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outh ▁Carolina ▁Republic ans ▁Category : Bus iness people ▁from ▁South ▁Carolina ▁Category : American ▁text ile ▁industry ▁execut ives ▁Category : 2 0 1 0 ▁death s ▁Category : John ▁Bir ch ▁Society ▁members ▁Category : Y ale ▁University ▁al umn i <0x0A> </s> ▁Robert ▁Sh imer ▁( born ▁August ▁ 2 1 , ▁ 1 9 6 8 ) ▁is ▁an ▁American ▁macro e conom ist ▁and ▁labor ▁econom ist ▁who ▁currently ▁holds ▁the ▁Al vin ▁H . ▁Ba um ▁Chair ▁in ▁the ▁Econom ics ▁Department ▁of ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Chicago . ▁He ▁was ▁an ▁editor ▁of ▁the ▁Journal ▁of ▁Political ▁Econom y ▁from ▁ 2 0 0 4 ▁to ▁ 2 0 1 2 . ▁His ▁research ▁focus es ▁on ▁the ▁search ▁and ▁matching ▁approach ▁to ▁labor ▁econom ics . ▁He ▁is ▁especially ▁known ▁for ▁arg uing ▁that ▁the ▁standard ▁labor ▁market ▁matching ▁model ▁predict s ▁fl uct u ations ▁in ▁the ▁un emp loyment ▁rate ▁much ▁smaller ▁than ▁those ▁actually ▁observed ▁over ▁the ▁business ▁cycle , ▁an ▁observation ▁which ▁has ▁sometimes ▁been ▁called ▁the ▁Sh imer ▁puzz le . ▁His ▁book ▁Labor ▁Mark ets ▁and ▁Business ▁Cy cles ▁was ▁published ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁by ▁Pr inc eton ▁University ▁Press , ▁and ▁was ▁recommended ▁by ▁Robert ▁Hall : ▁Sh imer ' s ▁definit ive ▁account ▁of ▁the ▁modern ▁theory ▁of ▁labor ▁market ▁vol at ility ▁presents ▁many ▁new ▁results ▁and ▁deser ves ▁a ▁prominent ▁place ▁on ▁the ▁book sh elf ▁of ▁every ▁macro e conom ist ▁and |
▁labor ▁econom ist . ▁ ▁Public ation ▁ ▁Research ▁ ▁Labor ▁Cho ice ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 7 , ▁Sh imer ▁co author ed ▁a ▁paper ▁entitled , ▁" High ▁W age ▁Work ers ▁Work ▁for ▁High ▁W age ▁Fir ms ." ▁ ▁The ▁working ▁paper ▁sought ▁to ▁measure ▁the ▁correlation ▁between ▁worker ▁quality ▁and ▁firm ▁w age ▁rates . ▁ ▁Using ▁Aust rian ▁administrative ▁data , ▁he ▁found ▁a ▁correlation ▁between ▁worker ▁and ▁firm ▁types ▁of ▁ 0 . 4 ▁to ▁ 0 . 6 . ▁ ▁This ▁implies ▁a ▁contradiction ▁to ▁previous ▁work ▁which ▁found ▁no ▁correlation ▁between ▁types . ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Robert ▁Sh imer ' s ▁home page ▁ ▁N BER ▁Research ▁Sum mary ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 6 8 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : L abor ▁econom ists ▁Category : Mac roe conom ists ▁Category : 2 0 th - century ▁American ▁econom ists ▁Category : 2 1 st - century ▁American ▁econom ists ▁Category : F ell ows ▁of ▁the ▁E con ometric ▁Society ▁Category : F ell ows ▁of ▁the ▁American ▁Academy ▁of ▁Arts ▁and ▁Sciences ▁Category : Y ale ▁University ▁al umn i ▁Category : Al umn i ▁of ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Oxford ▁Category : M ass achusetts ▁Institute ▁of ▁Technology ▁al umn i ▁Category : Pr inc eton ▁University ▁fac ulty ▁Category : Univers ity ▁of ▁Chicago ▁fac ulty <0x0A> </s> ▁Sat isf ied ▁Mind ▁is ▁the ▁debut ▁studio ▁album ▁by ▁American ▁country ▁music ▁singer ▁Por ter |
▁W agon er . ▁It ▁was ▁released ▁by ▁R CA ▁Victor ▁on ▁February ▁ 4 , ▁ 1 9 5 7 . ▁ ▁Crit ical ▁reception ▁In ▁the ▁issue ▁dated ▁February ▁ 1 6 , ▁ 1 9 5 7 , ▁Billboard ▁published ▁a ▁review ▁of ▁the ▁album , ▁which ▁read , ▁" Al though ▁Por ter ▁W agon er ▁has ▁not ▁come ▁through ▁with ▁any ▁sm ash ▁singles ▁l ately , ▁he ▁is ▁certainly ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁ste adi est ▁standard ▁artists ▁in ▁the ▁C & W ▁field ▁and ▁deal ers ▁shook ▁find ▁this ▁package ▁a ▁prof itable ▁item . ▁W agon er ' s ▁TV ▁show ▁will ▁help ▁move ▁this ▁also . ▁They ▁are ▁in ▁the ▁traditional ▁style , ▁are ▁very ▁taste fully ▁arranged , ▁and ▁include ▁songs ▁with ▁which ▁W agon er ▁has ▁scored , ▁such ▁as ▁" Company ' s ▁Com in ' ", ▁" Tr icks ▁of ▁the ▁Trade ", ▁and ▁" A ▁Sat isf ied ▁Mind " ." ▁ ▁Com mer cial ▁performance ▁The ▁album ▁did ▁not ▁appear ▁on ▁any ▁major ▁charts . ▁ ▁The ▁album ' s ▁first ▁single , ▁" Company ' s ▁Com in ' ", ▁was ▁released ▁in ▁September ▁ 1 9 5 4 ▁and ▁pe aked ▁at ▁No . ▁ 7 ▁on ▁the ▁US ▁Billboard ▁Country ▁Singles ▁chart . ▁The ▁second ▁single , ▁" A ▁Sat isf ied ▁Mind " ▁was ▁released ▁in ▁May ▁ 1 9 5 5 ▁and ▁pe aked ▁at ▁No . ▁ 1 . ▁ ▁Track ▁listing ▁ |
▁References ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 5 7 ▁albums <0x0A> </s> ▁Stevens on ▁is ▁a ▁city ▁in ▁Sk am ania ▁County , ▁Washington , ▁United ▁States . ▁The ▁population ▁was ▁ 1 , 4 6 5 ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁census , ▁a ▁ 2 2 % ▁increase ▁over ▁ 2 0 0 0 . ▁It ▁is ▁the ▁county ▁seat ▁of ▁Sk am ania ▁County ▁and ▁home ▁to ▁the ▁Sk am ania ▁County ▁Court ▁House ▁and ▁Sher iff ' s ▁Office . ▁Stevens on ▁is ▁home ▁to ▁the ▁Columbia ▁G orge ▁Inter pret ive ▁Center , ▁which ▁focus es ▁on ▁several ▁tribes ▁that ▁were ▁once ▁located ▁near ▁the ▁Columbia ▁River . ▁ ▁History ▁ ▁Stevens on ▁is ▁named ▁for ▁early ▁sett ler ▁George ▁H . ▁Stevens on . ▁ ▁The ▁Stevens on ▁family , ▁who ▁settled ▁in ▁the ▁G orge ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 8 0 0 s ▁from ▁Missouri , ▁founded ▁the ▁town ▁of ▁Stevens on ▁on ▁the ▁old ▁She p ard ▁don ation ▁land ▁claim . ▁Under ▁the ▁aus p ices ▁of ▁the ▁Stevens on ▁Land ▁Company , ▁George ▁Stevens on ▁purchased ▁the ▁original ▁town ▁site ▁for ▁$ 2 4 , 0 0 0 ▁in ▁ 1 8 9 3 , ▁building ▁the ▁town ▁along ▁the ▁lower ▁flat ▁near ▁the ▁river . ▁S ett lers ▁expanded ▁the ▁original ▁dock ▁to ▁serve ▁the ▁daily ▁arrival s ▁of ▁stern w heel ers ▁un loading ▁passengers , ▁cargo ▁and ▁loading ▁logs . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 8 9 3 , ▁in |
▁a ▁dispute ▁over ▁r ental ▁fe es , ▁an ▁unknown ▁crew ▁transport ed ▁the ▁county ▁records ▁from ▁the ▁town ▁of ▁C asc ades ▁to ▁Stevens on . ▁Stevens on ▁became ▁the ▁county ▁seat ▁of ▁Sk am ania ▁over night . ▁Stevens on ▁was ▁officially ▁incorpor ated ▁on ▁December ▁ 1 6 , ▁ 1 9 0 7 . ▁In ▁ 1 9 0 8 ▁the ▁SP & S ▁Rail road ▁arrived , ▁pushing ▁the ▁town ▁up ▁the ▁hill ▁away ▁from ▁the ▁river . ▁Stre ets ▁were ▁grad ed , ▁wooden ▁side wal ks ▁constructed ▁and ▁the ▁city ▁asked ▁residents ▁to ▁keep ▁their ▁c ows ▁from ▁ro aming ▁the ▁streets . ▁ ▁Geography ▁Stevens on ▁is ▁located ▁at ▁ ▁( 4 5 . 6 9 6 2 0 3 , ▁− 1 2 1 . 8 8 8 4 2 4 ). ▁ ▁According ▁to ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Census ▁Bureau , ▁the ▁city ▁has ▁a ▁total ▁area ▁of ▁, ▁of ▁which , ▁ ▁is ▁land ▁and ▁ ▁is ▁water . ▁ ▁Dem ograph ics ▁▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁census ▁At ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁census ▁there ▁were ▁ 1 , 4 6 5 ▁people ▁in ▁ 6 4 0 ▁households , ▁including ▁ 3 9 0 ▁families , ▁in ▁the ▁city . ▁The ▁population ▁density ▁was ▁. ▁There ▁were ▁ 7 0 3 ▁housing ▁units ▁at ▁an ▁average ▁density ▁of ▁. ▁The ▁ra cial ▁mak up ▁of ▁the ▁city ▁was ▁ 9 3 . 9 % ▁White , ▁ 0 . |
6 % ▁African ▁American , ▁ 1 . 8 % ▁Native ▁American , ▁ 0 . 5 % ▁Asian , ▁ 0 . 1 % ▁Pacific ▁Island er , ▁ 0 . 5 % ▁from ▁other ▁races , ▁and ▁ 2 . 6 % ▁from ▁two ▁or ▁more ▁races . ▁His pan ic ▁or ▁Lat ino ▁of ▁any ▁race ▁were ▁ 5 . 8 %. ▁ ▁Of ▁the ▁ 6 4 0 ▁households ▁ 2 8 . 6 % ▁had ▁children ▁under ▁the ▁age ▁of ▁ 1 8 ▁living ▁with ▁them , ▁ 4 1 . 3 % ▁were ▁married ▁cou ples ▁living ▁together , ▁ 1 5 . 9 % ▁had ▁a ▁female ▁house holder ▁with ▁no ▁husband ▁present , ▁ 3 . 8 % ▁had ▁a ▁male ▁house holder ▁with ▁no ▁wife ▁present , ▁and ▁ 3 9 . 1 % ▁were ▁non - famil ies . ▁ 3 3 . 4 % ▁of ▁households ▁were ▁one ▁person ▁and ▁ 1 2 . 8 % ▁were ▁one ▁person ▁aged ▁ 6 5 ▁or ▁older . ▁The ▁average ▁household ▁size ▁was ▁ 2 . 2 5 ▁and ▁the ▁average ▁family ▁size ▁was ▁ 2 . 8 6 . ▁ ▁The ▁median ▁age ▁was ▁ 4 2 . 1 ▁years . ▁ 2 3 % ▁of ▁residents ▁were ▁under ▁the ▁age ▁of ▁ 1 8 ; ▁ 6 . 6 % ▁were ▁between ▁the ▁ages ▁of ▁ 1 8 ▁and ▁ 2 4 ; ▁ 2 4 . 5 % ▁were ▁from ▁ |
2 5 ▁to ▁ 4 4 ; ▁ 3 0 . 6 % ▁were ▁from ▁ 4 5 ▁to ▁ 6 4 ; ▁and ▁ 1 5 . 3 % ▁were ▁ 6 5 ▁or ▁older . ▁The ▁gender ▁make up ▁of ▁the ▁city ▁was ▁ 4 7 . 1 % ▁male ▁and ▁ 5 2 . 9 % ▁female . ▁▁ 2 0 0 0 ▁census ▁As ▁of ▁the ▁census ▁of ▁ 2 0 0 0 , ▁there ▁were ▁ 1 , 2 0 0 ▁people ▁in ▁ 4 7 4 ▁households , ▁including ▁ 3 0 7 ▁families , ▁in ▁the ▁city . ▁The ▁population ▁density ▁was ▁ 8 1 3 . 4 ▁people ▁per ▁square ▁mile ▁( 3 1 3 . 1 / km ²). ▁There ▁were ▁ 5 2 3 ▁housing ▁units ▁at ▁an ▁average ▁density ▁of ▁ 3 5 4 . 5 ▁per ▁square ▁mile ▁( 1 3 6 . 4 / km ²). ▁The ▁ra cial ▁mak up ▁of ▁the ▁city ▁was ▁ 9 1 . 9 2 % ▁White , ▁ 0 . 1 7 % ▁African ▁American , ▁ 2 . 4 2 % ▁Native ▁American , ▁ 0 . 5 8 % ▁Asian , ▁ 1 . 7 5 % ▁from ▁other ▁races , ▁and ▁ 3 . 1 7 % ▁from ▁two ▁or ▁more ▁races . ▁His pan ic ▁or ▁Lat ino ▁of ▁any ▁race ▁were ▁ 5 . 3 3 % ▁of ▁the ▁population . ▁ ▁Of ▁the ▁ 4 7 4 |
▁households ▁ 3 1 . 6 % ▁had ▁children ▁under ▁the ▁age ▁of ▁ 1 8 ▁living ▁with ▁them , ▁ 4 6 . 2 % ▁were ▁married ▁cou ples ▁living ▁together , ▁ 1 4 . 6 % ▁had ▁a ▁female ▁house holder ▁with ▁no ▁husband ▁present , ▁and ▁ 3 5 . 2 % ▁were ▁non - famil ies . ▁ 2 9 . 5 % ▁of ▁households ▁were ▁one ▁person ▁and ▁ 1 0 . 1 % ▁were ▁one ▁person ▁aged ▁ 6 5 ▁or ▁older . ▁The ▁average ▁household ▁size ▁was ▁ 2 . 4 1 ▁and ▁the ▁average ▁family ▁size ▁was ▁ 2 . 9 5 . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁city , ▁the ▁age ▁distribution ▁of ▁the ▁population ▁shows ▁ 2 5 . 1 % ▁under ▁the ▁age ▁of ▁ 1 8 , ▁ 9 . 8 % ▁from ▁ 1 8 ▁to ▁ 2 4 , ▁ 2 5 . 8 % ▁from ▁ 2 5 ▁to ▁ 4 4 , ▁ 2 5 . 5 % ▁from ▁ 4 5 ▁to ▁ 6 4 , ▁and ▁ 1 3 . 9 % ▁ 6 5 ▁or ▁older . ▁The ▁median ▁age ▁was ▁ 3 9 ▁years . ▁For ▁every ▁ 1 0 0 ▁females , ▁there ▁were ▁ 9 1 . 1 ▁males . ▁For ▁every ▁ 1 0 0 ▁females ▁age ▁ 1 8 ▁and ▁over , ▁there ▁were ▁ 8 7 . 7 ▁males . ▁ ▁The ▁median ▁household ▁income ▁was ▁$ 3 1 |
, 9 7 9 ▁and ▁the ▁median ▁family ▁income ▁ ▁was ▁$ 3 8 , 7 5 0 . ▁M ales ▁had ▁a ▁median ▁income ▁of ▁$ 3 6 , 0 4 2 ▁versus ▁$ 2 5 , 8 9 3 ▁for ▁females . ▁The ▁per ▁cap ita ▁income ▁for ▁the ▁city ▁was ▁$ 1 5 , 6 0 2 . ▁About ▁ 1 7 . 8 % ▁of ▁families ▁and ▁ 2 2 . 8 % ▁of ▁the ▁population ▁were ▁below ▁the ▁pover ty ▁line , ▁including ▁ 3 0 . 2 % ▁of ▁those ▁under ▁age ▁ 1 8 ▁and ▁ 1 7 . 0 % ▁of ▁those ▁age ▁ 6 5 ▁or ▁over . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁Sk am ania ▁L odge ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁▁▁ ▁City ▁of ▁Stevens on ▁Website ▁▁▁ ▁Category : C ities ▁in ▁Washington ▁( state ) ▁Category : C ities ▁in ▁Sk am ania ▁County , ▁Washington ▁Category : Count y ▁seats ▁in ▁Washington ▁( state ) ▁Category : Col umb ia ▁River ▁G orge ▁Category : Pop ulated ▁places ▁on ▁the ▁Columbia ▁River <0x0A> </s> ▁Kath ry n ▁Pa ige ▁Hal st ead ▁( born ▁April ▁ 1 7 , ▁ 1 9 9 7 ) ▁is ▁an ▁American ▁soft ball ▁player ▁for ▁the ▁U CLA ▁Bru ins . ▁ ▁Early ▁life ▁Hal st ead ▁was ▁born ▁in ▁U pl and , ▁California ▁to ▁parents ▁Mari ▁and ▁Ed ▁Hal st ead . ▁She ▁attended ▁Los ▁Os os ▁High ▁School ▁in ▁Ran |
cho ▁C uc am ong a , ▁California ▁from ▁ ▁where ▁she ▁graduated ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 5 , ▁and ▁hit ▁. 5 6 8 ▁as ▁a ▁senior . ▁ ▁U CLA ▁Bru ins ▁Hal st ead ▁signed ▁with ▁the ▁U CLA ▁Bru ins ▁prior ▁to ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁season , ▁where ▁she ▁is ▁currently ▁a ▁senior . ▁ ▁St ats ▁ ▁International ▁career ▁Hal st ead ▁was ▁selected ▁to ▁represent ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁World ▁Cup ▁of ▁So ft ball , ▁where ▁the ▁team ▁won ▁a ▁Silver ▁Medal . ▁ ▁Agu ilar ▁hit ▁. 2 7 3 ▁in ▁the ▁tournament ▁with ▁a ▁Home ▁Run ▁and ▁ 5 ▁R B Is . ▁ ▁St ats ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 9 7 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : U CLA ▁Bru ins ▁soft ball ▁players ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁Ran cho ▁C uc am ong a , ▁California ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁U pl and , ▁California ▁Category : S ports people ▁from ▁San ▁Bernard ino ▁County , ▁California ▁Category : So ft ball ▁players ▁from ▁California <0x0A> </s> ▁U st - Ab ak an ▁() ▁is ▁an ▁urban - type ▁settlement ▁and ▁the ▁administrative ▁center ▁of ▁U st - Ab ak ans ky ▁District ▁of ▁the ▁Republic ▁of ▁Kh ak ass ia , ▁Russia . ▁Population : ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Notes ▁ ▁S ources ▁ ▁Category : U r ban - type ▁settlement s ▁in |
▁Kh ak ass ia <0x0A> </s> ▁Har rist on ▁is ▁an ▁un in cor por ated ▁community ▁in ▁Cooper ▁County , ▁in ▁the ▁U . S . ▁state ▁of ▁Missouri . ▁The ▁community ▁was ▁located ▁along ▁the ▁Missouri – K ansas – Tex as ▁Rail road ▁line ▁approximately ▁three ▁miles ▁south west ▁of ▁Pil ot ▁Gro ve . ▁ ▁History ▁Har rist on ▁was ▁laid ▁out ▁in ▁ 1 8 7 3 ▁by ▁Dr . ▁N . ▁W . ▁Harris , ▁and ▁named ▁for ▁him . ▁ ▁A ▁post ▁office ▁called ▁Har rist on ▁was ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 8 7 3 , ▁and ▁remained ▁in ▁operation ▁until ▁ 1 9 0 8 . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : Un in cor por ated ▁communities ▁in ▁Cooper ▁County , ▁Missouri ▁Category : Un in cor por ated ▁communities ▁in ▁Missouri <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Men ' s ▁team ▁purs uit ▁at ▁the ▁European ▁Track ▁Championships ▁was ▁first ▁competed ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁in ▁Poland . ▁It ▁has ▁formed ▁a ▁part ▁of ▁each ▁championship ▁since . ▁Great ▁Britain , ▁the ▁double ▁Olympic ▁champions , ▁have ▁domin ated ▁the ▁event , ▁winning ▁on ▁four ▁of ▁the ▁five ▁occasions . ▁ ▁Andy ▁T enn ant ▁and ▁Steven ▁Bur ke ▁have ▁been ▁ever ▁present ▁in ▁each ▁success ▁of ▁the ▁British ▁team , ▁and ▁as ▁a ▁result ▁are ▁the ▁most ▁successful ▁individuals ▁in ▁the ▁event , ▁with ▁five ▁gold ▁med als . ▁ ▁Format ▁ ▁Until ▁ 2 0 1 4 , ▁the ▁team ▁purs uit ▁consisted |
▁of ▁two ▁r ounds ; ▁a ▁qual ifying ▁round , ▁followed ▁by ▁a ▁final ▁for ▁the ▁fast est ▁two ▁qual ifiers , ▁and ▁the ▁race ▁for ▁the ▁bronze ▁medal ▁for ▁the ▁third ▁and ▁fourth ▁fast est ▁qual ifiers . ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 4 , ▁a ▁third ▁intermediate ▁round ▁was ▁added : ▁two ▁semif inals ▁consisting ▁of ▁the ▁top ▁four ▁qual ifiers ▁to ▁decide ▁the ▁gold ▁medal ▁final ists , ▁and ▁two ▁bronze ▁medal ▁race offs ▁for ▁teams ▁placed ▁fifth ▁to ▁e ighth ▁which , ▁together ▁with ▁the ▁times ▁of ▁the ▁losing ▁semif inal ists , ▁decided ▁the ▁bronze ▁medal ▁final ists . ▁ ▁In ▁that ▁first ▁am ended ▁event ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 4 , ▁France ▁failed ▁to ▁make ▁the ▁semif inals , ▁but ▁having ▁reached ▁the ▁bronze ▁medal ▁race offs ▁as ▁the ▁sixth ▁placed ▁team , ▁rac ed ▁a ▁quick er ▁time ▁than ▁Switzerland , ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁losing ▁semif inal ists , ▁to ▁reach ▁the ▁Bron ze ▁medal ▁final ; ▁they ▁lost ▁the ▁Bron ze ▁medal ▁final ▁to ▁the ▁other ▁losing ▁semif inal ist , ▁Russia . ▁ ▁Medal ists ▁ ▁References ▁▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁Results ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁Results ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁Results ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁Results ▁▁▁ ▁Men ' s ▁team ▁purs uit ▁Category : Men ' s ▁team ▁purs uit ▁( track ▁cy cling ) <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁ 1 9 4 8 ▁Michigan ▁State ▁Spart ans ▁football ▁team ▁represented ▁Michigan ▁State ▁College ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 |
9 4 8 ▁college ▁football ▁season . ▁In ▁their ▁second ▁season ▁under ▁head ▁coach ▁Big gie ▁M unn , ▁the ▁Spart ans ▁compiled ▁a ▁ 6 – 2 – 2 ▁record ▁and ▁were ▁ranked ▁# 1 4 ▁in ▁the ▁final ▁AP ▁Pol l . ▁ ▁Two ▁Spart ans ▁received ▁second - team ▁hon ors ▁on ▁the ▁ 1 9 4 8 ▁College ▁Football ▁All - America ▁Team . ▁Guard ▁Don ▁Mason ▁received ▁second - team ▁hon ors ▁from ▁the ▁Associ ated ▁Press , ▁and ▁end ▁Warren ▁H ue y ▁received ▁second - team ▁hon ors ▁from ▁the ▁Football ▁Writ ers ▁Association ▁of ▁America . ▁ ▁The ▁ 1 9 4 8 ▁Spart ans ▁sust ained ▁their ▁two ▁losses ▁in ▁annual ▁rival ry ▁games ▁against ▁Notre ▁D ame ▁( 2 6 - 7 ) ▁and ▁national ▁champion ▁Michigan ▁( 1 3 - 7 ). ▁ ▁In ▁intersection al ▁play , ▁the ▁Spart ans ▁beat ▁Hawai i ▁( 6 8 - 2 1 ), ▁Arizona ▁( 6 1 - 7 ), ▁Oregon ▁State ▁( 4 6 - 2 1 ), ▁and ▁Washington ▁State ▁( 4 0 - 0 ), ▁but ▁tied ▁with ▁P enn ▁State ▁( 1 4 - 1 4 ) ▁and ▁Santa ▁Clara ▁( 2 1 - 2 1 ). ▁ ▁Sch edule ▁ ▁Game ▁summar ies ▁ ▁Michigan ▁ ▁Michigan ▁State ▁opened ▁it ▁ 1 9 4 8 ▁season ▁with ▁a ▁ 1 3 – 7 ▁loss ▁to ▁Michigan ▁in ▁East ▁L ans ing . ▁ ▁The ▁game ▁was ▁also ▁the ▁first |
▁to ▁be ▁played ▁at ▁Michigan ▁State ' s ▁new ▁Mack lin ▁Stadium . ▁ ▁Early ▁in ▁the ▁opening ▁quarter , ▁full back ▁Don ▁Pet erson ▁threw ▁a ▁ 4 0 - yard ▁touch down ▁pass ▁to ▁Dick ▁R if enburg . ▁ ▁Pet erson ▁k icked ▁the ▁extra ▁point , ▁and ▁Michigan ' s ▁ 7 – 0 ▁lead ▁held ▁through ▁hal ft ime . ▁ ▁Michigan ▁State ▁tied ▁the ▁game ▁in ▁the ▁third ▁quarter ▁on ▁a ▁disput ed ▁play ▁in ▁which ▁a ▁pass ▁from ▁Lyn n ▁Ch and no is ▁was ▁caught ▁by ▁both ▁H ank ▁Min ar ik ▁and ▁W ally ▁T ening a . ▁ ▁The ▁official ▁ruled ▁that ▁possession ▁went ▁to ▁the ▁off ensive ▁player ▁as ▁a ▁touch down . ▁ ▁Pet erson ▁scored ▁the ▁winning ▁touch down ▁for ▁Michigan ▁on ▁a ▁five - yard ▁run ▁in ▁the ▁fourth ▁quarter , ▁but ▁failed ▁to ▁convert ▁the ▁extra ▁point ▁attempt . ▁ ▁Late ▁in ▁the ▁fourth ▁quarter , ▁Michigan ▁State ▁drove ▁the ▁ball ▁to ▁Michigan ' s ▁two - yard ▁line . ▁ ▁With ▁time ▁running ▁out , ▁T ening a ▁intercept ed ▁a ▁Michigan ▁State ▁pass . ▁ ▁Michigan ' s ▁off ense ▁was ▁held ▁to ▁ 1 0 6 ▁r ushing ▁yards ▁and ▁ 1 1 7 ▁passing ▁yards ▁in ▁the ▁game . ▁ ▁A ▁sl ugg ish ▁off ensive ▁performance ▁and ▁a ▁narrow ▁margin ▁of ▁victory ▁over ▁a ▁team ▁the ▁Wol ver ines ▁had ▁be aten ▁ 5 5 - 0 ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 7 |
▁led ▁some ▁in ▁the ▁media ▁to ▁question ▁O oster ba an ' s ▁selection ▁as ▁Michigan ' s ▁new ▁coach . ▁ ▁The ▁New ▁York ▁Times ▁op ined ▁that ▁Michigan ' s ▁performance ▁" lack ed ▁most ▁of ▁the ▁precision ▁which ▁it ▁had ▁last ▁year ▁under ▁H . ▁O . ▁Cris ler ." ▁ ▁H . ▁G . ▁S als inger ▁of ▁The ▁Detroit ▁News ▁wrote :" Mich igan ' s ▁first ▁game ▁under ▁O oster ba an ▁. ▁. ▁. ▁was ▁not ▁impress ive . ▁ ▁They ▁lack ed ▁the ▁spark ▁that ▁distinguished ▁them ▁through ▁the ▁ 1 9 4 7 ▁season . ▁ ▁The ▁off ense ▁was ▁d ull ▁and ▁poor ly ▁directed . ▁. ▁. ▁. ▁ ▁The ▁critics ▁who ▁had ▁jud ged ▁O oster ba an ' s ▁football ▁co aching ▁skills ▁on ▁his ▁record ▁as ▁a ▁basketball ▁coach ▁considered ▁their ▁app rais al ▁just ified . ▁The ▁future ▁looked ▁dark ▁for ▁Michigan ▁and ▁O oster ba an ." ▁ ▁Op in ions ▁of ▁O oster ba an ▁changed ▁as ▁Michigan ▁shut ▁out ▁ranked ▁oppon ents ▁in ▁each ▁of ▁the ▁next ▁three ▁games . ▁ ▁The ▁Spart ans , ▁under ▁second - year ▁head ▁coach ▁" Big gie " ▁M unn ▁proved ▁to ▁be ▁stronger ▁than ▁expected , ▁finishing ▁the ▁season ▁ranked ▁No . ▁ 1 4 ▁in ▁the ▁final ▁AP ▁Pol l . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Michigan ▁State ▁Spart ans ▁Category : Mich igan ▁State ▁Spart ans ▁football ▁seasons ▁Michigan ▁State ▁Spart ans ▁football <0x0A> </s> ▁Prof itable |
▁G row th ▁is ▁the ▁combination ▁of ▁profit ability ▁and ▁growth , ▁more ▁precisely ▁the ▁combination ▁of ▁Econom ic ▁Prof it ability ▁and ▁G row th ▁of ▁Free ▁c ash ▁flows . ▁Prof itable ▁growth ▁is ▁aim ed ▁at ▁sed uc ing ▁the ▁financial ▁community ; ▁it ▁emer ged ▁in ▁the ▁early ▁ 8 0 s ▁when ▁share holder ▁value ▁creation ▁became ▁fir ms ’ ▁main ▁objective . ▁ ▁Prof itable ▁G row th ▁str esses ▁that ▁Prof it ability ▁and ▁G row th ▁should ▁be ▁joint ly ▁achieved . ▁It ▁is ▁a ▁break ▁from ▁previous ▁fir ms ’ ▁development ▁models ▁which ▁advoc ated ▁growth ▁at ▁first ▁to ▁achieve ▁econom ies ▁of ▁scale ▁and ▁then ▁profit ability ▁( see ▁B CG ▁G row th - share ▁matrix ). ▁ ▁The ▁Prof itable ▁G row th ▁Par ado x ▁ ▁Prof itable ▁G row th ▁h ides ▁in ▁fact ▁a ▁contradiction ▁in ▁terms , ▁one ▁often ▁speak s ▁of ▁the ▁Prof itable ▁G row th ▁par ado x . ▁Most ▁growth ▁invest ment ▁will ▁at ▁first ▁reduce ▁the ▁profit ability , ▁cost ▁reduction ▁efforts ▁to ▁boost ▁the ▁bottom ▁line ▁usually ▁have ▁a ▁negative ▁impact ▁on ▁future ▁growth . ▁This ▁is ▁especially ▁true ▁with ▁m ature ▁products ▁or ▁services . ▁The ▁only ▁way ▁out ▁of ▁the ▁Prof itable ▁G row th ▁par ado x ▁is ▁through ▁innov ation . ▁It ▁concerns ▁not ▁only ▁technical ▁innov ation ▁but ▁mainly ▁business ▁model ▁innov ation , ▁a ▁new ▁product - market ▁space ▁where ▁there ▁is ▁no ▁competition ▁( |
see ▁Blue ▁Ocean ▁Str ategy ). ▁An ▁interesting ▁piece ▁of ▁research ▁by ▁the ▁B CG ▁shows ▁that ▁no ▁business ▁model ▁is ▁able ▁to ▁achieve ▁a ▁sust ain able ▁compet itive ▁advantage ▁for ▁more ▁than ▁ 1 0 ▁years . ▁ ▁Econom ic ▁Prof it ability ▁ ▁Econom ic ▁Prof it ▁is ▁the ▁resid ual ▁wealth ▁calculated ▁by ▁ded uct ing ▁the ▁cost ▁of ▁capital ▁from ▁the ▁firm ’ s ▁operating ▁profit . ▁It ▁is ▁defined ▁as : ▁Net ▁Oper ating ▁Prof it ▁After ▁Tax es ▁( N OP AT ) ▁- ▁Cost ▁of ▁Capital ▁Emp loy ed ▁▁ ▁- ▁N OP AT ▁( Net ▁Oper ating ▁Prof it ▁After ▁Tax ) ▁N OP AT ▁= ▁E BIT ▁x ▁( 1 ▁- ▁Tax ▁R ate ) N OP AT ▁measures ▁a ▁company ' s ▁potential ▁c ash ▁ear nings . ▁▁▁ ▁- ▁Capital ▁Emp loy ed ▁Capital ▁Emp loy ed ▁is ▁the ▁amount ▁of ▁funds ▁which ▁has ▁been ▁used ▁over ▁the ▁period ▁by ▁the ▁company ▁to ▁generate ▁the ▁N OP AT . ▁ ▁There ▁are ▁ 2 ▁ways ▁to ▁measure ▁Capital ▁Emp loy ed ▁( CE ) ▁: ▁- ▁CE ▁= ▁Share hold ers ’ ▁Equ ity ▁+ ▁Net ▁Fin an cial ▁Deb t Net ▁Fin an cial ▁Deb t ▁is ▁computed ▁as : ▁interest ▁bearing ▁Deb t ▁– ▁C ash ▁and ▁C ash ▁equival ents . ▁- ▁CE ▁= ▁F ixed ▁As sets ▁+ ▁Net ▁Working ▁Capital Net ▁Working ▁Capital ▁is ▁usually ▁computed ▁as : ▁Account ▁Rece iv ables ▁+ ▁In vent ories |
▁– ▁Account ▁Pay ables . ▁ ▁Both ▁definitions ▁lead ▁to ▁the ▁same ▁measure ▁of ▁Capital ▁Emp loy ed . ▁ ▁One ▁pre fers ▁the ▁first ▁one ▁when ▁computing ▁Capital ▁Emp loy ed ▁at ▁the ▁firm ▁level ; ▁the ▁second ▁one ▁is ▁more ▁practical ▁when ▁foc using ▁on ▁a ▁company ’ s ▁business ▁unit . ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁- ▁Share holder ▁Value ▁Cre ation ▁- ▁Share holder ▁Value ▁Cre ation ▁- ▁Video ▁explanation ▁- ▁Oliv ier ▁Tab at oni ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Stewart , ▁G . ▁Ben nett , ▁III ▁( 1 9 9 1 ). ▁The ▁Qu est ▁for ▁Value . ▁New ▁York : ▁Har per Bus iness . ▁. ▁ ▁" Blue ▁Ocean ▁Str ategy ". ▁Harvard ▁Business ▁Review ▁( B oston : ▁Harvard ▁Business ▁School ▁Press ): ▁ 7 6 – 8 5 . ▁October ▁ 2 0 0 4 ▁ ▁Michael ▁C . ▁J ensen , ▁' Value ▁Maxim ization ▁and ▁the ▁Corpor ate ▁Object ive ▁Function ,' ▁Journal ▁of ▁App lied ▁Corpor ate ▁Fin ance , ▁Fall ▁ 2 0 0 1 ▁ ▁Category : Pro fit <0x0A> </s> ▁Cl ima ci um ▁d end roid es , ▁also ▁known ▁as ▁tree ▁cl ima ci um ▁m oss , ▁belongs ▁in ▁the ▁order ▁Hyp n ales ▁and ▁family ▁Cl im acia ceae , ▁in ▁class ▁Bry ops ida ▁and ▁subclass ▁Bry idae . ▁It ▁is ▁identified ▁as ▁a ▁" tree ▁m oss " ▁due ▁to ▁its ▁distinct ive ▁morph ological ▁features , ▁and ▁has ▁four ▁species ▁identified ▁across ▁the |
▁Northern ▁Hem is phere . ▁The ▁species ▁name ▁" d end roid es " ▁describes ▁the ▁tree - like ▁morph ology ▁of ▁the ▁plant , ▁and ▁its ▁genus ▁name ▁came ▁from ▁the ▁structure ▁of ▁the ▁per for ations ▁of ▁per ist ome ▁teeth . ▁This ▁plant ▁was ▁identified ▁by ▁We ber ▁and ▁Mo hr ▁in ▁ 1 8 0 4 . ▁They ▁often ▁have ▁st ems ▁that ▁are ▁around ▁ 2 - 1 0 ▁cm ▁tall ▁and ▁growing ▁in ▁the ▁form ▁of ▁patch es , ▁looking ▁like ▁small ▁pal m - trees . ▁They ▁have ▁yellow - green ▁branches ▁at ▁the ▁tip ▁of ▁st ems . ▁The ▁leaves ▁are ▁around ▁ 2 . 5 - 3 ▁mm ▁long , ▁with ▁round er ▁stem ▁leaves ▁and ▁point ier ▁branch ▁leaves . ▁Their ▁sp or oph y tes ▁are ▁only ▁abund ant ▁in ▁late ▁winter ▁and ▁early ▁spring , ▁and ▁appears ▁as ▁a ▁red - b rown ▁shoot ▁with ▁long ▁st alk ▁and ▁cyl ind rical ▁caps ules . ▁ ▁Hab itat ▁and ▁Range ▁This ▁species ▁mostly ▁domin ate ▁in ▁mo ist ▁and ▁d amp ▁regions ▁such ▁as ▁sw amps , ▁pe at land ▁and ▁lake ▁edges , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁hum us - rich ▁woods , ▁areas ▁where ▁water ▁fl uct u ates ▁period ically . ▁They ▁can ▁be ▁terrest rial ▁or ▁domin ating ▁woods ▁and ▁logs , ▁they ▁rarely ▁grow ▁on ▁rocks ▁and ▁regions ▁that ▁lack ▁mo ist ure . ▁They ▁are ▁often ▁found ▁in ▁sea - level ▁to ▁sub al pine ▁elev |
ations ▁and ▁in ▁al pine ▁t und ras . ▁This ▁species ▁is ▁relatively ▁w ides p read ▁but ▁not ▁common , ▁they ▁are ▁found ▁in ▁northern ▁to ▁central ▁Europe ▁and ▁Asia , ▁the ▁South ▁Island ▁of ▁New ▁Zealand , ▁and ▁North ▁America . ▁In ▁North ▁America , ▁it ▁can ▁be ▁found ▁in ▁the ▁N ort he astern ▁region ▁above ▁ 4 5 ° N , ▁and ▁as ▁south ▁as ▁the ▁Western ▁regions ▁of ▁New ▁Mexico . ▁They ▁can ▁also ▁be ▁found ▁in ▁some ▁regions ▁in ▁Asia , ▁like ▁Japan ▁and ▁Korea . ▁ ▁Phys ical ▁Character istic ▁ ▁The ▁colour ▁of ▁this ▁plant ▁is ▁dark ▁green ▁to ▁yellow , ▁and ▁they ▁can ▁be ▁gl oss y ▁as ▁well ▁when ▁they ▁are ▁dry . ▁They ▁also ▁have ▁separate ▁stem ▁and ▁branch ▁leaves ▁with ▁different ▁structure . ▁The ▁stem ▁leaves ▁appears ▁to ▁have ▁an ▁obt use ▁a pe x , ▁fl atter ▁against ▁the ▁stem ▁and ▁bro ader ▁then ▁the ▁branch ▁leaves . ▁They ▁are ▁not ▁ple ated ▁and ▁near ▁insert ion ▁area ▁they ▁contain ▁multiple ▁l am inal ▁cells . ▁Their ▁insert ions ▁are ▁well - sp ac ed ▁and ▁all ▁have ▁round ▁tips . ▁For ▁the ▁branch ▁leaves , ▁they ▁are ▁nar ro wer ▁and ▁has ▁a ▁to oth ed ▁margin ▁near ▁the ▁tip ▁with ▁longitud inal ▁fol ds . ▁They ▁have ▁a ▁similar ▁shape ▁with ▁the ▁stem ▁leaves , ▁both ▁are ▁egg - sh aped ▁but ▁branch ▁leaves ▁are ▁nar ro wer . ▁They ▁have ▁el ong ated ▁leaf ▁cells , ▁and |
▁around ▁the ▁bas al ▁angles ▁the ▁stem ▁and ▁branch ▁leaves ▁contain ▁en large ▁h yal ine ▁cells ▁with ▁thin ▁walls . ▁The ▁leaves ▁are ▁around ▁ 2 . 5 - 3 ▁mm ▁long ▁in ▁size . ▁The ▁arrangement ▁of ▁leaves ▁gives ▁the ▁plant ▁a ▁pal m ▁tree - like ▁appearance , ▁with ▁ 2 - 3 ▁cm ▁tall ▁st ems ▁ar ising ▁from ▁pro str ate ▁primary ▁st ems ▁that ▁looks ▁like ▁rh iz om es . ▁The ▁attachment ▁region ▁of ▁branch ▁leaves ▁to ▁stem ▁appears ▁flat ▁and ▁continuous ▁with ▁the ▁leaf ▁outline , ▁it ▁is ▁round ▁to ▁cord ate ▁and ▁aur ic ulate ▁from ▁the ▁flex ion ▁of ▁the ▁marg ins . ▁The ▁st ems ▁are ▁re dd ish - b rown ▁and ▁can ▁be ▁short ▁in ▁dry ▁areas , ▁they ▁appear ▁tree - like ▁in ▁areas ▁with ▁plenty ▁of ▁mo ist ure . ▁The ▁u pr ight ▁st ems ▁contains ▁small ▁green ▁fil aments , ▁and ▁the ▁branch ed ▁horizontal ▁st ems ▁is ▁where ▁the ▁tree - like ▁structure ▁( 2 - 1 0 cm ) ▁grows ▁out ▁from . ▁Their ▁caps ules ▁are ▁u pr ight ▁and ▁ob long - cy l ind ric , ▁r anging ▁from ▁ 1 . 5 - 4 ▁mm , ▁they ▁are ▁quite ▁rare ▁to ▁encounter ▁since ▁male ▁plants ▁are ▁more ▁rare ▁than ▁female ▁ones . ▁ ▁Life ▁Cy cle ▁ ▁In ▁contrast ▁with ▁v asc ular ▁plants ▁that ▁only ▁has ▁two ▁sets ▁of ▁chrom os om es ▁( d ip lo id ), |
▁b ry oph y tes ▁are ▁known ▁to ▁have ▁a ▁ha p lo id ▁generation ▁with ▁a ▁single ▁set ▁of ▁chrom os om es , ▁this ▁happens ▁in ▁the ▁sp or oph y te ▁stage ▁of ▁their ▁life ▁cycle . ▁ ▁The ▁life - cycle ▁starts ▁with ▁a ▁ha p lo id ▁sp ore ▁that ▁germ in ates ▁to ▁produce ▁a ▁pro ton ema , ▁which ▁are ▁thread - like ▁fil aments ▁or ▁th allo id . ▁Pro ton ema ▁is ▁a ▁combination ▁of ▁ch lor on ema , ▁ca ul on ema ▁and ▁rh iz oid s . ▁Ch lor on ema ▁are ▁usually ▁first ▁formed , ▁they ▁are ▁irregular ly ▁branch ed , ▁has ▁trans verse ▁cross w alls ▁that ▁are ▁not ▁p ig ment ed , ▁and ▁round ▁ch lor op last s ▁with ▁no ▁bud s ▁forming ▁yet . ▁Later ▁on , ▁the ▁ca ul on ema ▁forms ▁that ▁are ▁regularly ▁branch ed , ▁has ▁p ig ment ed ▁and ▁ob lique ▁cross w alls , ▁sp ind le - sh aped ▁ch lor op last s ▁and ▁has ▁bud s ▁forming . ▁Rh iz oid s ▁are ▁also ▁present ▁here , ▁it ▁helps ▁the ▁gam et oph y te ▁that ▁forms ▁later ▁on ▁to ▁attach ▁to ▁its ▁substr ate . ▁The ▁pro ton ema ▁then ▁produces ▁the ▁gam et oph ore ▁that ▁is ▁struct ur ally ▁differenti ated ▁into ▁st ems ▁and ▁leaves , ▁one ▁or ▁more ▁gam et op hor es ▁can ▁be ▁formed ▁from ▁a ▁single |
▁pro ton ema . ▁The ▁gam et oph y te ▁is ▁formed ▁from ▁the ▁ca ul on ema ▁bud s ▁and ▁they ▁under go ▁mit osis ▁to ▁produce ▁ha p lo id ▁sex ▁gam etes ▁( s perm ▁and ▁eggs ). ▁ ▁The ▁gam et op hor es ▁also ▁produce ▁special ized ▁sexual ▁structures ▁that ▁houses ▁the ▁s perm ▁and ▁eggs ▁on ▁separate ▁gam et oph y tes ▁( since ▁Cl ima ci um ▁d end roid es ▁are ▁dio cious ). ▁The ▁female ▁structure ▁produced ▁is ▁called ▁the ▁arch eg onia ▁and ▁are ▁surrounded ▁by ▁a ▁group ▁of ▁modified ▁leaves ▁known ▁as ▁the ▁per icha et um . ▁The ▁arch eg onia ▁are ▁small ▁flask - sh aped ▁structure ▁with ▁a ▁neck - like ▁structure ▁called ▁the ▁v enter ▁down ▁which ▁the ▁male ▁s perm ▁sw im ▁to ▁the ▁en closed ▁female ▁eggs . ▁This ▁is ▁also ▁where ▁fert il ization ▁occurs . ▁The ▁male ▁structures ▁are ▁known ▁as ▁an ther idia ▁and ▁are ▁protected ▁by ▁modified ▁leaves ▁called ▁the ▁per ig on ium . ▁ ▁F ert il ization ▁will ▁occur ▁with ▁the ▁aid ▁of ▁water , ▁s perm ▁will ▁be ▁transport ed ▁from ▁an ther idia ▁to ▁arch eg onia ▁and ▁travel ▁down ▁its ▁v enter ▁to ▁reach ▁the ▁egg , ▁where ▁fert il ization ▁will ▁happen . ▁Produ cing ▁a ▁dip lo id ▁sp or oph y te . ▁The ▁s perm ▁is ▁b if lag ell ate , ▁they ▁have ▁two ▁flag ella e ▁that ▁aid ▁in ▁prop |
ulsion . ▁The ▁imm ature ▁sp or oph y te ▁then ▁grows ▁out ▁from ▁the ▁arch eg onial ▁v enter . ▁A ▁sp or oph y te ▁contains ▁a ▁set a ▁( that ▁holds ▁up ▁the ▁sp or ang ium ), ▁a ▁caps ule ▁with ▁an ▁oper cul um ▁cap , ▁and ▁a ▁coat ▁en clos ing ▁the ▁caps ule ▁called ▁the ▁cal y pt ra ▁that ▁grew ▁from ▁the ▁v enter ▁of ▁arch eg onia ▁and ▁is ▁the ▁only ▁ha p lo id ▁structure ▁in ▁sp or oph y te . ▁When ▁the ▁sp or oph y te ▁is ▁fully ▁m ature ▁the ▁cal y pt ra ▁falls ▁off ▁and ▁reve als ▁the ▁per ist ome ▁teeth ▁within . ▁Me ios is ▁occurs ▁in ▁the ▁sp or ang ium ▁and ▁ha p lo id ▁sp ores ▁are ▁produced ▁and ▁released ▁through ▁the ▁control ▁of ▁per ist ome ▁teeth . ▁The ▁sp ores ▁are ▁usually ▁carried ▁by ▁the ▁wind ▁to ▁their ▁new ▁substr ate ▁where ▁the ▁life ▁cycle ▁repe ats ▁again . ▁ ▁Re production ▁ ▁Sp or oph y tes ▁are ▁not ▁often ▁found ▁except ▁during ▁late ▁winter ▁and ▁early ▁spring ▁near ▁areas ▁with ▁plenty ▁of ▁mo ist ure . ▁The ▁short ▁cyl ind ric ▁caps ules ▁of ▁this ▁species ▁often ▁m ature ▁in ▁the ▁fall . ▁This ▁species ▁is ▁known ▁to ▁have ▁a ▁dio cious ▁gam et oph ore ▁( h aving ▁male ▁and ▁female ▁gam et op hor es ▁on ▁different ▁plants . ▁They ▁have ▁a ▁long ▁set a ▁with |
▁sp or ang ium ▁at ▁the ▁terminal ▁end . ▁The ▁sp ores ▁are ▁released ▁when ▁the ▁oper cul um ▁de his ces ▁and ▁can ▁be ▁a ided ▁via ▁h yg ro scop ic ▁de h isc ence . ▁They ▁also ▁contain ▁per ist ome ▁teeth ▁that ▁controls ▁the ▁release ▁of ▁the ▁sp ores . ▁The ▁sp ores ▁are ▁un ic ell ular . ▁ ▁Tax onomy ▁ ▁Class ▁Bry ops ida ▁ ▁M oss es ▁in ▁this ▁class ▁are ▁known ▁to ▁have ▁" arth rod ont ous " ▁teeth , ▁meaning ▁their ▁per ist ome ▁teeth ▁are ▁made ▁of ▁cell ▁wall ▁fragments ▁and ▁appear ▁like ▁having ▁joint s ▁along ▁its ▁structure . ▁This ▁class ▁contains ▁ 9 5 % ▁of ▁all ▁m oss ▁species ▁with ▁approximately ▁ 1 1 , 5 0 0 ▁species ▁world wide . ▁There ▁are ▁many ▁vari eties ▁in ▁terms ▁of ▁gam et oph yt ic ▁structures ▁in ▁this ▁class . ▁The ▁gam et op hor es ▁can ▁be ▁dioc ous ▁or ▁mon o cious , ▁ac ro car p ous ▁or ▁ple uro car p ous , ▁and ▁usually ▁are ▁highly ▁branch ed ▁and ▁arise ▁from ▁an ▁extensive ▁pro ton ema . ▁In ▁terms ▁of ▁leaf ▁arrangement , ▁they ▁are ▁spir ally ▁arranged ▁in ▁more ▁than ▁three ▁rows ▁and ▁are ▁sess ile . ▁They ▁include ▁a ▁l am ina ▁that ▁is ▁un istr at ose , ▁el ong ate ▁cells ▁and ▁multiple ▁ch lor op last s , ▁and ▁costa ▁that ▁may ▁be ▁mult istr at ose ▁and |
▁includes ▁conduct ing ▁cells , ▁but ▁the ▁leaves ▁la cks ▁l am ella e . ▁They ▁have ▁un iser iate ▁rh iz oid s ▁with ▁ob lique ▁cross w alls , ▁and ▁a sex ual ▁gem ma e ▁usually ▁arise ▁from ▁here ▁or ▁the ▁gam et oph ore . ▁They ▁have ▁sexual ▁re product ive ▁structures , ▁arch eg onia ▁and ▁an ther id ium , ▁that ▁contains ▁par aph ys es . ▁They ▁have ▁smooth ▁cal y pt ras . ▁In ▁term ▁of ▁sp or oph y te ▁structure , ▁they ▁contain ▁long ▁set a ▁with ▁cut icle ▁and ▁conduct ing ▁system . ▁After ▁set a ▁are ▁el ong ated , ▁the ▁sp or ang ium ▁will ▁start ▁developing . ▁The ▁sp or ang ial ▁jack et ▁also ▁contains ▁st om ata . ▁The ▁sp ores ▁are ▁released ▁when ▁oper cul um ▁are ▁opened ▁via ▁h yg ro scop ically ▁un ra vel led ▁ann ulus . ▁The ▁per ist ome ▁teeth ▁are ▁en closed ▁within ▁the ▁oper cul um , ▁with ▁end ost ome ▁and ▁ex ost ome . ▁ ▁Sub class ▁Bry idae ▁ ▁The ▁sp or oph y te ▁structure ▁of ▁this ▁subclass ▁gives ▁its ▁identification . ▁This ▁subclass ▁is ▁known ▁to ▁contain ▁two ▁layers ▁of ▁per ist ome ▁with ▁altern ating ▁teeth ▁and ▁segments , ▁with ▁a ▁c ili ate ▁end os ot me . ▁▁ ▁It ▁contains ▁the ▁following ▁orders : ▁ ▁Bart ram ial es ▁ ▁Bry ales ▁ ▁Hed wig ial es ▁ ▁Orth ot |
rich ales ▁ ▁Rh iz og onial es ▁ ▁Sp la chn ales ▁ ▁Hyp n od end ral es ▁ ▁P ty ch om n ial es ▁ ▁Hook er ial es ▁ ▁Hyp n ales ▁ ▁Order ▁Hyp n ales ▁ ▁This ▁group ▁is ▁known ▁as ▁the ▁fe ather ▁m oss es ▁due ▁to ▁their ▁freely - branch ed ▁st ems . ▁They ▁are ▁the ▁largest ▁order ▁of ▁m oss es , ▁containing ▁more ▁than ▁ 4 0 0 0 ▁species ▁in ▁more ▁than ▁ 4 0 ▁families . ▁They ▁are ▁p inn ately ▁or ▁irregular ly ▁branch ed . ▁The ▁stem ▁contains ▁ ▁v asc ular ▁bundle ▁that ▁is ▁reduced , ▁a ▁recent ▁derived ▁trait ▁in ▁m oss es . ▁The ▁st ems ▁are ▁covered ▁with ▁reduced ▁fil ament ous ▁and ▁scal y ▁leaves ▁called ▁par ap hy ll ia ▁or ▁pseud op ar ap hy ll ia . ▁ ▁The ▁ordinary ▁stem ▁leaves ▁are ▁ov ate ▁to ▁lance olate . ▁Only ▁the ▁lower ▁half ▁of ▁the ▁leaf ▁bla de ▁has ▁the ▁mid ve in , ▁or ▁not ▁present ▁at ▁all . ▁The ▁cells ▁of ▁the ▁leaf ▁bla de ▁are ▁many ▁times ▁longer ▁than ▁wide . ▁ ▁In ▁culture ▁Cl ima ci um ▁d end roid es ▁was ▁named ▁M oss ▁of ▁the ▁Year ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 7 ▁by ▁the ▁Lat v ian ▁Botan ists ' ▁Association . ▁ ▁Similar ▁Species ▁ ▁Le u cole pis ▁ac anth one ur on ▁also ▁has ▁a ▁mini ature ▁tree - |
like ▁structure ▁but ▁does ▁not ▁arise ▁from ▁a ▁cre eping ▁shoot . ▁They ▁have ▁wh it ish ▁and ▁narrow ly ▁tri angular ▁stem ▁leaves ▁whereas ▁for ▁Cl ima ci um ▁they ▁have ▁green ▁and ▁heart - sh aped ▁stem ▁leaves . ▁For ▁Le u cole pis ▁their ▁sp or oph y tes ▁are ▁frequent ▁in ▁spring ▁and ▁has ▁a ▁nod ding ▁sp or ang ia , ▁compared ▁to ▁ere ct ▁sp or ang ia ▁for ▁Cl ima ci um . ▁ ▁References ▁Category : Fl ora ▁of ▁North ▁America ▁Category : Fl ora ▁of ▁Eastern ▁Europe ▁Category : Fl ora ▁of ▁Northern ▁Europe ▁Category : Fl ora ▁of ▁New ▁Zealand ▁Category : H yp n ales <0x0A> </s> ▁Do or bin ▁() ▁is ▁a ▁Bang l ades hi ▁rock ▁band ▁formed ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 4 . ▁ ▁History ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 4 ▁Sy ed ▁Shah id ▁formed ▁the ▁band ▁Do or bin ▁with ▁S abb ir ▁and ▁No y on . ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁they ▁released ▁their ▁first ▁album ▁" Do or bin " ▁with ▁help ▁of ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁well ▁wish er . ▁ ▁M embers ▁Current ▁members : ▁ ▁Sy ed ▁Shah id ▁( B and ▁Le ader ▁& ▁Main ▁V ocal ) ▁ ▁Ay ub ▁Shah rier ▁( V ocal ▁& ▁Rh ythm ) ▁ ▁F ah ad ▁( L ead ▁Gu iter ) ▁ ▁Raf i ▁( Key board ▁& ▁Compos er ) ▁ ▁Sh ish ir ▁( D rum s ) |
▁ ▁Hr ido y ▁( L ead ▁Gu iter ) ▁ ▁Sh awn ▁( Base ▁Gu iter ) ▁ ▁Past ▁members : ▁ ▁Ar fin ▁Rum ey ▁( V ocal ▁& ▁Compos er ) ▁ ▁Kaz i ▁Sh uvo ▁( V ocal ▁& ▁Gu iter ) ▁ ▁Album ▁and ▁singles ▁ ▁Solo ▁albums ▁ ▁Do or bin ▁( 2 0 0 6 ) ▁ ▁Do or bin ▁ 2 . 0 1 ▁( 2 0 0 8 ) ▁ ▁Do or bin ▁ 3 . 0 1 ▁( 2 0 1 0 ) ▁ ▁Do or bin ▁ 4 . 0 1 ▁( 2 0 1 5 ) ▁ ▁Do or bin ▁ 5 . 0 1 ▁( 2 0 1 7 ) ▁ ▁M ixed ▁albums ▁ ▁Am ader - 7 1 ▁( 2 0 1 5 ) ▁ ▁Am ader - 7 1 ▁ 2 . 0 ▁( 2 0 1 6 ) ▁ ▁Awards ▁▁ 5 th ▁City cel - Channel ▁I ▁Awards ▁( Best ▁Band ) ▁- ▁W on ▁▁ 1 1 th ▁Mer il ▁Pro th om ▁Alo ▁Awards ▁- ▁N omin ated ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Do or bin ▁on ▁Twitter ▁ ▁Do or bin ▁on ▁Facebook ▁ ▁Category : B ang l ades hi ▁rock ▁music ▁groups ▁Category : B ang l ades hi ▁folk ▁music ▁groups ▁Category : B ang l ades hi ▁pop ▁music ▁groups <0x0A> </s> ▁Plat ▁was ▁an ▁un in cor por ated ▁community ▁and ▁is ▁now ▁a ▁neighborhood ▁in |
▁the ▁village ▁of ▁Rich field , ▁Washington ▁County , ▁Wisconsin , ▁United ▁States . ▁It ▁is ▁located ▁at ▁the ▁intersection ▁of ▁Plat ▁Road ▁and ▁Mon ches ▁Road . ▁It ▁is ▁ 2 ▁miles ▁from ▁the ▁towns ▁of ▁Er in ▁and ▁M erton ▁and ▁from ▁County ▁Tr unk ▁Highway ▁Q ▁( Count y ▁Line ▁Road ) ▁and ▁the ▁W au kes ha ▁County ▁and ▁Washington ▁County ▁division . ▁ ▁Notes ▁ ▁Category : Ge ography ▁of ▁Washington ▁County , ▁Wisconsin ▁Category : Ne igh bor hood s ▁in ▁Wisconsin <0x0A> </s> ▁A ▁horse ▁tra iler ▁or ▁horse ▁van ▁( also ▁called ▁a ▁horse ▁float ▁in ▁Australia ▁and ▁New ▁Zealand ▁or ▁horse box ▁in ▁the ▁British ▁Is les ) ▁is ▁used ▁to ▁transport ▁horses . ▁There ▁are ▁many ▁different ▁designs , ▁r anging ▁in ▁size ▁from ▁small ▁units ▁capable ▁of ▁holding ▁two ▁or ▁three ▁horses , ▁able ▁to ▁be ▁pulled ▁by ▁a ▁pick up ▁tr uck ▁or ▁even ▁a ▁SU V ; ▁to ▁go os ene ck ▁designs ▁that ▁carry ▁six ▁to ▁eight ▁horses , ▁usually ▁pulled ▁by ▁ 1 - ton ▁du ally - style ▁pick ups . ▁ ▁There ▁are ▁also ▁large ▁semi - tra ilers ▁that ▁can ▁ha ul ▁a ▁significant ▁number ▁of ▁animals . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁UK , ▁a ▁horse box ▁may ▁also ▁refer ▁to ▁a ▁motor ised ▁vehicle ▁adapted ▁to ▁carry ▁horses ▁( gener ally ▁known ▁as ▁a ▁horse ▁van ▁in ▁North ▁America ▁or ▁Austral asia ), ▁or ▁a ▁railway ▁vehicle ▁specifically ▁designed ▁to ▁carry ▁horses . ▁ ▁The |
▁least ▁expensive ▁type ▁of ▁tra iler ▁is ▁the ▁stock ▁tra iler , ▁a ▁tra iler ▁designed ▁for ▁cattle ▁that ▁is ▁en closed ▁on ▁the ▁bottom , ▁but ▁has ▁sl its ▁at ▁roughly ▁the ▁eye ▁level ▁of ▁the ▁animals ▁to ▁allow ▁vent ilation . ▁ ▁Tra ilers ▁designed ▁specifically ▁for ▁horses ▁are ▁more ▁elaborate . ▁ ▁Because ▁horses ▁are ▁usually ▁ha u led ▁for ▁the ▁purpose ▁of ▁competition ▁or ▁work , ▁where ▁they ▁must ▁arrive ▁in ▁peak ▁physical ▁condition , ▁horse ▁tra ilers ▁are ▁designed ▁for ▁the ▁comfort ▁and ▁safety ▁of ▁the ▁animals . ▁ ▁They ▁usually ▁have ▁adjust able ▁v ents ▁and ▁windows ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁susp ension ▁designed ▁to ▁provide ▁a ▁smooth ▁ride ▁and ▁less ▁stress ▁on ▁the ▁animals . ▁ ▁History ▁The ▁first ▁horse ▁tra ilers ▁were ▁said ▁to ▁be ▁horse - dra wn ▁amb ul ances ▁created ▁by ▁city ▁fire ▁depart ments ▁to ▁take ▁their ▁wounded ▁but ▁sav able ▁horses ▁from ▁the ▁scenes ▁of ▁acc idents ▁( which ▁were ▁common ) ▁back ▁to ▁the ▁veter in arian ▁at ▁the ▁fire house . ▁ ▁High ly ▁val ued ▁race ▁horses ▁were ▁originally ▁transport ed ▁by ▁spe cially ▁out f itted ▁rail road ▁cars , ▁but ▁this ▁transport ▁was ▁difficult ▁to ▁use ▁due ▁to ▁issues ▁of ▁sched uling ▁and ▁del ays . ▁In ▁December ▁ 1 9 1 8 , ▁Popular ▁Science ▁Month ly ▁reported ▁on ▁a ▁new ▁concept ▁for ▁transport ing ▁race ▁horses ▁in ▁spe cially ▁modified ▁" M ot or - T ru cks " ▁that ▁elimin ated ▁these ▁transport |
▁del ays . ▁ ▁In ▁World ▁War ▁ 1 , ▁horses ▁were ▁used ▁with ▁inf antry ▁in ▁France , ▁and ▁many ▁were ▁injured ▁in ▁the ▁course ▁of ▁the ▁war . ▁If ▁these ▁animals ▁could ▁be ▁transport ed ▁back ▁to ▁animal ▁hosp it als , ▁many ▁could ▁be ▁saved . ▁For ▁this ▁purpose , ▁a ▁special ▁horse ▁amb ul ance ▁vehicle ▁was ▁developed ▁which ▁could ▁be ▁rot ated ▁so ▁that ▁horses ▁could ▁walk ▁forward ▁both ▁onto ▁and ▁off ▁of ▁the ▁amb ul ance ▁tr uck . ▁ ▁As ▁horse - dra wn ▁transport ation ▁gave ▁way ▁to ▁faster , ▁mechan ized ▁transport ation , ▁there ▁remained ▁a ▁need ▁to ▁transport ▁horses ▁themselves ▁for ▁work , ▁sport , ▁and ▁other ▁purposes . ▁ ▁Thus , ▁many ▁types ▁of ▁tr uck s , ▁v ans , ▁and ▁tra ilers ▁were ▁developed ▁or ▁modified ▁to ▁transport ▁horses ▁on ▁modern ▁high ways . ▁ ▁Design s ▁ ▁Hor se box es ▁( mot or ised ) ▁can ▁vary ▁in ▁size , ▁depending ▁on ▁the ▁number ▁and ▁size ▁of ▁horses ▁to ▁be ▁carried . ▁ ▁In ▁Europe , ▁horse box es ▁are ▁developed ▁from ▁vehicles ▁r anging ▁from ▁ 3 . 5 ▁t onne ▁gross ▁vehicle ▁weight , ▁through ▁to ▁legal ▁maxim ums ▁of ▁over ▁ 4 0 ▁t onnes . ▁ ▁Some ▁horse ▁tra ilers ▁are ▁designed ▁to ▁contain ▁human ▁living ▁accommod ation , ▁as ▁compet itions ▁may ▁involve ▁stay ing ▁at ▁a ▁ven ue ▁for ▁one ▁or ▁more ▁night s . ▁ ▁Layout ▁and ▁features ▁ ▁Access |
▁▁ ▁In ▁Europe , ▁most ▁motor ised ▁horse box es ▁will ▁feature ▁a ▁single ▁main ▁r amp ▁on ▁the ▁rear ▁or ▁to ▁the ▁side , ▁though ▁those ▁with ▁rear ▁ram ps ▁may ▁have ▁a ▁second ▁smaller ▁side ▁r amp . ▁Within ▁the ▁European ▁Union , ▁reg ulations ▁dict ate ▁that ▁a ▁horse box ▁r amp ▁( used ▁for ▁commercial ▁transport ation ▁of ▁horses ) ▁should ▁be ▁no ▁ste eper ▁than ▁ 2 0 ° . ▁It ▁is ▁also ▁a ▁requirement ▁that ▁the ▁driver ▁or ▁other ▁att endant ▁be ▁able ▁to ▁access ▁the ▁horse ▁area ▁without ▁using ▁the ▁r amp . ▁ ▁This ▁is ▁often ▁achieved ▁through ▁fitting ▁a ▁small ▁h atch ▁or ▁door way ▁( called ▁a ▁gro om ' s ▁door ▁in ▁the ▁UK ). ▁ ▁Many ▁smaller ▁horse ▁tra ilers , ▁particularly ▁to wing ▁and ▁go os ene ck ▁models ▁that ▁hold ▁two ▁to ▁four ▁horses , ▁do ▁not ▁feature ▁ram ps , ▁either ▁by ▁having ▁a ▁low ▁height ▁floor ▁or ▁a ▁dem ount able ▁structure . ▁ ▁Hor se ▁st all ▁dimensions ▁and ▁orientation ▁ ▁H ors es ▁can ▁be ▁transport ed ▁facing ▁the ▁direction ▁of ▁travel ▁( forward - f acing ), ▁facing ▁the ▁opposite ▁way ▁of ▁travel ▁( re ar - f acing ) ▁or ▁on ▁the ▁diagonal ▁( her ring bone ). ▁ ▁It ▁is ▁also ▁said ▁that ▁horses ▁need ▁sufficient ▁room ▁to ▁take ▁one ▁step ▁in ▁either ▁direction , ▁so ▁as ▁to ▁better ▁support ▁their ▁weight ▁when ▁the ▁vehicle ▁is ▁in ▁motion . ▁ ▁Many ▁American |
▁horse ▁tra ilers ▁have ▁st alls ▁which ▁are ▁sl anted ▁at ▁about ▁a ▁ 4 5 ▁degree ▁angle ▁to ▁the ▁line ▁of ▁travel , ▁this ▁design ▁is ▁thought ▁to ▁be ▁more ▁natural ▁to ▁horses , ▁as ▁many ▁times ▁horses ▁travel ▁slightly ▁cant ed ▁to ▁the ▁line ▁of ▁travel ▁when ▁ha u led ▁in ▁a ▁stock ▁tra iler ▁without ▁div iders . ▁ ▁It ▁also ▁has ▁the ▁benefit ▁of ▁being ▁able ▁to ▁ha ul ▁more ▁horses ▁in ▁a ▁shorter ▁unit . ▁ ▁Some ▁scientific ▁research ▁has ▁been ▁done ▁to ▁establish ▁in ▁which ▁position ▁the ▁horse ▁is ▁most ▁comfortable . ▁ ▁The ▁bulk ▁of ▁research ▁suggests ▁that ▁horse ▁have ▁reduced ▁stress ▁and ▁fat igue ▁when ▁trav elling ▁backwards . ▁ ▁Tra v elling ▁for wards ▁also ▁has ▁reduced ▁stress ▁compared ▁with ▁trav elling ▁side ways ▁▁ ▁Su fficient ▁head room ▁for ▁horses ▁must ▁be ▁provided , ▁at ▁least ▁ ▁above ▁the ▁height ▁of ▁with ers . ▁ ▁Railway ▁horse ▁boxes ▁ ▁H ors es ▁were ▁carried ▁on ▁the ▁rail ways ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁Kingdom ▁until ▁ 1 9 7 2 , ▁using ▁rolling ▁stock ▁known ▁as ▁horse ▁boxes . ▁These ▁were ▁often ▁used ▁to ▁carry ▁race h ors es ▁between ▁the ▁parts ▁of ▁the ▁country ▁where ▁the ▁bre ed ers ▁and ▁train ers ▁were ▁based , ▁and ▁the ▁race c ourses . ▁Some ▁railway - owned ▁horse ▁boxes ▁were ▁h ired ▁on ▁a ▁semi - per man ent ▁basis ▁to ▁race hor se ▁train ers ▁( such ▁as ▁Frank ▁But ters ) ▁or ▁own ers |
▁( such ▁as ▁the ▁Earl ▁of ▁Derby ). ▁They ▁were ▁convey ed ▁either ▁in ▁small ▁numbers ▁attached ▁to ▁ordinary ▁passenger ▁trains , ▁or ▁special ▁trains ▁consisting ▁of ▁several ▁horse ▁boxes ▁couple d ▁together . ▁ ▁A ▁typical ▁British ▁Rail ways ▁horse ▁box ▁of ▁the ▁late ▁ 1 9 5 0 s ▁had ▁a ▁body ▁length ▁of ▁ ▁and ▁a ▁width ▁of ▁. ▁In ▁that ▁space ▁there ▁was ▁a ▁section ▁for ▁three ▁horses ▁standing ▁ab re ast , ▁with ▁p added ▁div iders ▁to ▁prevent ▁the ▁horses ▁from ▁falling ▁side ways ; ▁to ▁the ▁rear ▁of ▁the ▁horses ▁was ▁a ▁compart ment ▁for ▁the ▁storage ▁of ▁st raw ▁b ales ; ▁in ▁front ▁of ▁the ▁horses ▁was ▁a ▁gro oms ' ▁compart ment ▁with ▁windows ▁and ▁coach ▁ben ch - type ▁se ating .; ▁h atch es ▁in ▁the ▁partition ▁between ▁the ▁horse ▁compart ment ▁and ▁the ▁gro oms ' ▁compart ment ▁allowed ▁the ▁gro oms ▁to ▁feed ▁and ▁watch ▁over ▁the ▁horses . ▁Bey ond ▁the ▁gro oms ' ▁compart ment , ▁a ▁passage way ▁along ▁one ▁side ▁led ▁to ▁a ▁to ile t , ▁and ▁also ▁to ▁a ▁f od der ▁compart ment ▁at ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁vehicle . ▁Each ▁compart ment , ▁except ▁the ▁to ile t , ▁had ▁external ▁doors ; ▁the ▁lower ▁part ▁of ▁each ▁horse ▁compart ment ▁door ▁was ▁h ing ed ▁hor izont ally , ▁to ▁form ▁an ▁access ▁r amp . ▁There ▁were ▁six ▁windows : ▁four ▁in ▁the ▁gro oms ' ▁compart ment ▁( |
two ▁of ▁these ▁being ▁dro pl ights ▁in ▁the ▁doors ), ▁one ▁in ▁the ▁passage way ▁and ▁a ▁fro sted ▁glass ▁window ▁in ▁the ▁to ile t . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁E quest rian ism ▁ ▁Hor se ▁car ▁Tra iler ▁( ve h icle ) ▁ ▁References ▁▁ ▁Tra iler ▁Category : L iv est ock ▁transport ation ▁vehicles <0x0A> </s> ▁Kir an ▁may ▁refer ▁to : ▁ ▁Kir an ▁( g iven ▁name ), ▁an ▁Indian ▁given ▁name ▁used ▁for ▁men ▁or ▁women ▁( including ▁a ▁list ▁of ▁persons ▁with ▁the ▁name ) ▁ ▁Kir an , ▁an ▁ang lic ised ▁variant ▁of ▁the ▁G ael ic ▁given ▁name ▁C iar án ▁ ▁Kir ə n , ▁a ▁village ▁and ▁municipality ▁in ▁A zer ba ij an ▁ ▁Kir an , ▁Sri ▁L anka , ▁a ▁town ▁in ▁Sri ▁L anka ▁ ▁Kir an , ▁a ▁sp elling ▁variant ▁of ▁Kar an , ▁which ▁may ▁refer ▁to ▁several ▁place ▁names ▁in ▁Iran , ▁see ▁Kar an , ▁Iran ▁( disambiguation ) ▁ ▁Kir an , ▁pseud onym ▁of ▁the ▁Indian ▁writer ▁Kan chin ath ▁J ha ▁ ▁Kir an ▁fonts , ▁a ▁De van ag ari ▁type face ▁and ▁font ▁ ▁H AL ▁Kir an , ▁an ▁Indian ▁aircraft ▁ ▁Kir an ▁( serial ), ▁a ▁ 2 0 1 7 ▁Pak ist ani ▁television ▁drama ▁serial ▁that ▁a ired ▁on ▁Ge o ▁Entertainment ▁ ▁People ▁with ▁Kir an ▁as ▁a ▁surname ▁include : ▁▁ ▁S ashi ▁Kir an , ▁F |
ij ian ▁founder ▁and ▁director ▁of ▁non - pro fit ▁community ▁organisation ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁▁ ▁Ke er an ▁( disambiguation ) <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Sub mill imeter ▁W ave ▁Astronom y ▁Sat ellite ▁( SW AS ) ▁is ▁a ▁NASA ▁subm ill imeter ▁astronom y ▁satellite , ▁and ▁is ▁the ▁third ▁space craft ▁in ▁the ▁Small ▁Explorer ▁program . ▁It ▁was ▁launched ▁on ▁December ▁ 6 , ▁ 1 9 9 8 ▁( UTC ), ▁from ▁V anden berg ▁Air ▁Force ▁Base ▁ab o ard ▁a ▁Peg as us ▁X L ▁ro cket . ▁The ▁teles cope ▁was ▁designed ▁by ▁the ▁Smith son ian ▁Ast ro phys ical ▁Observ atory ▁and ▁integrated ▁by ▁Ball ▁A eros pace , ▁while ▁the ▁space craft ▁was ▁built ▁by ▁NASA ' s ▁God d ard ▁Space ▁Fl ight ▁Center . ▁The ▁mission ' s ▁principal ▁investig ator ▁is ▁Gary ▁J . ▁M eln ick . ▁ ▁Mission ▁ ▁SW AS ▁was ▁designed ▁to ▁study ▁the ▁composition ▁and ▁structure ▁of ▁inter stell ar ▁clouds ▁and ▁investigate ▁the ▁processes ▁of ▁stell ar ▁and ▁planet ary ▁formation . ▁Its ▁sole ▁instrument ▁is ▁a ▁teles cope ▁operating ▁in ▁the ▁subm ill imeter ▁w avel ength s ▁of ▁far ▁inf ra red ▁and ▁mic row ave ▁radiation . ▁The ▁teles cope ▁is ▁composed ▁of ▁three ▁main ▁components : ▁a ▁ ▁elli pt ical ▁off - axis ▁C asse gra in ▁reflect or , ▁two ▁Sch ott ky ▁di ode ▁rece ivers , ▁and ▁an ▁ac ou sto - opt ical ▁spect |
rom eter . ▁The ▁system ▁is ▁sensitive ▁to ▁frequencies ▁between ▁ 4 8 7 – 5 5 7 ▁G Hz ▁( 5 3 8 – 6 1 6 ▁ μ m ), ▁which ▁allows ▁it ▁to ▁focus ▁on ▁the ▁spectral ▁lines ▁of ▁mole cular ▁o xygen ▁( O 2 ) ▁at ▁ 4 8 7 . 2 4 9 ▁G Hz ; ▁neutral ▁carbon ▁() ▁at ▁ 4 9 2 . 1 6 1 ▁G Hz ; ▁is ot op ic ▁water ▁( H 2 1 8 O ) ▁at ▁ 5 4 8 . 6 7 6 ▁G Hz ; ▁is ot op ic ▁carbon ▁mon ox ide ▁( 1 3 CO ) ▁at ▁ 5 5 0 . 9 2 7 ▁G Hz ; ▁and ▁water ▁( H 2 O ) ▁at ▁ 5 5 6 . 9 3 6 ▁G Hz . ▁ ▁History ▁ ▁The ▁Sub mill imeter ▁W ave ▁Astronom y ▁Sat ellite ▁mission ▁was ▁approved ▁on ▁April ▁ 1 , ▁ 1 9 8 9 . ▁The ▁project ▁began ▁with ▁the ▁Mission ▁Definition ▁Ph ase , ▁officially ▁starting ▁on ▁September ▁ 2 9 , ▁ 1 9 8 9 , ▁and ▁running ▁through ▁January ▁ 3 1 , ▁ 1 9 9 2 . ▁During ▁this ▁time , ▁the ▁mission ▁under w ent ▁a ▁concept ual ▁design ▁review ▁on ▁June ▁ 8 , ▁ 1 9 9 0 , ▁and ▁a ▁demonstr ation ▁of ▁the ▁Sch ott ky ▁rece ivers ▁and ▁ac ou sto - opt ical |
▁spect rom eter ▁concept ▁was ▁performed ▁on ▁November ▁ 8 , ▁ 1 9 9 1 . ▁ ▁The ▁mission ' s ▁Development ▁Ph ase ▁ran ▁from ▁February ▁ 1 9 9 2 , ▁through ▁May ▁ 1 9 9 6 . ▁The ▁Sub mill imeter ▁W ave ▁T eles cope ▁under w ent ▁a ▁pre lim inary ▁design ▁review ▁on ▁May ▁ 1 3 , ▁ 1 9 9 2 , ▁and ▁a ▁critical ▁design ▁review ▁on ▁February ▁ 2 3 , ▁ 1 9 9 3 . ▁Ball ▁A eros pace ▁was ▁responsible ▁for ▁the ▁construction ▁of ▁and ▁integration ▁of ▁components ▁into ▁the ▁teles cope . ▁The ▁University ▁of ▁C ologne ▁delivered ▁the ▁ac ou sto - opt ical ▁spect rom eter ▁to ▁Ball ▁for ▁integration ▁into ▁the ▁teles cope ▁on ▁December ▁ 2 , ▁ 1 9 9 3 , ▁while ▁Mill ite ch ▁Corporation ▁delivered ▁the ▁Sch ott ky ▁rece ivers ▁to ▁Ball ▁on ▁June ▁ 2 0 , ▁ 1 9 9 4 . ▁Ball ▁delivered ▁the ▁finished ▁teles cope ▁to ▁God d ard ▁Space ▁Fl ight ▁Center ▁on ▁December ▁ 2 0 , ▁ 1 9 9 4 . ▁God d ard , ▁which ▁was ▁responsible ▁for ▁construction ▁of ▁the ▁space craft ▁bus , ▁conducted ▁integration ▁of ▁space craft ▁and ▁instrument ▁from ▁January ▁through ▁March ▁ 1 9 9 5 . ▁Space craft ▁qual ification ▁and ▁testing ▁took ▁place ▁between ▁April ▁ 1 , ▁ 1 9 9 5 , ▁and ▁December ▁ 1 5 , ▁ |
1 9 9 5 . ▁After ▁this , ▁SW AS ▁was ▁placed ▁into ▁storage ▁until ▁September ▁ 1 , ▁ 1 9 9 8 , ▁when ▁launch ▁prepar ation ▁was ▁begun . ▁ ▁The ▁space craft ▁was ▁delivered ▁to ▁Or b ital ▁Sciences ▁Corporation ▁at ▁V anden berg ▁Air ▁Force ▁Base ▁on ▁November ▁ 2 , ▁ 1 9 9 8 , ▁for ▁integration ▁onto ▁their ▁Peg as us ▁X L ▁ro cket . ▁La unch ▁occurred ▁on ▁December ▁ 6 , ▁ 1 9 9 8 , ▁at ▁ 0 0 : 5 7 UTC , ▁from ▁Or b ital ▁Sciences ' ▁St arg az er ▁L - 1 0 1 1 ▁Tri Star ▁moth ership . ▁Its ▁initial ▁orbit ▁was ▁a ▁near - circ ular ▁ ▁with ▁an ▁incl ination ▁of ▁ 6 9 . 9 ▁degrees . ▁ ▁SW AS ▁was ▁originally ▁scheduled ▁to ▁launch ▁in ▁June ▁ 1 9 9 5 , ▁but ▁was ▁delayed ▁due ▁to ▁back - to - back ▁launch ▁fail ures ▁of ▁the ▁Peg as us ▁X L ▁ro cket ▁in ▁June ▁ 1 9 9 4 ▁and ▁June ▁ 1 9 9 5 . ▁A ▁launch ▁opportunity ▁in ▁January ▁ 1 9 9 7 ▁was ▁again ▁can ce led ▁due ▁to ▁a ▁Peg as us ▁X L ▁launch ▁failure ▁in ▁November ▁ 1 9 9 6 . ▁ ▁The ▁commission ing ▁phase ▁of ▁the ▁mission ▁last ed ▁until ▁December ▁ 1 9 , ▁ 1 9 9 8 , ▁when ▁the ▁teles cope |
▁began ▁producing ▁useful ▁science ▁data . ▁The ▁SW AS ▁mission ▁had ▁a ▁planned ▁duration ▁of ▁two ▁years ▁and ▁a ▁cost ▁estimate ▁of ▁, ▁but ▁mission ▁extensions ▁allowed ▁for ▁five ▁and ▁a ▁half ▁years ▁of ▁continuous ▁science ▁operations . ▁During ▁this ▁time , ▁data ▁was ▁taken ▁on ▁more ▁than ▁ 2 0 0 ▁astronom ical ▁objects . ▁The ▁decision ▁was ▁made ▁to ▁end ▁science ▁and ▁space craft ▁operations ▁on ▁July ▁ 2 1 , ▁ 2 0 0 4 , ▁at ▁which ▁time ▁the ▁space craft ▁was ▁placed ▁into ▁hi bern ation . ▁ ▁To ▁support ▁the ▁Deep ▁Imp act ▁mission ▁at ▁com et ▁ 9 P / Temp el , ▁SW AS ▁was ▁brought ▁out ▁of ▁hi bern ation ▁on ▁June ▁ 1 , ▁ 2 0 0 5 . ▁Ve h icle ▁check - out ▁was ▁completed ▁on ▁June ▁ 5 ▁with ▁no ▁disc ern ible ▁de grad ation ▁of ▁equipment ▁found . ▁SW AS ▁observations ▁of ▁the ▁com et ▁focused ▁on ▁is ot op ic ▁water ▁output ▁both ▁before ▁and ▁after ▁the ▁Deep ▁Imp act ▁imp actor ▁struck ▁the ▁com et ' s ▁nucle us ▁on ▁July ▁ 4 . ▁While ▁water ▁output ▁was ▁found ▁to ▁naturally ▁vary ▁by ▁more ▁than ▁a ▁factor ▁of ▁three ▁during ▁the ▁observation ▁campaign , ▁SW AS ▁data ▁showed ▁that ▁there ▁was ▁no ▁excess ive ▁release ▁of ▁water ▁due ▁to ▁the ▁impact ▁event . ▁After ▁three ▁months ▁of ▁observation , ▁SW AS ▁was ▁once ▁again ▁placed ▁into ▁hi bern ation ▁on ▁September ▁ 1 , ▁ |
2 0 0 5 . ▁ ▁, ▁SW AS ▁remains ▁in ▁Earth ▁orbit ▁on ▁stand - by . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Further ▁reading ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁▁ ▁SW AS ▁website ▁by ▁the ▁Harvard – Smith son ian ▁Center ▁for ▁Ast ro physics ▁ ▁SW AS ▁data ▁archive ▁by ▁NASA ' s ▁Leg acy ▁Archive ▁for ▁Mic row ave ▁Background ▁Data ▁Analysis ▁ ▁SW AS ▁data ▁archive ▁by ▁the ▁NASA / IP AC ▁Inf ra red ▁Science ▁Archive ▁ ▁SW AS ▁website ▁( archive ) ▁by ▁NASA ' s ▁God d ard ▁Space ▁Fl ight ▁Center ▁ ▁Category : Art ific ial ▁sat ell ites ▁orbit ing ▁Earth ▁Category : Ex pl or ers ▁program ▁( N AS A ) ▁Category : Space ▁observ ator ies ▁Category : Space craft ▁launched ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 8 ▁Category : Sub mill imet re ▁teles cop es ▁Category : Space craft ▁launched ▁by ▁Peg as us ▁rock ets <0x0A> </s> ▁Copa ▁Airlines ▁serves ▁the ▁following ▁ 8 0 ▁destin ations ▁in ▁ 3 3 ▁countries ▁in ▁the ▁Amer icas ▁and ▁the ▁Car ib bean : ▁ ▁List ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : List s ▁of ▁air line ▁destin ations ▁Category : C op a ▁Airlines ▁Category : Star ▁Alliance ▁destin ations <0x0A> </s> ▁Kim ▁T ae - ye on ▁( born ▁ 1 9 8 9 ) ▁is ▁the ▁main ▁singer ▁for ▁Girls ' ▁Generation . ▁ ▁Kim ▁T ae - ye on ▁may ▁also ▁refer ▁to : ▁ ▁Kim ▁T ae - ye on |
▁( act ress ) ▁( born ▁ 1 9 7 6 ), ▁South ▁Korean ▁model ▁and ▁actress ▁ ▁Kim ▁T ae - ye on ▁( p ain ter ) ▁( born ▁ 1 9 8 6 ), ▁South ▁Korean ▁painter ▁ ▁Kim ▁T ae - ye on ▁( football er ) ▁( born ▁ 1 9 8 8 ), ▁South ▁Korean ▁football ▁mid f iel der ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁Kim ▁T ae - y un ▁( disambiguation ) <0x0A> </s> ▁W reck ▁on ▁the ▁Highway ▁may ▁refer ▁to : ▁W reck ▁on ▁the ▁Highway ▁( 1 9 3 8 ▁song ), ▁written ▁by ▁Dor sey ▁D ixon ▁and ▁most ▁not ably ▁performed ▁by ▁Roy ▁Ac uff ▁ ▁W reck ▁on ▁the ▁Highway ▁( 1 9 8 0 ▁song ), ▁written ▁and ▁performed ▁by ▁Bruce ▁Spring ste en <0x0A> </s> ▁Sir ▁Frank ▁Be aum ont ▁M ould en ▁( 2 5 ▁June ▁ 1 8 7 6 ▁– ▁ 8 ▁April ▁ 1 9 3 2 ) ▁was ▁a ▁lawyer ▁in ▁South ▁Australia ▁who ▁served ▁as ▁Lord ▁Mayor ▁of ▁Ad ela ide ▁ 1 9 1 9 – 1 9 2 1 . ▁ ▁History ▁Frank ▁was ▁born ▁in ▁Col lett ▁L odge , ▁Nor wood , ▁the ▁second ▁son ▁of ▁Be aum ont ▁Arnold ▁M ould en ▁( – 1 9 2 6 ) ▁and ▁his ▁wife ▁Anna ▁Mary ▁M ould en ▁n ée ▁C ram ond ▁( 1 8 5 1 – 1 9 2 9 ). ▁ ▁He ▁was ▁educated ▁at |
▁St . ▁Peter ' s ▁College , ▁and ▁graduated ▁LL B ▁at ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Ad ela ide , ▁being ▁art ic led ▁to ▁the ▁legal ▁firm ▁M ould en ▁& ▁Son ▁founded ▁by ▁his ▁grand father ▁Joseph ▁E ld in ▁M ould en ▁( d ied ▁ 1 8 9 1 ), ▁and ▁ultimately ▁became ▁a ▁partner . ▁ ▁M ould en ▁was ▁elected ▁a ▁coun c ill or ▁to ▁the ▁Ad ela ide ▁City ▁Council ▁ 1 9 0 4 , ▁became ▁an ▁al der man ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 3 , ▁and ▁Lord ▁Mayor ▁from ▁ 1 9 1 9 ▁to ▁ 1 9 2 1 , ▁during ▁which ▁period ▁he ▁hosted ▁the ▁Prince ▁of ▁Wales ▁on ▁his ▁official ▁visitor ▁to ▁Ad ela ide . ▁ ▁He ▁was ▁President ▁of ▁the ▁local ▁chapter ▁of ▁Alliance ▁Fran çaise ▁and ▁in ▁January ▁ 1 9 1 9 ▁succeeded ▁J . ▁W . ▁Can away ▁( c . ▁ 1 8 4 8 – 1 9 2 3 ) ▁as ▁Cons ular ▁Agent ▁for ▁France ▁in ▁South ▁Australia . ▁ ▁He ▁died ▁at ▁his ▁home ▁" L ord ello ", ▁Br ough am ▁Place , ▁North ▁Ad ela ide ▁after ▁a ▁long ▁ill ness . ▁ ▁Rec ogn ition ▁He ▁was ▁kn ight ed ▁in ▁January ▁ 1 9 2 2 ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 2 2 ▁New ▁Year ▁Hon ours . ▁In ▁June ▁or ▁July ▁ 1 9 2 4 ▁he ▁was ▁appointed ▁officer ▁of ▁the ▁Ac adémie ▁de ▁la |
▁République ▁française ▁ ▁in ▁recognition ▁of ▁his ▁services ▁to ▁the ▁French ▁government . ▁He ▁was ▁awarded ▁a ▁di pl oma ▁of ▁honor ▁and ▁bronze ▁medal ▁by ▁the ▁Ligue ▁mar itime ▁et ▁colon iale ▁française . ▁In ▁ 1 9 2 9 ▁he ▁was ▁made ▁an ▁officer ▁of ▁the ▁Order ▁of ▁the ▁Hospital ▁of ▁St . ▁John ▁of ▁Jerusalem . ▁ ▁Family ▁Sir ▁Frank ▁Be aum ont ▁M ould en ▁( 1 8 7 6 - 1 9 3 2 ) ▁married ▁Deb or ah ▁Vern on ▁H ack ett ▁of ▁Western ▁Australia ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 8 . ▁They ▁had ▁no ▁children ▁ ▁John ▁E ld in ▁Col lett ▁" Jack " ▁M ould en ▁( born ▁ 1 8 7 3 ) ▁of ▁London ▁was ▁a ▁brother , ▁and ▁Margaret ▁Min na ▁M ould en ▁( born ▁ 1 8 7 9 ), ▁married ▁John ▁Whe e ley ▁Le a ▁in ▁ 1 9 0 2 , ▁later ▁to ▁Gar net ▁Wol se ley ▁Ben nett ▁( d ied ▁ 1 9 5 1 ) ▁of ▁Wood end , ▁Victoria , ▁was ▁a ▁sister . ▁Young est ▁brother ▁E ld in ▁Sw an zy ▁M ould en ▁( 1 8 8 3 – 1 9 1 9 ) ▁was ▁Chief ▁Ass istant ▁Engine er ▁of ▁the ▁Municipal ▁Tr am ways ▁Trust ▁under ▁W . ▁G . ▁T . ▁Good man , ▁died ▁of ▁p neum onia . ▁ ▁References ▁▁ ▁Category : 1 8 7 6 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 |
9 3 2 ▁death s ▁Category : Austral ian ▁law y ers ▁Category : May ors ▁and ▁Lord ▁May ors ▁of ▁Ad ela ide ▁Category : K n ights ▁Bach elor <0x0A> </s> ▁F ounded ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁by ▁L iz abeth ▁O ls zew ski , ▁H ors es ▁He aling ▁He arts ▁( HH H ) ▁is ▁a ▁ 5 0 1 ( c ) 3 ▁char itable ▁organization ▁located ▁in ▁South ▁Florida , ▁United ▁States . ▁This ▁ps y cho - ed uc ational ▁prevent ion ▁program ▁helps ▁children ▁whose ▁parents ▁suffer ▁from ▁the ▁disease ▁of ▁add iction . ▁ ▁While ▁providing ▁a ▁safe ▁and ▁n urt uring ▁environment ▁to ▁build ▁self - este em ▁and ▁confidence ▁by ▁working ▁with ▁horses , ▁H HH ▁equ ips ▁children ▁with ▁the ▁tools ▁to ▁change ▁their ▁lives ▁and ▁break ▁the ▁gener ational ▁cycle ▁of ▁add iction . ▁ ▁Children ▁who ▁attend ▁H ors es ▁He aling ▁He arts ▁are ▁given ▁proper ▁r iding ▁instruction ▁and ▁taught ▁about ▁the ▁overall ▁care ▁of ▁horses . ▁With ▁the ▁assistance ▁of ▁volunte ers , ▁ment ors ▁and ▁host ▁bar ns , ▁children ▁also ▁benefit ▁from ▁a ▁curr icul um - based ▁group ▁coun sel ing ▁session . ▁Since ▁its ▁in ception , ▁the ▁organization ▁has ▁grown ▁and ▁strateg ically ▁aligned ▁itself ▁with ▁respect ed ▁high - profile ▁e quest rian ▁amb ass adors . ▁H HH ▁is ▁fund ed ▁by ▁private ▁and ▁public ▁gr ants , ▁individual ▁don ations , ▁and ▁fund ra ising |
▁events , ▁with ▁its ▁most ▁notable ▁being ▁the ▁White , ▁White ▁West ▁Party . ▁ ▁History ▁ ▁After ▁growing ▁up ▁in ▁a ▁tur bul ent ▁and ▁alco hol ic ▁home , ▁O ls zew ski ▁attributed ▁her ▁surv ival ▁to ▁the ▁help ▁of ▁family , ▁coun sel ors ▁and ▁the ▁love ▁of ▁horses . ▁Her ▁mother ▁died ▁from ▁li ver ▁disease ▁as ▁a ▁result ▁of ▁alco hol ism ▁when ▁O ls zew ski ▁was ▁ 2 4 ▁years ▁old . ▁In ▁the ▁last ▁ten ▁years ▁of ▁her ▁mother ' s ▁life , ▁when ▁the ▁do ctors ▁predicted ▁she ▁could ▁die ▁at ▁any ▁time , ▁it ▁was ▁the ▁support ▁of ▁ment ors ▁and ▁horses ▁which ▁inspired ▁her ▁to ▁not ▁only ▁surv ive ▁but ▁help ▁others ▁going ▁through ▁the ▁same ▁fate . ▁Through ▁H HH , ▁O ls zew ski ▁created ▁an ▁organization ▁to ▁" pay ▁forward " ▁the ▁bless ings ▁afford ed ▁her ▁to ▁other ▁children ▁in ▁similar ▁situations . ▁ ▁H HH ▁was ▁conce ived ▁after ▁O ls zew ski ▁decided ▁not ▁to ▁publish ▁a ▁book ▁she ▁had ▁written ▁about ▁the ▁tra uma ▁experienced ▁during ▁her ▁child hood . ▁The ▁goal ▁of ▁her ▁book ▁was ▁to ▁help ▁those ▁who ▁had ▁similar ▁experiences ; ▁however , ▁although ▁she ▁enjoyed ▁writing , ▁she ▁enjoyed ▁working ▁with ▁and ▁r iding ▁horses ▁even ▁more . ▁While ▁volunte ering ▁at ▁an ▁equ ine ▁program ▁for ▁aut istic ▁and ▁phys ically ▁hand ic apped ▁children , ▁she ▁had ▁the ▁idea ▁to ▁start ▁a ▁similar ▁program ▁for ▁children ▁of ▁alco |
hol ics ▁and ▁add ict s . ▁The ▁economic ▁landscape ▁was ▁dis mal ▁at ▁the ▁time , ▁and ▁many ▁of ▁her ▁well - mean ing ▁friends ▁suggested ▁it ▁might ▁not ▁be ▁the ▁best ▁concept ▁or ▁timing . ▁O ls zew ski ▁decided ▁to ▁try ▁it ▁anyway ▁and ▁start ▁small ▁to ▁see ▁what ▁would ▁happen . ▁Having ▁no ▁funds ▁and ▁only ▁her ▁personal ▁horse , ▁she ▁searched ▁the ▁internet ▁to ▁see ▁how ▁other ▁equ ine ▁ther apy ▁programs ▁operated . ▁After ▁finding ▁" H ors es ▁In ▁the ▁H ood ," ▁a ▁non - pro fit ▁organization ▁benef iting ▁the ▁inner - city ▁community ▁by ▁providing ▁less ons ▁that ▁teach ▁skills ▁and ▁values ▁associated ▁with ▁the ▁care ▁and ▁r iding ▁of ▁horses ▁started ▁by ▁Kath y ▁K us ner , ▁O ls zew ski ▁was ▁inspired ▁to ▁rep licate ▁her ▁program ▁model ▁by ▁" part ner ing " ▁with ▁existing ▁bar ns . ▁In ▁October ▁ 2 0 0 9 , ▁H HH ▁had ▁its ▁first ▁two ▁participants . ▁ ▁H ors es ▁He aling ▁He arts ▁has ▁grown ▁in ▁size ▁and ▁reach ▁since ▁its ▁in ception ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 9 . ▁It ▁offers ▁four ▁equ ine ▁programs : ▁the ▁Children ' s ▁Pre vention ▁Program , ▁the ▁M ent or ship ▁Program , ▁the ▁V ault ing ▁Program , ▁and ▁Equ ine ▁Ass isted ▁Psych other apy . ▁As ▁of ▁June ▁ 2 0 1 7 , ▁H HH ▁has ▁ 4 7 ▁participants ▁and ▁was ▁on ▁track ▁to ▁reach ▁ |
1 0 0 ▁by ▁September ▁ 2 0 1 7 . ▁ ▁Community ▁partners ▁H HH ▁has ▁held ▁many ▁fund ra ising ▁events ▁in ▁conj unction ▁with ▁multiple ▁South ▁Florida ▁Community ▁partners . ▁The ▁non pro fit ' s ▁annual ▁event , ▁the ▁White , ▁White , ▁West ▁Party , ▁was ▁introduced ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁to ▁raise ▁money ▁and ▁educ ate ▁the ▁public ▁about ▁equ ine ▁ther apy . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 2 , ▁Miss ▁Florida ▁Kar ina ▁Bre z ▁chose ▁H HH ▁as ▁her ▁non - pro fit ▁platform ▁and ▁shared ▁its ▁mission ▁nation ally ▁as ▁she ▁competed ▁in ▁the ▁Miss ▁USA ▁Page ant . ▁ ▁By ▁ 2 0 1 3 , ▁Am anda ▁Chap lin ▁had ▁started ▁the ▁H HH ▁Big ▁Bro ther ▁Big ▁Sister ▁M ent oring ▁Program ▁which ▁matches ▁middle ▁and ▁high ▁school - aged ▁participants ▁with ▁ment ors ▁in ▁under grad uate ▁and ▁gradu ate ▁school . ▁ ▁H HH ▁wel com ed ▁Olympic ▁gold ▁medal ist ▁Peter ▁W yl de ▁as ▁their ▁first ▁Show ▁J ump ing ▁Amb assador . ▁Other ▁professional ▁ath lete ▁amb ass adors ▁have ▁since ▁joined ▁to ▁help ▁support ▁the ▁mission , ▁including ▁Marco ▁Bern al ▁( d ress age ), ▁Lisa ▁Jac quin ▁( sil ver ▁medal ist ▁in ▁jump ing ), ▁Jeff ▁Bla ke ▁( p olo ), ▁Stuart ▁" S ug ar " ▁Er sk ine ▁( p olo ), ▁and ▁Matt ▁Co pp ol la ▁( p olo ). ▁ ▁H HH |
▁was ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁only ▁groups ▁to ▁intern ▁with ▁the ▁Pal m ▁Beach ▁County ▁Sher iff ' s ▁Office ▁Mount ed ▁Unit . ▁H HH ▁received ▁the ▁Pal m ▁Beach ▁Sher iff ' s ▁Law ▁En for cement ▁Trust ▁Foundation ▁Grant ▁for ▁multiple ▁consecutive ▁years . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 6 , ▁Qu inton ▁A aron , ▁star ▁of ▁the ▁film ▁The ▁Bl ind ▁Side ; ▁members ▁of ▁his ▁foundation ; ▁and ▁H HH ▁collabor ated ▁to ▁kick ▁off ▁Well ington ' s ▁first ▁Anti - B ul lying ▁Day . ▁As ▁a ▁result ▁of ▁this ▁collaboration , ▁Well ington ▁Mayor ▁Bob ▁Marg olis ▁and ▁Florida ▁State ▁Att orney ▁Dave ▁Ar on berg ▁presented ▁a ▁pro clam ation ▁to ▁the ▁community ▁at ▁Victoria ▁McC ull ough ' s ▁M ID A ▁Far ms ▁estate , ▁naming ▁November ▁ 1 4 , ▁ 2 0 1 5 ▁a ▁" National ▁Day ▁to ▁End ▁Bul lying ." ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 6 , ▁H HH ▁President ▁L iz ▁O ls zew ski ▁and ▁H HH ▁particip ant ▁D yl an ▁Ar mus ▁were ▁invited ▁by ▁S is ▁W enger ▁( Pres ident ▁of ▁the ▁National ▁Association ▁for ▁Children ▁of ▁Al co hol ics ) ▁to ▁test ify ▁to ▁Congress ▁as ▁a ▁" voice ▁of ▁a ▁child ▁of ▁an ▁alco hol ic / add ict " ▁in ▁support ▁of ▁the ▁C AR A ▁Act ▁( Com pre h ensive ▁Add iction ▁Rec overy ▁Act ). ▁This ▁experience ▁brought ▁H HH ▁much ▁expos |
ure ▁and ▁invol vement ▁in ▁the ▁national ▁effort ▁to ▁raise ▁the ▁country ' s ▁aw aren ess ▁and ▁need ▁for ▁con gression al ▁action ▁to ▁combat ▁the ▁op iate ▁ep ide mic . ▁ ▁Program s ▁ ▁M ent or ship ▁The ▁ment or ship ▁program ▁was ▁created ▁by ▁Am anda ▁Chap lin , ▁a ▁girl ▁who ▁first ▁visited ▁H ors es ▁He aling ▁He arts ▁to ▁volunte er ▁with ▁her ▁mother . ▁Chap lin ▁developed ▁the ▁idea ▁of ▁a ▁ment oring ▁program ▁in ▁which ▁young ▁adult s ▁could ▁serve ▁as ▁" big ▁brothers ▁and ▁sister s " ▁to ▁incoming ▁k ids ▁(" l itt les ") ▁and ▁influence ▁their ▁lives ▁by ▁serving ▁as ▁positive ▁ment ors . ▁ ▁V ault ing ▁V ault ing ▁is ▁sometimes ▁described ▁as ▁g ymn ast ics ▁and ▁dance ▁on ▁horse back , ▁which ▁can ▁be ▁pract iced ▁both ▁compet it ively ▁or ▁non comp et it ively . ▁V ault ing ▁is ▁a ▁great ▁tool ▁for ▁both ▁physical ▁and ▁mental ▁health , ▁and ▁children ▁are ▁taught ▁to ▁completely ▁trust ▁the ▁horse ▁they ▁are ▁r iding ▁when ▁performing ▁v ault ing ▁rout ines . ▁The ▁v ault ing ▁program ▁held ▁by ▁H HH ▁consists ▁of ▁a ▁compet itive ▁team ▁of ▁children ▁who ▁practice ▁on ▁a ▁wooden ▁horse , ▁until ▁they ▁can ▁afford ▁to ▁buy ▁a ▁horse ▁for ▁the ▁program . ▁ ▁Equ ine - ass isted ▁psych other apy ▁Equ ine - ass isted ▁psych other apy ▁( E AP ) ▁incorpor ates ▁horses ▁for ▁mental ▁and |
▁behavior al ▁health ▁ther apy ▁and ▁personal ▁development . ▁Lic ensed ▁ther ap ists ▁work ▁with ▁horse ▁profession als ▁to ▁address ▁treatment ▁goals ▁with ▁clients ▁and ▁horses . ▁Part icip ants ▁learn ▁about ▁themselves ▁by ▁interact ing ▁with ▁horses ▁and ▁then ▁discuss ▁their ▁feelings , ▁behav iors , ▁and ▁patterns . ▁E AP ▁uses ▁horses ▁to ▁eng age ▁with ▁clients ▁during ▁ground ▁activities ▁that ▁require ▁the ▁particip ant ▁to ▁apply ▁certain ▁skills , ▁including ▁non - ver bal ▁communication , ▁assert iveness , ▁cre ative ▁thinking , ▁problem - sol ving , ▁leadership ▁and ▁confidence . ▁H ors es ▁help ▁people ▁to ▁connect ▁with ▁their ▁feelings , ▁as ▁horses ▁are ▁keen ly ▁aware ▁of ▁their ▁surr ound ings ▁and ▁the ▁intent ions ▁of ▁those ▁around ▁them . ▁H ors es ▁He aling ▁He arts ▁profession als ▁are ▁trained ▁in ▁the ▁exper ient ial ▁and ▁evidence - based ▁model ▁Equ ine ▁Ass isted ▁G row th ▁and ▁Learning ▁Association ▁( E AG AL A ), ▁which ▁is ▁used ▁in ▁ 5 0 ▁countries ▁and ▁has ▁over ▁ 4 , 5 0 0 ▁members . ▁Through ▁horses , ▁E AG AL A ▁uses ▁a ▁team ▁approach ▁( f oc using ▁on ▁ground ▁activities ) ▁to ▁address ▁mental ▁health ▁and ▁development ▁needs ▁of ▁participants , ▁which ▁allows ▁them ▁to ▁experiment ▁and ▁discover ▁their ▁own ▁solutions . ▁ ▁Although ▁H HH ▁uses ▁E AP ▁with ▁clients ▁from ▁various ▁populations , ▁they ▁special ize ▁in ▁serving ▁adult s ▁in ▁recovery ▁from ▁subst ance ▁use ▁dis order . ▁Since |
▁ 2 0 1 3 , ▁H HH ▁has ▁worked ▁with ▁over ▁ 5 , 0 0 0 ▁clients ▁from ▁area ▁treatment ▁cent ers . ▁Many ▁clients ▁comment ▁that ▁equ ine ▁ther apy ▁was ▁their ▁most ▁peace ful ▁and ▁enjoy able ▁activity ▁during ▁treatment . ▁ ▁Equ ine - ass isted ▁learning ▁Equ ine - ass isted ▁learning ▁( E AL ) ▁is ▁similar ▁to ▁E AP , ▁but ▁uses ▁horses ▁to ▁teach ▁more ▁broad ▁concepts ▁( communic ation , ▁team work , ▁problem ▁resolution ) ▁related ▁to ▁individual ▁development ▁and ▁group ▁dynamics . ▁H HH ' s ▁staff ▁has ▁completed ▁special ized ▁E AG AL A ▁training ▁related ▁to ▁offering ▁Fort une ▁ 5 0 0 ▁companies ▁E AL ▁as ▁a ▁training / st aff ▁development ▁benefit . ▁Exec ut ives ▁from ▁companies ▁such ▁as ▁Wal - Mart , ▁Ex x on , ▁and ▁Target ▁have ▁participated ▁in ▁E AG AL A ▁E AL ▁programs ▁to ▁improve ▁their ▁team ▁performance . ▁ ▁Host ▁bar ns ▁ ▁Car riage ▁Hill , ▁Del ray ▁Beach ▁( 2 0 1 2 – 2 0 1 5 ) ▁ ▁Joh ns ons ▁Fol ly ▁Farm , ▁Del ray ▁Beach ▁( 2 0 0 9 – present ) ▁ ▁E quest rian ▁Center , ▁Bo ynt on ▁Beach ▁( 2 0 1 4 – 2 0 1 6 ) ▁ ▁Prom otion ▁and ▁fund ra ising ▁Since ▁its ▁creation ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 9 , ▁H ors es ▁He aling ▁He arts ▁has ▁been ▁the ▁recip |
ient ▁of ▁don ations ▁from ▁both ▁e quest rian ▁and ▁non - e quest rian ▁families ▁and ▁corpor ate ▁companies . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 2 , ▁H HH ▁put ▁on ▁the ▁first ▁White , ▁White ▁West ▁Party ▁to ▁raise ▁money ▁for ▁the ▁char ity . ▁ 2 0 1 7 ' s ▁was ▁the ▁most ▁successful ▁fund ra iser ▁to ▁date , ▁bringing ▁in ▁over ▁$ 1 0 0 , 0 0 0 . ▁This ▁Western - th emed ▁white ▁party ▁draw s ▁guests ▁from ▁around ▁the ▁country ▁to ▁support ▁the ▁cause . ▁All ▁proceed s ▁raised ▁through ▁ticket ▁sales , ▁au ction ▁items ▁and ▁don ations ▁go ▁directly ▁to ▁program ▁exp enses ▁of ▁H ors es ▁He aling ▁He arts . ▁ ▁Since ▁ 2 0 1 5 , ▁H ors es ▁He aling ▁He arts ▁has ▁received ▁fund ra ising ▁money ▁from ▁the ▁Great ▁Char ity ▁Challenge , ▁held ▁at ▁the ▁start ▁of ▁the ▁Winter ▁E quest rian ▁Festival ▁at ▁the ▁Pal m ▁Beach ▁International ▁E quest rian ▁Center . ▁In ▁a ▁relay - style ▁jump ing ▁competition , ▁char ities ▁including ▁H HH ▁are ▁represented ▁by ▁a ▁team ▁and ▁prize ▁money ▁won ▁would ▁be ▁a ▁don ation ▁to ▁the ▁team ' s ▁char ity . ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 7 , ▁H HH ▁received ▁$ 2 1 , 0 0 0 ▁and ▁$ 6 7 , 0 0 0 ▁total ▁in ▁don ations ▁from ▁this ▁event ▁alone . ▁ ▁Research ▁on ▁equ ine ▁programs ▁for ▁children |
▁of ▁alco hol ics ▁H ors es ▁He aling ▁He arts ▁uses ▁the ▁similar ities ▁between ▁horses ▁and ▁children ▁of ▁alco hol ics ▁( CO As ), ▁primarily ▁with ▁regards ▁to ▁vig il ance ▁and ▁social izing , ▁to ▁help ▁the ▁children ▁relate ▁to ▁other ▁be ings . ▁H ors es ▁are ▁pre y ▁animals , ▁and ▁therefore ▁are ▁hyper v ig il ant ▁to ▁their ▁surr ound ings ▁and ▁any ▁potential ▁d angers , ▁much ▁the ▁same ▁way ▁that ▁CO As ▁must ▁gauge ▁the ▁m ood ▁of ▁an ▁add icted ▁parent ▁to ▁protect ▁themselves . ▁As ▁a ▁means ▁of ▁protect ing ▁their ▁emot ional ▁well - be ing , ▁CO As ▁frequently ▁suppress ▁their ▁voice ▁and ▁feelings , ▁and ▁are ▁c aut ious ▁not ▁to ▁trust ▁anyone . ▁In ▁time , ▁if ▁these ▁repr essed ▁feelings ▁are ▁not ▁addressed ▁by ▁prevent ive ▁inter vention , ▁CO As ▁often ▁seek ▁to ▁num b ▁these ▁internal ▁strugg les ▁with ▁dru gs ▁or ▁alco hol , ▁thus ▁continu ing ▁the ▁famil ial ▁history ▁of ▁add iction . ▁ ▁H ors es ▁He aling ▁He arts ▁incorpor ates ▁horses ▁into ▁the ▁program ▁to ▁increase ▁participants ' ▁social ▁skills ▁and ▁connect ivity . ▁As ▁her d ▁animals , ▁horses ▁are ▁naturally ▁social , ▁and ▁many ▁even ▁fear ▁being ▁alone . ▁This ▁makes ▁horses ▁a ▁useful ▁tool ▁for ▁CO As , ▁as ▁both ▁the ▁horse ▁and ▁the ▁child ▁seek ▁connection ▁with ▁another ▁living ▁being . ▁H ors es ▁are ▁extremely ▁per cept ive ▁to ▁both ▁external ▁and ▁internal |
▁conditions , ▁and ▁are ▁able ▁to ▁pick ▁up ▁on ▁the ▁emot ions ▁of ▁a ▁person , ▁whether ▁that ▁be ▁excitement , ▁fear , ▁or ▁confidence . ▁The ▁horse ▁is ▁an ▁ideal ▁animal ▁to ▁encou rage ▁and ▁motiv ate ▁CO As ▁to ▁connect ▁and ▁communicate ▁with ▁another ▁living ▁thing , ▁both ▁phys ically ▁and ▁em otion ally . ▁This ▁allows ▁the ▁child ▁to ▁release ▁suppress ed ▁emot ions , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁decrease ▁their ▁dis connect ▁with ▁others . ▁As ▁the ▁children ▁begin ▁to ▁grow ▁acc ustom ed ▁to ▁the ▁horses ▁and ▁the ▁atmosphere , ▁they ▁eventually ▁grow ▁eager ▁for ▁each ▁session , ▁and ▁begin ▁to ▁form ▁health y ▁b onds ▁and ▁relationships ▁with ▁both ▁the ▁horse ▁and ▁the ▁volunte ers , ▁something ▁which ▁is ▁challeng ing ▁to ▁do , ▁if ▁not ▁impossible , ▁in ▁a ▁home ▁with ▁add iction . ▁H HH ▁shows ▁what ▁" he alth y " ▁behavior ▁looks ▁like ▁so ▁the ▁children ▁have ▁a ▁model ▁to ▁em ulate . ▁ ▁Equ ine ▁ther apy , ▁also ▁known ▁as ▁hi pp other apy , ▁for ▁physical ▁dis abilities ▁and ▁a il ments ▁has ▁been ▁pract iced ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁since ▁the ▁ 1 9 6 0 s , ▁with ▁the ▁practice ▁truly ▁taking ▁hold ▁after ▁the ▁creation ▁of ▁the ▁North ▁American ▁R iding ▁for ▁the ▁Hand ic apped ▁Association ▁( N AR HA ) ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 9 , ▁but ▁using ▁horses ▁for ▁emot ional ▁tra uma ▁is ▁a ▁fairly ▁recent ▁development . ▁▁ ▁Through out ▁the ▁early |
▁ 2 0 0 0 s , ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁studies ▁were ▁conducted ▁to ▁address ▁the ▁effects ▁of ▁equ ine - ass isted ▁psych other apy ▁in ▁children . ▁Notable ▁examples ▁include ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁study ▁by ▁the ▁C inc inn ati ▁Children ' s ▁Hospital ▁Medical ▁Center , ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁study ▁completed ▁by ▁L ent ini ▁and ▁Kno x , ▁and ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁study ▁completed ▁by ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Washington , ▁which ▁concluded ▁that ▁there ▁was ▁a ▁notice able ▁reduction ▁in ▁children ' s ▁cort is ol ▁levels ▁after ▁working ▁with ▁equ ines . ▁The ▁accum ulation ▁of ▁these ▁studies ▁have ▁shown ▁strong ▁evidence ▁to ▁suggest ▁that ▁th era pe ut ic ▁r iding ▁benefits ▁children ' s ▁social ▁skills , ▁self - este em , ▁self - control , ▁communication ▁skills , ▁and ▁respect ▁for ▁others . ▁ ▁Effect s ▁of ▁equ ine ▁ther apy ▁Through ▁exer cis es ▁such ▁as ▁gro oming , ▁ground work , ▁training , ▁and ▁r iding , ▁children ▁of ▁alco hol ics ▁may ▁improve ▁in ▁multiple ▁areas ▁to ▁help ▁them ▁co pe ▁with ▁famil ial ▁alco hol ism . ▁Two ▁of ▁these ▁areas ▁include ▁developing ▁a ▁role ▁model ▁and ▁building ▁self - este em , ▁as ▁both ▁as ▁those ▁are ▁generally ▁absent ▁in ▁the ▁life ▁of ▁a ▁CO A . ▁ ▁H ors es ▁become ▁positive ▁role ▁models ▁for ▁the ▁children . ▁H ors es ▁are ▁highly ▁emot ional , ▁sometimes ▁intro vert ed |
, ▁and ▁frequently ▁need ▁to ▁build ▁a ▁rapport ▁with ▁an ▁individual ▁before ▁trust ing ▁them . ▁O ften , ▁the ▁CO A ▁can ▁relate ▁to ▁the ▁with h eld ▁trust , ▁but ▁the ▁horse ▁sets ▁an ▁example ▁for ▁the ▁child ▁as ▁it ▁grows ▁comfortable ▁with ▁him ▁or ▁her . ▁The ▁child ▁lear ns ▁to ▁place ▁trust ▁in ▁others , ▁just ▁as ▁the ▁horse ▁lear ns ▁to ▁trust ▁the ▁child . ▁At ▁the ▁on set ▁of ▁the ▁program , ▁children ▁sometimes ▁project ▁their ▁feelings ▁onto ▁the ▁horse , ▁saying ▁things ▁like ▁" he ▁seems ▁distant ▁and ▁does ▁not ▁want ▁to ▁be ▁touched ." ▁As ▁the ▁child ▁real izes ▁that ▁the ▁horse ▁is , ▁in ▁fact , ▁not ▁distant ▁but ▁actually ▁wants ▁to ▁be ▁social , ▁the ▁child ▁is ▁able ▁to ▁m im ic ▁this ▁behavior . ▁ ▁The ▁American ▁Association ▁for ▁Mar riage ▁and ▁Family ▁Ther apy ▁says ▁that ▁the ▁family ▁environment ▁surrounding ▁an ▁alco hol ic ▁may ▁be ▁character ized ▁by ▁t ension , ▁fear , ▁and ▁shame , ▁and ▁these ▁feelings ▁can ▁become ▁connected ▁with ▁a ▁child ' s ▁sense ▁of ▁self . ▁It ▁is ▁common ▁for ▁a ▁child ▁with ▁an ▁alco hol ic ▁parent ▁to ▁have ▁little ▁or ▁no ▁confidence , ▁as ▁repeated ▁neglect ▁and ▁ab use ▁causes ▁them ▁to ▁believe ▁that ▁they ▁are ▁not ▁worthy ▁of ▁love , ▁affection , ▁or ▁trust . ▁Some ▁children ▁bl ame ▁themselves ▁for ▁their ▁parent ' s ▁add iction , ▁or ▁believe ▁that ▁their ▁lives ▁are ▁not ▁important ▁enough ▁a ▁reason ▁for ▁their ▁parent |
▁to ▁overcome ▁add iction . ▁Equ ine ▁ther apy ▁provide ▁affection ▁and ▁attention ▁from ▁the ▁horse ▁and ▁the ▁volunte ers , ▁thus ▁boost ing ▁the ▁confidence ▁of ▁the ▁CO A . ▁As ▁the ▁child ▁grows ▁in ▁his ▁or ▁her ▁experience ▁with ▁the ▁program , ▁their ▁knowledge ▁of ▁and ▁familiar ity ▁with ▁the ▁horse ▁and ▁how ▁to ▁take ▁care ▁of ▁it ▁can ▁also ▁increase ▁self - este em , ▁as ▁does ▁their ▁success ▁through ▁the ▁exer cis es . ▁As ▁exer cis es ▁are ▁completed ▁and ▁mil est ones ▁are ▁reached , ▁the ▁children ▁feel ▁better ▁about ▁themselves . ▁ ▁In ▁addition ▁to ▁having ▁a ▁role ▁model ▁and ▁building ▁self - este em , ▁children ▁can ▁learn ▁the ▁importance ▁of ▁setting ▁boundaries ▁and ▁following ▁a ▁routine . ▁This ▁structure ▁can ▁posit ively ▁contribute ▁to ▁a ▁family ▁that ▁often ▁is ▁in ▁a ▁state ▁of ▁dis array . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : Char ities ▁based ▁in ▁Florida <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁St . ▁P ete / Clear water ▁El ite ▁Inv it ational ▁is ▁a ▁pr ese ason ▁college ▁soft ball ▁event ▁that ▁takes ▁place ▁in ▁middle ▁of ▁February ▁of ▁each ▁year , ▁at ▁the ▁Edd ie ▁C . ▁Moore ▁Complex ▁in ▁Clear water , ▁Florida . ▁ ▁Year - by - year ▁▁ 2 0 1 9 ▁ ▁Teams ▁S ources : ▁California ▁Florida ▁Atlantic ▁Florida ▁State ▁Hof stra ▁James ▁Mad ison ▁Kentucky ▁L SU ▁Minnesota ▁Notre ▁D ame ▁Ohio ▁State ▁Oklahoma ▁Oklahoma ▁State ▁Oregon ▁Tennessee ▁Texas ▁Ut ah ▁ ▁Team ▁records ▁at ▁the ▁ |
2 0 1 9 ▁Inv ite ▁▁ 2 0 2 0 ▁ ▁Teams ▁S ources : ▁Alabama ▁Florida ▁State ▁Georgia ▁James ▁Mad ison ▁Kansas ▁Liber ty ▁Minnesota ▁Missouri ▁North western ▁Oklahoma ▁State ▁South ▁Carolina ▁South ▁Florida ▁Texas ▁Te ch ▁U CLA ▁Virginia ▁Te ch ▁Washington ▁ ▁Team ▁records ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 2 0 ▁Inv ite ▁ ▁App ear ances ▁by ▁team ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁St . ▁P ete / Clear water ▁El ite ▁Inv it ational ▁▁▁ ▁Category : 2 0 1 9 ▁establish ments ▁in ▁Florida ▁Category : Rec urr ing ▁sport ing ▁events ▁established ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 9 ▁Category : So ft ball ▁in ▁Florida <0x0A> </s> ▁is ▁a ▁ 1 9 6 7 ▁Japanese ▁film ▁directed ▁by ▁K ih achi ▁Ok am oto . ▁ ▁Plot ▁ ▁A ▁n erd y ▁young ▁college ▁instruct or ▁named ▁Shin ji ▁K ik yo ▁returns ▁home ▁one ▁day ▁to ▁find ▁himself ▁the ▁target ▁of ▁a ▁mad ▁assass in . ▁Sur v iving ▁somewhat ▁mi rac ul ously , ▁he ▁f ends ▁off ▁other ▁assass ins ▁and , ▁with ▁the ▁help ▁of ▁the ▁rep orter ▁Ke iko ▁T sur um aki ▁and ▁the ▁car ▁mechan ic ▁Bill ▁Ot omo , ▁eventually ▁disco vers ▁that ▁a ▁" pop ulation ▁control " ▁association ▁is ▁really ▁an ▁assass ination ▁squad ▁led ▁by ▁Sh ogo ▁M iz or og i , ▁who ▁has ▁been ▁training ▁patients ▁in ▁a ▁mental ▁as yl um ▁to ▁become ▁kill ers . ▁Al ong ▁the ▁way , |
▁it ▁starts ▁to ▁appear ▁that ▁Shin ji ▁may ▁not ▁be ▁the ▁m ild - mann ered ▁academic ▁he ▁seemed ▁at ▁first , ▁but ▁a ▁well - tra ined ▁secret ▁agent . ▁ ▁Cast ▁ ▁Release ▁The ▁Age ▁of ▁Ass ass ins ▁was ▁released ▁in ▁Japan ▁in ▁February ▁ 4 , ▁ 1 9 6 7 . ▁The ▁film ▁was ▁released ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁by ▁T oh o ▁International ▁with ▁an ▁international ▁title ▁of ▁E po ch ▁of ▁Mur der ▁Mad ness ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 7 . ▁ ▁Re ception ▁The ▁critic ▁Chris ▁Des j ard ins ▁has ▁written ▁that ▁" Age ▁of ▁Ass ass ins ▁is ▁another ▁sharp - ed ged ▁l am po on ▁that ▁works ▁just ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁an ▁action ▁film , ▁and ▁comp ares ▁favor ably ▁with ▁such ▁other ▁brilliant , ▁tongue - in - che ek ▁mod ▁si xt ies ▁master pie ces ▁as ▁E lio ▁Pet ri ' s ▁The ▁T enth ▁Vict im ▁and ▁Se ij un ▁Su zu ki ' s ▁Brand ed ▁to ▁Kill ." ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Foot notes ▁ ▁S ources ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Category : J apan ese ▁black - and - white ▁films ▁Category : T oh o ▁films ▁Category : J apan ese ▁films <0x0A> </s> ▁Call id rep ana ▁splend ens ▁is ▁a ▁moth ▁in ▁the ▁family ▁D rep an idae ▁first ▁described ▁by ▁Warren ▁in ▁ 1 8 9 7 . ▁It ▁is ▁found ▁on ▁Pen ins ular ▁Malays ia ▁and ▁in ▁Indones |
ia ▁( S ul aw esi , ▁S ula ▁Islands , ▁Bor neo , ▁Sum atra , ▁Tim or ). ▁ ▁The ▁wings pan ▁is ▁about ▁ 2 0 mm . ▁The ▁for ew ings ▁are ▁cre am ▁col oured , ▁t ing ed ▁with ▁o live ▁and ▁the ▁costa ▁is ▁dark er , ▁suff used ▁throughout ▁with ▁sil very ▁scales . ▁The ▁cell - spot ▁is ▁large , ▁ear ▁sh aped , ▁dark ▁ch est nut ▁and ▁ed ged ▁with ▁sil very ▁scales . ▁There ▁is ▁a ▁bl ot ch ▁of ▁sil very ▁scales ▁at ▁the ▁base ▁of ▁the ▁cell , ▁with ▁a ▁line ▁of ▁the ▁same ▁colour ▁along ▁the ▁middle ▁of ▁cell , ▁through , ▁the ▁cell - spot , ▁and ▁bro aden ing ▁beyond ▁it . ▁There ▁is ▁also ▁a ▁sil very ▁subm arg inal ▁line , ▁in cur ved ▁at ▁the ▁middle , ▁then ▁parallel ▁to ▁the ▁h ind margin . ▁The ▁marg inal ▁line ▁is ▁sil very ▁and ▁the ▁fr inge ▁and ▁cost al ▁edge ▁before ▁the ▁a pe x ▁are ▁ful vous . ▁The ▁subm arg inal ▁line ▁is ▁ed ged ▁internally ▁with ▁o live ▁ful vous . ▁The ▁h ind w ings ▁have ▁a ▁short ▁sil very ▁line ▁from ▁the ▁inner ▁margin ▁at ▁two - third ▁and ▁the ▁marg inal ▁line ▁is ▁sil very ▁below ▁the ▁middle . ▁The ▁fr inge ▁is ▁ful vous . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : M oth s ▁described ▁in ▁ 1 8 9 7 ▁Category : D rep an |
inae <0x0A> </s> ▁In ▁applied ▁mathematics , ▁H ess ian ▁automatic ▁different iation ▁are ▁techniques ▁based ▁on ▁automatic ▁different iation ▁( AD ) ▁that ▁calculate ▁the ▁second ▁derivative ▁of ▁an ▁- dimensional ▁function , ▁known ▁as ▁the ▁H ess ian ▁matrix . ▁ ▁When ▁exam ining ▁a ▁function ▁in ▁a ▁neighborhood ▁of ▁a ▁point , ▁one ▁can ▁disc ard ▁many ▁complicated ▁global ▁aspects ▁of ▁the ▁function ▁and ▁accur ately ▁approximate ▁it ▁with ▁simpler ▁functions . ▁The ▁quadratic ▁approximation ▁is ▁the ▁best - f itting ▁quadratic ▁in ▁the ▁neighborhood ▁of ▁a ▁point , ▁and ▁is ▁frequently ▁used ▁in ▁engineering ▁and ▁science . ▁To ▁calculate ▁the ▁quadratic ▁approximation , ▁one ▁must ▁first ▁calculate ▁its ▁gradient ▁and ▁H ess ian ▁matrix . ▁ ▁Let ▁, ▁for ▁each ▁ ▁the ▁H ess ian ▁matrix ▁ ▁is ▁the ▁second ▁order ▁derivative ▁and ▁is ▁a ▁symmetric ▁matrix . ▁ ▁Re verse ▁H ess ian - vector ▁products ▁▁ ▁For ▁a ▁given ▁ ▁, ▁this ▁method ▁efficiently ▁calcul ates ▁the ▁H ess ian - vector ▁product ▁. ▁Thus ▁can ▁be ▁used ▁to ▁calculate ▁the ▁entire ▁H ess ian ▁by ▁calculating ▁, ▁for ▁. ▁ ▁The ▁method ▁works ▁by ▁first ▁using ▁forward ▁AD ▁to ▁perform ▁, ▁subsequently ▁the ▁method ▁then ▁calcul ates ▁the ▁gradient ▁of ▁▁ ▁using ▁Re verse ▁AD ▁to ▁yield ▁. ▁Both ▁of ▁these ▁two ▁steps ▁come ▁at ▁a ▁time ▁cost ▁proportional ▁to ▁evalu ating ▁the ▁function , ▁thus ▁the ▁entire ▁H ess ian ▁can ▁be ▁evaluated ▁at ▁a ▁cost ▁proportional ▁to ▁n ▁evalu ations ▁of ▁the ▁function . |
▁ ▁Re verse ▁H ess ian : ▁Edge _ P ushing ▁An ▁algorithm ▁that ▁calcul ates ▁the ▁entire ▁H ess ian ▁with ▁one ▁forward ▁and ▁one ▁reverse ▁swe ep ▁of ▁the ▁computational ▁graph ▁is ▁Edge _ P ushing . ▁Edge _ P ushing ▁is ▁the ▁result ▁of ▁applying ▁the ▁reverse ▁gradient ▁to ▁the ▁computational ▁graph ▁of ▁the ▁gradient . ▁Natur ally , ▁this ▁graph ▁has ▁n ▁output ▁nodes , ▁thus ▁in ▁a ▁sense ▁one ▁has ▁to ▁apply ▁the ▁reverse ▁gradient ▁method ▁to ▁each ▁out going ▁node . ▁Edge _ P ushing ▁does ▁this ▁by ▁taking ▁into ▁account ▁over la pping ▁calculations . ▁ ▁The ▁algorithm ' s ▁input ▁is ▁the ▁computational ▁graph ▁of ▁the ▁function . ▁After ▁a ▁preceding ▁forward ▁swe ep ▁where ▁all ▁intermediate ▁values ▁in ▁the ▁computational ▁graph ▁are ▁calculated , ▁the ▁algorithm ▁initi ates ▁a ▁reverse ▁swe ep ▁of ▁the ▁graph . ▁Upon ▁encounter ing ▁a ▁node ▁that ▁has ▁a ▁corresponding ▁non linear ▁element al ▁function , ▁a ▁new ▁non linear ▁edge ▁is ▁created ▁between ▁the ▁node ' s ▁prede cess ors ▁indicating ▁there ▁is ▁non linear ▁interaction ▁between ▁them . ▁See ▁the ▁example ▁figure ▁on ▁the ▁right . ▁App ended ▁to ▁this ▁non linear ▁edge ▁is ▁an ▁edge ▁weight ▁that ▁is ▁the ▁second - order ▁partial ▁derivative ▁of ▁the ▁non linear ▁node ▁in ▁relation ▁to ▁its ▁prede cess ors . ▁This ▁non linear ▁edge ▁is ▁subsequently ▁pushed ▁down ▁to ▁further ▁prede cess ors ▁in ▁such ▁a ▁way ▁that ▁when ▁it ▁reaches ▁the ▁independent ▁nodes , ▁its ▁edge ▁weight ▁is |
▁the ▁second - order ▁partial ▁derivative ▁of ▁the ▁two ▁independent ▁nodes ▁it ▁connect s . ▁ ▁Graph ▁colour ing ▁techniques ▁for ▁H ess ians ▁▁ ▁The ▁graph ▁colour ing ▁techniques ▁explore ▁sp ars ity ▁patterns ▁of ▁the ▁H ess ian ▁matrix ▁and ▁cheap ▁H ess ian ▁vector ▁products ▁to ▁obtain ▁the ▁entire ▁matrix . ▁Thus ▁these ▁techniques ▁are ▁su ited ▁for ▁large , ▁sparse ▁matrices . ▁The ▁general ▁strategy ▁of ▁any ▁such ▁colour ing ▁technique ▁is ▁as ▁follows . ▁▁ ▁Ob tain ▁the ▁global ▁sp ars ity ▁pattern ▁of ▁▁ ▁App ly ▁a ▁graph ▁colour ing ▁algorithm ▁that ▁allows ▁us ▁to ▁compact ▁the ▁sp ars ity ▁structure . ▁ ▁For ▁each ▁desired ▁point ▁ ▁calculate ▁numeric ▁entries ▁of ▁the ▁compact ▁matrix . ▁ ▁Rec over ▁the ▁H ess ian ▁matrix ▁from ▁the ▁compact ▁matrix . ▁ ▁Ste ps ▁one ▁and ▁two ▁need ▁only ▁be ▁carried ▁out ▁once , ▁and ▁tend ▁to ▁be ▁cost ly . ▁When ▁one ▁wants ▁to ▁calculate ▁the ▁H ess ian ▁at ▁numerous ▁points ▁( such ▁as ▁in ▁an ▁optimization ▁routine ), ▁ ▁steps ▁ 3 ▁and ▁ 4 ▁are ▁repeated . ▁▁▁ ▁As ▁an ▁example , ▁the ▁figure ▁on ▁the ▁left ▁shows ▁the ▁sp ars ity ▁pattern ▁of ▁the ▁H ess ian ▁matrix ▁where ▁the ▁columns ▁have ▁been ▁appropri ately ▁col oured ▁in ▁such ▁a ▁way ▁to ▁allow ▁columns ▁of ▁the ▁same ▁colour ▁to ▁be ▁merged ▁without ▁inc urr ing ▁in ▁a ▁collision ▁between ▁elements . ▁ ▁There ▁are ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁colour ing ▁techniques , ▁each ▁with ▁a |
▁specific ▁recovery ▁technique . ▁For ▁a ▁compreh ensive ▁survey , ▁see . ▁There ▁have ▁been ▁successful ▁numerical ▁results ▁of ▁such ▁methods . ▁ ▁References ▁▁ ▁Category : D iffer ential ▁calculus ▁Category : M atr ices <0x0A> </s> ▁Red ▁Vel vet ▁( H ang ul : ▁ 레 드 벨 벳 ) ▁is ▁a ▁South ▁Korean ▁girl ▁group ▁formed ▁by ▁SM ▁Entertainment . ▁The ▁group ▁deb uted ▁on ▁August ▁ 1 , ▁ 2 0 1 4 , ▁with ▁the ▁digital ▁single ▁" H app iness " ▁and ▁four ▁group ▁members : ▁I rene , ▁Se ul gi , ▁Wend y ▁and ▁Joy . ▁In ▁March ▁ 2 0 1 5 , ▁Y eri ▁was ▁added ▁into ▁the ▁group . ▁ ▁Since ▁their ▁debut , ▁Red ▁Vel vet ▁has ▁released ▁two ▁studio ▁albums , ▁one ▁re issue ▁album , ▁one ▁compilation ▁album ▁and ▁nine ▁extended ▁plays ▁in ▁Korean , ▁with ▁eleven ▁of ▁them ▁to pping ▁South ▁Korea ' s ▁Ga on ▁Album ▁Chart . ▁Their ▁singles ▁" H app iness ", ▁" I ce ▁C ream ▁C ake ", ▁" D umb ▁D umb ", ▁" Russ ian ▁Rou lette ", ▁" R ook ie ", ▁" Pe ek - a - B oo ", ▁" Bad ▁Boy " ▁and ▁" P s y cho " ▁have ▁all ▁chart ed ▁in ▁the ▁top ▁five ▁on ▁Ga on ▁Digital ▁Chart , ▁while ▁their ▁singles ▁" Red ▁F lav or " ▁and ▁" Power ▁Up " ▁to pped ▁the ▁chart ▁upon ▁release . ▁Additionally , |
▁they ▁made ▁their ▁Japanese ▁debut ▁in ▁July ▁ 2 0 1 8 ▁with ▁the ▁extended ▁play ▁# Cookie ▁Jar . ▁ ▁Reg arded ▁as ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁most ▁popular ▁K - pop ▁groups ▁world wide ▁by ▁Time ▁and ▁Billboard , ▁Red ▁Vel vet ▁has ▁received ▁several ▁awards ▁for ▁music , ▁ch ore ography ▁and ▁popular ity , ▁including ▁the ▁Golden ▁Disc ▁New ▁Art ist ▁Award ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 5 ▁and ▁the ▁M net ▁Asian ▁Music ▁Award ▁for ▁Best ▁Fem ale ▁Group ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 7 . ▁The ▁group ▁won ▁their ▁first ▁international ▁award ▁for ▁“ Close ▁to ▁Me " ▁in ▁collaboration ▁with ▁Ell ie ▁G ould ing ▁at ▁the ▁Te en ▁Cho ice ▁Awards ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 9 . ▁That ▁year , ▁the ▁group ▁also ▁made ▁history ▁by ▁becoming ▁the ▁first ▁girl ▁group ▁to ▁achieve ▁a ▁number - one ▁on ▁the ▁US ▁i T unes ▁Album ▁Chart ▁thr ice ▁in ▁one ▁year . ▁Additionally , ▁they ▁won ▁Song ▁of ▁the ▁Year ▁at ▁the ▁Asia ▁Art ist ▁Awards ▁for ▁" U mp ah ▁U mp ah " ▁and ▁Stage ▁of ▁the ▁Year ▁at ▁the ▁Sor ib ada ▁Best ▁K - Music ▁Awards ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 9 . ▁ ▁History ▁ ▁Pre - de but ▁Se ul gi ▁was ▁the ▁first ▁member ▁to ▁be ▁cast ▁as ▁an ▁SM ▁Entertainment ▁tra ine e ▁through ▁an ▁aud ition ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 7 , ▁while ▁I rene ▁was ▁cast ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 9 , ▁and ▁Y |
eri ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 1 . ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 2 , ▁Wend y ▁and ▁Joy ▁were ▁cast ▁through ▁the ▁SM ▁Global ▁Aud itions ▁in ▁Canada ▁and ▁Se oul ▁respectively . ▁Pre par ations ▁for ▁Red ▁Vel vet ▁began ▁in ▁late ▁ 2 0 1 3 , ▁through ▁SM ▁Entertainment ' s ▁tra ine e ▁group ▁SM ▁Ro ok ies . ▁I rene ▁and ▁Se ul gi ▁were ▁introduced ▁initially ▁to ▁the ▁public ▁through ▁the ▁said ▁project ▁team ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 3 , ▁followed ▁by ▁Wend y ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 4 . ▁The ▁three ▁members ▁were ▁rum ored ▁to ▁debut ▁as ▁a ▁group ▁in ▁July , ▁which ▁was ▁then ▁confirmed ▁by ▁SM ▁Entertainment . ▁With ▁the ▁addition ▁of ▁member ▁Joy , ▁the ▁four - member ▁group ▁would ▁debut ▁as ▁Red ▁Vel vet , ▁SM ▁Entertainment ' s ▁first ▁girl ▁group ▁in ▁five ▁years ▁since ▁f ( x ). ▁▁ 2 0 1 4 – 2 0 1 5 : ▁Deb ut , ▁addition ▁of ▁Y eri , ▁Ice ▁C ream ▁C ake ▁and ▁The ▁Red ▁ ▁On ▁August ▁ 1 , ▁ 2 0 1 4 , ▁Red ▁Vel vet ▁made ▁their ▁official ▁debut ▁stage ▁on ▁the ▁music ▁program ▁Music ▁Bank . ▁Their ▁debut ▁single , ▁" H app iness ", ▁was ▁digit ally ▁released ▁on ▁August ▁ 4 . ▁The ▁song ▁was ▁p enn ed ▁by ▁Y oo ▁Young - jin ▁and ▁composed ▁by ▁Will ▁Sim ms , ▁Ch ad ▁Hugo ▁( The ▁Ne pt |
unes ), ▁Chris ▁Hol sten , ▁and ▁Anne ▁Jud ith ▁Wik ▁( D sign ▁Music ). ▁It ▁was ▁described ▁as ▁an ▁urban ▁Europ op ▁song ▁with ▁a ▁strong ▁synth ▁sound ▁and ▁an ▁African ▁trib al ▁beat . ▁The ▁original ▁music ▁video ▁for ▁" H app iness " ▁gained ▁more ▁than ▁ 2 ▁million ▁views ▁on ▁YouTube ▁in ▁its ▁first ▁ 2 4 ▁hours ▁of ▁release ▁before ▁being ▁removed ▁due ▁to ▁controvers y ▁over ▁problem atic ▁background ▁images ▁and ▁replaced ▁with ▁an ▁edited ▁version . ▁" H app iness " ▁was ▁the ▁second - most ▁viewed ▁K - pop ▁music ▁video ▁world wide ▁for ▁the ▁month ▁of ▁August ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 4 . ▁Red ▁Vel vet ▁is ▁also ▁the ▁first ▁K - pop ▁girl ▁group ▁to ▁send ▁their ▁debut ▁single ▁to ▁the ▁Billboard ▁charts , ▁where ▁it ▁pe aked ▁at ▁number ▁ 4 . ▁ ▁Red ▁Vel vet ▁released ▁their ▁second ▁digital ▁single ▁" Be ▁Natural " ▁and ▁its ▁music ▁video ▁on ▁October ▁ 1 3 , ▁ 2 0 1 4 . ▁The ▁song , ▁which ▁includes ▁a ▁rap ▁verse ▁by ▁N CT ▁member ▁Ta ey ong , ▁is ▁a ▁re make ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 0 ▁song ▁of ▁the ▁same ▁name ▁by ▁S . E . S ., ▁SM ▁Entertainment ' s ▁first ▁girl ▁group . ▁The ▁music ▁video ▁for ▁the ▁song ▁was ▁directed ▁by ▁K won ▁So on - wo ok ▁and ▁Sh im ▁J ae - won , ▁ch ore ograph ed ▁by ▁K yle ▁Han |
ag ami , ▁and ▁features ▁original ▁ch ore ography ▁seen ▁in ▁a ▁pre - de but ▁te aser ▁of ▁I rene ▁and ▁Se ul gi , ▁which ▁they ▁performed ▁as ▁part ▁of ▁SM ▁Ro ok ies . ▁The ▁group ▁started ▁their ▁prom ot ions ▁on ▁October ▁ 9 , ▁making ▁their ▁first ▁appearance ▁on ▁the ▁music ▁program , ▁M ▁Count down . ▁The ▁song ▁pe aked ▁at ▁number ▁ 3 3 ▁on ▁the ▁Ga on ▁Digital ▁Chart ▁and ▁at ▁number ▁ 6 ▁on ▁the ▁Billboard ▁World ▁Digital ▁Songs ▁chart . ▁For ▁their ▁debut , ▁Red ▁Vel vet ▁went ▁on ▁to ▁win ▁" R ook ie ▁of ▁The ▁Year " ▁at ▁the ▁Golden ▁Disk ▁Awards ▁and ▁the ▁Se oul ▁Music ▁Awards . ▁ ▁On ▁March ▁ 1 1 , ▁ 2 0 1 5 , ▁SM ▁Ro ok ies ▁member ▁Y eri ▁was ▁officially ▁announced ▁as ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁group , ▁who ▁received ▁a ▁lot ▁of ▁hate ▁online ▁for ▁a ▁consider ably ▁long ▁period ▁of ▁time ▁after ▁her ▁debut . ▁ ▁People ▁claimed ▁that ▁the ▁group ▁was ▁better ▁with ▁only ▁ 4 ▁members . ▁On ▁March ▁ 1 5 , ▁the ▁group ' s ▁first ▁mini - album ▁Ice ▁C ream ▁C ake ▁was ▁released . ▁The ▁group ▁promoted ▁with ▁double ▁lead ▁singles ▁" Autom atic " ▁and ▁" I ce ▁C ream ▁C ake " ▁for ▁which ▁the ▁music ▁videos ▁were ▁released ▁on ▁March ▁ 1 4 ▁and ▁ 1 5 . ▁On ▁March ▁ 1 9 , ▁the ▁group ▁held ▁their ▁album |
▁show case ▁on ▁Ice ▁C ream ▁TV , ▁a ▁program ▁stream ed ▁through ▁Na ver ▁Music ▁and ▁hosted ▁by ▁Sh ine e ' s ▁Min ho . ▁On ▁March ▁ 2 7 , ▁they ▁won ▁their ▁first ▁music ▁show ▁tro phy ▁on ▁K BS ' s ▁Music ▁Bank . ▁The ▁album ▁went ▁on ▁to ▁become ▁the ▁best ▁s elling ▁album ▁by ▁a ▁girl ▁group ▁in ▁South ▁Korea ▁for ▁the ▁first ▁half ▁of ▁ 2 0 1 5 ▁on ▁the ▁H ante o ▁Chart . ▁In ▁August ▁ 2 0 1 5 , ▁Red ▁Vel vet ▁held ▁their ▁first ▁U . S . ▁performance ▁during ▁the ▁annual ▁K CON ▁convention ▁and ▁music ▁festival ▁in ▁Los ▁Angeles , ▁California . ▁ ▁Red ▁Vel vet ' s ▁first ▁full - length ▁album , ▁The ▁Red , ▁was ▁released ▁on ▁September ▁ 9 , ▁ 2 0 1 5 , ▁with ▁a ▁total ▁of ▁ten ▁tracks ▁including ▁the ▁lead ▁single ▁" D umb ▁D umb ". ▁The ▁album ▁was ▁an ▁immediate ▁success ▁as ▁it ▁was ▁received ▁posit ively ▁by ▁critics . ▁Billboard ' s ▁Jeff ▁Benjamin ▁called ▁The ▁Red ▁" an ▁impress ive , ▁solid ▁debut ▁album ", ▁stating ▁that ▁it ▁" ind ic ates ▁big ▁things ▁for ▁the ▁act ▁that ▁needs ▁to ▁follow ▁in ▁the ▁foot steps ▁of ▁their ▁bel oved ▁female ▁label ▁m ates ▁Girls ' ▁Generation ▁and ▁f ( x ). " ▁The ▁Red ▁deb uted ▁at ▁number ▁ 1 ▁on ▁Billboard ' s ▁World ▁Albums ▁Chart ▁and ▁South ▁Korea ' s ▁Ga on |
▁Album ▁Chart , ▁and ▁also ▁appeared ▁in ▁Billboard ''' s ▁list ▁of ▁the ▁" 1 0 ▁Best ▁K - Pop ▁Albums ▁of ▁ 2 0 1 5 ", ▁which ▁described ▁the ▁album ▁as ▁" one ▁of ▁the ▁year ' s ▁most ▁enjoy able ▁and ▁experimental ▁pop ▁LP s ." ▁" D umb ▁D umb " ▁pe aked ▁at ▁number ▁three ▁on ▁Billboard ▁World ▁Digital ▁Songs ▁chart , ▁making ▁it ▁the ▁best - s elling ▁K - pop ▁song ▁in ▁America ▁of ▁the ▁week . ▁The ▁single ▁also ▁to pped ▁the ▁list ▁of ▁the ▁" Top ▁ 2 0 ▁K - pop ▁Tra cks ▁of ▁ 2 0 1 5 " ▁by ▁D az ed , ▁which ▁stated ▁that ▁the ▁group ▁has ▁" sur pass ed ▁their ▁id ol ▁compet itors " ▁and ▁" mark ed ▁a ▁monument al , ▁career - c row ning ▁musical ▁torn ado ". ▁The ▁music ▁video ▁for ▁" D umb ▁D umb " ▁was ▁included ▁as ▁the ▁only ▁non - English ▁language ▁entry ▁in ▁Rol ling ▁Stone ' s ▁" 1 0 ▁Best ▁Music ▁Videos ▁of ▁ 2 0 1 5 ". ▁On ▁December ▁ 1 8 , ▁the ▁group ▁took ▁part ▁in ▁S . M . ▁Entertainment ' s ▁special ▁winter ▁project ▁Winter ▁Garden , ▁alongside ▁label - m ates ▁f ( x ) ▁and ▁Bo A , ▁re le asing ▁a ▁digital ▁single ▁titled ▁" W ish ▁Tree ". ▁▁ 2 0 1 6 – 2 0 1 7 : ▁The ▁Vel vet , ▁Russian ▁Rou |
lette , ▁Ro ok ie , ▁The ▁Red ▁Summer ▁and ▁Per fect ▁Vel vet ▁ ▁Red ▁Vel vet ' s ▁second ▁mini ▁album ▁The ▁Vel vet ▁was ▁intended ▁to ▁be ▁released ▁on ▁March ▁ 1 6 , ▁ 2 0 1 6 , ▁however , ▁SM ▁Entertainment ▁announced ▁that ▁the ▁music ▁video ▁and ▁album ' s ▁release ▁would ▁be ▁delayed ▁" to ▁guarantee ▁a ▁high ▁quality ▁of ▁work ". ▁The ▁album ▁and ▁its ▁title ▁track ▁" One ▁of ▁These ▁N ights " ▁( K ore an ▁title : ▁ 7 월 ▁ 7 일 ) ▁was ▁only ▁released ▁on ▁March ▁ 1 7 . ▁The ▁album ▁show cases ▁the ▁smooth ▁R & B - infl uen ced ▁" vel vet " ▁side ▁of ▁the ▁group ' s ▁concept ▁and ▁is ▁a ▁direct ▁follow - up ▁album ▁to ▁The ▁Red , ▁which ▁highlight ed ▁the ▁group ' s ▁bright ▁and ▁bold ▁" red " ▁persona . ▁ ▁The ▁group ▁released ▁their ▁third ▁extended ▁play ▁Russian ▁Rou lette ▁on ▁September ▁ 7 . ▁The ▁album ▁consisted ▁of ▁seven ▁tracks , ▁with ▁the ▁lead ▁single ▁titled ▁" Russ ian ▁Rou lette ". ▁On ▁September ▁ 1 3 , ▁ 2 0 1 6 , ▁Red ▁Vel vet ▁took ▁their ▁first ▁music ▁show ▁win ▁for ▁Russian ▁Rou lette ▁on ▁The ▁Show . ▁The ▁title ▁track ▁also ▁pe aked ▁at ▁number ▁two ▁on ▁the ▁Ga on ▁Digital ▁Chart ▁and ▁Billboard ' s ▁World ▁Digital ▁Songs ▁chart , ▁making ▁it ▁their ▁highest ▁rank ings ▁on ▁both ▁charts ▁at ▁the |
▁time . ▁ ▁On ▁February ▁ 1 , ▁ 2 0 1 7 , ▁Red ▁Vel vet ▁released ▁their ▁fourth ▁mini ▁album , ▁Ro ok ie . ▁The ▁EP ▁consisted ▁of ▁six ▁tracks ; ▁it ▁featured ▁the ▁title ▁track ▁" R ook ie " ▁and ▁a ▁solo ▁track ▁by ▁Wend y ▁titled ▁" Last ▁Love " ▁( 마 지 막 ▁ 사 랑 ). ▁The ▁album ▁to pped ▁the ▁Week ly ▁Ga on ▁Album ▁Chart ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁the ▁Billboard ▁World ▁Albums ▁Chart . ▁The ▁group ▁took ▁their ▁first ▁music ▁show ▁win ▁for ▁" R ook ie " ▁on ▁The ▁Show ▁on ▁February ▁ 7 , ▁followed ▁by ▁wins ▁on ▁Show ▁Champion , ▁M ▁Count down , ▁Music ▁Bank , ▁and ▁In k ig ay o . ▁On ▁March ▁ 3 1 , ▁the ▁group ▁released ▁the ▁first ▁single ▁for ▁SM ▁Station ▁ 2 , ▁titled ▁" W ould ▁U ". ▁For ▁further ▁prom ot ions , ▁from ▁July ▁ 2 7 ▁to ▁September ▁ 1 0 , ▁Red ▁Vel vet ▁star red ▁in ▁their ▁first ▁reality ▁television ▁program , ▁Level ▁Up ▁Project ▁which ▁show c ased ▁the ▁foot age ▁of ▁their ▁trip ▁to ▁Th ailand . ▁The ▁show ▁a ired ▁for ▁ 2 3 ▁episodes , ▁and ▁was ▁shot ▁without ▁member ▁Joy ▁who ▁was ▁film ing ▁the ▁drama ▁The ▁Li ar ▁and ▁His ▁L over ▁where ▁she ▁was ▁the ▁female ▁lead . ▁ ▁On ▁July ▁ 9 , ▁Red ▁Vel vet ▁released ▁their ▁first ▁summer ▁special ▁extended ▁play ▁The ▁Red ▁Summer ▁with |
▁the ▁title ▁track ▁" Red ▁F lav or " ▁( 빨 간 ▁ 맛 ). ▁It ▁was ▁their ▁first ▁summer ▁release . ▁The ▁EP ▁was ▁a ▁commercial ▁success , ▁again ▁to pping ▁the ▁Ga on ▁Album ▁Chart ▁and ▁the ▁Billboard ▁World ▁Albums ▁Chart . ▁This ▁was ▁their ▁third ▁number ▁ 1 ▁release ▁and ▁it ▁set ▁the ▁record ▁for ▁most ▁number ▁ 1 ▁albums ▁on ▁the ▁chart ▁by ▁a ▁K - pop ▁girl ▁group . ▁Additionally , ▁" Red ▁F lav or " ▁deb uted ▁at op ▁the ▁Ga on ▁Digital ▁Chart ▁with ▁the ▁other ▁four ▁songs ▁from ▁the ▁EP ▁also ▁chart ing ▁in ▁the ▁Top ▁ 5 0 . ▁ ▁On ▁August ▁ 1 8 , ▁the ▁group ▁held ▁their ▁first ▁solo ▁concert ▁titled ▁" Red ▁Room " ▁to ▁an ▁audience ▁of ▁ 1 1 , 0 0 0 . ▁Although ▁it ▁was ▁initially ▁planned ▁to ▁be ▁a ▁two - day ▁concert , ▁another ▁day ▁was ▁added ▁due ▁to ▁demand . ▁On ▁October ▁ 4 , ▁SM ▁Entertainment ▁announced ▁through ▁their ▁Japanese ▁website ▁that ▁the ▁group ▁would ▁have ▁their ▁first ▁show case ▁in ▁Japan . ▁" Red ▁Vel vet ▁Prem ium ▁Show case ▁F ' U ' N ▁Room ▁Re vel uv - B aby ▁Party " ▁took ▁place ▁at ▁the ▁Y eb isu ▁The ▁Garden ▁Hall ▁in ▁Tokyo ▁on ▁October ▁ 2 3 . ▁They ▁performed ▁the ▁Japanese ▁versions ▁of ▁their ▁Korean ▁songs ▁" D umb ▁D umb " ▁and ▁" Red ▁F lav or " ▁for ▁the ▁first ▁time . ▁After |
▁wrapping ▁up ▁the ▁show case , ▁it ▁was ▁officially ▁announced ▁that ▁Red ▁Vel vet ' s ▁concert ▁" Red ▁Room " ▁would ▁take ▁place ▁in ▁Japan ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 8 . ▁ ▁Red ▁Vel vet ▁revis ited ▁their ▁" vel vet " ▁image ▁by ▁re le asing ▁their ▁second ▁full - length ▁album ▁Per fect ▁Vel vet ▁on ▁November ▁ 1 7 ▁with ▁the ▁lead ▁single ▁" Pe ek - a - B oo ". ▁Un like ▁their ▁first ▁" vel vet " ▁release , ▁the ▁album ▁and ▁single ▁were ▁both ▁commer cially ▁successful . ▁The ▁album ▁pe aked ▁at op ▁Billboard ' s ▁World ▁Album ▁Chart . ▁" Pe ek - a - B oo " ▁pe aked ▁at ▁number ▁ 2 ▁on ▁Billboard ' s ▁World ▁Digital ▁Songs ▁chart , ▁t ying ▁with ▁their ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁single ▁" Russ ian ▁Rou lette ". ▁In ▁South ▁Korea , ▁the ▁album ▁and ▁the ▁single ▁" Pe ek - a - B oo " ▁both ▁chart ed ▁at ▁number ▁ 2 ▁on ▁the ▁Ga on ▁Album ▁Chart ▁and ▁Ga on ▁Digital ▁Chart . ▁Through ▁the ▁release ▁of ▁Ro ok ie , ▁The ▁Red ▁Summer ▁and ▁Per fect ▁Vel vet ▁all ▁in ▁the ▁same ▁year , ▁along ▁with ▁the ▁popular ity ▁of ▁the ▁single ▁" Red ▁F lav or " ▁( which ▁according ▁to ▁Jung ▁Ji - won ▁of ▁O sen ▁best ▁represents ▁the ▁year ▁of ▁ 2 0 1 7 ), ▁and ▁the ▁success ▁of ▁their ▁albums ▁over se |
as , ▁Red ▁Vel vet ▁achieved ▁a ▁" top ▁girl ▁group " ▁status ▁in ▁South ▁Korea ; ▁their ▁status ▁was ▁further ▁c ement ed ▁when ▁Per fect ▁Vel vet ▁sold ▁over ▁ 1 0 0 , 0 0 0 ▁copies ▁and ▁" Pe ek - A - B oo " ▁won ▁first ▁place ▁on ▁the ▁music ▁program ▁In k ig ay o ▁on ▁their ▁last ▁day ▁of ▁prom ot ions ▁for ▁the ▁song , ▁prov ing ▁its ▁lon ge vity ▁on ▁the ▁charts . ▁▁ 2 0 1 8 : ▁The ▁Per fect ▁Red ▁Vel vet , ▁# Cookie ▁Jar , ▁Summer ▁Magic , ▁R BB ▁and ▁tour ing ▁The ▁group ▁released ▁a ▁re issue ▁of ▁Per fect ▁Vel vet , ▁The ▁Per fect ▁Red ▁Vel vet , ▁on ▁January ▁ 2 9 , ▁ 2 0 1 8 . ▁It ▁included ▁five ▁new ▁tracks ▁in ▁addition ▁to ▁all ▁the ▁songs ▁from ▁Per fect ▁Vel vet , ▁with ▁the ▁single ▁" Bad ▁Boy " ▁promoted ▁as ▁its ▁title ▁track . ▁ ▁The ▁album ▁to pped ▁the ▁Ga on ▁Album ▁Chart ▁upon ▁its ▁release ▁while ▁" Bad ▁Boy " ▁deb uted ▁at ▁number ▁ 2 ▁on ▁the ▁Ga on ▁Digital ▁Chart . ▁The ▁Per fect ▁Red ▁Vel vet ▁also ▁chart ed ▁at ▁number ▁ 3 ▁on ▁Billboard ' s ▁World ▁Albums ▁chart ▁while ▁" Bad ▁Boy " ▁deb uted ▁at ▁number ▁ 2 ▁on ▁its ▁World ▁Digital ▁Songs ▁chart . ▁Red ▁Vel vet ▁also ▁entered ▁the ▁Top ▁ 1 0 ▁of ▁Bill boards ▁Social |
▁ 5 0 ▁chart ▁for ▁the ▁first ▁time , ▁chart ing ▁at ▁number ▁nine . ▁The ▁album ▁also ▁marked ▁the ▁first ▁time ▁the ▁group ▁has ▁appeared ▁on ▁the ▁Canadian ▁Hot ▁ 1 0 0 ▁and ▁chart ed ▁at ▁number ▁ 8 7 , ▁becoming ▁only ▁the ▁sevent h ▁K - pop ▁artist ▁and ▁the ▁third ▁female ▁act ▁to ▁appear ▁on ▁the ▁chart . ▁Red ▁Vel vet ▁promoted ▁the ▁song ▁on ▁various ▁South ▁Korean ▁music ▁shows , ▁ear ning ▁their ▁first ▁music ▁show ▁win ▁for ▁" Bad ▁Boy " ▁on ▁February ▁ 8 ▁on ▁Show ▁Champion . ▁In ▁December , ▁Billboard ▁chose ▁" Bad ▁Boy " ▁as ▁the ▁best ▁K - pop ▁song ▁of ▁the ▁year . ▁ ▁Red ▁Vel vet ' s ▁solo ▁concert ▁" Red ▁Room " ▁was ▁held ▁in ▁Tokyo , ▁Japan ▁on ▁March ▁ 2 8 ▁and ▁ 2 9 ▁at ▁the ▁Mus ash ino ▁Forest ▁Sports ▁Pla za , ▁a ▁ 1 0 , 0 0 0 - se at ▁capacity ▁ven ue ▁that ▁will ▁later ▁be ▁used ▁for ▁the ▁ 2 0 2 0 ▁Tokyo ▁Olympics . ▁On ▁the ▁second ▁day , ▁the ▁group ▁announced ▁that ▁they ▁would ▁be ▁officially ▁debut ing ▁in ▁Japan ▁in ▁July ▁through ▁a ▁song ▁release . ▁On ▁May ▁ 2 9 , ▁ 2 0 1 8 , ▁Red ▁Vel vet ▁performed ▁alongside ▁other ▁selected ▁South ▁Korean ▁artists ▁for ▁an ▁inter - K ore an ▁concert ▁in ▁Py ong y ang , ▁North ▁Korea . ▁This ▁makes ▁them ▁the ▁first ▁artist ▁from ▁SM |
▁Entertainment ▁in ▁fifteen ▁years ▁since ▁Shin h wa ▁to ▁perform ▁in ▁North ▁Korea . ▁ ▁On ▁April ▁ 2 9 , ▁ 2 0 1 8 , ▁Red ▁Vel vet ▁held ▁their ▁first ▁fan ▁meeting ▁at ▁the ▁Ros em ont ▁Theater ▁in ▁Chicago , ▁to ▁an ▁audience ▁of ▁ 4 , 0 0 0 . ▁ ▁This ▁event ▁was ▁first ▁solo ▁performance ▁from ▁a ▁female ▁K - pop ▁group ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁since ▁ 2 0 1 6 . ▁The ▁group ▁later ▁tou red ▁six ▁Japanese ▁cities ▁in ▁May ▁and ▁June , ▁reaching ▁a ▁total ▁audience ▁of ▁ 2 0 , 0 0 0 . ▁Their ▁debut ▁Japanese ▁EP , ▁titled ▁# Cookie ▁Jar , ▁was ▁released ▁on ▁July ▁ 4 , ▁ 2 0 1 8 ▁by ▁the ▁label ▁A vex ▁Tra x , ▁and ▁included ▁six ▁new ▁songs ▁including ▁the ▁Japanese ▁versions ▁of ▁" D umb ▁D umb ", ▁" Russ ian ▁Rou lette " ▁and ▁" Red ▁F lav or ". ▁The ▁other ▁songs ▁were ▁"# Cookie ▁Jar " ▁ ," A it ai - ta i ", ▁and ▁" C ause ▁it ' s ▁you ". ▁The ▁EP ▁deb uted ▁at ▁the ▁third ▁spot ▁of ▁the ▁Or icon ▁Week ly ▁Albums ▁chart ▁and ▁sold ▁ 2 6 , 1 2 4 ▁copies ▁on ▁its ▁first ▁week ▁of ▁release ▁in ▁Japan . ▁ ▁On ▁July ▁ 1 9 , ▁ 2 0 1 8 , ▁Red ▁Vel vet ▁announced ▁that ▁they ▁would ▁be ▁making ▁a ▁com eb ack , |
▁and ▁they ▁had ▁fil med ▁their ▁music ▁video ▁out do ors ▁in ▁G ye ong gi - do . ▁The ▁songs ▁from ▁the ▁new ▁album ▁were ▁performed ▁at ▁Red ▁Vel vet ' s ▁second ▁concert ▁" Red m are ", ▁held ▁in ▁Se oul ▁on ▁August ▁ 4 – 5 . ▁On ▁August ▁ 6 , ▁Red ▁Vel vet ▁released ▁their ▁second ▁summer ▁special ▁EP ▁Summer ▁Magic ▁containing ▁eight ▁tracks , ▁including ▁one ▁bonus ▁track ▁and ▁one ▁i T unes ▁exclusive ▁special ▁audio ▁track . ▁Its ▁lead ▁single ▁" Power ▁Up " ▁allowed ▁the ▁group ▁to ▁achieve ▁a ▁" per fect ▁all - kill " ▁for ▁the ▁first ▁time ▁in ▁their ▁career ▁after ▁it ▁to pped ▁all ▁of ▁South ▁Korea ' s ▁real - time , ▁daily ▁and ▁week ly ▁music ▁charts ▁upon ▁its ▁release . ▁The ▁music ▁video ▁for ▁" Power ▁Up " ▁went ▁on ▁to ▁be ▁the ▁only ▁K - pop ▁music ▁video ▁to ▁be ▁included ▁in ▁Billboard ' s ▁list ▁of ▁ 5 0 ▁best ▁music ▁videos ▁of ▁ 2 0 1 8 . ▁In ▁September ▁and ▁October , ▁" Red m are " ▁was ▁taken ▁to ▁Bang k ok , ▁Tai pe i ▁and ▁Singapore . ▁ ▁Red ▁Vel vet ▁released ▁their ▁third ▁album ▁in ▁the ▁year ▁and ▁their ▁fifth ▁EP ▁overall ▁on ▁November ▁ 3 0 . ▁The ▁EP , ▁titled ▁R BB , ▁includes ▁six ▁tracks ▁with ▁the ▁lead ▁singles ▁being ▁" R BB ▁( Re ally ▁Bad ▁Boy )" ▁and ▁its ▁English ▁version . ▁▁▁ 2 |
0 1 9 – 2 0 2 0 : ▁Cont in ued ▁tour ing , ▁S appy , ▁The ▁Re V e ▁Festival ▁and ▁first ▁sub - unit ▁▁ ▁On ▁January ▁ 6 , ▁ 2 0 1 9 , ▁Red ▁Vel vet ▁released ▁their ▁first ▁Japanese ▁digital ▁single , ▁titled ▁" S appy ". ▁The ▁group ▁released ▁another ▁Japanese ▁single , ▁" S ay on ara ", ▁on ▁February ▁ 2 0 . ▁Both ▁singles ▁are ▁included ▁in ▁their ▁second ▁Japanese ▁EP , ▁S appy , ▁which ▁was ▁released ▁on ▁May ▁ 2 9 ; ▁the ▁EP ▁also ▁includes ▁Japanese ▁versions ▁of ▁" Pe ek - a - B oo ", ▁" R ook ie " ▁and ▁" Power ▁Up " ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁a ▁new ▁song ▁called ▁" Sw imming ▁Pool ". ▁ ▁In ▁February , ▁Red ▁Vel vet ▁emb ark ed ▁on ▁the ▁North ▁American ▁leg ▁of ▁their ▁Red m are ▁Tour . ▁They ▁went ▁on ▁to ▁hold ▁shows ▁in ▁Los ▁Angeles , ▁Dallas , ▁Miami , ▁Chicago , ▁and ▁New ark ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁and ▁Toronto ▁and ▁V ancouver ▁in ▁Canada , ▁becoming ▁the ▁first ▁K - pop ▁girl ▁group ▁to ▁hold ▁a ▁North ▁American ▁tour ▁in ▁three ▁years . ▁ ▁On ▁April ▁ 5 , ▁Red ▁Vel vet ▁were ▁featured ▁in ▁a ▁rem ixed ▁version ▁of ▁" Close ▁to ▁Me " ▁by ▁Ell ie ▁G ould ing ▁and ▁D ip lo , ▁with ▁members ▁Y eri ▁and ▁Wend y ▁contrib uting ▁Korean ▁lyr ics ▁to ▁the ▁song |
. ▁The ▁song ▁won ▁Cho ice ▁Electron ic / D ance ▁Song ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 9 ▁Te en ▁Cho ice ▁Awards . ▁ ▁On ▁June ▁ 1 9 , ▁Red ▁Vel vet ▁released ▁their ▁sixth ▁Korean ▁EP , ▁titled ▁The ▁Re V e ▁Festival : ▁Day ▁ 1 , ▁which ▁features ▁the ▁lead ▁single ▁" Z im z al ab im " ▁and ▁is ▁the ▁first ▁entry ▁of ▁The ▁Re V e ▁Festival ▁tr il ogy , ▁followed ▁by ▁their ▁sevent h ▁EP , ▁The ▁Re V e ▁Festival : ▁Day ▁ 2 , ▁with ▁its ▁lead ▁single ▁" U mp ah ▁U mp ah " ▁on ▁August ▁ 2 0 . ▁The ▁single ▁received ▁the ▁Song ▁of ▁the ▁Year ▁Da es ang ▁( Gr and ▁Prize ) ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 9 ▁Asia ▁Art ist ▁Awards ▁on ▁November ▁ 2 6 . ▁The ▁final ▁release ▁of ▁the ▁tr il ogy , ▁The ▁Re V e ▁Festival : ▁Finale , ▁was ▁released ▁on ▁December ▁ 2 3 , ▁led ▁by ▁the ▁single ▁" P s y cho ". ▁To ▁promote ▁The ▁Re V e ▁Festival ▁tr il ogy , ▁the ▁group ▁emb ark ed ▁on ▁their ▁third ▁tour , ▁La ▁Rou ge , ▁which ▁began ▁in ▁Se oul ▁on ▁November ▁ 2 3 ▁and ▁ 2 4 . ▁▁ ▁In ▁early ▁ 2 0 2 0 , ▁La ▁Rou ge ▁continued ▁as ▁an ▁ar ena ▁tour ▁in ▁Japan ▁without ▁Wend y , ▁who ▁was ▁involved ▁in ▁a ▁stage |
▁accident ▁during ▁her ▁solo ▁stage ▁re he ars al ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 9 ▁S BS ▁Gay o ▁D ae je on ▁on ▁December ▁ 2 5 . ▁In ▁February ▁ 2 0 2 0 , ▁Wend y ▁was ▁dis charg ed ▁from ▁the ▁hospital ▁after ▁sp ending ▁two ▁months ▁recover ing , ▁and ▁began ▁out pat ient ▁treatment . ▁On ▁March ▁ 2 0 2 0 , ▁the ▁final ▁ 2 ▁shows ▁at ▁Y ok oh ama ▁of ▁the ▁La ▁Rou ge ▁tour ▁were ▁post pon ed ▁due ▁to ▁the ▁coron av irus ▁pan demic . ▁On ▁April ▁ 2 1 , ▁ 2 0 2 0 , ▁SM ▁Entertainment ▁confirmed ▁that ▁I rene ▁and ▁Se ul gi ▁would ▁form ▁Red ▁Vel vet ' s ▁sub - unit ▁and ▁that ▁they ▁were ▁prepar ing ▁an ▁album . ▁ ▁Art istry ▁Red ▁Vel vet ▁plays ▁on ▁what ▁they ▁call ▁their ▁" red " ▁and ▁" vel vet " ▁sides , ▁which ▁influ ences ▁both ▁their ▁image ▁and ▁the ▁music ▁they ▁release . ▁The ▁" red " ▁half ▁is ▁their ▁br ighter ▁and ▁b ub b lier ▁side ▁while ▁their ▁" vel vet " ▁image ▁is ▁their ▁so fter , ▁more ▁m ature ▁and ▁elegant ▁concept . ▁ ▁Musical ▁styles ▁ ▁The ▁' red ' ▁half ▁of ▁the ▁group ' s ▁music ▁is ▁pre domin antly ▁of ▁the ▁pop ▁genre ▁while ▁the ▁' vel vet ' ▁is ▁primarily ▁R & B ▁and ▁ball ads , ▁with ▁the ▁group ▁often ▁mixing ▁it ▁with |
▁various ▁gen res . ▁ ▁Image ▁Red ▁Vel vet ' s ▁dual ▁image ▁also ▁affect s ▁the ▁members ' ▁sty ling . ▁For ▁their ▁" red " ▁concept , ▁they ▁are ▁usually ▁dressed ▁in ▁color ful , ▁gir lish ▁cl othing , ▁such ▁as ▁the ▁past el ▁swe aters ▁and ▁sk ir ts ▁from ▁" I ce ▁C ream ▁C ake " ▁or ▁the ▁red ▁doll ▁out f its ▁from ▁" D umb ▁D umb ". ▁They ▁are ▁dressed ▁more ▁m ature ly ▁for ▁their ▁" vel vet " ▁side , ▁most ▁not ably , ▁when ▁they ▁wore ▁su its ▁for ▁" Be ▁Natural ". ▁ ▁Red ▁Vel vet ▁has ▁been ▁la ud ed ▁for ▁breaking ▁s tere ot ypes ▁among ▁popular ▁girl ▁groups ▁in ▁South ▁Korea ▁whose ▁concepts ▁tend ▁to ▁fall ▁under ▁two ▁categories ▁which ▁are ▁" c ute ▁or ▁pure " ▁and ▁" se xy ", ▁often ▁to ▁ful fill ▁a ▁certain ▁fant asy . ▁In ▁a ▁country ▁where ▁girl ▁groups ' ▁fan b ases ▁are ▁typically ▁mostly ▁male , ▁according ▁to ▁Taylor ▁Glas by ▁of ▁D az ed ▁Digital , ▁the ▁majority ▁of ▁Red ▁Vel vet ' s ▁fans ▁are ▁young ▁women . ▁I ZE ▁Magazine ▁named ▁the ▁group ▁as ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁successful ▁female ▁figures ▁who ▁helped ▁transform ▁the ▁" pass ive ▁image " ▁of ▁South ▁Korean ▁women . ▁Billboard ▁reported ▁in ▁December ▁ 2 0 1 8 ▁that ▁Red ▁Vel vet ▁was ▁the ▁overall ▁favorite ▁k - pop ▁group ▁of ▁the ▁year ▁among ▁every ▁gender ▁and ▁sexual ▁identity |
▁on ▁the ▁popular ▁internet ▁forum ▁Red dit . ▁ ▁Imp act ▁In ▁February ▁ 2 0 1 8 , ▁Time ▁magazine ▁named ▁Red ▁Vel vet ▁as ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁best ▁K - pop ▁groups , ▁highlight ing ▁their ▁vers atile ▁musical ▁styles . ▁Red ▁Vel vet ▁was ▁also ▁recognized ▁for ▁their ▁brand ▁recognition ▁and ▁market ing ▁power , ▁having ▁to pped ▁the ▁' G irl ▁Group ▁Brand ▁Power ▁Rank ing ' ▁published ▁by ▁the ▁Korean ▁Corpor ate ▁Re putation ▁Research ▁Institute ▁several ▁times , ▁including ▁three ▁consecutive ▁months ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 7 ▁and ▁ 2 0 1 8 . ▁In ▁November ▁ 2 0 1 9 , ▁Billboard ▁has ▁crown ed ▁Red ▁Vel vet ▁as ▁" the ▁best ▁id ol ▁group ▁alive " ▁and ▁has ▁named ▁" Red ▁F lav or " ▁as ▁the ▁second - best ▁K - pop ▁song ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 0 s . ▁In ▁ 2 0 2 0 , ▁Red ▁Vel vet ▁were ▁featured ▁in ▁the ▁animated ▁musical ▁film ▁T roll s ▁World ▁Tour , ▁representing ▁the ▁K - pop ▁t roll s , ▁with ▁their ▁song ▁" Russ ian ▁Rou lette " ▁also ▁being ▁featured ▁in ▁the ▁film . ▁The ▁film ▁had ▁the ▁biggest ▁digital ▁debut ▁of ▁all ▁time ▁and ▁broke ▁streaming ▁records . ▁ ▁Red ▁Vel vet ▁performed ▁in ▁Py ong y ang ▁on ▁April ▁ 1 , ▁ 2 0 1 8 . ▁This ▁made ▁them ▁the ▁sevent h ▁id ol ▁group ▁to ▁ever ▁perform ▁in ▁North ▁Korea . ▁They |
▁performed ▁" Red ▁F lav or " ▁and ▁" Bad ▁Boy " ▁at ▁the ▁East ▁Py ong y ang ▁Grand ▁Theatre ▁to ▁an ▁audience ▁including ▁Kim ▁J ong - un . ▁The ▁concert ▁was ▁bil led ▁as ▁" Spring ▁is ▁Com ing " ▁and ▁is ▁part ▁of ▁a ▁wider ▁diplom atic ▁initi ative ▁between ▁South ▁Korea ▁and ▁North ▁Korea . ▁In ▁October ▁of ▁the ▁same ▁year , ▁South ▁Korea ' s ▁Ministry ▁of ▁Culture , ▁Sports ▁and ▁Tour ism ▁awarded ▁the ▁group ▁the ▁' Min ister ▁of ▁Culture , ▁Sports ▁and ▁Tour ism ' s ▁Comm end ation ' ▁for ▁their ▁contributions ▁in ▁raising ▁aw aren ess ▁of ▁the ▁country ' s ▁popular ▁culture ▁and ▁arts . ▁The ▁director ▁of ▁the ▁Korea ▁Foundation ▁for ▁International ▁Cultural ▁Exchange ▁while ▁discuss ing ▁the ▁Korean ▁W ave ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 8 ▁c ited ▁Red ▁Vel vet ▁as ▁a ▁major ▁contrib utor ▁and ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁country ' s ▁most ▁tal ented ▁id ol ▁groups ▁who ▁have ▁" larg ely ▁promoted ▁K - pop ". ▁ ▁Disc ography ▁▁ ▁The ▁Red ▁( 2 0 1 5 ) ▁ ▁Per fect ▁Vel vet ▁( 2 0 1 7 ) ▁ ▁Film ography ▁ ▁Re ality ▁show ▁ ▁Level ▁Up ▁Project ! '' ▁ ▁Film ▁ ▁DVD s ▁ ▁Red ▁Vel vet ▁DVD ▁& ▁Bl u - ray ▁“ ▁Red ▁Vel vet ▁ 1 st ▁Con cert ▁“ Red ▁Room ” ▁in ▁J AP AN ▁▁ ▁Red ▁Vel vet ▁DVD ▁& ▁Bl u - ray ▁" ▁Red |
▁Vel vet ▁ 2 nd ▁Con cert ▁“ RED MA RE ” ▁in ▁J AP AN ▁ ▁Con cert s ▁and ▁t ours ▁▁ ▁Red ▁Vel vet ▁ 1 st ▁Con cert ▁" Red ▁Room " ▁( 2 0 1 7 – 2 0 1 8 ) ▁ ▁Red ▁Vel vet ▁ 2 nd ▁Con cert ▁" Red m are " ▁( 2 0 1 8 – 2 0 1 9 ) ▁ ▁Red ▁Vel vet ▁ 3 rd ▁Con cert ▁" La ▁Rou ge " ▁( 2 0 1 9 – 2 0 2 0 ) ▁ ▁Awards ▁and ▁nomin ations ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁Category : 2 0 1 4 ▁establish ments ▁in ▁South ▁Korea ▁Category : A vex ▁Group ▁artists ▁Category : K - pop ▁music ▁groups ▁Category : M el on ▁Music ▁Award ▁w inners ▁Category : M net ▁Asian ▁Music ▁Award ▁w inners ▁Category : Mus ical ▁groups ▁established ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁Category : Mus ical ▁groups ▁from ▁Se oul ▁Category : Mus ical ▁qu int ets ▁Category : SM ▁Entertainment ▁artists ▁Category : SM ▁Town ▁Category : S outh ▁Korean ▁dance ▁music ▁groups ▁Category : S outh ▁Korean ▁girl ▁groups <0x0A> </s> ▁Ar ne ▁H au gen ▁S ør ensen ▁( born ▁ 2 7 ▁April ▁ 1 9 3 2 ) ▁is ▁a ▁Dan ish ▁painter ▁and ▁illustr ator . ▁Since ▁the ▁ 1 9 8 0 s , ▁he ▁has ▁become ▁one ▁of ▁Den mark ' s ▁most ▁product ive |
▁religious ▁artists , ▁decor ating ▁over ▁ 2 5 ▁churches . ▁ ▁Biography ▁Born ▁in ▁C open hagen , ▁H au gen ▁S ør ensen ▁had ▁little ▁training ▁in ▁art ▁apart ▁from ▁evening ▁courses ▁in ▁drawing ▁and , ▁after ▁he ▁arrived ▁in ▁Paris ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 0 , ▁brief ▁introdu ctions ▁to ▁et ch ing ▁and ▁l ith ography ▁in ▁the ▁schools ▁run ▁by ▁Stanley ▁William ▁Hay ter ▁and ▁Johnny ▁Fried land er . ▁Like ▁his ▁younger ▁brother , ▁J ør gen ▁H au gen ▁S ør ensen , ▁he ▁was ▁essentially ▁self - t aught ▁as ▁an ▁artist . ▁ ▁He ▁deb uted ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 3 , ▁at ▁Kunst ern ers ▁efter å rs ud st illing , ▁there after ▁regularly ▁exhib iting ▁at ▁the ▁Charlot ten borg ▁aut umn ▁exhibition ▁and ▁from ▁ 1 9 6 7 ▁at ▁Gr ø n ningen . ▁He ▁also ▁exhib ited ▁frequently ▁in ▁Paris , ▁beginning ▁with ▁the ▁ 9 e ▁Sal on ▁de ▁la ▁Je une ▁Pe inture ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 8 . ▁A ▁long ▁stay ▁in ▁Mall or ca ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 2 - 6 3 ▁en hanced ▁his ▁painting , ▁inspired ▁by ▁bright ▁light , ▁colour ▁and ▁the ▁under water ▁world ▁he ▁experienced ▁as ▁a ▁diver . ▁His ▁early ▁works ▁appear ▁rather ▁abstract ▁but ▁he ▁increasing ly ▁introduced ▁animals ▁and ▁human ▁figures . ▁His ▁work ▁also ▁benef ited ▁from ▁his ▁enc oun ters ▁with ▁As ger ▁J orn , ▁E cha urr en |
▁Mat ta ▁and ▁Antonio ▁Sa ura ▁whom ▁he ▁met ▁at ▁the ▁Cl ot ▁et ▁George ▁work shop ▁run ▁by ▁Peter ▁Br ams en . ▁ ▁By ▁the ▁time ▁he ▁moved ▁back ▁to ▁Den mark ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 7 , ▁H au gen ▁S ør ensen ▁had ▁developed ▁his ▁own ▁style ▁of ▁Expression ist ▁figur ative ▁painting ▁in ▁v ivid ▁colours , ▁iron ically ▁present ing ▁man ' s ▁animal ▁instinct s ▁and ▁the ▁abs urd ity ▁of ▁life . ▁In ▁the ▁ 1 9 7 0 s , ▁he ▁began ▁to ▁use ▁ac ry lic s , ▁often ▁with ▁several ▁layers ▁of ▁paint , ▁in ▁works ▁including ▁Past or ale ▁med ▁ind by gg ede ▁kat astro fer ▁( 1 9 7 5 ), ▁D yr ▁og ▁d amer ▁( 1 9 7 9 ) ▁and ▁F rok ost ▁i ▁det ▁gr ø n ne ▁( 1 9 7 9 ). ▁Many ▁of ▁his ▁works ▁dep ict ▁a ▁pred ator ▁purs uing ▁a ▁female ▁victim , ▁contrast ing ▁fear ▁with ▁ag gression . ▁ ▁Since ▁the ▁ 1 9 8 0 s , ▁H au gen ▁S ør ensen ▁has ▁become ▁one ▁of ▁Den mark ' s ▁most ▁product ive ▁religious ▁artists , ▁decor ating ▁more ▁than ▁ 2 5 ▁churches ▁with ▁force ful , ▁provoc ative ▁works ▁in ▁a ▁variety ▁of ▁art ▁forms ▁including ▁painting , ▁fres cos , ▁st ained ▁glass , ▁cer am ics ▁and ▁sculpt ure . ▁His ▁subjects ▁include ▁the ▁Binding ▁of ▁Isaac , ▁the ▁Last |
▁Su pper , ▁the ▁Cru c if ix ion , ▁the ▁Res urre ction ▁and ▁the ▁Su pper ▁at ▁Emma us . ▁ ▁Since ▁ 1 9 8 1 , ▁H au gen ▁S ør ensen ▁has ▁lived ▁with ▁his ▁wife , ▁the ▁cer am ist ▁Dort he ▁K rab be , ▁near ▁Mal aga ▁in ▁Spain . ▁Now ▁in ▁his ▁ 8 0 s , ▁he ▁is ▁still ▁an ▁active ▁artist . ▁ ▁Awards ▁In ▁ 1 9 7 5 , ▁H au gen ▁S ør ensen ▁was ▁awarded ▁the ▁E ck ers berg ▁Medal ▁and , ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 4 , ▁the ▁Thor val d sen ▁Medal . ▁Also ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 4 , ▁he ▁was ▁decor ated ▁a ▁Knight ▁of ▁the ▁Order ▁of ▁the ▁Dan ne bro g . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Liter ature ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁List ings ▁of ▁Ar ne ▁H au gen ▁S ør ensen ' s ▁exhib itions ▁and ▁museum s ▁where ▁his ▁work ▁is ▁represented ▁from ▁Kunst On line ▁ ▁Illustr ated ▁list ▁of ▁Ar ne ▁H au gen ▁S ør ensen ' s ▁works ▁in ▁Dan ish ▁museum s ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 3 2 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : 2 0 th - century ▁Dan ish ▁pain ters ▁Category : 2 1 st - century ▁Dan ish ▁pain ters ▁Category : Dan ish ▁ill ust rat ors ▁Category : Dan ish ▁cer am ists ▁Category : Art ists ▁from ▁C open hagen ▁Category : |
Re cip ients ▁of ▁the ▁Thor val d sen ▁Medal ▁Category : Re cip ients ▁of ▁the ▁E ck ers berg ▁Medal ▁Category : K n ights ▁of ▁the ▁Order ▁of ▁the ▁Dan ne bro g ▁Category : 2 0 th - century ▁Dan ish ▁sculpt ors ▁Category : L uther an ▁art ▁Category : 2 1 st - century ▁cer am ists <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁following ▁page ▁lists ▁all ▁power ▁stations ▁in ▁the ▁U . S . ▁state ▁of ▁Washington . ▁These ▁include ▁facilities ▁that ▁are ▁located ▁in ▁more ▁than ▁one ▁state . ▁ ▁F oss il ▁fuel ▁ ▁H ydro elect ric ▁ ▁Wind ▁ ▁Sol ar ▁ ▁N uc lear ▁ ▁Municipal ▁Sol id ▁W aste ▁( MS W ) ▁Com b ust ion ▁ ▁Form er ▁facilities ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁▁ ▁List ▁of ▁power ▁stations ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁ ▁List ▁of ▁wind ▁far ms ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁ ▁Wind ▁power ▁in ▁Washington ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁▁ ▁Ren ew able ▁North west ▁Project : ▁Ren ew able ▁Energy ▁Project s ▁ ▁* ▁Category : List s ▁of ▁buildings ▁and ▁structures ▁in ▁Washington ▁( state ) ▁Category : Ge ographic ▁coordinate ▁lists ▁Washington <0x0A> </s> ▁Ne ve ▁T irt za ▁Pr ison ▁( H eb rew : ▁ ב י ת ▁ ס ו ה ר ▁ נ ו ו ה ▁ ת ר צ ה ) ▁is ▁Israel ' s ▁only ▁women ' s ▁prison . ▁It ▁is ▁one ▁of ▁several ▁pr isons ▁located ▁in ▁Ram |
la ▁and ▁is ▁directly ▁adjacent ▁to ▁Ma asi y ahu ▁Pr ison . ▁ ▁References ▁▁ ▁Category : P ris ons ▁in ▁Israel ▁Category : Build ings ▁and ▁structures ▁in ▁Ram la ▁Category : Build ings ▁and ▁structures ▁in ▁Central ▁District ▁( Is rael ) <0x0A> </s> ▁Ag nes ▁Burn s ▁or ▁Ag nes ▁G alt ▁was ▁Robert ’ s ▁el dest ▁sister ▁born ▁in ▁ 1 7 6 2 ▁at ▁the ▁Allow ay ▁C ott age ▁in ▁South ▁A yr shire ▁to ▁William ▁Burn es ▁and ▁Ag nes ▁Br oun . ▁She ▁did ▁not ▁adopt ▁the ▁sp elling ▁' B urn es '. ▁At ▁the ▁advanced ▁age ▁of ▁forty - two , ▁late ▁for ▁the ▁times ▁in ▁which ▁she ▁lived , ▁she ▁married ▁William ▁G alt ▁at ▁Din ning ▁in ▁ 1 8 0 4 ▁who ▁had ▁worked ▁for ▁her ▁brother ▁Gilbert ▁at ▁Din ning ▁Farm ▁in ▁N ith sd ale . ▁ ▁Life ▁and ▁character ▁ ▁Ag nes ▁Br oun ▁re called ▁that ▁her ▁husband ▁only ▁once ▁took ▁a ▁st rap ▁to ▁his ▁children ▁and ▁that ▁was ▁to ▁their ▁daughter ▁Ag nes ▁when ▁she ▁showed ▁rel uct ance ▁to ▁pay ▁attention ▁to ▁his ▁reading ▁less ons ▁and ▁that ▁" .. it ▁had ▁had ▁a ▁good ▁effect ▁upon ▁the ▁child ' s ▁temper ." ▁ ▁Ag nes ▁moved ▁in ▁ 1 8 1 7 ▁with ▁William ▁to ▁the ▁Fort esc ue ▁Est ates ▁at ▁Stephen st own ▁in ▁D und alk , ▁County ▁L outh , ▁Republic ▁of ▁Ireland ▁where ▁he ▁was |
▁employed ▁to ▁build ▁two ▁res er voir s ▁to ▁supply ▁water ▁to ▁the ▁estate ▁gard ens , ▁orch ards , ▁gr inding ▁mill , ▁etc . ▁Im pressed ▁with ▁his ▁work , ▁Matthew ▁Fort esc ue ▁offered ▁him ▁the ▁post ▁of ▁Conf ident ial ▁Manager ▁on ▁the ▁Stephen st own ▁Est ate ▁for ▁the ▁gener ous ▁sal ary ▁of ▁ 4 0 ▁gu ine as ▁per ▁an num ▁that ▁also ▁came ▁with ▁a ▁tied ▁c ott age ▁that ▁was ▁built ▁for ▁them ▁and ▁a ▁plot ▁of ▁land ▁for ▁growing ▁cro ps , ▁keeping ▁a ▁cow ▁or ▁two , ▁etc . ▁William ▁also ▁stock ed ▁the ▁p onds ▁with ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁co arse ▁fish . ▁ ▁Stephen st own ▁House ▁had ▁been ▁built ▁in ▁ 1 7 8 5 ▁by ▁Matthew ▁Fort esc ue ▁for ▁his ▁new ▁b ride ▁Marian ▁McC lin to ck . ▁It ▁was ▁sold ▁by ▁the ▁Fort esc ues ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 4 ▁and ▁was ▁a ▁ru in ▁by ▁the ▁late ▁ 1 9 8 0 s . ▁ ▁William ▁in ▁the ▁years ▁ 1 8 2 1 – 1 8 2 2 ▁plant ed ▁ 5 3 , 0 0 0 ▁trees ▁on ▁the ▁estate ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁many ▁shr ubs ▁and ▁flowers . ▁He ▁also ▁ins isted ▁on ▁bu ying ▁the ▁best ▁farm ▁equipment ▁and ▁as ▁a ▁result ▁in ▁ 1 8 4 7 , ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁Fort esc ue ▁estate ▁was ▁considered ▁to ▁be ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁best ▁far ms ▁in ▁the ▁British |
▁Is les . ▁ ▁It ▁is ▁recorded ▁by ▁Major ▁McC lin to ck ▁that ▁she ▁had ▁a ▁strong ▁A yr shire ▁acc ent , ▁saying ▁that ▁" she ▁was ▁as ▁un pre poss ess ing ▁a ▁female ▁as ▁one ▁would ▁care ▁to ▁see . ▁But , ▁oh ! ▁to ▁hear ▁her ▁read ▁her ▁brother ' s ▁po ems ▁was ▁a ▁ca ution , ▁with ▁hard ▁r asp ing ▁delivery , ▁that ▁I ▁question ▁if ▁many ▁out ▁of ▁A yr shire ▁could ▁make ▁out ▁the ▁meaning ▁of ▁a ▁word ▁she ▁said ." ▁ ▁The ▁couple ▁never ▁had ▁any ▁children ▁and ▁Ag nes ▁worked ▁on ▁the ▁estate ▁for ▁many ▁years ▁as ▁a ▁da iry ▁ma id . ▁Ag nes ▁died ▁in ▁the ▁c ott age ▁in ▁ 1 8 3 4 ▁aged ▁ 7 2 ▁and ▁William ▁lived ▁on ▁at ▁the ▁estate ▁at ▁Lake view ▁C ott age ▁for ▁another ▁th ir teen ▁years ▁until ▁he ▁died ▁in ▁ 1 8 4 7 . ▁ ▁Memorial ▁and ▁association ▁with ▁Robert ▁Burn s ▁ ▁The ▁couple ▁were ▁buried ▁in ▁the ▁St ▁Nicholas , ▁D und alk , ▁Church ▁of ▁Ireland ▁c emetery ▁where ▁a ▁monument ▁was ▁ere cted ▁by ▁adm ir ers ▁of ▁Robert ▁Burn s . ▁ ▁The ▁ins cription ▁on ▁the ▁mem orial ▁comm emor ating ▁the ▁cent en ary ▁of ▁his ▁birth ▁reads : ▁ ▁Stephen st own ▁P ond ▁Project ▁William ▁and ▁Ag nes ' s ▁c ott age ▁at ▁Kno ck bridge ▁is ▁now ▁a ▁museum ▁and ▁coffee ▁shop ▁in ▁a |
▁nature ▁park ▁and ▁conference ▁centre . ▁The ▁c ott age ’ s ▁museum ▁section ▁expl ores ▁the ▁life ▁and ▁works ▁of ▁the ▁poet ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁interpre ting ▁his ▁sister ' s ▁life ▁as ▁a ▁da iry ma id ▁on ▁the ▁estate , ▁the ▁estate ▁itself ▁and ▁the ▁Fort esc ue ▁family . ▁The ▁B elf ast ▁Burn s ▁Club ▁and ▁the ▁Stephen st own ▁P ond ▁Trust ▁under to ok ▁the ▁rest oration ▁project ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 6 ▁writing ▁that ▁ ▁We , ▁the ▁B elf ast ▁Burn s ▁Club , ▁recogn ised ▁that ▁some ▁form ▁of ▁Peace ▁and ▁Re con c ili ation ▁In iti ative ▁in ▁this ▁island ▁of ▁our s ▁might ▁not ▁go ▁ast ray , ▁and ▁what ▁better ▁format ▁for ▁it ▁to ▁take ▁but ▁an ▁association ▁with ▁Robert ▁Burn s ▁and ▁his ▁work ? ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁Jean ▁Arm our ▁ ▁Al ison ▁Beg bie ▁Ag nes ▁Br oun ▁( m other ) ▁William ▁Burn es ▁( father ) ▁Elizabeth ▁' B et ty ' ▁Burn s ▁( s ister ) ▁Gilbert ▁Burn s ▁( far mer ) ▁( bro ther ) ▁Isabel la ▁Burn s ▁( s ister ) ▁May ▁Camer on ▁Mary ▁Campbell ▁( High land ▁Mary ) ▁Jen ny ▁C low ▁Nel ly ▁Kil pat rick ▁Jess ie ▁Lew ars ▁Anne ▁Rank ine ▁Isabel la ▁Steven ▁Peg gy ▁Thompson ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Cit ations ▁ ▁General ▁sources ▁▁▁ ▁Mack ay , ▁James ▁( 2 0 0 4 ). ▁Burn s . ▁A |
▁Biography ▁of ▁Robert ▁Burn s . ▁Dar vel : ▁Allow ay ▁Publishing . ▁. ▁ ▁Mc Int y re , ▁Ian ▁( 2 0 0 1 ). ▁Robert ▁Burn s : ▁A ▁Life . ▁New ▁York : ▁Welcome ▁Rain ▁Publish ers . ▁. ▁ ▁Mc Que en , ▁Col in ▁Hunter ▁( 2 0 0 8 ). ▁Hunter ' s ▁Illustr ated ▁History ▁of ▁the ▁Family , ▁Fri ends ▁and ▁Contempor aries ▁of ▁Robert ▁Burn s . ▁Mess s rs ▁Hunter ▁Mc Que en ▁& ▁Hunter . ▁. ▁ ▁Pur die , ▁David , ▁McC ue ▁& ▁Car r uth ers , ▁G ▁( 2 0 1 3 ). ▁Maurice ▁L inds ay ' s ▁The ▁Burn s ▁Encyc lo pa edia . ▁London : ▁Robert ▁H ale . ▁. ▁ ▁West wood , ▁Peter ▁J . ▁( 2 0 0 8 ). ▁Who ' s ▁Who ▁in ▁the ▁World ▁of ▁Burn s . ▁ ▁Kil mar no ck : ▁Robert ▁Burn s ▁World ▁Federation ▁Publications . ▁. ▁ ▁Category : Ro bert ▁Burn s ▁Category : 1 8 th - century ▁Scottish ▁women ▁Category : 1 7 6 3 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 8 3 4 ▁death s <0x0A> </s> ▁Bran th wa ite ▁Edge ▁is ▁a ▁ham let ▁in ▁C umb ria , ▁England . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Category : H am lets ▁in ▁C umb ria ▁Category : All erd ale <0x0A> </s> ▁Christopher ▁Anderson ▁" Chr is " ▁Why te ▁( born ▁ 2 ▁September |
▁ 1 9 6 1 ) ▁is ▁an ▁English ▁former ▁footballer ▁who ▁played ▁as ▁a ▁central ▁def ender ▁and ▁made ▁nearly ▁ 4 0 0 ▁appearances ▁in ▁the ▁Football ▁League ▁and ▁Premier ▁League . ▁He ▁had ▁length y ▁sp ells ▁with ▁Ar sen al , ▁West ▁B rom wich ▁Alb ion , ▁Le eds ▁United where ▁he ▁was ▁a ▁p iv otal ▁part ▁of ▁their ▁ 1 9 9 1 – 9 2 ▁title - win ning ▁team and ▁B irmingham ▁City , ▁and ▁also ▁played ▁for ▁numerous ▁other ▁clubs ▁in ▁England ▁and ▁abroad . ▁Why te ▁was ▁c apped ▁by ▁England ▁at ▁under - 2 1 ▁level . ▁ ▁Club ▁career ▁Why te ▁was ▁born ▁in ▁Is ling ton , ▁London , ▁and ▁started ▁his ▁career ▁as ▁a ▁youth ▁player ▁at ▁Ar sen al , ▁turning ▁professional ▁in ▁September ▁ 1 9 7 8 . ▁A ▁def ender ▁who ▁played ▁at ▁centre ▁half ▁( but ▁also ▁less ▁often ▁at ▁full ▁back ), ▁he ▁made ▁his ▁Ar sen al ▁first - team ▁debut ▁as ▁a ▁substitute ▁against ▁Pan ath ina ik os ▁in ▁the ▁UEFA ▁Cup ▁on ▁ 3 0 ▁September ▁ 1 9 8 1 . ▁He ▁made ▁his ▁first ▁appearance ▁in ▁the ▁Football ▁League ▁against ▁Manchester ▁City ▁on ▁ 1 7 ▁October , ▁and ▁went ▁on ▁to ▁start ▁all ▁but ▁one ▁of ▁Ar sen al ' s ▁remaining ▁league ▁matches ▁that ▁season , ▁partner ing ▁David ▁O ' Le ary ▁in ▁central ▁defence . ▁Why te ▁stood ▁out ▁with ▁his ▁cool |
ness ▁and ▁confidence , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁his ▁timing ▁and ▁good ▁jud g ement ▁of ▁the ▁game . ▁The ▁following ▁season , ▁Why te ▁continued ▁as ▁a ▁regular ▁for ▁Ar sen al ▁as ▁the ▁team ▁reached ▁the ▁semi - final s ▁of ▁both ▁domestic ▁cup ▁compet itions , ▁and ▁took ▁his ▁t ally ▁of ▁England ▁under - 2 1 ▁caps ▁to ▁four . ▁ ▁However , ▁after ▁Ar sen al ' s ▁shock ▁League ▁Cup ▁loss ▁to ▁W als all ▁in ▁November ▁ 1 9 8 3 ▁and ▁the ▁subsequent ▁dismiss al ▁of ▁Terry ▁Ne ill , ▁Why te ▁was ▁dropped ▁from ▁the ▁side ▁in ▁favour ▁of ▁new ▁signing ▁Tommy ▁Cat on . ▁The ▁emer gence ▁of ▁Tony ▁Adams ▁forced ▁Why te ▁further ▁down ▁the ▁pe ck ing ▁order ▁at ▁High bury . ▁He ▁made ▁no ▁appearances ▁for ▁Ar sen al ▁during ▁ 1 9 8 4 – 8 5 , ▁instead ▁being ▁loan ed ▁out ▁to ▁Cry stal ▁Palace , ▁and ▁although ▁he ▁had ▁a ▁brief ▁run ▁as ▁an ▁emer gency ▁stri ker ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 5 – 8 6 , ▁he ▁was ▁given ▁a ▁free ▁transfer ▁at ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁that ▁season . ▁In ▁all ▁he ▁played ▁ 1 1 3 ▁matches ▁for ▁Ar sen al , ▁scoring ▁eight ▁goals . ▁ ▁No ▁domestic ▁club ▁offered ▁Why te ▁a ▁contract , ▁and ▁dis en ch anted , ▁he ▁left ▁for ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁and ▁played ▁for ▁two ▁years ▁in ▁the ▁Major ▁Ind oor ▁Soccer ▁League ▁for ▁New ▁York ▁Express |
▁and ▁Los ▁Angeles ▁Laz ers . ▁In ▁the ▁summer ▁of ▁ 1 9 8 8 , ▁Why te ▁was ▁offered ▁a ▁return ▁to ▁England ▁by ▁Second ▁Division ▁West ▁B rom wich ▁Alb ion . ▁Why te ▁made ▁his ▁Alb ion ▁debut ▁in ▁a ▁League ▁Cup ▁tie ▁against ▁Peter borough ▁United ▁in ▁September ▁ 1 9 8 8 , ▁and ▁ended ▁the ▁ 1 9 8 8 – 8 9 ▁season ▁as ▁the ▁club ' s ▁Player ▁of ▁the ▁Year . ▁ ▁Why te ▁returned ▁to ▁the ▁top ▁flight ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 0 , ▁when ▁he ▁was ▁signed ▁for ▁£ 4 5 0 , 0 0 0 ▁by ▁Howard ▁Wil kin son ' s ▁Le eds ▁United . ▁He ▁was ▁nearly ▁ever - present ▁for ▁the ▁next ▁three ▁seasons , ▁putting ▁in ▁ 1 4 6 ▁appearances ▁as ▁Le eds ▁won ▁the ▁ 1 9 9 1 – 9 2 ▁First ▁Division ▁title . ▁In ▁ 1 9 9 3 , ▁he ▁moved ▁to ▁B irmingham ▁City , ▁winning ▁the ▁ 1 9 9 4 – 9 5 ▁Second ▁Division ▁title ▁with ▁the ▁Blues . ▁After ▁a ▁brief ▁spell ▁at ▁Cov entry ▁City ▁on ▁loan , ▁Why te ▁left ▁B irmingham ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 6 , ▁and ▁subsequently ▁played ▁for ▁Char l ton ▁Athlet ic , ▁Ley ton ▁Orient , ▁Oxford ▁United ▁and ▁R ush den ▁& ▁Diam onds . ▁ ▁He ▁then ▁returned ▁to ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁for ▁a ▁spell ▁with ▁the ▁R ale igh ▁Express ▁in ▁the ▁A |
- Le ague ▁before ▁returning ▁to ▁England ▁to ▁play ▁under ▁former ▁Ar sen al ▁team mate ▁Ian ▁All inson , ▁manager ▁of ▁Har low ▁Town ▁of ▁R ym ans ▁League ▁Division ▁One . ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 0 , ▁he ▁played ▁for ▁Finn ish ▁third - t ier ▁club ▁Hy PS . ▁ ▁International ▁career ▁Why te ▁was ▁c apped ▁four ▁times ▁for ▁the ▁England ▁under - 2 1 ▁team . ▁His ▁first ▁two ▁appearances ▁were ▁in ▁the ▁semi - final s ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 9 8 2 ▁UEFA ▁European ▁Under - 2 1 ▁Championship ▁in ▁April ▁ 1 9 8 2 , ▁but ▁he ▁did ▁not ▁play ▁in ▁the ▁final . ▁His ▁third ▁and ▁fourth ▁appearances ▁were ▁later ▁that ▁year , ▁in ▁qual ifiers ▁for ▁the ▁next ▁edition ▁of ▁the ▁champion ships . ▁ ▁Hon ours ▁ ▁Club ▁Le eds ▁United ▁ ▁Football ▁League ▁First ▁Division : ▁ 1 9 9 1 – 9 2 ▁ ▁FA ▁Char ity ▁Sh ield : ▁ 1 9 9 2 ▁ ▁B irmingham ▁City ▁ ▁Football ▁League ▁Second ▁Division : ▁ 1 9 9 4 – 9 5 ▁ ▁Ind ividual ▁ ▁West ▁B rom wich ▁Alb ion ▁Player ▁of ▁the ▁Year : ▁ 1 9 8 9 ▁ ▁References ▁Inf obox ▁statistics ▁English ▁Football ▁League ▁clubs : ▁ ▁New ▁York ▁Express , ▁Los ▁Angeles ▁Laz ers : ▁ ▁Detroit ▁Ne on / S af ari : ▁ ▁R ush den ▁& ▁Diam onds : ▁▁ ▁General ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Category : |
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