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1 9 6 1 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : Foot ball ers ▁from ▁Is ling ton ▁( d istrict ) ▁Category : English ▁football ers ▁Category : Eng land ▁under - 2 1 ▁international ▁football ers ▁Category : Associ ation ▁football ▁central ▁def enders ▁Category : Ar sen al ▁F . C . ▁players ▁Category : C ry stal ▁Palace ▁F . C . ▁players ▁Category : New ▁York ▁Express ▁players ▁Category : Los ▁Angeles ▁Laz ers ▁players ▁Category : West ▁B rom wich ▁Alb ion ▁F . C . ▁players ▁Category : Le eds ▁United ▁F . C . ▁players ▁Category : West ▁Ham ▁United ▁F . C . ▁players ▁Category : B irmingham ▁City ▁F . C . ▁players ▁Category : C ov entry ▁City ▁F . C . ▁players ▁Category : Char l ton ▁Athlet ic ▁F . C . ▁players ▁Category : Det roit ▁Ne on ▁players ▁Category : Det roit ▁Safari ▁players ▁Category : L ey ton ▁Orient ▁F . C . ▁players ▁Category : O x ford ▁United ▁F . C . ▁players ▁Category : R ush den ▁& ▁Diam onds ▁F . C . ▁players ▁Category : R ale igh ▁Fly ers ▁players ▁Category : Har low ▁Town ▁F . C . ▁players ▁Category : Hy v ink ä än ▁Pal lose ura ▁players ▁Category : English ▁Football ▁League ▁players ▁Category : M aj or ▁Ind oor ▁Soccer ▁League ▁( 1 9 7 8 – 1 9 9 2 ) ▁players ▁Category
: P rem ier ▁League ▁players ▁Category : National ▁League ▁( English ▁football ) ▁players ▁Category : I st hm ian ▁League ▁players ▁Category : English ▁exp atri ate ▁sports people ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Category : Ex pat ri ate ▁s occer ▁players ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Category : English ▁exp atri ate ▁football ers <0x0A> </s> ▁Vic ente ▁Martínez ▁may ▁refer ▁to : ▁ ▁Vic ente ▁Martínez ▁( p ain ter ) ▁( born ▁ 1 9 5 8 ), ▁Spanish ▁painter ▁Vic ente ▁Martínez ▁( w rest ler ) ▁( born ▁ 1 9 4 6 ), ▁Mexican ▁wrest ler <0x0A> </s> ▁Pu ot in har ju ▁( F inn ish ), ▁Bot by hö j den ▁( S wed ish ) ▁is ▁an ▁eastern ▁neighborhood ▁of ▁Hels ink i , ▁Finland . ▁ ▁Category : Ne igh bour hood s ▁of ▁Hels ink i <0x0A> </s> ▁Hand an ▁Airport ▁() ▁, ▁also ▁known ▁as ▁Hand an ▁Mat ou ▁Airport ▁or ▁Hand an ▁Nan j iao ▁Airport , ▁is ▁an ▁air port ▁serving ▁the ▁city ▁of ▁Hand an ▁in ▁Heb ei ▁Province , ▁China . ▁ ▁It ▁is ▁located ▁ 1 1 ▁kilom eters ▁south west ▁of ▁Hand an , ▁and ▁ 4 3 ▁kilom eters ▁north ▁of ▁the ▁city ▁of ▁Any ang ▁in ▁neighbor ing ▁Hen an ▁Province . ▁ ▁The ▁air port ▁was ▁opened ▁in ▁August ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁and ▁is ▁now ▁under going ▁a ▁ 1 2 0 ▁million ▁y uan ▁expansion . ▁ ▁Fac
ilities ▁The ▁air port ▁has ▁one ▁run way ▁that ▁is ▁ 2 , 2 0 0 ▁meters ▁long ▁and ▁ 4 5 ▁meters ▁wide , ▁and ▁a ▁ 1 5 , 0 0 0 ▁square - meter ▁terminal ▁building . ▁In ▁June ▁ 2 0 1 1 , ▁construction ▁started ▁to ▁expand ▁the ▁air port ▁which ▁includes ▁length ening ▁the ▁run way ▁to ▁ 2 , 6 0 0 ▁meters . ▁ ▁Airlines ▁and ▁destin ations ▁Hand an ▁Airport ▁is ▁served ▁by ▁the ▁following ▁air lines : ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁List ▁of ▁air ports ▁in ▁China ▁List ▁of ▁the ▁bus iest ▁air ports ▁in ▁China ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : A ir ports ▁in ▁Heb ei ▁Category : A ir ports ▁established ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁Category : 2 0 0 7 ▁establish ments ▁in ▁China ▁Category : Hand an <0x0A> </s> ▁Soviet ▁W ings ▁may ▁refer ▁to : ▁ ▁K ry ly a ▁Sov et ov ▁Moscow , ▁ice ▁hockey ▁club ▁that ▁compet es ▁in ▁the ▁Russian ▁V HL ▁M HC ▁K ry ly a ▁Sov et ov , ▁former ▁ice ▁hockey ▁club ▁that ▁competed ▁in ▁the ▁Russian ▁V HL ▁and ▁M HL ▁Soviet ▁W ings ▁Sport ▁Palace , ▁home ▁of ▁the ▁two ▁above ▁teams ▁Soviet ▁W ings ▁( I HL ), ▁tour ing ▁Russian ▁ice ▁hockey ▁club ▁that ▁played ▁in ▁the ▁International ▁Hockey ▁League ▁for ▁one ▁season <0x0A> </s> ▁A j ay ▁Th ak ur ▁( born ▁ 1 ▁May ▁ 1 9 8 6 ) ▁is ▁an ▁Indian
▁professional ▁Kab add i ▁player ▁and ▁the ▁form ar ▁captain ▁of ▁India ▁national ▁k ab add i ▁team . ▁He ▁was ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁national ▁teams ▁which ▁won ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁Kab add i ▁World ▁Cup ▁and ▁gold ▁medal ▁at ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁Asian ▁Games . ▁He ▁was ▁awarded ▁the ▁Pad ma ▁Sh ri ▁and ▁Ar j una ▁Award ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 9 . ▁ ▁He ▁is ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁Him ach al ▁Pr adesh ▁Police ▁Service ▁cadre ▁who ▁currently ▁serves ▁as ▁Deput y ▁super int endent ▁of ▁police . ▁ ▁Early ▁life ▁ ▁Th ak ur ▁was ▁born ▁in ▁D ab h ota ▁village ▁of ▁N al agar h , ▁Him ach al ▁Pr adesh ; ▁his ▁father ' s ▁name ▁is ▁Ch hot u ▁Ram . ▁He ▁was ▁inspired ▁by ▁his ▁cousin ▁R akes h ▁who ▁had ▁already ▁represented ▁India ▁in ▁Kab add i ▁at ▁international ▁level . ▁He ▁married ▁San deep ▁R ana ▁on ▁April ▁ 1 0 , ▁ 2 0 1 9 . ▁ ▁Career ▁ ▁A j ay ▁Th ak ur ▁has ▁been ▁described ▁as ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁best ▁Indian ▁ra iders . ▁He ▁represented ▁his ▁employ er ▁Air ▁India ▁at ▁the ▁Indust rial ▁National ▁Championships . ▁He ▁has ▁also ▁capt ained ▁India ▁team ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 7 ▁and ▁led ▁them ▁to ▁gold . ▁He ▁will ▁also ▁lead ▁the ▁Him ach al ▁men ' s ▁team ▁at ▁the ▁ 6 7 th ▁Senior ▁National s ▁Kab add i ▁Championship
▁ 2 0 2 0 . ▁ ▁He ▁is ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁Him ach al ▁Pr adesh ▁Police ▁Service ▁cadre ▁who ▁currently ▁serves ▁as ▁Deput y ▁super int endent ▁of ▁police . ▁ ▁Pro ▁Kab add i ▁League ▁ ▁Season ▁ 1 ▁In ▁Season ▁ 1 , ▁Th ak ur ▁played ▁ 1 5 ▁matches ▁and ▁scored ▁ 1 2 2 ▁ra id ▁points ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁ 5 ▁tack le ▁points ▁while ▁playing ▁for ▁Beng al uru ▁Bull s . ▁ ▁Season ▁ 2 ▁In ▁season ▁ 2 , ▁Th ak ur ▁played ▁ 1 3 ▁matches ▁and ▁scored ▁ 7 9 ▁ra id ▁points ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁ 1 ▁tack le ▁point ▁while ▁playing ▁for ▁Beng al uru ▁Bull s . ▁ ▁Season ▁ 3 ▁In ▁season ▁ 3 , ▁Th ak ur ▁played ▁ 1 4 ▁matches ▁and ▁scored ▁ 5 2 ▁ra id ▁points ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁ 4 ▁tack le ▁points ▁while ▁playing ▁for ▁P un eri ▁P alt an . ▁ ▁Season ▁ 4 ▁In ▁season ▁ 4 , ▁Th ak ur ▁played ▁ 1 6 ▁matches ▁and ▁scored ▁ 6 3 ▁ra id ▁points ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁ 1 ▁tack le ▁point ▁while ▁playing ▁for ▁P un eri ▁P alt an . ▁ ▁Season ▁ 5 ▁In ▁season ▁ 5 , ▁A j ay ▁Th ak ur ▁played ▁ 2 2 ▁matches ▁and ▁scored ▁ 2 1 3 ▁ra id ▁points ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁ 9 ▁tack le ▁points ▁while ▁playing ▁for ▁T amil ▁Th ala
ivas . ▁ ▁Season ▁ 6 ▁In ▁season ▁ 6 , ▁A j ay ▁Th ak ur ▁played ▁ 2 2 ▁matches ▁and ▁scored ▁ 2 0 3 ▁ra id ▁points ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁ 1 ▁tack le ▁point ▁while ▁playing ▁for ▁T amil ▁Th ala ivas . ▁ ▁Season ▁ 7 ▁In ▁season ▁ 7 , ▁A j ay ▁Th ak ur ▁played ▁ 1 3 ▁matches ▁and ▁scored ▁ 5 8 ▁ra id ▁points ▁while ▁playing ▁for ▁T amil ▁Th ala ivas . ▁ ▁Kab add i ▁World ▁Cup ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁ ▁He ▁was ▁the ▁no . 1 ▁ra ider ▁with ▁most ▁ra id ▁points ▁and ▁A j ay ▁was ▁the ▁overall ▁highest ▁point ▁sc orer ▁with ▁ 6 8 ▁points . ▁ ▁India ▁while ▁playing ▁Iran ▁in ▁the ▁Kab add i ▁World ▁Cup ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁final , ▁was ▁in ▁a ▁trailing ▁situation . ▁In ▁this ▁situation , ▁came ▁A j ay ▁scoring ▁a ▁ 4 - point ▁ra id ▁to ▁take ▁India ▁to ▁the ▁lead . ▁He ▁was ▁also ▁the ▁Man ▁of ▁the ▁Tournament ▁in ▁Kab add i ▁World ▁Cup ▁ 2 0 1 6 . ▁ ▁Th ak ur ▁was ▁placed ▁fourth ▁among ▁the ▁best ▁performing ▁ra iders ▁in ▁Season ▁ 1 ▁of ▁Pro ▁k ab add i ▁league . ▁ ▁Play ing ▁style ▁ ▁He ▁is ▁an ▁attack ing ▁player . ▁He ▁tries ▁to ▁draw ▁out ▁his ▁team ▁when ▁fallen ▁into ▁critical ▁situations . ▁Once ▁he ▁had ▁saved ▁T amil ▁Th ala
ivas ▁from ▁going ▁down ▁to ▁Beng al ▁war riors ▁and ▁also ▁had ▁given ▁a ▁match - win ning ▁effort ▁against ▁Iran . ▁Due ▁to ▁his ▁height , ▁he ▁has ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁longest ▁reaches ▁( to ▁the ▁mid line ) ▁in ▁the ▁current ▁lot ▁of ▁players . ▁ ▁Ach iev ements ▁ ▁His ▁awards ▁and ▁achiev ements ▁include : ▁ ▁Asian ▁Ind oor ▁and ▁Mart ial ▁Arts ▁Games ▁Kab add i ▁- ▁Gold ▁Medal ▁[ 2 0 1 3 ] ▁ ▁Gold ▁Medal ▁at ▁Kab add i ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁Asian ▁Ind oor ▁Games ▁▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁Asian ▁Games ▁- ▁Gold ▁Medal . ▁ ▁Asian ▁Kab add i ▁Championship ▁ 2 0 1 7 ( G organ , ▁Iran ) ▁- ▁Gold ▁Medal . ▁ ▁World ▁Cup ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁( Ah med abad , ▁India ) ▁- ▁Gold ▁medal ▁Asian ▁Games ▁ 2 0 1 8 ▁( J ak arta , ▁Indones ia )- ▁Bron ze ▁Medal ▁ ▁Pad ma ▁Sh ri ▁award ▁( 2 0 1 9 ) ▁ ▁Ar j una ▁Award ▁( 2 0 1 9 ) ▁ ▁References ▁▁ ▁Category : 1 9 8 6 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : Ind ian ▁k ab add i ▁players ▁Category : As ian ▁Games ▁medal ists ▁in ▁k ab add i ▁Category : K ab add i ▁players ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁Asian ▁Games ▁Category : K ab add i ▁players ▁at ▁the ▁ 2
0 1 8 ▁Asian ▁Games ▁Category : K ab add i ▁players ▁from ▁Him ach al ▁Pr adesh ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁Sol an ▁district ▁Category : As ian ▁Games ▁gold ▁medal ists ▁for ▁India ▁Category : As ian ▁Games ▁bronze ▁medal ists ▁for ▁India ▁Category : Med al ists ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁Asian ▁Games ▁Category : Med al ists ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 8 ▁Asian ▁Games ▁Category : Re cip ients ▁of ▁the ▁Pad ma ▁Sh ri ▁in ▁sports <0x0A> </s> ▁M abel ▁Tim lin ▁( Dec ember ▁ 6 , ▁ 1 8 9 1 ▁- ▁September ▁ 1 9 , ▁ 1 9 7 6 ) ▁▁ ▁was ▁a ▁Canadian ▁econom ist ▁who ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 0 , ▁became ▁the ▁first ▁ten ured ▁woman ▁econom ics ▁professor ▁at ▁a ▁Canadian ▁university . ▁Tim lin ▁was ▁a ▁pione er ▁in ▁the ▁field ▁of ▁econom ics ▁and ▁is ▁best ▁known ▁for ▁her ▁work ▁and ▁interpretation ▁of ▁Ke yn esian ▁Theory , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁Canadian ▁imm igration ▁policy ▁and ▁post ▁W W II ▁mon et ary ▁stabil ization ▁policy . ▁In ▁addition ▁to ▁her ▁successful ▁research ▁career , ▁Tim lin ▁was ▁the ▁first ▁woman ▁to ▁serve ▁as ▁Vice ▁President ▁from ▁ 1 9 5 3 - 1 9 5 5 ▁and ▁President ▁from ▁ 1 9 5 9 - 1 9 6 0 ▁of ▁the ▁Canadian ▁Political ▁Science ▁Association . ▁She ▁was ▁also ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁first ▁women ▁and ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁very
▁few ▁Canadian ▁econom ists ▁to ▁serve ▁on ▁the ▁Executive ▁Committee ▁of ▁the ▁American ▁Econom ic ▁Association . ▁ ▁Early ▁life ▁and ▁education ▁ ▁Born ▁in ▁the ▁state ▁of ▁Wisconsin , ▁Tim lin ▁grew ▁up ▁in ▁a ▁small ▁town ▁and ▁moved ▁to ▁S ask atch ew an ▁upon ▁gradu ating ▁high ▁school , ▁where ▁she ▁worked ▁as ▁a ▁teacher ▁until ▁she ▁was ▁h ired ▁as ▁a ▁secretary ▁at ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁S ask atch ew an ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 1 . It ▁was ▁there ▁that ▁she ▁obtained ▁an ▁English ▁degree ▁after ▁feeling ▁disappoint ed ▁by ▁the ▁courses ▁offered ▁by ▁the ▁Econom ics ▁Department ▁and ▁concluded ▁that ▁she ▁would ▁be ▁better ▁off ▁to ▁teach ▁herself , ▁all ▁while ▁working ▁as ▁a ▁full - time ▁secretary . ▁Tim lin ▁then ▁obtained ▁her ▁Ph . D . ▁in ▁econom ics ▁at ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Washington ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 0 , ▁and ▁shortly ▁there after ▁published ▁her ▁dis sert ation ▁" Ke yn esian ▁Econom ics : ▁A ▁Syn thesis " ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 2 . ▁Her ▁university ▁teaching ▁career ▁began ▁as ▁an ▁assistant ▁professor ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 1 , ▁followed ▁by ▁the ▁appointment ▁to ▁associate ▁professor ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 6 , ▁and ▁then ▁full ▁professor ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 0 ▁at ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁S ask atch ew an . ▁ ▁Research ▁ ▁Tim lin ’ s ▁research ▁greatly ▁contributed ▁to ▁the ▁fields ▁of ▁economic ▁theory ▁and ▁imm igration ▁policy ▁within ▁Canada . ▁The ▁reception
▁of ▁Tim lin ’ s ▁contribution ▁to ▁Ke yn esian ▁econom ics ▁helped ▁to ▁form ▁the ▁unique ▁characteristics ▁of ▁the ▁Canadian ▁economic ▁system . ▁Her ▁work ▁on ▁Canadian ▁imm igration ▁and ▁mon et ary ▁stabil ization ▁policies ▁provided ▁important ▁imp lications ▁for ▁Canadian ▁economic ▁development ▁and ▁policy . ▁ ▁Ke yn esian ▁econom ics ▁ ▁M abel ▁Tim lin ▁was ▁responsible ▁for ▁introdu cing ▁Ke yn esian ▁econom ics ▁to ▁Canada . ▁A ▁key ▁area ▁of ▁Tim lin ’ s ▁research ▁surrounded ▁The ▁General ▁Theory ▁of ▁Emp loyment , ▁Interest ▁and ▁M oney ▁presented ▁by ▁John ▁May n ard ▁Ke yn es . ▁Upon ▁completion ▁of ▁her ▁dis sert ation ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 0 , ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Toronto ▁Press ▁published ▁her ▁work ▁under ▁the ▁title ▁" Ke yn esian ▁Econom ics " ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 2 . ▁Tim lin ▁approached ▁Ke yn es ’ s ▁General ▁Theory ▁within ▁a ▁general ▁equilibrium ▁framework . ▁The ▁long - term ▁interest ▁rate ▁presented ▁in ▁Ke yn es ’ s ▁model ▁is ▁replaced ▁by ▁an ▁analysis ▁of ▁the ▁overall ▁composition ▁of ▁interest ▁rates ▁and ▁how ▁it ▁fits ▁into ▁the ▁system ’ s ▁equilibrium . ▁ ▁Tim lin ▁proposed ▁three ▁main ▁models ▁in ▁her ▁work : ▁a ▁static ▁Fund amental ▁Model ▁and ▁two ▁Supp lement ary ▁Mod els . ▁The ▁Fund amental ▁Model ▁predicted ▁that ▁planned ▁sav ings ▁and ▁invest ment ▁would ▁remain ▁the ▁same , ▁however ▁from ▁one ▁week ▁to ▁another , ▁changes ▁in ▁income ▁are ▁attributed ▁to ▁the ▁relative ▁interest ▁rate
▁and ▁the ▁marg inal ▁prop ens ity ▁to ▁consume . ▁The ▁two ▁Supp lement ary ▁Mod els ▁are ▁essentially ▁revers ible , ▁where ▁in ▁one ▁Model ▁the ▁contract s ▁for ▁the ▁services ▁of ▁factors ▁of ▁production ▁are ▁completed ▁on ▁Monday ▁and ▁on ▁T ues day ▁the ▁sales ▁contract s ▁are ▁made . ▁The ▁sequence ▁is ▁revers ed ▁in ▁the ▁second ▁Supp lement ary ▁Model . ▁Tim lin ▁focused ▁on ▁the ▁un stable ▁equilibrium ▁of ▁a ▁Ke yn esian ▁system ▁and ▁highlight ed ▁the ▁conditions ▁in ▁Week ▁Two ▁are ▁a ▁result ▁of ▁the ▁equilibrium ▁of ▁Week ▁One ▁thus ▁sh ifting ▁its ▁position . ▁ ▁Tim lin ▁concluded ▁with ▁five ▁main ▁imp lications ▁of ▁her ▁research ▁on ▁the ▁Ke yn esian ▁system . ▁First , ▁the ▁structure ▁of ▁the ▁interest ▁rate ▁complex ▁is ▁equally ▁or ▁even ▁more ▁important ▁as ▁the ▁average ▁level ▁of ▁interest ▁rates ▁to ▁maintain ing ▁the ▁employ ment ▁level ▁equilibrium . ▁Second , ▁economic ▁activity ▁can ▁be ▁h inder ed ▁by ▁both ▁high ▁and ▁low ▁interest ▁rate ▁levels . ▁Third , ▁human ▁psych ology ▁and ▁its ▁un stable ▁nature ▁will ▁limit ▁the ▁chance ▁of ▁reaching ▁a ▁stable ▁equilibrium ; ▁high ▁un emp loyment ▁levels ▁and ▁low ▁levels ▁of ▁interest ▁could ▁persist ▁at ▁the ▁same ▁time ▁and ▁in def initely . ▁Four th , ▁the ▁movement ▁of ▁money ▁between ▁active ▁and ▁in active ▁bal ances ▁creates ▁business ▁cycles , ▁even ▁though ▁the ▁amount ▁of ▁money ▁is ▁given . ▁Last ly , ▁un emp loyment ▁is ▁likely ▁to ▁be ▁persistent ▁in ▁a ▁mon et
ary ▁economy . ▁Tim lin ’ s ▁work ▁had ▁significant ▁policy ▁imp lications ▁within ▁Canada . ▁She ▁highlight ed ▁the ▁importance ▁of ▁economic ▁theory ▁in ▁creating ▁policy , ▁and ▁dedu ced ▁Ke yn esian ▁econom ics ▁to ▁the ▁Liberal ▁Party ▁of ▁Canada . ▁ ▁Mon et ary ▁policy ▁ ▁After ▁her ▁extensive ▁work ▁on ▁Ke yn esian ▁econom ics , ▁Tim lin ▁devoted ▁the ▁rest ▁of ▁her ▁research ▁career ▁to ▁mon et ary ▁and ▁imm igration ▁policy ▁within ▁Canada . ▁Her ▁research ▁on ▁Canadian ▁mon et ary ▁policy ▁surrounded ▁the ▁post ▁World ▁War ▁II ▁era , ▁where ▁she ▁crit iqu ed ▁the ▁Bank ▁of ▁Canada ’ s ▁failure ▁to ▁employ ▁Ke yn esian ▁counter cyc lic al ▁stabil ization ▁policies ▁during ▁the ▁infl ation ▁period ▁of ▁the ▁Korean ▁War . ▁Her ▁paper ▁titled ▁" Rec ent ▁Develop ments ▁in ▁Canadian ▁Mon et ary ▁Policy " ▁indicated ▁that ▁expansion ist ▁policies ▁undert aken ▁by ▁the ▁Bank ▁of ▁Canada ▁would ▁have ▁been ▁more ▁reasonable ▁had ▁the ▁effects ▁of ▁increasing ▁external ▁prices ▁and ▁outputs ▁on ▁bank ▁depos its ▁and ▁res erves ▁been ▁delayed ▁until ▁the ▁infl ation ▁had ▁resolved ▁itself . ▁ ▁Similarly , ▁in ▁Tim lin ’ s ▁paper ▁Mon et ary ▁St abil ization ▁Pol ic ies ▁and ▁Ke yn esian ▁Theory , ▁she ▁indicates ▁that ▁following ▁W W II , ▁the ▁rate ▁of ▁invest ment ▁should ▁have ▁been ▁limited ▁through ▁increased ▁yield ▁flex ibility ▁on ▁the ▁se cur ities ▁flow ing ▁into ▁the ▁central ▁banks ’ ▁port fol ios . ▁ ▁Im m
igration ▁policy ▁ ▁Tim lin ▁published ▁three ▁main ▁papers ▁on ▁Canadian ▁imm igration : ▁" E conom ic ▁Theory ▁and ▁Im m igration ▁Policy " ▁( pub lished ▁in ▁the ▁Canadian ▁Journal ▁of ▁Econom ics ▁and ▁Political ▁Science ), ▁" Does ▁Canada ▁Need ▁More ▁People ?" ▁( pub lished ▁in ▁Oxford ▁University ▁Press ) ▁and ▁" Can ada ' s ▁Im m igration ▁Policy , ▁ 1 8 9 6 - 1 9 2 0 " ▁( pub lished ▁in ▁C J E PS ). ▁In ▁" E conom ic ▁Theory ▁and ▁Im m igration ▁Policy " ▁she ▁convey ed ▁that ▁economic ▁theory ▁can ▁only ▁get ▁polic ym akers ▁so ▁far ▁in ▁form ulating ▁imm igration ▁policy ▁and ▁exam ining ▁the ▁direct ▁effects ▁of ▁migration ; ▁quant itative ▁analysis ▁is ▁required ▁to ▁identify ▁patterns ▁and ▁dedu ce ▁proper ▁results . ▁In ▁her ▁second ▁paper , ▁" Does ▁Canada ▁Need ▁More ▁People ? ", ▁Tim lin ▁exam ines ▁both ▁the ▁effects ▁of ▁external ▁and ▁internal ▁conditions ▁on ▁Canada ’ s ▁ability ▁to ▁admit ▁imm igr ants . ▁Tim lin ▁studied ▁the ▁short ▁and ▁long ▁run ▁absor pt ive ▁capacity ▁of ▁Canada ▁and ▁argued ▁that ▁the ▁extent ▁to ▁which ▁the ▁effects ▁of ▁a ▁growing ▁population ▁will ▁be ▁felt ▁will ▁depend ▁on ▁Canada ’ s ▁external ▁economic ▁relationships ▁with ▁the ▁rest ▁of ▁the ▁world . ▁She ▁concluded ▁the ▁paper ▁by ▁emphas izing ▁the ▁importance ▁of ▁all ▁nations ▁selecting ▁imm igration ▁policies ▁that ▁improve ▁resource ▁allocation ▁for ▁the ▁whole ▁world ; ▁a ▁system ▁of ▁free ▁migration ▁with
▁large - scale ▁international ▁trade ▁is ▁essential ▁for ▁economic ▁development ▁and ▁maxim izing ▁efficiency ▁within ▁econom ies . ▁ ▁Tim lin ’ s ▁third ▁paper ▁on ▁imm igration ▁policy , ▁Canada ’ s ▁Im m igration ▁policy , ▁ 1 8 9 6 - 1 9 2 0 , ▁exam ined ▁the ▁transition ▁to ▁the ▁ 1 9 1 0 ▁Im m igration ▁Act ▁with ▁particular ▁interest ▁on ▁the ▁att itudes ▁expressed ▁by ▁the ▁Minister ▁of ▁the ▁Inter ior , ▁Cl iff ord ▁S if ton , ▁and ▁Sir ▁Wil fr id ▁Laur ier . ▁S if ton ▁believed ▁that ▁only ▁agricult ural ▁imm igr ants ▁were ▁benef icial ▁to ▁the ▁economy , ▁and ▁subsequently ▁disapp ro ved ▁of ▁Asian ▁imm igr ants ▁who ▁did ▁not ▁sett le ▁on ▁far ml ands . ▁Tim lin ▁addressed ▁the ▁ra cial ▁t ensions ▁associated ▁with ▁imm igration ▁in ▁this ▁paper , ▁and ▁claimed ▁that ▁the ▁pre jud ices ▁were ▁un called ▁for , ▁trans mut ing ▁a ▁labour ▁question ▁into ▁a ▁ra cial ▁question . ▁ ▁Hon ours ▁and ▁awards ▁▁▁▁ 1 9 4 5 - 1 9 5 6 ▁G ug gen heim ▁Fellow ship ▁▁ 1 9 5 1 ▁elected ▁to ▁the ▁Royal ▁Society ▁of ▁Canada ▁▁ 1 9 5 9 - 1 9 6 0 ▁Canada ▁Council ▁Special ▁Senior ▁Fellow ship ▁▁ 1 9 6 7 ▁Canada ' s ▁Cent enn ial ▁Medal ▁▁ 1 9 6 9 ▁named ▁an ▁Honor ary ▁D eg ree ▁of ▁Doctor ▁of ▁La ws ▁by ▁the
▁University ▁of ▁S ask atch ew an ▁▁ 1 9 7 6 ▁named ▁to ▁the ▁Order ▁of ▁Canada ▁ ▁Pos itions ▁held ▁▁▁▁ 1 9 4 1 - 1 9 4 3 ▁Member , ▁Canadian ▁Political ▁Science ▁Association ▁▁ 1 9 5 0 - 1 9 5 1 ▁Cons ult ant , ▁Federal ▁Commission ▁on ▁Pr ices ▁▁ 1 9 5 2 ▁Cons ult ant , ▁Royal ▁Commission ▁for ▁the ▁S ask atch ew an ▁River ▁Development ▁▁ 1 9 5 3 - 1 9 5 5 ▁Vice ▁President , ▁Canadian ▁Political ▁Science ▁Association ▁▁ 1 9 5 7 - 1 9 6 0 ▁Member , ▁Executive ▁Committee , ▁American ▁Econom ics ▁Association ▁▁ 1 9 5 9 - 1 9 6 0 ▁President , ▁Canadian ▁Political ▁Science ▁Association ▁ ▁Selected ▁works ▁▁▁ ▁Tim lin , ▁M abel . ▁Ke yn esian ▁Econom ics . ▁Toronto : ▁University ▁of ▁Toronto ▁Press : ▁ 1 9 4 2 . ▁Re print ▁with ▁bi ographical ▁note ▁by ▁A . ▁E . ▁Saf arian ▁and ▁an ▁introduction ▁by ▁L . ▁Tar sh is , ▁Toronto : ▁McC le ll and ▁and ▁Stewart , ▁Care l ton ▁Library ▁no . ▁ 1 0 7 : ▁ 1 9 7 7 ▁ ▁Tim lin , ▁M abel . ▁" General ▁Equ ilib rium ▁Analysis ▁and ▁Public ▁Policy ." ▁Canadian ▁Journal ▁of ▁Econom ics ▁and ▁Political ▁Science ▁ 1 2 ( 4 ), ▁November ▁ 1 9 4 6 : ▁ 4 8 3 - 9 ▁ ▁Tim lin
, ▁M abel . ▁" E conom ic ▁Theory ▁and ▁Im m igration ▁Policy ." ▁American ▁Econom ic ▁Review ▁ 4 3 ( 2 ), ▁May ▁ 1 9 5 3 : ▁ 4 2 - 5 3 ▁Tim lin , ▁M abel . ▁" Mon et ary ▁St abil ization ▁Pol ic ies ▁and ▁Ke yn esian ▁Theory ." ▁In ▁Post - Ke yn esian ▁Econom ics , ▁edited ▁by ▁K . ▁K . ▁Kur ih ara , ▁ 5 9 - 8 8 . ▁London : ▁George ▁Allen ▁and ▁Un win , ▁ 1 9 5 5 ▁Tim lin , ▁M abel . ▁" Can ada ' s ▁Im m igration ▁Policy , ▁ 1 8 9 6 - 1 9 1 0 ". ▁Canadian ▁Journal ▁of ▁Econom ics ▁and ▁Political ▁Science ▁ 2 6 ( 4 0 ), ▁November ▁ 1 9 6 0 : ▁ 5 1 7 - 3 2 ▁ ▁References ▁▁ ▁Category : 1 8 9 1 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 9 7 6 ▁death s ▁Category : 2 0 th - century ▁econom ists ▁Category : Can ad ian ▁econom ists ▁Category : Can ad ian ▁women ▁econom ists ▁Category : F ell ows ▁of ▁the ▁Royal ▁Society ▁of ▁Canada ▁Category : M embers ▁of ▁the ▁Order ▁of ▁Canada ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁Wisconsin ▁Category : Univers ity ▁of ▁S ask atch ew an ▁fac ulty ▁Category : Univers ity ▁of ▁Washington ▁al umn i <0x0A> </s> ▁Cas cade ▁C any on ▁is
▁located ▁in ▁Grand ▁T eton ▁National ▁Park , ▁in ▁the ▁U . S . ▁state ▁of ▁Wy oming . ▁The ▁can y on ▁was ▁formed ▁by ▁gla ci ers ▁which ▁retre ated ▁at ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁last ▁gla cial ▁maximum ▁approximately ▁ 1 5 , 0 0 0 year s ▁ago . ▁Today , ▁Cas cade ▁C any on ▁has ▁numerous ▁pol ished ▁gla cial ▁er rat ics , ▁h anging ▁cir ques ▁and ▁a ▁U - shape ▁as ▁ev id ences ▁that ▁demonstrate ▁that ▁gla ci ers ▁once ▁filled ▁the ▁can y on ▁to ▁a ▁depth ▁of ▁at ▁least ▁. ▁Rock ▁de br is ▁that ▁was ▁transport ed ▁out ▁of ▁the ▁can y on ▁by ▁gla cial ▁motion ▁formed ▁mor aines ▁which ▁now ▁imp ound ▁the ▁waters ▁of ▁Jen ny ▁Lake ▁which ▁is ▁located ▁at ▁the ▁base ▁of ▁the ▁can y on . ▁Cas cade ▁Creek ▁now ▁flows ▁where ▁the ▁gla ci ers ▁once ▁did ▁and ▁the ▁numerous ▁water falls , ▁such ▁as ▁the ▁ ▁tall ▁H idden ▁F alls , ▁found ▁within ▁the ▁g orge ▁are ▁popular ▁destin ations ▁with ▁tour ists . ▁ ▁The ▁can y on ▁is ▁immediately ▁west ▁of ▁Jen ny ▁Lake . ▁The ▁Cas cade ▁C any on ▁Tra il ▁follows ▁the ▁length ▁of ▁the ▁can y on ▁and ▁is ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁most ▁heavily ▁used ▁h ik ing ▁tra ils ▁in ▁the ▁park . ▁The ▁can y on ▁can ▁be ▁reached ▁from ▁the ▁Jen ny ▁Lake ▁camp ground ▁after ▁a ▁level ▁hi ke ▁of
▁ ▁along ▁the ▁Jen ny ▁Lake ▁Tra il , ▁or ▁by ▁way ▁of ▁a ▁scen ic ▁boat ▁ride ▁from ▁the ▁camp ground ▁to ▁the ▁west ▁shore ▁of ▁Jen ny ▁Lake . ▁At ▁the ▁foot ▁of ▁the ▁can y on ▁it ▁is ▁ ▁to ▁the ▁j unction ▁of ▁the ▁north ▁and ▁south ▁Cas cade ▁C any on ▁tra ils . ▁From ▁there , ▁h ik ers ▁have ▁the ▁option ▁of ▁heading ▁north ▁along ▁the ▁Lake ▁Sol itude ▁Tra il ▁to ▁Lake ▁Sol itude ▁( another ▁ ▁or ▁south ▁via ▁the ▁South ▁F ork ▁Cas cade ▁C any on ▁Tra il ▁to ▁H urr icane ▁Pass ▁(. ▁ ▁From ▁Lake ▁Sol itude ▁there ▁are ▁swe eping ▁views ▁of ▁the ▁C athedral ▁Group ▁and ▁Grand ▁T eton . ▁Just ▁below ▁H urr icane ▁Pass , ▁a ▁small ▁gla cier ▁known ▁as ▁School room ▁Gla cier ▁can ▁be ▁reached ▁via ▁a ▁short ▁side ▁trail . ▁The ▁can y on ▁is ▁situated ▁between ▁Grand ▁T eton ▁which ▁is ▁ ▁high ▁to ▁the ▁south ▁and ▁several ▁pe aks ▁over ▁ ▁to ▁the ▁north . ▁Ste ep ▁cl iffs ▁desc ending ▁from ▁these ▁pe aks ▁ensure ▁that ▁the ▁high ▁points ▁to ▁the ▁north ▁and ▁south ▁are ▁not ▁visible ▁until ▁one ▁h ikes ▁considerable ▁distance ▁into ▁the ▁can y on . ▁ ▁Five ▁miles ▁( 8 km ) ▁west ▁of ▁Jen ny ▁Lake ▁the ▁Cas cade ▁C any on ▁Bar n ▁is ▁preserved . ▁Bu ilt ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 5 ▁by ▁members ▁of ▁the ▁Civil ian ▁Conserv ation
▁Corps , ▁the ▁bar n ▁was ▁placed ▁on ▁the ▁National ▁Register ▁of ▁Historic ▁Places ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 8 . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁C any ons ▁of ▁the ▁T eton ▁Range ▁Ge ology ▁of ▁the ▁Grand ▁T eton ▁area ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : C any ons ▁and ▁g org es ▁of ▁Grand ▁T eton ▁National ▁Park <0x0A> </s> ▁Robert ▁D enn ison ▁( 1 4 ▁December ▁ 1 8 7 9 ▁– ▁ 1 0 ▁November ▁ 1 9 5 1 ) ▁was ▁a ▁British ▁Labour ▁Party ▁politician . ▁He ▁ ▁served ▁as ▁the ▁Member ▁of ▁Parliament ▁for ▁B irmingham ▁King ' s ▁N orton ▁for ▁five ▁years ▁from ▁ 1 9 2 4 – 2 9 . ▁He ▁gained ▁the ▁seat ▁from ▁autom ot ive ▁engineer ▁Sir ▁Herbert ▁Austin ▁of ▁the ▁Conserv ative ▁Party ▁at ▁the ▁ 1 9 2 4 ▁general ▁election , ▁with ▁a ▁small ▁majority ▁of ▁ 1 3 3 ▁votes . ▁D enn ison ▁lost ▁his ▁seat ▁to ▁Lion el ▁Be aum ont - Th omas ; ▁also ▁a ▁Conserv ative , ▁at ▁the ▁ 1 9 2 9 ▁general ▁election ▁by ▁ 4 9 1 ▁votes . ▁ ▁He ▁previously ▁stood ▁at ▁W als all ▁and ▁Cleveland , ▁al beit ▁un success fully . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : 1 8 7 9 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 9 5 1 ▁death s ▁Category : I ron ▁and ▁Ste el ▁Tr ades ▁Confeder ation - sp ons ored ▁MP s ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from
▁B irmingham , ▁West ▁Mid lands ▁Category : Lab our ▁Party ▁( UK ) ▁MP s ▁for ▁English ▁constitu encies ▁Category : UK ▁MP s ▁ 1 9 2 4 – 1 9 2 9 <0x0A> </s> ▁Mus cat ▁du ▁Vent oux ▁is ▁a ▁French ▁black ▁table ▁gra pe , ▁protected ▁by ▁an ▁A OC , ▁produced ▁from ▁the ▁gra pe ▁variety ▁Mus cat ▁Hamburg ▁on ▁the ▁s lop es ▁of ▁Mont ▁Vent oux , ▁in ▁the ▁department ▁of ▁V au cl use . ▁ ▁History ▁The ▁gra pe ▁has ▁been ▁grown ▁in ▁this ▁region ▁since ▁the ▁ancient ▁times . ▁The ▁table ▁g rap es ▁have ▁been ▁produced ▁in ▁the ▁fo oth ills ▁of ▁Mont ▁Vent oux ▁since ▁the ▁nin ete enth ▁century ▁. ▁There ▁are ▁nearly ▁four ▁hundred ▁produ cers ▁in ▁ 4 8 ▁municipal ities ▁of ▁V au cl use ▁which ▁ann ually ▁produce ▁ 2 , 0 0 0 ▁t onnes ▁of ▁this ▁variety . ▁ ▁A OC ▁and ▁A OP ▁To ▁protect ▁the ▁reputation ▁of ▁their ▁growing ▁g rap es , ▁a ▁group ▁of ▁produ cers ▁decided ▁to ▁reg ulate ▁the ▁mode ▁of ▁production . ▁This ▁approach ▁ ▁has ▁cul min ated ▁in ▁the ▁award ▁of ▁the ▁A OC ▁ ▁by ▁a ▁Dec ree ▁dated ▁ 2 2 ▁August ▁ 1 9 9 7 ▁and ▁completed ▁by ▁the ▁Order ▁of ▁ 2 4 ▁October ▁ 1 9 9 7 ▁. ▁Rec ogn ized ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 9 ▁protected ▁design ation ▁of ▁origin ▁by ▁Europe , ▁Mus cat
▁du ▁Vent oux ▁meets ▁a ▁very ▁precise ▁specification ▁which ▁includes ▁the ▁weight ▁of ▁the ▁bunch ▁( 2 5 0 g ) ▁sugar ▁concentration ▁( 1 6 - 1 8 ▁%), ▁cle ans ing ▁of ▁clusters ▁to ▁eliminate ▁bl ight ed ▁gra in , ▁the ▁presence ▁of ▁the ▁blo om ▁on ▁the ▁skin ▁of ▁g rap es , ▁etc . ▁ ▁Geography ▁ ▁Situ ation ▁The ▁app ell ation ▁covers ▁▁ ▁between ▁Mount ▁Vent oux ▁and ▁Av ignon ▁in ▁ 5 6 ▁municipal ities . ▁It ▁includes ▁the ▁lower ▁s lop es ▁of ▁Mont ▁Vent oux , ▁in ▁the ▁valley ▁of ▁the ▁River ▁Cal av on ▁and ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁L uber on ▁. ▁The ▁land ▁where ▁g rap es ▁are ▁grown ▁lies ▁on ▁alt itude ▁s lop es ▁greater ▁than ▁ 2 0 0 ▁metres ▁on ▁the ▁terra ces ▁of ▁the ▁Vent oux ▁and ▁the ▁valley ▁of ▁Cal av on ▁It ▁is ▁located ▁on ▁the ▁cant ons ▁de ▁M orm oir on , ▁P ern es - les - Font aines , ▁Mal auc ène , ▁V aison - la - R oma ine , ▁Car pent ras , ▁Bon nie ux , ▁A pt , ▁G ord es , ▁C ava illon ▁et ▁L ' Is le - sur - la - S org ue ▁. ▁Over ▁ 6 0 % ▁of ▁the ▁plots ▁are ▁ir rig ated ▁. ▁ ▁Ge ology ▁and ▁or ography ▁The ▁v ines ▁are ▁mainly ▁grown ▁on ▁hills ides ▁ground ▁sed iment ary ▁lim estone ▁and ▁cl
ay ▁- ▁cal ca ires ▁of ▁t ert i ary ▁but ▁also ▁on ▁terra ces ▁of ▁Qu atern ary ▁det rit us ▁ ▁. ▁ ▁Cl imate ▁The ▁Mediter rane an ▁climate ▁has ▁two ▁dry ▁seasons , ▁a ▁brief ▁one ▁at ▁ ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁winter ▁and ▁a ▁very ▁long ▁and ▁pron ounced ▁one ▁in ▁summer ▁; ▁and ▁two ▁ra iny ▁seasons , ▁one ▁in ▁aut umn , ▁with ▁abund ant ▁ra ins ▁and ▁one ▁in ▁Spring . ▁ ▁The ▁mist ral ▁swe eping ▁the ▁Rh one ▁Valley ▁has ▁a ▁benef icial ▁influence ▁on ▁production . ▁The ▁plots ▁are ▁mainly ▁located ▁on ▁south ▁facing ▁s lop es , ▁protected ▁from ▁the ▁prev ail ing ▁wind ▁by ▁Mount ▁Vent oux ▁and ▁but ▁benef iting ▁from ▁the ▁dry ing ▁air ▁which ▁reduces ▁occurrence ▁of ▁mil de w . ▁ ▁Production ▁ ▁The ▁only ▁variety ▁author ized ▁for ▁this ▁production ▁is ▁the ▁Mus cat ▁Hamburg ▁. ▁ ▁The ▁v ine ▁must ▁be ▁tre ll ised ▁or ▁on ▁a ▁vertical ▁plane ▁or ▁in ▁two ▁ob lique ▁plan es ▁prom oting ▁sun sh ine . ▁( ▁t ying ▁- called ▁" ly re "). ▁It ▁is ▁plant ed ▁at ▁a ▁density ▁of ▁ 2 2 0 0 ▁plants ▁per ▁hect are ▁in ▁ly re ▁or ▁ 3 0 0 0 ▁v ines ▁/ ▁ha ▁in ▁vertical ▁tre ll ising . ▁Plant ings ▁before ▁the ▁publication ▁of ▁the ▁dec ree ▁have ▁until ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁har vest ▁to ▁be ▁brought ▁into ▁comp liance . ▁The ▁height
▁of ▁t ying ▁must ▁exceed ▁ 1 . 2 ▁m ▁above ▁the ▁support ▁wire ▁for ▁vertical ▁plant ing , ▁a ▁toler ance ▁of ▁ 1 ▁m ▁being ▁paid ▁for ▁v ine y ards ▁in ▁place . ▁For ▁v ines ▁ly re , ▁t ying ▁must ▁exceed ▁ 1 ▁m . ▁ ▁Ir rig ation ▁is ▁permitted ▁from ▁fruit ▁set . ▁( When ▁the ▁g rap es ▁reach ▁a ▁size ▁where ▁they ▁touch , ▁to ▁early ▁July ) ▁ ▁Har vest ing ▁The ▁start ▁of ▁the ▁har vest ▁is ▁determined ▁by ▁the ▁publication ▁of ▁a ▁har vest ing ▁permit , ▁usually ▁issued ▁from ▁late ▁August . ▁Har vest ing ▁is ▁by ▁hand ▁using ▁two ▁sets ▁of ▁t ray s . ▁One ▁set ▁of ▁t ray s ▁is ▁for ▁g rap es ▁suitable ▁for ▁the ▁A OC , ▁the ▁other ▁set ▁is ▁for ▁g rap es ▁that ▁can ▁not ▁qual ify . ▁Ch is elling , ▁the ▁removal ▁of ▁dam aged ▁g rap es ▁or ▁imm ature ▁g rap es ▁is ▁not ▁permitted ▁for ▁the ▁A OC ▁g rap es . ▁Only ▁v ines ▁aged ▁ 3 ▁years ▁and ▁older ▁are ▁el ig ible ▁for ▁the ▁A OC . ▁ ▁The ▁maximum ▁yield ▁is ▁ 1 0 ▁t onnes ▁for ▁vertical ▁v ines ▁and ▁ 1 3 ▁t onnes ▁for ▁ly re ▁v ines . ▁In ▁exception al ▁years , ▁the ▁yield ▁may ▁be ▁decre ased ▁or ▁increased . ▁In ▁the ▁latter ▁case , ▁it ▁can ▁not ▁exceed ▁ 1 2 ▁and ▁ 1 5
▁t onnes ▁for ▁vertical ▁v ines ▁or ▁ly re . ▁ ▁The ▁g rap es ▁can ▁be ▁kept ▁in ▁the ▁ge ographical ▁area ▁of ▁the ▁A OC ▁in ▁a ▁cold ▁room ▁( between ▁- 0 . 5 ▁and ▁ 1 ° C ) ▁in ▁a ▁hum id ▁and ▁protect ive ▁atmosphere ▁( above ▁ 9 0 % ▁hum id ity ▁with ▁added ▁Sul fur ▁dio x ide ). ▁ ▁Mark eting ▁must ▁be ▁in ▁the ▁original ▁pack aging ▁with ▁the ▁band ▁st icker . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : Table ▁gra pe ▁vari eties <0x0A> </s> ▁R AF ▁Hol be ach ▁also ▁Air ▁We ap ons ▁Range ▁Hol be ach , ▁is ▁a ▁United ▁Kingdom ▁Ministry ▁of ▁Def ence ▁academic ▁air ▁weapons ▁range ▁( A WR ) ▁situated ▁between ▁Boston ▁and ▁King ' s ▁Lyn n ▁near ▁Ged ney ▁Dro ve ▁End ▁on ▁The ▁W ash , ▁in ▁Lincoln shire , ▁eastern ▁England . ▁Most ▁of ▁the ▁range , ▁including ▁the ▁control ▁tower ▁and ▁four ▁observation ▁to wers ▁( Qu ads ) ▁are ▁in ▁Ged ney , ▁but ▁it ▁does ▁overlap ▁with ▁Hol be ach ▁to ▁the ▁west . ▁On ▁UK ▁Civil ▁A viation ▁Author ity ▁issued ▁aer onaut ical ▁charts ▁the ▁military ▁D anger ▁Area ▁is ▁found ▁marked ▁and ▁identified ▁by ▁the ▁code ▁W R DA ▁D 2 0 7 / II ▁or ▁the ▁I CA O ▁code ▁E G ▁D 2 0 7 ▁( We ap ons ▁Range ▁D anger ▁Area ▁or ▁United ▁Kingdom ▁D anger , ▁ 2 0
7 ), ▁the ▁danger ▁alt itude ▁is ▁usually ▁up ▁to ▁twenty - three ▁thousand ▁feet ▁A MS L . ▁ ▁History ▁The ▁range ▁opened ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 6 ▁as ▁an ▁air ▁g unn ery ▁range ▁attached ▁to ▁and ▁established ▁by ▁Royal ▁Air ▁Force ▁Pract ice ▁Camp ▁S utton ▁Bridge ▁( l ater ▁named ▁R AF ▁S utton ▁Bridge ). ▁Use ▁of ▁the ▁range ▁began ▁on ▁ 2 7 ▁September ▁ 1 9 2 6 , ▁with ▁bi plan es ▁firing ▁and ▁dro pping ▁bomb s ▁over ▁the ▁area ▁formally ▁known ▁as ▁" Hol be ach ▁Air ▁G unn ery ▁and ▁Bomb ing ▁Range ", ▁and ▁col lo qu ial ly ▁simply ▁as ▁Hol be ach ▁Marsh ▁Range . ▁ ▁During ▁the ▁late ▁ 1 9 5 0 s , ▁when ▁R AF ▁S utton ▁Bridge ▁was ▁placed ▁on ▁a ▁Care ▁and ▁Main ten ance ▁role , ▁the ▁coast al ▁mar sh land ▁air ▁g unn ery ▁range ▁was ▁renamed ▁to ▁R AF ▁Hol be ach ▁Bomb ing ▁Range ▁and ▁it ▁became ▁later ▁parent ed ▁to ▁R AF ▁Mar ham ▁as ▁an ▁Air ▁We ap ons ▁Range ▁( A WR ) ▁within ▁R AF ▁St rike ▁Command . ▁On ▁ 1 ▁April ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁control ▁was ▁transferred ▁to ▁the ▁Ministry ▁of ▁Def ence — Def ence ▁Training ▁Est ate ▁East ▁( D TE ▁East ), ▁located ▁at ▁West ▁To ft s ▁Camp ▁in ▁West ▁To ft s ▁near ▁Th et ford ▁in ▁Nor folk ; ▁now ▁renamed ▁Def ence
▁In frastr ucture ▁Organisation ▁East ▁( DI O ▁East ). ▁ ▁D IO ▁are ▁responsible ▁for ▁oper ational ▁support — building , ▁maintain ing ▁and ▁serv icing ▁the ▁infrastr ucture , ▁the ▁R AF ▁are ▁responsible ▁for ▁safe ▁practice ▁on ▁the ▁Range . ▁The ▁Range ▁is ▁admin ister ed ▁at ▁a ▁local ▁level ▁by ▁the ▁D IO ▁Training ▁Saf ety ▁Officer ▁( T SO ), ▁who ▁has ▁an ▁office ▁at ▁the ▁Range . ▁R AF ▁air ▁traffic ▁control ▁personnel ▁staff ▁the ▁Range ▁Control ▁Tower ▁supported ▁by ▁civil ian ▁range ▁staff ▁out s our ced ▁to ▁Land mar c ▁Sol utions . ▁ ▁Em blem ▁The ▁station ' s ▁bad ge ▁features ▁a ▁vertical ▁sword ▁through ▁a ▁crown . ▁The ▁mot to ▁is ▁Def end ▁and ▁St rike . ▁ ▁Fac ilities ▁Ext ending ▁over ▁an ▁area ▁of ▁ 3 , 8 7 5 ▁hect ares , ▁which ▁includes ▁ 3 , 1 0 0 ▁hect ares ▁of ▁inter tid al ▁mud fl ats ▁and ▁ 7 7 5 ▁hect ares ▁of ▁salt ▁mar sh , ▁the ▁air ▁weapons ▁range ▁provides ▁facilities ▁for ▁R AF ▁and ▁NAT O - al lied ▁aircraft ▁to ▁practice ▁dro pping ▁bomb s ▁and ▁firing ▁their ▁aircraft ▁weapons , ▁including ▁pre - deploy ment ▁training . ▁Since ▁ 1 9 9 3 ▁this ▁has ▁included ▁night ▁bomb ing ▁and ▁hel ic opter ▁operations . ▁The ▁range ▁facilities ▁are ▁not ▁only ▁used ▁by ▁air ▁force ▁squad rons ▁station ed ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁Kingdom ▁but ▁also ▁fly ▁over ▁directly ▁from ▁air
b ases ▁located ▁throughout ▁Europe . ▁An ▁ass ort ment ▁of ▁range ▁targets , ▁ 8 ▁in ▁total , ▁include ▁several ▁retired ▁merchant ▁ships ▁which ▁have ▁been ▁be ached ▁on ▁the ▁s ands ▁of ▁The ▁W ash ▁for ▁this ▁purpose . ▁Observ ation ▁to wers ▁parallel ▁to ▁the ▁target ▁line ▁are ▁man ned ▁and ▁allow ▁the ▁fall ▁of ▁aircraft ▁ord n ance ▁to ▁be ▁calculated ▁for ▁accuracy ▁by ▁means ▁of ▁tri ang ulation . ▁The ▁range ▁includes ▁a ▁hel ic opter ▁landing ▁pad ▁near ▁the ▁main ▁control ▁tower ▁and ▁since ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁a ▁new ▁range ▁headquarters ▁building . ▁ ▁At ▁the ▁present ▁time ▁aircraft ▁types ▁such ▁as ▁the ▁T orn ado ▁GR 4 , ▁Euro fig h ter ▁Ty ph oon , ▁F - 3 5 B ▁Light ning ▁II ▁( No . ▁ 6 1 7 ▁Squadron ▁R AF ), ▁US AF ▁F - 1 5 ▁E agle / F - 1 5 E ▁St rike ▁E agle ▁( from ▁ 4 8 th ▁F ighter ▁Wing ), ▁Haw k ▁Tra iner ▁and ▁Ag usta West land ▁Apache ▁A H 1 ▁hel ic op ters ▁can ▁be ▁seen ▁operating ▁on ▁the ▁range ▁at ▁various ▁times ▁of ▁the ▁day , ▁including ▁on ▁occasions ▁CV - 2 2 B ▁O sp rey ▁( from ▁ 7 th ▁Special ▁Oper ations ▁Squadron ), ▁H H - 6 0 G ▁P ave ▁Haw k ▁( from ▁ 5 6 th ▁Res cue ▁Squadron ), ▁Ch ino ok , ▁Mer lin ▁and ▁P uma
▁H C ▁hel ic op ters . ▁The ▁range ▁also ▁hosts ▁frequent ▁For ward ▁Air ▁Control ▁( F AC ) ▁or ▁J oint ▁Terminal ▁Att ack ▁Controller ▁( J TAC ) ▁exer cis es . ▁ ▁St raf ing ▁ ▁R AF ▁Hol be ach ▁also ▁has ▁facilities ▁for ▁scoring ▁st raf ing ▁runs . ▁The ▁st raf ing ▁targets ▁are ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁three - met re ▁square ▁net ▁with ▁an ▁orange ▁b ull se ye ▁made ▁by ▁we aving ▁pl astic ▁stri ps ▁through ▁the ▁ch icken - wire ▁net . ▁The ▁Stra fe ▁Sc oring ▁detect s ▁the ▁X - Y ▁position ▁of ▁the ▁project ile ▁from ▁the ▁ac oust ic ▁signature ▁of ▁the ▁su person ic ▁shock ▁wave . ▁This ▁result ▁is ▁sent ▁by ▁radio ▁to ▁the ▁control ▁tower , ▁where ▁it ▁is ▁displayed ▁to ▁the ▁Air ▁Tra ffic ▁Controller ▁for ▁relay ing ▁to ▁the ▁pilot . ▁The ▁range ▁also ▁has ▁semi - autom atic ▁bomb ▁and ▁ro cket ▁scoring ▁systems . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Video ▁Foot age : ▁July ▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁- ▁T orn ado ▁GR 4 ▁and ▁Haw k ▁Tra iner ▁aircraft ▁pract icing ▁at ▁R AF ▁Hol be ach ▁Bomb ing ▁Range . ▁ ▁Video ▁Foot age : ▁March ▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁- ▁F - 1 5 Es , ▁Apache ▁and ▁T orn ado ▁aircraft ▁pract icing ▁over ▁R AF ▁Hol be ach ▁Bomb ing ▁Range . ▁ ▁Video ▁Foot age : ▁August ▁ 2 0 1 1
▁- ▁showing ▁A - 1 0 C ▁Th under bol ts ▁pract icing ▁at ▁R AF ▁Hol be ach ▁Bomb ing ▁Range . ▁ ▁Video ▁Foot age : ▁August ▁ 1 9 9 1 ▁- ▁showing ▁aircraft ▁SE PE CAT ▁J agu ar , ▁Belg ium ▁Air ▁F force ▁Mira ge , ▁A - 1 0 ▁Th under bol t , ▁T orn ado ▁and ▁F - 1 1 1 ▁A ard v ark ▁pract icing ▁at ▁R AF ▁Hol be ach ▁Bomb ing ▁Range . ▁▁ ▁BBC ▁News ▁England : ▁R AF ▁T orn ado ▁crashes ▁at ▁Hol be ach ▁Bomb ing ▁Range , ▁ 2 4 ▁October ▁ 2 0 0 6 . ▁ ▁BBC ▁News ▁England : ▁R AF ▁T orn ado ▁crashes ▁at ▁Hol be ach ▁Bomb ing ▁Range , ▁ 2 6 ▁October ▁ 2 0 0 6 . ▁ ▁Th under ▁& ▁Light nings ▁- ▁av iation ▁enthus iast s , ▁including ▁air field ▁view ing ▁gu ides ▁ ▁Queen ▁Elizabeth ▁enjoyed ▁det on ating ▁an ▁un expl oded ▁dummy ▁bomb ▁at ▁R AF ▁Hol be ach ▁on ▁ 4 ▁February ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁ ▁Category : Ro yal ▁Air ▁Force ▁stations ▁in ▁Lincoln shire ▁Category : S outh ▁Holland , ▁Lincoln shire ▁Category : B omb ing ▁ranges ▁Category : Mil it ary ▁units ▁and ▁form ations ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 6 <0x0A> </s> ▁In ▁chem istry , ▁topology ▁provides ▁a ▁convenient ▁way ▁of ▁describing ▁and ▁predict ing ▁the ▁mole cular ▁structure
▁within ▁the ▁constraints ▁of ▁three - dimensional ▁( 3 - D ) ▁space . ▁ ▁Given ▁the ▁determin ants ▁of ▁chemical ▁bond ing ▁and ▁the ▁chemical ▁properties ▁of ▁the ▁atoms , ▁topology ▁provides ▁a ▁model ▁for ▁explaining ▁how ▁the ▁atoms ▁eth ere al ▁wave ▁functions ▁must ▁fit ▁together . ▁ ▁M ole cular ▁topology ▁is ▁a ▁part ▁of ▁mathematical ▁chem istry ▁dealing ▁with ▁the ▁algebraic ▁description ▁of ▁chemical ▁comp ounds ▁so ▁allowing ▁a ▁unique ▁and ▁easy ▁character ization ▁of ▁them . ▁ ▁Top ology ▁is ▁ins ens itive ▁to ▁the ▁details ▁of ▁a ▁scalar ▁field , ▁and ▁can ▁often ▁be ▁determined ▁using ▁simplified ▁calculations . ▁ ▁S cal ar ▁fields ▁such ▁as ▁electron ▁density , ▁Mad el ung ▁field , ▁c oval ent ▁field ▁and ▁the ▁electro static ▁potential ▁can ▁be ▁used ▁to ▁model ▁topology . ▁▁▁ ▁Each ▁scalar ▁field ▁has ▁its ▁own ▁distinct ive ▁topology ▁and ▁each ▁provides ▁different ▁information ▁about ▁the ▁nature ▁of ▁chemical ▁bond ing ▁and ▁structure . ▁The ▁analysis ▁of ▁these ▁top ologies , ▁when ▁combined ▁with ▁simple ▁electro static ▁theory ▁and ▁a ▁few ▁empir ical ▁observations , ▁leads ▁to ▁a ▁quant itative ▁model ▁of ▁local ized ▁chemical ▁bond ing . ▁In ▁the ▁process , ▁the ▁analysis ▁provides ▁ins ights ▁into ▁the ▁nature ▁of ▁chemical ▁bond ing . ▁ ▁App lied ▁topology ▁explains ▁how ▁large ▁mole cules ▁reach ▁their ▁final ▁shapes ▁and ▁how ▁bi ological ▁mole cules ▁achieve ▁their ▁activity . ▁ ▁Circ uit ▁topology ▁is ▁a ▁topological ▁property ▁of ▁fol ded ▁linear ▁polym ers . ▁This ▁notion ▁has
▁been ▁applied ▁to ▁struct ural ▁analysis ▁of ▁bi om ole cules ▁such ▁as ▁prote ins ▁and ▁R N As . ▁ ▁Top ological ▁indices ▁It ▁is ▁possible ▁to ▁set ▁up ▁equations ▁correl ating ▁direct ▁quant itative ▁structure ▁activity ▁relationships ▁with ▁experimental ▁properties , ▁usually ▁referred ▁to ▁as ▁topological ▁indices ▁( T Is ). ▁ ▁Top ological ▁indices ▁are ▁used ▁in ▁the ▁development ▁of ▁quant itative ▁structure - activity ▁relationships ▁( Q S AR s ) ▁in ▁which ▁the ▁bi ological ▁activity ▁or ▁other ▁properties ▁of ▁mole cules ▁are ▁correl ated ▁with ▁their ▁chemical ▁structure . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Fran cl , ▁Mich elle ; ▁St retch ing ▁topology ▁Nature ▁Chem istry ▁ 1 , ▁ 3 3 4 – 3 3 5 ▁( 2 0 0 9 ) ▁▁ ▁M ole cular ▁topology ▁R ouv ray , ▁D . ▁H .; ▁A ▁r ationale ▁for ▁the ▁topological ▁approach ▁to ▁chem istry ; ▁Journal ▁of ▁M ole cular ▁Str ucture : ▁THE O CH EM ▁Volume ▁ 3 3 6 , ▁Iss ues ▁ 2 – 3 , ▁ 3 0 ▁June ▁ 1 9 9 5 , ▁pages ▁ 1 0 1 – 1 1 4 ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁Circ uit ▁topology ▁The oret ical ▁chem istry ▁M ole cular ▁geometry ▁M ole cular ▁graph ▁ ▁Category : M ole cular ▁topology ▁Category : M ole cular ▁geometry ▁Category : Su pr am ole cular ▁chem istry ▁Category : Top ology ▁Category : Ch em in format ics ▁Category : Math emat ical
▁chem istry <0x0A> </s> ▁Canad ians ▁for ▁Account ability ▁is ▁a ▁non - pro fit ▁organization ▁established ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁to ▁advoc ate ▁on ▁wh ist leb low ing ▁issues ▁in ▁Canada ▁and ▁provide ▁support ▁to ▁both ▁public ▁sector ▁and ▁private ▁sector ▁wh ist leb low ers . ▁Canad ians ▁for ▁Account ability ▁is ▁Canada ' s ▁only ▁national ▁wh ist leb lower ▁protection ▁organization . ▁ ▁The ▁current ▁President ▁is ▁All an ▁C ut ler , ▁the ▁former ▁Conserv ative ▁Party ▁of ▁Canada ▁candidate ▁notable ▁for ▁his ▁role ▁as ▁the ▁wh ist leb lower ▁who ▁triggered ▁the ▁Sp ons or ship ▁sc andal . ▁ ▁Go als ▁ ▁The ▁stated ▁goals ▁of ▁the ▁organization ▁are ▁to : ▁ ▁Edu c ate ▁Canad ians ▁about ▁wh ist leb low ing ▁and ▁ab us ive ▁management ▁situations ▁through ▁coun s elling , ▁education ▁and ▁assistance ▁in ▁accord ance ▁with ▁the ▁law , ▁ ▁To ▁prom oting ▁an ▁understanding ▁of ▁wh ist leb low ing : ▁what ▁it ▁is , ▁the ▁dynamics , ▁the ▁culture , ▁mechan isms ▁and ▁solutions , ▁ ▁Prom ote ▁public ▁aw aren ess ▁of ▁the ▁importance ▁and ▁value ▁of ▁wh ist leb low ing ▁in ▁the ▁Canadian ▁context , ▁including ▁labour ▁un ions , ▁senior ▁management ▁and ▁employees , ▁and ▁ ▁Adv oc ate ▁for ▁a ▁culture ▁of ▁truth , ▁trans par ency ▁and ▁integrity ▁in ▁Canada ' s ▁public ▁and ▁private ▁sector ▁institutions ▁and ▁Canadian ▁society ▁in ▁general . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁Wh ist leb
lower ▁ ▁Wik i Le aks ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Canad ians ▁for ▁Account ability ▁ ▁Government ▁Account ability ▁Project ▁ ▁World wide ▁Wh ist leb low ers ▁ ▁Category : Wh ist leb lower ▁support ▁organizations ▁Category : G overn ment ▁watch dog ▁groups ▁in ▁Canada ▁Category : C ivil ▁libert ies ▁advoc acy ▁groups ▁Category : Pol it ical ▁advoc acy ▁groups ▁in ▁Canada <0x0A> </s> ▁Legisl ature ▁IV ▁of ▁Italy ▁() ▁was ▁the ▁legisl ature ▁of ▁Italy ▁which ▁last ed ▁from ▁ 1 6 ▁May ▁ 1 9 6 3 ▁until ▁ 4 ▁June ▁ 1 9 6 8 . ▁ ▁Its ▁composition ▁was ▁the ▁one ▁resulting ▁from ▁the ▁general ▁election ▁of ▁ 2 8 ▁April ▁ 1 9 6 3 , ▁called ▁after ▁the ▁dissol ution ▁of ▁the ▁houses ▁of ▁Parliament ▁announced ▁by ▁President ▁Antonio ▁Seg ni ▁on ▁ 1 8 ▁February ▁ 1 9 6 3 . ▁ ▁The ▁Parliament ▁was ▁dismiss ed ▁after ▁its ▁term ▁was ▁completed , ▁when ▁President ▁Giuseppe ▁Sar ag at ▁dissol ved ▁the ▁houses ▁on ▁ 1 1 ▁March ▁ 1 9 6 8 . ▁ ▁Government ▁Le one ▁I ▁Cab inet ▁ 2 1 ▁June ▁ 1 9 6 3 ▁ ▁– ▁ 4 ▁December ▁ 1 9 6 3 ▁President ▁of ▁the ▁Council ▁of ▁Minister s : ▁Giovanni ▁Le one ▁( DC ) ▁Com position ▁of ▁the ▁government ▁: ▁DC ▁ ▁Mor o ▁I ▁Cab inet ▁ 4 ▁December ▁ 1 9 6 3 ▁ ▁– ▁ 2 2
▁July ▁ 1 9 6 4 ▁President ▁of ▁the ▁Council ▁of ▁Minister s : ▁Ald o ▁Mor o ▁( DC ) ▁Com position ▁of ▁the ▁government ▁: ▁DC , ▁P SI , ▁PS DI , ▁P RI ▁Mor o ▁II ▁Cab inet ▁ 2 2 ▁July ▁ 1 9 6 4 ▁ ▁– ▁ 2 3 ▁February ▁ 1 9 6 6 ▁President ▁of ▁the ▁Council ▁of ▁Minister s : ▁Ald o ▁Mor o ▁( DC ) ▁Com position ▁of ▁the ▁government ▁: ▁DC , ▁P SI , ▁PS DI , ▁P RI ▁Mor o ▁III ▁Cab inet ▁ 2 3 ▁February ▁ 1 9 6 6 ▁ ▁– ▁ 2 4 ▁June ▁ 1 9 6 8 ▁President ▁of ▁the ▁Council ▁of ▁Minister s : ▁Ald o ▁Mor o ▁( DC ) ▁Com position ▁of ▁the ▁government ▁: ▁DC , ▁P SI , ▁PS DI , ▁P RI ▁ ▁President ▁of ▁the ▁Chamber ▁of ▁Deput ies ▁ ▁Giovanni ▁Le one , ▁DC ▁ 1 6 ▁May ▁ 1 9 6 3 ▁ ▁– ▁ 2 1 ▁June ▁ 1 9 6 3 ▁Brun etto ▁Bu cc ia rel li - D ucci , ▁DC ▁ 2 6 ▁June ▁ 1 9 6 3 ▁ ▁– ▁ 4 ▁June ▁ 1 9 6 8 ▁ ▁President ▁of ▁the ▁Senate ▁ ▁Ces are ▁Mer z ag ora , ▁DC ▁ 1 6 ▁May ▁ 1 9 6 3 ▁ ▁– ▁ 7 ▁November ▁ 1 9 6 7 ▁En nio ▁Z eli oli -
L anz ini , ▁DC ▁ 8 ▁November ▁ 1 9 6 7 ▁ ▁– ▁ 4 ▁June ▁ 1 9 6 8 ▁ ▁Sen ators ▁ ▁A ▁ ▁Mario ▁Act is ▁Per in etti ▁Gel as io ▁Adam oli ▁Aless andro ▁Agr imi ▁Te odos io ▁A im oni ▁T omm aso ▁A j ro ld i ▁Adel io ▁Alb arel lo ▁Giuseppe ▁Al ber ti ▁Le a ▁Alc idi ▁B occ acci ▁Re zza ▁Giuseppe ▁Aless i ▁Pietro ▁Am ig oni ▁Bruno ▁Am ole tt i ▁U go ▁Angel illi ▁Arm ando ▁Angel ini ▁Ces are ▁Angel ini ▁Nicola ▁Angel ini ▁Luigi ▁An gr is ani ▁Carlo ▁Ar na udi ▁Eugen io ▁Art om ▁Nicol ò ▁As aro ▁G io ac ch ino ▁Att agu ile ▁Walter ▁Aud is io ▁Antonio ▁Az ara ▁ ▁B ▁ ▁Mario ▁Bald ini ▁A rial do ▁Ban fi ▁Leopold o ▁Bar acco ▁Ga et ano ▁Bar bar esch i ▁M iche le ▁Bar bar o ▁An el ito ▁Bar ont ini ▁U go ▁Bart es ag hi ▁Giuseppe ▁Bart ol ome i ▁M iche le ▁Bas ile ▁E do ardo ▁Batt aglia ▁Paolo ▁Batt ino ▁Vitt or elli ▁Em ilio ▁Batt ista ▁V inc en zo ▁Bell is ario ▁Arn al do ▁B era ▁Giorg io ▁Berg am as co ▁Paolo ▁Ber landa ▁Antonio ▁Ber ling ieri ▁Aless andro ▁B erm ani ▁Giovanni ▁Bernard i ▁Mar z io ▁Bernard in etti ▁Sil v io ▁Bern ardo ▁Er men eg ild o ▁Bert ola ▁Giovanni ▁Bert
oli ▁Giovanni ▁Batt ista ▁Bert one ▁D ante ▁Bet ton i ▁Gu ido ▁Bis ori ▁Ren ato ▁B itos si ▁Giorg io ▁Bo ▁Carlo ▁B occ ass i ▁Antonio ▁B ole tt ieri ▁Er cole ▁Bon ac ina ▁Antonio ▁Bon ad ies ▁U go ▁Bon af ini ▁Um berto ▁Bon ald i ▁Giuseppe ▁Bor rel li ▁G iac into ▁Bos co ▁Gia como ▁Bos so ▁Giorg io ▁Bra cc esi ▁Giovanni ▁Br amb illa ▁Ag ost ino ▁Bron zi ▁Paolo ▁B uf al ini ▁Antonio ▁Bus si ▁ ▁C ▁ ▁Os val do ▁C agn asso ▁Pier o ▁C ale ff i ▁Gu ido ▁Can z iani ▁Alf io ▁Cap oni ▁En rico ▁Car b oni ▁Mario ▁Care l li ▁Mart ino ▁Car oli ▁Giuseppe ▁Car on ▁Ol indo ▁Car ub ia ▁Sebast iano ▁Car ucci ▁Antonio ▁Car uso ▁Catal do ▁Cass ano ▁Antonio ▁Cass ese ▁V inc en zo ▁Cass ini ▁Francesco ▁Catal do ▁Giovanni ▁Cel as co ▁Pietro ▁C en ini ▁Giul io ▁Cer re ti ▁Stanis la o ▁C esch i ▁Ren ato ▁Ch ab od ▁Alfonso ▁Ch iar iel lo ▁Mario ▁C ing ol ani ▁Nicol ò ▁C ip ol la ▁Antonio ▁C itt ante ▁Art uro ▁R aff a ello ▁Colomb i ▁Fernando ▁Colomb i ▁Gu id otti ▁Ang elo ▁Comp agn oni ▁Luigi ▁Con te ▁Alfred o ▁Cont i ▁Antonio ▁Co ppi ▁D ion igi ▁Co ppo ▁Gu ido ▁Cor bell ini ▁Giovanni ▁Maria ▁Corn ag gia ▁Med ici ▁Antonio ▁C rem is ini ▁Luigi ▁C resp
ell ani ▁Gab rie le ▁Cris cu oli ▁Ar al do ▁C roll al anza ▁Her os ▁C uz ari ▁ ▁D ▁ ▁Andrea ▁D ' And rea ▁U go ▁D ' And rea ▁Francesco ▁Paolo ▁D ' Ang el os ante ▁Gast one ▁Dar è ▁Pietro ▁De ▁Domin ic is ▁Gi ord ano ▁D ell ' A more ▁Ang elo ▁De ▁Lu ca ▁Lu ca ▁De ▁Lu ca ▁Luigi ▁De ▁M iche le ▁Francesco ▁Der iu ▁Giovanni ▁D ' Err ico ▁Gu ido ▁De ▁Unter rich ter ▁Alf io ▁Di ▁Gra zia ▁Luigi ▁Di ▁Pa ol anton io ▁Giuseppe ▁Di ▁Pr is co ▁Ang elo ▁Di ▁Roc co ▁Francesco ▁Maria ▁Dom ined ò ▁G ug li el mo ▁Don ati ▁ ▁F ▁ ▁Mario ▁Fab iani ▁E olo ▁Fab rett i ▁August o ▁Ces are ▁F anel li ▁Ari ella ▁Far net i ▁Giuseppe ▁Fem ia ▁Giorg io ▁F eno al te a ▁Francesco ▁Ferr ari ▁Gia como ▁Ferr ari ▁Pietro ▁Fer rer i ▁L ando ▁Fer rett i ▁Luigi ▁Fer ron i ▁Um berto ▁F iore ▁Ga et ano ▁F ior ent ino ▁Arc ang elo ▁Flor ena ▁Bas ilio ▁F oc ac cia ▁Ren zo ▁Form a ▁Paolo ▁Fort un ati ▁Carlo ▁Franc av illa ▁E nea ▁Fran za ▁ ▁G ▁ ▁Luigi ▁Ga iani ▁Walter ▁Gar av elli ▁Giuseppe ▁Gar l ato ▁Eugen io ▁G atto ▁Sim one ▁G atto ▁Sil v io ▁G ava ▁G iac into ▁Gen co ▁Stef ano ▁German ò ▁Giuseppe ▁Antonio ▁Gian c ane
▁Giovanni ▁Batt ista ▁Gian qu into ▁Camil lo ▁Gi ard ina ▁Luigi ▁Alberto ▁G igli otti ▁Ang elo ▁G ior get ti ▁Carlo ▁Giorg i ▁Giovanni ▁G ira udo ▁Gra zia ▁Gi unt oli ▁Mario ▁G ome z ▁D ' A y ala ▁Giuseppe ▁Gram eg na ▁Giuseppe ▁Gran ata ▁Luci ano ▁Gran z otto ▁B asso ▁Luigi ▁Gr ass i ▁Carlo ▁Gra va ▁Ez io ▁Gray ▁Luigi ▁Gr im ald i ▁Giovanni ▁G ron chi ▁M iche le ▁Gu anti ▁Pr imo ▁Gu arn ieri ▁Luigi ▁Gul lo ▁ ▁I ▁ ▁V inc en zo ▁Ind elli ▁ ▁J ▁ ▁On of rio ▁J ann uz zi ▁Ang elo ▁R aff ae le ▁Jer vol ino ▁Gener oso ▁J od ice ▁ ▁K ▁ ▁Feder ico ▁K unt ze ▁ ▁L ▁ ▁Ed g ardo ▁L ami ▁St arn uti ▁D omen ico ▁Lat anza ▁Giovanni ▁Le one ▁Antonio ▁Le p ore ▁Aless andro ▁Less ona ▁Carlo ▁Le vi ▁D ino ▁Lim oni ▁Bar bar o ▁Lo ▁Gi ud ice ▁Giovanni ▁Lomb ardi ▁Pietro ▁Lomb ari ▁U bal do ▁L op ardi ▁Ang elo ▁Loren zi ▁Or lando ▁Luc chi ▁Em ilio ▁L uss u ▁ ▁M ▁ ▁D omen ico ▁Mac aggi ▁Anton ino ▁Mac c arr one ▁C ino ▁Mac rel li ▁Giuseppe ▁May ▁Giuseppe ▁Mag li ano ▁T eren z io ▁Mag li ano ▁Giul io ▁Ma ier ▁Mario ▁M amm uc ari ▁D omen ico ▁March is io ▁Luigi ▁Mari otti ▁Gian fran co ▁Mar is ▁Mario ▁Martin
elli ▁Mario ▁Mart ine z ▁Ser gio ▁Mar ul lo ▁Di ▁Cond oj anni ▁Ang elo ▁C ust ode ▁Mas ciale ▁Per pet uo ▁Bruno ▁Mass ob rio ▁Giuseppe ▁Med ici ▁Luci ano ▁M enc ar aglia ▁Um berto ▁Mer lin ▁Arist ide ▁Mer l oni ▁Ces are ▁Mer z ag ora ▁Gi rol amo ▁Mess eri ▁Pietro ▁Mic ara ▁V inc en zo ▁Mil illo ▁Giuseppe ▁Mario ▁Milit erni ▁An gi ola ▁Min ella ▁Mol in ari ▁Giuseppe ▁Mol in ari ▁D ion is io ▁Mol tis anti ▁V inc en zo ▁Mon ald i ▁Alfred o ▁Mon eti ▁Francesco ▁Paolo ▁Mong elli ▁Antonio ▁Mon ni ▁Pier o ▁Mont agn ani ▁Eugen io ▁Mont ale ▁Lud ov ico ▁Mont ini ▁V inc en zo ▁Mor ab ito ▁Giorg io ▁Mor and i ▁Ast ol fo ▁Mor etti ▁Aless andro ▁Mor ino ▁Ger ol amo ▁L ino ▁Mor o ▁Let o ▁Mor vid i ▁Ang elo ▁Gia como ▁M ott ▁Fil ipp o ▁Mur d aca ▁Am ede o ▁M urg ia ▁ ▁N ▁ ▁Gast one ▁N enc ioni ▁Giul iana ▁N en ni ▁Michel ang elo ▁N ico lett i ▁ ▁O ▁ ▁Giorg io ▁Ol iva ▁Luigi ▁Or land i ▁ ▁P ▁ ▁Nicola ▁T omm aso ▁P ace ▁Don ato ▁P af und i ▁Giul iano ▁P aj etta ▁No è ▁P aj etta ▁Mario ▁Pal ermo ▁V inc en zo ▁Pal um bo ▁Giuseppe ▁Pap alia ▁Giuseppe ▁Par atore ▁Fer ru c cio ▁Par ri ▁Michel ang elo
▁Pas qu ato ▁Pier ▁Luigi ▁Pass oni ▁Antonio ▁P ec or aro ▁G ug li el mo ▁Pel iz zo ▁Salv atore ▁P elle gr ino ▁Mau ro ▁P enn ac chio ▁Ag ost ino ▁P ennis i ▁Di ▁Flor ist ella ▁E do ardo ▁Rom ano ▁P erna ▁Vit anton io ▁Per r ino ▁Art uro ▁Per ug ini ▁Antonio ▁P esent i ▁En och ▁P es er ico ▁Ign az io ▁Pet r one ▁Crist of oro ▁Pe zz ini ▁Par ide ▁P ias enti ▁Bon av ent ura ▁Pic ardi ▁Luigi ▁Pic ardo ▁Gia como ▁Pic chi otti ▁Att ilio ▁Pic c ioni ▁G asp are ▁P ign at elli ▁G av ino ▁Pin na ▁Giorg io ▁Pier o ▁Pi ov ano ▁Luigi ▁Pir ast u ▁Luigi ▁Po et ▁Luigi ▁Pol ano ▁Salv atore ▁P onte ▁Cost ant ino ▁Pre z ios i ▁Vitt orio ▁P ug li ese ▁ ▁R ▁ ▁Anton ino ▁Pom pe o ▁R end ina ▁Pier ▁Carlo ▁Rest ag no ▁Antonio ▁Ro as io ▁Giuseppe ▁Rod a ▁Mario ▁Ro ff i ▁T ull ia ▁Rom agn oli ▁Care tt oni ▁Ric c ardo ▁Rom ano ▁Luigi ▁Cand ido ▁Ros ati ▁En rico ▁Ros elli ▁Ces are ▁Rot ta ▁G iac into ▁R ov ella ▁Giuseppe ▁R over e ▁Leopold o ▁Rub in acci ▁Me uc cio ▁Ru ini ▁Luigi ▁Rus so ▁ ▁S ▁ ▁En rico ▁S ail is ▁Giuseppe ▁Sal ari ▁Rem o ▁Sal ati ▁Ach ille ▁Sal erni ▁Ag ide ▁Sam ar it
ani ▁E man ue le ▁Same k ▁L od ov ici ▁Luis ▁Sand ▁Ez io ▁Sant arel li ▁N ata le ▁San tero ▁Johann ▁Paul ▁Sax l ▁Arm ando ▁Sc arp ino ▁Fernando ▁Sch ia v etti ▁D omen ico ▁Sch ia v one ▁D ante ▁Sch iet rom a ▁Mau ro ▁Sc occ imar ro ▁Francesco ▁Scott i ▁Pietro ▁Sec chia ▁Em ilio ▁Sec ci ▁Antonio ▁Seg ni ▁Arist ide ▁S ell itt i ▁Giuseppe ▁Maria ▁Sib ille ▁Bruno ▁Simon ucci ▁Giovanni ▁Sp agn ol li ▁Vel io ▁Sp ano ▁T omm aso ▁Sp as ari ▁Giuseppe ▁Sp at aro ▁Francesco ▁Spe zz ano ▁Alberto ▁Sp ig ar oli ▁Francesco ▁Stef anel li ▁Luci ano ▁Fab io ▁St ir ati ▁ ▁T ▁ ▁Am or ▁T art uf oli ▁Franco ▁Ted esch i ▁Um berto ▁Ter rac ini ▁T iz iano ▁T ess itori ▁E tt ore ▁Tib ald i ▁Rom olo ▁T iber i ▁Gi usto ▁Tol loy ▁Ang elo ▁Tom ass ini ▁Ev io ▁Tom as ucci ▁Carlo ▁Tor elli ▁Giuseppe ▁T ort ora ▁Giuseppe ▁Tra b uc chi ▁Fil ipp o ▁Tra ina ▁Att ilio ▁Tre bbi ▁V inc en zo ▁Tr im arch i ▁Um berto ▁T up ini ▁Dan iele ▁Tur ani ▁Francesco ▁T urch i ▁ ▁V ▁ ▁Nicola ▁V ac car o ▁Ferd in ando ▁V ac ch etta ▁Maur izio ▁Val en zi ▁E tt ore ▁Val la uri ▁Vitt orio ▁Val lett a ▁Gi ust ino ▁Val mar ana ▁Ath os ▁V alse
c chi ▁Pas qu ale ▁V alse c chi ▁Franco ▁Var al do ▁Pietro ▁Vec elli o ▁Giovanni ▁Vent uri ▁Att ilio ▁Ven udo ▁Pietro ▁Lud ov ico ▁Ver g ani ▁En zo ▁Ver ones i ▁Vitt orio ▁Vid ali ▁Ital o ▁V igli an esi ▁ ▁Z ▁ ▁Ra oul ▁Z acc ari ▁Leopold o ▁Zag ami ▁Giuseppe ▁Z amp ieri ▁Ern esto ▁Z an ardi ▁Francesco ▁Z ane ▁Att ilio ▁Z ann ier ▁G ino ▁Z ann ini ▁Um berto ▁Z an otti ▁Bian co ▁En nio ▁Z eli oli ▁L anz ini ▁Leon ello ▁Z enti ▁Giovanni ▁Z on ca ▁ ▁Notes ▁ ▁Category : Leg isl atures ▁of ▁Italy ▁Category : 1 9 6 3 ▁establish ments ▁in ▁Italy ▁Category : 1 9 6 8 ▁dis est ab lish ments ▁in ▁Italy <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Thomas ▁Curt is ▁House ▁is ▁a ▁historic ▁house ▁at ▁ 2 7 9 ▁Franklin ▁Street ▁in ▁Qu in cy , ▁Massachusetts . ▁ ▁This ▁ 1 - 3 / 4 ▁story ▁wood ▁frame ▁c ott age ▁was ▁built ▁c . ▁ 1 8 5 1 , ▁and ▁is ▁a ▁rare ▁example ▁of ▁mid - 1 8 th ▁century ▁ec lect ic ▁architecture , ▁showing ▁elements ▁of ▁Greek ▁Rev ival , ▁Italian ate , ▁and ▁Goth ic ▁Rev ival ▁sty ling . ▁ ▁The ▁house ▁was ▁built ▁for ▁Thomas ▁Curt is , ▁owner ▁of ▁one ▁of ▁Qu in cy ' s ▁larger ▁sh oe ▁and ▁boot ▁manufact ur ers . ▁ ▁He ▁was ▁the ▁son
▁of ▁a ▁local ▁pione er ▁in ▁the ▁industry , ▁No ah ▁Curt is . ▁ ▁The ▁house ▁was ▁listed ▁on ▁the ▁National ▁Register ▁of ▁Historic ▁Places ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 9 . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁No ah ▁Curt is ▁House ▁National ▁Register ▁of ▁Historic ▁Places ▁list ings ▁in ▁Qu in cy , ▁Massachusetts ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : H ouses ▁completed ▁in ▁ 1 8 5 1 ▁Category : H ouses ▁in ▁Qu in cy , ▁Massachusetts ▁Category : National ▁Register ▁of ▁Historic ▁Places ▁in ▁Qu in cy , ▁Massachusetts ▁Category : 1 8 5 1 ▁establish ments ▁in ▁Massachusetts ▁Category : H ouses ▁on ▁the ▁National ▁Register ▁of ▁Historic ▁Places ▁in ▁Nor folk ▁County , ▁Massachusetts <0x0A> </s> ▁J ał owe ▁ ▁( ▁Y al ove ) ▁is ▁a ▁village ▁in ▁the ▁administrative ▁district ▁of ▁G mina ▁U str zy ki ▁Dol ne , ▁within ▁B iesz cz ady ▁County , ▁Sub car path ian ▁Vo iv odes hip , ▁in ▁south - e astern ▁Poland , ▁near ▁the ▁border ▁with ▁Ukraine . ▁It ▁lies ▁approximately ▁ ▁east ▁of ▁U str zy ki ▁Dol ne ▁and ▁ ▁south - east ▁of ▁the ▁regional ▁capital ▁R zes z ów . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : V ill ages ▁in ▁B iesz cz ady ▁County <0x0A> </s> ▁Ferr ari ▁Bo yz ▁is ▁a ▁collabor ative ▁studio ▁album ▁by ▁American ▁rapp ers ▁G ucci ▁M ane ▁and ▁W aka ▁F lock a ▁Fl ame . ▁Origin ally ▁scheduled ▁for ▁a ▁June ▁ 2 1
, ▁ 2 0 1 1 , ▁release , ▁it ▁was ▁delayed ▁and ▁later ▁released ▁on ▁August ▁ 9 . ▁It ▁features ▁Rock o , ▁ 2 ▁Ch ain z , ▁ 1 0 1 7 ▁Br ick ▁Squad ▁label m ates ▁Wo oh ▁da ▁Kid , ▁and ▁French ie , ▁and ▁also ▁Br ick ▁Squad ▁Mon opol y ▁members ▁S lim ▁D unk in ▁( now ▁dece ased ), ▁Ice ▁Burg und y , ▁and ▁Y G ▁H oot ie . ▁The ▁album ▁was ▁mostly ▁produced ▁by ▁label ▁producer ▁South side , ▁with ▁additional ▁production ▁by ▁ 8 0 8 ▁M af ia , ▁Dr um ma ▁Boy , ▁F at bo i , ▁Shaw ty ▁Red d , ▁and ▁Sch ife . ▁According ▁to ▁W aka ▁F lock a , ▁the ▁album ▁was ▁completed ▁in ▁" 1 – 2 ▁weeks ." ▁ ▁Singles ▁The ▁first ▁single ▁from ▁the ▁album ▁is ▁the ▁Dr um ma ▁Boy - produ ced ▁" F err ari ▁Bo yz ." ▁" She ▁Be ▁P utt in ' ▁On ," ▁featuring ▁former ▁label mate ▁S lim ▁D unk in , ▁was ▁released ▁on ▁i T unes ▁as ▁the ▁second ▁single ▁on ▁July ▁ 8 , ▁ 2 0 1 1 . ▁It ▁was ▁produced ▁by ▁ 8 0 8 ▁M af ia ' s ▁South side ▁and ▁Lex ▁L ug er . ▁The ▁music ▁video ▁for ▁the ▁song ▁was ▁released ▁on ▁August ▁ 9 , ▁ 2 0 1 1 . ▁The ▁music ▁video ▁for ▁the ▁song
▁" P ac man ," ▁produced ▁by ▁South side , ▁was ▁released ▁on ▁August ▁ 1 0 . ▁There ▁are ▁also ▁videos ▁for ▁two ▁other ▁Ferr ari ▁Bo yz ▁songs ▁— ▁" Su ic ide ▁Hom ic ide ," ▁featuring ▁Wo oh ▁da ▁Kid , ▁and ▁also ▁produced ▁by ▁South side , ▁which ▁premier ed ▁on ▁August ▁ 2 , ▁ 2 0 1 1 , ▁and ▁the ▁Shaw ty ▁Red d - produ ced ▁" St oned ," ▁released ▁on ▁April ▁ 1 1 . ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 3 , ▁the ▁song ▁" You ng ▁N igg az " ▁was ▁featured ▁in ▁the ▁Harm ony ▁Kor ine ▁movie ▁Spring ▁Bre akers . ▁ ▁Com mer cial ▁performance ▁Ferr ari ▁Bo yz ▁deb uted ▁on ▁the ▁Billboard ▁ 2 0 0 ▁at ▁number ▁ 2 1 , ▁with ▁first - week ▁sales ▁of ▁ 1 7 , 0 0 0 ▁copies ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States . ▁ ▁Crit ical ▁reception ▁Ferr ari ▁Bo yz ▁received ▁generally ▁mixed ▁reviews ▁from ▁music ▁critics . ▁At ▁Met ac rit ic , ▁which ▁assign s ▁a ▁normal ized ▁rating ▁out ▁of ▁ 1 0 0 ▁to ▁reviews ▁from ▁main stream ▁critics , ▁the ▁album ▁received ▁an ▁average ▁score ▁of ▁ 5 7 , ▁based ▁on ▁ 1 0 ▁reviews , ▁which ▁indicates ▁" m ixed ▁or ▁average ▁reviews ". ▁E van ▁Ser pick ▁of ▁Rol ling ▁Stone ▁awarded ▁it ▁ 2 ▁out ▁of ▁ 5 ▁stars ▁and ▁said ▁not ▁to ▁" expect ▁innov ation ▁from
▁these ▁tit ans ▁of ▁Southern ▁rap . ▁Instead , ▁bra ce ▁yourself ▁for ▁ch anted ▁celebr ations ▁of ▁money , ▁cars , ▁c oca ine , ▁and ▁W aka ▁and ▁G ucci ▁themselves ." ▁He ▁commented ▁that ▁" G ucci ▁del ivers ▁m ush - mouth ed ▁lines " ▁and ▁W aka ▁fails ▁to ▁rise ▁to ▁the ▁level ▁of ▁his ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁debut . ▁David ▁Jeff ries ▁of ▁All music ▁remarked ▁that ▁" he aring ▁G ucci ▁and ▁W aka ▁simultaneously ▁do ▁their ▁name - dro pping ▁bits ▁is ▁a ▁del icious ▁kind ▁of ▁rid icul ous ▁that ' s ▁not ▁worth ▁getting ▁stern ▁over " ▁Carl ▁Ch ery ▁of ▁XX L ▁awarded ▁it ▁an ▁L ▁rating , ▁comment ing ▁that ▁the ▁two ▁were ▁" ly r ically ▁challeng ed ," ▁with ▁the ▁album ▁falling ▁redundant ▁at ▁times , ▁but ▁on ▁the ▁whole ▁it ▁" features ▁more ▁stud s ▁than ▁d ud s ". ▁ ▁Track ▁listing ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : 2 0 1 1 ▁albums ▁Category : G ucci ▁M ane ▁albums ▁Category : W aka ▁F lock a ▁Fl ame ▁albums ▁Category : Al bum s ▁produced ▁by ▁Dr um ma ▁Boy ▁Category : Al bum s ▁produced ▁by ▁F at bo i ▁Category : Al bum s ▁produced ▁by ▁Lex ▁L ug er ▁Category : Al bum s ▁produced ▁by ▁Shaw ty ▁Red d ▁Category : As yl um ▁Records ▁albums ▁Category : W ar ner ▁Records ▁albums ▁Category : Coll abor ative ▁albums ▁Category :
Al bum s ▁produced ▁by ▁South side ▁( record ▁producer ) <0x0A> </s> ▁Situ ated ▁in ▁the ▁east ▁of ▁Camb rid ges hire , ▁the ▁village ▁of ▁Little ▁Down ham ▁is ▁located ▁just ▁ ▁north ▁of ▁the ▁city ▁of ▁E ly . ▁The ▁Par ish ▁of ▁Down ham ▁compr ises ▁Little ▁Down ham ▁and ▁P ym oor . ▁It ▁has ▁an ▁approximate ▁population ▁of ▁ 2 6 6 0 ▁with ▁approximately ▁ 3 5 ▁miles ▁for ▁foot paths ▁around ▁the ▁parish . ▁The ▁population ▁was ▁measured ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁Census ▁as ▁ 2 , 5 8 9 . ▁▁▁ ▁It ▁was ▁one ▁of ▁only ▁two ▁sites ▁in ▁Camb rid ges hire ▁to ▁be ▁covered ▁by ▁the ▁Survey ▁of ▁English ▁Dia lect s . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁Dom es day ▁Book ▁the ▁village ▁is ▁called ▁D une ham . ▁At ▁the ▁time ▁the ▁F ens ▁were ▁mostly ▁flo oded , ▁and ▁the ▁village ▁is ▁on ▁a ▁small ▁rise ▁of ▁solid ▁ground ▁( visible ▁today ), ▁so ▁there ▁may ▁have ▁been ▁' d unes ' ▁there . ▁ ▁In ▁a ▁map ▁from ▁ 1 6 4 8 ▁( see ▁image ), ▁' Down ham ' ▁is ▁shown ▁at ▁the ▁north - west ▁edge ▁of ▁the ▁Is le ▁of ▁E ly , ▁hence ▁its ▁historic ▁name ▁of ▁' Down ham - in - the - Is le '. ▁ ▁Local ▁Nature ▁Reserve ▁Little ▁Down ham ▁Local ▁Nature ▁Reserve ▁is ▁situated ▁adjacent ▁to ▁the ▁Bishop ' s ▁walk . ▁ ▁It ▁consists ▁of
▁four ▁sections ▁of ▁land , ▁meas uring ▁a ▁total ▁of ▁ 1 7 ▁acres . ▁ ▁Local ▁Events ▁Each ▁year ▁a ▁village ▁f ete ▁is ▁st aged ▁in ▁June ▁and ▁in ▁the ▁same ▁month ▁a ▁Med ieval ▁Fair ▁is ▁held ▁just ▁outside ▁the ▁village . ▁In ▁September ▁the ▁local ▁primary ▁school ▁organ ises ▁a ▁Sc are c row ▁Fair , ▁that ▁sees ▁the ▁village ▁l ined ▁with ▁Sc are c rows ▁for ▁the ▁week ▁building ▁up ▁to ▁the ▁fair . ▁The ▁annual ▁E ly ▁New ▁Year ' s ▁E ve ▁ 1 0 k ▁Race , ▁organ ised ▁by ▁E ly ▁R unn ers , ▁both ▁begins ▁and ▁ends ▁in ▁Little ▁Down ham . ▁The ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁race ▁featured ▁ 7 0 0 ▁run ners ▁and ▁involved ▁one ▁circuit ▁of ▁the ▁fen ▁around ▁Little ▁Down ham . ▁ ▁Bishop ' s ▁Palace ▁ ▁The ▁village ▁contains ▁the ▁grade ▁II ▁listed ▁remains ▁of ▁the ▁old ▁Bishop ' s ▁Palace ▁formerly ▁used ▁by ▁the ▁B ish ops ▁of ▁E ly . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁ ▁Little ▁Down ham ▁Sc are c row ▁Week ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁ ▁Little ▁Down ham ▁Med ieval ▁Fair ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁ ▁Little ▁Down ham ▁Village ▁F ete ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁ ▁Little ▁Down ham ▁- ▁E ly ▁On - line ▁ ▁Little ▁Down ham ▁Par ish ▁Community ▁Website ▁ ▁CC AN ▁web ▁page ▁ ▁Category : V ill ages ▁in ▁Camb rid ges hire ▁Category : E ast
▁Camb rid ges hire ▁District <0x0A> </s> ▁Brian ▁Wilson ▁K ern igh an ▁( ; ▁born ▁January ▁ 1 , ▁ 1 9 4 2 ) ▁is ▁a ▁Canadian ▁computer ▁scient ist . ▁ ▁He ▁worked ▁at ▁Bell ▁L abs ▁and ▁contributed ▁to ▁the ▁development ▁of ▁Unix ▁alongside ▁Unix ▁cre ators ▁Ken ▁Thompson ▁and ▁Dennis ▁R itch ie . ▁K ern igh an ' s ▁name ▁became ▁widely ▁known ▁through ▁co - author ship ▁of ▁the ▁first ▁book ▁on ▁the ▁C ▁programming ▁language ▁( The ▁C ▁Program ming ▁Language ) ▁with ▁Dennis ▁R itch ie . ▁K ern igh an ▁aff ir med ▁that ▁he ▁had ▁no ▁part ▁in ▁the ▁design ▁of ▁the ▁C ▁language ▁(" it ' s ▁entirely ▁Dennis ▁R itch ie ' s ▁work "). ▁He ▁author ed ▁many ▁Unix ▁programs , ▁including ▁dit ro ff . ▁K ern igh an ▁is ▁co author ▁of ▁the ▁A W K ▁and ▁A MP L ▁programming ▁languages . ▁The ▁" K " ▁of ▁K & R ▁C ▁and ▁the ▁" K " ▁in ▁A W K ▁both ▁stand ▁for ▁" K ern igh an ". ▁▁ ▁In ▁collaboration ▁with ▁Sh en ▁Lin ▁he ▁de vised ▁well - known ▁he ur istics ▁for ▁two ▁N P - complete ▁optimization ▁problems : ▁graph ▁partition ing ▁and ▁the ▁trav elling ▁sales man ▁problem . ▁In ▁a ▁display ▁of ▁author ial ▁equ ity , ▁the ▁former ▁is ▁usually ▁called ▁the ▁K ern igh an – Lin ▁algorithm , ▁while ▁the ▁latter ▁is ▁known ▁as ▁the ▁Lin
– K ern igh an ▁he ur istic . ▁ ▁K ern igh an ▁has ▁been ▁a ▁Professor ▁in ▁the ▁Computer ▁Science ▁Department ▁of ▁Pr inc eton ▁University ▁since ▁ 2 0 0 0 . ▁He ▁is ▁also ▁the ▁Under grad uate ▁Department ▁Represent ative . ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 5 , ▁he ▁co - author ed ▁the ▁book ▁The ▁Go ▁Program ming ▁Language . ▁ ▁Early ▁life ▁and ▁education ▁ ▁K ern igh an ▁was ▁born ▁in ▁Toronto . ▁He ▁attended ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Toronto ▁between ▁ 1 9 6 0 ▁and ▁ 1 9 6 4 , ▁ear ning ▁his ▁Bach elor ' s ▁degree ▁in ▁engineering ▁physics . ▁He ▁received ▁his ▁Ph D ▁in ▁elect rical ▁engineering ▁from ▁Pr inc eton ▁University ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 9 ▁for ▁research ▁super vised ▁by ▁Peter ▁We iner . ▁ ▁Career ▁and ▁research ▁K ern igh an ▁has ▁held ▁a ▁professor ship ▁in ▁the ▁Department ▁of ▁Computer ▁Science ▁at ▁Pr inc eton ▁since ▁ 2 0 0 0 . ▁ ▁Each ▁fall ▁he ▁teach es ▁a ▁course ▁called ▁" Comput ers ▁in ▁Our ▁World ", ▁which ▁introdu ces ▁the ▁fund ament als ▁of ▁computing ▁to ▁non - ma j ors . ▁▁ ▁K ern igh an ▁was ▁the ▁software ▁editor ▁for ▁Pr ent ice ▁Hall ▁International . ▁His ▁" So ftware ▁Tools " ▁series ▁spread ▁the ▁ess ence ▁of ▁" C / Un ix ▁thinking " ▁with ▁make o vers ▁for ▁B AS IC , ▁FOR TRAN , ▁and ▁Pascal ,
▁and ▁most ▁not ably ▁his ▁" R at for " ▁( r ational ▁FOR TRAN ) ▁was ▁put ▁in ▁the ▁public ▁domain . ▁ ▁He ▁has ▁said ▁that ▁if ▁str and ed ▁on ▁an ▁island ▁with ▁only ▁one ▁programming ▁language ▁it ▁would ▁have ▁to ▁be ▁C . ▁ ▁K ern igh an ▁co ined ▁the ▁term ▁Unix ▁and ▁helped ▁popular ize ▁Thompson ' s ▁Unix ▁philosophy . ▁K ern igh an ▁is ▁also ▁known ▁as ▁a ▁co iner ▁of ▁the ▁expression ▁" What ▁You ▁See ▁Is ▁All ▁You ▁Get " ▁( W Y SI A Y G ), ▁which ▁is ▁a ▁sar cast ic ▁variant ▁of ▁the ▁original ▁" What ▁You ▁See ▁Is ▁What ▁You ▁Get " ▁( W Y SI W Y G ). ▁ ▁K ern igh an ' s ▁term ▁is ▁used ▁to ▁indicate ▁that ▁W Y SI W Y G ▁systems ▁might ▁throw ▁away ▁information ▁in ▁a ▁document ▁that ▁could ▁be ▁useful ▁in ▁other ▁context s . ▁ ▁K ern igh an ' s ▁original ▁ 1 9 7 8 ▁implementation ▁of ▁Hello , ▁World ! ▁was ▁sold ▁at ▁The ▁Algorithm ▁Au ction , ▁the ▁world ' s ▁first ▁au ction ▁of ▁computer ▁algorithms . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 9 6 , ▁K ern igh an ▁taught ▁CS 5 0 ▁which ▁is ▁the ▁Harvard ▁University ▁intro duct ory ▁course ▁in ▁Computer ▁Science . ▁ ▁Other ▁achiev ements ▁during ▁his ▁career ▁include : ▁▁ ▁The ▁A MP L ▁programming ▁language ▁ ▁The ▁A W K ▁programming ▁language , ▁with
▁Alfred ▁A ho ▁and ▁Peter ▁J . ▁Wein berger , ▁and ▁its ▁book ▁The ▁A W K ▁Program ming ▁Language ▁ ▁dit ro ff , ▁or ▁" device ▁independent ▁tro ff ", ▁which ▁allowed ▁tro ff ▁to ▁be ▁used ▁with ▁any ▁device ▁ ▁The ▁Element s ▁of ▁Program ming ▁Style , ▁with ▁P . ▁J . ▁Pla ug er ▁ ▁The ▁first ▁documented ▁" Hello , ▁world !" ▁program , ▁in ▁K ern igh an ' s ▁" A ▁T utorial ▁Introduction ▁to ▁the ▁Language ▁B " ▁( 1 9 7 2 ) ▁ ▁Rat for ▁ ▁Software ▁Tools , ▁a ▁book ▁and ▁set ▁of ▁tools ▁for ▁Rat for , ▁co - created ▁in ▁part ▁with ▁P . ▁J . ▁Pla ug er ▁ ▁Software ▁Tools ▁in ▁Pascal , ▁a ▁book ▁and ▁set ▁of ▁tools ▁for ▁Pascal , ▁with ▁P . ▁J . ▁Pla ug er ▁ ▁The ▁C ▁Program ming ▁Language , ▁with ▁C ▁cre ator ▁Dennis ▁R itch ie , ▁the ▁first ▁book ▁on ▁C ▁ ▁The ▁eq n ▁types et ting ▁language ▁for ▁tro ff , ▁with ▁Lor inda ▁Cher ry ▁ ▁The ▁m 4 ▁macro ▁processing ▁language , ▁with ▁Dennis ▁R itch ie ▁ ▁The ▁pic ▁types et ting ▁language ▁for ▁tro ff ▁ ▁The ▁Pract ice ▁of ▁Program ming , ▁with ▁Rob ▁Pi ke ▁ ▁The ▁Unix ▁Program ming ▁Environment , ▁a ▁tutorial ▁book , ▁with ▁Rob ▁Pi ke ▁ ▁" Why ▁Pascal ▁is ▁Not ▁My ▁F avor ite ▁Program ming ▁Language ", ▁a ▁popular ▁criticism ▁of ▁Nik
laus ▁W irth ' s ▁Pascal . ▁Some ▁parts ▁of ▁the ▁criticism ▁are ▁ob sole te ▁due ▁to ▁ISO ▁ 7 1 8 5 ▁( Program ming ▁L anguages ▁- ▁Pascal ); ▁the ▁criticism ▁was ▁written ▁before ▁ISO ▁ 7 1 8 5 ▁was ▁created . ▁( AT & T ▁Comput ing ▁Science ▁Techn ical ▁Report ▁# 1 0 0 ) ▁ ▁Publications ▁▁▁ ▁The ▁Element s ▁of ▁Program ming ▁Style ▁( 1 9 7 4 , ▁ 1 9 7 8 ) ▁with ▁P . J . ▁Pla ug er ▁ ▁Software ▁Tools ▁( 1 9 7 6 ) ▁with ▁P . J . ▁Pla ug er ▁ ▁The ▁C ▁Program ming ▁Language ▁( 1 9 7 8 , ▁ 1 9 8 8 ) ▁with ▁Dennis ▁M . ▁R itch ie ▁ ▁Software ▁Tools ▁in ▁Pascal ▁( 1 9 8 1 ) ▁with ▁P . J . ▁Pla ug er ▁ ▁The ▁Unix ▁Program ming ▁Environment ▁( 1 9 8 4 ) ▁with ▁Rob ▁Pi ke ▁ ▁The ▁A W K ▁Program ming ▁Language ▁( 1 9 8 8 ) ▁with ▁Alfred ▁A ho ▁and ▁Peter ▁J . ▁Wein berger ▁ ▁The ▁Pract ice ▁of ▁Program ming ▁( 1 9 9 9 ) ▁with ▁Rob ▁Pi ke ▁ ▁A MP L : ▁A ▁Model ing ▁Language ▁for ▁Mathemat ical ▁Program ming , ▁ 2 nd ▁ed . ▁( 2 0 0 3 ) ▁with ▁Robert ▁Four er ▁and ▁David ▁Gay ▁ ▁D ▁is ▁for ▁Digital : ▁What ▁a
▁well - in formed ▁person ▁should ▁know ▁about ▁computers ▁and ▁communic ations ▁( 2 0 1 1 ) ▁ ▁The ▁Go ▁Program ming ▁Language ▁( 2 0 1 5 ) ▁with ▁Alan ▁Don ovan ▁ ▁Under standing ▁the ▁Digital ▁World : ▁What ▁You ▁Need ▁to ▁Know ▁about ▁Comput ers , ▁the ▁Internet , ▁Priv acy , ▁and ▁Security ▁( 2 0 1 7 ) ▁ ▁Mill ions , ▁Bill ions , ▁Z ill ions : ▁Def ending ▁Your self ▁in ▁a ▁World ▁of ▁To o ▁Many ▁Num bers ▁( 2 0 1 8 ) ▁ ▁UN IX : ▁A ▁History ▁and ▁a ▁Mem oir ▁( 2 0 1 9 ) ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Brian ▁K ern igh an ' s ▁home ▁page ▁at ▁Bell ▁L abs ▁" Why ▁Pascal ▁is ▁Not ▁My ▁F avor ite ▁Program ming ▁Language " — ▁By ▁Brian ▁K ern igh an , ▁AT & T ▁Bell ▁L abs , ▁ 2 ▁April ▁ 1 9 8 1 ▁" Le ap ▁In ▁and ▁Try ▁Things " — ▁Inter view ▁with ▁Brian ▁K ern igh an — ▁on ▁" H arm ony ▁at ▁Work ▁B log ", ▁October ▁ 2 0 0 9 . ▁An ▁Inter view ▁with ▁Brian ▁K ern igh an — ▁By ▁Mih ai ▁B udi u , ▁for ▁PC ▁Report ▁Roman ia , ▁August ▁ 2 0 0 0 ▁▁ ▁– ▁Inter view ▁by ▁▁ ▁Video — ▁Te ch Net Cast ▁At ▁Bell ▁L abs : ▁Dennis ▁R
itch ie ▁and ▁Brian ▁K ern igh an ▁( 1 9 9 9 - 0 5 - 1 4 ) ▁Video ▁( Pr inc eton ▁University , ▁September ▁ 7 , ▁ 2 0 0 3 ) — ▁" Assembly ▁for ▁the ▁Class ▁of ▁ 2 0 0 7 : ▁' D ▁is ▁for ▁Digital ▁and ▁Why ▁It ▁Mat ters '" ▁ ▁A ▁Des cent ▁into ▁Lim bo ▁by ▁Brian ▁K ern igh an ▁ ▁Ph otos ▁of ▁Brian ▁K ern igh an ▁▁▁ ▁Video ▁interview ▁with ▁Brian ▁K ern igh an ▁for ▁Pr inc eton ▁Start up ▁TV ▁ ▁( 2 0 1 2 - 0 3 - 2 0 ) ▁ ▁The ▁Set up , ▁Brian ▁K ern igh an ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 4 2 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : Can ad ian ▁computer ▁scient ists ▁Category : Can ad ian ▁computer ▁program mers ▁Category : Comput er ▁program mers ▁Category : In fer no ▁( oper ating ▁system ) ▁people ▁Category : Can ad ian ▁people ▁of ▁Irish ▁descent ▁Category : W rit ers ▁from ▁Toronto ▁Category : Plan ▁ 9 ▁people ▁Category : Pr inc eton ▁University ▁al umn i ▁Category : Pr inc eton ▁University ▁fac ulty ▁Category : Program ming ▁language ▁design ers ▁Category : S cient ists ▁at ▁Bell ▁L abs ▁Category : Can ad ian ▁technology ▁writers ▁Category : Univers ity ▁of ▁Toronto ▁al umn i ▁Category : Un ix ▁people ▁Category : C ▁( programming ▁language )
▁Category : M embers ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁National ▁Academy ▁of ▁Engineering ▁Category : B erk man ▁F ell ows ▁Category : S cient ists ▁from ▁Toronto <0x0A> </s> ▁N ere ites ▁is ▁a ▁genus ▁of ▁trace ▁foss il . ▁Modern ▁trac em akers ▁of ▁in cip ient ▁N ere ites ▁include ▁w orm - like ▁organ isms , ▁horses ho e ▁c rab s ▁and ▁herm it ▁c rab s . ▁Trad itionally , ▁two ▁models ▁have ▁been ▁proposed ▁for ▁N ere ites : ▁▁ ▁in ▁the ▁‘ w orm ▁model ’ , ▁N ere ites ▁is ▁a ▁feed ing ▁bur row ▁produced ▁by ▁w orm like ▁organ isms , ▁prob ing ▁and ▁back fill ing ▁later ally ▁ ▁in ▁the ▁‘ arth rop od ▁model ’ , ▁the ▁characteristic ▁lo bes ▁are ▁pressure - release ▁structures ▁made ▁by ▁ar th rop od ▁legs . ▁According ▁to ▁this ▁interpretation , ▁N ere ites ▁is ▁a ▁lo com otion ▁trail ▁ ▁N ere ites ▁irregular is ▁ ▁The ▁ich n ogen us ▁N ere ites ▁includes ▁N ere ites ▁irregular is ▁( former ly ▁Hel min th o ida ▁lab yr inth ica ▁and ▁Hel min th o ida ▁cr assa ). ▁They ▁are ▁relatively ▁small ▁N ere ites ▁character ized ▁by ▁large ▁numbers ▁of ▁closely ▁pack ed ▁deeply ▁me and ering ▁tra ils ▁that ▁tend ▁to ▁co il . ▁The ▁tra ils ▁are ▁usually ▁horizontal ▁and ▁may ▁be ▁regular ▁to ▁irregular ▁in ▁guidance . ▁The ▁central ▁tunnel ▁is ▁usually ▁th icker ▁than
▁the ▁en velope ▁zone . ▁In ▁dense ▁me and ers , ▁the ▁en velope ▁zone ▁may ▁touch ▁or ▁overlap , ▁but ▁it ▁displays ▁low - am plit ude ▁lo bes ▁in ▁lo oser ▁me and ers . ▁ ▁N ere ites ▁irregular is ▁has ▁not ▁been ▁matched ▁with ▁known ▁modern ▁organ isms , ▁but ▁they ▁are ▁generally ▁believed ▁to ▁have ▁been ▁gra zing ▁tra ils ▁( p asc ich nia ) ▁made ▁by ▁w orm s . ▁ ▁N ere ites ▁bis er ial is ▁ ▁N ere ites ▁bis er ial is ▁compr ises ▁w inding ▁tra ils ▁constit uted ▁by ▁a ▁fur row ▁fl ank ed ▁on ▁both ▁sides ▁by ▁lo bes . ▁In cip ient ▁bis eri ate ▁N ere ites ▁are ▁produced ▁by ▁herm it ▁c rab s ▁occup ying ▁ob long ▁shell s ▁( i . e . ▁Cer ith ium ). ▁ ▁N ere ites ▁un iser ial is ▁ ▁N ere ites ▁un iser ial is ▁compr ises ▁w inding ▁tra ils ▁consisting ▁of ▁a ▁fur row ▁fl ank ed ▁by ▁a ▁single ▁row ▁of ▁lo bes . ▁In ▁contrast ▁to ▁the ▁roughly ▁symmetric ▁N ere ites ▁bis er ial is , ▁N ere ites ▁un iser ial is ▁is ▁produced ▁by ▁herm it ▁c rab s ▁occup ying ▁tro ch iform ▁shell s . ▁ ▁References ▁▁ ▁Category : Trace ▁foss ils <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Stock ton ▁Port s ▁are ▁a ▁Minor ▁League ▁Baseball ▁team ▁of ▁the ▁California ▁League ▁and ▁the ▁Class ▁A - Ad
vanced ▁affili ate ▁of ▁the ▁Oak land ▁Athletics . ▁They ▁are ▁located ▁in ▁Stock ton , ▁California , ▁and ▁are ▁named ▁for ▁the ▁city ' s ▁se ap ort . ▁The ▁team ▁plays ▁its ▁home ▁games ▁at ▁B anner ▁Island ▁Ball park ▁which ▁opened ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 5 ▁and ▁seats ▁over ▁ 5 , 0 0 0 people . ▁ ▁The ▁Port s ▁were ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 1 ▁and ▁have ▁won ▁the ▁California ▁League ▁championship ▁ 1 1 ▁times . ▁They ▁are ▁tied ▁with ▁the ▁San ▁Jose ▁Gi ants ▁in ▁having ▁the ▁most ▁titles ▁among ▁the ▁league ' s ▁active ▁franch ises . ▁ ▁History ▁Baseball ▁first ▁came ▁to ▁Stock ton ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 8 6 0 s . ▁At ▁the ▁time , ▁Stock ton ▁field ed ▁a ▁team ▁in ▁an ▁earlier ▁inc arn ation ▁of ▁the ▁California ▁League . ▁In ▁ 1 8 8 8 , ▁the ▁Stock ton ▁team ▁won ▁the ▁California ▁League ▁p enn ant ▁with ▁a ▁record ▁of ▁ 4 1 – 1 2 . ▁That ▁same ▁team ▁also ▁gained ▁a ▁bit ▁of ▁not or iety ▁as ▁a ▁possible ▁insp iration ▁for ▁" Case y ▁at ▁the ▁Bat ", ▁a ▁famous ▁baseball ▁poem ▁by ▁Ernest ▁Th ayer . ▁Th ayer ▁was ▁a ▁journalist ▁for ▁the ▁San ▁Francisco ▁Ex am iner ▁at ▁the ▁time ▁and ▁the ▁games ▁were ▁hosted ▁in ▁a ▁ball park ▁on ▁B anner ▁Island , ▁a ▁place ▁once ▁known ▁as ▁M ud ville . ▁ ▁The ▁Stock ton ▁Fly ers
▁were ▁established ▁as ▁a ▁char ter ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁California ▁League ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 1 . ▁The ▁league ▁susp ended ▁operations ▁in ▁June ▁ 1 9 4 2 ▁due ▁to ▁World ▁War ▁II . ▁The ▁Fly ers ▁were ▁re ch rist ened ▁as ▁the ▁Stock ton ▁Port s ▁to ▁recognize ▁Stock ton ' s ▁status ▁as ▁an ▁in land ▁port ▁city ▁when ▁the ▁league ▁res umed ▁operations ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 6 . ▁That ▁season , ▁the ▁Port s ▁went ▁on ▁to ▁win ▁their ▁first ▁California ▁League ▁p enn ant . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 4 7 , ▁the ▁Port s ▁won ▁the ▁California ▁League ▁title ▁again ▁without ▁a ▁major ▁league ▁affili ation ▁( they ▁had ▁a ▁limited ▁working ▁agreement ▁with ▁the ▁Pacific ▁Coast ▁League ' s ▁Oak land ▁O aks ). ▁After ▁going ▁ 2 4 – 1 8 ▁through ▁June ▁ 4 , ▁they ▁went ▁on ▁a ▁ 2 6 - game ▁winning ▁stre ak ▁and ▁took ▁first ▁place , ▁never ▁to ▁rel in qu ish ▁again ▁in ▁that ▁season . ▁The ▁win ▁stre ak ▁is ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁longest ▁in ▁professional ▁baseball ▁and ▁is ▁still ▁a ▁California ▁League ▁record . ▁The ▁Port s ▁finished ▁that ▁season ▁with ▁a ▁record ▁of ▁ 9 5 – 4 5 ▁and ▁ 1 6 ▁games ▁ahead ▁of ▁the ▁two ▁teams ▁tied ▁for ▁second ▁place . ▁During ▁Minor ▁League ▁Baseball ' s ▁cent enn ial ▁celebr ation ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 1 , ▁baseball ▁histor ians ▁Bill ▁We iss ▁and
▁Marshall ▁Wright ▁r ated ▁the ▁ 1 9 4 7 ▁Port s ▁as ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 0 0 ▁greatest ▁minor ▁league ▁teams ▁of ▁all ▁time , ▁ranked ▁at ▁number ▁ 9 8 . ▁ ▁O wn ed ▁by ▁Stock ton ▁local ▁Carl ▁W . ▁Thompson , ▁Sr . ▁( 1 9 7 1 – 1 9 7 3 ), ▁the ▁Port s ▁dis band ed ▁after ▁the ▁ 1 9 7 2 ▁season , ▁coming ▁back ▁as ▁an ▁affili ate ▁of ▁the ▁Seattle ▁Mar in ers ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 8 . ▁The ▁Port s ▁won ▁more ▁games ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 8 0 s ▁than ▁any ▁other ▁team ▁in ▁Minor ▁League ▁Baseball . ▁In ▁an ▁hom age ▁to ▁the ▁team ▁in ▁the ▁Ernest ▁Th ayer ▁poem , ▁the ▁Port s ▁were ▁renamed ▁the ▁M ud ville ▁N ine ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 0 ▁and ▁ 2 0 0 1 , ▁then ▁returned ▁to ▁the ▁Port s ▁name ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 2 . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 5 , ▁the ▁Port s ▁moved ▁to ▁the ▁newly - built ▁B anner ▁Island ▁Ball park ▁and ▁became ▁affili ates ▁of ▁the ▁Oak land ▁Athletics . ▁The ▁team ▁won ▁its ▁ 1 1 th ▁California ▁League ▁championship ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁with ▁a ▁ 9 – 3 ▁victory ▁over ▁the ▁Lanc aster ▁Jet H aw ks ▁on ▁September ▁ 1 4 . ▁ ▁Major ▁league ▁affili ations ▁ 1 9 4 1 : ▁Los ▁Angeles
▁Ang els , ▁P CL ▁ 1 9 4 6 : ▁Independent ▁ 1 9 4 7 – 1 9 4 8 : ▁Oak land ▁O aks , ▁P CL ▁ 1 9 4 9 : ▁Chicago ▁White ▁So x , ▁AL ▁ 1 9 5 0 – 1 9 5 1 : ▁Independent ▁ 1 9 5 2 : ▁St . ▁Louis ▁Brow ns , ▁AL ▁ 1 9 5 3 – 1 9 5 4 : ▁Chicago ▁C ubs , ▁N L ▁ 1 9 5 5 : ▁Oak land ▁O aks , ▁P CL ▁ 1 9 5 6 – 1 9 5 7 : ▁Baltimore ▁Ori oles , ▁AL ▁ 1 9 5 8 : ▁St . ▁Louis ▁Card inals , ▁N L ▁ 1 9 5 9 – 1 9 7 1 : ▁Baltimore ▁Ori oles , ▁AL ▁ 1 9 7 2 : ▁California ▁Ang els , ▁AL ▁ 1 9 7 8 : ▁Seattle ▁Mar in ers , ▁AL ▁ 1 9 7 9 – 2 0 0 0 : ▁Mil w au kee ▁B rew ers , ▁AL ▁( 1 9 7 9 – 9 7 )/ NL ▁( 1 9 9 8 – 2 0 0 0 ) ▁ 2 0 0 1 – 2 0 0 2 : ▁C inc inn ati ▁Red s , ▁N L ▁ 2 0 0 3 – 2 0 0 4 : ▁Texas ▁R angers , ▁AL ▁ 2 0 0 5 – present ▁Oak land ▁Athletics
, ▁AL ▁ ▁R oster ▁ ▁Notable ▁Port s ▁al umn i ▁ ▁Baseball ▁Hall ▁of ▁Fame ▁al umn i ▁ ▁Pat ▁Gill ick ▁( 1 9 5 9 ) ▁induct ed ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁Mike ▁Pia zza ▁( 2 0 0 7 ) ▁induct ed ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁ ▁Notable ▁al umn i ▁▁ ▁Joe ▁Al to b elli ▁( 1 9 6 9 , ▁M GR ) ▁Manager : ▁ 1 9 8 3 ▁World ▁Champion ▁- ▁Baltimore ▁Ori oles ▁ ▁Dar ic ▁Bart on ▁( 2 0 0 5 ) ▁ ▁Don ▁Bay lor ▁( 1 9 6 8 ) ▁ML B ▁All - Star ; ▁ 1 9 9 5 ▁N L ▁Manager ▁of ▁the ▁Year ; ▁ 1 9 7 9 ▁AL ▁Most ▁Val u able ▁Player ▁ ▁Bo ▁Bel in sky ▁( 1 9 5 9 ) ▁ ▁Paul ▁Bla ir ▁( 1 9 6 3 ) ▁ 2 ▁x ▁ML B ▁All - Star ; ▁ 8 ▁x ▁Gold ▁Glo ve ▁ ▁Bruce ▁Bo chte ▁( 1 9 7 2 ) ▁ML B ▁All - Star ▁ ▁Dallas ▁Br aden ▁( 2 0 0 5 ) ▁ ▁Mil ton ▁Brad ley ▁( 2 0 0 5 ) ▁ML B ▁All - Star ▁ ▁Tra vis ▁Buck ▁( 2 0 0 5 ) ▁ ▁Al ▁B umb ry ▁( 1 9 6 9 ) ▁ML B ▁All - Star ; ▁ 1 9 7 3 ▁AL ▁Ro ok ie ▁of ▁the ▁Year ▁
▁En os ▁Cab ell ▁( 1 9 7 0 ) ▁ ▁Tre vor ▁C ah ill ▁( 2 0 0 8 ) ▁ML B ▁All - Star ▁ ▁C oco ▁Cris p ▁( 2 0 1 5 ) ▁▁ ▁Bobby ▁C ros by ▁( 2 0 0 5 ) ▁ 2 0 0 4 ▁AL ▁Ro ok ie ▁of ▁the ▁Year ▁ ▁V ince ▁Di M aggio ▁( 1 9 4 8 ) ▁ 2 ▁x ▁ML B ▁All - Star ▁ ▁Josh ▁Donald son ▁ 3 ▁x ▁ML B ▁All - Star ; ▁ 2 0 1 5 ▁AL ▁Most ▁Val u able ▁Player ▁ ▁Se an ▁D ool ittle ▁( 2 0 0 8 , ▁ 2 0 1 2 , ▁ 2 0 1 5 , ▁ 2 0 1 7 ) ▁ML B ▁All - Star ▁ ▁Cal ▁E ld red ▁( 1 9 9 0 ) ▁ ▁Mike ▁Ep stein ▁( 1 9 6 5 ; ▁led ▁the ▁league ▁in ▁batt ing ▁(. 3 3 8 ) ▁and ▁home ▁runs ▁( 3 0 )) ▁ ▁Keith ▁F oul ke ▁( 2 0 0 8 ) ▁ML B ▁All - Star ▁ ▁Son ny ▁Gray ▁( 2 0 1 7 ) ▁ML B ▁All - Star ▁ ▁P umps ie ▁Green ▁( 1 9 5 5 ) ▁ ▁Bobby ▁Gr ich ▁( 1 9 6 8 ) ▁ 6 ▁x ▁ML B ▁All - Star ▁ ▁Dar ry l ▁Hamilton ▁( 1 9 8 7 ) ▁ ▁Dave ▁Hend
erson ▁( 1 9 7 8 ) ▁ML B ▁All - Star ▁ ▁Geoff ▁Jenkins ▁( 1 9 9 5 ) ▁ML B ▁All - Star ▁ ▁Dave y ▁Johnson ▁( 1 9 6 2 ) ▁ 4 ▁x ▁ML B ▁All - Star ; ▁ 2 ▁x ▁ML B ▁Manager ▁of ▁the ▁Year ; ▁Manager : ▁ 1 9 8 6 ▁World ▁Series ▁Champion ▁- ▁New ▁York ▁M ets ▁ ▁Doug ▁Jones ▁( 1 9 7 9 ) ▁ML B ▁All - Star ▁ ▁Dar old ▁Know les ▁( 1 9 6 2 ) ▁ML B ▁All - Star ▁ ▁Dave ▁La Point ▁( 1 9 7 9 ) ▁ ▁Dave ▁May ▁( 1 9 6 3 ) ▁ML B ▁All - Star ▁ ▁Jim ▁Morris ▁( 1 9 8 7 ) ▁Sub ject ▁of ▁Movie : ▁The ▁Ro ok ie ▁ ▁Juan ▁N ieves ( 1 9 8 2 ) ▁ ▁Jerry ▁Rem y ▁( 1 9 7 2 ) ▁ML B ▁All - Star ▁ ▁Mer v ▁Ret ten mund ▁( 1 9 6 5 - 1 9 6 6 ) ▁ ▁Add ison ▁Russell ▁( 2 0 1 3 - 2 0 1 4 ) ▁ML B ▁All - Star ▁ ▁Ben ▁She ets ▁( 1 9 9 9 ) ▁ 4 ▁x ▁ML B ▁All - Star ▁ ▁Gary ▁She ff ield ▁( 1 9 8 7 ) ▁ 9 ▁x ▁ML B ▁All ▁Star ; ▁ 1 9 9 2 ▁N L ▁Batt ing ▁Title ▁ ▁Kurt
▁Su zu ki ▁( 2 0 0 5 ) ▁ML B ▁All - Star ▁ ▁D ale ▁S ve um ▁( 1 9 8 3 , ▁ 1 9 8 9 ) ▁▁ ▁Z ack ▁Thor nt on ▁ ▁Bre tt ▁Tom ko ▁( 2 0 1 0 ) ▁ ▁Fernando ▁V ina ▁( 1 9 9 7 ) ▁ML B ▁All - Star ▁ ▁Ed ison ▁Vol quez ▁( 2 0 0 4 ) ▁ML B ▁All - Star ▁ ▁Jo ey ▁W ag man ▁ ▁Brad ▁Z ieg ler ▁( 2 0 0 5 ) ▁ ▁Ben ▁Zob rist ▁( 2 0 1 5 ) ▁ 3 ▁x ▁ML B ▁All - Star ; ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁World ▁Series ▁Most ▁Val u able ▁Player ▁ ▁M ud ville ▁N ine ▁players ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁▁ ▁Statistics ▁from ▁Baseball - Reference ▁ ▁Category : Base ball ▁teams ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 1 ▁Category : S ports ▁in ▁Stock ton , ▁California ▁Category : Ch icago ▁White ▁So x ▁minor ▁league ▁affili ates ▁Category : B alt imore ▁Ori oles ▁minor ▁league ▁affili ates ▁Category : Ch icago ▁C ubs ▁minor ▁league ▁affili ates ▁Category : St . ▁Louis ▁Card inals ▁minor ▁league ▁affili ates ▁Category : Cal iforn ia ▁Ang els ▁minor ▁league ▁affili ates ▁Category : Se attle ▁Mar in ers ▁minor ▁league ▁affili ates ▁Category : Mil w au kee ▁B rew ers ▁minor ▁league ▁affili ates ▁Category : C inc inn ati ▁Red
s ▁minor ▁league ▁affili ates ▁Category : Tex as ▁R angers ▁minor ▁league ▁affili ates ▁Category : O ak land ▁Athletics ▁minor ▁league ▁affili ates ▁Category : Cal iforn ia ▁League ▁teams ▁Category : Pro f essional ▁baseball ▁teams ▁in ▁California ▁Category : 1 9 4 1 ▁establish ments ▁in ▁California <0x0A> </s> ▁L icht b lick ▁( R ay ▁of ▁Hope ) ▁is ▁a ▁CD ▁+ ▁DVD ▁release ▁by ▁German ▁Electron ical ▁and ▁Global ▁Pop ▁artist ▁Christopher ▁Von ▁De y len ▁under ▁his ▁principal ▁project ▁Sch iller . ▁The ▁album ▁was ▁released ▁on ▁November ▁ 2 6 , ▁ 2 0 1 0 . ▁The ▁album ▁contains ▁ 9 ▁compos itions ▁from ▁Sch iller . ▁ ▁L icht b lick ▁features ▁collaboration ▁with ▁other ▁international ▁artists ▁such ▁as ; ▁Kate ▁Hav ne vik , ▁M ia ▁Berg ström , ▁An gg un ▁and ▁Desp ina ▁V and i . ▁ ▁L icht b lick ▁contains ▁an ▁audio - CD ▁with ▁new ▁sounds ▁plus ▁two ▁DVD s . ▁ ▁Track ing ▁list ▁ ▁Super ▁Del ux e ▁Edition ▁ ▁The ▁super ▁del ux e ▁edition ▁of ▁the ▁album ▁will ▁be ▁offered ▁as ▁a ▁box ▁set ▁containing ▁three ▁disc s ▁( 2 ▁DVD ▁+ ▁ 1 ▁CD ). ▁ ▁L icht b lick ▁EP ▁- ▁CD ▁▁ ▁L icht b lick ▁( UK : ▁Ray ▁of ▁Hope ) ▁ ▁Ghost ▁( with ▁Kate ▁Hav ne vik ) ▁ ▁Zeit sch le ife ▁( UK : ▁Time ▁War p ) ▁ ▁Day light ▁( with
▁M ia ▁Berg ström ) ▁ ▁He im ath afen ▁( UK : ▁Home ▁Port ) ▁ ▁In noc ent ▁L ies ▁( with ▁An gg un ) ▁ ▁Le ▁V ide ▁ ▁Sunday ▁( with ▁Desp ina ▁V and i ) ▁ ▁L icht b lick ▁Re prise ▁ ▁DVD ▁ 0 1 ▁- ▁A tem los ▁Live ▁ ▁A tem los ▁Live ▁ ▁Play ing ▁With ▁Mad ness ▁( Inst rument al ) ▁ ▁So ho ▁ ▁T ief bla u ▁( UK : ▁Deep ▁Blue ) ▁ ▁Bl ind ▁( with ▁An gg un ) ▁ ▁In noc ent ▁L ies ▁( with ▁An gg un ) ▁ ▁Ru he ▁( UK : ▁Peace ) ▁ ▁La ▁Mer ▁ ▁Under ▁My ▁Sk in ▁( with ▁Kim ▁Sand ers ) ▁ ▁Let ▁Me ▁Love ▁You ▁( with ▁Kim ▁Sand ers ) ▁ ▁Pol ar st ern ▁ ▁Sch iller ▁ ▁Don ' t ▁Go ▁( with ▁Kate ▁Hav ne vik ) ▁ ▁The ▁Fire ▁( with ▁Kate ▁Hav ne vik ) ▁ ▁Sal ton ▁Sea ▁ ▁Del ic ately ▁Y ours ▁( with ▁Kim ▁Sand ers ) ▁ ▁Ir r licht ▁( UK : ▁Mis gu iding ▁Light ) ▁ ▁H imm el bla u ▁( UK : ▁Blue ▁Sky ) ▁ ▁Das ▁G lock ens piel ▁( UK : ▁The ▁Bell ) ▁ ▁Always ▁You ▁( with ▁An gg un ) ▁ ▁Re prise ▁Part ▁ 1 ▁ ▁Re prise ▁Part ▁ 2 ▁ ▁Ein ▁Sch o ener ▁Tag ▁(
UK : ▁A ▁Beautiful ▁Day ) ▁ ▁Se h ns ucht ▁( UK : ▁Des ire ) ▁ ▁Let ▁It ▁R ise ▁( with ▁M idge ▁U re ) ▁ ▁Play ing ▁With ▁Mad ness ▁( with ▁M ia ▁Berg ström ) ▁ ▁S omm ern acht ▁( UK : ▁Summer ▁Night ) ▁ ▁A udi ok om ment ar ▁ ▁Christopher ▁von ▁De y len ▁u e ber ▁die ▁ent ste hung ▁von ▁at em los ▁live ▁ ▁S urr ound ▁test ▁ ▁Audio - refer enz ▁zum ▁ein p eg eln ▁des ▁surr ound - s ounds ▁ ▁DVD ▁ 0 2 ▁- ▁He im ath afen ▁ ▁He im ath afen ▁ ▁Sch iller ▁ ▁So ho ▁ ▁Pol ar st ern ▁ ▁A tem los ▁ ▁Le id enschaft ▁( UK : ▁Pass ion ) ▁ ▁He im ath afen ▁ ▁T ief bla u ▁ ▁Ir r licht ▁ ▁La ▁Mer ▁ ▁H imm el bla u ▁ ▁Ten ▁more ▁ ▁kurz film ▁von ▁phil ip ▁gl aser ▁ ▁Zeit sch le ife ▁ ▁Bilder re ise ▁durch ▁sch iller ' s ▁l ichter welt ▁ ▁Wall ▁of ▁friends ▁ ▁Be come ▁a ▁part ▁of ▁l icht b lick ▁ ▁Ult ra ▁Del ux e ▁Edition ▁ ▁CD ▁ ▁L icht b lick ▁ ▁Ghost ▁( with ▁Kate ▁Hav ne vik ) ▁ ▁Zeit sch le ife ▁ ▁Day light ▁( with ▁M ia ▁Berg ström ) ▁ ▁He im ath afen ▁ ▁In noc ent ▁L ies
▁( with ▁An gg un ) ▁ ▁Le ▁V ide ▁ ▁Sunday ▁( with ▁Desp ina ▁V and i ) ▁ ▁L icht b lick ▁Re prise ▁ ▁DVD ▁ 0 1 ▁ ▁A tem los ▁Live ▁ ▁Play ing ▁With ▁Mad ness ▁( Inst rument al ) ▁ ▁So ho ▁ ▁T ief bla u ▁ ▁Bl ind ▁( with ▁An gg un ) ▁ ▁In noc ent ▁L ies ▁( with ▁An gg un ) ▁ ▁Ru he ▁ ▁La ▁Mer ▁ ▁Under ▁My ▁Sk in ▁( with ▁Kim ▁Sand ers ) ▁ ▁Let ▁Me ▁Love ▁You ▁( with ▁Kim ▁Sand ers ) ▁ ▁Pol ar st ern ▁ ▁Sch iller ▁ ▁Don ' t ▁Go ▁( with ▁Kate ▁Hav ne vik ) ▁ ▁The ▁Fire ▁( with ▁Kate ▁Hav ne vik ) ▁ ▁Sal ton ▁Sea ▁ ▁Del ic ately ▁Y ours ▁( with ▁Kim ▁Sand ers ) ▁ ▁Ir r licht ▁ ▁H imm el bla u ▁ ▁Das ▁G lock ens piel ▁ ▁Always ▁You ▁( with ▁An gg un ) ▁ ▁Re prise ▁Part ▁ 1 ▁ ▁Re prise ▁Part ▁ 2 ▁ ▁Ein ▁Sch o ener ▁Tag ▁ ▁Se h ns ucht ▁ ▁Let ▁It ▁R ise ▁( with ▁M idge ▁U re ) ▁ ▁Play ing ▁With ▁Mad ness ▁( with ▁M ia ▁Berg ström ) ▁ ▁S omm ern acht ▁ ▁A udi ok om ment ar ▁ ▁Christopher ▁von ▁De y len ▁u e ber ▁die ▁ent ste hung ▁von ▁at em los
▁live ▁ ▁S urr ound ▁test ▁ ▁Audio - refer enz ▁zum ▁ein p eg eln ▁des ▁surr ound - s ounds ▁ ▁DVD ▁ 0 2 ▁ ▁He im ath afen ▁ ▁Sch iller ▁ ▁So ho ▁ ▁Pol ar st ern ▁ ▁A tem los ▁ ▁Le id enschaft ▁ ▁He im ath afen ▁ ▁T ief bla u ▁ ▁Ir r licht ▁ ▁La ▁Mer ▁ ▁H imm el bla u ▁ ▁Ten ▁more ▁ ▁kurz film ▁von ▁phil ip ▁gl aser ▁ ▁Zeit sch le ife ▁ ▁Bilder re ise ▁durch ▁sch iller ' s ▁l ichter welt ▁ ▁Wall ▁of ▁friends ▁ ▁Be come ▁a ▁part ▁of ▁l icht b lick ▁ ▁EX T RA ▁ 2 CD : ▁A TE ML OS ▁L IVE ▁ ▁CD ▁ 0 1 ▁ ▁L lay ing ▁With ▁Mad ness ▁( Inst rument al ) ▁ ▁So ho ▁ ▁T ief bla u ▁ ▁Bl ind ▁( with ▁An gg un ) ▁ ▁In noc ent ▁L ies ▁( with ▁An gg un ) ▁ ▁Ru he ▁ ▁La ▁Mer ▁ ▁Under ▁My ▁Sk in ▁( with ▁Kim ▁Sand ers ) ▁ ▁Let ▁Me ▁Love ▁You ▁( with ▁Kim ▁Sand ers ) ▁ ▁Pol ar st ern ▁ ▁Sch iller ▁ ▁Don ' t ▁Go ▁( with ▁Kate ▁Hav ne vik ) ▁ ▁The ▁Fire ▁( with ▁Kate ▁Hav ne vik ) ▁ ▁CD ▁ 0 2 ▁ ▁Sal ton ▁Sea ▁ ▁Del ic ately ▁Y ours ▁( with ▁Kim ▁Sand
ers ) ▁ ▁Ir r licht ▁ ▁H imm el bla u ▁ ▁Das ▁G lock ens piel ▁ ▁Always ▁You ▁( with ▁An gg un ) ▁ ▁Re prise ▁Part ▁ 1 ▁ ▁Re prise ▁Part ▁ 2 ▁ ▁Ein ▁Sch o ener ▁Tag ▁ ▁Se h ns ucht ▁ ▁Let ▁It ▁R ise ▁( with ▁M idge ▁U re ) ▁ ▁Play ing ▁With ▁Mad ness ▁( with ▁M ia ▁Berg ström ) ▁ ▁S omm ern acht ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁ ▁L icht b lick ▁Mic ros ite ▁ ▁Official ▁International ▁Home page ▁▁▁ ▁Category : 2 0 1 0 ▁compilation ▁albums ▁Category : Comp ilation ▁albums ▁by ▁German ▁artists ▁Category : Sch iller ▁( band ) ▁albums ▁ru : A tem los <0x0A> </s> ▁Ten uta ▁San ▁Leon ardo ▁is ▁an ▁estate ▁of ▁historical ▁significance ▁and ▁an ▁Italian ▁wine ▁producer ▁in ▁the ▁Lag arina ▁Valley ▁in ▁Tr ent ino . ▁It ▁produces ▁San ▁Leon ardo , ▁a ▁Bor de aux - style ▁red ▁wine ▁which ▁was ▁described ▁by ▁journalist ▁Jan cis ▁Robinson ▁as ▁" s ure ly ▁the ▁most ▁successful ▁Bor de aux ▁bl end ▁of ▁northern ▁Italy ". ▁ ▁History ▁ ▁The ▁first ▁historical ▁reference ▁to ▁this ▁f ief - like ▁estate ▁dates ▁from ▁ 5 8 9 AD ▁when ▁the ▁historian ▁Paul ▁the ▁De acon ▁in ▁the ▁History ▁of ▁the ▁Lomb ards ▁records ▁the ▁location ▁for ▁the ▁wed ding ▁between ▁The odel inda ▁and ▁the ▁King ▁of ▁the ▁Lomb ards ▁Auth ari ▁as ▁“ C
amp i ▁Sar ni / S ard is ”, ▁the ▁ancient ▁place ▁name ▁for ▁the ▁stretch ▁of ▁land ▁where ▁the ▁estate ▁is ▁situated . ▁ ▁The ▁estate ▁is ▁mentioned ▁in ▁ 9 2 7 AD ▁by ▁the ▁Bishop ▁of ▁Ver ona ▁N ok ter io ▁who ▁conced ed ▁the ▁use ▁of ▁the ▁v ine y ards , ▁woods ▁and ▁me adows ▁“ in ▁S arn es ” ▁to ▁the ▁Bishop ▁of ▁Tr ento , ▁Feder ico ▁W anga . ▁In ▁ 1 9 8 2 , ▁a ▁fres co ▁was ▁discovered ▁in ▁the ▁ap se ▁of ▁the ▁Church ▁of ▁San ▁Leon ardo ▁( ded ic ated ▁to ▁Saint ▁Leonard ▁of ▁Nob lac ) ▁which ▁is ▁found ▁within ▁the ▁main ▁cour ty ard ▁of ▁the ▁estate , ▁d ating ▁from ▁ 1 1 0 0 - 1 2 0 0 ▁making ▁it ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁oldest ▁Roman es que ▁fres co es ▁in ▁Tr ent ino . ▁The ▁fres co ▁features ▁a ▁Christ ▁in ▁Majesty ▁in ▁Mand or la ▁with ▁some ▁elements ▁res emb ling ▁closely ▁the ▁fres co es ▁of ▁San ▁Z eno ▁in ▁Ver ona . ▁ ▁The ▁first ▁significant ▁development ▁however ▁took ▁place ▁in ▁ 1 2 1 5 ▁when ▁the ▁Bishop ▁of ▁Tr ento ▁Feder ico ▁W anga ▁officially ▁called ▁upon ▁the ▁Cr utch ed ▁Fri ars ▁to ▁set ▁up ▁a ▁monaster y ▁at ▁San ▁Leon ardo , ▁at ▁the ▁time ▁already ▁serving ▁as ▁a ▁hosp ice , ▁including ▁for ▁those ▁returning ▁from ▁the ▁Cr us ades . ▁ ▁Due
▁to ▁its ▁strateg ically ▁important ▁position ▁along ▁the ▁Roman ▁road ▁Via ▁Claud ia ▁August a ▁which ▁is ▁still ▁found ▁int act ▁on ▁the ▁estate , ▁and ▁approximately ▁half way ▁between ▁Ver ona ▁and ▁Tr ento , ▁the ▁monaster y ▁hosted ▁several ▁important ▁figures ▁including ▁Pope ▁Julius ▁III ▁and ▁Pope ▁Mar cell us ▁II ▁at ▁the ▁time ▁of ▁the ▁Council ▁of ▁Tr ent . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 6 5 6 ▁Pope ▁Alexander ▁VII ▁suppress ed ▁the ▁order ▁of ▁the ▁Cr utch ed ▁Fri ars ▁and ▁the ▁estate ▁was ▁converted ▁into ▁a ▁pri ory ▁and ▁eventually ▁sold ▁by ▁em phy te us is ▁to ▁the ▁de ▁Gr esti ▁family ▁in ▁ 1 7 7 0 . ▁Ten uta ▁San ▁Leon ardo ▁was ▁inherited ▁by ▁the ▁Guer rier i ▁Gonz aga ▁family ▁following ▁the ▁marriage ▁of ▁Gem ma ▁de ▁Gr esti ▁and ▁Tul lo ▁Guer rier i ▁Gonz aga . ▁ ▁During ▁World ▁War ▁I , ▁the ▁residence ▁on ▁the ▁estate ▁known ▁as ▁“ V illa ▁Gr esti ” ▁was ▁used ▁as ▁a ▁base ▁for ▁the ▁ 2 9 th ▁Regiment ▁of ▁the ▁Italian ▁army . ▁Following ▁the ▁defeat ▁of ▁Austria ▁Hung ary ▁at ▁the ▁Battle ▁of ▁Vitt orio ▁Ven eto , ▁the ▁Villa ▁was ▁chosen ▁as ▁the ▁site ▁for ▁the ▁neg ot iation ▁of ▁the ▁terms ▁of ▁the ▁Arm ist ice ▁of ▁Villa ▁Gi ust i ▁which ▁marked ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁war fare ▁between ▁Italy ▁and ▁Austria - H ung ary . ▁The ▁negoti ations ▁began ▁at ▁Villa ▁Gr esti ▁on ▁ 2 0
▁October ▁ 1 9 1 8 ▁and ▁the ▁Arm ist ice ▁was ▁signed ▁on ▁ 3 ▁November ▁at ▁Villa ▁Gi ust i . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁Ten uta ▁San ▁Leon ardo ▁official ▁site ▁, ▁ ▁Category : W iner ies ▁of ▁Italy <0x0A> </s> ▁P and ora ▁is ▁an ▁American ▁science ▁fiction ▁television ▁series ▁that ▁air s ▁on ▁The ▁C W . ▁The ▁series ▁premier ed ▁on ▁July ▁ 1 6 , ▁ 2 0 1 9 . ▁The ▁series ▁was ▁renew ed ▁for ▁a ▁second ▁season ▁in ▁October ▁ 1 6 , ▁ 2 0 1 9 . ▁ ▁Prem ise ▁Set ▁in ▁the ▁year ▁ 2 1 9 9 , ▁P and ora ▁is ▁a ▁sci - fi ▁action ▁series ▁about ▁a ▁resource ful ▁young ▁woman ▁who ▁has ▁lost ▁everything ▁but ▁finds ▁a ▁new ▁life ▁at ▁Earth ' s ▁Space ▁Training ▁Academy , ▁where ▁she ▁and ▁her ▁friends ▁learn ▁to ▁defend ▁the ▁galax y ▁from ▁thre ats ▁– ▁both ▁al ien ▁and ▁human . ▁When ▁secre ts ▁about ▁the ▁nature ▁of ▁her ▁own ▁identity ▁begin ▁to ▁surface , ▁she ▁must ▁un cover ▁the ▁truth , ▁and ▁whether ▁she ▁will ▁be ▁human ity ' s ▁sav ior ▁or ▁the ▁instrument ▁of ▁its ▁destruction . ▁ ▁Cast ▁and ▁characters ▁ ▁Pr isc illa ▁Quint ana ▁as ▁Jac qu eline ▁" J ax " ▁Z hou , ▁a ka ▁P and ora ▁ ▁Oliver ▁Den ch ▁as ▁X ander ▁D uv all ▁ ▁R ae ch elle ▁B anno ▁as ▁At ria
▁N ine ▁ ▁John ▁Har lan ▁Kim ▁as ▁Greg ▁Li ▁ ▁Ben ▁Rad cl iffe ▁as ▁R alen ▁▁ ▁Ban ita ▁Sand hu ▁as ▁Del an ey ▁P ilar ▁ ▁Martin ▁Bob b - Sem ple ▁as ▁Thomas ▁James ▁Ross ▁ ▁No ah ▁H unt ley ▁as ▁Professor ▁Don ovan ▁Os born ▁ ▁Te hm ina ▁Sun ny ▁as ▁Reg an ▁Fre id ▁ ▁T omm ie ▁Earl ▁Jenkins ▁as ▁Ell ison ▁Pe v ney ▁ ▁Vik ash ▁Bh ai ▁as ▁Martin ▁S hr al ▁ ▁Amy ▁Mc Ph erson ▁as ▁Mat ta ▁▁ ▁Man u ▁Ben nett ▁as ▁Le one ▁V ok k ▁ ▁Epis odes ▁ ▁Production ▁ ▁Development ▁P and ora ▁was ▁created ▁and ▁written ▁by ▁Mark ▁A . ▁Alt man . ▁They ▁are ▁also ▁executive ▁producer ▁with ▁Mark ▁A . ▁Alt man ▁alongside ▁with ▁Steve ▁K ri oz ere , ▁Thomas ▁P . ▁Vit ale , ▁Kar ine ▁Martin , ▁and ▁Chris ▁Philip . ▁P and ora ▁was ▁produced ▁by ▁Radio active ▁F is ht ank , ▁V ital ▁Sign s ▁Entertainment ▁and ▁Star lings ▁Television . ▁The ▁film ing ▁for ▁P and ora ▁took ▁place ▁in ▁Bulg aria . ▁P and ora ▁premier ed ▁on ▁July ▁ 1 6 , ▁ 2 0 1 9 , ▁as ▁mid - sum mer ▁entry ▁during ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 8 – 1 9 ▁U . S . ▁network ▁television ▁season . ▁The ▁C W ▁renew ed ▁the ▁series ▁for ▁a ▁second ▁season ▁on ▁October ▁ 1 6 , ▁
2 0 1 9 . ▁ ▁Re ception ▁ ▁Crit ical ▁response ▁Daniel ▁F ien berg ▁of ▁The ▁Hollywood ▁Re porter ▁critic ized ▁the ▁show ▁for ▁" some ▁of ▁the ▁che apest ▁and ▁fl att est - looking ▁visual s ", ▁adding , ▁" There ' s ▁no ▁character ▁I ▁particularly ▁liked , ▁no ▁relationship ▁that ▁seems ▁particularly ▁interesting ▁and ▁no ▁mystery ▁embedded ▁in ▁the ▁pilot ▁to ▁which ▁I ' d ▁like ▁to ▁get ▁any ▁answers ." ▁The ▁review ▁aggreg ator ▁website ▁Rotten ▁Tomatoes ▁reported ▁a ▁ 0 % ▁appro val ▁rating ▁with ▁an ▁average ▁score ▁of ▁ 4 / 1 0 , ▁based ▁on ▁five ▁reviews . ▁ ▁Rat ings ▁ ▁Notes ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁▁▁▁ ▁Category : 2 0 1 0 s ▁American ▁science ▁fiction ▁television ▁series ▁Category : English - language ▁television ▁programs ▁Category : 2 0 1 9 ▁American ▁television ▁series ▁deb uts ▁Category : The ▁C W ▁original ▁programming ▁Category : Space ▁advent ure ▁television ▁series <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Ah ▁Boys ▁to ▁Men ▁series ▁is ▁a ▁Singapore an ▁sat ir ical ▁comedy ▁series ▁that ▁began ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁with ▁the ▁film ▁Ah ▁Boys ▁to ▁Men . ▁ ▁Pres ented ▁By ▁J ▁Team ▁Production ▁M m 2 ▁Entertainment , ▁produced ▁by ▁Jack ▁Ne o , ▁Lim ▁Te ck ▁and ▁Leonard ▁La i , ▁it ▁stars ▁T osh ▁Z hang , ▁Wang ▁We ili ang , ▁Josh ua ▁Tan , ▁Max i ▁Lim , ▁No ah ▁Y ap , ▁and ▁Wes ley ▁W ong .
▁Jack ▁Ne o ▁directed ▁all ▁four ▁films . ▁The ▁movie ▁has ▁received ▁a ▁popular ▁cult - follow ing ▁in ▁recent ▁years , ▁in ▁spite ▁of ▁low ▁critic ▁reviews . ▁ ▁Development ▁Ah ▁Boys ▁to ▁Men ▁is ▁Jack ▁Ne o ' s ▁first ▁military - th emed ▁film , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁his ▁" most ▁am bit ious ▁project ▁so ▁far " ▁according ▁to ▁himself . ▁Ne o ▁had ▁wanted ▁to ▁shoot ▁a ▁military - th emed ▁film ▁since ▁his ▁rec ruit ▁days ▁after ▁being ▁influenced ▁by ▁Taiwan ese ▁army ▁films , ▁but ▁could ▁not ▁find ▁the ▁right ▁opportunity . ▁Ne o ▁was ▁originally ▁approached ▁by ▁the ▁Ministry ▁of ▁Def ence ▁( MIN DEF ) ▁to ▁edit ▁foot ages ▁from ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁document ary ▁Every ▁Singapore an ▁Son ▁into ▁a ▁film . ▁After ▁much ▁deliber ation , ▁Ne o ▁decided ▁to ▁not ▁use ▁the ▁foot ages ▁and ▁instead ▁write ▁a ▁brand ▁new ▁script . ▁The ▁production ▁received ▁the ▁full ▁support ▁from ▁M IN DEF ▁to ▁shoot ▁the ▁film ; ▁they ▁were ▁provided ▁access ▁to ▁vehicles , ▁equipment ▁and ▁weapons ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁on - site ▁consult ants . ▁Ne o ▁did ▁not ▁accept ▁financial ▁fund ing ▁from ▁M IN DEF ▁as ▁he ▁wanted ▁to ▁retain ▁full ▁control ▁of ▁the ▁cre ative ▁process . ▁The ▁film ▁was ▁fund ed ▁under ▁the ▁Media ▁Development ▁Author ity ’ s ▁Production ▁Ass istance ▁grant , ▁and ▁by ▁invest ors ▁and ▁spons ors , ▁some ▁of ▁which ▁included ▁Toast ▁Box , ▁Be e ▁Ch eng
▁Hi ang ▁and ▁K PM G . ▁ ▁Research ▁for ▁the ▁film ▁alone ▁took ▁around ▁two ▁and ▁a ▁half ▁months . ▁Ne o ▁said ▁the ▁decision ▁to ▁break ▁the ▁film ▁into ▁two ▁parts ▁was ▁made ▁after ▁the ▁distrib utors ▁told ▁him ▁to ▁keep ▁the ▁films ▁ 1 0 0 ▁minutes ▁in ▁length , ▁as ▁any ▁longer ▁and ▁it ▁would ▁have ▁been ▁more ▁expensive ▁and ▁difficult ▁to ▁schedule . ▁With ▁a ▁budget ▁of ▁S $ 3 ▁million , ▁Ah ▁Boys ▁to ▁Men ▁is ▁Singapore ' s ▁most ▁expensive ▁film . ▁ ▁Films ▁ ▁Ah ▁Boys ▁to ▁Men ▁ ▁The ▁main ▁plot ▁revol ves ▁around ▁a ▁group ▁of ▁army ▁rec ruits ▁in ▁National ▁Service ▁in ▁Singapore . ▁Ne o ▁had ▁wanted ▁to ▁shoot ▁an ▁army - th emed ▁film ▁since ▁his ▁army ▁days , ▁but ▁could ▁not ▁find ▁a ▁suitable ▁chance ▁to ▁do ▁so . ▁ ▁Ah ▁Boys ▁to ▁Men ▁ 2 ▁ ▁Ah ▁Boys ▁to ▁Men ▁ 2 ▁focus es ▁more ▁on ▁the ▁unity ▁of ▁the ▁protagon ists , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁t apping ▁more ▁on ▁hot ▁social ▁topics ▁like ▁foreign ▁talent ▁in ▁Singapore . ▁It ▁gave ▁" a ▁stronger ▁story ▁than ▁its ▁prede cess or ", ▁and ▁had ▁a ▁" more ▁me aty " ▁drama ▁aspect , ▁according ▁to ▁Jack ▁Ne o . ▁Other ▁them es ▁for ▁the ▁sequ el ▁include ▁" s ac rifice , ▁love , ▁family ▁and ▁patri ot ism ". ▁ ▁Ah ▁Boys ▁to ▁Men ▁ 3 : ▁F rog men ▁ ▁The ▁film ▁neg ates ▁all ▁happen ings
▁in ▁the ▁prede cess ors ▁and ▁expl ores ▁what ▁might ▁have ▁happened ▁should ▁the ▁boys ▁have ▁been ▁assigned ▁to ▁the ▁Naval ▁D iving ▁Unit . ▁ ▁Ah ▁Boys ▁to ▁Men ▁ 4 ▁ ▁The ▁film ▁focus es ▁on ▁the ▁main ▁characters ▁who ▁have ▁to ▁jug gle ▁between ▁their ▁work ▁and ▁their ▁res erv ist ▁duties . ▁ ▁Cast ▁ ▁Part ▁ 1 ▁ ▁Part ▁ 2 ▁ ▁Part ▁ 3 ▁ ▁Part ▁ 4 ▁ ▁C rew ▁Ah ▁Boys ▁to ▁Men ▁was ▁directed ▁by ▁Jack ▁Ne o ▁and ▁the ▁script ▁was ▁written ▁by ▁Ne o ▁and ▁Link ▁S ng . ▁Ne o , ▁Lim ▁Te ck , ▁and ▁Leonard ▁La i ▁served ▁as ▁produ cers , ▁while ▁Ne o ' s ▁wife ▁I rene ▁K ng , ▁along ▁with ▁Mang , ▁Te ck , ▁T eng ku ▁I esta , ▁T eng ku ▁A la ud in , ▁Ken ny ▁Ch ua , ▁William ▁Sin , ▁Domin ic ▁Inn , ▁Tan ▁T ong ▁H ai , ▁Eric ▁Li ang ▁and ▁Sky ▁Li ▁Y un fe i , ▁served ▁as ▁executive ▁produ cers . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁List ▁of ▁Singapore an ▁films ▁of ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁List ▁of ▁Singapore an ▁films ▁of ▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁List ▁of ▁Singapore an ▁films ▁of ▁ 2 0 1 5 ▁Army ▁D aze ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : Fil ms ▁directed ▁by ▁Jack ▁Ne o ▁Category : Fil ms ▁set ▁in ▁Singapore ▁Category : Fil ms ▁shot ▁in ▁Singapore ▁Category : Sing ap ore
an ▁comedy ▁films <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Hon . ▁William ▁Pear son ▁( sen ior ), ▁( 2 0 ▁September ▁ 1 8 1 8 ▁– ▁ 1 0 ▁August ▁ 1 8 9 3 ), ▁was ▁a ▁politician ▁and ▁horse - bre eder ▁in ▁colonial ▁Victoria ▁( Austral ia ). ▁ ▁Early ▁life ▁Pear son , ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁principal ▁pat rons ▁of ▁the ▁tur f ▁in ▁Australia , ▁was ▁the ▁el dest ▁son ▁of ▁Captain ▁Hugh ▁Pear son , ▁R . N ., ▁of ▁Hil ton , ▁parish ▁of ▁Kil many , ▁F ife , ▁Scotland , ▁and ▁was ▁born ▁at ▁Hil ton . ▁His ▁mother ▁was ▁Helen , ▁n ée ▁Little j ohn . ▁Pear son ▁was ▁educated ▁at ▁Edinburgh ▁High ▁School , ▁went ▁to ▁sea ▁and ▁became ▁third ▁officer ▁on ▁an ▁East ▁Ind iam an ▁in ▁ 1 8 3 8 . ▁ ▁Australia ▁Ar riv ing ▁in ▁Ad ela ide ▁in ▁the ▁John ▁Cooper ▁Victoria ▁in ▁March ▁ 1 8 4 1 , ▁Pear son ▁travel led ▁over land ▁to ▁the ▁Port ▁Phill ip ▁District ▁and ▁comm enced ▁squ atting ▁in ▁Gi pp s land , ▁taking ▁up ▁the ▁L inden ow ▁station ▁on ▁the ▁Mitchell ▁river , ▁and ▁after ▁that ▁Kil many ▁Park , ▁near ▁the ▁j unction ▁of ▁the ▁Lat ro be ▁and ▁Thom son ▁rivers . ▁Pear son ▁was ▁returned ▁to ▁the ▁Victor ian ▁Legisl ative ▁Assembly ▁as ▁member ▁for ▁North ▁Gi pp s land ▁November ▁ 1 8 6 4 ▁to ▁December ▁ 1 8
6 7 . ▁He ▁also ▁represented ▁the ▁Eastern ▁Province ▁in ▁the ▁Victor ian ▁Legisl ative ▁Council ▁from ▁August ▁ 1 8 8 1 ▁( win ning ▁a ▁by - e lection ) ▁to ▁November ▁ 1 8 8 2 , ▁then ▁Gi pp s land ▁Province ▁until ▁August ▁ 1 8 9 3 . ▁He ▁was ▁the ▁largest ▁share holder ▁in ▁the ▁famous ▁Long ▁T unnel ▁gold ▁mine , ▁Wal hal la . ▁As ▁an ▁owner ▁and ▁bre eder ▁of ▁race h ors es , ▁he ▁dates ▁back ▁to ▁ 1 8 4 2 , ▁since ▁which ▁time ▁he ▁has ▁won ▁several ▁hundred ▁races ▁and ▁b red ▁a ▁large ▁number ▁of ▁w inners ▁by ▁War lock ▁and ▁V ag ab ond . ▁At ▁Gr ass dale , ▁Gi pp s land , ▁Pear son ▁married ▁on ▁ 4 ▁August ▁ 1 8 5 9 ▁El iza ▁Laura , ▁daughter ▁of ▁H . ▁J . ▁Tra vers , ▁formerly ▁of ▁the ▁East ▁India ▁Company ▁Civil ▁Service . ▁Pear son ▁died ▁in ▁East ▁St ▁K ilda , ▁Victoria , ▁Australia . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : 1 8 1 8 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 8 9 3 ▁death s ▁Category : M embers ▁of ▁the ▁Victor ian ▁Legisl ative ▁Council ▁Category : M embers ▁of ▁the ▁Victor ian ▁Legisl ative ▁Assembly ▁Category : Sc ott ish ▁em igr ants ▁to ▁Australia ▁Category : 1 9 th - century ▁Australian ▁polit icians <0x0A> </s> ▁ 1 0 0 2 6 8 ▁Ros ent hal ,
▁prov is ional ▁design ation ▁, ▁is ▁a ▁background ▁astero id ▁from ▁the ▁inner ▁region ▁of ▁the ▁astero id ▁bel t , ▁approximately ▁ ▁in ▁diameter . ▁It ▁was ▁discovered ▁on ▁ 5 ▁October ▁ 1 9 9 4 , ▁by ▁German ▁astronom er ▁Fre im ut ▁B ör ng en ▁at ▁the ▁Karl ▁Schwar z sch ild ▁Observ atory ▁in ▁T aut enburg , ▁eastern ▁Germany . ▁The ▁astero id ▁was ▁later ▁named ▁for ▁German ▁radio ▁and ▁TV ▁host ▁Hans ▁Ros ent hal . ▁ ▁Or bit ▁and ▁classification ▁▁ ▁Ros ent hal ▁is ▁a ▁non - family ▁astero id ▁from ▁the ▁main ▁bel t ' s ▁background ▁population . ▁It ▁or bits ▁the ▁Sun ▁in ▁the ▁inner ▁astero id ▁bel t ▁at ▁a ▁distance ▁of ▁ 2 . 0 – 2 . 9 AU ▁once ▁every ▁ 3 ▁years ▁and ▁ 1 0 ▁months ▁( 1 , 3 9 2 ▁days ; ▁semi - major ▁axis ▁of ▁ 2 . 4 4 AU ). ▁Its ▁orbit ▁has ▁an ▁ecc ent ric ity ▁of ▁ 0 . 1 7 ▁and ▁an ▁incl ination ▁of ▁ 1 2 ° ▁with ▁respect ▁to ▁the ▁e cli ptic . ▁The ▁body ' s ▁observation ▁arc ▁begins ▁with ▁a ▁prec overy ▁published ▁by ▁the ▁Dig it ized ▁Sky ▁Survey . ▁It ▁was ▁taken ▁at ▁the ▁S iding ▁Spring ▁Observ atory ▁in ▁September ▁ 1 9 9 0 , ▁more ▁than ▁ 4 ▁years ▁prior ▁to ▁its ▁official ▁discovery ▁observation ▁at ▁T aut enburg .
▁ ▁Phys ical ▁characteristics ▁ ▁Diam eter ▁estimate ▁▁ ▁Based ▁on ▁its ▁absolute ▁magnitude ▁of ▁ 1 5 . 6 , ▁its ▁diameter ▁is ▁between ▁ 2 ▁and ▁ 5 ▁kilom eters , ▁assuming ▁an ▁al bed o ▁in ▁the ▁range ▁of ▁ 0 . 0 5 ▁to ▁ 0 . 2 5 . ▁ ▁Since ▁astero ids ▁in ▁the ▁inner ▁main - b elt ▁are ▁often ▁of ▁a ▁br ighter ▁sil ic ace ous ▁– ▁rather ▁than ▁of ▁a ▁dark er ▁carbon ace ous ▁composition , ▁with ▁higher ▁al bed os , ▁typically ▁around ▁ 0 . 2 0 , ▁the ▁astero id ' s ▁diameter ▁might ▁be ▁on ▁the ▁lower ▁end ▁of ▁NASA ' s ▁published ▁conversion ▁table , ▁as ▁the ▁lower ▁the ▁reflect ivity ▁( al bed o ), ▁the ▁larger ▁the ▁body ' s ▁diameter ▁for ▁a ▁given ▁absolute ▁magnitude . ▁ ▁As ▁of ▁ 2 0 1 8 , ▁Ros ent hal ▁effective ▁size , ▁shape , ▁pole , ▁spectral ▁type ▁and ▁composition , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁its ▁al bed o ▁and ▁rotation ▁period ▁remain ▁unknown . ▁ ▁N aming ▁▁ ▁This ▁minor ▁planet ▁was ▁named ▁in ▁honour ▁of ▁German ▁radio ▁and ▁TV ▁host ▁Hans ▁Ros ent hal ▁( 1 9 2 5 – 1 9 8 7 ), ▁a ▁German ▁Jew ▁who ▁surv ived ▁the ▁Hol oca ust ▁as ▁a ▁boy ▁inside ▁Germany ▁and ▁became ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁country ' s ▁most ▁popular ▁TV ▁show ▁master s ▁ever ▁in ▁the ▁early ▁ 1 9 8 0 s
. ▁He ▁died ▁of ▁cancer ▁at ▁the ▁age ▁of ▁ 6 1 . ▁The ▁approved ▁naming ▁c itation ▁was ▁published ▁by ▁the ▁Minor ▁Planet ▁Center ▁on ▁ 1 3 ▁April ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁( ). ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁ ▁Ast ero id ▁Light cur ve ▁Database ▁( LC DB ), ▁query ▁form ▁( info ) ▁ ▁Dictionary ▁of ▁Minor ▁Planet ▁Names , ▁Google ▁books ▁▁▁▁▁▁ 1 0 0 2 6 8 ▁Category : Dis cover ies ▁by ▁Fre im ut ▁B ör ng en ▁Category : Min or ▁plan ets ▁named ▁for ▁people ▁Category : Named ▁minor ▁plan ets ▁ 1 9 9 4 1 0 0 5 <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Kn app ▁Farm , ▁is ▁a ▁historic ▁farm house ▁located ▁at ▁the ▁corner ▁of ▁De kal b ▁Pi ke ▁and ▁Kn app ▁Road ▁in ▁Mont gom ery ▁Township , ▁Mont gom ery ▁County , ▁Pennsylvania . ▁It ▁is ▁also ▁the ▁only ▁town ship ▁property ▁on ▁the ▁National ▁Register ▁of ▁Historic ▁Places . ▁The ▁farm , ▁which ▁occup ies ▁property ▁originally ▁settled ▁just ▁after ▁ 1 7 0 0 ▁by ▁Wel sh ▁imm igr ants , ▁now ▁s its ▁adjacent ▁to ▁busy ▁Mont gom ery ▁Mall . ▁The ▁earliest ▁section ▁of ▁the ▁farm house ▁was ▁ere cted ▁around ▁ 1 7 6 0 . ▁ ▁It ▁is ▁a ▁ 2 ▁ 1 / 2 - story , ▁four ▁bay , ▁st u cco ed ▁stone ▁German ic ▁house . ▁ ▁A ▁brick ▁kitchen ▁wing ▁was ▁added ▁in ▁the ▁mid
- 1 9 th ▁century . ▁ ▁The ▁property ▁was ▁continu ously ▁occupied ▁and ▁far med ▁until ▁the ▁late ▁ 1 9 9 0 s . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 5 , ▁the ▁farm house ▁became ▁the ▁property ▁of ▁the ▁Mont gom ery ▁Township ▁Historical ▁Society ▁( M TH S ). ▁The ▁house ▁along ▁with ▁seven ▁acres ▁of ▁open ▁space ▁was ▁don ated ▁to ▁the ▁society ▁as ▁part ▁of ▁a ▁development ▁agreement ▁that ▁allowed ▁resident ial ▁development ▁on ▁the ▁remaining ▁a cre age . ▁M TH S ▁is ▁working ▁to ▁restore ▁the ▁property ▁and ▁plans ▁to ▁use ▁it ▁as ▁the ▁society ' s ▁headquarters ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁an ▁education ▁center ▁to ▁interpret ▁the ▁rural ▁history ▁of ▁the ▁North ▁P enn ▁area . ▁ ▁It ▁was ▁listed ▁on ▁the ▁National ▁Register ▁of ▁Historic ▁Places ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 6 . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁National ▁Register ▁of ▁Historic ▁Places ▁list ings ▁in ▁Mont gom ery ▁County , ▁Pennsylvania ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Category : H ouses ▁on ▁the ▁National ▁Register ▁of ▁Historic ▁Places ▁in ▁Pennsylvania ▁Category : H istor ic ▁American ▁Build ings ▁Survey ▁in ▁Pennsylvania ▁Category : H ouses ▁completed ▁in ▁ 1 7 6 0 ▁Category : H ouses ▁in ▁Mont gom ery ▁County , ▁Pennsylvania ▁Category : National ▁Register ▁of ▁Historic ▁Places ▁in ▁Mont gom ery ▁County , ▁Pennsylvania <0x0A> </s> ▁Lat ium ▁( pr on ounced ▁" L atch am " ▁or ▁" L ot zy um "), ▁is ▁an ▁un in cor por ated ▁community
▁in ▁Washington ▁County , ▁Texas , ▁United ▁States . ▁ ▁It ▁is ▁one ▁of ▁five ▁Latin ▁S ett lement s ▁founded ▁by ▁German ▁Tex an ▁political ▁refuge es ▁in ▁Texas ▁after ▁ 1 8 4 8 . ▁▁ ▁Category : Un in cor por ated ▁communities ▁in ▁Washington ▁County , ▁Texas ▁Category : G erman - American ▁culture ▁in ▁Texas ▁Category : Lat in ▁S ett lement ▁Category : Un in cor por ated ▁communities ▁in ▁Texas <0x0A> </s> ▁# RE DI RECT ▁Pro xy ▁murder <0x0A> </s> ▁Pan ch m ura ▁is ▁a ▁gram ▁pan ch ay at ▁under ▁T ald ang ra ▁intermediate ▁pan ch ay at , ▁in ▁K hat ra ▁sub div ision ▁of ▁Bank ura ▁district ▁in ▁the ▁Indian ▁state ▁of ▁West ▁Beng al . ▁It ▁is ▁ ▁from ▁B ish n up ur ▁and ▁is ▁famous ▁for ▁the ▁ter rac otta ▁Bank ura ▁horse , ▁a ▁folk ▁arte fact ▁and ▁now ▁the ▁national ▁symbol ▁for ▁Indian ▁hand ic raft s . ▁ ▁Geography ▁ ▁Location ▁Pan ch m ura ▁is ▁located ▁at ▁. ▁It ▁has ▁an ▁average ▁elev ation ▁of ▁. ▁ ▁Note : ▁The ▁map ▁alongside ▁presents ▁some ▁of ▁the ▁notable ▁locations ▁in ▁the ▁sub div ision . ▁All ▁places ▁marked ▁in ▁the ▁map ▁are ▁linked ▁in ▁the ▁larger ▁full ▁screen ▁map . ▁ ▁Census ▁villages ▁under ▁Pan ch m ura ▁gram ▁pan ch ay at ▁are ▁as ▁follows : ▁Ad h k ara , ▁Am jor , ▁B ansk op a , ▁B het u
ad anga , ▁Ch aki amb edia , ▁D and uria , ▁De ul b hi ra , ▁ ▁D h ob aj or , ▁J amb edia , ▁Jay pur , ▁K ana ip ur , ▁K uk ut ia , ▁L al band h , ▁N ut ang ram , ▁Pan ch m ura , ▁Rad han agar , ▁R asi ag ara , ▁Sh y ams und arp ur , ▁T atar ▁ ▁Dem ograph ics ▁As ▁per ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁Census ▁of ▁India ▁Pan ch m ura ▁had ▁a ▁total ▁population ▁of ▁ 3 , 7 1 9 ▁of ▁which ▁ 1 , 8 5 4 ▁( 5 0 %) ▁were ▁males ▁and ▁ 1 , 8 6 5 ▁( 5 0 %) ▁were ▁females . ▁Population ▁below ▁ 6 ▁years ▁was ▁ 4 2 5 . ▁The ▁total ▁number ▁of ▁liter ates ▁in ▁Pan ch m ura ▁was ▁ 2 , 5 2 5 ▁( 7 6 . 6 5 % ▁of ▁the ▁population ▁over ▁ 6 ▁years ). ▁ ▁. * For ▁language ▁details ▁see ▁T ald ang ra ▁( community ▁development ▁block ) # Language ▁and ▁religion ▁ ▁Ter rac otta ▁craft ▁ ▁Bank ura ▁horse ▁ ▁The ▁ter rac otta ▁Bank ura ▁horse , ▁the ▁logo ▁of ▁All ▁India ▁Hand ic raft s , ▁and ▁an ▁item ▁ ▁which ▁now ▁ad orn s ▁drawing ▁rooms ▁across ▁the ▁world ▁as ▁symbols ▁of ▁Indian ▁folk - art , ▁is ▁produced ▁in ▁Pan ch m ura
. ▁ ▁Man asa ▁ch ali ▁ ▁Man asa ▁ch ali ▁is ▁the ▁id ol ▁of ▁Deb i ▁Man asa . ▁It ▁is ▁a ▁unique ▁ter rac otta ▁sculpt ure ▁of ▁Pan ch m ura , ▁West ▁Beng al . ▁Man asa ▁ch ali ▁has ▁a ▁small ▁figure ▁or ▁a ▁group ▁of ▁three ▁figures ▁in ▁the ▁middle , ▁with ▁rows ▁of ▁s nake ▁h ood s ▁f anning ▁out ▁in ▁a ▁half ▁moon ▁shape . ▁ ▁Education ▁Pan ch m ura ▁Mah avid yal aya ▁is ▁a ▁general ▁degree ▁college ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 5 ▁with ▁the ▁efforts ▁of ▁local ▁people ▁led ▁by ▁Dr . ▁Pas up ati ▁Mand al . ▁It ▁offers ▁hon ours ▁courses ▁in ▁Beng ali , ▁English , ▁S ansk rit , ▁history , ▁political ▁science , ▁philosophy , ▁econom ics , ▁chem istry , ▁mathematics ▁and ▁account ancy , ▁and ▁general ▁courses ▁in ▁arts , ▁science ▁and ▁commerce . ▁It ▁is ▁affili ated ▁with ▁the ▁Bank ura ▁University . ▁ ▁Pan ch m ura ▁High ▁School , ▁is ▁a ▁Beng ali - medium ▁co ed uc ational ▁institution ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 4 . ▁It ▁has ▁facilities ▁for ▁teaching ▁from ▁class ▁V ▁to ▁class ▁XII . ▁The ▁school ▁has ▁ 1 1 ▁computers , ▁a ▁library ▁with ▁ 3 0 0 ▁books ▁and ▁a ▁play ground . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Category : V ill ages ▁in ▁Bank ura ▁district <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Rom ance ▁of ▁Lady ▁Hamilton ▁is ▁a ▁ 1
9 1 9 ▁British ▁historical ▁drama ▁film ▁directed ▁by ▁Bert ▁H ald ane ▁and ▁st arring ▁Mal v ina ▁Long f ellow , ▁H umber ston ▁Wright ▁and ▁Cec il ▁Hum ph re ys . ▁It ▁follows ▁the ▁love ▁affair ▁between ▁the ▁British ▁Admir al ▁Hor atio ▁Nelson ▁and ▁Lady ▁Emma ▁Hamilton ▁during ▁the ▁Napole onic ▁Wars . ▁ ▁Cast ▁ ▁Mal v ina ▁Long f ellow ▁- ▁Emma ▁Hamilton ▁ ▁H umber ston ▁Wright ▁- ▁Hor atio ▁Nelson ▁ ▁Cec il ▁Hum ph re ys ▁- ▁Charles ▁Gre ville ▁ ▁Jane ▁Pow ell ▁- ▁I rene ▁Gre ville ▁ ▁Ted dy ▁A rund ell ▁- ▁Prince ▁of ▁Wales ▁ ▁Barbara ▁Gott ▁- ▁Mrs ▁Kelly ▁ ▁Frank ▁D ane ▁- ▁King ▁of ▁Nap les ▁ ▁Ma ud ▁Y ates ▁- ▁Queen ▁of ▁Nap les ▁ ▁Will ▁Cor rie ▁- ▁Fe ather stone h augh ▁ ▁I rene ▁T rip od ▁- ▁Mrs ▁Bud d ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 1 9 ▁films ▁Category : B rit ish ▁films ▁Category : English - language ▁films ▁Category : Fil ms ▁directed ▁by ▁Bert ▁H ald ane ▁Category : 1 9 1 0 s ▁historical ▁drama ▁films ▁Category : B rit ish ▁historical ▁drama ▁films ▁Category : Fil ms ▁set ▁in ▁London ▁Category : Fil ms ▁set ▁in ▁Nap les ▁Category : Fil ms ▁set ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 8 0 0 s ▁Category : B rit ish ▁silent ▁feature ▁films ▁Category : C ult ural ▁dep ict ions ▁of ▁Hor
atio ▁Nelson ▁Category : C ult ural ▁dep ict ions ▁of ▁Emma , ▁Lady ▁Hamilton ▁ ▁Category : B rit ish ▁black - and - white ▁films <0x0A> </s> ▁N icole ▁K ante k ▁( born ▁ 6 ▁July ▁ 1 9 8 1 ) ▁is ▁an ▁Australian ▁g ymn ast . ▁She ▁competed ▁in ▁six ▁events ▁at ▁the ▁ 1 9 9 6 ▁Summer ▁Olympics . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 8 1 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : Austral ian ▁female ▁art istic ▁g ymn asts ▁Category : O lymp ic ▁g ymn asts ▁of ▁Australia ▁Category : G ymn asts ▁at ▁the ▁ 1 9 9 6 ▁Summer ▁Olympics ▁Category : S ports people ▁from ▁Sydney <0x0A> </s> ▁Not ore as ▁ch rys op eda ▁is ▁a ▁species ▁of ▁moth ▁in ▁the ▁family ▁Ge omet r idae . ▁This ▁species ▁is ▁en demic ▁to ▁New ▁Zealand . ▁It ▁is ▁a ▁colour ful ▁day ▁flying ▁moth ▁that ▁lives ▁in ▁mountain ous ▁habitat . ▁ ▁Tax onomy ▁This ▁species ▁was ▁described ▁by ▁Edward ▁Mey rick ▁in ▁ 1 8 8 8 ▁using ▁material ▁collected ▁at ▁Mount ▁Arthur ▁at ▁an ▁alt itude ▁of ▁approximately ▁ 1 2 0 0 m ▁in ▁January ▁and ▁named ▁Ar ct e uth es ▁ch rys op eda . ▁Mey rick ▁miss p elt ▁the ▁genus , ▁the ▁correct ▁sp elling ▁of ▁which ▁is ▁Ar ct est hes . ▁George ▁Hudson ▁discussed ▁and ▁illustrated ▁this ▁species ▁under ▁the ▁name ▁L yth ria ▁ch
rys op eda ▁in ▁both ▁his ▁ 1 8 9 8 ▁book ▁New ▁Zealand ▁moth s ▁and ▁but ter f lies ▁( Mac ro - le pid optera ) ▁and ▁his ▁ 1 9 2 8 ▁publication ▁The ▁But ter f lies ▁and ▁M oth s ▁of ▁New ▁Zealand . ▁Robin ▁C . ▁C raw ▁placed ▁this ▁species ▁within ▁the ▁genus ▁Not ore as ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 6 . ▁The ▁lect ot ype ▁spec imen ▁is ▁held ▁at ▁the ▁Natural ▁History ▁Museum , ▁London . ▁ ▁Description ▁ ▁Mey rick ▁described ▁the ▁species ▁as ▁follows : ▁ ▁Distribution ▁This ▁species ▁is ▁en demic ▁to ▁New ▁Zealand . ▁It ▁is ▁found ▁in ▁the ▁Mount ▁Arthur ▁table land . ▁ ▁Bi ology ▁and ▁behaviour ▁This ▁species ▁is ▁on ▁the ▁wing ▁in ▁January ▁and ▁February . ▁It ▁is ▁a ▁day ▁flying ▁moth , ▁most ▁active ▁in ▁bright ▁sun sh ine . ▁ ▁Hab itat ▁and ▁host ▁species ▁N . ▁ch rys op eda ▁pre fers ▁open ▁t us sock ▁clear ings ▁in ▁mountain ous ▁forest ▁habitat . ▁Lar va e ▁of ▁New ▁Zealand ▁moth s ▁within ▁the ▁genus ▁Not ore as ▁feed ▁exclus ively ▁on ▁plants ▁within ▁the ▁gener a ▁P ime lea ▁and ▁K eller ia . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : Lar enti inae ▁Category : M oth s ▁described ▁in ▁ 1 8 8 8 ▁Category : M oth s ▁of ▁New ▁Zealand ▁Category : End em ic ▁fa una ▁of ▁New ▁Zealand ▁Category : T ax a ▁named ▁by ▁Edward
▁Mey rick <0x0A> </s> ▁An ▁animation ▁studio ▁is ▁a ▁company ▁producing ▁animated ▁media . ▁The ▁broad est ▁such ▁companies ▁conce ive ▁of ▁products ▁to ▁produce , ▁own ▁the ▁physical ▁equipment ▁for ▁production , ▁employ ▁operators ▁for ▁that ▁equipment , ▁and ▁hold ▁a ▁major ▁st ake ▁in ▁the ▁sales ▁or ▁rent als ▁of ▁the ▁media ▁produced . ▁They ▁also ▁own ▁rights ▁over ▁mer ch and ising ▁and ▁cre ative ▁rights ▁for ▁characters ▁created / h eld ▁by ▁the ▁company , ▁much ▁like ▁authors ▁holding ▁copy right s . ▁In ▁some ▁early ▁cases , ▁they ▁also ▁held ▁pat ent ▁rights ▁over ▁methods ▁of ▁animation ▁used ▁in ▁certain ▁stud ios ▁that ▁were ▁used ▁for ▁boost ing ▁product ivity . ▁Over all , ▁they ▁are ▁business ▁concerns ▁and ▁can ▁function ▁as ▁such ▁in ▁legal ▁terms . ▁ ▁American ▁stud ios ▁Main ▁article : ▁History ▁of ▁animation W ins or ▁McC ay ▁was ▁widely ▁ren owned ▁as ▁the ▁father ▁of ▁the ▁animated ▁cart oon , ▁having ▁converted ▁his ▁cart oon ▁strip ▁Little ▁N emo ▁into ▁a ▁ 1 0 - min ute ▁feature ▁film , ▁co - direct ing ▁it ▁along ▁with ▁J . ▁Stuart ▁Black ton , ▁released ▁on ▁April ▁ 8 , ▁ 1 9 1 1 . ▁However , ▁the ▁idea ▁of ▁a ▁studio ▁dedicated ▁to ▁anim ating ▁cart o ons ▁was ▁spe ar head ed ▁by ▁Ra oul ▁Bar ré ▁and ▁his ▁studio , ▁Bar ré ▁Studio , ▁co - f ounded ▁with ▁Bill ▁N olan , ▁be ating ▁out ▁the ▁studio ▁created ▁by
▁J . R . ▁B ray , ▁B ray ▁Produ ctions , ▁to ▁the ▁honor ▁of ▁the ▁first ▁studio ▁dedicated ▁to ▁animation . ▁ ▁Though ▁be aten ▁to ▁the ▁post ▁of ▁being ▁the ▁first ▁studio , ▁B ray ' s ▁studio ▁employee , ▁Earl ▁H urd , ▁came ▁up ▁with ▁pat ents ▁designed ▁for ▁mass - produ cing ▁the ▁output ▁for ▁the ▁studio . ▁As ▁H urd ▁did ▁not ▁file ▁for ▁these ▁pat ents ▁under ▁his ▁own ▁name ▁but ▁handed ▁them ▁to ▁B ray , ▁they ▁would ▁go ▁on ▁to ▁form ▁the ▁B ray - H urd ▁Pat ent ▁Company ▁and ▁sold ▁these ▁techniques ▁for ▁roy alt ies ▁to ▁other ▁animation ▁stud ios ▁of ▁the ▁time . ▁The ▁pat ents ▁for ▁animation ▁systems ▁using ▁draw ings ▁on ▁transparent ▁cell ul oid ▁sheets ▁and ▁a ▁registration ▁system ▁that ▁kept ▁images ▁steady ▁were ▁held ▁under ▁this ▁firm . ▁B ray ▁also ▁developed ▁the ▁basic ▁division ▁of ▁labor ▁still ▁used ▁in ▁animation ▁stud ios ▁( anim ators , ▁assist ants , ▁layout ▁artists , ▁etc .). ▁ ▁The ▁biggest ▁name ▁in ▁animation ▁stud ios ▁during ▁this ▁early ▁time ▁was ▁Disney ▁Brothers ▁An imation ▁Studio ▁( now ▁known ▁as ▁W alt ▁Disney ▁An imation ▁Studios ), ▁co - f ounded ▁by ▁W alt ▁and ▁Roy ▁O . ▁Disney . ▁Start ed ▁on ▁October ▁ 1 6 , ▁ 1 9 2 3 , ▁the ▁studio ▁went ▁on ▁to ▁make ▁its ▁first ▁animated ▁short , ▁Ste am bo at ▁Will ie ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 8 ,
▁to ▁much ▁critical ▁success , ▁though ▁the ▁real ▁break through ▁was ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 7 , ▁when ▁the ▁studio ▁was ▁able ▁to ▁produce ▁a ▁full - length ▁animated ▁feature ▁film ▁i . e . ▁Snow ▁White ▁and ▁the ▁Seven ▁D war fs , ▁which ▁laid ▁the ▁foundation ▁for ▁other ▁stud ios ▁to ▁try ▁to ▁make ▁full - length ▁mov ies . ▁In ▁ 1 9 3 2 ▁Flow ers ▁and ▁Tre es , ▁a ▁production ▁by ▁W alt ▁Disney ▁Produ ctions ▁and ▁United ▁Art ists , ▁won ▁the ▁first ▁Academy ▁Award ▁for ▁Best ▁Anim ated ▁Short ▁Film . ▁This ▁period , ▁from ▁the ▁ 1 9 2 0 s ▁to ▁the ▁ 1 9 5 0 s ▁or ▁sometimes ▁considered ▁from ▁ 1 9 1 1 ▁to ▁the ▁death ▁of ▁W alt ▁Disney ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 6 , ▁is ▁commonly ▁known ▁as ▁the ▁Golden ▁Age ▁of ▁American ▁An imation ▁as ▁it ▁included ▁the ▁growth ▁of ▁Disney , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁the ▁rise ▁of ▁Warner ▁B ros . ▁Cart o ons ▁and ▁the ▁Metro - G old w yn - M ayer ▁cart oon ▁studio ▁as ▁prominent ▁animation ▁stud ios . ▁Disney ▁continued ▁to ▁lead ▁in ▁technical ▁pro w ess ▁among ▁stud ios ▁for ▁a ▁long ▁time ▁afterwards , ▁as ▁can ▁be ▁seen ▁with ▁their ▁achiev ements . ▁In ▁ 1 9 4 1 , ▁Otto ▁Mess mer ▁created ▁the ▁first ▁animated ▁television ▁commer ci als ▁for ▁Bot any ▁T ie ▁ad s / we ather ▁reports . ▁They ▁were
▁shown ▁on ▁N BC - TV ▁in ▁New ▁York ▁until ▁ 1 9 4 9 . ▁This ▁marked ▁the ▁first ▁for ays ▁of ▁animation ▁designed ▁for ▁the ▁smaller ▁screen ▁and ▁was ▁to ▁be ▁followed ▁by ▁the ▁first ▁animated ▁series ▁specifically ▁made ▁for ▁television , ▁Cr us ader ▁Rab bit , ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 8 . ▁Its ▁cre ator , ▁Alex ▁Anderson , ▁had ▁to ▁create ▁the ▁studio ▁' T ele vision ▁Arts ▁Produ ctions ' ▁specifically ▁for ▁the ▁purpose ▁of ▁creating ▁this ▁series ▁as ▁his ▁old ▁studio , ▁Terry to ons , ▁refused ▁to ▁make ▁a ▁series ▁for ▁television . ▁Since ▁Cr us ader ▁Rab bit , ▁however , ▁many ▁stud ios ▁have ▁seen ▁this ▁as ▁a ▁prof itable ▁enter prise ▁and ▁many ▁have ▁entered ▁the ▁made ▁for ▁television ▁market ▁since , ▁with ▁Bill ▁H anna ▁ref ining ▁the ▁production ▁process ▁for ▁television ▁animation ▁on ▁his ▁show ▁R uff ▁and ▁Red dy . ▁It ▁was ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 8 ▁that ▁The ▁H uck le berry ▁H ound ▁Show ▁claimed ▁the ▁title ▁of ▁being ▁the ▁first ▁all - new ▁half - hour ▁cart oon ▁show . ▁This , ▁along ▁with ▁their ▁previous ▁success ▁with ▁the ▁series ▁Tom ▁and ▁Jerry , ▁elev ated ▁H anna ' s ▁animation ▁studio , ▁H anna - Bar ber a ▁Produ ctions , ▁to ▁domin ate ▁the ▁North ▁American ▁television ▁animation ▁market ▁during ▁the ▁latter ▁half ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 0 th ▁Century . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 2 , ▁Sh rek ,
▁produced ▁by ▁Dream Work s ▁and ▁Pacific ▁Data ▁Im ages ▁won ▁the ▁first ▁Academy ▁Award ▁for ▁Best ▁Anim ated ▁Fe ature . ▁Since ▁then , ▁Disney / P ix ar ▁have ▁produced ▁the ▁most ▁number ▁of ▁mov ies ▁either ▁to ▁win ▁or ▁be ▁nominated ▁for ▁the ▁award . ▁ ▁Direct - to - video ▁market ▁Direct - to - video ▁animation ▁has ▁seen ▁a ▁rise , ▁as ▁a ▁concept , ▁in ▁the ▁Western ▁mark ets . ▁With ▁many ▁com ic ▁characters ▁receiving ▁their ▁versions ▁of ▁O VA ' s , ▁original ▁video ▁anim ations , ▁under ▁the ▁Western ized ▁title ▁of ▁direct - to - video ▁anim ations , ▁the ▁O VA ▁market ▁has ▁spread ▁to ▁American ▁animation ▁houses . ▁Though ▁the ▁term ▁" direct - to - video " ▁car ries ▁negative ▁con not ations ▁in ▁the ▁North ▁American ▁and ▁European ▁mark ets , ▁their ▁popular ity ▁has ▁resulted ▁in ▁com ic ▁characters ▁r anging ▁from ▁Hell boy , ▁Green ▁Lan tern ▁and ▁Aven gers , ▁to ▁television ▁shows ▁such ▁as ▁Family ▁Guy ▁and ▁Fut ur ama , ▁all ▁re le asing ▁direct - to - video ▁anim ations . ▁DC ▁Comics ▁have ▁contin ually ▁released ▁their ▁own ▁animated ▁mov ies ▁for ▁the ▁sole ▁purpose ▁of ▁sale ▁in ▁the ▁direct - to - video ▁market . ▁With ▁growing ▁wor ries ▁about ▁pi racy , ▁direct ▁to ▁video ▁animation ▁might ▁become ▁more ▁popular ▁in ▁the ▁near ▁future . ▁ ▁O wn ership ▁tr ends ▁With ▁the ▁growth ▁of ▁animation ▁as ▁an ▁industry ,
▁the ▁tr ends ▁of ▁ownership ▁of ▁stud ios ▁have ▁gradually ▁changed ▁with ▁time . ▁Current ▁stud ios ▁such ▁as ▁Warner ▁B ros . ▁and ▁early ▁ones ▁such ▁as ▁Fle ischer ▁Studios , ▁started ▁life ▁as ▁small , ▁independent ▁stud ios , ▁being ▁run ▁by ▁a ▁very ▁small ▁core ▁group . ▁After ▁being ▁bought ▁out ▁or ▁sold ▁to ▁other ▁companies , ▁they ▁eventually ▁cons olid ated ▁with ▁other ▁stud ios ▁and ▁became ▁larger . ▁The ▁draw back ▁of ▁this ▁setup ▁was ▁that ▁there ▁was ▁now ▁a ▁major ▁thrust ▁towards ▁profit ability ▁with ▁the ▁management ▁acting ▁as ▁a ▁dam per ▁towards ▁cre ativity ▁of ▁these ▁stud ios , ▁continu ing ▁even ▁in ▁today ' s ▁scenario . ▁ ▁Currently , ▁the ▁independent ▁animation ▁stud ios ▁are ▁looking ▁to ▁ensure ▁art istic ▁integrity ▁by ▁signing ▁up ▁with ▁big ▁animation ▁stud ios ▁on ▁contract s ▁that ▁allow ▁them ▁to ▁license ▁out ▁mov ies , ▁without ▁being ▁directed ▁by ▁the ▁bigger ▁stud ios . ▁Ex amples ▁of ▁such ▁co - operation ▁are ▁the ▁joint ▁vent ures ▁between ▁Dream Work s ▁and ▁Param ount ▁Pictures ▁and ▁that ▁of ▁Blue ▁Sky ▁Studios ▁and ▁ 2 0 th ▁Century ▁Studios . ▁ ▁Japanese ▁stud ios ▁Main ▁article : ▁An ime ▁The ▁first ▁known ▁example ▁of ▁Japanese ▁animation , ▁also ▁called ▁an ime , ▁is ▁dated ▁around ▁ 1 9 1 7 , ▁but ▁it ▁would ▁take ▁until ▁ 1 9 5 6 ▁for ▁the ▁Japanese ▁animation ▁industry ▁to ▁successfully ▁adopt ▁the ▁studio ▁format ▁as ▁used ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States . ▁In
▁ 1 9 6 1 , ▁these ▁produ ctions ▁began ▁to ▁be ▁a ired ▁in ▁the ▁USA . ▁To ei ▁An imation , ▁formed ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 8 , ▁was ▁the ▁first ▁Japanese ▁animation ▁studio ▁of ▁importance ▁and ▁saw ▁the ▁reduction ▁of ▁anim ators ▁as ▁independent ▁an ime ▁artists . ▁ ▁After ▁the ▁formation ▁of ▁To ei ▁An imation ▁Co . ▁Ltd . ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 8 , ▁the ▁Japanese ▁stud ios ▁ch urn ed ▁out ▁minor ▁works ▁of ▁animation . ▁But ▁with ▁the ▁release ▁of ▁To ei ' s ▁first ▁the atr ical ▁feature , ▁The ▁T ale ▁of ▁the ▁White ▁Ser pent ▁released ▁in ▁October ▁ 1 9 5 8 , ▁the ▁animation ▁industry ▁in ▁Japan ▁came ▁into ▁the ▁eye ▁of ▁the ▁general ▁public . ▁ ▁The ▁success ▁of ▁A la kaz am ▁the ▁Great ▁led ▁to ▁the ▁finding ▁of ▁the ▁artist ▁Os am u ▁Te zu ka , ▁who ▁would ▁go ▁on ▁to ▁become ▁the ▁father ▁of ▁Japanese ▁m anga ▁with ▁his ▁brand ▁of ▁modern , ▁fast - p ac ed ▁fant asy ▁story lines . ▁He ▁became ▁influenced ▁by ▁H anna - Bar ber a ▁produ ctions ▁of ▁the ▁late ▁ 1 9 5 0 s ▁and ▁made ▁Japan ' s ▁first ▁made ▁for ▁television ▁animation ▁studio , ▁M ush i ▁Produ ctions . ▁The ▁success ▁of ▁the ▁stud ios ' ▁first ▁show ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 3 , ▁Ast ro ▁Boy , ▁was ▁so ▁immense ▁that ▁there ▁were ▁ 3 ▁other ▁television ▁animation
▁stud ios ▁by ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁year ▁and ▁To ei ▁had ▁opened ▁their ▁own ▁made ▁for ▁television ▁division . ▁The ▁greatest ▁difference ▁between ▁Japanese ▁stud ios ▁and ▁North ▁American ▁stud ios ▁was ▁the ▁difference ▁in ▁adult - th emed ▁material ▁to ▁make ▁way ▁in ▁Japan . ▁Te zu ka ' s ▁thought ▁that ▁animation ▁should ▁not ▁be ▁restricted ▁to ▁k ids ▁alone ▁has ▁brought ▁about ▁many ▁stud ios ▁that ▁are ▁employed ▁in ▁the ▁production ▁of ▁adult - th emed ▁adapt ations ▁of ▁classic ▁stories ▁such ▁as ▁He idi ▁( He idi , ▁Girl ▁of ▁the ▁Al ps ), ▁One ▁Th ous and ▁and ▁One ▁N ights ▁and ▁The ▁Di ary ▁of ▁a ▁Young ▁Girl ▁and ▁many ▁more . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁ 1 9 8 0 s , ▁animation ▁stud ios ▁were ▁led ▁back ▁to ▁their ▁the atr ical ▁roots ▁due ▁to ▁the ▁success ▁of ▁Hay ao ▁Mi y az aki ' s ▁film ▁N aus ica ä ▁of ▁the ▁Valley ▁of ▁the ▁Wind , ▁which ▁led ▁publishing ▁house ▁Tok uma ▁Sh oten ▁to ▁fin ance ▁a ▁new ▁animation ▁studio , ▁Studio ▁Gh ibli , ▁which ▁would ▁be ▁used ▁for ▁the ▁personal ▁works ▁of ▁Mi y az aki ▁and ▁his ▁close ▁friend , ▁Is ao ▁Tak ah ata . ▁Many ▁of ▁Gh ibli ' s ▁works ▁have ▁become ▁Japan ' s ▁top - g ross ing ▁the atr ical ▁films , ▁whether ▁in ▁live - action ▁or ▁animated ▁form . ▁ ▁O AV / O VA ▁market ▁The ▁market ▁for ▁' O
AV ' s ▁or ▁' Original ▁An ime ▁Video ' ▁later ▁the ▁ac ron ym ▁would ▁be ▁better ▁known ▁as ▁' O VA ' ▁meaning ▁' Original ▁video ▁animation ' ▁as ▁the ▁term ▁' O AV ' ▁could ▁often ▁be ▁misunder stood ▁for ▁' Original ▁Ad ult ▁Video ', ▁began ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 4 . ▁These ▁are ▁often ▁t ended ▁towards ▁the ▁home ▁video ▁market , ▁while ▁not ▁t ending ▁to ▁the ▁television ▁or ▁the atr ical ▁audience ▁as ▁such . ▁They ▁refer ▁to ▁those ▁mov ies ▁that ▁are ▁launched ▁as ▁direct - to - video ▁releases ▁and ▁not ▁meant ▁to ▁be ▁released ▁in ▁the at res . ▁Video ▁produ ctions ▁can ▁run ▁from ▁half ▁an ▁hour ▁produ ctions ▁to ▁well ▁over ▁two ▁hours . ▁They ▁require ▁that ▁prem ise ▁or ▁story ▁be ▁original ▁in ▁order ▁to ▁be ▁counted ▁as ▁an ▁O VA , ▁though ▁sometimes , ▁the ▁story ▁can ▁be ▁derived ▁from ▁a ▁longer ▁running ▁m anga ▁or ▁animated ▁series . ▁As ▁the ▁O AV ▁market ▁is ▁not ▁adapted ▁to ▁the ▁rig ors ▁that ▁are ▁faced ▁by ▁television ▁shows ▁or ▁feature ▁films , ▁they ▁have ▁been ▁known ▁to ▁show ▁grat uit ous ▁amounts ▁of ▁violence ▁and / or ▁por n ography . ▁Some ▁O AV ' s ▁have ▁registered ▁such ▁strong ▁acc laim ▁that ▁they ▁have ▁been ▁re made ▁as ▁an ime ▁television ▁series ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁the atr ical ▁releases . ▁ ▁Since ▁most ▁new ▁O VA ' s ▁are ▁derived ▁from ▁other ▁animated ▁media , ▁many ▁animation ▁stud

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