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▁years , ▁he ▁served ▁both ▁the ▁New ▁York ▁Year ly ▁and ▁New ▁York ▁Month ly ▁Me eting ▁as ▁its ▁Tre as urer . ▁His ▁daughter , ▁Els ie ▁Kn app ▁Pow ell , ▁don ated ▁their ▁country ▁estate , ▁the ▁Pow ell ▁House , ▁to ▁the ▁New ▁York ▁Society ▁of ▁Fri ends . ▁ ▁Biography ▁▁ ▁Pow ell ▁was ▁born ▁in ▁New ▁York ▁City ▁on ▁May ▁ 7 , ▁ 1 8 7 2 . ▁Upon ▁gradu ating ▁from ▁Harvard ▁University ▁and ▁Harvard ▁Law ▁School , ▁he ▁married ▁Els ie ▁Kn app ▁in ▁ 1 9 0 2 . ▁Res iding ▁at ▁ 1 3 0 ▁East ▁ 7 0 th ▁Street , ▁they ▁had ▁three ▁children , ▁Wilson ▁Mar cy ▁Pow ell , ▁Els ie ▁K . ▁Pow ell ▁and ▁Sarah ▁Pow ell ▁( M rs . ▁Pres c ott ▁B . ▁Hun ting ton ). ▁Pow ell ▁came ▁from ▁a ▁Qu aker ▁family ▁devoted ▁to ▁social ▁justice ▁initi atives . ▁His ▁great - grand father , ▁Isaac ▁Ho pper , ▁assist ed ▁more ▁than ▁a ▁thousand ▁slaves ▁escape ▁to ▁freedom , ▁and ▁left ▁his ▁mark ▁on ▁several ▁bene vol ent ▁activities ▁in ▁New ▁York . ▁His ▁father , ▁Wilson ▁Pow ell , ▁was ▁a ▁Harvard ▁lawyer ▁of ▁high ▁standing ▁and ▁devoted ▁his ▁energ ies ▁to ▁the ▁improvement ▁of ▁hosp it als ▁and ▁libraries ▁in ▁New ▁York . ▁Among ▁his ▁great ▁grand children ▁are ▁May an ▁arch ae ologist ▁Christopher ▁Pow ell ▁and ▁writer - produ cer ▁J ▁Dak ota ▁Pow ell
. ▁ ▁References ▁▁ ▁Category : 1 8 7 2 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 9 3 5 ▁death s ▁Category : American ▁law y ers ▁Category : Har vard ▁Law ▁School ▁al umn i ▁Category : Har vard ▁University ▁al umn i <0x0A> </s> ▁T anc r ède ▁is ▁a ▁contemporary ▁French ▁singer ▁born ▁in ▁Paris . ▁ ▁Biography ▁ ▁Att ract ed ▁early ▁to ▁music , ▁T anc r ède ▁wrote ▁his ▁first ▁song ▁when ▁he ▁was ▁nine . ▁He ▁never ▁stopped ▁writing ▁there after , ▁and ▁sang ▁on ▁the ▁classical ▁air s ▁he ▁learned ▁at ▁the ▁Music ▁school ▁in ▁Paris . ▁He ▁graduated ▁with ▁piano ▁as ▁a ▁major . ▁ ▁In ▁parallel , ▁he ▁studied ▁Law ▁and ▁graduated ▁from ▁the ▁Law ▁School ▁in ▁Paris . ▁ ▁On ▁the ▁very ▁evening ▁of ▁his ▁o ath - t aking ▁as ▁a ▁lawyer , ▁he ▁performed ▁on ▁the ▁Sent ier ▁des ▁Hall es ▁in ▁Paris . ▁For ▁two ▁years ▁he ▁led ▁this ▁double ▁life , ▁and ▁as ▁the ▁number ▁of ▁concert s ▁were ▁increasing , ▁he ▁decided ▁to ▁leave ▁his ▁court ▁dress ▁and ▁move ▁on ▁with ▁music . ▁▁ 1 st ▁Album ▁ ▁T anc r ède ' s ▁first ▁album ▁( T anc r ède ) ▁was ▁released ▁ ▁in ▁September ▁ 2 0 0 5 ▁by ▁U LM - Univers al , ▁a ▁Universal ▁Music ▁Group ▁label . ▁Direct ed ▁by ▁Roland ▁Roman elli , ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁band ▁Space , ▁and ▁the ▁arr anger ▁and ▁music ian ▁of ▁Barbara
. ▁On ▁its ▁release , ▁the ▁album ▁was ▁gre et ed ▁by ▁critics ▁with ▁enthus ias m . ▁Many ▁concert s ▁followed ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁and ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁in ▁the aters ▁such ▁as ▁La ▁C ig ale ▁and ▁le ▁T rian on . ▁ ▁Aud imat ! ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 8 , ▁T anc r ède ▁wrote ▁his ▁first ▁musical , ▁Aud imat ! ▁which ▁received ▁good ▁critics ▁▁▁ ▁for ▁the ▁challenge ▁of ▁a ▁Broadway - style ▁musical ▁written ▁entirely ▁in ▁French . ▁Perform ances ▁were ▁held ▁at ▁la ▁C ig ale , ▁with ▁St é phan ▁Dru et ▁as ▁stage ▁director . ▁Amb ian ced ▁in ▁the ▁r uth less ▁world ▁of ▁television , ▁Aud imat ▁dep ict s ▁two ▁compet ing ▁channels ▁struggling ▁to ▁win ▁the ▁attention ▁of ▁the ▁stay - at - home ▁m oms . ▁ ▁End orph ine ▁At ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁ 2 0 1 2 , ▁T anc r ède ▁will ▁release ▁his ▁new ▁album ▁called ▁End orph ine . ▁ ▁Disc ography ▁▁ ▁T anc r ède , ▁ 2 0 0 5 ▁( U lm ▁- ▁Universal ▁Music ) ▁ ▁Aud imat !, ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁( Univers al ▁Classic ) ▁ ▁End orph ine , ▁late ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁▁ ▁Category : F rench ▁male ▁sing ers ▁Category : F rench ▁singer - song writ ers ▁Category : Sing ers ▁from ▁Paris ▁Category : L
iving ▁people ▁Category : Year ▁of ▁birth ▁missing ▁( l iving ▁people ) <0x0A> </s> ▁E lections ▁to ▁Le eds ▁City ▁Council ▁were ▁held ▁on ▁Th urs day , ▁ 6 ▁May ▁ 1 9 8 2 , ▁with ▁one - third ▁of ▁the ▁council ▁to ▁be ▁elected . ▁As ▁well ▁as ▁that , ▁there ▁was ▁a ▁vac ancy ▁to ▁fill ▁after ▁the ▁defe ction ▁of ▁Wh in mo or ▁inc umb ent ▁Edward ▁H ew itt ▁to ▁the ▁newly ▁formed ▁Alliance ▁between ▁the ▁Liberal ▁Party ▁and ▁the ▁Labour - break away ▁Social ▁Democratic ▁Party ▁in ▁February , ▁following ▁his ▁colle ague ▁and ▁He ading ley ▁coun c ill or , ▁Ernest ▁Mil let , ▁who ▁had ▁also ▁defect ed ▁to ▁the ▁SD P ▁two ▁months ▁prior . ▁ ▁The ▁first ▁election ▁featuring ▁the ▁Alliance ▁seen ▁their ▁support ▁increase ▁by ▁a ▁third ▁upon ▁the ▁previous ▁election , ▁mostly ▁at ▁the ▁exp ense ▁of ▁the ▁Labour ▁vote , ▁but ▁also ▁helped ▁by ▁the ▁compar ative ▁absence ▁of ▁minor ▁parties ▁this ▁election . ▁The ▁Alliance ▁sur ge ▁resulted ▁in ▁Le eds ▁first ▁three - way ▁race ▁for ▁the ▁popular ▁vote , ▁with ▁the ▁Conserv atives ▁pi pping ▁Labour ▁by ▁less ▁than ▁ 3 , 0 0 0 ▁votes . ▁ ▁The ▁large ▁sw ings ▁from ▁Labour ▁to ▁Alliance ▁produced ▁g ains ▁in ▁Bur m anto ft s ▁and ▁Richmond ▁Hill , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁allowing ▁Conserv ative ▁g ains ▁in ▁Bar wick ▁& ▁K ipp ax , ▁Gar for th ▁& ▁Sw ill ington ,
▁Mor ley ▁North ▁and ▁P ud sey ▁South . ▁There ▁was ▁also ▁an ▁Alliance ▁gain ▁from ▁the ▁Conserv atives ▁in ▁the ▁already ▁marg inal ▁H ors for th , ▁but ▁with ▁the ▁E colog ist ▁absence ▁playing ▁a ▁bigger ▁role ▁there . ▁Despite ▁the ▁inferior ▁vote ▁and ▁near - hal ving ▁of ▁their ▁majority ▁by ▁six ▁losses , ▁Labour ▁still ▁won ▁a ▁pl ur ality ▁of ▁the ▁seats ▁fought , ▁and ▁gained ▁back ▁the ▁He ading ley ▁and ▁Wh in mo or ▁seats ▁they ' d ▁lost ▁through ▁defe ctions . ▁ ▁E lection ▁result ▁ ▁This ▁result ▁has ▁the ▁following ▁consequences ▁for ▁the ▁total ▁number ▁of ▁seats ▁on ▁the ▁council ▁after ▁the ▁elections : ▁ ▁Ward ▁results ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 8 2 ▁English ▁local ▁elections ▁ 1 9 8 2 ▁Category : 1 9 8 0 s ▁in ▁Le eds ▁Category : May ▁ 1 9 8 2 ▁events ▁in ▁Europe <0x0A> </s> ▁Paul ▁Dean ▁( born ▁ 1 9 6 6 ▁in ▁Br is b ane ) ▁is ▁an ▁Australian ▁composer ▁and ▁clar inet ist . ▁ ▁Career ▁A ▁gradu ate ▁of ▁the ▁Queensland ▁Conserv ator ium ▁where ▁he ▁received ▁the ▁Medal ▁of ▁Ex cell ence , ▁Dean ▁won ▁the ▁Australian ▁Clar inet ▁Compet ition , ▁the ▁Matt ara ▁National ▁Con cer to ▁Compet ition , ▁the ▁Cole man ▁Chamber ▁Ens emble ▁Compet ition ▁in ▁Los ▁Angeles ▁( as ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁Mov ellan ▁Wind ▁Quint et ). ▁ ▁He ▁often ▁performs ▁together ▁with ▁his ▁brother
, ▁the ▁Australian ▁composer ▁Bre tt ▁Dean . ▁ ▁Paul ▁Dean ▁is ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁members ▁of ▁the ▁Southern ▁Cross ▁Solo ists , ▁based ▁in ▁Br is b ane . ▁As ▁solo ist , ▁rec ital ist ▁and ▁chamber ▁music ian , ▁Paul ▁Dean ▁has ▁performed ▁in ▁Norway , ▁England , ▁Japan , ▁the ▁USA ▁and ▁Canada . ▁ ▁Between ▁ 1 9 8 7 ▁and ▁ 2 0 0 0 ▁he ▁was ▁Princi pal ▁Clar inet ▁with ▁the ▁Queensland ▁Sym phony ▁Orchestra . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 3 ▁Dean ▁was ▁a ▁solo ist ▁with ▁the ▁Ad ela ide ▁Sym phony ▁Orchestra ▁and ▁The ▁Queensland ▁Orchestra . ▁He ▁tou red ▁nation ally ▁with ▁the ▁Australian ▁String ▁Quart et , ▁playing ▁the ▁Bra h ms ▁Quint et , ▁Op . 1 1 5 , ▁and ▁tou red ▁New ▁Zealand ▁and ▁the ▁US ▁with ▁the ▁Southern ▁Cross ▁Solo ists ▁in ▁the ▁same ▁year . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 4 ▁he ▁was ▁a ▁guest ▁artist ▁at ▁the ▁Sydney ▁Festival ▁and ▁the ▁Australian ▁String ▁Quart et ’ s ▁Bridge water ▁Mill ▁Series , ▁tou red ▁nation ally ▁with ▁the ▁Mac qu arie ▁T rio ▁and ▁performed ▁over ▁ 5 0 ▁concert s ▁throughout ▁Australia ▁with ▁the ▁Southern ▁Cross ▁Solo ists . ▁ ▁Descri bed ▁by ▁London ’ s ▁The ▁Sunday ▁Times ▁as ▁" the ▁excellent ▁Paul ▁Dean ", ▁he ▁has ▁tou red ▁extens ively ▁throughout ▁USA , ▁Asia , ▁Europe ▁and ▁New ▁Zealand . ▁His ▁performance ▁of ▁the ▁Frank el ▁Clar inet
▁Quint et , ▁Op . 2 8 , ▁at ▁the ▁ 1 9 9 7 ▁International ▁Clar inet fest ▁in ▁Lub bo ck , ▁Texas ▁won ▁him ▁a ▁standing ▁ov ation . ▁ ▁Currently ▁Dean ▁inv ests ▁his ▁time ▁and ▁art istic ▁expression ▁as ▁the ▁Art istic ▁Director ▁of ▁Southern ▁Cross ▁Solo ists , ▁the ▁Sun W ater ▁& ▁Stan well ▁Winter ▁Music ▁School ▁and ▁the ▁Bang al ow ▁Music ▁Festival , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁making ▁regular ▁appearances ▁at ▁festiv als ▁throughout ▁Australia . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁he ▁was ▁Art istic ▁Director ▁of ▁the ▁B ony i ▁International ▁Youth ▁Music ▁Festival ▁in ▁Br is b ane . ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁he ▁will ▁be ▁the ▁Art istic ▁Director ▁for ▁" t ut ti ▁world ▁youth ▁music ▁Be ij ing , ▁an ▁international ▁youth ▁music ▁festival ▁dedicated ▁to ▁music ▁education . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 0 , ▁Paul ▁Dean ▁was ▁appointed ▁as ▁Art istic ▁Director ▁of ▁the ▁Australian ▁National ▁Academy ▁of ▁Music ▁in ▁Melbourne , ▁succeed ing ▁his ▁brother ▁Bre tt ▁Dean ▁in ▁that ▁post . ▁ ▁As ▁a ▁composer , ▁his ▁works ▁include ▁Tur mo il , ▁Peace ▁and ▁C ele br ation ▁for ▁c ello ▁and ▁piano ▁( 2 0 1 4 ). ▁ ▁Disc ography ▁ 1 9 9 0 : ▁From ▁Fire ▁by ▁Fire , ▁Queensland ▁Wind ▁Solo ists ▁ 1 9 9 6 : ▁Frank el : ▁Chamber ▁Works , ▁Queensland ▁Sym phony ▁Chamber ▁players ▁ 2 0 0 9
: ▁Sub lime ▁Moz art : ▁Works ▁for ▁Clar inet , ▁Paul ▁Dean , ▁the ▁Gra inger ▁Quart et , ▁The ▁Queensland ▁Orchestra , ▁Guillaume ▁Tourn ia ire ▁( con duct or ): ▁Moz art : ▁Clar inet ▁Con cer to , ▁K . 6 2 2 ; ▁Clar inet ▁Quint et , ▁K . 5 8 1 ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Category : Austral ian ▁clar inet ists ▁Category : Austral ian ▁compos ers ▁Category : Mus icians ▁from ▁Br is b ane ▁Category : 1 9 6 6 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : Pe ople ▁educated ▁at ▁Br is b ane ▁State ▁High ▁School ▁Category : 2 1 st - century ▁clar inet ists <0x0A> </s> ▁This ▁is ▁a ▁list ▁of ▁bre wer ies ▁in ▁Tennessee , ▁a ▁U . S . ▁state . ▁ ▁Micro bre wer ies ▁and ▁regional ▁bre wer ies ▁Micro bre wer ies ▁< ▁ 1 5 , 0 0 0 ▁bar rel s ▁per ▁an num ▁and ▁Regional ▁Bre wer ies ▁are ▁ 1 5 , 0 0 0 ▁to ▁ 6 , 0 0 0 , 0 0 0 ▁bar rel s ▁per ▁an num . ▁ ▁Ch att ano oga ▁area ▁▁ ▁Big ▁F rog ▁B rew ing ▁Company ▁– ▁Ch att ano oga ▁ ▁Big ▁River ▁Gr ille ▁& ▁B rew ing ▁Works ▁– ▁Ch att ano oga ▁▁ ▁Ch att ano oga ▁B rew ing ▁Company ▁– ▁Ch att ano og ▁ ▁Five
▁W its ▁B rew ing ▁Company ▁- ▁Ch att ano oga ▁ ▁Heaven ▁& ▁Ale ▁B rew ing ▁Company ▁- ▁Ch att ano oga ▁ ▁H utton ▁& ▁Smith ▁B rew ing ▁Company ▁– ▁Ch att ano oga ▁ ▁Mad ▁Knight ▁B rew ing ▁Company ▁– ▁Ch att ano oga ▁ ▁M oc cas in ▁B end ▁B rew ing ▁Company ▁– ▁Ch att ano oga ▁ ▁Mc H ale ' s ▁B rew ▁House ▁– ▁Ch att ano oga ▁ ▁N aked ▁River ▁B rew ing ▁Company ▁– ▁Ch att ano oga ▁ ▁O dd Story ▁B rew ing ▁Company ▁– ▁Ch att ano oga ▁ ▁Terminal ▁B rew ▁House ▁– ▁Ch att ano oga ▁ ▁Clark sv ille ▁area ▁▁ ▁Black hor se ▁Pub ▁& ▁Bre wer y ▁- ▁Clark sv ille , ▁Kno x ville ▁ ▁Co oke ville ▁area ▁▁ ▁H ix ▁Farm ▁Bre wer y ▁– ▁Co oke ville ▁ ▁J ig ▁Head ▁B rew ing ▁Company ▁– ▁Co oke ville ▁ ▁Red ▁Sil o B rew ing ▁Company ▁– ▁Co oke ville ▁ ▁Cross ville ▁area ▁▁▁ ▁C ree ks ide ▁B rew ing ▁Company - C ross ville ▁ ▁Franklin ▁area ▁▁ ▁C ool ▁Spr ings ▁B rew ing ▁ ▁– ▁Franklin ▁ ▁G arr ' s ▁Be er ▁Company ▁– ▁Franklin ▁ ▁Kno x ville ▁area ▁▁ ▁Alliance ▁B rew ing ▁Company ▁– ▁Kno x ville ▁ ▁Bal ter ▁Be er works ▁– ▁Kno x ville ▁ ▁Black hor se ▁Pub ▁& ▁Bre wer y
▁- ▁Kno x ville , ▁Clark sv ille ▁ ▁Ch ish ol m ▁Ta vern ▁Bre wer y ▁ ▁– ▁Kno x ville ▁ ▁C lin ch ▁River ▁B rew ing ▁– ▁Kno x ville , ▁Nor ris ▁▁▁ ▁Cra fty ▁Bast ard ▁B rew ing ▁ ▁– ▁Kno x ville ▁ ▁El km ont ▁Exchange ▁Bre wer y ▁& ▁E ating ▁House ▁– ▁Kno x ville ▁ ▁El st ▁B rew ing ▁Company ▁– ▁Kno x ville ▁ ▁F an atic ▁B rew ing ▁– ▁ ▁Kno x ville ▁ ▁Ge ez ers ▁Bre wer y ▁– ▁Kno x ville ▁ ▁H ex agon ▁B rew ing ▁Company ▁ ▁– ▁Kno x ville ▁ ▁Last ▁Days ▁of ▁Aut umn ▁Bre wer y ▁ ▁– ▁Kno x ville ▁ ▁P ret ent ious ▁Be er ▁Company ▁– ▁Kno x ville ▁ ▁Print shop ▁Be er ▁Company ▁– ▁Kno x ville ▁ ▁S aw ▁Works ▁B rew ing ▁Company ▁– ▁Kno x ville ▁ ▁Schul z ▁Br äu ▁B rew ing ▁– ▁Kno x ville ▁ ▁Sc ru ff y ▁City ▁Bre wer y ▁– ▁Kno x ville ▁ ▁Sm ok y ▁Mountain ▁Bre wer y ▁– ▁Kno x ville , ▁G at lin burg , ▁Mary ville , ▁Oak ▁R idge , ▁P ige on ▁For ge , ▁Se vier ville ▁ ▁Wood ru ff ▁B rew ing ▁Company ▁ ▁– ▁Kno x ville , ▁▁ ▁World ' s ▁Fair ▁Be er ▁– ▁Kno x ville ▁ ▁M emph is ▁area ▁▁ ▁Bos
co ' s ▁R estaur ant ▁and ▁B rew ing ▁Company ▁– ▁M emph is ▁ ▁C ros st own ▁B rew ing ▁Company ▁– ▁M emph is ▁ ▁Ghost ▁River ▁B rew ing ▁– ▁M emph is ▁ ▁High ▁Cot ton ▁B rew ing ▁Company – ▁M emph is ▁ ▁M emph is ▁Made ▁B rew ing ▁Company ▁– ▁M emph is ▁ ▁Rock ’ n ▁D ough ▁P izza ▁& ▁B rew ▁Company ▁Company ▁– ▁M emph is ▁ ▁W ise acre ▁B rew ing ▁Company ▁– ▁M emph is ▁ ▁Mur fre es bor o ▁area ▁▁ ▁Green ▁Dragon ▁Pub ▁and ▁Bre wer y ▁– ▁Mur fre es bor o ▁ ▁May day ▁Bre wer y ▁– ▁Mur fre es bor o ▁ ▁Ste el ▁Bar rel ▁Bre wer y ▁– ▁Mur fre es bor o ▁ ▁Nash ville ▁area ▁▁ ▁Be arded ▁I ris ▁B rew ing ▁Company ▁– ▁Nash ville ▁ ▁Black ▁Ab bey ▁B rew ing ▁Company ▁– ▁Nash ville ▁ ▁Black stone ▁B rew ing ▁Company - ▁Nash ville ▁ ▁C ors air ▁Art isan ▁Dist illery ▁– ▁Nash ville ▁ ▁Cz ann ' s ▁B rew ing ▁Company ▁– ▁Nash ville ▁ ▁Dis kin ▁C ider ▁– ▁Nash ville ▁ ▁East ▁Nash ville ▁Be er ▁Works ▁– ▁Nash ville ▁ ▁F at ▁B ottom ▁B rew ing ▁Company ▁– ▁Nash ville ▁ ▁H ap ▁& ▁Harry ' s ▁ ▁– ▁Nash ville ▁ ▁Hard ing ▁House ▁B rew ing ▁Company ▁– ▁Nash ville ▁ ▁Hon
ky ▁Ton k ▁B rew ing ▁Company ▁– ▁Nash ville ▁ ▁Jack al ope ▁B rew ing ▁Company ▁– ▁Nash ville ▁ ▁J ub ile e ▁C raft ▁Be er ▁Company ▁– ▁Nash ville ▁▁▁ ▁Little ▁Har p eth ▁B rew ing ▁– ▁Nash ville ▁ ▁Music ▁City ▁Be er ▁Company ▁– ▁Nash ville ▁ ▁Nash ville ▁B rew ing ▁Company ▁– ▁Nash ville ▁ ▁New ▁He ights ▁B rew ing ▁Company ▁– ▁Nash ville ▁ ▁Smith ▁& ▁L ent z ▁B rew ing ▁– ▁Nash ville ▁ ▁Southern ▁Gr ist ▁B rew ing ▁Company ▁– ▁Nash ville ▁ ▁Rock ▁B ottom ▁R estaur ant ▁& ▁Bre wer y ▁– ▁Nash ville ▁ ▁T ail G ate ▁B rew ing ▁– ▁Nash ville ▁ ▁Tennessee ▁B rew ▁Works ▁– ▁Nash ville ▁ ▁T urt le ▁An archy ▁B rew ing ▁Company ▁– ▁Nash ville ▁ ▁Wild ▁G inger ▁B rew ing ▁Company ▁– ▁Nash ville ▁ ▁Y az oo ▁B rew ing ▁Company ▁– ▁Nash ville ▁ ▁Tri - C ities ▁area ▁( B rist ol / John son ▁City / K ings port ) ▁▁ ▁Br istol ▁Station ▁B rew s ▁& ▁T ap room ▁ ▁– ▁Br istol , ▁V A ▁ ▁E lder ▁B rew ▁ ▁– ▁Br istol , ▁T N ▁ ▁Great ▁Oak ▁B rew ing ▁– ▁Johnson ▁City ▁ ▁Gy ps y ▁Circ us ▁C ider ▁Company ▁▁ ▁– ▁Kings port ▁ ▁Hol ston ▁River ▁B rew ing ▁Company ▁– ▁Br istol , ▁T N ▁ ▁Johnson
▁City ▁B rew ing ▁Company ▁– ▁Johnson ▁City ▁ ▁J R H ▁B rew ing ▁– ▁Johnson ▁City ▁ ▁Little ▁Anim als ▁Bre wer y ▁– ▁Johnson ▁CI ty ▁ ▁S leep y ▁O w l ▁Bre wer y ▁– ▁Kings port ▁ ▁State ▁Street ▁B rew ing ▁– ▁Br istol , ▁V A ▁ ▁Studio ▁B rew – ▁Br istol , ▁V A ▁ ▁Y ee - H aw ▁B rew ing ▁Company ▁– ▁Johnson ▁City ▁ ▁Other ▁areas ▁ ▁East ▁Tennessee ▁ ▁C lin ch ▁River ▁B rew ing ▁– ▁Nor ris , ▁Kno x ville ▁▁ ▁Dep ot ▁Street ▁B rew ing ▁ ▁– ▁Jones borough ▁ ▁Mon key ▁Town ▁B rew ing ▁Company ▁ ▁– ▁Day ton ▁ ▁Round ▁ 6 ▁B rew ing ▁ ▁– ▁Mary ville ▁ ▁Sm ok y ▁Mountain ▁Bre wer y ▁– ▁G at lin burg , ▁Mary ville , ▁Oak ▁R idge , ▁P ige on ▁For ge , ▁Se vier ville , ▁Kno x ville ▁ ▁Tri - H op ▁Bre wer y ▁– ▁Mary ville ▁ ▁W yl ie ' s ▁C ider ▁Mill ▁– ▁Se vier ville ▁ ▁Middle ▁Tennessee ▁ ▁As g ard ▁B rew ing ▁Company ▁– ▁Columbia ▁Bad ▁Ide a ▁B rew ing ▁ ▁- ▁Columbia ▁▁ ▁B ri ars cr atch ▁Bre wer y ▁– ▁C ott ont own ▁Cal f k iller ▁B rew ing ▁Company ▁- ▁Spart a ▁ ▁Half ▁B atch ▁B rew ing ▁Company ▁ ▁– ▁Hend erson ville ▁ ▁Happy ▁Tra
ils ▁B rew ing ▁Co . ▁– ▁Spart a ▁ ▁Mill ▁Creek ▁B rew ing ▁Company ▁– ▁N ol ens ville ▁ ▁Ole ▁Sh ed ▁B rew ing ▁Company ▁– ▁Tul lahoma ▁ ▁West ▁Tennessee ▁ ▁Med d les ome ▁B rew ing ▁Company ▁– ▁Cord ova ▁ ▁Perry l od g ic ▁B rew ing ▁Company ▁– ▁Paris ▁ ▁Hub ▁City ▁B rew ing ▁– ▁Jackson ▁ ▁Form er ▁bre wer ies ▁ ▁Tennessee ▁Bre wer y , ▁M emph is ▁ 1 8 8 7 - 1 9 5 4 ▁ ▁Nash ville ▁B rew ing ▁Company , ▁Nash ville ▁ 1 8 5 9 - 1 8 9 0 ▁ ▁Mo er lein - G erst ▁B rew ing ▁Co ., ▁Nash ville ▁ 1 8 9 0 - 1 8 9 3 ▁ ▁William ▁Ger st ▁B rew ing ▁Co ., ▁Nash ville ▁ 1 8 9 3 - 1 9 5 4 ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁▁ ▁Be er ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁ ▁List ▁of ▁bre wer ies ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁ ▁List ▁of ▁micro bre wer ies ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁* ▁Tennessee ▁Category : T ennessee - related ▁lists <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Church ▁of ▁Saint ▁Cla re ▁() ▁is ▁a ▁Roman ▁Catholic ▁place ▁of ▁worship ▁located ▁in ▁the ▁city ▁of ▁Tur in , ▁Italy . ▁ ▁History ▁▁ ▁Origin ally ▁a ▁g oth ic ▁monaster y ▁belonging ▁to ▁the ▁Order ▁of ▁the ▁Po or ▁Cl ares ▁built ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 3 th ▁century , ▁Saint
▁Cla re ▁was ▁re built ▁and ▁rep or posed ▁as ▁a ▁church , ▁of ▁an ▁overall ▁smaller ▁size , ▁in ▁a ▁bar o que ▁style , ▁between ▁ 1 7 4 2 ▁and ▁ 1 7 4 5 ▁under ▁the ▁direction ▁of ▁architect ▁Bern ardo ▁Antonio ▁Vitt one , ▁himself ▁brother ▁of ▁two ▁n uns ▁of ▁the ▁Order . ▁The ▁Po or ▁Cl ares ▁would ▁continue ▁to ▁res ide ▁in ▁the ▁church ▁until ▁ 1 8 1 4 , ▁when ▁they ▁were ▁transferred ▁to ▁Car ign ano . ▁ ▁References ▁▁ ▁Category : 1 8 th - century ▁Roman ▁Catholic ▁church ▁buildings ▁Category : R oman ▁Catholic ▁churches ▁completed ▁in ▁ 1 7 4 5 ▁Category : 1 7 4 5 ▁establish ments ▁in ▁Italy ▁Category : R oman ▁Catholic ▁churches ▁in ▁Tur in ▁Category : Bar o que ▁architecture ▁in ▁P ied mont ▁Category : B ern ardo ▁Antonio ▁Vitt one ▁buildings <0x0A> </s> ▁Tr ent ▁Man ley ▁Ford ▁( born ▁January ▁ 1 5 , ▁ 1 9 7 9 ) ▁is ▁an ▁American ▁actor ▁and ▁model . ▁ ▁Life ▁and ▁career ▁Ford ▁was ▁born ▁in ▁Ak ron , ▁Ohio , ▁to ▁a ▁US ▁Navy ▁test ▁pilot ▁father ▁and ▁an ▁English ▁ste ward ess ▁mother , ▁from ▁B irmingham , ▁West ▁Mid lands . ▁He ▁moved ▁to ▁the ▁United ▁Kingdom ▁at ▁the ▁age ▁of ▁one ▁with ▁his ▁parents ▁and ▁grew ▁up ▁in ▁C rad ley ▁and ▁Mal vern ▁with ▁his ▁brother ▁and ▁two ▁sister s . ▁He ▁studied ▁English ▁at ▁Cla
re ▁College , ▁Cambridge ▁University . ▁ ▁Ford ▁star red ▁in ▁the ▁feature ▁films : ▁Deep ly , ▁G os ford ▁Park , ▁S lap ▁Her ... ▁She ' s ▁French ▁( re leased ▁in ▁the ▁U . S . ▁as ▁She ▁G ets ▁What ▁She ▁W ants ), ▁How ▁to ▁De al , ▁and ▁September ▁Da wn . ▁Ford ▁port rayed ▁Jean ▁Paul , ▁the ▁French ▁boy friend ▁of ▁Zo ey ▁Bart let ▁( El is abeth ▁M oss ' s ▁character ) ▁in ▁six ▁episodes ▁of ▁the ▁fourth ▁season ▁of ▁the ▁television ▁drama ▁The ▁West ▁Wing , ▁and ▁Super man ' s ▁future ▁enemy , ▁Mr . ▁M xyz pt l k , ▁in ▁the ▁fourth ▁season ▁episode ▁of ▁Small ville ▁titled ▁" J inx ". ▁Ford ▁appeared ▁as ▁Steve ▁in ▁one ▁episode ▁of ▁the ▁FO X / W B ▁sit com ▁Gr ounded ▁for ▁Life , ▁opposite ▁Don al ▁Log ue ▁and ▁Meg yn ▁Price . ▁Ford ▁played ▁Benjamin ▁Ch ow , ▁the ▁boy friend ▁of ▁Kat ▁War b ler ▁( L iz zy ▁Cap lan ' s ▁character ) ▁in ▁five ▁episodes ▁of ▁the ▁CBS ▁sit com ▁The ▁Class . ▁In ▁the ▁first ▁season ▁of ▁the ▁N BC ▁series ▁Life , ▁Ford ▁played ▁Jeff rey ▁Far mer , ▁opposite ▁Dam ian ▁Lewis . ▁ ▁Ford ▁was ▁the ▁leading ▁man ▁in ▁the ▁global ▁advert ising ▁campaign ▁for ▁Cal vin ▁Klein ▁perf ume ▁" E tern ity ▁M oment " ▁opposite ▁Sc ar lett ▁Joh ans son , ▁shot ▁by ▁Peter
▁Lind berg h . ▁Ford ▁has ▁also ▁appeared ▁in ▁advert ising ▁campaign s ▁for ▁G ap , ▁Aber c rom bie ▁& ▁F itch , ▁and ▁Valent ino . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 8 , ▁Ford ▁star red ▁in ▁the ▁love ▁story / th r iller ▁Re z ▁Bomb ▁about ▁a ▁Lak ota ▁girl ▁and ▁a ▁white ▁boy ▁who ▁are ▁very ▁much ▁in ▁love , ▁but ▁get ▁themselves ▁into ▁trouble ▁with ▁a ▁brut al ▁money ▁l ender . ▁ ▁Ford ▁played ▁a ▁v amp ire ▁named ▁Tre vor ▁in ▁three ▁episodes ▁of ▁The ▁C W ▁super natural ▁drama ▁The ▁V amp ire ▁Di aries . ▁In ▁November ▁ 2 0 1 1 , ▁Ford ▁appeared ▁in ▁one ▁episode ▁of ▁the ▁C W ▁drama ▁ 9 0 2 1 0 . ▁In ▁March ▁ 2 0 1 2 , ▁Ford ▁fil med ▁J . J . ▁Abr ams ' ▁C W ▁TV ▁pilot ▁Sh elter , ▁port ray ing ▁a ▁British ▁rock ▁star ▁named ▁Ty ler ▁Dean . ▁ ▁In ▁May ▁ 2 0 1 2 , ▁Ford ▁played ▁the ▁lead ▁role , ▁Alex , ▁in ▁a ▁short ▁film ▁titled ▁Sho ot ' er , ▁opposite ▁Nik ki ▁Six x , ▁directed ▁by ▁P . R . ▁Brown . ▁ ▁On ▁September ▁ 2 9 , ▁ 2 0 1 3 , ▁Ford ▁appeared ▁in ▁the ▁Season ▁ 6 ▁premi ere ▁episode ▁of ▁The ▁M ental ist ▁on ▁CBS . ▁ ▁Ford ▁star red ▁in ▁Burn ing ▁Blue , ▁a ▁military ▁drama
▁about ▁two ▁Navy ▁f ighter ▁pil ots ▁who ▁find ▁themselves ▁in ▁the ▁midst ▁of ▁a ▁forb idden ▁relationship , ▁throwing ▁their ▁lives ▁and ▁care ers ▁into ▁dis array . ▁L ions gate ▁released ▁the ▁film ▁on ▁June ▁ 6 , ▁ 2 0 1 4 . ▁ ▁On ▁August ▁ 6 , ▁ 2 0 1 4 , ▁Six x : A . M . ▁premier ed ▁their ▁music ▁video ▁for ▁the ▁single ▁" G otta ▁Get ▁It ▁Right " ▁off ▁their ▁Modern ▁V int age ▁album , ▁featuring ▁Ford . ▁ ▁On ▁January ▁ 9 , ▁ 2 0 1 5 , ▁Ford ▁began ▁film ing ▁Des ert ed ▁( 2 0 1 6 ▁film ), ▁a ▁thr iller ▁about ▁a ▁road ▁trip ▁out ▁to ▁Death ▁Valley ▁that ▁results ▁in ▁getting ▁hop eless ly ▁lost ▁in ▁the ▁most ▁st unning , ▁but ▁unf org iving ▁top ographical ▁terrain ▁on ▁the ▁planet . ▁The ▁film ▁also ▁stars ▁M isch a ▁Bart on . ▁ ▁Ford ▁star red ▁in ▁Super ior , ▁a ▁short ▁film ▁about ▁a ▁stranger ▁passing ▁through ▁town ▁who ▁spark s ▁a ▁te en age ▁girl ' s ▁desire ▁to ▁distinguish ▁herself ▁from ▁her ▁identical ▁tw in ▁sister . ▁The ▁film ▁premier ed ▁at ▁Sund ance ▁Film ▁Festival ▁on ▁January ▁ 2 3 , ▁ 2 0 1 5 . ▁ ▁He ▁is ▁in ▁a ▁relationship ▁with ▁American ▁actress ▁and ▁model ▁Natal ie ▁C ohen ▁as ▁of ▁March ▁ 2 0 1 1 . ▁ ▁Film ography ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External
▁links ▁ ▁Storm ▁Mod els ▁London : ▁Tr ent ▁Ford ▁Port folio ▁ ▁Tr ent ▁Ford ▁Film : ▁Burn ing ▁Blue ▁Tr ent ▁Ford ▁Film : ▁Re z ▁Bomb ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 7 9 ▁birth s ▁Category : Al umn i ▁of ▁Cla re ▁College , ▁Cambridge ▁Category : American ▁male ▁film ▁actors ▁Category : American ▁male ▁television ▁actors ▁Category : American ▁em igr ants ▁to ▁England ▁Category : American ▁people ▁of ▁English ▁descent ▁Category : English ▁male ▁film ▁actors ▁Category : English ▁male ▁models ▁Category : English ▁male ▁television ▁actors ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : M ale ▁actors ▁from ▁Ak ron , ▁Ohio ▁Category : Mil it ary ▁br ats ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁C rad ley , ▁West ▁Mid lands ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁Mal vern , ▁Wor c esters hire <0x0A> </s> ▁Frederick ▁August us ▁of ▁An halt - D ess au ▁() ▁( 2 3 ▁September ▁ 1 7 9 9 ▁– ▁ 4 ▁December ▁ 1 8 6 4 ), ▁was ▁a ▁German ▁prince ▁of ▁the ▁House ▁of ▁As can ia ▁from ▁the ▁An halt - D ess au ▁branch . ▁ ▁B irth ▁and ▁family ▁Frederick ▁was ▁born ▁in ▁D ess au ▁on ▁ 2 3 ▁September ▁ 1 7 9 9 ▁as ▁the ▁fourth ▁( but ▁third ▁surv iving ▁son ) ▁of ▁Frederick , ▁Her edit ary ▁Prince ▁of ▁An halt - D ess au , ▁by ▁his ▁wife ▁Land gra v ine ▁Am al ie ▁of ▁H esse -
Hom burg , ▁daughter ▁of ▁Frederick ▁V , ▁Land gra ve ▁of ▁H esse - Hom burg . ▁ ▁Mar riage ▁and ▁issue ▁In ▁Rum pen heim ▁Palace ▁in ▁Off en bach ▁am ▁Main ▁on ▁ 1 1 ▁September ▁ 1 8 3 2 , ▁Frederick ▁August us ▁married ▁Princess ▁Marie ▁Lu ise ▁Charlotte ▁of ▁H esse - K ass el ▁( b . ▁C open hagen , ▁ 9 ▁May ▁ 1 8 1 4 ▁- ▁d . ▁Schloss ▁H ohen burg , ▁ 2 8 ▁July ▁ 1 8 9 5 ). ▁She ▁was ▁a ▁daughter ▁of ▁Prince ▁William ▁of ▁H esse - K ass el ▁by ▁his ▁wife ▁Princess ▁Louise ▁Charlotte ▁of ▁Den mark , ▁a ▁sister ▁of ▁King ▁Christian ▁VIII ▁of ▁Den mark . ▁Marie ▁was ▁an ▁older ▁sister ▁of ▁the ▁later ▁Queen ▁Louise , ▁wife ▁of ▁King ▁Christian ▁IX ▁of ▁Den mark . ▁ ▁Frederick ▁and ▁Marie ▁had ▁three ▁daughters : ▁Ad ela ide ▁Marie ▁( b . ▁D ess au , ▁ 2 5 ▁December ▁ 1 8 3 3 ▁- ▁d . ▁Schloss ▁König stein , ▁ 2 4 ▁November ▁ 1 9 1 6 ), ▁married ▁on ▁ 2 3 ▁April ▁ 1 8 5 1 ▁to ▁Ad ol phe , ▁last ▁Duke ▁of ▁N ass au ▁and ▁first ▁Grand ▁Duke ▁of ▁Luxemb ourg . ▁The ▁current ▁Grand ▁Duke ▁of ▁Luxemb ourg , ▁Henri , ▁is ▁her ▁direct ▁desc endant . ▁Bath ild is ▁Am alg unde ▁( b . ▁D ess au , ▁
2 9 ▁December ▁ 1 8 3 7 ▁- ▁d . ▁Schloss ▁Nach od , ▁Boh emia , ▁ 1 0 ▁February ▁ 1 9 0 2 ), ▁married ▁on ▁ 3 0 ▁May ▁ 1 8 6 2 ▁to ▁Prince ▁William ▁of ▁Sch aum burg - Li ppe . ▁Her ▁el dest ▁daughter , ▁Charlotte , ▁was ▁the ▁wife ▁of ▁William ▁II , ▁the ▁last ▁King ▁of ▁Wür ttemberg ▁and , ▁through ▁one ▁of ▁her ▁younger ▁daughters , ▁Ad ela ide , ▁she ▁was ▁the ▁grand m other ▁of ▁the ▁last ▁head ▁of ▁the ▁W ett in ▁branch ▁of ▁Sax e - Al ten burg , ▁George ▁Mor itz . ▁H ilda ▁Charlotte ▁( b . ▁D ess au , ▁ 1 3 ▁December ▁ 1 8 3 9 ▁- ▁d . ▁D ess au , ▁ 2 2 ▁December ▁ 1 9 2 6 ). ▁ ▁Death ▁Prince ▁Frederick ▁died ▁on ▁ 4 ▁December ▁ 1 8 6 4 ▁in ▁D ess au . ▁Princess ▁Marie ▁surv ived ▁him ▁by ▁ 3 0 ▁years ▁and ▁died ▁on ▁ 2 8 ▁July ▁ 1 8 9 5 ▁in ▁Schloss ▁H ohen burg ▁in ▁L eng g ries ▁in ▁Bav aria . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : 1 7 9 9 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 8 6 4 ▁death s ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁D ess au - Ro ß lau ▁Category : Pr in ces ▁of ▁An halt - D ess au <0x0A> </s> ▁Be aver ▁Har bour ▁is ▁a
▁har bour ▁or ▁bay ▁on ▁northern ▁V ancouver ▁Island , ▁British ▁Columbia , ▁Canada , ▁located ▁to ▁the ▁east ▁of ▁the ▁town ▁of ▁Port ▁Hard y . ▁ ▁Be aver ▁Har bour ▁Provin cial ▁Park ▁was ▁located ▁on ▁the ▁west ▁side ▁of ▁the ▁bay ▁but ▁was ▁transferred ▁to ▁local ▁govern ance ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 0 . ▁ ▁History ▁and ▁name ▁origin ▁Spanish ▁command ers ▁Gal iano ▁and ▁Val de z ▁con ferred ▁the ▁name ▁Puerto ▁de ▁Gu emes ▁after ▁the ▁Vic ero y ▁of ▁Mexico . ▁ ▁The ▁har bour ▁was ▁label led ▁" Da ed alus ▁Har bour " ▁on ▁an ▁ 1 8 5 0 ▁sketch ▁by ▁a ▁Mr . ▁D illon ▁of ▁the ▁Royal ▁Navy , ▁after ▁; ▁the ▁name ▁" Be aver ▁Har bour " ▁first ▁appeared ▁on ▁Lieutenant ▁Mans ell ' s ▁ 1 8 5 1 ▁plan ▁of ▁the ▁har bour . ▁ ▁Be aver ▁Har bour , ▁like ▁Be aver ▁C ove , ▁was ▁named ▁for ▁, ▁the ▁first ▁steam ▁vessel ▁on ▁the ▁Pacific ▁North west ▁Coast , ▁which ▁was ▁in ▁service ▁to ▁the ▁Hudson ' s ▁Bay ▁Company ▁for ▁many ▁dec ades ▁until ▁w reck ed ▁at ▁Pro spect ▁Point ▁in ▁Stanley ▁Park , ▁V ancouver , ▁in ▁ 1 8 8 8 . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁Be aver ▁Har bour ▁( disambiguation ) ▁Be aver ▁( disambiguation ) ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : Port s ▁and ▁har b ours ▁of ▁British ▁Columbia ▁Category : B ays ▁of ▁British ▁Columbia ▁Category : N
or thern ▁V ancouver ▁Island <0x0A> </s> ▁" John ▁Jacob ▁J ing le heimer ▁Schmidt " ▁is ▁a ▁traditional ▁children ' s ▁song ▁that ▁origin ates ▁from ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁of ▁America . ▁The ▁song ▁consists ▁of ▁one ▁verse ▁repeated ▁over ▁and ▁over ▁again ▁while ▁increasing ▁in ▁volume ▁( or ▁decre asing , ▁except ▁for ▁the ▁closing ▁" da ▁da ▁da ..." ▁phrase ) ▁for ▁each ▁iteration , ▁although ▁there ▁have ▁also ▁been ▁versions ▁where ▁it ▁also ▁spe eds ▁up . ▁There ▁are ▁other ▁ways ▁of ▁singing ▁this ▁song ▁such ▁as ▁increasing ▁( ac cel er ando ) ▁or ▁decre asing ▁( rit ard ando ) ▁in ▁tempo ▁after ▁each ▁repet ition . ▁The ▁lyr ics ▁of ▁the ▁song ▁depend ▁on ▁who ▁is ▁singing . ▁ ▁L yr ics ▁and ▁mel ody ▁There ▁are ▁various ▁lyr ics ▁to ▁the ▁song ; ▁for ▁example , ▁the ▁following ▁is ▁one ▁version , ▁which ▁is ▁repeated ▁several ▁times , ▁often ▁while ▁alter ing ▁the ▁tempo ▁or ▁pitch : ▁ ▁Origin ▁While ▁the ▁orig ins ▁of ▁the ▁song ▁are ▁obsc ure , ▁some ▁evidence ▁places ▁its ▁roots ▁with ▁v au dev ille ▁and ▁theatre ▁acts ▁of ▁the ▁late ▁ 1 9 th ▁century ▁and ▁early ▁ 2 0 th ▁century ▁popular ▁in ▁imm igr ant ▁communities . ▁Some ▁v au dev ille ▁acts ▁during ▁the ▁era , ▁such ▁as ▁the ▁work ▁of ▁Joe ▁We ber ▁and ▁Lew ▁Field s , ▁often ▁gave ▁voice ▁to ▁shared ▁fr ustr ations ▁of ▁German - American ▁imm igr ants ▁and ▁heavily
▁lean ed ▁on ▁mal ap rop isms ▁and ▁difficulties ▁with ▁the ▁English ▁language ▁as ▁a ▁vehicle ▁for ▁its ▁humor . ▁Further , ▁" John ▁Jacob ▁J ing le heimer ▁Schmidt " ▁shares ▁many ▁characteristics ▁with ▁" My ▁Name ▁Is ▁Jan ▁J ansen ", ▁a ▁song ▁that ▁can ▁trace ▁its ▁origin ▁to ▁Swedish ▁v au dev ille ▁in ▁the ▁late ▁ 1 9 th ▁century . ▁ ▁By ▁the ▁mid - 2 0 th ▁century , ▁the ▁song ▁appears ▁to ▁have ▁already ▁become ▁widely ▁known . ▁In ▁ 1 9 3 1 , ▁the ▁El mi ra ▁Star ▁Gazette , ▁a ▁newspaper ▁in ▁up state ▁New ▁York , ▁reported ▁that ▁at ▁a ▁Boy ▁Sc out ▁gather ing ▁at ▁Sen eca ▁Lake , ▁as ▁sc outs ▁entered ▁the ▁mess ▁hall ▁" T ro op ▁ 1 8 ▁soon ▁burst ▁into ▁the ▁first ▁camp ▁song , ▁' John ▁Jacob ▁J ing le heimer ▁Smith ' ." ▁A ▁ 1 9 4 1 ▁Mil w au kee ▁Journal ▁article ▁also ▁refers ▁to ▁the ▁song , ▁with ▁the ▁same ▁alternate ▁sp elling ▁of ▁" John ▁Jacob ▁J ing le heimer ▁Smith ". ▁ ▁The ▁song ▁is ▁in def initely ▁repet itive , ▁like ▁" The ▁Song ▁That ▁Never ▁End s ", ▁" My ▁Name ▁Is ▁Jan ▁J ansen " ▁or , ▁" Michael ▁Finn eg an ". ▁ ▁Vers ions ▁of ▁this ▁song ▁also ▁appear ▁in ▁other ▁languages , ▁such ▁as ▁the ▁Spanish ▁rend ition , ▁" J uan ▁Pac o ▁Pedro ▁de ▁la ▁Mar ". ▁ ▁Notable
▁appearances ▁ ▁D addy ▁D ew drop ▁released ▁a ▁version ▁of ▁the ▁song , ▁entitled ▁" John ▁Jacob ▁J ing le heimer ▁Smith ", ▁as ▁the ▁B - side ▁to ▁his ▁ 1 9 7 1 ▁single , ▁" Ch ick - A - Bo om ▁( Don ' t ▁Ya ▁Jes ' ▁Love ▁It ) ". ▁ ▁Com edy ▁sci - fi ▁movie ▁Ro cket Man ▁( 1 9 9 7 ) ▁ ▁Fant asy ▁comedy - d rama ▁Disney ' s ▁The ▁Kid ▁( 2 0 0 0 ) ▁Disney ▁animated ▁movie ▁Rec ess : ▁School ' s ▁Out ▁( 2 0 0 1 ) ▁ ▁The ▁Andy ▁Griff ith ▁Show ▁episode ▁" Back ▁to ▁Nature " ▁( 1 9 6 4 , ▁season ▁ 4 , ▁episode ▁ 3 1 ). ▁ ▁The ▁song ▁is ▁the ▁first ▁thing ▁heard ▁in ▁a ▁late ▁ 1 9 7 0 ' s ▁commercial ▁for ▁a ▁mail ▁order ▁record ▁called ▁Children ' s ▁F avor ites ; ▁the ▁group ▁singing ▁it ▁and ▁the ▁other ▁songs ▁on ▁the ▁record ▁is ▁even ▁named ▁after ▁the ▁third ▁name ▁of ▁the ▁title , ▁the ▁J ing le heim ers . ▁ ▁The ▁song ▁is ▁featured ▁in ▁a ▁scene ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 9 9 4 ▁film ▁In ▁The ▁Army ▁Now ▁st arring ▁Paul y ▁Sh ore , ▁David ▁Alan ▁G rier , ▁Andy ▁Dick , ▁and ▁L ori ▁Pet ty . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁TV ▁show ▁Psych ▁episode ▁“ R ome o ▁and ▁Jul iet ▁and ▁Jul iet
” ▁( 2 0 1 0 , ▁season ▁ 5 , ▁episode ▁ 1 ), ▁Sh awn ▁uses ▁the ▁closely ▁related ▁" J on athan ▁Jacob ▁J ingly ▁Smith " ▁as ▁he ▁introdu ces ▁G us , ▁only ▁to ▁be ▁challeng ed ▁by ▁the ▁character ' s ▁incred ul ous ▁“ You ' re ▁saying ▁his ▁name ▁is ▁John ▁Jacob ▁J ing le heimer ▁Schmidt ?” ▁ ▁“ John ▁Jacob ▁J ing le heimer ▁Schmidt ” ▁is ▁the ▁name ▁of ▁Robin ▁Williams ’ ▁ ▁character ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 9 5 ▁movie , ▁To ▁W ong ▁Foo , ▁Thanks ▁for ▁Everything ! ▁Jul ie ▁New mar . ▁ ▁This ▁song ▁was ▁featured ▁in ▁various ▁episodes ▁of ▁Bar ney ▁& ▁Fri ends . ▁ ▁Jo el ▁Robinson , ▁Tom ▁Ser vo , ▁and ▁Crow ▁T . ▁Rob ot , ▁frequently ▁sing ▁the ▁song ▁during ▁the ▁Mon ster ▁a ▁Go - Go ▁episode ▁of ▁Myst ery ▁Science ▁Theater ▁ 3 0 0 0 . ▁ ▁Dave ▁Ch app elle ▁subt ly ▁referenced ▁the ▁song ▁and ▁its ▁lyr ics ▁in ▁his ▁Net fli x ▁special , ▁Dave ▁Ch app elle : ▁Equ anim ity . ▁ ▁Hol ly ▁Gib ney ▁( play ed ▁by ▁Just ine ▁Lu pe ) ▁is ▁found ▁mut ter ing ▁the ▁song ▁as ▁a ▁cal ming ▁technique ▁for ▁a ▁pan ic ▁attack ▁in ▁Season ▁ 3 ▁E pisode ▁ 6 ▁of ▁Mr . ▁Mer cedes . ▁ ▁Note ▁and ▁references ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁Music ▁and ▁lyr ics ▁on ▁www . man
yth ings . org ▁ ▁Category : D addy ▁D ew drop ▁songs ▁Category : English ▁children ' s ▁songs ▁Category : Tr ad itional ▁children ' s ▁songs ▁Category : S ongs ▁about ▁fict ional ▁male ▁characters <0x0A> </s> ▁At ▁least ▁six ▁special ▁routes ▁of ▁U . S . ▁Route ▁ 1 8 ▁have ▁existed . ▁ ▁Ex isting ▁ ▁Hot ▁Spr ings ▁by pass ▁ ▁U . S . ▁Route 1 8 ▁B yp ass ▁( US 1 8 ▁B yp .) ▁is ▁a ▁by pass ▁around ▁the ▁Hot ▁Spr ings , ▁South ▁Dak ota , ▁city ▁center . ▁It ▁begins ▁on ▁the ▁west ▁side ▁of ▁Hot ▁Spr ings ▁at ▁an ▁intersection ▁with ▁US 1 8 ▁and ▁travel s ▁in ▁a ▁sout he aster ly ▁direction . ▁It ▁sk ir ts ▁the ▁western ▁and ▁southern ▁edges ▁of ▁the ▁city ▁and ▁meets ▁South ▁Dak ota ▁Highway 7 1 ▁( SD 7 1 ) ▁close ▁to ▁the ▁point ▁where ▁the ▁route ▁turns ▁east . ▁It ▁ends ▁at ▁US 1 8 / US 3 8 5 ▁in ▁the ▁sout he astern ▁corner ▁of ▁the ▁city . ▁ ▁Mason ▁City ▁business ▁loop ▁ ▁U . S . ▁Highway 1 8 ▁Business ▁( US 1 8 ▁Business ) ▁begins ▁at ▁a ▁diam ond ▁inter change ▁with ▁Inter state 3 5 ▁( I - 3 5 ) ▁on ▁the ▁eastern ▁edge ▁of ▁Clear ▁Lake . ▁The ▁route , ▁over la pped ▁by ▁Iowa ▁Highway 1 2
2 ▁( I owa 1 2 2 ), ▁begins ▁as ▁a ▁four - lane ▁divided ▁highway , ▁serving ▁the ▁Mason ▁City ▁Municipal ▁Airport ▁before ▁entering ▁Mason ▁City ▁proper . ▁Between ▁Eisen h ower ▁and ▁Jefferson ▁Aven ues ▁in ▁Mason ▁City , ▁the ▁highway ▁is ▁und iv ided . ▁This ▁road ▁is ▁the ▁primary ▁east – west ▁ar tery ▁through ▁Mason ▁City . ▁At ▁Jefferson ▁Avenue , ▁US 1 8 ▁Business ▁/ ▁Iowa 1 2 2 ▁separate ▁into ▁a ▁pair ▁of ▁one - way ▁streets , ▁remaining ▁in ▁this ▁configuration ▁through ▁the ▁dow nt own ▁area ▁where ▁the ▁Park ▁Inn ▁Hotel , ▁one ▁of ▁Frank ▁Lloyd ▁Wright ' s ▁few ▁commercial ▁buildings , ▁res ides . ▁They ▁intersect ▁US 6 5 ▁at ▁Federal ▁Street . ▁US 1 8 ▁Business ▁turns ▁to ▁the ▁south ▁to ▁follow ▁US 6 5 . ▁The ▁business ▁loop ▁rejo ins ▁its ▁parent ▁route ▁south ▁of ▁the ▁city ▁limits . ▁ ▁Mar qu ette – Mc G reg or ▁business ▁loop ▁ ▁U . S . ▁Highway 1 8 ▁Business ▁( US 1 8 ▁Business ) ▁begins ▁at ▁an ▁intersection ▁with ▁US 1 8 ▁west ▁of ▁McG reg or . ▁The ▁route ▁desc ends ▁into ▁the ▁Mississippi ▁River ▁valley ▁along ▁the ▁northern ▁border ▁of ▁P ikes ▁Pe ak ▁State ▁Park ▁and ▁then ▁turns ▁into ▁McG reg or . ▁Through ▁McG reg or , ▁US 1 8 ▁Business ▁heads ▁to ▁the ▁n ortheast ▁towards ▁the ▁Mississippi ▁River . ▁Al ong ▁the ▁river
, ▁the ▁highway ▁is ▁parallel ▁to ▁the ▁Dak ota , ▁Minnesota ▁and ▁Eastern ▁Rail road ▁( DM & E ▁Rail road ). ▁For ▁, ▁US 1 8 ▁Business ▁travel s ▁a ▁narrow ▁strip ▁of ▁land ▁between ▁the ▁river ▁and ▁the ▁bl uff s ▁where ▁it ▁passes ▁a ▁river bo at ▁cas ino . ▁At ▁Mar qu ette , ▁US 1 8 ▁Business ▁ends ▁at ▁the ▁foot ▁of ▁the ▁Mar qu ette – J ol iet ▁Bridge , ▁which ▁car ries ▁US 1 8 ▁to ▁Pra irie ▁du ▁Ch ien , ▁Wisconsin . ▁ ▁Mount ▁H ore b ▁business ▁loop ▁ ▁U . S . ▁Highway 1 8 ▁Business ▁( US 1 8 ▁Business ) ▁is ▁a ▁former ▁segment ▁of ▁US 1 8 / 1 5 1 ▁between ▁Ex its ▁ 6 5 ▁and ▁ 6 9 ▁within ▁Mount ▁H ore b . ▁ ▁The ▁route ▁is ▁also ▁shared ▁by ▁US ▁ 1 5 1 ▁Business , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁parts ▁of ▁Wisconsin ▁Highway ▁ 7 8 ▁and ▁D ane ▁County ▁Road ▁ID . ▁ ▁Ver ona ▁business ▁loop ▁ ▁U . S . ▁Highway 1 8 ▁Business ▁( US 1 8 ▁Business ) ▁is ▁a ▁former ▁segment ▁of ▁US 1 8 / 1 5 1 ▁within ▁Ver ona . ▁ ▁The ▁route ▁is ▁also ▁shared ▁by ▁US ▁ 1 5 1 ▁Business ▁and ▁D ane ▁County ▁Road ▁M V . ▁US ▁ 1 8 ▁Business / 1 5 1 ▁Business / CR ▁M V
▁begins ▁at ▁a ▁pair ▁of ▁fly over ▁inter changes ▁with ▁US 1 8 / 1 5 1 ▁on ▁Exit ▁ 7 6 ▁west ▁of ▁Ver ona . ▁East bound ▁Exit ▁ 7 6 ▁runs ▁directly ▁into ▁the ▁business ▁routes ▁on ▁West ▁Ver ona ▁Avenue , ▁while ▁west bound ▁Exit ▁ 7 6 ▁connect s ▁to ▁the ▁business ▁routes ▁by ▁way ▁of ▁Ep ic ▁Lane . ▁From ▁there , ▁the ▁business ▁routes ▁run ▁east - n ortheast ▁as ▁a ▁four - lane ▁divided ▁highway ▁until ▁the ▁intersection ▁with ▁Leg ion ▁Street , ▁where ▁it ▁becomes ▁a ▁local ▁two - lane ▁und iv ided ▁road . ▁At ▁the ▁intersection ▁with ▁North ▁and ▁South ▁Main ▁Stre ets ▁( D ane ▁County ▁Road ▁M ), ▁West ▁Ver ona ▁Avenue ▁becomes ▁East ▁Ver ona ▁Avenue , ▁making ▁a ▁brief ▁reverse ▁curve ▁to ▁the ▁left ▁before ▁returning ▁to ▁its ▁previous ▁traject ory ▁at ▁School ▁Street ▁and ▁becoming ▁a ▁four - lane ▁divided ▁highway ▁east ▁of ▁there . ▁US ▁B US ▁ 1 8 / 1 5 1 / CR ▁M V ▁ends ▁east ▁of ▁Ver ona ▁at ▁Exit ▁ 8 1 ▁on ▁US ▁ 1 8 / 1 5 1 , ▁but ▁only ▁with ▁an ▁east bound ▁on - r amp ▁and ▁west bound ▁off - r amp . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁References ▁▁▁ ▁* 1 8 ▁ 1 8 ▁S 1 8 ▁ 1 8 <0x0A> </s> ▁Of ▁the ▁W and ▁& ▁the ▁Moon ▁( st yl ized ▁as ▁: Of ▁the ▁W and ▁& ▁the
▁Moon :) ▁is ▁the ▁ne of olk / ex perimental ▁project ▁of ▁Dan ish ▁music ian ▁Kim ▁Lars en ▁and ▁various ▁guest ▁contrib utors . ▁ ▁Over view ▁After ▁irre con cil able ▁differences ▁with ▁his ▁previous ▁musical ▁project , ▁Sat urn us , ▁Lars en ▁began ▁writing ▁music ▁of ▁a ▁different ▁ve in , ▁similar ▁in ▁style ▁to ▁his ▁ne of olk ▁influ ences . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 9 9 , ▁the ▁debut ▁: Of ▁the ▁W and ▁& ▁the ▁Moon : ▁album ▁was ▁released , ▁titled ▁Night time ▁Night rh ym es . ▁▁ 2 0 0 1 ▁saw ▁the ▁release ▁of ▁a ▁second ▁: Of ▁the ▁W and ▁& ▁the ▁Moon : ▁release ▁titled ▁: Em pt iness : Em pt iness : Em pt iness : . ▁ ▁After ▁the ▁release ▁of ▁a ▁split ▁album ▁with ▁Sol ▁Inv ict us ▁and ▁a ▁few ▁vin yl ▁singles , ▁a ▁collection ▁of ▁b - s ides , ▁taken ▁from ▁the ▁: Em pt iness : Em pt iness : Em pt iness : ▁sessions , ▁titled ▁Luc ifer , ▁was ▁released ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 3 . ▁ ▁A ▁third ▁album , ▁S onnen heim , ▁was ▁released ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 5 . ▁Here , ▁the ▁music ▁be ars ▁a ▁strong ▁res embl ance ▁to ▁that ▁of ▁ne of olk ▁pione ers ▁Death ▁in ▁June . ▁ ▁After ▁a ▁ 6 - year ▁silence , ▁a ▁fourth ▁album , ▁The ▁L one ▁Des cent , ▁was
▁released ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 1 . ▁It ▁features ▁more ▁contemporary ▁influ ences ▁and ▁a ▁rich er ▁production . ▁The ▁album ▁was ▁received ▁with ▁great ▁critical ▁acc laim ▁and ▁is ▁considered ▁a ▁ne of olk ▁master pie ce . ▁ ▁Disc ography ▁ ▁Albums ▁and ▁EP s ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Official ▁Official ▁: Of ▁The ▁W and ▁& ▁The ▁Moon : ▁Site ▁Official ▁: Of ▁The ▁W and ▁& ▁The ▁Moon : ▁Mys pace ▁Official ▁: Of ▁The ▁W and ▁& ▁The ▁Moon : ▁Facebook ▁ ▁Re views ▁Review ▁of ▁" The ▁L one ▁Des c end " ▁on ▁He ath en ▁Har vest ▁Review ▁of ▁" L uc ifer " ▁on ▁S put nik ▁Music ▁ ▁Category : Dan ish ▁folk ▁music ▁groups ▁Category : Ne of olk ▁music ▁groups <0x0A> </s> ▁Staff ▁Serge ant ▁Eric ▁F idel is ▁Al va ▁( born ▁December ▁ 1 9 , ▁ 1 9 7 0 ) ▁was ▁the ▁first ▁Marine ▁seriously ▁injured ▁in ▁the ▁Ira q ▁War . ▁On ▁March ▁ 2 1 , ▁ 2 0 0 3 , ▁he ▁was ▁in ▁charge ▁of ▁ 1 1 ▁Mar ines ▁in ▁a ▁supply ▁unit ▁when ▁he ▁stepped ▁on ▁a ▁land ▁mine ▁and ▁lost ▁his ▁right ▁leg . ▁ ▁Al va , ▁a ▁native ▁of ▁San ▁Antonio , ▁Texas , ▁grew ▁up ▁in ▁a ▁military ▁family . ▁He ▁graduated ▁from ▁high ▁school ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 9 , ▁we igh ing ▁just ▁ 9 0 ▁pounds . ▁He ▁joined ▁the
▁United ▁States ▁Marine ▁Corps ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 0 ▁at ▁the ▁age ▁of ▁ 1 9 ▁when ▁he ▁already ▁knew ▁he ▁was ▁gay ▁and ▁the ▁U . S . ▁military ▁ex cluded ▁all ▁g ays ▁and ▁les bi ans ▁from ▁service , ▁open ▁or ▁not . ▁He ▁served ▁for ▁ 1 3 ▁years , ▁including ▁post ings ▁in ▁Ok ina wa ▁and ▁Som alia . ▁For ▁much ▁of ▁his ▁career , ▁he ▁was ▁out ▁to ▁his ▁fellow ▁Mar ines . ▁ ▁He ▁began ▁working ▁as ▁a ▁sp okes man ▁for ▁the ▁Human ▁Rights ▁Camp aign ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 6 . ▁In ▁February ▁ 2 0 0 7 , ▁he ▁joined ▁Democratic ▁Rep . ▁Mart y ▁Me e han ▁of ▁Massachusetts ▁and ▁a ▁b ipart isan ▁group ▁of ▁House ▁members ▁when ▁they ▁re int rodu ced ▁the ▁Military ▁Read iness ▁En h ancement ▁Act , ▁legisl ation ▁that ▁would ▁repe al ▁the ▁" don ' t ▁ask , ▁don ' t ▁tell " ▁( D AD T ) ▁policy ▁regarding ▁service ▁in ▁the ▁U . S . ▁armed ▁forces ▁on ▁the ▁part ▁of ▁g ays ▁and ▁les bi ans . ▁ ▁Al va ▁then ▁served ▁as ▁the ▁Grand ▁Marsh al ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁Chicago ▁Gay ▁and ▁Les bian ▁P ride ▁para de ▁on ▁Sunday , ▁June ▁ 2 9 , ▁ 2 0 0 8 . ▁ ▁On ▁July ▁ 2 3 , ▁ 2 0 0 8 , ▁Al va ▁test ified ▁about ▁D AD T
▁before ▁a ▁sub comm ittee ▁of ▁the ▁House ▁Ar med ▁Services ▁Committee . ▁He ▁said : ▁" Unit ▁coh es ion ▁is ▁essential . ▁What ▁my ▁experience ▁proves , ▁they ▁are ▁wrong ▁about ▁how ▁to ▁achieve ▁it . ▁My ▁being ▁gay ▁and ▁even ▁many ▁of ▁my ▁colle agues ▁knowing ▁about ▁it ▁didn ’ t ▁damage ▁unit ▁coh es ion . ▁They ▁put ▁their ▁lives ▁in ▁my ▁hands , ▁and ▁when ▁I ▁was ▁injured , ▁they ▁risk ed ▁their ▁lives ▁to ▁save ▁mine ." ▁He ▁described ▁int imate ▁living ▁conditions ▁while ▁station ed ▁in ▁Som alia . ▁He ▁also ▁reported ▁convers ations ▁with ▁military ▁personnel ▁from ▁other ▁countries ▁in ▁which ▁they ▁uniformly ▁expressed ▁surprise ▁that ▁" our ▁Nation ▁is ▁so ▁further ▁behind ▁others ▁when ▁we ▁seem ▁to ▁be ▁the ▁fore front ▁of ▁trying ▁to ▁be ▁the ▁example ." ▁ ▁In ▁an ▁interview ▁with ▁the ▁Chicago ▁Trib une , ▁General ▁Peter ▁P ace ▁said , ▁" I ▁believe ▁hom osex ual ▁acts ▁between ▁individuals ▁are ▁imm oral ." ▁Al va ▁commented : ▁" H is ▁remarks ▁were ▁ins ens itive ▁and ▁dis res pect ful ▁to ▁the ▁thousands ▁of ▁men ▁and ▁women ▁who ▁are ▁serving ▁in ▁the ▁military ▁at ▁this ▁current ▁time ▁under ▁the ▁policy ." ▁In ▁December ▁ 2 0 1 0 , ▁Marine ▁Corps ▁command ant ▁Gen . ▁James ▁F . ▁Am os ▁said ▁the ▁presence ▁of ▁hom osex uals ▁in ▁the ▁mar ines ▁would ▁pose ▁a ▁" dist raction " ▁and ▁that ▁" I ▁don ' t ▁want ▁to ▁have ▁any ▁Mar
ines ▁that ▁I ' m ▁visit ing ▁at ▁Beth es da ▁[ National ▁Naval ▁Medical ▁Center ] ▁with ▁no ▁legs ▁be ▁the ▁result ▁of ▁any ▁type ▁of ▁dist raction ." ▁Al va ▁commented : ▁" He ▁pretty ▁much ▁sp it ▁on ▁me , ▁my ▁Pur ple ▁Heart , ▁and ▁my ▁ 1 3 ▁years ▁of ▁service . ▁I ▁would ▁definitely ▁ask ▁Am os ▁for ▁a ▁meeting ▁to ▁explain ▁his ▁comments , ▁and ▁I ’ d ▁bring ▁my ▁Pur ple ▁Heart ▁with ▁me ." ▁ ▁Qu otes ▁" I ▁come ▁from ▁a ▁family ▁of ▁serv ic emen . ▁My ▁d ad , ▁F idel is , ▁is ▁a ▁Vietnam ▁v et . ▁My ▁grand father , ▁also ▁named ▁F idel is , ▁was ▁a ▁World ▁War ▁II ▁and ▁Korean ▁War ▁veter an . ▁I ▁was ▁named ▁after ▁them . ▁My ▁middle ▁name ▁is ▁F idel is . ▁F idel is ▁means ▁faithful ." ▁" We ' re ▁losing ▁probably ▁thousands ▁of ▁men ▁and ▁women ▁that ▁are ▁sk illed ▁at ▁certain ▁types ▁of ▁jobs , ▁from ▁air ▁traffic ▁controllers ▁to ▁lingu ists , ▁because ▁of ▁this ▁broken ▁policy ." ▁Res pond ing ▁to ▁a ▁question ▁about ▁whether ▁being ▁in ▁the ▁clos et ▁affected ▁him : ▁" On ▁a ▁professional ▁level , ▁no , ▁because ▁I ▁knew ▁I ▁had ▁a ▁job ▁to ▁do . ▁On ▁a ▁personal ▁level , ▁in ▁some ▁ways , ▁yes , ▁because ▁it ▁was ▁hard ▁for ▁me ▁to ▁live ▁sometimes ▁knowing ▁that ▁I ▁was ▁alone ▁or ▁that ▁I ▁couldn ' t ▁be
▁open ▁about ▁who ▁I ▁wanted ▁to ▁date ." ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁Eric ▁Al va ▁holds ▁a ▁press ▁conference ▁for ▁the ▁repe al ▁of ▁Don ' t ▁Ask ▁Don ' t ▁Tell ▁W ounded , ▁Marine ▁and ▁gay ▁H RC : ▁Eric ▁Al va ▁Com es ▁Out ▁Again st ▁' Don ' t ▁Ask ▁Don ' t ▁Tell ' ▁Gay ▁Marine ▁rocks ▁the ▁US ▁military ▁Eric ▁Al va ▁at ▁The ▁H uff ington ▁Post ▁Al va ▁interview ed ▁by ▁M iche le ▁Nor ris ▁Pa ula ▁Z ahn ▁interview ▁of ▁Eric ▁Al va ▁in ▁Response ▁to ▁P ace ▁Comment s ▁His pan ic ▁war ▁veter an ▁hon ored ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 7 1 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁San ▁Antonio ▁Category : Un ited ▁States ▁Mar ines ▁Category : American ▁Marine ▁Corps ▁personnel ▁of ▁the ▁Ira q ▁War ▁Category : L GB T ▁rights ▁activ ists ▁from ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Category : L GB T ▁people ▁from ▁Texas ▁Category : American ▁am put ees ▁Category : Land mine ▁vict ims ▁Category : American ▁L GB T ▁military ▁personnel ▁Category : G ay ▁military ▁personnel ▁Category : G ay ▁men ▁Category : Activ ists ▁from ▁Texas ▁Category : L GB T ▁His pan ic ▁and ▁Lat ino ▁American ▁people <0x0A> </s> ▁CO WI ▁A / S ▁is ▁an ▁international ▁consult ing ▁group , ▁special ising ▁in ▁engineering , ▁environmental ▁science ▁and ▁econom ics , ▁with ▁headquarters ▁in ▁Ly ng by , ▁Den mark .
▁ ▁It ▁has ▁been ▁involved ▁in ▁more ▁than ▁ 5 0 , 0 0 0 ▁projects ▁in ▁ 1 7 5 ▁countries ▁and ▁has ▁approximately ▁ 7 , 3 0 0 ▁employees , ▁including ▁engine ers , ▁bi olog ists , ▁ge olog ists , ▁econom ists , ▁survey ors , ▁anth rop olog ists , ▁soci olog ists ▁and ▁architect s . ▁ ▁History ▁CO WI ▁was ▁founded ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 0 ▁by ▁civil ▁engineer ▁Christ en ▁Osten feld . ▁W rib org ▁W . ▁J ø n son ▁became ▁a ▁partner ▁ 1 6 ▁years ▁later . ▁From ▁ 1 9 4 6 ▁to ▁ 1 9 7 3 , ▁the ▁company ▁operated ▁as ▁a ▁partners hip ▁under ▁the ▁name ▁of ▁Chr . ▁Osten feld ▁& ▁W . ▁J ø n son . ▁The ▁initial s ▁of ▁the ▁two ▁senior ▁partners ▁l ent ▁the ▁company ▁its ▁name . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 7 3 , ▁the ▁company ▁became ▁foundation - owned ▁enter prise ▁and ▁was ▁renamed ▁CO WI cons ult , ▁Cons ult ing ▁Engine ers ▁and ▁Pl ann ers ▁AS . ▁In ▁ 1 9 9 5 , ▁the ▁company ▁changed ▁its ▁name ▁to ▁CO WI ▁Cons ult ing ▁Engine ers ▁and ▁Pl ann ers ▁AS , ▁eventually ▁becoming ▁CO WI ▁A / S ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 1 . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁the ▁firm ▁bought ▁Fl int ▁& ▁Ne ill , ▁a ▁UK ▁civil ▁and ▁struct ural ▁engineering ▁consult ancy ▁special
ising ▁in ▁brid ges . ▁ ▁In ▁November ▁ 2 0 1 4 , ▁the ▁firm ▁acquired ▁Donald son ▁Associ ates ▁Ltd , ▁a ▁UK ▁base ▁t unn eling ▁special ist ▁company . ▁ ▁At ▁the ▁time ▁of ▁ac quisition , ▁Donald son ▁Associ ates ▁Ltd ▁had ▁ 1 5 0 ▁staff , ▁operating ▁from ▁ 5 ▁UK ▁offices ▁and ▁one ▁international ▁office ▁in ▁Hong ▁Kong . ▁ ▁In ▁November ▁ 2 0 1 8 , ▁the ▁firm ▁acquired ▁Ark item a ▁Arch itect s , ▁a ▁dan ish ▁architecture ▁firm . ▁ ▁At ▁the ▁time ▁of ▁ac quisition , ▁Ark item a ▁Arch itect s ▁has ▁ 5 5 0 ▁staff , ▁operating ▁from ▁ 5 ▁offices ▁in ▁the ▁nord ics . ▁Ark item a ▁Arch itect s ▁is ▁the ▁largest ▁ac quisition ▁of ▁CO WI ▁to ▁date . ▁ ▁O wn ership ▁CO WI ▁Hold ing ▁A / S ▁is ▁an ▁un list ed ▁Dan ish ▁public ▁limited ▁li ability ▁company ▁joint ly ▁owned ▁by ▁the ▁CO W If onden ▁( the ▁CO W If ound ation ) ▁holding ▁ 8 5 % ▁of ▁shares ▁with ▁the ▁remaining ▁ 1 5 % ▁of ▁company ▁shares ▁held ▁by ▁current ▁and ▁former ▁employees ▁from ▁eight ▁different ▁countries ▁where ▁CO WI ▁oper ates . ▁The ▁company ▁regards ▁employee ▁share hold ers ▁as ▁co - own ers . ▁The ▁current ▁company ▁structure ▁was ▁adapted ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 0 . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁▁ Ø res und ▁Bridge ▁ ▁Stra it ▁of ▁Mess ina
▁Bridge ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Official ▁site ▁( English ) ▁In - depth ▁company ▁history ▁( English ) ▁ ▁Category : Engine ering ▁consult ing ▁fir ms ▁Category : Const ruction ▁and ▁civil ▁engineering ▁companies ▁of ▁Den mark ▁Category : Service ▁companies ▁based ▁in ▁C open hagen ▁Category : Comp an ies ▁based ▁in ▁Ly ng by - T aar b æ k ▁Municip ality ▁Category : Dan ish ▁companies ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 0 ▁Category : Const ruction ▁and ▁civil ▁engineering ▁companies ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 1 ▁Category : Des ign ▁companies ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 9 0 1 ▁Category : St rait ▁of ▁Mess ina ▁Bridge <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Lamb ton ▁Kent ▁District ▁School ▁Board ▁( known ▁as ▁English - language ▁Public ▁District ▁School ▁Board ▁No . ▁ 1 0 ▁prior ▁to ▁ 1 9 9 9 ) ▁is ▁the ▁school ▁board ▁responsible ▁for ▁public ▁education ▁in ▁Lamb ton ▁County ▁and ▁Kent ▁County . ▁Lamb ton ▁and ▁Kent ▁Count ies ▁are ▁made ▁up ▁of ▁numerous ▁small ▁towns ▁and ▁communities ▁situated ▁in ▁South western ▁Ontario , ▁a ▁ge ographic ▁area ▁surrounded ▁by ▁the ▁Great ▁L akes . ▁The ▁board ▁serves ▁over ▁ 2 1 , 0 0 0 ▁elementary ▁and ▁high ▁school ▁students . ▁S urr ounding ▁towns ▁and ▁communities ▁include ▁Whe at ley , ▁T il bury , ▁Mer lin , ▁B len heim , ▁Ch ath am , ▁R idget own , ▁Th ames ville , ▁Dresden , ▁Wal lace burg , ▁Both well
, ▁Mo oret own , ▁Cor un na , ▁S arn ia , ▁Brig den , ▁Pet rol ia , ▁Al v inst on , ▁Point ▁Edward , ▁Wy oming , ▁Wat ford , ▁Forest , ▁Grand ▁B end , ▁and ▁Wy oming . ▁ ▁Board ▁offices ▁ ▁The ▁L K D SB ▁has ▁two ▁board ▁office ▁locations , ▁one ▁in ▁Ch ath am , ▁Ontario ▁and ▁one ▁in ▁S arn ia , ▁Ontario , ▁the ▁two ▁biggest ▁cities ▁in ▁the ▁area ▁they ▁serve . ▁ ▁Second ary ▁schools ▁ ▁The ▁high ▁schools ▁or ▁secondary ▁schools ▁managed ▁by ▁the ▁Board ▁are : ▁ ▁Element ary ▁schools ▁ ▁The ▁elementary ▁schools ▁managed ▁by ▁the ▁Board ▁are : ▁ ▁Ad ult ▁and ▁Cont inu ing ▁Education ▁ ▁The ▁Lamb ton ▁Kent ▁District ▁School ▁Board ▁offers ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁programs ▁for ▁those ▁wanting ▁to ▁continue ▁or ▁complete ▁their ▁education . ▁ ▁Community ▁Use ▁of ▁School s ▁ ▁The ▁Community ▁Use ▁of ▁School s ▁initi ative ▁is ▁a ▁way ▁of ▁making ▁school ▁facilities ▁accessible ▁to ▁the ▁public . ▁Such ▁facilities ▁include ▁class rooms , ▁g ymnas iums , ▁aud itor iums , ▁and ▁more . ▁The ▁r ental ▁fe es ▁can ▁range ▁from ▁as ▁little ▁as ▁$ 1 . 5 0 ▁a ▁night ▁to ▁as ▁much ▁as ▁$ 1 2 5 . 0 0 ▁per ▁night , ▁plus ▁applicable ▁staff . ▁Qu ite ▁often ▁the ▁staff ▁will ▁include ▁jan itors ▁( if ▁outside ▁their ▁regularly ▁scheduled ▁hours ), ▁but ▁in ▁some ▁cases ▁may ▁included ▁special ized ▁staff
▁for ▁aud itor ium ▁rent als . ▁These ▁staff ▁are ▁often ▁spe cially ▁trained ▁students , ▁but ▁sometimes ▁are ▁outside ▁profession als ▁brought ▁in ▁by ▁the ▁host ▁school ▁to ▁accommod ate ▁the ▁r enter ' s ▁needs . ▁Sem in ars , ▁corpor ate ▁events , ▁dance ▁rec it als , ▁and ▁community ▁theatre ▁groups ▁are ▁the ▁most ▁common ▁rent ers ▁of ▁the ▁aud itor ium , ▁whereas ▁local ▁sports ▁tournament s ▁are ▁the ▁most ▁common ▁rent ers ▁of ▁the ▁g ymnas iums . ▁ ▁Pres ent ations ▁that ▁have ▁occurred ▁in ▁these ▁facilities ▁include ▁a ▁presentation ▁from ▁Chris ▁Had field , ▁and ▁amateur ▁produ ctions ▁of ▁musical s ▁such ▁as ▁Les ▁M isé rab les , ▁Disney ' s ▁Beaut y ▁and ▁the ▁Be ast , ▁Wil ly ▁W on ka , ▁Ph antom ▁of ▁the ▁Opera , ▁and ▁more . ▁ ▁Social ▁media ▁ ▁The ▁Lamb ton ▁Kent ▁District ▁School ▁Board ▁oper ates ▁two ▁social ▁media ▁accounts , ▁one ▁on ▁Twitter ▁ ▁and ▁the ▁other ▁on ▁Facebook . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁St . ▁Cla ir ▁Catholic ▁District ▁School ▁Board ▁List ▁of ▁school ▁districts ▁in ▁Ontario ▁List ▁of ▁high ▁schools ▁in ▁Ontario ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Category : Sch ool ▁districts ▁in ▁Ontario ▁Category : E ducation ▁in ▁Ch ath am - K ent ▁Category : E ducation ▁in ▁Lamb ton ▁County ▁Category : E ducation ▁in ▁S arn ia <0x0A> </s> ▁Jam éric ourt ▁is ▁a ▁commune ▁in ▁the ▁O ise ▁department ▁in ▁northern ▁France . ▁ ▁See ▁also
▁ ▁Comm unes ▁of ▁the ▁O ise ▁department ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁IN SEE ▁ ▁Category : Comm unes ▁of ▁O ise <0x0A> </s> ▁United ▁Bre wer ies ▁Hold ings ▁Limited ▁( UB HL ) ▁or ▁U B ▁Group ▁is ▁an ▁Indian ▁con gl omer ate ▁company ▁head qu arter ed ▁in ▁U B ▁City , ▁Bang al ore ▁in ▁the ▁state ▁of ▁K arn ata ka , ▁India . ▁Its ▁core ▁business ▁includes ▁be ver ages , ▁av iation ▁and ▁invest ments ▁in ▁various ▁se ctors . ▁The ▁company ▁mark ets ▁be er ▁under ▁the ▁King fish er ▁brand , ▁and ▁own s ▁various ▁other ▁br ands ▁of ▁alco hol ic ▁be ver ages . ▁It ▁also ▁launched ▁King fish er ▁Airlines , ▁an ▁air line ▁in ▁India ▁whose ▁operation ▁has ▁been ▁halt ed ▁after ▁problems ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁that ▁led ▁to ▁its ▁lic ence ▁being ▁rev oked ▁by ▁the ▁D G CA . ▁ ▁United ▁Bre wer ies ▁is ▁India ' s ▁largest ▁producer ▁of ▁be er . ▁ ▁The ▁company ▁chairman ▁is ▁V ij ay ▁M ally a , ▁who ▁left ▁India ▁on ▁ 2 ▁March ▁ 2 0 1 6 , ▁alleg edly ▁to ▁escape ▁legal ▁action ▁by ▁Indian ▁banks ▁to ▁whom ▁he ▁ow es ▁some ▁ ▁in ▁lo ans . ▁United ▁Bre wer ies ▁now ▁has ▁greater ▁than ▁a ▁ 4 0 % ▁share ▁of ▁the ▁Indian ▁bre wing ▁market ▁with ▁ 7 9 ▁dist iller ies ▁and ▁bott ling ▁units ▁across ▁the ▁world . ▁In
▁ 2 0 0 5 , ▁U B ▁fin anced ▁a ▁take over ▁of ▁the ▁spirits ▁business ▁of ▁the ▁rival ▁Shaw - W al lace ▁company , ▁giving ▁it ▁a ▁majority ▁share ▁of ▁India ' s ▁spirits ▁business . ▁The ▁group ▁also ▁own s ▁the ▁M end oc ino ▁B rew ing ▁Company ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States . ▁ ▁History ▁The ▁U B ▁Group ▁was ▁founded ▁by ▁a ▁Sc ots man , ▁Thomas ▁Le ish man , ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 5 , ▁when ▁he ▁brought ▁together ▁Castle ▁Bre wer y ▁and ▁Nil g ir is ▁Bre wer ies ▁( 1 8 5 7 ), ▁Bang al ore ▁B rew ing ▁Co . ▁( 1 8 8 5 ), ▁British ▁B rew ing ▁Cor p . ▁( 1 9 0 3 ) ▁and ▁B BB ▁Bre wer y ▁Co . ▁Ltd . ▁( 1 9 1 3 ). ▁The ▁Group ▁took ▁its ▁initial ▁less ons ▁in ▁manufact uring ▁be er ▁from ▁South ▁India ▁based ▁British ▁bre wer ies . ▁ ▁At ▁the ▁age ▁of ▁ 2 2 , ▁Vitt al ▁M ally a ▁was ▁elected ▁as ▁the ▁company ' s ▁first ▁Indian ▁director ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 7 . ▁After ▁a ▁year , ▁he ▁replaced ▁R ▁G ▁N ▁Price ▁as ▁the ▁chairman ▁of ▁the ▁company . ▁ ▁United ▁Bre wer ies ▁made ▁its ▁initial ▁impact ▁by ▁manufact uring ▁bulk ▁be er ▁for ▁the ▁British ▁troops ▁before ▁independence , ▁which ▁was ▁transport ed ▁in ▁huge ▁bar rel s ▁or ▁" H ogs
head s ". ▁King fish er , ▁the ▁group ' s ▁most ▁visible ▁and ▁prof itable ▁brand , ▁made ▁a ▁mod est ▁entry ▁in ▁the ▁si xt ies . ▁During ▁the ▁ 1 9 5 0 s ▁and ▁ 6 0 s , ▁the ▁company ▁expanded ▁greatly ▁by ▁acqu iring ▁other ▁bre wer ies . ▁First ▁was ▁the ▁addition ▁of ▁Mc D ow ell ▁as ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁Group ▁subs idi aries , ▁a ▁move ▁which ▁helped ▁United ▁Bre wer ies ▁to ▁extend ▁its ▁port folio ▁to ▁w ines ▁and ▁spirits ▁business . ▁Str ateg ically , ▁the ▁Group ▁moved ▁into ▁ag ro - based ▁indust ries ▁and ▁medic ines ▁when ▁M ally a ▁acquired ▁K iss an ▁Product s ▁and ▁formed ▁a ▁long - term ▁relationship ▁with ▁Ho ech st ▁AG ▁of ▁Germany ▁to ▁create ▁the ▁Indian ▁ph arma ce ut ical ▁company ▁now ▁known ▁as ▁A vent is ▁Ph arma , ▁the ▁Indian ▁subs idi ary ▁of ▁the ▁global ▁ph arma ▁major ▁San of i - A vent is . ▁ ▁U B ▁Group ▁has ▁had ▁some ▁relationship ▁with ▁United ▁Sp ir its ▁Limited , ▁which ▁is ▁now ▁majority - owned ▁( 5 4 . 8 %) ▁by ▁Di age o . ▁ ▁The ▁logo ▁The ▁Peg as us , ▁which ▁is ▁the ▁symbol ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁Bre wer ies , ▁first ▁found ▁its ▁place ▁as ▁the ▁Group ▁logo ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 1 . ▁Then , ▁the ▁Hell adic ▁horse ▁– ▁associated ▁with ▁be er ▁and ▁ne ct ar
▁in ▁Greek ▁myth ology ▁– ▁carried ▁a ▁be er ▁c ask ▁between ▁the ▁wings , ▁ost ens ibly ▁because ▁be er ▁formed ▁the ▁core ▁operations ▁of ▁the ▁Group . ▁Later , ▁the ▁be er ▁c ask ▁was ▁removed ▁to ▁represent ▁the ▁Group ' s ▁mult if ac et ed ▁operations . ▁ ▁Key ▁subs idi aries ▁ ▁United ▁Bre wer ies ▁Limited ▁– ▁the ▁U B ▁Group ' s ▁bre wing ▁entity , ▁which ▁has ▁und is put ed ▁market ▁leadership ▁with ▁a ▁national ▁market ▁share ▁in ▁excess ▁of ▁ 5 0 %. ▁The ▁U B ▁Group ▁today ▁controls ▁ 6 0 % ▁of ▁the ▁total ▁manufact uring ▁capacity ▁for ▁be er ▁in ▁India . ▁ ▁As ▁of ▁March ▁ 2 0 1 6 , ▁United ▁Bre wer ies ▁was ▁ 4 3 % - owned ▁by ▁He ine ken . ▁U B ▁Engineering ▁– ▁the ▁group ' s ▁engineering ▁business ▁arm . ▁It ▁undert akes ▁engineering , ▁proc ure ment ▁and ▁construction ▁projects , ▁infrastr ucture , ▁on - site ▁fabric ation ▁of ▁structures , ▁installation , ▁testing ▁and ▁commission ing ▁of ▁elect rical ▁and ▁mechanical ▁equipment , ▁pip ing ▁for ▁large ▁industrial ▁projects . ▁The ▁company ▁was ▁initially ▁established ▁as ▁Western ▁India ▁E rect ors ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 3 ▁and ▁came ▁under ▁the ▁U B ▁Group ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 8 . ▁U B IC S ▁– ▁providing ▁IT ▁consult ing , ▁body sh o pping ▁services ▁and ▁professional ▁IT ▁products ▁to ▁business ▁companies . ▁ ▁Business es
▁▁ ▁F ert il izer ▁ ▁Engineering ▁ ▁A viation ▁( see ▁King fish er ▁Airlines ) ▁ ▁Formula ▁ 1 ▁racing ▁– ▁Force ▁India ▁ ▁Al co hol ic ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁United ▁Sp ir its ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁▁ ▁Category : Be er ▁in ▁India ▁Category : Dr ink ▁companies ▁of ▁India ▁Category : Comp an ies ▁based ▁in ▁Bang al ore ▁Category : C ong l omer ate ▁companies ▁of ▁India ▁Category : Mult in ational ▁bre wer ies ▁Category : B rit ish ▁companies ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 8 5 7 ▁Category : F ood ▁and ▁drink ▁companies ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 8 5 7 ▁Category : 1 8 5 7 ▁establish ments ▁in ▁British ▁India ▁Category : 1 8 5 7 ▁establish ments ▁in ▁India ▁Category : Comp an ies ▁listed ▁on ▁the ▁Bomb ay ▁Stock ▁Exchange <0x0A> </s> ▁Pal p ita ▁cur vis p ina ▁is ▁a ▁moth ▁in ▁the ▁family ▁Cr amb idae . ▁It ▁was ▁described ▁by ▁Z hang ▁and ▁Li ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 5 . ▁It ▁is ▁found ▁in ▁China ▁( S ich uan , ▁Gu iz hou ). ▁ ▁The ▁wings pan ▁is ▁ 2 4 – 2 6 mm . ▁The ▁wings ▁are ▁white ▁with ▁och re ous ▁marks , ▁surrounded ▁by ▁a ▁brown ish ▁black ▁border . ▁ ▁Et ym ology ▁The ▁species ▁name ▁is ▁derived ▁from ▁Latin ▁curv - ▁( mean ing ▁cur ved ) ▁and ▁sp ina ▁( mean ing ▁th orn )
▁and ▁refers ▁to ▁the ▁form ▁of ▁the ▁dist al ▁cor nut us ▁in ▁the ▁a ede ag us . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : M oth s ▁described ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 5 ▁Category : Pal p ita ▁Category : M oth s ▁of ▁China <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Battle ▁of ▁Fort ▁M ose ▁( o ften ▁called ▁Blo ody ▁M ose , ▁or ▁Blo ody ▁Mo osa ▁at ▁the ▁time ) ▁was ▁a ▁significant ▁action ▁of ▁the ▁War ▁of ▁Jenkins ' ▁Ear , ▁which ▁took ▁place ▁on ▁June ▁ 2 6 , ▁ 1 7 4 0 . ▁Captain ▁Antonio ▁Sal g ado ▁commanded ▁a ▁Spanish ▁column ▁of ▁ 3 0 0 ▁regular ▁troops , ▁back ed ▁by ▁the ▁free ▁black ▁milit ia ▁and ▁al lied ▁Sem in ole ▁war riors ▁consisting ▁of ▁Indian ▁auxili aries . ▁They ▁storm ed ▁Fort ▁M ose , ▁a ▁strateg ically ▁cru cial ▁position ▁newly ▁held ▁by ▁ 1 7 0 ▁British ▁soldiers ▁under ▁Colonel ▁John ▁Pal mer . ▁This ▁g arrison ▁had ▁taken ▁the ▁fort ▁as ▁part ▁of ▁James ▁O gle th or pe ' s ▁off ensive ▁to ▁capture ▁St . ▁August ine . ▁T aken ▁by ▁surprise , ▁the ▁British ▁g arrison ▁was ▁virt ually ▁anni h il ated . ▁Colonel ▁Pal mer , ▁three ▁capt ains ▁and ▁three ▁lie uten ants ▁were ▁among ▁the ▁British ▁troops ▁killed ▁in ▁action . ▁The ▁battle ▁destroyed ▁the ▁fort . ▁The ▁Spanish ▁did ▁not ▁re build ▁it ▁until ▁ 1 7 5 2 . ▁ ▁Background
▁Loc ated ▁two ▁miles ▁north ▁of ▁St . ▁August ine , ▁Fort ▁M ose ▁was ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 7 3 8 ▁by ▁the ▁Spanish ▁as ▁a ▁refuge ▁for ▁British ▁black ▁slaves ▁esc aping ▁from ▁the ▁colon ies ▁of ▁Georgia ▁and ▁South ▁Carolina . ▁Fort y - five ▁years ▁earlier , ▁in ▁ 1 6 9 3 , ▁King ▁Charles ▁II ▁of ▁Spain ▁had ▁ordered ▁his ▁Florida ▁colon ists ▁to ▁give ▁all ▁run away ▁slaves ▁from ▁British ▁colon ies ▁freedom ▁and ▁protection ▁if ▁they ▁converted ▁to ▁Catholic ism ▁and ▁agreed ▁to ▁serve ▁Spain . ▁▁ ▁The ▁fort ▁consisted ▁of ▁a ▁church , ▁a ▁wall ▁of ▁tim ber ▁with ▁some ▁to wers , ▁and ▁some ▁twenty ▁houses ▁inhab ited ▁by ▁a ▁hundred ▁people . ▁The ▁mar o ons ▁were ▁commission ed ▁as ▁Spanish ▁milit ia ▁by ▁Governor ▁Manuel ▁de ▁Mont iano ▁and ▁put ▁under ▁the ▁command ▁of ▁Captain ▁Francisco ▁Men énd ez , ▁a ▁mul atto ▁or ▁cre ole ▁of ▁African - Span ish ▁descent , ▁who ▁had ▁escaped ▁from ▁sla very ▁in ▁South ▁Carolina . ▁ ▁Fort ▁M ose ' s ▁milit ia ▁soon ▁became ▁a ▁matter ▁of ▁concern ▁for ▁the ▁British ▁colon ies . ▁The ▁fort ▁served ▁as ▁both ▁a ▁col ony ▁of ▁fre ed men ▁and ▁as ▁Spanish ▁Florida ' s ▁front - line ▁of ▁defense ▁against ▁British ▁attacks ▁from ▁the ▁north . ▁The ▁Spanish ▁intended ▁to ▁dest abil ize ▁the ▁plant ation ▁economy ▁of ▁the ▁British ▁colon ies ▁by ▁creating ▁a ▁community ▁that ▁would ▁attract ▁slaves ▁seeking ▁escape ▁and ▁refuge
. ▁Word ▁of ▁the ▁free ▁black ▁settlement ▁reached ▁the ▁Province ▁of ▁South ▁Carolina ; ▁it ▁is ▁believed ▁to ▁have ▁helped ▁insp ire ▁the ▁St ono ▁Reb ell ion ▁in ▁September ▁ 1 7 3 9 . ▁During ▁the ▁slave ▁revol t , ▁several ▁dozen ▁black s ▁head ed ▁for ▁Spanish ▁Florida , ▁but ▁were ▁not ▁successful ▁in ▁reaching ▁it . ▁The ▁fort ▁was ▁later ▁important ▁in ▁the ▁British ▁Sie ge ▁of ▁St . ▁August ine . ▁ ▁At ▁the ▁out break ▁of ▁the ▁War ▁of ▁Jenkins ’ ▁Ear ▁in ▁ 1 7 3 9 , ▁General ▁James ▁O gle th or pe , ▁governor ▁of ▁Georgia , ▁encourag ed ▁by ▁some ▁successful ▁ra ids ▁the ▁British ▁colonial ▁R angers ▁made ▁in ▁the ▁front ier , ▁decided ▁to ▁raise ▁a ▁significant ▁expedition ▁to ▁capture ▁and ▁destroy ▁St . ▁August ine , ▁capital ▁of ▁Spanish ▁Florida . ▁As ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁campaign , ▁he ▁realized ▁his ▁forces ▁had ▁to ▁capture ▁and ▁hold ▁Fort ▁M ose . ▁ ▁O gle th or pe ▁launched ▁his ▁campaign . ▁Reg ular ▁troops ▁from ▁South ▁Carolina ▁and ▁Georgia , ▁milit ia ▁volunte ers , ▁about ▁ 6 0 0 ▁al lied ▁American ▁Indian ▁Creek ▁and ▁U ch ise ▁al lies , ▁and ▁about ▁ 8 0 0 ▁black ▁slaves ▁as ▁auxili aries ▁made ▁up ▁the ▁expedition , ▁which ▁was ▁supported ▁at ▁sea ▁by ▁seven ▁ships ▁of ▁the ▁British ▁Royal ▁Navy . ▁Mont iano , ▁who ▁had ▁ 6 0 0 ▁regular s ▁including ▁rein for c ements ▁recently ▁arrived
▁from ▁Cuba , ▁was ▁forced ▁to ▁resist ▁ent rench ed . ▁On ▁several ▁occasions ▁he ▁attacked ▁the ▁British ▁lines ▁by ▁surprise . ▁ ▁Battle ▁Appro aching ▁St . ▁August ine , ▁a ▁British ▁party ▁under ▁Colonel ▁John ▁Pal mer , ▁composed ▁of ▁ 1 7 0 ▁men ▁belonging ▁to ▁the ▁Georg ian ▁colonial ▁milit ia , ▁the ▁Scottish ▁High land er ▁ 4 2 nd ▁Regiment ▁of ▁Foot ▁( old ), ▁and ▁auxili ary ▁native ▁al lies , ▁rapidly ▁occupied ▁Fort ▁M ose , ▁strateg ically ▁s ited ▁on ▁a ▁vital ▁travel ▁route . ▁Manuel ▁de ▁Mont iano ▁had ▁ordered ▁the ▁fort ▁abandoned ▁after ▁some ▁of ▁its ▁inhabitants ▁had ▁been ▁killed ▁by ▁Indian ▁al lies ▁of ▁Great ▁Britain . ▁The ▁free ▁black ▁residents ▁moved ▁to ▁St . ▁August ine . ▁ ▁While ▁the ▁O gle th or pe ▁expedition ▁laid ▁sie ge ▁to ▁St . ▁August ine , ▁Mont iano ▁considered ▁his ▁options . ▁Know ing ▁the ▁strateg ic ▁importance ▁of ▁Fort ▁M ose , ▁and ▁real izing ▁its ▁vulner abilities , ▁Mont iano ▁decided ▁to ▁undert ake ▁a ▁counter - off ensive ▁operation . ▁At ▁dawn ▁on ▁June ▁ 1 5 ▁Captain ▁Antonio ▁Sal g ado ▁commanded ▁Spanish ▁regular s , ▁and ▁Francisco ▁Men énd ez ▁led ▁the ▁mar oon ▁milit ia ▁and ▁Sem in ole ▁Indian ▁auxili aries , ▁in ▁a ▁surprise ▁attack ▁on ▁M ose . ▁The ▁attack ▁was ▁initi ated ▁two ▁hours ▁before ▁the ▁British ▁soldiers ▁a wo ke ▁so ▁that ▁they ▁could ▁not ▁prepare ▁their ▁arms ▁for ▁defense
. ▁About ▁ 7 5 ▁of ▁the ▁British ▁colonial s ▁were ▁killed ▁in ▁blo ody ▁hand - to - hand ▁combat ▁with ▁s words , ▁mus k ets , ▁and ▁clubs . ▁ ▁After math ▁The ▁Spanish ▁victory ▁at ▁Fort ▁M ose ▁dem oral ized ▁the ▁badly ▁divided ▁British ▁forces ▁and ▁was ▁a ▁significant ▁factor ▁in ▁O gle th or pe ' s ▁withdraw al ▁to ▁Sav ann ah . ▁In ▁late ▁June ▁St . ▁August ine ▁was ▁rel ieved ▁by ▁Spanish ▁forces ▁from ▁Hav ana , ▁and ▁the ▁Royal ▁Navy ’ s ▁war ships ▁abandoned ▁the ▁land ▁forces . ▁Governor ▁Mont iano ▁comm ended ▁the ▁mar o ons ▁for ▁their ▁bra very . ▁Although ▁Fort ▁M ose ▁had ▁been ▁destroyed ▁during ▁the ▁sie ge , ▁its ▁former ▁residents ▁were ▁res ett led ▁in ▁St . ▁August ine ▁for ▁the ▁next ▁de cade ▁as ▁free ▁and ▁equal ▁Spanish ▁colonial ▁citizens . ▁ ▁When ▁the ▁Spanish ▁re built ▁the ▁fort ▁in ▁ 1 7 5 2 , ▁free ▁black s ▁returned ▁there . ▁After ▁the ▁British ▁victory ▁against ▁the ▁French ▁in ▁the ▁Seven ▁Years ' ▁War , ▁it ▁took ▁over ▁East ▁Florida ▁in ▁a ▁related ▁trade ▁with ▁Spain . ▁Most ▁of ▁the ▁residents ▁and ▁military ▁ev acu ated ▁to ▁Cuba , ▁and ▁Francisco ▁Men énd ez ▁and ▁most ▁of ▁the ▁free ▁black s ▁went ▁with ▁them , ▁to ▁escape ▁being ▁re - ens la ved ▁by ▁British ▁colonial ▁forces . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁Fort ▁M ose ▁Historic ▁State ▁Park ▁Sie ge ▁of ▁St
. ▁August ine ▁( 1 7 4 0 ) ▁Francisco ▁Men énd ez ▁In vas ion ▁of ▁Georgia ▁( 1 7 4 2 ) ▁Battle ▁of ▁Blo ody ▁Marsh ▁ ▁Notes ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Burn ett , ▁Gene ▁M . ▁( 1 9 9 7 ). ▁Florida ' s ▁Past : ▁People ▁and ▁Events ▁That ▁Sh aped ▁the ▁State . ▁P ine apple ▁Press ▁Inc . ▁ ▁De ▁Qu es ada , ▁A . ▁M . ▁( 2 0 0 6 ). ▁A ▁History ▁of ▁Florida ▁Fort s : ▁Florida ' s ▁L on ely ▁Out posts . ▁The ▁History ▁Press . ▁ ▁Gó mez , ▁Santiago : ▁La ▁Guerra ▁de ▁la ▁O re ja ▁de ▁Jenkins . ▁Com b ates ▁en ▁el ▁Car ibe . ▁Oper aciones ▁principales . ▁Rev ista ▁de ▁Historia ▁Naval ▁ ▁Hend erson , ▁Ann ▁L . ▁( 1 9 9 1 ). ▁Spanish ▁Path ways ▁in ▁Florida , ▁ 1 4 9 2 – 1 9 9 2 . ▁P ine apple ▁Press ▁Inc . ▁ ▁Jones , ▁Max ine ▁D .; ▁Mc Car thy , ▁Kevin ▁M . ▁( 1 9 9 3 ). ▁African ▁Americans ▁in ▁Florida . ▁P ine apple ▁Press ▁Inc . ▁ ▁Land ers , ▁Jane ▁( 1 9 9 9 ). ▁Black ▁Society ▁in ▁Spanish ▁Florida . ▁University ▁of ▁Illinois ▁Press . ▁▁ ▁Mar ley , ▁David ▁( 1 9 9 8 ). ▁Wars ▁of ▁the ▁Amer icas : ▁a ▁Chron ology ▁of ▁Ar med ▁Conf lict ▁in ▁the ▁New ▁World
, ▁ 1 4 9 2 ▁to ▁the ▁Pres ent . ▁ABC - CLI O . ▁ ▁Martínez ▁La í nez , ▁Fernando ; ▁Can ales , ▁Carlos ▁( 2 0 0 9 ). ▁B ander as ▁Le jan as : ▁la ▁Ex pl ora ción , ▁Con qu ista ▁y ▁Def ensa ▁por ▁España ▁del ▁Territ orio ▁de ▁los ▁Act ual es ▁Estados ▁Unidos . ▁ED AF . ▁ ▁Ri ord an , ▁Patrick . ▁" F inding ▁Fre edom ▁in ▁Florida : ▁Native ▁Pe op les , ▁African ▁Americans , ▁and ▁Col on ists , ▁ 1 6 7 0 – 1 8 1 6 ", ▁Florida ▁Historical ▁Qu arter ly ▁ 7 5 ( 1 ), ▁ 1 9 9 6 , ▁pp . 2 5 – 4 4 , ▁at ▁J ST OR . ▁ ▁Tw yman , ▁Bruce ▁Edward . ▁The ▁Black ▁Sem in ole ▁Leg acy ▁and ▁Northern ▁American ▁Polit ics , ▁ 1 6 9 3 – 1 8 4 5 . ▁Washington : ▁Howard ▁University ▁Press , ▁ 1 9 9 9 . ▁Wass erman , ▁Adam ▁( 2 0 0 9 ). ▁A ▁People ' s ▁History ▁of ▁Florida ▁ 1 5 1 3 – 1 8 7 6 : ▁How ▁Afr icans , ▁Sem in oles , ▁Women , ▁and ▁Lower ▁Class ▁Wh ites ▁Sh aped ▁the ▁Sun sh ine ▁State . ▁Adam ▁Wass erman . ▁▁ ▁Category : B att les ▁of ▁the ▁War ▁of ▁Jenkins ' ▁Ear ▁Category : Conf
lic ts ▁in ▁ 1 7 4 0 ▁Category : S ie ges ▁involving ▁Great ▁Britain ▁Category : S ie ges ▁involving ▁Spain ▁Category : Span ish ▁Florida ▁Category : A fr ican - American ▁history ▁of ▁Florida ▁Category : 1 7 4 0 ▁in ▁North ▁America <0x0A> </s> ▁Br ent ▁R ush law ▁( born ▁September ▁ 1 6 , ▁ 1 9 5 1 ) ▁is ▁an ▁American ▁b obs led der . ▁He ▁competed ▁at ▁the ▁ 1 9 7 6 , ▁ 1 9 8 0 , ▁ 1 9 8 4 ▁and ▁the ▁ 1 9 8 8 ▁Winter ▁Olympics . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 5 1 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : American ▁male ▁b obs led ders ▁Category : O lymp ic ▁b obs led ders ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Category : B obs led ders ▁at ▁the ▁ 1 9 7 6 ▁Winter ▁Olympics ▁Category : B obs led ders ▁at ▁the ▁ 1 9 8 0 ▁Winter ▁Olympics ▁Category : B obs led ders ▁at ▁the ▁ 1 9 8 4 ▁Winter ▁Olympics ▁Category : B obs led ders ▁at ▁the ▁ 1 9 8 8 ▁Winter ▁Olympics ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁Sar an ac ▁Lake , ▁New ▁York <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁film ography ▁of ▁American ▁actress ▁K irst en ▁D unst ▁sp ans ▁three ▁dec ades ▁and ▁includes ▁performances ▁in ▁film , ▁television ▁and ▁video ▁games . ▁D unst ▁began ▁her ▁career ▁as ▁a ▁child ▁actor
, ▁appearing ▁in ▁small ▁roles ▁in ▁Wo ody ▁Allen ' s ▁New ▁York ▁St ories ▁( 1 9 8 9 ) ▁and ▁Brian ▁De ▁Pal ma ' s ▁The ▁Bon fire ▁of ▁the ▁Van ities ▁( 1 9 9 0 ). ▁At ▁age ▁ 1 2 , ▁she ▁gar ner ed ▁w ides p read ▁recognition ▁for ▁her ▁performance ▁as ▁Claud ia ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 9 4 ▁film ▁adaptation ▁of ▁Inter view ▁with ▁the ▁V amp ire , ▁which ▁earned ▁her ▁numerous ▁critical ▁not ices , ▁including ▁a ▁Golden ▁Glo be ▁nom ination ▁for ▁Best ▁Support ing ▁Act ress . ▁Also ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 4 , ▁she ▁port rayed ▁the ▁young ▁Amy ▁March ▁in ▁the ▁film ▁adaptation ▁of ▁Little ▁Women . ▁She ▁subsequently ▁had ▁roles ▁in ▁the ▁youth ▁fant asy ▁films ▁J uman ji ▁( 1 9 9 5 ) ▁and ▁Small ▁Sold iers ▁( 1 9 9 8 ). ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁late ▁ 1 9 9 0 s , ▁D unst ▁transition ed ▁to ▁leading ▁roles ▁in ▁te en ▁films , ▁such ▁as ▁the ▁sat ir ical ▁political ▁comedy ▁Dick , ▁and ▁the ▁Sof ia ▁Co pp ola - direct ed ▁drama ▁The ▁Virgin ▁Su ic ides ▁( both ▁released ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 9 ), ▁followed ▁by ▁the ▁cheer leading ▁comedy ▁Br ing ▁It ▁On ▁( 2 0 0 0 ), ▁and ▁the ▁drama ▁Cra zy / Be aut iful ▁( 2 0 0 1 ). ▁She ▁subsequently ▁port rayed ▁Mar ion ▁Dav ies ▁in
▁Peter ▁Bog dan ov ich ' s ▁period ▁drama ▁The ▁Cat ' s ▁Me ow ▁( 2 0 0 1 ). ▁D unst ▁gained ▁a ▁res urg ence ▁of ▁main stream ▁attention ▁for ▁her ▁role ▁as ▁Mary ▁Jane ▁Watson ▁in ▁Sam ▁Ra imi ' s ▁Spider - Man ▁( 2 0 0 2 ), ▁a ▁role ▁which ▁she ▁repr ised ▁for ▁the ▁following ▁two ▁sequ els . ▁She ▁had ▁a ▁minor ▁part ▁in ▁Michel ▁G ond ry ' s ▁psych ological ▁drama ▁E ternal ▁Sun sh ine ▁of ▁the ▁Sp ot less ▁Mind ▁( 2 0 0 4 ), ▁followed ▁by ▁a ▁lead ▁in ▁Camer on ▁Cro we ' s ▁trag ic om edy ▁film ▁Eliz abet ht own ▁( 2 0 0 5 ), ▁and ▁as ▁the ▁title ▁character ▁in ▁Co pp ola ' s ▁Marie ▁Anto in ette ▁( 2 0 0 6 ). ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 0 , ▁D unst ▁port rayed ▁K atherine ▁Mark s , ▁the ▁missing ▁wife ▁of ▁accused ▁murder er ▁Robert ▁Dur st , ▁in ▁the ▁bi ographical ▁crime ▁film ▁All ▁Good ▁Things ▁( 2 0 1 0 ). ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 1 , ▁D unst ▁star red ▁in ▁Lars ▁von ▁T rier ' s ▁sci - fi ▁drama ▁Mel anch olia ▁port ray ing ▁a ▁de pressed ▁newly wed , ▁which ▁earned ▁her ▁numerous ▁acc ol ades , ▁including ▁the ▁C annes ▁Film ▁Festival ▁Award ▁for ▁Best ▁Act ress . ▁She ▁then ▁had ▁a ▁supporting ▁role ▁in ▁On ▁the ▁Road
▁( 2 0 1 2 ), ▁an ▁adaptation ▁of ▁the ▁Jack ▁Ker ou ac ▁novel , ▁and ▁appeared ▁in ▁the ▁thr iller ▁The ▁Two ▁F aces ▁of ▁January ▁( 2 0 1 4 ). ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 5 , ▁D unst ▁was ▁cast ▁as ▁Peg gy ▁Bl um qu ist ▁in ▁the ▁second ▁season ▁of ▁the ▁F X ▁series ▁F argo , ▁which ▁earned ▁her ▁multiple ▁acc ol ades , ▁including ▁a ▁second ▁Golden ▁Glo be ▁nom ination , ▁this ▁time ▁in ▁the ▁category ▁of ▁Best ▁Act ress ▁in ▁a ▁Series . ▁She ▁followed ▁this ▁with ▁a ▁supporting ▁role ▁in ▁the ▁historical ▁drama ▁H idden ▁Fig ures ▁( 2 0 1 6 ), ▁and ▁reun ited ▁again ▁with ▁Co pp ola ▁for ▁her ▁re make ▁of ▁The ▁Beg u iled ▁( 2 0 1 7 ). ▁D unst ▁returned ▁to ▁television ▁with ▁a ▁lead ▁role ▁in ▁the ▁black ▁comedy ▁series ▁On ▁Be coming ▁a ▁God ▁in ▁Central ▁Florida , ▁which ▁she ▁also ▁executive - produ ced . ▁ ▁Film ▁ ▁Television ▁ ▁Video ▁games ▁ ▁Music ▁videos ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁List ▁of ▁awards ▁and ▁nomin ations ▁received ▁by ▁K irst en ▁D unst ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Category : Act ress ▁film ograph ies ▁Category : American ▁film ograph ies <0x0A> </s> ▁Jean - Sim on ▁de ▁Champ igny ▁( d ied ▁ 1 5 0 2 ) ▁was ▁a ▁French ▁pre late ▁who ▁was ▁Bishop ▁of ▁Paris ▁from ▁ 1 4 9 2 ▁to ▁ 1 5 0
2 . ▁ ▁Biography ▁ ▁Jean - Sim on ▁de ▁Champ igny ▁was ▁the ▁son ▁of ▁Jean - Sim on , ▁Se igneur ▁of ▁Champ igny - sur - Mar ne ▁and ▁Com be aux ▁( pro bably ▁modern - day ▁Pont ault - Com b ault ), ▁who ▁had ▁served ▁in ▁the ▁Par lement ▁of ▁Paris , ▁and ▁Jean ne ▁Ch amb on . ▁ ▁His ▁sister ▁Marie ▁was ▁the ▁mother ▁of ▁Antoine ▁S angu in , ▁and ▁grand m other ▁of ▁Anne ▁de ▁P isse le u ▁d ' He illy . ▁ ▁After ▁inher iting ▁his ▁father ' s ▁se igne ury , ▁he ▁rep a ired ▁the ▁family ' s ▁castle ▁in ▁ 1 4 9 0 . ▁ ▁Jean - Sim on ▁de ▁Champ igny ▁entered ▁the ▁service ▁of ▁Charles ▁VIII ▁of ▁France , ▁becoming ▁a ▁council or ▁in ▁the ▁Par lement ▁of ▁Paris , ▁canon ▁of ▁Notre ▁D ame ▁de ▁Paris , ▁and ▁Arch de acon ▁of ▁So iss ons . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 4 9 2 , ▁Champ igny ▁was ▁un anim ously ▁elected ▁Bishop ▁of ▁Paris . ▁ ▁Pope ▁Alexander ▁VI ▁confirmed ▁his ▁appointment ▁on ▁ 2 9 ▁October ▁ 1 4 9 2 ; ▁Champ igny ▁took ▁the ▁o ath ▁of ▁alleg iance ▁on ▁ 1 0 ▁December ▁ 1 4 9 2 ; ▁and ▁in ▁ 1 4 9 4 , ▁he ▁tra ve led ▁to ▁S ens , ▁where ▁he ▁was ▁consec r ated ▁by ▁Tr istan ▁de ▁Sal azar ,
▁Arch bishop ▁of ▁S ens , ▁on ▁ 2 2 ▁September ▁ 1 4 9 4 . ▁ ▁Champ igny ▁made ▁his ▁solemn ▁entry ▁into ▁Paris ▁in ▁February ▁ 1 4 9 5 . ▁ ▁As ▁bishop , ▁he ▁held ▁a ▁syn od ▁on ▁ 7 ▁May ▁ 1 4 9 5 . ▁ ▁He ▁also ▁gift ed ▁a ▁chap el ▁to ▁the ▁Coll ège ▁de ▁Mont a igu . ▁ ▁He ▁also ▁helped ▁to ▁establish ▁or ▁reform ▁several ▁religious ▁orders . ▁ ▁Champ igny ▁died ▁of ▁pl ague ▁on ▁ 2 3 ▁December ▁ 1 5 0 2 . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁This ▁page ▁is ▁based ▁on ▁this ▁page ▁on ▁French ▁Wikipedia . ▁ ▁Category : 1 5 0 2 ▁death s ▁Category : B ish ops ▁of ▁Paris ▁Category : 1 6 th - century ▁death s ▁from ▁pl ague ▁( d ise ase ) ▁Category : 1 5 th - century ▁French ▁people ▁Category : 1 6 th - century ▁French ▁people ▁Category : 1 5 th - century ▁Roman ▁Catholic ▁b ish ops ▁Category : 1 6 th - century ▁Roman ▁Catholic ▁b ish ops ▁Category : Year ▁of ▁birth ▁unknown <0x0A> </s> ▁Lac ul ▁Neg ru ▁( mean ing ▁the ▁black ▁lake ) ▁is ▁a ▁natural ▁salt ▁lake ▁in ▁the ▁town ▁of ▁O c na ▁Sib i ului , ▁Sib iu ▁County , ▁Trans ylvan ia , ▁Roman ia . ▁It ▁is ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁many ▁la kes ▁of ▁the ▁O c na ▁Sib i ului ▁mine ,
▁a ▁large ▁salt ▁mine ▁which ▁has ▁got ten ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁largest ▁salt ▁res erves ▁in ▁Roman ia . ▁It ▁has ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁smallest ▁depth s ▁of ▁all ▁the ▁la kes , ▁with ▁its ▁maximum ▁depth ▁only ▁reaching ▁about ▁ 1 m . ▁ ▁Name ▁ ▁The ▁lake ' s ▁name ▁is ▁The ▁Black ▁Lake , ▁because ▁the ▁lake ▁has ▁mud ▁at ▁its ▁bottom , ▁making ▁its ▁water ▁black . ▁The ▁salt ▁mine ▁only ▁has ▁two ▁la kes ▁with ▁mud : ▁Lac ul ▁Neg ru ▁and ▁Lac ul ▁cu ▁N ă m ol ▁( mean ing ▁the ▁lake ▁with ▁mud ). ▁ ▁History ▁ ▁Lac ul ▁Neg ru ▁origin ates ▁from ▁three ▁small ▁salt ▁la kes . ▁ ▁Information ▁ ▁Sur face : ▁ 5 0 4 , 8 ▁m ² ▁Max imum ▁depth : ▁~ 1 m ▁Sal inity : ▁ 2 8 0 ▁g / l ▁ ▁L akes ▁of ▁the ▁salt ▁mine ▁▁ ▁Aust er ▁▁ ▁Lake ▁Av ram ▁I anc u - O c ni ţ a ▁ ▁Bal ta ▁cu ▁N ă m ol ▁▁ ▁Br ân c ove anu ▁▁ ▁Clo ş ca ▁▁ ▁C ri ş an ▁ ▁Lac ul ▁F ăr ă ▁Fund ▁▁ ▁G ura ▁Mine i ▁▁ ▁H ore a ▁▁ ▁M â ţ elor ▁▁ ▁Neg ru ▁ ▁P ân zel or ▁▁ ▁R ând un ica ▁▁ ▁Ver de ▁( F resh water ▁lake ) ▁ ▁V r ă j ito are lor ▁( F resh water ▁lake ) ▁
▁References ▁▁ ▁Category : L akes ▁of ▁Sib iu ▁County <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁ 2 0 1 7 ▁season ▁is ▁Young ▁Lion ' s ▁ 1 5 th ▁consecutive ▁season ▁in ▁the ▁top ▁flight ▁of ▁Singapore ▁football ▁and ▁in ▁the ▁S . Le ague . ▁ ▁Squad ▁ ▁S . Le ague ▁squad ▁ ▁Prime ▁League ▁squad ▁( main ly ▁N FA ▁U 1 8 ) ▁ ▁Co aching ▁staff ▁ ▁Trans fers ▁ ▁Pre - season ▁trans fers ▁ ▁In ▁ ▁Out ▁ ▁Ret ained ▁ ▁Mid - season ▁trans fers ▁ ▁Out ▁ ▁Friend lies ▁ ▁Pre - season ▁friend lies ▁ ▁In ▁Season ▁friend lies ▁ ▁Team ▁statistics ▁ ▁App ear ances ▁and ▁goals ▁ ▁Num bers ▁in ▁parentheses ▁denote ▁appearances ▁as ▁substitute . ▁ ▁Compet itions ▁ ▁S . Le ague ▁ ▁References ▁▁ 2 0 1 7 ▁Young ▁L ions <0x0A> </s> ▁Pom pe o ▁Bal ban i ▁( d ied ▁ 1 6 3 9 ) ▁was ▁a ▁Roman ▁Catholic ▁pre late ▁who ▁served ▁as ▁Bishop ▁of ▁Castro ▁del ▁Laz io ▁( 1 6 3 2 – 1 6 3 9 ). ▁ ▁Biography ▁On ▁ 1 9 ▁January ▁ 1 6 3 2 , ▁Pom pe o ▁Bal ban i ▁was ▁appointed ▁during ▁the ▁pap acy ▁of ▁Pope ▁Urban ▁VIII ▁as ▁Bishop ▁of ▁Castro ▁del ▁Laz io . ▁On ▁ 2 5 ▁January ▁ 1 6 3 2 , ▁he ▁was ▁consec r ated ▁bishop ▁by ▁Luigi ▁Ca et ani , ▁Card inal - P ri
est ▁of ▁Santa ▁P ud enz iana . ▁ ▁He ▁served ▁as ▁Bishop ▁of ▁Castro ▁del ▁Laz io ▁until ▁his ▁death ▁in ▁ 1 6 3 9 . ▁ ▁References ▁▁ ▁Category : 1 7 th - century ▁Roman ▁Catholic ▁b ish ops ▁Category : B ish ops ▁appointed ▁by ▁Pope ▁Urban ▁VIII ▁Category : 1 6 3 9 ▁death s <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Ch auff eurs ▁de ▁la ▁Dr ôme ▁( The ▁He aters ▁of ▁Dr ôme ) ▁was ▁a ▁gang ▁of ▁four ▁French ▁crim inals ▁who ▁were ▁responsible ▁for ▁a ▁wave ▁of ▁the ft , ▁tort ure , ▁and ▁murder ▁in ▁the ▁department ▁of ▁Dr ôme ▁in ▁sout heast ▁France ▁during ▁the ▁early ▁years ▁of ▁the ▁tw enti eth ▁century . ▁ ▁Three ▁were ▁executed ▁in ▁September ▁ 1 9 0 9 ; ▁the ▁fourth , ▁captured ▁later , ▁was ▁sent enced ▁to ▁life ▁imprison ment ▁with ▁hard ▁labour ▁at ▁the ▁pen al ▁col ony ▁on ▁Dev il ' s ▁Island , ▁French ▁Gu iana , ▁( t ant amount ▁to ▁a ▁death ▁sentence , ▁a ka ▁" D ry ▁Gu ill ot ine "), ▁and ▁died ▁there . ▁ ▁C riminal ▁career ▁The ▁four ▁men ▁were ▁Oct ave - Louis ▁David ▁( b . 1 8 7 3 ), ▁Pierre - August in - Louis ▁Ber ru yer ▁( b . 1 8 7 3 ), ▁both ▁sho em akers ; ▁Urban - C él est in ▁Li ott ard ▁( b . 1 8 6 3 ), ▁a ▁labour
er , ▁and ▁Jean ▁L amar que . ▁ ▁David ▁had ▁a ▁long ▁criminal ▁career ▁and ▁was ▁claimed ▁to ▁be ▁the ▁ring le ader . ▁He ▁had ▁met ▁L amar que ▁in ▁prison , ▁and ▁through ▁him ▁met ▁Ber ru yer . ▁Be ur ru yer ' s ▁house ▁in ▁Rom ans - sur - Is ère ▁was ▁where ▁L amar que ▁and ▁the ▁fourth ▁man , ▁Li ott ard , ▁lived ▁as ▁board ers . ▁ ▁The ▁gang ▁typically ▁carried ▁out ▁home ▁invas ions ▁on ▁remote , ▁rural ▁dwell ings , ▁where ▁they ▁tort ured ▁household ers ▁into ▁reve aling ▁the ▁locations ▁of ▁hidden ▁valu ables ▁by ▁burning ▁their ▁feet . ▁This ▁form ▁of ▁band it ry ▁was ▁not ▁unknown ▁in ▁France ; ▁crim inals ▁who ▁did ▁this ▁were ▁widely ▁known ▁as ▁ch auff eurs ▁( he aters ). ▁ ▁The ▁Ch auff eurs ▁de ▁la ▁Dr ôme '' ▁were ▁responsible ▁for ▁as ▁many ▁as ▁ 1 8 ▁mur ders ▁between ▁ 1 9 0 5 ▁and ▁ 1 9 0 8 . ▁They ▁were ▁able ▁to ▁avoid ▁susp icion ▁by ▁maintain ing ▁their ▁legit imate ▁occup ations ▁during ▁the ▁day , ▁carrying ▁out ▁attacks ▁at ▁night . ▁ ▁Ar rest , ▁trial ▁and ▁execution ▁ ▁Ber ru yer ▁was ▁arrested ▁on ▁ 2 2 Oct ober ▁ 1 9 0 8 ▁at ▁his ▁house ; ▁a ▁search ▁of ▁the ▁house ▁revealed ▁a ▁large ▁cache ▁of ▁st olen ▁items . ▁Li ott ard ▁and ▁David ▁were ▁arrested ▁soon ▁after ▁but ▁the
▁fourth ▁man , ▁L amar que , ▁escaped . ▁Their ▁eight - day ▁trial ▁began ▁at ▁Val ence , ▁Dr ôme ▁on ▁ 2 J uly ▁ 1 9 0 9 . ▁All ▁four ▁men ▁were ▁conv icted ▁and ▁sent enced ▁to ▁death . ▁Arm and ▁Fal li ères , ▁the ▁President ▁of ▁France ▁at ▁the ▁time , ▁was ▁personally ▁opposed ▁to ▁the ▁death ▁penalty , ▁but ▁the ▁strength ▁of ▁public ▁opinion ▁made ▁it ▁impossible ▁for ▁him ▁to ▁accept ▁their ▁ple as ▁for ▁cle men cy . ▁ ▁The ▁execution s ▁by ▁gu ill ot ine ▁of ▁David , ▁Ber ru yer ▁and ▁Li ott ard ▁took ▁place ▁at ▁Val ence , ▁Dr ôme , ▁on ▁ 2 2 Se ptember ▁ 1 9 0 9 ▁at ▁ 6 am , ▁within ▁the ▁space ▁of ▁a ▁few ▁minutes ▁and ▁before ▁a ▁che ering ▁crowd . ▁A ▁number ▁of ▁photograph s ▁were ▁taken ▁despite ▁this ▁being ▁against ▁the ▁law ; ▁post cards ▁were ▁widely ▁sold , ▁and ▁there ▁were ▁newspaper ▁advert is ements ▁for ▁public ▁show ings ▁of ▁motion ▁pictures ▁of ▁the ▁execution s . ▁ ▁L amar que ▁was ▁captured ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 0 . ▁He ▁had ▁been ▁sent enced ▁to ▁death ▁in ▁absent ia , ▁but ▁after ▁his ▁capture ▁his ▁sentence ▁was ▁comm uted ▁to ▁life ▁imprison ment ▁with ▁hard ▁labour ▁in ▁the ▁pen al ▁col ony ▁at ▁Dev il ' s ▁Island . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : Pe ople ▁executed ▁by ▁France ▁by ▁dec ap
itation ▁Category : F rench ▁people ▁conv icted ▁of ▁murder ▁Category : 1 9 0 9 ▁death s ▁Category : Qu art ets <0x0A> </s> ▁Iz mir ▁S ma j la j ▁( born ▁ 2 9 ▁March ▁ 1 9 9 3 ) ▁is ▁an ▁Alban ian ▁professional ▁Olympic ▁ath lete ▁who ▁special ises ▁in ▁the ▁long ▁jump . ▁He ▁won ▁the ▁gold ▁medal ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 7 ▁European ▁Athletics ▁Ind oor ▁Championships ▁in ▁Bel grade , ▁the ▁first ▁gold ▁medal ▁for ▁his ▁country ▁at ▁a ▁major ▁athlet ics ▁competition , ▁setting ▁a ▁new ▁national ▁record ▁of ▁ 8 . 0 8 ▁metres ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 7 . ▁ ▁His ▁personal ▁best s ▁in ▁the ▁long ▁jump ▁are : ▁▁ 8 . 1 1 ▁metres ▁out do ors ▁(- 0 . 7 m / s ▁wind , ▁ 2 0 1 9 ), ▁in ▁Sh k od ë r . ▁( ▁new ▁national ▁record ▁) ▁▁ 8 . 0 3 ▁metres ▁ind o ors ▁( 2 0 1 7 / 2 0 1 8 ) ▁First ▁place ▁in ▁long ▁jump ▁competition , ▁gold ▁medal ▁at ▁the ▁B alk an ▁Athletics ▁Ind oor ▁Championships , ▁Ist an bul , ▁Turkey ▁▁ 8 . 0 8 ▁metres ▁ind o ors ▁( 2 0 1 7 ) ▁First ▁place ▁in ▁long ▁jump ▁competition , ▁gold ▁medal ▁at ▁the ▁European ▁Athletics ▁Ind oor ▁Championships , ▁Bel grade , ▁Ser bia ▁▁ 7 . 9 3 ▁metres ▁ind o ors ▁(
2 0 1 8 ) ▁First ▁place ▁in ▁long ▁jump ▁competition , ▁gold ▁medal ▁at ▁the ▁B alk an ▁Ind oor ▁Championships , ▁Ist an bul , ▁Turkey ▁▁ 7 . 8 9 ▁metres ▁out do ors ▁( 2 0 1 8 ) ▁First ▁place ▁in ▁long ▁jump ▁competition , ▁gold ▁medal ▁and ▁best ▁olymp ic ▁ath lete ▁of ▁the ▁match ▁at ▁the ▁Alban ian ▁Athletics ▁Out door ▁Championships , ▁El bas an , ▁Alban ia ▁▁ 7 . 8 9 ▁metres ▁out do ors ▁( 2 0 1 8 ) ▁First ▁place ▁in ▁long ▁jump ▁competition , ▁gold ▁medal ▁and ▁title ▁of ▁" Best ▁ath lete ▁male ▁of ▁the ▁competition " ▁at ▁Small ▁States ▁of ▁Europe , ▁Lie chten stein ▁ ▁In ▁addition , ▁in ▁the ▁triple ▁jump , ▁he ▁has ▁a ▁personal ▁best ▁of ▁ 1 6 . 3 0 met res ▁out do ors ▁(- 0 . 2 m / s ▁wind ; ▁ 2 0 1 6 ; ▁El bas an , ▁Alban ia ) ▁and ▁ 1 5 . 1 5 met res ▁ind o ors ▁( 2 0 1 4 ; ▁Tir ana , ▁Alban ia ). ▁All ▁the ▁first ▁three ▁marks ▁are ▁current ▁national ▁records . ▁ ▁International ▁compet itions ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 9 3 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : Al ban ian ▁male ▁long ▁jump ers ▁Category : O lymp ic ▁athlet es ▁of ▁Alban ia ▁Category : A th let es ▁( track
▁and ▁field ) ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁Summer ▁Olympics ▁Category : A th let es ▁( track ▁and ▁field ) ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 5 ▁European ▁Games ▁Category : World ▁Athletics ▁Championships ▁athlet es ▁for ▁Alban ia ▁Category : Europe an ▁Games ▁compet itors ▁for ▁Alban ia <0x0A> </s> ▁Sar u ▁Get ▁You : ▁Sar u S aru ▁Big ▁Mission ▁( J apan ese ▁name : ▁ サルゲッチュ　サルサル大作戦　 S aru get ch u : ▁Sar u ▁Sar u ▁D ais ak us en ) ▁is ▁a ▁video ▁game ▁in ▁the ▁A pe ▁Es cape ▁series ▁released ▁in ▁Japan ▁for ▁the ▁Play Station ▁Port able ▁system . ▁ ▁Story line ▁After ▁kid n apping ▁The ▁Professor , ▁A ki , ▁Say aka , ▁S ator u ▁and ▁H ik aru , ▁Spect er ▁goes ▁on ▁to ▁shr ink ▁the ▁labor atory ▁with ▁K aker u ▁and ▁N ats umi ▁still ▁inside . ▁On ▁the ▁bright ▁side , ▁the ▁lab ▁is ▁now ▁the ▁perfect ▁size ▁to ▁be ▁dis gu ised ▁as ▁a ▁P ipo ▁Hel met ▁- ▁N ats umi ▁and ▁K aker u ▁can ▁use ▁this ▁to ▁take ▁control ▁over ▁mon keys ▁( or ▁P ip os aru ▁in ▁Japan ) ▁to ▁help ▁rescue ▁their ▁friends ▁and ▁defeat ▁Spect er ▁once ▁again . ▁ ▁Game play ▁Un like ▁other ▁stand - alone ▁titles ▁in ▁the ▁series ▁such ▁as ▁P ipo ▁Sar u ▁ 2 0
0 1 ▁and ▁A pe ▁Es cape : ▁P ump ed ▁& ▁Prim ed , ▁the ▁game ▁bor rows ▁heavily ▁from ▁A pe ▁Es cape ▁ 3 . ▁The ▁same ▁graph ic ▁engine ▁is ▁used , ▁which ▁is ▁a ▁first ▁for ▁A pe ▁Es cape , ▁as ▁usually ▁all ▁game ' s ▁graph ic ' s ▁are ▁re - created ▁for ▁each ▁game . ▁ ▁In ▁a ▁different ▁approach ▁to ▁the ▁normal ▁A pe ▁Es cape ▁game play , ▁Sar u S aru ▁Big ▁Mission ▁has ▁you ▁cont rolling ▁the ▁P ipo ▁Hel met ▁sh aped ▁lab . ▁By ▁l atch ing ▁it ▁onto ▁a ▁mon key , ▁they ▁can ▁gain ▁control ▁of ▁it , ▁including ▁any ▁ab ilities ▁it ▁may ▁have . ▁If ▁the ▁mon key ▁takes ▁too ▁much ▁damage , ▁they ▁will ▁lose ▁control ▁of ▁it . ▁The ▁aim ▁is ▁to ▁util ize ▁the ▁mon keys ' ▁ab ilities ▁to ▁reach ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁level ▁safely . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Official ▁site ▁for ▁Sar u ▁Sar u ▁D ais ak us en ▁ ▁Category : 2 0 0 7 ▁video ▁games ▁Category : A pe ▁Es cape ▁games ▁Category : J apan - ex clus ive ▁video ▁games ▁Category : Play Station ▁Port able ▁games ▁Category : Play Station ▁Port able - only ▁games ▁Category : Video ▁games ▁developed ▁in ▁Japan ▁Category : F iction ▁about ▁size ▁change ▁Category : S ony ▁Inter active ▁Entertainment ▁games <0x0A> </s> ▁Saint ▁Cec ilia ' s ▁ ▁is ▁a ▁Roman
▁Catholic ▁parish ▁church ▁in ▁the ▁Dioc ese ▁of ▁Brook lyn ▁located ▁at ▁North ▁Henry ▁and ▁Herbert ▁streets , ▁Green point , ▁Brook lyn , ▁New ▁York . ▁It ▁is ▁named ▁for ▁Saint ▁Cec ilia , ▁the ▁patron ▁saint ▁of ▁music . ▁It ▁is ▁a ▁contrib uting ▁building ▁in ▁the ▁Green point ▁Historic ▁District , ▁listed ▁on ▁the ▁National ▁Register ▁of ▁Historic ▁Places ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 3 . ▁ ▁The ▁Church ▁ ▁The ▁former ▁church ▁was ▁built ▁in ▁ 1 8 7 1 . ▁Later ▁the ▁former ▁structure ▁was ▁placed ▁beside ▁the ▁new ▁church ▁and ▁converted ▁to ▁a ▁ly ce um / g ymnasium . ▁The ▁current ▁church ▁was ▁constructed ▁in ▁ 1 8 9 1 ▁based ▁on ▁plans ▁supplied ▁by ▁architect ▁Thomas ▁Henry ▁Po ole ▁and ▁was ▁solemn ly ▁consec r ated ▁ 1 9 0 1 . ▁The ▁outer ▁stone ▁used ▁for ▁the ▁construction ▁is ▁lim estone , ▁said ▁to ▁be ▁originally ▁util ized ▁by ▁St . ▁Patrick ' s ▁C athedral ▁of ▁Manh attan . ▁It ▁is ▁most ▁notable ▁for ▁its ▁ill umin ated ▁bell ▁tower ▁with ▁co pper ▁roof , ▁which ▁can ▁be ▁seen ▁from ▁the ▁north bound ▁side ▁of ▁the ▁nearby ▁Brook lyn - Que ens ▁Express way . ▁ ▁The ▁church ▁seats ▁over ▁ 8 0 0 ▁people . ▁ ▁The ▁church ▁property ▁consists ▁of ▁a ▁school , ▁the ▁church , ▁a ▁chap el , ▁the ▁rect ory , ▁a ▁convent , ▁a ▁brothers ' ▁house , ▁a ▁g ymnasium ▁and ▁priest ▁housing . ▁ ▁The
▁school ▁celebrated ▁its ▁cent enn ial ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 6 . ▁ ▁Saint ▁Cec ilia ' s ▁chap el ▁was ▁formerly ▁a ▁bapt ism al ▁area , ▁but ▁due ▁to ▁the ▁V at ican ' s ▁reform ed ▁rules ▁to ▁bring ▁bapt isms ▁closer ▁to ▁the ▁church ▁community , ▁the ▁bapt ism al ▁font ▁was ▁moved ▁to ▁within ▁the ▁church . ▁ ▁Notable ▁Services ▁ ▁On ▁June ▁ 2 6 , ▁ 2 0 0 7 , ▁the ▁fun eral ▁service ▁for ▁dece ased ▁Fire fig h ter ▁Daniel ▁P uj d ak ▁were ▁conducted ▁at ▁the ▁church . ▁ ▁Th ous ands ▁of ▁people , ▁mostly ▁fire men , ▁attended . ▁Not ables ▁included ▁New ▁York ▁City ▁Mayor ▁Michael ▁Blo om berg , ▁Fire ▁Commission er ▁Nicholas ▁S co ppet ta , ▁and ▁City ▁Council ▁Spe aker ▁Christ ine ▁Qu inn . ▁ ▁The ▁fun eral ▁service ▁was ▁covered ▁extens ively ▁by ▁the ▁press . ▁ ▁Past ors ▁ ▁Notable ▁past ors ▁were ▁M ons ign ors ▁Edward ▁J . Mc G ol rick , ▁Joseph ▁J . ▁Re agan , ▁Park s , ▁and ▁O ' To ole . ▁ ▁Rest oration ▁ ▁Saint ▁Cec ilia ' s ▁under w ent ▁a ▁rest oration ▁project ▁during ▁the ▁ 1 9 7 0 s . ▁ ▁The ▁church ▁was ▁restored ▁to ▁its ▁former ▁paint ▁scheme . ▁ ▁The ▁project ▁was ▁directed ▁by ▁M s gr . ▁Joseph ▁Park s . ▁ ▁The ▁artists ▁who ▁worked ▁on ▁the ▁church ▁came ▁from
▁Italy . ▁ ▁Saint ▁Cec ilia ' s ▁has ▁a ▁painting ▁of ▁Saint ▁Cec ilia . ▁Some ▁of ▁the ▁paint ings ▁on ▁the ▁walls ▁are ▁" three - dimensional " ▁using ▁slight ▁cre v ices ▁and ▁" bum ps " ▁to ▁mark ▁out ▁the ▁painting ▁of ▁Saint ▁Cec ilia . ▁All ▁around ▁the ▁church ▁is ▁" three - dimensional " ▁Mar ble ▁transl ations ▁of ▁the ▁Cru c if ix ion ▁of ▁Jesus . ▁The ▁st ained - glass ▁windows ▁within ▁the ▁church ▁have ▁scenes ▁of ▁Saint ▁Cec ilia ▁playing ▁the ▁piano ▁to ▁the ▁Sac red ▁Heart ▁of ▁Jesus ▁Christ ▁and ▁many ▁more ▁religious ▁scenes . ▁ ▁Saint ▁Cec ilia ' s ▁School ▁ ▁Saint ▁Cec ilia ' s ▁School ▁opened ▁in ▁ 1 9 0 6 ▁under ▁the ▁guidance ▁of ▁M ons ign or ▁McG old rick . ▁The ▁school ▁was ▁among ▁the ▁largest ▁par och ial ▁schools ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁during ▁the ▁ 1 9 3 0 s ▁and ▁ 1 9 4 0 s . ▁ ▁From ▁the ▁ 1 9 7 0 s ▁until ▁ 2 0 0 6 , ▁the ▁school ▁was ▁led ▁by ▁Sister ▁Mi ri am , ▁S . J ▁who ▁left ▁her ▁mark ▁as ▁a ▁legend ary ▁educ ator ▁and ▁administrator . ▁ ▁By ▁the ▁early ▁ 2 0 0 0 s , ▁the ▁school ▁fell ▁on ▁hard ▁times ▁like ▁many ▁other ▁Roman ▁Catholic ▁elementary ▁schools ▁in ▁the ▁NY C ▁area . ▁With ▁only ▁ 1 0 7 ▁students ▁registered ▁for ▁the ▁September ▁
2 0 0 9 ▁session , ▁combined ▁with ▁a ▁six ▁figure ▁deb t , ▁Rev . ▁James ▁Kr ische ▁had ▁no ▁choice ▁but ▁to ▁close ▁the ▁school . ▁St . ▁Cec ilia ' s ▁school ▁served ▁the ▁community ▁for ▁ 1 0 1 ▁years , ▁so ▁its ▁closing ▁caused ▁conflict ▁and ▁sad ness ▁in ▁the ▁parish ▁community . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 3 , ▁a ▁developer ▁signed ▁a ▁ 4 9 - year ▁le ase ▁to ▁convert ▁the ▁old ▁school ▁building ▁to ▁resident ial ▁apart ments . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Official ▁site ▁ ▁Category : R oman ▁Catholic ▁churches ▁in ▁Brook lyn ▁Category : Th omas ▁Henry ▁Po ole ▁buildings ▁Category : Ch urch es ▁completed ▁in ▁ 1 9 0 1 ▁Category : 2 0 th - century ▁Roman ▁Catholic ▁church ▁buildings ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Category : G oth ic ▁Rev ival ▁church ▁buildings ▁in ▁New ▁York ▁City ▁Category : Green point , ▁Brook lyn ▁Category : R oman ▁Catholic ▁Dioc ese ▁of ▁Brook lyn <0x0A> </s> ▁Rod ▁Br ent ▁is ▁a ▁former ▁Australian ▁tennis ▁player ▁who ▁was ▁active ▁during ▁the ▁ 1 9 6 0 s ▁and ▁ 1 9 7 0 s . ▁He ▁used ▁to ▁teach ▁tennis ▁at ▁Cl iff ▁Street ▁R ac quet ▁Club ▁in ▁New ▁Ro ch elle . ▁ ▁References ▁▁ ▁Category : Austral ian ▁male ▁tennis ▁players ▁Category : Place ▁of ▁birth ▁missing ▁( l iving ▁people ) ▁Category : Year ▁of ▁birth ▁missing ▁( l iving ▁people )
▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : Gr and ▁S lam ▁( ten nis ) ▁champions ▁in ▁boys ' ▁doubles ▁Category : Austral ian ▁Championships ▁( ten nis ) ▁junior ▁champions <0x0A> </s> ▁Ac acia ▁drum mond ii , ▁commonly ▁known ▁as ▁Dr um mond ' s ▁w attle , ▁is ▁a ▁per enn ial ▁shr ub ▁en demic ▁to ▁Western ▁Australia . ▁ ▁Description ▁The ▁ere ct ▁and ▁compact ▁shr ub ▁typically ▁grows ▁to ▁a ▁height ▁of ▁ ▁and ▁to ▁a ▁similar ▁width . ▁The ▁branches ▁are ▁thin ▁and ▁re dd ish ▁and ▁appear ▁close ▁to ▁the ▁ground . ▁It ▁has ▁mid - green ▁to ▁slightly ▁bl u ish ▁green ▁orn amental ▁fol i age . ▁The ▁leaves ▁face ▁up ward ▁from ▁the ▁stem ▁and ▁are ▁well ▁divided ▁but ▁not ▁fe ath ery ▁with ▁a ▁length ▁of ▁around ▁. ▁It ▁blo oms ▁between ▁June ▁and ▁October ▁producing ▁infl ores c ences ▁with ▁yellow ▁flowers . ▁A ▁single ▁flowers pi ke ▁forms ▁per ▁ax il , ▁the ▁sp ikes ▁are ▁ ▁in ▁length ▁with ▁a ▁soft ▁appearance ▁with ▁clear ▁can ary ▁yellow ▁sc ent less ▁flowers . ▁ ▁Tax onomy ▁The ▁species ▁was ▁first ▁formally ▁described ▁by ▁the ▁botan ist ▁John ▁Lind ley ▁in ▁ 1 8 3 9 ▁as ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁work ▁A ▁Sk etch ▁of ▁the ▁Veg et ation ▁of ▁the ▁Sw an ▁River ▁Col ony . ▁It ▁was ▁rec lass ified ▁by ▁Les lie ▁Ped ley ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 3 ▁as ▁R ac os per ma ▁drum
mond ii ▁then ▁transferred ▁back ▁to ▁the ▁genus ▁Ac acia ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 6 . ▁ ▁The ▁species ▁name ▁hon ours ▁James ▁Dr um mond , ▁the ▁Government ▁Natural ist ▁of ▁the ▁Sw an ▁River ▁Col ony . ▁ ▁Distribution ▁It ▁has ▁a ▁dis j unct ▁distribution ▁extending ▁north ▁from ▁the ▁Whe at b elt ▁region ▁south ▁to ▁the ▁Great ▁Southern ▁region ▁around ▁Alb any . ▁It ▁is ▁found ▁in ▁a ▁variety ▁of ▁habitat ▁including ▁among ▁gran ite ▁out cro ps , ▁in ▁g ul lies ▁and ▁low ▁lying ▁areas ▁and ▁on ▁hills ides ▁and ▁grows ▁well ▁in ▁sand y ▁and ▁gra vel ly ▁so ils ▁often ▁around ▁later ite . ▁It ▁often ▁forms ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁under store y ▁in ▁the ▁for ests ▁and ▁wood land ▁communities . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁List ▁of ▁Ac acia ▁species ▁ ▁References ▁▁ ▁drum mond ii ▁Category : R os ids ▁of ▁Western ▁Australia ▁Category : T rees ▁of ▁Australia ▁Category : F ab ales ▁of ▁Australia ▁Category : Pl ants ▁described ▁in ▁ 1 8 3 9 <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁ 1 9 9 5 ▁Speed way ▁Grand ▁Prix ▁of ▁Austria ▁was ▁the ▁second ▁race ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 9 9 5 ▁Speed way ▁Grand ▁Prix ▁season . ▁It ▁took ▁place ▁on ▁ 1 7 ▁June ▁in ▁the ▁Ö AM TC ▁Zwe ig verein ▁Stadium ▁in ▁Wiener ▁Ne ust adt , ▁Austria . ▁ ▁Starting ▁positions ▁draw ▁▁ ▁The ▁Speed way ▁Grand ▁Prix ▁Commission ▁nominated ▁Franz ▁Le it ner ▁as ▁Wild ▁Card .
▁Josh ▁Lars en ▁was ▁replaced ▁by ▁Peter ▁Karl sson . ▁Draw ▁ 1 8 . ▁ ▁( 9 ) ▁Josh ▁Lars en ▁→ ▁ ▁( 1 9 ) ▁Peter ▁Karl sson ▁ ▁He at ▁details ▁ ▁The ▁intermediate ▁classification ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁▁ ▁Speed way ▁Grand ▁Prix ▁of ▁Austria ▁ ▁Speed way ▁Grand ▁Prix ▁ ▁List ▁of ▁Speed way ▁Grand ▁Prix ▁rid ers ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁ ▁F IM - live . com ▁ ▁Speed way World . tv ▁ ▁Speed way ▁Grand ▁Prix ▁of ▁Austria ▁A ▁ 1 9 9 5 <0x0A> </s> ▁A ▁saw ed - off ▁shot gun ▁( also ▁called ▁a ▁sa wn - off ▁shot gun ▁and ▁a ▁short - bar re led ▁shot gun ) ▁is ▁a ▁type ▁of ▁shot gun ▁with ▁a ▁shorter ▁gun ▁bar rel — typ ically ▁under ▁ 1 8 ▁inches — and ▁often ▁a ▁short ened ▁or ▁absent ▁stock . ▁Despite ▁the ▁col lo qu ial ▁term , ▁bar rel s ▁do ▁not , ▁strictly ▁speaking , ▁have ▁to ▁be ▁short ened ▁with ▁a ▁saw . ▁Bar rel s ▁can ▁be ▁manufact ured ▁at ▁shorter ▁lengths ▁as ▁an ▁alternative ▁to ▁traditional , ▁longer ▁bar rel s . ▁This ▁makes ▁them ▁easier ▁to ▁transport ▁due ▁to ▁their ▁smaller ▁profile ▁and ▁l ighter ▁weight . ▁The ▁design ▁also ▁makes ▁the ▁weapon ▁easy ▁to ▁man eu ver ▁in ▁cr amp ed ▁spaces , ▁a ▁feature ▁sought ▁by ▁military ▁close - quarters ▁combat ▁units , ▁law ▁enfor cement ▁SW AT ▁team ▁users , ▁and
▁home - def ense ▁purposes . ▁As ▁a ▁result ▁of ▁the ▁shorter ▁bar rel ▁length , ▁any ▁saw ed - off ▁shot gun ▁with ▁a ▁magazine ▁t ube ▁will ▁have ▁its ▁capacity ▁reduced . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁ 1 9 3 0 s , ▁the ▁United ▁States , ▁Britain ▁and ▁Canada ▁mand ated ▁that ▁a ▁permit ▁be ▁required ▁to ▁own ▁these ▁fire ar ms . ▁They ▁are ▁subject ▁to ▁legal ▁restrictions ▁depending ▁upon ▁juris diction . ▁They ▁are ▁used ▁by ▁military ▁forces ▁and ▁police ▁ag encies ▁world wide . ▁ ▁Description ▁Comp ared ▁to ▁a ▁standard ▁shot gun , ▁the ▁sa wn - off ▁shot gun ▁has ▁a ▁shorter ▁effective ▁range , ▁due ▁to ▁a ▁lower ▁m uzz le ▁velocity ; ▁however , ▁its ▁reduced ▁length ▁makes ▁it ▁easier ▁to ▁man eu ver ▁and ▁conce al . ▁Power ful ▁and ▁compact , ▁the ▁weapon ▁is ▁especially ▁suitable ▁for ▁use ▁in ▁small ▁spaces , ▁such ▁as ▁close - quarters ▁combat ▁in ▁a ▁military ▁context . ▁Military ▁vehicle ▁cre ws ▁use ▁short - bar re led ▁combat ▁shot g uns ▁as ▁anc ill ary ▁weapons . ▁In ▁urban ▁combat ▁zones , ▁military ▁entry ▁teams ▁often ▁use ▁entry ▁shot g uns ▁when ▁bre aching ▁and ▁entering ▁door ways . ▁ ▁To ▁make ▁shot g uns ▁less ▁conce al able , ▁many ▁juris dict ions ▁have ▁a ▁minimum ▁legal ▁length ▁for ▁shot gun ▁bar rel s ▁to ▁make ▁conce al able ▁shot g uns ▁un available ▁for ▁criminal ▁purposes . ▁Many ▁gun ▁mak ers ▁in ▁the ▁U
. S . ▁have ▁not ▁offered ▁saw ed - off ▁shot g uns ▁to ▁the ▁public ▁since ▁ 1 9 3 4 , ▁when ▁shot g uns ▁with ▁bar rel ▁lengths ▁of ▁under ▁ 1 8 ▁inches ▁were ▁restricted , ▁although ▁they ▁had ▁previously ▁been ▁sold . ▁To ▁ab ide ▁by ▁N FA ▁reg ulations , ▁anyone ▁may ▁complete ▁a ▁Form 1 ▁" making " ▁form , ▁and ▁purchase ▁and ▁have ▁approved ▁the ▁US $ 2 0 0 ▁tax ▁stamp ▁for ▁the ▁shot gun ▁in ▁question , ▁in ▁order ▁to ▁leg ally ▁reduce ▁its ▁bar rel ▁length ▁to ▁less ▁than ▁ 1 8 ▁inches ▁by ▁cutting ▁the ▁bar rel ▁or ▁replacing ▁it ▁with ▁a ▁shorter ▁one . ▁ ▁A ▁saw ed - off ▁shot gun ▁is ▁often ▁an ▁uno fficial ▁modification ▁of ▁a ▁standard ▁shot gun . ▁In ▁countries ▁where ▁hand g uns ▁are ▁more ▁cost ly ▁or ▁difficult ▁to ▁obtain , ▁crim inals ▁can ▁convert ▁leg ally ▁purchased ▁or ▁st olen ▁shot g uns ▁into ▁conce al able ▁weapons . ▁ ▁The ▁term ▁is ▁often ▁applied ▁to ▁illegal ▁weapons ▁that ▁are ▁created ▁by ▁cutting ▁off ▁the ▁bar rel ▁of ▁a ▁standard ▁shot gun . ▁The ▁bar rel ▁of ▁a ▁shot gun ▁without ▁a ▁t ube ▁magazine ▁can ▁be ▁cut ▁to ▁any ▁length ; ▁p ump - action ▁or ▁semi - autom atic ▁shot g uns ▁usually ▁have ▁a ▁t ube ▁magazine ▁attached ▁to ▁the ▁unders ide ▁of ▁the ▁bar rel ▁which ▁limits ▁the ▁practical ▁minimum ▁bar rel ▁length ▁to ▁about ▁the
▁length ▁of ▁the ▁magazine ▁t ube , ▁unless ▁it ▁also ▁is ▁modified , ▁techn ically ▁much ▁more ▁challeng ing ▁than ▁short ening ▁the ▁bar rel . ▁Re pe ating - fire ▁shot g uns ▁with ▁box ▁mag az ines ▁do ▁not ▁lose ▁shell ▁capacity ▁when ▁saw ed ▁off , ▁but ▁they ▁are ▁far ▁less ▁common ▁than ▁those ▁with ▁tub ular ▁mag az ines . ▁Sh ot g uns ▁manufact ured ▁with ▁bar rel s ▁under ▁the ▁legal ▁minimum ▁length ▁frequently ▁fall ▁into ▁special ▁categories . ▁ ▁Leg al ▁restrictions ▁ ▁Many ▁nations ▁have ▁placed ▁legal ▁restrictions ▁on ▁saw ed - off ▁shot g uns . ▁The ▁following ▁are ▁the ▁restrictions ▁for ▁specific ▁nations . ▁Although ▁not ▁listed ▁here , ▁they ▁are ▁also ▁subject ▁to ▁laws ▁gover ning ▁guns ▁in ▁general . ▁ ▁Australia ▁In ▁the ▁state ▁of ▁Victoria ▁a ▁shot gun ▁may ▁not ▁have ▁its ▁bar rel ▁short ened ▁so ▁as ▁to ▁change ▁the ▁category ▁under ▁which ▁that ▁shot gun ▁would ▁be ▁class ified . ▁In ▁some ▁states , ▁any ▁alter ation ▁to ▁the ▁length ▁of ▁the ▁bar rel ▁requires ▁permission ▁from ▁the ▁Chief ▁Commission er ▁of ▁Police . ▁ ▁Canada ▁Short - bar re led , ▁manually ▁operated ▁shot g uns ▁( non - sem i - autom at ics ) ▁are ▁non - rest rict ed ▁as ▁long ▁as ▁the ▁bar rel ▁remains ▁un mod ified ▁from ▁the ▁original ▁factory ▁length . ▁There ▁is ▁no ▁legal ▁minimum ▁for ▁shot gun ▁bar rel s ▁as ▁long ▁as ▁they ▁are ▁not ▁hand g
uns ; ▁shot g uns ▁with ▁bar rel s ▁as ▁short ▁as ▁ 8 . 5 ▁inches ▁are ▁available ▁in ▁Canada . ▁ ▁The ▁act ▁of ▁reducing ▁the ▁length ▁of ▁the ▁bar rel ▁of ▁a ▁shot gun ▁to ▁less ▁than ▁ 4 5 7 mm ▁( 1 8 ▁inches ) ▁by ▁saw ing , ▁cutting , ▁or ▁" other wise ", ▁by ▁anyone ▁other ▁than ▁a ▁recognized ▁gun ▁manufact urer , ▁is ▁prohib ited . ▁ ▁Czech ▁Republic ▁Short - bar re led ▁shot g uns ▁are ▁univers ally ▁category ▁B ▁weapons ▁and ▁therefore ▁require ▁a ▁shall ▁issue ▁permit ▁and ▁Gun ▁license ▁( z bro j ní ▁pr ů kaz ), ▁including ▁the ▁self ▁defense ▁category . ▁ ▁Germany ▁In ▁Germany , ▁the ▁possession ▁of ▁a ▁saw ed - off ▁shot gun ▁is ▁legal ▁with ▁a ▁fire ar ms ▁license ▁( W affen bes itz kar te ), ▁just ▁like ▁any ▁other ▁fire arm . ▁Rest rict ions ▁only ▁apply ▁to ▁p ump - action ▁shot g uns , ▁which ▁require ▁a ▁minimum ▁bar rel ▁length ▁of ▁ 4 5 cm ▁and ▁a ▁minimum ▁overall ▁length ▁of ▁ 9 0 cm ▁to ▁be ▁legal . ▁Other ▁shot g uns ▁may ▁be ▁of ▁any ▁length . ▁If ▁the ▁bar rel ▁length ▁is ▁less ▁than ▁ 3 0 cm ▁or ▁the ▁overall ▁length ▁is ▁less ▁than ▁ 6 0 cm , ▁the ▁fire arm ▁is ▁considered ▁a ▁hand gun , ▁and ▁treated ▁accordingly ▁under ▁the ▁law . ▁ ▁Ireland ▁Short
ening ▁the ▁bar rel ▁of ▁a ▁shot gun ▁or ▁rif le ▁results ▁in ▁a ▁pres um pt ive ▁five - year ▁minimum ▁sentence ▁of ▁imprison ment ▁upon ▁conv iction ▁for ▁a ▁first ▁off ence , ▁and ▁a ▁mand atory ▁five - year ▁sentence ▁for ▁second ▁or ▁subsequent ▁off ences . ▁ ▁United ▁Kingdom ▁Within ▁the ▁United ▁Kingdom , ▁side - by - side , ▁over - under , ▁b olt - action ▁and ▁lever - action ▁shot g uns ▁are ▁required ▁to ▁conform ▁to ▁the ▁specification ▁of ▁a ▁ 2 4 - inch ▁minimum ▁bar rel ▁length ▁if ▁held ▁on ▁a ▁shot gun ▁certificate . ▁If ▁held ▁on ▁a ▁fire ar ms ▁certificate , ▁the ▁applic ant ▁having ▁demonstrated ▁' good ▁reason ' ▁for ▁possession , ▁they ▁must ▁comp ly ▁with ▁the ▁standard ▁configuration ▁of ▁ 1 2 - inch ▁minimum ▁bar rel ▁length , ▁ 2 4 - inch ▁minimum ▁overall ▁length , ▁in ▁common ▁with ▁other ▁Section ▁ 1 ▁fire ar ms . ▁ ▁Sh ot g uns ▁held ▁on ▁a ▁shot gun ▁certificate ▁must ▁either ▁have ▁no ▁magazine , ▁or ▁a ▁non - rem ov able ▁magazine ▁capable ▁of ▁holding ▁no ▁more ▁than ▁two ▁r ounds . ▁Sh ot g uns ▁held ▁on ▁fire ar ms ▁certific ates ▁are ▁not ▁subject ▁to ▁any ▁magazine ▁restrictions . ▁ ▁Sem i - autom atic ▁and ▁p ump - action ▁shot g uns , ▁whether ▁held ▁on ▁shot gun ▁or ▁fire ar ms ▁certific ates , ▁are ▁always ▁required ▁to ▁comp ly ▁with
▁the ▁specification ▁of ▁ 2 4 - inch ▁minimum ▁bar rel ▁length , ▁ 4 0 - inch ▁minimum ▁overall ▁length . ▁ ▁M uzz le loading ▁fire ar ms ▁held ▁on ▁fire ar ms ▁certific ates ▁are ▁ex empt ▁from ▁any ▁restrictions ▁on ▁bar rel ▁and ▁overall ▁length . ▁A ▁smooth b ore ▁m uzz le loader ▁held ▁on ▁a ▁shot gun ▁certificate ▁would ▁be ▁subject ▁to ▁the ▁standard ▁ 2 4 - inch ▁minimum ▁bar rel ▁length ▁specification . ▁ ▁United ▁States ▁Under ▁the ▁National ▁Fire ar ms ▁Act ▁( N FA ), ▁it ▁is ▁illegal ▁for ▁a ▁private ▁citiz en ▁to ▁possess ▁a ▁saw ed - off ▁modern ▁sm ok eless ▁pow der ▁shot gun ▁( a ▁shot gun ▁with ▁a ▁bar rel ▁length ▁shorter ▁than ▁ ▁or ▁a ▁minimum ▁overall ▁length ▁of ▁the ▁weapon , ▁total , ▁including ▁the ▁ 1 8 - inch ▁minimum ▁bar rel , ▁of ▁under ▁) ▁( under ▁U . S . C . ▁Title ▁II ), ▁without ▁a ▁tax - pa id ▁registration ▁from ▁the ▁Bureau ▁of ▁Al co hol , ▁Tob acco , ▁Fire ar ms ▁and ▁Ex pl os ives , ▁requiring ▁a ▁background ▁check ▁and ▁either ▁a ▁$ 2 0 0 ▁or ▁$ 5 ▁tax ▁for ▁every ▁transfer , ▁depending ▁upon ▁the ▁specific ▁manufact uring ▁circumstances ▁of ▁the ▁particular ▁saw ed - off ▁modern ▁shot gun ▁being ▁transferred . ▁Gun ▁trust s ▁have ▁become ▁an ▁increasing ly ▁popular ▁means ▁of ▁register ing ▁S BS s ▁with ▁the ▁B AT FE
. ▁ ▁Short - bar re led ▁m uzz le loading ▁black pow der ▁shot g uns ▁are ▁not ▁illegal ▁under ▁federal ▁law , ▁and ▁require ▁no ▁tax - st amp ed ▁permit , ▁although ▁they ▁may ▁be ▁illegal ▁under ▁state ▁law . ▁As ▁with ▁all ▁N FA ▁reg ulated ▁fire ar ms , ▁a ▁new ▁tax ▁stamp ▁must ▁be ▁purchased ▁before ▁every ▁transfer . ▁Inter - state ▁trans fers ▁must ▁be ▁facil itated ▁through ▁a ▁Federal ▁Fire ar ms ▁License e ▁( FF L ) ▁while ▁intr ast ate ▁trans fers ▁may ▁be ▁between ▁two ▁persons . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁US , ▁shot g uns ▁originally ▁manufact ured ▁without ▁shoulder ▁stock s ▁( and ▁thus ▁not ▁leg ally ▁shot g uns ), ▁with ▁a ▁total ▁length ▁under ▁ 2 6 ▁inches , ▁are ▁class ified ▁as ▁an ▁" Any ▁Other ▁We ap on " ▁by ▁the ▁B AT FE ▁and ▁have ▁a ▁$ 5 ▁transfer ▁tax , ▁if ▁they ▁are ▁manufact ured ▁by ▁a ▁mak er ▁possess ing ▁the ▁appropriate ▁Class ▁ 2 ▁Special ▁Occ up ational ▁Tax p ayer ▁Federal ▁Fire ar ms ▁License . ▁ ▁In ▁order ▁to ▁convert ▁an ▁existing ▁shoulder - stock ed ▁shot gun ▁to ▁a ▁short - bar re led ▁shot gun ▁or ▁an ▁existing ▁p istol - g rip - only ▁shot gun ▁to ▁an ▁" Any ▁Other ▁We ap on ", ▁a ▁private ▁citiz en ▁must ▁pay ▁the ▁standard ▁$ 2 0 0 ▁N FA ▁tax . ▁ ▁Other ▁ ▁Add itional ▁restrictions ▁might
▁apply ▁in ▁many ▁other ▁juris dict ions . ▁State ▁and ▁local ▁laws ▁might ▁entirely ▁prohib it ▁civil ian ▁possession ▁of ▁short - bar rel led ▁shot g uns . ▁In ▁addition , ▁some ▁fire arm ▁types ▁that ▁would ▁normally ▁be ▁considered ▁to ▁fall ▁into ▁the ▁Short ▁Bar rel ▁Sh ot gun ▁( SB S ) ▁category ▁might ▁not ▁leg ally ▁be ▁considered ▁to ▁be ▁a ▁S BS . ▁A ▁shot gun ▁is ▁leg ally ▁defined ▁as ▁a ▁shoulder - mount ed ▁fire arm ▁that ▁fires ▁shot . ▁Sh ot g uns ▁and ▁shot gun ▁rece ivers ▁that ▁have ▁never ▁had ▁a ▁but t stock ▁of ▁any ▁type ▁installed ▁are ▁not ▁shot g uns , ▁as ▁they ▁cannot ▁be ▁shoulder ▁mounted . ▁Therefore , ▁cutting ▁one ▁of ▁these ▁below ▁the ▁ 1 8 " ▁bar rel ▁and / or ▁ 2 6 " ▁overall ▁length ▁cannot ▁produce ▁a ▁S BS ▁as ▁the ▁fire arm ▁was ▁never ▁a ▁shot gun . ▁The ▁Bureau ▁of ▁Al co hol , ▁Tob acco , ▁Fire ar ms ▁& ▁Ex pl os ives ▁recogn izes ▁these ▁fire ar ms ▁as ▁being ▁a ▁smooth ▁bore ▁hand gun ▁which ▁is ▁an ▁Any ▁Other ▁We ap on ▁( A OW ). ▁Un like ▁an ▁S BS , ▁an ▁A OW ▁only ▁car ries ▁a ▁$ 5 . 0 0 ▁tax ▁and ▁can ▁be ▁moved ▁inter state ▁without ▁Federal ▁appro val . ▁To ▁maintain ▁its ▁A OW ▁status , ▁it ▁must ▁not ▁have ▁a ▁but t stock ▁( making ▁it ▁a ▁S BS
) ▁or ▁a ▁rif led ▁sl ug ▁bar rel ▁( making ▁it ▁a ▁Dest ruct ive ▁Device ▁( DD ) ▁if ▁the ▁bore ▁is ▁over ▁ 0 . 5 "). ▁Fire ar ms ▁of ▁this ▁type ▁are ▁typically ▁over ▁ 1 0 0 ▁years ▁old . ▁These ▁weapons ▁produced ▁with ▁a ▁bar rel ▁length ▁under ▁ 1 8 " ▁are ▁not ▁considered ▁saw ed - off ▁shot g uns ▁because ▁they ▁were ▁not ▁produced ▁with ▁a ▁shoulder ▁but t stock . ▁We ap ons ▁with ▁these ▁specific ations ▁fall ▁under ▁the ▁category ▁of ▁smooth ▁bore ▁hand g uns ▁produced ▁in ▁heavy ▁rif le ▁cal ib ers ▁and ▁ 1 2 / 2 0 ▁gauge ▁shot gun ▁cal ib ers , ▁contrary ▁to ▁illegal ▁sa wn - off ▁shot g uns ▁and ▁are ▁not ▁considered ▁destruct ive ▁devices . ▁ ▁Any ▁fire ar ms ▁capable ▁of ▁shooting ▁shot gun ▁style ▁cart rid ges ▁produced ▁after ▁the ▁ 1 8 " ▁minimum ▁bar rel ▁restrictions ▁were ▁set ▁into ▁place ▁are ▁considered ▁illegal ▁saw ed - off ▁shot g uns . ▁ ▁Police ▁and ▁military ▁use ▁ ▁Historical ▁military ▁use ▁of ▁saw ed - off ▁shot g uns ▁includes ▁use ▁as ▁a ▁primary ▁weapon ▁for ▁Confeder ate ▁caval ry ▁during ▁the ▁American ▁Civil ▁War . ▁ ▁These ▁m uzz le - loaded ▁weapons ▁were ▁used ▁primarily ▁for ▁close - range ▁combat ▁and ▁to ▁supp lement ▁the ▁avail ability ▁of ▁more ▁traditional ▁short - r anged ▁weapons ▁such ▁as ▁the ▁sab er ▁or ▁car bine . ▁
▁The ▁avail ability ▁of ▁the ▁source ▁weapons ▁and ▁the ▁ability ▁to ▁use ▁single ▁ball , ▁shot , ▁or ▁a ▁mix ▁of ▁both ▁as ▁the ▁situation ▁required ▁were ▁reasons ▁why ▁they ▁were ▁initially ▁desired ▁by ▁those ▁establish ing ▁Confeder ate ▁caval ry ▁units . ▁ ▁They ▁were ▁replaced ▁over ▁time ▁as ▁more ▁conventional ▁arms ▁became ▁available ▁and ▁as ▁the ▁tact ical ▁use ▁of ▁caval ry ▁shift ed ▁towards ▁use ▁as ▁mounted ▁inf antry . ▁ ▁In ▁modern ▁usage , ▁minimum ▁length ▁and ▁bar rel ▁length ▁restrictions ▁only ▁apply ▁to ▁civil ian ▁use ; ▁military ▁and ▁police ▁depart ments ▁may ▁issue ▁short - bar re led ▁shot g uns , ▁and ▁major ▁manufact ur ers ▁offer ▁special ▁models ▁with ▁bar rel s ▁in ▁the ▁range ▁of ▁ ▁as ▁ri ot ▁shot g uns ▁or ▁combat ▁shot g uns ▁for ▁use ▁in ▁areas ▁with ▁restricted ▁space . ▁These ▁are ▁generally ▁referred ▁to ▁as ▁" entry ▁shot g uns ", ▁because ▁they ▁are ▁often ▁used ▁for ▁forcing ▁entry ▁into ▁buildings , ▁where ▁the ▁short ▁easy ▁handling ▁is ▁more ▁important ▁than ▁the ▁increased ▁am mun ition ▁capacity ▁of ▁a ▁longer ▁shot gun . ▁Bre aching ▁r ounds ▁provide ▁another ▁use ▁for ▁very ▁short ▁shot g uns . ▁These ▁r ounds ▁are ▁usually ▁made ▁of ▁s inter ed ▁pow der ed ▁metal , ▁but ▁a ▁normal ▁bu ck shot ▁or ▁bird ▁shot ▁round ▁will ▁also ▁work . ▁A ▁shot gun ▁is ▁used ▁for ▁bre aching ▁by ▁placing ▁the ▁gun ▁next ▁to ▁a ▁door ▁lock ▁( 0 ▁to ▁ 2
▁inches ▁away , ▁ 0 ▁to ▁ 5 cm ), ▁and ▁firing ▁at ▁a ▁ 4 5 ▁degrees ▁down ward ▁angle ▁through ▁the ▁door ▁between ▁the ▁lock ▁or ▁l atch ▁and ▁the ▁door ▁frame . ▁The ▁impact ▁of ▁the ▁project ile ( s ) ▁opens ▁a ▁hole ▁through ▁the ▁door , ▁removing ▁the ▁l atch ▁or ▁lock ing ▁b olt . ▁When ▁through ▁the ▁door , ▁the ▁shot ▁or ▁s inter ed ▁metal ▁dispers es ▁quickly , ▁and ▁because ▁it ▁was ▁aim ed ▁down wards , ▁the ▁risk ▁of ▁harm ing ▁occup ants ▁on ▁the ▁other ▁side ▁of ▁the ▁bre ached ▁door ▁is ▁minim ized . ▁Bre aching ▁guns ▁used ▁by ▁police ▁and ▁the ▁military ▁may ▁have ▁bar rel s ▁as ▁short ▁as ▁, ▁and ▁they ▁often ▁have ▁only ▁a ▁p istol ▁g rip ▁rather ▁than ▁a ▁full ▁but t ▁stock . ▁Some ▁models ▁use ▁a ▁special ▁cup - like ▁m uzz le ▁extension ▁to ▁further ▁minim ize ▁the ▁risk ▁of ▁de br is ▁inj uring ▁the ▁shoot er . ▁Because ▁few ▁r ounds ▁are ▁fired , ▁any ▁sport ing ▁shot gun ▁with ▁a ▁ 3 - round ▁capacity ▁could ▁be ▁short ened ▁and ▁used ▁as ▁a ▁capable ▁bre aching ▁shot gun . ▁ ▁Bar rel ▁length ▁and ▁shot ▁spread ▁It ▁is ▁a ▁common ▁mis con ception ▁that ▁short ening ▁the ▁length ▁of ▁a ▁shot gun ▁bar rel ▁itself ▁significantly ▁affect s ▁the ▁pattern ▁or ▁spread ▁of ▁the ▁pel lets ; ▁this ▁is ▁not ▁true ▁until ▁bar rel ▁length ▁is ▁decre ased
▁to ▁under ▁ 5 0 % ▁of ▁a ▁typical ▁bar rel ▁length . ▁ ▁A ▁standard - length ▁bar rel ▁( e . g ., ▁ 2 8 ▁inches ) ▁is ▁this ▁long ▁to ▁move ▁the ▁center ▁of ▁gravity ▁of ▁the ▁weapon ▁away ▁from ▁the ▁body ▁and ▁give ▁it ▁an ▁erg onom ic ▁he ft , ▁and ▁in ▁order ▁for ▁the ▁bar rel ▁to ▁extend ▁out ▁into ▁the ▁shoot er ' s ▁field ▁of ▁vision ▁right ▁up ▁to ▁the ▁target , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁to ▁make ▁the ▁weapon ▁sa fer , ▁as ▁it ▁is ▁ ▁difficult ▁to ▁in ad vert ently ▁point ▁a ▁long ▁gun ▁at ▁one ' s ▁own ▁body . ▁The ▁pattern ▁is ▁primarily ▁affected ▁by ▁the ▁type ▁of ▁cart ridge ▁fired ▁and ▁the ▁cho ke , ▁or ▁con str iction ▁normally ▁found ▁at ▁the ▁m uzz le ▁of ▁a ▁shot gun ▁bar rel . ▁ ▁The ▁primary ▁reason ▁that ▁the ▁pattern ▁is ▁alter ed ▁is ▁because ▁cutting ▁off ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁bar rel ▁removes ▁the ▁cho ke , ▁which ▁generally ▁only ▁extends ▁about ▁two ▁inches ▁( 5 cm ) ▁in ward ▁from ▁the ▁m uzz le . ▁This ▁results ▁in ▁a ▁cyl inder ▁bore , ▁which ▁causes ▁the ▁wid est ▁spread ▁generally ▁found ▁in ▁shot gun ▁bar rel s . ▁ ▁( See ▁cho ke ▁for ▁more ▁information ▁on ▁the ▁impact ▁of ▁ch okes . ▁See ▁shot gun ▁shell ▁for ▁information ▁on ▁spread er ▁loads .) ▁See ▁details ▁on ▁shot ▁pattern ing . ▁However , ▁many ▁qualified ▁gun
sm ith s ▁can ▁re - t ap ▁and ▁re install ▁the ▁cho ke ▁in ▁the ▁short ened ▁bar rel . ▁ ▁Civil ian ▁usage ▁In ▁the ▁United ▁Kingdom , ▁Australia , ▁Canada ▁and ▁New ▁Zealand , ▁where ▁hand g uns ▁are ▁not ▁easily ▁obtain able , ▁the ▁sa wn - off ▁shot gun ▁was ▁a ▁common ▁weapon ▁in ▁armed ▁rob ber ies ▁during ▁and ▁shortly ▁after ▁the ▁ 1 9 6 0 s , ▁and ▁it ▁is ▁this ▁use ▁that ▁most ▁people ▁associate ▁with ▁the ▁weapon . ▁ ▁A ▁sa wn - off ▁shot gun ▁with ▁exposed , ▁manually ▁co ck ed ▁h amm ers ▁and ▁dual ▁triggers ▁is ▁known ▁as ▁a ▁l up ara ▁(" w olf - shot ") ▁in ▁Italy ▁and , ▁while ▁associated ▁with ▁organized ▁crime , ▁was ▁originally ▁used ▁by ▁Sic ilian ▁far mers ▁and ▁she ph erd s ▁to ▁protect ▁their ▁v ine y ards ▁and ▁f lock s ▁of ▁animals . ▁In ▁rural ▁areas ▁of ▁North ▁India , ▁where ▁it ▁is ▁seen ▁as ▁a ▁weapon ▁of ▁authority ▁and ▁prest ige , ▁it ▁is ▁known ▁as ▁a ▁d un ali , ▁literally ▁meaning ▁" two ▁pip es ". ▁It ▁is ▁especially ▁common ▁in ▁Bi har , ▁Pur van ch al , ▁U tt ar ▁Pr adesh , ▁H ary ana ▁and ▁P un j ab . ▁ ▁The ▁bank ▁rob ber ▁C ly de ▁Bar row ▁modified ▁his ▁Brow ning ▁A - 5 ▁shot gun ▁by ▁cutting ▁the ▁bar rel ▁down ▁to ▁the ▁same ▁length ▁as
▁the ▁magazine ▁t ube , ▁and ▁short ening ▁the ▁stock ▁by ▁ 5 ▁to ▁ 6 ▁inches ▁( 1 2 5 ▁to ▁ 1 5 0 mm ) ▁to ▁make ▁it ▁more ▁conce al able . ▁A ▁small , ▁ ▁st rap ▁was ▁attached ▁to ▁both ▁ends ▁of ▁the ▁but t ▁of ▁the ▁gun , ▁and ▁was ▁loop ed ▁around ▁his ▁shoulder , ▁conce aling ▁the ▁gun ▁between ▁his ▁arm ▁and ▁ch est ▁under ▁his ▁jack et ▁in ▁the ▁manner ▁of ▁a ▁shoulder ▁hol ster . ▁The ▁gun ▁was ▁drawn ▁up ▁quickly ▁and ▁fired ▁from ▁the ▁shoulder ▁under ▁which ▁it ▁was ▁carried . ▁Bar row ▁dub bed ▁it ▁the ▁" W hi pp it ", ▁as ▁he ▁was ▁able ▁to ▁" wh ip ▁it " ▁out ▁easily . ▁ ▁The ▁light ▁weight ▁of ▁short - bar re led ▁shot g uns , ▁particularly ▁in ▁configurations ▁that ▁lack ▁substantial ▁stock s , ▁leads ▁some ▁users ▁to ▁use ▁short ▁' min ish ells ' ▁with ▁lower ▁shot ▁and ▁pow der ▁loading ▁for ▁comfortable ▁cas ual ▁use . ▁ ▁Der ived ▁uses ▁ ▁Famil iar ity ▁with ▁descri ptions ▁and ▁images ▁of ▁saw ed - off ▁shot g uns ▁via ▁crime ▁reports ▁in ▁the ▁public ▁media ▁has ▁led ▁to ▁" s aw ed - off " ▁or ▁" sa wn - off " ▁being ▁used ▁sometimes ▁col lo qu ial ly ▁as ▁" small ▁or ▁stri pped ▁version ▁of "; ▁such ▁as ▁the ▁Sa wn - Off ▁Da im ler ▁( SO D ). ▁
▁See ▁also ▁Co ach ▁Gun ▁K AC ▁Master key ▁M 2 6 ▁Mod ular ▁Access ory ▁Sh ot gun ▁System ▁Mar ble ▁Game ▁Get ter ▁Ser bu ▁Super - Short y ▁Short - bar re led ▁rif le ▁Title ▁II ▁weapons ▁ ▁Notes ▁ ▁Category : Sh ot g uns <0x0A> </s> ▁A de le ▁Ara ka wa ▁( born ▁August ▁ 3 1 , ▁ 1 9 5 7 ) ▁is ▁a ▁retired ▁American ▁evening ▁news ▁anchor ▁for ▁N BC ▁affili ate ▁station ▁K USA - TV ▁of ▁Den ver , ▁Colorado . ▁As ▁of ▁June ▁ 2 0 0 7 , ▁she ▁provides ▁the ▁female ▁voice ▁of ▁the ▁air port ▁train ▁system ▁at ▁Den ver ▁International ▁Airport . ▁She ▁retired ▁on ▁June ▁ 3 0 , ▁ 2 0 1 7 . ▁She ▁is ▁also ▁the ▁voice ▁of ▁Den ver ’ s ▁R TD ▁Light ▁Rail ▁trains , ▁announ cing ▁stations , ▁stops ▁and ▁destin ations . ▁ ▁Early ▁life ▁and ▁career ▁Ara ka wa ▁was ▁raised ▁in ▁Hawai i ▁and ▁later ▁east ▁Tennessee . ▁At ▁age ▁ 1 6 , ▁she ▁began ▁taking ▁college ▁courses ▁at ▁Tennessee ▁Te ch ▁University ▁and ▁working ▁as ▁a ▁radio ▁disc ▁j ockey ▁in ▁her ▁h omet own ▁of ▁La ▁Fol lette , ▁Tennessee . ▁She ▁also ▁attended ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Tennessee . ▁Following ▁her ▁entry ▁into ▁radio , ▁she ▁worked ▁as ▁a ▁radio ▁news ▁anchor ▁at ▁W Y SH ▁in ▁Cl inton , ▁Tennessee ▁and ▁as ▁a ▁disc ▁j ockey ▁at ▁W R J
Z ▁in ▁Kno x ville , ▁Tennessee . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 8 1 , ▁Ara ka wa ▁made ▁the ▁transition ▁to ▁television ▁news , ▁working ▁at ▁W TV K ▁in ▁weather ▁in ▁Kno x ville ▁where ▁she ▁began ▁using ▁her ▁mother ' s ▁ma iden ▁name , ▁Ara ka wa , ▁at ▁the ▁suggestion ▁of ▁news ▁director ▁Hal ▁W an zer . ▁Two ▁years ▁later , ▁she ▁moved ▁to ▁R ale igh , ▁North ▁Carolina ▁to ▁co anchor ▁week day ▁evening ▁new sc asts ▁for ▁W R AL - TV ▁with ▁Charlie ▁G addy ▁and ▁we ath erman ▁Bob ▁Deb ard el aben . ▁Her ▁career ▁next ▁took ▁the ▁family ▁to ▁Chicago ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 9 , ▁where ▁she ▁again ▁anch ored ▁week day ▁evening ▁new sc asts , ▁this ▁time ▁for ▁CBS ▁affili ate ▁W BB M - TV . ▁Since ▁Christmas ▁Day ▁ 1 9 9 3 , ▁she ▁was ▁a ▁week day ▁evening ▁new sc ast ▁anchor ▁for ▁K USA - TV ▁in ▁Den ver . ▁On ▁December ▁ 6 , ▁ 2 0 1 6 , ▁she ▁announced ▁her ▁ret irement ▁after ▁ 4 0 ▁years ▁in ▁broadcast ing . ▁Her ▁last ▁day ▁was ▁June ▁ 3 0 , ▁ 2 0 1 7 . ▁ ▁Ara ka wa ▁was ▁president ▁of ▁the ▁Asian ▁American ▁Journal ists ▁Association ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 2 ▁in ▁Chicago ▁and ▁is ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁both ▁the ▁Japanese ▁American ▁Cit iz ens ▁League ▁and ▁the ▁Japanese ▁American ▁Service ▁Committee
. ▁ ▁Two ▁of ▁her ▁grand par ents ▁were ▁from ▁Ok ina wa , ▁Japan . ▁ ▁Awards ▁ 1 9 9 2 : ▁National ▁Award , ▁Asian ▁American ▁Iss ues ▁( T ele vision ), ▁Asian ▁American ▁Journal ists ▁Association ▁ 1 9 9 7 : ▁Best ▁News ▁An chor , ▁Heart land ▁Chapter , ▁National ▁Television ▁Academy ▁ 1 9 9 9 : ▁Best ▁News ▁An chor , ▁Heart land ▁Chapter , ▁National ▁Television ▁Academy ▁ 2 0 0 1 : ▁Out standing ▁Daily ▁New sc ast , ▁Mark ets ▁ 1 - 5 0 ▁( with ▁team ), ▁Heart land ▁Chapter , ▁National ▁Television ▁Academy ▁ ▁Best ▁Inter view ▁/ ▁Disc uss ion ▁Program ▁( with ▁team ), ▁Heart land ▁Chapter , ▁National ▁Television ▁Academy ▁ 2 0 0 4 : ▁Best ▁News ▁An chor ▁( t ie ), ▁Heart land ▁Chapter , ▁National ▁Television ▁Academy ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 5 7 ▁birth s ▁Category : American ▁journal ists ▁of ▁Japanese ▁descent ▁Category : T ele vision ▁anch ors ▁from ▁Den ver ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : WR AL ▁people ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁La F ol lette , ▁Tennessee ▁Category : American ▁women ▁television ▁journal ists <0x0A> </s> ▁This ▁is ▁a ▁list ▁of ▁P enn ▁Qu akers ▁football ▁players ▁in ▁the ▁NFL ▁D raft . ▁ ▁Key ▁ ▁Se lections ▁ ▁Notable ▁und raft ed ▁players ▁Note : ▁No ▁draft s ▁held ▁before ▁ 1 9 2 0 ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁P enn
▁* <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Hand ley ▁Page ▁H P . 1 3 7 ▁Jet stream ▁is ▁a ▁small ▁tw in - t urb op rop ▁air lin er , ▁with ▁a ▁press ur ised ▁fus el age . ▁The ▁aircraft ▁was ▁designed ▁to ▁meet ▁the ▁requirements ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁comm uter ▁and ▁regional ▁air line ▁market . ▁The ▁design ▁was ▁later ▁improved ▁and ▁built ▁by ▁British ▁A eros pace ▁as ▁the ▁B A e ▁Jet stream ▁ 3 1 ▁and ▁B A e ▁Jet stream ▁ 3 2 , ▁featuring ▁different ▁tur b op rop ▁engines . ▁ ▁Development ▁Hand ley ▁Page ▁was ▁in ▁an ▁awk ward ▁position ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 6 0 s , ▁wish ing ▁to ▁remain ▁independent ▁of ▁the ▁" big ▁two " ▁British ▁companies ▁( H aw ker ▁Sid de ley ▁and ▁the ▁British ▁A ircraft ▁Corporation ), ▁but ▁without ▁the ▁money ▁needed ▁to ▁develop ▁a ▁large ▁new ▁air lin er ▁that ▁would ▁keep ▁it ▁in ▁the ▁market . ▁After ▁studying ▁the ▁problem ▁it ▁decided ▁that ▁its ▁next ▁product ▁would ▁be ▁a ▁highly ▁compet itive ▁small ▁air lin er ▁instead , ▁filling ▁a ▁n iche ▁it ▁identified ▁for ▁a ▁ 1 2 – 1 8 ▁seat ▁high - speed ▁design . ▁American ▁sales man ▁and ▁modification ▁engineer ▁Jack ▁R iley ▁claimed ▁to ▁have ▁written ▁the ▁design ▁specific ations . ▁The ▁design ▁gar ner ed ▁inten se ▁interest ▁in ▁the ▁US ▁when ▁it ▁was ▁first ▁introduced , ▁and ▁an ▁order ▁for ▁ 2 0 ▁had ▁been ▁placed
▁even ▁before ▁the ▁draw ings ▁were ▁complete . ▁Charles ▁Joy ▁was ▁responsible ▁for ▁the ▁design . ▁ ▁The ▁original ▁design ▁dates ▁from ▁ 1 9 6 5 ▁as ▁a ▁ 1 2 - se at ▁( six ▁rows ▁with ▁a ▁centre ▁a is le ) ▁aircraft . ▁The ▁aircraft ▁was ▁a ▁low - wing , ▁high - tail ▁mon op lane ▁of ▁conventional ▁layout . ▁Consider able ▁attention ▁was ▁paid ▁to ▁stream lin ing ▁in ▁order ▁to ▁improve ▁performance , ▁which ▁led ▁to ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁design ' s ▁more ▁distinct ive ▁features , ▁a ▁long ▁nose ▁profile . ▁The ▁fus el age ▁had ▁a ▁circular ▁cross - section ▁to ▁ease ▁press ur isation , ▁allowing ▁much - high er - alt itude ▁fl ights ▁and ▁consequ ent ▁higher ▁speed ▁and ▁comfort ▁than ▁compet ing ▁un press ur ised ▁designs . ▁One ▁draw back ▁of ▁the ▁design ▁was ▁that ▁fus el age ▁was ▁so ▁small ▁in ▁cross - section ▁that ▁the ▁cabin ▁floor ▁had ▁to ▁be ▁" lower ed " ▁to ▁allow ▁stand - up ▁passenger ▁entry ▁and ▁e gress ▁through ▁the ▁rear ▁door . ▁This ▁meant ▁that ▁the ▁main ▁sp ar ▁had ▁to ▁run ▁through ▁the ▁cabin , ▁causing ▁a ▁tri pping ▁ha z ard . ▁ ▁Final ▁assembly ▁took ▁place ▁in ▁a ▁new ▁factory ▁at ▁the ▁Rad lett ▁aer od rome , ▁but ▁large ▁port ions ▁of ▁the ▁structure ▁were ▁sub cont ract ed , ▁including ▁complete ▁wings ▁being ▁built ▁by ▁Scottish ▁A viation ▁at ▁Pr est wick , ▁Scotland ▁and
▁the ▁tail ▁section ▁by ▁North west ▁Indust ries ▁of ▁Ed mont on , ▁Al berta , ▁Canada . ▁The ▁original ▁design ▁used ▁Tur b ome ca ▁Ast az ou ▁XIV ▁engines ▁of ▁approximately ▁ 8 4 0 hp ▁( 6 2 6 k W ), ▁and ▁fle w ▁on ▁ 1 8 ▁August ▁ 1 9 6 7 ▁as ▁the ▁Jet stream ▁ 1 . ▁Through out ▁the ▁test ▁program ▁the ▁engines ▁proved ▁to ▁be ▁a ▁weak ▁point , ▁being ▁generally ▁under power ed ▁for ▁the ▁design , ▁and ▁surprising ly ▁temper amental ▁for ▁what ▁was ▁then ▁a ▁m ature ▁and ▁widely ▁used ▁tur b osh aft ▁design . ▁Test ing ▁was ▁eventually ▁moved ▁to ▁the ▁Tur b om é ca ▁factory ▁air field ▁in ▁the ▁south ▁of ▁France , ▁both ▁to ▁allow ▁faster ▁turn around ▁with ▁engine ▁work , ▁and ▁in ▁order ▁to ▁improve ▁the ▁schedule ▁by ▁taking ▁advantage ▁of ▁the ▁better ▁weather . ▁ ▁In ▁order ▁to ▁improve ▁sales ▁prospect s ▁in ▁the ▁US , ▁the ▁fifth ▁prototype ▁was ▁fitted ▁with ▁the ▁US - built ▁Gar rett ▁T PE - 3 3 1 ▁in ▁place ▁of ▁the ▁French ▁Ast az ou . ▁Ch anging ▁to ▁the ▁US - built ▁engine ▁was ▁enough ▁to ▁allow ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Air ▁Force ▁to ▁consider ▁it ▁for ▁cargo ▁use . ▁It ▁eventually ▁placed ▁an ▁order ▁for ▁ 1 1 , ▁fitted ▁with ▁a ▁cargo ▁door ▁and ▁accommod ation ▁for ▁ 1 2 ▁passengers ▁or ▁six ▁st ret cher ▁cases , ▁to ▁be ▁known
▁as ▁the ▁C - 1 0 A , ▁or ▁Jet stream ▁ 3 M . ▁The ▁US ▁Air ▁Force ▁cancel led ▁its ▁order ▁in ▁October ▁ 1 9 6 9 ▁cit ing ▁late ▁delivery . ▁ ▁The ▁first ▁production ▁model ▁Jet stream ▁ 1 ▁fle w ▁on ▁ 6 ▁December ▁ 1 9 6 8 , ▁and ▁over ▁the ▁next ▁year ▁ 3 6 ▁would ▁be ▁delivered . ▁However , ▁by ▁this ▁point ▁Hand ley ▁Page ▁had ▁given ▁up ▁on ▁the ▁original ▁engine , ▁and ▁the ▁Jet stream ▁ 2 ▁was ▁launched ▁with ▁the ▁larger ▁ 9 6 5 hp ▁( 7 2 0 k W ) ▁Ast az ou ▁XVI , ▁starting ▁deliver ies ▁in ▁late ▁ 1 9 6 9 . ▁The ▁late ▁delivery ▁and ▁engine ▁problems ▁had ▁driven ▁development ▁costs ▁to ▁over ▁£ 1 3 mill ion , ▁far ▁more ▁than ▁the ▁original ▁£ 3 mill ion ▁pro jections . ▁Only ▁three ▁Jet stream ▁ 2 s ▁would ▁be ▁completed ▁before ▁Hand ley ▁Page ▁went ▁bank rupt , ▁and ▁the ▁production ▁line ▁was ▁eventually ▁shut ▁down ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 0 . ▁ ▁There ▁was ▁enough ▁interest ▁in ▁the ▁design ▁that ▁it ▁was ▁first ▁picked ▁up ▁by ▁a ▁collaboration ▁of ▁invest ors ▁and ▁Scottish ▁A viation ▁which ▁formed ▁a ▁company ▁called ▁" J et stream ▁A ircraft " ▁to ▁produce ▁the ▁aircraft . ▁A ▁further ▁ten ▁Jet stream ▁ 1 s ▁were ▁produced ▁by ▁this ▁team . ▁Scottish ▁A viation ▁continued ▁production ▁of ▁the ▁Jet
stream ▁ 2 ▁as ▁well , ▁although ▁referring ▁to ▁it ▁as ▁the ▁Jet stream ▁ 2 0 0 . ▁In ▁February ▁ 1 9 7 2 , ▁ 2 6 ▁Jet stream ▁ 2 0 1 s ▁were ▁ordered ▁by ▁the ▁Royal ▁Air ▁Force , ▁which ▁used ▁them ▁as ▁multi - engine ▁train ers ▁as ▁the ▁Jet stream ▁T . 1 . ▁Four teen ▁of ▁these ▁were ▁modified ▁as ▁observer ▁train ers ▁for ▁the ▁Royal ▁Navy , ▁receiving ▁the ▁design ation ▁Jet stream ▁T 2 . ▁ ▁Vari ants ▁Jet stream ▁M k ▁ 1 ▁Jet stream ▁ 2 0 0 ▁Jet stream ▁ 3 M ▁Im pro ved ▁variant ▁with ▁T PE 3 3 1 ▁engines ▁for ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Air ▁Force . ▁C - 1 0 A ▁United ▁States ▁Air ▁Force ▁military ▁design ation ▁for ▁the ▁Jet stream ▁ 3 M , ▁production ▁started ▁but ▁order ▁cancel led ▁and ▁none ▁delivered . ▁R iley ▁Jet stream ▁A ▁few ▁early ▁Jet stream ▁ 1 ▁aircraft ▁were ▁converted ▁by ▁R iley ▁A ircraft ▁of ▁Car ls bad , ▁California , ▁to ▁this ▁version . ▁The ▁aircraft ▁were ▁fitted ▁with ▁two ▁P T 6 A ▁tur b op rop ▁engines . ▁Jet stream ▁T . 1 ▁United ▁Kingdom ▁military ▁design ation ▁of ▁M k ▁ 1 s ▁for ▁the ▁Royal ▁Air ▁Force ▁as ▁multi - engine ▁train ers . ▁Jet stream ▁T . 2 ▁Con version ▁of ▁T 1 s ▁for ▁the ▁Royal ▁Navy ▁as ▁rear - cre w ▁train ers . ▁Century ▁III
▁Con versions ▁with ▁T PE 3 3 1 ▁engines . ▁ ▁Oper ators ▁The ▁aircraft ▁was ▁used ▁mainly ▁by ▁corpor ate ▁operators ▁and ▁scheduled ▁passenger ▁comm uter / reg ional ▁air lines . ▁ ▁Civil ▁operators ▁▁ ▁A ero ▁VI P ▁▁ ▁B ura q ▁Air ▁▁ ▁A DA ▁ ▁S AR PA ▁ ▁Vert ical ▁de ▁A via ción ▁▁ ▁New air ▁▁ ▁Bav aria ▁Flug gesellschaft ▁▁ ▁Air ▁Illinois ▁ ▁Air ▁US ▁ ▁Apol lo ▁Air ways ▁( sub sequ ent ▁name ▁change ▁to ▁Pacific ▁Coast ▁Airlines ) ▁ ▁Big ▁Sky ▁Airlines ▁ ▁Dor ado ▁W ings ▁( oper ated ▁in ▁the ▁Car ib bean ▁from ▁Puerto ▁Rico ) ▁ ▁Cal - State ▁Air ▁L ines ▁ ▁Jet A ire ▁Airlines ▁ ▁Inter state ▁Airlines ▁ ▁Sierra ▁Pacific ▁Airlines ▁ ▁South ▁Central ▁Air ▁Transport ▁( SC AT ) ▁( air craft ▁subsequently ▁acquired ▁by ▁Air ▁Illinois ) ▁ ▁Sun ▁Airlines ▁( ann ounced ▁by ▁the ▁air line ▁but ▁may ▁have ▁not ▁been ▁actually ▁delivered ▁or ▁operated ) ▁ ▁Texas ▁Star ▁Air ways ▁ ▁Western ▁Air ▁St ages ▁ ▁Z ia ▁Airlines ▁ ▁Military ▁operators ▁▁ ▁Royal ▁Air ▁Force ▁retired ▁ 2 0 0 3 . ▁ ▁Royal ▁Navy ▁retired ▁ 2 0 1 1 . ▁▁ ▁Uruguay an ▁Navy ▁former ▁Royal ▁Navy ▁T 2 s . ▁Ret ired ▁ 2 0 1 0 . ▁ ▁Jet stream ▁in ▁the ▁film ▁" M oon ra ker " ▁ ▁A ▁Jet stream ▁operated ▁by ▁Apol lo ▁Air ways , ▁a ▁comm uter ▁air
line ▁based ▁at ▁the ▁Santa ▁Barbara ▁Airport ▁in ▁California , ▁appeared ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 7 9 ▁film ▁" M oon ra ker " ▁st arring ▁Roger ▁Moore ▁where ▁British ▁secret ▁agent ▁James ▁Bond ▁( 0 0 7 ) ▁is ▁thrown ▁out ▁of ▁the ▁aircraft ▁while ▁it ▁is ▁in ▁flight . ▁ ▁Acc idents ▁and ▁inc idents ▁▁ 1 7 ▁April ▁ 1 9 8 1 , ▁Century ▁III ▁conversion ▁N 1 1 3 6 0 ▁operating ▁Air ▁US ▁flight ▁ 7 1 6 ▁coll ided ▁with ▁a ▁private ▁C ess na ▁ 2 0 6 ▁carrying ▁sk yd ivers ▁after ▁taking ▁off ▁from ▁Fort ▁Collins - L ov eland ▁Municipal ▁Airport ., ▁killing ▁all ▁ 1 3 ▁passengers ▁and ▁crew ▁on ▁board ▁on ▁the ▁flight ▁and ▁the ▁two ▁people ▁in ▁the ▁C ess na ▁ 2 0 6 . ▁ ▁A ircraft ▁on ▁display ▁United ▁Kingdom ▁ ▁Jet stream ▁T . 1 ▁XX 4 9 2 ▁at ▁New ark ▁Air ▁Museum , ▁Not ting ham shire . ▁ ▁Jet stream ▁T . 1 ▁XX 4 9 4 ▁at ▁East ▁Mid lands ▁Aer op ark , ▁Le ic esters hire . ▁ ▁Jet stream ▁T . 1 ▁XX 4 9 6 ▁at ▁Royal ▁Air ▁Force ▁Museum ▁Cos ford , ▁Sh ro pshire . ▁ ▁Jet stream ▁T . 1 ▁XX 4 9 9 ▁at ▁Brook lands ▁Museum , ▁Sur rey . ▁ ▁Den mark ▁ ▁Jet stream ▁?? ▁Sor ens ▁aut ol ager ▁H eden sted ▁ ▁Spec ifications ▁( Series ▁
2 0 0 ) ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Notes ▁ ▁Bibli ography ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁Category : 1 9 6 0 s ▁British ▁air lin ers ▁Jet stream ▁Category : L ow - wing ▁aircraft ▁Category : T win - t urb op rop ▁tra ctor ▁aircraft <0x0A> </s> ▁In ▁mathematics , ▁a ▁linear ▁combination ▁is ▁an ▁expression ▁constructed ▁from ▁a ▁set ▁of ▁terms ▁by ▁multip lying ▁each ▁term ▁by ▁a ▁constant ▁and ▁adding ▁the ▁results ▁( e . g . ▁a ▁linear ▁combination ▁of ▁x ▁and ▁y ▁would ▁be ▁any ▁expression ▁of ▁the ▁form ▁ax ▁+ ▁by , ▁where ▁a ▁and ▁b ▁are ▁constants ). ▁The ▁concept ▁of ▁linear ▁combinations ▁is ▁central ▁to ▁linear ▁algebra ▁and ▁related ▁fields ▁of ▁mathematics . ▁Most ▁of ▁this ▁article ▁de als ▁with ▁linear ▁combinations ▁in ▁the ▁context ▁of ▁a ▁vector ▁space ▁over ▁a ▁field , ▁with ▁some ▁general izations ▁given ▁at ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁article . ▁ ▁Definition ▁Suppose ▁that ▁K ▁is ▁a ▁field ▁( for ▁example , ▁the ▁real ▁numbers ) ▁and ▁V ▁is ▁a ▁vector ▁space ▁over ▁K . ▁As ▁usual , ▁we ▁call ▁elements ▁of ▁V ▁vectors ▁and ▁call ▁elements ▁of ▁K ▁scal ars . ▁If ▁v 1 ,..., vn ▁are ▁vectors ▁and ▁a 1 ,..., an ▁are ▁scal ars , ▁then ▁the ▁linear ▁combination ▁of ▁those ▁vectors ▁with ▁those ▁scal ars ▁as ▁coefficients ▁is ▁ ▁There ▁is ▁some ▁ambigu ity ▁in ▁the ▁use ▁of ▁the ▁term ▁" linear ▁combination " ▁as ▁to ▁whether ▁it ▁refers ▁to ▁the ▁expression ▁or ▁to ▁its

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