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ew ish ▁is ▁he ▁who ▁has ▁a ▁Jewish ▁mother ") ▁or ▁converted ▁by ▁Gi ur . ▁ ▁Situ ation ▁within ▁the ▁German ▁Reich ▁ ▁During ▁the ▁National ▁Social ist ▁era , ▁half - J ew s ▁was ▁not ▁a ▁legal ▁term . ▁The ▁term ▁was ▁not ▁used ▁in ▁the ▁N ure m berg ▁Race ▁La ws ▁and ▁the ▁related ▁ordin ances . ▁In ▁ 1 9 4 1 ▁the ▁keyword ▁half - J ew ▁was ▁included ▁in ▁the ▁D uden ▁for ▁the ▁first ▁time : ▁The ▁group ▁of ▁" J ew ish ▁half - bre eds " ▁was ▁further ▁divided ▁into ▁" J ew ish ▁half - bre eds ▁of ▁the ▁first ▁degree " ▁with ▁two ▁Jewish ▁grand par ents ▁and ▁" J ew ish ▁half - bre eds ▁of ▁the ▁second ▁degree " ▁with ▁one ▁Jewish ▁grand parent . ▁However , ▁first - deg ree ▁hy br ids ▁were ▁class ified ▁in ▁different ▁categories , ▁despite ▁the ▁assumption ▁of ▁the ▁same ▁" bi ological - ra cial ▁ancest ry ": ▁They ▁were ▁not ▁regarded ▁as ▁" hy br ids " ▁but ▁as ▁" full ▁Jews " ▁if ▁they ▁belonged ▁to ▁the ▁Jewish ▁religious ▁community , ▁were ▁married ▁to ▁a ▁Jew ▁or ▁married ▁a ▁Jew ▁after ▁ 1 9 3 5 . ▁The ▁term ▁" G elt ungs j ude " ▁was ▁later ▁co ined ▁for ▁this ▁group ▁of ▁" half - J ew s ". ▁ ▁This ▁differenti ated ▁classification , ▁which ▁is ▁bl ur red ▁by ▁the ▁term ▁" H al |
b j ude ", ▁was ▁of ▁exist ential ▁importance ▁for ▁those ▁affected . ▁If ▁they ▁were ▁class ified ▁unf av ou rab ly , ▁they ▁were ▁not ▁admitted ▁to ▁university ; ▁they ▁were ▁forced ▁to ▁work ▁at ▁an ▁early ▁stage ▁or ▁were ▁refused ▁a ▁marriage ▁permit . ▁During ▁the ▁Second ▁World ▁War , ▁in ▁mar ital ▁union ▁with ▁a ▁" full ▁Jew ", ▁" half - J ew s " ▁class ified ▁as ▁" J ew s ▁of ▁G elt ungs jud en " ▁were ▁deport ed ▁with ▁their ▁sp ouses ▁to ▁gh ett os ▁or ▁ex termin ation ▁cam ps . ▁This ▁danger ▁also ▁threatened ▁" half - J ew ish " ▁children ▁if ▁the ▁non - J ew ish ▁sp ouse ▁had ▁converted ▁to ▁the ▁Jewish ▁faith , ▁and ▁even ▁if ▁the ▁sp ouses ▁separated ▁again ▁to ▁spare ▁the ▁children ▁per sec ution . ▁This ▁is ▁met icul ously ▁documented ▁using ▁the ▁example ▁of ▁a ▁family ▁from ▁the ▁We imar - Ap old a - J ena ▁region . ▁ ▁National ▁Social ists ▁tried ▁- ▁as ▁discussed ▁at ▁the ▁W ann see ▁Conference ▁- ▁to ▁class ify ▁all ▁" half - J ew s " ▁leg ally ▁as ▁" full ▁Jews " ▁and ▁to ▁deport ▁them . ▁The ▁fact ▁that ▁many ▁" half - J ew s " ▁were ▁also ▁" half - Christ ians " ▁was ▁always ▁ignored . ▁ ▁Situ ation ▁in ▁the ▁Occ up ied ▁Territ ories ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁occupied ▁Eastern ▁territ ories , ▁" half - |
J ew s " ▁were ▁included ▁in ▁the ▁ex termin ation ▁process ▁ind isc rimin ately ▁like ▁" full ▁Jews ". ▁The ▁Jewish ▁Department ▁at ▁the ▁Reich ▁Main ▁Security ▁Office ▁attempted ▁to ▁influence ▁the ▁controvers ial ▁decision - making ▁process ▁within ▁the ▁Reich ▁by ▁also ▁creating ▁facts ▁in ▁the ▁Western ▁occupation ▁areas . ▁In ▁August ▁ 1 9 4 1 ▁Adolf ▁E ich mann , ▁in ▁agreement ▁with ▁Arthur ▁Se y ß - In qu art , ▁decided ▁to ▁equ ate ▁the ▁" half - J ew s " ▁living ▁in ▁the ▁Netherlands ▁with ▁the ▁" full ▁Jews " ▁and ▁to ▁deport ▁them . ▁As ▁of ▁May ▁ 1 9 4 2 , ▁" half - J ew s " ▁were ▁also ▁obliged ▁to ▁wear ▁the ▁Jewish ▁star ▁there . ▁ ▁Term ▁after ▁ 1 9 4 5 ▁ ▁The ▁term ▁" H al b j ude " ▁was ▁used ▁by ▁various ▁people ▁even ▁after ▁the ▁war . ▁Therefore ▁Ign az ▁B ub is ▁critic ized ▁ 1 9 9 9 : ▁ ▁The ▁use ▁of ▁the ▁term ▁Hal b j ude ▁has ▁also ▁established ▁itself ▁in ▁the ▁English - spe aking ▁world ▁as ▁" half - J ew ish " ▁or ▁" part - J ew ish ", ▁where by ▁the ▁more ▁scientific ▁term ▁" B eta ▁G ers hom " ▁is ▁already ▁mentioned ▁in ▁the ▁Bible . ▁In ▁other ▁languages , ▁the ▁word ▁" F ather - J ew ", ▁introduced ▁by ▁Andreas ▁Burn ier ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 5 |
, ▁has ▁since ▁spread , ▁mark ing ▁the ▁fact ▁that ▁the ▁father ▁is ▁a ▁Jew , ▁but ▁not ▁the ▁mother . ▁This ▁term ▁is ▁related ▁to ▁the ▁prov isions ▁of ▁the ▁Hal ak ha , ▁according ▁to ▁which ▁Jewish ▁religious ▁affili ation ▁is ▁usually ▁derived ▁by ▁birth ▁from ▁a ▁Jewish ▁mother . ▁ ▁Ear lier ▁history ▁of ▁the ▁term ▁ ▁There ▁are ▁few ▁places ▁where ▁the ▁term ▁" H al b j ude " ▁is ▁used ▁histor ically . ▁The ▁un pop ular ▁r uler ▁Her od ▁was ▁ins ult ed ▁as ▁a ▁" half - J ew " ▁because ▁his ▁family ▁came ▁from ▁Id um ä a , ▁an ▁area ▁that ▁had ▁been ▁for ci b ly ▁converted ▁to ▁J uda ism . ▁Since ▁he ▁was ▁crown ed ▁king ▁of ▁J ude a ▁by ▁Rome , ▁the ▁term ▁" half - J ew ish " ▁can ▁be ▁interpreted ▁as ▁a ▁vague , ▁der og atory ▁term ▁for ▁" J ew , ▁but ▁not ▁serving ▁Jewish ▁interests ", ▁similar ▁to ▁later ▁in ▁other ▁context s ▁" house - neg er " ▁as ▁opposed ▁to ▁" field - neg er " ▁in ▁Mal col m ▁X . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 8 8 1 , ▁the ▁anti - Sem ite ▁Eugen ▁D ühr ing ▁clearly ▁used ▁the ▁term ▁The ▁Jewish ▁Question ▁as ▁a ▁question ▁of ▁race , ▁mor als ▁and ▁culture ▁as ▁a ▁der og atory ▁her edit ary ▁bi ological ▁term ▁in ▁his ▁writing ▁" Die ▁Jud enf rage ". ▁ ▁References ▁▁ |
▁Category : N azi ▁termin ology ▁Category : The ▁Hol oca ust <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Cape ▁Government ▁Rail ways ▁ 4 th ▁Class ▁locomot ives ▁include ▁five ▁locomot ive ▁types , ▁all ▁designated ▁ 4 th ▁Class ▁ir res pective ▁of ▁differences ▁in ▁wheel ▁arrangement ▁or ▁configuration . ▁ ▁When ▁the ▁Union ▁of ▁South ▁Africa ▁was ▁established ▁on ▁ 3 1 ▁May ▁ 1 9 1 0 , ▁the ▁three ▁Col onial ▁government ▁rail ways ▁( C ape ▁Government ▁Rail ways , ▁Natal ▁Government ▁Rail ways ▁and ▁Central ▁South ▁African ▁Rail ways ) ▁were ▁un ited ▁under ▁a ▁single ▁administration ▁to ▁control ▁and ▁admin ister ▁the ▁rail ways , ▁ports ▁and ▁har b ours ▁of ▁the ▁Union . ▁Those ▁of ▁these ▁locomot ives ▁which ▁still ▁surv ived , ▁were ▁considered ▁ob sole te ▁and ▁designated ▁Class ▁ 0 4 ▁on ▁the ▁new ▁South ▁African ▁Rail ways . ▁▁ 4 - 4 - 2 ▁wheel ▁arrangement ▁ ▁CG R ▁ 4 th ▁Class ▁ 4 - 4 - 2 ▁( T ender ) ▁▁ 4 - 6 - 0 ▁wheel ▁arrangement ▁ ▁CG R ▁ 4 th ▁Class ▁ 4 - 6 - 0 TT ▁ 1 8 8 0 ▁( T ank ▁and ▁optional ▁tender ) ▁ ▁CG R ▁ 4 th ▁Class ▁ 4 - 6 - 0 TT ▁ 1 8 8 2 ▁( T ank - and - t ender , ▁Steph enson ▁val ve ▁g ear ) ▁ ▁CG R ▁ 4 th ▁Class ▁ 4 - 6 - |
0 TT ▁ 1 8 8 2 ▁Joy ▁( T ank - and - t ender , ▁Joy ▁val ve ▁g ear ) ▁ ▁CG R ▁ 4 th ▁Class ▁ 4 - 6 - 0 TT ▁ 1 8 8 4 ▁( T ank - and - t ender , ▁experimental ) ▁ ▁References <0x0A> </s> ▁West ▁Square ▁is ▁a ▁historic ▁square ▁in ▁south ▁London , ▁England , ▁just ▁south ▁from ▁St ▁George ' s ▁Road . ▁The ▁square ▁is ▁within ▁the ▁London ▁Bor ough ▁of ▁South w ark , ▁but ▁as ▁it ▁is ▁located ▁in ▁post code ▁SE 1 1 , ▁it ▁is ▁commonly ▁said ▁to ▁be ▁in ▁Lamb eth . ▁ ▁Location ▁Im medi ately ▁to ▁the ▁west ▁is ▁the ▁Imperial ▁War ▁Museum ▁( former ly ▁the ▁Beth lem ▁Royal ▁Hospital ). ▁To ▁the ▁south ▁is ▁the ▁Imperial ▁War ▁Museum ▁Anne x ▁( which ▁used ▁to ▁be ▁an ▁or ph ans ' ▁home ) ▁in ▁Austral ▁Street . ▁ ▁The ▁ter rac ed ▁houses ▁in ▁the ▁square ▁surr ound ▁a ▁commun al ▁garden ▁that ▁is ▁open ▁to ▁the ▁public ▁during ▁the ▁day ▁but ▁locked ▁at ▁night . ▁The ▁square ▁forms ▁part ▁of ▁a ▁larger ▁conservation ▁area . ▁ ▁History ▁West ▁Square ▁has ▁the ▁following ▁entry ▁in ▁Volume ▁XX V ▁of ▁the ▁Survey ▁of ▁London , ▁published ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 5 ▁by ▁the ▁then ▁London ▁County ▁Council . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁ 1 8 0 0 s , ▁the ▁square ▁was ▁used ▁to ▁house ▁some ▁staff ▁at ▁the ▁Beth |
le hem ▁Royal ▁Hospital ▁( now ▁the ▁Imperial ▁War ▁Museum ). ▁In ▁addition , ▁there ▁were ▁Ste ward ' s ▁Qu arters ▁in ▁the ▁north - east ▁corner ▁of ▁the ▁Hospital ▁grounds . ▁King ▁Edward ' s ▁School s ▁( closed ▁and ▁demol ished ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 3 0 s ) ▁occupied ▁the ▁eastern ▁side , ▁together ▁with ▁an ▁area ▁of ▁dry ing ▁posts . ▁The ▁whole ▁eastern ▁side ▁of ▁the ▁old ▁Hospital ▁grounds ▁is ▁now ▁given ▁over ▁to ▁sports ▁facilities . ▁ ▁J . ▁A . ▁R . ▁New lands ▁( 1 8 3 7 – 1 8 9 8 ), ▁the ▁Victor ian ▁chem ist ▁who ▁discovered ▁the ▁Period ic ▁Law ▁for ▁the ▁chemical ▁elements , ▁was ▁born ▁and ▁raised ▁in ▁No . ▁ 1 9 . ▁A ▁blue ▁pla que , ▁installed ▁by ▁the ▁Royal ▁Society ▁of ▁Chem istry , ▁comm emor ates ▁New lands ▁on ▁the ▁front ▁of ▁the ▁house . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 8 8 4 – 5 , ▁the ▁Charlotte ▁Sh ar man ▁School ▁was ▁built ▁on ▁the ▁north - west ▁side , ▁named ▁after ▁its ▁founder , ▁a ▁Christian ▁phil anth rop ist . ▁Const ruction ▁of ▁the ▁school ▁— ▁which ▁is ▁still ▁located ▁there ▁— ▁required ▁the ▁demol ition ▁of ▁some ▁thirty ▁houses . ▁Part ▁of ▁the ▁site ▁is ▁now ▁occupied ▁by ▁the ▁S io b han ▁Dav ies ▁Dance ▁Centre ▁ ▁As ▁a ▁young ▁child , ▁Charlie ▁Chap lin ▁( 1 8 8 9 – 1 9 7 7 ) ▁lived |
▁at ▁ 3 9 ▁West ▁Square ▁for ▁a ▁short ▁period . ▁He ▁later ▁re called : ▁ ▁At ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 9 th ▁century , ▁the ▁garden ▁in ▁the ▁square ▁was ▁threatened ▁with ▁building ▁development , ▁but ▁there ▁was ▁a ▁campaign ▁to ▁keep ▁it . ▁In ▁ 1 9 0 9 , ▁the ▁free hold ▁was ▁bought ▁for ▁some ▁£ 4 0 0 0 ▁by ▁the ▁London ▁County ▁Council ▁and ▁the ▁Metropolitan ▁Bor ough ▁of ▁South w ark . ▁They ▁en larg ed ▁and ▁restored ▁the ▁garden , ▁which ▁was ▁then ▁opened ▁for ▁public ▁use ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 0 . ▁The ▁square ▁was ▁scheduled ▁to ▁protect ▁it ▁under ▁the ▁ 1 9 3 1 ▁London ▁S qu ares ▁Pres ervation ▁Act . ▁However , ▁after ▁the ▁Second ▁World ▁War , ▁it ▁was ▁proposed ▁that ▁the ▁buildings ▁should ▁be ▁demol ished ▁and ▁the ▁area ▁added ▁to ▁Ger ald ine ▁Mary ▁Har ms worth ▁Park . ▁This ▁was ▁blocked ▁by ▁the ▁C iv ic ▁A men ities ▁Act ▁and ▁instead ▁the ▁square ▁became ▁a ▁conservation ▁area . ▁ ▁The ▁terra ce ▁of ▁five ▁houses ▁in ▁the ▁north - west ▁corner ▁of ▁the ▁square ▁were ▁demol ished ▁c 1 9 7 0 , ▁and ▁replaced ▁by ▁modern ▁town ▁houses ▁designed ▁to ▁bl end ▁in ▁with ▁the ▁original ▁Georg ian ▁architecture ▁( the ▁corner ▁house ▁had ▁at ▁one ▁point ▁been ▁converted ▁into ▁a ▁pub , ▁The ▁City ▁Ar ms ). ▁The ▁west ▁side ▁of ▁the ▁square ▁was ▁also ▁much - alter ed |
, ▁with ▁pairs ▁of ▁houses ▁being ▁run ▁together ▁to ▁create ▁four ▁later al ▁fl ats ▁in ▁each ▁property . ▁In ▁ 1 9 9 7 – 8 , ▁and ▁with ▁the ▁exception ▁of ▁numbers ▁ 1 0 ▁and ▁ 1 1 , ▁the ▁terra ce ▁was ▁recon vert ed ▁to ▁single ▁houses . ▁Over all , ▁the ▁square ▁remains ▁largely ▁int act ▁and ▁of ▁historic ▁interest , ▁a ▁fact ▁reflected ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 7 2 ▁Gra de ▁II ▁listing ▁of ▁the ▁east , ▁south ▁and ▁wide ▁sides . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁▁ ▁Lor rim ore ▁Square , ▁also ▁in ▁South w ark ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁ ▁A ▁Short ▁History ▁of ▁London ' s ▁Garden ▁S qu ares : ▁ 1 9 0 0 ▁to ▁ 1 9 5 0 ▁ ▁A ▁Walk ▁through ▁Lamb eth ▁and ▁South w ark ▁ ▁West ▁Square ▁Conserv ation ▁Area ▁App rais al ▁( Microsoft ▁Word ▁document ) ▁ ▁Category : 1 7 9 1 ▁establish ments ▁in ▁England ▁Category : S qu ares ▁in ▁the ▁London ▁Bor ough ▁of ▁Lamb eth ▁Category : S qu ares ▁in ▁the ▁London ▁Bor ough ▁of ▁South w ark <0x0A> </s> ▁Rena ▁( O ur ania ) ▁Str at ig ou ▁( ; ▁ 1 9 2 9 - 1 6 ▁March ▁ 2 0 1 4 ) ▁was ▁a ▁Greek ▁actress . ▁ ▁Biography ▁She ▁began ▁her ▁acting ▁career ▁and ▁belonged ▁to ▁her ▁father ' s ▁family ▁company , ▁V ass ilis ▁Str at igos . |
▁ ▁She ▁was ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁S . E . I . ▁on ▁October ▁ 1 0 , ▁ 1 9 4 7 . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 5 0 , ▁she ▁participated ▁with ▁V eb o ''' s ▁company . ▁ ▁She ▁played ▁in ▁the ▁helping ▁of ▁M im is ▁Tra if or os - Gi org ou ▁Gian nak op oul os ▁V y ra ▁t is ▁ag ky res . ▁ ▁Al ong ▁with ▁her ▁sister s ▁Ale ka ▁and a ▁St ella , ▁she ▁sang ▁the ▁famous ▁song ▁in ▁numbers ▁of ▁produ ctions . ▁ ▁She ▁did ▁not ▁acted ▁long ▁in ▁the ater . ▁ ▁During ▁her ▁the atr ical ▁years ▁and ▁her ▁transition , ▁she ▁appeared ▁in ▁films ▁including ▁O ▁m eth yst ak as ▁( Ο ▁ μ ε θ ύ σ τ α κ α ς , ▁ 1 9 5 0 ), ▁Hal ima ▁( Χ α λ ι μ ά , ▁a ▁production ▁of ▁an ▁oper etta ▁by ▁The op hr ast os ▁Sak ell ar id is ) ▁O ute ▁g ata ▁ou te ▁z im ia ▁( Ο ύ τ ε ▁ γ ά τ α , ▁ ο ύ τ ε ▁ ζ η μ ι ά , ▁a ▁comedy ▁by ▁Ale k os ▁Sak ell arios - Christ os ▁Gian nak op oul os ), ▁Pi ass ame ▁tin ▁k ali ▁( Π ι ά σ α μ ε ▁ τ η ν ▁ κ α λ ή ' |
', ▁ 1 9 5 5 ). ▁ ▁She ▁had ▁a ▁small ▁sister , ▁I kl ena ▁( <0xCE> <0x8A> κ λ ε ν α ) ▁who ▁died ▁at ▁a ▁young ▁age . ▁ ▁She ▁was ▁the ▁sister ▁of ▁Stefan os , ▁Ale ka ▁and ▁St ella . ▁ ▁She ▁died ▁in ▁Ath ens , ▁on ▁ 1 6 ▁March ▁ 2 0 1 4 . ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 2 9 ▁birth s ▁Category : 2 0 1 4 ▁death s ▁Category : G reek ▁actress es ▁Category : Act ress es ▁from ▁Ath ens <0x0A> </s> ▁R of le pon ide ▁is ▁a ▁synth etic ▁gl uc oc ort ico id ▁cort ic ost ero id ▁which ▁was ▁never ▁market ed . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : C ort ic ost ero id ▁cy clic ▁k et als ▁Category : C yc lic ▁ac et als ▁with ▁al de hy des ▁Category : D ik et ones ▁Category : Di ols ▁Category : F lu oro aren es ▁Category : G l uc oc ort ico ids ▁Category : P reg nan es ▁Category : Ab andon ed ▁dru gs <0x0A> </s> ▁Man olo ▁Ál vare z ▁M era ▁( né ▁Manuel ▁Ern esto ▁Ál vare z - M era ▁ 7 ▁November ▁ 1 9 2 3 ▁Hav ana , ▁Cuba ▁– ▁ 1 6 ▁October ▁ 1 9 8 6 ▁New ▁York ▁City ) ▁was ▁a ▁Cub an - born ▁ten or ▁who ▁fl our |
ished ▁as ▁a ▁bel ▁cant o ▁during ▁the ▁latter ▁ 1 9 4 0 s ▁and ▁full ▁ 1 9 5 0 s . ▁ ▁Despite ▁having ▁an ▁oper atic ▁cal iber ▁voice , ▁he ▁gained ▁popular ity ▁signing ▁in ▁oper ett as , ▁musical ▁reviews , ▁radio , ▁television , ▁v au dev ille , ▁and ▁major ▁night ▁clubs ▁of ▁Cuba , ▁New ▁York , ▁and ▁Latin ▁America . ▁He ▁became ▁a ▁Cub an ▁ex ile ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 0 ▁after ▁the ▁Cub an ▁Revolution . ▁ ▁Career ▁▁ ▁Cuba ▁Ál vare z ▁was ▁born ▁November ▁ 7 , ▁ 1 9 2 3 , ▁to ▁the ▁marriage ▁of ▁Manuel ▁Al vare z ▁and ▁Ben iana ▁M era ▁( ma iden ), ▁in ▁the ▁Lu yan ó ▁( e o ) ▁neighborhood ▁of ▁Die z ▁de ▁Oct ubre , ▁Hav ana , ▁Cuba . ▁After ▁formally ▁studying ▁voice ▁in ▁Hav ana , ▁Ál vare z ▁deb uted ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 3 ▁at ▁the ▁Teatro ▁Princi pal ▁de ▁la ▁Com edia ▁( Main ▁Theater ▁of ▁Com edy ) ▁in ▁Hav ana , ▁singing ▁the ▁role ▁of ▁Ni ño ▁Fernando ▁in ▁María ▁O ▁( es ), ▁a ▁one ▁act ▁z arz uela , ▁lyr ics ▁by ▁Gustav o ▁S ánchez ▁Gal ar rag a ▁( 1 8 9 3 – 1 9 3 4 ), ▁music ▁by ▁Ern esto ▁L ec u ona . ▁ ▁Mar u ja ▁González ▁( 1 9 0 4 – 1 9 9 9 ) |
▁sang ▁the ▁sop rano ▁role ▁of ▁Mary ▁O . ▁ ▁He ▁went ▁on ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 4 ▁to ▁perform ▁at ▁the ▁Teatro ▁L ír ico ▁Cub ano ▁( L y ric ▁Theater ▁of ▁Cuba ), ▁singing ▁in ▁La ▁Pla za ▁de ▁la ▁C ated ral ▁( The ▁C athedral ▁Square ), ▁a ▁z arz uela ▁by ▁L ec u ona . ▁ ▁He ▁sang ▁the ▁same ▁work ▁for ▁radio ▁stations ▁R HC - C ad ena ▁Az ul ▁and ▁C MQ . ▁ ▁He ▁then ▁went ▁on ▁to ▁perform ▁in ▁several ▁z arz uel as ▁( mus ical s ), ▁including ▁Lu isa ▁Fern anda , ▁Los ▁g av il anes ▁( es ), ▁La ▁le y enda ▁del ▁bes o ▁( es ), ▁La ▁dolor osa , ▁and ▁Cec ilia ▁Val d és , ▁which ▁included ▁sing ers ▁Mar u ja ▁Mont es ▁( 1 9 3 0 – 1 9 9 3 ), ▁Ros ita ▁For n és ▁( es ) ▁( born ▁ 1 9 4 3 ), ▁Z ora ida ▁Mar rero ▁( 1 9 1 1 – 2 0 0 4 ), ▁Est her ▁Bor ja ▁( 1 9 1 3 – 2 0 1 3 ), ▁Sar ita ▁Esc arp ent ier ▁( born ▁ 1 9 2 5 ), ▁Dor ini ▁de ▁Dis o ▁( 1 9 0 1 – 1 9 4 8 ), ▁Miguel ▁de ▁Grand y , ▁Antonio ▁Pala cios , ▁Jes ús ▁Fre y re , ▁and ▁Greg orio ▁Bar |
rios ▁( es ) ▁( 1 9 1 1 – 1 9 7 8 ). ▁▁ ▁New ▁York ▁September ▁ 1 6 , ▁ 1 9 4 7 , ▁he ▁opened ▁in ▁New ▁York , ▁as ▁a ▁feature ▁singer ▁in ▁the ▁musical ▁rev ue ▁Vi ol ins ▁Over ▁Broadway ▁at ▁the ▁Diam ond ▁H ors es ho es ▁Night ▁Club , ▁produced ▁by ▁im pres ario ▁Billy ▁Rose . ▁ ▁The ▁show ▁ran ▁for ▁two ▁years . ▁▁ ▁Brazil ▁In ▁ 1 9 5 0 , ▁Ál vare z ▁moved ▁to ▁Rio ▁de ▁Janeiro ▁and ▁performed ▁in ▁Sa o ▁Paulo ▁and ▁on ▁several ▁Brazil ian ▁radio ▁stations . ▁▁ ▁Argentina , ▁Ch ili , ▁and ▁Uruguay ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 5 2 , ▁Ál vare z ▁tou red ▁Buenos ▁Aires , ▁with ▁vis its ▁to ▁Chile , ▁and ▁Monte video . ▁ ▁His ▁South ▁American ▁performances ▁were ▁acc laimed ▁by ▁the ▁Cub an ▁magazine , ▁Cart eles ▁( es ), ▁of ▁May ▁ 1 1 , ▁ 1 9 5 2 . ▁ ▁In ▁his ▁Uruguay ▁radio ▁concert s , ▁Ál vare z ▁was ▁ha iled ▁" S ir ▁Hyper bo le !" ▁Many ▁of ▁his ▁interpret ations , ▁including ▁" Mar ía ▁la ▁O " ▁( es ); ▁" G ran ada ," ▁by ▁Ag ust ín ▁L ara ; ▁and ▁" A y - A y - A y ," ▁by ▁O sm án ▁Pérez ▁Fre ire , ▁were ▁interrupted ▁with ▁app la use , ▁and ▁he ▁was ▁forced ▁to |
▁repeat ▁three ▁or ▁four ▁times . ▁ ▁The ▁night ▁of ▁the ▁fare well , ▁as ▁he ▁went ▁on ▁stage , ▁the ▁audience ▁— ▁more ▁than ▁two ▁thousand ▁excited ▁people ▁— ▁threw ▁a ▁rain ▁car n ations ▁and ▁ros es , ▁forming ▁a ▁clo ak . ▁The ▁program ▁had ▁been ▁interrupted ▁for ▁a ▁long ▁time , ▁" the ▁natural ▁em otion ▁of ▁the ▁artist ▁in ▁such ▁a ▁beautiful ▁t ribute ." ▁ ▁" Á l vare z ▁continued ▁his ▁success ▁in ▁Brazil ▁and ▁Buenos ▁Aires . ▁For ▁months ▁Al vare z ▁had ▁been ▁an ▁exclusive ▁artist ▁for ▁Victor , ▁having ▁recorded ▁and ▁" G ran ada ," ▁by ▁Ag ust ín ▁L ara , ▁and ▁" Des ped ida ," ▁by ▁María ▁Gre ver , ▁with ▁the ▁R CA ▁Orchestra ▁under ▁the ▁direction ▁of ▁Ma estro ▁V ieri ▁F id anz ini ." ▁▁ ▁United ▁States ▁Ál vare z ▁returned ▁to ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 1 . ▁ ▁Ac comp an ied ▁by ▁the ▁Carlos ▁Mol ina ▁( 1 8 9 9 – 1 9 8 2 ) ▁Orchestra , ▁Ál vare z ▁sang ▁" G ran ada " ▁in ▁a ▁short ▁ 1 9 5 3 ▁film C arn ival ▁in ▁April , ▁released ▁in ▁ 3 D ▁by ▁Universal . ▁The ▁film ▁also ▁featured ▁T oni ▁Ar den , ▁Joseph ine ▁Prem ice , ▁and ▁Fernando ▁Rod rig uez . ▁ ▁On ▁April ▁ 4 , ▁ 1 9 5 4 , ▁he ▁appeared ▁on ▁the ▁television ▁show |
, ▁The ▁Col gate ▁Com edy ▁H our , ▁with ▁Edd ie ▁Cant or . ▁ ▁He ▁also ▁appeared ▁at ▁the ▁Fl aming o ▁Las ▁Veg as ▁with ▁Fred die ▁Martin . ▁▁ ▁Hollywood ▁As ▁of ▁mid - M arch ▁ 1 9 5 3 , ▁Ál vare z ▁had ▁been ▁studying ▁six ▁months ▁with ▁Arthur ▁Ros enberg . ▁ ▁On ▁April ▁ 1 8 , ▁ 1 9 5 4 ▁— ▁E aster ▁Sunday ▁— ▁Ál vare z ▁sang ▁" The ▁Lord ' s ▁P ray er ," ▁in ▁a ▁sun r ise ▁national ▁broadcast ▁produced ▁by ▁David ▁Rose ▁at ▁the ▁Hollywood ▁Bowl ▁with ▁conduct or ▁Mik l ós ▁R ó z sa . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 5 4 , ▁he ▁appeared ▁as ▁a ▁featured ▁singer ▁in ▁New ▁York ▁at ▁the ▁Wald orf ▁Ast oria ▁with ▁Fred die ▁Martin ▁and ▁His ▁Orchestra . ▁ ▁He ▁also ▁appeared ▁at ▁the ▁Ed gew ater ▁Beach ▁in ▁Chicago , ▁and ▁the ▁Sky room ▁at ▁the ▁Map es ▁Hotel ▁in ▁Ren o . ▁ ▁He ▁held ▁a ▁principal ▁role ▁in ▁the ▁production ▁Spanish ▁Fant asy , ▁a ▁show ▁that ▁tou red ▁America , ▁performing ▁at ▁ven ues ▁that ▁included ▁the ▁Terra ce ▁Room ▁at ▁the ▁Stat ler ▁Hotel ▁in ▁Los ▁Angeles . ▁and ▁the ▁Empire ▁Room ▁at ▁the ▁Stat ler ▁Hil ton ▁in ▁Dallas . ▁He ▁also ▁sang ▁on ▁the ▁N BC ▁television ▁program ▁Saturday ▁Night ▁Review , ▁Coast ▁to ▁Coast . ▁▁ ▁Ant io quia ▁and ▁Cuba ▁ ▁In ▁August ▁ 1 9 |
5 5 , ▁Ál vare z ▁was ▁featured ▁in ▁a ▁Trop icana ▁production ▁of ▁Ev oc ación ▁( E v ocation ) ▁and ▁Se is ▁Lind as ▁Cub anas ▁( S ix ▁Pre tty ▁Cub ans ), ▁the ▁latter ▁being ▁song ▁referencing ▁the ▁six ▁provinces ▁of ▁Cuba ▁( before ▁the ▁Revolution ). ▁ ▁The ▁production ▁was ▁st aged ▁by ▁Rod r igo ▁Ne ira ▁who ▁was ▁known ▁as ▁" R od ney ." ▁ ▁The ▁show ▁was ▁presented ▁in ▁a ▁tele cast ▁from ▁Med ell ín , ▁Ant io quia , ▁and ▁was ▁a ▁review ▁of ▁nin ete enth ▁century ▁Cub an ▁dance ▁and ▁music . ▁Other ▁perform ers ▁included ▁X iom ara ▁Alf aro , ▁Cu art eto ▁F ax as , ▁Est el ita ▁Sant al ó , ▁Cu art eto ▁d ' A ida , ▁Leon ela ▁González , ▁Dan cers ▁Ana ▁Gl oria ▁and ▁Rol ando , ▁and ▁the ▁L ago ▁Sister s ▁T rio . ▁ ▁The ▁same ▁production , ▁with ▁mostly ▁the ▁same ▁artists , ▁including ▁Ál vare z , ▁was ▁presented ▁in ▁a ▁tele cast ▁April ▁ 2 1 , ▁ 1 9 5 6 . ▁▁ ▁Hollywood ▁In ▁America , ▁he ▁once ▁replaced ▁the ▁voice ▁of ▁Mario ▁L anza ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 5 8 ▁film , ▁Seven ▁Hills ▁of ▁Rome . ▁▁ ▁Final ▁performances ▁in ▁Cuba ▁In ▁February ▁ 1 9 5 8 , ▁Ál vare z ▁head lined ▁in ▁the ▁Copa ▁Room ▁at ▁the ▁Hotel ▁Hab ana ▁Riv iera ▁with ▁Cu art |
eto ▁d ' A ida . ▁ ▁Among ▁Ál vare z ' s ▁last ▁stage ▁performances ▁in ▁Cuba , ▁he ▁was ▁acc laimed ▁for ▁his ▁appearances ▁in ▁the ▁the ater ▁as ▁Ivan ▁Mart i ▁in ▁La ▁le y enda ▁del ▁bes o ▁( es ) ▁( 1 9 5 9 ) ▁and ▁Ros illon ▁in ▁The ▁Mer ry ▁W id ow ▁( 1 9 6 0 ). ▁ ▁In ▁Cuba , ▁he ▁performed ▁on ▁television , ▁in ▁the aters , ▁on ▁several ▁record ings , ▁and ▁in ▁cas inos , ▁which ▁included ▁the ▁Trop icana ▁and ▁Hotel ▁Cap ri . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 5 9 , ▁Ál vare z ▁sang ▁on ▁TV ▁" Ad ió s , ▁Gran ada ," ▁in ▁Em igr antes , ▁a ▁z arz uela ▁composed ▁by ▁Tom ás ▁Bar rera ▁Sa aved ra ▁( es ) ▁( 1 8 7 0 – 1 9 3 8 ) ▁and ▁Rafael ▁Cal le ja ▁Gó mez ▁( 1 8 7 0 – 1 9 3 8 ). ▁ ▁Other ▁perform ers ▁in ▁that ▁production ▁included ▁Alfred o ▁Kra us , ▁Miguel ▁Fle ta , ▁Victoria ▁de ▁los ▁Áng eles , ▁T ito ▁Sch ip a , ▁Giuseppe ▁Di ▁Stef ano , ▁H ip ól ito ▁L áz aro , ▁Pe pe ▁Rome u , ▁Juan ▁García , ▁Luis ▁Mar iano , ▁M ish a ▁Alexand rov ich . ▁( On ▁Archive . org ) ▁ ▁Acc laimed ▁by ▁the ▁Di ario ▁de ▁la ▁Marina ▁as ▁" the ▁First |
▁Ten or ▁of ▁Cuba ▁and ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁best ▁in ▁the ▁world ," ▁Ál vare z , ▁on ▁February ▁ 2 , ▁ 1 9 6 0 , ▁head lined ▁on ▁No che ▁Cub ana , ▁a ▁live ▁evening ▁national ▁tele cast ▁by ▁C MB F - TV ▁( es ). ▁ ▁Other ▁sing ers ▁included ▁Bar bar ito ▁Die z , ▁María ▁Ter esa ▁V era , ▁Lorenzo ▁H ierre z uel o , ▁and ▁the ▁group ▁Cu art eto ▁d ' A ida . ▁ ▁On ▁August ▁ 2 1 , ▁ 1 9 6 0 , ▁Ál vare ze ▁was ▁featured ▁on ▁the ▁Ed ▁S ull ivan ▁Show , ▁singing ▁" M att in atta ." ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 6 3 , ▁he ▁settled ▁in ▁New ▁York , ▁where ▁he ▁died ▁on ▁October ▁ 1 4 , ▁ 1 9 8 6 . ▁He ▁had ▁lived ▁at ▁ 2 1 6 ▁West ▁ 1 0 2 nd ▁Street ▁in ▁Manh attan . ▁Due ▁to ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁embargo ▁against ▁Cuba , ▁Ál vare z ▁was ▁unable ▁to ▁return ▁to ▁Cuba ▁after ▁ 1 9 6 0 . ▁▁ ▁Family ▁ ▁Ál vare z ▁married ▁D elf ina ▁C oug il ▁Fern ande z ▁( born ▁ 1 3 ▁March ▁ 1 9 2 5 ). ▁ ▁They ▁had ▁two ▁children : ▁( i ) ▁Ter es ita ▁( T er ry ) ▁( born ▁ 1 9 5 9 ), ▁( ii ) ▁Manuel ▁( born ▁ 1 |
9 6 1 ). ▁▁ ▁Selected ▁disc ography ▁▁▁ ▁Man olo ▁Ál vare z - M era , ▁P uch it io ▁M LP - 5 0 5 ▁( LP ) ▁( 1 9 6 ?) ▁ ▁Man olo ▁Ál vare z - M era , ▁ten or ▁vocal ; ▁Or questa ▁B ajo , ▁Roberto ▁Val d és ▁Arn au , ▁director ▁▁▁ ▁Side ▁A ▁ ▁" J ú rame " ▁( es ) ▁(" S we ar "), ▁by ▁María ▁Gre ver ▁( on ▁YouTube ) <0x09> <0x09> ▁ ▁" Mart a ," ▁by ▁Mo is és ▁Sim ons ▁( On ▁YouTube ) <0x09> ▁ ▁" No ▁N ieg ues ▁que ▁me ▁qu is istes " ▁(" Do ▁Not ▁Den y ▁That ▁You ▁W anted ▁Me "), ▁by ▁Jorge ▁del ▁Mor al ▁( On ▁YouTube ) <0x09> <0x09> ▁ ▁" S iem pre ▁en ▁Mi ▁Cor az ón " ▁(" Al ways ▁In ▁My ▁Heart "), ▁by ▁Ern esto ▁L ec u ona ▁† ▁( 1 st ▁on ▁YouTube , ▁ 2 nd , ▁ 3 rd ) ▁▁ ▁" No ▁P ued o ▁ser ▁fel iz " ▁(" I ▁Can ▁Not ▁Be ▁Happy "), ▁by ▁Ad ol fo ▁Gu z man ▁( On ▁YouTube ) ▁ ▁Side ▁B ▁" T or na ▁a ▁Sor ri ento " ▁(" Come ▁Back ▁to ▁Sor rent o ") ▁by ▁Ern esto ▁De ▁Curt is ▁" M att in atta " ▁(" Mor ning "), ▁by ▁R ug ger o ▁Leon c aval lo |
▁( On ▁YouTube ) ▁ ‡ ▁" Core ▁' n gr ato " ▁(" In gr ate ▁Heart "), ▁by ▁Salv atore ▁Card illo , ▁Ric c ardo ▁Cord ifer ro ▁( it ) ▁" La ▁donna ▁è ▁mobile " ▁(" W omen ▁Are ▁Fl ight y "), ▁by ▁Ver di ▁" Est rell ita " ▁ ▁(" L ittle ▁Star "), ▁by ▁Manuel ▁P once ▁▁ ▁Can ciones ▁Cub anas ▁( C ub an ▁Songs ), ▁Vol . ▁II , ▁P uch it io ▁M LP - 5 5 3 ▁& ▁An til la ▁M LP - 5 5 3 ▁( LP ) ▁( 1 9 6 ?) ▁ ▁Man olo ▁Ál vare z - M era ; ▁Gran ▁Or questa , ▁Roberto ▁Val d és ▁Arn au , ▁director ▁▁▁ ▁Side ▁A ▁ ▁" Mar ía ▁Bel én ▁Ch ac ón " ▁(" R om ance ▁of ▁María ▁Bel én "), ▁words ▁adopted ▁by ▁José ▁S ánchez ▁Arc illa , ▁music ▁by ▁Rod r igo ▁Pr ats ▁ ▁" Si ▁lleg o ▁a ▁bes arte " ▁(" If ▁I ▁K iss ▁You "), ▁by ▁Luis ▁Cas as ▁Rom ero ▁( 1 8 8 2 – 1 9 5 0 ) ▁( On ▁YouTube ) ▁ ▁" Q ui é reme ▁Much o " ▁(" Y ours "), ▁lyr ics ▁by ▁Ag ust in ▁Rod rig uez , ▁music ▁by ▁Gonz alo ▁Ro ig ▁( On ▁YouTube ) ▁ ▁" M ir ame ▁así " ▁(" Look ▁At ▁Me , ▁Well "), |
▁by ▁Edu ardo ▁S ánchez ▁de ▁Fu entes ▁( On ▁YouTube ) ▁ ▁" So led ad " ▁(" L onel iness "), ▁by ▁Rod r igo ▁Pr ats ▁▁ ▁Side ▁B ▁" E sc la vo ▁libre " ▁(" Free ▁S lave "), ▁by ▁Ern esto ▁L ec u ona ▁" La ▁Bay ames a " ▁(" W omen ▁ ▁of ▁Bay amo , ▁Cuba "), ▁by ▁S indo ▁Gar ay ▁On ▁YouTube ▁" Cor azon " ▁(" He art "), ▁by ▁Edu ardo ▁S ánchez ▁de ▁Fu entes <0x09> ▁" H aban era ▁T ú " ▁(" You ▁Dance " ▁the ▁H aban era ), ▁by ▁Edu ardo ▁S ánchez ▁de ▁Fu entes ▁( 1 st ▁on ▁YouTube , ▁ 2 nd ) ▁" Mar ía ▁la ▁O " ▁( es ), ▁lyr ics ▁by ▁Gustav o ▁S ánchez ▁Gal ar rag a ▁( 1 8 9 3 – 1 9 3 4 ), ▁music ▁by ▁Ern esto ▁L ec u ona ▁▁ ▁Por ▁Los ▁Cam pos ▁De ▁Cuba ▁( T hr ough ▁the ▁Field s ▁of ▁Cuba ) ▁AF ▁Records ▁( LP ) ▁( 1 9 9 6 ) ▁" La ▁Bay ames a " ▁(" W omen ▁ ▁of ▁Bay amo , ▁Cuba "), ▁by ▁S indo ▁Gar ay ▁( of ▁ 1 5 ▁tracks ) ▁▁ ▁America ▁In mort al , ▁Re yes ▁( LP ) ▁( 1 9 9 6 ) <0x09> <0x09> <0x09> <0x09> <0x09> <0x09> <0x09> <0x09> <0x09> <0x09> <0x09> ▁" La ▁Bay ames a |
" ▁(" W omen ▁ ▁of ▁Bay amo , ▁Cuba "), ▁by ▁S indo ▁Gar ay ▁( of ▁ 1 5 ▁tracks ) ▁▁ ▁F unc ion ▁de ▁G ala ▁( G ala ), ▁J . ▁& ▁G . ▁Record ings ▁( 1 9 6 ?) ▁ ▁Live , ▁Teatro ▁Mart i , ▁Hav ana ▁▁ ▁" El ena ," ▁by ▁Roberto ▁García ▁Mas vid al ▁( of ▁ 1 2 ▁tracks ) ▁" Y o ▁So y ▁T ú ▁F rac aso " ▁(" I ' m ▁Your ▁Fail ure "), ▁by ▁Roberto ▁García ▁Mas vid al ▁( of ▁ 1 2 ▁tracks ) ▁▁ ▁Man olo ▁Al vare z - M era , ▁R CA ▁Victor ▁ 8 2 - 5 4 7 0 ▁( 7 8 ▁r pm ) ▁▁ 8 2 - 5 4 5 0 - A : ▁" G ran ada ," ▁by ▁Ag ust ín ▁L ara ▁▁ 8 2 - 5 4 5 0 - B : ▁" Des ped ida ," ▁by ▁María ▁Gre ver ▁▁ ▁S MC ▁Records ▁( 7 8 ▁r pm ) ▁ ▁Man olo ▁Al vare z - M era ; ▁Orchestra ▁directed ▁by ▁Roberto ▁Val d és ▁Arn au ▁▁ 2 5 2 1 - B ▁" R om ance ▁Git ano ," ▁by ▁Carlos ▁Gran ados ▁▁▁▁ ▁† ▁The ▁song ▁" Al ways ▁in ▁My ▁Heart " ▁received ▁an ▁Oscar ▁nom ination ▁for ▁" Best ▁Original ▁Song ," ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 4 2 ▁film , ▁Always |
▁in ▁My ▁Heart , ▁losing ▁to ▁" White ▁Christmas " ▁from ▁the ▁film ▁White ▁Christmas . ▁ ▁Non eth eless , ▁some ▁critics ▁regard ▁Ál vare z ' s ▁recording ▁of ▁" S iem pre ▁en ▁mi ▁cor azon " ▁as ▁the ▁best ▁performance ▁of ▁the ▁song . ▁▁▁ ‡ ▁" M att in ata " ▁(" Mor ning "), ▁written ▁in ▁ 1 9 0 4 , ▁was ▁the ▁first ▁song ▁ever ▁written ▁express ly ▁for ▁the ▁Gram oph one ▁Company ▁( the ▁present ▁day ▁H M V ). ▁▁ ▁Selected ▁vide ography ▁▁ ▁" Gen esis " ▁ ▁Manuel ▁Al vare z ▁M era ▁▁ ▁" La ▁Vi uda " ▁(" The ▁Mer ry ▁W id ow ") ▁ ▁Manuel ▁Al vare z ▁M era ▁▁ ▁References ▁ ▁General ▁sources ▁▁ ▁Man olo ▁Ál vare z ▁on ▁E cu Red '' ▁( access ed ▁December ▁ 9 , ▁ 2 0 1 5 ) ▁ ▁Article ▁Man olo ▁Al vare z - M era . ▁Av ailable ▁at ▁. ▁Access ed : ▁August ▁ 1 9 , ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁ ▁Man olo ▁Al vare z ▁M era ' s ▁photo , ▁cour tes y ▁University ▁of ▁Miami ▁ ▁Notes ▁ ▁In line ▁cit ations ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 2 3 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 9 8 6 ▁death s ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁Hav ana ▁Category : C ub an ▁male ▁sing ers ▁Category : C ub an ▁oper atic ▁ten ors ▁Category : C |
ub an ▁classical ▁mus icians ▁Category : C ub an ▁male ▁musical ▁theatre ▁actors ▁Category : Met ro - G old w yn - M ayer ▁contract ▁players ▁Category : Oper a ▁c ros so ver ▁sing ers ▁Category : R CA ▁Victor ▁artists ▁Category : Tr ad itional ▁pop ▁music ▁sing ers ▁Category : 2 0 th - century ▁classical ▁mus icians ▁Category : C ub an ▁ex iles ▁Category : C ub an ▁exp atri ates ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Category : 2 0 th - century ▁Cub an ▁sing ers ▁Category : 2 0 th - century ▁male ▁sing ers <0x0A> </s> ▁Nick named ▁The ▁Raz or ▁Junior ▁Far zan ▁Ali ▁is ▁the ▁current ▁W BF ▁Asia ▁Pacific ▁light weight ▁champion . ▁With ▁ 2 5 ▁wins ▁for ▁ 3 2 ▁f ights , ▁Far zan ▁is ▁regarded ▁as ▁F iji ' s ▁best ▁p ound ▁for ▁p ound ▁box er . ▁He ▁has ▁a ▁brother , ▁Joy ▁Ali ▁who ▁is ▁also ▁ranked ▁intern ation ally . ▁Far zan ▁is ▁scheduled ▁to ▁fight ▁Ryan ▁Lang ham ▁for ▁the ▁World ▁Box ing ▁Foundation ▁Wel ter weight ▁title ▁in ▁August . ▁Far zan ▁is ▁F iji ' s ▁local ▁champion ▁in ▁seven ▁divisions ▁r anging ▁from ▁b ant am weight ▁to ▁wel ter weight . ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Box ▁Rec ▁profile ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 8 0 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : W elter weight ▁box ers ▁Category : F ij ian ▁Muslim s |
▁Category : F ij ian ▁male ▁box ers ▁Category : S ports people ▁from ▁N adi <0x0A> </s> ▁Max ▁G lass ▁( J une ▁ 1 2 , ▁ 1 8 8 1 ▁– ▁July ▁ 1 8 , ▁ 1 9 6 5 ) ▁was ▁an ▁Aust rian ▁screen writer , ▁film ▁director , ▁and ▁producer . ▁ ▁G lass ▁was ▁born ▁in ▁Jar os lau , ▁which ▁was ▁then ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁Aust ro - H ung arian ▁Empire , ▁into ▁a ▁Jewish ▁family , ▁but ▁later ▁converted ▁to ▁Catholic ism . ▁He ▁gained ▁a ▁P HD ▁in ▁Philosoph y ▁from ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Vienna . ▁G lass ▁entered ▁the ▁German ▁film ▁industry ▁as ▁a ▁writer , ▁but ▁soon ▁became ▁a ▁producer . ▁By ▁the ▁mid - 1 9 2 0 s ▁he ▁rose ▁to ▁be ▁head ▁of ▁production ▁at ▁Terra ▁Film ▁before ▁breaking ▁away ▁to ▁set ▁up ▁his ▁own ▁production ▁company ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 8 ▁G lass ' ▁lo ver ▁the ▁actress ▁Ruth ▁Werner ▁appeared ▁in ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁his ▁films ▁but ▁was ▁unable ▁to ▁marry ▁him ▁until ▁he ▁had ▁secured ▁a ▁divor ce ▁from ▁his ▁first ▁wife . ▁ ▁Following ▁the ▁Naz i ▁take over ▁of ▁power ▁in ▁Germany ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 3 , ▁G lass ' ▁production ▁companies ▁were ▁shut ▁down ▁and ▁he ▁was ▁forced ▁to ▁go ▁into ▁ex ile ▁in ▁France . ▁G lass ▁again ▁worked ▁as ▁a ▁producer , ▁but ▁ran ▁into ▁further ▁trouble ▁following ▁the ▁German ▁invasion ▁of ▁France ▁during ▁the |
▁Second ▁World ▁War . ▁In ▁ 1 9 4 2 ▁the ▁collaboration ist ▁V ich y ▁Government ▁stri pped ▁him ▁of ▁his ▁citizens hip . ▁G lass ▁and ▁Werner ▁then ▁went ▁to ▁Brazil ▁and ▁United ▁States ▁for ▁the ▁remainder ▁of ▁the ▁conflict , ▁only ▁returning ▁to ▁France ▁once ▁the ▁war ▁was ▁over . ▁They ▁finally ▁married ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 7 . ▁ ▁Selected ▁film ography ▁ ▁W riter ▁▁ ▁Die ▁ent f ess elte ▁M ensch heit ▁( nov el ; ▁ 1 9 2 0 ▁- ▁that ▁year ▁the ▁novel ▁was ▁adapted ▁to ▁the ▁screen ▁to ▁a ▁film ▁by ▁the ▁same ▁name ) ▁ ▁Director ▁▁ ▁The ▁Man ▁in ▁the ▁Iron ▁M ask ▁( 1 9 2 3 ) ▁ ▁Bob ▁and ▁Mary ▁( 1 9 2 3 ) ▁ ▁La ▁re ine ▁des ▁res qu ille uses ▁( 1 9 3 7 ) ▁ ▁Le ▁chemin ▁de ▁Dam as ▁( 1 9 5 2 ) ▁ ▁Screen writer ▁▁ ▁Human ity ▁Un le ashed ▁( 1 9 2 0 ) ▁ ▁Count ess ▁Mar itza ▁( 1 9 2 5 ) ▁ ▁The ▁Hum ble ▁Man ▁and ▁the ▁Ch ante use ▁( 1 9 2 5 ) ▁ ▁If ▁You ▁Have ▁an ▁A unt ▁( 1 9 2 5 ) ▁ ▁Why ▁Get ▁a ▁Div or ce ? ▁( 1 9 2 6 ) ▁ ▁The ▁Sea ▁Cad et ▁( 1 9 2 6 ) ▁ ▁Young ▁Blood ▁( 1 9 2 6 ) ▁ ▁Vienna ▁- ▁Berlin ▁( |
1 9 2 6 ) ▁ ▁The ▁Man ▁Without ▁S leep ▁( 1 9 2 6 ) ▁ ▁The ▁Three ▁Man ne qu ins ▁( 1 9 2 6 ) ▁ ▁S ven g ali ▁( 1 9 2 7 ) ▁ ▁Big am ie ▁( 1 9 2 7 ) ▁ ▁The ▁T rag edy ▁of ▁a ▁Lost ▁Soul ▁( 1 9 2 7 ) ▁ ▁Hom es ick ▁( 1 9 2 7 ) ▁ ▁Le ont ine ' s ▁Hus b ands ▁( 1 9 2 8 ) ▁ ▁Love ▁in ▁the ▁Ring ▁( 1 9 3 0 ) ▁ ▁Ras put in ▁( 1 9 3 8 ) ▁ ▁Ent ente ▁cord iale ▁( 1 9 3 9 ) ▁ ▁Le ▁chemin ▁de ▁Dam as ▁( 1 9 5 2 ) ▁ ▁Produ cer ▁▁ ▁The ▁Man ▁Who ▁Sold ▁Him self ▁( 1 9 2 5 ) ▁ ▁Give ▁My ▁Reg ards ▁to ▁the ▁Bl onde ▁Child ▁on ▁the ▁Rh ine ▁( 1 9 2 6 ) ▁ ▁S ven g ali ▁( 1 9 2 7 ) ▁ ▁Hom es ick ▁( 1 9 2 7 ) ▁ ▁Queen ▁Louise ▁( 1 9 2 7 ) ▁ ▁The ▁Sh ip ▁of ▁Lost ▁Sou ls ▁( 1 9 2 9 ) ▁ ▁Zwe i ▁K raw atten ▁( 1 9 3 0 ) ▁ ▁The ▁So aring ▁Ma iden ▁( 1 9 3 1 ) ▁ ▁The ▁F irm ▁G ets ▁Mar ried ▁( 1 9 3 1 ) |
▁ ▁Ras put in ▁( 1 9 3 8 ) ▁ ▁Bl onde ▁( 1 9 5 0 ) ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Bibli ography ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁▁▁▁ ▁Category : 1 8 8 1 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 9 6 5 ▁death s ▁Category : A ust rian ▁film ▁produ cers ▁Category : A ust rian ▁screen writ ers ▁Category : M ale ▁screen writ ers ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁Jar os ław ▁Category : A ust rian ▁Jews ▁Category : J ew ish ▁em igr ants ▁from ▁Naz i ▁Germany <0x0A> </s> ▁Li ▁Sh en ▁( 李 <0xE7> <0xB4> <0xB3> ) ▁( d ied ▁July ▁ 2 9 , ▁ 8 4 6 ), ▁cour tes y ▁name ▁G ong ch ui ▁( 公 <0xE5> <0x9E> <0x82> ), ▁formally ▁Duke ▁W ens u ▁of ▁Z ha o ▁( <0xE8> <0xB6> <0x99> 文 <0xE8> <0x82> <0x85> 公 ), ▁was ▁an ▁official ▁of ▁the ▁Chinese ▁dynast y ▁Tang ▁D ynast y , ▁serving ▁as ▁a ▁ch an cell or ▁during ▁the ▁reign ▁of ▁Emperor ▁W uz ong . ▁He ▁was ▁also ▁noted ▁as ▁a ▁poet . ▁ ▁Background ▁ ▁It ▁is ▁not ▁known ▁when ▁Li ▁Sh en ▁was ▁born . ▁ ▁His ▁family ▁claimed ▁ancest ry ▁from ▁the ▁southern ▁branch ▁of ▁the ▁prominent ▁Li ▁cl an ▁of ▁Z ha o ▁Command ery ▁( <0xE8> <0xB6> <0x99> 郡 , ▁roughly ▁modern ▁Sh ij ia z hu ang , ▁Heb ei ), ▁but ▁was ▁only ▁able ▁to ▁trace ▁its ▁ancest ry ▁back ▁to ▁the |
▁Northern ▁Wei ▁official ▁Li ▁Sh an qu an ▁( 李 <0xE5> <0x96> <0x84> <0xE6> <0xAC> <0x8A> ) ▁and ▁Li ▁Sh an qu an ' s ▁descend ants ▁who ▁served ▁as ▁officials ▁of ▁Northern ▁Wei ▁and ▁S ui ▁D ynast y . ▁ ▁Li ▁Sh en ' s ▁great - grand father ▁Li ▁J ing x uan ▁served ▁as ▁a ▁ch an cell or ▁during ▁the ▁reign ▁of ▁Emperor ▁Ga oz ong , ▁and ▁his ▁great - grand un cle ▁Li ▁Yu ans u ▁served ▁as ▁a ▁ch an cell or ▁during ▁the ▁reign ▁of ▁Emperor ▁Ga oz ong ' s ▁wife ▁Wu ▁Z et ian . ▁ ▁Both ▁Li ▁Sh en ' s ▁grand father ▁Li ▁Sh ou yi ▁( 李 守 一 ) ▁and ▁father ▁Li ▁Wu ▁( 李 <0xE6> <0x99> <0xA4> ) ▁served ▁as ▁county ▁magistr ates . ▁ ▁In ▁Li ▁Wu ' s ▁case , ▁he ▁served ▁three ▁times ▁at ▁J int an ▁( 金 <0xE5> <0xA3> <0x87> , ▁in ▁modern ▁Ch ang z hou , ▁Ji ang su ), ▁W uch eng ▁( <0xE7> <0x83> <0x8F> 程 , ▁in ▁modern ▁H uz hou , ▁Ji ang su ), ▁and ▁Jin ling ▁( <0xE6> <0x99> <0x89> <0xE9> <0x99> <0xB5> , ▁in ▁modern ▁Ch ang z hou ▁as ▁well ). ▁ ▁He ▁therefore ▁settled ▁his ▁family ▁in ▁the ▁region , ▁at ▁W ux i . ▁ ▁Li ▁Sh en ▁was ▁five ▁years ▁old ▁when ▁Li ▁Wu ▁died , ▁and ▁he ▁therefore ▁was ▁raised ▁by ▁his ▁mother ▁Lady ▁Lu , ▁who ▁taught |
▁him ▁the ▁Conf u cian ▁class ics . ▁ ▁It ▁was ▁said ▁that ▁Li ▁Sh en ▁was ▁short ▁in ▁stat ure ▁but ▁ener get ic , ▁and ▁was ▁capable ▁in ▁songs ▁and ▁poetry . ▁ ▁The ▁year ▁that ▁he ▁submitted ▁himself ▁to ▁the ▁local ▁pre lim inary ▁round ▁of ▁the ▁imperial ▁exam in ations , ▁his ▁po ems ▁became ▁well ▁known ▁in ▁the ▁region . ▁ ▁During ▁Emperor ▁X ian z ong ' s ▁reign ▁ ▁Early ▁in ▁the ▁Y uan he ▁era ▁( 8 0 6 - 8 2 1 ) ▁of ▁Emperor ▁X ian z ong , ▁Li ▁Sh en ▁passed ▁the ▁imperial ▁exam in ations , ▁and ▁he ▁was ▁there ▁made ▁an ▁assistant ▁professor ▁at ▁the ▁imperial ▁university ▁( 國 子 助 教 , ▁Gu oz i ▁Z hu j iao ). ▁ ▁He ▁did ▁not ▁like ▁his ▁role , ▁however , ▁and ▁subsequently ▁res igned ▁and ▁returned ▁to ▁his ▁home ▁region . ▁ ▁The ▁war l ord ▁Li ▁Q i , ▁who ▁then ▁ruled ▁the ▁region ▁as ▁the ▁military ▁governor ▁( J ied ush i ) ▁of ▁Z hen hai ▁Circ uit ▁( <0xE9> <0x8E> <0xAE> 海 , ▁head qu arter ed ▁in ▁modern ▁Z hen ji ang , ▁Ji ang su ), ▁was ▁im pressed ▁with ▁his ▁talent ▁and ▁invited ▁him ▁to ▁serve ▁on ▁staff ▁as ▁a ▁secretary . ▁ ▁According ▁to ▁the ▁Old ▁Book ▁of ▁Tang , ▁Li ▁Sh en ▁rejected ▁Li ▁Q i ' s ▁inv itation ; ▁Li ▁Q i ▁subsequently ▁wanted ▁to ▁kill ▁him |
, ▁so ▁he ▁fled ▁and ▁hid ▁until ▁Li ▁Q i ▁was ▁eventually ▁defeated ▁and ▁killed . ▁ ▁The ▁New ▁Book ▁of ▁Tang ▁gave ▁a ▁different ▁account ▁— ▁that ▁Li ▁Sh en ▁accepted ▁the ▁inv itation ▁and ▁served ▁under ▁Li ▁Q i , ▁but ▁subsequently , ▁when ▁Li ▁Q i ▁refused ▁an ▁imperial ▁summ ons ▁to ▁pay ▁hom age ▁to ▁Emperor ▁X ian z ong ▁in ▁ 8 0 7 , ▁he ▁ordered ▁Li ▁Sh en ▁to ▁draft ▁his ▁pet ition ▁ref using ▁the ▁summ ons ; ▁Li ▁Sh en ▁initially ▁pret ended ▁to ▁be ▁unable ▁to ▁write ▁due ▁to ▁extreme ▁shock , ▁but ▁eventually ▁told ▁Li ▁Q i ▁that ▁he ▁would ▁rather ▁die ▁than ▁to ▁draft ▁such ▁a ▁pet ition ; ▁Li ▁Q i ▁there after ▁threw ▁him ▁into ▁j ail , ▁and ▁he ▁was ▁only ▁released ▁after ▁Li ▁Q i ▁was ▁defeated . ▁ ▁During ▁Emperor ▁M uz ong ' s ▁reign ▁ ▁As ▁of ▁the ▁asc ension ▁of ▁reign ▁of ▁Emperor ▁X ian z ong ' s ▁son ▁Emperor ▁M uz ong , ▁Li ▁Sh en ▁was ▁serving ▁as ▁You ▁Sh iy i ▁( 右 <0xE6> <0x8B> <0xBE> <0xE9> <0x81> <0xBA> ), ▁a ▁low - level ▁advis ory ▁official ▁at ▁the ▁legisl ative ▁b ureau ▁of ▁government ▁( 中 書 省 , ▁Zh ong sh u ▁Sh eng ), ▁when ▁Emperor ▁M uz ong ▁also ▁made ▁him ▁an ▁imperial ▁scholar ▁( <0xE7> <0xBF> <0xB0> 林 學 士 , ▁Han lin ▁X ues hi ). ▁ ▁He ▁and ▁his ▁colle agues ▁Y |
uan ▁Z hen ▁and ▁Li ▁De y u ▁were ▁known ▁for ▁their ▁talent ▁and ▁friendship . ▁ ▁He ▁was ▁also ▁promoted , ▁in ▁his ▁legisl ative ▁b ureau ▁position , ▁from ▁You ▁Sh iy i ▁to ▁the ▁higher ▁rank ▁of ▁You ▁Bu j ue ▁( 右 <0xE8> <0xA3> <0x9C> <0xE9> <0x97> <0x95> ). ▁ ▁In ▁ 8 2 1 , ▁he ▁was ▁made ▁Six un ▁Y uan w ail ang ▁( 司 <0xE5> <0x8B> <0x9B> <0xE5> <0x93> <0xA1> 外 郎 ), ▁a ▁low - level ▁official ▁at ▁the ▁min istry ▁of ▁civil ▁service ▁affairs ▁( <0xE5> <0x90> <0x8F> 部 , ▁Lib u ), ▁and ▁put ▁in ▁charge ▁of ▁draft ing ▁ed ict s . ▁ ▁He ▁was ▁also ▁involved ▁in ▁an ▁incident ▁that ▁was ▁tradition ally ▁considered ▁a ▁cause ▁of ▁the ▁later ▁N iu - Li ▁F action al ▁Str ugg les . ▁ ▁Both ▁Li ▁Sh en ▁and ▁the ▁former ▁ch an cell or ▁Du an ▁W en ch ang ▁had ▁submitted ▁a ▁list ▁of ▁examine es ▁that ▁they ▁hoped ▁would ▁be ▁passed ▁to ▁Q ian ▁H ui ▁( <0xE9> <0x8C> <0xA2> <0xE5> <0xBE> <0xBD> ), ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁officials ▁in ▁charge ▁of ▁the ▁exam in ations ▁that ▁season , ▁but ▁once ▁the ▁results ▁were ▁published , ▁the ▁examine es ▁that ▁Du an ▁and ▁Li ▁Sh en ▁recommended ▁did ▁not ▁pass , ▁while ▁those ▁who ▁passed ▁included ▁the ▁several ▁relatives ▁of ▁other ▁officials ▁— ▁Zh eng ▁Tan ' s ▁brother ▁Zh eng ▁Lang ; ▁Pe i ▁Du ' s ▁son ▁Pe i |
▁Z hu an ▁( <0xE8> <0xA3> <0xB4> <0xE8> <0xAD> <0x94> ); ▁Li ▁Z ong min ' s ▁son - in - law ▁Su ▁Ch ao ▁( <0xE8> <0x98> <0x87> <0xE5> <0xB7> <0xA2> ); ▁and ▁Yang ▁Y in sh i ▁( <0xE6> <0xA5> <0x8A> <0xE6> <0xAE> <0xB7> 士 ), ▁brother ▁to ▁the ▁other ▁official ▁in ▁charge ▁of ▁the ▁exam in ations ▁that ▁year , ▁Yang ▁R ush i ▁( <0xE6> <0xA5> <0x8A> <0xE6> <0xB1> <0x9D> 士 ). ▁ ▁Du an ▁compla ined ▁to ▁Emperor ▁M uz ong ▁that ▁the ▁exam in ations ▁that ▁year ▁were ▁not ▁fair . ▁ ▁When ▁Emperor ▁M uz ong ▁consult ed ▁imperial ▁sch ol ars , ▁several ▁imperial ▁sch ol ars ▁who ▁were ▁political ▁enemies ▁of ▁Li ▁Z ong min , ▁including ▁Li ▁De y u ▁and ▁Y uan , ▁and ▁Li ▁Sh en , ▁all ▁agreed ▁with ▁Du an . ▁ ▁Emperor ▁M uz ong ▁thus ▁ordered ▁a ▁re ex am ination , ▁while ▁dem oting ▁Q ian , ▁Li ▁Z ong min , ▁and ▁Yang ▁R ush i , ▁along ▁with ▁ 1 0 ▁examine es ▁who ▁passed ▁based ▁on ▁perce ived ▁influence . ▁ ▁When ▁Q ian ' s ▁friends ▁subsequently ▁suggested ▁that ▁he ▁submit ▁Du an ' s ▁and ▁Li ▁Sh en ' s ▁letters ▁trying ▁to ▁influence ▁the ▁exam in ations ▁to ▁the ▁em peror ▁to ▁show ▁that ▁they ▁were ▁the ▁ones ▁trying ▁to ▁influence ▁results , ▁Q ian , ▁who ▁believed ▁that ▁reve aling ▁these ▁private ▁letters ▁was ▁in app ropri ate , |
▁burn ed ▁them . ▁ ▁( L ater ▁histor ians ▁have ▁typically ▁regarded ▁Li ▁Sh en ▁as ▁a ▁leader ▁of ▁the ▁Li ▁F action ▁— ▁named ▁after ▁Li ▁De y u , ▁not ▁him ▁— ▁during ▁the ▁N iu - Li ▁F action al ▁Str ugg les .) ▁ ▁In ▁ 8 2 2 , ▁Li ▁Sh en ▁was ▁made ▁Zh ong sh u ▁Sh eren ▁( 中 書 <0xE8> <0x88> <0x8D> 人 ), ▁a ▁mid - level ▁official ▁at ▁the ▁legisl ative ▁b ureau , ▁and ▁continued ▁to ▁be ▁in ▁charge ▁of ▁draft ing ▁ed ict s . ▁ ▁So on ▁there after , ▁Y uan ▁was ▁made ▁ch an cell or ▁but ▁only ▁served ▁a ▁short ▁time ▁before ▁he ▁was ▁removed , ▁alleg edly ▁at ▁the ▁mach ination ▁of ▁his ▁fellow ▁ch an cell or ▁Li ▁F eng ji . ▁ ▁It ▁was ▁further ▁said ▁that ▁Li ▁F eng ji ▁wanted ▁N iu ▁S eng ru ▁to ▁be ▁ch an cell or , ▁and ▁believed ▁that ▁Li ▁De y u ▁and ▁Li ▁Sh en ▁would ▁opp ose , ▁and ▁therefore ▁had ▁Li ▁De y u ▁sent ▁out ▁of ▁Ch ang ' an ▁to ▁serve ▁as ▁the ▁governor ▁( <0xE8> <0xA7> <0x80> <0xE5> <0xAF> <0x9F> 使 , ▁Gu anch ashi ) ▁of ▁Z he xi ▁Circ uit ▁( <0xE6> <0xB5> <0x99> 西 , ▁i . e ., ▁Z hen hai ). ▁ ▁However , ▁he ▁could ▁not ▁think ▁of ▁a ▁way ▁to ▁remove ▁Li ▁Sh en ▁initially . ▁ ▁In ▁ 8 |
2 3 , ▁the ▁position ▁of ▁deput y ▁chief ▁imperial ▁c ensor ▁( 御 史 中 <0xE4> <0xB8> <0x9E> , ▁Y ush i ▁Zh ong ch eng ) ▁was ▁open , ▁and ▁Li ▁F eng ji ▁recommended ▁Li ▁Sh en ▁for ▁the ▁post ▁— ▁and ▁then ▁manufact ured ▁a ▁conflict ▁between ▁Li ▁Sh en ▁and ▁Han ▁Yu ▁the ▁mayor ▁of ▁J ing z ha o ▁Municip ality ▁( 京 <0xE5> <0x85> <0x86> , ▁i . e ., ▁the ▁Ch ang ' an ▁region ). ▁ ▁( Per ▁reg ulations , ▁to ▁honor ▁the ▁cens ors , ▁the ▁mayor ▁of ▁J ing z ha o ▁was ▁supposed ▁to ▁pay ▁t ribute ▁by ▁visit ing ▁the ▁Office ▁of ▁the ▁Imperial ▁C ens ors , ▁but ▁as ▁Han ▁was ▁best owed ▁an ▁honor ary ▁title ▁as ▁chief ▁imperial ▁c ensor , ▁Li ▁F eng ji ▁ordered ▁that ▁he ▁did ▁not ▁have ▁to ▁carry ▁out ▁that ▁reg ulation , ▁leading ▁to ▁mut ual ▁accus ations ▁between ▁Li ▁Sh en ▁and ▁Han ▁of ▁dis res pect .) ▁ ▁Li ▁F eng ji ▁thus ▁reported ▁to ▁Emperor ▁M uz ong ▁that ▁the ▁two ▁could ▁not ▁work ▁with ▁each ▁other . ▁ ▁As ▁a ▁result , ▁Emperor ▁M uz ong ▁made ▁Han ▁the ▁deput y ▁minister ▁of ▁defense ▁( 兵 部 <0xE4> <0xBE> <0x8D> 郎 , ▁B ing bu ▁Sh il ang ) ▁and ▁Li ▁Sh en ▁the ▁governor ▁of ▁Ji ang xi ▁Circ uit ▁( 江 西 , ▁head qu arter ed ▁in ▁modern ▁N anch ang , ▁Ji |
ang xi ). ▁ ▁However , ▁when ▁Han ▁and ▁Li ▁Sh en ▁went ▁to ▁visit ▁Emperor ▁M uz ong ▁to ▁thank ▁him ▁for ▁the ▁comm issions , ▁he ▁question ed ▁them ▁as ▁to ▁the ▁nature ▁of ▁their ▁conflict , ▁and ▁realized ▁that ▁Li ▁F eng ji ▁had ▁manufact ured ▁it . ▁ ▁He ▁thus ▁kept ▁Li ▁Sh en ▁at ▁Ch ang ' an ▁as ▁the ▁deput y ▁minister ▁of ▁census ▁( <0xE6> <0x88> <0xB6> 部 <0xE4> <0xBE> <0x8D> 郎 , ▁Hub u ▁Sh il ang ). ▁ ▁During ▁Emperor ▁J ing z ong ' s ▁reign ▁ ▁In ▁ 8 2 4 , ▁Emperor ▁M uz ong ▁died ▁and ▁was ▁succeeded ▁by ▁his ▁son ▁Emperor ▁J ing z ong . ▁ ▁Li ▁F eng ji , ▁who ▁remained ▁powerful ▁after ▁the ▁transition , ▁continued ▁to ▁res ent ▁Li ▁Sh en , ▁and ▁soon ▁there after ▁his ▁al ly , ▁the ▁e un uch ▁Wang ▁Sh ouch eng , ▁told ▁Emperor ▁J ing z ong ▁that ▁Li ▁Sh en ▁and ▁the ▁former ▁ch an cell or ▁Du ▁Yu any ing ▁had ▁supported ▁Emperor ▁M uz ong ' s ▁brother ▁Li ▁Cong ▁( 李 <0xE6> <0x82> <0xB0> ) ▁the ▁Prince ▁of ▁Sh en ▁as ▁em peror , ▁rather ▁than ▁Emperor ▁J ing z ong . ▁ ▁As ▁a ▁result , ▁Li ▁Sh en ▁was ▁ex iled ▁and ▁dem oted ▁to ▁be ▁the ▁military ▁ad visor ▁to ▁the ▁pre fect ▁of ▁Du an ▁Pref ect ure ▁( <0xE7> <0xAB> <0xAF> 州 , ▁in ▁modern ▁Z ha |
o q ing , ▁Gu ang d ong ). ▁ ▁Emperor ▁J ing z ong ▁further ▁agreed ▁to ▁put ▁Li ▁Sh en ▁to ▁death , ▁but ▁after ▁a ▁defense ▁of ▁Li ▁Sh en ▁submitted ▁by ▁the ▁imperial ▁scholar ▁Wei ▁Ch u hou , ▁Emperor ▁J ing z ong ▁discovered ▁past ▁pet itions ▁in ▁which ▁Li ▁Sh en ▁had ▁sought ▁to ▁have ▁him ▁made ▁crown ▁prince . ▁ ▁Emperor ▁J ing z ong , ▁while ▁not ▁recall ing ▁Li ▁Sh en ▁back ▁to ▁Ch ang ' an , ▁did ▁not ▁further ▁carry ▁out ▁actions ▁against ▁Li ▁Sh en . ▁ ▁In ▁ 8 2 5 , ▁when ▁Emperor ▁J ing z ong ▁issued ▁a ▁general ▁p ardon , ▁the ▁text ▁of ▁the ▁general ▁p ardon ▁initially ▁indicated ▁that ▁those ▁ex iled ▁officials ▁who ▁had ▁been ▁moved ▁closer ▁to ▁Ch ang ' an ▁previously ▁could ▁be ▁again ▁moved ▁closer ▁— ▁without ▁stating ▁that ▁those ▁who ▁had ▁not ▁been ▁could ▁be ▁as ▁well . ▁ ▁Wei ▁submitted ▁an ▁ob jection , ▁pointing ▁out ▁that ▁the ▁text ▁had ▁been ▁written ▁in ▁the ▁way ▁that ▁it ▁was ▁because ▁Li ▁F eng ji ▁was ▁app reh ensive ▁that ▁Li ▁Sh en ▁would ▁be ▁moved ▁closer ▁to ▁the ▁capital . ▁ ▁Emperor ▁J ing z ong ▁had ▁the ▁text ▁re written ▁so ▁that ▁those ▁who ▁had ▁not ▁been ▁moved ▁closer ▁to ▁Ch ang ' an ▁before ▁could ▁be ▁moved , ▁and ▁Li ▁Sh en ▁was ▁there after ▁made ▁the ▁secretary ▁general ▁of ▁Ji ang ▁Pref ect ure ▁( 江 州 |
, ▁in ▁modern ▁J iu ji ang , ▁Ji ang xi ). ▁ ▁He ▁was ▁eventually ▁made ▁the ▁pre fect ▁of ▁Ch u ▁Pref ect ure ▁( <0xE6> <0xBB> <0x81> 洲 , ▁in ▁modern ▁Ch uz hou , ▁An hui ) ▁and ▁then ▁of ▁Sh ou ▁Pref ect ure ▁( <0xE5> <0xA3> <0xBD> 州 , ▁in ▁modern ▁Lu ' an , ▁An hui ), ▁and ▁then ▁ad visor ▁to ▁the ▁crown ▁prince , ▁with ▁his ▁office ▁at ▁the ▁eastern ▁capital ▁Lu oy ang . ▁ ▁During ▁Emperor ▁W enz ong ' s ▁reign ▁ ▁In ▁ 8 3 3 , ▁during ▁the ▁reign ▁of ▁Emperor ▁J ing z ong ' s ▁brother ▁and ▁successor ▁Emperor ▁W enz ong , ▁when ▁Li ▁De y u ▁was ▁ch an cell or , ▁Li ▁Sh en ▁was ▁made ▁the ▁governor ▁of ▁Z hed ong ▁Circ uit ▁( <0xE6> <0xB5> <0x99> 東 , ▁head qu arter ed ▁in ▁modern ▁Sh a ox ing , ▁Z he ji ang ) ▁and ▁the ▁pre fect ▁of ▁its ▁capital ▁Y ue ▁Pref ect ure ▁( 越 州 ). ▁ ▁In ▁ 8 3 5 , ▁with ▁their ▁political ▁advers ary ▁Li ▁Z ong min ▁as ▁ch an cell or ▁as ▁well , ▁Li ▁De y u ▁was ▁removed ▁from ▁his ▁ch an cell or ▁position ▁due ▁to ▁the ▁collaboration ▁between ▁Li ▁Z ong min ▁and ▁Emperor ▁W enz ong ' s ▁close ▁associ ates ▁Li ▁X un ▁and ▁Zh eng ▁Z hu ; ▁Li ▁Sh en ▁was ▁subsequently ▁made ▁an |
▁ad visor ▁to ▁Emperor ▁W enz ong ' s ▁son ▁and ▁crown ▁prince ▁Li ▁Y ong , ▁again ▁with ▁his ▁office ▁at ▁Lu oy ang . ▁ ▁In ▁ 8 3 6 , ▁with ▁the ▁Li ▁F action ▁figure ▁Zh eng ▁Tan ▁as ▁ch an cell or , ▁Li ▁Sh en ▁was ▁made ▁the ▁mayor ▁of ▁Hen an ▁Municip ality ▁( 河 南 , ▁i . e ., ▁the ▁Lu oy ang ▁region ). ▁ ▁Later ▁in ▁the ▁year , ▁he ▁was ▁made ▁the ▁military ▁governor ▁of ▁X uan w u ▁Circ uit ▁( <0xE5> <0xAE> <0xA3> 武 , ▁head qu arter ed ▁in ▁modern ▁Ka if eng , ▁Hen an ) ▁and ▁the ▁pre fect ▁of ▁its ▁capital ▁Bian ▁Pref ect ure ▁( <0xE6> <0xB1> <0xB4> 州 ). ▁ ▁In ▁ 8 3 7 , ▁when ▁the ▁real m ▁suffered ▁a ▁great ▁loc ust ▁inf est ation , ▁X uan w u ▁Circ uit ▁was ▁somehow ▁not ▁affected , ▁and ▁as ▁Emperor ▁W enz ong ▁considered ▁this ▁to ▁be ▁due ▁to ▁the ▁virt ues ▁of ▁Li ▁Sh en , ▁he ▁issued ▁an ▁ed ict ▁pra ising ▁Li ▁Sh en . ▁ ▁During ▁Emperor ▁W uz ong ' s ▁reign ▁ ▁Emperor ▁W enz ong ▁died ▁in ▁ 8 4 0 ▁and ▁was ▁succeeded ▁by ▁his ▁brother ▁Emperor ▁W uz ong . ▁ ▁So on ▁there after , ▁Li ▁De y u ▁became ▁the ▁leading ▁ch an cell or , ▁and ▁Li ▁Sh en ▁was ▁made ▁the ▁acting ▁military ▁governor ▁of ▁Hu ain |
an ▁Circ uit ▁( <0xE6> <0xB7> <0xAE> 南 , ▁head qu arter ed ▁in ▁modern ▁Yang z hou , ▁Ji ang su ). ▁ ▁Li ▁Sh en ▁was ▁the ▁military ▁governor ▁when ▁he , ▁in ▁ 8 4 2 , ▁went ▁to ▁Ch ang ' an ▁to ▁pay ▁hom age ▁to ▁Emperor ▁W uz ong , ▁and ▁there after ▁was ▁made ▁Zh ong sh u ▁Sh il ang ▁( 中 書 <0xE4> <0xBE> <0x8D> 郎 ), ▁the ▁deput y ▁head ▁of ▁the ▁legisl ative ▁b ureau , ▁and ▁a ▁ch an cell or ▁de ▁fact o ▁with ▁the ▁design ation ▁T ong ▁Zh ong sh u ▁Men x ia ▁P ing z hang sh i ▁( 同 中 書 門 下 平 章 事 ). ▁ ▁He ▁was ▁also ▁made ▁the ▁acting ▁director ▁of ▁the ▁tre as ury . ▁ ▁There after , ▁he ▁was ▁created ▁the ▁Duke ▁of ▁Z ha o . ▁ ▁In ▁ 8 4 4 , ▁Li ▁Sh en ▁suffered ▁a ▁stroke ▁that ▁made ▁it ▁difficult ▁for ▁him ▁to ▁walk . ▁ ▁He ▁therefore ▁offered ▁to ▁res ign . ▁ ▁Emperor ▁W uz ong ▁made ▁him ▁the ▁military ▁governor ▁of ▁Hu ain an , ▁carrying ▁the ▁T ong ▁Zh ong sh u ▁Men x ia ▁P ing z hang sh i ▁title ▁as ▁an ▁honor ary ▁title . ▁ ▁In ▁ 8 4 5 , ▁Li ▁Sh en ▁accused ▁one ▁of ▁his ▁sub ordinates , ▁the ▁magistr ate ▁of ▁Ji ang du ▁( 江 都 , ▁in ▁modern ▁Yang |
z hou ), ▁Wu ▁X i ang ▁( <0xE5> <0x90> <0xB3> <0xE6> <0xB9> <0x98> ), ▁whose ▁uncle ▁Wu ▁W uling ▁( <0xE5> <0x90> <0xB3> 武 <0xE9> <0x99> <0xB5> ) ▁had ▁long ▁had ▁an ▁advers arial ▁relationship ▁with ▁Li ▁De y u , ▁of ▁em be zz lement ▁and ▁for ci b ly ▁marry ing ▁the ▁daughter ▁of ▁a ▁common er , ▁Yan ▁Y ue ▁( <0xE9> <0xA1> <0x8F> <0xE6> <0x82> <0x85> ). ▁ ▁Many ▁advis ory ▁officials ▁pointed ▁out ▁that ▁the ▁evidence ▁against ▁Wu ▁X i ang ▁was ▁weak , ▁and ▁Emperor ▁W uz ong ▁sent ▁the ▁cens ors ▁C ui ▁Yu anza o ▁( <0xE5> <0xB4> <0x94> 元 <0xE8> <0x97> <0xBB> ) ▁and ▁Li ▁Ch ou ▁( 李 <0xE7> <0xA8> <0xA0> ) ▁to ▁review ▁the ▁case . ▁ ▁C ui ▁and ▁Li ▁Ch ou ▁reported ▁that ▁Wu ▁X i ang ▁did ▁em be zz le ▁funds , ▁but ▁that ▁his ▁father - in - law ▁Yan ▁was ▁not ▁a ▁common er , ▁nor ▁was ▁the ▁marriage ▁forced . ▁ ▁Li ▁De y u , ▁despite ▁C ui ' s ▁and ▁Li ▁Ch ou ' s ▁report , ▁never theless ▁had ▁Wu ▁X i ang ▁executed , ▁and ▁further , ▁ret ali ating ▁against ▁C ui ▁and ▁Li ▁Ch ou ▁for ▁their ▁contrary ▁reports , ▁had ▁them ▁dem oted ▁and ▁ex iled . ▁ ▁During ▁Emperor ▁X u ā n z ong ' s ▁reign ▁ ▁Li ▁Sh en ▁died ▁in ▁ 8 4 6 , ▁by ▁which ▁time ▁Emperor ▁W uz ong |
▁had ▁died ▁and ▁been ▁succeeded ▁by ▁his ▁uncle ▁Emperor ▁X u ā n z ong . ▁ ▁Emperor ▁X u ā n z ong ▁des pis ed ▁Li ▁De y u ' s ▁hold ▁on ▁power , ▁and ▁soon ▁after ▁Emperor ▁X u ā n z ong ' s ▁asc ension , ▁Li ▁De y u ▁was ▁removed ▁from ▁his ▁ch an cell or ▁post . ▁ ▁In ▁ 8 4 7 , ▁Wu ▁X i ang ' s ▁brother ▁Wu ▁R una ▁( <0xE5> <0x90> <0xB3> <0xE6> <0xB1> <0x9D> <0xE7> <0xB4> <0x8D> ) ▁submitted ▁a ▁pet ition ▁arg uing ▁that ▁Wu ▁X i ang ▁was ▁impro per ly ▁executed ▁and ▁acc using ▁Li ▁Sh en ▁and ▁Li ▁De y u ▁of ▁causing ▁the ▁impro per ▁execution . ▁ ▁Emperor ▁X u ā n z ong ▁re called ▁C ui ▁Yu anza o ▁from ▁ex ile ▁and ▁had ▁him ▁give ▁an ▁account ▁of ▁the ▁case ▁to ▁the ▁Office ▁of ▁the ▁Imperial ▁C ens ors , ▁which ▁subsequently ▁submitted ▁a ▁report ▁agree ing ▁that ▁Wu ▁X i ang ▁was ▁impro per ly ▁executed . ▁ ▁As ▁a ▁result , ▁Li ▁De y u ▁was ▁repeatedly ▁dem oted ▁and ▁ex iled , ▁eventually ▁dying ▁in ▁ex ile , ▁while ▁Li ▁Sh en ▁was ▁post hum ously ▁stri pped ▁of ▁three ▁commission ▁certific ates . ▁ ▁Notes ▁and ▁references ▁▁▁ ▁Old ▁Book ▁of ▁Tang , ▁vol . ▁ 1 7 3 . ▁ ▁New ▁Book ▁of ▁Tang , ▁vol . ▁ 1 8 1 . ▁ |
▁Z iz hi ▁T ong j ian , ▁vol s . ▁ 2 4 1 , ▁ 2 4 3 , ▁ 2 4 6 , ▁ 2 4 8 . ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Books ▁of ▁the ▁Qu an ▁Tang sh i ▁that ▁include ▁collected ▁po ems ▁of ▁Li ▁Sh en ▁at ▁the ▁Chinese ▁Text ▁Project : ▁Book ▁ 4 8 0 ▁Book ▁ 4 8 1 ▁Book ▁ 4 8 3 ▁Book ▁ 4 8 3 ▁ ▁Category : 8 th - century ▁birth s ▁Category : 8 4 6 ▁death s ▁Category : Ch an cell ors ▁under ▁Emperor ▁W uz ong ▁of ▁Tang ▁Category : May ors ▁of ▁Lu oy ang ▁Category : T ang ▁dynast y ▁j ied ush i ▁of ▁X uan w u ▁Circ uit ▁Category : T ang ▁dynast y ▁j ied ush i ▁of ▁Hu ain an ▁Circ uit ▁Category : T ang ▁dynast y ▁histor ians ▁Category : Pol it icians ▁from ▁W ux i ▁Category : Three ▁H undred ▁Tang ▁Po ems ▁po ets ▁Category : W rit ers ▁from ▁W ux i ▁Category : T ang ▁dynast y ▁polit icians ▁from ▁Ji ang su ▁Category : T ang ▁dynast y ▁gener als ▁from ▁Ji ang su ▁Category : 9 th - century ▁Chinese ▁po ets ▁Category : Po ets ▁from ▁Ji ang su ▁Category : H istor ians ▁from ▁Ji ang su <0x0A> </s> ▁Hi ppe astr um ▁pet i ol atum ▁is ▁a ▁flow ering ▁per enn ial ▁her b |
ace ous ▁bul b ous ▁plant , ▁in ▁the ▁family ▁Am ary ll id aceae , ▁native ▁to ▁Venezuela , ▁Boliv ia , ▁Peru ▁and ▁Brazil . ▁ ▁Description ▁ ▁Tax onomy ▁ ▁Descri bed ▁by ▁Carl ▁Lin na eus ▁in ▁ 1 7 5 9 , ▁as ▁Am ary ll is ▁reg inae , ▁it ▁was ▁the ▁type ▁species ▁for ▁the ▁genus . ▁It ▁was ▁transferred ▁to ▁Hi ppe astr um ▁by ▁William ▁Herbert . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁S ources ▁▁▁▁ ▁GB IF : ▁Hi ppe astr um ▁pet i ol atum ▁ ▁Pacific ▁Bul b ▁Society : ▁Hi ppe astr um ▁pet i ol atum ▁▁▁ ▁International ▁Bul b ▁Society : ▁Hi ppe astr um ▁pet i ol atum ▁( image ) ▁ ▁Category : Fl ora ▁of ▁South ▁America ▁reg inae ▁Category : G arden ▁plants ▁of ▁South ▁America ▁Category : Pl ants ▁described ▁in ▁ 1 7 5 9 <0x0A> </s> ▁Events ▁from ▁the ▁year ▁ 1 9 7 2 ▁in ▁Pakistan . ▁ ▁Inc umb ents ▁ ▁Federal ▁government ▁President : ▁Z ulf ik ar ▁Ali ▁Bh utto ▁Chief ▁Justice : ▁Ham ood ur ▁Rah man ▁ ▁Events ▁ ▁Kar achi ▁labour ▁un rest ▁of ▁ 1 9 7 2 ▁ ▁January ▁▁ 2 0 ▁January ▁- Pres ident ▁( l ater ▁Prime ▁minister ▁Z ulf ik ar ▁Ali ▁Bh utto ▁public ly ▁announ ces ▁that ▁Pakistan ▁will ▁immediately ▁begin ▁a ▁nuclear ▁weapons ▁programme . ▁ ▁July ▁▁ 2 ▁July ▁– ▁India ▁and ▁Pakistan ▁sign ▁the ▁Sim la |
▁Acc ord ▁in ▁Sim la , ▁India , ▁following ▁the ▁surrender ▁of ▁the ▁Pakistan ▁military ▁to ▁Indian ▁forces ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 1 ▁and ▁the ▁subsequent ▁emer gence ▁of ▁former ▁East ▁Pakistan ▁as ▁the ▁independent ▁nation ▁of ▁Bang l adesh . ▁▁ 7 ▁July ▁– ▁S ind h ▁Assembly ▁passed ▁the ▁S ind ▁Te aching , ▁Prom otion ▁and ▁Use ▁of ▁S ind hi ▁Language ▁Bill , ▁ 1 9 7 2 ▁which ▁established ▁S ind hi ▁language ▁as ▁the ▁sole ▁official ▁language ▁of ▁the ▁province ▁resulting ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 2 ▁Language ▁violence ▁in ▁S ind h . ▁ ▁August ▁▁ 1 4 ▁August ▁– ▁Pakistan ▁celebr ates ▁ 2 5 ▁years ▁as ▁an ▁independent ▁nation . ▁ ▁B irth s ▁ 2 6 ▁April ▁– ▁S ana ▁N aw az , ▁actress ▁ 5 ▁August ▁– ▁A a q ib ▁J aved , ▁cr ick eter ▁and ▁coach ▁ 3 ▁October ▁– ▁A ij az ▁As lam , ▁actor ▁ ▁Death s ▁ 2 8 ▁May ▁– ▁Az iz ▁ul ▁Ha q , ▁Chair man ▁of ▁the ▁Young ▁People ' s ▁Front , ▁a ▁Marx ist ▁group ▁ 2 9 ▁May ▁– ▁Pr ith vi raj ▁Kap oor , ▁actor ▁and ▁director ▁ 1 ▁October ▁– ▁R ia z ▁Shah id , ▁film ▁writer ▁and ▁director ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁▁ 1 9 7 1 ▁in ▁Pakistan ▁ ▁Other ▁events ▁of ▁ 1 9 7 2 ▁▁ 1 9 7 3 ▁in ▁Pakistan ▁ ▁Tim eline ▁of ▁Pak ist ani |
▁history ▁▁▁ ▁Category : 1 9 7 2 ▁in ▁Asia <0x0A> </s> ▁Pla cent ia ▁is ▁a ▁planned ▁Met rol ink ▁rail ▁station ▁located ▁in ▁the ▁city ▁of ▁the ▁same ▁name . ▁It ▁will ▁be ▁served ▁by ▁Met rol ink ' s ▁ 9 1 / P err is ▁Valley ▁Line . ▁▁ ▁Orange ▁County ▁Transport ation ▁Author ity ▁started ▁discuss ing ▁the ▁station ▁as ▁early ▁as ▁ 2 0 1 2 . ▁A ▁station ▁planned ▁for ▁neighbor ing ▁Y or ba ▁L inda ▁was ▁rejected ▁by ▁its ▁local ▁city ▁council ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 4 . The ▁project ▁was ▁approved ▁by ▁the ▁city ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 6 , ▁with ▁construction ▁planned ▁to ▁begin ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 8 . ▁Const ruction ▁of ▁the ▁station ▁and ▁par king ▁structure ▁is ▁planned ▁to ▁conclude ▁in ▁ 2 0 2 2 , ▁where up on ▁it ▁is ▁expected ▁to ▁enter ▁re venue ▁service . ▁A ▁former ▁pack ing ▁house ▁was ▁demol ished ▁on ▁the ▁site ▁to ▁make ▁way ▁for ▁the ▁station . ▁ ▁construction ▁was ▁delayed , ▁ow ing ▁to ▁negoti ations ▁between ▁Met rol ink ▁and ▁the ▁track ' s ▁own ers , ▁B NS F . ▁In ▁January ▁ 2 0 2 0 , ▁it ▁was ▁announced ▁that ▁construction ▁of ▁the ▁Pla cent ia ▁Met rol ink ▁station ▁would ▁begin ▁later ▁in ▁the ▁year , ▁and ▁the ▁station ▁is ▁expected ▁to ▁be ▁open ▁by ▁June ▁ 2 0 2 2 . ▁ ▁The ▁cost ▁of ▁the ▁project ▁is ▁due |
▁at ▁$ 3 4 . 8 ▁million , ▁of ▁which ▁the ▁city ▁p led ged ▁$ 5 . 4 ▁million . ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 4 , ▁the ▁project ▁was ▁p eg ged ▁at ▁an ▁estimated ▁$ 2 3 . 4 2 ▁million , ▁while ▁a ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁estimate ▁was ▁between ▁$ 7 . 5 – 9 ▁million . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : P la cent ia , ▁California ▁Category : Future ▁Met rol ink ▁( Cal iforn ia ) ▁stations ▁Category : R ail way ▁stations ▁scheduled ▁to ▁open ▁in ▁ 2 0 2 2 <0x0A> </s> ▁St ▁Justin ian ▁( or ▁St ▁Justin ian ' s ▁or ▁St ▁Just ini ans ) ▁is ▁a ▁coast al ▁location ▁in ▁P embro kes hire , ▁Wales , ▁in ▁the ▁community ▁of ▁St ▁David s ▁and ▁the ▁C athedral ▁Close . ▁It ▁is ▁named ▁for ▁Justin ian ▁of ▁Ram sey ▁Island . ▁There ▁is ▁a ▁small ▁har bour ▁housing ▁the ▁St ▁David s ▁L if eb o at ▁Station , ▁and ▁a ▁private ▁residence . ▁The ▁har bour ▁is ▁used ▁for ▁boat ▁tri ps ▁to ▁Ram sey ▁Island , ▁and ▁for ▁k ay aking ▁and ▁speed bo at ▁tri ps . ▁ ▁It ▁is ▁a ▁popular ▁access ▁point ▁for ▁the ▁P embro kes hire ▁Coast al ▁Path . ▁ ▁The ▁ru ined ▁chap el ▁of ▁St ▁Justin ian ▁is ▁nearby ▁and ▁is ▁a ▁Gra de ▁I ▁listed ▁building . ▁ ▁The ▁ 1 8 7 0 s ▁old ▁lif |
eb o at ▁house , ▁ 1 9 1 1 ▁lif eb o at ▁house , ▁St ▁Justin ian ' s ▁Well ▁( 1 9 th ▁century ▁over ▁an ▁ancient ▁spring ), ▁and ▁an ▁early ▁ 2 0 th ▁century ▁watch t ower ▁are ▁all ▁Gra de ▁II ▁listed ▁buildings . ▁ ▁The ▁bay ▁on ▁which ▁St ▁Justin ian ▁stands ▁is ▁known ▁as ▁P orth st in ian . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : Ge ography ▁of ▁P embro kes hire ▁Category : St ▁David s <0x0A> </s> ▁May field ▁is ▁a ▁village ▁in ▁F ult on ▁County , ▁New ▁York , ▁ ▁United ▁States . ▁As ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁census , ▁the ▁village ▁population ▁was ▁ 8 3 2 . ▁It ▁is ▁located ▁in ▁the ▁center ▁of ▁the ▁town ▁of ▁May field ▁and ▁is ▁n ortheast ▁of ▁Glo vers ville . ▁Current ▁Mayor ▁is ▁Mayor ▁Jam ie ▁Ward . ▁ ▁Geography ▁According ▁to ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Census ▁Bureau , ▁the ▁village ▁has ▁a ▁total ▁area ▁of ▁, ▁of ▁which ▁ ▁is ▁land ▁and ▁, ▁or ▁ 1 6 . 3 7 %, ▁is ▁water . ▁ ▁May field ▁is ▁at ▁the ▁south west ▁end ▁of ▁Great ▁Sac and aga ▁Lake ▁and ▁at ▁the ▁south ▁edge ▁of ▁the ▁Ad ir ond ack ▁Park . ▁The ▁village ▁is ▁located ▁on ▁the ▁north ▁side ▁of ▁May field ▁Lake , ▁where ▁May field ▁Creek ▁enters ▁the ▁lake . ▁ ▁New ▁York ▁State ▁Route ▁ 3 0 ▁passes ▁the ▁west ▁side ▁of ▁the |
▁village , ▁leading ▁n ortheast ▁ ▁to ▁North ville ▁and ▁south ▁ ▁to ▁Amsterdam . ▁New ▁York ▁State ▁Route ▁ 3 0 A ▁branches ▁off ▁just ▁west ▁of ▁the ▁village ▁limits , ▁leading ▁south west ▁ ▁to ▁Glo vers ville ▁and ▁ ▁to ▁John st own , ▁the ▁F ult on ▁County ▁seat . ▁ ▁History ▁▁ ▁The ▁village ▁was ▁incorpor ated ▁in ▁ 1 8 9 6 . ▁ ▁Dem ograph ics ▁ ▁As ▁of ▁the ▁census ▁of ▁ 2 0 0 0 , ▁there ▁were ▁ 8 0 0 ▁people , ▁ 3 0 7 ▁households , ▁and ▁ 2 2 1 ▁families ▁res iding ▁in ▁the ▁village . ▁ ▁The ▁population ▁density ▁was ▁ 8 9 6 . 9 ▁people ▁per ▁square ▁mile ▁( 3 4 7 . 1 / km ²). ▁ ▁There ▁were ▁ 3 4 9 ▁housing ▁units ▁at ▁an ▁average ▁density ▁of ▁ 3 9 1 . 3 ▁per ▁square ▁mile ▁( 1 5 1 . 4 / km ²). ▁ ▁The ▁ra cial ▁make up ▁of ▁the ▁village ▁was ▁ 9 8 . 3 8 % ▁White , ▁ 0 . 5 0 % ▁Black ▁or ▁African ▁American , ▁ 0 . 7 5 % ▁Native ▁American , ▁and ▁ 0 . 3 8 % ▁from ▁two ▁or ▁more ▁races . ▁His pan ic ▁or ▁Lat ino ▁of ▁any ▁race ▁were ▁ 0 . 7 5 % ▁of ▁the ▁population . ▁ ▁There ▁were ▁ 3 0 9 ▁households ▁out ▁of ▁which ▁ 3 7 |
. 5 % ▁had ▁children ▁under ▁the ▁age ▁of ▁ 1 8 ▁living ▁with ▁them , ▁ 5 1 . 1 % ▁were ▁married ▁cou ples ▁living ▁together , ▁ 1 6 . 5 % ▁had ▁a ▁female ▁house holder ▁with ▁no ▁husband ▁present , ▁and ▁ 2 8 . 2 % ▁were ▁non - famil ies . ▁ 2 2 . 0 % ▁of ▁all ▁households ▁were ▁made ▁up ▁of ▁individuals ▁and ▁ 1 0 . 0 % ▁had ▁someone ▁living ▁alone ▁who ▁was ▁ 6 5 ▁years ▁of ▁age ▁or ▁older . ▁ ▁The ▁average ▁household ▁size ▁was ▁ 2 . 5 9 ▁and ▁the ▁average ▁family ▁size ▁was ▁ 3 . 0 0 . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁village , ▁the ▁population ▁was ▁spread ▁out ▁with ▁ 2 9 . 5 % ▁under ▁the ▁age ▁of ▁ 1 8 , ▁ 8 . 0 % ▁from ▁ 1 8 ▁to ▁ 2 4 , ▁ 2 9 . 6 % ▁from ▁ 2 5 ▁to ▁ 4 4 , ▁ 1 7 . 8 % ▁from ▁ 4 5 ▁to ▁ 6 4 , ▁and ▁ 1 5 . 1 % ▁who ▁were ▁ 6 5 ▁years ▁of ▁age ▁or ▁older . ▁ ▁The ▁median ▁age ▁was ▁ 3 6 ▁years . ▁For ▁every ▁ 1 0 0 ▁females , ▁there ▁were ▁ 8 6 . 5 ▁males . ▁ ▁For ▁every ▁ 1 0 0 ▁females ▁age ▁ 1 8 ▁and ▁over , ▁there ▁were ▁ 8 4 . 9 |
▁males . ▁ ▁The ▁median ▁income ▁for ▁a ▁household ▁in ▁the ▁village ▁was ▁$ 3 5 , 7 8 1 , ▁and ▁the ▁median ▁income ▁for ▁a ▁family ▁was ▁$ 3 9 , 7 9 2 . ▁M ales ▁had ▁a ▁median ▁income ▁of ▁$ 3 0 , 1 3 9 ▁versus ▁$ 2 1 , 6 2 0 ▁for ▁females . ▁The ▁per ▁cap ita ▁income ▁for ▁the ▁village ▁was ▁$ 1 5 , 6 0 4 . ▁ ▁About ▁ 8 . 7 % ▁of ▁families ▁and ▁ 1 0 . 8 % ▁of ▁the ▁population ▁were ▁below ▁the ▁pover ty ▁line , ▁including ▁ 1 4 . 1 % ▁of ▁those ▁under ▁age ▁ 1 8 ▁and ▁ 6 . 3 % ▁of ▁those ▁age ▁ 6 5 ▁or ▁over . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : V ill ages ▁in ▁New ▁York ▁( state ) ▁Category : V ill ages ▁in ▁F ult on ▁County , ▁New ▁York <0x0A> </s> ▁about ▁ 9 3 0 0 ▁species ▁of ▁v asc ular ▁plant ▁were ▁known ▁to ▁grow ▁in ▁Turkey . ▁By ▁comparison , ▁Europe ▁as ▁a ▁whole ▁contains ▁only ▁about ▁ 2 4 % ▁more ▁species ▁( about ▁ 1 1 5 0 0 ), ▁despite ▁having ▁th ir teen ▁times ▁the ▁area . ▁ ▁The ▁most ▁important ▁reasons ▁for ▁the ▁high ▁plant ▁b iod iversity ▁are ▁believed ▁to ▁be ▁the ▁relatively ▁high ▁proportion ▁of ▁en dem ics , ▁together ▁with ▁the ▁high ▁variety ▁of ▁so ils ▁and ▁climate ▁of ▁Turkey |
. ▁ ▁End em ism ▁▁ ▁A ▁third ▁of ▁Turkish ▁plant ▁species ▁are ▁en demic ▁to ▁Turkey : ▁one ▁reason ▁there ▁are ▁so ▁many ▁is ▁because ▁the ▁surface ▁of ▁An atol ia ▁is ▁both ▁mountain ous ▁and ▁quite ▁fragment ed . ▁In ▁fact ▁the ▁An atol ian ▁mountains ▁res emble ▁arch ip el ag os ▁like ▁the ▁famous ▁Gal ap ag os ▁Islands . ▁Since ▁Dar win ▁we ▁know ▁that ▁ge ographic ▁isol ation ▁between ▁islands ▁or ▁separated ▁mountains ▁is ▁an ▁important ▁means ▁of ▁spe ci ation , ▁leading ▁to ▁high ▁spatial ▁divers ity . ▁For ▁An atol ia ▁this ▁assumption ▁is ▁confirmed ▁by ▁concentr ations ▁of ▁ ▁en dem ism ▁on ▁highly ▁isolated ▁and ▁relatively ▁old ▁mass ifs ▁such ▁as ▁Ul uda ğ ▁and ▁Il g az ▁Da ğ , ▁whereas ▁very ▁young ▁vol can ic ▁con es ▁such ▁as ▁Er cy es ▁Da ğ ▁and ▁Hass an ▁Da ğ ▁are ▁surprising ly ▁poor ▁in ▁en dem ics . ▁As ▁local ▁en dem ics ▁take ▁a ▁long ▁time ▁to ▁evol ve , ▁we ▁also ▁have ▁to ▁compare ▁the ▁history ▁of ▁the ▁central ▁and ▁north ▁European ▁mountains ▁with ▁the ▁An atol ian ▁ones . ▁During ▁each ▁of ▁the ▁gla cial ▁periods ▁the ▁former ▁were ▁covered ▁by ▁thick ▁shield s ▁of ▁permanent ▁ice , ▁which ▁destroyed ▁most ▁pre - g la cial ▁en dem ism ▁and ▁h inder ed ▁ne o - en dem ics ▁from ▁forming . ▁Only ▁less ▁gla ci ated , ▁peri pher al ▁areas , ▁the ▁so - called ▁“ |
mass ifs ▁de ▁refuge ”, ▁offered ▁suitable ▁conditions ▁for ▁the ▁surv ival ▁of ▁local ▁en dem ics ▁during ▁gla cial ▁periods . ▁ ▁In ▁An atol ia ▁the ▁Ple ist oc ene ▁gla ci ations ▁only ▁covered ▁the ▁highest ▁pe aks , ▁so ▁there ▁are ▁many ▁species ▁with ▁small ▁ranges . ▁In ▁other ▁words : ▁An atol ia ▁as ▁a ▁whole ▁is ▁a ▁big ▁“ mass if ▁de ▁refuge ”, ▁showing ▁all ▁degrees ▁of ▁past ▁and ▁recent ▁spe ci ation . ▁ ▁E colog ic ▁divers ity ▁▁ ▁For ▁a ▁visitor ▁from ▁Central ▁Europe ▁clim atic ▁divers ity ▁within ▁Turkey ▁is ▁quite ▁aston ishing . ▁All ▁clim atic ▁zones ▁present ▁in ▁Europe ▁can ▁be ▁found ▁in ▁Turkey ▁on ▁a ▁somewhat ▁smaller ▁scale . ▁The ▁Black ▁Sea ▁coast ▁is ▁hum id ▁all ▁year ▁round , ▁with ▁the ▁highest ▁ra inf all ▁between ▁R ize ▁and ▁Hop a . ▁South ▁of ▁the ▁Pont ic ▁Range ▁there ▁is ▁much ▁less ▁rain ▁so ▁Central ▁An atol ia ▁is ▁dry ; ▁also ▁it ▁is ▁cold ▁in ▁the ▁winter . ▁Appro aching ▁the ▁southern ▁and ▁western ▁coast s , ▁the ▁climate ▁turns ▁more ▁and ▁more ▁Mediter rane an , ▁with ▁m ild ▁but ▁very ▁ra iny ▁winter s ▁and ▁dry , ▁hot ▁sum mers . ▁This ▁simple ▁scheme ▁is ▁complicated ▁a ▁lot ▁by ▁the ▁mountain ous ▁surface ▁of ▁An atol ia . ▁On ▁the ▁high ▁mountains ▁har sh ▁clim atic ▁conditions ▁persist ▁all ▁the ▁year ▁round ▁and , ▁, ▁there ▁are ▁gla ci ers ▁in ▁Turkey , ▁for ▁example |
▁on ▁Mount ▁Ar ar at . ▁ ▁Also ▁An atol ia ’ s ▁divers ity ▁of ▁so ils ▁is ▁aston ish ingly ▁high . ▁Sal ine ▁so ils ▁are ▁quite ▁common ▁in ▁the ▁dri est ▁parts ▁of ▁central ▁An atol ia : ▁and ▁also ▁the ▁Ar as ▁valley ▁between ▁Ka ğ ı z man ▁and ▁Armen ia ▁is ▁full ▁of ▁impress ive ▁salt ▁out lets , ▁some ▁pour ing ▁directly ▁out ▁of ▁the ▁mountains ▁and ▁thus ▁res emb ling ▁snow ▁patch es ▁from ▁a ▁distance . ▁South ▁of ▁S ivas ▁and ▁around ▁G ür ün ▁there ▁are ▁extensive ▁gy psum ▁hills ▁with ▁a ▁very ▁special ▁fl ora . ▁A ▁further ▁lot ▁of ▁en dem ics ▁have ▁been ▁described ▁from ▁the ▁extensive ▁ser pent ine ▁areas ▁in ▁South - West ▁An atol ia , ▁especially ▁Sand ras ▁Da ğ ▁( C ice kb aba ▁D .) ▁near ▁Kö y ce ğ iz . ▁ ▁The ▁An atol ian ▁diagonal ▁is ▁an ▁e colog ical ▁div iding ▁line ▁which ▁runs ▁sl ant - wise ▁across ▁central ▁and ▁eastern ▁Turkey ▁from ▁the ▁n ort he astern ▁corner ▁of ▁the ▁Mediter rane an ▁Sea ▁to ▁the ▁sout he astern ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁Black ▁Sea . ▁Many ▁species ▁of ▁plant ▁that ▁exist ▁west ▁of ▁the ▁diagonal ▁are ▁not ▁present ▁to ▁the ▁east , ▁while ▁others ▁found ▁to ▁the ▁east ▁are ▁not ▁in ▁the ▁west . ▁Of ▁ 5 5 0 ▁species ▁anal ys ed , ▁ 1 3 5 ▁were ▁found ▁to ▁be ▁" e astern " ▁and |
▁ 2 2 8 ▁" western ". ▁ ▁Besides ▁the ▁An atol ian ▁diagonal ▁forming ▁a ▁bar rier ▁to ▁fl oral ▁b iod iversity , ▁about ▁four ▁hundred ▁species ▁of ▁plant ▁are ▁en demic ▁to ▁the ▁diagonal ▁itself . ▁ ▁Main ▁components ▁of ▁the ▁Turkish ▁fl ora ▁▁▁▁▁ ▁With ▁almost ▁ 4 0 0 ▁species ▁the ▁genus ▁Ast rag alus ▁( mil k - v etch , ▁go at ' s - th orn ; ▁Fab aceae ) ▁has ▁by ▁far ▁the ▁most ▁species ▁of ▁the ▁Turkish ▁fl ora ; ▁as ▁histor ically ▁humans ▁have ▁dram atically ▁expanded ▁its ▁fav ored ▁tre eless , ▁dry ▁and ▁heavily ▁gra zed ▁habit ats . ▁But ▁not ▁as ▁many ▁as ▁Central ▁Asia : ▁the ▁former ▁USS R ▁has ▁twice ▁as ▁many . ▁The ▁pl astic ity ▁of ▁this ▁genus ▁is ▁aston ish ingly ▁high . ▁Depending ▁on ▁environmental ▁conditions ▁a ▁big ▁variety ▁of ▁life - forms ▁evol ved , ▁r anging ▁from ▁tiny ▁annual s ▁to ▁small ▁wo ody ▁and ▁th orn y ▁bush es . ▁Spe ci ation ▁seems ▁to ▁be ▁in ▁plain ▁progress ▁in ▁Ast rag alus . ▁Near ly ▁all ▁of ▁its ▁different ▁sections ▁consists ▁of ▁clusters ▁of ▁closely ▁related ▁species ▁whose ▁determ ination ▁is ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁hard est ▁tasks ▁in ▁a ▁closer ▁study ▁of ▁the ▁An atol ian ▁fl ora . ▁One ▁of ▁the ▁most ▁successful ▁growth ▁forms ▁of ▁Turkish ▁Ast rag ali ▁is ▁the ▁th orn ▁c ush ion , ▁which ▁is ▁very ▁characteristic ▁of ▁the ▁dry ▁mountains ▁of ▁inner |
▁An atol ia . ▁Such ▁th orn ▁c ush ions ▁were ▁not ▁exclus ively ▁invent ed ▁by ▁many ▁Ast rag ali . ▁Re ally ▁striking ▁examples ▁of ▁conver gent ▁evolution ▁are ▁the ▁impress ive ▁th orn ▁c ush ions ▁of ▁On ob ry ch is ▁corn uta , ▁also ▁belonging ▁to ▁the ▁Fab aceae . ▁But ▁there ▁are ▁a ▁lot ▁of ▁th orn ▁c ush ions ▁also ▁in ▁A can th ol imon ▁( Pl umb agin aceae ). ▁Even ▁some ▁A ster aceae ▁( in ▁Turkey ▁e . g . ▁Cent a ure a ▁ur ville i , ▁C . ▁i ber ica ) ▁and ▁ ▁C ary oph yl lace ae ▁( e . g . ▁Min u art ia ▁juni per ina ) ▁evol ved ▁in ▁that ▁direction . ▁ ▁Second ▁in ▁importance ▁comes ▁Verb asc um ▁( Sc roph ular ia ceae ) ▁and ▁third ▁is ▁Cent a ure a ▁( A ster aceae ). ▁For ▁Verb asc um ▁Turkey ▁evidently ▁is ▁the ▁centre ▁of ▁distribution . ▁Of ▁approximately ▁ 3 6 0 ▁species ▁world wide ▁no ▁less ▁than ▁ 2 3 2 ▁are ▁to ▁be ▁found ▁in ▁Turkey , ▁almost ▁ 8 0 % ▁of ▁them ▁being ▁An atol ian ▁en dem ics ! ▁Most ▁Verb asc um ▁species ▁are ▁protected ▁against ▁water ▁loss ▁and ▁hun gry ▁cattle ▁by ▁a ▁dense ▁cover ▁of ▁tree - sh aped ▁micro ▁hair s . ▁Cent a ure a ▁species ▁rarely ▁have ▁w ool ly ▁hair s , ▁but ▁in ▁defence ▁against |
▁heavy ▁gra zing ▁developed ▁th orn y ▁ph yll aries , ▁or ▁evol ved ▁to ▁have ▁no ▁visible ▁stem ▁or ▁a ▁very ▁short ▁one . ▁ ▁Veg et ation ▁▁ ▁The ▁Pont ic ▁mountain ▁range ▁along ▁the ▁north ▁An atol ian ▁coast ▁is ▁a ▁more ▁or ▁less ▁continuous ▁bar rier ▁against ▁hum id ▁air ▁from ▁the ▁Black ▁Sea , ▁causing ▁high ▁precip itation ▁on ▁the ▁northern ▁s lop es ▁of ▁the ▁Pont us ▁all ▁year . ▁Cl im atic ▁conditions ▁on ▁the ▁northern ▁coast ▁therefore ▁res emble ▁those ▁in ▁central ▁Europe ▁and ▁so ▁does ▁the ▁veget ation . ▁A ▁limited ▁Mediter rane an ▁influence ▁is ▁notice able ▁only ▁on ▁a ▁very ▁narrow ▁coast al ▁strip , ▁but ▁almost ▁completely ▁missing ▁in ▁the ▁north - east . ▁In ▁the ▁lower ▁forest ▁zone ▁often ▁Horn be am ▁( C arp inus ▁bet ulus ) ▁prev ails , ▁frequently ▁inter ming led ▁with ▁S weet ▁Ch est nut ▁( Cast ane a ▁s ativa ). ▁Further ▁up ▁Oriental ▁Be ech ▁( F ag us ▁orient alis ) ▁and / or ▁Nord mann ▁Fir ▁( Ab ies ▁nord mann iana ) ▁form ▁extensive ▁for ests . ▁Hum id ity ▁becomes ▁extremely ▁high ▁in ▁Laz istan , ▁where ▁the ▁Pont ic ▁bar rier ▁cul min ates ▁in ▁the ▁nearly ▁ 4 0 0 0 ▁m ▁high ▁Ka ç kar ▁Mountains . ▁East ▁of ▁Tra b zon ▁therefore ▁veget ation ▁becomes ▁somewhat ▁sub - t rop ic , ▁with ▁a ▁lot ▁of ▁ever gre ens ▁in ▁the ▁forest ▁and |
▁tea ▁plant ations ▁everywhere ▁on ▁the ▁s lop es . ▁ ▁South ▁of ▁the ▁Pont ic ▁waters hed ▁the ▁climate ▁immediately ▁gets ▁d rier . ▁In ▁the ▁mountains ▁first ▁Ab ies ▁nord mann iana , ▁but ▁then ▁soon ▁P inus ▁becomes ▁dominant . ▁In ▁the ▁western ▁parts ▁of ▁An atol ia ▁this ▁is ▁often ▁Black ▁P ine ▁( P inus ▁n ig ra ), ▁in ▁the ▁east ▁nearly ▁exclus ively ▁Scot ts ▁P ine ▁( P inus ▁s yl vest ris ). ▁Pen etr ating ▁further ▁into ▁the ▁central ▁parts ▁of ▁inner ▁An atol ia ▁leads ▁to ▁still ▁dry er , ▁winter c old ▁conditions . ▁Today ▁the ▁lower ▁parts ▁of ▁central ▁An atol ia ▁are ▁virt ually ▁tre eless . ▁Field s ▁on ▁deep ▁all uv ial ▁so ils ▁alternate ▁with ▁ste ppe ▁on ▁the ▁dry er ▁hills . ▁But ▁it ▁is ▁still ▁an ▁open ▁question ▁where ▁and ▁to ▁what ▁degree ▁this ▁central ▁An atol ian ▁ste ppe ▁is ▁due ▁to ▁ar id ity ▁or ▁to ▁human ▁def or est ation . ▁Ar id ity ▁is ▁most ▁pron ounced ▁around ▁T uz ▁G öl ü ▁south ▁of ▁An k ara ▁and ▁in ▁the ▁Ar as - val ley ▁near ▁the ▁Armen ian ▁border . ▁Between ▁Ka ğ iz man ▁and ▁T uz lu ca ▁this ▁valley ▁is ▁so ▁dry , ▁that ▁here ▁and ▁there ▁pure ▁salt ▁depos its ▁gl itter ▁like ▁white ▁snow fields ▁on ▁the ▁bare ▁s lop es . ▁ ▁The ▁T aur us ▁Mountains ▁form ▁the ▁southern ▁edge ▁of |
▁the ▁central ▁An atol ian ▁Pl ate au ▁and ▁are ▁already ▁very ▁influenced ▁by ▁the ▁Mediter rane an , ▁with ▁a ▁lot ▁of ▁snow ▁in ▁winter , ▁but ▁dry ▁and ▁warm ▁sum mers . ▁Cl im ax ▁for ests ▁are ▁formed ▁by ▁Black ▁P ine , ▁C il ician ▁Fir ▁( Ab ies ▁c il ic ica ) ▁and ▁Leb anon ▁C ed ar ▁( C ed rus ▁li ban i ). ▁Unfortunately ▁there ▁has ▁been ▁a ▁lot ▁of ▁def or est ation ▁in ▁the ▁T aur us , ▁most ▁grav ely ▁affect ing ▁the ▁stands ▁of ▁C ed rus . ▁On ▁the ▁A ege an ▁and ▁Mediter rane an ▁coast s ▁pron ounced ▁Mediter rane an ▁conditions ▁prev ail , ▁with ▁very ▁hot ▁and ▁dry ▁sum mers ▁and ▁very ▁ra iny ▁winter s . ▁Ant al ya ▁Province ▁has ▁consider ably ▁more ▁total ▁precip itation ▁than , ▁for ▁example , ▁the ▁south ▁of ▁England ▁( 1 0 7 1 mm ▁versus ▁ 7 5 9 mm ), ▁but ▁its ▁season al ▁distribution ▁is ▁completely ▁different ▁and ▁average ▁temperature ▁is ▁of ▁course ▁much ▁higher ▁( 1 8 . 3 ° C ▁versus ▁ 9 . 7 ° ). ▁Such ▁conditions ▁favour ▁the ▁growth ▁of ▁hard - le aved ▁ever green ▁trees ▁such ▁as ▁K erm es ▁Oak ▁( Qu erc us ▁c occ if era ) ▁and ▁Turkish ▁P ine ▁( P inus ▁brut ia ). ▁But ▁due ▁to ▁massive ▁forest ▁destruction ▁hills ▁and ▁s lop es ▁in ▁coast al |
▁West ▁and ▁South ▁An atol ia ▁are ▁now ad ays ▁mostly ▁covered ▁with ▁mac ch ie . ▁Where ▁fert ile ▁all uv ial ▁so ils ▁prev ail , ▁e . g . ▁in ▁the ▁C il ician ▁P lain ▁around ▁Ad ana , ▁there ▁is ▁inten se ▁agricult ure . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁Cl imate ▁change ▁in ▁Turkey ▁Flora ▁of ▁Turkey , ▁Ap oc yn aceae ▁Flora ▁of ▁Turkey , ▁Bet ul aceae ▁Flora ▁of ▁Turkey , ▁F ag aceae ▁ ▁References ▁▁ ▁A VC I . ▁M . ▁ 2 0 0 5 . ▁" Ç e ş it l il ik ▁Ve ▁End em iz m ▁A ç ı s ı nd an ▁Tür ki ye ’ n in ▁Bit ki ▁Ö rt üs ü - D iversity ▁and ▁en dem ism ▁in ▁Turkey ' s ▁Veg et ation ", ▁ İ stan bul ▁Ü ni vers ites i ▁E de bi y at ▁F ak ült esi ▁Co ğ raf ya ▁B öl ü m ü ▁Co ğ raf ya ▁Der g isi ▁ 1 3 : 2 7 - 5 5 . ▁ ▁Information ▁for ▁this ▁article ▁was ▁taken ▁mainly ▁from : ▁Flow ers ▁of ▁Turkey ▁- ▁a ▁photo ▁guide .- ▁ 4 4 8 ▁pp . – ▁E igen ver lag ▁Ger hard ▁P ils ▁( 2 0 0 6 ). ▁ ▁Further ▁basic ▁literature ▁about ▁Turkish ▁Flora ▁and ▁Veg et ation : ▁ ▁D AV IS , ▁P . ▁H . ▁ed . ▁ 1 9 6 |
5 - 1 9 8 8 : ▁Flora ▁of ▁Turkey ▁and ▁the ▁East ▁A ege an ▁Islands , ▁ 1 0 ▁vol s . − ▁Edinburgh : ▁University ▁Press . ▁ ▁G Ü NER , ▁A . ▁& ▁al . ▁ 2 0 0 0 : ▁Flora ▁of ▁Turkey ▁Supp lement ▁ 2 ▁[ = ▁vol ▁ 1 1 ]. − ▁Edinburgh : ▁University ▁Press . ▁ ▁K RE UT Z , ▁D . A . J . ▁ 1 9 9 8 : ▁Die ▁Or ch ide en ▁der ▁Tür ke i , ▁ 7 6 6 ▁pp . − ▁Land gra af ▁( NL ): ▁Selbst ver lag . ▁ ▁MA Y ER , ▁H . ▁& ▁A K SO Y , ▁H . ▁ 1 9 8 6 : ▁W ä lder ▁der ▁Tür ke i . – ▁Stuttgart ▁& ▁New ▁York : ▁G . ▁Fischer ▁Verlag . ▁Cont ents ▁as ▁pdf ▁ ▁K Ü RS CH NER , ▁H ., ▁RA US , ▁T . ▁& ▁V ENT ER , ▁J . ▁ 1 9 9 5 : ▁Pfl anzen ▁der ▁Tür ke i . ▁Ä g ä is ▁- ▁T aur us ▁- ▁Inner an atol ien . − ▁Wies b aden : ▁Qu elle ▁& ▁Meyer . ▁Cont ents ▁as ▁pdf ▁ ▁P IL S , ▁G ., ▁ 2 0 1 3 : ▁End em ism ▁in ▁Main land ▁Reg ions ▁– ▁Case ▁Studies : ▁Turkey .- ▁p . 2 4 0 - 2 5 |
5 ▁in : ▁HO BO H M , ▁C . ▁( Ed .): ▁End em ism ▁in ▁V asc ular ▁Pl ants .- ▁Springer ▁Verlag ▁▁ ▁S OR GER , ▁F . ▁ 1 9 9 4 : ▁Bl umen ▁der ▁Tür ke i . − ▁St ap f ia ▁( Lin z ) ▁ 3 4 . ▁[ pdf , ▁ 2 1 , 5 4 M b ] ▁ ▁T UR K IS H ▁J OUR N AL ▁OF ▁B OT AN Y ▁▁▁ ▁Category : B iod iversity <0x0A> </s> ▁I gre ja ▁Met od ista ▁Un ida ▁is ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁largest ▁Protest ant ▁denomin ations ▁in ▁Moz amb ique . ▁It ▁is ▁a ▁Method ist ▁church . ▁▁ ▁The ▁church ▁lost ▁about ▁ 4 0 % ▁of ▁its ▁members ▁from ▁ 1 9 7 5 ▁to ▁ 1 9 8 0 . ▁ ▁Category : Ch urch es ▁in ▁Moz amb ique ▁Category : Method ist ▁denomin ations <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁ 2 0 1 7 ▁Road ▁to ▁the ▁Kentucky ▁O aks ▁is ▁a ▁points ▁system ▁by ▁which ▁three - year - old ▁fill ies ▁qualified ▁for ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 7 ▁Kentucky ▁O aks , ▁held ▁on ▁May ▁ 5 . ▁The ▁point ▁system ▁replaced ▁a ▁previous ▁qual ifying ▁system ▁which ▁was ▁based ▁on ▁grad ed ▁st akes ▁ear nings . ▁ ▁Church ill ▁Down s ▁announced ▁the ▁schedule ▁for ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 7 ▁Road ▁to ▁the ▁Kentucky ▁O aks ▁on ▁September ▁ 1 |
3 , ▁ 2 0 1 6 . ▁The ▁only ▁change ▁from ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁season ▁is ▁that ▁the ▁Maz ar ine ▁St akes ▁is ▁no ▁longer ▁included , ▁bringing ▁the ▁total ▁number ▁of ▁races ▁down ▁to ▁ 3 0 . ▁ ▁Stand ings ▁The ▁following ▁table ▁shows ▁the ▁points ▁earned ▁in ▁the ▁el ig ible ▁races . ▁Far rell ▁qualified ▁first ▁with ▁ 1 7 0 ▁points , ▁earned ▁by ▁winning ▁the ▁Golden ▁Rod , ▁Silver bullet day , ▁Rach el ▁Alex andra ▁and ▁Fair ▁Gr ounds ▁O aks . ▁The ▁Kentucky ▁O aks ▁was ▁won ▁by ▁Ab el ▁Tas man , ▁who ▁qualified ▁with ▁ 7 0 ▁points ▁by ▁finishing ▁second ▁in ▁the ▁Santa ▁Y s abel ▁and ▁Santa ▁An ita ▁O aks . ▁▁ ▁W inner ▁of ▁Kentucky ▁O aks ▁in ▁bold ▁ ▁En tr ants ▁for ▁Kentucky ▁O aks ▁in ▁p ink ▁ ▁" Also ▁el ig ible " ▁for ▁Kentucky ▁O aks ▁in ▁green ▁▁ ▁S idel ined / In active / O aks ▁no ▁longer ▁under ▁consideration ▁in ▁gray ▁ ▁Race ▁Results ▁ ▁P rep ▁season ▁ ▁Championship ▁Series ▁ ▁Notes ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ 2 0 1 7 ▁Road ▁to ▁the ▁Kentucky ▁Derby ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : K ent ucky ▁O aks ▁Road ▁to ▁the ▁Kentucky ▁O aks ▁Road ▁to ▁the ▁Kentucky ▁O aks <0x0A> </s> ▁Ar no ▁Su is le p ▁( born ▁ 6 ▁May ▁ 1 9 8 0 ) ▁is ▁an ▁Est onian ▁music ian . ▁ ▁Career |
▁▁ ▁Ar no ▁Su is le p ▁is ▁best ▁known ▁from ▁the ▁Est onian ▁local ▁spin ▁off ▁from ▁Pop ▁Id ol ▁called ▁E esti ▁o ts ib ▁super sta ari , ▁where ▁he ▁got ▁second ▁place ▁after ▁J ana ▁K ask . ▁He ▁got ▁ 4 7 . 1 % ▁of ▁points ▁in ▁a ▁tight ▁competition . ▁ ▁He ▁plays ▁bass ▁guitar ▁in ▁the ▁band ▁Mel ot rap . ▁ ▁References ▁▁ ▁Category : 1 9 8 0 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : E ston ian ▁male ▁sing ers ▁Category : E ston ian - language ▁sing ers ▁Category : E ston ian ▁pop ▁sing ers ▁Category : Id ols ▁( f ranch ise ) ▁participants ▁Category : 2 1 st - century ▁Est onian ▁sing ers ▁Category : 2 1 st - century ▁Est onian ▁mus icians ▁Category : 2 1 st - century ▁male ▁sing ers <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁League ▁of ▁Ext ra ordinary ▁Gent le men : ▁Black ▁D oss ier ▁is ▁an ▁original ▁graph ic ▁novel ▁in ▁the ▁com ic ▁book ▁series ▁The ▁League ▁of ▁Ext ra ordinary ▁Gent le men , ▁written ▁by ▁Alan ▁Moore ▁and ▁illustrated ▁by ▁Kevin ▁O ' Ne ill . ▁It ▁was ▁the ▁last ▁volume ▁of ▁the ▁series ▁to ▁be ▁published ▁by ▁DC ▁Comics . ▁Although ▁the ▁third ▁book ▁to ▁be ▁published , ▁it ▁was ▁not ▁intended ▁to ▁be ▁the ▁third ▁volume ▁in ▁the ▁series . ▁Moore ▁has ▁stated ▁that ▁it ▁was ▁intended ▁to ▁be ▁" a ▁sort ▁of ▁ingen |
ious ▁source book ", ▁and ▁not ▁a ▁regular ▁volume . ▁ ▁Black ▁D oss ier ▁was ▁released ▁on ▁November ▁ 1 4 , ▁ 2 0 0 7 . ▁ ▁Background ▁and ▁format ▁ ▁Origin ally ▁referred ▁to ▁as ▁The ▁Dark ▁D oss ier ▁during ▁early ▁announ c ements ▁of ▁its ▁existence , ▁The ▁League ▁of ▁Ext ra ordinary ▁Gent le men : ▁Black ▁D oss ier ▁diff ers ▁from ▁the ▁other ▁regular ▁volumes , ▁as ▁it ▁is ▁a ▁self - cont ained ▁graph ic ▁novel ▁designed ▁to ▁be ▁a ▁" source book " ▁for ▁the ▁series . ▁While ▁the ▁first ▁two ▁volumes ▁included ▁pro se ▁stories ▁as ▁backup ▁features , ▁the ▁majority ▁of ▁Black ▁D oss ier ▁consists ▁of ▁non - com ic ▁pieces , ▁taking ▁the ▁form ▁of ▁pro se ▁stories , ▁letters , ▁maps , ▁guide books , ▁mag az ines ▁and ▁even ▁a ▁lost ▁Shakespeare ▁fol io . ▁Also ▁included ▁is ▁a ▁' T iju ana ▁Bible ' ▁insert ▁and ▁a ▁ 3 - D ▁section ▁complete ▁with ▁custom ▁glass es . ▁However , ▁these ▁pro se ▁pieces ▁and ▁inser ts ▁are ▁fr amed ▁by ▁a ▁com ic ▁story , ▁in ▁which ▁M ina ▁H ark er ▁and ▁All an ▁Qu at erm ain ▁obtain ▁the ▁Black ▁D oss ier ▁itself ▁and ▁are ▁then ▁purs ued ▁by ▁government ▁forces . ▁ ▁All ▁illustr ations ▁are ▁done ▁by ▁Kevin ▁O ' Ne ill , ▁the ▁artist ▁on ▁the ▁first ▁two ▁volumes . ▁Alan ▁Moore ▁also ▁recorded ▁a ▁vin yl ▁record |
▁of ▁him ▁singing ▁an ▁original ▁song ▁that ▁would ▁be ▁released ▁with ▁the ▁book , ▁but ▁DC ▁did ▁not ▁include ▁it . ▁ ▁After ▁many ▁changed ▁sh ipping ▁dates , ▁the ▁Ab solute ▁Edition ▁was ▁released ▁with ▁no ▁vin yl ▁record , ▁no ▁script / sk etch ▁companion ▁book ▁( something ▁that ▁had ▁sh ipped ▁with ▁Ab solute ▁" Le ague " ▁volumes ▁ 1 ▁& ▁ 2 ), ▁and ▁a ▁price ▁point ▁of ▁$ 9 9 ▁– ▁$ 2 4 ▁higher ▁than ▁the ▁two ▁previous ▁Ab solute ▁" Le ague " ▁volumes . ▁ ▁Bill ▁Oak ley ▁died ▁half way ▁through ▁design ing ▁the ▁book , ▁so ▁the ▁last ▁half ▁was ▁designed ▁by ▁Tod d ▁Klein . ▁ ▁The ▁book ▁is ▁dedicated ▁to ▁Oak ley ' s ▁memory . ▁▁▁ ▁The ▁vin yl ▁record ▁was ▁eventually ▁produced ▁in ▁the ▁UK . ▁ ▁Development ▁According ▁to ▁Moore ▁the ▁Black ▁D oss ier ▁was ▁created ▁because ▁Moore ▁was ▁un com fort able ▁with ▁the ▁idea ▁of ▁O ' Ne ill ▁being ▁un emp loy ed ▁during ▁the ▁planned ▁hi atus ▁between ▁Vol umes ▁II ▁and ▁III ▁of ▁The ▁League ▁of ▁Ext ra ordinary ▁Gent le men . ▁W ant ing ▁to ▁do ▁a ▁source ▁book ▁for ▁The ▁League ▁of ▁Ext ra ordinary ▁Gent le men ▁Moore ▁began ▁writing ▁the ▁Black ▁D oss ier . ▁ ▁Exp and ing ▁the ▁original ▁idea ▁to ▁including ▁numerous ▁different ▁pro se ▁sections ▁of ▁different ▁styles ▁from ▁a ▁F anny ▁Hill ▁" sequ el " ▁to ▁a ▁beat nik ▁style |
▁story ▁and ▁a ▁com ic ▁narr ative ▁that ▁frames ▁the ▁D oss ier ▁sections . ▁ ▁Moore ▁and ▁O ' Ne ill ▁also ▁took ▁the ▁main ▁characters ▁M ina ▁Murray ▁and ▁All an ▁ 6 0 ▁years ▁in ▁the ▁future ▁out ▁of ▁fear ▁that ▁the ▁Victor ian ▁era ▁was ▁already ▁w an ing ▁in ▁interest . ▁ ▁Because ▁many ▁of ▁the ▁characters ▁used ▁in ▁the ▁Black ▁D oss ier ▁are ▁not ▁in ▁the ▁public ▁domain , ▁Moore ▁became ▁more ▁cre ative ▁in ▁all ud ing ▁to ▁the ▁characters ▁ident ities ▁but ▁never ▁directly ▁reve aling ▁who ▁they ▁were , ▁thus ▁avoid ing ▁legal ▁issues ▁with ▁the ▁own ers ▁of ▁those ▁characters . ▁For ▁example , ▁the ▁character ▁of ▁" J im my " ▁is ▁a ▁thin ly ▁ve iled ▁reference ▁to ▁James ▁Bond ; ▁hints ▁to ▁this ▁include ▁ow ning ▁Campion ▁Bond ' s ▁cig aret te ▁case ▁and ▁l ighter , ▁his ▁preference ▁for ▁V od ka ▁Martin is , ▁having ▁a ▁scar ▁from ▁the ▁nov els , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁ow ning ▁James ▁Bond ▁tra dem ark ▁Wal ther ▁P PK ▁with ▁ 0 0 7 ▁eng ra ved ▁on ▁it . ▁The ▁names ▁of ▁other ▁characters ▁are ▁short ened ▁or ▁otherwise ▁changed ▁to ▁mask ▁their ▁orig ins : ▁Mrs . ▁Pe el ▁from ▁the ▁Aven gers ▁uses ▁her ▁ma iden ▁name ▁throughout ▁the ▁graph ic ▁novel ▁( here ▁sp elled ▁" N ight " ▁instead ▁of ▁" K night "), ▁and ▁Billy ▁B unter ▁is ▁only ▁referred ▁to ▁by ▁his |
▁first ▁name . ▁ ▁A ▁DC ▁press ▁release ▁confirmed ▁it ▁would ▁not ▁be ▁released ▁outside ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁" due ▁to ▁international ▁copy right ▁concerns ▁and ▁related ▁issues ". ▁This ▁was ▁not ▁an ▁issue ▁with ▁previous ▁volumes , ▁as ▁the ▁Victor ian ▁setting ▁meant ▁that ▁the ▁majority ▁of ▁characters ▁that ▁were ▁used ▁were ▁from ▁works ▁no ▁longer ▁under ▁copy right . ▁However , ▁the ▁book ▁is ▁available ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁Kingdom ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁in ▁Canada . ▁ ▁Plot ▁Un like ▁earlier ▁volumes , ▁the ▁com ic ▁book ▁port ions ▁of ▁Black ▁D oss ier ▁are ▁not ▁set ▁in ▁the ▁Victor ian ▁era ; ▁rather , ▁they ▁are ▁set ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 8 , ▁after ▁the ▁fall ▁of ▁the ▁Big ▁Bro ther ▁government ▁from ▁Nin ete en ▁E ight y ▁Four ▁( the ▁explanation ▁for ▁this ▁dis cre p ancy ▁is ▁that ▁Or well ' s ▁book ▁was ▁originally ▁set ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 8 , ▁but ▁the ▁dates ▁were ▁changed ▁by ▁the ▁publish er ). ▁The ▁frame ▁story ▁sees ▁M ina ▁H ark er ▁and ▁All an ▁Qu at erm ain ▁- ▁now ▁imm ort al ▁after ▁bath ing ▁in ▁the ▁fire ▁of ▁youth ▁from ▁She : ▁A ▁History ▁of ▁Advent ure ▁- ▁on ▁their ▁quest ▁to ▁recover ▁the ▁Black ▁D oss ier , ▁which ▁contains ▁the ▁secret ▁history ▁of ▁the ▁now - dis band ed ▁League ▁of ▁Ext ra ordinary ▁Gent le men . ▁ ▁The ▁book ▁starts ▁with ▁M ina ▁Murray ▁( going ▁by ▁the ▁name ▁Od |
ette ▁O ' qu im ) ▁at ▁a ▁bar ▁in ▁London , ▁where ▁M I 5 ▁Agent ▁James ▁" J im my " ▁Bond ▁( grand son ▁of ▁Campion ▁Bond ) ▁attempts ▁to ▁s edu ce ▁her , ▁taking ▁her ▁to ▁the ▁decay ing ▁remains ▁of ▁the ▁" Min istry ▁of ▁Love ", ▁once ▁one ▁of ▁Big ▁Bro ther ' s ▁government ▁depart ments . ▁Jimmy ▁attempts ▁to ▁ra pe ▁M ina ▁but ▁is ▁sub du ed ▁by ▁a ▁brick ▁hidden ▁in ▁M ina ' s ▁hand bag . ▁All an ▁quickly ▁arriv es ▁and ▁the ▁two ▁retrieve ▁the ▁D oss ier . ▁Harry ▁L ime , ▁the ▁new ▁M , ▁teams ▁Jimmy ▁up ▁with ▁Emma ▁Night ▁and ▁her ▁uncle , ▁an ▁aged ▁Hugo ▁Dr um mond , ▁to ▁h unt ▁down ▁M ina ▁and ▁All an , ▁who ▁are ▁believed ▁to ▁be ▁heading ▁North . ▁ ▁M ina ▁and ▁All an ▁take ▁a ▁det our ▁to ▁Grey fri ars ▁School ▁in ▁Kent ▁which ▁houses ▁The ▁Th irty - N ine ▁Ste ps ▁and ▁was ▁attended ▁by ▁Harold ▁Wh art on , ▁a . k . a . ▁Big ▁Bro ther . ▁The ▁care t aker , ▁William , ▁reve als ▁that ▁many ▁British ▁sp ies ▁were ▁gro omed ▁at ▁the ▁school ▁and ▁that ▁Bob ▁Cher ry ▁is ▁Harry ▁L ime . ▁M ina ▁and ▁All an ▁agree ▁to ▁visit ▁a ▁space port ▁on ▁their ▁det our ▁- ▁space - tra vel ▁technology ▁has ▁fl our ished ▁since ▁the ▁Mart ian ▁invasion ▁of |
▁Volume ▁II . ▁At ▁the ▁space port , ▁Jimmy , ▁Emma ▁and ▁Hugo ▁find ▁All an ▁and ▁M ina , ▁who ▁escape ▁via ▁a ▁robot - p il oted ▁ro cket ▁that ▁references ▁Ger ry ▁Anderson ' s ▁Fire ball ▁X L 5 . ▁ ▁The ▁two ▁escape ▁the ▁crash ing ▁ro cket ▁by ▁par ach ute ▁and ▁land ▁in ▁the ▁Scottish ▁coun tr ys ide ▁to ▁find ▁a ▁castle ▁they ▁were ▁heading ▁for . ▁Gal ley - W ag ▁res c ues ▁them ▁from ▁Jimmy ▁and ▁esc ort s ▁them ▁into ▁the ▁castle . ▁Hugo ▁follows ▁them ▁inside , ▁where ▁M ina ▁reve als ▁that ▁they ▁are ▁the ▁same ▁M ina ▁Murray ▁and ▁All an ▁Qu at erm ain ▁who ▁fought ▁off ▁Professor ▁Mor i art y ▁and ▁the ▁Mart ians . ▁They ▁also ▁reve al ▁that ▁Jimmy ' s ▁career ▁is ▁mostly ▁fabric ated , ▁that ▁he ▁is ▁a ▁double ▁agent ▁for ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁and ▁that ▁he ▁killed ▁John ▁Night , ▁Emma ' s ▁father ▁and ▁Hugo ' s ▁brother . ▁Hugo ▁lets ▁them ▁leave ▁and ▁tries ▁to ▁kill ▁Jimmy ▁for ▁his ▁actions , ▁but ▁he ▁is ▁shot ▁by ▁Jimmy ▁at ▁point - blank ▁range . ▁ ▁M ina ▁and ▁All an ▁successfully ▁return ▁to ▁the ▁myster ious , ▁u top ian ▁universe ▁of ▁The ▁Bla zing ▁World , ▁where ▁they ▁are ▁reun ited ▁with ▁their ▁mut ual ▁lo ver ▁Or lando ▁and ▁have ▁safely ▁hidden ▁the ▁d oss ier . ▁ ▁The ▁Black ▁D oss ier ▁As ▁Murray ▁and |
▁Qu at erm ain ▁read ▁the ▁d oss ier , ▁the ▁contents ▁of ▁the ▁d oss ier ▁interrupt ▁the ▁narr ative ▁in ▁different ▁sections . ▁St ories ▁include : ▁ ▁" On ▁the ▁Des cent ▁of ▁the ▁God s " ▁an ▁account ▁of ▁the ▁God s ▁of ▁the ▁League ▁universe , ▁as ▁written ▁by ▁Oliver ▁H add o ; ▁ ▁a ▁twenty - five ▁page ▁Life ▁of ▁Or lando ▁com ic ▁strip ▁which ▁tells ▁the ▁entire ▁life ▁of ▁Or lando ▁from ▁his ▁birth ▁in ▁the ▁City ▁of ▁The bes ▁in ▁ 1 2 6 0 ▁B . C ., ▁up ▁to ▁the ▁Second ▁World ▁War ▁told ▁in ▁the ▁style ▁the ▁ 1 9 5 0 s ▁British ▁com ic ▁Trump .; ▁ ▁a ▁f aux ▁William ▁Shakespeare ▁play ▁detail ing ▁the ▁foundation ▁of ▁the ▁League ▁by ▁Pro s per o ▁from ▁The ▁Temp est ; ▁ ▁an ▁imag inary ▁sequ el ▁to ▁John ▁Cle land ' s ▁F anny ▁Hill ▁with ▁full - page ▁illustr ations ▁a kin ▁to ▁those ▁that ▁Mar quis ▁Von ▁Bay ros ▁illustrated ▁for ▁the ▁book ; ▁ ▁a ▁Bert ie ▁Wo oster ▁and ▁Je e ves ▁pro se ▁story ▁involving ▁one ▁of ▁Great ▁Old ▁On es ▁from ▁the ▁stories ▁of ▁H . P . ▁Love craft ; ▁ ▁and ▁" The ▁Cra zy ▁W ide ▁Fore ver ," ▁a ▁short ▁story ▁written ▁in ▁the ▁style ▁of ▁Jack ▁Ker ou ac . ▁ ▁Other ▁features ▁include : ▁ ▁a ▁picture ▁map ▁of ▁the ▁Bla zing ▁World ▁and ▁its ▁location |
, ▁ ▁a ▁cut - away ▁of ▁N emo ' s ▁N aut ilus ▁Mark ▁II ▁sub marine , ▁ ▁a ▁series ▁of ▁post cards ▁M ina ▁and ▁All an ▁sent ▁between ▁the ▁years ▁ 1 8 9 9 ▁and ▁ 1 9 1 3 , ▁ ▁and ▁profiles ▁of ▁the ▁second ▁tw enti eth ▁century ▁le agues ▁and ▁the ▁group ' s ▁French ▁and ▁German ▁counter parts . ▁ ▁Re ception ▁Time ▁magazine ' s ▁Lev ▁G ross man ▁named ▁it ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁Top ▁ 1 0 ▁Graph ic ▁Nov els ▁of ▁ 2 0 0 7 , ▁ranking ▁it ▁at ▁# 2 , ▁and ▁pra ising ▁it ▁as ▁" eff ing ▁genius ." ▁J esse ▁Sch ede en ▁of ▁I GN ▁gave ▁Black ▁D oss ier ▁a ▁ 9 . 5 ▁rating ▁pra ising ▁the ▁complex ▁detail ▁of ▁Kevin ▁O ' Ne il ' s ▁art work ▁and ▁the ▁literary ▁quality ▁of ▁Moore ' s ▁writing , ▁whilst ▁critic ising ▁the ▁quality ▁of ▁the ▁paper , ▁printing ▁style ▁of ▁the ▁hard cover ▁version ▁and ▁some ▁aspects ▁of ▁the ▁story t elling . ▁ ▁Awards ▁▁ 2 0 0 7 : ▁W on ▁the ▁" F av our ite ▁Original ▁Graph ic ▁Nov el " ▁E agle ▁Award ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁S ources ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁About ▁Black ▁D oss ier ▁Black ▁D oss ier ▁An not ations ▁by ▁Jess ▁Nev ins ▁The ▁DC ▁Comics ▁Message ▁Board ▁for ▁The ▁League ▁of ▁Ext ra ordinary ▁Gent le men ▁Pre view ▁of ▁Black |
▁D oss ier , ▁Entertainment ▁Week ly ▁ ▁Inter views ▁Alan ▁Moore : ▁Inside ▁" The ▁Black ▁D oss ier ", ▁Com ic ▁Book ▁Resources , ▁November ▁ 1 4 , ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁ ▁Kevin ▁O ' Ne ill ▁Tal ks ▁" The ▁Black ▁D oss ier ", ▁Com ic ▁Book ▁Resources , ▁November ▁ 2 0 , ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁ ▁Category : 2 0 0 7 ▁com ics ▁deb uts ▁Category : Com ics ▁by ▁Alan ▁Moore ▁Category : F iction ▁set ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 8 <0x0A> </s> ▁Char l ton ▁Howard ▁( born ▁ 1 6 ▁August ▁ 2 0 0 3 ), ▁known ▁profession ally ▁as ▁The ▁Kid ▁Lar oi ▁( st yl ised ▁as ▁The ▁Kid ▁LA RO I ), ▁is ▁an ▁Australian ▁ra pper , ▁singer , ▁and ▁song writer . ▁Born ▁in ▁Sydney , ▁but ▁growing ▁up ▁in ▁rural ▁Australia , ▁he ▁is ▁best ▁known ▁for ▁his ▁single ▁" D iva ", ▁which ▁received ▁over ▁ 2 1 ▁million ▁views ▁on ▁YouTube ▁just ▁two ▁weeks ▁after ▁its ▁release . ▁The ▁music ▁video ▁was ▁uploaded ▁on ▁Cole ▁Ben nett ' s ▁L yr ical ▁Lem on ade ▁channel ▁on ▁ 3 1 ▁January ▁ 2 0 2 0 . ▁He ▁originally ▁am ass ed ▁a ▁small ▁following ▁from ▁his ▁associations ▁with ▁ra pper ▁Ju ice ▁W r ld , ▁who ▁ment ored ▁him ▁while ▁he ▁was ▁on ▁tour ▁in ▁Australia . ▁ ▁Early ▁life ▁Char l ton ▁Howard ▁was ▁born |
▁on ▁ 1 6 ▁August ▁ 2 0 0 3 , ▁in ▁Water lo o , ▁Sydney , ▁Australia . ▁He ▁then ▁moved ▁to ▁W ool lo om ool oo ▁at ▁the ▁age ▁of ▁two , ▁before ▁moving ▁to ▁Bro ken ▁Hill ▁at ▁the ▁age ▁of ▁ 7 . ▁When ▁he ▁was ▁ 1 1 , ▁he ▁moved ▁to ▁Red fern , ▁New ▁South ▁Wales ▁and ▁ 2 ▁years ▁later ▁he ▁started ▁his ▁music ▁career . ▁From ▁a ▁young ▁age , ▁his ▁mother ▁would ▁play ▁him ▁music ▁by ▁the ▁F uge es , ▁E ry k ah ▁Bad u ▁and ▁T up ac . ▁The ▁kid ▁Lar oi ▁was ▁a ▁poor ▁kid ▁from ▁Western ▁Australia , ▁beginning ▁his ▁career ▁with ▁a ▁producer ▁named ▁Marcus . ▁Marcus ▁was ▁post ▁high - school ▁and ▁helped ▁him ▁make ▁his ▁early ▁tracks . ▁After ▁getting ▁a ▁small ▁bit ▁of ▁steam , ▁The ▁Kid ▁Lar oi ▁d itch ed ▁Marcus ▁in ▁order ▁to ▁basically ▁become ▁an ▁extremely ▁successful ▁industry ▁plant . ▁Howard ▁was ▁a ▁great ▁public ▁speaker ▁in ▁Bro ken ▁Hill ▁when ▁he ▁threw ▁all ▁of ▁that ▁away , ▁including ▁friends ▁to ▁purs ue ▁music . ▁L ying ▁to ▁cover ▁up ▁his ▁past ▁to ▁make ▁up ▁a ▁sad ▁story ▁to ▁gain ▁sympathy . ▁ ▁Career ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 8 , ▁Char l ton ▁gar ner ed ▁attention ▁after ▁becoming ▁a ▁final ist ▁in ▁the ▁Tri ple ▁J ▁Une arth ed ▁high ▁competition . ▁He ▁later ▁signed ▁a ▁record ▁deal ▁with ▁American ▁ra pper ▁Lil ▁Bib by |
' s ▁record ▁label ▁Gra de ▁A ▁Produ ctions ▁and ▁Columbia ▁Records ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 9 . ▁Lar oi ▁was ▁ment ored ▁by ▁ra pper ▁Ju ice ▁W r ld ▁while ▁he ▁supported ▁him ▁on ▁his ▁Australian ▁national ▁t ours ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 8 ▁and ▁ 2 0 1 9 . ▁Char l ton ▁is ▁currently ▁res iding ▁in ▁Los ▁Angeles , ▁California ▁with ▁his ▁mother ▁and ▁younger ▁brother ▁A uz the k id . ▁ ▁Disc ography ▁ ▁Ext ended ▁plays ▁ ▁Singles ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : Austral ian ▁hip ▁hop ▁mus icians ▁Category : Austral ian ▁male ▁sing ers ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : Pop ▁rapp ers <0x0A> </s> ▁Nic om edes ▁ ▁may ▁refer ▁to : ▁Nic om edes ▁( math ematic ian ), ▁ancient ▁Greek ▁math ematic ian ▁who ▁discovered ▁the ▁con cho id ▁Nic om edes , ▁uncle ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 9 th ▁A gi ad ▁Spart an ▁king ▁Ple isto an ax , ▁commanded ▁the ▁Spart an ▁army ▁at ▁the ▁Battle ▁of ▁Tan ag ra ▁Saint ▁Nic om edes , ▁Mart yr ▁of ▁unknown ▁era , ▁whose ▁fe ast ▁is ▁observed ▁ 1 5 ▁September ▁ ▁Four ▁k ings ▁of ▁B ith yn ia ▁in ▁An atol ia , ▁ 3 rd – 1 st ▁century ▁BC : ▁Nic om edes ▁I ▁of ▁B ith yn ia , ▁ruled ▁ 2 7 8 – 2 5 5 ▁BC ▁Nic om edes ▁II ▁of ▁B ith yn ia , ▁ |
1 4 9 – 1 2 7 ▁BC ▁Nic om edes ▁III ▁of ▁B ith yn ia , ▁ 1 2 7 – 9 4 ▁BC ▁Nic om edes ▁IV ▁of ▁B ith yn ia , ▁ 9 4 – 7 4 ▁BC <0x0A> </s> ▁Che il inus ▁ab ud jub be , ▁the ▁Ab ud jub be ▁wr asse , ▁is ▁a ▁species ▁of ▁ray - f inned ▁fish ▁from ▁the ▁family ▁Lab r idae , ▁the ▁wr ass es . ▁It ▁is ▁found ▁in ▁the ▁western ▁Indian ▁Ocean ▁and ▁the ▁Red ▁Sea . ▁This ▁species ▁was ▁formally ▁described ▁by ▁Edu ard ▁R ü pp ell ▁in ▁ 1 8 3 5 , ▁no ▁type ▁local ity ▁was ▁given ▁but ▁it ▁is ▁though ▁to ▁have ▁been ▁Jed d ah . ▁This ▁tax on ▁is ▁regarded ▁as ▁a ▁syn onym ▁of ▁the ▁triple tail ▁wr asse ▁( Che il inus ▁tr il ob atus ) ▁by ▁some ▁authorities . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁ab ud jub be ▁Category : F ish ▁described ▁in ▁ 1 8 3 5 <0x0A> </s> ▁is ▁a ▁railway ▁station ▁in ▁S ait ama ▁Pref ect ure , ▁Japan , ▁operated ▁by ▁the ▁Ch ich ib u ▁Railway . ▁ ▁L ines ▁H ag ure ▁Station ▁is ▁served ▁by ▁the ▁Ch ich ib u ▁Main ▁Line ▁from ▁ ▁to ▁, ▁and ▁is ▁located ▁ 3 7 . 7 ▁km ▁from ▁H any ū . ▁ ▁Station ▁layout ▁The ▁station ▁is ▁staff ed ▁and ▁consists ▁of ▁a ▁single ▁island ▁platform ▁serving |
▁two ▁tracks , ▁with ▁an ▁additional ▁bid irection al ▁track ▁adjacent ▁to ▁track ▁ 2 ▁for ▁use ▁by ▁fre ight ▁services . ▁ ▁Platform s ▁ ▁Ad j acent ▁stations ▁ ▁History ▁H ag ure ▁Station ▁opened ▁on ▁ 1 ▁April ▁ 1 9 0 3 . ▁ ▁Pass enger ▁statistics ▁In ▁fis cal ▁ 2 0 0 0 , ▁the ▁station ▁was ▁used ▁by ▁an ▁average ▁of ▁ 4 6 8 ▁passengers ▁daily . ▁ ▁S urr ounding ▁area ▁ ▁Ara ka wa ▁River ▁ ▁Tam ay odo ▁Dam ▁ ▁National ▁Route ▁ 1 4 0 ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁ ▁H ag ure ▁Station ▁information ▁( S ait ama ▁Pref ect ural ▁Government ) ▁▁ ▁H ag ure ▁Station ▁tim et able ▁▁ ▁Category : R ail way ▁stations ▁opened ▁in ▁ 1 9 0 3 ▁Category : R ail way ▁stations ▁in ▁S ait ama ▁Pref ect ure <0x0A> </s> ▁Dor ▁H ug i ▁is ▁an ▁Isra eli ▁football ▁player ▁who ▁plays ▁for ▁Mac c abi ▁Pet ah ▁T ik va ▁in ▁the ▁Isra eli ▁National ▁League . ▁ ▁Club ▁career ▁ ▁Youth ▁career ▁After ▁playing ▁for ▁H ap o el ▁and ▁Mac c abi ▁Pet ah ▁T ik va , ▁at ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁moved ▁to ▁Mac c abi ▁Ha ifa ▁youth ▁team . ▁Both ▁in ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 2 – 1 3 ▁and ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 3 – 1 4 ▁seasons ▁he ▁led ▁the ▁Mac c abi ▁Ha ifa ▁youth ▁team |
▁to ▁be ▁champions ▁of ▁the ▁Isra eli ▁Youth ▁Premier ▁League ▁and ▁hold ers ▁of ▁the ▁Isra eli ▁Youth ▁State ▁Cup ▁what ▁is ▁called ▁a ▁" Double " ▁( when ▁a ▁team ▁wins ▁both ▁the ▁league ▁and ▁the ▁cup ). ▁Mac c abi ▁Ha ifa ▁became ▁in ▁that ▁year ▁the ▁only ▁club ▁in ▁the ▁Isra eli ▁History ▁which ▁had ▁managed ▁to ▁win ▁a ▁" Double " ▁two ▁years ▁in ▁a ▁row . ▁In ▁that ▁year ▁H ug i ▁was ▁the ▁top ▁goal ▁sc orer ▁of ▁the ▁League ▁with ▁ 1 9 ▁goals . ▁ ▁Senior ▁career ▁On ▁ 1 7 ▁May ▁ 2 0 1 4 , ▁he ▁made ▁hid ▁debut ▁for ▁the ▁senior ▁team , ▁at ▁the ▁ 1 – 1 ▁draw ▁against ▁H ap o el ▁Be ' er ▁She va ▁at ▁Vas erm il ▁Stadium . ▁On ▁ 2 0 ▁June ▁ 2 0 1 4 , ▁on ▁loan ed ▁to ▁H ap o el ▁Pet ah ▁T ik va . ▁On ▁ 1 8 ▁October ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁he ▁scored ▁his ▁debut ▁goal ▁at ▁the ▁senior ▁career , ▁at ▁the ▁ 4 – 1 ▁win ▁against ▁H ap o el ▁A cre . ▁He ▁finish ▁the ▁season ▁with ▁ 7 ▁goals ▁at ▁ 2 4 ▁games . ▁ ▁On ▁ 1 ▁July ▁ 2 0 1 5 ▁loan ed ▁to ▁the ▁urban ▁rival ▁Mac c abi ▁Pet ah ▁T ik va . ▁ ▁International ▁career ▁H ug i ▁played ▁at ▁the ▁Israel ▁U - 1 9 ▁football ▁team |
, ▁he ▁was ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁team ▁first ▁increase ▁to ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁UEFA ▁European ▁Under - 1 9 ▁Championship . ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁▁ ▁Category : 1 9 9 5 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : M acc abi ▁Ha ifa ▁F . C . ▁players ▁Category : H ap o el ▁Pet ah ▁T ik va ▁F . C . ▁players ▁Category : M acc abi ▁Pet ah ▁T ik va ▁F . C . ▁players ▁Category : H ap o el ▁Ra ' an ana ▁A . F . C . ▁players ▁Category : H ap o el ▁Tel ▁Av iv ▁F . C . ▁players ▁Category : Is ra eli ▁Premier ▁League ▁players ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁B ne i ▁B rak ▁Category : Is rael ▁under - 2 1 ▁international ▁football ers ▁Category : Associ ation ▁football ▁for wards ▁Category : Is ra eli ▁football ers <0x0A> </s> ▁Anton is ▁Pap as av vas ▁( , ▁born ▁ 2 0 ▁March ▁ 1 9 9 5 ) ▁is ▁a ▁Greek ▁footballer ▁who ▁plays ▁for ▁Australian ▁club ▁Ac acia ▁R idge ▁as ▁a ▁mid f iel der . ▁ ▁Career ▁Anton is ▁Pap as av vas ' ▁first ▁team ▁was ▁Ker av nos ▁Th es pro t ik ou . ▁ Η is ▁transfer ▁to ▁Olymp ia cos ▁was ▁made ▁when ▁he ▁was ▁ 1 3 ▁years ▁old , ▁making ▁him ▁a ▁product ▁of ▁the ▁Olymp ia cos ▁youth ▁system . ▁Pap as |
av vas ▁made ▁his ▁debut ▁with ▁the ▁first ▁team ▁on ▁ 3 0 ▁October ▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁in ▁a ▁Greek ▁Football ▁Cup ▁() ▁away ▁match ▁against ▁F ok ik os ▁F . C . ▁as ▁a ▁substitute ▁in ▁the ▁ 4 6 th ▁minute . ▁He ▁managed ▁to ▁score ▁with ▁a ▁powerful ▁shot ▁from ▁outside ▁the ▁penalty ▁area ▁in ▁the ▁ 8 6 th ▁minute . ▁ ▁Pap as av vas ▁was ▁released ▁from ▁Olymp ia cos ▁the ▁following ▁summer . ▁ ▁On ▁ 3 0 ▁August ▁ 2 0 1 7 , ▁he ▁signed ▁for ▁A char na ik os . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁▁ ▁Category : 1 9 9 5 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁Ar ta , ▁Greece ▁Category : G reek ▁football ers ▁Category : O lymp ia cos ▁F . C . ▁players ▁Category : Associ ation ▁football ▁mid field ers <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁men ' s ▁high ▁jump ▁event ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 2 ▁African ▁Championships ▁in ▁Athletics ▁was ▁held ▁in ▁Rad ès , ▁Tun is ia ▁on ▁August ▁ 7 . ▁ ▁Results ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : 2 0 0 2 ▁African ▁Championships ▁in ▁Athletics ▁Category : High ▁jump ▁at ▁the ▁African ▁Championships ▁in ▁Athletics <0x0A> </s> ▁Gust ave ▁Sol omon ▁( Oct ober ▁ 2 7 , ▁ 1 9 3 0 ▁– ▁January ▁ 3 1 , ▁ 1 9 9 6 ) ▁was ▁an ▁American ▁math ematic ian ▁and |
▁elect rical ▁engineer ▁who ▁was ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁found ers ▁of ▁the ▁algebraic ▁theory ▁of ▁error ▁detection ▁and ▁correction . ▁He ▁completed ▁his ▁Ph . D . ▁in ▁mathematics ▁at ▁the ▁Massachusetts ▁Institute ▁of ▁Technology ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 6 ▁under ▁direction ▁of ▁K enk ichi ▁I was awa . ▁ ▁Sol omon ▁was ▁best ▁known ▁for ▁developing , ▁along ▁with ▁Ir ving ▁S . ▁Re ed , ▁the ▁algebraic ▁error ▁correction ▁and ▁detection ▁codes ▁named ▁the ▁Re ed – Sol omon ▁codes . ▁These ▁codes ▁protect ▁the ▁integrity ▁of ▁digital ▁information , ▁and ▁they ▁have ▁had ▁w ides p read ▁use ▁in ▁modern ▁digital ▁storage ▁and ▁communic ations , ▁r anging ▁from ▁deep ▁space ▁communic ations ▁down ▁to ▁the ▁digital ▁audio ▁compact ▁disc . ▁ ▁Sol omon ▁was ▁also ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁co - cre ators ▁of ▁the ▁Matt son – Sol omon ▁polynomial ▁and ▁the ▁Sol omon – Mc E lie ce ▁weight ▁formulas . ▁He ▁received ▁IE EE ▁Mas aru ▁I bu ka ▁Award ▁along ▁with ▁Ir ving ▁Re ed ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 5 . ▁ ▁Sol omon ▁was ▁surv ived ▁by ▁one ▁daughter . ▁ ▁A ne cdot es ▁ ▁In ▁his ▁later ▁years , ▁Sol omon ▁consult ed ▁at ▁the ▁Jet ▁Prop ulsion ▁Labor atory ▁near ▁Pas ad ena , ▁California . ▁He ▁was ▁very ▁interested ▁in ▁opera ▁and ▁in ▁the ater , ▁and ▁he ▁even ▁wanted ▁to ▁get ▁minor ▁acting ▁parts ▁himself , ▁perhaps ▁in ▁television ▁commer ci als . ▁Between ▁his ▁assign ments |
▁in ▁the ▁Communic ations ▁Research ▁Section ▁at ▁J PL , ▁he ▁taught ▁foreign - born ▁engine ers ▁and ▁scient ists ▁English ▁by ▁expos ing ▁them ▁to ▁music ▁from ▁American ▁musical ▁produ ctions . ▁He ▁believed ▁in ▁en han cing ▁health ▁and ▁the ▁feelings ▁of ▁well - be ing ▁through ▁breath ing ▁exer cis es , ▁and ▁he ▁was ▁a ▁pract ition er ▁of ▁the ▁Fel den k rais ▁method . ▁Sol omon ▁used ▁the ▁mind - body ▁connection ▁philosophy ▁of ▁the ▁Fel den k rais ▁method ▁to ▁teach ▁voice ▁less ons . ▁He ▁had ▁a ▁strong ▁love ▁for ▁music , ▁and ▁was ▁a ▁composer ▁as ▁well . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁New ▁York ▁Times ▁ob itu ary ▁Gust ave ▁Sol omon ▁ ▁IE EE ▁Information ▁Theory ▁Society ▁ob itu ary ▁G us ▁Sol omon , ▁ 1 9 3 0 – 1 9 9 6 ▁by ▁Robert ▁Mc E lie ce ▁▁▁ ▁Category : 1 9 3 0 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 9 9 6 ▁death s ▁Category : 2 0 th - century ▁American ▁mathemat icians ▁Category : American ▁computer ▁scient ists ▁Category : The oret ical ▁computer ▁scient ists ▁Category : American ▁information ▁the or ists ▁Category : M ass achusetts ▁Institute ▁of ▁Technology ▁al umn i <0x0A> </s> ▁In ▁statistics , ▁unit - weight ed ▁regression ▁is ▁a ▁simplified ▁and ▁robust ▁version ▁( W ainer ▁& ▁Th issen , ▁ 1 9 7 6 ) ▁of ▁multiple ▁regression ▁analysis ▁where ▁only ▁the ▁intercept ▁term ▁is ▁estimated . |
▁ ▁That ▁is , ▁it ▁fits ▁a ▁model ▁ ▁where ▁each ▁of ▁the ▁ ▁are ▁binary ▁variables , ▁perhaps ▁multip lied ▁with ▁an ▁arbitrary ▁weight . ▁ ▁Con tr ast ▁this ▁with ▁the ▁more ▁common ▁multiple ▁regression ▁model , ▁where ▁each ▁predict or ▁has ▁its ▁own ▁estimated ▁coefficient : ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁social ▁sciences , ▁unit - weight ed ▁regression ▁is ▁sometimes ▁used ▁for ▁binary ▁classification , ▁i . e . ▁to ▁predict ▁a ▁yes - no ▁answer ▁where ▁ ▁indicates ▁" no ", ▁ ▁" yes ". ▁It ▁is ▁easier ▁to ▁interpret ▁than ▁multiple ▁linear ▁regression ▁( known ▁as ▁linear ▁disc rimin ant ▁analysis ▁in ▁the ▁classification ▁case ). ▁ ▁Unit ▁weights ▁ ▁Unit - weight ed ▁regression ▁is ▁a ▁method ▁of ▁robust ▁regression ▁that ▁proceed s ▁in ▁three ▁steps . ▁ ▁First , ▁predict ors ▁for ▁the ▁outcome ▁of ▁interest ▁are ▁selected ; ▁ide ally , ▁there ▁should ▁be ▁good ▁empir ical ▁or ▁theoretical ▁reasons ▁for ▁the ▁selection . ▁Second , ▁the ▁predict ors ▁are ▁converted ▁to ▁a ▁standard ▁form . ▁ ▁Finally , ▁the ▁predict ors ▁are ▁added ▁together , ▁and ▁this ▁sum ▁is ▁called ▁the ▁vari ate , ▁which ▁is ▁used ▁as ▁the ▁predict or ▁of ▁the ▁outcome . ▁ ▁Burg ess ▁method ▁ ▁The ▁Burg ess ▁method ▁was ▁first ▁presented ▁by ▁the ▁soci ologist ▁Ernest ▁W . ▁Burg ess ▁in ▁a ▁ 1 9 2 8 ▁study ▁to ▁determine ▁success ▁or ▁failure ▁of ▁in m ates ▁placed ▁on ▁par ole . ▁ ▁First , ▁he ▁selected ▁ 2 |
1 ▁variables ▁believed ▁to ▁be ▁associated ▁with ▁par ole ▁success . ▁ ▁Next , ▁he ▁converted ▁each ▁predict or ▁to ▁the ▁standard ▁form ▁of ▁zero ▁or ▁one ▁( B urg ess , ▁ 1 9 2 8 ). ▁ ▁When ▁predict ors ▁had ▁two ▁values , ▁the ▁value ▁associated ▁with ▁the ▁target ▁outcome ▁was ▁c oded ▁as ▁one . ▁ ▁Burg ess ▁selected ▁success ▁on ▁par ole ▁as ▁the ▁target ▁outcome , ▁so ▁a ▁predict or ▁such ▁as ▁a ▁history ▁of ▁the ft ▁was ▁c oded ▁as ▁" yes " ▁= ▁ 0 ▁and ▁" no " ▁= ▁ 1 . ▁ ▁These ▁c oded ▁values ▁were ▁then ▁added ▁to ▁create ▁a ▁predict or ▁score , ▁so ▁that ▁higher ▁scores ▁predicted ▁a ▁better ▁chance ▁of ▁success . ▁ ▁The ▁scores ▁could ▁possibly ▁range ▁from ▁zero ▁( no ▁predict ors ▁of ▁success ) ▁to ▁ 2 1 ▁( all ▁ 2 1 ▁predict ors ▁scored ▁as ▁predict ing ▁success ). ▁ ▁For ▁predict ors ▁with ▁more ▁than ▁two ▁values , ▁the ▁Burg ess ▁method ▁selects ▁a ▁cut off ▁score ▁based ▁on ▁subject ive ▁judgment . ▁ ▁As ▁an ▁example , ▁a ▁study ▁using ▁the ▁Burg ess ▁method ▁( G ott fred son ▁& ▁S ny der , ▁ 2 0 0 5 ) ▁selected ▁as ▁one ▁predict or ▁the ▁number ▁of ▁compla ints ▁for ▁del in quent ▁behavior . ▁ ▁With ▁failure ▁on ▁par ole ▁as ▁the ▁target ▁outcome , ▁the ▁number ▁of ▁compla ints ▁was ▁c oded ▁as ▁follows : ▁" zero ▁to |
▁two ▁compla ints " ▁= ▁ 0 , ▁and ▁" three ▁or ▁more ▁compla ints " ▁= ▁ 1 ▁( G ott fred son ▁& ▁S ny der , ▁ 2 0 0 5 . ▁p . 1 8 ). ▁ ▁Ker by ▁method ▁ ▁The ▁Ker by ▁method ▁is ▁similar ▁to ▁the ▁Burg ess ▁method , ▁but ▁diff ers ▁in ▁two ▁ways . ▁ ▁First , ▁while ▁the ▁Burg ess ▁method ▁uses ▁subject ive ▁judgment ▁to ▁select ▁a ▁cut off ▁score ▁for ▁a ▁multi - valu ed ▁predict or ▁with ▁a ▁binary ▁outcome , ▁the ▁Ker by ▁method ▁uses ▁classification ▁and ▁regression ▁tree ▁( C ART ) ▁analysis . ▁ ▁In ▁this ▁way , ▁the ▁selection ▁of ▁the ▁cut off ▁score ▁is ▁based ▁not ▁on ▁subject ive ▁judgment , ▁but ▁on ▁a ▁statistical ▁criter ion , ▁such ▁as ▁the ▁point ▁where ▁the ▁chi - square ▁value ▁is ▁a ▁maximum . ▁ ▁The ▁second ▁difference ▁is ▁that ▁while ▁the ▁Burg ess ▁method ▁is ▁applied ▁to ▁a ▁binary ▁outcome , ▁the ▁Ker by ▁method ▁can ▁apply ▁to ▁a ▁multi - valu ed ▁outcome , ▁because ▁C ART ▁analysis ▁can ▁identify ▁cut off ▁scores ▁in ▁such ▁cases , ▁using ▁a ▁criter ion ▁such ▁as ▁the ▁point ▁where ▁the ▁t - value ▁is ▁a ▁maximum . ▁ ▁Because ▁C ART ▁analysis ▁is ▁not ▁only ▁binary , ▁but ▁also ▁recursive , ▁the ▁result ▁can ▁be ▁that ▁a ▁predict or ▁variable ▁will ▁be ▁divided ▁again , ▁yield ing ▁two ▁cut off ▁scores . ▁ ▁The ▁standard ▁form |
▁for ▁each ▁predict or ▁is ▁that ▁a ▁score ▁of ▁one ▁is ▁added ▁when ▁C ART ▁analysis ▁creates ▁a ▁partition . ▁ ▁One ▁study ▁( K er by , ▁ 2 0 0 3 ) ▁selected ▁as ▁predict ors ▁the ▁five ▁tra its ▁of ▁the ▁Big ▁five ▁person ality ▁tra its , ▁predict ing ▁a ▁multi - valu ed ▁measure ▁of ▁suic idal ▁ide ation . ▁ ▁Next , ▁the ▁person ality ▁scores ▁were ▁converted ▁into ▁standard ▁form ▁with ▁C ART ▁analysis . ▁ ▁When ▁the ▁C ART ▁analysis ▁yield ed ▁one ▁partition , ▁the ▁result ▁was ▁like ▁the ▁Burg ess ▁method ▁in ▁that ▁the ▁predict or ▁was ▁c oded ▁as ▁either ▁zero ▁or ▁one . ▁ ▁But ▁for ▁the ▁measure ▁of ▁ne uro t ic ism , ▁the ▁result ▁was ▁two ▁cut off ▁scores . ▁ ▁Because ▁higher ▁ne uro t ic ism ▁scores ▁correl ated ▁with ▁more ▁suic idal ▁thinking , ▁the ▁two ▁cut off ▁scores ▁led ▁to ▁the ▁following ▁coding : ▁" low ▁Ne uro t ic ism " ▁= ▁ 0 , ▁" mod er ate ▁Ne uro t ic ism " ▁= ▁ 1 , ▁" high ▁Ne uro t ic ism " ▁= ▁ 2 ▁( K er by , ▁ 2 0 0 3 ). ▁ ▁z - score ▁method ▁ ▁Another ▁method ▁can ▁be ▁applied ▁when ▁the ▁predict ors ▁are ▁measured ▁on ▁a ▁continuous ▁scale . ▁ ▁In ▁such ▁a ▁case , ▁each ▁predict or ▁can ▁be ▁converted ▁into ▁a ▁standard ▁score , ▁or ▁z - |
score , ▁so ▁that ▁all ▁the ▁predict ors ▁have ▁a ▁mean ▁of ▁zero ▁and ▁a ▁standard ▁deviation ▁of ▁one . ▁ ▁With ▁this ▁method ▁of ▁unit - weight ed ▁regression , ▁the ▁vari ate ▁is ▁a ▁sum ▁of ▁the ▁z - sc ores ▁( e . g ., ▁Daw es , ▁ 1 9 7 9 ; ▁Bob ko , ▁Roth , ▁& ▁B uster , ▁ 2 0 0 7 ). ▁ ▁Liter ature ▁review ▁ ▁The ▁first ▁empir ical ▁study ▁using ▁unit - weight ed ▁regression ▁is ▁widely ▁considered ▁to ▁be ▁a ▁ 1 9 2 8 ▁study ▁by ▁soci ologist ▁Ernest ▁W . ▁Burg ess . ▁ ▁He ▁used ▁ 2 1 ▁variables ▁to ▁predict ▁par ole ▁success ▁or ▁failure , ▁and ▁the ▁results ▁suggest ▁that ▁unit ▁weights ▁are ▁a ▁useful ▁tool ▁in ▁making ▁dec isions ▁about ▁which ▁in m ates ▁to ▁par ole . ▁ ▁Of ▁those ▁in m ates ▁with ▁the ▁best ▁scores , ▁ 9 8 % ▁did ▁in ▁fact ▁succeed ▁on ▁par ole ; ▁and ▁of ▁those ▁with ▁the ▁worst ▁scores , ▁only ▁ 2 4 % ▁did ▁in ▁fact ▁succeed ▁( B urg ess , ▁ 1 9 2 8 ). ▁ ▁The ▁mathematical ▁issues ▁involved ▁in ▁unit - weight ed ▁regression ▁were ▁first ▁discussed ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 8 ▁by ▁Samuel ▁Stanley ▁Wil ks , ▁a ▁leading ▁stat istic ian ▁who ▁had ▁a ▁special ▁interest ▁in ▁mult ivari ate ▁analysis . ▁ ▁Wil ks ▁described ▁how ▁unit ▁weights ▁could ▁be ▁used ▁in ▁practical |
▁settings , ▁when ▁data ▁were ▁not ▁available ▁to ▁estimate ▁beta ▁weights . ▁ ▁For ▁example , ▁a ▁small ▁college ▁may ▁want ▁to ▁select ▁good ▁students ▁for ▁ad mission . ▁ ▁But ▁the ▁school ▁may ▁have ▁no ▁money ▁to ▁gather ▁data ▁and ▁conduct ▁a ▁standard ▁multiple ▁regression ▁analysis . ▁ ▁In ▁this ▁case , ▁the ▁school ▁could ▁use ▁several ▁predict ors — high ▁school ▁gr ades , ▁S AT ▁scores , ▁teacher ▁ratings . ▁ ▁Wil ks ▁( 1 9 3 8 ) ▁showed ▁mathemat ically ▁why ▁unit ▁weights ▁should ▁work ▁well ▁in ▁practice . ▁ ▁Frank ▁Schmidt ▁( 1 9 7 1 ) ▁conducted ▁a ▁simulation ▁study ▁of ▁unit ▁weights . ▁ ▁His ▁results ▁showed ▁that ▁Wil ks ▁was ▁indeed ▁correct ▁and ▁that ▁unit ▁weights ▁tend ▁to ▁perform ▁well ▁in ▁simulations ▁of ▁practical ▁studies . ▁ ▁Rob yn ▁Daw es ▁( 1 9 7 9 ) ▁discussed ▁the ▁use ▁of ▁unit ▁weights ▁in ▁applied ▁studies , ▁referring ▁to ▁the ▁robust ▁beauty ▁of ▁unit ▁weight ed ▁models . ▁ ▁Jacob ▁C ohen ▁also ▁discussed ▁the ▁value ▁of ▁unit ▁weights ▁and ▁noted ▁their ▁practical ▁utility . ▁ ▁Indeed , ▁he ▁wrote , ▁" As ▁a ▁practical ▁matter , ▁most ▁of ▁the ▁time , ▁we ▁are ▁better ▁off ▁using ▁unit ▁weights " ▁( C ohen , ▁ 1 9 9 0 , ▁p . 1 3 0 6 ). ▁ ▁Dave ▁Ker by ▁( 2 0 0 3 ) ▁showed ▁that ▁unit ▁weights ▁compare ▁well ▁with ▁standard ▁regression , ▁doing ▁so ▁with ▁a ▁cross ▁validation |
▁study — that ▁is , ▁he ▁derived ▁beta ▁weights ▁in ▁one ▁sample ▁and ▁applied ▁them ▁to ▁a ▁second ▁sample . ▁ ▁The ▁outcome ▁of ▁interest ▁was ▁suic idal ▁thinking , ▁and ▁the ▁predict or ▁variables ▁were ▁broad ▁person ality ▁tra its . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁cross ▁validation ▁sample , ▁the ▁correlation ▁between ▁person ality ▁and ▁suic idal ▁thinking ▁was ▁slightly ▁stronger ▁with ▁unit - weight ed ▁regression ▁( r ▁= ▁. 4 8 ) ▁than ▁with ▁standard ▁multiple ▁regression ▁( r ▁= ▁. 4 7 ). ▁ ▁Gott fred son ▁and ▁S ny der ▁( 2 0 0 5 ) ▁compared ▁the ▁Burg ess ▁method ▁of ▁unit - weight ed ▁regression ▁to ▁other ▁methods , ▁with ▁a ▁construction ▁sample ▁of ▁N ▁= ▁ 1 , 9 2 4 ▁and ▁a ▁cross - validation ▁sample ▁of ▁N ▁= ▁ 7 , 5 5 2 . ▁ ▁Using ▁the ▁Pear son ▁point - b iser ial , ▁the ▁effect ▁size ▁in ▁the ▁cross ▁validation ▁sample ▁for ▁the ▁unit - we ights ▁model ▁was ▁r ▁= ▁. 3 9 2 , ▁which ▁was ▁somewhat ▁larger ▁than ▁for ▁log istic ▁regression ▁( r ▁= ▁. 3 6 8 ) ▁and ▁predict ive ▁attribute ▁analysis ▁( r ▁= ▁. 3 8 7 ), ▁and ▁less ▁than ▁multiple ▁regression ▁only ▁in ▁the ▁third ▁decimal ▁place ▁( r ▁= ▁. 3 9 7 ). ▁ ▁In ▁a ▁review ▁of ▁the ▁literature ▁on ▁unit ▁weights , ▁Bob ko , ▁Roth , ▁and ▁B uster ▁( 2 0 0 7 ) ▁noted |
▁that ▁" unit ▁weights ▁and ▁regression ▁weights ▁perform ▁similarly ▁in ▁terms ▁of ▁the ▁magnitude ▁of ▁cross - valid ated ▁multiple ▁correlation , ▁and ▁empir ical ▁studies ▁have ▁confirmed ▁this ▁result ▁across ▁several ▁dec ades " ▁( p . 6 9 3 ). ▁ ▁Andreas ▁Gra efe ▁applied ▁an ▁equal ▁weight ing ▁approach ▁to ▁nine ▁established ▁multiple ▁regression ▁models ▁for ▁forec ast ing ▁U . S . ▁president ial ▁elections . ▁Ac ross ▁the ▁ten ▁elections ▁from ▁ 1 9 7 6 ▁to ▁ 2 0 1 2 , ▁equally ▁weight ed ▁predict ors ▁reduced ▁the ▁forec ast ▁error ▁of ▁the ▁original ▁regression ▁models ▁on ▁average ▁by ▁four ▁percent . ▁An ▁equal - we ights ▁model ▁that ▁includes ▁all ▁variables ▁provided ▁cal ibr ated ▁forec asts ▁that ▁reduced ▁the ▁error ▁of ▁the ▁most ▁accurate ▁regression ▁model ▁by ▁ 2 9 % ▁percent . ▁ ▁Example ▁ ▁An ▁example ▁may ▁clarify ▁how ▁unit ▁weights ▁can ▁be ▁useful ▁in ▁practice . ▁ ▁B ren na ▁Bry ▁and ▁colle agues ▁( 1 9 8 2 ) ▁addressed ▁the ▁question ▁of ▁what ▁causes ▁drug ▁use ▁in ▁ad oles c ents . ▁ ▁Pre vious ▁research ▁had ▁made ▁use ▁of ▁multiple ▁regression ; ▁with ▁this ▁method , ▁it ▁is ▁natural ▁to ▁look ▁for ▁the ▁best ▁predict or , ▁the ▁one ▁with ▁the ▁highest ▁beta ▁weight . ▁ ▁Bry ▁and ▁colle agues ▁noted ▁that ▁one ▁previous ▁study ▁had ▁found ▁that ▁early ▁use ▁of ▁alco hol ▁was ▁the ▁best ▁predict or . ▁ ▁Another ▁study ▁had ▁found ▁that ▁al ien |
ation ▁from ▁parents ▁was ▁the ▁best ▁predict or . ▁ ▁Still ▁another ▁study ▁had ▁found ▁that ▁low ▁gr ades ▁in ▁school ▁were ▁the ▁best ▁predict or . ▁ ▁The ▁failure ▁to ▁rep licate ▁was ▁clearly ▁a ▁problem , ▁a ▁problem ▁that ▁could ▁be ▁caused ▁by ▁b oun cing ▁bet as . ▁ ▁Bry ▁and ▁colle agues ▁suggested ▁a ▁different ▁approach : ▁instead ▁of ▁looking ▁for ▁the ▁best ▁predict or , ▁they ▁looked ▁at ▁the ▁number ▁of ▁predict ors . ▁ ▁In ▁other ▁words , ▁they ▁gave ▁a ▁unit ▁weight ▁to ▁each ▁predict or . ▁ ▁Their ▁study ▁had ▁six ▁predict ors : ▁ 1 ) ▁low ▁gr ades ▁in ▁school , ▁ 2 ) ▁lack ▁of ▁affili ation ▁with ▁religion , ▁ 3 ) ▁early ▁age ▁of ▁alco hol ▁use , ▁ 4 ) ▁psych ological ▁dist ress , ▁ 5 ) ▁low ▁self - este em , ▁and ▁ 6 ) ▁al ien ation ▁from ▁parents . ▁ ▁To ▁convert ▁the ▁predict ors ▁to ▁standard ▁form , ▁each ▁risk ▁factor ▁was ▁scored ▁as ▁absent ▁( sc ored ▁as ▁zero ) ▁or ▁present ▁( sc ored ▁as ▁one ). ▁ ▁For ▁example , ▁the ▁coding ▁for ▁low ▁gr ades ▁in ▁school ▁were ▁as ▁follows : ▁" C ▁or ▁higher " ▁= ▁ 0 , ▁" D ▁or ▁F " ▁= ▁ 1 . ▁ ▁The ▁results ▁showed ▁that ▁the ▁number ▁of ▁risk ▁factors ▁was ▁a ▁good ▁predict or ▁of ▁drug ▁use : ▁ad oles c ents ▁with ▁more ▁risk ▁factors ▁were ▁more ▁likely |
▁to ▁use ▁dru gs . ▁ ▁The ▁model ▁used ▁by ▁Bry ▁and ▁colle agues ▁was ▁that ▁drug ▁users ▁do ▁not ▁differ ▁in ▁any ▁special ▁way ▁from ▁non - d rug ▁users . ▁ ▁R ather , ▁they ▁differ ▁in ▁the ▁number ▁of ▁problems ▁they ▁must ▁face . ▁ ▁" The ▁number ▁of ▁factors ▁an ▁individual ▁must ▁co pe ▁with ▁is ▁more ▁important ▁than ▁exactly ▁what ▁those ▁factors ▁are " ▁( p . 2 7 7 ). ▁ ▁Given ▁this ▁model , ▁unit - weight ed ▁regression ▁is ▁an ▁appropriate ▁method ▁of ▁analysis . ▁ ▁B eta ▁weights ▁ ▁In ▁standard ▁multiple ▁regression , ▁each ▁predict or ▁is ▁multip lied ▁by ▁a ▁number ▁that ▁is ▁called ▁the ▁beta ▁weight , ▁regression ▁weight ▁or ▁weight ed ▁regression ▁coefficients ▁( den oted ▁▁ β W ▁or ▁B W ). ▁The ▁prediction ▁is ▁obtained ▁by ▁adding ▁these ▁products ▁along ▁with ▁a ▁constant . ▁When ▁the ▁weights ▁are ▁chosen ▁to ▁give ▁the ▁best ▁prediction ▁by ▁some ▁criter ion , ▁the ▁model ▁referred ▁to ▁as ▁a ▁proper ▁linear ▁model . ▁Therefore , ▁multiple ▁regression ▁is ▁a ▁proper ▁linear ▁model . ▁By ▁contrast , ▁unit - weight ed ▁regression ▁is ▁called ▁an ▁impro per ▁linear ▁model . ▁ ▁Model ▁specification ▁ ▁Standard ▁multiple ▁regression ▁h ing es ▁on ▁the ▁assumption ▁that ▁all ▁relevant ▁predict ors ▁of ▁the ▁outcome ▁are ▁included ▁in ▁the ▁regression ▁model . ▁ ▁This ▁assumption ▁is ▁called ▁model ▁specification . ▁ ▁A ▁model ▁is ▁said ▁to ▁be ▁specified ▁when ▁all ▁relevant ▁predict ors ▁are ▁included ▁in |
▁the ▁model , ▁and ▁all ▁irrelevant ▁predict ors ▁are ▁ex cluded ▁from ▁the ▁model . ▁In ▁practical ▁settings , ▁it ▁is ▁rare ▁for ▁a ▁study ▁to ▁be ▁able ▁to ▁determine ▁all ▁relevant ▁predict ors ▁a ▁pri ori . ▁In ▁this ▁case , ▁models ▁are ▁not ▁specified ▁and ▁the ▁estimates ▁for ▁the ▁beta ▁weights ▁suffer ▁from ▁omitted ▁variable ▁bias . ▁That ▁is , ▁the ▁beta ▁weights ▁may ▁change ▁from ▁one ▁sample ▁to ▁the ▁next , ▁a ▁situation ▁sometimes ▁called ▁the ▁problem ▁of ▁the ▁b oun cing ▁bet as . ▁ ▁It ▁is ▁this ▁problem ▁with ▁b oun cing ▁bet as ▁that ▁makes ▁unit - weight ed ▁regression ▁a ▁useful ▁method . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁Linear ▁regression ▁Reg ression ▁analysis ▁Rob ust ▁regression ▁ ▁References ▁▁ ▁Bob ko , ▁P ., ▁Roth , ▁P . ▁L ., ▁& ▁B uster , ▁M . ▁A . ▁( 2 0 0 7 ). ▁" The ▁useful ness ▁of ▁unit ▁weights ▁in ▁creating ▁composite ▁scores : ▁A ▁literature ▁review , ▁application ▁to ▁content ▁valid ity , ▁and ▁meta - analysis ". ▁Organ iz ational ▁Research ▁Method s , ▁volume ▁ 1 0 , ▁pages ▁ 6 8 9 - 7 0 9 . ▁▁ ▁Burg ess , ▁E . ▁W . ▁( 1 9 2 8 ). ▁" Fact ors ▁determ ining ▁success ▁or ▁failure ▁on ▁par ole ". ▁In ▁A . ▁A . ▁Bruce ▁( Ed .), ▁The ▁Work ings ▁of ▁the ▁Ind et erm inate ▁Sent ence ▁Law ▁and ▁Par ole ▁in ▁Illinois ▁( pp |
. 2 0 5 – 2 4 9 ). ▁Spring field , ▁Illinois : ▁Illinois ▁State ▁Par ole ▁Board . ▁Google ▁books ▁C ohen , ▁Jacob . ▁( 1 9 9 0 ). ▁" Th ings ▁I ▁have ▁learned ▁( so ▁far ) ". ▁American ▁Psych ologist , ▁volume ▁ 4 5 , ▁pages ▁ 1 3 0 4 - 1 3 1 2 . ▁ ▁Daw es , ▁Rob yn ▁M . ▁( 1 9 7 9 ). ▁" The ▁robust ▁beauty ▁of ▁impro per ▁linear ▁models ▁in ▁decision ▁making ". ▁American ▁Psych ologist , ▁volume ▁ 3 4 , ▁pages ▁ 5 7 1 - 5 8 2 . ▁ ▁. ▁ ▁arch ived ▁pdf ▁ ▁Gott fred son , ▁D . ▁M ., ▁& ▁S ny der , ▁H . ▁N . ▁( J uly ▁ 2 0 0 5 ). ▁The ▁mathematics ▁of ▁risk ▁classification : ▁Ch anging ▁data ▁into ▁valid ▁instruments ▁for ▁ju ven ile ▁courts . ▁Pitts burgh , ▁P enn .: ▁National ▁Center ▁for ▁Ju ven ile ▁Justice . ▁NC J ▁ 2 0 9 1 5 8 . ▁Eric . ed . gov ▁pdf ▁Ker by , ▁Dave ▁S . ▁( 2 0 0 3 ). ▁" C ART ▁analysis ▁with ▁unit - weight ed ▁regression ▁to ▁predict ▁suic idal ▁ide ation ▁from ▁Big ▁Five ▁tra its ". ▁Person ality ▁and ▁Ind ividual ▁D iffer ences , ▁volume ▁ 3 5 , ▁pages ▁ 2 4 9 - 2 6 1 . ▁ ▁Schmidt |
, ▁Frank ▁L . ▁( 1 9 7 1 ). ▁" The ▁relative ▁efficiency ▁of ▁regression ▁and ▁simple ▁unit ▁predict or ▁weights ▁in ▁applied ▁differential ▁psych ology ". ▁Edu c ational ▁and ▁Psych ological ▁Me asure ment , ▁volume ▁ 3 1 , ▁pages ▁ 6 9 9 - 7 1 4 . ▁ ▁W ainer , ▁H ., ▁& ▁Th issen , ▁D . ▁( 1 9 7 6 ). ▁Three ▁steps ▁toward ▁robust ▁regression . ▁Psych omet ri ka , ▁volume ▁ 4 1 ( 1 ), ▁pages ▁ 9 – 3 4 . ▁ ▁Further ▁reading ▁ ▁D ana , ▁J ., ▁& ▁Daw es , ▁R . ▁M . ▁( 2 0 0 4 ). ▁" The ▁superior ity ▁of ▁simple ▁alternatives ▁to ▁regression ▁for ▁social ▁science ▁predictions ". ▁Journal ▁of ▁Edu c ational ▁and ▁Be havior al ▁Statistics , ▁volume ▁ 2 9 ( 3 ), ▁pages ▁ 3 1 7 - 3 3 1 . ▁ ▁Daw es , ▁R . ▁M ., ▁& ▁Cor rig an , ▁B . ▁( 1 9 7 4 ). ▁Linear ▁models ▁in ▁decision ▁making . ▁Psych ological ▁Bul letin , ▁volume ▁ 8 1 , ▁pages ▁ 9 5 – 1 0 6 . ▁ ▁Ein horn , ▁H . ▁J ., ▁& ▁Hog arth , ▁R . ▁M . ▁( 1 9 7 5 ). ▁Unit ▁weight ing ▁schemes ▁for ▁decision ▁making . ▁Organ iz ational ▁Be havior ▁and ▁Human ▁Performance , ▁volume ▁ 1 3 ( 2 ), |
▁pages ▁ 1 7 1 - 1 9 2 . ▁ ▁H ake em , ▁M . ▁( 1 9 4 8 ). ▁The ▁valid ity ▁of ▁the ▁Burg ess ▁method ▁of ▁par ole ▁prediction . ▁American ▁Journal ▁of ▁Soci ology , ▁volume ▁ 5 3 ( 5 ), ▁pages ▁ 3 7 6 - 3 8 6 . ▁J ST OR ▁New man , ▁J . ▁R ., ▁Se aver , ▁D ., ▁Edwards , ▁W . ▁( 1 9 7 6 ). ▁Unit ▁versus ▁differential ▁weight ing ▁schemes ▁for ▁decision ▁making : ▁A ▁method ▁of ▁study ▁and ▁some ▁pre lim inary ▁results . ▁Los ▁Angeles , ▁CA : ▁Social ▁Science ▁Research ▁Institute . ▁arch ived ▁pdf ▁Raj u , ▁N . ▁S ., ▁Bil g ic , ▁R ., ▁Edwards , ▁J . ▁E ., ▁Fle er , ▁P . ▁F . ▁( 1 9 9 7 ). ▁Method ology ▁review : ▁Est imation ▁of ▁population ▁valid ity ▁and ▁cross - valid ity , ▁and ▁the ▁use ▁of ▁equal ▁weights ▁in ▁prediction . ▁App lied ▁Psych ological ▁Me asure ment , ▁volume ▁ 2 1 ( 4 ), ▁pages ▁ 2 9 1 - 3 0 5 . ▁ ▁Re e , ▁M . ▁J ., ▁Car rett a , ▁T . ▁R ., ▁& ▁Ear les , ▁J . ▁A . ▁( 1 9 9 8 ). ▁" In ▁top - down ▁dec isions , ▁weight ing ▁variables ▁does ▁not ▁matter : ▁A ▁consequence ▁of ▁Wil k ' s ▁theorem |
." ▁Organ iz ational ▁Research ▁Method s , ▁volume ▁ 1 ( 4 ), ▁pages ▁ 4 0 7 - 4 2 0 . ▁ ▁arch ived ▁pdf ▁W ainer , ▁H . ▁( 1 9 7 8 ). ▁On ▁the ▁sens itivity ▁of ▁regression ▁and ▁re gress ors . ▁Psych ological ▁Bul letin , ▁volume ▁ 8 5 ( 2 ), ▁pages ▁ 2 6 7 - 2 7 3 . ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁Ch is ▁St uc chio ▁blog ▁- ▁Why ▁a ▁pro / con ▁list ▁is ▁ 7 5 % ▁as ▁good ▁as ▁your ▁fancy ▁machine ▁learning ▁algorithm ▁ ▁Category : Reg ression ▁analysis <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁canton ▁of ▁Ga ill ard ▁is ▁an ▁administrative ▁division ▁of ▁the ▁Ha ute - S avo ie ▁department , ▁sout he astern ▁France . ▁It ▁was ▁created ▁at ▁the ▁French ▁canton ▁re organisation ▁which ▁came ▁into ▁effect ▁in ▁March ▁ 2 0 1 5 . ▁Its ▁seat ▁is ▁in ▁Ga ill ard . ▁ ▁It ▁consists ▁of ▁the ▁following ▁communes : ▁ ▁Ar th az - P ont - Not re - D ame ▁B onne ▁C ran ves - S ales ▁Ét rem bi ères ▁Ga ill ard ▁J uv igny ▁Luc ing es ▁Mach illy ▁Saint - C erg ues ▁V ét raz - Month oux ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : C ant ons ▁of ▁Ha ute - S avo ie <0x0A> </s> ▁Wilson ▁Mar cy ▁Pow ell ▁Sr . ▁( May ▁ 7 , ▁ 1 8 7 2 ▁– |
▁August ▁ 1 7 , ▁ 1 9 3 5 ) ▁was ▁a ▁prominent ▁Harvard ▁lawyer , ▁president ▁of ▁New ▁York ▁Hospital ▁and ▁vice - pres ident ▁of ▁the ▁Bar ▁Association ▁of ▁the ▁City ▁of ▁New ▁York . ▁ ▁Hospital ▁Work ▁▁ ▁For ▁ 2 0 ▁years , ▁Pow ell ▁was ▁coun sel ▁for ▁New ▁York ▁Hospital . ▁He ▁became ▁governor ▁and ▁vice - pres ident ▁of ▁the ▁Hospital ▁for ▁three ▁years ▁and ▁President ▁for ▁one ▁year . ▁He ▁was ▁also ▁president ▁of ▁the ▁L ying - In ▁Hospital , ▁the ▁New ▁York ▁Nur ser y ▁and ▁Child ' s ▁hospital ▁and ▁vice - pres ident ▁of ▁the ▁Manh attan ▁Mat ern ity ▁and ▁Dis p ens ary . ▁Pow ell ▁was ▁instrument al ▁in ▁bringing ▁together ▁New ▁York ▁Hospital ▁and ▁these ▁other ▁health ▁care ▁organizations ▁into ▁a ▁medical ▁center ▁and ▁un ified ▁program ▁for ▁the ▁care ▁of ▁the ▁ill , ▁research ▁and ▁teaching . ▁ ▁Public ▁Service ▁▁ ▁Pow ell ▁was ▁recognized ▁as ▁a ▁leader ▁in ▁his ▁profession , ▁and ▁served ▁for ▁seven ▁years ▁as ▁tre as urer ▁of ▁the ▁Bar ▁Association ▁of ▁the ▁City ▁of ▁New ▁York ▁and ▁then ▁its ▁vice ▁president ▁for ▁two ▁years . ▁After ▁his ▁death , ▁the ▁Association ' s ▁resolution ▁declared ▁" O ur ▁loss ▁in ▁the ▁circle ▁of ▁the ▁wis est ▁coun s ell ors ▁of ▁the ▁Association ▁is ▁well - n igh ▁im me as urable ." ▁ ▁Ser ving ▁on ▁several ▁comm itte es ▁for ▁his ▁Al ma ▁M ater , ▁Harvard ▁University |
, ▁Pow ell ▁served ▁as ▁chairman ▁of ▁a ▁committee ▁to ▁raise ▁an ▁end ow ment ▁for ▁the ▁law ▁school . ▁In ▁ 1 9 0 6 , ▁Sw arth more ▁College ▁invited ▁Pow ell ▁to ▁serve ▁on ▁its ▁Board ▁of ▁Man agers . ▁From ▁ 1 9 1 4 ▁to ▁ 1 9 2 0 , ▁he ▁was ▁vice - pres ident ▁of ▁the ▁Board ▁and ▁then ▁president ▁until ▁ 1 9 3 3 ▁when ▁poor ▁health ▁forced ▁him ▁to ▁step ▁down . ▁ ▁From ▁ 1 9 2 8 ▁to ▁ 1 9 3 5 , ▁Pow ell ▁was ▁chairman ▁of ▁the ▁Committee ▁on ▁Cir cul ation ▁for ▁the ▁New ▁York ▁Public ▁Library . ▁He ▁made ▁the ▁effort ▁to ▁know ▁all ▁of ▁the ▁employees ▁at ▁the ▁Main ▁Library ▁on ▁Fif th ▁Avenue ▁by ▁sight . ▁ ▁Following ▁his ▁father ' s ▁work , ▁Pow ell ▁served ▁as ▁legal ▁advis er ▁to ▁the ▁Women ' s ▁Pr ison ▁Association ▁of ▁the ▁City ▁of ▁New ▁York , ▁which ▁was ▁founded ▁by ▁his ▁great - grand father ▁and ▁Qu aker ▁abol ition ist ▁Isaac ▁Ho pper . ▁He ▁also ▁served ▁on ▁the ▁Board ▁of ▁Direct ors ▁for ▁the ▁NA AC P , ▁the ▁Col ored ▁Or phan ▁As yl um ▁and ▁the ▁Association ▁for ▁the ▁Ben ef it ▁of ▁Col ored ▁Children ▁in ▁the ▁City ▁of ▁New ▁York . ▁ ▁Pow ell ▁was ▁a ▁r ally ing ▁spirit ▁among ▁the ▁Fri ends ▁of ▁New ▁York ▁City ▁and ▁State . ▁For ▁more ▁than ▁ 2 5 |
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