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ios ▁that ▁have ▁previously ▁worked ▁on ▁animated ▁series ▁or ▁mov ies , ▁and ▁adapt ations ▁of ▁Japanese ▁m anga , ▁have ▁now ▁entered ▁the ▁O VA ▁market , ▁looking ▁to ▁capital ize ▁on ▁the ▁popular ity ▁of ▁their ▁flags hip ▁shows . ▁Studios ▁particip ating ▁in ▁such ▁circumstances ▁include ▁Production ▁I . G ▁and ▁Studio ▁De en . ▁ ▁Anim ator ' s ▁contract s ▁Although ▁there ▁are ▁permanent / full - time ▁positions ▁in ▁stud ios , ▁most ▁anim ators ▁work ▁on ▁a ▁contract ▁basis . ▁There ▁are ▁some ▁anim ators ▁that ▁are ▁considered ▁to ▁be ▁in ▁the ▁core ▁group ▁of ▁the ▁studio , ▁which ▁can ▁either ▁be ▁as ▁a ▁result ▁of ▁being ▁there ▁since ▁the ▁in ception ▁of ▁the ▁company ▁or ▁being ▁tal ented ▁rec ruits ▁from ▁other ▁animation ▁stud ios . ▁These ▁are ▁the ▁more ▁secure ▁positions ▁in ▁an ▁animation ▁studio , ▁though ▁the ▁studio ▁might ▁have ▁policies ▁concerning ▁the ▁possible ▁ten ure ▁of ▁anim ators . ▁Since ▁stud ios ▁can ▁h ire ▁anim ators ▁on ▁a ▁work ▁for ▁h ire ▁basis ▁now ad ays , ▁many ▁artists ▁do ▁not ▁retain ▁rights ▁over ▁their ▁cre ations , ▁unlike ▁some ▁of ▁the ▁early ▁anim ators . ▁The ▁extent ▁of ▁these ▁copy right s ▁is ▁subject ▁to ▁local ▁intellectual ▁property ▁rights . ▁ ▁The ▁anim ators ▁must ▁also ▁be ▁aware ▁of ▁the ▁contract s ▁laws ▁and ▁labour ▁laws ▁pre val ent ▁in ▁the ▁juris diction ▁to ▁which ▁the ▁animation ▁studio ▁is ▁subject ▁to . ▁There ▁have ▁been ▁numerous ▁legal ▁batt les ▁fought |
▁over ▁the ▁copy right ▁of ▁famous ▁franch ises , ▁such ▁as ▁K ung ▁Fu ▁P anda ▁and ▁S pon ge Bob ▁Square P ants . ▁This ▁has ▁come ▁about ▁as ▁a ▁result ▁of ▁the ▁clause ▁in ▁Copy right ▁contract s ▁that ▁states ▁that ▁an ▁idea ▁cannot ▁be ▁protected , ▁only ▁an ▁actual ▁piece ▁of ▁work ▁can ▁be ▁said ▁to ▁be ▁in fr ing ed ▁upon . ▁This ▁means ▁that ▁though ▁the ▁anim ators ▁may ▁have ▁forward ed ▁ideas ▁to ▁the ▁animation ▁stud ios ▁about ▁certain ▁characters ▁and ▁plots , ▁these ▁ideas ▁alone ▁cannot ▁be ▁protected ▁and ▁can ▁lead ▁to ▁stud ios ▁prof iting ▁on ▁individual ▁anim ator ' s ▁ideas . ▁However , ▁this ▁has ▁not ▁stopped ▁many ▁independent ▁artists ▁from ▁fil ing ▁claims ▁to ▁characters ▁produced ▁by ▁different ▁stud ios . ▁ ▁An imation ▁special ties ▁ ▁Due ▁to ▁the ▁wide ▁range ▁of ▁animation ▁techniques ▁and ▁styles , ▁many ▁animation ▁stud ios ▁typically ▁special ize ▁in ▁certain ▁types . ▁ ▁Trad itional ▁animation ▁ ▁Main ▁article : ▁Trad itional ▁An imation ▁ ▁Trad itional ▁animation ▁emp lo ys ▁the ▁use ▁of ▁hand ▁drawn ▁frames ▁that ▁are . ▁Trad itional ▁animation ▁stud ios ▁have ▁seen ▁a ▁decl ine ▁in ▁recent ▁years ▁due ▁to ▁the ▁increased ▁use ▁of ▁computers ▁and ▁some ▁companies , ▁such ▁as ▁W alt ▁Disney ▁An imation ▁Studios , ▁have ▁transition ed ▁away ▁from ▁traditional ▁animation ▁to ▁computer - generated ▁imag ery . ▁Non eth eless , ▁traditional ▁animation ▁still ▁is ▁used ▁extens ively ▁in ▁the ▁world ▁of ▁cart o ons |
▁and ▁an ime . ▁Notable ▁stud ios ▁that ▁special ize ▁in ▁this ▁style ▁include ▁Studio ▁Gh ibli ▁and ▁Cart oon ▁Network ▁Studios . ▁ ▁Stop - m otion ▁animation ▁▁ ▁Stop - m otion ▁animation ▁uses ▁objects ▁that ▁are ▁increment ally ▁moved ▁and ▁photograph ed ▁in ▁order ▁to ▁create ▁an ▁ill usion ▁of ▁movement ▁when ▁the ▁resulting ▁frames ▁are ▁played ▁back . ▁Notable ▁stud ios ▁special izing ▁in ▁this ▁style ▁of ▁animation ▁include ▁A ard man ▁Anim ations ▁and ▁La ika . ▁▁ 3 D ▁computer ▁animation ▁▁▁ 3 D ▁animation ▁is ▁the ▁new est ▁of ▁the ▁animation ▁techniques , ▁using ▁the ▁assistance ▁of ▁computers ▁and ▁software , ▁such ▁as ▁H oud ini , ▁to ▁create ▁ 3 D ▁models ▁that ▁are ▁then ▁manip ulated ▁and ▁rendered ▁to ▁create ▁movement . ▁Notable ▁stud ios ▁include ▁P ix ar ▁An imation ▁Studios ▁and ▁Blue ▁Sky ▁Studios . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁▁ ▁List ▁of ▁animation ▁stud ios ▁ ▁Computer ▁generated ▁imag ery ▁ ▁List ▁of ▁movie ▁gen res ▁ ▁List ▁of ▁motion ▁picture ▁topics ▁ ▁List ▁of ▁an ime ▁convent ions ▁ ▁List ▁of ▁an ime ▁the atr ically ▁released ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁ ▁Q - version ▁ ▁Vo ice ▁acting ▁in ▁Japan ▁ ▁Film ▁studio ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁* ▁Category : Fil m ▁stud ios ▁Category : T ele vision ▁stud ios <0x0A> </s> ▁Nicolas ▁Z ver ev ▁( or ▁Z vere ff ▁; ▁; ▁ 1 8 8 8 , ▁Moscow ▁- ▁ 2 4 ▁July ▁ 1 9 6 5 ▁Saint |
- R ap ha ël ) ▁was ▁a ▁Russian - F rench ▁dan cer ▁and ▁bal let ▁master . ▁ ▁He ▁studied ▁at ▁the ▁Moscow ▁bal let ▁class ▁at ▁the ▁theatre ▁school ▁of ▁the ▁Moscow ▁Imperial ▁tr oupe . ▁In ▁ 1 9 1 2 ▁he ▁was ▁invited ▁by ▁Serge i ▁Di agh ile v ▁to ▁his ▁tr oupe ▁Bal lets ▁russ es . ▁Z ver ev ▁participated ▁in ▁the ▁Bal lets ▁russ es ▁from ▁ 1 9 1 2 ▁or ▁ 1 9 1 3 ▁to ▁ 1 9 2 6 . ▁Among ▁his ▁roles ▁were ▁S lave ▁( S che her az ade , ▁Michel ▁F ok ine ’ s ▁bal let ), ▁C oss ack ▁Chief ▁( La ▁B out ique ▁fant as que , ▁ 1 9 1 9 ), ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁men ▁( Les ▁b ich es , ▁ 1 9 2 4 ) ▁etc . ▁ ▁After ▁the ▁Russian ▁Revolution ▁of ▁ 1 9 1 7 , ▁Z ver ev ▁could ▁not ▁return ▁to ▁Russia . ▁He ▁continued ▁to ▁work ▁in ▁European ▁the aters : ▁he ▁worked ▁for ▁six ▁years ▁at ▁the ▁national ▁Opera ▁of ▁Lith u ania ▁in ▁Ka unas ▁and ▁was ▁involved ▁in ▁the ▁birth ▁of ▁the ▁Les ▁Bal lets ▁de ▁Monte ▁Carlo ▁of ▁René ▁Bl um ▁( 1 9 3 6 - 1 9 3 8 ). ▁From ▁ 1 9 4 2 ▁to ▁ 1 9 4 5 , ▁he ▁became ▁the ▁master ▁of ▁bal let ▁there . ▁Between ▁ 1 9 |
5 1 ▁and ▁ 1 9 5 3 , ▁he ▁taught ▁at ▁the ▁Conserv atoire ▁russe ▁de ▁Paris ▁Serge - R ach man ino ff ▁( t ogether ▁with ▁Serge ▁L if ar ), and ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 3 ▁he ▁worked ▁in ▁the ▁Theatre ▁de ▁la ▁Mon na ie ▁in ▁Br uss els , ▁where ▁he ▁re organ ized ▁the ▁group ▁and ▁st aged ▁bal lets ▁of ▁La ▁Vie ▁par is ienne ▁by ▁Jacques ▁Off en bach . ▁From ▁ 1 9 5 7 ▁to ▁ 1 9 6 0 , ▁he ▁was ▁the ▁master ▁of ▁bal let ▁of ▁the ▁Teatro ▁Col on ▁in ▁Buenos ▁Aires , ▁and ▁then ▁returned ▁to ▁France , ▁where ▁he ▁died ▁at ▁age ▁ 7 7 . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁▁ ▁Category : Im per ial ▁Russian ▁male ▁bal let ▁d anc ers ▁Category : F rench ▁male ▁bal let ▁d anc ers ▁Category : 1 8 8 8 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 9 6 5 ▁death s ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁Moscow <0x0A> </s> ▁N ig el ▁Chap man ▁( born ▁ 3 1 ▁May ▁ 1 9 4 5 ) ▁was ▁an ▁English ▁cr ick eter . ▁He ▁was ▁a ▁left - hand ed ▁b ats man ▁and ▁w icket - keeper ▁who ▁played ▁for ▁Oxford shire . ▁He ▁was ▁born ▁in ▁Bishop ' s ▁St ort ford . ▁ ▁Having ▁represented ▁Es sex ▁in ▁the ▁Second ▁XI ▁Championship ▁between ▁ 1 9 6 3 ▁and ▁ 1 9 6 |
9 , ▁and ▁having ▁played ▁Minor ▁Count ies ▁Championship ▁matches ▁for ▁Oxford shire ▁between ▁ 1 9 7 1 ▁and ▁ 1 9 7 4 , ▁Chap man ▁made ▁a ▁single ▁List ▁A ▁appearance ▁for ▁the ▁side , ▁during ▁the ▁ 1 9 7 5 ▁G illet te ▁Cup , ▁against ▁Corn wall . ▁From ▁the ▁upper - middle ▁order , ▁he ▁scored ▁ 9 ▁runs . ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁N ig el ▁Chap man ▁at ▁Cr icket ▁Archive ▁▁ ▁Category : 1 9 4 5 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : English ▁cr ick eters ▁Category : O x ford shire ▁cr ick eters ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁Bishop ' s ▁St ort ford <0x0A> </s> ▁Richard ▁A . ▁G olds by ▁is ▁an ▁African - American ▁imm un ologist ▁who ▁is ▁a ▁Professor ▁of ▁Bi ology ▁ ▁at ▁Am her st ▁College , ▁Massachusetts . ▁In ▁addition ▁to ▁his ▁special ism , ▁he ▁has ▁written ▁on ▁a ▁variety ▁of ▁topics , ▁including ▁the ▁social ▁and ▁bi ological ▁significance ▁of ▁H IV / A ID S ▁and ▁of ▁the ▁human ▁ra cial ▁differences . ▁He ▁is ▁a ▁notable ▁pro ponent ▁of ▁the ▁view ▁that ▁races ▁are ▁bi ological , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁social ▁construct s . ▁ ▁Life ▁and ▁career ▁G olds by ▁received ▁a ▁Ph D ▁in ▁chem istry ▁at ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁California , ▁Ber keley ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 1 . ▁He ▁is ▁an ▁imm un ologist , ▁interested ▁in ▁the ▁cell ular ▁and |
▁mole cular ▁bi ology ▁of ▁the ▁imm une ▁response , ▁and ▁has ▁served ▁as ▁a ▁Professor ▁of ▁Bi ology ▁at ▁Am her st ▁College ▁since ▁ 1 9 8 2 . ▁He ▁is ▁also ▁an ▁Ad j unct ▁Professor ▁in ▁the ▁Department ▁of ▁V eter inary ▁and ▁Animal ▁Sciences ▁at ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Massachusetts ▁Am her st . ▁ ▁His ▁interest ▁in ▁the ▁bi ology ▁of ▁race ▁arose ▁from ▁efforts ▁to ▁understand ▁the ▁bi ological ▁roots ▁of ▁the ▁deb ates ▁about ▁a ▁relationship ▁between ▁race ▁and ▁behavior ▁and ▁led ▁to ▁his ▁publication ▁of ▁Race ▁and ▁R aces ▁( Mac mill an , ▁ 1 9 7 1 , ▁ 2 nd ▁Ed . ▁ 1 9 7 7 ). ▁ ▁G olds by ▁arg ues ▁that ▁there ▁are ▁gen etic ▁differences ▁between ▁the ▁races ▁of ▁man , ▁as ▁measured ▁by ▁different ▁gene ▁frequencies ▁and ▁that ▁races ▁differ ▁in ▁intelligence ▁and ▁behaviour ▁through ▁these ▁gen etic ▁differences . ▁However , ▁in ▁a ▁ 1 9 9 3 ▁review ▁of ▁Daniel ▁Sel ig man ' s ▁book ▁A ▁Question ▁of ▁Int elligence ▁he ▁wrote ▁that ▁" I ▁find ▁this ▁book ▁per n icious ▁because ▁its ▁clear ▁purpose ▁is ▁to ▁inf ect ▁readers ▁with ▁the ▁view ▁that ▁both ▁the ▁established ▁schools ▁of ▁behaviour al ▁psych ology ▁and ▁human ▁gen et ics ▁consider ▁it ▁scientific ally ▁demonstrated ▁that ▁group ▁differences ▁in ▁black - white ▁I Q s ▁are ▁largely ▁gen etic ▁in ▁origin . ▁Such ▁a ▁demonstr ation ▁has ▁not ▁been ▁made ▁and ▁Sel ig man ▁probably |
▁understand s ▁that ▁it ▁has ▁not ." ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 8 8 ▁he ▁wrote ▁Th inking ▁A ID S ▁in ▁collaboration ▁with ▁anth rop ologist ▁Mary ▁Catherine ▁B ates on . ▁They ▁discussed ▁the ▁history ▁of ▁the ▁conditions ▁and ▁its ▁relation ▁to ▁social ▁m ores ▁in ▁America . ▁They ▁argued ▁that ▁a ▁" mag ic ▁bullet " ▁against ▁the ▁condition ▁would ▁be ▁very ▁difficult ▁to ▁create , ▁but ▁that ▁co er ci ve ▁methods ▁to ▁change ▁patterns ▁of ▁behavior ▁would ▁be ▁counter product ive . ▁ ▁G olds by ▁is ▁also ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁authors ▁of ▁the ▁K uby ▁Im mun ology ▁text book , ▁the ▁standard ▁under grad uate ▁text book ▁on ▁imm un ology . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Richard ▁G olds by ' s ▁Bio ▁at ▁Am her st ▁ ▁V AS CI ▁page ▁for ▁Richard ▁G olds by ▁ ▁Category : 2 1 st - century ▁American ▁bi olog ists ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : Univers ity ▁of ▁Massachusetts ▁Am her st ▁fac ulty ▁Category : Am her st ▁College ▁fac ulty ▁Category : Univers ity ▁of ▁California , ▁Ber keley ▁al umn i ▁Category : Year ▁of ▁birth ▁missing ▁( l iving ▁people ) <0x0A> </s> ▁My rt le ▁was ▁a ▁small ▁settlement ▁in ▁Wal nut ▁Township , ▁Phill ips ▁County , ▁Kansas , ▁United ▁States . ▁ ▁History ▁My rt le ▁was ▁issued ▁a ▁post ▁office ▁in ▁ 1 8 7 8 . ▁The ▁post ▁office ▁was ▁dis cont in ued |
▁in ▁ 1 9 0 4 . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : Form er ▁populated ▁places ▁in ▁Phill ips ▁County , ▁Kansas ▁Category : Form er ▁populated ▁places ▁in ▁Kansas <0x0A> </s> ▁Wang sim ni ▁Station ▁is ▁a ▁station ▁on ▁the ▁Se oul ▁Sub way ▁Line ▁ 2 , ▁Se oul ▁Sub way ▁Line ▁ 5 , ▁ ▁G ye ong ui – J ung ang ▁Line , ▁and ▁the ▁Bund ang ▁Line . ▁It ▁is ▁located ▁in ▁Ha eng d ang - d ong , ▁Se ong d ong - gu , ▁Se oul . ▁ ▁The ▁name ▁of ▁the ▁station , ▁" W ang sim ni ", ▁is ▁related ▁to ▁a ▁historical ▁account ▁d ating ▁from ▁ 1 4 th ▁century ▁Korea . ▁After ▁establish ing ▁and ▁becoming ▁the ▁first ▁king ▁of ▁the ▁Jose on ▁dynast y , ▁Y i ▁Se ong - gy e ▁presented ▁the ▁great ▁Buddh ist ▁mon k ▁Mu h ak ▁with ▁the ▁task ▁of ▁finding ▁a ▁site ▁for ▁the ▁new ▁capital . ▁After ▁searching ▁for ▁a ▁suitable ▁place , ▁the ▁mon k ▁stopped ▁and ▁saw ▁an ▁old ▁far mer ▁passing ▁by ▁on ▁his ▁ox . ▁The ▁far mer ▁pointed ▁toward ▁the ▁north west ▁and ▁said ▁to ▁him , ▁w ang sim ni ▁( <0xE5> <0xBE> <0x80> 十 里 ), ▁literally ▁meaning ▁' go ▁ten ▁more ▁li ▁( li ▁= ▁a ▁unit ▁measure ▁that ▁equals ▁to ▁one - third ▁of ▁a ▁mile ). ' ▁The ▁start led ▁Mu h ak ▁went ▁to ▁the ▁north west ▁as ▁he |
▁was ▁told ▁and ▁ended ▁up ▁at ▁the ▁southern ▁foot ▁of ▁M t . ▁Bug ak , ▁where ▁G ye ong b ok g ung ▁now ▁stands . ▁This ▁was ▁how ▁H any ang ▁( present - day ▁Se oul ) ▁was ▁born . ▁ ▁Station ▁layout ▁ ▁Kor ail ▁ ▁Line ▁ 2 ▁ ▁Line ▁ 5 ▁ ▁Bit plex ▁In ▁September ▁ 2 0 0 8 , ▁Wang sim ni ▁station ▁was ▁rem ode led ▁to ▁a ▁private ▁inv ested ▁station . ▁This ▁station ▁became ▁multiple x ▁space ▁with ▁several ▁major ▁features ▁down ▁below . ▁ ▁CG V ▁I MAX : ▁movie ▁the ater ▁with ▁the ▁largest ▁I MAX ▁screen ▁in ▁South ▁Korea ▁ ▁Four ▁Season : ▁The ▁only ▁dow nt own ▁water ▁park ▁in ▁Se oul ▁ ▁Enter ▁ 6 : ▁The ▁largest ▁cl othing ▁sho pping ▁m all ▁in ▁South ▁Korea ▁ ▁Em art ▁ ▁D ome ▁G olf : ▁ind oor ▁golf ▁zone ▁ ▁S urr ound ings ▁ ▁H any ang ▁University ▁/ ▁H any ang ▁Women ' s ▁College ▁ ▁Sal go ji ▁Park ▁ ▁Se ong d ong - gu ▁office ▁ ▁Enter ▁ 6 ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Station ▁information ▁from ▁Kor ail ▁ ▁Category : Se oul ▁Metropolitan ▁Sub way ▁stations ▁Category : Met ro ▁stations ▁in ▁Se ong d ong ▁District ▁Category : R ail way ▁stations ▁opened ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 3 ▁Category : R ail way ▁stations ▁in ▁Se oul ▁Category : G ye ong won ▁Line ▁Category |
: G ye ong ui – J ung ang ▁Line ▁Category : B und ang ▁Line ▁Category : Se oul ▁Sub way ▁Line ▁ 2 ▁Category : Se oul ▁Sub way ▁Line ▁ 5 ▁Category : 1 9 8 3 ▁establish ments ▁in ▁South ▁Korea <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁W inds or ▁Far ms ▁Historic ▁District ▁en comp ass es ▁a ▁large ▁histor ically ▁agricult ural ▁area ▁and ▁the ▁historic ▁town ▁center ▁of ▁South ▁W inds or , ▁Connecticut . ▁ ▁Its ▁built ▁environment ▁extends ▁mainly ▁along ▁Main ▁Street , ▁between ▁Inter state ▁ 2 9 1 ▁in ▁the ▁south ▁and ▁Str ong ▁Road ▁in ▁the ▁north , ▁with ▁a ▁divers ity ▁of ▁architecture ▁sp anning ▁three ▁centuries . ▁The ▁district ▁includes ▁agricult ural ▁fields ▁on ▁both ▁sides , ▁many ▁of ▁which ▁remain ▁in ▁to b acco ▁cultiv ation . ▁ ▁The ▁district ▁was ▁listed ▁on ▁the ▁National ▁Register ▁of ▁Historic ▁Places ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 6 . ▁ ▁Description ▁and ▁history ▁South ▁W inds or ▁was ▁part ▁of ▁W inds or , ▁when ▁that ▁town ▁was ▁settled ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 7 th ▁century , ▁and ▁was ▁separately ▁incorpor ated ▁in ▁ 1 7 6 8 . ▁ ▁It ▁was ▁always ▁an ▁agricult ural ▁community , ▁ow ing ▁the ▁rich ▁far ml ands ▁along ▁the ▁Connecticut ▁River , ▁which ▁separ ates ▁it ▁from ▁its ▁parent ▁town . ▁ ▁Tob acco ▁was ▁from ▁an ▁early ▁date ▁a ▁significant ▁c rop , ▁which ▁did ▁particularly ▁well , ▁and ▁was ▁the ▁source ▁of ▁the ▁town |
' s ▁fort unes ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 th ▁century . ▁ ▁Tob acco ▁far mers ▁in ▁the ▁town ▁introduced ▁techniques ▁for ▁reg ulating ▁temper atures ▁in ▁the ▁sh eds ▁used ▁for ▁dry ing ▁and ▁cur ing ▁to b acco , ▁which ▁still ▁dot ▁the ▁landscape ▁today . ▁ ▁Sh ade - g rown ▁to b acco , ▁particularly ▁pri zed ▁for ▁use ▁as ▁the ▁wrapping ▁of ▁cig ars , ▁was ▁introduced ▁in ▁the ▁town ▁in ▁ 1 9 0 1 , ▁and ▁remained ▁an ▁important ▁c rop ▁into ▁the ▁ 1 9 7 0 s . ▁ ▁The ▁W inds or ▁Far ms ▁area ▁was ▁the ▁principal ▁settlement ▁in ▁colonial ▁South ▁W inds or . ▁ ▁It ▁stretch ed ▁along ▁Main ▁Street , ▁which ▁was ▁laid ▁out ▁near ▁the ▁edge ▁of ▁a ▁terra ce ▁above ▁the ▁bottom lands ▁of ▁the ▁Connecticut ▁River . ▁ ▁H ouses ▁l ined ▁the ▁street , ▁with ▁narrow ▁stri ps ▁of ▁far ml and ▁extending ▁west ▁to ▁the ▁river , ▁and ▁east ward ▁as ▁well . ▁ ▁The ▁historic ▁district ▁en comp ass es ▁all ▁of ▁these ▁resources , ▁an ▁area ▁over ▁ ▁in ▁size . ▁In ▁many ▁instances , ▁houses ▁have ▁been ▁replaced ▁by ▁later ▁construction , ▁resulting ▁in ▁a ▁wide ▁variety ▁of ▁architect ural ▁styles , ▁despite ▁some ▁consist ence ▁in ▁spacing ▁and ▁scale . ▁ ▁The ▁district ▁includes ▁the ▁ 1 8 4 5 ▁Greek ▁Rev ival , ▁First ▁Cong reg ational ▁Church , ▁a ▁district ▁school house ▁also ▁built ▁in ▁ 1 |
8 4 5 , ▁and ▁the ▁Class ical ▁Rev ival ▁Wood ▁Memorial ▁Library ▁building ▁( 1 9 2 6 ). ▁ ▁The ▁oldest ▁house ▁in ▁the ▁district ▁was ▁built ▁in ▁ 1 6 9 4 . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁East ▁W inds or ▁Hill ▁Historic ▁District , ▁located ▁north ▁of ▁this ▁district ▁National ▁Register ▁of ▁Historic ▁Places ▁list ings ▁in ▁Hart ford ▁County , ▁Connecticut ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : H istor ic ▁districts ▁on ▁the ▁National ▁Register ▁of ▁Historic ▁Places ▁in ▁Connecticut ▁Category : National ▁Register ▁of ▁Historic ▁Places ▁in ▁Hart ford ▁County , ▁Connecticut ▁Category : G reek ▁Rev ival ▁architecture ▁in ▁Connecticut ▁Category : V ict or ian ▁architecture ▁in ▁Connecticut ▁Category : Col onial ▁Rev ival ▁architecture ▁in ▁Connecticut ▁Category : S outh ▁W inds or , ▁Connecticut <0x0A> </s> ▁Y uri ▁Nor ay rov ich ▁V ard any an ▁( ; ▁, ▁also ▁transl iter ated ▁Y ur ik ▁V ard an ian , ▁ 1 3 ▁June ▁ 1 9 5 6 ▁– ▁ 1 ▁November ▁ 2 0 1 8 ) ▁was ▁a ▁Soviet ▁Armen ian ▁weight l if ter . ▁V ard any an ▁won ▁a ▁gold ▁medal ▁at ▁the ▁ 1 9 8 0 ▁Summer ▁Olympics , ▁becoming ▁the ▁world ' s ▁first ▁weight l if ter ▁to ▁achieve ▁a ▁ 4 0 0 ▁kil ogram ▁total ▁in ▁the ▁ 8 2 . 5 kg ▁weight ▁category . ▁During ▁his ▁career ▁he ▁set ▁several ▁world ▁records . ▁He ▁trained ▁at ▁Lok om ot |
iv ▁in ▁Len in ak an , ▁Armen ia . ▁He ▁earned ▁the ▁title ▁Hon oured ▁Master ▁of ▁Sports ▁of ▁the ▁USS R ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 7 ▁and ▁was ▁awarded ▁the ▁Order ▁of ▁Len in ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 5 . ▁In ▁ 1 9 9 4 ▁he ▁was ▁elected ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁International ▁We ight l ifting ▁Federation ▁Hall ▁of ▁Fame . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁V ard any an ▁became ▁an ▁ad visor ▁to ▁President ▁Ser zh ▁S args yan ' s ▁and ▁was ▁appointed ▁Minister ▁of ▁Sports ▁in ▁May ▁ 2 0 1 3 . ▁In ▁June , ▁he ▁was ▁controvers ial ly ▁appointed ▁Armen ia ' s ▁amb assador ▁to ▁Georgia . ▁ ▁Biography ▁ ▁Early ▁life ▁V ard any an ▁was ▁born ▁on ▁ 1 3 ▁June ▁ 1 9 5 6 ▁in ▁Len in ak an , ▁Armen ian ▁SS R ▁( now ▁Gy um ri , ▁Armen ia ), ▁a ▁city ▁well ▁known ▁for ▁its ▁weight l if ters . ▁He ▁began ▁weight ▁training ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 0 ▁under ▁the ▁guidance ▁of ▁his ▁uncle ▁Serge y ▁V ard any an . ▁ ▁Y uri ▁V ard any an ▁first ▁came ▁onto ▁the ▁international ▁weight l ifting ▁scene ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 7 . ▁He ▁competed ▁against ▁Peter ▁W enz el ▁of ▁East ▁Germany , ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁top ▁middle we ights ▁in ▁the ▁world , ▁twice ▁that ▁year ▁and ▁defeated ▁him ▁both ▁times . ▁ ▁Also |
▁that ▁same ▁year ▁V ard any an ▁also ▁won ▁the ▁Championship ▁of ▁the ▁USS R ▁for ▁the ▁first ▁time . ▁V ard any an ▁had ▁set ▁all ▁the ▁world ▁records ▁in ▁the ▁division ▁by ▁the ▁time ▁of ▁the ▁We ight l ifting ▁European ▁Championships ▁at ▁the ▁age ▁of ▁ 2 0 ▁and ▁became ▁a ▁We ight l ifting ▁World ▁Champion ▁for ▁the ▁first ▁time ▁at ▁the ▁age ▁of ▁ 2 1 . ▁For ▁his ▁de eds , ▁he ▁received ▁the ▁Hon oured ▁Master ▁of ▁Sports ▁of ▁the ▁USS R ▁award ▁that ▁year . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 7 8 , ▁V ard any an ▁moved ▁up ▁to ▁the ▁light ▁heavy weight ▁division ▁( 8 2 . 5 kg ). ▁He ▁soon ▁became ▁the ▁European ▁Champion ▁again ▁and ▁set ▁all ▁the ▁division ▁records ▁by ▁the ▁time ▁of ▁the ▁Championships . ▁Four ▁months ▁later , ▁at ▁the ▁World ▁Championships , ▁V ard any an ▁came ▁into ▁the ▁competition ▁relatively ▁over shadow ed ▁by ▁more ▁well - known ▁weight l if ters , ▁such ▁as ▁David ▁R ig ert . ▁V ard any an ▁caught ▁the ▁eyes ▁of ▁the ▁weight l ifting ▁world ▁by ▁breaking ▁all ▁of ▁his ▁own ▁records ▁again ▁and ▁defe ating ▁silver ▁medal ist ▁P éter ▁B acz ak ó ▁of ▁Hung ary ▁by ▁ 2 5 kg ▁in ▁the ▁total ▁in ▁a ▁dominant ▁performance . ▁ ▁V ard any an ' s ▁spot ▁as ▁the ▁best ▁light ▁heavy weight ▁in ▁the ▁world ▁had ▁gone ▁un ch alleng ed ▁once |
▁again ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 9 . ▁He ▁set ▁many ▁world ▁records ▁at ▁the ▁USS R ▁compet itions ▁that ▁year , ▁leaving ▁the ▁world ▁record ▁in ▁the ▁total ▁at ▁ 3 9 0 kg . ▁Because ▁of ▁his ▁success ▁so ▁far , ▁great ▁expect ations ▁were ▁set ▁for ▁V ard any an ▁at ▁the ▁Olympics ▁the ▁coming ▁year . ▁▁ 1 9 8 0 ▁Olympic ▁Games ▁At ▁the ▁ 1 9 8 0 ▁Summer ▁Olympics ▁ ▁V ard any an ▁became ▁the ▁first ▁weight l if ter ▁from ▁Armen ia ▁ever ▁to ▁win ▁a ▁gold ▁medal ▁in ▁weight l ifting . ▁ ▁In ▁a ▁dominant ▁performance , ▁V ard any an ▁also ▁became ▁the ▁first ▁light - he avy weight ▁( 8 2 . 5 kg ) ▁to ▁lift ▁a ▁total ▁of ▁ 4 0 0 kg ▁in ▁an ▁official ▁competition , ▁sh atter ing ▁both ▁the ▁Olympic ▁and ▁world ▁records . ▁By ▁contrast , ▁middle - he avy weight ▁gold ▁medal ist ▁Peter ▁B acz ako ▁( 9 0 kg ) ▁tot aled ▁ 3 7 7 . 5 kg ▁and ▁sub - he avy weight ▁gold ▁medal ist ▁O ta ▁Z are m ba ▁( 1 0 0 kg ) ▁tot aled ▁ 3 9 5 kg . ▁Even ▁heavy weight ▁bronze ▁medal ist ▁Gy ör gy ▁Sz al ai ▁( 1 1 0 kg ) ▁had ▁only ▁tot aled ▁ 3 9 0 kg . ▁ ▁As ▁for ▁V ard |
any an ' s ▁division , ▁silver ▁medal ist ▁B lag oi ▁B lag o ev ▁had ▁tot aled ▁ 3 7 2 . 5 kg ▁and ▁bronze ▁medal ist ▁D us an ▁Pol ia ci k ▁tot aled ▁ 3 6 7 . 5 kg . ▁ ▁The ▁following ▁year , ▁V ard any an ▁moved ▁up ▁to ▁middle - he avy weight ▁for ▁a ▁competition ▁in ▁Don et sk , ▁in ▁which ▁he ▁set ▁all ▁the ▁division ' s ▁world ▁records , ▁but ▁decided ▁to ▁move ▁back ▁down ▁to ▁light ▁heavy weight ▁for ▁the ▁World ▁and ▁European ▁Championships ▁in ▁L ille . ▁It ▁was ▁also ▁during ▁this ▁time ▁that ▁As en ▁Z late v ▁of ▁Bulg aria ▁emer ged ▁as ▁a ▁top ▁cont ender ▁in ▁the ▁division . ▁Z late v ▁had ▁also ▁won ▁a ▁gold ▁medal ▁at ▁the ▁ 1 9 8 0 ▁Olympics ▁and ▁now ▁moved ▁up ▁to ▁light ▁heavy weight , ▁as ▁had ▁V ard any an . ▁Z late v ▁placed ▁second ▁behind ▁V ard any an ▁in ▁both ▁compet itions ▁in ▁L ille . ▁ ▁V ard any an ▁went ▁back ▁up ▁to ▁middle - he avy weight ▁again ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 2 . ▁He ▁set ▁all ▁the ▁division ▁records ▁again ▁at ▁the ▁USS R ▁We ight l ifting ▁Championships ▁in ▁D n ip rop et rov sk . ▁However , ▁he ▁came ▁in ▁second ▁to ▁old ▁rival ▁B lag oi ▁B lag o ev ▁at ▁the ▁European ▁and ▁World ▁Championships ▁and |
▁decided ▁to ▁campaign ▁at ▁light ▁heavy weight ▁once ▁again . ▁ ▁Comp eting ▁as ▁a ▁light ▁heavy weight ▁again , ▁V ard any an ▁successfully ▁reg ained ▁his ▁European ▁and ▁World ▁Championships ▁in ▁close ▁compet itions ▁to ▁Z late v , ▁winning ▁by ▁just ▁ 2 . 5 kg ▁in ▁the ▁total ▁in ▁both . ▁At ▁the ▁ 1 9 8 3 ▁World ▁We ight l ifting ▁Championships , ▁V ard any an ' s ▁friends ▁and ▁team m ates ▁O ks en ▁Mir zo yan ▁and ▁Y ur ik ▁S ark is yan ▁had ▁also ▁won ▁the ▁gold ▁medal ▁in ▁their ▁respective ▁divisions , ▁meaning ▁that ▁Armen ians ▁had ▁come ▁in ▁first ▁in ▁the ▁world ▁in ▁three ▁of ▁the ▁ten ▁divisions . ▁ ▁V ard any an ▁faced ▁defeat ▁for ▁the ▁only ▁time ▁in ▁the ▁light ▁heavy weight ▁weight ▁class ▁at ▁the ▁ 1 9 8 4 ▁European ▁We ight l ifting ▁Championships , ▁coming ▁in ▁second ▁to ▁Z late v . ▁▁ 1 9 8 4 ▁Friend ship ▁Games ▁Because ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 9 8 4 ▁Summer ▁Olympics ▁boy c ott , ▁V ard any an ▁was ▁unable ▁to ▁comp ete ▁at ▁the ▁Olympics ▁that ▁year , ▁despite ▁being ▁a ▁massive ▁gold ▁medal ▁favorite . ▁In ▁place ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 9 8 4 ▁Olympic ▁Games , ▁V ard any an ▁and ▁the ▁rest ▁of ▁the ▁Soviet ▁and ▁Soviet - aff ili ated ▁athlet es ▁competed ▁at ▁the ▁ 1 9 8 4 ▁Friend ship ▁Games . ▁ ▁V |
ard any an ▁gave ▁yet ▁another ▁dominant ▁performance ▁at ▁the ▁Friend ship ▁Games , ▁this ▁time ▁tot alling ▁ 4 0 5 kg ▁to ▁win ▁the ▁gold ▁medal , ▁ 2 0 kg ▁ahead ▁of ▁silver ▁medal ist ▁As en ▁Z late v ▁( 3 8 5 kg ). ▁Le ading ▁up ▁to ▁the ▁light ▁heavy weight ▁division , ▁all ▁the ▁first ▁five ▁divisions ▁had ▁been ▁won ▁by ▁the ▁Bulgar ian ▁team . ▁V ard any an ▁was ▁the ▁first ▁weight l if ter ▁from ▁the ▁Soviet ▁team ▁( or ▁any ▁other ▁country ) ▁to ▁win ▁a ▁gold ▁medal . ▁His ▁performance ▁would ▁be ▁followed ▁by ▁the ▁Soviet ▁weight l if ters ▁winning ▁gold ▁in ▁the ▁remaining ▁four ▁division , ▁t ying ▁the ▁Bulg ari ans ▁in ▁gold ▁med als ▁and ▁total ▁med als ▁and ▁winning ▁the ▁event ▁due ▁to ▁having ▁more ▁silver ▁med als . ▁ ▁V ard any an ▁also ▁set ▁all ▁the ▁world ▁records ▁for ▁a ▁final ▁time ▁in ▁the ▁light ▁heavy weight ▁division . ▁Although ▁thirty ▁world ▁records ▁were ▁broken ▁in ▁the ▁weight l ifting ▁event , ▁V ard any an ▁was ▁the ▁only ▁weight l if ter ▁to ▁break ▁all ▁three ▁of ▁the ▁sn atch , ▁clean ▁and ▁j erk ▁and ▁total ▁world ▁records ▁in ▁his ▁respective ▁division . ▁V ard any an ▁lifted ▁a ▁total ▁of ▁ 4 0 5 kg , ▁a ▁total ▁that ▁has ▁not ▁been ▁matched ▁since , ▁as ▁the ▁current ▁light - he avy weight ▁record ▁for ▁the ▁now |
▁ 8 5 kg ▁light ▁heavy weight ▁category ▁( there by ▁not ▁including ▁records ▁set ▁before ▁the ▁weight limit ▁change ) ▁is ▁currently ▁ 3 9 4 kg , ▁set ▁by ▁And rei ▁Ry b ak ou ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁Summer ▁Olympics . ▁ ▁Late ▁career ▁Following ▁the ▁Friend ship ▁Games , ▁V ard any an ▁won ▁his ▁final ▁World ▁Championship ▁at ▁the ▁ 1 9 8 5 ▁World ▁We ight l ifting ▁Championships . ▁V ard any an ▁won ▁seven ▁gold ▁med als ▁and ▁one ▁silver ▁medal ▁in ▁total ▁in ▁the ▁years ▁he ▁competed ▁at ▁the ▁World ▁We ight l ifting ▁Championships , ▁putting ▁him ▁just ▁in ▁second ▁on ▁the ▁all ▁time ▁medal ▁count , ▁behind ▁the ▁great ▁Vas ily ▁Ale k se ye v . ▁V ard any an ▁received ▁the ▁Order ▁of ▁Len in ▁award ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 5 ▁for ▁his ▁many ▁accomplish ments ▁in ▁the ▁field ▁of ▁sport . ▁V ard any an ▁set ▁ 4 1 ▁world ▁records ▁during ▁his ▁decor ated ▁career . ▁ ▁V ard any an ▁achieved ▁great ▁popular ity ▁in ▁the ▁political ▁world ▁for ▁his ▁accomplish ments ▁in ▁sports . ▁He ▁became ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁Armen ian ▁parliament . ▁When ▁the ▁Soviet ▁Union ▁was ▁on ▁the ▁ver ge ▁of ▁collapse , ▁those ▁who ▁came ▁to ▁power ▁sought ▁to ▁win ▁the ▁support ▁of ▁the ▁best - known ▁people ▁in ▁the ▁country . ▁In ▁a ▁bid ▁to ▁make ▁people ▁respect ▁them ▁and ▁their ▁dec isions , ▁the |
▁Union ▁leaders ▁paid ▁V ard any an ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁vis its ▁and ▁requested ▁that ▁he ▁express ▁his ▁support ▁in ▁public . ▁He ▁refused . ▁Short ly ▁before ▁that , ▁V ard any an ▁received ▁an ▁offer ▁to ▁move ▁for ▁the ▁time ▁being ▁to ▁the ▁USA ▁to ▁sign ▁a ▁contract ▁with ▁the ▁Federation ▁of ▁We ight l ifting . ▁V ard any an ▁did ▁so , ▁having ▁little ▁choice ▁otherwise . ▁ ▁Because ▁of ▁political ▁reasons , ▁V ard any an ▁was ▁forced ▁to ▁end ▁his ▁weight l ifting ▁career ▁prem ature ly . ▁He ▁was ▁already ▁training ▁for ▁the ▁ 1 9 8 8 ▁Summer ▁Olympics ▁and ▁had ▁no ▁intention ▁to ▁stop ▁compet ing . ▁V ard any an ▁later ▁claimed ▁he ▁could ▁have ▁won ▁four ▁Olympics . ▁ ▁V ard any an ▁moved ▁to ▁Mo or park , ▁California ▁with ▁his ▁family ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 2 . ▁V ard any an ▁had ▁not ▁forgotten ▁about ▁his ▁hom eland ▁and ▁still ▁continued ▁his ▁political ▁purs uit ▁in ▁Mo or park ▁in ▁order ▁to ▁help ▁Armen ia . ▁Using ▁connections ▁with ▁former ▁Soviet ▁Union ▁countries , ▁V ard any an ▁did ▁work ▁in ▁business ▁and ▁tra ve led ▁frequently . ▁ ▁V ard any an ▁and ▁his ▁family ▁returned ▁to ▁Armen ia ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 9 . ▁V ard any an ▁open ly ▁polit ically ▁supported ▁Ser zh ▁S args yan ' s ▁policies ▁, ▁unlike ▁those ▁of ▁the ▁previous ▁President ▁Robert ▁Koch ary an , ▁and ▁decided ▁it |
▁was ▁time ▁to ▁return ▁to ▁his ▁hom eland ▁in ▁the ▁w ake ▁of ▁S args yan ' s ▁election . ▁V ard any an ▁returned ▁to ▁his ▁political ▁duties ▁and ▁became ▁and ▁became ▁an ▁ad visor ▁to ▁the ▁President . ▁ ▁He ▁lived ▁with ▁his ▁family ▁in ▁Y ere van , ▁Armen ia , ▁co aching ▁his ▁son , ▁who ▁has ▁followed ▁in ▁his ▁foot steps ▁and ▁taken ▁up ▁weight l ifting . ▁ ▁Personal ▁life ▁ ▁V ard any an ▁met ▁his ▁wife ▁Ele on ora , ▁a ▁Russian ▁ath lete ▁in ▁the ▁sport ▁of ▁l uge , ▁while ▁training ▁together ▁in ▁the ▁USS R ▁national ▁sports ▁se lections . ▁They ▁got ▁married ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 3 ▁in ▁Armen ia . ▁The ▁couple ▁have ▁three ▁sons : ▁David ▁( b . ▁ 1 9 8 3 ), ▁Nor ay r ▁( b . ▁ 1 9 8 7 ) ▁and ▁Michael ▁( b . ▁ 1 9 9 5 ). ▁Their ▁middle ▁son , ▁Nor ay r ▁V ard any an , ▁is ▁an ▁Olympic ▁weight l if ter ▁who ▁represented ▁Armen ia ▁in ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁Olympics ▁and ▁who ▁now ▁represents ▁the ▁United ▁States . ▁ ▁V ard any an ▁moved ▁to ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 2 ▁and ▁settled ▁in ▁Los ▁Angeles . ▁He ▁claimed ▁that ▁he ▁had ▁some ▁political ▁disag re ements ▁with ▁then - Pres ident ▁Lev on ▁Ter - P et ros yan ▁and ▁that ▁served ▁as ▁a ▁reason |
▁for ▁him ▁to ▁move ▁to ▁the ▁United ▁States . ▁He ▁came ▁back ▁to ▁Armen ia ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 9 . ▁ ▁On ▁ 8 ▁October ▁ 2 0 1 0 , ▁V ard any an ▁was ▁in ▁a ▁car ▁accident ▁when ▁his ▁vehicle ▁hit ▁a ▁tra ctor ▁on ▁the ▁Y ere van - G y um ri ▁highway . ▁He ▁was ▁taken ▁to ▁a ▁hospital ▁in ▁As ht ar ak ▁and ▁was ▁later ▁transferred ▁to ▁N ai ri ▁Medical ▁Center . ▁V ard any an ▁received ▁emer gency ▁surg ery ▁on ▁a ▁th igh ▁b one ▁and ▁he ▁sust ained ▁sh in ▁inj uries , ▁but ▁recovered . ▁ ▁V ard any an ▁was ▁hospital ized ▁in ▁the ▁E reb uni ▁medical ▁center ▁for ▁an ▁unknown ▁reason ▁on ▁ 2 2 ▁April ▁ 2 0 1 1 . ▁Do ctors ▁stated ▁his ▁condition ▁was ▁" gra ve ▁but ▁stable ." ▁That ▁same ▁day , ▁V ard any an ▁was ▁diagn osed ▁with ▁an ▁em bol ism ▁and ▁during ▁surg ery ▁for ▁lower ▁leg ▁reconst ruction , ▁his ▁heart ▁stopped . ▁He ▁sli pped ▁into ▁a ▁com a . ▁His ▁condition ▁was ▁reported ▁stable ▁a ▁few ▁days ▁later ▁and ▁he ▁was ▁released ▁from ▁the ▁hospital ▁on ▁ 1 3 ▁May ▁ 2 0 1 1 . ▁ ▁To ▁this ▁day , ▁V ard any an ▁is ▁ha iled ▁as ▁a ▁hero ▁in ▁Armen ia ▁for ▁his ▁de eds ▁in ▁the ▁sport ▁of ▁weight l ifting . ▁A ▁stamp ▁of ▁V ard any |
an ▁was ▁printed ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁in ▁honor ▁of ▁him . ▁ ▁Y uri ▁V ard any an ▁died ▁on ▁ 1 ▁November ▁ 2 0 1 8 ▁at ▁the ▁age ▁of ▁ 6 2 . ▁ ▁Political ▁career ▁On ▁ 2 ▁April ▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁V ard ay an ▁was ▁appointed ▁as ▁an ▁ad visor ▁to ▁President ▁Ser zh ▁S args yan . ▁ ▁On ▁ 8 ▁May ▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁V ard any an ▁was ▁appointed ▁Minister ▁of ▁Sport ▁and ▁Youth ▁Affairs . ▁Int rodu cing ▁V ard any an ▁as ▁a ▁new ▁member ▁of ▁his ▁cabinet , ▁Prime ▁Minister ▁Tig ran ▁S args yan ▁stated ▁that ▁he ▁is ▁" It ▁would ▁be ▁hard ▁to ▁find ▁a ▁better ▁candidate ▁for ▁this ▁post ▁as ▁Mr . ▁V ard any an ▁knows ▁very ▁well ▁the ▁needs ▁of ▁athlet es , ▁their ▁living ▁conditions , ▁and ▁what ▁should ▁be ▁done ▁to ▁promote ▁sports ▁in ▁our ▁country . ▁From ▁this ▁perspective , ▁we ▁do ▁believe ▁that ▁his ▁long ▁experience ▁and ▁knowledge ▁may ▁bring ▁about ▁a ▁break through ▁in ▁this ▁field ." ▁ ▁On ▁ 2 4 ▁June ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁V ard any an ▁was ▁appointed ▁Armen ia ' s ▁amb assador ▁to ▁Georgia . ▁This ▁move ▁was ▁neg atively ▁received ▁by ▁diplom ats ▁and ▁polit icians . ▁For ▁instance , ▁Armen ia ' s ▁ex - Foreign ▁Minister ▁Alexander ▁Ar z um any an ▁said ▁he ▁deeply ▁respect s ▁V ard any an ' s |
▁achiev ements ▁in ▁sport , ▁but ▁question ed ▁V ard any an ' s ▁knowledge ▁of ▁Armen ian - Ge org ian ▁relations . ▁Def ending ▁the ▁decision , ▁r uling ▁Republican ▁Party ▁Georg ian - born ▁MP ▁Sh ira k ▁Tor os yan ▁claimed ▁that ▁" Ar men ia ▁has ▁never ▁appointed ▁a ▁professional ▁amb assador ▁to ▁Georgia ▁ever ▁since ▁gain ing ▁independence " ▁and ▁that ▁" Ind ividual s ▁accomplished ▁in ▁different ▁areas ▁have ▁been ▁appointed ▁but ▁they ▁were ▁never ▁diplom ats . ▁So ▁it ▁has ▁become ▁a ▁kind ▁of ▁tradition . ▁As ▁for ▁the ▁Armen ian - Ge org ian ▁relations , ▁I ▁don ’ t ▁think ▁they ▁have ▁to ▁be ▁linked ▁to ▁the ▁amb assador ’ s ▁work . ▁The ▁amb assador ▁is ▁just ▁required ▁to ▁use ▁his ▁potential ▁to ▁better ▁develop ▁those ▁relations ." ▁ ▁Major ▁results ▁ ▁Ach iev ements ▁ ▁Senior ▁world ▁champion ▁( 1 9 7 7 – 8 1 , ▁ 1 9 8 3 , ▁and ▁ 1 9 8 5 ); ▁ ▁Silver ▁medal ist ▁in ▁Senior ▁World ▁Championships ▁( 1 9 8 2 ); ▁ ▁Senior ▁European ▁champion ▁( 1 9 7 7 , ▁ 1 9 7 8 , ▁ 1 9 8 0 , ▁ 1 9 8 1 , ▁and ▁ 1 9 8 3 ); ▁ ▁Silver ▁medal ist ▁in ▁Senior ▁European ▁Championships ▁( 1 9 8 2 ▁and ▁ 1 9 8 4 ); ▁ ▁All - time ▁senior ▁world ▁record ▁holder ▁in ▁total ▁( 4 |
0 5 kg ▁compet ing ▁at ▁ 8 2 . 5 kg ); ▁ ▁Multiple ▁senior ▁world ▁record ▁holder ▁in ▁total ▁( 1 9 7 8 – 9 2 ); ▁ ▁USS R ▁champion ▁( 1 9 7 7 , ▁ 1 9 7 9 – 8 2 ); ▁ ▁H eld ▁the ▁world ▁record ▁of ▁ 4 0 5 kg , ▁in ▁the ▁total ▁at ▁ 8 2 . 5 kg ▁weight ▁class ▁before ▁the ▁reconst ruction ▁of ▁the ▁weight ▁classes ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 2 . ▁ ▁Career ▁best s ▁ ▁Sn atch : ▁ 1 8 2 . 5 kg ▁in ▁class ▁to ▁ 8 2 . 5 kg . ▁ ▁Sn atch : ▁ 1 9 0 . 0 kg ▁in ▁class ▁to ▁ 9 0 kg . ▁ ▁C lean ▁and ▁j erk : ▁ 2 2 4 . 0 kg ▁in ▁class ▁to ▁ 8 2 . 5 kg . ▁ ▁C lean ▁and ▁j erk : ▁ 2 2 8 . 0 kg ▁in ▁class ▁to ▁ 9 0 kg . ▁ ▁Total : ▁ 4 0 5 . 0 kg ▁in ▁class ▁to ▁ 8 2 . 5 kg . ▁ ▁Total : ▁ 4 1 5 . 0 kg ▁in ▁class ▁to ▁ 9 0 kg . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Bibli ography ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁▁ ▁Y ur ik ▁V ard any an ▁at ▁L ift ▁Up |
▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁Category : 1 9 5 6 ▁birth s ▁Category : 2 0 1 8 ▁death s ▁Category : B ur ial s ▁at ▁the ▁Kom itas ▁P ant he on ▁Category : S ports people ▁from ▁Gy um ri ▁Category : Ar men ian ▁male ▁weight l if ters ▁Category : H on oured ▁Masters ▁of ▁Sport ▁of ▁the ▁USS R ▁Category : O lymp ic ▁weight l if ters ▁of ▁the ▁Soviet ▁Union ▁Category : O lymp ic ▁gold ▁medal ists ▁for ▁the ▁Soviet ▁Union ▁Category : S ov iet ▁male ▁weight l if ters ▁Category : Weight l if ters ▁at ▁the ▁ 1 9 8 0 ▁Summer ▁Olympics ▁Category : O lymp ic ▁medal ists ▁in ▁weight l ifting ▁Category : S ov iet ▁Armen ians ▁Category : Rep ublic an ▁Party ▁of ▁Armen ia ▁polit icians ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁Mo or park , ▁California ▁Category : Re cip ients ▁of ▁the ▁Order ▁of ▁Len in ▁Category : Med al ists ▁at ▁the ▁ 1 9 8 0 ▁Summer ▁Olympics ▁Category : Ar men ian ▁sports ▁execut ives ▁and ▁administr ators ▁Category : S ports people ▁from ▁Vent ura ▁County , ▁California <0x0A> </s> ▁Adam ▁Richard ▁F lem ing ▁( born ▁ 1 5 ▁May ▁ 1 9 4 8 ) ▁is ▁a ▁British ▁billion aire , ▁and ▁the ▁chairman ▁of ▁the ▁asset ▁management ▁company ▁Stone h age ▁F lem ing . ▁ ▁Early ▁life ▁Adam ▁Richard ▁F lem ing ▁was ▁born ▁on ▁ 1 5 ▁May |
▁ 1 9 4 8 , ▁the ▁son ▁of ▁Major ▁Richard ▁Ev ely n ▁F lem ing ▁( 1 9 1 0 – 1 9 7 7 ) ▁and ▁the ▁Hon . ▁Dor othy ▁Ch arm ian ▁Herm on - H odge , ▁daughter ▁of ▁Roland ▁H erman ▁Herm on - H odge , ▁ 2 nd ▁Baron ▁Wy fold . ▁He ▁has ▁seven ▁brothers ▁and ▁sister s . ▁ ▁His ▁grand father ▁was ▁Major ▁Valent ine ▁F lem ing ▁( 1 8 8 2 – 1 9 1 7 ), ▁and ▁his ▁great - grand father ▁was ▁the ▁Scottish ▁bank er ▁Robert ▁F lem ing , ▁founder ▁of ▁the ▁merchant ▁bank ▁Robert ▁F lem ing ▁& ▁Co . ▁His ▁uncle ▁on ▁his ▁father ' s ▁side ▁was ▁the ▁James ▁Bond ▁novel ist ▁Ian ▁F lem ing . ▁ ▁He ▁was ▁educated ▁at ▁Ab ber ley ▁Hall ▁School ▁and ▁E ton . ▁ ▁Career ▁He ▁started ▁his ▁career ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 0 ▁as ▁a ▁stock ▁market ▁anal yst ▁at ▁Robert ▁F lem ing ▁& ▁Co ., ▁the ▁company ▁founded ▁by ▁his ▁great - grand father , ▁ear ning ▁£ 7 ▁per ▁week . ▁ ▁In ▁April ▁ 2 0 1 5 , ▁The ▁Sunday ▁Times ▁Rich ▁List ▁estimated ▁his ▁family ' s ▁net ▁worth ▁at ▁GB P ▁£ 1 . 5 ▁billion . ▁ ▁F lem ing ▁is ▁chairman ▁of ▁W its ▁Gold , ▁chairman ▁of ▁the ▁Johannes burg ▁Land ▁Company , ▁a ▁director ▁of ▁Zam be ef ▁Product s , |
▁chairman ▁of ▁F lem ing ▁Family ▁& ▁Part ners , ▁and ▁has ▁far ming ▁interests ▁in ▁Z amb ia ▁and ▁South ▁Africa . ▁ ▁F lem ing ▁describes ▁himself ▁as ▁" just ▁a ▁long - term ▁invest or ▁with ▁firm ▁belief s ▁in ▁gold ". ▁ ▁Personal ▁life ▁He ▁is ▁married ▁to ▁Caroline ▁W ake . ▁They ▁live ▁on ▁a ▁farm ▁in ▁the ▁C ots w olds ▁and ▁have ▁four ▁children , ▁H ector , ▁Nell , ▁Ang us ▁and ▁Dick on . ▁His ▁son ▁H ector ▁F lem ing ▁is ▁a ▁former ▁director ▁of ▁Standard ▁Char tered ' s ▁private ▁equ ity ▁team , ▁co - f ounded ▁the ▁invest ment ▁firm ▁F lem ing ▁W ulf so hn ▁Africa , ▁and ▁is ▁a ▁director ▁of ▁Im ara , ▁The ▁Johannes burg ▁Land ▁Company , ▁Clo ver ▁Al lo ys , ▁Gold M oney ▁Network s ▁and ▁Net ag io ▁Hold ings . ▁ ▁He ▁is ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁White ' s , ▁London , ▁and ▁the ▁Rand ▁Club ▁of ▁Johannes burg . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : 1 9 4 8 ▁birth s ▁Category : B rit ish ▁billion aires ▁Category : B rit ish ▁business people ▁Category : B rit ish ▁corpor ate ▁direct ors ▁Adam ▁Category : Pe ople ▁educated ▁at ▁E ton ▁College ▁Category : Con serv ative ▁Party ▁( UK ) ▁don ors <0x0A> </s> ▁Mart ins ▁S iding ▁is ▁an ▁un in cor por ated ▁community ▁in ▁North am pton ▁County |
, ▁Virginia , ▁United ▁States . ▁It ▁is ▁on ▁the ▁eastern ▁shore ▁of ▁Virginia , ▁on ▁the ▁Del mar va ▁pen ins ula . ▁A ▁short ▁drive ▁away ▁from ▁Mart ins ▁S iding ▁is ▁the ▁Ch es ape ake ▁Bay ▁Bridge - T unnel , ▁which ▁you ▁can ▁take ▁over ▁to ▁the ▁' main land '. ▁The ▁bridge ▁begins ▁in ▁Ki pt ope ke . ▁ ▁References ▁G N IS ▁reference ▁ ▁Category : Un in cor por ated ▁communities ▁in ▁Virginia ▁Category : Un in cor por ated ▁communities ▁in ▁North am pton ▁County , ▁Virginia <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁inter mod ulation ▁intercept ▁point ▁is ▁a ▁measure ▁of ▁an ▁elect rical ▁device ' s ▁linear ity . ▁When ▁driven ▁by ▁two ▁sin us oid al ▁wave forms , ▁it ▁is ▁the ▁theoretical ▁power ▁level ▁at ▁which ▁the ▁power ▁of ▁the ▁desired ▁tone ▁and ▁the ▁n th - order ▁( where ▁n ▁is ▁odd ) ▁inter mod ulation ▁product ▁intersect . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁Second - order ▁intercept ▁point ▁ ▁Third - order ▁intercept ▁point ▁ ▁Category : Am pl ifiers <0x0A> </s> ▁Ant ón io ▁de ▁Sommer ▁Champ al ima ud ▁( L is bon , ▁L apa , ▁ 1 9 ▁March ▁ 1 9 1 8 ▁– ▁Lis bon , ▁L apa , ▁ 8 ▁May ▁ 2 0 0 4 ) ▁was ▁a ▁Portuguese ▁bank er ▁and ▁industrial ist ▁who ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 4 ▁was ▁the ▁wealth iest ▁man ▁in ▁Portugal . ▁He ▁earned ▁his ▁fortune |
▁with ▁ins urance , ▁bank ing ▁and ▁c ement ▁indust ries ▁which ▁were ▁national ized ▁after ▁the ▁Car n ation ▁Revolution ▁of ▁ 1 9 7 4 . ▁After ▁living ▁in ▁ex ile ▁in ▁Brazil ▁for ▁seven ▁years , ▁he ▁returned ▁to ▁Portugal ▁and ▁re built ▁his ▁companies . ▁ ▁Biography ▁Born ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 8 , ▁the ▁el dest ▁child ▁and ▁son ▁of ▁Carlos ▁Monte z ▁Champ al ima ud ▁( P eso ▁da ▁Rég ua , ▁God im , ▁ 1 3 ▁November ▁ 1 8 7 7 ▁– ▁Cas ca is , ▁ 4 ▁May ▁ 1 9 3 7 ), ▁a ▁Military ▁Doctor , ▁Lord ▁of ▁the ▁ancest ral ▁home ▁of ▁Qu inta ▁do ▁C otto ▁in ▁the ▁Dou ro ▁region ▁ ▁( gre at - gre at - grand son ▁in ▁female ▁line ▁of ▁French ▁Paul ▁Joseph ▁Champ al ima ud , ▁se igneur ▁de ▁N uss ane , ▁who ▁came ▁to ▁Portugal ▁and ▁here ▁married ▁Clara ▁Maria ▁de ▁S ous a ▁Li ra ▁e ▁Castro ), ▁and ▁wife ▁( m . ▁Lis bon , ▁ 2 ▁June ▁ 1 9 1 7 ) ▁Ana ▁de ▁Ara ú jo ▁de ▁Sommer ▁( L is bon , ▁ 2 3 ▁April ▁ 1 8 8 5 ▁– ▁? ) ▁( gre at - grand d augh ter ▁in ▁male ▁line ▁of ▁German ▁Franz ▁Joseph ▁Frei herr ▁von ▁Sommer ▁and ▁wife ▁Kl ara ▁Wer lein ▁von ▁A sche berg , ▁who ▁came ▁to ▁Portugal ▁during ▁the ▁Liberal ▁Wars |
). ▁ ▁He ▁attended ▁the ▁La ▁Guard ia ▁Jes uit ▁High ▁School ▁before ▁en rolling ▁at ▁the ▁Fac ul dade ▁de ▁Ci ências ▁da ▁Univers idade ▁de ▁Lis boa ▁to ▁study ▁Chem istry . ▁Ant ón io ▁never ▁finished ▁his ▁college ▁education , ▁for ▁at ▁ 1 9 , ▁after ▁his ▁father ' s ▁death , ▁he ▁took ▁over ▁the ▁family ' s ▁construction ▁company . ▁Later , ▁at ▁the ▁age ▁of ▁ 2 8 ▁he ▁took ▁over ▁his ▁uncle ' s ▁( Hen rique ▁de ▁Ara ú jo ▁de ▁Sommer , ▁one ▁of ▁Portugal ▁most ▁important ▁industrial ists , ▁who ▁had ▁died ▁without ▁issue , ▁as ▁did ▁two ▁of ▁his ▁brothers , ▁two ▁of ▁his ▁sister s ▁and ▁his ▁nie ce ) ▁c ement ▁business . ▁ ▁In ▁Cas ca is , ▁Est or il , ▁at ▁the ▁I gre ja ▁de ▁Santo ▁Ant ón io , ▁on ▁ 1 6 ▁December ▁ 1 9 4 1 ▁he ▁married ▁D ona ▁Maria ▁Crist ina ▁da ▁Silva ▁José ▁de ▁M ello ▁( L apa , ▁Lis bon , ▁ 6 ▁March ▁ 1 9 2 0 ▁– ▁Lis bon , ▁Pra zer es , ▁ 2 5 ▁August ▁ 2 0 0 6 ), ▁daughter ▁of ▁the ▁major ▁industrial ist ▁Dom ▁Manuel ▁August o ▁José ▁de ▁M ello ▁( of ▁the ▁Count s ▁do ▁Cart ax o , ▁Count s ▁and ▁Mar qu esses ▁of ▁Sab ug osa , ▁Count s ▁of ▁São ▁L our en ço ▁and ▁Al fer es - M |
aj ors ▁of ▁the ▁Real m ), ▁and ▁Am él ia ▁de ▁Res ende ▁D ias ▁de ▁O live ira ▁da ▁Silva . ▁They ▁had ▁seven ▁children ▁together . ▁Maria ▁Crist ina ▁was ▁an ▁he ir ▁to ▁the ▁Gru po ▁C U F , ▁a ▁company ▁that ▁was ▁a ▁con gl omer ate ▁with ▁interests ▁in ▁chemical , ▁text iles , ▁bank ing , ▁ins ur ances , ▁ship building ▁and ▁repair ing , ▁sh ipping ▁and ▁to b acco ▁indust ries . ▁They ▁were ▁divor ced ▁by ▁ 1 9 5 7 , ▁after ▁which ▁he ▁started ▁compet ing ▁with ▁his ▁ex - bro ther - in - law ▁in ▁the ▁bank ing ▁and ▁ins urance ▁mark ets . ▁His ▁ex - w ife ▁married ▁second ly ▁in ▁Lis bon , ▁São ▁Mam ede , ▁on ▁ 2 9 ▁March ▁ 1 9 8 0 ▁Am aro ▁de ▁A ze ved o ▁G om es ▁( C as ca is , ▁São ▁Dom ing os ▁de ▁R ana , ▁ 2 2 ▁June ▁ 1 9 1 7 ▁– ▁Lis bon , ▁São ▁Mam ede , ▁ 1 ▁January ▁ 2 0 0 8 ), ▁without ▁issue . ▁ ▁He ▁be que athed ▁ 5 0 0 ▁million ▁eu ros ▁to ▁establish ▁the ▁Champ al ima ud ▁Foundation ▁in ▁order ▁to ▁support ▁bi om edic ine . ▁The ▁foundation ▁also ▁admin ister s ▁a ▁year ly ▁ 1 ▁million ▁euro ▁prize ▁for ▁out standing ▁research ▁related ▁to ▁vision , ▁an ▁appropriate ▁prize |
, ▁as ▁late ▁in ▁life ▁Ant ón io ▁lost ▁his ▁eyes ight . ▁ ▁Business ▁Champ al ima ud ▁expanded ▁the ▁c ement ▁business ▁he ▁took ▁over ▁from ▁his ▁uncle ▁Henri que ▁de ▁Sommer ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 6 ▁and ▁expanded ▁it ▁in ▁Portugal ▁to ▁the ▁point ▁of ▁a ▁near ▁mon opol y . ▁▁ ▁He ▁also ▁expanded ▁his ▁c ement ▁industry ▁into ▁Africa , ▁to ▁the ▁Portuguese ▁over se as ▁territ ories ▁of ▁Ang ola ▁and ▁Moz amb ique . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁early ▁ 1 9 6 0 s , ▁he ▁bought ▁the ▁Ban co ▁P into ▁& ▁S otto ▁Mayor ▁( B PS M ) ▁and ▁the ▁ins urance ▁companies ▁Conf ian ça , ▁Mundial ▁and ▁Cont inental ▁Res segu ros . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 6 9 ▁he ▁fled ▁to ▁Mexico ▁to ▁avoid ▁an ▁arrest ▁war rant ▁related ▁to ▁an ▁inheritance ▁case ▁over ▁shares ▁of ▁the ▁Em presa ▁de ▁C iment os ▁de ▁Le i ria , ▁his ▁uncle ' s ▁old ▁company . ▁ ▁The ▁war rant ▁was ▁rev oked ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 3 , ▁after ▁which ▁Champ al ima ud ▁returned ▁to ▁Portugal . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 7 5 , ▁a ▁year ▁after ▁the ▁Car n ation ▁Revolution , ▁his ▁companies ▁were ▁national ized ▁by ▁the ▁new ▁government . ▁Champ al ima ud ▁first ▁fled ▁to ▁France ▁and ▁ultimately ▁to ▁Brazil . ▁Without ▁his ▁fortune , ▁he ▁restart ed ▁building ▁his ▁wealth , ▁first ▁establish ing ▁a ▁c ement ▁company ▁in |
▁Brazil , ▁and ▁later ▁by ▁also ▁operating ▁commercial ▁far ms . ▁In ▁ 1 9 9 2 , ▁Champ al ima ud ▁returned ▁to ▁Portugal ▁and ▁started ▁to ▁buy ▁back ▁his ▁old ▁companies . ▁ ▁In ▁a ▁series ▁of ▁transactions , ▁Champ al ima ud ▁sold ▁the ▁Champ al ima ud ▁Group ▁to ▁the ▁Ban co ▁Sant ander ▁Central ▁His p ano , ▁B S CH , ▁Spain ' s ▁largest ▁bank ▁. ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁Champ al ima ud ▁Foundation ▁- ▁A ▁foundation ▁created ▁in ▁March ▁ 2 0 0 2 , ▁under ▁the ▁initi ative ▁of ▁Ant ón io ▁Champ al ima ud . ▁ ▁References ▁Article ▁from ▁the ▁Journal ▁de ▁Né go cios ▁The ▁newly ▁constit uted ▁Champ al ima ud ▁Foundation ▁ ▁Champ al ima ud , ▁Antonio ▁de ▁Sommer ▁Champ al ima ud , ▁Antonio ▁de ▁Sommer ▁Category : Port ug uese ▁bank ers ▁Category : Port ug uese ▁people ▁of ▁French ▁descent ▁Category : Port ug uese ▁people ▁of ▁German ▁descent ▁Category : Port ug uese ▁business people ▁Champ al ima ud , ▁Antonio ▁de ▁Sommer ▁Category : Port ug uese ▁nob ility ▁Category : Port ug uese ▁phil anth rop ists ▁Category : 2 0 th - century ▁Portuguese ▁business people ▁Category : 2 1 st - century ▁Portuguese ▁business people ▁Category : 2 0 th - century ▁phil anth rop ists ▁Category : M embers ▁of ▁the ▁Board ▁of ▁Direct ors ▁of ▁the ▁Ban co ▁Sant ander <0x0A> </s> ▁Se vent e enth ▁Ex ped |
ition ary ▁Air ▁Force ▁( 1 7 ▁E AF ) ▁is ▁a ▁number ed ▁air ▁force ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Air ▁Force ▁located ▁at ▁Ram stein ▁Air ▁Base , ▁Germany . ▁The ▁command ▁served ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Air ▁Forces ▁in ▁Europe ▁during ▁( 1 9 5 3 – 1 9 9 6 ) ▁and ▁United ▁States ▁Air ▁Forces ▁Africa ▁during ▁ 2 0 0 8 – 2 0 1 2 . ▁Upon ▁react iv ation ▁on ▁ 1 ▁October ▁ 2 0 0 8 , ▁it ▁became ▁the ▁air ▁and ▁space ▁component ▁of ▁United ▁States ▁Africa ▁Command . ▁In ▁this ▁capacity , ▁Se vent e enth ▁Air ▁Force ▁was ▁referred ▁to ▁as ▁U . S . ▁Air ▁Forces ▁Africa ▁( A FA FR IC A ). ▁▁ 1 7 ▁AF ▁was ▁reform ed ▁in ▁April ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁to ▁become ▁the ▁ 1 7 th ▁Ex ped ition ary ▁Air ▁Force , ▁sharing ▁a ▁commander ▁and ▁headquarters ▁with ▁the ▁Third ▁Air ▁Force . ▁ ▁Se vent e enth ▁Air ▁Force ▁hous ed ▁the ▁traditional ▁A - st aff ▁and ▁special ▁staff ▁functions ▁which ▁are ▁responsible ▁for ▁developing ▁strategy ▁and ▁plans ▁to ▁execute ▁air ▁and ▁space ▁operations ▁in ▁support ▁of ▁U . S . ▁Africa ▁Command ▁object ives . ▁In ▁addition , ▁ 1 7 ▁AF ▁hous ed ▁the ▁" tail ored " ▁ 6 1 7 th ▁Air ▁and ▁Space ▁Oper ations ▁Center ▁( A OC ) ▁which ▁provided ▁command ▁and ▁control ▁capabilities ▁for ▁the ▁planning ▁and ▁execution ▁of ▁aer ial |
▁miss ions ▁on ▁the ▁African ▁continent . ▁Se vent e enth ▁Air ▁Force ▁also ▁had ▁a ▁collabor ative ▁relationship ▁with ▁the ▁ 1 1 0 th ▁Air ▁Oper ations ▁Group , ▁Michigan ▁Air ▁National ▁Guard . ▁ ▁History ▁ ▁Cold ▁War ▁The ▁establishment ▁of ▁the ▁North ▁Atlantic ▁Tre aty ▁Organ ization ▁( N AT O ) ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 9 , ▁increased ▁US AF E ' s ▁respons ib ilities . ▁Se vent e enth ▁Air ▁Force ▁was ▁thus ▁established ▁on ▁ 1 7 ▁April ▁ 1 9 5 3 ▁and ▁then ▁activ ated ▁on ▁ 2 5 ▁April ▁ 1 9 5 3 ▁at ▁Rab at , ▁Mor oc co . ▁The ▁ 3 1 6 th ▁Air ▁Division ▁was ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 7 th ▁AF ▁and ▁head qu arter ed ▁at ▁Site ▁ 1 1 ▁outside ▁S ale ▁across ▁from ▁the ▁French ▁Air base ▁in ▁the ▁C ork ▁forest . ▁Se vent e enth ▁Air ▁Force ▁operated ▁throughout ▁North ▁Africa , ▁Portugal , ▁Austria , ▁the ▁Middle ▁East , ▁Pakistan , ▁India , ▁C ey lon ▁and ▁the ▁Mediter rane an ▁islands . ▁Se vent e enth ▁Air ▁Force ▁had ▁been ▁sole ly ▁assigned ▁to ▁U . S . ▁Air ▁Forces , ▁Europe , ▁throughout ▁its ▁existence . ▁ ▁Se vent e enth ▁Air ▁Force ▁was ▁moved ▁to ▁W heel us ▁Air ▁Base , ▁Lib ya , ▁on ▁ 1 ▁August ▁ 1 9 5 6 ▁as ▁the ▁command ▁expanded ▁into ▁Italy , ▁Greece , ▁and ▁Turkey |
. ▁The ▁command ▁ex changed ▁its ▁support ▁mission ▁for ▁the ▁def ensive ▁and ▁off ensive ▁air ▁miss ions ▁in ▁Central ▁Europe ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 9 . ▁ ▁The ▁headquarters ▁was ▁then ▁re located ▁in ▁November ▁ 1 9 5 9 ▁to ▁Ram stein ▁AB , ▁West ▁Germany . ▁At ▁Ram stein , ▁Se vent e enth ▁Air ▁Force ▁ex changed ▁its ▁support ▁mission ▁in ▁the ▁southern ▁region ▁for ▁the ▁def ensive ▁and ▁off ensive ▁air ▁mission ▁in ▁central ▁Europe . ▁ ▁The ▁command ' s ▁invent ory ▁included ▁more ▁than ▁ 5 0 0 ▁tact ical ▁and ▁ 1 5 0 ▁support ▁aircraft ▁operating ▁from ▁bases ▁in ▁West ▁Germany , ▁France , ▁the ▁Netherlands ▁and ▁Italy . ▁After ▁the ▁ 1 9 6 1 ▁Berlin ▁Cris is ▁and ▁a ▁US AF E ▁headquarters ▁re organ ization , ▁ 1 7 ▁AF ▁assumed ▁responsibility ▁for ▁five ▁bases ▁in ▁Great ▁Britain ▁from ▁Third ▁Air ▁Force . ▁ ▁During ▁the ▁ 1 9 7 2 ▁US AF E ▁re organ ization , ▁C IN C US AF E ▁moved ▁his ▁headquarters ▁across ▁Germany ▁from ▁Lind sey ▁Air ▁Station ▁to ▁Ram stein ▁Air ▁Base . ▁To ▁accommod ate ▁US AF E ▁H Q , ▁ 1 7 ▁AF ▁re located ▁to ▁S emb ach ▁Air ▁Base , ▁West ▁Germany , ▁in ▁October ▁ 1 9 7 2 . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁ 1 9 8 0 s , ▁Se vent e enth ▁Air ▁Force ▁saw ▁the ▁number ▁of ▁its ▁sub ordinate ▁units ▁almost ▁double . |
▁Its ▁area ▁of ▁responsibility ▁included ▁three ▁of ▁the ▁Gr ound ▁La unch ed ▁Cru ise ▁Miss ile ▁sites ▁in ▁Europe . ▁In ▁ 1 9 8 5 , ▁for ▁the ▁first ▁time ▁ever , ▁Se vent e enth ▁Air ▁Force ▁brought ▁together ▁all ▁European - based ▁electronic ▁war fare ▁aircraft ▁under ▁a ▁single ▁command ▁when ▁it ▁activ ated ▁the ▁ 6 5 th ▁Air ▁Division ▁and ▁the ▁ 6 6 th ▁Electron ic ▁Com bat ▁Wing ▁at ▁S emb ach ▁Air ▁Base . ▁ ▁All ▁of ▁these ▁units ▁were ▁in activ ated ▁in ▁the ▁early ▁ 1 9 9 0 s . ▁ ▁The ▁air ▁bases ▁at ▁H ahn , ▁Bit burg , ▁Wies b aden ▁and ▁Zwe ibr ücken ▁were ▁closed ▁by ▁US AF E ▁and ▁turned ▁over ▁to ▁the ▁German ▁government ▁by ▁ 1 9 9 3 . ▁Rhein - Main ▁was ▁closed ▁at ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁ 2 0 0 5 , ▁its ▁log istics ▁miss ions ▁being ▁transferred ▁to ▁Ram stein ▁and ▁Sp ang d ah lem . ▁ ▁Se vent e enth ▁Air ▁Force ▁was ▁in activ ated ▁effective ▁ 3 0 ▁September ▁ 1 9 9 6 , ▁due ▁to ▁redu ctions ▁in ▁force ▁after ▁the ▁Cold ▁War . ▁ ▁Str ucture ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 9 ▁▁ ▁At ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁Cold ▁War ▁Se vent e enth ▁Air ▁Force ▁consisted ▁of ▁the ▁following ▁units , ▁which ▁in ▁case ▁of ▁war ▁with ▁the ▁Wars aw ▁P act ▁would ▁have ▁come ▁under ▁Four th ▁Al lied |
▁T act ical ▁Air ▁Force : ▁▁ ▁Se vent e enth ▁Air ▁Force , ▁at ▁S emb ach ▁Air ▁Base ▁▁ 6 5 th ▁Air ▁Division , ▁at ▁Lind sey ▁Air ▁Station ▁▁ 5 2 d ▁T act ical ▁F ighter ▁Wing , ▁at ▁Sp ang d ah lem ▁Air ▁Base ▁▁ 2 3 d ▁T act ical ▁F ighter ▁Squadron , ▁with ▁ 1 2 x ▁F - 4 G ▁Ph antom ▁II ▁Wild ▁We as el ▁and ▁ 1 2 x ▁F - 1 6 C ▁Block ▁ 2 5 ▁Fal con ▁▁ 8 1 st ▁T act ical ▁F ighter ▁Squadron , ▁with ▁ 1 2 x ▁F - 4 G ▁Ph antom ▁II ▁Wild ▁We as el ▁and ▁ 1 2 x ▁F - 1 6 C ▁Block ▁ 2 5 ▁Fal con ▁▁ 4 8 0 th ▁T act ical ▁F ighter ▁Squadron , ▁with ▁ 1 2 x ▁F - 4 G ▁Ph antom ▁II ▁Wild ▁We as el ▁and ▁ 1 2 x ▁F - 1 6 C ▁Block ▁ 2 5 ▁Fal con ▁▁ 6 6 th ▁Electron ic ▁Com bat ▁Wing , ▁at ▁S emb ach ▁Air ▁Base ▁▁ 4 2 d ▁Electron ic ▁Com bat ▁Squadron , ▁det ached ▁to ▁Third ▁Air ▁Force ▁at ▁R AF ▁Upper ▁Hey ford , ▁UK ▁▁ 4 3 d ▁Electron ic ▁Com bat ▁Squadron , ▁with ▁EC - 1 3 0 H ▁Com pass ▁Call ▁▁ 3 1 6 th ▁Air ▁Division , ▁at ▁Ram stein ▁Air |
▁Base ▁▁ 8 6 th ▁T act ical ▁F ighter ▁Wing , ▁at ▁Ram stein ▁Air ▁Base ▁▁ 5 1 2 th ▁T act ical ▁F ighter ▁Squadron , ▁with ▁ 2 4 x ▁F - 1 6 C ▁Block ▁ 3 0 ▁Fal con ▁▁ 5 2 6 th ▁T act ical ▁F ighter ▁Squadron , ▁with ▁ 2 4 x ▁F - 1 6 C ▁Block ▁ 3 0 ▁Fal con ▁▁ 3 7 7 th ▁Com bat ▁Support ▁Wing , ▁at ▁Ram stein ▁Air ▁Base ▁▁ 2 6 th ▁T act ical ▁Re con na issance ▁F ighter ▁Wing , ▁at ▁Zwe ibr ücken ▁Air ▁Base ▁▁ 3 8 th ▁T act ical ▁Re con na issance ▁Squadron , ▁with ▁ 2 2 x ▁R F - 4 C ▁Ph antom ▁II ▁▁ 3 6 th ▁T act ical ▁F ighter ▁Wing , ▁at ▁Bit burg ▁Air ▁Base ▁▁ 2 2 d ▁T act ical ▁F ighter ▁Squadron , ▁with ▁ 2 4 x ▁F - 1 5 C ▁E agle ▁▁ 5 3 d ▁T act ical ▁F ighter ▁Squadron , ▁with ▁ 2 4 x ▁F - 1 5 C ▁E agle ▁▁ 5 2 5 th ▁T act ical ▁F ighter ▁Squadron , ▁with ▁ 2 4 x ▁F - 1 5 C ▁E agle ▁▁ 5 0 th ▁T act ical ▁F ighter ▁Wing , ▁at ▁H ahn ▁Air ▁Base ▁▁ 1 0 th ▁T act ical ▁F ighter ▁Squadron , ▁with ▁F - 1 6 |
C ▁Block ▁ 2 5 ▁Fal con ▁▁ 3 1 3 th ▁T act ical ▁F ighter ▁Squadron , ▁with ▁F - 1 6 C ▁Block ▁ 2 5 ▁Fal con ▁▁ 4 9 6 th ▁T act ical ▁F ighter ▁Squadron , ▁with ▁F - 1 6 C ▁Block ▁ 2 5 ▁Fal con ▁▁ 3 8 th ▁T act ical ▁Miss ile ▁Wing , ▁at ▁P yd na ▁Miss ile ▁Base , ▁Germany ▁▁ 8 9 th ▁T act ical ▁Miss ile ▁Squadron , ▁with ▁ 9 6 x ▁B GM - 1 0 9 G ▁Gr ound ▁La unch ed ▁Cru ise ▁Miss iles ▁▁ 4 8 5 th ▁T act ical ▁Miss ile ▁Wing , ▁at ▁Flor ennes ▁Air ▁Base , ▁Belg ium ▁▁ 7 1 st ▁T act ical ▁Miss ile ▁Squadron , ▁with ▁ 4 8 x ▁B GM - 1 0 9 G ▁Gr ound ▁La unch ed ▁Cru ise ▁Miss iles ▁▁ 4 8 6 th ▁T act ical ▁Miss ile ▁Wing , ▁at ▁Wo ens d recht ▁Air ▁Base , ▁Netherlands , ▁ 4 8 x ▁B GM - 1 0 9 G ▁Gr ound ▁La unch ed ▁Cru ise ▁Miss iles ▁were ▁assigned ▁to ▁Wo ens d recht , ▁but ▁none ▁were ▁deployed ▁by ▁ 1 9 8 9 ▁▁ 6 0 1 st ▁T act ical ▁Control ▁Wing , ▁at ▁S emb ach ▁Air ▁Base ▁( oper ating ▁AN / TP S - 4 3 ▁mobile ▁rad ars ) ▁▁ 7 1 |
0 0 th ▁Com bat ▁Support ▁Wing , ▁at ▁Lind sey ▁Air ▁Station ▁ 7 1 0 0 th ▁Supp ly ▁Squadron ▁ 7 1 0 0 th ▁Transport ation ▁Squadron ▁ 7 1 0 0 th ▁Com pt roller ▁Squadron ▁ 7 1 0 0 th ▁Com bat ▁Support ▁Wing ▁Medical ▁Center ▁– ▁Wies b aden ▁( GE ), ▁Medical ▁Center ▁Comp ound ▁ 1 8 th ▁Aer omed ical ▁St aging ▁Fl ight ▁ 6 1 0 th ▁US AF ▁Cont ing ency ▁Hospital ▁– ▁Lind sey ▁AS ▁( GE ) ▁ 6 5 2 d ▁US AF ▁Cont ing ency ▁Hospital ▁– ▁Don au esch ingen ▁( GE ), ▁Don au esch ingen ▁Cont ing ency ▁Hospital ▁Anne x ▁ 6 5 3 d ▁US AF ▁Cont ing ency ▁Hospital ▁– ▁Wies b aden ▁( GE ) ▁ 7 2 6 1 st ▁Mun itions ▁Support ▁Squadron ▁– ▁Mem ming er berg ▁( GE ), ▁Fl ie ger hor st ▁Mem ming en ▁( special ▁weapons ▁storage ▁and ▁maintenance ) ▁ 7 3 6 1 st ▁Mun itions ▁Support ▁Squadron ▁– ▁Kle ine ▁Bro gel ▁Air ▁Base , ▁Belg ium ▁( special ▁weapons ▁storage ▁and ▁maintenance ) ▁ 7 3 6 2 d ▁Mun itions ▁Support ▁Squadron ▁– ▁Vol kel ▁Air ▁Base , ▁Netherlands ▁( special ▁weapons ▁storage ▁and ▁maintenance ) ▁ 7 5 0 1 st ▁Mun itions ▁Support ▁Squadron ▁– ▁Al fl en ▁( GE ), ▁Fl ie ger hor st ▁Bü ch el ▁( special ▁weapons ▁storage |
▁and ▁maintenance ) ▁ 7 5 0 2 d ▁Mun itions ▁Support ▁Squadron ▁– ▁N ör ven ich ▁( GE ), ▁Fl ie ger hor st ▁N ör ven ich ▁( special ▁weapons ▁storage ▁and ▁maintenance ) ▁▁ 4 th ▁Air ▁Support ▁Oper ations ▁Group , ▁in ▁Frankfurt ▁am ▁Main ▁( L ia ison ▁with ▁V ▁US ▁Corps ) ▁▁ 8 th ▁Air ▁Support ▁Oper ations ▁Group , ▁in ▁Stuttgart ▁( L ia ison ▁with ▁VII ▁US ▁Corps ) ▁▁ 3 2 d ▁T act ical ▁F ighter ▁Squadron , ▁with ▁ 2 4 x ▁F - 1 5 C ▁E agle ▁at ▁So ester berg ▁Air ▁Base , ▁Netherlands ▁▁ 7 1 0 4 th ▁Air ▁Base ▁Group , ▁at ▁Chi è v res ▁Air ▁Base , ▁Belg ium ▁ ▁Under ▁A FR IC OM ▁It ▁was ▁announced ▁on ▁ 1 2 ▁September ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁that ▁Se vent e enth ▁Air ▁Force ▁would ▁be ▁react iv ated , ▁to ▁be ▁head qu arter ed ▁at ▁Ram stein ▁Air ▁Base , ▁located ▁west ▁of ▁Kais ers la ut ern ▁in ▁the ▁German ▁federal ▁state ▁of ▁Rh in eland - Pal at inate . ▁It ▁was ▁to ▁form ▁part ▁of ▁United ▁States ▁Africa ▁Command . ▁The ▁stand - up ▁ceremony ▁occurred ▁on ▁ 1 8 ▁September ▁ 2 0 0 8 , ▁under ▁the ▁command ▁of ▁Major ▁General ▁Ron ▁Lad nier . ▁It ▁was ▁officially ▁react iv ated ▁by ▁the ▁Air ▁Force ▁on ▁ 1 ▁October ▁ 2 0 0 8 |
. ▁In ▁this ▁capacity , ▁it ▁was ▁sub ordinate ▁to ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Air ▁Forces ▁in ▁Europe , ▁and ▁be ▁referred ▁to ▁by ▁its ▁compon ency ▁name : ▁Air ▁Forces ▁Africa ▁( A FA FR IC A ). ▁ ▁Air ▁Forces ▁Africa ▁conduct s ▁sust ained ▁security ▁eng agement ▁and ▁operations ▁as ▁directed ▁to ▁promote ▁air ▁safety , ▁security ▁and ▁development ▁on ▁the ▁African ▁continent . ▁Through ▁Theater ▁Security ▁Co operation ▁( T SC ) ▁events , ▁Air ▁Forces ▁Africa ▁car ries ▁out ▁U . S . ▁Africa ▁Command ' s ▁policy ▁of ▁seeking ▁long - term ▁partners hip ▁with ▁the ▁African ▁Union ▁and ▁regional ▁organizations ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁individual ▁nations ▁on ▁the ▁continent . ▁A FA FR IC A ▁works ▁with ▁the ▁State ▁Department ▁and ▁the ▁U . S . ▁Agency ▁for ▁International ▁Development ▁( USA ID ), ▁to ▁assist ▁African ▁states ▁in ▁developing ▁their ▁national ▁and ▁regional ▁security ▁institutions ▁to ▁promote ▁security ▁and ▁stability ▁and ▁facil itate ▁development . ▁ ▁A FA FR IC A ▁includes ▁at ▁least ▁two ▁air ▁expedition ary ▁groups . ▁The ▁ 4 4 9 th ▁Air ▁Ex ped ition ary ▁Group , ▁Camp ▁Lem onn ier , ▁Dj ib out i ▁provides ▁combat ▁search ▁and ▁rescue ▁for ▁the ▁Com b ined ▁J oint ▁Task ▁Force ▁- ▁Horn ▁of ▁Africa . ▁It ▁consists ▁of ▁H C - 1 3 0 P s ▁from ▁the ▁ 8 1 st ▁Ex ped ition ary ▁Res cue ▁Squadron , ▁and ▁par ares cu emen ▁from ▁the ▁ 8 2 nd |
▁Ex ped ition ary ▁Res cue ▁Squadron . ▁The ▁ 4 0 4 th ▁Air ▁Ex ped ition ary ▁Group ▁is ▁co - located ▁with ▁A FA FR IC A ▁at ▁Ram stein . ▁During ▁cont ing ency ▁operations , ▁the ▁group ▁forward - dep lo ys ▁to ▁facil itate ▁air ▁and ▁support ▁operations ▁for ▁varied ▁miss ions ▁on ▁the ▁continent , ▁r anging ▁from ▁human itar ian ▁air l ift ▁to ▁president ial ▁support . ▁The ▁ 4 0 4 ▁A EG ▁deployed ▁to ▁R w anda ▁in ▁January ▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁to ▁provide ▁air l ift ▁for ▁peace keep ing ▁equipment ▁in ▁support ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁Nations ▁African ▁Union ▁Mission ▁in ▁Dar fur . ▁In ▁July ▁ 2 0 0 9 , ▁the ▁ 4 0 4 ▁A EG ▁deployed ▁to ▁Gh ana ▁to ▁provide ▁aer ial ▁port ▁and ▁aircraft ▁maintenance ▁teams , ▁along ▁with ▁forward ▁communic ations , ▁early ▁warning ▁and ▁air ▁domain ▁safety ▁and ▁security ▁elements ▁for ▁U . S . ▁President ▁Bar ack ▁Ob ama ' s ▁visit . ▁ ▁In ▁June ▁ 2 0 1 0 , ▁Brig ad ier ▁General ▁Margaret ▁H . ▁Wood ward ▁took ▁command ▁of ▁Se vent e enth ▁Air ▁Force . ▁Se vent e enth ▁Air ▁Force ▁directed ▁the ▁U . S . ▁air ▁invol vement ▁in ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁military ▁inter vention ▁in ▁Lib ya , ▁dub bed ▁Operation ▁Od ys sey ▁Da wn , before ▁command ▁of ▁the ▁whole ▁operation ▁was ▁transferred ▁to ▁NAT O |
. ▁ ▁As ▁of ▁ 1 3 ▁January ▁ 2 0 1 0 , ▁the ▁Secretary ▁of ▁the ▁Air ▁Force ▁Michael ▁Don ley ▁announced ▁that ▁the ▁ 6 1 7 th ▁A OC ▁will ▁be ▁cons olid ated ▁with ▁the ▁ 6 0 3 d ▁Air ▁and ▁Space ▁Oper ations ▁Center ▁( acc ording ▁to ▁A FA ▁reporting ). ▁ ▁Se vent e enth ▁Air ▁Force ▁was ▁in activ ated ▁in ▁April ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁as ▁part ▁of ▁an ▁Air ▁Force ▁cost ▁sav ings ▁effort . ▁ ▁United ▁States ▁Air ▁Forces ▁in ▁Europe ▁( US AF E ) ▁assumed ▁the ▁former ▁staff ▁functions ▁of ▁Se vent e enth ▁Air ▁Force , ▁while ▁the ▁Third ▁Air ▁Force ▁and ▁the ▁ 6 0 3 d ▁Air ▁and ▁Space ▁Oper ations ▁Center ▁( 6 0 3 ▁A OC ) ▁assumed ▁responsibility ▁for ▁US AF R IC OM ▁air ▁operations , ▁with ▁the ▁ 6 0 3 ▁A OC ▁absor bing ▁the ▁former ▁ 6 1 7 th ▁Air ▁Oper ations ▁Center . ▁ ▁Line age ▁ ▁Est ab lished ▁as ▁Se vent e enth ▁Air ▁Force ▁on ▁ 1 7 ▁A pr ▁ 1 9 5 3 ▁ ▁Organ ized ▁ 2 5 ▁A pr ▁ 1 9 5 3 ▁ ▁In activ ated ▁on ▁ 3 0 ▁September ▁ 1 9 9 6 ▁ ▁React iv ated ▁on ▁ 1 ▁October ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁ ▁Ass umed ▁joint ▁design ation ▁Air ▁Forces ▁Africa , ▁ 1 ▁October ▁ 2 0 0 |
8 ▁ ▁In activ ated ▁on ▁ 2 4 ▁April ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁ ▁Ass ign ments ▁ ▁United ▁States ▁Air ▁Forces ▁in ▁Europe , ▁ 2 5 ▁April ▁ 1 9 5 3 ▁- ▁ 3 0 ▁September ▁ 1 9 9 6 ; ▁ ▁United ▁States ▁Air ▁Forces ▁Africa , ▁ 1 ▁October ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁- ▁ 2 4 ▁April ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁ ▁Com ponents ▁Div isions ▁▁ 6 5 th ▁Air ▁Division , ▁Lind sey ▁AS , ▁West ▁Germany ▁( l ater ▁Germany ) ▁▁ 1 ▁June ▁ 1 9 8 5 ▁– ▁ 3 0 ▁June ▁ 1 9 9 1 ▁▁ 3 1 6 th ▁Air ▁Division , ▁Ram stein ▁AB , ▁West ▁Germany ▁( l ater ▁Germany ) ▁▁ 1 4 ▁June ▁ 1 9 8 5 ▁– ▁ 1 ▁May ▁ 1 9 9 1 ▁▁ 7 2 1 7 th ▁Air ▁Division , ▁An k ara ▁AS , ▁Turkey ▁▁ 7 ▁August ▁– ▁ 1 5 ▁November ▁ 1 9 5 9 ▁ ▁W ings ▁▁▁ 2 6 th ▁T act ical ▁Re con na issance ▁Wing , ▁▁ 1 ▁October ▁ 1 9 6 6 ▁– ▁ 3 1 ▁January ▁ 1 9 7 3 , ▁Ram stein ▁AB , ▁West ▁Germany ▁▁ 3 1 ▁January ▁ 1 9 7 3 ▁– ▁ 3 1 ▁July ▁ 1 9 9 1 , ▁Zwe ibr ücken ▁AB , ▁West ▁Germany ▁( l ater ▁Germany ) ▁▁ 3 |
2 d ▁T act ical ▁F ighter ▁Squadron , ▁So ester berg ▁AB , ▁Netherlands ▁▁ 1 5 ▁November ▁ 1 9 5 9 ▁– ▁ 1 ▁September ▁ 1 9 6 6 ▁▁ 3 0 ▁June ▁ 1 9 9 1 ▁– ▁ 3 1 ▁March ▁ 1 9 9 2 ▁▁ 3 6 th ▁T act ical ▁F ighter ▁Wing , ▁Bit burg ▁AB , ▁West ▁Germany ▁( l ater ▁Germany ) ▁▁ 1 5 ▁November ▁ 1 9 5 9 ▁– ▁ 1 ▁September ▁ 1 9 6 6 ▁▁ 3 0 ▁June ▁ 1 9 9 1 ▁– ▁ 1 ▁October ▁ 1 9 9 1 ▁▁ 3 8 th ▁T act ical ▁Miss ile ▁Wing ▁▁ 1 5 ▁November ▁ 1 9 5 9 ▁– ▁ 2 5 ▁September ▁ 1 9 6 6 ▁S emb ach ▁Air ▁Base , ▁West ▁Germany ▁▁ 1 ▁April ▁ 1 9 8 5 ▁– ▁ 2 2 ▁August ▁ 1 9 9 0 ▁W ues ch heim ▁AS , ▁West ▁Germany ▁▁ 5 0 th ▁T act ical ▁F ighter ▁Wing , ▁H ahn ▁AB , ▁West ▁Germany ▁( l ater ▁Germany ) ▁▁ 1 5 ▁November ▁ 1 9 5 9 ▁– ▁ 3 0 ▁September ▁ 1 9 9 1 ▁▁ 5 2 d ▁T act ical ▁F ighter ▁Wing , ▁Sp ang d ah lem ▁AB , ▁West ▁Germany ▁( l ater ▁Germany ) ▁▁ 3 1 ▁December ▁ 1 9 7 1 ▁– ▁ 1 ▁June ▁ |
1 9 8 5 ▁▁ 3 0 ▁June ▁ 1 9 9 1 ▁– ▁ 3 1 ▁July ▁ 1 9 9 6 ▁▁ 6 6 th ▁Electron ic ▁Com bat ▁Wing , ▁S emb ach ▁AB , ▁West ▁Germany ▁( l ater ▁Germany ) ▁▁ 1 5 ▁November ▁ 1 9 5 9 ▁– ▁ 1 ▁September ▁ 1 9 6 6 ▁▁ 3 0 ▁June ▁ 1 9 9 1 ▁– ▁ 3 1 ▁March ▁ 1 9 9 2 ▁▁▁ 8 6 th ▁T act ical ▁F ighter ▁Wing , ▁Ram stein ▁AB , ▁West ▁Germany ▁( l ater ▁Germany ) ▁▁ 1 5 ▁November ▁ 1 9 5 9 ▁– ▁ 1 ▁July ▁ 1 9 6 3 ▁▁ 1 ▁September ▁ 1 9 6 3 ▁– ▁ 2 0 ▁May ▁ 1 9 6 5 ▁▁ 5 ▁October ▁– ▁ 1 4 ▁November ▁ 1 9 6 8 ▁▁ 1 ▁November ▁ 1 9 6 9 ▁– ▁ 1 4 ▁June ▁ 1 9 8 5 ▁▁ 1 ▁May ▁ 1 9 9 1 ▁– ▁ 3 1 ▁July ▁ 1 9 9 6 ▁▁ 3 7 7 th ▁Com bat ▁Support ▁Wing , ▁Ram stein ▁AB , ▁West ▁Germany ▁( l ater ▁Germany ) ▁▁ 1 9 8 5 ▁– ▁ 1 ▁October ▁ 1 9 9 1 ▁▁ 4 8 6 th ▁T act ical ▁Miss ile ▁Wing , ▁Wo ens d recht ▁AS , ▁Netherlands ▁▁ ▁August ▁ 1 9 8 7 ▁( Activ ated |
, ▁never ▁equ ipped . ▁ ▁In activ ated ▁almost ▁immediately ) ▁▁ 6 0 1 st ▁T act ical ▁Control ▁Wing , ▁S emb ach ▁AB , ▁West ▁Germany ▁( l ater ▁Germany ) ▁▁ 1 ▁July ▁ 1 9 6 8 ▁– ▁ 1 ▁October ▁ 1 9 9 3 ▁▁ 7 1 0 0 th ▁Com bat ▁Support ▁Wing , ▁Lind sey ▁AS , ▁West ▁Germany ▁( l ater ▁Germany ) ▁▁ 1 5 ▁November ▁ 1 9 5 9 ▁– ▁ 1 5 ▁April ▁ 1 9 8 5 ▁ ▁St ations ▁ ▁Rab at - S ale , ▁French ▁Mor oc co ▁( l ater , ▁Mor oc co ), ▁ 1 7 ▁April ▁ 1 9 5 3 ▁ ▁W heel us ▁Air ▁Base , ▁Lib ya , ▁ 1 ▁August ▁ 1 9 5 6 ▁ ▁Ram stein ▁Air ▁Base , ▁West ▁Germany , ▁ 1 5 ▁November ▁ 1 9 5 9 ▁ ▁S emb ach ▁Air ▁Base , ▁West ▁Germany ▁( l ater ▁Germany ), ▁October ▁ 1 9 7 2 ▁– ▁ 3 0 ▁September ▁ 1 9 9 6 ▁ ▁Ram stein ▁Air ▁Base , ▁Germany , ▁ 1 ▁October ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁– ▁ 2 4 ▁April ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁ ▁References ▁▁ ▁US ▁Air ▁Force ▁Historical ▁Research ▁Agency ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁ ▁Official ▁website ▁▁ 1 7 <0x0A> </s> ▁Richard ▁Cond ie , ▁ ▁( born ▁ 1 9 4 2 ) ▁ ▁is ▁a ▁Canadian |
▁anim ator , ▁film ▁mak er ▁and ▁music ian ▁living ▁and ▁working ▁in ▁W inn ip eg , ▁Man it oba . ▁ ▁Cond ie ▁is ▁best ▁known ▁for ▁his ▁ 1 9 8 5 ▁animated ▁short ▁The ▁Big ▁Sn it ▁and ▁has ▁won ▁six ▁international ▁awards ▁for ▁Getting ▁Start ed ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 9 . ▁ ▁Education ▁and ▁career ▁Born ▁in ▁V ancouver , ▁British ▁Columbia , ▁Cond ie ▁moved ▁to ▁W inn ip eg ▁at ▁the ▁age ▁of ▁four . ▁ ▁There ▁he ▁attended ▁Kel vin ▁High ▁School , ▁gradu ating ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 1 . ▁ ▁He ▁received ▁his ▁Bach elor ▁of ▁Arts ▁in ▁soci ology ▁from ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Man it oba ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 7 . ▁Prior ▁to ▁entering ▁the ▁animation ▁field , ▁he ▁worked ▁periodic ▁st ints ▁as ▁a ▁music ian ▁for ▁the ▁Man it oba ▁Theatre ▁Centre ▁and ▁C BC ▁TV ▁from ▁ 1 9 6 4 ▁to ▁ 1 9 6 5 . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 6 7 ▁Cond ie ▁moved ▁to ▁V ancouver ▁where ▁he ▁worked ▁as ▁a ▁soci ologist ▁at ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁British ▁Columbia . ▁ ▁Two ▁years ▁later ▁he ▁returned ▁to ▁W inn ip eg ▁and ▁tested ▁out ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁occup ations . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 7 1 ▁he ▁was ▁awarded ▁the ▁first ▁of ▁two ▁gr ants ▁from ▁the ▁Canada ▁Council , ▁which ▁he ▁used ▁to ▁produce ▁the ▁animated ▁short ▁film ▁Oh ▁Sure . ▁ ▁The ▁film ▁was ▁later ▁purchased |
▁by ▁the ▁National ▁Film ▁Board ▁of ▁Canada , ▁with ▁whom ▁Cond ie ▁was ▁to ▁work ▁extens ively . ▁ ▁Cond ie ' s ▁best ▁known ▁animated ▁work ▁is ▁ 1 9 8 5 ' s ▁The ▁Big ▁Sn it , ▁an ▁off be at ▁par able ▁about ▁marriage , ▁Sc rab ble , ▁saw ing , ▁and ▁nuclear ▁war . ▁ ▁The ▁Big ▁Sn it ▁was ▁nominated ▁for ▁an ▁Oscar ▁and ▁won ▁the ▁Gen ie ▁Award ▁for ▁Best ▁Anim ated ▁Short , ▁along ▁with ▁over ▁a ▁dozen ▁international ▁awards . ▁ ▁The ▁Big ▁Sn it ▁was ▁also ▁voted ▁as ▁# 2 5 ▁of ▁the ▁ 5 0 ▁Great est ▁Cart o ons ▁of ▁all ▁time ▁by ▁animation ▁profession als . ▁ ▁Cond ie ▁co - produ ced ▁fellow ▁W inn ip eg ▁anim ator ▁Cord ell ▁B ark er ' s ▁acc laimed ▁short ▁The ▁Cat ▁C ame ▁Back . ▁ ▁Cond ie ▁was ▁also ▁the ▁voice ▁of ▁the ▁main ▁character ▁and ▁sang ▁on ▁the ▁sound track . ▁ ▁He ▁entered ▁the ▁field ▁of ▁computer ▁animation ▁with ▁his ▁ 1 9 9 6 ▁short ▁La ▁Sal la . ▁In ▁ 1 9 9 8 ▁he ▁did ▁some ▁television ▁script ▁writing ▁for ▁Nel v ana , ▁then ▁created ▁the ▁television ▁pilot ▁The ▁Ark ▁for ▁the ▁company ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 2 . ▁ ▁Currently ▁Cond ie ▁is ▁painting , ▁creating ▁music ▁and ▁working ▁on ▁a ▁series ▁of ▁panel ▁cart o ons . ▁ ▁Cond ie ' s ▁work , ▁featuring ▁the ▁constantly ▁moving |
▁- ▁" bo iling " ▁- ▁line ▁animation ▁style , ▁has ▁been ▁character ized ▁as ▁" w ack y , ▁weird , ▁[ and ] ▁b izar re ." ▁ ▁O thers ▁have ▁referred ▁to ▁his ▁" raw ▁visual ▁style ▁and ▁ins an ely ▁honest ▁and ▁hum orous ▁character ▁port ray als ." ▁ ▁University ▁of ▁Man it oba ▁film ▁historian ▁Gene ▁Wal z ▁stated ▁that ▁Cond ie ▁" is ▁an ▁aute ur - anim ator , ▁one ▁with ▁excellent ▁anten na e ▁for ▁sens ing ▁society ' s ▁rid icul ous ▁fo ibles ▁and ▁pain ful ▁vulner abilities ." ▁ ▁Cond ie ▁is ▁a ▁found ing ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁W inn ip eg ▁Film ▁Group , ▁and ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁Academy ▁of ▁Mot ion ▁Picture ▁Arts ▁and ▁Sciences , ▁the ▁Royal ▁Canadian ▁Academy ▁of ▁Arts ▁and ▁the ▁International ▁Anim ated ▁Film ▁Association . ▁ ▁Coll abor ators ▁Through out ▁his ▁career , ▁Cond ie ▁collabor ated ▁with ▁a ▁very ▁small ▁number ▁of ▁individuals ▁to ▁create ▁his ▁films . ▁He ▁worked ▁closely ▁with ▁music ian ▁Patrick ▁God f rey . ▁ ▁Another ▁close ▁collabor ator ▁was ▁Cond ie ' s ▁sister , ▁Sh aron ▁Cond ie . ▁ ▁John ▁Law ▁and ▁the ▁Mississippi ▁B ubble ▁was ▁inspired ▁by ▁Sh aron ' s ▁research ▁and ▁she ▁would ▁go ▁on ▁to ▁write ▁the ▁script , ▁do ▁some ▁of ▁the ▁animation ▁and ▁paint ▁background s ▁for ▁the ▁film . ▁She ▁also ▁created ▁the ▁background s ▁for ▁two ▁other ▁of ▁Cond ie ' s ▁films , |
▁Getting ▁Start ed ▁( 1 9 7 9 ) ▁and ▁The ▁Big ▁Sn it ▁( 1 9 8 5 ). ▁ ▁Other ▁collabor ators ▁included ▁singer ▁Jay ▁Bra ze au , ▁and ▁produ cers ▁Michael ▁Scott ▁and ▁Ch es ▁Yet man . ▁ ▁Awards ▁and ▁exhib itions ▁Richard ▁Cond ie ▁won ▁six ▁international ▁awards ▁for ▁Getting ▁Start ed ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 9 . ▁The ▁film ▁received ▁awards ▁at ▁Krak ów , ▁Zag reb , ▁T amp ere ▁( Fin land ), ▁and ▁was ▁named ▁best ▁animated ▁film ▁at ▁the ▁Gen ie ▁Awards . ▁P ig ▁Bird , ▁released ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 1 ▁also ▁won ▁five ▁international ▁awards , ▁including ▁recognition ▁at ▁Zag reb ▁for ▁best ▁educational ▁film . ▁In ▁all , ▁The ▁Big ▁Sn it ▁gar ner ed ▁a ▁total ▁of ▁ 1 6 ▁pri zes ▁including : ▁The ▁International ▁Film ▁Crit ics ' ▁Prize ▁at ▁the ▁ 1 5 th ▁Anne cy ▁International ▁Anim ated ▁Film ▁Festival ; ▁Best ▁Short ▁Film ▁Award ▁at ▁the ▁Montreal ▁World ▁Film ▁Festival ; ▁the ▁H iro sh ima ▁prize , ▁Japan ▁ 1 9 8 5 ; ▁A ▁Silver ▁Pla que ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 1 st ▁Chicago ▁International ▁Film ▁Festival ; ▁and ▁the ▁Best ▁An imation ▁Film ▁at ▁the ▁XVI ▁T amp ere ▁International ▁Short ▁Film ▁Festival . ▁It ▁was ▁also ▁included ▁in ▁the ▁An imation ▁Show ▁of ▁Sh ows . ▁Following ▁the ▁enorm ous ▁success ▁of ▁The ▁Big ▁Sn it , ▁Cond ie ▁released ▁The ▁App rent ice / L |
' App r enti ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 1 . ▁The ▁film ▁won ▁awards ▁in ▁Chicago ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 2 ▁and ▁W inn ip eg ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 3 . ▁Cond ie ' s ▁last ▁animation , ▁La ▁Sal la , ▁won ▁nine ▁awards , ▁including ▁ones ▁from ▁W inn ip eg ▁( 1 9 9 6 ), ▁V ancouver ▁( 1 9 9 6 ), ▁Chicago ▁( 1 9 9 7 ) ▁and ▁Jerusalem ▁( 1 9 9 8 ). ▁La ▁Sal la ▁was ▁also ▁nominated ▁for ▁an ▁Oscar . ▁In ▁total ▁Cond ie ▁has ▁won ▁over ▁ 4 0 ▁international ▁and ▁Canadian ▁awards ▁for ▁his ▁films . ▁ ▁In ▁addition ▁to ▁Cond ie ' s ▁many ▁awards , ▁his ▁films ▁have ▁been ▁featured ▁in ▁over ▁ 1 0 0 ▁exhib itions ▁and ▁major ▁ret ros pect ives ▁all ▁over ▁the ▁world . ▁ ▁These ▁have ▁taken ▁place ▁in ▁such ▁widely ▁diverse ▁locations ▁as ▁Ber keley , ▁California ▁( 1 9 8 0 ), ▁New ▁Del hi , ▁India ▁( 1 9 8 1 ), ▁London , ▁England ▁( 1 9 8 5 ), ▁Krak ów , ▁Poland ▁( 1 9 8 6 ), ▁Esp inho , ▁Portugal ▁( 1 9 9 1 ), ▁and ▁Br uss els , ▁Belg ium ▁( 1 9 9 8 ). ▁ ▁Leg acy ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 5 ▁Cond ie ▁don ated ▁draw ings , ▁animation ▁c els , ▁background s , ▁layout s , ▁do pe ▁sheets , |
▁award ▁notifications , ▁exhibition ▁programs , ▁digit ized ▁photograph s , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁publication ▁and ▁period ical ▁information ▁related ▁to ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁his ▁films ▁to ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Man it oba ▁Archives ▁& ▁Special ▁Col lections . ▁ ▁Appro xim ately ▁ 1 0 0 ▁painted ▁c els ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁two ▁background s ▁created ▁by ▁Sh aron ▁Cond ie ▁for ▁the ▁film ▁The ▁Big ▁Sn it ▁were ▁acquired ▁by ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Man it oba ▁L ibr aries ▁and ▁depos ited ▁in ▁the ▁Archives ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 6 . ▁ ▁Selected ▁film ography ▁Ses ame ▁Street ▁( 1 9 7 4 – 1 9 7 5 ) ▁( Direct or , ▁W riter , ▁TV ) ▁Oh ▁Sure ▁( 1 9 7 7 ) ▁John ▁Law ▁and ▁the ▁Mississippi ▁B ubble ▁( 1 9 7 8 ) ▁Getting ▁Start ed ▁( 1 9 7 9 ) ▁P ig ▁Bird ▁( 1 9 8 1 ) ▁The ▁Big ▁Sn it ▁( 1 9 8 5 ) ▁Heart land ▁( 1 9 8 7 ) ▁( IMA X ) ▁Another ▁Government ▁Movie , ▁World ▁Ex po ▁ 8 8 , ▁Br is b ane ▁( 1 9 8 8 ) ▁( Direct or ) ▁The ▁Cat ▁C ame ▁Back ▁( 1 9 8 8 ) ▁( Produ cer ; ▁voice ▁actor ▁as ▁Mr . John son ) ▁The ▁App rent ice / L ' App r enti ▁( 1 9 9 1 ) ▁Another ▁Government ▁Movie , ▁Se ville ▁Ex |
po ▁' 9 2 ▁( 1 9 9 2 ) ▁( Direct or ) ▁La ▁Sal la ▁( 1 9 9 6 ) ▁The ▁Ark ▁series ▁( 2 0 0 2 ) ▁( Direct or , ▁Anim ator , ▁TV ) ▁Et udes ▁and ▁Imp rom pt us ▁( 2 0 0 3 - 4 ) ▁Run away ▁( 2 0 0 9 ) ▁( voice ▁actor ▁as ▁Captain ) ▁ ▁Music ▁A ▁House ▁on ▁the ▁Pra irie ▁( 1 9 7 8 ) ▁Day ▁Dream ▁( 1 9 7 9 ) ▁The ▁Top ▁F ew ▁In ches ▁( 1 9 7 8 ) ▁D arts ▁in ▁the ▁Dark : ▁An ▁Introduction ▁to ▁W . O . ▁Mitchell ▁( 1 9 8 0 ) ▁W . O . ▁Mitchell : ▁Nov el ist ▁in ▁H iding ▁( 1 9 8 0 ) ▁Henry ▁K else y ▁( 1 9 8 0 ) ▁Every one ' s ▁Business ▁( 1 9 8 2 ) ▁Ocean ▁of ▁Wis dom ▁from ▁C BC ' s ▁Man ▁A live ▁( 1 9 8 9 ) ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁Richard ▁Cond ie ' s ▁Home ▁Page ▁Watch ▁Richard ▁Cond ie ▁films ▁at ▁N FB . ca ▁Canadian ▁Film ▁Encyclopedia ▁A ▁publication ▁of ▁The ▁Film ▁Reference ▁Library / a ▁division ▁of ▁the ▁Toronto ▁International ▁Film ▁Festival ▁Group ▁ ▁Bio ▁of ▁Cond ie ▁" The ▁Big ▁Sn it ▁- ▁Official ▁F an club " ▁on ▁Facebook ▁" Rich ard ▁Cond ie ▁fond s " ▁A ▁description ▁of ▁Richard |
▁Cond ie ' s ▁arch ives ▁held ▁by ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Man it oba ▁Archives ▁& ▁Special ▁Col lections ▁Richard ▁Cond ie : ▁A arr gg !! ▁An ▁exhibition ▁of ▁works ▁by ▁Richard ▁Cond ie ▁at ▁Gallery ▁One ▁One ▁One ▁at ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Man it oba ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 4 2 ▁birth s ▁Category : Art ists ▁from ▁V ancouver ▁Category : Art ists ▁from ▁W inn ip eg ▁Category : Can ad ian ▁anim ators ▁Category : Can ad ian ▁animated ▁film ▁direct ors ▁Category : Univers ity ▁of ▁Man it oba ▁al umn i ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : Fil m ▁direct ors ▁from ▁V ancouver ▁Category : Fil m ▁direct ors ▁from ▁W inn ip eg ▁Category : M embers ▁of ▁the ▁Royal ▁Canadian ▁Academy ▁of ▁Arts ▁Category : National ▁Film ▁Board ▁of ▁Canada ▁people ▁Category : Direct ors ▁of ▁Gen ie ▁and ▁Canadian ▁Screen ▁Award ▁w inners ▁for ▁Best ▁Anim ated ▁Short <0x0A> </s> ▁A ▁Pro hib ited ▁Ste ps ▁Order ▁is ▁a ▁court ▁order ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁Kingdom ▁common ▁in ▁divor ce ▁and ▁separation ▁cases . ▁An ▁example ▁of ▁where ▁a ▁Pro hib ited ▁Ste ps ▁Order ▁might ▁be ▁applied ▁for ▁is ▁to ▁prevent ▁one ▁parent ▁from ▁taking ▁a ▁child ▁out ▁of ▁the ▁country . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁Child ▁Arr ang ement ▁Order ▁Par ental ▁Res p ons ibility ▁Order ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : Family ▁law ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁Kingdom <0x0A> </s> ▁A uw ▁bei ▁Pr ü m ▁is ▁a ▁municipality ▁in |
▁the ▁district ▁of ▁Bit burg - Pr ü m , ▁in ▁Rh in eland - Pal at inate , ▁western ▁Germany . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁au w - e if el . de ▁official ▁website ▁▁ ▁A uw ▁bei ▁Pr ü m ▁at ▁www . pr u em . de ▁▁ ▁Category : Bit burg - Pr ü m <0x0A> </s> ▁Ex od itis ▁domin ique ae ▁is ▁a ▁moth ▁in ▁the ▁family ▁X yl ory ct idae . ▁It ▁was ▁described ▁by ▁V iet te ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 5 . ▁It ▁is ▁found ▁in ▁Mad agas car . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : Ex od itis ▁Category : M oth s ▁described ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 5 <0x0A> </s> ▁Mé line ▁N oc andy ▁ ▁( born ▁ 2 5 ▁February ▁ 1 9 9 8 ) ▁is ▁a ▁French ▁female ▁hand ball er ▁who ▁plays ▁for ▁Met z ▁Hand ball ▁and ▁the ▁French ▁national ▁team . ▁ ▁Ach iev ements ▁French ▁Championship : ▁W inner : ▁ 2 0 1 6 , ▁ 2 0 1 7 ▁French ▁Cup : ▁W inner : ▁ 2 0 1 7 ▁E H F ▁Junior ▁European ▁Championship : ▁Gold ▁Medal ist : ▁ 2 0 1 7 ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 9 8 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : F rench ▁female ▁hand ball ▁players ▁Category : Gu adel oupe an ▁female ▁hand ball ▁players ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁Saint - |
Cla ude , ▁Gu adel oupe ▁Category : Black ▁French ▁sports people ▁Category : F rench ▁people ▁of ▁Gu adel oupe an ▁descent <0x0A> </s> ▁Gen et ically ▁modified ▁cro ps ▁( GM ▁cro ps ) ▁are ▁plants ▁used ▁in ▁agricult ure , ▁the ▁DNA ▁of ▁which ▁has ▁been ▁modified ▁using ▁gen etic ▁engineering ▁methods . ▁In ▁most ▁cases , ▁the ▁aim ▁is ▁to ▁introduce ▁a ▁new ▁trait ▁to ▁the ▁plant ▁which ▁does ▁not ▁occur ▁naturally ▁in ▁the ▁species . ▁Ex amples ▁in ▁food ▁cro ps ▁include ▁resistance ▁to ▁certain ▁p ests , ▁dise ases , ▁environmental ▁conditions , ▁reduction ▁of ▁spo il age , ▁resistance ▁to ▁chemical ▁treat ments ▁( e . g . ▁resistance ▁to ▁a ▁her b ic ide ), ▁or ▁impro ving ▁the ▁nut ri ent ▁profile ▁of ▁the ▁c rop . ▁Ex amples ▁in ▁non - fo od ▁cro ps ▁include ▁production ▁of ▁ph arma ce ut ical ▁agents , ▁bio fu els , ▁and ▁other ▁industri ally ▁useful ▁goods , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁for ▁b ior emed iation . ▁ ▁Farm ers ▁have ▁widely ▁adopted ▁G M ▁technology . ▁A cre age ▁increased ▁from ▁ 1 . 7 ▁million ▁hect ares ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 6 ▁to ▁ 1 8 5 . 1 ▁million ▁hect ares ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 6 , ▁some ▁ 1 2 % ▁of ▁global ▁cro pl and . ▁As ▁of ▁ 2 0 1 6 , ▁major ▁c rop ▁( so y bean , ▁ma ize , ▁can ola ▁and |
▁cot ton ) ▁tra its ▁consist ▁of ▁her b ic ide ▁toler ance ▁( 9 5 . 9 ▁million ▁hect ares ) ▁insect ▁resistance ▁( 2 5 . 2 ▁million ▁hect ares ), ▁or ▁both ▁( 5 8 . 5 ▁million ▁hect ares ). ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 5 , ▁ 5 3 . 6 ▁million ▁ha ▁of ▁G M ▁ma ize ▁were ▁under ▁cultiv ation ▁( al most ▁ 1 / 3 ▁of ▁the ▁ma ize ▁c rop ). ▁G M ▁ma ize ▁out per formed ▁its ▁prede cess ors : ▁yield ▁was ▁ 5 . 6 ▁to ▁ 2 4 . 5 % ▁higher ▁with ▁less ▁my cot ox ins ▁( − 2 8 . 8 % ), ▁f um on is in ▁( − 3 0 . 6 %) ▁and ▁thr ic ot ec ens ▁( − 3 6 . 5 %). ▁Non - target ▁organ isms ▁were ▁una ffect ed , ▁except ▁for ▁Bra con idae , ▁represented ▁by ▁a ▁par as ito id ▁of ▁European ▁corn ▁b orer , ▁the ▁target ▁of ▁Le pid optera ▁active ▁B t ▁ma ize . ▁Bi oge och em ical ▁parameters ▁such ▁as ▁l ign in ▁content ▁did ▁not ▁vary , ▁while ▁bi om ass ▁decomposition ▁was ▁higher . ▁ ▁A ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁meta - analysis ▁concluded ▁that ▁G M ▁technology ▁ad option ▁had ▁reduced ▁chemical ▁p estic ide ▁use ▁by ▁ 3 7 %, ▁increased ▁c rop ▁yields ▁by ▁ 2 2 %, ▁and ▁increased ▁far mer |
▁prof its ▁by ▁ 6 8 %. ▁This ▁reduction ▁in ▁p estic ide ▁use ▁has ▁been ▁e colog ically ▁benef icial , ▁but ▁benefits ▁may ▁be ▁reduced ▁by ▁over use . ▁Y ield ▁g ains ▁and ▁p estic ide ▁redu ctions ▁are ▁larger ▁for ▁insect - res istant ▁cro ps ▁than ▁for ▁her b ic ide - tol er ant ▁cro ps . ▁Y ield ▁and ▁profit ▁g ains ▁are ▁higher ▁in ▁developing ▁countries ▁than ▁in ▁developed ▁countries . ▁ ▁There ▁is ▁a ▁scientific ▁cons ensus ▁that ▁currently ▁available ▁food ▁derived ▁from ▁G M ▁cro ps ▁pos es ▁no ▁greater ▁risk ▁to ▁human ▁health ▁than ▁conventional ▁food , ▁but ▁that ▁each ▁G M ▁food ▁needs ▁to ▁be ▁tested ▁on ▁a ▁case - by - case ▁basis ▁before ▁introduction . ▁Non eth eless , ▁members ▁of ▁the ▁public ▁are ▁much ▁less ▁likely ▁than ▁scient ists ▁to ▁perce ive ▁G M ▁food s ▁as ▁safe . ▁The ▁legal ▁and ▁regul atory ▁status ▁of ▁G M ▁food s ▁var ies ▁by ▁country , ▁with ▁some ▁nations ▁b anning ▁or ▁restrict ing ▁them , ▁and ▁others ▁perm itting ▁them ▁with ▁widely ▁differ ing ▁degrees ▁of ▁reg ulation . ▁ ▁However , ▁oppon ents ▁have ▁object ed ▁to ▁G M ▁cro ps ▁on ▁grounds ▁including ▁environmental ▁impact s , ▁food ▁safety , ▁whether ▁G M ▁cro ps ▁are ▁needed ▁to ▁address ▁food ▁needs , ▁whether ▁they ▁are ▁sufficiently ▁accessible ▁to ▁far mers ▁in ▁developing ▁countries ▁and ▁concerns ▁over ▁subject ing ▁cro ps ▁to ▁intellectual ▁property ▁law . ▁Saf |
ety ▁concerns ▁led ▁ 3 8 ▁countries , ▁including ▁ 1 9 ▁in ▁Europe , ▁to ▁officially ▁prohib it ▁their ▁cultiv ation . ▁ ▁History ▁ ▁Hum ans ▁have ▁directly ▁influenced ▁the ▁gen etic ▁make up ▁of ▁plants ▁to ▁increase ▁their ▁value ▁as ▁a ▁c rop ▁through ▁domestic ation . ▁The ▁first ▁evidence ▁of ▁plant ▁domestic ation ▁comes ▁from ▁em mer ▁and ▁e ink orn ▁whe at ▁found ▁in ▁pre - P ot tery ▁Ne ol ith ic ▁A ▁villages ▁in ▁South west ▁Asia ▁dated ▁about ▁ 1 0 , 5 0 0 ▁to ▁ 1 0 , 1 0 0 ▁BC . ▁ ▁The ▁F ert ile ▁C res cent ▁of ▁Western ▁Asia , ▁Egypt , ▁and ▁India ▁were ▁sites ▁of ▁the ▁earliest ▁planned ▁sow ing ▁and ▁har vest ing ▁of ▁plants ▁that ▁had ▁previously ▁been ▁gathered ▁in ▁the ▁wild . ▁Independent ▁development ▁of ▁agricult ure ▁occurred ▁in ▁northern ▁and ▁southern ▁China , ▁Africa ' s ▁Sah el , ▁New ▁Guinea ▁and ▁several ▁regions ▁of ▁the ▁Amer icas . ▁The ▁eight ▁Ne ol ith ic ▁founder ▁cro ps ▁( em mer ▁whe at , ▁e ink orn ▁whe at , ▁bar ley , ▁pe as , ▁l ent ils , ▁bitter ▁v etch , ▁ch ick ▁pe as ▁and ▁fla x ) ▁had ▁all ▁appeared ▁by ▁about ▁ 7 , 0 0 0 ▁BC . Tr ad itional ▁c rop ▁bre ed ers ▁have ▁long ▁introduced ▁foreign ▁germ pl asm ▁into ▁cro ps ▁by ▁creating ▁novel ▁cross es . ▁A ▁hy brid |
▁c ere al ▁gra in ▁was ▁created ▁in ▁ 1 8 7 5 , ▁by ▁crossing ▁whe at ▁and ▁r ye . ▁Since ▁then ▁tra its ▁including ▁d war f ing ▁gen es ▁and ▁rust ▁resistance ▁have ▁been ▁introduced ▁in ▁that ▁manner . ▁Plant ▁t issue ▁culture ▁and ▁deliber ate ▁mut ations ▁have ▁enabled ▁humans ▁to ▁alter ▁the ▁make up ▁of ▁plant ▁genom es . ▁ ▁Modern ▁adv ances ▁in ▁gen et ics ▁have ▁allowed ▁humans ▁to ▁more ▁directly ▁alter ▁plants ▁gen et ics . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 7 0 ▁Hamilton ▁Smith ' s ▁lab ▁discovered ▁restriction ▁en zym es ▁that ▁allowed ▁DNA ▁to ▁be ▁cut ▁at ▁specific ▁places , ▁en abling ▁scient ists ▁to ▁isol ate ▁gen es ▁from ▁an ▁organ ism ' s ▁gen ome . ▁DNA ▁lig ases , ▁that ▁join ▁broken ▁DNA ▁together , ▁had ▁been ▁discovered ▁earlier ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 7 ▁and ▁by ▁combining ▁the ▁two ▁techn ologies ▁it ▁was ▁possible ▁to ▁" cut ▁and ▁paste " ▁DNA ▁sequences ▁and ▁create ▁recom bin ant ▁DNA . ▁Pl asm ids , ▁discovered ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 2 , ▁became ▁important ▁tools ▁for ▁transfer ring ▁information ▁between ▁cells ▁and ▁rep lic ating ▁DNA ▁sequences . ▁In ▁ 1 9 0 7 ▁a ▁b acter ium ▁that ▁caused ▁plant ▁tum ors , ▁Ag rob acter ium ▁tum ef aci ens , ▁was ▁discovered ▁and ▁in ▁the ▁early ▁ 1 9 7 0 s ▁the ▁tum or ▁indu cing ▁agent ▁was ▁found ▁to ▁be ▁a ▁DNA ▁pl |
as mid ▁called ▁the ▁Ti ▁pl as mid . ▁By ▁removing ▁the ▁gen es ▁in ▁the ▁pl as mid ▁that ▁caused ▁the ▁tum or ▁and ▁adding ▁in ▁novel ▁gen es ▁research ers ▁were ▁able ▁to ▁inf ect ▁plants ▁with ▁A . ▁tum ef aci ens ▁and ▁let ▁the ▁b acter ia ▁insert ▁their ▁chosen ▁DNA ▁sequence ▁into ▁the ▁genom es ▁of ▁the ▁plants . ▁As ▁not ▁all ▁plant ▁cells ▁were ▁sus cept ible ▁to ▁in fection ▁by ▁A . ▁tum ef aci ens ▁other ▁methods ▁were ▁developed , ▁including ▁elect rop oration , ▁micro - in jection ▁and ▁particle ▁bomb ard ment ▁with ▁a ▁gene ▁gun ▁( in vent ed ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 7 ). ▁In ▁the ▁ 1 9 8 0 s ▁techniques ▁were ▁developed ▁to ▁introduce ▁isolated ▁ch lor op last s ▁back ▁into ▁a ▁plant ▁cell ▁that ▁had ▁its ▁cell ▁wall ▁removed . ▁With ▁the ▁introduction ▁of ▁the ▁gene ▁gun ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 7 ▁it ▁became ▁possible ▁to ▁integrate ▁foreign ▁gen es ▁into ▁a ▁ch lor op last . ▁Gen etic ▁transformation ▁has ▁become ▁very ▁efficient ▁in ▁some ▁model ▁organ isms . ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁gen et ically ▁modified ▁se eds ▁were ▁produced ▁in ▁Arab id opsis ▁th al iana ▁by ▁simply ▁di pping ▁the ▁flowers ▁in ▁an ▁Ag rob acter ium ▁solution . ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁CR IS PR ▁was ▁first ▁used ▁to ▁target ▁modification ▁of ▁plant ▁genom es . ▁ ▁The ▁first ▁gen et ically ▁engine ered ▁c |
rop ▁plant ▁was ▁to b acco , ▁reported ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 3 . ▁It ▁was ▁developed ▁creating ▁a ▁ch imer ic ▁gene ▁that ▁joined ▁an ▁ant ib i otic ▁resist ant ▁gene ▁to ▁the ▁T 1 ▁pl as mid ▁from ▁Ag rob acter ium . ▁The ▁to b acco ▁was ▁inf ected ▁with ▁Ag rob acter ium ▁transformed ▁with ▁this ▁pl as mid ▁resulting ▁in ▁the ▁ch imer ic ▁gene ▁being ▁inserted ▁into ▁the ▁plant . ▁Through ▁t issue ▁culture ▁techniques ▁a ▁single ▁to b acco ▁cell ▁was ▁selected ▁that ▁contained ▁the ▁gene ▁and ▁a ▁new ▁plant ▁grown ▁from ▁it . ▁ ▁The ▁first ▁field ▁tri als ▁of ▁gen et ically ▁engine ered ▁plants ▁occurred ▁in ▁France ▁and ▁the ▁US ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 6 , ▁to b acco ▁plants ▁were ▁engine ered ▁to ▁be ▁resist ant ▁to ▁her b ic ides . ▁In ▁ 1 9 8 7 ▁Plant ▁Gen etic ▁Systems , ▁founded ▁by ▁Marc ▁Van ▁Mont agu ▁and ▁Jeff ▁Sch ell , ▁was ▁the ▁first ▁company ▁to ▁gen et ically ▁engineer ▁insect - res istant ▁plants ▁by ▁incorpor ating ▁gen es ▁that ▁produced ▁insect ic idal ▁prote ins ▁from ▁Bac ill us ▁th uring i ensis ▁( B t ) ▁into ▁to b acco . ▁The ▁People ' s ▁Republic ▁of ▁China ▁was ▁the ▁first ▁country ▁to ▁commercial ise ▁trans gen ic ▁plants , ▁introdu cing ▁a ▁virus - res istant ▁to b acco ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 2 . ▁In ▁ 1 9 9 4 |
▁Cal g ene ▁att ained ▁appro val ▁to ▁commer cially ▁release ▁the ▁F lav r ▁Sav r ▁tom ato , ▁a ▁tom ato ▁engine ered ▁to ▁have ▁a ▁longer ▁sh elf ▁life . ▁Also ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 4 , ▁the ▁European ▁Union ▁approved ▁to b acco ▁engine ered ▁to ▁be ▁resist ant ▁to ▁the ▁her b ic ide ▁b rom ox yn il , ▁making ▁it ▁the ▁first ▁gen et ically ▁engine ered ▁c rop ▁commercial ised ▁in ▁Europe . ▁In ▁ 1 9 9 5 ▁B t ▁Pot ato ▁was ▁approved ▁safe ▁by ▁the ▁Environment al ▁Prote ction ▁Agency , ▁after ▁having ▁been ▁approved ▁by ▁the ▁F DA , ▁making ▁it ▁the ▁first ▁p estic ide ▁producing ▁c rop ▁to ▁be ▁approved ▁in ▁the ▁US . ▁In ▁ 1 9 9 6 ▁a ▁total ▁of ▁ 3 5 ▁appro val s ▁had ▁been ▁granted ▁to ▁commer cially ▁grow ▁ 8 ▁trans gen ic ▁cro ps ▁and ▁one ▁flower ▁c rop ▁( c arn ation ), ▁with ▁ 8 ▁different ▁tra its ▁in ▁ 6 ▁countries ▁plus ▁the ▁EU . ▁By ▁ 2 0 1 0 , ▁ 2 9 ▁countries ▁had ▁plant ed ▁commercial ised ▁gen et ically ▁modified ▁cro ps ▁and ▁a ▁further ▁ 3 1 ▁countries ▁had ▁granted ▁regul atory ▁appro val ▁for ▁trans gen ic ▁cro ps ▁to ▁be ▁imported . ▁ ▁The ▁first ▁gen et ically ▁modified ▁animal ▁to ▁be ▁commercial ised ▁was ▁the ▁Glo F ish , ▁a ▁Z eb ra ▁fish ▁with ▁a ▁flu |
ores cent ▁gene ▁added ▁that ▁allows ▁it ▁to ▁g low ▁in ▁the ▁dark ▁under ▁ult rav io let ▁light . ▁The ▁first ▁gen et ically ▁modified ▁animal ▁to ▁be ▁approved ▁for ▁food ▁use ▁was ▁Aqu Ad v antage ▁sal mon ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 5 . ▁The ▁sal mon ▁were ▁transformed ▁with ▁a ▁growth ▁h orm one - reg ulating ▁gene ▁from ▁a ▁Pacific ▁Ch ino ok ▁sal mon ▁and ▁a ▁prom oter ▁from ▁an ▁ocean ▁p out ▁en abling ▁it ▁to ▁grow ▁year - round ▁instead ▁of ▁only ▁during ▁spring ▁and ▁summer . ▁ ▁Method s ▁ ▁Gen et ically ▁engine ered ▁cro ps ▁have ▁gen es ▁added ▁or ▁removed ▁using ▁gen etic ▁engineering ▁techniques , ▁originally ▁including ▁gene ▁guns , ▁elect rop oration , ▁micro in jection ▁and ▁ag rob acter ium . ▁More ▁recently , ▁CR IS PR ▁and ▁T A LE N ▁offered ▁much ▁more ▁precise ▁and ▁convenient ▁editing ▁techniques . ▁ ▁Gene ▁guns ▁( also ▁known ▁as ▁bi ol istics ) ▁" sh oot " ▁( direct ▁high ▁energy ▁particles ▁or ▁radi ations ▁against ) ▁target ▁gen es ▁into ▁plant ▁cells . ▁It ▁is ▁the ▁most ▁common ▁method . ▁DNA ▁is ▁bound ▁to ▁tiny ▁particles ▁of ▁gold ▁or ▁t ung sten ▁which ▁are ▁subsequently ▁shot ▁into ▁plant ▁t issue ▁or ▁single ▁plant ▁cells ▁under ▁high ▁pressure . ▁The ▁acceler ated ▁particles ▁pen et rate ▁both ▁the ▁cell ▁wall ▁and ▁memb ran es . ▁The ▁DNA ▁separ ates ▁from ▁the ▁metal ▁and ▁is ▁integrated ▁into ▁plant ▁DNA ▁inside |
▁the ▁nucle us . ▁This ▁method ▁has ▁been ▁applied ▁successfully ▁for ▁many ▁cultiv ated ▁cro ps , ▁especially ▁mon oc ots ▁like ▁whe at ▁or ▁ma ize , ▁for ▁which ▁transformation ▁using ▁Ag rob acter ium ▁tum ef aci ens ▁has ▁been ▁less ▁successful . ▁The ▁major ▁dis adv antage ▁of ▁this ▁procedure ▁is ▁that ▁serious ▁damage ▁can ▁be ▁done ▁to ▁the ▁cell ular ▁t issue . ▁ ▁Ag rob acter ium ▁tum ef aci ens - medi ated ▁transformation ▁is ▁another ▁common ▁technique . ▁Ag rob acter ia ▁are ▁natural ▁plant ▁par as ites . ▁Their ▁natural ▁ability ▁to ▁transfer ▁gen es ▁provides ▁another ▁engineering ▁method . ▁To ▁create ▁a ▁suitable ▁environment ▁for ▁themselves , ▁these ▁Ag rob acter ia ▁insert ▁their ▁gen es ▁into ▁plant ▁hosts , ▁resulting ▁in ▁a ▁pro l ifer ation ▁of ▁modified ▁plant ▁cells ▁near ▁the ▁soil ▁level ▁( c rown ▁gall ). ▁The ▁gen etic ▁information ▁for ▁tum or ▁growth ▁is ▁encoded ▁on ▁a ▁mobile , ▁circular ▁DNA ▁fragment ▁( pl as mid ). ▁When ▁Ag rob acter ium ▁inf ect s ▁a ▁plant , ▁it ▁trans fers ▁this ▁T - D NA ▁to ▁a ▁random ▁site ▁in ▁the ▁plant ▁gen ome . ▁When ▁used ▁in ▁gen etic ▁engineering ▁the ▁b acter ial ▁T - D NA ▁is ▁removed ▁from ▁the ▁b acter ial ▁pl as mid ▁and ▁replaced ▁with ▁the ▁desired ▁foreign ▁gene . ▁The ▁b acter ium ▁is ▁a ▁vector , ▁en abling ▁transport ation ▁of ▁foreign ▁gen es ▁into ▁plants . ▁This ▁method |
▁works ▁especially ▁well ▁for ▁dic oty led on ous ▁plants ▁like ▁pot atoes , ▁tom atoes , ▁and ▁to b acco . ▁Ag rob acter ia ▁in fection ▁is ▁less ▁successful ▁in ▁cro ps ▁like ▁whe at ▁and ▁ma ize . ▁ ▁Elect rop oration ▁is ▁used ▁when ▁the ▁plant ▁t issue ▁does ▁not ▁contain ▁cell ▁walls . ▁In ▁this ▁technique , ▁" D NA ▁enters ▁the ▁plant ▁cells ▁through ▁mini ature ▁por es ▁which ▁are ▁tempor arily ▁caused ▁by ▁electric ▁p uls es ." ▁ ▁Micro in jection ▁is ▁used ▁to ▁directly ▁inject ▁foreign ▁DNA ▁into ▁cells . ▁ ▁Plant ▁scient ists , ▁back ed ▁by ▁results ▁of ▁modern ▁compreh ensive ▁profil ing ▁of ▁c rop ▁composition , ▁point ▁out ▁that ▁cro ps ▁modified ▁using ▁G M ▁techniques ▁are ▁less ▁likely ▁to ▁have ▁un int ended ▁changes ▁than ▁are ▁convention ally ▁b red ▁cro ps . ▁ ▁In ▁research ▁to b acco ▁and ▁Arab id opsis ▁th al iana ▁are ▁the ▁most ▁frequently ▁modified ▁plants , ▁due ▁to ▁well - develop ed ▁transformation ▁methods , ▁easy ▁propag ation ▁and ▁well ▁studied ▁genom es . ▁They ▁serve ▁as ▁model ▁organ isms ▁for ▁other ▁plant ▁species . ▁ ▁Int rodu cing ▁new ▁gen es ▁into ▁plants ▁requires ▁a ▁prom oter ▁specific ▁to ▁the ▁area ▁where ▁the ▁gene ▁is ▁to ▁be ▁expressed . ▁For ▁instance , ▁to ▁express ▁a ▁gene ▁only ▁in ▁rice ▁gra ins ▁and ▁not ▁in ▁leaves , ▁an ▁end os perm - specific ▁prom oter ▁is ▁used . ▁The ▁cod ons ▁of |
▁the ▁gene ▁must ▁be ▁optimized ▁for ▁the ▁organ ism ▁due ▁to ▁cod on ▁usage ▁bias . ▁ ▁Types ▁of ▁modifications ▁ ▁Trans gen ic ▁ ▁Trans gen ic ▁plants ▁have ▁gen es ▁inserted ▁into ▁them ▁that ▁are ▁derived ▁from ▁another ▁species . ▁The ▁inserted ▁gen es ▁can ▁come ▁from ▁species ▁within ▁the ▁same ▁kingdom ▁( plant ▁to ▁plant ), ▁or ▁between ▁kingdom s ▁( for ▁example , ▁b acter ia ▁to ▁plant ). ▁In ▁many ▁cases ▁the ▁inserted ▁DNA ▁has ▁to ▁be ▁modified ▁slightly ▁in ▁order ▁to ▁be ▁correctly ▁and ▁efficiently ▁expressed ▁in ▁the ▁host ▁organ ism . ▁Trans gen ic ▁plants ▁are ▁used ▁to ▁express ▁prote ins , ▁like ▁the ▁cry ▁to x ins ▁from ▁B . ▁th uring i ensis , ▁her b ic ide - res istant ▁gen es , ▁ant ib od ies , ▁and ▁ant ig ens ▁for ▁v acc in ations . ▁A ▁study ▁led ▁by ▁the ▁European ▁Food ▁Saf ety ▁Author ity ▁( EF SA ) ▁also ▁found ▁vir al ▁gen es ▁in ▁trans gen ic ▁plants . ▁ ▁Trans gen ic ▁car ro ts ▁have ▁been ▁used ▁to ▁produce ▁the ▁drug ▁Tal ig l uc er ase ▁al fa ▁which ▁is ▁used ▁to ▁treat ▁G au cher ' s ▁disease . ▁In ▁the ▁labor atory , ▁trans gen ic ▁plants ▁have ▁been ▁modified ▁to ▁increase ▁photos yn thesis ▁( current ly ▁about ▁ 2 % ▁at ▁most ▁plants ▁versus ▁the ▁the or etic ▁potential ▁of ▁ 9 – 1 0 %). ▁This ▁is ▁possible ▁by |
▁changing ▁the ▁rub is co ▁en zym e ▁( i . e . ▁changing ▁C 3 ▁plants ▁into ▁C 4 ▁plants ), ▁by ▁placing ▁the ▁rub is co ▁in ▁a ▁car box ys ome , ▁by ▁adding ▁ ▁p umps ▁in ▁the ▁cell ▁wall , ▁or ▁by ▁changing ▁the ▁leaf ▁form ▁or ▁size . ▁Pl ants ▁have ▁been ▁engine ered ▁to ▁exhib it ▁bi ol um ines c ence ▁that ▁may ▁become ▁a ▁sust ain able ▁alternative ▁to ▁electric ▁light ing . ▁ ▁C is gen ic ▁ ▁C is gen ic ▁plants ▁are ▁made ▁using ▁gen es ▁found ▁within ▁the ▁same ▁species ▁or ▁a ▁closely ▁related ▁one , ▁where ▁conventional ▁plant ▁bre eding ▁can ▁occur . ▁Some ▁bre ed ers ▁and ▁scient ists ▁argue ▁that ▁c is gen ic ▁modification ▁is ▁useful ▁for ▁plants ▁that ▁are ▁difficult ▁to ▁cross bre ed ▁by ▁conventional ▁means ▁( such ▁as ▁pot atoes ), ▁and ▁that ▁plants ▁in ▁the ▁c is gen ic ▁category ▁should ▁not ▁require ▁the ▁same ▁regul atory ▁scr ut iny ▁as ▁trans gen ics . ▁ ▁Sub gen ic ▁ ▁Gen et ically ▁modified ▁plants ▁can ▁also ▁be ▁developed ▁using ▁gene ▁knock down ▁or ▁gene ▁knock out ▁to ▁alter ▁the ▁gen etic ▁make up ▁of ▁a ▁plant ▁without ▁incorpor ating ▁gen es ▁from ▁other ▁plants . ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 4 , ▁Chinese ▁research er ▁G ao ▁Ca ix ia ▁file d ▁pat ents ▁on ▁the ▁creation ▁of ▁a ▁stra in ▁of ▁whe at ▁that ▁is ▁resist ant ▁to ▁pow der |
y ▁mil de w . ▁The ▁stra in ▁la cks ▁gen es ▁that ▁encode ▁prote ins ▁that ▁repr ess ▁def enses ▁against ▁the ▁mil de w . ▁The ▁research ers ▁deleted ▁all ▁three ▁copies ▁of ▁the ▁gen es ▁from ▁whe at ' s ▁hex ap lo id ▁gen ome . ▁G ao ▁used ▁the ▁T A LE N s ▁and ▁CR IS PR ▁gene ▁editing ▁tools ▁without ▁adding ▁or ▁changing ▁any ▁other ▁gen es . ▁No ▁field ▁tri als ▁were ▁immediately ▁planned . ▁The ▁CR IS PR ▁technique ▁has ▁also ▁been ▁used ▁by ▁P enn ▁State ▁research er ▁Y in ong ▁Yang ▁to ▁modify ▁white ▁button ▁m ush rooms ▁( A gar icus ▁bis por us ) ▁to ▁be ▁non - brow ning , ▁and ▁by ▁Du P ont ▁P ione er ▁to ▁make ▁a ▁new ▁variety ▁of ▁corn . ▁ ▁Multiple ▁trait ▁integration ▁ ▁With ▁multiple ▁trait ▁integration , ▁several ▁new ▁tra its ▁may ▁be ▁integrated ▁into ▁a ▁new ▁c rop . ▁ ▁Econom ics ▁ ▁G M ▁food ' s ▁economic ▁value ▁to ▁far mers ▁is ▁one ▁of ▁its ▁major ▁benefits , ▁including ▁in ▁developing ▁nations . ▁A ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁study ▁found ▁that ▁B t ▁corn ▁provided ▁economic ▁benefits ▁of ▁$ 6 . 9 ▁billion ▁over ▁the ▁previous ▁ 1 4 ▁years ▁in ▁five ▁Mid western ▁states . ▁The ▁majority ▁($ 4 . 3 ▁billion ) ▁acc ru ed ▁to ▁far mers ▁producing ▁non - B t ▁corn . ▁This ▁was ▁attributed ▁to ▁European ▁corn ▁b orer ▁populations |
▁reduced ▁by ▁expos ure ▁to ▁B t ▁corn , ▁leaving ▁fewer ▁to ▁attack ▁conventional ▁corn ▁nearby . ▁Agricult ure ▁econom ists ▁calculated ▁that ▁" world ▁sur plus ▁[ in cre ased ▁by ] ▁$ 2 4 0 . 3 ▁million ▁for ▁ 1 9 9 6 . ▁Of ▁this ▁total , ▁the ▁largest ▁share ▁( 5 9 %) ▁went ▁to ▁U . S . ▁far mers . ▁Se ed ▁company ▁M ons anto ▁received ▁the ▁next ▁largest ▁share ▁( 2 1 % ), ▁followed ▁by ▁US ▁consum ers ▁( 9 % ), ▁the ▁rest ▁of ▁the ▁world ▁( 6 % ), ▁and ▁the ▁germ pl asm ▁supp lier , ▁D elta ▁& ▁P ine ▁Land ▁Company ▁of ▁Mississippi ▁( 5 %). " ▁ ▁According ▁to ▁the ▁International ▁Service ▁for ▁the ▁Ac quisition ▁of ▁Ag ri - bi ote ch ▁App lications ▁( IS AA A ), ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁approximately ▁ 1 8 ▁million ▁far mers ▁grew ▁bi ote ch ▁cro ps ▁in ▁ 2 8 ▁countries ; ▁about ▁ 9 4 % ▁of ▁the ▁far mers ▁were ▁resource - po or ▁in ▁developing ▁countries . ▁ 5 3 % ▁of ▁the ▁global ▁bi ote ch ▁c rop ▁area ▁of ▁ 1 8 1 . 5 ▁million ▁hect ares ▁was ▁grown ▁in ▁ 2 0 ▁developing ▁countries . ▁P G ▁Econom ics ▁compreh ensive ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁study ▁concluded ▁that ▁G M ▁cro ps ▁increased ▁farm ▁in comes ▁world wide ▁by ▁$ 1 4 ▁billion ▁in ▁ 2 |
0 1 0 , ▁with ▁over ▁half ▁this ▁total ▁going ▁to ▁far mers ▁in ▁developing ▁countries . ▁ ▁Crit ics ▁challeng ed ▁the ▁claimed ▁benefits ▁to ▁far mers ▁over ▁the ▁pre val ence ▁of ▁bi ased ▁obser vers ▁and ▁by ▁the ▁absence ▁of ▁random ized ▁controlled ▁tri als . ▁The ▁main ▁B t ▁c rop ▁grown ▁by ▁small ▁far mers ▁in ▁developing ▁countries ▁is ▁cot ton . ▁A ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁review ▁of ▁B t ▁cot ton ▁find ings ▁by ▁agricult ural ▁econom ists ▁concluded , ▁" the ▁overall ▁balance ▁sheet , ▁though ▁prom ising , ▁is ▁mixed . ▁Econom ic ▁returns ▁are ▁highly ▁variable ▁over ▁years , ▁farm ▁type , ▁and ▁ge ographical ▁location ". ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁the ▁European ▁Academ ies ▁Science ▁Ad vis ory ▁Council ▁( E AS AC ) ▁asked ▁the ▁EU ▁to ▁allow ▁the ▁development ▁of ▁agricult ural ▁G M ▁techn ologies ▁to ▁enable ▁more ▁sust ain able ▁agricult ure , ▁by ▁employ ing ▁fewer ▁land , ▁water , ▁and ▁nut ri ent ▁resources . ▁E AS AC ▁also ▁critic izes ▁the ▁EU ' s ▁" time - consum ing ▁and ▁expensive ▁regul atory ▁framework " ▁and ▁said ▁that ▁the ▁EU ▁had ▁fallen ▁behind ▁in ▁the ▁ad option ▁of ▁G M ▁techn ologies . ▁ ▁Part icip ants ▁in ▁agricult ure ▁business ▁mark ets ▁include ▁seed ▁companies , ▁ag ro chem ical ▁companies , ▁distrib utors , ▁far mers , ▁gra in ▁elev ators ▁and ▁univers ities ▁that ▁develop ▁new ▁cro ps |
/ tra its ▁and ▁whose ▁agricult ural ▁extensions ▁advise ▁far mers ▁on ▁best ▁practices . ▁According ▁to ▁a ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁review ▁based ▁on ▁data ▁from ▁the ▁late ▁ 1 9 9 0 s ▁and ▁early ▁ 2 0 0 0 s , ▁much ▁of ▁the ▁G M ▁c rop ▁grown ▁each ▁year ▁is ▁used ▁for ▁liv est ock ▁feed ▁and ▁increased ▁demand ▁for ▁meat ▁leads ▁to ▁increased ▁demand ▁for ▁G M ▁feed ▁cro ps . ▁Fe ed ▁gra in ▁usage ▁as ▁a ▁percentage ▁of ▁total ▁c rop ▁production ▁is ▁ 7 0 % ▁for ▁corn ▁and ▁more ▁than ▁ 9 0 % ▁of ▁oil ▁seed ▁me als ▁such ▁as ▁so y beans . ▁About ▁ 6 5 ▁million ▁metric ▁tons ▁of ▁G M ▁corn ▁gra ins ▁and ▁about ▁ 7 0 ▁million ▁metric ▁tons ▁of ▁so y bean ▁me als ▁derived ▁from ▁G M ▁so y bean ▁become ▁feed . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁the ▁global ▁value ▁of ▁bi ote ch ▁seed ▁was ▁US $ 1 5 . 7 ▁billion ; ▁US $ 1 1 . 3 ▁billion ▁( 7 2 %) ▁was ▁in ▁industrial ▁countries ▁and ▁US $ 4 . 4 ▁billion ▁( 2 8 %) ▁was ▁in ▁the ▁developing ▁countries . ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 9 , ▁M ons anto ▁had ▁$ 7 . 3 ▁billion ▁in ▁sales ▁of ▁se eds ▁and ▁from ▁lic ens ing ▁its ▁technology ; ▁Du P ont , ▁through ▁its ▁P ione er ▁subs idi ary , ▁was ▁the |
▁next ▁biggest ▁company ▁in ▁that ▁market . ▁As ▁of ▁ 2 0 0 9 , ▁the ▁overall ▁Round up ▁line ▁of ▁products ▁including ▁the ▁G M ▁se eds ▁represented ▁about ▁ 5 0 % ▁of ▁M ons anto ' s ▁business . ▁ ▁Some ▁pat ents ▁on ▁G M ▁tra its ▁have ▁exp ired , ▁allowing ▁the ▁legal ▁development ▁of ▁generic ▁stra ins ▁that ▁include ▁these ▁tra its . ▁For ▁example , ▁generic ▁g lyph os ate - tol er ant ▁G M ▁so y bean ▁is ▁now ▁available . ▁Another ▁impact ▁is ▁that ▁tra its ▁developed ▁by ▁one ▁vendor ▁can ▁be ▁added ▁to ▁another ▁vendor ' s ▁propriet ary ▁stra ins , ▁potentially ▁increasing ▁product ▁choice ▁and ▁competition . ▁The ▁pat ent ▁on ▁the ▁first ▁type ▁of ▁Round up ▁Re ady ▁c rop ▁that ▁M ons anto ▁produced ▁( so y beans ) ▁exp ired ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁and ▁the ▁first ▁har vest ▁of ▁off - pat ent ▁so y beans ▁occurs ▁in ▁the ▁spring ▁of ▁ 2 0 1 5 . ▁M ons anto ▁has ▁broad ly ▁lic ensed ▁the ▁pat ent ▁to ▁other ▁seed ▁companies ▁that ▁include ▁the ▁g lyph os ate ▁resistance ▁trait ▁in ▁their ▁seed ▁products . ▁About ▁ 1 5 0 ▁companies ▁have ▁lic ensed ▁the ▁technology , ▁including ▁Sy ng enta ▁and ▁Du P ont ▁P ione er . ▁ ▁Y ield ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 4 , ▁the ▁largest ▁review ▁yet ▁concluded ▁that ▁G M ▁cro ps ' ▁effects ▁on |
▁far ming ▁were ▁positive . ▁The ▁meta - analysis ▁considered ▁all ▁published ▁English - language ▁exam in ations ▁of ▁the ▁agr onom ic ▁and ▁economic ▁impact s ▁between ▁ 1 9 9 5 ▁and ▁March ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁for ▁three ▁major ▁G M ▁cro ps : ▁so y bean , ▁ma ize , ▁and ▁cot ton . ▁The ▁study ▁found ▁that ▁her b ic ide - tol er ant ▁cro ps ▁have ▁lower ▁production ▁costs , ▁while ▁for ▁insect - res istant ▁cro ps ▁the ▁reduced ▁p estic ide ▁use ▁was ▁offset ▁by ▁higher ▁seed ▁prices , ▁leaving ▁overall ▁production ▁costs ▁about ▁the ▁same . ▁ ▁Y ield s ▁increased ▁ 9 % ▁for ▁her b ic ide ▁toler ance ▁and ▁ 2 5 % ▁for ▁insect ▁resist ant ▁vari eties . ▁Farm ers ▁who ▁adopted ▁G M ▁cro ps ▁made ▁ 6 9 % ▁higher ▁prof its ▁than ▁those ▁who ▁did ▁not . ▁The ▁review ▁found ▁that ▁G M ▁cro ps ▁help ▁far mers ▁in ▁developing ▁countries , ▁increasing ▁yields ▁by ▁ 1 4 ▁percentage ▁points . ▁ ▁The ▁research ers ▁considered ▁some ▁studies ▁that ▁were ▁not ▁peer - review ed ▁and ▁a ▁few ▁that ▁did ▁not ▁report ▁sample ▁sizes . ▁They ▁attempted ▁to ▁correct ▁for ▁publication ▁bias , ▁by ▁considering ▁sources ▁beyond ▁academic ▁journ als . ▁The ▁large ▁data ▁set ▁allowed ▁the ▁study ▁to ▁control ▁for ▁potentially ▁conf ounding ▁variables ▁such ▁as ▁fert il izer ▁use . ▁Se par ately , ▁they ▁concluded ▁that ▁the ▁fund ing ▁source ▁did |
▁not ▁influence ▁study ▁results . ▁ ▁Tra its ▁ ▁G M ▁cro ps ▁grown ▁today , ▁or ▁under ▁development , ▁have ▁been ▁modified ▁with ▁various ▁tra its . ▁These ▁tra its ▁include ▁improved ▁sh elf ▁life , ▁disease ▁resistance , ▁stress ▁resistance , ▁her b ic ide ▁resistance , ▁p est ▁resistance , ▁production ▁of ▁useful ▁goods ▁such ▁as ▁bio f uel ▁or ▁dru gs , ▁and ▁ability ▁to ▁abs orb ▁to x ins ▁and ▁for ▁use ▁in ▁b ior emed iation ▁of ▁poll ution . ▁ ▁Rec ently , ▁research ▁and ▁development ▁has ▁been ▁target ed ▁to ▁enh ancement ▁of ▁cro ps ▁that ▁are ▁locally ▁important ▁in ▁developing ▁countries , ▁such ▁as ▁insect - res istant ▁cow pe a ▁for ▁Africa ▁and ▁insect - res istant ▁br in jal ▁( eg g plant ). ▁ ▁Ext ended ▁sh elf ▁life ▁The ▁first ▁gen et ically ▁modified ▁c rop ▁approved ▁for ▁sale ▁in ▁the ▁U . S . ▁was ▁the ▁F lav r S av r ▁tom ato , ▁which ▁had ▁a ▁longer ▁sh elf ▁life . ▁First ▁sold ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 4 , ▁F lav r S av r ▁tom ato ▁production ▁ceased ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 7 . ▁It ▁is ▁no ▁longer ▁on ▁the ▁market . ▁ ▁In ▁November ▁ 2 0 1 4 , ▁the ▁US DA ▁approved ▁a ▁G M ▁pot ato ▁that ▁prevents ▁bru ising . ▁ ▁In ▁February ▁ 2 0 1 5 ▁Ar ctic ▁App les ▁were ▁approved ▁by ▁the ▁US DA , |
▁becoming ▁the ▁first ▁gen et ically ▁modified ▁apple ▁approved ▁for ▁US ▁sale . ▁Gene ▁sil encing ▁was ▁used ▁to ▁reduce ▁the ▁expression ▁of ▁poly phen ol ▁ox id ase ▁( P PO ), ▁thus ▁prevent ing ▁en zym atic ▁brow ning ▁of ▁the ▁fruit ▁after ▁it ▁has ▁been ▁s lic ed ▁open . ▁The ▁trait ▁was ▁added ▁to ▁Gran ny ▁Smith ▁and ▁Golden ▁Del icious ▁vari eties . ▁The ▁trait ▁includes ▁a ▁b acter ial ▁ant ib i otic ▁resistance ▁gene ▁that ▁provides ▁resistance ▁to ▁the ▁ant ib i otic ▁kan am yc in . ▁The ▁gen etic ▁engineering ▁involved ▁cultiv ation ▁in ▁the ▁presence ▁of ▁kan am yc in , ▁which ▁allowed ▁only ▁resist ant ▁cultiv ars ▁to ▁surv ive . ▁Hum ans ▁cons uming ▁app les ▁do ▁not ▁ac quire ▁kan am yc in ▁resistance , ▁per ▁ar ctic apple . com . ▁The ▁F DA ▁approved ▁the ▁app les ▁in ▁March ▁ 2 0 1 5 . ▁ ▁Im pro ved ▁photos yn thesis ▁ ▁Pl ants ▁use ▁non - ph ot och em ical ▁qu en ch ing ▁to ▁protect ▁them ▁from ▁excess ive ▁amounts ▁of ▁sun light . ▁Pl ants ▁can ▁switch ▁on ▁the ▁qu en ch ing ▁mechanism ▁almost ▁instant ane ously , ▁but ▁it ▁takes ▁much ▁longer ▁for ▁it ▁to ▁switch ▁off ▁again . ▁During ▁the ▁time ▁that ▁it ▁is ▁switched ▁off , ▁the ▁amount ▁of ▁energy ▁that ▁is ▁was ted ▁increases . ▁A ▁gen etic ▁modification ▁in ▁three ▁gen es ▁allows ▁to ▁correct ▁this ▁( |
in ▁a ▁trial ▁with ▁to b acco ▁plants ). ▁As ▁a ▁result , ▁yields ▁were ▁ 1 4 - 2 0 % ▁higher , ▁in ▁terms ▁of ▁the ▁weight ▁of ▁the ▁dry ▁leaves ▁har v ested . ▁The ▁plants ▁had ▁larger ▁leaves , ▁were ▁t aller ▁and ▁had ▁more ▁vig orous ▁roots . ▁ ▁Another ▁improvement ▁that ▁can ▁be ▁made ▁on ▁the ▁photos yn thesis ▁process ▁( with ▁C 3 ▁path way ▁plants ) ▁is ▁on ▁phot ores p iration . ▁By ▁inserting ▁the ▁C 4 ▁path way ▁into ▁C 3 ▁plants , ▁product ivity ▁may ▁increase ▁by ▁as ▁much ▁as ▁ 5 0 % ▁for ▁c ere al ▁cro ps , ▁such ▁as ▁rice . ▁ ▁Im pro ved ▁nut r itional ▁value ▁ ▁Ed ible ▁o ils ▁ ▁Some ▁G M ▁so y beans ▁offer ▁improved ▁oil ▁profiles ▁for ▁processing . ▁Cam el ina ▁s ativa ▁has ▁been ▁modified ▁to ▁produce ▁plants ▁that ▁accum ulate ▁high ▁levels ▁of ▁o ils ▁similar ▁to ▁fish ▁o ils . ▁ ▁Vit amin ▁en rich ment ▁ ▁Golden ▁rice , ▁developed ▁by ▁the ▁International ▁R ice ▁Research ▁Institute ▁( IR RI ), ▁provides ▁greater ▁amounts ▁of ▁vit amin ▁A ▁target ed ▁at ▁reducing ▁vit amin ▁A ▁def ic iency . ▁As ▁of ▁January ▁ 2 0 1 6 , ▁golden ▁rice ▁has ▁not ▁yet ▁been ▁grown ▁commer cially ▁in ▁any ▁country . ▁ ▁To x in ▁reduction ▁ ▁A ▁gen et ically ▁modified ▁c ass ava ▁under ▁development ▁offers ▁lower ▁cy an ogen ▁gl uc |
os ides ▁and ▁en hanced ▁protein ▁and ▁other ▁nut ri ents ▁( called ▁Bio C ass ava ). ▁ ▁In ▁November ▁ 2 0 1 4 , ▁the ▁US DA ▁approved ▁a ▁pot ato ▁that ▁prevents ▁bru ising ▁and ▁produces ▁less ▁ac ry lam ide ▁when ▁f ried . ▁They ▁do ▁not ▁employ ▁gen es ▁from ▁non - pot ato ▁species . ▁The ▁trait ▁was ▁added ▁to ▁the ▁Rus set ▁Bur bank , ▁R anger ▁Rus set ▁and ▁Atlantic ▁vari eties . ▁ ▁Str ess ▁resistance ▁Pl ants ▁have ▁been ▁engine ered ▁to ▁toler ate ▁non - bi ological ▁stress ors , ▁such ▁as ▁dr ought , ▁fro st , ▁and ▁high ▁soil ▁sal inity . ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 1 , ▁M ons anto ' s ▁Dr ought G ard ▁ma ize ▁became ▁the ▁first ▁dr ought - res istant ▁G M ▁c rop ▁to ▁receive ▁US ▁market ing ▁appro val . ▁ ▁Dr ought ▁resistance ▁occurs ▁by ▁modifying ▁the ▁plant ' s ▁gen es ▁responsible ▁for ▁the ▁mechanism ▁known ▁as ▁the ▁cr ass ul ace an ▁acid ▁met abol ism ▁( C AM ), ▁which ▁allows ▁the ▁plants ▁to ▁surv ive ▁despite ▁low ▁water ▁levels . ▁This ▁holds ▁promise ▁for ▁water - he avy ▁cro ps ▁such ▁as ▁rice , ▁whe at , ▁so y beans ▁and ▁pop lar ▁to ▁acceler ate ▁their ▁adaptation ▁to ▁water - limited ▁environments . ▁Several ▁sal inity ▁toler ance ▁mechan isms ▁have ▁been ▁identified ▁in ▁salt - tol er ant ▁cro ps . ▁For |
▁example , ▁rice , ▁can ola ▁and ▁tom ato ▁cro ps ▁have ▁been ▁gen et ically ▁modified ▁to ▁increase ▁their ▁toler ance ▁to ▁salt ▁stress . ▁ ▁Her b ic ides ▁ ▁G lyph os ate ▁ ▁As ▁of ▁ 1 9 9 9 , ▁the ▁most ▁pre val ent ▁G M ▁trait ▁was ▁g lyph os ate - tol er ance . ▁G lyph os ate ▁( the ▁active ▁ing red ient ▁in ▁Round up ▁and ▁other ▁her b ic ide ▁products ) ▁k ills ▁plants ▁by ▁inter fer ing ▁with ▁the ▁sh ik imate ▁path way ▁in ▁plants , ▁which ▁is ▁essential ▁for ▁the ▁synth esis ▁of ▁the ▁a rom atic ▁am ino ▁ac ids ▁phen yl al an ine , ▁ty ros ine , ▁and ▁try pt oph an . ▁The ▁sh ik imate ▁path way ▁is ▁not ▁present ▁in ▁animals , ▁which ▁instead ▁obtain ▁a rom atic ▁am ino ▁ac ids ▁from ▁their ▁di et . ▁More ▁specifically , ▁g lyph os ate ▁in hib its ▁the ▁en zym e ▁ 5 - en ol py ru v yl sh ik imate - 3 - ph osph ate ▁synth ase ▁( EP SP S ). ▁ ▁This ▁trait ▁was ▁developed ▁because ▁the ▁her b ic ides ▁used ▁on ▁gra in ▁and ▁grass ▁cro ps ▁at ▁the ▁time ▁were ▁highly ▁to xic ▁and ▁not ▁effective ▁against ▁narrow - le aved ▁we eds . ▁Thus , ▁developing ▁cro ps ▁that ▁could ▁with stand ▁sp ray ing ▁with ▁g lyph os ate |
▁would ▁both ▁reduce ▁environmental ▁and ▁health ▁ris ks , ▁and ▁give ▁an ▁agricult ural ▁edge ▁to ▁the ▁far mer . ▁ ▁Some ▁micro - organ isms ▁have ▁a ▁version ▁of ▁EP SP S ▁that ▁is ▁resist ant ▁to ▁g lyph os ate ▁in hib ition . ▁One ▁of ▁these ▁was ▁isolated ▁from ▁an ▁Ag rob acter ium ▁stra in ▁CP 4 ▁( CP 4 ▁EP SP S ) ▁that ▁was ▁resist ant ▁to ▁g lyph os ate . ▁The ▁CP 4 ▁EP SP S ▁gene ▁was ▁engine ered ▁for ▁plant ▁expression ▁by ▁f using ▁the ▁ 5 ' ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁gene ▁to ▁a ▁ch lor op last ▁trans it ▁pe pt ide ▁derived ▁from ▁the ▁pet un ia ▁EP SP S . ▁This ▁trans it ▁pe pt ide ▁was ▁used ▁because ▁it ▁had ▁shown ▁previously ▁an ▁ability ▁to ▁deliver ▁b acter ial ▁EP SP S ▁to ▁the ▁ch lor op last s ▁of ▁other ▁plants . ▁This ▁CP 4 ▁EP SP S ▁gene ▁was ▁cl oned ▁and ▁trans fect ed ▁into ▁so y beans . ▁ ▁The ▁pl as mid ▁used ▁to ▁move ▁the ▁gene ▁into ▁so y beans ▁was ▁P V - GM G TO 4 . ▁It ▁contained ▁three ▁b acter ial ▁gen es , ▁two ▁CP 4 ▁EP SP S ▁gen es , ▁and ▁a ▁gene ▁encoding ▁beta - gl uc ur on id ase ▁( G US ) ▁from ▁E scher ich ia ▁col i ▁as ▁a ▁marker . ▁The ▁DNA ▁was ▁inject ed ▁into ▁the ▁so y |
beans ▁using ▁the ▁particle ▁acceleration ▁method . ▁So y bean ▁cultiv ar ▁A 5 4 O 3 ▁was ▁used ▁for ▁the ▁transformation . ▁ ▁B rom ox yn il ▁ ▁Tob acco ▁plants ▁have ▁been ▁engine ered ▁to ▁be ▁resist ant ▁to ▁the ▁her b ic ide ▁b rom ox yn il . ▁ ▁Gl uf os inate ▁ ▁Cro ps ▁have ▁been ▁commercial ized ▁that ▁are ▁resist ant ▁to ▁the ▁her b ic ide ▁gl uf os inate , ▁as ▁well . ▁Cro ps ▁engine ered ▁for ▁resistance ▁to ▁multiple ▁her b ic ides ▁to ▁allow ▁far mers ▁to ▁use ▁a ▁mixed ▁group ▁of ▁two , ▁three , ▁or ▁four ▁different ▁chemical s ▁are ▁under ▁development ▁to ▁combat ▁growing ▁her b ic ide ▁resistance . ▁▁ 2 , 4 - D ▁ ▁In ▁October ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁the ▁US ▁E PA ▁registered ▁Dow ' s ▁En list ▁Du o ▁ma ize , ▁which ▁is ▁gen et ically ▁modified ▁to ▁be ▁resist ant ▁to ▁both ▁g lyph os ate ▁and ▁ 2 , 4 - D , ▁in ▁six ▁states . ▁In ser ting ▁a ▁b acter ial ▁ar y lo xy alk ano ate ▁dio xygen ase ▁gene , ▁a ad 1 ▁makes ▁the ▁corn ▁resist ant ▁to ▁ 2 , 4 - D . ▁The ▁US DA ▁had ▁approved ▁ma ize ▁and ▁so y beans ▁with ▁the ▁mut ation ▁in ▁September ▁ 2 0 1 4 . ▁ ▁Dic amba ▁ ▁M ons anto ▁has ▁requested ▁appro val ▁for |
▁a ▁stack ed ▁stra in ▁that ▁is ▁toler ant ▁of ▁both ▁g lyph os ate ▁and ▁dic amba . ▁The ▁request ▁includes ▁plans ▁for ▁avoid ing ▁her b ic ide ▁dr ift ▁to ▁other ▁cro ps . ▁Sign ific ant ▁damage ▁to ▁other ▁non - res istant ▁cro ps ▁occurred ▁from ▁dic amba ▁form ulations ▁intended ▁to ▁reduce ▁vol at il ization ▁dr ifting ▁when ▁sp rayed ▁on ▁resist ant ▁so y beans ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 7 . ▁The ▁newer ▁dic amba ▁form ulation ▁labels ▁specify ▁to ▁not ▁sp ray ▁when ▁average ▁wind ▁spe eds ▁are ▁above ▁ ▁to ▁avoid ▁particle ▁dr ift , ▁average ▁wind ▁spe eds ▁below ▁ ▁to ▁avoid ▁temperature ▁in versions , ▁and ▁rain ▁or ▁high ▁temper atures ▁are ▁in ▁the ▁next ▁day ▁forec ast . ▁However , ▁these ▁conditions ▁typically ▁only ▁occur ▁during ▁June ▁and ▁July ▁for ▁a ▁few ▁hours ▁at ▁a ▁time . ▁ ▁P est ▁resistance ▁ ▁In sect s ▁ ▁Tob acco , ▁corn , ▁rice ▁and ▁some ▁other ▁cro ps ▁have ▁been ▁engine ered ▁to ▁express ▁gen es ▁encoding ▁for ▁insect ic idal ▁prote ins ▁from ▁Bac ill us ▁th uring i ensis ▁( B t ). ▁The ▁introduction ▁of ▁B t ▁cro ps ▁during ▁the ▁period ▁between ▁ 1 9 9 6 ▁and ▁ 2 0 0 5 ▁has ▁been ▁estimated ▁to ▁have ▁reduced ▁the ▁total ▁volume ▁of ▁insect ic ide ▁active ▁ing red ient ▁use ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁by ▁over ▁ 1 0 0 ▁thousand ▁tons . ▁This ▁represents |
▁a ▁ 1 9 . 4 % ▁reduction ▁in ▁insect ic ide ▁use . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁late ▁ 1 9 9 0 s , ▁a ▁gen et ically ▁modified ▁pot ato ▁that ▁was ▁resist ant ▁to ▁the ▁Colorado ▁pot ato ▁be et le ▁was ▁with dra wn ▁because ▁major ▁buy ers ▁rejected ▁it , ▁fear ing ▁consumer ▁opposition . ▁ ▁Vir uses ▁ ▁Pap aya , ▁pot atoes , ▁and ▁squ ash ▁have ▁been ▁engine ered ▁to ▁resist ▁vir al ▁path og ens ▁such ▁as ▁c uc umber ▁m osa ic ▁virus ▁which , ▁despite ▁its ▁name , ▁inf ect s ▁a ▁wide ▁variety ▁of ▁plants . ▁Vir us ▁resist ant ▁pap aya ▁were ▁developed ▁in ▁response ▁to ▁a ▁pap aya ▁rings pot ▁virus ▁( PR V ) ▁out break ▁in ▁Hawai i ▁in ▁the ▁late ▁ 1 9 9 0 s . ▁They ▁incorpor ate ▁PR V ▁DNA . ▁By ▁ 2 0 1 0 , ▁ 8 0 % ▁of ▁Hawai ian ▁pap aya ▁plants ▁were ▁gen et ically ▁modified . ▁ ▁Pot atoes ▁were ▁engine ered ▁for ▁resistance ▁to ▁pot ato ▁leaf ▁roll ▁virus ▁and ▁Pot ato ▁virus ▁Y ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 8 . ▁Po or ▁sales ▁led ▁to ▁their ▁market ▁withdraw al ▁after ▁three ▁years . ▁ ▁Y ellow ▁squ ash ▁that ▁were ▁resist ant ▁to ▁at ▁first ▁two , ▁then ▁three ▁vir uses ▁were ▁developed , ▁beginning ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 9 0 s . ▁The ▁vir uses ▁are ▁wat erm el on , |
▁c uc umber ▁and ▁z uc ch ini / c our get te ▁yellow ▁m osa ic . ▁S qu ash ▁was ▁the ▁second ▁G M ▁c rop ▁to ▁be ▁approved ▁by ▁US ▁regul ators . ▁The ▁trait ▁was ▁later ▁added ▁to ▁z uc ch ini . ▁ ▁Many ▁stra ins ▁of ▁corn ▁have ▁been ▁developed ▁in ▁recent ▁years ▁to ▁combat ▁the ▁spread ▁of ▁Ma ize ▁d war f ▁m osa ic ▁virus , ▁a ▁cost ly ▁virus ▁that ▁causes ▁st unted ▁growth ▁which ▁is ▁carried ▁in ▁Johnson ▁grass ▁and ▁spread ▁by ▁a ph id ▁insect ▁vectors . ▁These ▁str ands ▁are ▁commer cially ▁available ▁although ▁the ▁resistance ▁is ▁not ▁standard ▁among ▁G M ▁corn ▁variants . ▁ ▁By - products ▁ ▁Dru gs ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 2 , ▁the ▁F DA ▁approved ▁the ▁first ▁plant - produ ced ▁ph arma ce ut ical , ▁a ▁treatment ▁for ▁G au cher ' s ▁D ise ase . ▁Tob acco ▁plants ▁have ▁been ▁modified ▁to ▁produce ▁th era pe ut ic ▁ant ib od ies . ▁ ▁Bio f uel ▁Al ga e ▁is ▁under ▁development ▁for ▁use ▁in ▁bio fu els . ▁Research ers ▁in ▁Singapore ▁were ▁working ▁on ▁G M ▁j atro pha ▁for ▁bio f uel ▁production . ▁Sy ng enta ▁has ▁US DA ▁appro val ▁to ▁market ▁a ▁ma ize ▁tra dem ark ed ▁En ogen ▁that ▁has ▁been ▁gen et ically ▁modified ▁to ▁convert ▁its ▁st arch ▁to ▁sugar ▁for ▁eth an ol . ▁Some ▁trees ▁have |
▁been ▁gen et ically ▁modified ▁to ▁either ▁have ▁less ▁l ign in , ▁or ▁to ▁express ▁l ign in ▁with ▁chem ically ▁lab ile ▁b onds . ▁L ign in ▁is ▁the ▁critical ▁limit ing ▁factor ▁when ▁using ▁wood ▁to ▁make ▁bio - eth an ol ▁because ▁l ign in ▁limits ▁the ▁access ibility ▁of ▁cell ul ose ▁micro f ibr ils ▁to ▁dep ol ym er ization ▁by ▁en zym es . ▁Besides ▁with ▁trees , ▁the ▁chem ically ▁lab ile ▁l ign in ▁b onds ▁are ▁also ▁very ▁useful ▁for ▁c ere al ▁cro ps ▁such ▁as ▁ma ize , ▁bar ley , ▁and ▁o ats . ▁ ▁Material s ▁Comp an ies ▁and ▁l abs ▁are ▁working ▁on ▁plants ▁that ▁can ▁be ▁used ▁to ▁make ▁bi op last ics . ▁Pot atoes ▁that ▁produce ▁industri ally ▁useful ▁st arch es ▁have ▁been ▁developed ▁as ▁well . ▁O il seed ▁can ▁be ▁modified ▁to ▁produce ▁fat ty ▁ac ids ▁for ▁d eter g ents , ▁substitute ▁fu els ▁and ▁pet ro chem ical s . ▁ ▁B ior emed iation ▁Scient ists ▁at ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁York ▁developed ▁a ▁we ed ▁( A rab id opsis ▁th al iana ) ▁that ▁contains ▁gen es ▁from ▁b acter ia ▁that ▁could ▁clean ▁T NT ▁and ▁R D X - expl os ive ▁soil ▁cont amin ants ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 1 . ▁ 1 6 ▁million ▁hect ares ▁in ▁the ▁US ▁( 1 . 5 % ▁of ▁the ▁total ▁surface ) |
▁are ▁estimated ▁to ▁be ▁cont amin ated ▁with ▁T NT ▁and ▁R D X . ▁However ▁A . ▁th al iana ▁was ▁not ▁t ough ▁enough ▁for ▁use ▁on ▁military ▁test ▁grounds . ▁Mod ifications ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁included ▁switch gr ass ▁and ▁bent gr ass . ▁ ▁Gen et ically ▁modified ▁plants ▁have ▁been ▁used ▁for ▁b ior emed iation ▁of ▁cont amin ated ▁so ils . ▁Mercur y , ▁selenium ▁and ▁organ ic ▁poll ut ants ▁such ▁as ▁pol ych lor in ated ▁bi phen yl s ▁( PC B s ). ▁ ▁Marine ▁environments ▁are ▁especially ▁vulner able ▁since ▁poll ution ▁such ▁as ▁oil ▁sp ills ▁are ▁not ▁contain able . ▁In ▁addition ▁to ▁anth rop ogen ic ▁poll ution , ▁millions ▁of ▁tons ▁of ▁pet role um ▁ann ually ▁enter ▁the ▁marine ▁environment ▁from ▁natural ▁se ep ages . ▁Despite ▁its ▁to x icity , ▁a ▁considerable ▁fraction ▁of ▁pet role um ▁oil ▁entering ▁marine ▁systems ▁is ▁elimin ated ▁by ▁the ▁hydro car bon - de grad ing ▁activities ▁of ▁micro b ial ▁communities . ▁Part icular ly ▁successful ▁is ▁a ▁recently ▁discovered ▁group ▁of ▁special ists , ▁the ▁so - called ▁hydro car bon oc last ic ▁b acter ia ▁( H CC B ) ▁that ▁may ▁offer ▁useful ▁gen es . ▁ ▁A sex ual ▁reprodu ction ▁ ▁Cro ps ▁such ▁as ▁ma ize ▁reproduce ▁sex ually ▁each ▁year . ▁This ▁random izes ▁which ▁gen es ▁get ▁propag ated ▁to ▁the ▁next ▁generation , |
▁meaning ▁that ▁des irable ▁tra its ▁can ▁be ▁lost . ▁To ▁maintain ▁a ▁high - quality ▁c rop , ▁some ▁far mers ▁purchase ▁se eds ▁every ▁year . ▁Typ ically , ▁the ▁seed ▁company ▁maintain s ▁two ▁in bre d ▁vari eties ▁and ▁cross es ▁them ▁into ▁a ▁hy brid ▁stra in ▁that ▁is ▁then ▁sold . ▁Rel ated ▁plants ▁like ▁s org hum ▁and ▁g amma ▁grass ▁are ▁able ▁to ▁perform ▁ap om ix is , ▁a ▁form ▁of ▁a sex ual ▁reprodu ction ▁that ▁keeps ▁the ▁plant ' s ▁DNA ▁int act . ▁This ▁trait ▁is ▁apparently ▁controlled ▁by ▁a ▁single ▁dominant ▁gene , ▁but ▁traditional ▁bre eding ▁has ▁been ▁un success ful ▁in ▁creating ▁a sex ually - re produ cing ▁ma ize . ▁Gen etic ▁engineering ▁offers ▁another ▁route ▁to ▁this ▁goal . ▁Success ful ▁modification ▁would ▁allow ▁far mers ▁to ▁re plant ▁har v ested ▁se eds ▁that ▁retain ▁des irable ▁tra its , ▁rather ▁than ▁re lying ▁on ▁purchased ▁seed . ▁ ▁Other ▁Gen etic ▁modifications ▁to ▁some ▁cro ps ▁also ▁exist , ▁which ▁make ▁it ▁easier ▁to ▁process ▁the ▁c rop , ▁i . e . ▁by ▁growing ▁in ▁a ▁more ▁compact ▁form . ▁Also , ▁some ▁cro ps ▁( such ▁as ▁tom atoes ) ▁have ▁been ▁gen etic ▁modified ▁to ▁contain ▁no ▁seed ▁at ▁all . ▁ ▁Cro ps ▁ ▁Her b ic ide ▁toler ance ▁ ▁In sect ▁resistance ▁ ▁Other ▁modified ▁tra its ▁ ▁Development ▁ ▁The ▁number ▁of ▁US DA - appro |
ved ▁field ▁releases ▁for ▁testing ▁grew ▁from ▁ 4 ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 5 ▁to ▁ 1 , 1 9 4 ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 2 ▁and ▁aver aged ▁around ▁ 8 0 0 ▁per ▁year ▁there after . ▁The ▁number ▁of ▁sites ▁per ▁release ▁and ▁the ▁number ▁of ▁gene ▁construct s ▁( ways ▁that ▁the ▁gene ▁of ▁interest ▁is ▁pack aged ▁together ▁with ▁other ▁elements ) – ▁have ▁rapidly ▁increased ▁since ▁ 2 0 0 5 . ▁Re leases ▁with ▁agr onom ic ▁properties ▁( such ▁as ▁dr ought ▁resistance ) ▁jump ed ▁from ▁ 1 , 0 4 3 ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 5 ▁to ▁ 5 , 1 9 0 ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 3 . ▁As ▁of ▁September ▁ 2 0 1 3 , ▁about ▁ 7 , 8 0 0 ▁releases ▁had ▁been ▁approved ▁for ▁corn , ▁more ▁than ▁ 2 , 2 0 0 ▁for ▁so y beans , ▁more ▁than ▁ 1 , 1 0 0 ▁for ▁cot ton , ▁and ▁about ▁ 9 0 0 ▁for ▁pot atoes . ▁Re leases ▁were ▁approved ▁for ▁her b ic ide ▁toler ance ▁( 6 , 7 7 2 ▁releases ), ▁insect ▁resistance ▁( 4 , 8 0 9 ), ▁product ▁quality ▁such ▁as ▁flav or ▁or ▁nut r ition ▁( 4 , 8 9 6 ), ▁agr onom ic ▁properties ▁like ▁dr ought ▁resistance ▁( 5 , 1 9 0 ), ▁and ▁virus / f ung al ▁resistance ▁( 2 , 6 |
1 6 ). ▁The ▁institutions ▁with ▁the ▁most ▁author ized ▁field ▁releases ▁include ▁M ons anto ▁with ▁ 6 , 7 8 2 , ▁P ione er / D u P ont ▁with ▁ 1 , 4 0 5 , ▁Sy ng enta ▁with ▁ 5 6 5 , ▁and ▁US DA ' s ▁Agricult ural ▁Research ▁Service ▁with ▁ 3 7 0 . ▁As ▁of ▁September ▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁US DA ▁had ▁received ▁propos als ▁for ▁re le asing ▁G M ▁rice , ▁squ ash , ▁pl um , ▁rose , ▁to b acco , ▁fla x , ▁and ▁ch ic ory . ▁ ▁Farm ing ▁practices ▁ ▁Res istance ▁ ▁Bac ill us ▁th uring i ensis ▁Constant ▁expos ure ▁to ▁a ▁to x in ▁creates ▁evolution ary ▁pressure ▁for ▁p ests ▁resist ant ▁to ▁that ▁to x in . ▁Over - re liance ▁on ▁g lyph os ate ▁and ▁a ▁reduction ▁in ▁the ▁divers ity ▁of ▁we ed ▁management ▁practices ▁allowed ▁the ▁spread ▁of ▁g lyph os ate ▁resistance ▁in ▁ 1 4 ▁we ed ▁species ▁in ▁the ▁US , ▁and ▁in ▁so y beans . ▁ ▁To ▁reduce ▁resistance ▁to ▁Bac ill us ▁th uring i ensis ▁( B t ) ▁cro ps , ▁the ▁ 1 9 9 6 ▁commercial ization ▁of ▁trans gen ic ▁cot ton ▁and ▁ma ize ▁came ▁with ▁a ▁management ▁strategy ▁to ▁prevent ▁insect s ▁from ▁becoming ▁resist ant . ▁In sect ▁resistance ▁management ▁plans ▁are ▁mand atory ▁for ▁B t ▁cro |
ps . ▁The ▁aim ▁is ▁to ▁encou rage ▁a ▁large ▁population ▁of ▁p ests ▁so ▁that ▁any ▁( re cess ive ) ▁resistance ▁gen es ▁are ▁dil uted ▁within ▁the ▁population . ▁Res istance ▁low ers ▁evolution ary ▁fit ness ▁in ▁the ▁absence ▁of ▁the ▁str essor , ▁B t . ▁In ▁ref ug es , ▁non - res istant ▁stra ins ▁out comp ete ▁resist ant ▁ones . ▁ ▁With ▁sufficiently ▁high ▁levels ▁of ▁trans g ene ▁expression , ▁nearly ▁all ▁of ▁the ▁heter o zy g otes ▁( S / s ), ▁i . e ., ▁the ▁largest ▁segment ▁of ▁the ▁p est ▁population ▁carrying ▁a ▁resistance ▁alle le , ▁will ▁be ▁killed ▁before ▁m atur ation , ▁thus ▁prevent ing ▁transmission ▁of ▁the ▁resistance ▁gene ▁to ▁their ▁pro gen y . ▁Ref ug es ▁( i . ▁e ., ▁fields ▁of ▁non trans gen ic ▁plants ) ▁adjacent ▁to ▁trans gen ic ▁fields ▁increases ▁the ▁lik elihood ▁that ▁hom o zy g ous ▁resist ant ▁( s / s ) ▁individuals ▁and ▁any ▁surv iving ▁heter o zy g otes ▁will ▁mate ▁with ▁sus cept ible ▁( S / S ) ▁individuals ▁from ▁the ▁refuge , ▁instead ▁of ▁with ▁other ▁individuals ▁carrying ▁the ▁resistance ▁alle le . ▁As ▁a ▁result , ▁the ▁resistance ▁gene ▁frequency ▁in ▁the ▁population ▁remains ▁lower . ▁ ▁Comp lic ating ▁factors ▁can ▁affect ▁the ▁success ▁of ▁the ▁high - d ose / ref uge ▁strategy . ▁For ▁example , ▁if ▁the ▁temperature ▁is ▁not ▁ideal |
, ▁thermal ▁stress ▁can ▁lower ▁B t ▁to x in ▁production ▁and ▁leave ▁the ▁plant ▁more ▁sus cept ible . ▁More ▁important ly , ▁reduced ▁late - season ▁expression ▁has ▁been ▁documented , ▁possibly ▁resulting ▁from ▁DNA ▁m eth yl ation ▁of ▁the ▁prom oter . ▁The ▁success ▁of ▁the ▁high - d ose / ref uge ▁strategy ▁has ▁successfully ▁maintained ▁the ▁value ▁of ▁B t ▁cro ps . ▁This ▁success ▁has ▁dep ended ▁on ▁factors ▁independent ▁of ▁management ▁strategy , ▁including ▁low ▁initial ▁resistance ▁alle le ▁frequencies , ▁fit ness ▁costs ▁associated ▁with ▁resistance , ▁and ▁the ▁abund ance ▁of ▁non - B t ▁host ▁plants ▁outside ▁the ▁ref ug es . ▁ ▁Comp an ies ▁that ▁produce ▁B t ▁seed ▁are ▁introdu cing ▁stra ins ▁with ▁multiple ▁B t ▁prote ins . ▁M ons anto ▁did ▁this ▁with ▁B t ▁cot ton ▁in ▁India , ▁where ▁the ▁product ▁was ▁rapidly ▁adopted . ▁M ons anto ▁has ▁also ; ▁in ▁an ▁attempt ▁to ▁simplify ▁the ▁process ▁of ▁implementing ▁ref ug es ▁in ▁fields ▁to ▁comp ly ▁with ▁In sect ▁Res istance ▁Management ( IR M ) ▁policies ▁and ▁prevent ▁ir respons ible ▁plant ing ▁practices ; ▁begun ▁market ing ▁seed ▁b ags ▁with ▁a ▁set ▁proportion ▁of ▁refuge ▁( non - trans gen ic ) ▁se eds ▁mixed ▁in ▁with ▁the ▁B t ▁se eds ▁being ▁sold . ▁Co ined ▁" Ref uge - In - a - Bag " ▁( RI B ), ▁this ▁practice ▁is ▁intended ▁to ▁increase ▁far mer |
▁comp liance ▁with ▁refuge ▁requirements ▁and ▁reduce ▁additional ▁labor ▁needed ▁at ▁plant ing ▁from ▁having ▁separate ▁B t ▁and ▁refuge ▁seed ▁b ags ▁on ▁hand . ▁This ▁strategy ▁is ▁likely ▁to ▁reduce ▁the ▁lik elihood ▁of ▁B t - res istance ▁occurr ing ▁for ▁corn ▁root w orm , ▁but ▁may ▁increase ▁the ▁risk ▁of ▁resistance ▁for ▁le pid opter an ▁corn ▁p ests , ▁such ▁as ▁European ▁corn ▁b orer . ▁In cre ased ▁concerns ▁for ▁resistance ▁with ▁seed ▁mi xt ures ▁include ▁partially ▁resist ant ▁lar va e ▁on ▁a ▁B t ▁plant ▁being ▁able ▁to ▁move ▁to ▁a ▁sus cept ible ▁plant ▁to ▁surv ive ▁or ▁cross ▁pol lin ation ▁of ▁refuge ▁pol len ▁on ▁to ▁B t ▁plants ▁that ▁can ▁lower ▁the ▁amount ▁of ▁B t ▁expressed ▁in ▁k ern els ▁for ▁ear ▁feed ing ▁insect s . ▁ ▁Her b ic ide ▁resistance ▁Best ▁management ▁practices ▁( B MP s ) ▁to ▁control ▁we eds ▁may ▁help ▁delay ▁resistance . ▁B MP s ▁include ▁applying ▁multiple ▁her b ic ides ▁with ▁different ▁modes ▁of ▁action , ▁rot ating ▁cro ps , ▁plant ing ▁we ed - free ▁seed , ▁sc out ing ▁fields ▁rout in ely , ▁clean ing ▁equipment ▁to ▁reduce ▁the ▁transmission ▁of ▁we eds ▁to ▁other ▁fields , ▁and ▁maintain ing ▁field ▁borders . ▁The ▁most ▁widely ▁plant ed ▁G M ▁cro ps ▁are ▁designed ▁to ▁toler ate ▁her b ic ides . ▁By ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁some ▁we ed ▁populations ▁had ▁evol |
ved ▁to ▁toler ate ▁some ▁of ▁the ▁same ▁her b ic ides . ▁Pal mer ▁am ar anth ▁is ▁a ▁we ed ▁that ▁compet es ▁with ▁cot ton . ▁A ▁native ▁of ▁the ▁south western ▁US , ▁it ▁tra ve led ▁east ▁and ▁was ▁first ▁found ▁resist ant ▁to ▁g lyph os ate ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 6 , ▁less ▁than ▁ 1 0 ▁years ▁after ▁G M ▁cot ton ▁was ▁introduced . ▁ ▁Plant ▁protection ▁ ▁Farm ers ▁generally ▁use ▁less ▁insect ic ide ▁when ▁they ▁plant ▁B t - res istant ▁cro ps . ▁In sect ic ide ▁use ▁on ▁corn ▁far ms ▁decl ined ▁from ▁ 0 . 2 1 ▁p ound ▁per ▁plant ed ▁a cre ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 5 ▁to ▁ 0 . 0 2 ▁p ound ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 0 . ▁This ▁is ▁consistent ▁with ▁the ▁decl ine ▁in ▁European ▁corn ▁b orer ▁populations ▁as ▁a ▁direct ▁result ▁of ▁B t ▁corn ▁and ▁cot ton . ▁The ▁establishment ▁of ▁minimum ▁refuge ▁requirements ▁helped ▁delay ▁the ▁evolution ▁of ▁B t ▁resistance . ▁However , ▁resistance ▁appears ▁to ▁be ▁developing ▁to ▁some ▁B t ▁tra its ▁in ▁some ▁areas . ▁ ▁Till age ▁By ▁leaving ▁at ▁least ▁ 3 0 % ▁of ▁c rop ▁resid ue ▁on ▁the ▁soil ▁surface ▁from ▁har vest ▁through ▁plant ing , ▁conservation ▁till age ▁reduces ▁soil ▁er os ion ▁from ▁wind ▁and ▁water , ▁increases ▁water ▁ret ention , ▁and ▁reduces ▁soil ▁de grad ation ▁as ▁well ▁as |
▁water ▁and ▁chemical ▁run off . ▁In ▁addition , ▁conservation ▁till age ▁reduces ▁the ▁carbon ▁foot print ▁of ▁agricult ure . ▁A ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁review ▁covering ▁ 1 2 ▁states ▁from ▁ 1 9 9 6 ▁to ▁ 2 0 0 6 , ▁found ▁that ▁a ▁ 1 % ▁increase ▁in ▁her b ic de - tol er ant ▁( HT ) ▁so y bean ▁ad option ▁leads ▁to ▁a ▁ 0 . 2 1 % ▁increase ▁in ▁conservation ▁till age ▁and ▁a ▁ 0 . 3 % ▁decrease ▁in ▁quality - ad just ed ▁her b ic ide ▁use . ▁ ▁Reg ulation ▁ ▁The ▁reg ulation ▁of ▁gen etic ▁engineering ▁concerns ▁the ▁approaches ▁taken ▁by ▁govern ments ▁to ▁assess ▁and ▁manage ▁the ▁ris ks ▁associated ▁with ▁the ▁development ▁and ▁release ▁of ▁gen et ically ▁modified ▁cro ps . ▁There ▁are ▁differences ▁in ▁the ▁reg ulation ▁of ▁G M ▁cro ps ▁between ▁countries , ▁with ▁some ▁of ▁the ▁most ▁marked ▁differences ▁occurr ing ▁between ▁the ▁US ▁and ▁Europe . ▁Reg ulation ▁var ies ▁in ▁a ▁given ▁country ▁depending ▁on ▁the ▁intended ▁use ▁of ▁each ▁product . ▁For ▁example , ▁a ▁c rop ▁not ▁intended ▁for ▁food ▁use ▁is ▁generally ▁not ▁review ed ▁by ▁authorities ▁responsible ▁for ▁food ▁safety . ▁ ▁Production ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 3 , ▁G M ▁cro ps ▁were ▁plant ed ▁in ▁ 2 7 ▁countries ; ▁ 1 9 ▁were ▁developing ▁countries ▁and ▁ 8 ▁were ▁developed ▁countries . ▁ 2 0 1 |
3 ▁was ▁the ▁second ▁year ▁in ▁which ▁developing ▁countries ▁grew ▁a ▁majority ▁( 5 4 %) ▁of ▁the ▁total ▁G M ▁har vest . ▁ 1 8 ▁million ▁far mers ▁grew ▁G M ▁cro ps ; ▁around ▁ 9 0 % ▁were ▁small - hold ing ▁far mers ▁in ▁developing ▁countries . ▁ ▁The ▁United ▁States ▁Department ▁of ▁Agricult ure ▁( US DA ) ▁reports ▁every ▁year ▁on ▁the ▁total ▁area ▁of ▁G M ▁c rop ▁vari eties ▁plant ed ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States . ▁According ▁to ▁National ▁Agricult ural ▁Statistics ▁Service , ▁the ▁states ▁published ▁in ▁these ▁tables ▁represent ▁ 8 1 – 8 6 ▁percent ▁of ▁all ▁corn ▁plant ed ▁area , ▁ 8 8 – 9 0 ▁percent ▁of ▁all ▁so y bean ▁plant ed ▁area , ▁and ▁ 8 1 – 9 3 ▁percent ▁of ▁all ▁u pl and ▁cot ton ▁plant ed ▁area ▁( dep ending ▁on ▁the ▁year ). ▁ ▁Global ▁estimates ▁are ▁produced ▁by ▁the ▁International ▁Service ▁for ▁the ▁Ac quisition ▁of ▁Ag ri - bi ote ch ▁App lications ▁( IS AA A ) ▁and ▁can ▁be ▁found ▁in ▁their ▁annual ▁reports , ▁" Global ▁Status ▁of ▁Com mer cial ized ▁Trans gen ic ▁Cro ps ". ▁ ▁Farm ers ▁have ▁widely ▁adopted ▁G M ▁technology ▁( see ▁figure ). ▁Between ▁ 1 9 9 6 ▁and ▁ 2 0 1 3 , ▁the ▁total ▁surface ▁area ▁of ▁land ▁cultiv ated ▁with ▁G M ▁cro ps ▁increased ▁by ▁a ▁factor ▁of ▁ 1 0 0 |
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