plate au . ▁▁ ▁The ▁plate au ▁lands ▁west ▁of ▁the ▁esc arp ment ▁are ▁of ▁moder ate ▁elev ation ▁- ▁perhaps ▁aver aging ▁ ▁It ▁is , ▁however , ▁only ▁along ▁the ▁Zam be zi ▁and ▁north ▁of ▁that ▁river ▁that ▁Moz amb ique ' s ▁territory ▁reaches ▁to ▁the ▁contin ental ▁plate au . ▁This ▁northern ▁plain ▁has ▁been ▁categor ised ▁by ▁the ▁World ▁Wild life ▁Fund ▁as ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁Eastern ▁Mi om bo ▁wood lands ▁e cor eg |
ion . ▁ ▁R ivers ▁ ▁Besides ▁the ▁Zam be zi , ▁the ▁most ▁considerable ▁river ▁in ▁Moz amb ique ▁is ▁the ▁L imp opo ▁which ▁enters ▁the ▁Indian ▁Ocean ▁about ▁ ▁north ▁of ▁Map uto ▁Bay . ▁The ▁other ▁Moz amb ican ▁rivers ▁with ▁considerable ▁d rain age ▁areas ▁are ▁the ▁Kom ati , ▁Save , ▁Bu zi , ▁and ▁P ung we ▁south ▁of ▁the ▁Zam be zi , ▁and ▁the ▁Lic ung o ▁( L ik ung o ), ▁Lig on ha , ▁L ú rio , ▁Monte p uez ▁( Mon te p ues i ▁or ▁M te p w esi ), ▁Mess alo ▁( or ▁M sal u ), ▁and ▁R uv uma ▁( or ▁R ov uma ) ▁with ▁its ▁aff lu ent ▁the ▁L ug enda ▁( or ▁Lu j enda ), ▁north ▁of ▁the ▁Zam be zi . ▁ ▁The ▁Save ▁( or ▁Sab i ) ▁r ises ▁in ▁Z imb ab we ▁at ▁an ▁alt itude ▁of ▁over ▁, ▁and ▁after ▁flow ing ▁south ▁for ▁over ▁ ▁turns ▁east ▁and ▁pier ces ▁the ▁mountains ▁some ▁ ▁from ▁the ▁coast , ▁being ▁joined ▁near ▁the ▁Z imb ab we - M oz amb ique ▁front ier ▁by ▁the ▁Lund i . ▁Cat ar act s ▁entirely ▁prevent ▁navigation ▁above ▁this ▁point . ▁Below ▁the ▁Lund i ▁confl u ence ▁the ▁bed ▁of ▁the ▁Save ▁becomes ▁consider ably ▁bro ader , ▁varying ▁from ▁half ▁a ▁mile ▁to ▁two ▁miles ▁( 3 km ). ▁In ▁the |
▁ra iny ▁season ▁the ▁Save ▁is ▁a ▁large ▁stream ▁and ▁even ▁in ▁the ▁" d ries " ▁it ▁can ▁be ▁navig ated ▁from ▁its ▁mouth ▁by ▁shall ow ▁dra ug ht ▁steam ers ▁for ▁over ▁ 1 5 0 ▁miles . ▁Its ▁general ▁direction ▁through ▁Portuguese ▁territory ▁is ▁east ▁by ▁north . ▁At ▁its ▁mouth ▁it ▁forms ▁a ▁delta ▁ ▁in ▁extent . ▁ ▁The ▁Bu zi ▁( 2 2 0 ▁miles ) ▁and ▁P ung we ▁( 1 8 0 ▁miles ) ▁are ▁streams ▁north ▁of ▁and ▁similar ▁in ▁character ▁to ▁the ▁Save . ▁They ▁both ▁rise ▁in ▁the ▁Man ica ▁High lands ▁and ▁enter ▁the ▁ocean ▁in ▁a ▁large ▁est u ary , ▁their ▁mouth s ▁a ▁mile ▁or ▁two ▁apart . ▁The ▁lower ▁reaches ▁of ▁both ▁streams ▁are ▁navig able , ▁the ▁Bu zi ▁for ▁, ▁the ▁P ung we ▁for ▁about ▁. ▁The ▁port ▁of ▁Be ira ▁is ▁at ▁the ▁mouth ▁of ▁the ▁P ung we . ▁ ▁Of ▁the ▁north - Z am be zi ▁streams ▁the ▁Lic ung o , ▁rising ▁in ▁the ▁hills ▁south - east ▁of ▁Lake ▁Ch il wa , ▁flows ▁south ▁and ▁enters ▁the ▁ocean ▁not ▁far ▁north ▁of ▁Qu el im ane . ▁The ▁L ú rio , ▁rising ▁in ▁the ▁Nam uli ▁Mountains , ▁flows ▁north - east , ▁having ▁a ▁course ▁of ▁some ▁. ▁The ▁Monte p ure z ▁and ▁the ▁Mess alo ▁d rain ▁the ▁country ▁between ▁the ▁L ú rio ▁and ▁R uv uma ▁bas ins . ▁Their |
▁banks ▁are ▁in ▁general ▁well - defined ▁and ▁the ▁wet ▁season ▁rise ▁seems ▁fairly ▁constant . ▁ ▁Som ali ▁Pl ate ▁Ge olog ists ▁have ▁divided ▁the ▁Ph an ero zo ic ▁era ▁of ▁Moz amb ique ' s ▁ge ology ▁into ▁the ▁Kar oo ▁and ▁post - Kar oo ▁era . ▁This ▁termin ology ▁is ▁mostly ▁used ▁per tain ing ▁to ▁studies ▁of ▁the ▁struct ural ▁and ▁strat ig raph ic ▁composition ▁of ▁rocks ▁in ▁the ▁Zam be zi ▁valley . ▁Moz amb ique ▁entirely ▁lies ▁within ▁the ▁Som ali ▁Pl ate . ▁ ▁Cl imate ▁▁ ▁Moz amb ique ▁has ▁a ▁tropical ▁climate ▁with ▁two ▁seasons , ▁a ▁wet ▁season ▁from ▁October ▁to ▁March ▁and ▁a ▁dry ▁season ▁from ▁April ▁to ▁September . ▁Cl im atic ▁conditions ▁vary ▁depending ▁on ▁alt itude . ▁Rain fall ▁is ▁heavy ▁along ▁the ▁coast ▁and ▁decre ases ▁in ▁the ▁north ▁and ▁south . ▁▁ ▁Ann ual ▁precip itation ▁var ies ▁from ▁ ▁depending ▁on ▁the ▁region ▁with ▁an ▁average ▁of ▁. ▁Cy cl ones ▁are ▁also ▁common ▁during ▁the ▁wet ▁season . ▁A verage ▁temperature ▁ranges ▁in ▁Map uto ▁are ▁from ▁ ▁in ▁July ▁to ▁ ▁in ▁February . ▁ ▁Fact s ▁ ▁Area : ▁total : ▁ ▁land : ▁ 7 8 6 , 3 8 0 ▁km ² ▁water : ▁ 1 3 , 0 0 0 ▁km ² ▁ ▁Capital ▁Map uto ▁( L our en ço ▁Mar ques ) ▁ ▁Major ▁C ities ▁Mat ola ▁N amp ula ▁Be ira ▁Ch |
imo io ▁N ac ala ▁Qu el im ane ▁T ete ▁L ich ing a ▁P emb a ▁( Port o ▁Am elia ) ▁ ▁Other ▁C ities ▁An go che ▁( Ant ón io ▁En es ) ▁ ▁Land ▁boundaries : ▁total : ▁ 4 , 5 7 1 ▁km ▁border ▁countries : ▁Mal aw i ▁ 1 , 5 6 9 ▁km , ▁South ▁Africa ▁ 4 9 1 ▁km , ▁Sw az il and ▁ 1 0 5 km , ▁T anz ania ▁ 7 5 6 km , ▁Z amb ia ▁ 4 1 9 km , ▁Z imb ab we ▁ 1 , 2 3 1 km ▁ ▁Coast line : ▁ 2 , 4 7 0 ▁km ▁ ▁Mar itime ▁claims : ▁territorial ▁sea : ▁ ▁exclusive ▁economic ▁zone : ▁ ▁and ▁▁ ▁E lev ation ▁extrem es : ▁lowest ▁point : ▁Indian ▁Ocean ▁ 0 ▁m ▁highest ▁point : ▁Monte ▁B ing a ▁ 2 ▁ 4 3 6 ▁m ▁ ▁Natural ▁resources : ▁coal , ▁tit an ium , ▁natural ▁gas , ▁hyd rop ower , ▁tant al um , ▁graph ite ▁ ▁Land ▁use : ▁a rable ▁land : ▁ 6 . 5 1 % ▁( 2 0 1 1 ), ▁ 5 . 4 3 % ▁( 2 0 0 5 ▁est .), ▁ 3 . 9 8 % ▁( 1 9 9 8 ▁est .) ▁permanent ▁cro ps : ▁ 0 . 2 5 % ▁( 2 0 |
1 1 ), ▁ 0 . 2 9 % ▁( 2 0 0 5 ▁est .), ▁ 0 . 2 9 % ▁( 1 9 9 8 ▁est .) ▁other : ▁ 9 3 . 2 4 % ▁( 2 0 1 1 ), ▁ 9 4 . 2 8 % ▁( 2 0 0 5 ▁est .), ▁ 9 5 . 7 3 % ▁( 1 9 9 8 ▁est .) ▁ ▁Ir rig ated ▁land : ▁ 1 , 1 8 1 ▁km ² ▁( 2 0 0 3 ) ▁ ▁Total ▁renew able ▁water ▁resources : ▁ 2 1 7 . 1 ▁km 3 ▁( 2 0 1 1 ) ▁ ▁Natural ▁ha z ards : ▁severe ▁dr ought s ; ▁dev ast ating ▁cycl ones ▁and ▁flo ods ▁occur ▁in ▁central ▁and ▁southern ▁provinces ▁ ▁Environment ▁- ▁current ▁issues : ▁a ▁long ▁civil ▁war ▁and ▁rec urrent ▁dr ought ▁in ▁the ▁hinter lands ▁have ▁resulted ▁in ▁increased ▁migration ▁of ▁the ▁population ▁to ▁urban ▁and ▁coast al ▁areas ▁with ▁ad verse ▁environmental ▁consequences ; ▁desert ification ; ▁poll ution ▁of ▁surface ▁and ▁coast al ▁waters ; ▁ele ph ant ▁po aching ▁for ▁iv ory ▁is ▁a ▁problem ▁ ▁Environment ▁- ▁international ▁agre ements : ▁party ▁to : ▁B iod iversity , ▁Cl imate ▁Change , ▁Cl imate ▁Change - K y oto ▁Pro tocol , ▁Des ert ification , ▁End anger ed ▁Species , ▁Haz ard ous ▁W ast es , ▁Law ▁of ▁the ▁Sea , ▁O zone ▁L ayer |
▁Prote ction , ▁Sh ip ▁Pol l ution , ▁W et lands ▁ ▁E cor eg ions ▁ ▁Eastern ▁Mi om bo ▁wood lands ▁ ▁Eastern ▁Z imb ab we ▁mont ane ▁forest - gr ass land ▁m osa ic ▁ ▁Map ut aland ▁coast al ▁forest ▁m osa ic ▁ ▁Southern ▁Mi om bo ▁wood lands ▁ ▁Southern ▁R ift ▁mont ane ▁forest - gr ass land ▁m osa ic ▁ ▁Southern ▁Z anz ib ar - In h amb ane ▁coast al ▁forest ▁m osa ic ▁ ▁Zam bez ian ▁coast al ▁flo oded ▁sav anna ▁ ▁Zam bez ian ▁flo oded ▁grass lands ▁ ▁Zam bez ian ▁hal oph ytics ▁ ▁Zam bez ian ▁and ▁M op ane ▁wood lands ▁ ▁East ▁African ▁mang ro ves ▁ ▁Ext reme ▁points ▁ ▁This ▁is ▁a ▁list ▁of ▁the ▁extreme ▁points ▁of ▁Moz amb ique , ▁the ▁points ▁that ▁are ▁farther ▁north , ▁south , ▁east ▁or ▁west ▁than ▁any ▁other ▁location . ▁▁ ▁Northern most ▁point ▁- ▁M outh ▁of ▁the ▁R ov uma ▁River , ▁Cab o ▁Del g ado ▁Province ▁ ▁Eastern most ▁point ▁- ▁un named ▁head land ▁east ▁of ▁the ▁village ▁of ▁Ama de , ▁N amp ula ▁Province ▁ ▁Southern most ▁point ▁- ▁un named ▁location ▁on ▁the ▁border ▁with ▁South ▁Africa ▁east ▁of ▁the ▁South ▁African ▁town ▁of ▁Mos i , ▁Map uto ▁Province ▁ ▁Western most ▁point ▁- ▁the ▁point ▁where ▁the ▁border ▁with ▁Z amb ia ▁enters ▁the ▁Lu ang wa ▁river , |
▁T ete ▁Province ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁Moz amb ique ▁Monte ▁Mu am be ▁Vol cano es ▁of ▁Moz amb ique ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁▁ ▁We ather ▁in ▁Moz amb ique ▁from ▁Free ▁Tour ist ▁Information ▁ ▁Moz amb ique ▁Geography ▁from ▁Southern ▁Africa ▁Places ▁ ▁Moz amb ique ▁- ▁Geography ▁and ▁Environment ▁from ▁Ox f am ' s ▁" C ool ▁Planet " ▁ ▁Integr ated ▁ge ological ▁interpretation ▁of ▁rem ot ely ▁sens ed ▁data ▁to ▁support ▁ge ological ▁mapping ▁in ▁Moz amb ique ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁sv : Mo ç amb ique # Ge ografi <0x0A> </s> ▁Bio che ' s ▁rules , ▁form ulated ▁by ▁the ▁French ▁math ematic ian ▁Charles ▁Bio che ▁( 1 8 5 9 – 1 9 4 9 ), ▁are ▁rules ▁to ▁aid ▁in ▁the ▁computation ▁of ▁certain ▁in defin ite ▁integr als ▁in ▁which ▁the ▁integr and ▁contains ▁s ines ▁and ▁cos ines . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁following , ▁ ▁is ▁a ▁rational ▁expression ▁in ▁ ▁and ▁. ▁In ▁order ▁to ▁calculate ▁, ▁consider ▁the ▁integr and ▁. ▁We ▁consider ▁the ▁behavior ▁of ▁this ▁entire ▁integr and , ▁including ▁the ▁, ▁under ▁translation ▁and ▁ref lections ▁of ▁the ▁t ▁axis . ▁The ▁transl ations ▁and ▁ref lections ▁are ▁ones ▁that ▁correspond ▁to ▁the ▁symmet ries ▁and ▁periodic ities ▁of ▁the ▁basic ▁trig on ometric ▁functions . ▁ ▁Bio che ' s ▁rules ▁state ▁that : ▁▁ ▁If ▁, ▁a ▁good ▁change ▁of ▁variables ▁is ▁. ▁ ▁If ▁, ▁a ▁good ▁change ▁of ▁variables ▁is |
▁. ▁ ▁If ▁, ▁a ▁good ▁change ▁of ▁variables ▁is ▁. ▁ ▁If ▁two ▁of ▁the ▁preceding ▁relations ▁both ▁hold , ▁a ▁good ▁change ▁of ▁variables ▁is ▁. ▁ ▁In ▁all ▁other ▁cases , ▁use ▁. ▁ ▁Because ▁rules ▁ 1 ▁and ▁ 2 ▁involve ▁f li pping ▁the ▁t ▁axis , ▁they ▁f lip ▁the ▁sign ▁of ▁dt , ▁and ▁therefore ▁the ▁behavior ▁of ▁ ω ▁under ▁these ▁transformations ▁diff ers ▁from ▁that ▁of ▁ ƒ ▁by ▁a ▁sign . ▁Although ▁the ▁rules ▁could ▁be ▁stated ▁in ▁terms ▁of ▁ ƒ , ▁stating ▁them ▁in ▁terms ▁of ▁ ω ▁has ▁a ▁m nem onic ▁advantage , ▁which ▁is ▁that ▁we ▁choose ▁the ▁change ▁of ▁variables ▁u ( t ) ▁that ▁has ▁the ▁same ▁symmetry ▁as ω . ▁ ▁Ex amples ▁ ▁Example ▁ 1 ▁As ▁a ▁trivial ▁example , ▁consider ▁ ▁Then ▁ ▁is ▁an ▁odd ▁function , ▁but ▁under ▁a ▁reflection ▁of ▁the ▁t ▁axis ▁about ▁the ▁origin , ▁ ω ▁stays ▁the ▁same . ▁That ▁is , ▁ ω ▁acts ▁like ▁an ▁even ▁function . ▁This ▁is ▁the ▁same ▁as ▁the ▁symmetry ▁of ▁the ▁cos ine , ▁which ▁is ▁an ▁even ▁function , ▁so ▁the ▁m nem onic ▁tells ▁us ▁to ▁use ▁the ▁substitution ▁ ▁( rule ▁ 1 ). ▁Under ▁this ▁substitution , ▁the ▁integral ▁becomes ▁. ▁The ▁integr and ▁involving ▁trans c endent al ▁functions ▁has ▁been ▁reduced ▁to ▁one ▁involving ▁a ▁rational ▁function ▁( a ▁constant ). ▁The ▁result ▁is ▁, ▁which ▁is ▁of ▁course ▁elementary |
▁and ▁could ▁have ▁been ▁done ▁without ▁Bio che ' s ▁rules . ▁ ▁Example ▁ 2 ▁The ▁integr and ▁in ▁ ▁has ▁the ▁same ▁symmet ries ▁as ▁the ▁one ▁in ▁example ▁ 1 , ▁so ▁we ▁use ▁the ▁same ▁substitution ▁. ▁So ▁ ▁= ▁ ▁= ▁. ▁ ▁This ▁transform s ▁the ▁integral ▁into ▁ ▁which ▁can ▁be ▁integrated ▁using ▁partial ▁fra ctions , ▁since ▁. ▁The ▁result ▁is ▁that ▁ ▁Example ▁ 3 ▁Consider ▁ ▁where ▁. ▁Although ▁the ▁function ▁f ▁is ▁even , ▁the ▁integr and ▁as ▁a ▁whole ▁ ω ▁is ▁odd , ▁so ▁it ▁does ▁not ▁fall ▁under ▁rule ▁ 1 . ▁It ▁also ▁la cks ▁the ▁symmet ries ▁described ▁in ▁rules ▁ 2 ▁and ▁ 3 , ▁so ▁we ▁fall ▁back ▁to ▁the ▁last - res ort ▁substitution ▁. ▁ ▁Using ▁, ▁and ▁a ▁second ▁substitution ▁, ▁this ▁leads ▁to ▁the ▁result ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Zw ill inger , ▁Hand book ▁of ▁Integr ation , ▁p . 1 0 8 ▁ ▁Stewart , ▁How ▁to ▁Integr ate ▁It : ▁A ▁practical ▁guide ▁to ▁finding ▁elementary ▁integr als , ▁pp . 1 9 0 − 1 9 7 . ▁ ▁Category : Integr al ▁calculus ▁Category : The or ems ▁in ▁calculus <0x0A> </s> ▁John ▁Burn ett ▁( J uly ▁ 4 , ▁ 1 8 3 1 ▁– ▁March ▁ 1 , ▁ 1 9 0 1 ) ▁was ▁an ▁American ▁judge ▁in ▁the ▁state ▁of ▁Oregon . ▁He ▁was ▁the ▁ 2 4 th ▁Associ |
ate ▁Justice ▁of ▁the ▁Oregon ▁Supreme ▁Court . ▁A ▁native ▁of ▁Missouri , ▁he ▁also ▁served ▁as ▁a ▁county ▁and ▁circuit ▁court ▁judge ▁in ▁Oregon , ▁and ▁was ▁elected ▁to ▁the ▁Oregon ▁State ▁Senate . ▁ ▁Early ▁life ▁Burn ett ▁was ▁born ▁on ▁July ▁ 4 , ▁ 1 8 3 1 ▁in ▁Louisiana , ▁Missouri ▁to ▁Jane ▁and ▁Benjamin ▁Burn ett . ▁He ▁was ▁educated ▁in ▁Missouri ▁before ▁the ▁family ▁moved ▁to ▁California . ▁Burn ett ▁engaged ▁in ▁gold ▁min ing ▁from ▁ 1 8 4 9 ▁to ▁ 1 8 5 1 ▁before ▁returning ▁to ▁Missouri . ▁In ▁ 1 8 5 3 , ▁Burn ett ▁set ▁off ▁for ▁Nev ada ▁County , ▁California ▁with ▁a ▁band ▁of ▁cattle ▁and ▁upon ▁his ▁arrival ▁he ▁returned ▁to ▁gold ▁min ing . ▁ ▁Oregon ▁Burn ett ▁then ▁moved ▁north ▁to ▁Oregon ▁Territ ory ▁in ▁ 1 8 5 8 . ▁The ▁following ▁year ▁he ▁married ▁the ▁former ▁Mar tha ▁H inton ▁and ▁they ▁settled ▁in ▁Bent on ▁County , ▁Oregon ▁where ▁they ▁raised ▁seven ▁children . ▁Burn ett ▁also ▁studied ▁law ▁and ▁began ▁private ▁law ▁practice ▁in ▁ 1 8 6 0 . ▁ ▁Then ▁in ▁ 1 8 7 0 ▁he ▁was ▁elected ▁as ▁judge ▁in ▁Bent on ▁County . ▁Next , ▁in ▁ 1 8 7 4 ▁he ▁won ▁election ▁to ▁the ▁Oregon ▁Supreme ▁Court . ▁ ▁He ▁left ▁the ▁state ' s ▁high ▁court ▁at ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁term ▁in ▁ 1 8 7 6 . ▁ ▁Burn ett |
▁won ▁election ▁to ▁the ▁Oregon ▁State ▁Senate ▁in ▁ 1 8 7 8 ▁as ▁a ▁Dem ocrat ▁from ▁Bent on ▁County . ▁Then ▁in ▁ 1 8 8 2 ▁Oregon ▁Governor ▁Th ayer ▁appointed ▁Burn ett ▁to ▁the ▁Oregon ▁circuit ▁court ▁for ▁the ▁ 2 nd ▁district . ▁Burn ett ▁died ▁on ▁March ▁ 1 , ▁ 1 9 0 1 ▁in ▁Cor v all is , ▁Oregon . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : O regon ▁Supreme ▁Court ▁just ices ▁Category : 1 8 3 1 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 8 9 0 ▁death s ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁Missouri ▁Category : O regon ▁state ▁sen ators ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 th - century ▁American ▁polit icians <0x0A> </s> ▁C open hagen ▁is ▁the ▁location ▁of ▁many ▁notable ▁buildings , ▁representing ▁a ▁variety ▁of ▁er as ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁functions . ▁ ▁Cast les ▁and ▁pal aces ▁ ▁* ▁Ar ound ▁ 1 4 2 0 ▁a ▁for tr ess ▁was ▁built ▁where ▁K ron borg ▁is ▁located ▁today . ▁ ▁Church es ▁ ▁Prof ane ▁buildings ▁ ▁* ▁F . i . ▁Fair y ▁tales ▁author ▁H . C . ▁Anders en ▁and ▁scient ists ▁N iels ▁Bo hr ▁and ▁H . C . ▁ Ø r sted ▁ ▁F ount ains ▁and ▁monuments ▁ ▁Contempor ary ▁architecture ▁ ▁References ▁▁▁ ▁C open hagen ▁Category : C open hagen - related ▁lists <0x0A> </s> ▁Orange ▁is ▁the ▁colour ▁between ▁yellow ▁and ▁red ▁on ▁the ▁spectrum ▁of ▁visible ▁light . |
▁Human ▁eyes ▁perce ive ▁orange ▁when ▁obser ving ▁light ▁with ▁a ▁dominant ▁w avel ength ▁between ▁roughly ▁ 5 8 5 ▁and ▁ 6 2 0 ▁nan omet res . ▁In ▁painting ▁and ▁traditional ▁colour ▁theory , ▁it ▁is ▁a ▁secondary ▁colour ▁of ▁p ig ments , ▁created ▁by ▁mixing ▁yellow ▁and ▁red . ▁It ▁is ▁named ▁after ▁the ▁fruit ▁of ▁the ▁same ▁name . ▁ ▁The ▁orange ▁colour ▁of ▁car ro ts , ▁p ump kins , ▁sweet ▁pot atoes , ▁or anges , ▁and ▁many ▁other ▁f ruits ▁and ▁veget ables ▁comes ▁from ▁car oten es , ▁a ▁type ▁of ▁photos yn th etic ▁p ig ment . ▁These ▁p ig ments ▁convert ▁the ▁light ▁energy ▁that ▁the ▁plants ▁abs orb ▁from ▁the ▁sun ▁into ▁chemical ▁energy ▁for ▁the ▁plants ' ▁growth . ▁Similarly ▁the ▁h ues ▁of ▁aut umn ▁leaves ▁are ▁from ▁the ▁same ▁p ig ment ▁after ▁ch lor oph yll ▁is ▁removed . ▁ ▁In ▁Europe ▁and ▁America , ▁surve ys ▁show ▁that ▁orange ▁is ▁the ▁colour ▁most ▁associated ▁with ▁am usement , ▁the ▁un con vent ional , ▁ext ro ver ts , ▁warm th , ▁fire , ▁energy , ▁activity , ▁danger , ▁taste ▁and ▁a rom a , ▁the ▁aut umn ▁and ▁All h allow t ide ▁seasons , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁having ▁long ▁been ▁the ▁national ▁colour ▁of ▁the ▁Netherlands ▁and ▁the ▁House ▁of ▁Orange . ▁It ▁also ▁serves ▁as ▁the ▁political ▁colour ▁of ▁Christian ▁dem ocracy ▁political ▁ide ology ▁and ▁most ▁Christian ▁dem |
ocr atic ▁political ▁parties . ▁In ▁Asia ▁it ▁is ▁an ▁important ▁symbol ic ▁colour ▁of ▁Buddh ism ▁and ▁H indu ism . ▁ ▁In ▁nature ▁and ▁culture ▁ ▁Et ym ology ▁In ▁English , ▁the ▁colour ▁orange ▁is ▁named ▁after ▁the ▁appearance ▁of ▁the ▁ri pe ▁orange ▁fruit . ▁The ▁word ▁comes ▁from ▁the ▁Old ▁French ▁orange , ▁from ▁the ▁old ▁term ▁for ▁the ▁fruit , ▁pom me ▁d ' or ange . ▁The ▁French ▁word , ▁in ▁turn , ▁comes ▁from ▁the ▁Italian ▁ar ancia , ▁based ▁on ▁Arab ic ▁n ā ran j ▁( ), ▁derived ▁from ▁the ▁S ansk rit ▁n ā ra ṅ ga ▁( न ा र <0xE0> <0xA4> <0x99> ् ग ). ▁The ▁earliest ▁known ▁recorded ▁use ▁of ▁orange ▁as ▁a ▁colour ▁name ▁in ▁English ▁was ▁in ▁ 1 5 0 2 , ▁in ▁a ▁description ▁of ▁cl othing ▁purchased ▁for ▁Margaret ▁T ud or . ▁Another ▁early ▁recorded ▁use ▁was ▁in ▁ 1 5 1 2 , ▁in ▁a ▁will ▁now ▁file d ▁with ▁the ▁Public ▁Record ▁Office . ▁The ▁place - name ▁" O range " ▁has ▁a ▁separate ▁et ym ology ▁and ▁is ▁not ▁related ▁to ▁that ▁of ▁the ▁color . ▁ ▁Prior ▁to ▁this ▁word ' s ▁being ▁introduced ▁to ▁the ▁English - spe aking ▁world , ▁sa ff ron ▁already ▁existed ▁in ▁the ▁English ▁language . ▁Cro g ▁also ▁referred ▁to ▁the ▁sa ff ron ▁colour , ▁so ▁that ▁orange ▁was ▁also ▁referred ▁to ▁as ▁ ġ e ol ur ē ad |
▁( yellow - red ) ▁for ▁re dd ish ▁orange , ▁or ▁ ġ e ol uc rog ▁( yellow - s aff ron ) ▁for ▁yellow ish ▁orange . ▁Alternatively , ▁orange ▁things ▁were ▁sometimes ▁described ▁as ▁red ▁such ▁as ▁red ▁de er , ▁red ▁hair , ▁the ▁Red ▁Planet ▁and ▁ro bin ▁red bre ast . ▁ ▁History ▁and ▁art ▁In ▁ancient ▁Egypt , ▁artists ▁used ▁an ▁orange ▁min eral ▁p ig ment ▁called ▁real gar ▁for ▁tomb ▁paint ings , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁other ▁uses . ▁It ▁was ▁also ▁used ▁later ▁by ▁Med ieval ▁artists ▁for ▁the ▁colour ing ▁of ▁manuscript s . ▁P ig ments ▁were ▁also ▁made ▁in ▁ancient ▁times ▁from ▁a ▁min eral ▁known ▁as ▁or p iment . ▁Or p iment ▁was ▁an ▁important ▁item ▁of ▁trade ▁in ▁the ▁Roman ▁Empire ▁and ▁was ▁used ▁as ▁a ▁medicine ▁in ▁China ▁although ▁it ▁contains ▁ar sen ic ▁and ▁is ▁highly ▁to xic . ▁It ▁was ▁also ▁used ▁as ▁a ▁fly ▁poison ▁and ▁to ▁poison ▁ar rows . ▁Because ▁of ▁its ▁yellow - or ange ▁colour , ▁it ▁was ▁also ▁a ▁favour ite ▁with ▁al chem ists ▁searching ▁for ▁a ▁way ▁to ▁make ▁gold , ▁both ▁in ▁China ▁and ▁in ▁the ▁West . ▁ ▁Before ▁the ▁late ▁ 1 5 th ▁century , ▁the ▁colour ▁orange ▁existed ▁in ▁Europe , ▁but ▁without ▁the ▁name ; ▁it ▁was ▁simply ▁called ▁yellow - red . ▁Portuguese ▁mer ch ants ▁brought ▁the ▁first ▁orange ▁trees ▁to ▁Europe ▁from ▁Asia ▁in ▁the ▁late |
▁ 1 5 th ▁and ▁early ▁ 1 6 th ▁century , ▁along ▁with ▁the ▁S ansk rit ▁nar anga , ▁which ▁gradually ▁became ▁part ▁of ▁several ▁European ▁languages : ▁" n aran ja " ▁in ▁Spanish , ▁" lar anja " ▁in ▁Portuguese , ▁and ▁" or ange " ▁in ▁English . ▁ ▁House ▁of ▁Orange ▁The ▁House ▁of ▁Orange - N ass au ▁was ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁most ▁influ ential ▁royal ▁houses ▁in ▁Europe ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 6 th ▁and ▁ 1 7 th ▁centuries . ▁It ▁origin ated ▁in ▁ 1 1 6 3 ▁the ▁tiny ▁Princi p ality ▁of ▁Orange , ▁a ▁fe ud al ▁state ▁of ▁ ▁north ▁of ▁Av ignon ▁in ▁southern ▁France . ▁The ▁Princi p ality ▁of ▁Orange ▁took ▁its ▁name ▁not ▁from ▁the ▁fruit , ▁but ▁from ▁a ▁Roman - C elt ic ▁settlement ▁on ▁the ▁site ▁which ▁was ▁founded ▁in ▁ 3 6 ▁or ▁ 3 5 ▁BC ▁and ▁was ▁named ▁Ara us io , ▁after ▁a ▁C elt ic ▁water ▁god ; ▁however , ▁the ▁name ▁may ▁have ▁been ▁slightly ▁alter ed , ▁and ▁the ▁town ▁associated ▁with ▁the ▁colour , ▁because ▁it ▁was ▁on ▁the ▁route ▁by ▁which ▁quantities ▁of ▁or anges ▁were ▁brought ▁from ▁southern ▁ports ▁such ▁as ▁Marse ille ▁to ▁northern ▁France . ▁ ▁The ▁family ▁of ▁the ▁Prince ▁of ▁Orange ▁eventually ▁adopted ▁the ▁name ▁and ▁the ▁colour ▁orange ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 5 7 0 s . ▁The ▁colour ▁came ▁to ▁be ▁associated ▁with ▁Protest ant ism |
, ▁due ▁to ▁participation ▁by ▁the ▁House ▁of ▁Orange ▁on ▁the ▁Protest ant ▁side ▁in ▁the ▁French ▁Wars ▁of ▁Religion . ▁One ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁house , ▁William ▁I ▁of ▁Orange , ▁organ ised ▁the ▁Dutch ▁resistance ▁against ▁Spain , ▁a ▁war ▁that ▁last ed ▁eight y ▁years , ▁until ▁the ▁Netherlands ▁won ▁its ▁independence . ▁The ▁House ' s ▁arg u ably ▁most ▁prominent ▁member , ▁William ▁III ▁of ▁Orange , ▁became ▁King ▁of ▁England ▁in ▁ 1 6 8 9 , ▁after ▁the ▁down fall ▁of ▁the ▁Catholic ▁James ▁II . ▁ ▁Due ▁to ▁William ▁III , ▁orange ▁became ▁an ▁important ▁political ▁colour ▁in ▁Britain ▁and ▁Europe . ▁William ▁was ▁a ▁Protest ant , ▁and ▁as ▁such ▁he ▁def ended ▁the ▁Protest ant ▁minor ity ▁of ▁Ireland ▁against ▁the ▁majority ▁Roman ▁Catholic ▁population . ▁As ▁a ▁result , ▁the ▁Protest ants ▁of ▁Ireland ▁were ▁known ▁as ▁Or ang emen . ▁Orange ▁eventually ▁became ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁colours ▁of ▁the ▁Irish ▁flag , ▁symbol ising ▁the ▁Protest ant ▁her itage . ▁His ▁re bel ▁flag ▁became ▁the ▁for er un ner ▁of ▁The ▁Netherlands ' ▁modern ▁flag . ▁ ▁When ▁the ▁Dutch ▁sett lers ▁of ▁British ▁Cape ▁Col ony ▁( now ▁part ▁of ▁South ▁Africa ) ▁migr ated ▁against ▁the ▁British ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 th ▁century , ▁they ▁founded ▁what ▁they ▁called ▁the ▁Orange ▁Free ▁State . ▁In ▁the ▁United ▁States , ▁the ▁flag ▁of ▁the ▁City ▁of ▁New ▁York ▁has ▁an ▁orange ▁stri pe , ▁to ▁remember ▁the ▁Dutch |
▁colon ists ▁who ▁founded ▁the ▁city . ▁William ▁of ▁Orange ▁is ▁also ▁remembered ▁as ▁the ▁founder ▁of ▁the ▁College ▁of ▁William ▁& ▁Mary , ▁and ▁N ass au ▁County ▁in ▁New ▁York ▁is ▁named ▁after ▁the ▁House ▁of ▁Orange - N ass au . ▁▁ 1 8 th ▁and ▁ 1 9 th ▁century ▁In ▁the ▁ 1 8 th ▁century ▁orange ▁was ▁sometimes ▁used ▁to ▁dep ict ▁the ▁ro bes ▁of ▁Pom ona , ▁the ▁god dess ▁of ▁fruit ful ▁abund ance ; ▁her ▁name ▁came ▁from ▁the ▁pom on , ▁the ▁Latin ▁word ▁for ▁fruit . ▁Or anges ▁themselves ▁became ▁more ▁common ▁in ▁northern ▁Europe , ▁thanks ▁to ▁the ▁ 1 7 th ▁century ▁in vention ▁of ▁the ▁he ated ▁green house , ▁a ▁building ▁type ▁which ▁became ▁known ▁as ▁an ▁or anger ie . ▁The ▁French ▁artist ▁Jean - H on or é ▁F rag on ard ▁dep icted ▁an ▁alleg or ical ▁figure ▁of ▁" in sp iration " ▁dressed ▁in ▁orange . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 7 9 7 ▁a ▁French ▁scient ist ▁Louis ▁V au quel in ▁discovered ▁the ▁min eral ▁cro co ite , ▁or ▁lead ▁chrom ate , ▁which ▁led ▁in ▁ 1 8 0 9 ▁to ▁the ▁in vention ▁of ▁the ▁synth etic ▁p ig ment ▁chrome ▁orange . ▁Other ▁synth etic ▁p ig ments , ▁c ob alt ▁red , ▁c ob alt ▁yellow , ▁and ▁c ob alt ▁orange , ▁the ▁last ▁made ▁from ▁cad m ium ▁sul f ide ▁plus ▁cad |
m ium ▁s elen ide , ▁soon ▁followed . ▁These ▁new ▁p ig ments , ▁plus ▁the ▁in vention ▁of ▁the ▁metal ▁paint ▁t ube ▁in ▁ 1 8 4 1 , ▁made ▁it ▁possible ▁for ▁artists ▁to ▁paint ▁out do ors ▁and ▁to ▁capture ▁the ▁colours ▁of ▁natural ▁light . ▁ ▁In ▁Britain ▁orange ▁became ▁highly ▁popular ▁with ▁the ▁Pre - R ap ha el ites ▁and ▁with ▁history ▁pain ters . ▁The ▁flow ing ▁red - or ange ▁hair ▁of ▁Elizabeth ▁S idd al , ▁a ▁pro l ific ▁model ▁and ▁the ▁wife ▁of ▁painter ▁D ante ▁Gabriel ▁Ros set ti , ▁became ▁a ▁symbol ▁of ▁the ▁Pre - R ap ha el ite ▁movement , ▁Lord ▁Le ight on , ▁the ▁president ▁of ▁the ▁Royal ▁Academy , ▁produced ▁Fl aming ▁June , ▁a ▁painting ▁of ▁a ▁sleep ing ▁young ▁woman ▁in ▁a ▁bright ▁orange ▁dress , ▁which ▁won ▁wide ▁acc laim . ▁Albert ▁Joseph ▁Moore ▁painted ▁fest ive ▁scenes ▁of ▁Rom ans ▁we aring ▁orange ▁clo aks ▁br ighter ▁than ▁any ▁the ▁Rom ans ▁ever ▁likely ▁wore . ▁In ▁the ▁United ▁States , ▁W ins low ▁H omer ▁bright ened ▁his ▁p alette ▁with ▁v ivid ▁or anges . ▁ ▁In ▁France ▁pain ters ▁took ▁orange ▁in ▁an ▁entirely ▁different ▁direction . ▁In ▁ 1 8 7 2 ▁Claude ▁Mon et ▁painted ▁Im pression , ▁Sun r ise , ▁a ▁tiny ▁orange ▁sun ▁and ▁some ▁orange ▁light ▁reflected ▁on ▁the ▁clouds ▁and ▁water ▁in ▁the ▁centre ▁of ▁a ▁ha zy |
▁blue ▁landscape . ▁This ▁painting ▁gave ▁its ▁name ▁to ▁the ▁impression ist ▁movement . ▁ ▁Orange ▁became ▁an ▁important ▁colour ▁for ▁all ▁the ▁impression ist ▁pain ters . ▁They ▁all ▁had ▁studied ▁the ▁recent ▁books ▁on ▁colour ▁theory , ▁and ▁they ▁know ▁that ▁orange ▁placed ▁next ▁to ▁azure ▁blue ▁made ▁both ▁colours ▁much ▁br ighter . ▁August e ▁Ren oir ▁painted ▁boats ▁with ▁stri pes ▁of ▁chrome ▁orange ▁paint ▁straight ▁from ▁the ▁t ube . ▁Paul ▁C é z anne ▁did ▁not ▁use ▁orange ▁p ig ment , ▁but ▁created ▁his ▁own ▁or anges ▁with ▁touch es ▁of ▁yellow , ▁red ▁and ▁och re ▁against ▁a ▁blue ▁background . ▁Toul ouse - L aut rec ▁often ▁used ▁or anges ▁in ▁the ▁sk ir ts ▁of ▁d anc ers ▁and ▁g own s ▁of ▁Paris iennes ▁in ▁the ▁c af es ▁and ▁clubs ▁he ▁port rayed . ▁For ▁him ▁it ▁was ▁the ▁colour ▁of ▁fest ivity ▁and ▁am usement . ▁ ▁The ▁post - im pression ists ▁went ▁even ▁further ▁with ▁orange . ▁Paul ▁G au gu in ▁used ▁or anges ▁as ▁background s , ▁for ▁cl othing ▁and ▁skin ▁colour , ▁to ▁fill ▁his ▁pictures ▁with ▁light ▁and ▁ex otic ism . ▁But ▁no ▁other ▁painter ▁used ▁orange ▁so ▁often ▁and ▁dram atically ▁as ▁Vincent ▁van ▁G og h . ▁who ▁had ▁shared ▁a ▁house ▁with ▁G au gu in ▁in ▁Ar les ▁for ▁a ▁time . ▁For ▁Van ▁G og h ▁orange ▁and ▁yellow ▁were ▁the ▁pure ▁sun light ▁of ▁Prov ence |
. ▁He ▁created ▁his ▁own ▁or anges ▁with ▁mi xt ures ▁of ▁yellow , ▁och re ▁and ▁red , ▁and ▁placed ▁them ▁next ▁to ▁slash es ▁of ▁s ien na ▁red ▁and ▁bott le ▁green , ▁and ▁below ▁a ▁sky ▁of ▁tur bul ent ▁blue ▁and ▁vio let . ▁He ▁put ▁an ▁orange ▁moon ▁and ▁stars ▁in ▁a ▁c ob alt ▁blue ▁sky . ▁He ▁wrote ▁to ▁his ▁brother ▁The o ▁of ▁" search ing ▁for ▁oppos itions ▁of ▁blue ▁with ▁orange , ▁of ▁red ▁with ▁green , ▁of ▁yellow ▁with ▁vio let , ▁searching ▁for ▁broken ▁colours ▁and ▁neutral ▁colours ▁to ▁harm on ize ▁the ▁brut ality ▁of ▁extrem es , ▁trying ▁to ▁make ▁the ▁colours ▁inten se , ▁and ▁not ▁a ▁harm ony ▁of ▁gre ys ." ▁▁ 2 0 th ▁and ▁ 2 1 st ▁centuries ▁In ▁the ▁ 2 0 th ▁and ▁ 2 1 st ▁centuries , ▁the ▁colour ▁orange ▁had ▁highly ▁varied ▁associations , ▁both ▁positive ▁and ▁negative . ▁ ▁The ▁high ▁visibility ▁of ▁orange ▁made ▁it ▁a ▁popular ▁colour ▁for ▁certain ▁kinds ▁of ▁cl othing ▁and ▁equipment . ▁During ▁the ▁Second ▁World ▁War , ▁US ▁Navy ▁pil ots ▁in ▁the ▁Pacific ▁began ▁to ▁wear ▁orange ▁infl atable ▁life ▁jack ets , ▁which ▁could ▁be ▁sp otted ▁by ▁search ▁and ▁rescue ▁plan es . ▁After ▁the ▁war , ▁these ▁jack ets ▁became ▁common ▁on ▁both ▁civil ian ▁and ▁naval ▁vessels ▁of ▁all ▁sizes , ▁and ▁on ▁aircraft ▁flow n ▁over ▁water . ▁Orange ▁is ▁also ▁widely ▁worn |
▁( to ▁avoid ▁being ▁hit ) ▁by ▁workers ▁on ▁high ways ▁and ▁by ▁cycl ists . ▁ ▁A ▁her b ic ide ▁called ▁Agent ▁Orange ▁was ▁widely ▁sp rayed ▁from ▁aircraft ▁by ▁the ▁Royal ▁Air ▁Force ▁during ▁the ▁Mal ay an ▁Emer gency ▁and ▁the ▁US ▁Air ▁Force ▁during ▁the ▁Vietnam ▁War ▁to ▁remove ▁the ▁forest ▁and ▁j ung le ▁cover ▁beneath ▁which ▁enemy ▁combat ants ▁were ▁believed ▁to ▁be ▁hiding , ▁and ▁to ▁expose ▁their ▁supply ▁routes . ▁The ▁chemical ▁was ▁not ▁actually ▁orange , ▁but ▁took ▁its ▁name ▁from ▁the ▁colour ▁of ▁the ▁steel ▁drums ▁in ▁which ▁it ▁was ▁stored . ▁Agent ▁Orange ▁was ▁to xic , ▁and ▁was ▁later ▁linked ▁to ▁birth ▁defect s ▁and ▁other ▁health ▁problems . ▁ ▁Orange ▁also ▁had ▁and ▁continues ▁to ▁have ▁a ▁political ▁dimension . ▁Orange ▁serves ▁as ▁the ▁colour ▁of ▁Christian ▁dem ocr atic ▁political ▁ide ology , ▁which ▁is ▁based ▁on ▁Catholic ▁social ▁teaching ▁and ▁Ne o - Cal vin ist ▁the ology ; ▁Christian ▁dem ocr atic ▁political ▁parties ▁came ▁to ▁prom in ence ▁in ▁Europe ▁and ▁the ▁Amer icas ▁after ▁World ▁War ▁II . ▁ ▁In ▁Ukraine ▁in ▁November – Dec ember ▁ 2 0 0 4 , ▁it ▁became ▁the ▁colour ▁of ▁the ▁Orange ▁Revolution , ▁a ▁popular ▁movement ▁which ▁carried ▁activ ist ▁and ▁reform er ▁Vik tor ▁Y ush chen ko ▁into ▁the ▁presiden cy . ▁In ▁parts ▁of ▁the ▁world , ▁especially ▁Northern ▁Ireland , ▁the ▁colour ▁is ▁associated ▁with ▁the ▁Orange ▁Order , ▁a ▁Protest ant |
▁frat ernal ▁organisation ▁and ▁related ly , ▁Or ang emen , ▁march es ▁and ▁other ▁social ▁and ▁political ▁activities , ▁with ▁the ▁colour ▁orange ▁being ▁associated ▁with ▁Protest ant ism ▁similar ▁to ▁the ▁Netherlands . ▁ ▁Science ▁ ▁Opt ics ▁ ▁In ▁opt ics , ▁orange ▁is ▁the ▁colour ▁seen ▁by ▁the ▁eye ▁when ▁looking ▁at ▁light ▁with ▁a ▁w avel ength ▁between ▁approximately ▁ 5 8 5 – 6 2 0 nm . ▁It ▁has ▁a ▁h ue ▁of ▁ 3 0 ° ▁in ▁H SV ▁colour ▁space . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁traditional ▁colour ▁wheel ▁used ▁by ▁pain ters , ▁orange ▁is ▁the ▁range ▁of ▁colours ▁between ▁red ▁and ▁yellow , ▁and ▁pain ters ▁can ▁obtain ▁orange ▁simply ▁by ▁mixing ▁red ▁and ▁yellow ▁in ▁various ▁proport ions ; ▁however ▁these ▁colours ▁are ▁never ▁as ▁v ivid ▁as ▁a ▁pure ▁orange ▁p ig ment . ▁In ▁the ▁R GB ▁colour ▁model ▁( the ▁system ▁used ▁to ▁create ▁colours ▁on ▁a ▁television ▁or ▁computer ▁screen ), ▁orange ▁is ▁generated ▁by ▁combining ▁high ▁intensity ▁red ▁light ▁with ▁a ▁lower ▁intensity ▁green ▁light , ▁with ▁the ▁blue ▁light ▁turned ▁off ▁entirely . ▁Orange ▁is ▁a ▁t ert i ary ▁colour ▁which ▁is ▁numer ically ▁half way ▁between ▁g amma - com pressed ▁red ▁and ▁yellow , ▁as ▁can ▁be ▁seen ▁in ▁the ▁R GB ▁colour ▁wheel . ▁ ▁Regarding ▁painting , ▁blue ▁is ▁the ▁complement ary ▁colour ▁to ▁orange . ▁As ▁many ▁pain ters ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 9 th ▁century ▁discovered , ▁blue ▁and ▁orange |
▁rein force ▁each ▁other . ▁The ▁painter ▁Vincent ▁van ▁G og h ▁wrote ▁to ▁his ▁brother ▁The o ▁that ▁in ▁his ▁paint ings , ▁he ▁was ▁trying ▁to ▁reve al ▁" the ▁oppos itions ▁of ▁blue ▁with ▁orange , ▁of ▁red ▁with ▁green , ▁of ▁yellow ▁with ▁vio let ... ▁trying ▁to ▁make ▁the ▁colours ▁inten se ▁and ▁not ▁a ▁harm ony ▁of ▁grey ". ▁In ▁another ▁letter ▁he ▁wrote ▁simply , ▁" there ▁is ▁no ▁orange ▁without ▁blue ." ▁Van ▁G og h , ▁Pierre - August e ▁Ren oir ▁and ▁many ▁other ▁impression ist ▁and ▁post - im pression ist ▁pain ters ▁frequently ▁placed ▁orange ▁against ▁azure ▁or ▁c ob alt ▁blue , ▁to ▁make ▁both ▁colours ▁appear ▁br ighter . ▁ ▁The ▁actual ▁complement ▁of ▁orange ▁is ▁azure ▁– ▁a ▁colour ▁that ▁is ▁one ▁quarter ▁of ▁the ▁way ▁between ▁blue ▁and ▁green ▁on ▁the ▁colour ▁spectrum . ▁The ▁actual ▁complement ary ▁colour ▁of ▁true ▁blue ▁is ▁yellow . ▁Orange ▁p ig ments ▁are ▁largely ▁in ▁the ▁och re ▁or ▁cad m ium ▁families , ▁and ▁abs orb ▁mostly ▁green ish - blue ▁light . ▁ ▁( See ▁also ▁sh ades ▁of ▁orange ). ▁ ▁P ig ments ▁and ▁d yes ▁ ▁Other ▁orange ▁p ig ments ▁include : ▁Min ium ▁and ▁mass ic ot ▁are ▁bright ▁yellow ▁and ▁orange ▁p ig ments ▁made ▁since ▁ancient ▁times ▁by ▁he ating ▁lead ▁ox ide ▁and ▁its ▁variants . ▁Min ium ▁was ▁used ▁in ▁the ▁By z antine ▁Empire ▁for ▁making ▁the ▁red |
- or ange ▁colour ▁on ▁ill umin ated ▁manuscript s , ▁while ▁mass ic ot ▁was ▁used ▁by ▁ancient ▁Egypt ian ▁scri bes ▁and ▁in ▁the ▁Middle ▁A ges . ▁Both ▁subst ances ▁are ▁to xic , ▁and ▁were ▁replaced ▁in ▁the ▁beginning ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 0 th ▁century ▁by ▁chrome ▁orange ▁and ▁cad m ium ▁orange . ▁Cad m ium ▁orange ▁is ▁a ▁synth etic ▁p ig ment ▁made ▁cad m ium ▁sul f ide . ▁It ▁is ▁a ▁by - product ▁of ▁min ing ▁for ▁z inc , ▁but ▁also ▁occurs ▁rarely ▁in ▁nature ▁in ▁the ▁min eral ▁green ock ite . ▁It ▁is ▁usually ▁made ▁by ▁replacing ▁some ▁of ▁the ▁sul ph ur ▁with ▁selenium , ▁which ▁results ▁in ▁an ▁expensive ▁but ▁deep ▁and ▁last ing ▁colour . ▁S elenium ▁was ▁discovered ▁in ▁ 1 8 1 7 , ▁but ▁the ▁p ig ment ▁was ▁not ▁made ▁commer cially ▁until ▁ 1 9 1 0 . ▁Qu in ac rid one ▁orange ▁is ▁a ▁synth etic ▁organ ic ▁p ig ment ▁first ▁identified ▁in ▁ 1 8 9 6 ▁and ▁manufact ured ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 5 . ▁It ▁makes ▁a ▁v ivid ▁and ▁solid ▁orange . ▁D ik eto - py r ro lo ▁py rolle ▁orange ▁or ▁D PP ▁orange ▁is ▁a ▁synth etic ▁organ ic ▁p ig ment ▁first ▁commercial ised ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 6 . ▁It ▁is ▁sold ▁under ▁various ▁commercial ▁names , ▁such ▁as ▁transl uc ent ▁orange . ▁It ▁makes |
▁an ▁extremely ▁bright ▁and ▁last ing ▁orange , ▁and ▁is ▁widely ▁used ▁to ▁colour ▁pl ast ics ▁and ▁fib res , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁in ▁pain ts . ▁ ▁Orange ▁natural ▁objects ▁The ▁orange ▁colour ▁of ▁car ro ts , ▁p ump kins , ▁sweet ▁pot atoes , ▁or anges , ▁and ▁many ▁other ▁f ruits ▁and ▁veget ables ▁comes ▁from ▁car oten es , ▁a ▁type ▁of ▁photos yn th etic ▁p ig ment . ▁These ▁p ig ments ▁convert ▁the ▁light ▁energy ▁that ▁the ▁plants ▁abs orb ▁from ▁the ▁sun ▁into ▁chemical ▁energy ▁for ▁the ▁plants ' ▁growth . ▁The ▁car oten es ▁themselves ▁take ▁their ▁name ▁from ▁the ▁car rot . ▁Aut umn ▁leaves ▁also ▁get ▁their ▁orange ▁colour ▁from ▁car oten es . ▁When ▁the ▁weather ▁turns ▁cold ▁and ▁production ▁of ▁green ▁ch lor oph yll ▁stops , ▁the ▁orange ▁colour ▁remains . ▁ ▁Before ▁the ▁ 1 8 th ▁century , ▁car ro ts ▁from ▁Asia ▁were ▁usually ▁pur ple , ▁while ▁those ▁in ▁Europe ▁were ▁either ▁white ▁or ▁red . ▁Dutch ▁far mers ▁b red ▁a ▁variety ▁that ▁was ▁orange ; ▁according ▁to ▁some ▁sources , ▁as ▁a ▁t ribute ▁to ▁the ▁stad th older ▁of ▁Holland ▁and ▁Ze eland , ▁William ▁of ▁Orange . ▁The ▁long ▁orange ▁Dutch ▁car rot , ▁first ▁described ▁in ▁ 1 7 2 1 , ▁is ▁the ▁ancest or ▁of ▁the ▁orange ▁horn ▁car rot , ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁most ▁common ▁types ▁found ▁in ▁super mark ets ▁today . ▁It ▁takes |
▁its ▁name ▁from ▁the ▁town ▁of ▁Ho orn , ▁in ▁the ▁Netherlands . ▁ ▁Flow ers ▁Orange ▁is ▁tradition ally ▁associated ▁with ▁the ▁aut umn ▁season , ▁with ▁the ▁har vest ▁and ▁aut umn ▁leaves . ▁The ▁flowers , ▁like ▁orange ▁f ruits ▁and ▁veget ables ▁and ▁aut umn ▁leaves , ▁get ▁their ▁colour ▁from ▁the ▁photos yn th etic ▁p ig ments ▁called ▁car oten es . ▁ ▁Anim als ▁ ▁Food s ▁Orange ▁is ▁a ▁very ▁common ▁colour ▁of ▁f ruits , ▁veget ables , ▁sp ices , ▁and ▁other ▁food s ▁in ▁many ▁different ▁cult ures . ▁As ▁a ▁result , ▁orange ▁is ▁the ▁colour ▁most ▁often ▁associated ▁in ▁western ▁culture ▁with ▁taste ▁and ▁a rom a . ▁Orange ▁food s ▁include ▁pe aches , ▁apr ic ots , ▁m ango es , ▁car ro ts , ▁sh rim p , ▁sal mon ▁ro e , ▁and ▁many ▁other ▁food s . ▁Orange ▁colour ▁is ▁provided ▁by ▁sp ices ▁such ▁as ▁pap ri ka , ▁sa ff ron ▁and ▁cur ry ▁pow der . ▁In ▁the ▁United ▁States , ▁with ▁Hall owe en ▁on ▁ 3 1 ▁October , ▁and ▁in ▁North ▁America ▁with ▁Thanks g iving ▁in ▁October ▁( Can ada ) ▁and ▁November ▁( US ) ▁orange ▁is ▁associated ▁with ▁the ▁har vest ▁colour , ▁and ▁also ▁is ▁the ▁colour ▁of ▁the ▁car ved ▁p ump kins , ▁or ▁jack - o - lan tern s , ▁used ▁to ▁celebr ate ▁the ▁hol iday . ▁ ▁Food ▁colour |
ings ▁ ▁People ▁associate ▁certain ▁colours ▁with ▁certain ▁flav ours , ▁and ▁the ▁colour ▁of ▁food ▁can ▁influence ▁the ▁perce ived ▁flav our ▁in ▁anything ▁from ▁c andy ▁to ▁wine . ▁Since ▁orange ▁is ▁popular ly ▁associated ▁with ▁good ▁flav our , ▁many ▁companies ▁add ▁orange ▁food ▁colour ing ▁to ▁improve ▁the ▁appearance ▁of ▁their ▁pack aged ▁food s . ▁Orange ▁p ig ments ▁and ▁d yes , ▁synth etic ▁or ▁natural , ▁are ▁added ▁to ▁many ▁orange ▁sod as ▁and ▁ju ices , ▁che eses ▁( part icular ly ▁ch ed dar ▁che ese , ▁Gl ouc ester ▁che ese , ▁and ▁American ▁che ese ); ▁sn ack ▁food s , ▁but ter ▁and ▁marg ar ine ; ▁breakfast ▁c ere als , ▁ice ▁cre am , ▁y og h urt , ▁jam ▁and ▁c andy . ▁It ▁is ▁also ▁often ▁added ▁to ▁children ' s ▁medicine , ▁and ▁to ▁ch icken ▁feed ▁to ▁make ▁the ▁egg ▁y ol ks ▁more ▁orange . ▁ ▁The ▁United ▁States ▁Government ▁and ▁the ▁European ▁Union ▁cert ify ▁a ▁small ▁number ▁of ▁synth etic ▁chemical ▁colour ings ▁to ▁be ▁used ▁in ▁food . ▁These ▁are ▁usually ▁a rom atic ▁hydro car b ons , ▁or ▁a zo ▁d yes , ▁made ▁from ▁pet role um . ▁The ▁most ▁common ▁ones ▁are : ▁All ura ▁red ▁AC ▁( also ▁known ▁as ▁E 1 2 9 , ▁its ▁official ▁name ▁in ▁Europe ). ▁Sun set ▁Y ellow ▁FC F , ▁Y ellow ▁ 6 , ▁and ▁Red ▁ |
4 0 , ▁known ▁as ▁E 1 1 0 ▁in ▁Europe , ▁are ▁d yes ▁made ▁from ▁a rom atic ▁hydro car b ons ▁from ▁pet role um . ▁T art raz ine , ▁also ▁known ▁as ▁Y ellow ▁ 5 ▁and ▁E 1 0 2 ▁in ▁Europe . ▁A ▁d ye ▁used ▁in ▁soft ▁drink s ▁such ▁as ▁Mountain ▁D ew , ▁K ool - A id , ▁che wing ▁g um , ▁pop c orn , ▁breakfast ▁c ere als , ▁cos met ics , ▁sh am po os , ▁eyes h adow , ▁bl ush , ▁and ▁lip st s ick . ▁Orange ▁B ▁is ▁an ▁a zo ▁d ye ▁approved ▁by ▁the ▁US ▁Food ▁and ▁D rug ▁Administration , ▁but ▁only ▁for ▁hot ▁dog ▁and ▁sa usage ▁cas ings . ▁Cit rus ▁Red ▁ 2 ▁is ▁cert ified ▁only ▁to ▁colour ▁orange ▁pe els . ▁Because ▁many ▁consum ers ▁are ▁wor ried ▁about ▁possible ▁health ▁consequences ▁of ▁synth etic ▁d yes , ▁some ▁companies ▁are ▁beginning ▁to ▁use ▁natural ▁food ▁colours . ▁Since ▁these ▁food ▁colours ▁are ▁natural , ▁they ▁do ▁not ▁require ▁any ▁cert ification ▁from ▁the ▁Food ▁and ▁D rug ▁Administration . ▁The ▁most ▁popular ▁natural ▁food ▁colours ▁are : ▁Ann atto , ▁made ▁from ▁the ▁se eds ▁of ▁the ▁ach i ote ▁tree . ▁Ann atto ▁contains ▁car oten oid s , ▁the ▁same ▁ing red ient ▁that ▁gives ▁car ro ts ▁and ▁other ▁veget ables ▁their ▁orange ▁colour . ▁Ann atto ▁has ▁been ▁used ▁to |
▁d ye ▁certain ▁che eses ▁in ▁Britain , ▁particularly ▁Gl ouc ester ▁che ese , ▁since ▁the ▁ 1 6 th ▁century . ▁It ▁is ▁now ▁commonly ▁used ▁to ▁colour ▁American ▁che ese , ▁sn ack ▁food s , ▁breakfast ▁c ere al , ▁but ter , ▁and ▁marg ar ine . ▁It ▁is ▁used ▁as ▁a ▁body ▁paint ▁by ▁native ▁populations ▁in ▁Central ▁and ▁South ▁America . ▁In ▁India , ▁women ▁often ▁put ▁it , ▁under ▁the ▁name ▁sind oor , ▁on ▁their ▁hair line ▁to ▁indicate ▁that ▁they ▁are ▁married . ▁Tur mer ic ▁is ▁a ▁common ▁sp ice ▁in ▁South ▁Asia , ▁Pers ia ▁and ▁the ▁M ide ast . ▁It ▁contains ▁the ▁p ig ments ▁called ▁cur c um ino ids , ▁widely ▁used ▁as ▁a ▁d ye ▁for ▁the ▁ro bes ▁of ▁Buddh ist ▁mon ks . ▁It ▁is ▁also ▁often ▁used ▁in ▁cur ry ▁pow ders ▁and ▁to ▁give ▁flav our ▁to ▁must ard . ▁It ▁is ▁now ▁being ▁used ▁more ▁frequently ▁in ▁Europe ▁and ▁the ▁US ▁to ▁give ▁an ▁orange ▁colour ▁to ▁can ned ▁be ver ages , ▁ice ▁cre am , ▁y og urt , ▁pop c orn ▁and ▁breakfast ▁c ere al . ▁The ▁food ▁colour ▁is ▁usually ▁listed ▁as ▁E 1 0 0 . ▁Pap ri ka ▁o le ores in ▁contains ▁natural ▁car oten oid s , ▁and ▁is ▁made ▁from ▁ch ili ▁pe ppers . ▁It ▁is ▁used ▁to ▁colour ▁che ese , ▁orange ▁ju ice , ▁sp ice ▁mi xt |
ures ▁and ▁pack aged ▁sau ces . ▁It ▁is ▁also ▁fed ▁to ▁ch ick ens ▁to ▁make ▁their ▁egg ▁y ol ks ▁more ▁orange . ▁ ▁Culture , ▁associations ▁and ▁symbol ism ▁ ▁China ▁In ▁Conf u cian ism , ▁the ▁religion ▁and ▁philosophy ▁of ▁ancient ▁China , ▁orange ▁was ▁the ▁colour ▁of ▁transformation . ▁In ▁China ▁and ▁India , ▁the ▁colour ▁took ▁its ▁name ▁not ▁from ▁the ▁orange ▁fruit , ▁but ▁from ▁sa ff ron , ▁the ▁fin est ▁and ▁most ▁expensive ▁d ye ▁in ▁Asia . ▁According ▁to ▁Conf u cian ism , ▁existence ▁was ▁govern ed ▁by ▁the ▁interaction ▁of ▁the ▁male ▁active ▁principle , ▁the ▁y ang , ▁and ▁the ▁female ▁pass ive ▁principle , ▁the ▁y in . ▁Y ellow ▁was ▁the ▁colour ▁of ▁per fection ▁and ▁nob ility ; ▁red ▁was ▁the ▁colour ▁of ▁happiness ▁and ▁power . ▁Y ellow ▁and ▁red ▁were ▁compared ▁to ▁light ▁and ▁fire , ▁spiritual ity ▁and ▁sens ual ity , ▁seem ingly ▁opposite ▁but ▁really ▁complement ary . ▁Out ▁of ▁the ▁interaction ▁between ▁the ▁two ▁came ▁orange , ▁the ▁colour ▁of ▁transformation . ▁ ▁H indu ism ▁and ▁Buddh ism ▁A ▁wide ▁variety ▁of ▁colours , ▁r anging ▁from ▁a ▁slightly ▁orange ▁yellow ▁to ▁a ▁deep ▁orange ▁red , ▁all ▁simply ▁called ▁sa ff ron , ▁are ▁closely ▁associated ▁with ▁H indu ism ▁and ▁Buddh ism , ▁and ▁are ▁commonly ▁worn ▁by ▁mon ks ▁and ▁holy ▁men ▁across ▁Asia . ▁ ▁In ▁H indu ism , ▁the ▁div inity ▁Kr ish |
na ▁is ▁commonly ▁port rayed ▁dressed ▁in ▁yellow ▁or ▁yellow ▁orange . ▁Y ellow ▁and ▁sa ff ron ▁are ▁also ▁the ▁colours ▁worn ▁by ▁sad hu , ▁or ▁wand ering ▁holy ▁men ▁in ▁India . ▁ ▁In ▁Buddh ism ▁orange ▁( or ▁more ▁precisely ▁sa ff ron ) ▁was ▁the ▁colour ▁of ▁ill um ination , ▁the ▁highest ▁state ▁of ▁per fection . ▁The ▁sa ff ron ▁colours ▁of ▁ro bes ▁to ▁be ▁worn ▁by ▁mon ks ▁were ▁defined ▁by ▁the ▁Bud d ha ▁himself ▁and ▁his ▁follow ers ▁in ▁the ▁ 5 th ▁century ▁BC . ▁The ▁ro be ▁and ▁its ▁colour ▁is ▁a ▁sign ▁of ▁ren unci ation ▁of ▁the ▁outside ▁world ▁and ▁commit ment ▁to ▁the ▁order . ▁The ▁candidate ▁mon k , ▁with ▁his ▁master , ▁first ▁appears ▁before ▁the ▁mon ks ▁of ▁the ▁monaster y ▁in ▁his ▁own ▁clothes , ▁with ▁his ▁new ▁ro be ▁under ▁his ▁arm . ▁and ▁asks ▁to ▁enter ▁the ▁order . ▁He ▁then ▁takes ▁his ▁v ows , ▁puts ▁on ▁the ▁ro bes , ▁and ▁with ▁his ▁begg ing ▁bow l , ▁goes ▁out ▁to ▁the ▁world . ▁There after , ▁he ▁sp ends ▁his ▁m orn ings ▁begg ing ▁and ▁his ▁af tern o ons ▁in ▁cont empl ation ▁and ▁study , ▁either ▁in ▁a ▁forest , ▁garden , ▁or ▁in ▁the ▁monaster y . ▁ ▁According ▁to ▁Buddh ist ▁script ures ▁and ▁comment aries , ▁the ▁ro be ▁d ye ▁is ▁allowed ▁to ▁be ▁obtained ▁from ▁six ▁kinds ▁of ▁subst ances |
: ▁roots ▁and ▁tub ers , ▁plants , ▁b ark , ▁leaves , ▁flowers ▁and ▁f ruits . ▁The ▁ro bes ▁should ▁also ▁be ▁bo iled ▁in ▁water ▁a ▁long ▁time ▁to ▁get ▁the ▁correctly ▁so ber ▁colour . ▁S aff ron ▁and ▁och re , ▁usually ▁made ▁with ▁d ye ▁from ▁the ▁cur c uma ▁long a ▁plant ▁or ▁the ▁heart wood ▁of ▁the ▁jack f ruit ▁tree , ▁are ▁the ▁most ▁common ▁colours . ▁The ▁so - called ▁forest ▁mon ks ▁usually ▁wear ▁och re ▁ro bes ▁and ▁city ▁mon ks ▁sa ff ron , ▁though ▁this ▁is ▁not ▁an ▁official ▁rule . ▁ ▁The ▁colour ▁of ▁ro bes ▁also ▁var ies ▁somewhat ▁among ▁the ▁different ▁" ve h icles ," ▁or ▁schools ▁of ▁Buddh ism , ▁and ▁by ▁country , ▁depending ▁on ▁their ▁do ctr ines ▁and ▁the ▁d yes ▁available . ▁The ▁mon ks ▁of ▁the ▁strict ▁V aj ray ana , ▁or ▁T ant ric ▁Buddh ism , ▁pract ised ▁in ▁Tib et , ▁wear ▁the ▁most ▁colour ful ▁ro bes ▁of ▁sa ff ron ▁and ▁red . ▁The ▁mon ks ▁of ▁Mah ay ana ▁Buddh ism , ▁pract ised ▁mainly ▁in ▁Japan , ▁China ▁and ▁Korea , ▁wear ▁l ighter ▁yellow ▁or ▁sa ff ron , ▁often ▁with ▁white ▁or ▁black . ▁Mon ks ▁of ▁Hin ay ana ▁Buddh ism , ▁pract ised ▁in ▁S out heast ▁Asia , ▁usually ▁wear ▁och re ▁or ▁sa ff ron ▁colour . ▁Mon ks ▁of ▁the ▁forest ▁tradition ▁in ▁Th |
ailand ▁and ▁other ▁parts ▁of ▁S out heast ▁Asia ▁wear ▁ro bes ▁of ▁a ▁brown ish ▁och re , ▁dy ed ▁from ▁the ▁wood ▁of ▁the ▁jack f ruit ▁tree . ▁ ▁Col our ▁of ▁am usement ▁In ▁Europe ▁and ▁America ▁orange ▁and ▁yellow ▁are ▁the ▁colours ▁most ▁associated ▁with ▁am usement , ▁f riv ol ity ▁and ▁entertain ment . ▁In ▁this ▁regard , ▁orange ▁is ▁the ▁exact ▁opposite ▁of ▁its ▁complement ary ▁colour , ▁blue , ▁the ▁colour ▁of ▁calm ▁and ▁reflection . ▁M yth ological ▁paint ings ▁tradition ally ▁showed ▁Bac chus ▁( known ▁in ▁Greek ▁myth ology ▁as ▁D ion ys us ), ▁the ▁god ▁of ▁wine , ▁rit ual ▁mad ness ▁and ▁ec st asy , ▁dressed ▁in ▁orange . ▁C low ns ▁have ▁long ▁worn ▁orange ▁w igs . ▁Toul ouse - L aut rec ▁used ▁a ▁p alette ▁of ▁yellow , ▁black ▁and ▁orange ▁in ▁his ▁post ers ▁of ▁Paris ▁c af es ▁and ▁the at res , ▁and ▁Henri ▁Mat isse ▁used ▁an ▁orange , ▁yellow ▁and ▁red ▁p alette ▁in ▁his ▁painting , ▁the ▁Joy ▁of ▁Living . ▁ ▁Col our ▁of ▁visibility ▁and ▁warning ▁Orange ▁is ▁the ▁colour ▁most ▁easily ▁seen ▁in ▁dim ▁light ▁or ▁against ▁the ▁water , ▁making ▁it , ▁particularly ▁the ▁sh ade ▁known ▁as ▁safety ▁orange , ▁the ▁colour ▁of ▁choice ▁for ▁life ▁ra ft s , ▁life ▁jack ets ▁or ▁bu o ys . ▁Highway ▁temporary ▁signs ▁about ▁construction ▁or ▁det ours ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁are ▁orange |
, ▁because ▁of ▁its ▁visibility ▁and ▁its ▁association ▁with ▁danger . ▁ ▁It ▁is ▁worn ▁by ▁people ▁wanting ▁to ▁be ▁seen , ▁including ▁highway ▁workers ▁and ▁lif egu ards . ▁Pr ison ers ▁are ▁also ▁sometimes ▁dressed ▁in ▁orange ▁cl othing ▁to ▁make ▁them ▁easier ▁to ▁see ▁during ▁an ▁escape . ▁L if egu ards ▁on ▁the ▁be aches ▁of ▁Los ▁Angeles ▁County , ▁both ▁real ▁and ▁in ▁television ▁series , ▁wear ▁orange ▁sw im su its ▁to ▁make ▁them ▁stand ▁out . ▁Orange ▁astr onaut ▁su its ▁have ▁the ▁highest ▁visibility ▁in ▁space , ▁or ▁against ▁blue ▁sea . ▁An ▁aircraft ' s ▁two ▁types ▁of ▁" black ▁box ," ▁or ▁flight ▁data ▁rec order ▁and ▁co ck pit ▁voice ▁rec order , ▁are ▁actually ▁bright ▁orange , ▁so ▁they ▁can ▁be ▁found ▁more ▁easily . ▁In ▁some ▁cars , ▁connect ors ▁related ▁to ▁safety ▁systems , ▁such ▁as ▁the ▁air bag , ▁may ▁be ▁col oured ▁orange . ▁ ▁The ▁Golden ▁Gate ▁Bridge ▁at ▁the ▁entrance ▁of ▁San ▁Francisco ▁Bay ▁is ▁painted ▁international ▁orange ▁to ▁make ▁it ▁more ▁visible ▁in ▁the ▁fog . ▁Next ▁to ▁red , ▁it ▁is ▁the ▁colour ▁most ▁popular ▁for ▁ext ro ver ts , ▁and ▁as ▁a ▁symbol ▁of ▁activity . ▁ ▁Orange ▁is ▁sometimes ▁used , ▁like ▁red ▁and ▁yellow , ▁as ▁a ▁colour ▁warning ▁of ▁possible ▁danger ▁or ▁calling ▁for ▁ca ution . ▁A ▁sk ull ▁against ▁an ▁orange ▁background ▁means ▁a ▁to xic ▁subst ance ▁or ▁poison . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁colour ▁system |
▁de vised ▁by ▁the ▁US ▁Department ▁of ▁Hom eland ▁Security ▁to ▁measure ▁the ▁threat ▁of ▁terror ist ▁attack , ▁an ▁orange ▁level ▁is ▁second ▁only ▁to ▁a ▁red ▁level . ▁The ▁US ▁Man ual ▁on ▁Un iform ▁Tra ffic ▁Control ▁Dev ices ▁spec ifies ▁orange ▁for ▁use ▁in ▁temporary ▁and ▁construction ▁sign age . ▁ ▁Academia ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁and ▁Canada , ▁orange ▁reg alia ▁is ▁associated ▁with ▁the ▁field ▁of ▁engineering . ▁ ▁The ▁California ▁Institute ▁of ▁Technology , ▁Pr inc eton ▁University , ▁Sy rac use ▁University , ▁Occ ident al ▁College , ▁and ▁University ▁of ▁Tennessee ▁use ▁orange ▁as ▁a ▁main ▁colour . ▁ ▁Selected ▁flags ▁ ▁Geography ▁ ▁Orange ▁is ▁the ▁national ▁colour ▁of ▁the ▁Netherlands . ▁The ▁royal ▁family , ▁the ▁House ▁of ▁Orange - N ass au , ▁der ives ▁its ▁name ▁in ▁part ▁from ▁its ▁former ▁holding , ▁the ▁princip ality ▁of ▁Orange . ▁( The ▁title ▁Prince ▁of ▁Orange ▁is ▁still ▁used ▁for ▁the ▁Dutch ▁he ir ▁apparent .) ▁The ▁Republic ▁of ▁the ▁Orange ▁Free ▁State ▁( D utch : ▁O ran je - V rij staat ) ▁was ▁an ▁independent ▁Bo er ▁republic ▁in ▁southern ▁Africa ▁during ▁the ▁second ▁half ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 9 th ▁century , ▁and ▁later ▁a ▁British ▁col ony ▁and ▁a ▁province ▁of ▁the ▁Union ▁of ▁South ▁Africa . ▁It ▁is ▁the ▁historical ▁prec ursor ▁to ▁the ▁present - day ▁Free ▁State ▁province . ▁Ext ending ▁between ▁the ▁Orange ▁and ▁Va al ▁river , ▁its ▁borders ▁were |
▁determined ▁by ▁the ▁United ▁Kingdom ▁in ▁ 1 8 4 8 ▁when ▁the ▁region ▁was ▁proc laimed ▁as ▁the ▁Orange ▁River ▁S over e ig nt y , ▁with ▁a ▁seat ▁of ▁a ▁British ▁Res ident ▁in ▁Blo em f onte in . ▁O ran jem und ▁( G erman ▁for : ▁" M outh ▁of ▁O ran je ") ▁is ▁a ▁town ▁situated ▁in ▁the ▁extreme ▁south west ▁of ▁Nam ib ia , ▁on ▁the ▁northern ▁bank ▁of ▁the ▁Orange ▁River ▁mouth . ▁ ▁Contempor ary ▁political ▁and ▁social ▁movements ▁ ▁Because ▁of ▁its ▁symbol ic ▁meaning ▁as ▁the ▁orange ▁colour ▁of ▁activity , ▁orange ▁is ▁often ▁used ▁as ▁the ▁colour ▁of ▁political ▁and ▁social ▁movements . ▁ ▁Christian ▁dem ocr atic ▁political ▁ide ology ▁and ▁political ▁parties , ▁which ▁are ▁based ▁on ▁Catholic ▁social ▁teaching ▁and ▁Ne o - Cal vin ist ▁the ology ▁ ▁The ▁Orange ▁Institution ▁a . k . a . ▁The ▁Orange ▁Order ▁is ▁a ▁pro - B rit ish ▁Protest ant ▁association ▁based ▁in ▁Northern ▁Ireland . ▁ ▁Orange ▁was ▁the ▁r ally ing ▁colour ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 4 – 2 0 0 5 ▁Orange ▁Revolution ▁in ▁Ukraine . ▁ ▁Orange ▁was ▁the ▁colour ▁used ▁by ▁the ▁historical ▁Liberal ▁Party ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁Kingdom ▁▁ ▁On ▁September ▁ 1 4 , ▁ 2 0 1 7 ▁North ▁America ' s ▁United ▁Syn agog ue ▁of ▁Conserv ative ▁J uda ism ▁began ▁to ▁use ▁orange ▁as ▁part ▁of ▁a ▁regarding ▁effort . ▁ ▁Orange |
▁was ▁used ▁as ▁a ▁r ally ing ▁colour ▁by ▁Israel is ▁( such ▁as ▁Jewish ▁sett lers ) ▁who ▁opposed ▁Israel ' s ▁un il ater al ▁dis eng agement ▁plan ▁in ▁the ▁Gaz a ▁St rip ▁and ▁the ▁West ▁Bank ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 5 . ▁ ▁Orange ▁rib b ons ▁are ▁used ▁to ▁promote ▁aw aren ess ▁and ▁prevent ion ▁of ▁self - in j ury . ▁ ▁Orange ▁is ▁the ▁party ▁colour ▁of ▁several ▁Christian ▁dem ocr atic ▁political ▁parties , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁others : ▁▁ ▁Alliance ▁for ▁the ▁Future ▁of ▁Austria ▁( B Z Ö ) ▁ ▁American ▁Sol id ar ity ▁Party ▁( AS P ), ▁United ▁States ▁ ▁B har ati ya ▁Jan ata ▁Party ▁( B J P ), ▁India ▁ ▁Christian ▁Democr ats , ▁Den mark ▁ ▁Christian ▁Democratic ▁and ▁F lem ish ▁( CD & V ), ▁Belg ium ▁ ▁Human ist ▁Democratic ▁Centre ▁( CD H ), ▁Belg ium ▁ ▁Christian ▁Social ▁Party ▁( C SP ), ▁Belg ium ▁ ▁Christian ▁Democratic ▁People ' s ▁Party , ▁Switzerland ▁ ▁Christian ▁Democratic ▁Union , ▁Germany ▁ ▁Christian ▁Social ▁People ' s ▁Party , ▁Luxemb ourg ▁ ▁Cit iz ens - Part y ▁of ▁the ▁Cit izen ry , ▁Spain ▁ ▁Czech ▁Social ▁Democratic ▁Party ▁ ▁Democratic ▁Liberal ▁Party , ▁Roman ia ▁ ▁Democratic ▁Mov ement , ▁France ▁ ▁Free ▁Patri otic ▁Mov ement , ▁Leb anon ▁ ▁Party ▁Work ers ' ▁Liber ation ▁Front ▁ 3 0 th ▁of ▁May ▁( Fr |
ente ▁O br ero ), ▁C ura ça o ▁ ▁F ides z ▁– ▁Hung arian ▁C iv ic ▁Union ▁ ▁Independ ence ▁Party ▁of ▁Minnesota ▁ ▁Justice ▁and ▁Tr uth ▁Alliance , ▁Roman ia ▁ ▁Nacional ista ▁Party , ▁Philippines ▁ ▁National ▁Union , ▁Israel ▁ ▁New ▁Democratic ▁Party , ▁Canada ▁The ▁N DP ' s ▁unexpected ▁swe ep ▁of ▁seats ▁in ▁Quebec ▁and ▁its ▁consequ ent ▁rise ▁to ▁official ▁opposition ▁in ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁federal ▁election ▁became ▁known ▁as ▁the ▁" O range ▁W ave " ▁( la ▁vague ▁orange ) ▁or ▁" O range ▁Cr ush ." ▁ ▁Orange ▁Democratic ▁Mov ement , ▁Ken ya ▁ ▁Orange ▁Mov ement , ▁Italy ▁ ▁Our ▁Ukraine – Pe ople ' s ▁Self - Def ense ▁B loc ▁ ▁Pal ik ot ' s ▁Mov ement , ▁Poland ▁ ▁People ' s ▁National ▁Party , ▁J ama ica ▁ ▁People ▁First ▁Party , ▁Republic ▁of ▁China ▁( T ai wan ) ▁ ▁P OR A , ▁Ukraine ▁ ▁P wers a ▁ng ▁Mas ang ▁Pil ip ino , ▁Philippines ▁ ▁Québec ▁sol ida ire , ▁Canada ▁ ▁Re formed ▁Political ▁Party , ▁Netherlands ▁ ▁Republican ▁Left ▁of ▁Catal onia , ▁Spain ▁ ▁Sh iv ▁S ena , ▁India ▁ ▁Social ▁Democratic ▁Party , ▁Portugal ▁ ▁United ▁National ist ▁Alliance , ▁Philippines ▁ ▁Val enci an ▁National ist ▁B loc - Co al ició ▁Comp rom ís , ▁Spain ▁ ▁Z ares , ▁Sloven ia ▁ ▁Religion ▁( See ▁Orange ▁in |
▁H indu ism ▁and ▁Buddh ism ▁above ) ▁ ▁Orange , ▁or ▁more ▁specifically ▁deep ▁sa ff ron , ▁is ▁the ▁most ▁sacred ▁colour ▁of ▁H indu ism . ▁ ▁H indu ▁and ▁S ikh ▁flags ▁at op ▁mand irs ▁and ▁g urd war as , ▁respectively , ▁are ▁typically ▁a ▁sa ff ron ▁col oured ▁p enn ant . ▁ ▁S aff ron ▁ro bes ▁are ▁often ▁worn ▁by ▁H indu ▁sw am is ▁and ▁Buddh ist ▁mon ks ▁in ▁the ▁Ther av ada ▁tradition . ▁ ▁In ▁Christian ity , ▁orange ▁represents ▁the ▁sin ▁of ▁gl utton y . ▁ ▁Met aph ys ics ▁and ▁Occ ult ism ▁ ▁The ▁" New ▁Age ▁Pro ph et ess ", ▁Alice ▁Ba iley , ▁in ▁her ▁system ▁called ▁the ▁Seven ▁R ays ▁which ▁class ifies ▁humans ▁into ▁seven ▁different ▁met aph ys ical ▁psych ological ▁types , ▁the ▁" fif th ▁ray " ▁of ▁" Con crete ▁Science " ▁is ▁represented ▁by ▁the ▁colour ▁orange . ▁People ▁who ▁have ▁this ▁met aph ys ical ▁psych ological ▁type ▁are ▁said ▁to ▁be ▁" on ▁the ▁Orange ▁Ray ". ▁ ▁Orange ▁is ▁used ▁to ▁symbol ically ▁represent ▁the ▁second ▁( Sw ad his th ana ) ▁ch ak ra . ▁In ▁al ch emy , ▁or p iment ▁- ▁a ▁contra ction ▁of ▁the ▁Latin ▁word ▁for ▁gold ▁( aur um ) ▁and ▁color ▁( p ig ment um ) ▁- ▁was ▁believed ▁to ▁be ▁a ▁key ▁ing red ient ▁in ▁the ▁creation ▁of ▁the |
▁Phil os opher ' s ▁Stone . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁military ▁In ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Army , ▁orange ▁has ▁tradition ally ▁been ▁associated ▁with ▁the ▁drag o ons , ▁the ▁mounted ▁inf antry ▁units ▁which ▁eventually ▁became ▁the ▁US ▁Caval ry . ▁The ▁ 1 st ▁Caval ry ▁Regiment ▁was ▁founded ▁in ▁ 1 8 3 3 ▁as ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Drag o ons . ▁The ▁modern ▁coat ▁of ▁arms ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 st ▁Caval ry ▁features ▁the ▁colour ▁orange ▁and ▁orange - yellow ▁sh ade ▁called ▁drag oon ▁yellow , ▁the ▁colours ▁of ▁the ▁early ▁US ▁drag oon ▁reg iments . ▁The ▁US ▁Sign al ▁Corps , ▁founded ▁at ▁the ▁beginning ▁of ▁the ▁American ▁Civil ▁War , ▁adopted ▁orange ▁and ▁white ▁as ▁its ▁official ▁colours ▁in ▁ 1 8 7 2 . ▁Orange ▁was ▁adopted ▁because ▁it ▁was ▁the ▁colour ▁of ▁a ▁signal ▁fire , ▁histor ically ▁used ▁at ▁night ▁while ▁smoke ▁was ▁used ▁during ▁the ▁day , ▁to ▁communicate ▁with ▁distant ▁army ▁units . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁Indones ian ▁Air ▁Force , ▁the ▁Air ▁force ▁inf antry ▁and ▁special ▁forces ▁corps ▁known ▁as ▁P ask has ▁uses ▁Orange ▁as ▁their ▁ber et ▁colour . ▁ ▁Corpor ate ▁br ands ▁Several ▁corpor ate ▁br ands ▁use ▁orange , ▁such ▁as ▁B logger , ▁F anta , ▁Fed Ex , ▁Gla x o Smith K line , ▁G ulf , ▁H ank ook , ▁Har ley - David son , ▁IN G , ▁J äg ermeister , ▁Nick el ode on , |
▁Orange , ▁the ▁Women ' s ▁National ▁Basketball ▁Association , ▁The ▁Home ▁Dep ot ▁and ▁T NT . ▁ ▁Sports ▁ ▁Orange , ▁because ▁of ▁its ▁common ▁association ▁with ▁activity ▁and ▁visibility , ▁is ▁a ▁popular ▁colour ▁for ▁sports ▁teams . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁Sh ades ▁of ▁orange ▁ ▁Sk in - contact ▁wine ▁ ▁Am ber ▁ ▁List ▁of ▁colours ▁ ▁Notes ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Orange ▁Spect rum ▁Color ▁Chart ▁List ing ▁ ▁Category : Second ary ▁colors ▁Category : T ert i ary ▁colors ▁Category : Opt ical ▁spectrum ▁Category : R ain bow ▁colors <0x0A> </s> ▁Milan ▁ Đ or đ e vić ▁( , ▁born ▁November ▁ 5 , ▁ 1 9 6 8 ) ▁is ▁a ▁Ser bian ▁sl alom ▁can o er ▁who ▁competed ▁as ▁an ▁Independent ▁Olympic ▁Part icip ant ▁in ▁the ▁early ▁ 1 9 9 0 s . ▁He ▁finished ▁ 3 9 th ▁in ▁the ▁K - 1 ▁event ▁at ▁the ▁ 1 9 9 2 ▁Summer ▁Olympics ▁in ▁Barcelona . ▁ ▁References ▁▁ ▁Sports - Reference . com ▁profile ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 6 8 ▁birth s ▁Category : Ser bian ▁male ▁can oe ists ▁Category : Y ug oslav ▁male ▁can oe ists ▁Category : C ano e ists ▁at ▁the ▁ 1 9 9 2 ▁Summer ▁Olympics ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : O lymp ic ▁can oe ists ▁as ▁Independent ▁Olympic ▁Part icip ants ▁Category : S ports people ▁from ▁Ni š <0x0A> |
</s> ▁New ▁London ▁is ▁a ▁city ▁in ▁Henry ▁County , ▁Iowa , ▁United ▁States . ▁The ▁population ▁was ▁ 1 , 8 9 7 ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁census . ▁ ▁History ▁New ▁London ▁was ▁originally ▁called ▁D over , ▁after ▁its ▁founder ▁Abraham ▁C . ▁D over , ▁who ▁came ▁to ▁the ▁area ▁from ▁Illinois ▁in ▁ 1 8 3 3 . ▁ ▁Geography ▁New ▁London ▁is ▁located ▁at ▁ ▁( 4 0 . 9 2 5 2 2 4 , ▁- 9 1 . 4 0 1 1 0 5 ). ▁ ▁According ▁to ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Census ▁Bureau , ▁the ▁city ▁has ▁a ▁total ▁area ▁of ▁, ▁all ▁land . ▁ ▁Dem ograph ics ▁▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁census ▁As ▁of ▁the ▁census ▁of ▁ 2 0 1 0 , ▁there ▁were ▁ 1 , 8 9 7 ▁people , ▁ 7 6 9 ▁households , ▁and ▁ 5 1 7 ▁families ▁living ▁in ▁the ▁city . ▁The ▁population ▁density ▁was ▁. ▁There ▁were ▁ 8 3 0 ▁housing ▁units ▁at ▁an ▁average ▁density ▁of ▁. ▁The ▁ra cial ▁make up ▁of ▁the ▁city ▁was ▁ 9 6 . 5 % ▁White , ▁ 1 . 7 % ▁African ▁American , ▁ 0 . 3 % ▁Native ▁American , ▁ 0 . 4 % ▁Asian , ▁ 0 . 1 % ▁from ▁other ▁races , ▁and ▁ 1 . 1 % ▁from ▁two ▁or ▁more ▁races . ▁His pan ic ▁or ▁Lat ino ▁of ▁any ▁race |
▁were ▁ 0 . 9 % ▁of ▁the ▁population . ▁ ▁There ▁were ▁ 7 6 9 ▁households ▁of ▁which ▁ 3 3 . 4 % ▁had ▁children ▁under ▁the ▁age ▁of ▁ 1 8 ▁living ▁with ▁them , ▁ 5 0 . 8 % ▁were ▁married ▁cou ples ▁living ▁together , ▁ 1 2 . 1 % ▁had ▁a ▁female ▁house holder ▁with ▁no ▁husband ▁present , ▁ 4 . 3 % ▁had ▁a ▁male ▁house holder ▁with ▁no ▁wife ▁present , ▁and ▁ 3 2 . 8 % ▁were ▁non - famil ies . ▁ 2 7 . 6 % ▁of ▁all ▁households ▁were ▁made ▁up ▁of ▁individuals ▁and ▁ 1 1 % ▁had ▁someone ▁living ▁alone ▁who ▁was ▁ 6 5 ▁years ▁of ▁age ▁or ▁older . ▁The ▁average ▁household ▁size ▁was ▁ 2 . 4 2 ▁and ▁the ▁average ▁family ▁size ▁was ▁ 2 . 9 1 . ▁ ▁The ▁median ▁age ▁in ▁the ▁city ▁was ▁ 3 8 . 7 ▁years . ▁ 2 6 . 1 % ▁of ▁residents ▁were ▁under ▁the ▁age ▁of ▁ 1 8 ; ▁ 7 % ▁were ▁between ▁the ▁ages ▁of ▁ 1 8 ▁and ▁ 2 4 ; ▁ 2 4 . 8 % ▁were ▁from ▁ 2 5 ▁to ▁ 4 4 ; ▁ 2 4 . 6 % ▁were ▁from ▁ 4 5 ▁to ▁ 6 4 ; ▁and ▁ 1 7 . 6 % ▁were ▁ 6 5 ▁years ▁of ▁age ▁or ▁older . ▁The ▁gender ▁make up |
▁of ▁the ▁city ▁was ▁ 4 8 . 7 % ▁male ▁and ▁ 5 1 . 3 % ▁female . ▁▁ 2 0 0 0 ▁census ▁As ▁of ▁the ▁census ▁of ▁ 2 0 0 0 , ▁there ▁were ▁ 1 , 9 3 7 ▁people , ▁ 7 9 4 ▁households , ▁and ▁ 5 4 0 ▁families ▁living ▁in ▁the ▁city . ▁The ▁population ▁density ▁was ▁ 1 , 9 2 4 . 9 ▁people ▁per ▁square ▁mile ▁( 7 4 0 . 5 / km ²). ▁There ▁were ▁ 8 4 6 ▁housing ▁units ▁at ▁an ▁average ▁density ▁of ▁ 8 4 0 . 7 ▁per ▁square ▁mile ▁( 3 2 3 . 4 / km ²). ▁The ▁ra cial ▁make up ▁of ▁the ▁city ▁was ▁ 9 8 . 4 0 % ▁White , ▁ 0 . 3 1 % ▁African ▁American , ▁ 0 . 0 5 % ▁Native ▁American , ▁ 0 . 2 6 % ▁Asian , ▁ 0 . 4 6 % ▁from ▁other ▁races , ▁and ▁ 0 . 5 2 % ▁from ▁two ▁or ▁more ▁races . ▁His pan ic ▁or ▁Lat ino ▁of ▁any ▁race ▁were ▁ 0 . 7 7 % ▁of ▁the ▁population . ▁ ▁There ▁were ▁ 7 9 4 ▁households ▁out ▁of ▁which ▁ 3 1 . 0 % ▁had ▁children ▁under ▁the ▁age ▁of ▁ 1 8 ▁living ▁with ▁them , ▁ 5 5 . 4 % ▁were ▁married ▁cou ples ▁living ▁together , ▁ 9 . |
6 % ▁had ▁a ▁female ▁house holder ▁with ▁no ▁husband ▁present , ▁and ▁ 3 1 . 9 % ▁were ▁non - famil ies . ▁ 2 7 . 3 % ▁of ▁all ▁households ▁were ▁made ▁up ▁of ▁individuals ▁and ▁ 1 2 . 3 % ▁had ▁someone ▁living ▁alone ▁who ▁was ▁ 6 5 ▁years ▁of ▁age ▁or ▁older . ▁The ▁average ▁household ▁size ▁was ▁ 2 . 3 8 ▁and ▁the ▁average ▁family ▁size ▁was ▁ 2 . 8 9 . ▁▁ 2 4 . 6 % ▁were ▁under ▁the ▁age ▁of ▁ 1 8 , ▁ 7 . 8 % ▁from ▁ 1 8 ▁to ▁ 2 4 , ▁ 2 7 . 2 % ▁from ▁ 2 5 ▁to ▁ 4 4 , ▁ 2 3 . 9 % ▁from ▁ 4 5 ▁to ▁ 6 4 , ▁and ▁ 1 6 . 5 % ▁were ▁ 6 5 ▁years ▁of ▁age ▁or ▁older . ▁The ▁median ▁age ▁was ▁ 3 8 ▁years . ▁For ▁every ▁ 1 0 0 ▁females , ▁there ▁were ▁ 8 8 . 1 ▁males . ▁For ▁every ▁ 1 0 0 ▁females ▁age ▁ 1 8 ▁and ▁over , ▁there ▁were ▁ 8 4 . 2 ▁males . ▁ ▁The ▁median ▁income ▁for ▁a ▁household ▁in ▁the ▁city ▁was ▁$ 3 9 , 4 3 2 , ▁and ▁the ▁median ▁income ▁for ▁a ▁family ▁was ▁$ 4 6 , 3 8 9 . ▁M ales ▁had ▁a ▁median ▁income ▁of ▁$ 3 1 |
, 3 2 4 ▁versus ▁$ 2 3 , 7 1 2 ▁for ▁females . ▁The ▁per ▁cap ita ▁income ▁for ▁the ▁city ▁was ▁$ 1 8 , 3 0 1 . ▁About ▁ 4 . 8 % ▁of ▁families ▁and ▁ 6 . 4 % ▁of ▁the ▁population ▁were ▁below ▁the ▁pover ty ▁line , ▁including ▁ 8 . 0 % ▁of ▁those ▁under ▁age ▁ 1 8 ▁and ▁ 1 0 . 8 % ▁of ▁those ▁aged ▁ 6 5 ▁or ▁over . ▁ ▁Notable ▁people ▁▁▁ ▁Sil as ▁Reyn olds ▁Bart on , ▁Neb r aska ▁politician ▁William ▁H ale , ▁Wy oming ▁territorial ▁governor ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁The ▁following ▁properties ▁are ▁listed ▁on ▁the ▁National ▁Register ▁of ▁Historic ▁Places : ▁John ▁and ▁Lav ina ▁Bang s ▁House ▁McC le ll an ' s ▁General ▁Store ▁Pet erson ▁Man ufact uring ▁Building ▁Smith ▁and ▁W eller ▁Building ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : New ▁London , ▁Iowa ▁Category : C ities ▁in ▁Iowa ▁Category : C ities ▁in ▁Henry ▁County , ▁Iowa ▁Category : 1 8 3 3 ▁establish ments ▁in ▁Michigan ▁Territ ory <0x0A> </s> ▁St um pt oe ▁is ▁an ▁un in cor por ated ▁community ▁in ▁Van ▁Bur en ▁County , ▁Ark ansas , ▁United ▁States . ▁ ▁St um pt oe ▁has ▁been ▁noted ▁for ▁its ▁unusual ▁place ▁name . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : Un in cor por ated ▁communities ▁in ▁Van ▁Bur en ▁County , ▁Ark ansas ▁Category : Un in cor por ated ▁communities |
▁in ▁Ark ansas <0x0A> </s> ▁Franco ▁B ors i ▁( 1 9 2 5 - 2 0 0 8 ) ▁was ▁an ▁Italian ▁architect ▁and ▁architect ural ▁historian . ▁He ▁was ▁professor ▁of ▁history ▁of ▁architecture ▁at ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Florence , ▁and ▁wrote ▁on ▁Giovanni ▁Michel ucci , ▁Leon ▁Batt ista ▁Al ber ti , ▁Gian ▁Lorenzo ▁Bern ini ▁and ▁Don ato ▁Br am ante . ▁ ▁Life ▁Franco ▁B ors i ▁studied ▁architecture ▁at ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Florence . ▁After ▁an ▁architect ural ▁intern ship ▁in ▁Norway , ▁he ▁moved ▁to ▁Rome . ▁As ▁an ▁architect ▁he ▁special ized ▁in ▁interior ▁architecture , ▁particularly ▁night cl ubs ▁in ▁the ▁Via ▁Ven eto ▁area . ▁In ▁the ▁ 1 9 6 0 s ▁he ▁started ▁teaching ▁in ▁the ▁Fac ulty ▁of ▁Architecture ▁at ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Florence , ▁becoming ▁a ▁professor ▁of ▁the ▁history ▁of ▁architecture . ▁ ▁Works ▁ ▁( with ▁G . ▁K . ▁Ko enig ) ▁Arch it ett ura ▁dell ' es pression ismo . ▁Gen oa : ▁V ital i ▁e ▁G hi anda ; ▁Paris : ▁Vincent , ▁Fr éal ▁& ▁C ie , ▁ 1 9 6 7 . ▁ ▁La ▁chiesa ▁di ▁S . ▁Andrea ▁al ▁Qu ir inale , ▁ 1 9 6 7 ▁ ▁( with ▁Paulo ▁Port og h esi ) ▁Victor ▁H ort a , ▁ 1 9 6 9 ▁ ▁( with ▁Robert - L . ▁De le voy ▁and ▁H . ▁Wies er - B ened etti ) |
▁Bru xelles ▁ 1 9 0 0 . ▁Roma : ▁Offic ina , ▁ 1 9 7 2 . ▁ ▁( ed .) ▁Leon ▁Batt ista ▁Al ber ti : ▁the ▁complete ▁works . ▁Trans l ated ▁by ▁Rudolf ▁G . ▁Car pan ini . ▁London : ▁Fab er ▁& ▁Fab er , ▁ 1 9 7 3 ▁ ▁Fir enze ▁del ▁Cin qu ec ento . ▁Rome : ▁Ed ital ia , ▁ 1 9 7 4 ▁ ▁( ed . ▁with ▁Gen o ▁P amp al oni ) ▁Le ▁Pia z ze . ▁Nov ara : ▁Ist ituto ▁ge ograf ico ▁De ▁Ag ost ini , ▁ 1 9 7 5 . ▁ ▁L ' arch it ett ura ▁del ▁principe . ▁Florence : ▁Gi unt i - Mart ello , ▁ 1 9 8 0 . ▁ ▁Bern ini . ▁Trans l ated ▁from ▁the ▁Italian ▁Bern ini ▁arch itet to ▁by ▁Robert ▁Er ich ▁Wolf . ▁New ▁York : ▁R izz oli , ▁ 1 9 8 4 . ▁ ▁( ed .) ▁Fort una ▁degli ▁E tr us chi . ▁Milan : ▁Elect a , ▁ 1 9 8 5 ▁ ▁( with ▁Ez io ▁God oli ) ▁Vienna ▁ 1 9 0 0 : ▁architecture ▁and ▁design . ▁Trans l ated ▁from ▁the ▁Italian ▁V ienne ▁ 1 9 0 0 . ▁New ▁York : ▁R izz oli , ▁ 1 9 8 6 . ▁ ▁The ▁monument al ▁era : ▁European ▁architecture ▁and ▁design , ▁ |
1 9 2 9 - 1 9 3 9 . ▁Trans l ated ▁from ▁L ' ordre ▁monument al ▁by ▁Pam ela ▁Mar wood . ▁New ▁York : ▁R izz oli , ▁ 1 9 8 7 . ▁ ▁Br am ante . ▁Milan ▁: ▁Elect a , ▁ 1 9 8 9 ▁ ▁( with ▁Ez io ▁God oli ) ▁Paris ▁ 1 9 0 0 . ▁Trans l ated ▁from ▁the ▁Italian ▁by ▁J . ▁C . ▁Pal mes . ▁New ▁York : ▁R izz oli , ▁ 1 9 9 1 . ▁▁ ▁( with ▁Stef ano ▁B ors i ) ▁Paolo ▁U cc ello . ▁Trans l ated ▁from ▁the ▁Italian ▁by ▁El fred a ▁Pow ell . ▁New ▁York , ▁N . Y .: ▁H . N . ▁Abr ams , ▁ 1 9 9 4 . ▁▁ ▁Architecture ▁and ▁U top ia . ▁Trans l ated ▁by ▁De ke ▁D us in ber re . ▁Haz an ▁Ed ite ur , ▁ 1 9 9 7 . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 2 5 ▁birth s ▁Category : 2 0 0 8 ▁death s ▁Category : Ital ian ▁architect s ▁Category : Ital ian ▁architect ural ▁histor ians ▁Category : Univers ity ▁of ▁Florence ▁al umn i ▁Category : Univers ity ▁of ▁Florence ▁fac ulty <0x0A> </s> ▁Had ı m ▁Sin an ▁P asha ▁( O tt oman ▁Turkish : ▁ خ ا د م ▁ س ن ا ن ▁ پ ا ش ا |
, ▁Modern ▁Turkish : ▁Had ı m ▁Sin an ▁Pa ş a , ▁" S in an ▁P asha ▁the ▁E un uch "; ▁; ▁ 1 4 5 9 ▁– ▁ 2 2 ▁January ▁ 1 5 1 7 ) ▁was ▁Grand ▁V iz ier ▁of ▁the ▁Ott oman ▁Empire ▁from ▁ 1 5 1 6 ▁to ▁ 1 5 1 7 . ▁He ▁was ▁of ▁Bos n ian ▁descent . ▁ ▁Life ▁ ▁Early ▁life ▁According ▁to ▁R ag us an ▁documents ▁the ▁Bor ov ini ć ▁noble ▁family ▁were ▁from ▁the ▁Bor ov ini ći ▁village ▁near ▁Fo č a . ▁His ▁ancest or ▁T v rt ko ▁Bor ov ini ć ▁( fl . ▁ 1 4 1 7 – 4 6 ) ▁was ▁a ▁near ▁relative ▁of ▁the ▁Bos n ian ▁voj v oda ▁R ados lav ▁Pav lo vić , ▁whom ▁he ▁served . ▁ ▁San jak - bey ▁From ▁December ▁ 1 4 9 6 ▁he ▁was ▁san jak - bey ▁of ▁Bos nia . ▁From ▁ 1 5 0 4 ▁to ▁ 1 5 0 6 , ▁he ▁was ▁the ▁san jak - bey ▁of ▁Herz egov ina . ▁In ▁ 1 5 0 7 – 0 8 ▁he ▁expanded ▁the ▁Most ar ▁mos que ▁built ▁in ▁ 1 4 7 3 ▁by ▁an ▁earlier ▁Sin an ▁P asha ▁who ▁was ▁the ▁first ▁san jak - bey ▁of ▁Herz egov ina . ▁Then ▁he ▁was ▁the ▁san jak - bey ▁of ▁S med ere vo |
▁between ▁ 1 5 0 6 ▁and ▁ 1 5 1 3 . ▁ ▁Bey ler bey ▁and ▁Grand ▁V iz ier ▁In ▁ 1 5 1 4 , ▁he ▁was ▁the ▁Bey ler bey ▁( high ▁governor ) ▁of ▁An atol ia . ▁In ▁the ▁battle ▁of ▁Ch ald ir an ▁against ▁Saf avid ▁Pers ia ▁he ▁was ▁in ▁charge ▁of ▁right ▁fl ank . ▁After ▁the ▁battle ▁he ▁was ▁appointed ▁as ▁the ▁be y ler bey ▁of ▁Rum eli , ▁a ▁post ▁more ▁pr estig ious ▁than ▁his ▁former ▁post . ▁His ▁next ▁mission ▁was ▁the ▁con quest ▁of ▁the ▁D ulk ad ir ids , ▁in ▁what ▁is ▁now ▁South ▁Turkey . ▁He ▁defeated ▁Bo zk urt ▁of ▁D ulk ad ir ▁in ▁the ▁Battle ▁of ▁Turn ada ğ . ▁After ▁the ▁con quest ▁of ▁the ▁be y lik , ▁Sel im ▁I ▁appointed ▁him ▁as ▁the ▁grand ▁viz ier ▁on ▁April ▁ 2 5 , ▁ 1 5 1 6 . ▁Sin an ▁was ▁Sel im ' s ▁favorite ▁grand ▁viz ier . ▁He ▁was ▁active ▁in ▁the ▁con quest ▁of ▁Sy ria ▁and ▁Egypt . ▁On ▁October ▁ 2 8 , ▁ 1 5 1 6 ▁he ▁defeated ▁an ▁Egypt ian ▁Mam el u ke ▁army ▁in ▁Khan ▁Y un is , ▁near ▁Gaz za , ▁Palest ine . ▁Next ▁year , ▁he ▁fought ▁in ▁the ▁Battle ▁of ▁R id ani ya ▁in ▁Egypt ▁on ▁January ▁ 2 2 , ▁ 1 5 1 7 . ▁In ▁Ott |
oman ▁battle ▁tradition , ▁the ▁s ultan ▁was ▁almost ▁always ▁in ▁the ▁central ▁headquarters . ▁But ▁battle ▁of ▁R id ani ya ▁was ▁an ▁exception . ▁Sel im ▁I ▁decided ▁to ▁enc irc le ▁the ▁Mam el u ks ▁personally ▁and ▁assigned ▁Sin an ▁in ▁the ▁central ▁headquarters . ▁The ▁plot ▁was ▁successful ▁and ▁the ▁Mam el u ks ▁were ▁defeated . ▁However , ▁before ▁the ▁battle ▁was ▁over , ▁Mam el u ke ▁caval ry ▁( including ▁T uman ▁bay ▁II , ▁the ▁Egypt ian ▁s ultan ) ▁ra ided ▁the ▁Ott oman ▁headquarters ▁and ▁killed ▁Sin an , ▁thinking ▁he ▁was ▁the ▁s ultan . ▁After ▁the ▁battle ▁s ultan ▁Sel im ▁expressed ▁his ▁sorrow , ▁saying , ▁" We ▁won ▁the ▁battle , ▁but ▁we ▁lost ▁Sin an ." ▁ ▁Personal ▁life ▁There ▁is ▁a ▁mis information ▁that ▁Sin an ▁P asha ▁being ▁a ▁e un uch ▁married ▁a ▁daughter ▁of ▁Bay ez id ▁II ▁( r . ▁ 1 4 8 1 – 1 5 1 2 ), ▁and ▁this ▁error ▁is ▁caused ▁by ▁the ▁fact ▁that ▁the ▁husband ▁of ▁Ay ş e ▁Sultan ▁is ▁named ▁Dam at ▁Gu vey i ▁Sin an ▁P asha ▁who ▁be get ▁three ▁children ▁with ▁Ay ş e ▁and ▁died ▁in ▁ 1 2 ▁January ▁ 1 5 0 4 . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁List ▁of ▁Ott oman ▁Grand ▁V iz iers ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : 1 6 th - century ▁Grand ▁V iz iers ▁of ▁the ▁Ott oman ▁Empire ▁Category : |
Gr and ▁V iz iers ▁of ▁Sel im ▁I ▁Category : O tt oman ▁govern ors ▁of ▁An atol ia ▁Category : O tt oman ▁govern ors ▁of ▁Rum elia ▁Category : O tt oman ▁govern ors ▁of ▁Bos nia ▁Category : San jak ▁of ▁Herz egov ina ▁Category : Year ▁of ▁birth ▁unknown ▁Category : 1 5 1 7 ▁death s ▁Category : E un uchs ▁of ▁the ▁Ott oman ▁Empire ▁Category : O tt oman ▁military ▁personnel ▁killed ▁in ▁action ▁Category : P ash as ▁Category : Dev ş ir me ▁Category : O tt oman ▁Bos n ian ▁nob ility ▁Category : Pe ople ▁of ▁the ▁Ott oman ▁Empire ▁of ▁Bos n ian ▁descent ▁Category : B os nia ▁and ▁Herz egov ina ▁Muslim s ▁Category : S lav s ▁of ▁the ▁Ott oman ▁Empire ▁Category : 1 5 1 0 s ▁in ▁the ▁Ott oman ▁Empire ▁Category : 1 6 th ▁century ▁in ▁Bos nia ▁and ▁Herz egov ina ▁Category : O tt oman ▁people ▁of ▁the ▁Ott oman – Pers ian ▁Wars ▁Category : 1 4 5 9 ▁birth s <0x0A> </s> ▁Barb ato ▁Rom etti ▁( full ▁Italian ▁name : ▁Barb ato ▁Nicola ▁Rom etti ; ▁full ▁French ▁name : ▁Barb ato ▁Nicolas ▁Rom etti ; ▁also ▁Bernard ▁Rom etti ) ▁( 2 3 ▁June ▁ 1 8 9 6 , ▁in ▁Um bert ide , ▁Italy ▁– ▁ 2 2 ▁August ▁ 1 9 7 5 , ▁in ▁Nice , ▁France ) ▁was ▁a ▁French ▁ch |
ess ▁player . ▁▁ ▁Born ▁in ▁Italy ▁he ▁was ▁natural ized ▁French ▁on ▁ 1 ▁September ▁ 1 9 2 9 . ▁ ▁At ▁the ▁beginning ▁of ▁his ▁career , ▁he ▁played ▁at ▁Nice ▁ 1 9 3 0 ▁( B ▁tournament ). ▁He ▁took ▁ 2 nd , ▁behind ▁Alexander ▁Ale kh ine , ▁at ▁Nice ▁ 1 9 3 7 ▁( Qu adr angular ). ▁ ▁Rom etti ▁played ▁many ▁times ▁in ▁French ▁Ch ess ▁Championship ; ▁shared ▁ 2 nd ▁at ▁La ▁Bau le ▁ 1 9 3 2 ▁( T our no i ▁subs idia ire ), ▁tied ▁for ▁ 5 - 6 th ▁at ▁Sar reg u em ines ▁ 1 9 3 3 , ▁shared ▁ 2 nd , ▁behind ▁Am éd ée ▁Gib aud , ▁at ▁St ▁Alban ▁les ▁E aux ▁ 1 9 3 5 , ▁tied ▁for ▁ 4 - 5 th ▁at ▁Paris ▁ 1 9 3 6 , ▁tied ▁for ▁ 5 - 8 th ▁at ▁Toul ouse ▁ 1 9 3 7 , ▁tied ▁for ▁ 9 - 1 1 th ▁at ▁Nice ▁ 1 9 3 8 , ▁took ▁ 3 rd ▁at ▁Rou ba ix ▁ 1 9 4 5 , ▁tied ▁for ▁ 1 1 - 1 2 th ▁at ▁Bor de aux ▁ 1 9 4 6 , ▁took ▁ 7 th ▁at ▁V ich y ▁ 1 9 5 1 , ▁took ▁ 6 th ▁at ▁Char lev ille ▁ 1 9 5 2 , ▁shared |
▁ 5 th ▁at ▁Re ims ▁ 1 9 5 9 , ▁tied ▁for ▁ 1 0 - 1 4 th ▁at ▁Paris ▁ 1 9 6 2 , ▁tied ▁for ▁ 1 2 - 1 4 th ▁at ▁Paris ▁ 1 9 6 3 , ▁took ▁ 1 1 th ▁at ▁Mont pel lier ▁ 1 9 6 4 , ▁and ▁finally ▁took ▁ 2 4 th ▁at ▁D unker que ▁ 1 9 6 5 . ▁ ▁He ▁played , ▁as ▁Barb ato ▁Rom etti , ▁for ▁France ▁in ▁ 3 rd ▁uno fficial ▁Ch ess ▁Olymp i ad ▁at ▁Mun ich ▁ 1 9 3 6 , ▁and ▁in ▁ 8 th ▁Ch ess ▁Olymp i ad ▁at ▁Buenos ▁Aires ▁ 1 9 3 9 , ▁and , ▁as ▁Bernard ▁Rom etti , ▁for ▁Mon aco ▁at ▁Tel ▁Av iv ▁ 1 9 6 4 . ▁ ▁He ▁also ▁participated ▁in ▁friendly ▁matches ▁France ▁vs . ▁Switzerland ▁and ▁France ▁vs . ▁Australia ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 6 , ▁and ▁represented ▁France ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 st ▁Cla re ▁Bened ict ▁Ch ess ▁Cup ▁at ▁Mont ▁P él ér in ▁ 1 9 5 3 . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Ch ess g ames . com ▁:: ▁Bernard ▁Rom etti ▁▁ ▁Ch ess g ames . com ▁:: ▁Bar bat to ▁Rom etti ▁ ▁Ch ess g ames . com ▁:: ▁Rom etti ▁ ▁Ch ess met rics . com ▁:: ▁Bernard ▁Rom etti ▁▁ 3 6 5 |
Ch ess . com ▁:: ▁Bernard ▁Rom etti ▁ ▁Ch ess Base ▁Spieler ▁Datenbank ▁:: ▁Such e ▁Att ention : ▁There ▁are ▁different ▁first ▁name ▁and ▁initial s ▁( B , ▁J B , ▁N , ▁N B ) ▁for ▁Rom etti ▁in ▁sources . ▁ ▁Category : 1 8 9 6 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 9 7 5 ▁death s ▁Category : F rench ▁ch ess ▁players ▁Category : Ital ian ▁ch ess ▁players ▁Category : Ch ess ▁Olymp i ad ▁compet itors ▁Category : 2 0 th - century ▁ch ess ▁players <0x0A> </s> ▁Laura ▁Anne ▁Jones ▁( born ▁ 2 1 ▁February ▁ 1 9 7 9 ) ▁was ▁a ▁Conserv ative ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁National ▁Assembly ▁for ▁Wales . ▁ ▁She ▁was ▁also ▁the ▁Conserv ative ▁sp okes w oman ▁for ▁Sport ▁in ▁the ▁Assembly ▁from ▁ 2 0 0 3 ▁to ▁ 2 0 0 7 . ▁ ▁Background ▁The ▁daughter ▁of ▁a ▁far mer ▁and ▁a ▁lect urer , ▁Jones ▁was ▁born ▁in ▁New port ▁and ▁brought ▁up ▁in ▁Mon mouth shire . ▁She ▁attended ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁P ly mouth , ▁where ▁she ▁studied ▁politics . ▁ ▁Political ▁career ▁She ▁joined ▁the ▁Conserv atives ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 6 ▁and ▁was ▁involved ▁in ▁Conserv ative ▁Future , ▁the ▁party ' s ▁youth ▁wing . ▁ ▁Elect ed ▁to ▁the ▁Assembly ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 3 ▁election ▁to ▁represent ▁South ▁Wales ▁East , ▁she ▁was ▁the ▁young est ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁Assembly . |
▁She ▁was ▁appointed ▁as ▁the ▁Conserv ative ▁sp okes w oman ▁on ▁sport , ▁and ▁sat ▁on ▁the ▁Culture , ▁Sport ▁and ▁Wel sh ▁Language , ▁and ▁Local ▁Government ▁and ▁Public ▁Services ▁comm itte es . ▁Her ▁profile ▁was ▁increased ▁when ▁she ▁appeared ▁on ▁the ▁BBC ▁television ▁programme ▁Question ▁Time ▁in ▁February ▁ 2 0 0 4 . ▁ ▁Jones ▁lost ▁her ▁seat ▁in ▁the ▁National ▁Assembly ▁in ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁Assembly ▁election ▁when ▁Pla id ▁C ym ru ▁gained ▁one ▁seat ▁in ▁the ▁South ▁Wales ▁East ▁region ▁at ▁the ▁exp ense ▁of ▁the ▁Conserv atives . ▁ ▁At ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 5 ▁general ▁election ▁she ▁cont ested ▁the ▁safe ▁Labour ▁seat ▁of ▁Is l w yn ▁for ▁the ▁Conserv atives ▁and ▁finished ▁third ▁with ▁ 5 , 3 6 6 ▁votes . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁Wel sh ▁Conserv atives ▁Website ▁ ▁Off ices ▁held ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 7 9 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁New port , ▁Wales ▁Category : Con serv ative ▁Party ▁M embers ▁of ▁the ▁National ▁Assembly ▁for ▁Wales ▁Category : W ales ▁AM s ▁ 2 0 0 3 – 2 0 0 7 ▁Category : Al umn i ▁of ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁P ly mouth ▁Category : F em ale ▁members ▁of ▁the ▁National ▁Assembly ▁for ▁Wales ▁Category : Con serv ative ▁Party ▁( UK ) ▁parliament ary ▁candidates <0x0A> </s> ▁Ing alls ▁Sh ip building ▁is ▁a ▁ship yard ▁located |
▁in ▁P asc ag ou la , ▁Mississippi , ▁United ▁States , ▁originally ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 8 , ▁and ▁now ▁part ▁of ▁Hun ting ton ▁Ing alls ▁Indust ries . ▁It ▁is ▁a ▁leading ▁producer ▁of ▁ships ▁for ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Navy , ▁and ▁at ▁ 1 2 , 5 0 0 ▁employees , ▁the ▁second ▁largest ▁private ▁employ er ▁in ▁Mississippi . ▁ ▁History ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 3 8 , ▁Ing alls ▁Sh ip building ▁Corporation ▁was ▁founded ▁by ▁Robert ▁In gers oll ▁Ing alls , ▁Sr . ▁( 1 8 8 2 – 1 9 5 1 ) ▁of ▁B irmingham , ▁Alabama , ▁on ▁the ▁East ▁Bank ▁of ▁the ▁P asc ag ou la ▁River ▁in ▁Mississippi . ▁Ing alls ▁was ▁located ▁where ▁the ▁P asc ag ou la ▁River ▁runs ▁into ▁the ▁G ulf ▁of ▁Mexico . ▁It ▁started ▁out ▁building ▁commercial ▁ships ▁including ▁, ▁which ▁took ▁part ▁in ▁Liber ty ▁Fle et ▁Day ▁on ▁ 2 7 ▁September ▁ 1 9 4 1 . ▁In ▁the ▁ 1 9 5 0 s ▁Ing alls ▁started ▁b idd ing ▁on ▁Navy ▁work , ▁winning ▁a ▁contract ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 7 ▁to ▁build ▁ 1 2 ▁nuclear - power ed ▁attack ▁sub mar ines . ▁ ▁Lit ton ▁Indust ries ▁acquired ▁Ing alls ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 1 , ▁and ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 8 ▁expanded ▁its ▁facilities ▁to ▁the ▁other ▁side ▁of ▁the ▁river . ▁Ing alls ▁reached ▁a ▁high |
▁point ▁of ▁employ ment ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 7 , ▁with ▁ 2 7 , 2 8 0 ▁workers . ▁In ▁April ▁ 2 0 0 1 , ▁Lit ton ▁was ▁acquired ▁by ▁the ▁North rop ▁Gr um man ▁Corporation . ▁ ▁On ▁ 2 9 ▁August ▁ 2 0 0 5 , ▁Ing alls ▁facilities ▁were ▁dam aged ▁by ▁H urr icane ▁K atr ina ; ▁most ▁of ▁the ▁ships ▁in ▁dock ▁and ▁construction ▁escaped ▁serious ▁harm . ▁While ▁ship building ▁was ▁halt ed ▁for ▁a ▁while ▁due ▁to ▁the ▁destruction ▁of ▁many ▁buildings , ▁most ▁vehicles ▁and ▁the ▁large ▁overhead ▁c ran es ▁are ▁the ▁same ▁that ▁the ▁facility ▁continues ▁to ▁operate ▁today . ▁ ▁On ▁ 3 1 ▁March ▁ 2 0 1 1 , ▁North rop ▁Gr um man ▁sp un ▁off ▁its ▁ship building ▁sector ▁( including ▁Ing alls ▁Sh ip building ) ▁into ▁a ▁new ▁corpor ation , ▁Hun ting ton ▁Ing alls ▁Indust ries . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 5 , ▁Ing alls ▁Sh ip building ▁Company ▁signed ▁a ▁contract ▁with ▁US ▁Navy ▁for ▁new ▁destroy ers , ▁litt oral ▁combat ▁ships , ▁and ▁new ▁landing ▁craft . ▁ ▁was ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁first ▁new ▁destroy ers ▁and ▁was ▁launched ▁on ▁March ▁ 2 8 . ▁The ▁company ▁is ▁also ▁building ▁the ▁, ▁ ▁and ▁. ▁ ▁On ▁ 2 1 ▁March ▁ 2 0 1 5 , ▁the ▁new ▁ ▁ship ▁ ▁was ▁cer emon ial ly ▁christ ened . ▁The ▁vessel |
▁had ▁been ▁launched ▁on ▁October ▁ 3 0 ▁and ▁was ▁commission ed ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 7 . ▁ ▁On ▁ 2 7 ▁March ▁ 2 0 1 5 , ▁the ▁ship yard ▁received ▁construction ▁contract s ▁for ▁their ▁next ▁destroy ers . ▁Ing alls ▁Sh ip building ▁Company ▁was ▁awarded ▁a ▁$ 6 0 4 . 3 ▁million ▁contract ▁modification ▁to ▁build ▁. ▁ ▁On ▁ 3 1 ▁March ▁ 2 0 1 5 , ▁the ▁ship yard ▁also ▁received ▁another ▁contract ▁with ▁a ▁$ 5 0 0 ▁million ▁fixed ▁price ▁to ▁build ▁the ▁e ighth ▁National ▁Security ▁C utter ▁( NS C ) ▁for ▁the ▁US ▁Coast ▁Guard . ▁Most ▁of ▁them ▁will ▁be ▁under ▁construction ▁until ▁ 2 0 1 9 . ▁The ▁cut ters ▁are ▁the ▁most ▁advanced ▁ships ▁ever ▁built ▁for ▁the ▁Coast ▁Guard . ▁ ▁On ▁ 3 0 ▁June ▁ 2 0 1 6 , ▁Ing alls ▁Sh ip building ▁signed ▁a ▁contract ▁with ▁US ▁Navy ▁to ▁build ▁the ▁U . S . ▁Navy ' s ▁next ▁large - deck ▁am ph ib ious ▁assault ▁war ship . ▁The ▁contract ▁included ▁planning , ▁advanced ▁engineering , ▁and ▁proc ure ment ▁of ▁long - le ad ▁material , ▁is ▁just ▁over ▁$ 2 7 2 ▁million . ▁If ▁options ▁are ▁exerc ised , ▁the ▁cum ulative ▁value ▁of ▁the ▁contract ▁would ▁be ▁$ 3 . 1 ▁billion ▁ ▁Product s ▁Ing alls ' ▁primary ▁product ▁has ▁been ▁naval ▁ships , ▁and ▁naval ▁projects ▁for ▁Egypt , |
▁Israel , ▁and ▁Venezuela . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁ 1 9 5 0 s , ▁Ing alls ▁attempted ▁to ▁enter ▁the ▁dies el ▁locomot ive ▁market . ▁ ▁They ▁catalog ed ▁an ▁extensive ▁product ▁line , ▁but ▁only ▁one ▁example , ▁known ▁as ▁the ▁model ▁ 4 - S , ▁was ▁produced . ▁ ▁It ▁was ▁sold ▁to ▁the ▁G ulf , ▁Mobile ▁& ▁Ohio ▁Rail road . ▁ ▁Ing alls ▁also ▁manufact ured ▁covered ▁ho pper ▁rail road ▁cars ▁in ▁the ▁early ▁ 1 9 8 0 s , ▁producing ▁around ▁ 4 , 0 0 0 ▁units , ▁primarily ▁for ▁the ▁le ase ▁market ▁via ▁North ▁American ▁Car . ▁ ▁Sh ips ▁built ▁Sh ips ▁built ▁by ▁Ing alls ▁include : ▁ ▁Sub mar ines ▁Bar bel ▁class : ▁ ▁Sk ip jack ▁class : ▁ ▁Th res her / Perm it ▁class : ▁ ▁St ur geon ▁class : ▁ ▁Dest roy ers ▁Spr u ance ▁class : ▁ ▁K idd ▁class : ▁ ▁Ar le igh ▁Bur ke ▁class : ▁ ▁Cru is ers ▁T icon der oga ▁class : ▁ ▁C ut ters ▁Leg end ▁class : ▁ ▁Am ph ib ious ▁transport ▁dock ▁San ▁Antonio ▁class : ▁ ▁Am ph ib ious ▁assault ▁ship ▁I wo ▁J ima ▁class : ▁ ▁Tar awa ▁class : ▁ ▁W asp ▁class : ▁ ▁America ▁class : ▁ ▁Att ack ▁transport ▁s ▁ ▁Cor v ette ▁Sa ' ar ▁ 5 - class : ▁IN S ▁E il at ▁( |
5 0 1 ) ▁IN S ▁L ah av ▁( 5 0 2 ) ▁IN S ▁Han it ▁( 5 0 3 ) ▁ ▁T ank ers ▁T 5 ▁T ank er ▁prototype , ▁ 6 1 5 - foot ▁vessel ▁intended ▁for ▁possible ▁conversion ▁to ▁atomic ▁power , ▁ 1 9 5 8 ▁ ▁Cru ise ▁ships ▁and ▁ocean ▁lin ers ▁ ▁, ▁a ▁lux ury ▁l iner ▁launched ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 7 . ▁ ▁, ▁the ▁last ▁lux ury ▁ocean ▁l iner ▁to ▁be ▁completed ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁as ▁of ▁ 2 0 1 5 . ▁▁ ▁for ▁naval ▁architect ▁George ▁G . ▁Sh arp , ▁ 1 9 4 6 ▁▁ ▁( partial ly ▁built ▁in ▁Mississippi , ▁then ▁to wed ▁to ▁Germany ▁for ▁out f itting ) ▁ ▁Santa ▁Rosa ▁ ▁Sh ips ▁ref itted ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁ ▁Official ▁website ▁ ▁Category : P asc ag ou la , ▁Mississippi ▁Category : Lo comot ive ▁manufact ur ers ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Category : N orth rop ▁Gr um man ▁Category : Sh ip building ▁companies ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Category : Comp an ies ▁based ▁in ▁Mississippi ▁Category : Build ings ▁and ▁structures ▁in ▁Jackson ▁County , ▁Mississippi ▁Category : V eh icle ▁manufact uring ▁companies ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 8 ▁Category : Def ense ▁companies ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Category : 1 9 3 8 ▁establish ments ▁in ▁Mississippi <0x0A> </s> ▁Mel m ast ia , ▁or ▁hospital ity |
, ▁is ▁the ▁requirement ▁Pas ht un w ali ▁places ▁on ▁all ▁its ▁tribes men ▁towards ▁others , ▁whether ▁they ▁are ▁str angers ▁or ▁members ▁of ▁one ' s ▁own ▁tribe . ▁Mel m ast ia ▁requires ▁hospital ity ▁and ▁prof ound ▁respect ▁to ▁be ▁shown ▁all ▁visitors , ▁regardless ▁of ▁dist in ctions ▁of ▁race , ▁religion , ▁national ▁affili ation ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁economic ▁status ▁and ▁doing ▁so ▁without ▁any ▁hope ▁of ▁rem un er ation ▁or ▁favour . ▁Pas ht uns ▁will ▁go ▁to ▁great ▁ext ents ▁to ▁show ▁their ▁hospital ity . ▁ ▁El ph inst one ▁in ▁ 1 8 1 5 ▁observed : ▁" The ▁most ▁remarkable ▁characteristic ▁of ▁the ▁Af gh ans ▁is ▁their ▁hospital ity . ▁The ▁practice ▁of ▁this ▁virtue ▁is ▁so ▁much ▁a ▁point ▁of ▁national ▁honor , ▁that ▁their ▁repro ach ▁to ▁an ▁in h osp itable ▁man ▁is ▁that ▁he ▁has ▁no ▁P us ht un w ali ". ▁( El ph inst on ▁ 1 9 6 9 : ▁ 2 2 6 ). ▁▁ ▁Hospital ity ▁to ▁str angers ▁is ▁an ▁oblig ation ▁and ▁is ▁offered ▁free , ▁without ▁expecting ▁any ▁reci pro city . ▁But ▁hospital ity ▁to ▁one ' s ▁k ins men ▁or ▁tribes men ▁puts ▁the ▁recip ient ▁under ▁reci pro cal ▁oblig ation , ▁accompanied ▁by ▁the ▁" f ear ▁that ▁he ▁will ▁not ▁be ▁in ▁the ▁position ▁to ▁return ▁it ▁ade qu ately ▁when ▁the ▁occasion ▁dem ands ". ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ |
▁Nan aw ata i ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Mel m ast ia ▁on ▁Afghan ▁Wik i ▁ ▁Category : A fg han ▁culture ▁Category : P as ht o ▁words ▁and ▁phr ases ▁Category : P as ht un ▁culture <0x0A> </s> ▁Hugh ▁Cro ft on ▁( d ied ▁ 2 0 ▁October ▁ 1 7 6 7 ) ▁was ▁an ▁Irish ▁politician . ▁▁ ▁Cro ften ▁was ▁the ▁Member ▁of ▁Parliament ▁for ▁Le it rim ▁in ▁the ▁Irish ▁House ▁of ▁Commons ▁between ▁ 1 7 4 3 ▁and ▁ 1 7 6 0 . ▁He ▁was ▁the ▁father ▁of ▁Sir ▁Morgan ▁Cro ft on , ▁ 1 st ▁Baron et . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : Year ▁of ▁birth ▁unknown ▁Category : 1 7 6 7 ▁death s ▁Category : I r ish ▁MP s ▁ 1 7 2 7 – 1 7 6 0 ▁Category : M embers ▁of ▁the ▁Parliament ▁of ▁Ireland ▁( pre - 1 8 0 1 ) ▁for ▁County ▁Le it rim ▁constitu encies <0x0A> </s> ▁Harold ▁Wes ley ▁George ▁( c . ▁ 1 8 8 7 – ▁ 1 0 ▁May ▁ 1 9 1 5 ) ▁was ▁an ▁Australian ▁representative ▁rugby ▁union ▁prop ▁forward ▁who ▁saw ▁active ▁service ▁and ▁was ▁killed ▁in ▁World ▁War ▁I . ▁ ▁Rugby ▁career ▁George ' s ▁club ▁rugby ▁career ▁was ▁with ▁the ▁Eastern ▁Sub ur bs ▁R U FC ▁in ▁Sydney ▁where ▁he ▁played ▁as ▁a ▁front - ro wer . ▁He ▁made ▁twenty ▁state |
▁representative ▁appearances ▁for ▁New ▁South ▁Wales ▁and ▁appeared ▁on ▁eight ▁occasions ▁between ▁ 1 9 1 0 ▁and ▁ 1 9 1 4 ▁for ▁Australia . ▁He ▁played ▁in ▁Australia ' s ▁first ▁win ▁over ▁the ▁All ▁Black s ▁in ▁Sydney ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 0 ▁and ▁in ▁the ▁inaug ural ▁Test ▁against ▁the ▁USA ▁in ▁Ber keley ▁in ▁California ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 2 . ▁ ▁Military ▁career ▁On ▁ 2 1 ▁January ▁ 1 9 1 5 , ▁George ▁en list ed ▁as ▁a ▁private ▁with ▁the ▁ 1 3 th ▁( New ▁South ▁Wales ) ▁Infantry ▁Battalion , ▁Australian ▁Imperial ▁Force ▁– ▁the ▁Battalion ▁had ▁been ▁raised ▁in ▁September ▁ 1 9 1 4 ▁only ▁six ▁weeks ▁after ▁the ▁declaration ▁of ▁war . ▁The ▁main ▁strength ▁of ▁the ▁batt alion ▁left ▁Australia ▁from ▁Alb any ▁in ▁December ▁arriv ing ▁in ▁Egypt ▁in ▁February ▁ 1 9 1 5 . ▁Harold ▁George ▁was ▁en list ed ▁to ▁a ▁force ▁of ▁rein for c ements ▁for ▁the ▁ 1 3 th ▁and ▁left ▁Sydney ▁on ▁board ▁H M AT ▁A 4 9 ▁Se ang ▁Ch oon ▁on ▁ 1 1 ▁February ▁ 1 9 1 5 . ▁ ▁Al ong ▁with ▁the ▁rest ▁of ▁the ▁ 4 th ▁Brigade , ▁under ▁the ▁command ▁of ▁then ▁Colonel ▁John ▁Mon ash , ▁the ▁ 1 3 th ▁Battalion ▁took ▁part ▁in ▁the ▁Land ing ▁at ▁An z ac ▁C ove , ▁arriv ing ▁late ▁on ▁ 2 5 ▁April ▁ 1 9 |
1 5 . ▁Between ▁May ▁to ▁August , ▁they ▁were ▁then ▁heavily ▁involved ▁in ▁operations ▁to ▁establish ▁and ▁defend ▁the ▁narrow ▁beach head ▁against ▁Turkish ▁assault s , ▁ ▁Harold ▁George ▁fought ▁against ▁the ▁ent rench ed ▁Turkish ▁forces ▁at ▁Gal lip oli ▁in ▁these ▁actions ▁where ▁he ▁was ▁mort ally ▁wounded ▁by ▁sni per ▁fire ▁in ▁May ▁ 1 9 1 5 ▁at ▁Pope ' s ▁Post . ▁He ▁died ▁from ▁w ounds ▁on ▁ 1 0 ▁May ▁ 1 9 1 5 , ▁ ▁ab o ard ▁ship ▁in ▁the ▁Mediter rane an ▁after ▁ev acu ation ▁from ▁Gal lip oli . ▁He ▁is ▁comm emor ated ▁on ▁the ▁L one ▁P ine ▁Memorial ▁( T ur key , ▁P anel ▁ 3 7 ). ▁ ▁His ▁club mate ▁Clar rie ▁Wal lach ▁who ▁also ▁fought ▁at ▁An z ac ▁C ove , ▁wrote ▁a ▁letter ▁home ▁which ▁was ▁published ▁in ▁the ▁sport ing ▁paper ▁The ▁Ref eree . ▁He ▁described ▁hearing ▁of ▁George ' s ▁death ▁from ▁William ▁Task er ▁another ▁rugby ▁contemporary ▁who ▁saw ▁Gal lip oli ▁action ▁and ▁later ▁died ▁on ▁the ▁Western ▁Front ." Tw it ▁Task er ▁told ▁me ▁how ▁Harold ▁George ▁died ▁the ▁death ▁of ▁death s — ▁a ▁hero ' s — ▁never ▁be aten ▁till ▁the ▁wh ist le ▁went ". ▁ ▁Hon ours ▁and ▁awards ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁List ▁of ▁international ▁rugby ▁union ▁players ▁killed ▁in ▁action ▁during ▁the ▁First ▁World ▁War ▁▁ 1 9 1 2 ▁Australia ▁rugby |
▁union ▁tour ▁of ▁Canada ▁and ▁the ▁U . S . ▁ ▁Foot notes ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Collection ▁( 1 9 9 5 ) ▁Gordon ▁B ray ▁presents ▁The ▁Spirit ▁of ▁Rugby , ▁Har per ▁Collins ▁Publish ers ▁Sydney ▁ ▁Z av os , ▁S pi ro ▁( 2 0 0 0 ) ▁Golden ▁Wall ab ies — ▁The ▁Story ▁of ▁Australia ' s ▁Rugby ▁World ▁Champions , ▁P engu in ▁Books , ▁Ring wood , ▁Victoria ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Harold ▁George ▁at ▁the ▁A IF ▁Project ▁ ▁Category : Austral ian ▁soldiers ▁Category : 1 8 8 7 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 9 1 5 ▁death s ▁Category : Austral ian ▁military ▁personnel ▁killed ▁in ▁World ▁War ▁I ▁Category : R ugby ▁union ▁props ▁Category : Austral ia ▁international ▁rugby ▁union ▁players <0x0A> </s> ▁Uri ▁Ber eng uer - R amos ▁( born ▁ 1 9 8 2 ▁in ▁Pan ama ) ▁is ▁the ▁play - by - play ▁announ cer ▁for ▁the ▁Boston ▁Red ▁So x ▁Spanish ▁Be is bol ▁Network . ▁ ▁Ber eng uer ▁joined ▁the ▁Spanish ▁Be is bol ▁Network ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 2 ▁as ▁a ▁stat istic ian , ▁engineer , ▁pre game ▁and ▁post game ▁host , ▁and ▁play - by - play ▁announ cer . ▁He ▁had ▁previously ▁worked ▁as ▁a ▁stat istic ian ▁for ▁W EE I ▁and ▁in ▁the ▁Red ▁So x ▁community ▁relations ▁office . ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 3 , ▁Ber eng uer ▁became ▁a ▁full |
- time ▁announ cer ▁upon ▁the ▁departure ▁of ▁Juan ▁Oscar ▁B ae z . ▁At ▁ 2 1 , ▁he ▁was ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁young est ▁full - time ▁broad c aster s ▁in ▁the ▁history ▁of ▁the ▁major ▁le agues . ▁In ▁May ▁ 2 0 0 5 , ▁Ber eng uer ▁became ▁the ▁lead ▁announ cer ▁following ▁the ▁death ▁of ▁broadcast ▁partner ▁Juan ▁Pedro ▁Vill am án . ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 9 , ▁Ber eng uer ▁was ▁one ▁of ▁five ▁announ cers ▁used ▁by ▁the ▁ML B ▁Network ▁to ▁call ▁the ▁Car ib bean ▁Series . ▁ ▁Ber eng uer ▁was ▁treated ▁for ▁hist i oc yt osis ▁at ▁the ▁Jimmy ▁Fund ▁C lin ic ▁at ▁D ana - F ar ber ▁Can cer ▁Institute ▁from ▁ 1 9 8 5 - 2 0 0 1 . ▁He ▁is ▁a ▁gradu ate ▁of ▁the ▁Boston ▁Latin ▁Academy ▁and ▁N ort he astern ▁University . ▁He ▁was ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁Latin ▁Academy ' s ▁baseball , ▁football ▁and ▁track ▁teams . ▁His ▁uncle ▁Juan ▁Ber eng uer ▁played ▁in ▁the ▁major ▁le agues ▁from ▁ 1 9 7 8 - 1 9 9 2 . ▁ ▁On ▁August ▁ 6 , ▁ 2 0 1 0 , ▁Uri ▁deb uted ▁alongside ▁J ade ▁Mc Car thy ▁on ▁N ES N ▁Daily . ▁ ▁On ▁November ▁ 1 2 , ▁ 2 0 1 0 , ▁N ES N ▁announced ▁that ▁due ▁to ▁the ▁lack ▁of ▁chem istry ▁with ▁J ade |
▁Mc Car thy ▁and ▁the ▁low ▁ratings ▁of ▁the ▁show , ▁Uri ▁Ber eng uer ▁had ▁been ▁removed ▁as ▁co - host ▁of ▁N ES N ▁Daily . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 8 2 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : American ▁people ▁of ▁Pan aman ian ▁descent ▁Category : American ▁television ▁rep or ters ▁and ▁correspond ents ▁Category : B oston ▁Red ▁So x ▁broad c aster s ▁Category : M aj or ▁League ▁Baseball ▁broad c aster s ▁Category : N ort he astern ▁University ▁al umn i ▁Category : S ports ▁comment ators <0x0A> </s> ▁Sh rew s bury ▁Town ▁Council ▁is ▁a ▁town ▁council ▁in ▁Sh ro pshire , ▁established ▁in ▁April ▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁as ▁part ▁of ▁struct ural ▁changes ▁to ▁local ▁government ▁in ▁England ▁that ▁abol ished ▁Sh rew s bury ▁and ▁At ch am ▁Bor ough ▁Council ▁and ▁created ▁in ▁its ▁place ▁the ▁unit ary ▁Sh ro pshire ▁Council . ▁Sh rew s bury ▁was ▁previously ▁un par ished , ▁with ▁the ▁Mayor ▁of ▁Sh rew s bury ▁and ▁At ch am ▁acting ▁as ▁the ▁town ' s ▁mayor . ▁Ser ving ▁a ▁population ▁of ▁over ▁ 7 2 , 0 0 0 , ▁Sh rew s bury ▁Town ▁Council ▁is ▁the ▁second ▁most ▁popul ous ▁parish ▁council ▁in ▁England . ▁ ▁The ▁town ▁council ▁provides ▁h ort icult ural ▁services ▁and ▁is ▁responsible ▁for ▁par ks , ▁sports ▁pitch es , ▁recre ation ▁grounds , ▁all ot ments |
▁and ▁highway ▁ver ges . ▁The ▁council ▁also ▁man ages ▁provision ▁of ▁the ▁town ▁market , ▁community ▁facilities , ▁bus ▁sh el ters , ▁street ▁light ing ▁and ▁public ▁to ile ts . ▁ ▁The ▁town ▁council ▁is ▁made ▁up ▁of ▁ 1 7 ▁w ards , ▁elected ▁every ▁four ▁years ▁alongside ▁Sh ro pshire ▁Council ▁elections ▁using ▁first - p ast - the - post . ▁The ▁w ards ▁are ▁cot erm in ous ▁with ▁the ▁Sh ro pshire ▁Council ▁divisions ▁created ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 9 . ▁ ▁Mayor ▁of ▁Sh rew s bury ▁ ▁Prior ▁to ▁ 2 0 0 9 , ▁the ▁Mayor ▁of ▁Sh rew s bury ▁and ▁At ch am ▁Bor ough ▁Council ▁acted ▁as ▁Mayor ▁of ▁Sh rew s bury . ▁The ▁Mayor ▁is ▁elected ▁ann ually ▁for ▁a ▁one - year ▁term ▁alongside ▁the ▁Deput y ▁Mayor . ▁By ▁convention ▁the ▁Deput y ▁Mayor ▁becomes ▁Mayor ▁the ▁following ▁year . ▁ ▁E lections ▁ ▁Sh rew s bury ▁Town ▁Council ▁election , ▁ 2 0 1 7 ▁ ▁The ▁third ▁elections ▁to ▁Sh rew s bury ▁Town ▁Council ▁were ▁held ▁on ▁ 4 ▁May ▁ 2 0 1 7 , ▁coinc iding ▁with ▁elections ▁to ▁Sh ro pshire ▁Council . ▁ ▁The ▁Conserv atives ▁gained ▁Bag ley ▁from ▁the ▁Liberal ▁Democr ats ▁while ▁the ▁Gre ens ▁gained ▁P orth ill , ▁its ▁first ▁seat ▁on ▁Sh rew s bury ▁Town ▁Council , ▁also ▁from ▁the ▁Liberal ▁Democr ats . ▁That ▁left ▁Labour ▁with ▁ |
7 ▁seats , ▁the ▁Conserv atives ▁with ▁ 6 , ▁the ▁Liberal ▁Democr ats ▁with ▁ 3 ▁and ▁the ▁Green ▁Party ▁with ▁ 1 . ▁ ▁Sum mary ▁ ▁All ▁w ards ▁are ▁single ▁seat . ▁ ▁Sh rew s bury ▁Town ▁Council ▁election , ▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁The ▁second ▁elections ▁to ▁Sh rew s bury ▁Town ▁Council ▁were ▁held ▁on ▁ 3 ▁May ▁ 2 0 1 3 , ▁coinc iding ▁with ▁elections ▁to ▁Sh ro pshire ▁Council . ▁ ▁Labour ▁gained ▁Column , ▁Mon k mo or ▁and ▁Sund or ne ▁from ▁the ▁Conserv atives ▁while ▁the ▁Liberal ▁Democr ats ▁gained ▁Bag ley ▁and ▁Qu ar ry ▁and ▁Cot on ▁Hill . ▁The ▁composition ▁of ▁the ▁town ▁council ▁was ▁subsequently ▁ 7 ▁for ▁Labour , ▁ 5 ▁for ▁the ▁Conserv atives ▁and ▁ 5 ▁for ▁the ▁Liberal ▁Democr ats . ▁With ▁the ▁Conserv atives ▁losing ▁overall ▁control , ▁Labour ▁and ▁the ▁Liberal ▁Democr ats ▁took ▁control ▁of ▁the ▁control . ▁ ▁Sh rew s bury ▁Town ▁Council ▁election , ▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁The ▁first ▁elections ▁to ▁Sh rew s bury ▁Town ▁Council ▁were ▁held ▁on ▁ 4 ▁June ▁ 2 0 0 9 , ▁coinc iding ▁with ▁elections ▁to ▁Sh ro pshire ▁Council ▁and ▁the ▁European ▁Parliament . ▁ ▁The ▁Conserv atives ▁won ▁ 1 2 ▁seats ▁( 4 ▁of ▁which ▁were ▁un cont ested ), ▁Labour ▁won ▁ 3 ▁and ▁the ▁Liberal ▁Democr ats ▁won ▁ 2 . ▁ ▁By - e lections ▁ ▁See ▁also |
▁ ▁Sh rew s bury ▁ ▁Sh ro pshire ▁Council ▁ ▁Local ▁government ▁in ▁England ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Sh rew s bury ▁Town ▁Council ▁ ▁Sh ro pshire ▁Council ▁ ▁Category : Sh rew s bury <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁House ▁at ▁ 1 0 7 ▁William ▁Street ▁in ▁Stone ham , ▁Massachusetts , ▁is ▁a ▁well - pres erved ▁early ▁Greek ▁Rev ival ▁c ott age . ▁ ▁Bu ilt ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 8 2 0 s , ▁it ▁is ▁a ▁ 1 - 1 / 2 ▁story ▁wood ▁frame ▁house , ▁five ▁b ays ▁wide , ▁with ▁a ▁side ▁g able ▁roof , ▁cla p board ▁s iding , ▁and ▁a ▁gran ite ▁foundation . ▁ ▁It ▁has ▁a ▁project ing ▁central ▁entry ▁and ▁an ▁ell ▁on ▁its ▁east ▁side , ▁set ▁on ▁a ▁brick ▁foundation . ▁ ▁The ▁ell ▁has ▁a ▁second ▁entry , ▁indicating ▁it ▁may ▁have ▁been ▁used ▁as ▁a ▁shop . ▁ ▁The ▁main ▁entry ▁has ▁s idel ights , ▁and ▁both ▁entries ▁have ▁a ▁narrow ▁trans om . ▁ ▁It ▁is ▁one ▁of ▁a ▁small ▁number ▁of ▁surv iving ▁buildings ▁of ▁a ▁larger ▁cluster ▁that ▁once ▁stood ▁near ▁the ▁j unction ▁of ▁William ▁and ▁Main ▁Stre ets . ▁ ▁The ▁house ▁was ▁listed ▁on ▁the ▁National ▁Register ▁of ▁Historic ▁Places ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 4 . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁National ▁Register ▁of ▁Historic ▁Places ▁list ings ▁in ▁Stone ham , ▁Massachusetts ▁National ▁Register ▁of ▁Historic ▁Places ▁list ings ▁in ▁M idd les |
ex ▁County , ▁Massachusetts ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : H ouses ▁on ▁the ▁National ▁Register ▁of ▁Historic ▁Places ▁in ▁Stone ham , ▁Massachusetts ▁Category : H ouses ▁completed ▁in ▁ 1 8 2 5 ▁Category : H ouses ▁in ▁Stone ham , ▁Massachusetts <0x0A> </s> ▁__ NOT OC __ ▁The ▁following ▁is ▁a ▁list ▁of ▁Play boy ▁Play m ates ▁of ▁ 1 9 7 3 . ▁ ▁Play boy ▁magazine ▁names ▁their ▁Play mate ▁of ▁the ▁Month ▁each ▁month ▁throughout ▁the ▁year . ▁ ▁January ▁ ▁M iki ▁Gar cia ▁( born ▁February ▁ 1 7 , ▁ 1 9 4 7 ▁in ▁King man , ▁Arizona ) ▁is ▁an ▁American ▁model . ▁ ▁She ▁is ▁best ▁known ▁for ▁being ▁Play boy ▁magazine ' s ▁Play mate ▁of ▁the ▁Month ▁for ▁its ▁January ▁ 1 9 7 3 ▁issue . ▁ ▁Her ▁center fold ▁was ▁photograph ed ▁by ▁Mario ▁Cas illi . ▁ ▁February ▁ ▁C yn th ia ▁Lyn n ▁Wood ▁( born ▁September ▁ 2 5 , ▁ 1 9 5 0 ▁in ▁Bur bank , ▁California ) ▁is ▁an ▁American ▁model ▁and ▁actress . ▁She ▁is ▁the ▁daughter ▁of ▁Harold ▁and ▁Er ma ▁Wood . ▁She ▁was ▁chosen ▁as ▁Play boy ▁magazine ' s ▁Play mate ▁of ▁the ▁Month ▁in ▁February ▁ 1 9 7 3 , ▁and ▁the ▁ 1 9 7 4 ▁Play mate ▁of ▁the ▁Year . ▁Her ▁center fold ▁was ▁photograph ed ▁by ▁Pom pe o ▁Pos ar . ▁ ▁March ▁ ▁Bon nie ▁Lar |
ge ▁( born ▁September ▁ 9 , ▁ 1 9 5 2 ▁in ▁Gl end ale , ▁California ) ▁was ▁Play boy ▁magazine ' s ▁Play mate ▁of ▁the ▁Month ▁for ▁March ▁ 1 9 7 3 . ▁Her ▁center fold ▁was ▁photograph ed ▁by ▁William ▁Fig ge ▁and ▁Mel ▁Fig ge . ▁She ▁is ▁noted ▁for ▁becoming ▁histor ically ▁the ▁first ▁Play mate ▁of ▁the ▁Month ▁ever ▁to ▁appear ▁clearly ▁full ▁front al ▁n ude . ▁( Mar il yn ▁Cole , ▁Play mate ▁of ▁the ▁Month ▁for ▁January ▁ 1 9 7 2 , ▁made ▁the ▁first ▁full - front al ▁n ude ▁pos ing , ▁but ▁her ▁pub ic ▁hair ▁was ▁partly ▁covered ▁by ▁the ▁shadow ▁cast ▁from ▁the ▁book ▁in ▁her ▁hand ). ▁ ▁April ▁ ▁Jul ie ▁Wood son ▁( born ▁July ▁ 1 1 , ▁ 1 9 5 0 ▁in ▁H utch inson , ▁Kansas ) ▁was ▁Play boy ▁magazine ' s ▁Play mate ▁of ▁the ▁Month ▁for ▁April ▁ 1 9 7 3 . ▁Her ▁center fold ▁was ▁photograph ed ▁by ▁William ▁Fig ge ▁and ▁Mel ▁Fig ge . ▁Wood son ▁was ▁only ▁the ▁third ▁African - American ▁Play boy ▁Play mate ▁of ▁the ▁Month , ▁the ▁earlier ▁two ▁being ▁Jenn ifer ▁Jackson ▁in ▁March ▁ 1 9 6 5 ▁and ▁Jean ▁Bell ▁in ▁October ▁ 1 9 6 9 . ▁ ▁May ▁ ▁An ul ka ▁Maria ▁D zi ub in ska ▁( born ▁ 1 4 ▁December ▁ 1 9 5 0 ) |
▁is ▁an ▁English ▁actress ▁and ▁model . ▁She ▁was ▁featured ▁as ▁Play boy ▁magazine ' s ▁Play mate ▁of ▁the ▁Month ▁in ▁May ▁ 1 9 7 3 . ▁ ▁After ▁her ▁Play mate ▁appearance , ▁D zi ub in ska ▁became ▁an ▁actress ▁of ▁film ▁and ▁television , ▁perhaps ▁most ▁prom in ently ▁in ▁her ▁debut ▁role ▁as ▁a ▁les bian ▁v amp ire ▁in ▁the ▁British ▁explo itation ▁film ▁classic ▁V amp y res ▁( 1 9 7 4 ), ▁in ▁which ▁she ▁was ▁cred ited ▁by ▁only ▁her ▁first ▁name , ▁An ul ka . ▁ ▁Further ▁acting ▁assign ments ▁followed . ▁In ▁the ▁late ▁ 1 9 7 0 s , ▁D zi ub in ska ▁moved ▁to ▁the ▁USA . ▁She ▁continued ▁her ▁career ▁and ▁married ▁twice . ▁She ▁left ▁the ▁public ▁eye ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 5 , ▁however , ▁when ▁she ▁became ▁pre gn ant ▁with ▁her ▁first ▁child . ▁ ▁Event ually , ▁she ▁became ▁a ▁fl oral ▁designer ▁and ▁owner ▁of ▁a ▁flor ist ▁shop ▁in ▁Hollywood . ▁She ▁returned ▁to ▁England ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 3 ▁for ▁an ▁appearance ▁in ▁the ▁document ary ▁short ▁Return ▁of ▁the ▁V amp y res , ▁in ▁which ▁she ▁shares ▁her ▁mem ories ▁of ▁working ▁on ▁the ▁film . ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 6 , ▁she ▁co - w rote ▁a ▁book ▁about ▁flower ▁design , ▁Z en ▁Flow ers : ▁Design s ▁to ▁So othe ▁the ▁S enses ▁and ▁N our ish ▁the |
▁Soul . ▁ ▁June ▁ ▁Ruth y ▁Ross ▁( born ▁March ▁ 2 2 , ▁ 1 9 4 8 ▁in ▁Bour bon , ▁Missouri ) ▁was ▁Play boy ▁magazine ' s ▁Play mate ▁of ▁the ▁Month ▁for ▁June ▁ 1 9 7 3 . ▁ ▁Her ▁center fold ▁was ▁photograph ed ▁by ▁Mario ▁Cas illi . ▁She ▁is ▁sometimes ▁cred ited ▁as ▁R ut he y ▁Ross . ▁ ▁July ▁ ▁Mar tha ▁Smith ▁( born ▁Mar tha ▁Anne ▁Smith ▁on ▁October ▁ 1 6 , ▁ 1 9 5 2 ▁in ▁Cleveland , ▁Ohio ) ▁is ▁an ▁American ▁model ▁and ▁actress . ▁ ▁She ▁is ▁sometimes ▁cred ited ▁as ▁Mar tha ▁L . ▁Smith . ▁ ▁Smith ▁attended ▁Michigan ▁State ▁University . ▁ ▁Smith ▁has ▁star red ▁in ▁mov ies , ▁such ▁as ▁National ▁Lam po on ' s ▁Animal ▁House , ▁and ▁has ▁appeared ▁in ▁several ▁TV ▁series ▁as ▁a ▁guest ▁star . ▁She ▁was ▁a ▁regular ▁on ▁the ▁advent ure ▁series ▁Sc are c row ▁and ▁Mrs . ▁King , ▁and ▁appeared ▁as ▁a ▁frequent ▁panel ist ▁on ▁The ▁$ 2 5 , 0 0 0 ▁Py ram id . ▁ ▁In ▁July ▁ 1 9 7 3 , ▁she ▁was ▁chosen ▁Play boy ▁magazine ' s ▁Play mate ▁of ▁the ▁Month . ▁Her ▁center fold ▁was ▁photograph ed ▁by ▁Pom pe o ▁Pos ar . ▁ ▁August ▁ ▁Ph yll is ▁Cole man ▁( born ▁August ▁ 3 1 , ▁ 1 9 4 9 ▁in ▁White ▁Pla |
ins , ▁New ▁York ) ▁is ▁an ▁American ▁model . ▁She ▁was ▁Play boy ▁magazine ' s ▁Play mate ▁of ▁the ▁Month ▁for ▁the ▁August ▁ 1 9 7 3 ▁issue . ▁Her ▁center fold ▁was ▁photograph ed ▁by ▁ ▁the ▁husband - and - w ife ▁team ▁of ▁Bill ▁and ▁Mel ▁Fig ge . ▁ ▁September ▁ ▁Ger i ▁G lass ▁( born ▁June ▁ 2 0 , ▁ 1 9 4 9 ▁in ▁Phoenix , ▁Arizona ) ▁is ▁an ▁American ▁model . ▁She ▁was ▁Play boy ▁magazine ' s ▁Play mate ▁of ▁the ▁Month ▁for ▁the ▁September ▁ 1 9 7 3 ▁issue . ▁Her ▁center fold ▁was ▁photograph ed ▁by ▁Mario ▁Cas illi . ▁ ▁October ▁ ▁Val erie ▁Lane ▁( born ▁August ▁ 4 , ▁ 1 9 4 9 ▁in ▁Long ▁Beach , ▁California ) ▁is ▁an ▁American ▁model . ▁She ▁was ▁Play boy ▁magazine ' s ▁Play mate ▁of ▁the ▁Month ▁for ▁the ▁October ▁ 1 9 7 3 ▁issue . ▁Her ▁center fold ▁was ▁photograph ed ▁by ▁William ▁Fig ge ▁and ▁Mel ▁Fig ge . ▁ ▁November ▁ ▁Mon ica ▁T id well ▁( born ▁January ▁ 1 4 , ▁ 1 9 5 4 ▁in ▁Sh re ve port , ▁Louisiana ) ▁is ▁an ▁American ▁model . ▁A ▁red - head , ▁she ▁was ▁Play boy ▁magazine ' s ▁Play mate ▁of ▁the ▁Month ▁for ▁the ▁November ▁ 1 9 7 3 ▁issue . ▁Her ▁center fold ▁was ▁photograph ed ▁by ▁D w ight ▁Hook |
er ▁and ▁Bill ▁Fr ant z . ▁ ▁December ▁ ▁Christ ine ▁M add ox ▁( born ▁March ▁ 2 4 , ▁ 1 9 5 0 ▁in ▁T racy , ▁California ) ▁is ▁an ▁American ▁model . ▁ ▁She ▁is ▁best ▁known ▁for ▁being ▁Play boy ▁magazine ' s ▁Play mate ▁of ▁the ▁Month ▁for ▁its ▁December ▁ 1 9 7 3 ▁issue . ▁Her ▁center fold ▁was ▁photograph ed ▁by ▁Richard ▁F eg ley . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁List ▁of ▁people ▁in ▁Play boy ▁ 1 9 7 0 – 7 9 ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 7 3 - related ▁lists ▁Category : 1 9 7 0 s ▁Play boy ▁Play m ates ▁Category : Play boy ▁lists <0x0A> </s> ▁On ▁August ▁ 2 , ▁ 1 9 9 5 , ▁ 7 2 ▁Th ai ▁national s ▁were ▁found ▁working ▁in ▁conditions ▁of ▁sla very ▁in ▁a ▁makes h ift ▁gar ment ▁factory ▁consisting ▁of ▁a ▁row ▁of ▁resident ial ▁du ple xes ▁in ▁El ▁Monte , ▁California , ▁just ▁east ▁of ▁Los ▁Angeles . ▁ ▁This ▁case ▁is ▁considered ▁the ▁first ▁recognized ▁case ▁of ▁modern - day ▁sla very ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁since ▁the ▁abol ishment ▁of ▁sla very . ▁ ▁It ▁would ▁serve ▁as ▁a ▁w ake - up ▁call ▁for ▁the ▁world ▁to ▁the ▁global ▁phenomen on ▁of ▁human ▁tra ff ick ing ▁and ▁modern - day ▁sla very ▁and ▁would ▁begin ▁the ▁anti - tra ff ick ing ▁movement ▁in ▁the |
▁United ▁States ▁with ▁the ▁Th ai ▁Community ▁Development ▁Center ▁as ▁its ▁pione er . ▁ ▁The ▁case ▁would ▁also ▁lead ▁to ▁the ▁passage ▁of ▁California ▁laws ▁to ▁reform ▁the ▁gar ment ▁industry ▁and ▁end ▁swe at shop ▁ab uses ▁through ▁independent ▁monitoring ▁and ▁a ▁code ▁of ▁conduct ▁ ▁and ▁then ▁eventually ▁to ▁the ▁Vict ims ▁of ▁Tra ff ick ing ▁and ▁Vi ol ence ▁Prote ction ▁Act ▁of ▁ 2 0 0 0 ▁( TV PA ) ▁passed ▁by ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Congress ▁( l ater ▁known ▁as ▁the ▁Tra ff ick ing ▁Vict ims ▁Prote ction ▁Re author ization ▁Act ▁( TV P RA ). ▁ ▁The ▁Begin ning ▁As ▁early ▁as ▁ 1 9 8 8 , ▁rec ruit ers ▁in ▁Th ailand ▁were ▁can v ass ing ▁rural ▁villages ▁in ▁the ▁provincial ▁parts ▁of ▁Th ailand ▁for ▁gar ment ▁workers . ▁ ▁Many ▁of ▁the ▁gar ment ▁workers ▁came ▁from ▁imp over ished ▁far ming ▁families ▁and ▁were ▁eager ▁to ▁take ▁any ▁opportunity ▁to ▁better ▁their ▁life ▁circumstances . ▁Rot ch ana , ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁ 7 2 ▁workers ▁discovered ▁in ▁the ▁swe at shop , ▁said ▁she ▁wanted ▁to ▁go ▁to ▁America ▁so ▁she ▁could ▁have ▁a ▁better ▁life ▁for ▁herself ▁and ▁her ▁children . ▁ ▁She ▁said ▁the ▁rec ru iter ▁was ▁kind ▁and ▁gener ous ▁prom ising ▁her ▁a ▁legit imate ▁job ▁that ▁would ▁enable ▁her ▁to ▁quickly ▁pay ▁off ▁the ▁$ 4 , 8 0 0 ▁loan ▁she ▁secured ▁from ▁the ▁rec ru iter ▁to |
▁pay ▁for ▁the ▁plane ▁ticket ▁and ▁processing ▁fee ▁to ▁the ▁United ▁States . ▁ ▁Else where ▁in ▁Th ailand , ▁many ▁others ▁were ▁hearing ▁the ▁same ▁story . ▁They ▁were ▁taken ▁to ▁the ▁air port ▁and ▁given ▁expensive ▁j ew el ry ▁to ▁wear ▁so ▁that ▁they ▁would ▁appear ▁to ▁be ▁wealth y ▁tour ists . ▁Having ▁passed ▁the ▁Im m igration ▁Control , ▁the ▁rec ruit ers ▁took ▁the ▁j ew el ry , ▁their ▁pass ports ▁and ▁their ▁money . ▁They ▁transport ed ▁the ▁workers ▁to ▁the ▁El ▁Monte ▁complex — a ▁row ▁of ▁two ▁story ▁buildings ▁with ▁board ed ▁up ▁windows ▁and ▁a ▁f ence ▁surrounding ▁the ▁entire ▁comp ound ▁to pped ▁with ▁bar bed ▁wire ▁and ▁sp ikes ▁facing ▁in ward . ▁ ▁Two ▁gu ards ▁armed ▁with ▁guns , ▁kn ives ▁and ▁baseball ▁b ats ▁pat rolled ▁the ▁building ▁twenty four ▁hours ▁a ▁day . ▁ ▁Once ▁at ▁the ▁El ▁Monte ▁complex , ▁the ▁Th ai ▁national s ▁were ▁forced ▁to ▁se w ▁cl othing ▁sevent een ▁to ▁tw ent yt wo ▁hours ▁a ▁day . ▁ ▁They ▁were ▁not ▁allowed ▁any ▁contact ▁with ▁the ▁outside ▁world ▁and ▁their ▁letters ▁home ▁were ▁cens ored , ▁opened ▁and ▁read ▁to ▁ins ure ▁no ▁news ▁of ▁their ▁capt ivity ▁would ▁reach ▁home . ▁▁ ▁They ▁were ▁not ▁allowed ▁breaks ▁even ▁when ▁sick ▁ ▁or ▁any ▁social ▁interactions ▁with ▁each ▁other . ▁ ▁They ▁were ▁under ▁ 2 4 / 7 ▁surve ill ance ▁by ▁armed ▁gu ards . ▁ ▁Some |
▁were ▁held ▁against ▁their ▁will ▁for ▁as ▁long ▁as ▁seven ▁years . ▁▁▁ ▁The ▁workers ▁were ▁virt ually ▁not ▁paid ▁as ▁they ▁had ▁to ▁work ▁off ▁their ▁deb t ▁to ▁their ▁tra ff ick ers / emp loy ers . ▁ ▁In ▁ess ence , ▁they ▁became ▁indent ured ▁servants . ▁However , ▁they ▁were ▁forced ▁to ▁buy ▁food ▁and ▁personal ▁supplies ▁such ▁as ▁to oth paste ▁and ▁sh am po o ▁at ▁infl ated ▁prices ▁from ▁the ▁employ ers ▁res iding ▁at ▁the ▁complex ▁who ▁operated ▁su nd ries ▁in ▁the ▁gar ages . ▁ ▁Having ▁no ▁money ▁to ▁make ▁their ▁purch ases , ▁these ▁amounts ▁for ▁the ▁rent ▁and ▁personal ▁items ▁would ▁just ▁be ▁tack ed ▁on ▁to ▁their ▁deb ts . ▁Therefore , ▁their ▁deb t ▁just ▁kept ▁growing ▁with ▁no ▁end ▁in ▁sight . ▁▁▁▁ ▁They ▁se wed ▁cl othing ▁for ▁many ▁well - known ▁br ands ▁such ▁as ▁An chor ▁Blue , ▁B . U . M ., ▁High ▁Sierra , ▁C LE O ▁and ▁Tom ato ▁Inc . ▁ ▁The ▁workers ▁were ▁forced ▁to ▁w ake ▁up ▁at ▁six ▁every ▁morning ▁and ▁worked ▁under ▁the ▁watch ful ▁eyes ▁of ▁their ▁Th ai ▁national ▁employ ers ▁who ▁included ▁S uni ▁Man as ur ang k un ▁and ▁her ▁four ▁sons ▁and ▁two ▁daughters - in - law . ▁ ▁The ▁workers ▁were ▁war ned ▁if ▁they ▁d ared ▁escape , ▁both ▁they ▁and ▁their ▁families ▁back ▁home ▁would ▁be ▁phys ically ▁har med . ▁ ▁They ▁were ▁also |
▁threatened ▁that ▁they ▁will ▁be ▁caught ▁by ▁United ▁States ▁authorities ▁who ▁will ▁sh ave ▁their ▁heads ▁and ▁deport ▁them ▁back ▁to ▁Th ailand . ▁The ▁threat ▁of ▁ret ali ation ▁was ▁constant ▁and ▁rel ent less . ▁The ▁gu ards ▁even ▁showed ▁them ▁a ▁picture ▁of ▁the ▁last ▁man ▁who ▁had ▁tried ▁to ▁escape — he ▁had ▁been ▁be aten . ▁ ▁Disc overy ▁and ▁Fre edom ▁The ▁bar bed ▁wire , ▁Rot ch ana ▁and ▁the ▁others ▁later ▁discovered , ▁had ▁been ▁installed ▁after ▁one ▁victim ▁escaped ▁from ▁a ▁second ▁story ▁window . ▁ ▁To o ▁sc ared ▁to ▁contact ▁the ▁police , ▁the ▁woman ▁told ▁her ▁story ▁only ▁to ▁her ▁boy friend ▁years ▁later ▁during ▁her ▁freedom . ▁ ▁But ▁eventually ▁the ▁story ▁was ▁repeated ▁by ▁her ▁co - worker ▁and ▁reached ▁the ▁ears ▁of ▁State ▁of ▁California ▁Deput y ▁Labor ▁Commission er ▁T K ▁Kim ▁who ▁was ▁inspect ing ▁the ▁gar ment ▁factory ▁where ▁she , ▁her ▁boy friend , ▁and ▁the ▁co - worker ▁were ▁working . ▁▁▁ ▁On ▁August ▁ 1 , ▁ 1 9 9 5 , ▁Deput y ▁Labor ▁Commission er ▁T K ▁Kim ▁came ▁to ▁the ▁office ▁of ▁the ▁Th ai ▁Community ▁Development ▁Center ▁( Th ai ▁CD C ) ▁and ▁met ▁with ▁its ▁Executive ▁Director , ▁Chan chan it ▁Mart or ell , ▁and ▁requested ▁the ▁Th ai ▁Community ▁Development ▁Center ’ s ▁participation ▁in ▁a ▁multi - g overn ment al ▁ag ency ▁ra id ▁on ▁the ▁El ▁Monte ▁comp ound . ▁ |
▁These ▁ag encies ▁particip ating ▁in ▁the ▁ra id ▁included ▁the ▁State ▁of ▁California ▁Department ▁of ▁Indust rial ▁Rel ations ▁- ▁Division ▁of ▁Labor ▁Stand ards ▁En for cement ▁( Cal iforn ia ▁Labor ▁Commission ▁or ▁D L SE ), ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Department ▁of ▁Labor ▁- ▁W age ▁and ▁H our ▁Division , ▁the ▁State ▁of ▁California ▁Occ up ational ▁Saf ety ▁and ▁Health ▁Administration , ▁the ▁State ▁of ▁California ▁Emp loyment ▁Development ▁Department , ▁the ▁El ▁Monte ▁Police , ▁and ▁the ▁Th ai ▁Community ▁Development ▁Center . ▁ ▁At ▁the ▁pre - dawn ▁hour ▁of ▁ 5 ▁am ▁on ▁August ▁ 2 , ▁ 1 9 9 5 , ▁the ▁ra id ▁occurred ▁on ▁the ▁El ▁Monte ▁sla very ▁comp ound . ▁ ▁The ▁law ▁enfor cement ▁authorities ▁which ▁included ▁the ▁El ▁Monte ▁Police ▁and ▁Sw orn ▁California ▁Peace ▁Offic ers ▁from ▁D L SE ▁secured ▁the ▁site ▁first ▁in ▁the ▁ra id ▁of ▁the ▁El ▁Monte ▁comp ound ▁and ▁the ▁rest ▁of ▁the ▁ag encies ▁including ▁Th ai ▁CD C ▁followed ▁in ▁to ▁find ▁the ▁workers ▁and ▁separate ▁them ▁from ▁the ▁employ ers . ▁ ▁Chan chan it ▁Mart or ell , ▁the ▁Executive ▁Director ▁of ▁the ▁Th ai ▁CD C , ▁participated ▁in ▁that ▁ra id ▁and ▁once ▁on ▁the ▁scene , ▁started ▁speaking ▁to ▁the ▁fright ened ▁workers ▁in ▁their ▁native ▁tongue ▁cal ming ▁their ▁fear s ▁and ▁re ass uring ▁them ▁that ▁they ▁were ▁now ▁liber ated ▁and ▁no ▁harm ▁will ▁come ▁to ▁them . ▁She ▁explained |
▁who ▁Th ai ▁CD C ▁was ▁and ▁the ▁role ▁it ▁will ▁play ▁in ▁bringing ▁them ▁relief ▁and ▁helping ▁them ▁purs ue ▁justice . ▁ ▁From ▁the ▁El ▁Monte ▁comp ound , ▁instead ▁of ▁being ▁turned ▁over ▁to ▁Th ai ▁CD C ▁to ▁be ▁shelter ed ▁and ▁c ared ▁for ▁as ▁promised , ▁the ▁workers ▁were ▁transport ed ▁to ▁the ▁Im m igration ▁and ▁Natural ization ▁Services ▁( IN S ) ▁det ention ▁where ▁the ▁workers ▁were ▁det ained ▁and ▁held ▁capt ive ▁again ▁but ▁this ▁time ▁in ▁the ▁hands ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁government ▁for ▁another ▁nine ▁days . ▁ ▁Th ai ▁CD C ▁and ▁its ▁al ly , ▁the ▁Korean ▁Im migr ant ▁Work er ▁Adv oc ates ▁immediately ▁formed ▁a ▁broad ▁coal ition ▁of ▁civil , ▁imm igr ant , ▁workers ’ ▁rights ▁organizations ▁that ▁included ▁the ▁Co al ition ▁for ▁Hum ane ▁Im migr ant ▁Rights ▁of ▁Los ▁Angeles ▁( CH I RL A ), ▁Korean ▁Im migr ant ▁Work er ▁Adv oc ates ▁( K I WA ▁- ▁known ▁today ▁as ▁the ▁Kore at own ▁Im migr ant ▁Work ers ▁Alliance ), ▁Asian ▁Pacific ▁American ▁Leg al ▁Center ▁( AP AL C ▁– ▁known ▁today ▁as ▁the ▁Asian ▁Americans ▁Ad van cing ▁Justice ), ▁and ▁the ▁Union ▁of ▁Need le tr ades , ▁Indust rial ▁and ▁Text ile ▁Emp loy ees ▁( UN ITE ) ▁to ▁fight ▁for ▁the ▁release ▁of ▁the ▁workers ▁from ▁det ention . ▁ ▁During ▁those ▁nine ▁days , ▁the ▁coal ition ▁visited ▁the ▁det |
ention ▁center ▁demand ing ▁access ▁to ▁the ▁El ▁Monte ▁workers , ▁held ▁press ▁con ferences ▁and ▁sit - ins , ▁and ▁pressed ▁for ▁their ▁immediate ▁release ▁into ▁the ▁care ▁of ▁Th ai ▁CD C . ▁ ▁After ▁nine ▁long ▁days ▁and ▁night s ▁in ▁det ention ▁– ▁a ▁period ▁during ▁which ▁the ▁workers ▁were ▁sh ack led ▁whenever ▁they ▁were ▁transport ed ▁between ▁the ▁IN S ▁holding ▁t anks ▁in ▁Dow nt own ▁Los ▁Angeles ▁and ▁the ▁federal ▁det ention ▁center ▁at ▁San ▁Pedro ▁Terminal ▁Island ▁– ▁the ▁workers ▁were ▁finally ▁permitted ▁to ▁take ▁off ▁their ▁orange ▁prison ▁gar b ▁and ▁put ▁on ▁their ▁own ▁clothes ▁and ▁leave ▁IN S ▁into ▁the ▁care ▁of ▁Th ai ▁CD C . ▁They ▁were ▁allowed ▁to ▁board ▁a ▁don ated ▁yellow ▁school ▁bus ▁arranged ▁by ▁CH I RL A ▁and ▁head ▁for ▁temporary ▁sh el ters ▁arranged ▁by ▁Th ai ▁CD C ▁including ▁sh el ters ▁belonging ▁to ▁the ▁Method ist ▁Church ▁in ▁North ▁Hollywood , ▁the ▁Epis cop al ▁Church ▁in ▁T uj ung a , ▁and ▁the ▁Filip ino ▁American ▁Service ▁Group , ▁Inc . ▁( F AS G I ) ▁in ▁Los ▁Angeles ▁only ▁after ▁UN ITE ▁ ▁was ▁able ▁to ▁persu ade ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁magistr ate ▁to ▁allow ▁the ▁workers ▁to ▁be ▁released ▁on ▁“ sign ature ▁b onds ” ▁as ▁opposed ▁to ▁c ash ▁b onds ▁as ▁a ▁way ▁of ▁se cur ing ▁the ▁workers ’ ▁return ▁to ▁court ▁to ▁test ify ▁as ▁witness es ▁in ▁the ▁criminal ▁pro sec |
ution ▁of ▁their ▁capt ors ▁as ▁the ▁workers ▁were ▁now ▁designated ▁by ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁federal ▁court ▁as ▁material ▁witness es . ▁Th ai ▁CD C ▁arranged ▁for ▁those ▁b onds ▁to ▁be ▁signed ▁by ▁its ▁supp or ters ▁and ▁al lies . ▁▁▁▁ ▁Th ai ▁CD C ▁began ▁the ▁ar du ous ▁task ▁of ▁providing ▁the ▁workers ▁with ▁emer gency ▁relief ▁and ▁res ett lement ▁assistance . ▁ ▁It ▁obtained ▁work ▁author izations ▁ ▁and ▁social ▁security ▁numbers ▁for ▁the ▁workers , ▁held ▁meet ings ▁with ▁the ▁coal ition ▁and ▁the ▁workers ▁on ▁purs uing ▁their ▁red ress ▁and ▁rest itution ▁while ▁particip ating ▁in ▁K I WA ’ s ▁Ret ail er ▁Account ability ▁Camp aign ▁to ▁reform ▁the ▁gar ment ▁industry ▁where ▁the ▁workers ▁also ▁participated ▁and ▁learned ▁to ▁become ▁activ ists ▁themselves , ▁ ▁created ▁a ▁support ▁fund ▁for ▁the ▁workers , ▁and ▁assist ed ▁the ▁workers ▁in ▁obtain ing ▁permanent ▁housing , ▁health care , ▁employ ment , ▁legal , ▁language , ▁and ▁acc ult uration ▁assistance . ▁▁ ▁Seven ▁of ▁the ▁on - site ▁operators ▁of ▁the ▁swe at shop ▁were ▁taken ▁into ▁federal ▁cust ody ▁and ▁ple aded ▁guilty ▁to ▁criminal ▁counts ▁of ▁invol unt ary ▁serv itude ▁and ▁consp i racy . ▁ ▁Two ▁brothers ▁ev aded ▁arrest ▁and ▁fled ▁to ▁Th ailand ▁and ▁are ▁still ▁considered ▁fug it ives ▁by ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁government . ▁ ▁Since ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁did ▁not ▁have ▁imm igration ▁relief ▁laws ▁in ▁place ▁at ▁the ▁time ▁for ▁tra |
ff icked ▁vict ims , ▁the ▁workers ▁were ▁at ▁risk ▁of ▁being ▁deport ed ▁soon ▁after ▁the ▁successful ▁pro sec ution ▁of ▁their ▁tra ff ick ers . ▁ ▁The ▁case ▁was ▁pro sec uted ▁by ▁Ass istant ▁US ▁Att or ne ys , ▁Michael ▁G enn aco ▁and ▁Tom ▁Warren . ▁ ▁IN S ▁Special ▁Agent ▁Philip ▁Bon ner ▁util ized ▁another ▁law ▁to ▁help ▁keep ▁them ▁in ▁the ▁country . ▁ ▁His ▁clever ▁use ▁of ▁the ▁S ▁vis as , ▁col lo qu ial ly ▁known ▁as ▁“ sn itch ” ▁vis as ▁used ▁for ▁drug ▁sn itch ers ▁in ▁drug ▁tra ff ick ing ▁cases , ▁not ▁only ▁allowed ▁the ▁vict ims ▁a ▁repr ieve ▁while ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁but ▁secured ▁the ▁ability ▁of ▁the ▁workers ▁to ▁adjust ▁to ▁permanent ▁legal ▁res iden cy ▁status ▁after ▁three ▁years ▁of ▁continued ▁presence ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States . ▁Since ▁the ▁workers ▁fell ▁under ▁this ▁category , ▁they ▁were ▁able ▁to ▁remain ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁avoid ing ▁deport ation ▁where ▁they ▁most ▁certainly ▁would ▁have ▁faced ▁ret ali ation ▁from ▁their ▁tra ff ick ers ▁who ▁are ▁in ▁Th ailand . ▁▁▁ ▁A ▁civil ▁case ▁was ▁also ▁purs ued ▁on ▁the ▁beh alf ▁of ▁the ▁workers . ▁On ▁the ▁civil ▁case , ▁the ▁workers ▁won ▁a ▁$ 4 ▁million ▁settlement ▁from ▁the ▁ret ail ers ▁and ▁manufact ur ers ▁who ▁prof ited ▁from ▁their ▁slave ▁labor . ▁ ▁The ▁legal ▁ag encies ▁that ▁helped ▁the ▁workers ▁with ▁the ▁civil ▁suit ▁were |
▁the ▁Law ▁F irm ▁of ▁Dan ▁Storm er ▁and ▁D ella ▁Be han ▁and ▁several ▁legal ▁aid ▁organizations . ▁ ▁The ▁families ▁of ▁the ▁workers ▁were ▁reun ited ▁with ▁them ▁here ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁and ▁the ▁workers ▁have ▁since ▁become ▁independent ▁and ▁product ive ▁individuals ▁who ▁found ▁steady ▁employ ment ▁outside ▁the ▁gar ment ▁industry ▁or ▁became ▁business ▁own ers ▁ ▁with ▁the ▁help ▁of ▁Th ai ▁CD C ’ s ▁small ▁business ▁program ▁and ▁entrepr ene ur ship ▁training ▁ ▁and ▁are ▁now ▁natural ized ▁United ▁States ▁citizens ▁ ▁and ▁sp okes pers ons ▁ ▁against ▁human ▁tra ff ick ing ▁and ▁modern - day ▁sla very . ▁ ▁Media ▁The ▁play ▁Fab ric ▁( play ) ▁was ▁based ▁on ▁the ▁events ▁of ▁the ▁case . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : H uman ▁tra ff ick ing ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Category : Cr ime ▁in ▁California ▁Category : Deb t ▁bond age ▁Category : El ▁Monte , ▁California ▁Category : History ▁of ▁sla very ▁in ▁California <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁R idge way ▁School ▁& ▁Six th ▁Form ▁College ▁is ▁a ▁mixed ▁secondary ▁school ▁and ▁sixth ▁form ▁located ▁in ▁W r ought on ▁in ▁the ▁English ▁county ▁of ▁W ilt shire . ▁ ▁The ▁school ▁was ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 7 ▁and ▁was ▁the ▁first ▁purpose - built ▁compreh ensive ▁school ▁in ▁W ilt shire . ▁Pre viously ▁a ▁foundation ▁school ▁admin ister ed ▁by ▁Sw ind on ▁Bor ough ▁Council , ▁it ▁converted ▁to ▁a cademy ▁status ▁in |
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