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. ▁ ▁He ▁is ▁known ▁for ▁his ▁sta unch ▁opposition ▁to ▁the ▁Sad at ▁and ▁M ub ar ak ▁reg imes ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁his ▁open ness ▁towards ▁people ▁of ▁different ▁political ▁ide ologies , ▁a ▁subject ▁of ▁controvers y ▁among ▁some ▁supp or ters ▁of ▁Egypt ian ▁Islam ist ▁movements . ▁Aff ili ated ▁with ▁the ▁Muslim ▁Bro ther hood ▁since ▁the ▁early ▁ 1 9 7 0 s , ▁Ab ou ▁al - F ot ou h ▁had ▁been ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁Bro ther hood ' s ▁Gu id ance ▁Bureau ▁from ▁ 1 9 8 7 ▁until ▁ 2 0 0 9 . ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 1 , ▁he ▁formally ▁quit ▁all ▁political ▁work ▁with ▁the ▁Muslim ▁Bro ther hood ▁and ▁res igned ▁from ▁its ▁membership , ▁following ▁his ▁decision ▁to ▁run ▁for ▁president ▁in ▁the ▁president ial ▁election ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 2 . ▁He ▁is ▁currently ▁the ▁secretary - general ▁of ▁the ▁Arab ▁Medical ▁Union . ▁He ▁was ▁arrested ▁on ▁ 1 4 ▁February ▁ 2 0 1 8 . ▁ ▁Early ▁life ▁Ab ou ▁al - F ot ou h ▁was ▁born ▁in ▁the ▁old ▁C airo ▁district ▁to ▁a ▁family ▁which ▁was ▁originally ▁from ▁the ▁G har bia ▁Governor ate . ▁He ▁graduated ▁from ▁C airo ▁University ' s ▁School ▁of ▁Medicine ▁with ▁hon ors ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 5 ▁and ▁received ▁a ▁b ach elor ' s ▁degree ▁in ▁law ▁from ▁the ▁same ▁university . ▁He ▁went ▁on ▁to ▁att |
ain ▁a ▁master ' s ▁degree ▁in ▁hospital ▁management ▁from ▁the ▁Hel wan ▁University ' s ▁Fac ulty ▁of ▁Com merce . ▁ ▁During ▁his ▁time ▁at ▁university , ▁Ab ou ▁al - F ot ou h ▁was ▁the ▁president ▁of ▁the ▁student ▁union ▁at ▁the ▁College ▁of ▁Medicine ▁at ▁Q as r ▁A ini ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 3 ▁and ▁then ▁became ▁the ▁president ▁of ▁the ▁student ▁union ▁of ▁C airo ▁University ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 5 , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁the ▁secretary ▁of ▁the ▁Media ▁Committee ▁for ▁all ▁Egypt ian ▁Univers ities . ▁While ▁president ▁of ▁the ▁student ▁union ▁at ▁C airo ▁University , ▁Ab ou ▁al - F ot ou h ▁fam ously ▁deb ated ▁ ▁with ▁An war ▁Sad at . ▁Ab ou ▁al - F ot ou h ▁called ▁Sad at ' s ▁close ▁follow ers ▁a ▁bunch ▁of ▁hyp oc rit es , ▁cit ing ▁Sad at ' s ▁restriction ▁on ▁She ikh ▁Moh ammed ▁al - G h az ali ' s ▁speech es ▁and ▁the ▁arr ests ▁of ▁student ▁demonstr ators ▁on ▁campus . ▁Sad at ▁was ▁anger ed ▁and ▁ordered ▁Ab oul ▁Fot ou h ▁to ▁stop ▁in ▁the ▁middle ▁of ▁the ▁debate , ▁demand ing ▁that ▁Ab oul ▁Fot ou h ▁should ▁show ▁respect ▁for ▁him . ▁ ▁Political ▁career ▁ ▁Al - G ama ' a ▁al - I sl ami y ya ▁Fot ou h ▁helped ▁found ▁al - G ama ' a ▁al - I sl ami y |
ya ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 7 0 s . ▁When ▁he ▁was ▁critic ized ▁by ▁Am r ▁M ous sa ▁in ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁president ial ▁debate ▁for ▁belonging ▁to ▁the ▁organization , ▁he ▁respond ed ▁by ▁saying ▁that ▁it ▁was ▁a ▁" pe ace ful ▁movement " ▁at ▁the ▁time . ▁ ▁Muslim ▁Bro ther hood ▁Fot ou h ▁was ▁a ▁prominent ▁student ▁leader ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 7 0 s ▁and ▁coordin ated ▁with ▁other ▁students , ▁including ▁Ess am ▁Al ▁E ry an ▁and ▁I bra him ▁El ▁Z af ar any , ▁to ▁facil itate ▁the ▁entry ▁of ▁the ▁many ▁small ▁Islam ic ▁organizations ▁into ▁the ▁Muslim ▁Bro ther hood . ▁For ▁many ▁years , ▁he ▁was ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁Muslim ▁Bro ther hood ▁and ▁served ▁on ▁its ▁Gu id ance ▁Bureau . ▁He ▁was ▁called ▁" one ▁of ▁the ▁Bro ther hood ' s ▁most ▁respect ed ▁members " ▁but ▁he ▁quit ▁its ▁Gu id ance ▁Bureau ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁then ▁quit ▁the ▁Muslim ▁Bro ther hood ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 1 . ▁ ▁Deb ate ▁with ▁President ▁Sad at ▁When ▁he ▁was ▁the ▁head ▁of ▁C airo ▁University ' s ▁student ▁union , ▁Ab ou ▁al - F ot ou h ▁had ▁a ▁discussion ▁with ▁President ▁An war ▁Sad at . ▁He ▁accused ▁Sad at ▁and ▁those ▁who ▁were ▁working ▁with ▁him ▁of ▁being ▁' b rown - nos ers ' ▁because ▁they ▁b anned ▁Moh ammed |
▁al - G h az ali ▁from ▁speaking ▁in ▁public . ▁ ▁Im pr ison ment ▁Ab ou ▁al - F ot ou h ▁was ▁arrested ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 1 ▁in ▁the ▁famous ▁September ▁arr ests ▁that ▁target ed ▁members ▁of ▁Islam ic ▁groups ▁in ▁large ▁numbers . ▁He ▁was ▁then ▁tried ▁in ▁a ▁military ▁court ▁for ▁the ▁members ▁of ▁the ▁Muslim ▁Bro ther hood . ▁He ▁was ▁imprison ed ▁for ▁five ▁years , ▁from ▁ 1 9 9 6 ▁to ▁ 2 0 0 1 . ▁He ▁had ▁been ▁working ▁as ▁the ▁a ide ▁to ▁the ▁secretary - general ▁of ▁the ▁Arab ▁Medical ▁Union ▁before ▁his ▁imprison ment , ▁and ▁after ▁his ▁release , ▁he ▁became ▁secretary - general ▁of ▁the ▁same ▁organization . ▁ ▁President ial ▁campaign ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 1 , ▁after ▁the ▁Egypt ian ▁Revolution , ▁Ab ou ▁al - F ot ou h ▁announced ▁that ▁he ▁would ▁be ▁running ▁for ▁the ▁Pres iden cy ▁of ▁Egypt . ▁That ▁was ▁wel com ed ▁among ▁some ▁political ▁forces , ▁but ▁it ▁was ▁met ▁with ▁diss ent ▁among ▁the ▁Muslim ▁Bro ther hood ; ▁as ▁the ▁organization ▁had ▁previously ▁stated ▁that ▁they ▁would ▁not ▁be ▁putting ▁forth ▁a ▁candidate ▁for ▁the ▁coming ▁president ial ▁election , ▁the ▁decision ▁" hard ened ▁the ▁res ent ment ▁of ▁the ▁Bro ther hood ' s ▁youth ▁who ▁saw ▁Fot ou h ▁as ▁their ▁ment or ." ▁In ▁late ▁December ▁ 2 0 1 1 , ▁Moh amed ▁M ors y |
, ▁president ▁of ▁the ▁Fre edom ▁and ▁Justice ▁Party , ▁stated ▁that ▁" the ▁party ▁will ▁not ▁end or se ▁any ▁president ial ▁candidate ▁that ▁left ▁the ▁MB ▁even ▁if ▁he ▁was ▁once ▁a ▁leading ▁member ▁in ▁the ▁organization ▁or ▁even ▁if ▁his ▁ide als ▁are ▁similar ▁to ▁those ▁of ▁the ▁MB ." ▁He ▁was , ▁of ▁course , ▁making ▁an ▁indirect ▁reference ▁to ▁Ab ou ▁al - F ot ou h . ▁He ▁then ▁re iter ated ▁that ▁" the ▁F J P ▁will ▁not ▁introduce ▁a ▁president ial ▁candidate , ▁but ▁is ▁rather ▁seeking ▁one ▁to ▁support ." ▁ ▁Ab oul ▁Fot ou h ▁has ▁attempted ▁to ▁build ▁a ▁broad ▁base ▁of ▁support . ▁Fot ou h ▁was ▁officially ▁end ors ed ▁by ▁the ▁Sal af i ▁Al - N our ▁Party ▁on ▁ 2 8 ▁April ▁ 2 0 1 2 . ▁ ▁He ▁initi ated ▁the ▁Str ong ▁Egypt ▁Party ▁after ▁losing ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁president ial ▁election . ▁ ▁Pos itions ▁Kn own ▁for ▁liberal ▁Islam ist ▁views , ▁as ▁a ▁leader ▁within ▁the ▁Muslim ▁Bro ther hood , ▁and ▁a ▁stress ▁of ▁social ▁justice , ▁Ab ou ▁al - F ot ou h ▁claims ▁to ▁have ▁worked ▁to ▁ensure ▁that ▁the ▁ideas ▁of ▁the ▁Muslim ▁Bro ther hood ▁conform ed ▁with ▁dem ocr atic ▁principles . ▁He ▁declared ▁on ▁the ▁BBC ▁that ▁the ▁source ▁of ▁true ▁power ▁and ▁legisl ation ▁was ▁not ▁in ▁a ▁law ▁or ▁constitution ▁but ▁in ▁the ▁people . ▁ ▁References |
▁ ▁Category : 1 9 5 1 ▁birth s ▁Category : C airo ▁University ▁al umn i ▁Category : C andid ates ▁for ▁President ▁of ▁Egypt ▁Category : E gypt ian ▁diss idents ▁Category : E gypt ian ▁phys icians ▁Category : E gypt ian ▁polit icians ▁Category : E gypt ian ▁Sun ni ▁Muslim s ▁Category : E gypt ian ▁prisoners ▁and ▁d eta ine es ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁C airo ▁Category : Phys ician - polit icians ▁Category : Pr ison ers ▁and ▁d eta ine es ▁of ▁Egypt ▁Category : Hel wan ▁University ▁al umn i ▁Category : 2 0 th - century ▁Egypt ian ▁phys icians ▁Category : 2 0 th - century ▁Egypt ian ▁polit icians ▁Category : 2 1 st - century ▁Egypt ian ▁phys icians ▁Category : 2 1 st - century ▁Egypt ian ▁polit icians <0x0A> </s> ▁Milan ▁Vel im iro vić , ▁( 2 1 ▁April ▁ 1 9 5 2 ▁– ▁ 2 5 ▁February ▁ 2 0 1 3 ) ▁was ▁a ▁Ser bian ▁ch ess ▁problem ist ▁and ▁publish er . ▁ ▁Milan ▁Vel im iro vić ▁was ▁born ▁in ▁Ni š , ▁Y ug oslav ia . ▁Vel im iro vić ▁gained ▁the ▁title ▁International ▁solving ▁grand master ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 4 ▁and ▁Grand master ▁of ▁ch ess ▁compos itions ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 0 . ▁He ▁was ▁also ▁editor ▁of ▁Mat ▁Plus ▁Review ▁and ▁author ▁of ▁Mat Plus ▁L |
ibr arian ▁software ▁for ▁ch ess ▁problems . ▁ ▁Try : ▁ 1 . Q f 3 ! ? ▁( th re ats : ▁ 2 . Q d 3 # ) ▁ 1 ... ▁R g 3 ▁ 2 . B d 5 # ▁( B rist ol ) ▁ 1 ... ▁B g 3 ▁ 2 . Q c 3 # ▁ 1 ... ▁c 6 ▁ 2 . N x d 6 # ▁But : ▁ 1 ... R b 5 ! ▁ ▁Solution : ▁ 1 . Q b 1 ! ▁( th re ats : ▁ 2 . Q d 3 # ) ▁ 1 ... ▁R g 3 ▁ 2 . Q b 5 # ▁ 1 ... ▁B g 3 ▁ 2 . R b 4 # ▁( B rist ol ) ▁ 1 ... ▁c 6 ▁ 2 . N b 6 # ▁ 1 ... ▁N c 2 ▁ 2 . ▁Q a 2 # ▁ ▁Example ▁of ▁the ▁Br istol ▁theme . ▁ ▁Books ▁▁ ▁Milan ▁Vel im iro vić ▁and ▁K ari ▁Val ton en : ▁Encyclopedia ▁of ▁Ch ess ▁Problem s ▁- ▁Th emes ▁and ▁Term s . ▁ ▁Ch ess ▁Inform ant , ▁Bel grade ▁ 2 0 1 2 . ▁▁▁ ▁Milan ▁Vel im iro vić ▁and ▁Mar jan ▁K ova če vić : ▁ 2 3 4 5 ▁Ch ess ▁problems ▁– ▁Anth ology ▁of ▁Ch ess ▁Com bin ations . ▁Ch ess ▁Inform ant , ▁Bel grade |
▁ 1 9 9 7 . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Vel im iro vić ▁problems ▁ ▁at ▁the ▁P DB ▁Server ▁ ▁New ▁Mat ▁Plus ▁Home ▁Page ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 5 2 ▁birth s ▁Category : 2 0 1 3 ▁death s ▁Category : Intern ational ▁solving ▁grand master s ▁Category : Ser bian ▁ch ess ▁players <0x0A> </s> ▁P og ost ▁Lu ka ▁() ▁is ▁a ▁rural ▁local ity ▁( a ▁sel o ) ▁in ▁V ys ok ov sko ye ▁R ural ▁S ett lement , ▁T arn og sky ▁District , ▁V olog da ▁O blast , ▁Russia . ▁The ▁population ▁was ▁ 4 1 ▁as ▁of ▁ 2 0 0 2 . ▁ ▁Geography ▁ ▁The ▁distance ▁to ▁U st ye ▁is ▁ 2 4 km , ▁to ▁V ys oko ye ▁is ▁ 1 2 km . ▁Serge ye v sko ye ▁is ▁the ▁nearest ▁rural ▁local ity . ▁ ▁References ▁▁ ▁Category : R ural ▁local ities ▁in ▁V olog da ▁O blast ▁Category : R ural ▁local ities ▁in ▁T arn og sky ▁District <0x0A> </s> ▁An ita ▁Mo en ▁( born ▁ 3 1 ▁August ▁ 1 9 6 7 ), ▁sometimes ▁cred ited ▁as ▁An ita ▁Mo en - G uid on , ▁is ▁a ▁Norwegian ▁former ▁cross - country ▁sk ier ▁who ▁competed ▁from ▁ 1 9 8 7 ▁to ▁ 2 0 0 3 . ▁She ▁won ▁five ▁med als ▁at ▁the ▁Winter ▁Olympics ▁with ▁three |
▁sil vers ▁( 4 ▁× ▁ 5 km ▁relay : ▁ 1 9 9 4 , ▁ 1 9 9 8 , ▁ 2 0 0 2 ) ▁and ▁two ▁bron zes ▁( 1 5 km : ▁ 1 9 9 8 , ▁Ind ividual ▁s print : ▁ 2 0 0 2 ). ▁ ▁Mo en ▁also ▁won ▁four ▁ 4 ▁× ▁ 5 km ▁relay ▁med als ▁at ▁the ▁F IS ▁Nord ic ▁World ▁Ski ▁Championships ▁with ▁three ▁sil vers ▁( 1 9 9 5 , ▁ 2 0 0 1 , ▁ 2 0 0 3 ) ▁and ▁one ▁bronze ▁( 1 9 9 3 ). ▁Her ▁best ▁individual ▁finish ▁at ▁the ▁World ▁Championships ▁was ▁fifth ▁in ▁the ▁ 3 0 km ▁event ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 7 . ▁ ▁Mo en ▁won ▁eigh teen ▁races ▁in ▁her ▁career ▁at ▁all ▁levels ▁from ▁ 1 9 9 2 ▁to ▁ 2 0 0 2 . ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 1 , ▁she ▁won ▁the ▁T je j vas an . ▁ ▁Mo en ▁now ▁has ▁a ▁ski ▁a cademy , ▁where ▁she ▁teach es ▁ski ing . ▁ ▁Cross - country ▁ski ing ▁results ▁All ▁results ▁are ▁s our ced ▁from ▁the ▁International ▁Ski ▁Federation ▁( F IS ). ▁ ▁Olympic ▁Games ▁▁ 5 ▁med als ▁– ▁( 3 ▁silver , ▁ 2 ▁bronze ) ▁ ▁World ▁Championships ▁▁ 4 ▁med als ▁– ▁( 3 ▁silver , ▁ 1 ▁bronze ) ▁ ▁a . |
▁ ▁Can cel led ▁due ▁to ▁extremely ▁cold ▁weather . ▁ ▁World ▁Cup ▁ ▁Season ▁stand ings ▁ ▁Ind ividual ▁pod iums ▁ 3 ▁vict ories ▁▁ 2 0 ▁pod iums ▁ ▁Team ▁pod iums ▁▁▁ 5 ▁vict ories ▁– ▁( 3 ▁, ▁▁ 2 ▁) ▁▁▁ 2 9 ▁pod iums ▁– ▁( 2 5 ▁, ▁ 4 ▁) ▁▁ ▁Note : ▁▁ ▁Until ▁the ▁ 1 9 9 9 ▁World ▁Championships ▁and ▁the ▁ 1 9 9 4 ▁Olympics , ▁World ▁Championship ▁and ▁Olympic ▁races ▁were ▁included ▁in ▁the ▁World ▁Cup ▁scoring ▁system . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁Category : 1 9 6 7 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : N or weg ian ▁female ▁cross - country ▁ski ers ▁Category : O lymp ic ▁cross - country ▁ski ers ▁of ▁Norway ▁Category : O lymp ic ▁silver ▁medal ists ▁for ▁Norway ▁Category : O lymp ic ▁bronze ▁medal ists ▁for ▁Norway ▁Category : C ross - country ▁ski ers ▁at ▁the ▁ 1 9 9 4 ▁Winter ▁Olympics ▁Category : C ross - country ▁ski ers ▁at ▁the ▁ 1 9 9 8 ▁Winter ▁Olympics ▁Category : C ross - country ▁ski ers ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 2 ▁Winter ▁Olympics ▁Category : O lymp ic ▁medal ists ▁in ▁cross - country ▁ski ing ▁Category : F IS ▁Nord ic ▁World ▁Ski ▁Championships ▁medal ists ▁in ▁cross - country ▁ski ing ▁Category : Med al ists ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 2 ▁Winter ▁Olympics |
▁Category : Med al ists ▁at ▁the ▁ 1 9 9 8 ▁Winter ▁Olympics ▁Category : Med al ists ▁at ▁the ▁ 1 9 9 4 ▁Winter ▁Olympics <0x0A> </s> ▁J ody ▁David ▁Ve Dep o ▁is ▁an ▁American ▁professional ▁mixed ▁mart ial ▁artist ▁currently ▁compet ing ▁in ▁the ▁Middle weight ▁division . ▁A ▁professional ▁compet itor ▁since ▁ 2 0 0 5 , ▁he ▁has ▁formerly ▁competed ▁for ▁the ▁U FC ▁and ▁Bell ator . ▁ ▁Background ▁Born ▁and ▁raised ▁in ▁the ▁small ▁town ▁of ▁Columb us ▁J unction , ▁just ▁outside ▁of ▁Iowa ▁City , ▁Iowa , ▁V ed ep o ▁was ▁a ▁stand out ▁wrest ler ▁at ▁Iowa ▁City ▁High ▁School , ▁winning ▁ 1 0 5 ▁overall ▁matches ▁during ▁four ▁seasons . ▁After ▁high ▁school , ▁V ed ep o ▁began ▁training ▁in ▁mixed ▁mart ial ▁arts ▁( M MA ). ▁ ▁M ixed ▁mart ial ▁arts ▁career ▁ ▁Early ▁career ▁V ed ep o ▁made ▁his ▁professional ▁M MA ▁debut ▁in ▁November ▁ 2 0 0 5 . ▁ ▁He ▁went ▁und efe ated ▁at ▁ 6 – 0 ▁in ▁the ▁first ▁two ▁and ▁a ▁half ▁years ▁of ▁his ▁career . ▁ ▁Ult imate ▁Fight ing ▁Championship ▁V ed ep o ▁was ▁invited ▁to ▁comp ete ▁on ▁The ▁Ult imate ▁F ighter ▁ 7 ▁but ▁decl ined ▁for ▁unknown ▁reasons . ▁ ▁V ed ep o ▁made ▁his ▁debut ▁for ▁the ▁U FC ▁on ▁September ▁ 1 7 , ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁against ▁Aless io ▁Sak |
ara ▁at ▁U FC ▁Fight ▁Night ▁ 1 5 . ▁ ▁He ▁lost ▁the ▁fight ▁via ▁K O ▁in ▁the ▁first ▁round . ▁ ▁For ▁his ▁second ▁fight , ▁V ed ep o ▁faced ▁Rob ▁K imm ons ▁at ▁U FC ▁Fight ▁Night ▁ 1 8 ▁on ▁April ▁ 1 , ▁ 2 0 0 9 . ▁He ▁lost ▁the ▁fight ▁via ▁submission ▁in ▁the ▁first ▁round . ▁ ▁V ed ep o ▁was ▁expected ▁to ▁face ▁Ger ald ▁Harris ▁on ▁August ▁ 2 8 , ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁at ▁U FC ▁ 1 1 8 , ▁replacing ▁an ▁injured ▁Aless io ▁Sak ara . ▁ ▁On ▁August ▁ 1 8 , ▁it ▁was ▁announced ▁that ▁the ▁V ed ep o / H arr is ▁bout ▁had ▁been ▁scra pped ▁from ▁the ▁card . ▁ ▁Independent ▁prom ot ions ▁Following ▁his ▁release ▁from ▁the ▁U FC , ▁V ed ep o ▁fought ▁at ▁Z T ▁Fight ▁Night : ▁He avy we ights ▁Col lide , ▁where ▁he ▁fought ▁two ▁weight ▁classes ▁higher ▁at ▁He avy weight ▁and ▁on ▁only ▁a ▁few ▁days ▁notice . ▁ ▁He ▁faced ▁O li ▁Thompson , ▁winning ▁via ▁T K O ▁( p unch es ) ▁in ▁the ▁second ▁round . ▁ ▁He ▁was ▁expected ▁to ▁fight ▁Rob ▁Br ought on ▁to ▁crown ▁the ▁tournament ▁winner ▁but ▁V ed ep o ▁broke ▁his ▁hand ▁in ▁his ▁semif inals ▁bout ▁against ▁Thompson , ▁which ▁forced ▁him ▁out ▁of ▁the ▁final s . ▁ ▁Bell ator ▁M MA |
▁V ed ep o ▁is ▁notable ▁for ▁invent ing ▁the ▁modified ▁sh in ▁cho ke , ▁also ▁known ▁as ▁the ▁V ed ep o ▁Ch oke , ▁he ▁used ▁this ▁submission ▁to ▁win ▁his ▁debut ▁bout ▁in ▁Bell ator , ▁at ▁the ▁event ▁Bell ator ▁ 8 0 . ▁In ▁his ▁next ▁appearance , ▁V ed ep o ▁squ ared ▁off ▁against ▁fellow ▁veter an ▁Louis ▁Taylor ▁at ▁Bell ator ▁ 8 4 . ▁V ed ep o ▁was ▁knock ed ▁out ▁with ▁a ▁short ▁right ▁hook ▁while ▁he ▁had ▁Taylor ▁in ▁half ▁guard . ▁ ▁V ed ep o ▁then ▁fought ▁long time ▁veter an ▁Edd ie ▁L area ▁on ▁August ▁ 1 0 , ▁ 2 0 1 3 , ▁head lin ing ▁for ▁a ▁regional ▁promotion ▁in ▁C ed ar ▁Rap ids , ▁Iowa . ▁In ▁an ▁ups et , ▁V ed ep o ▁was ▁defeated ▁via ▁first - round ▁T K O . ▁ ▁V ede op ▁then ▁faced ▁fellow ▁U FC ▁veter an ▁K end all ▁Gro ve ▁on ▁October ▁ 1 8 , ▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁at ▁Bell ator ▁ 1 0 4 . ▁In ▁a ▁hard - f ought ▁bout , ▁V ed ep o ▁lost ▁via ▁un anim ous ▁decision . ▁ ▁V ed ep o ▁faced ▁Ben ▁Crow der ▁at ▁Bell ator ▁ 1 1 7 ▁on ▁April ▁ 1 8 , ▁ 2 0 1 4 . ▁He ▁defeated ▁Crow der ▁via ▁a ▁ver bal ▁submission , ▁as ▁Crow der ▁sust |
ained ▁a ▁leg ▁injury . ▁ ▁V ed ep o ▁then ▁faced ▁Cor te z ▁Cole man ▁at ▁Bell ator ▁ 1 2 1 ▁on ▁June ▁ 6 , ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁and ▁won ▁via ▁decision ▁in ▁a ▁closely ▁cont ested ▁battle . ▁ ▁V ed ep o ▁faced ▁Dav in ▁Clark ▁at ▁Bell ator ▁ 1 2 9 ▁on ▁October ▁ 1 7 , ▁ 2 0 1 4 . ▁He ▁won ▁via ▁T K O ▁in ▁the ▁third ▁round . ▁ ▁V ed ep o ▁will ▁make ▁a ▁quick ▁return ▁to ▁the ▁Bell ator ▁c age ▁as ▁he ▁steps ▁in ▁as ▁a ▁replacement ▁for ▁an ▁injured ▁Tom ▁De B lass ▁against ▁Muham med ▁Law al ▁on ▁November ▁ 1 5 , ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁at ▁Bell ator ▁ 1 3 1 . ▁He ▁lost ▁the ▁fight ▁via ▁T K O ▁in ▁the ▁third ▁round . ▁ ▁On ▁December ▁ 4 , ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁Bell ator ▁M MA ▁announced ▁they ▁released ▁V ed ep o ▁from ▁the ▁promotion ▁after ▁he ▁alleg edly ▁assault ed ▁a ▁police ▁officer ▁in ▁Iowa . ▁The ▁incident ▁came ▁less ▁than ▁two ▁weeks ▁after ▁his ▁loss ▁at ▁Bell ator ▁ 1 3 1 , ▁involving ▁a ▁reported ly - into xic ated ▁V ed ep o ▁head ▁but ting ▁a ▁police ▁officer ▁in ▁the ▁ch est ▁and ▁being ▁t as ered ▁in effect ively , ▁as ▁it ▁reported ly ▁took ▁several ▁officers ▁to ▁sub due ▁him . ▁The ▁officer ▁V ed |
ep o ▁head ▁but ted ▁was ▁hospital ized ▁with ▁a ▁back ▁injury . ▁ ▁Independent ▁prom ot ions ▁V ed ep o ▁made ▁his ▁return ▁on ▁June ▁ 1 1 , ▁ 2 0 1 6 , ▁in ▁a ▁rem atch ▁with ▁Edd ie ▁Lar rea . ▁V ed ep o ▁a ven ged ▁his ▁prior ▁loss , ▁winning ▁via ▁rear - nak ed ▁cho ke ▁submission ▁in ▁the ▁first ▁round . ▁V ed ep o ▁most ▁recently ▁fought ▁on ▁December ▁ 2 9 , ▁ 2 0 1 7 , ▁losing ▁via ▁technical ▁submission ▁in ▁the ▁first ▁round . ▁ ▁Personal ▁life ▁V ed ep o ▁has ▁a ▁daughter . ▁ ▁Prior ▁to ▁his ▁arrest ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 4 , ▁V ed ep o ▁had ▁previous ▁counts ▁of ▁public ▁into xic ation , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁charges ▁rel ating ▁the ft ▁and ▁dru gs . ▁ ▁M ixed ▁mart ial ▁arts ▁record ▁ ▁| - ▁| ▁Win ▁| align = center | ▁ 2 0 - 1 0 ▁| V ir g il ▁Knight ▁| Sub mission ▁( re ar - nak ed ▁cho ke ) ▁| El ite ▁Fight ▁League ▁ 7 ▁| ▁| align = center | 2 ▁| align = center | 0 : 4 8 ▁| C ed ar ▁Rap ids , ▁Iowa , ▁United ▁States ▁| Middle weight ▁bout . ▁| - ▁| ▁Win ▁| align = center | ▁ 1 9 – 1 0 ▁| D ar ri us ▁Flow ers ▁| Sub mission |
▁( key lock ) ▁| El ite ▁Fight ▁League ▁ 6 ▁| ▁| align = center | 1 ▁| align = center | 3 : 5 5 ▁| C ed ar ▁Rap ids , ▁Iowa , ▁United ▁States ▁| C atch weight ▁( 1 9 5 ▁l bs ) ▁bout . ▁| - ▁| ▁L oss ▁| align = center | ▁ 1 8 – 1 0 ▁| Daniel ▁V iz c aya ▁| Te chn ical ▁Sub mission ▁( re ar - nak ed ▁cho ke ) ▁| R CC ▁ 1 4 : ▁Revolution ▁Com bat ▁Championships ▁ 1 4 ▁| ▁| align = center | 1 ▁| align = center | 3 : 4 9 ▁| C ed ar ▁Rap ids , ▁Iowa , ▁United ▁States ▁| For ▁the ▁R CC ▁Light ▁He avy weight ▁Championship . ▁| - ▁| ▁Win ▁| align = center | ▁ 1 8 – 9 ▁| E dd ie ▁Lar rea ▁| Sub mission ▁( re ar - nak ed ▁cho ke ) ▁| R CC : ▁Revolution ▁C age ▁Com bat ▁| ▁| align = center | 1 ▁| align = center | 3 : 3 3 ▁| I owa ▁City , ▁Iowa , ▁United ▁States ▁| ▁| - ▁| ▁L oss ▁| align = center | ▁ 1 7 – 9 ▁| M u ham med ▁Law al ▁| T K O ▁( p unch es ) ▁| B ell ator ▁ 1 3 1 ▁| ▁| align = center | 3 |
▁| align = center | 0 : 3 9 ▁| San ▁Diego , ▁California , ▁United ▁States ▁| ▁| - ▁| ▁Win ▁| align = center | ▁ 1 7 – 8 ▁| D av in ▁Clark ▁| T K O ▁( p unch es ) ▁| B ell ator ▁ 1 2 9 ▁| ▁| align = center | 3 ▁| align = center | 2 : 2 7 ▁| C oun cil ▁Bl uff s , ▁Iowa , ▁United ▁States ▁| ▁| - ▁| Win ▁| align = center | ▁ 1 6 – 8 ▁| C orte z ▁Cole man ▁| Dec ision ▁( major ity ) ▁| B ell ator ▁ 1 2 1 ▁| ▁| align = center | 3 ▁| align = center | 5 : 0 0 ▁| Th acker ville , ▁Oklahoma , ▁United ▁States ▁| ▁| - ▁| ▁Win ▁| align = center | ▁ 1 5 – 8 ▁| Ben ▁Crow der ▁| Te chn ical ▁Sub mission ▁( leg ▁injury ) ▁| B ell ator ▁ 1 1 7 ▁| ▁| align = center | 1 ▁| align = center | 0 : 4 8 ▁| C oun cil ▁Bl uff s , ▁Iowa , ▁United ▁States ▁| ▁| - ▁| ▁L oss ▁| align = center | ▁ 1 4 – 8 ▁| ▁K end all ▁Gro ve ▁| ▁Dec ision ▁( un anim ous ) ▁| ▁Bell ator ▁ 1 0 4 ▁| ▁ ▁| align = center | ▁ |
3 ▁| align = center | ▁ 5 : 0 0 ▁| ▁C ed ar ▁Rap ids , ▁Iowa , ▁United ▁States ▁| ▁ ▁| - ▁| ▁L oss ▁| align = center | ▁ 1 4 – 7 ▁| ▁Edd ie ▁Lar rea ▁| ▁T K O ▁( p unch es ) ▁| ▁Tri ple ▁A ▁M MA ▁ 2 ▁| ▁ ▁| align = center | ▁ 1 ▁| align = center | ▁ 0 : 4 5 ▁| ▁C ed ar ▁Rap ids , ▁Iowa , ▁United ▁States ▁| ▁| - ▁ ▁| ▁L oss ▁| align = center | ▁ 1 4 – 6 ▁| ▁Louis ▁Taylor ▁| ▁K O ▁( p unch es ) ▁| ▁Bell ator ▁ 8 4 ▁| ▁ ▁| align = center | ▁ 1 ▁| align = center | ▁ 4 : 1 2 ▁| ▁Hamm ond , ▁Indiana , ▁United ▁States ▁| ▁| - ▁ ▁| ▁Win ▁ ▁| align = center | ▁ 1 4 – 5 ▁| ▁Mike ▁Bern hard ▁| ▁Sub mission ▁( sh in ▁cho ke ) ▁| ▁Bell ator ▁ 8 0 ▁| ▁ ▁| align = center | ▁ 1 ▁ ▁| align = center | ▁ 3 : 2 6 ▁| ▁Hollywood , ▁Florida , ▁United ▁States ▁| ▁| - ▁ ▁| ▁L oss ▁ ▁| align = center | ▁ 1 3 – 5 ▁| ▁Jason ▁Buck ▁| ▁Sub mission ▁( re ar - nak ed ▁cho ke ) ▁| ▁P inn acle ▁Com |
bat ▁M MA ▁ 1 0 ▁| ▁ ▁| align = center | ▁ 1 ▁ ▁| align = center | ▁ 0 : 4 3 ▁| ▁Dub u que , ▁Iowa , ▁United ▁States ▁| ▁| - ▁| ▁Win ▁| align = center | ▁ 1 3 – 4 ▁| ▁Kenneth ▁Allen ▁| ▁Sub mission ▁( re ar - nak ed ▁cho ke ) ▁| ▁Ext reme ▁Challenge ▁ 2 0 2 ▁| ▁ ▁| align = center | ▁ 1 ▁| align = center | ▁ 2 : 1 7 ▁| B ett endorf , ▁Iowa , ▁United ▁States ▁| ▁ ▁| - ▁| ▁L oss ▁| align = center | ▁ 1 2 – 4 ▁| ▁D mit ry ▁Sam o il ov ▁| ▁Dec ision ▁( un anim ous ) ▁| ▁League ▁S - 7 0 : ▁Russia ▁vs . ▁Brazil ▁| ▁ ▁| align = center | ▁ 2 ▁| align = center | ▁ 5 : 0 0 ▁| S och i , ▁K ras n od ar ▁K rai , ▁Russia ▁| ▁ ▁| - ▁| ▁Win ▁| align = center | ▁ 1 2 – 3 ▁| ▁Dennis ▁Re ed ▁| ▁Sub mission ▁( arm bar ) ▁| ▁Revolution ▁Com bat ▁Championships ▁ 1 1 : ▁C ock ed ▁and ▁Lo aded ▁| ▁ ▁| align = center | ▁ 1 ▁| align = center | ▁ 1 : 3 1 ▁| Col umb us ▁J unction , ▁Iowa , ▁United ▁States ▁| ▁ ▁| |
- ▁| ▁Win ▁| align = center | ▁ 1 1 – 3 ▁| ▁O li ▁Thompson ▁| ▁T K O ▁( p unch es ) ▁| ▁Z T ▁Fight ▁Night : ▁He avy we ights ▁Col lide ▁| ▁ ▁| align = center | ▁ 2 ▁| align = center | ▁ 1 : 2 4 ▁| H ove , ▁East ▁Sus sex , ▁England ▁| Z T ▁Fight ▁Night ▁He avy weight ▁Tournament ▁Sem if inal . ▁| - ▁| ▁Win ▁| align = center | ▁ 1 0 – 3 ▁| ▁Miguel ▁Bernard ▁| ▁Sub mission ▁( arm bar ) ▁| ▁Z T ▁Fight ▁Night : ▁He avy we ights ▁Col lide ▁| ▁ ▁| align = center | ▁ 1 ▁| align = center | ▁ 0 : 3 3 ▁| H ove , ▁East ▁Sus sex , ▁England ▁| Z T ▁Fight ▁Night ▁He avy weight ▁Tournament ▁Qu arter final . ▁| - ▁| ▁Win ▁| align = center | ▁ 9 – 3 ▁| ▁Web ster ▁F arr is ▁| ▁K O ▁( p unch ) ▁| ▁Ad ren al ine ▁M MA ▁IV ▁| ▁ ▁| align = center | ▁ 1 ▁| align = center | ▁ 0 : 1 4 ▁| C oun cil ▁Bl uff s , ▁Iowa , ▁United ▁States ▁| ▁ ▁| - ▁| ▁L oss ▁| align = center | ▁ 8 – 3 ▁| ▁Rob ▁K imm ons ▁| ▁Techn ical ▁submission ▁( gu ill ot ine ▁cho ke |
) ▁| ▁U FC ▁Fight ▁Night ▁ 1 8 ▁| ▁ ▁| align = center | ▁ 1 ▁| align = center | ▁ 1 : 5 4 ▁| N ash ville , ▁Tennessee , ▁United ▁States ▁| ▁ ▁| - ▁| ▁L oss ▁| align = center | ▁ 8 – 2 ▁| ▁Aless io ▁Sak ara ▁| ▁K O ▁( head ▁kick ) ▁| ▁U FC ▁Fight ▁Night ▁ 1 5 ▁| ▁ ▁| align = center | ▁ 1 ▁| align = center | ▁ 1 : 2 7 ▁| O ma ha , ▁Neb r aska , ▁United ▁States ▁| ▁ ▁| - ▁| ▁Win ▁| align = center | ▁ 8 – 1 ▁| ▁Brian ▁Green ▁| ▁Sub mission ▁( ver bal ) ▁| ▁M CC ▁ 1 4 : ▁P ride ▁or ▁F ate ▁| ▁ ▁| align = center | ▁ 3 ▁| align = center | ▁ 4 : 2 5 ▁| U r band ale , ▁Iowa , ▁United ▁States ▁| ▁ ▁| - ▁| ▁Win ▁| align = center | ▁ 7 – 1 ▁| ▁Karl ▁Kelly ▁| ▁Sub mission ▁( key lock ) ▁| ▁P inn acle ▁Com bat : ▁M MA ▁| ▁ ▁| align = center | ▁ 1 ▁| align = center | ▁ 1 : 4 4 ▁| D ub u que , ▁Iowa , ▁United ▁States ▁| ▁ ▁| - ▁| ▁L oss ▁| align = center | ▁ 6 – 1 ▁| ▁Mario ▁Mir anda ▁| |
▁T K O ▁( p unch es ) ▁| ▁Car n age ▁at ▁the ▁Creek ▁ 2 ▁| ▁ ▁| align = center | ▁ 3 ▁| align = center | ▁ 2 : 3 8 ▁| Sh el ton , ▁Washington , ▁United ▁States ▁| ▁ ▁| - ▁| ▁Win ▁| align = center | ▁ 6 – 0 ▁| ▁Rob ▁Smith ▁| ▁T K O ▁( k ne es ) ▁| ▁X FO ▁ 2 2 : ▁X tre me ▁Fight ing ▁Organ ization ▁| ▁ ▁| align = center | ▁ 2 ▁| align = center | ▁ 1 : 1 7 ▁| C ry stal ▁Lake , ▁Illinois , ▁United ▁States ▁| ▁ ▁| - ▁| ▁Win ▁| align = center | ▁ 5 – 0 ▁| ▁Chris ▁Pow ers ▁| ▁Sub mission ▁( kim ura ) ▁| ▁Main stream ▁M MA : ▁Ven ge ance ▁| ▁ ▁| align = center | ▁ 1 ▁| align = center | ▁ 2 : 5 5 ▁| C ed ar ▁Rap ids , ▁Iowa , ▁United ▁States ▁| ▁ ▁| - ▁| ▁Win ▁| align = center | ▁ 4 – 0 ▁| ▁Tod d ▁Car ney ▁| ▁T K O ▁( st rik es ) ▁| ▁Ext reme ▁Challenge ▁ 8 3 ▁| ▁ ▁| align = center | ▁ 1 ▁| align = center | ▁ 4 : 3 4 ▁| R ivers ide , ▁Iowa , ▁United ▁States ▁| ▁ ▁| - ▁| ▁Win ▁| align = |
center | ▁ 3 – 0 ▁| ▁Jer emy ▁Nor wood ▁| ▁K O ▁( p unch ) ▁| ▁R we volution ▁Com bat ▁Championships ▁Vol . ▁ 1 : ▁The ▁Doctor ▁is ▁Out ▁| ▁ ▁| align = center | ▁ 1 ▁| align = center | ▁ 1 : 3 5 ▁| West ▁Liber ty , ▁Iowa , ▁United ▁States ▁| ▁ ▁| - ▁| ▁Win ▁| align = center | ▁ 2 – 0 ▁| ▁Joe ▁Winter feld t ▁| align = center | ▁N / A ▁| ▁Title ▁Fight ing ▁Championships ▁ 1 ▁| ▁ ▁| align = center | ▁ 1 ▁| align = center | ▁N / A ▁| Des ▁Mo ines , ▁Iowa , ▁United ▁States ▁| ▁ ▁| - ▁| ▁Win ▁| align = center | ▁ 1 – 0 ▁| ▁J esse ▁Len no x ▁| ▁Dec ision ▁( un anim ous ) ▁| ▁Main stream ▁M MA ▁ 1 : ▁In ception ▁| ▁ ▁| align = center | ▁ 3 ▁| align = center | ▁ 5 : 0 0 ▁| C ed ar ▁Rap ids , ▁Iowa , ▁United ▁States ▁| ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁List ▁of ▁male ▁mixed ▁mart ial ▁artists ▁List ▁of ▁Bell ator ▁M MA ▁al umn i ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : American ▁male ▁mixed ▁mart ial ▁artists ▁Category : M ixed ▁mart ial ▁artists ▁from ▁Iowa ▁Category : Middle weight ▁mixed ▁mart ial ▁artists ▁Category : Light ▁heavy |
weight ▁mixed ▁mart ial ▁artists ▁Category : He avy weight ▁mixed ▁mart ial ▁artists ▁Category : S ports people ▁from ▁Iowa ▁City , ▁Iowa ▁Category : 1 9 8 3 ▁birth s <0x0A> </s> ▁Kir an ▁Jan j ani ▁is ▁an ▁Indian ▁actor ▁who ▁works ▁in ▁Bol lywood ▁films ▁and ▁television ▁shows . ▁He ▁is ▁well ▁known ▁for ▁his ▁performance ▁as ▁Vik as ▁N anda ▁in ▁Life ▁OK ' s ▁Hum ▁Ne ▁Li ▁H ai - ▁Sh ap ath ▁and ▁as ▁U j j wal ▁M ish ra ▁in ▁& TV ' s ▁Santos hi ▁Ma a . ▁He ▁was ▁last ▁seen ▁in ▁Ze e ▁TV ' s ▁Ye h ▁Ter i ▁G ali yan ▁as ▁Ar ind ham ▁Maz um dar . ▁ ▁Biography ▁Jan j ani ▁was ▁born ▁in ▁M umb ai ▁on ▁ 1 2 ▁March . ▁ ▁Jan j ani ▁acted ▁in ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁TV ▁commer ci als . ▁He ▁studied ▁at ▁Co leg io ▁Cos m opol it ano ▁de ▁Colombia . ▁He ▁graduated ▁from ▁SV K M ' s ▁N MI MS , ▁M umb ai . ▁He ▁is ▁married ▁to ▁R ito o ▁k ▁Jen j ani , ▁who ▁is ▁a ▁make ▁up ▁designer . ▁He ▁also ▁acted ▁in ▁F alg uni ▁Path ak ' s ▁Song ▁" Y a ad ▁pia ▁ki ▁ya ad ▁a ane ▁lag i " ▁with ▁Ri ya ▁Sen ▁ ▁Film ography ▁ ▁H ase ena ▁- ▁Sm art , ▁Sex y , ▁D anger ous ▁( 2 0 1 |
1 ) ▁as ▁Rah ul ▁ ▁Ben ny ▁And ▁Bab lo o ▁( 2 0 1 0 ) ▁as ▁Ran ve er ▁ ▁Life ▁Express ▁( 2 0 1 0 ) ▁as ▁Nik h il ▁Sh arma ▁ ▁My ▁Friend ▁G anes ha ▁( 2 0 0 7 ) ▁as ▁Ad ity a ▁ ▁Sit am ▁( 2 0 0 5 ) ▁as ▁Raj ▁ ▁J al wa ▁- ▁Fun ▁In ▁Love ▁( 2 0 0 5 ) ▁as ▁Y ash ▁Singh ania ▁ ▁Sau ▁J ho oth ▁Ek ▁Sach ▁- ▁The ▁Un inv ited ▁( 2 0 0 5 ) ▁as ▁Vik ram ▁Pr ad han ▁ ▁Stop ! ▁( 2 0 0 4 ) ▁as ▁R oh it ▁ ▁O ops ! ▁( 2 0 0 3 ) ▁ ▁Television ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁▁ ▁Category : Ind ian ▁male ▁film ▁actors ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : Year ▁of ▁birth ▁missing ▁( l iving ▁people ) <0x0A> </s> ▁Sir ▁William ▁Hay ▁Mac n ag ht en , ▁ 1 st ▁Baron et ▁( 2 4 ▁August ▁ 1 7 9 3 ▁– ▁ 2 3 ▁December ▁ 1 8 4 1 ) ▁was ▁a ▁British ▁civil ▁servant ▁in ▁India , ▁who ▁played ▁a ▁major ▁part ▁in ▁the ▁First ▁Ang lo - A fg han ▁War . ▁ ▁Life ▁He ▁was ▁the ▁second ▁son ▁of ▁Sir ▁Francis ▁Mac n ag ht en , ▁Bart ., ▁judge ▁of ▁the ▁supre me ▁courts ▁of ▁Mad ras ▁and ▁Cal cut ta , ▁and ▁was |
▁educated ▁at ▁Char ter house . ▁He ▁went ▁to ▁Mad ras ▁as ▁a ▁cad et ▁in ▁ 1 8 0 9 , ▁but ▁in ▁ 1 8 1 6 ▁joined ▁the ▁Beng al ▁Civil ▁Service . ▁He ▁displayed ▁a ▁talent ▁for ▁languages ▁and ▁published ▁several ▁treat ises ▁on ▁H indu ▁and ▁Islam ic ▁law . ▁His ▁political ▁career ▁began ▁in ▁ 1 8 3 0 ▁as ▁secretary ▁to ▁Lord ▁William ▁B entin ck ; ▁and ▁in ▁ 1 8 3 7 ▁he ▁became ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁most ▁trust ed ▁advis ers ▁of ▁the ▁governor - general , ▁Lord ▁A uck land , ▁with ▁whose ▁policy ▁of ▁supporting ▁Shah ▁Sh u ja ▁against ▁D ost ▁Mah om med ▁Khan , ▁the ▁reign ing ▁am ir ▁of ▁Kab ul , ▁Mac n ag ht en ▁became ▁closely ▁identified . ▁ ▁He ▁was ▁created ▁a ▁baron et ▁in ▁ 1 8 4 0 , ▁and ▁four ▁months ▁before ▁his ▁death ▁was ▁nominated ▁to ▁the ▁governor ship ▁of ▁Bomb ay . ▁ ▁As ▁a ▁political ▁agent ▁at ▁Kab ul , ▁he ▁came ▁into ▁conflict ▁with ▁the ▁military ▁authorities ▁and ▁subsequently ▁with ▁his ▁sub ordinate ▁Sir ▁Alexander ▁Burn es . ▁Mac n ag ht en ▁attempted ▁to ▁pla c ate ▁the ▁Afghan ▁chief s ▁with ▁heavy ▁subs id ies , ▁but ▁when ▁the ▁d rain ▁on ▁the ▁Indian ▁ex che quer ▁became ▁too ▁great , ▁and ▁the ▁allow ances ▁were ▁reduced , ▁this ▁policy ▁led ▁to ▁an ▁out break . ▁Burn es ▁was ▁murder ed ▁on ▁ 2 |
▁November ▁ 1 8 4 1 ; ▁and ▁under ▁the ▁elder ly ▁General ▁William ▁El ph inst one , ▁the ▁British ▁army ▁in ▁Kab ul ▁deg ener ated ▁into ▁a ▁leader less ▁mob . ▁ ▁Mac n ag ht en ▁tried ▁to ▁save ▁the ▁situation ▁by ▁negoti ating ▁with ▁the ▁Afghan ▁chief s ▁and , ▁independently ▁of ▁them , ▁with ▁D ost ▁Mah amm ad ' s ▁son , ▁Ak bar ▁Khan , ▁by ▁whom ▁he ▁was ▁captured ▁and , ▁on ▁ 2 3 ▁December ▁ 1 8 4 1 , ▁Mac n ag ht en ▁was ▁killed . ▁The ▁exact ▁circumstances ▁of ▁his ▁death ▁are ▁unclear ; ▁Khan ▁himself ▁may ▁have ▁killed ▁him ▁personally , ▁or ▁that ▁he ▁was ▁killed ▁because ▁he ▁was ▁resist ing ▁after ▁being ▁captured ▁and ▁it ▁was ▁fe ared ▁he ▁would ▁break ▁free . ▁This ▁very ▁soon ▁became ▁an ▁inspir ational ▁story ▁among ▁the ▁Af gh ans , ▁with ▁the ▁dis astr ous ▁retre at ▁from ▁Kab ul ▁and ▁the ▁Mass acre ▁of ▁El ph inst one ' s ▁army ▁in ▁the ▁Kh urd - K ab ul ▁Pass ▁following . ▁These ▁events ▁threw ▁doubt ▁on ▁Mac n ag ht en ' s ▁capacity ▁for ▁dealing ▁with ▁the ▁problems ▁of ▁colonial ▁diplom acy , ▁though ▁his ▁fear less ness ▁and ▁integrity ▁were ▁un question ed . ▁ ▁App ear ances ▁in ▁fiction ▁ ▁Mac n ag ht en ▁appears ▁in ▁the ▁first ▁volume ▁of ▁the ▁Flash man ▁Pap ers , ▁being ▁dep icted ▁as ▁am bit ious , |
▁ar rog ant ▁and ▁a ▁meg al oman iac . ▁ ▁He ▁also ▁appears ▁in ▁To ▁Her at ▁and ▁Cab ul ▁by ▁G . ▁A . ▁H enty . ▁He ▁is ▁p ict ured ▁as ▁a ▁brave ▁man , ▁but ▁cl uel ess ▁about ▁Afghan ▁politics . ▁H enty ▁places ▁the ▁bl ame ▁for ▁convin cing ▁Lord ▁A uck land , ▁the ▁Governor - General ▁of ▁India , ▁to ▁place ▁Sh u ja ▁on ▁the ▁throne ▁square ly ▁on ▁his ▁shoulders . ▁ ▁References ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁Category : 1 7 9 3 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 8 4 1 ▁death s ▁Category : Pe ople ▁educated ▁at ▁Char ter house ▁School ▁Category : Bar on ets ▁in ▁the ▁Baron et age ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁Kingdom ▁Category : B rit ish ▁people ▁of ▁the ▁First ▁Ang lo - A fg han ▁War ▁Category : Pe ople ▁of ▁the ▁First ▁Ang lo - A fg han ▁War ▁Category : B rit ish ▁diplom ats ▁Category : Ass ass in ated ▁British ▁diplom ats ▁Category : Admin istr ators ▁in ▁British ▁India ▁Category : Re cip ients ▁of ▁the ▁Order ▁of ▁the ▁Do or ane e ▁Empire ▁Category : The ▁Great ▁Game ▁Category : 1 9 th - century ▁British ▁diplom ats <0x0A> </s> ▁Tal as ani ▁S rin ivas ▁Y ad av ▁( born ▁ 6 ▁October ▁ 1 9 6 5 ) ▁is ▁an ▁Indian ▁politician ▁who ▁is ▁the ▁current ▁Minister ▁of ▁Animal ▁Hus band ary , ▁▁ ▁Fish eries ▁and ▁Cin emat ography |
▁in ▁the ▁Second ▁K ▁Ch and ras he kar ▁R ao ▁Ministry . ▁He ▁is ▁an ▁M LA ▁from ▁San ath n agar ▁Assembly ▁constitu ency . ▁Pre viously ▁he ▁represented ▁from ▁Sec under abad ▁Assembly ▁Const itu ency . ▁ ▁Early ▁life ▁Tal as ani ▁S rin ivas ▁Y ad av ▁was ▁born ▁on ▁October ▁ 7 , ▁ 1 9 6 5 ▁in ▁Sec under abad . ▁His ▁father ▁V enk ates ham ▁Y ad av ▁was ▁M unda ▁market ▁president . ▁ ▁Political ▁Life ▁Tal as ani ▁entered ▁into ▁politics ▁by ▁contest ing ▁as ▁Mond a ▁Market ▁corpor ator ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 6 . ▁S rin ivas ▁Y ad av ▁joined ▁ ▁Tel ug u ▁Des am ▁Party ▁and ▁cont ested ▁from ▁Sec under abad ▁Assembly ▁constitu ency ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 4 ▁and ▁won ▁as ▁M LA . ▁In ▁ 1 9 9 9 ▁assembly ▁elections , ▁Tal as ani ▁defeated ▁Mary ▁Rav ind ran ath ▁of ▁Congress ▁Party ▁and ▁became ▁Minister ▁in ▁the ▁And h ra ▁Pr adesh ▁Government ▁in ▁N ara ▁Ch and rab ab u ▁Na id u ' s ▁Cab inet . ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 4 ▁Assembly ▁elections ▁he ▁was ▁defeated ▁by ▁T . Pad ma ▁R ao ▁G oud ▁who ▁has ▁cont ested ▁from ▁Tel ang ana ▁R ast ra ▁Sam ith i . ▁S rin ivas ▁Y ad av ▁again ▁cont ested ▁in ▁▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁Assembly ▁by e ▁elections ▁defe ating ▁his ▁nearest ▁Congress ▁Party |
▁C andid ate ▁Pit la ▁Kr ish na ▁by ▁ 1 8 , 0 6 7 ▁votes ▁and ▁became ▁Minister ▁for ▁Tour ism , ▁Culture ▁and ▁Arch ae ology ▁in ▁the ▁Government ▁of ▁And h ra ▁Pr adesh . ▁He ▁also ▁served ▁as ▁Minister ▁for ▁labour ▁in ▁Ch and rab ab u ▁Na id u ' s ▁cabinet , ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 5 ▁he ▁became ▁State ▁Tel ug u ▁Y uv ata ▁President . ▁ ▁After ▁formation ▁of ▁Tel ang ana ▁State ▁S rin ivas ▁Y ad av ▁Cont ested ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁Assembly ▁E lections ▁from ▁San ath ▁Nag ar ▁Const itu ency ▁from ▁Tel ug u ▁des ham ▁Party ▁and ▁W on . ▁Later ▁on ▁he ▁Jo ined ▁Tel ang ana ▁Ras ht ra ▁Sam ith i ▁Party ▁in ▁presence ▁of ▁Chief ▁Minister ▁Kal v ak unt la ▁Ch andra ▁She kar ▁R ao ▁and ▁taken ▁Char ge ▁as ▁Com mer cial ▁Tax es ▁Minister . ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 8 ▁he ▁cont ested ▁from ▁San ath ▁Nag ar ▁Const itu ency ▁from ▁TR S ▁party ▁and ▁was ▁elected ▁as ▁M LA ▁and ▁taken ▁o ath ▁as ▁State ▁cabinet ▁minister ▁on ▁ 1 9 ▁February ▁ 2 0 1 9 . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁List ▁of ▁constitu encies ▁of ▁Tel ang ana ▁Legisl ative ▁Assembly ▁Sec under abad ▁( Assembly ▁constitu ency ) ▁ ▁References ▁▁▁ ▁Sec under abad ▁Assembly ▁constitu ency ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 4 ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 6 |
5 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : Pol it icians ▁from ▁Hy der abad , ▁India ▁Category : State ▁cabinet ▁minister s ▁of ▁Tel ang ana ▁Category : T el ang ana ▁ML As ▁ 2 0 1 4 – 2 0 1 8 ▁Category : T el ang ana ▁polit icians ▁Category : T el ang ana ▁Ras ht ra ▁Sam ith i ▁polit icians <0x0A> </s> ▁Luc ilia ▁is ▁a ▁genus ▁of ▁South ▁American ▁flow ering ▁plants ▁in ▁the ▁p uss y ' s - to es ▁tribe ▁within ▁the ▁da isy ▁family . ▁▁ ▁Species ▁ ▁Luc ilia ▁ac ut ifolia ▁( P oir .) ▁Cass . ▁– ▁Brazil , ▁Boliv ia , ▁Par agu ay , ▁Uruguay , ▁Argentina ▁ ▁Luc ilia ▁er iop hora ▁J . R é my ▁– ▁Chile ▁ ▁Luc ilia ▁fer rug inea ▁Baker ▁– ▁Brazil ▁ ▁Luc ilia ▁linear ifolia ▁Baker ▁– ▁Brazil , ▁Argentina ▁( J u ju y , ▁Sal ta ) ▁ ▁Luc ilia ▁ly cop odio ides ▁( L ess .) ▁S . E . Fre ire ▁– ▁Brazil , ▁Boliv ia , ▁Argentina ▁( J u ju y , ▁Sal ta ) ▁ ▁Luc ilia ▁nit ens ▁Less . ▁– ▁Brazil , ▁Uruguay , ▁Argentina ▁( Cor ri entes , ▁M ision es ) ▁ ▁Luc ilia ▁rec ur va ▁Wed d . ▁– ▁Boliv ia , ▁Argentina ▁( Sal ta ) ▁ ▁Luc ilia ▁sa x at ilis ▁V . M . Bad illo |
▁– ▁Venezuela ▁ ▁Luc ilia ▁t oment osa ▁Wed d . ▁– ▁Brazil ▁( Par an á , ▁São ▁Paulo ), ▁Boliv ia ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : A ster aceae ▁gener a ▁Category : G nap hal ie ae ▁Category : Fl ora ▁of ▁South ▁America <0x0A> </s> ▁Di plot ax odon ▁is ▁a ▁small ▁genus ▁of ▁seven ▁formally ▁described , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁und es cribed , ▁deep - water ▁species ▁of ▁c ich l id ▁fish ▁en demic ▁to ▁Lake ▁Mal aw i ▁in ▁east ▁Africa . ▁These ▁fish es ▁represent ▁a ▁remarkable ▁adapt ive ▁radiation ▁of ▁off sh ore ▁and ▁deep - water ▁adapted ▁fish ▁desc ended ▁from ▁ancest ral ▁shall ow ▁water ▁forms . ▁They ▁include ▁the ▁dominant ▁zo op l ank ton - feed ing ▁fish ▁of ▁the ▁off sh ore ▁and ▁deep - water ▁regions ▁of ▁the ▁lake , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁larger ▁species ▁that ▁appear ▁to ▁feed ▁on ▁small ▁pel ag ic ▁fish es . ▁Ad ult ▁sizes ▁range ▁from ▁ 1 0 ▁to ▁ 3 0 cm ▁in ▁total ▁length , ▁depending ▁on ▁species . ▁ ▁Re product ive ▁bi ology ▁▁ ▁Fem ales ▁and ▁imm ature ▁fish ▁are ▁sil very , ▁like ▁typical ▁pel ag ic ▁fish , ▁but ▁m ature ▁males ▁develop ▁stronger ▁bre eding ▁colours , ▁typically ▁contrast ing ▁patterns ▁of ▁black , ▁white ▁and ▁yellow . ▁Fem ales ▁of ▁several ▁species ▁have ▁been ▁found ▁carrying ▁eggs ▁and ▁young ▁in ▁their ▁mouth s ▁and |
▁it ▁is ▁likely ▁that ▁all ▁species ▁are ▁mat ernal ▁mouth bro od ers , ▁like ▁all ▁other ▁known ▁ha p lo chrom ine ▁c ich l ids . ▁M ales ▁in ▁bre eding ▁dress ▁with ▁ri pe ▁g on ads ▁are ▁often ▁collected ▁together ▁in ▁large ▁numbers , ▁along ▁with ▁a ▁few ▁ri pe ▁and ▁mouth bro oding ▁females , ▁suggesting ▁that ▁these ▁fish es ▁gather ▁together ▁to ▁bre ed ▁in ▁particular ▁areas . ▁Most ▁species ▁seem ▁to ▁bre ed ▁between ▁February ▁and ▁August . ▁Fem ales ▁lay ▁very ▁few ▁eggs - ▁r anging ▁on ▁average ▁from ▁ 1 6 ▁to ▁ 4 0 ▁in ▁species ▁exam ined . ▁However , ▁the ▁eggs ▁are ▁very ▁large ▁- ▁around ▁ 5 - 7 mm ▁in ▁diameter . ▁In ▁common ▁with ▁other ▁off sh ore - l iving ▁c ich l id ▁fish es , ▁these ▁have ▁evol ved ▁to ▁have ▁fewer , ▁but ▁larger ▁off spring , ▁perhaps ▁to ▁increase ▁their ▁ch ances ▁of ▁surv iving ▁pred ation ▁and ▁star v ation ▁in ▁the ▁open ▁water ▁habit ats . ▁Un like ▁some ▁other ▁off sh ore ▁c ich l id ▁fish , ▁none ▁of ▁the ▁Di plot ax odon ▁species ▁are ▁known ▁to ▁use ▁in sh ore ▁nur ser y ▁areas ▁for ▁their ▁young , ▁and ▁their ▁entire ▁life - cycle ▁seems ▁to ▁be ▁completed ▁in ▁the ▁open ▁waters ▁of ▁the ▁lake . ▁ ▁E volution ▁and ▁population ▁gen et ics ▁▁ ▁M ole cular ▁gen etic ▁studies ▁suggest ▁that ▁Di plot ax odon |
▁species ▁are ▁all ▁closely ▁related ▁and ▁are ▁ancest ral ▁to ▁the ▁more ▁b enth ic - feed ing ▁P all ido chrom is ▁to kol osh , ▁which ▁together ▁compr ise ▁a ▁mon oph y let ic ▁group ▁or ▁cla de ▁which ▁has ▁evol ved ▁within ▁Lake ▁Mal aw i . ▁Population ▁gen etic ▁studies ▁indicate ▁that ▁similar - looking ▁forms ▁with ▁different ▁male ▁bre eding ▁colours ▁represent ▁distinct ▁species . ▁In ▁marked ▁contrast ▁to ▁the ▁better ▁known ▁rock y ▁shore ▁' mb una ' ▁c ich l ids ▁which ▁are ▁split ▁into ▁many ▁ge ograph ically ▁isolated ▁populations ▁on ▁particular ▁islands ▁or ▁rock y ▁coast al ▁regions , ▁mole cular ▁studies ▁indicate ▁that ▁there ▁are ▁few ▁bar riers ▁to ▁the ▁movement ▁and ▁inter bre eding ▁of ▁Di plot ax odon ▁populations ▁within ▁the ▁lake . ▁This ▁lack ▁of ▁ge ographic ▁bar riers ▁in ▁the ▁present ▁lake ▁has ▁made ▁scient ists ▁consider ▁that ▁their ▁species ▁might ▁have ▁diver ged ▁either ▁by ▁the ▁controvers ial ▁mechanism ▁of ▁sym pat ric ▁spe ci ation . ▁Alternatively , ▁they ▁may ▁have ▁diver ged ▁into ▁new ▁species ▁when ▁major ▁dr ought s ▁led ▁to ▁Lake ▁Mal aw i ▁partially ▁dry ing ▁up ▁and ▁forming ▁ 2 ▁or ▁more ▁much ▁smaller ▁la kes . ▁ ▁Human ▁explo itation ▁▁ ▁Di plot ax odon ▁species ▁are ▁important ▁food ▁fish ▁around ▁the ▁lake , ▁being ▁collected ▁by ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁small - scale ▁fish ing ▁methods , ▁such ▁as ▁Ch ir im ila ▁seines ▁and ▁b ait ed ▁hook s |
, ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁by ▁tra w ling . ▁Although ▁they ▁represent ▁a ▁potentially ▁very ▁large ▁fish ery ▁stock ▁( 1 0 0 , 0 0 0 ▁t onnes ), ▁with ▁a ▁potentially ▁sust ain able ▁fish ery ▁yield ▁of ▁around ▁ 2 0 , 0 0 0 ▁t onnes , ▁their ▁populations ▁are ▁spread ▁thin ly ▁in ▁in access ible ▁deep - water ▁and ▁off sh ore ▁habit ats , ▁making ▁them ▁difficult ▁to ▁explo it ▁econom ically , ▁although ▁some ▁season al ▁fish eries ▁seem ▁to ▁explo it ▁them ▁heavily ▁on ▁traditional ▁bre eding ▁grounds . ▁A ▁single ▁species ▁( D . ▁lim n oth r issa ) ▁has ▁occasionally ▁been ▁collected ▁and ▁b red ▁as ▁an ▁aqu arium ▁fish . ▁ ▁Species ▁Fish Base ▁recogn ises ▁ 7 ▁species ▁in ▁this ▁genus , ▁with ▁a ▁further ▁ 2 ▁described ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 8 : ▁▁ ▁Di plot ax odon ▁a ene us ▁G . ▁F . ▁Turner ▁& ▁St auf fer , ▁ 1 9 9 8 ▁ ▁Di plot ax odon ▁alt us ▁St auf fer , ▁Ph iri ▁& ▁Kon ings , ▁ 2 0 1 8 ▁ ▁Di plot ax odon ▁ap og on ▁G . ▁F . ▁Turner ▁& ▁St auf fer , ▁ 1 9 9 8 ▁ ▁Di plot ax odon ▁arg ente us ▁T rew avas , ▁ 1 9 3 5 ▁ ▁Di plot ax odon ▁ecc les i ▁W . ▁E . ▁Burg ess ▁& ▁H . ▁R . |
▁Ax el rod , ▁ 1 9 7 3 ▁ ▁Di plot ax odon ▁green wood i ▁St auf fer ▁& ▁McK aye , ▁ 1 9 8 6 ▁ ▁Di plot ax odon ▁lim n oth r issa ▁G . ▁F . ▁Turner , ▁ 1 9 9 4 ▁ ▁Di plot ax odon ▁long im ax illa ▁St auf fer , ▁Ph iri ▁& ▁Kon ings , ▁ 2 0 1 8 ▁ ▁Di plot ax odon ▁macro ps ▁G . ▁F . ▁Turner ▁& ▁St auf fer , ▁ 1 9 9 8 ▁ ▁References ▁▁ ▁T rew avas , ▁E . ▁ ▁( 1 9 3 5 ) ▁ ▁A ▁syn opsis ▁of ▁the ▁c ich l id ▁fish es ▁of ▁Lake ▁Ny asa . ▁ ▁Ann als ▁and ▁Magazine ▁of ▁Natural ▁History ▁( 1 0 ) ▁ 1 6 : ▁ 6 5 - 1 1 8 . ▁Av ailable ▁from ▁www . mal aw ic ich l ids . com ▁ ▁F ry er , ▁G . ▁& ▁I les , ▁T . D . ▁( 1 9 7 2 ) ▁ ▁The ▁c ich l id ▁fish es ▁of ▁the ▁Great ▁L akes ▁of ▁Africa . ▁ ▁Oliver ▁& ▁Bo yd , ▁Edinburgh ; ▁T F H ▁Publications , ▁Ne pt une ▁City , ▁New ▁Jersey ; ▁ 6 4 1 ▁pp . ▁ ▁Burg ess , ▁W . E ., ▁& ▁Ax el rod , ▁H . R . ▁( 1 9 7 3 ) |
▁ ▁New ▁c ich l ids ▁from ▁Lake ▁Mal aw i . ▁Trop ical ▁Fish ▁Hob by ist ▁ 2 2 ▁( 2 ), ▁October : ▁ 1 4 , ▁ 8 7 - 9 3 , ▁ 9 5 - 9 8 . ▁ ▁St auf fer , ▁J . R ., ▁Jr ., ▁& ▁McK aye , ▁K . R . ▁( 1 9 8 6 ). ▁ ▁Description ▁of ▁a ▁pa ed oph ag ous ▁deep - water ▁c ich l id ▁( T ele ost ei : ▁C ich l idae ) ▁from ▁Lake ▁Mal aw i , ▁Africa . ▁Pro ceed ings ▁of ▁the ▁Bi ological ▁Society ▁of ▁Washington ▁ 9 9 : ▁ 2 9 - 3 3 . ▁ ▁E cc les , ▁D . H ., ▁& ▁T rew avas , ▁E . ▁( 1 9 8 9 ). ▁ ▁Mal aw ian ▁c ich l id ▁fish es . ▁The ▁classification ▁of ▁some ▁H ap lo chrom ine ▁gener a . ▁ ▁Lake ▁Fish ▁Mov ies , ▁H erten , ▁Germany , ▁ 3 3 5 ▁pp . ▁ ▁Turner , ▁G . F . ▁ ▁( 1 9 9 4 ) ▁A ▁description ▁of ▁a ▁commer cially ▁important ▁new ▁pel ag ic ▁species ▁of ▁the ▁genus ▁Di plot ax odon ▁( P is ces : ▁C ich l idae ) ▁from ▁Lake ▁Mal aw i , ▁Africa . ▁J . ▁Fish ▁Bi ology ▁ 4 4 , ▁ 7 9 9 - 8 |
0 7 . ▁ ▁Turner , ▁G . F . ▁( 1 9 9 5 ) ▁Management , ▁conservation ▁and ▁species ▁changes ▁of ▁explo ited ▁fish ▁stock s ▁in ▁Lake ▁Mal aw i , ▁In : ▁T . J . ▁P itch er ▁& ▁P . J . B . ▁Hart , ▁ed s . ▁The ▁Imp act ▁of ▁Species ▁Ch anges ▁in ▁African ▁L akes . ▁London , ▁Chap man ▁& ▁Hall , ▁pp . 3 6 5 – 3 9 5 . ▁ ▁Thompson , ▁A . B ., ▁All ison , ▁E . H . ▁& ▁N gat ung a , ▁B . P . ▁( 1 9 9 6 ). ▁ ▁Distribution ▁and ▁bre eding ▁bi ology ▁of ▁off sh ore ▁c ich l ids ▁in ▁Lake ▁Mal aw i / N i assa . ▁Environment al ▁Bi ology ▁of ▁Fish es ▁ 4 7 , ▁ 2 3 5 - 2 5 4 . ▁ ▁All ison , ▁E . H ., ▁K . ▁Ir v ine , ▁K ▁Thompson , ▁A . B . ▁& ▁N gat ung a , ▁B . P . ▁( 1 9 9 6 ) ▁Di ets ▁and ▁food ▁consumption ▁rates ▁of ▁pel ag ic ▁fish ▁in ▁Lake ▁Mal aw i , ▁Africa . ▁F resh water ▁Bi ology ▁ 3 5 , ▁ 4 8 9 - 5 1 5 . ▁ ▁Turner , ▁G . F . ▁( 1 9 9 6 ) ▁Off sh ore ▁C ich l |
ids ▁of ▁Lake ▁Mal aw i . ▁C ich l id ▁Press , ▁Germany . ▁ 2 4 0 pp . ▁ ▁Turner , ▁G . F . ▁& ▁St auf fer , ▁J . R . ▁( 1 9 9 8 ) ▁A ▁description ▁of ▁three ▁deep ▁water ▁c ich l ids ▁of ▁the ▁genus ▁Di plot ax odon ▁( T ele ost ei : ▁C ich l idae ) ▁from ▁Lake ▁Mal aw i , ▁Africa , ▁with ▁a ▁red es cription ▁of ▁Di plot ax odon ▁ecc les i ▁Burg ess ▁& ▁Ax el rod . ▁Ich thy ological ▁Ex pl or ations ▁of ▁F resh w aters ▁ 8 , ▁ 2 3 9 - 2 5 2 . ▁ ▁Shaw , ▁P . W . ▁Turner , ▁G . F ., ▁Id id , ▁M . R ., ▁Robinson , ▁R . L . ▁& ▁Car val ho , ▁G . R . ▁( 2 0 0 0 ). ▁Gen etic ▁population ▁structure ▁indicates ▁sym pat ric ▁spe ci ation ▁of ▁Lake ▁Mal aw i ▁pel ag ic ▁c ich l ids . ▁Pro ceed ings ▁of ▁the ▁Royal ▁Society ▁of ▁London ▁B ▁ 2 6 7 , ▁ 2 2 7 3 - 2 2 8 0 . ▁ ▁Dup on ch elle , ▁F . ▁& ▁Rib b ink , ▁A . J . ▁( eds .). ▁ ▁( 2 0 0 0 ). ▁ ▁Fish ▁E col ogy ▁Report . ▁Lake ▁Mal aw i / |
N y asa / N i assa ▁B iod iversity ▁Conserv ation ▁Project . ▁ ▁S AD C / GE F ▁( S ou thern ▁African ▁Development ▁Community , ▁G abor one , ▁B ots w ana ▁/ ▁Global ▁Environment al ▁Fac ility , ▁Washington , ▁D . C .). ▁Av ailable ▁from ▁www . mal aw ic ich l ids . com ▁ ▁Turner , ▁G . F ., ▁Robinson , ▁R . L ., ▁N gat ung a , ▁B . J ., ▁Shaw , ▁P . W . ▁& ▁Car val ho , ▁G . R . ▁( 2 0 0 1 ) ▁Pel ag ic ▁c ich l id ▁fish es ▁of ▁Lake ▁Mal aw i / N y asa . ▁In : ▁Cole man , ▁R . M . ▁C ich l id ▁Research ▁State ▁of ▁the ▁Art . ▁Journal ▁of ▁Aqu ari ology ▁& ▁Aqu atic ▁Sciences ▁ 9 , ▁ 2 8 7 - 3 0 2 . ▁ ▁Turner , ▁G . F ., ▁Robinson , ▁R . L ., ▁N gat ung a , ▁B . P ., ▁Shaw , ▁P . W . ▁& ▁Car val ho , ▁G . R . ▁( 2 0 0 2 ) ▁Pel ag ic ▁c ich l id ▁fish es ▁of ▁Lake ▁Mal aw i / N y asa : ▁bi ology , ▁management ▁and ▁conservation . ▁In : ▁Cow x , ▁I . ▁Management ▁and ▁E col ogy ▁of ▁Lake ▁and ▁Res er voir ▁Fish |
eries . ▁Black well ▁( F ishing ▁News ▁Books ). ▁pp . 3 5 3 – 3 6 7 . ▁ ▁Turner , ▁G . F ., ▁Robinson , ▁R . L ., ▁Shaw , ▁P . W . ▁& ▁Car val ho , ▁G . R . ▁( 2 0 0 4 ) ▁Ident ification ▁and ▁bi ology ▁of ▁Di plot ax odon , ▁R ham ph och rom is ▁and ▁P all ido chrom is . ▁In : ▁S no eks , ▁J . ▁( ed ). ▁The ▁c ich l id ▁divers ity ▁of ▁Lake ▁Mal aw i / N y asa : ▁identification , ▁distribution ▁and ▁tax onomy . ▁C ich l id ▁Press , ▁El ▁Pas o , ▁Texas . ▁ ▁K any er ere , ▁G . Z ., ▁A . J . ▁Bo oth , ▁A . J . ▁& ▁W ey l , ▁O . L . F ▁( 2 0 0 5 ) ▁ ▁Management ▁advice ▁for ▁the ▁Di plot ax odon ▁lim n oth r issa ▁( T ele ost ei : ▁C ich l idae ) ▁resource ▁in ▁the ▁south - east ▁arm ▁of ▁Lake ▁Mal aw i , ▁based ▁on ▁per - rec ruit ▁analysis . ▁African ▁Journal ▁of ▁Aqu atic ▁Science ▁ 3 0 , ▁ 1 4 1 - 1 4 5 . ▁ ▁Sug aw ara , ▁T ., ▁T era i , ▁Y ., ▁I mai , ▁H ., ▁Turner , ▁G . F ., ▁Kob |
lm üller , ▁S ., ▁St ur mb auer , ▁C ., ▁Sh ich ida , ▁Y . ▁& ▁Ok ada , ▁N . ▁( 2 0 0 5 ) ▁Par allel ism ▁of ▁am ino ▁acid ▁changes ▁at ▁the ▁R H 1 ▁loc us ▁affect ing ▁spectral ▁sens itivity ▁among ▁deep - water ▁c ich l ids ▁from ▁L akes ▁Tang any ika ▁and ▁Mal aw i . ▁Pro ceed ings ▁of ▁the ▁National ▁Academy ▁of ▁Sciences , ▁USA ▁ 1 0 2 , ▁ 5 4 4 8 - 5 4 5 3 . ▁ ▁K any er ere , ▁G . Z ., ▁W ey l , ▁O . L . F . ▁& ▁Bo oth , ▁A . J . ▁( 2 0 0 5 ) ▁ ▁G row th , ▁reprodu ction ▁and ▁population ▁structure ▁of ▁Di plot ax odon ▁lim n oth r issa ▁in ▁the ▁sout heast ▁arm ▁of ▁Lake ▁Mal aw i . ▁ ▁African ▁Journal ▁of ▁Aqu atic ▁Science ▁ 3 0 , ▁ 3 7 - 4 4 . ▁ ▁Dup on ch elle , ▁F ., ▁Rib b ink ▁A . J . ▁M su k wa , ▁A . ▁M af uka , ▁J . ▁Mand ere , ▁D . ▁& ▁Bo ots ma , ▁H .. ▁( 2 0 0 5 ) ▁ ▁Food ▁partition ing ▁within ▁the ▁species - rich ▁b enth ic ▁fish ▁community ▁of ▁Lake ▁Mal aw i , ▁East ▁Africa . ▁ ▁Canadian ▁Journal ▁of ▁Fish |
eries ▁and ▁Aqu atic ▁Sciences ▁▁ 6 2 , ▁ 1 6 5 1 - 1 6 6 4 . ▁ ▁Gen ner , ▁M . J ., ▁Nich ols , ▁P ., ▁Car val ho , ▁G . R ., ▁Robinson , ▁R . L ., ▁Shaw , ▁P . W . ▁& ▁Turner , ▁G . F . ▁( 2 0 0 7 ) ▁Re product ive ▁isol ation ▁among ▁deep ▁water ▁c ich l id ▁fish es ▁of ▁Lake ▁Mal aw i ▁differ ing ▁in ▁mon och rom atic ▁male ▁bre eding ▁dress . ▁M ole cular ▁E col ogy ▁ 1 6 , ▁ 6 5 1 - 6 6 2 . ▁ ▁Kon ings ▁A ▁( 2 0 0 7 ) ▁Mal aw i ▁C ich l ids ▁in ▁their ▁Natural ▁Hab itat , ▁ 4 th ▁Ed n . ▁C ich l ids ▁Press , ▁El ▁Pas o , ▁USA . ▁( and ▁earlier ▁ed itions ) ▁ ▁Gen ner , ▁M . J ., ▁Nich ols , ▁P ., ▁Shaw , ▁P . W ., ▁Car val ho , ▁G . R ., ▁Robinson , ▁R . L . ▁& ▁Turner , ▁G . F . ▁( 2 0 0 8 ) ▁Gen etic ▁hom ogene ity ▁among ▁bre eding ▁grounds ▁and ▁nur ser y ▁areas ▁of ▁an ▁explo ited ▁Lake ▁Mal aw i ▁c ich l id ▁fish . ▁F resh water ▁Bi ology ▁ 5 3 , ▁ 1 8 2 3 - 1 |
8 3 1 . ▁ ▁Dup on ch elle , ▁F , ▁Parad is , ▁E ., ▁Rib b ink , ▁A . J . ▁& ▁Turner ▁G . F . ▁( 2 0 0 8 ) ▁Par allel ▁life ▁history ▁evolution ▁in ▁mouth bro oding ▁c ich l ids ▁from ▁the ▁African ▁Great ▁Lake . ▁Pro ceed ings ▁of ▁the ▁National ▁Academy ▁of ▁Sciences , ▁USA ▁ 1 0 5 , ▁ 1 5 4 7 5 - 1 5 4 8 0 ▁ ▁Dar wall ▁W RT , ▁All ison , ▁E H , ▁Turner ▁G F , ▁Ir v ine ▁K ▁( 2 0 1 0 ) ▁Lake ▁of ▁f lies , ▁or ▁lake ▁of ▁fish ? ▁A ▁tro ph ic ▁model ▁of ▁Lake ▁Mal aw i . ▁E colog ical ▁Mod elling ▁ 2 2 1 , ▁ 7 1 3 - 7 2 7 . ▁ ▁Gen ner , ▁M . J ., ▁Nich ols , ▁P ., ▁Shaw , ▁P . W ., ▁Car val ho , ▁G . R ., ▁Robinson , ▁R . L . ▁& ▁Turner , ▁G . F . ▁( 2 0 1 0 ) ▁Population ▁structure ▁on ▁bre eding ▁grounds ▁of ▁Lake ▁Mal aw i ' s ▁‘ tw il ight ▁zone ’ ▁c ich l id ▁fish es . ▁Journal ▁of ▁Bi oge ography ▁ 3 7 , ▁ 2 5 8 - 2 6 9 ▁ ▁http :// www . mal aw ic ich l ids . com ▁ |
▁Category : H ap lo chrom ini ▁Category : F ish ▁of ▁Africa ▁Category : C ich l id ▁gener a ▁Category : T ax a ▁named ▁by ▁Eth el w yn n ▁T rew avas <0x0A> </s> ▁Rudolf ▁R ued emann ▁( Oct ober ▁ 1 6 , ▁ 1 8 6 4 – J une ▁ 1 8 , ▁ 1 9 5 6 ) ▁was ▁a ▁German ▁American ▁pale ont ologist , ▁widely ▁known ▁as ▁an ▁expert ▁in ▁gra pt ol ites , ▁en ig m atic ▁foss il ▁animals . ▁He ▁worked ▁at ▁the ▁New ▁York ▁State ▁Museum ▁for ▁over ▁ 4 0 ▁years , ▁including ▁a ▁de cade ▁as ▁State ▁Pale ont ologist ▁of ▁New ▁York . ▁and ▁was ▁elected ▁to ▁the ▁U . S . ▁National ▁Academy ▁of ▁Sciences ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 8 . ▁Born ▁in ▁Georg ent hal , ▁Germany , ▁he ▁was ▁educated ▁in ▁Europe , ▁ear ning ▁a ▁Ph D ▁in ▁ 1 8 8 7 ▁from ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁J ena ▁( Ph . D ., ▁ 1 8 8 7 ), ▁and ▁a ▁second ▁doctor ate ▁in ▁ 1 8 8 9 ▁from ▁France ' s ▁University ▁of ▁Str as bourg ▁where ▁he ▁was ▁an ▁assistant ▁in ▁ge ology ▁from ▁ 1 8 8 7 ▁to ▁ 1 8 9 2 . ▁ ▁He ▁em igr ated ▁to ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁in ▁ 1 8 9 2 ▁and ▁taught ▁at ▁the ▁high ▁schools ▁of ▁Low ville ▁and ▁Dol ge ville |
, ▁New ▁York ▁for ▁several ▁years ▁before ▁joining ▁the ▁State ▁Museum ▁in ▁ 1 8 9 9 , ▁where ▁he ▁worked ▁for ▁the ▁remainder ▁of ▁his ▁career . ▁Although ▁his ▁primary ▁interests ▁were ▁in ▁gra pt ol ites ▁he ▁also ▁made ▁contributions ▁to ▁other ▁areas ▁of ▁in verte br ate ▁pale ont ology , ▁describing ▁new ▁species ▁of ▁foss il ▁cor als , ▁e ur yp ter ids ▁(" se a ▁sc orp ions "), ▁tr il ob ites , ▁and ▁ce phal op ods . ▁ ▁He ▁was ▁married ▁with ▁a ▁daughter ▁and ▁six ▁sons , ▁and ▁retired ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 7 . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁John ▁Rod gers ▁( 1 9 7 4 ). ▁Rudolf ▁R ued emann ▁ 1 8 6 4 — 1 9 5 6 . ▁▁ ▁Category : American ▁pale ont olog ists ▁Category : P ale oz o olog ists ▁Category : 1 8 6 4 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 9 5 6 ▁death s ▁Category : M embers ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁National ▁Academy ▁of ▁Sciences ▁Category : Univers ity ▁of ▁J ena ▁al umn i ▁Category : Univers ity ▁of ▁Str as bourg ▁al umn i ▁Category : G erman ▁em igr ants ▁to ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Category : 1 9 th - century ▁German ▁zo olog ists ▁Category : 1 9 th - century ▁American ▁zo olog ists ▁Category : 2 0 th - century ▁American ▁zo olog ists <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁ 1 9 1 2 ▁Atlantic ▁h urr |
icane ▁season ▁featured ▁the ▁first ▁recorded ▁major ▁h urr icane ▁– ▁Category 3 ▁or ▁higher ▁on ▁the ▁modern ▁day ▁S aff ir – Sim pson ▁scale ▁– ▁in ▁the ▁month ▁of ▁November . ▁There ▁were ▁eleven ▁tropical ▁cycl ones , ▁seven ▁of ▁which ▁became ▁tropical ▁storm s ; ▁four ▁of ▁those ▁strength ened ▁into ▁h urr ican es , ▁and ▁one ▁reached ▁major ▁h urr icane ▁intensity . ▁The ▁season ' s ▁first ▁cy clone ▁developed ▁on ▁April 4 , ▁while ▁the ▁final ▁diss ip ated ▁on ▁November 2 1 . ▁The ▁season ' s ▁most ▁inten se ▁and ▁most ▁dev ast ating ▁tropical ▁cy clone ▁was ▁the ▁final ▁storm , ▁known ▁as ▁the ▁J ama ica ▁h urr icane . ▁It ▁produced ▁heavy ▁ra inf all ▁on ▁J ama ica , ▁leading ▁to ▁at ▁least ▁ 1 0 0 f atal ities ▁and ▁about ▁$ 1 . 5 mill ion ▁( 1 9 1 2 US D ) ▁in ▁damage . ▁The ▁storm ▁was ▁also ▁bl amed ▁for ▁five ▁death s ▁in ▁Cuba . ▁ ▁Other ▁tropical ▁cycl ones ▁that ▁left ▁notable ▁impact ▁include ▁the ▁fourth ▁and ▁sixth ▁h urr ican es . ▁The ▁former ▁brought ▁rough ▁se as ▁and ▁storm ▁sur ge ▁to ▁port ions ▁of ▁the ▁G ulf ▁Coast ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁States , ▁leaving ▁locally ▁severe ▁damage , ▁particularly ▁in ▁Mobile , ▁Alabama , ▁and ▁P ens ac ola , ▁Florida , ▁total ing ▁about ▁$ 3 9 , 0 0 0 . |
▁One ▁fatal ity ▁occurred ▁after ▁a ▁bar ge ▁caps ized . ▁The ▁sixth ▁h urr icane ▁brought ▁rough ▁se as ▁and ▁heavy ▁precip itation ▁to ▁n ort he astern ▁Mexico ▁and ▁south ▁Texas , ▁with ▁flo oding ▁reported ▁in land . ▁The ▁storm ▁left ▁ 1 5 de ath s ▁and ▁about ▁$ 2 8 , 0 0 0 ▁in ▁damage . ▁Over all , ▁the ▁tropical ▁cycl ones ▁of ▁this ▁season ▁collect ively ▁caused ▁at ▁least ▁ 1 2 2 f atal ities ▁and ▁just ▁under ▁$ 1 . 6 mill ion ▁in ▁damage . ▁ ▁The ▁season ' s ▁activity ▁was ▁reflected ▁with ▁an ▁accum ulated ▁cy clone ▁energy ▁( ACE ) ▁rating ▁of ▁ 5 7 . ▁A CE ▁is , ▁broad ly ▁speaking , ▁a ▁measure ▁of ▁the ▁power ▁of ▁the ▁h urr icane ▁multip lied ▁by ▁the ▁length ▁of ▁time ▁it ▁existed , ▁so ▁storm s ▁that ▁last ▁a ▁long ▁time , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁particularly ▁strong ▁h urr ican es , ▁have ▁high ▁A CE s . ▁ ▁Systems ▁ ▁Trop ical ▁Storm ▁One ▁ ▁On ▁June 7 , ▁ships ▁in ▁the ▁G ulf ▁of ▁Mexico ▁reported ▁a ▁low ▁pressure ▁area ▁with ▁a ▁closed ▁circul ation ▁about ▁ ▁sout heast ▁of ▁Port ▁E ads , ▁Louisiana . ▁Initial ly , ▁the ▁storm ▁moved ▁slowly ▁sout heast ward , ▁before ▁turning ▁west - s outh west ward ▁late ▁on ▁June 8 . ▁Str ength ening ▁slightly , ▁the ▁cy clone ▁turned ▁to ▁the |
▁north west ▁by ▁June 1 1 . ▁Ar ound ▁ 1 2 : 0 0 UTC ▁on ▁the ▁following ▁day , ▁a ▁ship ▁observed ▁a ▁bar ometric ▁pressure ▁of ▁, ▁the ▁lowest ▁known ▁in ▁relation ▁to ▁the ▁storm . ▁Based ▁on ▁this , ▁maximum ▁sust ained ▁wind s ▁were ▁estimated ▁at ▁ 7 0 m ph ▁( 1 1 0 km / h ). ▁Early ▁on ▁June 1 3 , ▁the ▁storm ▁cur ved ▁n ortheast ward ▁and ▁made ▁land fall ▁near ▁Franklin , ▁Louisiana , ▁around ▁ 0 5 : 0 0 UTC . ▁The ▁system ▁slowly ▁weak ened ▁and ▁emer ged ▁into ▁the ▁Atlantic ▁Ocean ▁from ▁the ▁Out er ▁B anks ▁of ▁North ▁Carolina , ▁while ▁still ▁at ▁tropical ▁storm ▁intensity . ▁By ▁ 1 2 : 0 0 UTC ▁on ▁June 1 6 , ▁the ▁cy clone ▁weak ened ▁to ▁a ▁tropical ▁de pression . ▁About ▁ 2 4 h ours ▁later , ▁the ▁de pression ▁diss ip ated ▁about ▁ ▁north ▁of ▁B erm uda . ▁ ▁In ▁Louisiana , ▁heavy ▁ra inf all ▁resulted ▁in ▁some ▁flo oding ▁in ▁in land ▁areas . ▁P reci p itation ▁in ▁Georgia ▁and ▁South ▁Carolina ▁caused ▁rivers ▁to ▁approach ▁or ▁reach ▁flo od ▁stage , ▁necess it ating ▁a ▁flo od ▁stage ▁warning ▁at ▁Cher aw , ▁South ▁Carolina , ▁along ▁the ▁P ee ▁De e ▁River . ▁There , ▁the ▁P ee ▁De e ▁River ▁cr ested ▁at ▁, ▁about ▁ |
▁above ▁flo od ▁stage . ▁Some ▁locations ▁in ▁eastern ▁North ▁Carolina ▁reported ▁strong ▁wind s , ▁particularly ▁at ▁F ay ette ville , ▁where ▁there ▁was ▁a ▁" se vere ▁local ▁storm ". ▁ ▁Trop ical ▁Storm ▁Two ▁ ▁A ▁ship ▁initially ▁encountered ▁this ▁storm ▁about ▁ ▁north - n ortheast ▁of ▁San ▁Salvador ▁Island ▁in ▁the ▁Bah am as ▁on ▁July 1 2 . ▁The ▁storm ▁initially ▁moved ▁north west ward ▁and ▁strength ened ▁slowly . ▁Early ▁on ▁July 1 4 , ▁the ▁cy clone ▁turned ▁west - n orth west ward . ▁Later ▁that ▁day , ▁a ▁ship ▁recorded ▁a ▁bar ometric ▁pressure ▁of ▁, ▁which ▁was ▁the ▁lowest ▁pressure ▁in ▁relation ▁to ▁the ▁cy clone . ▁Ar ound ▁ 1 2 : 0 0 UTC ▁on ▁July 1 5 , ▁the ▁system ▁pe aked ▁with ▁maximum ▁sust ained ▁wind s ▁of ▁ 5 0 m ph ▁( 8 5 km / h ), ▁based ▁on ▁an ▁observation ▁from ▁Sav ann ah , ▁Georgia . ▁About ▁three ▁hours ▁later , ▁the ▁storm ▁made ▁land fall ▁near ▁Dar ien , ▁Georgia . ▁The ▁cy clone ▁slowly ▁weak ened ▁in land ▁and ▁fell ▁to ▁tropical ▁de pression ▁status ▁by ▁ 1 2 : 0 0 UTC ▁on ▁July 1 6 . ▁About ▁twenty ▁four ▁hours , ▁it ▁diss ip ated ▁over ▁Mississippi . ▁ ▁Prior ▁to ▁the ▁storm ' s ▁land fall , ▁n ortheast ▁storm ▁warnings ▁were ▁issued ▁from ▁Jackson ville , ▁Florida , |
▁to ▁Char l eston , ▁South ▁Carolina . ▁At ▁Ty be e ▁Island ▁in ▁Georgia , ▁strong ▁wind s ▁and ▁ab norm ally ▁high ▁t ides ▁were ▁reported . ▁In ▁Sav ann ah , ▁a ▁wind ▁speed ▁of ▁ ▁was ▁reported . ▁The ▁storm ▁resulted ▁in ▁minimal ▁damage . ▁ ▁Trop ical ▁Storm ▁Three ▁ ▁A ▁tropical ▁de pression ▁formed ▁about ▁ ▁east - s out heast ▁of ▁Ocean ▁City , ▁Maryland , ▁early ▁on ▁September 2 . ▁The ▁de pression ▁dr ift ed ▁south ward ▁and ▁reached ▁tropical ▁storm ▁intensity ▁later ▁that ▁day . ▁Based ▁on ▁observations ▁from ▁ships ▁on ▁September 3 , ▁the ▁cy clone ▁pe aked ▁with ▁maximum ▁sust ained ▁wind s ▁of ▁ 5 0 m ph ▁( 8 5 km / h ) ▁and ▁a ▁minimum ▁bar ometric ▁pressure ▁of ▁. ▁The ▁storm ▁then ▁began ▁moving ▁south west ward ▁at ▁a ▁faster ▁pace . ▁Late ▁on ▁September 5 , ▁the ▁cy clone ▁weak ened ▁to ▁a ▁tropical ▁de pression ▁and ▁cur ved ▁west - s outh west ward . ▁Short ly ▁after ▁ 0 6 : 0 0 UTC ▁on ▁September 6 , ▁the ▁system ▁made ▁land fall ▁near ▁Mid way , ▁Georgia , ▁with ▁wind s ▁of ▁ 3 5 m ph ▁( 5 5 km / h ). ▁About ▁ 1 2 h ours ▁later , ▁the ▁de pression ▁diss ip ated ▁over ▁south west ▁Georgia . ▁The ▁strong est ▁wind ▁speed ▁associated ▁with ▁the ▁storm |
▁was ▁ ▁in ▁Char l eston , ▁South ▁Carolina . ▁ ▁H urr icane ▁Four ▁ ▁A ▁tr ough ▁of ▁low ▁pressure ▁in ▁the ▁n ort he astern ▁G ulf ▁of ▁Mexico ▁developed ▁into ▁a ▁tropical ▁de pression ▁about ▁ 6 0 mi ▁( 1 0 0 km ) ▁west - s outh west ▁of ▁C ed ar ▁Key , ▁Florida , ▁on ▁September 1 0 . ▁Short ly ▁there after , ▁the ▁de pression ▁intens ified ▁into ▁a ▁tropical ▁storm . ▁Mov ing ▁generally ▁west ward , ▁the ▁storm ▁intens ified ▁into ▁a ▁Category 1 ▁h urr icane ▁on ▁the ▁modern ▁day ▁S aff ir – Sim pson ▁scale ▁early ▁on ▁September 1 2 . ▁The ▁cy clone ▁pe aked ▁with ▁maximum ▁sust ained ▁wind s ▁of ▁ 9 0 m ph ▁( 1 5 0 km / h ) ▁at ▁ 0 0 : 0 0 UTC ▁on ▁September 1 3 , ▁observed ▁by ▁a ▁ship . ▁Ar ound ▁this ▁time , ▁the ▁h urr icane ▁began ▁to ▁curve ▁north west ward . ▁While ▁approaching ▁the ▁G ulf ▁Coast ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁States , ▁the ▁system ▁weak ened . ▁At ▁ 0 8 : 0 0 UTC ▁on ▁September 1 4 , ▁the ▁h urr icane ▁made ▁land fall ▁near ▁P asc ag ou la , ▁Mississippi , ▁with ▁wind s ▁of ▁ 7 5 m ph ▁( 1 2 0 km / h ). ▁ ▁A ▁bar |
ometric ▁pressure ▁of ▁ ▁was ▁observed ▁at ▁land fall , ▁the ▁lowest ▁known ▁in ▁relation ▁to ▁the ▁cy clone . ▁The ▁system ▁quickly ▁weak ened ▁to ▁a ▁tropical ▁storm ▁just ▁four ▁hours ▁after ▁land fall . ▁Early ▁on ▁September 1 5 , ▁the ▁storm ▁weak ened ▁to ▁a ▁tropical ▁de pression ▁and ▁diss ip ated ▁over ▁Tennessee . ▁ ▁In ▁Florida , ▁the ▁prec ursor ▁to ▁the ▁h urr icane ▁brought ▁heavy ▁ra inf all ▁to ▁T ampa , ▁with ▁ ▁falling ▁there ▁between ▁September 7 ▁and ▁September 1 0 . ▁H undred s ▁of ▁homes ▁and ▁numerous ▁acres ▁of ▁agricult ural ▁lands ▁were ▁flo oded . ▁Through out ▁the ▁area , ▁many ▁streets ▁were ▁was hed ▁out , ▁dis rupt ing ▁street ▁car ▁service ▁and ▁comm uting . ▁In ▁P ens ac ola , ▁ab norm ally ▁high ▁t ides ▁caused ▁severe ▁damage . ▁Wh ar ves ▁and ▁small ▁buildings ▁used ▁for ▁storing ▁fish ing ▁equipment ▁was hed ▁away . ▁About ▁ 2 0 b arg es ▁were ▁be ached , ▁st rew ing ▁tim ber ▁across ▁the ▁beach . ▁Service ▁via ▁the ▁Louis ville ▁and ▁Nash ville ▁Rail road ▁was ▁briefly ▁interrupted ▁due ▁to ▁tim ber ▁on ▁a ▁rail road ▁bridge . ▁Wind ▁damage ▁was ▁relatively ▁minor . ▁A ▁dance ▁pav il ion ▁on ▁Santa ▁Rosa ▁Island ▁was ▁partially ▁der o of ed , ▁as ▁was ▁a ▁hotel . ▁Dam age ▁in ▁P ens ac ola ▁reached ▁approximately ▁$ 2 5 , 0 0 0 ▁( 1 |
9 1 2 US D ). ▁In ▁Alabama , ▁the ▁city ▁of ▁Mobile ▁in ▁particular ▁suffered ▁impact ▁from ▁the ▁storm . ▁Some ▁ships ▁and ▁vessels ▁caps ized ▁in ▁the ▁Mobile ▁Bay ▁and ▁Mobile ▁River , ▁including ▁a ▁$ 2 , 0 0 0 ▁bar ge , ▁d row ning ▁a ▁watch man . ▁W inds ▁destroyed ▁a ▁church , ▁though ▁wind ▁damage ▁was ▁otherwise ▁limited ▁to ▁down ed ▁street ▁signs ▁and ▁f ences . ▁Over all , ▁the ▁h urr icane ▁caused ▁$ 3 9 , 0 0 0 ▁in ▁damage . ▁ ▁H urr icane ▁Five ▁ ▁In ▁late ▁September , ▁a ▁cold ▁front ▁moved ▁into ▁the ▁G ulf ▁of ▁Mexico . ▁By ▁October 3 , ▁a ▁low ▁pressure ▁associated ▁with ▁the ▁front ▁developed . ▁Initial ly ▁extr at rop ical , ▁the ▁low ▁moved ▁east - n ortheast ward ▁and ▁crossed ▁Florida ▁on ▁October 4 . ▁After ▁entering ▁the ▁Atlantic ▁early ▁on ▁October 5 , ▁the ▁low ▁began ▁strength ening ▁and ▁soon ▁reached ▁the ▁equival ency ▁in ▁intensity ▁to ▁a ▁tropical ▁storm . ▁Ar ound ▁ 0 0 : 0 0 UTC ▁on ▁October 6 , ▁the ▁system ▁transition ed ▁into ▁a ▁tropical ▁cy clone ▁while ▁situated ▁about ▁ ▁sout heast ▁of ▁Cape ▁F ear ▁in ▁North ▁Carolina . ▁Al ready ▁a ▁strong ▁tropical ▁storm , ▁the ▁cy clone ▁intens ified ▁into ▁a ▁h urr icane ▁about ▁six ▁hours ▁later . ▁ ▁Late ▁on ▁October 6 , ▁a ▁vessel ▁observed ▁a ▁bar ometric ▁pressure |
▁of ▁, ▁the ▁lowest ▁in ▁relation ▁to ▁the ▁stop . ▁Based ▁on ▁this , ▁it ▁is ▁estimated ▁that ▁the ▁h urr icane ▁pe aked ▁with ▁maximum ▁sust ained ▁wind s ▁of ▁ 9 0 m ph ▁( 1 5 0 km / h ). ▁The ▁storm ▁then ▁began ▁to ▁execute ▁a ▁small ▁cycl onic ▁loop , ▁which ▁continued ▁until ▁early ▁on ▁October 8 . ▁By ▁then , ▁the ▁cy clone ▁was ▁moving ▁east ward ▁and ▁weak ened ▁to ▁a ▁tropical ▁storm ▁around ▁ 0 0 : 0 0 UTC ▁on ▁October 9 . ▁About ▁ 2 4 h ours ▁later , ▁the ▁system ▁weak ened ▁to ▁a ▁tropical ▁de pression . ▁At ▁ 1 8 : 0 0 UTC ▁on ▁October 1 0 , ▁the ▁de pression ▁diss ip ated ▁about ▁ ▁n ortheast ▁of ▁B erm uda . ▁ ▁Despite ▁remaining ▁well ▁off sh ore ▁during ▁its ▁tropical ▁cy clone ▁stage , ▁a ▁wind ▁speed ▁of ▁ ▁was ▁observed ▁at ▁Cape ▁H atter as , ▁North ▁Carolina . ▁ ▁H urr icane ▁Six ▁ ▁Observ ations ▁from ▁ships ▁first ▁indicated ▁the ▁presence ▁of ▁a ▁tropical ▁storm ▁to ▁the ▁sout heast ▁of ▁the ▁C ay man ▁Islands ▁on ▁October 1 1 . ▁Mov ing ▁west - n orth west ward , ▁the ▁storm ▁strength ened ▁stead ily , ▁reaching ▁wind s ▁of ▁ 7 0 m ph ▁( 1 1 0 km / h ) ▁before ▁making ▁land fall ▁near ▁Can c |
ún , ▁Quint ana ▁Ro o , ▁early ▁on ▁October 1 3 . ▁The ▁system ▁weak ened ▁slightly ▁over ▁land ▁and ▁while ▁situated ▁in ▁the ▁G ulf ▁of ▁Mexico ▁just ▁north ▁of ▁the ▁Y uc at án ▁Pen ins ula , ▁but ▁began ▁re - int ens ifying ▁later ▁that ▁day . ▁By ▁ 1 2 : 0 0 UTC ▁on ▁October 1 4 , ▁the ▁cy clone ▁deep ened ▁into ▁a ▁Category 1 ▁h urr icane ▁and ▁then ▁a ▁Category 2 ▁h urr icane ▁about ▁ 2 4 h ours ▁later . ▁The ▁h urr icane ▁made ▁land fall ▁on ▁central ▁P adre ▁Island ▁between ▁Cor pus ▁Christ i ▁and ▁Port ▁Mans field ▁in ▁Texas ▁late ▁on ▁October 1 6 ▁with ▁wind s ▁of ▁ 1 0 0 m ph ▁( 1 5 5 km / h ), ▁estimated ▁based ▁on ▁a ▁storm ▁sur ge ▁of ▁. ▁A ▁bar ometric ▁pressure ▁of ▁ ▁was ▁estimated ▁using ▁the ▁pressure - wind ▁relationship . ▁The ▁system ▁quickly ▁weak ened ▁to ▁a ▁tropical ▁storm ▁early ▁on ▁October 1 7 , ▁several ▁hours ▁before ▁weak ening ▁to ▁a ▁tropical ▁de pression . ▁The ▁storm ▁diss ip ated ▁early ▁on ▁October 1 8 . ▁ ▁Off sh ore ▁P adre ▁Island , ▁the ▁Mexican ▁stream er ▁SS ▁Nic ar agua ▁caps ized ▁with ▁a ▁crew ▁of ▁ 2 7 . ▁Th ir teen ▁people , ▁including ▁the ▁captain , ▁were ▁res cu ed ▁by ▁personnel ▁from |
▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Life - S aving ▁Service ▁station ▁in ▁Port ▁Ar ansas , ▁though ▁six ▁other ▁crew ▁members ▁were ▁lost . ▁Storm ▁sur ge ▁and ▁ab norm ally ▁high ▁t ides ▁resulted ▁in ▁severe ▁damage ▁along ▁the ▁coast . ▁Bra zos ▁and ▁P adre ▁islands ▁were ▁in und ated ▁for ▁several ▁hours , ▁with ▁several ▁buildings ▁being ▁swe pt ▁away . ▁Consider able ▁damage ▁also ▁occurred ▁in ▁due ▁to ▁strong ▁wind s ▁and ▁t ides ▁in ▁Brow ns ville ▁and ▁Port ▁Isabel . ▁At ▁the ▁former , ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁wind m ills , ▁trees , ▁and ▁poor ly ▁constructed ▁buildings ▁suffered ▁some ▁degree ▁of ▁damage . ▁Brow ns ville ▁and ▁Raymond ville ▁broke ▁daily ▁ra inf all ▁records , ▁with ▁ ▁and ▁ ▁observed ▁on ▁October 1 7 , ▁respectively . ▁Many ▁buildings ▁were ▁destroyed ▁and ▁several ▁boats ▁s unk ▁after ▁t ides ▁rose ▁ ▁in ▁less ▁than ▁ 4 h ours . ▁Fif teen ▁people ▁died ▁and ▁damage ▁reached ▁more ▁than ▁$ 2 8 , 0 0 0 ▁( 1 9 1 2 US D ). ▁ ▁H urr icane ▁Seven ▁ ▁The ▁J ama ica ▁H urr icane ▁of ▁ 1 9 1 2 ▁▁ ▁A ▁low ▁pressure ▁area ▁in ▁the ▁south western ▁Car ib bean ▁Sea ▁developed ▁into ▁a ▁tropical ▁storm ▁by ▁ 0 6 : 0 0 UTC ▁on ▁November 1 1 . ▁Initial ly , ▁the ▁storm ▁moved ▁slowly ▁north west ward , ▁before ▁eventually ▁cur ving ▁north - n ortheast |
ward . ▁Late ▁on ▁November 1 3 , ▁the ▁cy clone ▁intens ified ▁into ▁a ▁h urr icane , ▁based ▁on ▁a ▁ship ▁report . ▁S low ▁intens ification ▁took ▁place ▁after ▁classification ▁as ▁a ▁h urr icane , ▁though ▁after ▁rec ur ving ▁toward ▁n ortheast ward , ▁the ▁storm ▁began ▁to ▁quick en ▁in ▁strength ening . ▁Early ▁on ▁November 1 7 , ▁the ▁h urr icane ▁reached ▁its ▁maximum ▁sust ained ▁wind ▁speed ▁of ▁ 1 1 5 m ph ▁( 1 8 5 km / h ). ▁It ▁continued ▁north - n ortheast ward ▁and ▁made ▁land fall ▁near ▁Neg ril , ▁J ama ica , ▁around ▁ 1 2 : 0 0 UTC . ▁At ▁South ▁Neg ril ▁Point , ▁a ▁bar ometric ▁pressure ▁of ▁ ▁was ▁observed , ▁the ▁lowest ▁known ▁in ▁relation ▁to ▁the ▁storm . ▁The ▁storm ▁weak ened ▁after ▁land fall ▁and ▁the ▁tr end ▁continued ▁after ▁re entry ▁into ▁the ▁Car ib bean ▁Sea . ▁On ▁November 2 0 , ▁the ▁h urr icane ▁weak ened ▁to ▁a ▁tropical ▁storm ▁north ▁of ▁J ama ica . ▁The ▁system ▁then ▁west ward ▁across ▁the ▁Car ib bean , ▁before ▁diss ip ating ▁on ▁November 2 2 ▁about ▁ ▁south west ▁of ▁Grand ▁C ay man . ▁ ▁He avy ▁ra inf all ▁was ▁reported ▁in ▁J ama ica . ▁Several ▁brid ges ▁were ▁sever ely ▁dam aged ▁in ▁the ▁northern ▁and ▁eastern ▁port ions ▁of ▁the ▁island |
. ▁Str ong ▁wind s ▁generated ▁by ▁the ▁storm ▁destroyed ▁approximately ▁ 2 5 % ▁of ▁ban ana ▁trees , ▁while ▁te legraph ▁lines ▁were ▁down ed ▁in ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁places . ▁Railway ▁lines ▁were ▁also ▁heavily ▁dam aged ▁by ▁the ▁wind s ▁and ▁rain . ▁R ough ▁se as ▁also ▁l ashed ▁the ▁island , ▁with ▁Sav anna - la - Mar ▁suffering ▁near ▁complete ▁destruction ▁and ▁ 4 2 de ath s ▁in ▁that ▁city ▁alone . ▁Ac ross ▁western ▁J ama ica , ▁roughly ▁a ▁hundred ▁homes ▁were ▁destroyed , ▁while ▁ 5 , 0 0 0 build ings ▁were ▁dam aged ▁or ▁demol ished . ▁About ▁ 1 0 0 f atal ities ▁and ▁$ 1 . 5 mill ion ▁in ▁damage ▁occurred ▁in ▁J ama ica . ▁Ext ensive ▁flo oding ▁and ▁five ▁fatal ities ▁occurred ▁in ▁Cuba ▁in ▁the ▁Gu ant án amo ▁Bay ▁area . ▁ ▁Other ▁systems ▁In ▁addition ▁to ▁the ▁seven ▁tropical ▁storm s , ▁four ▁tropical ▁de press ions ▁developed ▁and ▁remained ▁below ▁tropical ▁storm ▁intensity . ▁The ▁first ▁formed ▁from ▁an ▁extr at rop ical ▁cy clone ▁well ▁to ▁the ▁south west ▁of ▁the ▁Az ores ▁on ▁April 4 . ▁The ▁de pression ▁moved ▁south west ward ▁until ▁being ▁by ▁a ▁front al ▁boundary ▁on ▁April 6 . ▁By ▁September 2 5 , ▁another ▁tropical ▁de pression ▁developed ▁from ▁a ▁formerly ▁extr at rop ical ▁cy clone ▁about ▁half way ▁between ▁B erm uda |
▁and ▁the ▁Az ores . ▁However , ▁on ▁September 2 7 , ▁the ▁de pression ▁lost ▁tropical ▁characteristics ▁again . ▁The ▁next ▁tropical ▁de pression ▁formed ▁on ▁October 1 7 ▁to ▁the ▁sout heast ▁of ▁B erm uda . ▁Mov ing ▁generally ▁north west ward , ▁the ▁de pression ▁transition ed ▁into ▁an ▁extr at rop ical ▁cy clone ▁by ▁October 2 1 . ▁The ▁final ▁non - develop ing ▁de pression ▁formed ▁from ▁an ▁extr at rop ical ▁cy clone ▁to ▁the ▁west ▁of ▁the ▁Can ary ▁Islands ▁on ▁November 7 . ▁The ▁de pression ▁track ed ▁generally ▁west ward ▁before ▁being ▁absor bed ▁by ▁a ▁front al ▁system ▁on ▁November 1 1 . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁List ▁of ▁tropical ▁cycl ones ▁Atlantic ▁h urr icane ▁season ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Month ly ▁We ather ▁Review ▁▁▁ ▁Category : Art icles ▁which ▁contain ▁graph ical ▁tim elines ▁Category : 1 9 1 2 ▁meteor ology ▁Category : 1 9 1 2 ▁natural ▁dis aster s <0x0A> </s> ▁T usta ▁Me đ ▁() ▁is ▁a ▁village ▁in ▁the ▁municipality ▁of ▁Vi š eg rad , ▁Bos nia ▁and ▁Herz egov ina . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : Pop ulated ▁places ▁in ▁Vi š eg rad <0x0A> </s> ▁Leon ardo ▁And rés ▁Med ina ▁G uti ér rez ▁( born ▁ 3 0 ▁May ▁ 1 9 7 7 ) ▁is ▁a ▁Uruguay an ▁footballer ▁that ▁currently ▁plays ▁for ▁Uruguay an ▁Segunda ▁División ▁side ▁R amp |
la ▁Juni ors ▁as ▁stri ker . ▁ ▁Med ina ▁has ▁played ▁for ▁clubs ▁in ▁his ▁hom eland ▁of ▁Uruguay , ▁Colombia , ▁Mexico ▁and ▁Chile , ▁where ▁he ▁enjoyed ▁success ▁with ▁Aud ax ▁Ital iano . ▁He ▁also ▁played ▁in ▁the ▁Argent ine ▁Primera ▁for ▁Hur ac án . ▁ ▁Med ina ▁has ▁participated ▁in ▁international ▁club ▁tournament s , ▁Copa ▁Libert adores ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁and ▁Copa ▁Sud amer icana ▁ 2 0 0 7 , ▁where ▁he ▁made ▁ 8 ▁appearances ▁and ▁scored ▁ 2 ▁goals , ▁both ▁with ▁Aud ax ▁Ital iano . ▁ ▁Club ▁career ▁ ▁Ori ente ▁Pet ro ler o ▁In ▁July ▁ 2 0 0 9 , ▁he ▁joined ▁Boliv ian ▁side ▁Ori ente ▁Pet ro ler o . ▁On ▁August ▁ 2 4 , ▁ 2 0 0 9 , ▁he ▁got ▁sent ▁off ▁together ▁with ▁Blo oming ▁def ender ▁Ser gio ▁J á ure gui , ▁after ▁a ▁cl ash . ▁While ▁leaving ▁the ▁field , ▁J á ure gui ▁performed ▁a ▁running ▁kick ▁to ▁Med ina ' s ▁face , ▁knock ing ▁him ▁un cons cious . ▁After ▁a ▁short ▁spell ▁with ▁Ori ente , ▁he ▁moved ▁to ▁Per uv ian ▁club ▁C ien ci ano . ▁ ▁C ien ci ano ▁After ▁a ▁short ▁spell ▁with ▁Ori ente , ▁he ▁moved ▁to ▁Peru ▁and ▁joined ▁C ien ci ano ▁during ▁January ▁ 2 0 1 0 . ▁but ▁left ▁the ▁club ▁in ▁July ▁due ▁to ▁lack ▁of ▁playing ▁time |
. ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁Category : 1 9 7 7 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : S ports people ▁from ▁Monte video ▁Category : U ruguay an ▁football ers ▁Category : U ruguay an ▁exp atri ate ▁football ers ▁Category : U ruguay an ▁Primera ▁División ▁players ▁Category : Ar gent ine ▁Primera ▁División ▁players ▁Category : C ategor ía ▁Primera ▁A ▁players ▁Category : L iga ▁M X ▁players ▁Category : C . A . ▁R ent istas ▁players ▁Category : L iver pool ▁F . C . ▁( Mon te video ) ▁players ▁Category : A ud ax ▁Ital iano ▁football ers ▁Category : C . A . ▁Cer ro ▁players ▁Category : S ud ▁América ▁players ▁Category : R amp la ▁Juni ors ▁players ▁Category : Ch ia pas ▁F . C . ▁football ers ▁Category : De port ivo ▁Pere ira ▁football ers ▁Category : Cl ub ▁Atl ético ▁Hur ac án ▁football ers ▁Category : Ori ente ▁Pet ro ler o ▁players ▁Category : Ex pat ri ate ▁football ers ▁in ▁Chile ▁Category : Ex pat ri ate ▁football ers ▁in ▁Colombia ▁Category : Ex pat ri ate ▁football ers ▁in ▁Boliv ia ▁Category : U ruguay an ▁exp atri ate ▁sports people ▁in ▁Boliv ia ▁Category : Ex pat ri ate ▁football ers ▁in ▁Argentina ▁Category : U ruguay an ▁exp atri ate ▁sports people ▁in ▁Colombia ▁Category : Ex pat ri ate ▁football ers ▁in ▁Mexico ▁Category : Associ ation |
▁football ▁for wards <0x0A> </s> ▁Kat im ass ou ▁is ▁a ▁village ▁in ▁eastern ▁I v ory ▁Coast . ▁It ▁is ▁in ▁the ▁sub - p ref ect ure ▁of ▁E tt rok ro , ▁Da ou k ro ▁Department , ▁I ff ou ▁Region , ▁L acs ▁District . ▁Four ▁kilometres ▁east ▁of ▁the ▁village ▁is ▁the ▁tri point ▁of ▁L acs , ▁Z anz an , ▁and ▁Como é ▁District s . ▁ ▁Kat im ass ou ▁was ▁a ▁commune ▁until ▁March ▁ 2 0 1 2 , ▁when ▁it ▁became ▁one ▁of ▁ 1 1 2 6 ▁communes ▁nation wide ▁that ▁were ▁abol ished . ▁ ▁Notes ▁ ▁Category : Form er ▁communes ▁of ▁I v ory ▁Coast ▁Category : Pop ulated ▁places ▁in ▁L acs ▁District ▁Category : Pop ulated ▁places ▁in ▁I ff ou <0x0A> </s> ▁L ega ▁may ▁refer ▁to : ▁ ▁Geography ▁ ▁L ega ▁( river ) ▁in ▁Poland ▁▁ ▁L ega , ▁Iran , ▁a ▁village ▁in ▁Maz and aran ▁Province ▁ ▁L ega , ▁W arm ian - M as ur ian ▁Vo iv odes hip , ▁town ▁in ▁north ▁Poland ▁ ▁L ega , ▁an ▁earlier ▁name ▁for ▁Street , ▁Som erset , ▁a ▁village ▁in ▁England ▁ ▁People ▁ ▁L ega ▁( s urname ), ▁mainly ▁Italian ▁family ▁name ▁ ▁L ega ▁people , ▁an ▁eth nic ▁group ▁in ▁the ▁Congo ▁▁ ▁L ega ▁language , ▁the ▁language ▁of ▁the ▁L ega ▁people ▁ ▁Other ▁ ▁L ega ▁Nord , ▁political |
▁party ▁in ▁Italy ▁ ▁L ega ▁dei ▁T ic ines i , ▁political ▁party ▁in ▁T ic ino , ▁Switzerland ▁ ▁La ▁L ega ▁( co oper ative ) ▁or ▁La ▁L ega ▁Nazionale , ▁an ▁Italian ▁co - oper ative ▁association ▁founded ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 th ▁century ▁on ▁ir red ent ist ▁ide als ▁ ▁" La ▁L ega " ▁( song ), ▁Italian ▁workers ' ▁song ▁ ▁La ▁leg a , ▁ 1 8 7 6 ▁opera ▁by ▁Giovanni ▁Jos se <0x0A> </s> ▁Ne uro blast ▁different iation - associ ated ▁protein ▁A H NA K , ▁also ▁known ▁as ▁des mo y ok in , ▁is ▁a ▁protein ▁that ▁in ▁humans ▁is ▁encoded ▁by ▁the ▁A H NA K ▁gene . ▁A H NA K ▁was ▁originally ▁identified ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 9 ▁( in ▁b ov ine ▁m uzz le ▁e pid erm al ▁cells ) ▁and ▁named ▁des mo y ok in ▁due ▁to ▁its ▁local ization ▁pattern ▁( that ▁res emble d ▁a ▁y oke ) ▁in ▁the ▁des mos om al ▁pla que . ▁A H NA K ▁has ▁been ▁shown ▁to ▁be ▁essential ▁for ▁pseud op od ▁pro tr usion ▁and ▁cell ▁migration . ▁ ▁Inter actions ▁▁ ▁A H NA K ▁has ▁been ▁shown ▁to ▁interact ▁with ▁S 1 0 0 B . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Further ▁reading ▁ ▁External ▁links <0x0A> </s> ▁Q ale h - ye ▁Sh ir ▁Khan ▁( , ▁also ▁Roman ized ▁as ▁Q al ‘ eh |
- ye ▁Sh ī r ▁Kh ā n ▁and ▁Q al ‘ eh ▁Sh ī r ▁Kh ā n ) ▁is ▁a ▁village ▁in ▁Q are h ▁Ch ay ▁R ural ▁District , ▁in ▁the ▁Central ▁District ▁of ▁Save h ▁County , ▁Mark azi ▁Province , ▁Iran . ▁At ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁census , ▁its ▁population ▁was ▁ 4 3 8 , ▁in ▁ 8 5 ▁families . ▁ ▁References ▁▁ ▁Category : Pop ulated ▁places ▁in ▁Save h ▁County <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁ 1 9 8 8 ▁Tour ▁of ▁the ▁Bas que ▁Country ▁was ▁the ▁ 2 8 th ▁edition ▁of ▁the ▁Tour ▁of ▁the ▁Bas que ▁Country ▁cycle ▁race ▁and ▁was ▁held ▁from ▁ 4 ▁April ▁to ▁ 8 ▁April ▁ 1 9 8 8 . ▁The ▁race ▁started ▁in ▁Be as ain ▁and ▁finished ▁in ▁Ot za ur te . ▁The ▁race ▁was ▁won ▁by ▁Erik ▁Bre uk ink ▁of ▁the ▁Pan ason ic ▁team . ▁ ▁General ▁classification ▁ ▁References ▁▁ 1 9 8 8 ▁Bas <0x0A> </s> ▁Pol yg oni odes ▁is ▁a ▁genus ▁of ▁moth s ▁of ▁the ▁family ▁No ctu idae . ▁ ▁References ▁Natural ▁History ▁Museum ▁Le pid optera ▁genus ▁database ▁ ▁Category : Cal p inae <0x0A> </s> ▁W F LO - FM ▁is ▁a ▁Full ▁Service ▁formatted ▁broadcast ▁radio ▁station ▁lic ensed ▁to ▁Farm ville , ▁Virginia , ▁serving ▁South side ▁Virginia . ▁ ▁W F LO - FM ▁is ▁owned ▁and ▁operated ▁by ▁Col onial ▁Broadcast ing ▁Company , |
▁Inc . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁W F LO ▁ 9 5 . 7 FM ▁Online ▁▁▁ ▁Category : 1 9 6 1 ▁establish ments ▁in ▁Virginia ▁Category : Full ▁service ▁radio ▁stations ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Category : Radio ▁stations ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 1 ▁F LO - FM <0x0A> </s> ▁Par och rom ol op is ▁flor id ana ▁is ▁a ▁moth ▁in ▁the ▁family ▁E per men i idae . ▁It ▁was ▁described ▁by ▁Rein hard ▁Ga ed ike ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 7 . ▁It ▁is ▁found ▁in ▁North ▁America , ▁where ▁it ▁has ▁been ▁recorded ▁from ▁Florida . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : M oth s ▁described ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 7 ▁Category : E per men i idae ▁Category : M oth s ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁States <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Court ▁of ▁the ▁Council ▁in ▁the ▁Domin ion ▁and ▁Princi p ality ▁of ▁Wales , ▁and ▁the ▁March es ▁of ▁the ▁same , ▁commonly ▁called ▁the ▁Council ▁of ▁Wales ▁and ▁the ▁March es ▁() ▁was ▁a ▁regional ▁administrative ▁body ▁based ▁in ▁Lud low ▁Castle ▁within ▁the ▁Kingdom ▁of ▁England ▁between ▁the ▁ 1 5 th ▁and ▁ 1 7 th ▁centuries , ▁similar ▁to ▁the ▁Council ▁of ▁the ▁North . ▁Its ▁area ▁of ▁responsibility ▁varied ▁but ▁generally ▁covered ▁all ▁of ▁modern ▁Wales ▁and ▁the ▁Wel sh ▁March es ▁( Wel sh ▁Lost ▁Land s ) ▁of ▁Sh ro pshire , ▁Here ford shire , ▁Wor c esters hire , ▁Ch esh |
ire ▁and ▁Gl ouc esters hire / B rist ol . ▁ ▁History ▁▁ 1 5 th ▁century ▁The ▁Council ▁was ▁initially ▁responsible ▁for ▁gover ning ▁the ▁lands ▁held ▁under ▁the ▁Princi p ality ▁of ▁Wales , ▁the ▁lands ▁directly ▁admin ister ed ▁by ▁the ▁English ▁crown ▁following ▁the ▁Edward ian ▁con quest ▁of ▁Wales ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 3 th ▁century . ▁It ▁was ▁first ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 4 7 2 ▁by ▁Edward ▁IV ▁of ▁England ▁as ▁a ▁body ▁to ▁coun sel ▁and ▁act ▁on ▁beh alf ▁of ▁his ▁son , ▁the ▁infant ▁Edward , ▁Prince ▁of ▁Wales . ▁King ▁Edward ▁had ▁recently ▁been ▁restored ▁to ▁the ▁mon archy ▁during ▁the ▁Wars ▁of ▁the ▁Ros es , ▁and ▁he ▁and ▁his ▁al lies ▁controlled ▁most ▁of ▁the ▁march er ▁lord ships ▁within ▁and ▁ad jo ining ▁Wales . ▁He ▁established ▁his ▁son ▁at ▁Lud low ▁Castle , ▁and ▁appointed ▁his ▁al lies ▁from ▁the ▁Wood ville ▁and ▁Stanley ▁families ▁as ▁leading ▁figures ▁in ▁the ▁Council . ▁▁ 1 6 th ▁century ▁The ▁Council ▁continued ▁after ▁the ▁death ▁of ▁Edward ▁IV ▁and ▁the ▁disapp earance ▁of ▁his ▁son . ▁Under ▁Henry ▁VII , ▁the ▁Council ▁was ▁responsible ▁for ▁acting ▁on ▁beh alf ▁of ▁his ▁sons ▁as ▁success ive ▁Prin ces ▁of ▁Wales , ▁first ▁Arthur ▁and ▁then ▁Henry . ▁ ▁The ▁second ▁La ws ▁in ▁Wales ▁Act ▁of ▁ 1 5 4 2 ▁gave ▁the ▁Council ▁stat ut ory ▁recognition ; ▁it ▁had ▁previously ▁been ▁based ▁sole ly ▁upon ▁the ▁king ' |
s ▁pr er og ative . ▁The ▁full ▁Council ▁was ▁composed ▁of ▁the ▁Lord ▁President ▁and ▁his ▁deput y , ▁with ▁twenty ▁members ▁nominated ▁by ▁the ▁king ; ▁these ▁included ▁members ▁of ▁the ▁royal ▁household , ▁some ▁of ▁the ▁b ish ops ▁of ▁Wales , ▁and ▁the ▁just ices ▁of ▁the ▁Court ▁of ▁Great ▁S essions . ▁It ▁continued ▁to ▁sit ▁at ▁Lud low , ▁and ▁had ▁respons ib ilities ▁for ▁the ▁whole ▁of ▁Wales ▁together ▁with ▁the ▁Wel sh ▁March es . ▁These ▁were ▁initially ▁de emed ▁to ▁compr ise ▁Ch esh ire , ▁Sh ro pshire , ▁Here ford shire , ▁Wor c esters hire ▁and ▁Gl ouc esters hire ; ▁the ▁City ▁of ▁Br istol ▁was ▁ex empt ed ▁in ▁ 1 5 6 2 , ▁and ▁Ch esh ire ▁in ▁ 1 5 6 9 . ▁Wor c esters hire ▁un success fully ▁attempted ▁to ▁free ▁itself ▁in ▁ 1 5 7 6 , ▁and ▁the ▁Council ' s ▁authority ▁over ▁the ▁English ▁count ies ▁was ▁relax ed ▁in ▁ 1 6 0 6 ▁but ▁restored ▁by ▁royal ▁dec ree ▁in ▁ 1 6 0 9 . ▁ ▁The ▁legisl ation ▁which ▁gave ▁stat ut ory ▁recognition ▁to ▁the ▁Council ▁did ▁not ▁specify ▁its ▁role , ▁but ▁declared ▁that ▁the ▁President ▁and ▁Council ▁should ▁have ▁power ▁to ▁hear ▁and ▁determine ▁" such ▁C aus es ▁and ▁Mat ters ▁as ▁be ▁or ▁her et of ore ▁hath ▁been ▁acc ustom ed ▁and ▁used ". ▁However , ▁its ▁functions ▁were ▁interpreted |
▁widely . ▁It ▁was ▁to ▁hear ▁all ▁su its , ▁civil ▁and ▁criminal , ▁which ▁were ▁brought ▁by ▁individuals ▁too ▁poor ▁to ▁sue ▁at ▁common ▁law ; ▁it ▁was ▁to ▁try ▁all ▁cases ▁of ▁murder , ▁fel ony , ▁pi racy , ▁w reck ing , ▁and ▁such ▁cr imes ▁as ▁were ▁likely ▁to ▁disturb ▁the ▁peace ; ▁it ▁was ▁to ▁investigate ▁charges ▁of ▁mis g overn ment ▁by ▁officials ▁and ▁the ▁false ▁ver dict s ▁of ▁jur ies ; ▁it ▁was ▁to ▁en force ▁the ▁laws ▁against ▁li very ▁and ▁maintenance , ▁to ▁pun ish ▁rum our ▁m ong ers ▁and ▁ad ul ter ers , ▁and ▁to ▁deal ▁with ▁disput es ▁concerning ▁en clos ures , ▁ville in ▁service , ▁and ▁man orial ▁questions ; ▁it ▁heard ▁appe als ▁from ▁the ▁common ▁law ▁courts ; ▁and ▁it ▁was ▁responsible ▁for ▁admin ister ing ▁the ▁legisl ation ▁dealing ▁with ▁religion . ▁A ▁leading ▁figure ▁was ▁Sir ▁Henry ▁Sid ney , ▁President ▁of ▁the ▁Council ▁from ▁ 1 5 6 0 ▁to ▁ 1 5 8 6 . ▁According ▁to ▁historian ▁John ▁Dav ies , ▁at ▁its ▁peak ▁under ▁Sid ney ▁and ▁for ▁a ▁period ▁there after ▁the ▁Council ▁" re present ed ▁a ▁remarkable ▁experiment ▁in ▁regional ▁government . ▁It ▁admin ister ed ▁the ▁law ▁cheap ly ▁and ▁rapidly ; ▁it ▁de alt ▁with ▁up ▁to ▁twenty ▁cases ▁a ▁day ▁and ▁George ▁O wen ▁stated ▁that ▁the ▁' opp ress ed ▁poor ' ▁f locked ▁to ▁it ." ▁▁ 1 7 th |
▁century ▁The ▁Council ▁was ▁abol ished ▁on ▁ 2 5 ▁July ▁ 1 6 8 9 , ▁following ▁the ▁G lor ious ▁Revolution ▁of ▁ 1 6 8 8 ▁which ▁over th rew ▁James ▁II ▁and ▁established ▁William ▁III ▁( Will iam ▁of ▁Orange ) ▁and ▁Mary ▁II ▁as ▁joint ▁monarch s . ▁According ▁to ▁Dav ies , ▁" when ▁the ▁Council ▁at ▁Lud low ▁was ▁abol ished ... ▁there ▁was ▁very ▁little ▁protest ▁in ▁Wales . ▁Instead , ▁the ▁Wel sh ▁gent ry ▁emb rac ed ▁London ". ▁Its ▁abol ition ▁ultimately ▁led ▁to ▁Lud low ▁Castle ' s ▁der el iction . ▁ ▁Pres idents ▁of ▁the ▁Council ▁The ▁following ▁served ▁as ▁Pres idents ▁of ▁the ▁Council : ▁▁ 1 4 7 3 – 1 5 0 0 : ▁Bishop ▁John ▁Al cock ▁ ▁c . 1 5 0 1 – 1 5 1 2 : ▁Bishop ▁William ▁S my th ▁▁ 1 5 1 2 – 1 5 2 5 : ▁Bishop ▁Geoff rey ▁B ly th ▁▁ 1 5 2 5 – 1 5 3 4 : ▁Bishop ▁John ▁V ese y ▁▁ 1 5 3 4 – 1 5 4 3 : ▁Bishop ▁Row land ▁Lee ▁▁ 1 5 4 3 – 1 5 4 9 : ▁Bishop ▁Richard ▁Sam pson ▁▁ 1 5 4 9 – 1 5 5 0 : ▁John ▁D ud ley , ▁Earl ▁of ▁War wick ▁▁ 1 5 5 0 – 1 5 5 3 : ▁William ▁Herbert , ▁ 1 st |
▁Earl ▁of ▁P embro ke ▁▁ 1 5 5 3 – 1 5 5 5 : ▁Bishop ▁Nicholas ▁He ath ▁▁ 1 5 5 5 – 1 5 5 8 : ▁William ▁Herbert , ▁ 1 st ▁Earl ▁of ▁P embro ke ▁▁ 1 5 5 8 – 1 5 5 9 : ▁Bishop ▁Gilbert ▁Bour ne ▁▁ 1 5 5 9 : ▁John ▁Williams , ▁ 1 st ▁Baron ▁Williams ▁de ▁Th ame ▁▁ 1 5 6 0 – 1 5 8 6 : ▁Sir ▁Henry ▁Sid ney ▁▁ 1 5 8 6 – 1 6 0 1 : ▁Henry ▁Herbert , ▁ 2 nd ▁Earl ▁of ▁P embro ke ▁▁ 1 6 0 1 ▁( act ing ? ): ▁Sir ▁Richard ▁Lew kn or ▁▁ 1 6 0 2 – 1 6 0 7 : ▁Edward ▁la ▁Z ou che , ▁ 1 1 th ▁Baron ▁Z ou che ▁▁ 1 6 0 7 – 1 6 1 6 : ▁Ralph ▁E ure , ▁ 3 rd ▁Baron ▁E ure ▁▁ 1 6 1 6 – 1 6 1 7 : ▁Thomas ▁Ger ard , ▁ 1 st ▁Baron ▁Ger ard ▁▁ 1 6 1 7 – 1 6 3 0 : ▁William ▁Com pton , ▁ 1 st ▁Earl ▁of ▁North am pton ▁▁ 1 6 3 1 – 1 6 4 2 : ▁John ▁Eg erton , ▁ 1 st ▁Earl ▁of ▁Bridge water ▁ 1 6 6 0 – 1 6 7 2 : ▁Richard ▁V aug han |
, ▁ 2 nd ▁Earl ▁of ▁Car ber y ▁▁ 1 6 7 2 – 1 6 8 9 : ▁Henry ▁Som erset , ▁ 1 st ▁Duke ▁of ▁Beau fort ▁▁ 1 6 8 9 : ▁Charles ▁Ger ard , ▁ 1 st ▁Earl ▁of ▁Mac cles field ▁ ▁Vice - Pres idents ▁of ▁the ▁Council ▁The ▁following ▁served ▁as ▁Vice - Pres idents ▁of ▁the ▁Council : ▁ 1 5 5 0 – 1 5 5 1 : ▁Sir ▁James ▁Cro ft ▁▁ 1 5 5 9 : ▁Hugh ▁P au let ▁ 1 5 6 2 – 1 5 7 6 : ▁Sir ▁William ▁Ger ard ▁▁ 1 5 6 5 – 1 5 6 9 : ▁John ▁Th rock m orton ▁ 1 5 6 9 – 1 5 7 1 : ▁Sir ▁Hugh ▁Ch ol mon de ley ▁ 1 5 7 5 – 1 5 7 7 : ▁Andrew ▁Cor bet ▁▁ 1 5 7 7 – 1 5 8 0 : ▁Bishop ▁John ▁Whit g ift ▁ 1 6 0 5 – ?: ▁Ger v ase ▁Bab ington ▁▁ ▁In ▁addition , ▁from ▁ 1 5 4 2 ▁the ▁Justice ▁of ▁Ch ester ▁( from ▁ 1 5 7 8 ▁the ▁Chief ▁Justice ▁of ▁Ch ester ) ▁often ▁acted ▁as ▁a ▁de ▁fact o ▁Vice - Pres ident ▁of ▁the ▁Council , ▁without ▁formally ▁holding ▁the ▁title . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁Council ▁of ▁the ▁North ▁Council ▁of ▁the ▁West ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Bibli ography ▁ ▁Category |
: Pol it ics ▁of ▁Wales ▁Category : G overn ment ▁of ▁Wales ▁Category : 1 6 8 9 ▁dis est ab lish ments ▁Category : History ▁of ▁Ch esh ire ▁Category : History ▁of ▁Here ford shire ▁Category : History ▁of ▁Mon mouth shire ▁Category : History ▁of ▁Sh ro pshire ▁Category : History ▁of ▁Wor c esters hire ▁Category : Med ieval ▁Wales ▁Category : 1 4 7 2 ▁establish ments ▁in ▁England ▁Category : St u art ▁England ▁Category : T ud or ▁England ▁Category : History ▁of ▁Lud low ▁Category : Leg al ▁history ▁of ▁Wales <0x0A> </s> ▁Mar qu ess ▁of ▁Car is bro oke ▁was ▁a ▁title ▁in ▁the ▁Pe er age ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁Kingdom . ▁It ▁was ▁created ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 7 ▁for ▁Prince ▁Alexander ▁of ▁B atten berg , ▁el dest ▁son ▁of ▁Princess ▁Be atrice ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁Kingdom ▁( you ng est ▁daughter ▁of ▁Queen ▁Victoria ) ▁and ▁Prince ▁Henry ▁of ▁B atten berg . ▁He ▁was ▁made ▁Vis count ▁La unc eston , ▁in ▁the ▁County ▁of ▁Corn wall , ▁and ▁Earl ▁of ▁Ber k ham sted ▁at ▁the ▁same ▁time , ▁also ▁in ▁the ▁Pe er age ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁Kingdom . ▁Al ong ▁with ▁other ▁German - s urn amed ▁relations ▁of ▁the ▁British ▁Royal ▁family , ▁Alexander ▁also ▁changed ▁his ▁surname ▁at ▁this ▁time , ▁to ▁Mount b atten . ▁The ▁titles ▁became ▁ext inct ▁upon ▁Lord ▁Car is bro oke ' s ▁death ▁in ▁ |
1 9 6 0 , ▁as ▁he ▁had ▁no ▁sons . ▁ ▁Car is bro oke ▁Castle ▁was ▁the ▁residence ▁of ▁Prince ▁Henry ▁and ▁Princess ▁Be atrice ▁as ▁Governor ▁of ▁the ▁Is le ▁of ▁W ight . ▁The ▁title ▁of ▁Mar qu ess ▁of ▁Ber kh amp st ead ▁had ▁previously ▁been ▁con ferred ▁with ▁the ▁D uk edom ▁of ▁C umber land ▁on ▁Prince ▁William ▁August us , ▁son ▁of ▁King ▁George ▁II , ▁in ▁ 1 7 2 6 . ▁The ▁title ▁of ▁Vis count ▁La unc eston ▁had ▁previously ▁been ▁con ferred ▁with ▁the ▁D uk edom ▁of ▁Edinburgh ▁on ▁Prince ▁Frederick ▁Louis , ▁later ▁Prince ▁of ▁Wales , ▁also ▁in ▁ 1 7 2 6 . ▁ ▁Mar qu ess ▁of ▁Car is bro oke ▁( 1 9 1 7 ) ▁Alexander ▁Albert ▁Mount b atten , ▁ 1 st ▁Mar qu ess ▁of ▁Car is bro oke ▁( 1 8 8 6 – 1 9 6 0 ) ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : Ext inct ▁marqu ess ates ▁in ▁the ▁Pe er age ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁Kingdom ▁Category : Mount b atten ▁family ▁Category : 1 9 1 7 ▁establish ments ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁Kingdom ▁Category : No ble ▁titles ▁created ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 7 <0x0A> </s> ▁Z bor ov ▁is ▁a ▁village ▁and ▁municipality ▁( ob ec ) ▁in ▁Š um per k ▁District ▁in ▁the ▁Ol om ouc ▁Region ▁of ▁the ▁Czech ▁Republic . ▁ ▁The ▁municipality ▁covers ▁an ▁area ▁of ▁, ▁and ▁has |
▁a ▁population ▁of ▁ 2 2 5 ▁( as ▁at ▁ 3 J uly ▁ 2 0 0 6 ). ▁ ▁Z bor ov ▁lies ▁approximately ▁ ▁west ▁of ▁Š um per k , ▁ ▁north - west ▁of ▁Ol om ouc , ▁and ▁ ▁east ▁of ▁Prag ue . ▁H áj ▁peak ▁is ▁situated ▁in ▁the ▁area ▁which ▁slope ▁is ▁used ▁for ▁ski ing . ▁ ▁Et ym ology ▁The ▁name ▁is ▁derived ▁from ▁personal ▁S lav ic ▁name ▁Z bor , ▁ ▁History ▁A ▁first ▁note ▁about ▁the ▁village ▁comes ▁from ▁ 1 4 6 4 ▁when ▁the ▁village ▁was ▁sold ▁the ▁house ▁of ▁T unk lov é ▁z ▁Br ní čka ▁a ▁na ▁Z áb ře hu . ▁During ▁Naz i ▁occupation , ▁a ▁group ▁of ▁Z bor ov ▁citizens ▁was ▁imprison ed ▁for ▁Western ▁radio ▁listening . ▁ ▁Dem ography ▁In ▁ 1 9 3 0 , ▁ 3 9 1 ▁people ▁lived ▁in ▁the ▁place , ▁including ▁ 5 ▁Sud eten ▁Germ ans . ▁Population ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁was ▁ 2 7 9 ▁people . ▁ ▁References ▁▁ ▁Ol om ouc ▁Regional ▁Statist ical ▁Office : ▁Municipal ities ▁of ▁Š um per k ▁District ▁ ▁Category : V ill ages ▁in ▁Š um per k ▁District <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁autom ot ive ▁industry ▁in ▁Malays ia ▁consists ▁of ▁ 2 7 ▁vehicle ▁produ cers ▁and ▁over ▁ 6 4 0 ▁component ▁manufact ur ers . ▁The ▁Malays ian ▁autom ot ive ▁industry ▁is ▁the |
▁third ▁largest ▁in ▁S out heast ▁Asia , ▁and ▁the ▁ 2 5 th ▁largest ▁in ▁the ▁world , ▁with ▁an ▁annual ▁production ▁output ▁of ▁over ▁ 5 0 0 , 0 0 0 ▁vehicles . ▁The ▁autom ot ive ▁industry ▁cont ributes ▁ 4 % ▁or ▁R M ▁ 4 0 ▁billion ▁to ▁Malays ia ' s ▁G DP , ▁and ▁emp lo ys ▁a ▁work force ▁of ▁over ▁ 7 0 0 , 0 0 0 ▁throughout ▁a ▁nation wide ▁e cos ystem . ▁ ▁The ▁autom ot ive ▁industry ▁in ▁Malays ia ▁traces ▁its ▁orig ins ▁back ▁to ▁the ▁British ▁colonial ▁era . ▁Ford ▁Mal aya ▁became ▁the ▁first ▁autom obile ▁assembly ▁plant ▁in ▁S out heast ▁Asia ▁upon ▁its ▁establishment ▁in ▁Singapore ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 6 . ▁The ▁autom ot ive ▁industry ▁in ▁post - in dep end ence ▁Malays ia ▁was ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 7 ▁to ▁sp ur ▁national ▁industrial isation . ▁The ▁government ▁offered ▁initi atives ▁to ▁encou rage ▁the ▁local ▁assembly ▁of ▁vehicles ▁and ▁manufact uring ▁of ▁autom obile ▁components . ▁In ▁ 1 9 8 3 , ▁the ▁government ▁became ▁directly ▁involved ▁in ▁the ▁autom ot ive ▁industry ▁through ▁the ▁establishment ▁of ▁national ▁car ▁company ▁Pro ton , ▁followed ▁by ▁Per od ua ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 3 . ▁Since ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 0 s , ▁the ▁government ▁had ▁sought ▁to ▁liberal ise ▁the ▁domestic ▁autom ot ive ▁industry ▁through ▁free - tra de ▁agre ements , |
▁priv at isation ▁and ▁harm on isation ▁of ▁UN ▁reg ulations . ▁ ▁The ▁Malays ian ▁autom ot ive ▁industry ▁is ▁S out heast ▁Asia ' s ▁sole ▁pione er ▁of ▁ind igen ous ▁car ▁companies , ▁namely ▁Pro ton ▁and ▁Per od ua . ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 2 , ▁Pro ton ▁helped ▁Malays ia ▁become ▁the ▁ 1 1 th ▁country ▁in ▁the ▁world ▁with ▁the ▁cap ability ▁to ▁fully ▁design , ▁engineer ▁and ▁manufact ure ▁cars ▁from ▁the ▁ground ▁up . ▁The ▁Malays ian ▁autom ot ive ▁industry ▁also ▁hosts ▁several ▁domestic - fore ign ▁joint ▁vent ure ▁companies , ▁which ▁assemble ▁a ▁large ▁variety ▁of ▁vehicles ▁from ▁imported ▁complete ▁knock ▁down ▁( CK D ) ▁k its . ▁ ▁The ▁autom ot ive ▁industry ▁in ▁Malays ia ▁primarily ▁serves ▁domestic ▁demand , ▁and ▁only ▁several ▁thousand ▁complete ▁built ▁up ▁( C BU ) ▁vehicles ▁are ▁export ed ▁ann ually . ▁Ex ports ▁of ▁Malays ian ▁made ▁parts ▁and ▁components ▁have ▁non eth eless ▁grown ▁significantly ▁in ▁the ▁last ▁de cade , ▁contrib uting ▁over ▁R M ▁ 1 1 ▁billion ▁to ▁Malays ia ' s ▁G DP ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 6 . ▁ ▁History ▁▁ 1 7 8 0 s – 1 9 5 0 s ▁ ▁Mal aya ▁during ▁the ▁British ▁colonial ▁era ▁▁ ▁Malays ia ▁had ▁been ▁a ▁British ▁col ony ▁prior ▁to ▁its ▁independence ▁in ▁the ▁mid - 2 0 th ▁century . ▁West ▁Malays ia ▁was ▁originally ▁known ▁as ▁Mal aya , |
▁and ▁was ▁govern ed ▁separately ▁from ▁the ▁would - be ▁East ▁Malays ian ▁states ▁of ▁North ▁Bor neo ▁and ▁Sar aw ak . ▁British ▁colon isation ▁of ▁Mal aya ▁began ▁in ▁the ▁late ▁ 1 8 th ▁century , ▁and ▁would ▁en comp ass ▁all ▁of ▁Mal aya ▁by ▁the ▁early ▁ 2 0 th ▁century . ▁British ▁rule ▁in ▁Mal aya ▁was ▁divided ▁between ▁the ▁Stra its ▁S ett lement s ▁( which ▁included ▁Singapore ), ▁the ▁Feder ated ▁Mal ay ▁States ▁and ▁the ▁Un f eder ated ▁Mal ay ▁States . ▁ ▁During ▁the ▁colonial ▁era , ▁the ▁Mal ay an ▁economy ▁was ▁largely ▁dependent ▁on ▁natural ▁rub ber ▁and ▁tin ▁comm od ity ▁exports . ▁Indust rial isation ▁in ▁British ▁Mal aya ▁was ▁not ▁emphas ised ▁due ▁to ▁the ▁profit ability ▁and ▁high ▁demand ▁for ▁rub ber ▁and ▁tin . ▁Mal aya ▁was ▁strateg ically ▁located ▁along ▁major ▁ocean ▁trade ▁routes ▁origin ating ▁from ▁East ▁Asia ▁and ▁the ▁Indian ▁Ocean . ▁Trade ▁and ▁commerce ▁made ▁British ▁Mal aya ▁the ▁most ▁prosper ous ▁of ▁all ▁the ▁European ▁colon ies ▁in ▁S out heast ▁Asia . ▁ ▁The ▁bo om ▁of ▁rub ber ▁and ▁tin ▁exports ▁had ▁fund ed ▁the ▁growth ▁of ▁the ▁Mal ay an ▁road ▁network ▁over ▁the ▁dec ades . ▁In ▁ 1 9 1 1 , ▁there ▁were ▁over ▁ 4 , 0 0 0 ▁miles ▁of ▁road ▁in ▁the ▁Stra its ▁S ett lement s ▁and ▁the ▁Feder ated ▁Mal ay ▁States . ▁By ▁ 1 9 |
2 3 , ▁it ▁was ▁possible ▁to ▁drive ▁from ▁Singapore ▁to ▁Bang k ok ▁on ▁the ▁Mal ay an ▁north - s outh ▁highway . ▁Car ▁ownership ▁in ▁Mal aya ▁had ▁also ▁increased ▁ten - fold ▁between ▁ 1 9 1 0 ▁and ▁ 1 9 2 5 . ▁ ▁Western ▁cars ▁domin ate ▁▁ ▁The ▁earliest ▁autom ob iles ▁arrived ▁in ▁Mal aya ▁during ▁the ▁ 1 8 9 0 s ▁and ▁ 1 9 0 0 s . ▁Western ▁car ▁companies ▁from ▁America , ▁the ▁British ▁Empire ▁and ▁Cont inental ▁Europe ▁had ▁established ▁a ▁strong ▁fo oth old ▁in ▁Mal aya ▁by ▁the ▁ 1 9 1 0 s . ▁The ▁autom obile ▁market ▁in ▁colonial ▁Mal aya ▁was ▁relatively ▁small , ▁and ▁c ater ed ▁mainly ▁to ▁British ▁exp atri ates ▁and ▁wealth y ▁eth nic ▁Chinese ▁entrepr ene urs ▁in ▁major ▁cities ▁such ▁as ▁Singapore , ▁Pen ang , ▁K ual a ▁L ump ur ▁and ▁I po h . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁early ▁ 2 0 th ▁century , ▁American ▁car ▁companies ▁collect ively ▁held ▁the ▁largest ▁share ▁of ▁the ▁Mal ay an ▁car ▁market . ▁The ▁British ▁administration ▁made ▁attempts ▁to ▁restrict ▁the ▁adv ancement ▁of ▁American ▁cars ▁in ▁Mal aya , ▁as ▁a ▁means ▁of ▁protect ing ▁British ▁business ▁interests . ▁American ▁cars ▁were ▁subject ▁to ▁tar iffs ▁and ▁period ical ▁b ans , ▁while ▁cars ▁from ▁Britain ▁were ▁allowed ▁to ▁be ▁sold ▁duty - free ▁in ▁Mal aya . ▁However , ▁American ▁cars ▁were ▁often |
▁che aper ▁despite ▁the ▁cost ly ▁tax es , ▁and ▁some ▁companies ▁found ▁ways ▁to ▁circum vent ▁the ▁tax ▁restrictions ▁altogether . ▁ ▁The ▁reign ▁of ▁Ford ▁Mal aya ▁▁ ▁The ▁autom obile ▁industry ▁in ▁British ▁Mal aya ▁was ▁pione ered ▁by ▁the ▁Ford ▁Motor ▁Company . ▁Ford ▁sought ▁to ▁capital ise ▁on ▁existing ▁Ang lo - American ▁t ies ▁to ▁expand ▁glob ally , ▁and ▁Mal aya ▁was ▁recogn ised ▁for ▁its ▁strateg ic ▁potential ▁as ▁a ▁regional ▁export ▁base . ▁Ford ' s ▁entry ▁into ▁Mal aya ▁was ▁spe ar head ed ▁by ▁Ford ▁Canada , ▁an ▁affili ate ▁of ▁Ford ▁USA . ▁Ford ▁Canada ▁was ▁set ▁up ▁in ▁ 1 9 0 4 ▁to ▁capital ise ▁on ▁its ▁British ▁col ony ▁status , ▁which ▁allowed ▁it ▁to ▁export ▁autom ob iles ▁duty - free ▁to ▁the ▁various ▁Empire ▁colon ies . ▁Ford ▁Canada ▁appointed ▁D odge ▁& ▁Se ym our ▁to ▁handle ▁sales ▁in ▁Asia , ▁and ▁the ▁first ▁Ford ▁models ▁were ▁sh ipped ▁into ▁Mal aya ▁in ▁ 1 9 0 9 . ▁Mal ay an ▁Ford ▁sales ▁grew ▁in ▁the ▁following ▁years , ▁and ▁Ford ▁Canada ▁decided ▁to ▁take ▁direct ▁control ▁of ▁its ▁Mal ay an ▁operations ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 6 . ▁ ▁In ▁November ▁ 1 9 2 6 , ▁the ▁Ford ▁Motor ▁Company ▁of ▁Mal aya ▁Ltd . ▁( F ord ▁Mal aya ) ▁was ▁incorpor ated ▁in ▁Singapore , ▁and ▁the ▁company ▁set ▁up ▁a ▁small ▁gar age ▁in ▁a ▁two - store |
y ▁shop ▁house ▁on ▁An son ▁Road . ▁The ▁gar age ▁carried ▁out ▁wheel - f itting ▁and ▁touch ing ▁up ▁for ▁Model ▁T ▁units ▁between ▁ 1 9 2 6 ▁and ▁ 1 9 2 9 . ▁In ▁January ▁ 1 9 3 0 , ▁Ford ▁Mal aya ▁moved ▁operations ▁to ▁a ▁w are house ▁in ▁Prince ▁Edward ▁Road , ▁where ▁they ▁carried ▁out ▁more ▁s oph istic ated ▁semi - k no ck ▁down ▁( SK D ) ▁assembly . ▁The ▁new ▁plant ▁assemble d ▁SK D ▁k its ▁which ▁were ▁imported ▁from ▁Ford ▁Canada ▁and ▁Ford ▁England . ▁Ford ' s ▁market ▁share ▁in ▁British ▁Mal aya ▁pe aked ▁at ▁ 8 0 % ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 9 . ▁ ▁In ▁April ▁ 1 9 4 1 , ▁Ford ▁Mal aya ▁moved ▁operations ▁to ▁their ▁all - new ▁assembly ▁plant ▁in ▁B uk it ▁Tim ah , ▁Singapore . ▁The ▁ 1 9 4 1 ▁Ford ▁Mal aya ▁factory ▁became ▁the ▁first ▁fully - f led ged ▁autom obile ▁assembly ▁plant ▁in ▁S out heast ▁Asia . ▁Complete - k no ck ▁down ▁( CK D ) ▁body ▁assembly ▁comm enced ▁in ▁October ▁ 1 9 4 1 . ▁However , ▁World ▁War ▁II ▁broke ▁out ▁in ▁Mal aya ▁just ▁two ▁months ▁later , ▁and ▁Singapore ▁fell ▁to ▁the ▁inv ading ▁Japanese ▁Army ▁in ▁February ▁ 1 9 4 2 . ▁The ▁Ford ▁Mal aya ▁plant ▁became ▁the ▁ven ue ▁where ▁British ▁General ▁Per c ival ▁formally ▁surrender |
ed ▁to ▁General ▁Yam ash ita ▁of ▁Japan . ▁During ▁the ▁occupation ▁of ▁Singapore , ▁the ▁Japanese ▁used ▁the ▁Ford ▁plant ▁to ▁assemble ▁N iss an ▁and ▁Toy ota ▁tr uck s ▁for ▁the ▁military . ▁Following ▁Japan ' s ▁surrender ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 5 , ▁the ▁British ▁army ▁re ac quired ▁the ▁plant ▁and ▁returned ▁it ▁to ▁Ford ▁Mal aya ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 6 , ▁and ▁production ▁recom men ced ▁in ▁April ▁ 1 9 4 7 . ▁ ▁Between ▁ 1 9 2 6 ▁and ▁ 1 9 6 5 , ▁Ford ▁Mal aya ▁stood ▁as ▁the ▁sole ▁autom obile ▁assemb ler ▁in ▁Singapore . ▁Through out ▁its ▁history , ▁Ford ▁Mal aya ▁would ▁export ▁its ▁produce ▁to ▁British ▁Mal aya ▁( l ater ▁West ▁Malays ia ), ▁British ▁Bor neo ▁( l ater ▁East ▁Malays ia ▁and ▁Br une i ), ▁S iam ▁( l ater ▁Th ailand ), ▁the ▁Dutch ▁East ▁Ind ies ▁( l ater ▁Indones ia ), ▁Bur ma , ▁India ▁and ▁Pakistan . ▁Ford ▁Mal aya ▁had ▁imported ▁SK D ▁and ▁C K D ▁k its ▁from ▁the ▁United ▁States , ▁Canada , ▁Britain , ▁Germany ▁and ▁Australia ▁respectively . ▁Ford ▁Mal aya ▁produced ▁over ▁ 1 5 0 , 0 0 0 ▁autom ob iles ▁over ▁the ▁dec ades , ▁and ▁finally ▁closed ▁down ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 0 . ▁The ▁government ▁of ▁Singapore ▁would ▁later ▁gaz ette ▁the ▁old ▁Ford ▁factory ▁as ▁a ▁national ▁monument ▁in ▁February ▁ 2 |
0 0 6 . ▁ ▁Att empt s ▁by ▁General ▁Mot ors ▁▁ ▁In ▁the ▁mid - 1 9 2 0 s , ▁General ▁Mot ors ▁( GM ) ▁of ▁America ▁had ▁also ▁expressed ▁intent ions ▁to ▁establish ▁a ▁regional ▁hub ▁in ▁British ▁Mal aya . ▁In ▁mid - 1 9 2 6 , ▁G M ▁approached ▁the ▁British ▁administration ▁in ▁Singapore ▁and ▁requested ▁permission ▁to ▁build ▁an ▁assembly ▁plant ▁in ▁the ▁aff lu ent ▁Tan j ong ▁Kat ong ▁area . ▁However , ▁the ▁local ▁British ▁authorities ▁denied ▁G M ' s ▁application ▁on ▁grounds ▁that ▁it ▁would ▁' sp o il ▁the ▁amen ities ▁of ▁the ▁Kat ong ▁resident ial ▁area '. ▁In ▁light ▁of ▁the ▁situation , ▁G M ▁decided ▁to ▁set ▁up ▁their ▁regional ▁assembly ▁plant ▁in ▁the ▁Dutch ▁East ▁Ind ies ▁instead . ▁ ▁In ▁late ▁ 1 9 2 6 , ▁a ▁General ▁Mot ors ▁deleg ation ▁approached ▁the ▁Dutch ▁administration ▁in ▁Java . ▁G M ▁was ▁granted ▁permission ▁to ▁set ▁up ▁an ▁assembly ▁plant ▁near ▁Bat avia , ▁and ▁in ▁February ▁ 1 9 2 7 , ▁N . V . ▁General ▁Mot ors ▁Java ▁Hand el ▁Ma at sch app ij ▁( GM ▁Java ) ▁was ▁established . ▁The ▁all - new ▁G M ▁Java ▁plant , ▁the ▁col ony ' s ▁first ▁autom obile ▁assembly ▁plant , ▁comm enced ▁production ▁in ▁May ▁ 1 9 2 7 . ▁G M ▁Java ▁export ed ▁its ▁produce ▁throughout ▁the ▁Dutch ▁East ▁Ind ies , ▁British ▁Mal |
aya , ▁French ▁Ind och ina ▁and ▁S iam . ▁ ▁On ▁the ▁on set ▁of ▁World ▁War ▁II , ▁the ▁Dutch ▁East ▁Ind ies ▁fell ▁to ▁the ▁inv ading ▁Japanese ▁Army ▁in ▁March ▁ 1 9 4 2 . ▁The ▁G M ▁Java ▁plant ▁was ▁taken ▁over ▁by ▁Toy ota , ▁and ▁was ▁used ▁to ▁assemble ▁tr uck s ▁for ▁the ▁military . ▁After ▁the ▁Japanese ▁surrender ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 5 , ▁the ▁Dutch ▁failed ▁to ▁reg ain ▁control ▁of ▁their ▁col ony , ▁and ▁the ▁Indones ian ▁War ▁of ▁Independ ence ▁broke ▁out ▁and ▁drag ged ▁on ▁for ▁a ▁further ▁four ▁years . ▁ ▁In ▁July ▁ 1 9 4 7 , ▁General ▁Mot ors ▁rev ived ▁plans ▁for ▁an ▁assembly ▁plant ▁in ▁Singapore . ▁The ▁new ▁plant ▁would ▁assemble ▁cars ▁and ▁tr uck s ▁from ▁components ▁imported ▁from ▁G M ' s ▁subs idi aries ▁in ▁Canada ▁and ▁Britain . ▁Oper ations ▁would ▁begin ▁in ▁early ▁ 1 9 4 8 , ▁and ▁the ▁plant ▁would ▁serve ▁all ▁of ▁G M ▁Java ' s ▁former ▁export ▁mark ets , ▁in ▁addition ▁to ▁parts ▁of ▁southern ▁China . ▁However , ▁in ▁June ▁ 1 9 4 8 , ▁the ▁local ▁British ▁administration ▁b anned ▁imports ▁of ▁American ▁cars ▁into ▁Mal aya ▁and ▁Singapore , ▁and ▁G M ▁was ▁once ▁again ▁forced ▁out ▁of ▁Singapore . ▁Following ▁the ▁ 1 9 5 0 ▁Indones ian ▁independence , ▁G M ' s ▁plant ▁in ▁Java ▁was ▁rest ruct ured , ▁and |
▁became ▁the ▁D jak arta ▁Branch ▁of ▁the ▁G M ▁O verse as ▁Corporation . ▁However , ▁in ▁April ▁ 1 9 5 6 , ▁G M ' s ▁share hold ers ▁liquid ated ▁the ▁D jak arta ▁Branch , ▁and ▁General ▁Mot ors ▁sold ▁their ▁Indones ian ▁plant ▁to ▁P . N . ▁G aja ▁Mot ors . ▁▁ 1 9 5 0 s ▁ ▁Independ ence ▁and ▁industrial isation ▁ ▁In ▁August ▁ 1 9 5 7 , ▁Mal aya ▁gained ▁its ▁independence ▁and ▁the ▁Federation ▁of ▁Mal aya ▁was ▁formed . ▁Singapore , ▁Sar aw ak ▁and ▁North ▁Bor neo ▁remained ▁British ▁crown ▁colon ies . ▁In ▁the ▁late ▁ 1 9 5 0 s , ▁the ▁Mal ay an ▁government ▁began ▁to ▁emphas ise ▁industrial isation ▁as ▁a ▁more ▁depend able ▁sector ▁for ▁economic ▁stability ▁and ▁growth . ▁Global ▁tin ▁and ▁natural ▁rub ber ▁demand ▁witness ed ▁large ▁sl umps ▁and ▁fl uct u ations ▁throughout ▁the ▁early ▁ 2 0 th ▁century , ▁and ▁the ▁mass ▁production ▁of ▁synth etic ▁rub ber ▁during ▁World ▁War ▁II ▁also ▁had ▁severe ▁imp lications ▁on ▁the ▁future ▁sust ain ability ▁of ▁Mal ay an ▁rub ber ▁exports . ▁ ▁The ▁Mal ay an ▁government ▁initially ▁purs ued ▁a ▁policy ▁of ▁Import ▁Sub st itution ▁Indust rial isation ▁( IS I ), ▁in ▁line ▁with ▁most ▁developing ▁countries ▁of ▁that ▁period . ▁I SI ▁develop s ▁self - su ffic iency ▁through ▁the ▁creation ▁of ▁a ▁strong ▁domestic ▁market , ▁and ▁is |
▁primarily ▁state - dri ven ▁through ▁national isation , ▁subs id isation , ▁increased ▁tax ation ▁and ▁protection ist ▁trade ▁policies . ▁The ▁earliest ▁Malays ian - made ▁goods ▁produced ▁as ▁a ▁result ▁of ▁the ▁new ▁I SI ▁policy ▁included ▁batter ies , ▁t ires ▁and ▁pain ts . ▁▁ 1 9 6 0 s ▁ ▁The ▁Federation ▁of ▁Malays ia ▁is ▁formed ▁▁ ▁In ▁September ▁ 1 9 6 3 , ▁Mal aya , ▁Singapore , ▁Sar aw ak ▁and ▁North ▁Bor neo ▁merged ▁to ▁create ▁the ▁Federation ▁of ▁Malays ia . ▁The ▁mer ger ▁had ▁granted ▁the ▁latter ▁three ▁states ▁their ▁independence . ▁The ▁new ▁joint ▁Malays ian - Sing ap ore an ▁govern ments ▁later ▁announced ▁plans ▁to ▁establish ▁an ▁I SI - based ▁national ▁autom ot ive ▁industry , ▁as ▁per ▁the ▁recommendation ▁of ▁advis ers ▁from ▁the ▁Col om bo ▁Plan . ▁The ▁Malays ian ▁Minister ▁of ▁Com merce ▁and ▁Indust ry , ▁Lim ▁S we e ▁A un , ▁would ▁become ▁a ▁key ▁figure ▁in ▁the ▁formation ▁of ▁Malays ia ' s ▁autom ot ive ▁industry . ▁ ▁The ▁ 1 9 6 4 ▁Malays ian ▁autom ot ive ▁policy ▁aim ed ▁to ▁acceler ate ▁national ▁industrial isation ▁through ▁the ▁local ▁assembly ▁of ▁vehicles ▁and ▁manufact uring ▁of ▁autom obile ▁components . ▁The ▁government ▁would ▁issue ▁manufact uring ▁lic enses ▁to ▁both ▁foreign ▁and ▁local ▁companies ▁who ▁were ▁interested ▁in ▁setting ▁up ▁autom obile ▁assembly ▁plants ▁in ▁any ▁Malays ian ▁state , ▁including ▁Singapore . ▁The ▁government |
▁would ▁reduce ▁imports ▁of ▁complete - built ▁up ▁( C BU ) ▁vehicles ▁by ▁means ▁of ▁qu ota ▁reg ulations ▁and ▁tar iffs , ▁and ▁locally ▁assemble d ▁( SK D ▁or ▁C K D ) ▁vehicles ▁with ▁Malays ian ▁manufact ured ▁components ▁would ▁be ▁granted ▁redu ctions ▁in ▁import ▁duties , ▁making ▁them ▁che aper ▁and ▁more ▁compet itive ▁as ▁a ▁result . ▁ ▁By ▁setting ▁up ▁local ▁assembly ▁plants , ▁the ▁government ▁hoped ▁to ▁create ▁more ▁job ▁opportun ities ▁and ▁establish ▁a ▁market ▁for ▁Malays ian - made ▁parts ▁( local ▁content ) ▁such ▁as ▁t ires , ▁pain ts , ▁batter ies , ▁elect rical ▁c ables , ▁u ph ol st ery ▁and ▁other ▁rub ber - based ▁goods . ▁The ▁government ▁hoped ▁that ▁the ▁grad ual ▁increase ▁of ▁local ▁content ▁and ▁technology ▁transfer ▁over ▁the ▁next ▁de cade ▁or ▁two ▁would ▁eventually ▁bring ▁about ▁cars ▁that ▁are ▁fully ▁' M ade ▁in ▁Malays ia '. ▁ ▁By ▁May ▁ 1 9 6 4 , ▁nin ete en ▁fir ms , ▁both ▁foreign ▁and ▁local , ▁had ▁respond ed ▁to ▁the ▁government ' s ▁call ▁for ▁local ▁assembly ▁and ▁parts ▁production . ▁ ▁Singapore ▁separ ates ▁from ▁Malays ia ▁▁ ▁In ▁August ▁ 1 9 6 5 , ▁Singapore ▁separated ▁from ▁Malays ia ▁amid ▁es cal ating ▁political ▁t ensions , ▁and ▁both ▁govern ments ▁began ▁to ▁comp ete ▁for ▁foreign ▁invest ment . ▁In ▁ 1 9 6 6 , ▁ten ▁autom obile ▁fir ms ▁band ed ▁together |
▁to ▁establish ▁the ▁Motor ▁Ve h icle ▁Ass emb lers ▁Association ▁( M V AA ), ▁and ▁ple aded ▁for ▁a ▁common ▁autom ot ive ▁market ▁between ▁Malays ia ▁and ▁the ▁newly ▁independent ▁Singapore . ▁The ▁M V AA ▁argued ▁that ▁local ▁assembly ▁would ▁prove ▁econom ically ▁uns ust ain able ▁if ▁both ▁govern ments ▁refused ▁to ▁co - oper ate . ▁The ▁combined ▁mark ets ▁of ▁Malays ia ▁and ▁Singapore ▁stood ▁at ▁around ▁ 3 3 , 0 0 0 ▁vehicles ▁a ▁year , ▁with ▁Singapore ▁account ing ▁for ▁ 2 5 % ▁of ▁sales . ▁ ▁However , ▁political ▁differences ▁domin ated ▁and ▁the ▁M V AA ▁common ▁market ▁proposal ▁was ▁refused . ▁The ▁Malays ian ▁government ▁later ▁restricted ▁autom obile ▁imports ▁from ▁Singapore ▁and ▁re vised ▁its ▁autom ot ive ▁policy , ▁forcing ▁invest ors ▁to ▁choose ▁between ▁the ▁two ▁countries . ▁The ▁Singapore an ▁government ▁later ▁presented ▁its ▁own ▁autom ot ive ▁policy ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 7 . ▁It ▁was ▁largely ▁identical ▁to ▁the ▁original ▁Malays ian ▁policy , ▁with ▁only ▁minor ▁changes ▁to ▁local ▁content ▁definitions . ▁By ▁ 1 9 7 0 , ▁both ▁Malays ia ▁and ▁Singapore ▁bo asted ▁a ▁roughly ▁equal ▁number ▁of ▁assembly ▁plants . ▁The ▁Singapore an ▁plants ▁were ▁almost ▁entirely ▁back ed ▁by ▁British ▁and ▁German ▁companies , ▁while ▁the ▁vast ▁majority ▁of ▁Japanese ▁companies ▁back ed ▁Malays ian ▁plants ▁exclus ively . ▁ ▁The ▁Singapore an ▁autom ot ive ▁industry ▁showed ▁strong ▁initial ▁promise , ▁but ▁was ▁ultimately ▁short |
▁lived . ▁R ising ▁costs , ▁low ▁local ▁content , ▁competition ▁from ▁Japanese ▁cars , ▁limited ▁exports ▁and ▁a ▁small ▁domestic ▁market ▁had ▁made ▁local ▁assembly ▁uns ust ain able ▁by ▁the ▁mid - 1 9 7 0 s . ▁In ▁July ▁ 1 9 7 9 , ▁the ▁Singapore an ▁government ▁announced ▁plans ▁to ▁abol ish ▁prefer ential ▁treatment ▁for ▁all ▁local ▁assemb lers ▁by ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁ 1 9 8 0 . ▁By ▁July ▁ 1 9 8 0 , ▁all ▁major ▁car ▁assembly ▁plants ▁in ▁Singapore ▁had ▁shut ▁down . ▁ ▁The ▁autom ot ive ▁industry ▁in ▁Malays ia ▁begins ▁▁ ▁In ▁mid - 1 9 6 7 , ▁the ▁Malays ian ▁government ▁approved ▁applications ▁for ▁six ▁autom obile ▁assembly ▁plants . ▁▁ 1 9 7 0 s ▁ ▁Era ▁of ▁the ▁Japanese ▁car ▁▁ ▁For ▁over ▁six ▁dec ades ▁( 1 8 9 0 s – 1 9 5 0 s ), ▁Western ▁car ▁companies ▁domin ated ▁the ▁Mal ay an ▁autom obile ▁market . ▁But ▁in ▁the ▁late ▁ 1 9 5 0 s , ▁Japanese ▁car ▁companies ▁rose ▁to ▁challenge ▁the ▁status ▁qu o . ▁The ▁t ides ▁shift ed ▁dram atically ▁over ▁the ▁course ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 9 6 0 s , ▁and ▁by ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 9 7 0 s , ▁Japanese ▁car ▁companies ▁had ▁become ▁the ▁dominant ▁players ▁in ▁the ▁Malays ian ▁market . ▁ ▁The ▁first ▁Japanese ▁cars ▁arrived ▁in ▁Malays ia ▁during ▁the ▁mid ▁ 1 9 |
5 0 s . ▁Initial ly , ▁the ▁Japanese ▁cars ▁proved ▁un pop ular , ▁and ▁were ▁perce ived ▁as ▁inferior ▁to ▁their ▁Western ▁counter parts . ▁The ▁light ness ▁and ▁thin ▁construction ▁of ▁the ▁early ▁Japanese ▁cars ▁were ▁often ▁critic ised , ▁and ▁popular ised ▁the ▁der og atory ▁term ▁' M ilo ▁tin ' ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 6 0 s . ▁In ▁addition ▁to ▁the ▁quality ▁concerns , ▁anti - J apan ese ▁sentiment ▁was ▁still ▁strong ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 0 s ▁and ▁ 1 9 6 0 s ▁Malays ia , ▁ow ing ▁to ▁bitter ▁mem ories ▁from ▁the ▁Japanese ▁occupation ▁several ▁years ▁prior . ▁ ▁However , ▁the ▁Japanese ▁cars ▁continued ▁to ▁improve ▁and ▁gained ▁a ▁reputation ▁for ▁quality , ▁reli ability , ▁high ▁fuel ▁efficiency ▁and ▁value ▁for ▁money . ▁The ▁Japanese ▁cars ▁were ▁also ▁on ▁average ▁che aper ▁than ▁their ▁more ▁prem ium ▁Western ▁counter parts . ▁Only ▁a ▁hand ful ▁of ▁Western ▁companies ▁such ▁as ▁Ford , ▁Morris ▁and ▁F iat ▁were ▁able ▁to ▁match ▁the ▁afford ability ▁of ▁the ▁Japanese ▁cars . ▁ ▁D ats un ▁( l ater ▁N iss an ) ▁lead ▁the ▁rise ▁of ▁Japanese ▁cars ▁in ▁Malays ia . ▁The ▁greatest ▁threat ▁to ▁D ats un ' s ▁domin ance ▁came ▁from ▁another ▁Japanese ▁brand , ▁Toy ota . ▁Both ▁Toy ota ▁and ▁D ats un ▁batt led ▁fier c ely ▁for ▁pole ▁position ▁in ▁the ▁Malays ian ▁market , ▁at ▁times ▁only ▁fra ctions ▁apart ▁in |
▁total ▁market ▁share . ▁Other ▁Japanese ▁car ▁companies ▁such ▁as ▁Maz da , ▁Col t ▁( l ater ▁M its ub ishi ) ▁and ▁H onda ▁had ▁also ▁become ▁well - est ab lished ▁in ▁Malays ia ▁by ▁the ▁ 1 9 7 0 s . ▁ ▁In fl ation ▁of ▁car ▁prices ▁▁ ▁Pr ices ▁of ▁new ▁cars ▁in ▁Malays ia ▁had ▁infl ated ▁significantly ▁through ▁the ▁ 1 9 7 0 s , ▁with ▁most ▁if ▁not ▁all ▁locally ▁assemble d ▁C K D ▁models ▁generally ▁cost ing ▁more ▁to ▁produce ▁than ▁an ▁equivalent ▁C BU ▁import . ▁ ▁The ▁infl ation ▁of ▁new ▁car ▁prices ▁was ▁attributed ▁to ▁several ▁factors , ▁including ▁low ▁efficiency ▁and ▁in ade qu ate ▁econom ies ▁of ▁scale ▁among ▁the ▁parts ▁manufact ur ers ▁and ▁assembly ▁plants , ▁the ▁government ' s ▁mand atory ▁C K D ▁delet ion ▁policy , ▁high ▁import ▁and ▁exc ise ▁tax es ▁for ▁the ▁C K D ▁models , ▁and ▁various ▁others . ▁Additionally , ▁the ▁autom ot ive ▁industry ▁in ▁Malays ia ▁was ▁held ▁back ▁by ▁a ▁small ▁domestic ▁market , ▁and ▁manufact ur ers ▁primarily ▁served ▁domestic ▁demand ▁and ▁did ▁not ▁emphas ise ▁exports , ▁thus ▁limit ing ▁the ▁growth ▁and ▁compet it iveness ▁of ▁the ▁industry ▁as ▁a ▁whole . ▁▁ 1 9 8 0 s ▁ ▁The ▁National ▁Car ▁Project ▁▁ ▁By ▁the ▁dawn ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 9 8 0 s , ▁the ▁government ▁concluded ▁that ▁direct ▁invol vement ▁was ▁necessary ▁to ▁reverse ▁losses |
▁and ▁sp ur ▁future ▁industrial ▁growth . ▁The ▁National ▁Car ▁Project ▁was ▁draft ed ▁in ▁the ▁early ▁ 8 0 s ▁with ▁the ▁objective ▁of ▁acceler ating ▁technology ▁transfer , ▁increasing ▁and ▁rational ising ▁local ▁content , ▁and ▁involving ▁more ▁b umi put era ▁entrepr ene urs ▁in ▁the ▁then ▁largely ▁eth nic ▁Chinese ▁domin ated ▁Malays ian ▁autom ot ive ▁industry . ▁The ▁National ▁Car ▁Project ▁would ▁lead ▁to ▁the ▁found ing ▁of ▁Per us aha an ▁Ot om obil ▁Nas ional ▁S dn . ▁B hd . ▁( Pro ton ) ▁in ▁May ▁ 1 9 8 3 , ▁and ▁the ▁launch ▁of ▁the ▁Pro ton ▁S aga ▁in ▁July ▁ 1 9 8 5 . ▁ ▁Malays ian ▁autom ot ive ▁market ▁ ▁Ann ual ▁sales ▁ ▁Ve h icle ▁population ▁ ▁According ▁to ▁the ▁Ministry ▁of ▁Transport , ▁the ▁active ▁passenger ▁car ▁population ▁in ▁Malays ia ▁stood ▁at ▁ 1 1 ▁million ▁units ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 4 , ▁with ▁ 1 0 ▁passenger ▁cars ▁for ▁every ▁ 2 7 ▁citizens . ▁An ▁independent ▁study ▁estimated ▁that ▁the ▁population ▁stood ▁at ▁around ▁ 8 . 2 ▁million ▁units ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 4 , ▁after ▁factor ing ▁in ▁variables ▁such ▁as ▁scra pped ▁and ▁perman ently ▁disabled ▁passenger ▁cars . ▁ ▁Malays ian ▁car ▁companies ▁▁ ▁Pro ton ▁Per od ua ▁Naz a ▁In ok om ▁B uf ori ▁T D 2 0 0 0 ▁ ▁Autom obile ▁production ▁plants ▁in ▁Malays ia ▁ ▁Pro ton ▁▁ |
▁National ▁car ▁company ▁Pro ton ▁currently ▁oper ates ▁three ▁manufact uring ▁plants ▁in ▁Malays ia , ▁with ▁a ▁combined ▁maximum ▁annual ▁capacity ▁of ▁ 3 6 0 , 0 0 0 ▁units . ▁The ▁original ▁Pro ton ▁plant ▁in ▁Shah ▁Al am ▁was ▁built ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 5 , ▁and ▁was ▁later ▁complement ed ▁by ▁the ▁smaller ▁M VF ▁plant ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 0 . ▁The ▁third ▁Pro ton ▁factory ▁near ▁Tan j ung ▁Mal im ▁comm enced ▁operations ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 4 , ▁and ▁was ▁built ▁as ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁Pro ton ▁City ▁project . ▁Per us aha an ▁Ot om obil ▁Nas ional ▁( P ON SB ) ▁handles ▁operations ▁at ▁both ▁plants ▁in ▁Shah ▁Al am , ▁while ▁Pro ton ▁Tan j ung ▁Mal im ▁( PT M SB ) ▁oper ates ▁the ▁plant ▁at ▁Pro ton ▁City . ▁ ▁Pro ton ' s ▁first ▁plant ▁comm enced ▁operations ▁in ▁mid - 1 9 8 5 , ▁with ▁the ▁first ▁unit ▁being ▁a ▁Pro ton ▁S aga ▁ 1 . 3 L ▁sal oon . ▁Initial ly , ▁Pro ton ▁had ▁assemble d ▁the ▁S aga ▁with ▁complete - k no ck ▁down ▁( CK D ) ▁k its , ▁engines ▁and ▁components ▁which ▁were ▁imported ▁from ▁M its ub ishi ' s ▁facilities ▁in ▁Japan . ▁Local ▁content ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 8 5 ▁Pro ton ▁S aga ▁stood ▁at ▁ 1 8 %, ▁with ▁just ▁ 1 3 ▁local ▁components . |
▁By ▁mid - 1 9 8 9 , ▁local ▁content ▁had ▁ris en ▁to ▁ 6 9 %, ▁with ▁over ▁ 4 5 3 ▁Pro ton - man ufact ured ▁components ▁and ▁a ▁further ▁ 3 5 6 ▁locally - s our ced ▁parts ▁from ▁ 5 6 ▁local ▁vend ors . ▁In ▁June ▁ 1 9 8 9 , ▁Pro ton ▁comm enced ▁engine ▁assembly ▁at ▁their ▁dedicated ▁Engine ▁and ▁Trans mission ▁Factory . ▁The ▁Pro ton ▁plant ▁became ▁a ▁symbol ▁of ▁national ▁industrial isation , ▁and ▁was ▁subsequently ▁comm emor ated ▁on ▁the ▁R M 1 0 0 ▁bank note ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 8 . ▁ ▁Const ruction ▁of ▁the ▁Med ium ▁Volume ▁Factory ▁( M VF ) ▁was ▁completed ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 0 . ▁The ▁M VF ▁plant ▁was ▁built ▁adjacent ▁to ▁the ▁original ▁Pro ton ▁factory , ▁and ▁produced ▁the ▁Pro ton ▁W aja ▁upon ▁its ▁debut . ▁The ▁M VF ▁plant ▁was ▁built ▁at ▁a ▁cost ▁of ▁R M 4 0 0 ▁million , ▁and ▁accommod ated ▁modern ▁assembly ▁practices ▁like ▁mod ular ▁assembly ▁and ▁Autom atic ▁Line ▁Control ▁( AL C ). ▁ ▁Const ruction ▁of ▁an ▁all - new ▁Pro ton ▁factory ▁comm enced ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 6 ▁near ▁Tan j ung ▁Mal im , ▁in ▁anticip ation ▁of ▁increasing ▁sales ▁of ▁Pro ton ▁cars ▁in ▁the ▁near ▁future . ▁However , ▁its ▁construction ▁was ▁de ferred ▁in ▁late ▁ 1 9 9 7 ▁as ▁a ▁result ▁of ▁the ▁Asian |
▁financial ▁crisis . ▁Const ruction ▁res umed ▁in ▁January ▁ 2 0 0 1 , ▁and ▁was ▁completed ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 3 , ▁and ▁the ▁plant ' s ▁first ▁Pro ton ▁G EN • 2 ▁models ▁rolled - off ▁the ▁production ▁line ▁in ▁early ▁ 2 0 0 4 . ▁Pro ton ' s ▁Tan j ung ▁Mal im ▁complex ▁is ▁five ▁times ▁larger ▁than ▁their ▁Shah ▁Al am ▁complex , ▁and ▁was ▁built ▁at ▁a ▁cost ▁of ▁R M 1 . 8 ▁billion . ▁At ▁its ▁debut ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 4 , ▁the ▁Tan j ung ▁Mal im ▁plant ▁employed ▁ 2 , 0 0 0 ▁workers , ▁featured ▁ 1 8 0 ▁rob ots , ▁and ▁had ▁a ▁ 6 0 % ▁autom ation ▁rate . ▁It ▁was ▁bil led ▁as ▁the ▁most ▁advanced ▁autom obile ▁factory ▁in ▁the ▁Asia - P ac ific ▁region , ▁outside ▁Japan ▁and ▁Korea . ▁ ▁Pro ton ▁was ▁originally ▁owned ▁in ▁majority ▁by ▁H IC OM ▁with ▁minor ity ▁st akes ▁being ▁held ▁by ▁M its ub ishi ▁Group ▁members . ▁By ▁ 2 0 0 5 , ▁M its ub ishi ▁had ▁div ested ▁their ▁st ake ▁in ▁Pro ton ▁to ▁Kh az an ah ▁Nas ional , ▁and ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 2 , ▁Pro ton ▁was ▁fully ▁acquired ▁by ▁DR B - H IC OM . ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 7 , ▁DR B - H IC OM ▁sold ▁a ▁ 4 9 . 9 |
% ▁st ake ▁in ▁Pro ton ▁to ▁Ge ely . ▁ ▁Per od ua ▁▁ ▁Market ▁sales ▁leader ▁Per od ua ▁currently ▁oper ates ▁two ▁manufact uring ▁plants ▁in ▁Malays ia , ▁with ▁a ▁combined ▁maximum ▁annual ▁capacity ▁of ▁ 3 5 0 , 0 0 0 ▁units . ▁The ▁first ▁Per od ua ▁plant ▁in ▁Ser end ah ▁comm enced ▁operations ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 4 , ▁and ▁was ▁later ▁complement ed ▁by ▁a ▁larger ▁adjacent ▁factory ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 4 . ▁Per od ua ▁Man ufact uring ▁( PM SB ) ▁handles ▁operations ▁at ▁the ▁older ▁plant , ▁while ▁Per od ua ▁Global ▁Man ufact uring ▁( PG M SB ) ▁oper ates ▁the ▁newly ▁built ▁factory . ▁ ▁Per od ua ' s ▁first ▁plant ▁comm enced ▁operations ▁in ▁July ▁ 1 9 9 4 , ▁with ▁the ▁first ▁unit ▁being ▁a ▁Per od ua ▁K anc il ▁ 6 6 0 cc . ▁Like ▁Pro ton , ▁Per od ua ▁benef ited ▁from ▁Japanese ▁technology ▁transfer ▁in ▁its ▁early ▁stages ▁of ▁development . ▁Per od ua ' s ▁products ▁are ▁based ▁on ▁D ai h ats u - engine ered ▁platforms ▁and ▁engines , ▁and ▁D ai h ats u ▁has ▁led ▁Per od ua ' s ▁manufact uring ▁operations ▁since ▁ 2 0 0 1 . ▁Per od ua ▁had ▁previously ▁assemble d ▁the ▁first ▁generation ▁Toy ota ▁A van za ▁under ▁contract , ▁and ▁the ▁company ▁currently ▁produces ▁models ▁with ▁D ai h ats |
u ▁bad ging ▁for ▁export ▁to ▁the ▁Indones ian ▁market . ▁ ▁In ▁December ▁ 2 0 1 2 , ▁Per od ua ▁announced ▁plans ▁for ▁an ▁all - new ▁factory , ▁to ▁be ▁built ▁adjacent ▁to ▁their ▁original ▁plant ▁in ▁Ser end ah . ▁Const ruction ▁comm enced ▁in ▁March ▁ 2 0 1 3 , ▁and ▁completed ▁in ▁late ▁ 2 0 1 4 , ▁and ▁the ▁plant ' s ▁first ▁Per od ua ▁Ax ia ▁models ▁rolled - off ▁the ▁production ▁line ▁in ▁August ▁ 2 0 1 4 . ▁The ▁all - new ▁Per od ua ▁plant ▁was ▁built ▁at ▁a ▁cost ▁of ▁R M 1 . 3 ▁billion , ▁and ▁is ▁model led ▁after ▁D ai h ats u ▁Motor ▁Ky ush u ▁( DK C ) ▁Nak ats u ▁Plant ▁ 2 ▁in ▁Japan . ▁Per od ua ▁a ims ▁to ▁em ulate ▁D K C ' s ▁low ▁defect s ▁per ▁unit ▁( D PU ) ▁rate ▁and ▁environment ally ▁friendly ▁practices . ▁ ▁In ▁May ▁ 2 0 1 4 , ▁Per od ua ▁and ▁D ai h ats u ▁revealed ▁plans ▁for ▁an ▁all - new ▁R M 6 0 0 ▁million ▁engine ▁manufact uring ▁plant , ▁to ▁be ▁built ▁in ▁Send ay an . ▁Const ruction ▁comm enced ▁in ▁October ▁ 2 0 1 4 , ▁and ▁operations ▁comm enced ▁in ▁May ▁ 2 0 1 6 . ▁The ▁new ▁engine ▁plant ▁is ▁handled ▁by ▁D ai h ats u ▁Per od ua |
▁Engine ▁Man ufact uring ▁( D PE M ), ▁and ▁currently ▁produces ▁the ▁ 1 . 3 - lit re , ▁ 1 NR - VE ▁and ▁ 1 . 5 - lit re , ▁ 2 NR - FE ▁engines ▁for ▁the ▁Per od ua ▁Be zza ▁and ▁Malays ian - market ▁Toy ota ▁V ios . ▁Additionally , ▁Per od ua ▁has ▁a ▁ 1 0 % ▁st ake ▁in ▁the ▁Ak ashi ▁K ikai ▁( AK IM ) ▁transmission ▁manufact uring ▁plant , ▁also ▁in ▁Send ay an . ▁The ▁all - new ▁A K IM ▁plant ▁comm enced ▁operations ▁in ▁March ▁ 2 0 1 4 , ▁and ▁currently ▁supplies ▁manual ▁and ▁automatic ▁g ear box es ▁for ▁Per od ua ' s ▁models . ▁ ▁Tan ▁Ch ong ▁Motor ▁▁ ▁Tan ▁Ch ong ▁Motor ▁Hold ings ▁( TC M H ) ▁currently ▁oper ates ▁two ▁manufact uring ▁plants ▁in ▁Malays ia , ▁with ▁a ▁combined ▁maximum ▁annual ▁capacity ▁of ▁ 1 0 0 , 0 0 0 ▁units . ▁Tan ▁Ch ong ▁Motor ▁Ass emb lies ▁( TC MA ), ▁a ▁subs idi ary ▁of ▁T CM H , ▁handles ▁all ▁plant ▁operations . ▁T C MA ▁assemb les ▁a ▁large ▁variety ▁of ▁foreign ▁bad ged ▁models ▁from ▁imported ▁complete ▁knock ▁down ▁( CK D ) ▁k its . ▁The ▁original ▁T C MA ▁plant ▁in ▁Seg amb ut ▁was ▁built ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 6 , ▁and ▁currently ▁assemb les ▁Sub aru , ▁M its ub |
ishi ▁and ▁Ren ault ▁models , ▁in ▁addition ▁to ▁various ▁commercial ▁vehicles . ▁The ▁second ▁T C MA ▁plant ▁in ▁Ser end ah ▁comm enced ▁operations ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 7 , ▁and ▁assemb les ▁N iss an ▁models ▁exclus ively . ▁ ▁Tan ▁Ch ong ▁Motor ▁has ▁been ▁an ▁active ▁player ▁in ▁the ▁Malays ian ▁autom ot ive ▁industry ▁since ▁ 1 9 5 7 . ▁The ▁company ▁sold ▁fully ▁imported ▁D ats un ▁vehicles ▁in ▁its ▁early ▁years ▁of ▁business , ▁but ▁government ▁initi atives ▁prompt ed ▁Tan ▁Ch ong ▁Motor ▁to ▁offer ▁their ▁first ▁locally ▁assemble d ▁D ats un ▁models ▁from ▁mid - 1 9 6 8 . ▁Sales ▁of ▁D ats un ▁cars ▁grew ▁significantly ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 6 0 s , ▁and ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 0 , ▁D ats un ▁became ▁the ▁best - s elling ▁brand ▁of ▁car ▁in ▁the ▁Malays ian ▁market . ▁In ▁mid - 2 0 0 3 , ▁Tan ▁Ch ong ▁Motor ▁adopted ▁the ▁Ren ault ▁brand ▁in ▁line ▁with ▁the ▁Ren ault – N iss an ▁Alliance . ▁ ▁Tan ▁Ch ong ▁Motor ▁constructed ▁their ▁own ▁assembly ▁plant ▁at ▁Seg amb ut ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 6 . ▁The ▁new ▁T C MA ▁plant ▁was ▁model led ▁after ▁the ▁N iss an ▁Z ama ▁complex , ▁and ▁was ▁the ▁nation ' s ▁first ▁to ▁use ▁electro - di pping ▁( ED ) ▁technology ▁for ▁its ▁painting ▁process . ▁N iss an ▁Japan ▁regarded ▁the ▁T |
C MA ▁plant ▁as ▁the ▁third ▁best ▁foreign ▁N iss an ▁assembly ▁plant ▁in ▁the ▁world . ▁The ▁T C MA ▁plant ▁also ▁became ▁the ▁nation ' s ▁first ▁to ▁feature ▁an ▁engine ▁assembly ▁line ▁in ▁December ▁ 1 9 8 8 . ▁T C MA ▁had ▁also ▁pione ered ▁women ' s ▁rights ▁in ▁the ▁tradition ally ▁male ▁domin ated ▁autom ot ive ▁industry , ▁with ▁females ▁account ing ▁for ▁ 4 4 % ▁of ▁their ▁assembly ▁work force ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 9 . ▁ ▁The ▁bulk ▁of ▁T C MA ▁Seg amb ut ▁production ▁histor ically ▁consisted ▁of ▁D ats un / N iss an ▁vehicles , ▁but ▁the ▁plant ▁has ▁also ▁carried ▁out ▁contract ▁assembly ▁for ▁Sub aru , ▁Volks wagen , ▁A udi , ▁Pe uge ot ▁and ▁Ren ault ▁models ▁in ▁the ▁past . ▁A ▁small ▁number ▁of ▁Malays ian - ass emble d ▁Mer cedes - B enz ▁models ▁were ▁also ▁sent ▁to ▁T C MA ▁for ▁painting . ▁The ▁T C MA ▁Seg amb ut ▁plant ▁has ▁mainly ▁c ater ed ▁to ▁domestic ▁consumption , ▁and ▁only ▁a ▁small ▁number ▁of ▁vehicles ▁were ▁export ed . ▁Pres ently , ▁both ▁Sub aru ▁XV ▁and ▁For ester ▁models ▁assemble d ▁by ▁T C MA ▁Seg amb ut ▁are ▁export ed ▁to ▁Th ailand ▁and ▁Indones ia , ▁with ▁export ▁volume ▁exceed ing ▁domestic ▁consumption . ▁ ▁Const ruction ▁for ▁an ▁all - new ▁T C MA ▁assembly ▁plant ▁at ▁Ser end ah ▁comm enced ▁in |
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