Split (1)

train · 16.4M rows

text stringlengths 505 4.3k
▁the ▁Six ers ▁remaining . ▁ ▁In ▁June ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁the ▁it ▁was ▁announced ▁that ▁the ▁team ▁would ▁move ▁their ▁practice ▁facility ▁and ▁home ▁offices ▁to ▁the ▁Cam den ▁Water front , ▁across ▁the ▁Del aware ▁River ▁from ▁Philadelphia ▁in ▁Cam den , ▁New ▁Jersey . ▁ ▁On ▁November ▁ 2 9 , ▁ 2 0 1 4 , ▁the ▁ 7 6 ers ▁lost ▁to ▁the ▁Dallas ▁Ma ver icks ▁ 1 0 3 – 1 1 0 ▁and ▁set ▁a ▁franch ise ▁record ▁for ▁losses ▁to ▁start ▁the ▁season , ▁as ▁they ▁fell ▁to ▁a ▁record ▁of ▁ 0 – 1 6 . ▁After ▁losing ▁their ▁next ▁game ▁against ▁the ▁San ▁Antonio ▁Sp urs ▁to ▁make ▁it ▁ 0 – 1 7 , ▁the ▁ 7 6 ers ▁were ▁on ▁the ▁ver ge ▁of ▁t ying ▁the ▁NBA ▁record ▁of ▁ 1 8 ▁straight ▁losses ▁to ▁start ▁a ▁season ▁if ▁they ▁lost ▁to ▁the ▁Minnesota ▁Tim ber wol ves ▁on ▁December ▁ 3 , ▁but ▁they ▁broke ▁their ▁losing ▁stre ak ▁and ▁won ▁their ▁first ▁game ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 4 – 1 5 ▁season ▁with ▁an ▁ 8 5 – 7 7 ▁victory ▁at ▁Minnesota . ▁ ▁In ▁three ▁de als ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 5 ▁NBA ▁trade ▁dead line , ▁the ▁ 7 6 ers ▁trad ed ▁Carter - Will iams ▁and ▁Mc Dan iels ▁for ▁Ja V ale ▁McG ee , ▁Isa iah ▁C ana an , ▁and ▁three ▁draft ▁pick
s , ▁including ▁a ▁protected ▁ 2 0 1 5 ▁first ▁round ▁pick ▁originally ▁owned ▁by ▁the ▁Los ▁Angeles ▁L akers . ▁ ▁The ▁Six ers ▁finished ▁the ▁season ▁with ▁an ▁ 1 8 – 6 4 ▁record , ▁tied ▁with ▁the ▁second - wor st ▁in ▁franch ise ▁history ▁since ▁ 1 9 9 5 – 9 6 ▁when ▁Jerry ▁Stack house ▁draft ed ▁in ▁Phil ly . ▁Despite ▁that , ▁the ▁Six ers ▁did ▁not ▁have ▁the ▁worst ▁win / loss ▁record ▁in ▁the ▁overall ▁NBA ▁stand ings : ▁the ▁Tim ber wol ves ▁f ared ▁worse ▁with ▁a ▁ 1 6 – 6 6 ▁record ▁and ▁Kn icks ▁f ared ▁second ▁with ▁ 1 7 – 6 5 ▁record . ▁▁ 2 0 1 5 – 1 6 ▁season ▁On ▁May ▁ 1 9 , ▁the ▁ 7 6 ers ▁were ▁awarded ▁the ▁third ▁overall ▁pick ▁in ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 5 ▁NBA ▁draft , ▁where ▁they ▁selected ▁Duke ▁center ▁Jah l il ▁O ka for ▁with ▁the ▁third ▁overall ▁pick . ▁The ▁ 7 6 ers ▁also ▁signed ▁J . ▁P . ▁Tok oto ▁with ▁the ▁ 5 8 th ▁overall ▁pick . ▁As ▁of ▁November ▁ 1 4 , ▁ 2 0 1 5 , ▁Philadelphia ▁ 7 6 ers ▁lost ▁their ▁ 2 5 th ▁straight ▁d ating ▁back ▁to ▁the ▁last ▁season ▁in ▁their ▁loss ▁against ▁Los ▁Angeles ▁C li ppers ▁with ▁their ▁ 1 0 0 - 9 5 ▁road ▁loss ▁against ▁Minnesota ▁Tim
ber wol ves ▁which ▁give ▁Tim ber wol ves ▁their ▁First ▁Home ▁Win . ▁On ▁November ▁ 2 7 , ▁the ▁ 7 6 ers ▁lost ▁to ▁the ▁Houston ▁Rock ets ▁ 1 1 6 – 1 1 4 , ▁giving ▁them ▁a ▁ 2 7 - game ▁losing ▁stre ak ▁d ating ▁back ▁to ▁last ▁season , ▁which ▁became ▁the ▁longest ▁losing ▁stre ak ▁in ▁professional ▁sports , ▁during ▁the ▁same ▁game ▁the ▁Six ers ▁set ▁a ▁franch ise ▁record ▁of ▁ 1 6 ▁total ▁tri ples ▁during ▁the ▁losing ▁effort . ▁On ▁December ▁ 1 , ▁the ▁ 7 6 ers ▁beat ▁the ▁Los ▁Angeles ▁L akers ▁at ▁home ▁by ▁a ▁score ▁of ▁ 1 0 3 – 9 1 , ▁but ▁not ▁before ▁setting ▁a ▁league ▁record ▁ 2 8 ▁consecutive ▁losses ▁d ating ▁to ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 4 – 2 0 1 5 ▁season . ▁In ▁doing ▁so , ▁the ▁ 7 6 ers ▁also ▁managed ▁to ▁avoid ▁setting ▁a ▁new ▁NBA ▁record ▁of ▁most ▁losses ▁to ▁begin ▁a ▁season . ▁They ▁instead ▁tied ▁the ▁old ▁record ▁of ▁ 1 8 ▁losses ▁set ▁by ▁the ▁then ▁New ▁Jersey ▁N ets ▁in ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 9 – 1 0 ▁season . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁▁ ▁South ▁Philadelphia ▁Sports ▁Complex ▁ ▁Sports ▁in ▁Philadelphia ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁ ▁Philadelphia ▁ 7 6 ers ▁official ▁web ▁site ▁ ▁Original ▁Philadelphia ▁ 7 6 ers ▁Th eme ▁Song ▁ ▁History ▁Category : National ▁Basketball ▁Association ▁history ▁by
▁team ▁Category : History ▁of ▁Philadelphia <0x0A> </s> ▁Ph ase - field ▁models ▁on ▁graphs ▁are ▁a ▁discrete ▁analog ue ▁to ▁phase - field ▁models , ▁defined ▁on ▁a ▁graph . ▁They ▁are ▁used ▁in ▁image ▁analysis ▁( for ▁feature ▁identification ) ▁and ▁for ▁the ▁segment ation ▁of ▁social ▁networks . ▁ ▁Graph ▁G in zburg – Land au ▁functional ▁ ▁For ▁a ▁graph ▁with ▁vertices ▁V ▁and ▁edge ▁weights ▁, ▁the ▁graph ▁G in zburg – Land au ▁functional ▁of ▁a ▁map ▁ ▁is ▁given ▁by ▁ ▁where ▁W ▁is ▁a ▁double ▁well ▁potential , ▁for ▁example ▁the ▁quart ic ▁potential ▁W ( x ) ▁= ▁x 2 ( 1 ▁− ▁x 2 ). ▁The ▁graph ▁G in zburg – Land au ▁functional ▁was ▁introduced ▁by ▁Ber to z zi ▁and ▁Fl en ner . ▁ ▁In ▁anal ogy ▁to ▁continu um ▁phase - field ▁models , ▁where ▁regions ▁with ▁u ▁close ▁to ▁ 0 ▁or ▁ 1 ▁are ▁models ▁for ▁two ▁phases ▁of ▁the ▁material , ▁vertices ▁can ▁be ▁class ified ▁into ▁those ▁with ▁u j ▁close ▁to ▁ 0 ▁or ▁close ▁to ▁ 1 , ▁and ▁for ▁small ▁, ▁minim is ers ▁of ▁ ▁will ▁satisfy ▁that ▁u j ▁is ▁close ▁to ▁ 0 ▁or ▁ 1 ▁for ▁most ▁nodes , ▁splitting ▁the ▁nodes ▁into ▁two ▁classes . ▁ ▁Graph ▁Allen – C ahn ▁equation ▁ ▁To ▁effectively ▁minim ise ▁, ▁a ▁natural ▁approach ▁is ▁by ▁gradient ▁flow ▁( ste ep est ▁descent ). ▁This ▁means ▁to ▁introduce ▁an ▁artificial
▁time ▁parameter ▁and ▁to ▁solve ▁the ▁graph ▁version ▁of ▁the ▁Allen – C ahn ▁equation , ▁ ▁where ▁ ▁is ▁the ▁graph ▁Lap la cian . ▁The ▁ordinary ▁continu um ▁Allen – C ahn ▁equation ▁and ▁the ▁graph ▁Allen – C ahn ▁equation ▁are ▁natural ▁counter parts , ▁just ▁replacing ▁ordinary ▁calculus ▁by ▁calculus ▁on ▁graphs . ▁ ▁A ▁convergence ▁result ▁for ▁a ▁numerical ▁graph ▁Allen – C ahn ▁scheme ▁has ▁been ▁established ▁by ▁Lu o ▁and ▁Ber to z zi . ▁ ▁It ▁is ▁also ▁possible ▁to ▁adapt ▁other ▁computational ▁schemes ▁for ▁mean ▁curv ature ▁flow , ▁for ▁example ▁schemes ▁involving ▁threshold ing ▁like ▁the ▁M err iman – B ence – O sh er ▁scheme , ▁to ▁a ▁graph ▁setting , ▁with ▁analog ous ▁results . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁Graph ▁cut s ▁in ▁computer ▁vision ▁ ▁References ▁▁ ▁Category : Graph ▁theory ▁Category : Math emat ical ▁model ing <0x0A> </s> ▁Count ▁James ▁Daniel ▁( Y akov ) ▁Bruce ▁( , ▁tr . ▁; ▁ 1 1 ▁May ▁ 1 6 6 9 ▁– ▁ 3 0 ▁April ▁ 1 7 3 5 ) ▁was ▁a ▁Russian ▁states man , ▁general , ▁diplom at ▁and ▁scient ist ▁of ▁Scottish ▁descent ▁( C lan ▁Bruce ), ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁chief ▁associ ates ▁of ▁Peter ▁the ▁Great . ▁According ▁to ▁his ▁own ▁record , ▁his ▁ancest ors ▁had ▁lived ▁in ▁Russia ▁since ▁ 1 6 4 7 . ▁He ▁was ▁the ▁brother ▁of ▁Robert ▁Bruce , ▁the ▁first ▁military ▁governor ▁of ▁Saint
▁Petersburg . ▁ ▁He ▁participated ▁in ▁the ▁Crime an ▁( 1 6 8 7 , ▁ 1 6 8 9 ) ▁and ▁Az ov ▁campaign s ▁( 1 6 9 5 – 1 6 9 6 ) ▁of ▁Peter ▁the ▁Great ▁against ▁the ▁Ott oman ▁Empire ▁during ▁the ▁Rus so - T urk ish ▁War . ▁During ▁the ▁Great ▁Northern ▁War ▁Bruce ▁was ▁appointed ▁major - general ▁of ▁art illery . ▁He ▁was ▁involved ▁in ▁the ▁rev ival ▁of ▁Russian ▁art illery , ▁which ▁had ▁been ▁lost ▁to ▁the ▁Swedish ▁forces ▁along ▁with ▁its ▁commander , ▁Prince ▁Alexander ▁of ▁I mer eti ▁at ▁Nar va ▁in ▁ 1 7 0 0 . ▁ ▁He ▁was ▁commander ▁of ▁art illery ▁in ▁the ▁Battle ▁of ▁Pol t ava ▁( 1 7 0 9 ), ▁for ▁which ▁he ▁was ▁made ▁a ▁kn ight ▁of ▁the ▁Order ▁of ▁St ▁Andrew . ▁▁ ▁In ▁ 1 7 2 1 , ▁he ▁became ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁first ▁Russian ▁counts . ▁ ▁Bruce ▁was ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁best ▁educated ▁people ▁in ▁Russia ▁at ▁the ▁time , ▁a ▁natural ist ▁and ▁astronom er . ▁In ▁ 1 7 0 1 ▁he ▁founded ▁the ▁first ▁Russian ▁observ atory ; ▁it ▁was ▁located ▁in ▁Moscow ▁in ▁the ▁upper ▁story ▁of ▁the ▁Su kh are v ▁Tower . ▁Bruce ' s ▁scientific ▁library ▁of ▁more ▁than ▁ 1 , 5 0 0 ▁volumes ▁became ▁a ▁substantial ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁Russian ▁Academy ▁of ▁Sciences ▁library . ▁ ▁Among ▁Mus cov ites , ▁Bruce ▁gained ▁fame
▁as ▁an ▁al chem ist ▁and ▁mag ician , ▁due ▁in ▁part ▁to ▁the ▁innov ative ▁design ▁of ▁the ▁Su kh are v ▁Tower , ▁which ▁was ▁very ▁unusual ▁in ▁ 1 8 th ▁century ▁Moscow . ▁It ▁was ▁rum ored ▁that ▁the ▁greatest ▁Black ▁Magic ▁gr imo ires ▁of ▁his ▁collection ▁had ▁been ▁br icked ▁up ▁into ▁the ▁walls ▁of ▁the ▁Su kh are v ▁Tower . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁Phot ograph ▁of ▁a ▁page ▁of ▁the ▁Calendar ▁of ▁Bruce , ▁ 1 7 1 0 ▁( etch ing ) ▁from ▁the ▁State ▁Herm itage ▁Museum ▁in ▁St . ▁Petersburg ▁About ▁the ▁Jacob ▁Bruce ▁book ▁collection ▁at ▁the ▁Russian ▁Academy ▁of ▁Sciences ▁Library , ▁St . ▁Petersburg ▁ ▁Category : 1 6 6 9 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 7 3 5 ▁death s ▁Category : Field ▁mar sh als ▁of ▁Russia ▁Category : Im per ial ▁Russian ▁astronom ers ▁Category : Im per ial ▁Russian ▁counts ▁Category : Russ ian ▁people ▁of ▁Scottish ▁descent ▁Category : 1 7 th - century ▁al chem ists ▁Category : 1 8 th - century ▁al chem ists ▁Jacob ▁Bruce ▁Category : Re cip ients ▁of ▁the ▁Order ▁of ▁St . ▁Andrew ▁Category : Russ ian ▁military ▁personnel ▁of ▁the ▁Great ▁Northern ▁War ▁Category : B attle ▁of ▁Pol t ava <0x0A> </s> ▁is ▁a ▁former ▁justice ▁of ▁the ▁Supreme ▁Court ▁of ▁Japan . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : S up reme ▁Court ▁of ▁Japan ▁just ices ▁Category : 1 9 3 8
▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people <0x0A> </s> ▁Har per ▁ ▁may ▁refer ▁to : ▁ ▁Names ▁ ▁Har per ▁( name ), ▁a ▁surname ▁and ▁given ▁name ▁ ▁Places ▁in ▁Canada ▁Har per ▁Islands , ▁N un av ut ▁Har per , ▁Prince ▁Edward ▁Island ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Har per , ▁California , ▁Mod oc ▁County ▁Har per , ▁former ▁name ▁of ▁Costa ▁M esa , ▁California ▁in ▁Orange ▁County , ▁California ▁Har per , ▁Illinois ▁Har per , ▁Indiana ▁Har per , ▁Iowa ▁Har per , ▁Kansas ▁Har per , ▁Kentucky ▁Har per , ▁Missouri ▁Har per , ▁Log an ▁County , ▁Ohio ▁Har per , ▁Ross ▁County , ▁Ohio ▁Har per , ▁Oregon ▁Har per , ▁Texas ▁ ▁Har per , ▁Ut ah ▁Har per , ▁Washington ▁ ▁Else where ▁Har per , ▁Liber ia ▁ ▁Har per ▁River ▁in ▁Can ter bury , ▁New ▁Zealand ▁Har per ▁Adams ▁University , ▁Sh ro pshire , ▁United ▁Kingdom . ▁ ▁Other ▁uses ▁ ▁Har per , ▁a ▁har p ▁player ▁Har per ▁( film ), ▁a ▁ 1 9 6 6 ▁film ▁st arring ▁Paul ▁New man ▁and ▁La uren ▁Bac all ▁ ▁Har per ▁( publish er ), ▁an ▁American ▁publishing ▁house , ▁the ▁im print ▁of ▁global ▁publish er ▁Har per Coll ins ▁Har per ▁College , ▁a ▁community ▁college ▁in ▁Pal at ine , ▁Illinois , ▁USA ▁ ▁Short ▁name ▁for ▁har per ▁by ▁Har per ' s ▁B az aar ▁ ▁Har per ▁(
F org ot ten ▁Real ms ), ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁a ▁fict ional ▁semi - secret ▁organization ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁Har per ▁County ▁( disambiguation ) ▁ ▁Har per ▁Road ▁( disambiguation ) ▁ ▁Har per ▁Township ▁( disambiguation ) ▁ ▁Har pers ▁( disambiguation ) ▁ ▁Har per ' s ▁( disambiguation ) ▁ ▁Har pers ▁Fer ry ▁( disambiguation ) ▁ ▁Har p ▁( disambiguation ) ▁ ▁H apper ▁( disambiguation ) <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Ple as ants ▁County ▁Cour th ouse ▁was ▁built ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 4 ▁in ▁St . ▁Mary s , ▁West ▁Virginia . ▁The ▁Ne o - Class ical ▁Rev ival ▁style ▁building ▁replaced ▁the ▁original ▁cour th ouse , ▁which ▁was ▁badly ▁dam aged ▁by ▁light ning ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 3 . ▁The ▁new ▁cour th ouse ▁was ▁designed ▁by ▁architect s ▁Hol m bo e ▁& ▁P og ue ▁of ▁Clark s burg ▁and ▁built ▁by ▁Put nam ▁& ▁For eman ▁of ▁Mar iet ta , ▁Ohio ▁for ▁$ 9 9 , 9 6 3 . ▁Or n ament ation ▁of ▁the ▁fac ade ▁was ▁omitted ▁to ▁save ▁costs . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : C our th ouses ▁on ▁the ▁National ▁Register ▁of ▁Historic ▁Places ▁in ▁West ▁Virginia ▁Category : Ne oc lass ical ▁architecture ▁in ▁West ▁Virginia ▁Category : G overn ment ▁buildings ▁completed ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 4 ▁Category : Build ings ▁and ▁structures ▁in ▁Ple as ants ▁County , ▁West ▁Virginia ▁Category : Count y
▁cour th ouses ▁in ▁West ▁Virginia ▁Category : National ▁Register ▁of ▁Historic ▁Places ▁in ▁Ple as ants ▁County , ▁West ▁Virginia <0x0A> </s> ▁Gu ill ermo ▁Sz esz ur ak ▁( born ▁October ▁ 1 6 , ▁ 1 9 7 1 ▁in ▁Buenos ▁Aires ) ▁is ▁a ▁former ▁Argent ine ▁football ▁player . ▁ ▁Sz esz ur ak ▁joined ▁River ▁Pl ate . ▁He ▁made ▁debut ▁in ▁the ▁season ▁ 1 9 8 9 / 9 0 ▁for ▁the ▁Ex c urs ion istas . ▁ ▁Sz esz ur ak ▁also ▁played ▁for ▁Los ▁And es , ▁La fer r ere ▁in ▁Argentina ▁and ▁F . C . ▁Fel gue iras ▁in ▁Portugal . ▁ ▁Tit les ▁ ▁National ▁B : ▁ 1 9 9 4 ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁ ▁Gu ill ermo ▁Sz esz ur ak ▁at ▁B DF A . com . ar ▁▁ ▁Category : 1 9 7 1 ▁birth s ▁Category : Ar gent ine ▁football ers ▁Category : Cl ub ▁Atl ético ▁Los ▁And es ▁football ers ▁Category : FC ▁Fel gue iras ▁players ▁Category : Ex pat ri ate ▁football ers ▁in ▁Portugal ▁Category : Ar gent ine ▁people ▁of ▁Ukrain ian ▁descent ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁ ▁Category : Associ ation ▁football ▁for wards <0x0A> </s> ▁This ▁article ▁displays ▁the ▁ro sters ▁for ▁the ▁particip ating ▁teams ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 5 ▁All - A frica ▁Games ▁( w omen ' s ▁basketball ▁tournament ). ▁ ▁\| } ▁\| ▁val
ign =" top " ▁\| ▁ ▁Head ▁coach ▁▁ ▁Ass istant ▁coach ▁ ▁Leg end ▁ ▁( C ) ▁Team ▁captain ▁ ▁Club ▁field ▁describes ▁current ▁club ▁\| } ▁ ▁\| } ▁\| ▁val ign =" top " ▁\| ▁ ▁Head ▁coach ▁▁ ▁Ass istant ▁coach ▁ ▁Leg end ▁ ▁( C ) ▁Team ▁captain ▁ ▁Club ▁field ▁describes ▁current ▁club ▁\| } ▁ ▁\| } ▁\| ▁val ign =" top " ▁\| ▁ ▁Head ▁coach ▁▁ ▁Ass istant ▁coach ▁ ▁Leg end ▁ ▁( C ) ▁Team ▁captain ▁ ▁Club ▁field ▁describes ▁current ▁club ▁\| } ▁ ▁\| } ▁\| ▁val ign =" top " ▁\| ▁ ▁Head ▁coach ▁▁ ▁Ass istant ▁coach ▁ ▁Leg end ▁ ▁( C ) ▁Team ▁captain ▁ ▁Club ▁field ▁describes ▁current ▁club ▁\| } ▁ ▁\| } ▁\| ▁val ign =" top " ▁\| ▁ ▁Head ▁coach ▁▁ ▁Ass istant ▁coach ▁ ▁Leg end ▁ ▁( C ) ▁Team ▁captain ▁ ▁Club ▁field ▁describes ▁current ▁club ▁\| } ▁ ▁\| } ▁\| ▁val ign =" top " ▁\| ▁ ▁Head ▁coach ▁▁ ▁Ass istant ▁coach ▁ ▁Leg end ▁ ▁( C ) ▁Team ▁captain ▁ ▁Club ▁field ▁describes ▁current ▁club ▁\| } ▁ ▁\| } ▁\| ▁val ign =" top " ▁\| ▁ ▁Head ▁coach ▁▁ ▁Ass istant ▁coach ▁ ▁Leg end ▁ ▁( C ) ▁Team ▁captain ▁ ▁Club ▁field ▁describes ▁current ▁club ▁\| } ▁ ▁} ▁ ▁\| } ▁\| ▁val ign =" top " ▁\| ▁ ▁Head ▁coach ▁▁ ▁Ass istant ▁coach ▁
▁Leg end ▁ ▁( C ) ▁Team ▁captain ▁ ▁Club ▁field ▁describes ▁current ▁club ▁\| } ▁ ▁\| } ▁\| ▁val ign =" top " ▁\| ▁ ▁Head ▁coach ▁▁ ▁Ass istant ▁coach ▁ ▁Leg end ▁ ▁( C ) ▁Team ▁captain ▁ ▁Club ▁field ▁describes ▁current ▁club ▁\| } ▁ ▁\| } ▁\| ▁val ign =" top " ▁\| ▁ ▁Head ▁coach ▁▁ ▁Ass istant ▁coach ▁ ▁Leg end ▁ ▁( C ) ▁Team ▁captain ▁ ▁Club ▁field ▁describes ▁current ▁club ▁\| } ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁Af ro B asket ▁Women ▁ 2 0 1 5 ▁squad s ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁squad s ▁Category : A fr ican ▁Games ▁basketball ▁squad s <0x0A> </s> ▁Nicola ▁Bulg ari ▁( born ▁ 1 9 4 1 ) ▁is ▁an ▁Italian ▁billion aire ▁business man , ▁grand son ▁of ▁S ot iri os ▁Bulg ari , ▁the ▁founder ▁of ▁the ▁lux ury ▁brand ▁Bulg ari . ▁ ▁Early ▁life ▁Nicola ▁Bulg ari ▁was ▁born ▁in ▁Rome ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 1 , ▁the ▁third ▁son ▁of ▁Giorg io ▁Bulg ari ▁( 1 8 9 0 – 1 9 6 6 ). ▁His ▁brother ▁Gian ni ▁was ▁born ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 5 ▁and ▁Paolo ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 7 . ▁ ▁Career ▁He ▁has ▁been ▁vice - ch air man ▁of ▁Bulg ari ▁since ▁ 1 9 8 4 . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 3 , ▁after ▁alleg ations ▁of ▁tax ▁ev asion , ▁the ▁Guard ia ▁di ▁Fin
anza ▁( tax ▁police ), ▁ra ided ▁the ▁Bulg ari ▁office ▁in ▁Rome ' s ▁Via ▁Cond otti , ▁as ▁part ▁of ▁a ▁Euro ▁ 4 6 ▁million ▁se iz ure ▁of ▁assets . ▁In ▁May ▁ 2 0 1 5 , ▁Paolo ▁and ▁Nicola ▁Bulg ari ▁and ▁ 1 1 ▁others ▁were ▁ordered ▁by ▁an ▁Italian ▁judge ▁to ▁stand ▁trial ▁on ▁charges ▁of ▁tax ▁ev asion . ▁Both ▁den y ▁the ▁charges . ▁ ▁In ▁January ▁ 2 0 1 7 , ▁For bes ▁estimated ▁the ▁net ▁worth ▁of ▁Nicola ▁Bulg ari ▁at ▁US $ 1 . 3 1 ▁billion . ▁ ▁He ▁received ▁the ▁America ▁Award ▁of ▁the ▁Italy - USA ▁Foundation ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 5 . ▁ ▁Personal ▁life ▁He ▁has ▁six ▁children ▁and ▁lives ▁in ▁Rome . ▁ ▁His ▁first ▁wife ▁was ▁Anna , ▁and ▁they ▁were ▁married ▁prior ▁to ▁ 1 9 8 1 , ▁until ▁at ▁least ▁ 1 9 9 4 . ▁ ▁His ▁second ▁wife ▁Be atrice ▁Bulg ari ▁( ne e ▁B ord oni ) ▁ ▁is ▁a ▁cost ume ▁designer , ▁responsible ▁for ▁the ▁cost umes ▁for ▁the ▁film ▁Cinema ▁Parad iso . ▁ ▁He ▁collect s ▁v int age ▁cars , ▁especially ▁American ▁mar ques , ▁in ▁both ▁All ent own , ▁Pennsylvania , ▁and ▁Rome . ▁His ▁ 2 1 - acre ▁facility ▁in ▁All ent own ▁houses ▁ 1 2 5 ▁cars ▁in ▁seven ▁w are h ouses . ▁He ▁has ▁ 8 5 ▁or ▁more ▁cars ▁in
▁Rome , ▁including ▁the ▁faster ▁models , ▁and ▁f lies ▁them ▁to ▁All ent own ▁when ▁they ▁need ▁rep airs . ▁His ▁favour ite ▁marque ▁is ▁Bu ick ▁and ▁he ▁has ▁many ▁from ▁ 1 9 4 0 ▁and ▁ 1 9 4 1 , ▁coinc ident ally ▁the ▁year ▁he ▁was ▁born . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : 1 9 4 1 ▁birth s ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁Rome ▁Category : Bus iness people ▁from ▁All ent own , ▁Pennsylvania ▁Nicola ▁Category : Ital ian ▁business people ▁in ▁fashion ▁Category : Ital ian ▁billion aires ▁Category : Ital ian ▁people ▁of ▁Greek ▁descent ▁Category : Ital ian ▁people ▁of ▁A rom an ian ▁descent ▁Category : Car ▁collect ors <0x0A> </s> ▁Valent ine ▁was ▁launched ▁in ▁ 1 7 8 0 ▁as ▁an ▁East ▁Ind iam an . ▁She ▁made ▁six ▁voy ages ▁for ▁the ▁British ▁East ▁India ▁Company ▁( E IC ), ▁and ▁was ▁a ▁transport ▁for ▁one ▁military ▁campaign . ▁On ▁her ▁first ▁voyage ▁she ▁was ▁present ▁at ▁an ▁incon clus ive ▁battle ▁with ▁the ▁French , ▁but ▁did ▁not ▁take ▁an ▁active ▁part . ▁She ▁was ▁sold ▁in ▁ 1 7 9 6 ▁for ▁breaking ▁up . ▁ ▁Career ▁ ▁E IC ▁voyage ▁# 1 ▁( 1 7 8 1 – 1 7 8 3 ) ▁Captain ▁John ▁Lewis ▁sa iled ▁from ▁Port sm outh ▁on ▁ 1 3 ▁March ▁ 1 7 8 1 , ▁bound ▁for ▁Mad ras ▁and ▁Beng al
. ▁Valent ine ▁was ▁part ▁of ▁a ▁con voy ▁of ▁Ind iam en ▁accomp any ing ▁a ▁British ▁squad ron ▁under ▁Com mod ore ▁George ▁John stone . ▁At ▁about ▁the ▁same ▁time ▁as ▁the ▁British ▁sa iled , ▁a ▁French ▁squad ron ▁under ▁the ▁command ▁of ▁Ba illi ▁de ▁Su ff ren ▁left ▁France . ▁Both ▁squad rons ▁were ▁en ▁route ▁to ▁the ▁Cape ▁of ▁Good ▁Hope , ▁the ▁British ▁to ▁take ▁it ▁from ▁the ▁Dutch , ▁the ▁French ▁aim ing ▁to ▁help ▁defend ▁it ▁and ▁French ▁poss essions ▁in ▁the ▁Indian ▁Ocean , ▁including ▁Rod rig uez ▁Island , ▁I le ▁Bour bon ▁( R é union ), ▁Î le ▁de ▁France ▁( M aur it ius ), ▁and ▁P ond icher ry . ▁ ▁The ▁British ▁stopped ▁at ▁São ▁Ti ago ▁to ▁take ▁on ▁water . ▁Valent ine ▁arrived ▁there ▁on ▁ 1 0 ▁April . ▁The ▁French ▁squad ron ▁attacked ▁the ▁British ▁on ▁ 1 6 ▁April ▁in ▁the ▁battle ▁of ▁Porto ▁P ray a . ▁Due ▁to ▁the ▁unexpected ▁nature ▁of ▁the ▁encounter , ▁neither ▁fleet ▁was ▁prepared ▁for ▁the ▁eng agement ▁and ▁the ▁result ▁was ▁an ▁incon clus ive ▁battle ▁in ▁which ▁the ▁French ▁war ships ▁sust ained ▁more ▁damage ▁than ▁did ▁the ▁British . ▁Though ▁the ▁battle ▁was ▁incon clus ive , ▁it ▁did ▁enable ▁the ▁French ▁to ▁forest all ▁the ▁British ▁attack ▁on ▁the ▁Cape . ▁The ▁British ▁sa iled ▁on ▁to ▁the ▁Cape . ▁At ▁the ▁Cape , ▁John stone ▁captured ▁five ▁Dutch ▁East
▁Ind iam en ▁at ▁the ▁battle ▁of ▁S ald anha ▁Bay . ▁The ▁British ▁Ind iam en ▁then ▁sa iled ▁on , ▁directly , ▁or ▁indirect ly , ▁to ▁India . ▁ ▁Valent ine ▁reached ▁Mad ras ▁on ▁ 1 8 ▁August , ▁and ▁arrived ▁at ▁K ed g eree ▁on ▁ 2 8 ▁September . ▁She ▁returned ▁to ▁Mad ras ▁on ▁ 2 3 ▁November , ▁was ▁at ▁Neg apat am ▁on ▁ 2 3 ▁December , ▁Mad ras ▁again ▁on ▁ 2 2 ▁January ▁ 1 7 8 2 , ▁and ▁K ed g eree ▁on ▁ 2 2 ▁February . ▁Home ward ▁bound , ▁she ▁was ▁at ▁ 1 0 ▁A pr ▁Bar rab ulla ▁( a ▁sand bank ▁that ▁forms ▁near ▁K ed g eree ) ▁on ▁ 1 2 ▁April , ▁and ▁reached ▁St ▁Hel ena ▁on ▁ 1 2 ▁September . ▁She ▁left ▁St ▁Hel ena ▁on ▁ 2 6 ▁November , ▁and ▁arrived ▁at ▁The ▁Down s ▁on ▁ 2 1 ▁February ▁ 1 7 8 3 . ▁ ▁E IC ▁voyage ▁# 2 ▁( 1 7 8 4 – 1 7 8 5 ) ▁Captain ▁Lewis ▁sa iled ▁from ▁The ▁Down s ▁on ▁ 1 ▁January ▁ 1 7 8 4 , ▁bound ▁for ▁Mad ras ▁and ▁Beng al . ▁Valent ine ▁left ▁the ▁Cape ▁of ▁Good ▁Hope ▁on ▁ 2 0 ▁April , ▁reached ▁Mad ras ▁on ▁ 2 9 ▁June , ▁and ▁arrived ▁at ▁K ed g eree ▁on ▁ 2 5 ▁July
. ▁She ▁left ▁K ed g eree ▁on ▁ 2 3 ▁January ▁ 1 7 8 5 , ▁reached ▁the ▁Cape ▁on ▁ 1 7 ▁April ▁and ▁St ▁Hel ena ▁on ▁ 1 6 ▁May , ▁and ▁arrived ▁at ▁The ▁Down s ▁on ▁ 8 ▁August . ▁ ▁E IC ▁voyage ▁# 3 ▁( 1 7 8 6 – 1 7 8 7 ) ▁Captain ▁Thomas ▁Wall ▁sa iled ▁from ▁The ▁Down s ▁on ▁ 1 7 ▁January ▁ 1 7 8 6 , ▁bound ▁for ▁Mad ras ▁and ▁China . ▁Valent ine ▁reached ▁São ▁Ti ago ▁on ▁ 1 6 ▁February , ▁and ▁Mad ras ▁on ▁ 2 6 ▁May . ▁She ▁left ▁Mad ras ▁on ▁ 2 4 ▁July , ▁reached ▁Mal ac ca ▁on ▁ 2 8 ▁August , ▁and ▁arrived ▁at ▁Wh am po a ▁anch orage ▁on ▁ 2 1 ▁September . ▁Home ward ▁bound , ▁she ▁crossed ▁the ▁Second ▁Bar ▁on ▁ 4 ▁February ▁ 1 7 8 7 , ▁reached ▁St ▁Hel ena ▁on ▁ 2 3 ▁May , ▁and ▁arrived ▁at ▁The ▁Down s ▁on ▁ 2 0 ▁July . ▁ ▁E IC ▁voyage ▁# 4 ▁( 1 7 8 8 – 1 7 9 0 ) ▁Captain ▁John ▁Lewis ▁sa iled ▁from ▁The ▁Down s ▁on ▁ 1 3 ▁December ▁ 1 7 8 8 , ▁bound ▁for ▁Mad ras ▁and ▁China . ▁Valent ine ▁reached ▁Made ira ▁on ▁ 2 9 ▁December ▁and ▁São ▁Ti ago ▁on ▁ 2 6 ▁January ▁ 1
7 8 9 . ▁She ▁arrived ▁at ▁Mad ras ▁on ▁ 1 ▁May . ▁She ▁sa iled ▁from ▁Mad ras ▁on ▁ 1 0 ▁July , ▁reached ▁Pen ang ▁on ▁ 1 ▁August , ▁and ▁arrived ▁at ▁Wh am po a ▁on ▁ 1 8 ▁September . ▁Home ward ▁bound , ▁she ▁crossed ▁the ▁Second ▁Bar ▁on ▁ 3 ▁December , ▁reached ▁St ▁Hel ena ▁on ▁ 1 8 ▁February ▁ 1 7 9 0 , ▁and ▁arrived ▁at ▁The ▁Down s ▁on ▁ 2 5 ▁April . ▁ ▁E IC ▁voyage ▁# 5 ▁( 1 7 9 2 – 1 7 9 3 ) ▁Captain ▁I ver ▁Mc Mill an ▁sa iled ▁from ▁The ▁Down s ▁on ▁ 9 ▁March ▁ 1 7 9 2 , ▁bound ▁for ▁St ▁Hel ena , ▁Beng al , ▁Mad ras , ▁and ▁Ben co olen . ▁Valent ine ▁reached ▁St ▁Hel ena ▁on ▁ 1 1 ▁May , ▁Diam ond ▁Point ▁on ▁ 6 ▁August , ▁"' M ons our c ott ah " ▁on ▁ 2 1 ▁September , ▁and ▁Diam ond ▁Har bour ▁on ▁ 2 ▁November . ▁She ▁sa iled ▁from ▁Diam ond ▁Har bour ▁on ▁ 2 ▁January ▁ 1 7 9 3 , ▁reached ▁Mad ras ▁on ▁ 1 2 ▁January , ▁and ▁arrived ▁at ▁Ben co olen ▁on ▁ 2 0 ▁February . ▁Home ward ▁bound , ▁she ▁sa iled ▁from ▁Ben co olen ▁on ▁ 1 3 ▁March , ▁reached ▁St ▁Hel ena ▁on ▁ 1 1 ▁May
, ▁sa iled ▁from ▁St ▁Hel ena ▁on ▁ 2 1 ▁June , ▁and ▁arrived ▁at ▁The ▁Down s ▁on ▁ 2 1 ▁August . ▁ ▁E IC ▁voyage ▁# 6 ▁( 1 7 9 4 – 1 7 9 5 ) ▁War ▁with ▁France ▁had ▁broken ▁out ▁in ▁ 1 7 9 3 . ▁Captain ▁I ver ▁Mc Mill an ▁acquired ▁a ▁letter ▁of ▁marque ▁on ▁ 1 3 ▁March ▁ 1 7 9 4 . ▁ ▁The ▁British ▁government ▁held ▁Valent ine ▁at ▁Port sm outh , ▁together ▁with ▁ 3 8 ▁other ▁Ind iam en ▁in ▁anticip ation ▁of ▁using ▁them ▁as ▁trans ports ▁for ▁an ▁attack ▁on ▁Î le ▁de ▁France ▁( M aur it ius ). ▁It ▁gave ▁up ▁the ▁plan ▁and ▁released ▁the ▁vessels ▁in ▁May ▁ 1 7 9 4 . ▁It ▁paid ▁£ 4 1 7 ▁ 5 s ▁ 4 d ▁for ▁having ▁delayed ▁her ▁departure ▁by ▁ 2 2 ▁days . ▁ ▁Captain ▁Mc Mill an ▁sa iled ▁from ▁Port sm outh ▁on ▁ 2 ▁May , ▁bound ▁for ▁Beng al . ▁Valent ine ▁arrived ▁at ▁Diam ond ▁Har bour ▁on ▁ 1 2 ▁September . ▁Home ward ▁bound , ▁she ▁was ▁at ▁C ox ' s ▁Island ▁on ▁ 2 8 ▁November ▁and ▁left ▁on ▁ 8 ▁January ▁ 1 7 9 5 . ▁She ▁arrived ▁at ▁St ▁Hel ena ▁on ▁ 1 8 ▁March ▁and ▁left ▁on ▁ 1 4 ▁May . ▁She ▁arrived ▁at ▁The ▁Down s ▁on ▁ 2
3 ▁July . ▁ ▁West ▁Ind ies ▁Ex ped ition ▁( 1 7 9 5 - 9 6 ) ▁The ▁Admir alty ▁char tered ▁Valent ine ▁as ▁a ▁tro op ship ▁for ▁Admir al ▁Hugh ▁Clo berry ▁Christian ' s ▁expedition ▁to ▁the ▁West ▁Ind ies . ▁Captain ▁Henry ▁Hugh es ▁acquired ▁a ▁letter ▁of ▁marque ▁on ▁ 3 0 ▁October ▁ 1 7 9 5 . ▁ ▁She ▁sa iled ▁for ▁the ▁West ▁Ind ies ▁on ▁ 9 ▁December , ▁but ▁bad ▁weather ▁delayed ▁the ▁start ▁of ▁the ▁expedition ▁and ▁the ▁vessels ▁had ▁to ▁put ▁back ▁to ▁England . ▁After ▁numerous ▁false ▁starts ▁ab orted ▁by ▁weather ▁issues , ▁the ▁fleet ▁sa iled ▁on ▁ 2 6 ▁April ▁to ▁in va de ▁St ▁Lu cia , ▁with ▁troops ▁under ▁Lieutenant - General ▁Sir ▁Ralph ▁Aber c rom by . ▁St ▁Lu cia ▁surrender ed ▁to ▁the ▁British ▁on ▁ 2 5 ▁May . ▁The ▁British ▁went ▁on ▁to ▁capture ▁Saint ▁Vincent ▁and ▁Gren ada . ▁ ▁F ate ▁Valent ine ▁returned ▁to ▁England ▁in ▁ 1 7 9 6 ▁and ▁was ▁sold ▁for ▁breaking ▁up . ▁ ▁Cit ations ▁and ▁references ▁Cit ations ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : 1 7 8 0 ▁ships ▁Category : Age ▁of ▁S ail ▁merchant ▁ships ▁of ▁England ▁Category : Sh ips ▁of ▁the ▁British ▁East ▁India ▁Company <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁fl ora ▁of ▁Q atar ▁includes ▁more ▁than ▁ 3 0 0 ▁species ▁of ▁wild ▁plants . ▁ ▁Q atar ▁occup ies ▁a ▁small ▁desert ▁pen
ins ula ▁that ▁is ▁around ▁ 8 0 ▁km ▁( 5 0 ▁miles ) ▁from ▁east ▁to ▁west ▁and ▁ 1 6 0 ▁km ▁( 1 0 0 ▁miles ) ▁from ▁north ▁to ▁south . ▁The ▁climate ▁is ▁hot ▁and ▁hum id ▁with ▁sp or adic ▁rain . ▁Major ity ▁of ▁the ▁country ▁is ▁flat ▁with ▁an ▁annual ▁ra inf all ▁average ▁of ▁less ▁than ▁ 3 ▁inches . ▁Ar ne bia ▁his pid iss im ▁blo oms ▁yellow ▁flowers ▁ann ually ▁in ▁sand y ▁soil . ▁G los son ema ▁ed ule ▁has ▁ed ible ▁f ruits ▁with ▁brown ish - yellow ▁flowers . ▁ ▁Veg et ation ▁is ▁extremely ▁sparse ▁in ▁the ▁ham ada ▁landscape ▁due ▁to ▁the ▁heavily ▁weather ed ▁soil . ▁A ▁native ▁species ▁of ▁tree , ▁V ach ell ia ▁tort ilis ▁( known ▁locally ▁as ▁sam r ) ▁is ▁well ▁adapted ▁to ▁the ▁desert ▁environment ▁and ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁most ▁common ▁forms ▁of ▁veget ation ▁in ▁the ▁country . ▁T etra ena ▁q atar ensis ▁and ▁Ly ci um ▁sh aw ii ▁also ▁grow ▁in ▁this ▁landscape . ▁ ▁Sh allow ▁de press ions ▁referred ▁to ▁as ▁raw dat ▁const itute ▁a ▁more ▁varied ▁selection ▁of ▁plants ▁since ▁rain water ▁run - off ▁is ▁more ▁likely ▁to ▁accum ulate . ▁Z izi ph us ▁num m ular ia ▁fav ors ▁deeper ▁soil ▁in ▁this ▁type ▁of ▁habitat , ▁whereas ▁the ▁grass ▁C ym b op og on ▁par ker i ▁is ▁found ▁in ▁shall ower ▁so ils
. ▁In ▁the ▁south ▁of ▁the ▁pen ins ula , ▁where ▁ground water ▁is ▁scar ce , ▁Pan icum ▁t urg id um ▁and ▁V . ▁tort ilis ▁grow ▁in ▁the ▁wind - b low n ▁so ils . ▁Veg et ative ▁distribution ▁in ▁the ▁south ▁is ▁mostly ▁concentr ated ▁in ▁ra wd as ▁and ▁in ▁w ad is ▁fed ▁by ▁run - off ▁from ▁nearby ▁hills . ▁ ▁Natural ▁areas ▁ ▁Natural ▁areas ▁in ▁Q atar ▁include : ▁ ▁Al ▁Shah ani y ah ▁Park ▁in ▁Al - Sh ah ani ya ▁ ▁Al ▁W ab ra ▁Wild life ▁Pres ervation ▁ <0x09> ▁▁ ▁K hor ▁Al ▁U de id ▁Fish ▁San ctu ary <0x09> ▁ ▁Al ▁Re em ▁B ios phere ▁Pres erve ▁( design ated ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 7 ) ▁is ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁World ▁Network ▁of ▁B ios phere ▁Res erves ▁in ▁the ▁Arab ▁States <0x09> ▁▁ ▁Ras ▁U sh ai rij ▁Gaz elle ▁Conserv ation ▁Park <0x09> ▁ ▁Al ▁Th ak ira ▁Nature ▁Reserve ▁in ▁Al ▁Th ak hi ra ▁ ▁K hor ▁Al ▁Ada id ▁in ▁K hor ▁Al ▁Ada id ▁ ▁Ras ▁Abr ou q ▁Nature ▁Reserve ▁( also ▁known ▁as ▁Bir ▁Z ek reet ▁( Z ek reet ▁Beach ) ▁in ▁Ras ▁Abr ou q ▁ ▁U mm ▁T ais ▁National ▁Park ▁ ▁Tax onomy ▁ ▁Class : ▁Ps il ot ops ida ▁ ▁Order : ▁O phi og loss ales ▁Family : ▁O phi og loss aceae ▁Gen us : ▁O phi
og los sum ▁O phi og los sum ▁poly phy ll um ▁( native ) ▁ ▁Class : ▁Magn oli ops ida ▁ ▁Order : ▁A ster ales ▁Family : ▁A ster aceae ▁Gen us : ▁Reich ard ia ▁Reich ard ia ▁t ing it ana ▁( native ) ▁( common ▁names : ▁h uz an , ▁m ure er , ▁and ▁mur ar ) ▁ ▁Order : ▁C ary oph yll ales ▁Family : ▁Am ar anth aceae ▁Gen us : ▁Su a eda ▁Su a eda ▁a egy pt ia ca ▁ ▁Gen us : ▁S als ola ▁S als ola ▁ros mar inus ▁Family : ▁C ary oph yl lace ae ▁Gen us : ▁Sil ene ▁Sil ene ▁Arab ica ▁( native ) ▁Family : ▁Pol ygon aceae ▁Gen us : ▁Call ig on um ▁Call ig on um ▁com os um ▁( native ) ▁ ▁Order : ▁Mal p igh ial es ▁ ▁Family : ▁Eu ph orb ia ceae ▁Gen us : ▁Mercur ial is ▁Mercur ial is ▁ann ua ▁( int rodu ced ) ▁ ▁Order : ▁Fab ales ▁Family : ▁Fab aceae ▁Gen us : ▁Ta vern iera ▁Ta vern iera ▁sp arte a ▁( native ) ▁Gen us : ▁Sen na ▁Sen na ▁occident alis ▁( int rodu ced ) ▁ ▁Order : ▁Z yg oph yll ales ▁Family : ▁Z yg oph yl lace ae ▁Gen us : ▁T etra ena ▁T etra ena ▁q atar ensis ▁( native ) ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁
▁Fa una ▁of ▁Q atar ▁ ▁Wild life ▁of ▁Q atar ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁En ature . qa ▁- ▁Encyclopedia ▁of ▁all ▁fl ora ▁in ▁Q atar ▁Book ▁of ▁Tre es ▁in ▁Q atar ▁by ▁the ▁Ministry ▁of ▁Municip ality ▁and ▁Environment ▁▁▁▁ ▁. Q atar ▁. Q atar ▁Category : Environment ▁of ▁Q atar <0x0A> </s> ▁Justin iana ▁Nova ▁or ▁Nova ▁Justin iana ▁( , ▁" New ▁city ▁of ▁Justin ian ") ▁may ▁refer ▁to ▁one ▁of ▁several ▁sites ▁named ▁after ▁Justin ian ▁I ▁or ▁Justin ian ▁II : ▁▁ ▁D ara ▁( M es op ot am ia ), ▁renamed ▁after ▁Justin ian ▁I ▁re built ▁it ▁ ▁Er dek , ▁renamed ▁after ▁the ▁settlement ▁of ▁C yp ri ot ▁refuge es ▁there ▁by ▁Justin ian ▁II ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁▁ ▁Justin ian opol is ▁( disambiguation ) ▁ ▁Justin iana ▁( disambiguation ) <0x0A> </s> ▁Gust ave ▁F ay et ▁( B é zi ers , ▁May ▁ 2 0 , ▁ 1 8 6 5 ▁- ▁Car c ass onne , ▁September ▁ 2 4 , ▁ 1 9 2 5 ) ▁was ▁a ▁French ▁painter . ▁His ▁work ▁is ▁close ▁in ▁style ▁to ▁that ▁of ▁Paul ▁G au gu in ▁or ▁Od ilon ▁Red on . ▁He ▁lear nt ▁to ▁draw ▁and ▁paint ▁with ▁his ▁father , ▁Gabriel ▁F ay et , ▁and ▁his ▁uncle ▁Lé on ▁F ay et , ▁who ▁both ▁adm ired ▁pre - im pression n ist ▁pain ters ▁such ▁as ▁Ad
ol phe ▁Mont ic elli ▁or ▁Camil le ▁Cor ot . ▁Gust ave ▁F ay et ' s ▁style ▁is ▁very ▁personal , ▁far ▁from ▁impression ism ▁or ▁academic ▁work , ▁rather ▁more ▁symbol ism . ▁Gust ave ▁F ay et ▁was ▁also ▁an ▁art ▁collect or , ▁he ▁owned ▁works ▁by ▁D eg as , ▁Man et , ▁P iss ar ro ▁and ▁above ▁all ▁Paul ▁G au gu in . ▁F ay et ▁was ▁in ▁fact ▁one ▁of ▁G au gu in ' s ▁main ▁clients ▁and ▁he ▁l ent ▁many ▁of ▁the ▁paint ings ▁in ▁his ▁collection ▁for ▁the ▁G au gu in ▁exhib itions ▁between ▁ 1 9 0 3 ▁and ▁ 1 9 2 5 . ▁In ▁ 1 9 0 8 , ▁he ▁brought ▁the ▁Abb aye ▁de ▁Font f ro ide ▁( near ▁Nar bon ne , ▁France ), ▁that ▁he ▁re construct ed ▁and ▁where ▁he ▁exhib ited ▁many ▁of ▁the ▁paint ings ▁from ▁his ▁collection , ▁among ▁them ▁" Day " ▁and ▁" N ight " ▁by ▁Od ilon ▁Red on . ▁ ▁F ay et ▁was ▁a ▁man ▁with ▁a ▁universal ▁curiosity ▁and ▁his ▁work ▁reflect s ▁this ▁by ▁a ▁rich ▁variety ▁of ▁styles ▁and ▁techniques . ▁His ▁works ▁remain ▁mainly ▁in ▁private ▁collections ▁and ▁are ▁not ▁widely ▁known ▁by ▁the ▁public . ▁However , ▁since ▁ 2 0 0 5 ▁a ▁" F ay et ▁Room " ▁has ▁been ▁opened ▁in ▁the ▁Abb aye ▁de ▁Font f ro ide ▁and ▁in ▁
2 0 0 6 ▁the ▁museum ▁of ▁El ne ▁( near ▁Per p ign an , ▁south ▁of ▁France ) ▁held ▁a ▁ret ros pective ▁exhibition ▁of ▁F ay et ' s ▁work . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 th - century ▁French ▁pain ters ▁Category : F rench ▁male ▁pain ters ▁Category : F rench ▁Symbol ist ▁pain ters ▁Category : 2 0 th - century ▁French ▁pain ters ▁Category : 1 8 6 5 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 9 2 5 ▁death s ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁Bé zi ers <0x0A> </s> ▁Most ▁hor os cop ic ▁trad itions ▁of ▁ast ro log y ▁systems ▁divide ▁the ▁hor os cope ▁into ▁a ▁number ▁( us ually ▁twelve ) ▁of ▁houses ▁whose ▁positions ▁depend ▁on ▁time ▁and ▁location ▁rather ▁than ▁on ▁date . ▁In ▁H indu ▁ast ro log ical ▁tradition ▁these ▁are ▁known ▁as ▁Bh ā vas . ▁The ▁houses ▁of ▁the ▁hor os cope ▁represent ▁different ▁fields ▁of ▁experience ▁where in ▁the ▁energ ies ▁of ▁the ▁signs ▁and ▁plan ets ▁operate ▁— ▁described ▁in ▁terms ▁of ▁physical ▁surr ound ings ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁personal ▁life ▁experiences . ▁ ▁Description ▁ ▁Every ▁house ▁system ▁is ▁dependent ▁on ▁the ▁rot ational ▁movement ▁of ▁Earth ▁on ▁its ▁axis , ▁but ▁there ▁is ▁a ▁wide ▁range ▁of ▁approaches ▁to ▁calculating ▁house ▁divisions ▁and ▁different ▁opinions ▁among ▁ast ro log ers ▁over ▁which ▁house ▁system ▁is ▁most ▁accurate . ▁To ▁calculate ▁the ▁houses , ▁it ▁is ▁necessary ▁to ▁know ▁the ▁exact
▁time , ▁date , ▁and ▁location . ▁In ▁n atal ▁ast ro log y , ▁some ▁ast ro log ers ▁will ▁use ▁a ▁birth ▁time ▁set ▁for ▁no on ▁or ▁sun r ise ▁if ▁the ▁actual ▁time ▁of ▁birth ▁is ▁unknown . ▁An ▁accurate ▁interpretation ▁of ▁such ▁a ▁chart , ▁however , ▁cannot ▁be ▁expected . ▁ ▁The ▁houses ▁are ▁divisions ▁of ▁the ▁e cli ptic ▁plane ▁( a ▁great ▁circle ▁containing ▁the ▁Sun ' s ▁orbit , ▁as ▁seen ▁from ▁the ▁earth ), ▁at ▁the ▁time ▁and ▁place ▁of ▁the ▁hor os cope ▁in ▁question . ▁They ▁are ▁number ed ▁counter - clock wise ▁from ▁the ▁c us p ▁of ▁the ▁first ▁house . ▁Comm only , ▁houses ▁one ▁through ▁six ▁are ▁below ▁the ▁horizon ▁and ▁houses ▁seven ▁through ▁twelve ▁are ▁above ▁the ▁horizon , ▁but ▁some ▁systems ▁may ▁not ▁respect ▁entirely ▁that ▁division ▁( in ▁particular ▁when ▁the ▁As c endant ▁does ▁not ▁co inci de ▁with ▁the ▁first ▁house ' s ▁c us p ). ▁ ▁The ▁several ▁methods ▁of ▁calculating ▁house ▁divisions ▁stem ▁from ▁disag re ement ▁over ▁what ▁they ▁mean ▁mathemat ically ▁( reg arding ▁space ▁and ▁time ). ▁ ▁All ▁house ▁systems ▁in ▁Western ▁ast ro log y ▁use ▁twelve ▁houses ▁project ed ▁on ▁the ▁e cli ptic . ▁The ▁differences ▁arise ▁from ▁which ▁fundamental ▁plane ▁is ▁the ▁object ▁of ▁the ▁initial ▁division ▁and ▁whether ▁the ▁divisions ▁represent ▁units ▁of ▁time , ▁or ▁degrees ▁of ▁distance . ▁▁ ▁If ▁space ▁is ▁the ▁basis ▁for ▁house ▁division ,
▁the ▁chosen ▁plane ▁is ▁divided ▁into ▁equal ▁ar cs ▁of ▁ 3 0 ° ▁each . ▁ ▁A ▁difference ▁will ▁be ▁made ▁as ▁to ▁whether ▁these ▁divisions ▁are ▁made ▁directly ▁on ▁the ▁e cli ptic , ▁or ▁on ▁the ▁cel est ial ▁equ ator ▁or ▁some ▁other ▁great ▁circle , ▁before ▁being ▁project ed ▁on ▁the ▁e cli ptic . ▁ ▁If ▁time ▁is ▁the ▁basis ▁for ▁house ▁division , ▁a ▁difference ▁must ▁be ▁made ▁for ▁whether ▁the ▁houses ▁are ▁based ▁on ▁invariant ▁equal ▁hours ▁( each ▁house ▁represents ▁ 2 ▁hours ▁of ▁the ▁sun ' s ▁apparent ▁movement ▁each ▁day ) ▁or ▁temporal ▁hours ▁( day time ▁and ▁night - time ▁divided ▁into ▁six ▁equal ▁parts , ▁but ▁here ▁the ▁temporal ▁hours ▁will ▁vary ▁according ▁to ▁season ▁and ▁latitude .) ▁ ▁Reg ard less ▁of ▁these ▁different ▁methods , ▁all ▁house ▁divisions ▁in ▁Western ▁ast ro log y ▁share ▁certain ▁things ▁in ▁common : ▁the ▁twelve ▁house ▁c us ps ▁are ▁always ▁project ed ▁on ▁the ▁e cli ptic ; ▁they ▁will ▁all ▁place ▁the ▁c us p ▁of ▁the ▁first ▁house ▁near ▁the ▁eastern ▁horizon ▁and ▁every ▁house ▁c us p ▁is ▁ 1 8 0 ° ▁of ▁longitude ▁apart ▁from ▁the ▁sixth ▁following ▁house ▁( 1 st ▁oppos es ▁ 7 th ; ▁ 2 nd ▁oppos es ▁ 8 th ▁and ▁so ▁on ). ▁ ▁The ▁twelve ▁houses ▁ ▁The ▁next ▁table ▁represents ▁the ▁basic ▁outline ▁of ▁the ▁houses ▁as ▁they ▁are ▁still ▁understood ▁today ▁and ▁includes ▁the ▁traditional
▁Latin ▁names . ▁The ▁houses ▁are ▁number ed ▁from ▁the ▁east ▁down ward ▁under ▁the ▁horizon , ▁each ▁representing ▁a ▁specific ▁area ▁of ▁life . ▁Many ▁modern ▁ast ro log ers ▁assume ▁that ▁the ▁houses ▁relate ▁to ▁their ▁corresponding ▁signs , ▁i . e . ▁that ▁the ▁first ▁house ▁has ▁a ▁natural ▁aff inity ▁with ▁the ▁first ▁sign , ▁A ries , ▁and ▁so ▁on . ▁ ▁Mod al ities ▁and ▁trip lic ities ▁Similarly ▁to ▁how ▁signs ▁are ▁class ified ▁according ▁to ▁ast ro log ical ▁mod ality ▁( Card inal , ▁F ixed ▁and ▁M utable ), ▁houses ▁are ▁class ified , ▁according ▁to ▁a ▁mode ▁of ▁expression , ▁as ▁Angular , ▁Su cc ed ent ▁and ▁Cad ent . ▁ ▁Angular ▁houses ▁are ▁points ▁of ▁init iation ▁and ▁represent ▁action ; ▁they ▁relate ▁to ▁cardinal ▁signs ▁( A ries , ▁Can cer , ▁Lib ra ▁and ▁Cap ric orn ). ▁ ▁Su cc ed ent ▁houses ▁are ▁points ▁of ▁purpose ▁and ▁represent ▁stabil ization ; ▁succ ed ent ▁houses ▁relate ▁to ▁fixed ▁signs ▁( T aur us , ▁Leo , ▁Sc or pio ▁and ▁Aqu arius ). ▁And ▁finally , ▁Cad ent ▁houses ▁are ▁points ▁of ▁transition ▁and ▁they ▁represent ▁change ▁and ▁adaptation ; ▁cad ent ▁houses ▁relate ▁to ▁mutable ▁signs ▁( G em ini , ▁Vir go , ▁S ag itt arius ▁and ▁P is ces ). ▁▁ ▁Again , ▁following ▁a ▁similar ▁classification ▁of ▁signs ▁according ▁to ▁the ▁four ▁classical ▁elements ▁( Fire , ▁Earth , ▁Air ▁and
▁Water ), ▁houses ▁can ▁be ▁grouped ▁together ▁by ▁trip licity , ▁rel ating ▁them ▁to ▁a ▁level ▁of ▁experience . ▁ ▁In ▁old ▁ast ro log ical ▁writ ings ▁( e . g . ▁William ▁L illy ), ▁house ▁could ▁also ▁be ▁used ▁as ▁a ▁syn onym ▁for ▁dom icile ▁or ▁r ul ership , ▁as ▁in ▁the ▁sentence ▁" The ▁Moon ▁has ▁its ▁house ▁in ▁Can cer " ▁meaning ▁that ▁Can cer ▁is ▁ruled ▁by ▁the ▁Moon . ▁It ▁may ▁be ▁helpful ▁to ▁think ▁of ▁a ▁r uling ▁planet , ▁in ▁this ▁case ▁the ▁Moon , ▁as ▁the ▁" owner ▁of ▁the ▁ 4 th ▁House ", ▁and ▁the ▁sign , ▁e . g . ▁Can cer , ▁as ▁the ▁CE O ▁or ▁land l ord ▁who ▁runs ▁the ▁house . ▁In ▁an ▁individual ▁hor os cope , ▁whatever ▁sign ▁occup ies ▁any ▁given ▁house ▁can ▁be ▁thought ▁of ▁as ▁the ▁house ' s ▁ten ant . ▁( See ▁R ul ership ▁section ▁below .) ▁ ▁Bh avas ▁▁ ▁In ▁Indian ▁ast ro log y , ▁the ▁twelve ▁houses ▁are ▁called ▁Bh ava ▁and ▁have ▁mean ings ▁very ▁similar ▁to ▁their ▁Western ▁counter parts . ▁The ▁houses ▁are ▁divided ▁into ▁four ▁' b h avas ' ▁which ▁point ▁to ▁' m ood ' ▁or ▁what ▁the ▁house ▁stands ▁for . ▁These ▁four ▁b h avas ▁are ▁D har ma ▁( d ut y ), ▁Ar tha ▁( resources ), ▁K ama ▁( ple asure ) ▁and ▁M ok sha ▁( li ber
ation ). ▁These ▁b h avas ▁are ▁called ▁' pur ush arth as ▁or ▁' a ims ▁in ▁life .' ▁The ▁ancient ▁myst ics ▁of ▁India ▁realized ▁that ▁the ▁aust ere ▁path ▁of ▁the ▁y og i ▁was ▁not ▁for ▁everyone . ▁They ▁found ▁that ▁each ▁human ▁existence ▁has ▁four ▁worth while ▁goals ▁in ▁life : ▁▁ ▁D har ma ▁– ▁ 1 st , ▁ 5 th ▁and ▁ 9 th ▁Bh avas ▁– ▁The ▁need ▁to ▁find ▁a ▁path ▁and ▁purpose . ▁▁ ▁Ar tha ▁– ▁ 2 nd , ▁ 6 th ▁and ▁ 1 0 th ▁Bh avas ▁– ▁The ▁need ▁to ▁ac quire ▁the ▁necessary ▁resources ▁and ▁ab ilities ▁to ▁provide ▁for ▁to ▁ful fill ▁a ▁path ▁and ▁purpose . ▁ ▁K ama ▁– ▁ 3 rd , ▁ 7 th ▁and ▁ 1 1 th ▁Bh avas ▁– ▁The ▁need ▁for ▁pleasure ▁and ▁enjoy ment . ▁ ▁M ok sha ▁– ▁ 4 th , ▁ 8 th ▁and ▁ 1 2 th ▁Bh avas ▁– ▁The ▁need ▁to ▁find ▁liber ation ▁and ▁en light en ment ▁from ▁the ▁world . ▁ ▁Th eses ▁ 4 ▁a ims ▁of ▁life ▁are ▁repeated ▁in ▁above ▁sequence ▁ 3 ▁times ▁through ▁the ▁ 1 2 ▁b h avas : ▁ ▁The ▁first ▁round , ▁b h avas ▁ 1 ▁through ▁ 4 , ▁show ▁the ▁process ▁within ▁the ▁Ind ividual . ▁▁ ▁The ▁second ▁round , ▁b h avas ▁ 5 ▁through ▁ 8 , ▁show ▁the ▁al ch
emy ▁between ▁rel ating ▁to ▁Other ▁people . ▁▁ ▁The ▁third ▁round , ▁b h avas ▁ 9 ▁through ▁ 1 2 , ▁show ▁the ▁Universal ization ▁of ▁the ▁self . ▁ ▁H ouses ▁for ▁a ▁nation ▁or ▁corpor ation ▁ ▁In ▁his ▁ 1 9 2 0 ▁book ▁The ▁Arc ana : ▁Or ▁the ▁Stock ▁and ▁Share ▁Key , ▁Se ph arial ▁proposed ▁the ▁following ▁interpretation ▁for ▁houses ▁if ▁the ▁chart ▁is ▁for ▁a ▁nation ▁and ▁a ▁corpor ation : ▁ ▁Systems ▁of ▁house ▁division ▁ ▁There ▁are ▁many ▁systems ▁of ▁house ▁division . ▁In ▁most , ▁the ▁e cli ptic ▁is ▁divided ▁into ▁houses ▁and ▁the ▁asc endant ▁( e astern ▁horizon ) ▁marks ▁the ▁c us p , ▁or ▁beginning , ▁of ▁the ▁first ▁house , ▁and ▁the ▁desc endant ▁( western ▁horizon ) ▁marks ▁the ▁c us p ▁of ▁the ▁sevent h ▁house . ▁Many ▁systems , ▁called ▁quadr ant ▁house ▁systems , ▁also ▁use ▁the ▁mid he aven ▁( medium ▁co eli ) ▁as ▁the ▁c us p ▁of ▁the ▁t enth ▁house . ▁ ▁Go als ▁for ▁a ▁house ▁system ▁include ▁ease ▁of ▁computation ; ▁agreement ▁with ▁the ▁" quad rant " ▁concept ▁( asc endant ▁on ▁the ▁first ▁house ▁c us p ▁and ▁mid he aven ▁on ▁the ▁t enth ); ▁defined ▁and ▁meaning ful ▁behaviour ▁in ▁the ▁polar ▁regions ; ▁acceptable ▁handling ▁of ▁heaven ly ▁bodies ▁of ▁high ▁latitude ▁( a ▁distinct ▁problem ▁from ▁high - lat itude ▁locations ▁on ▁the ▁Earth ' s ▁surface
); ▁and ▁symbol ic ▁value . ▁ ▁It ▁is ▁impossible ▁for ▁any ▁system ▁to ▁satisfy ▁all ▁the ▁criteria ▁completely , ▁so ▁each ▁one ▁represents ▁a ▁different ▁comprom ise . ▁ ▁The ▁extremely ▁popular ▁P lac id us ▁and ▁Koch ▁systems , ▁in ▁particular , ▁can ▁generate ▁undefined ▁results ▁in ▁the ▁polar ▁circles . ▁ ▁Research ▁and ▁debate ▁on ▁the ▁mer its ▁of ▁different ▁house ▁systems ▁is ▁on going . ▁ ▁Early ▁forms ▁of ▁house ▁division ▁The ▁Bab yl oni ans ▁may ▁have ▁been ▁the ▁first ▁to ▁set ▁out ▁the ▁concept ▁of ▁house ▁division . ▁Specifically , ▁they ▁tim ed ▁the ▁birth ▁according ▁to ▁three ▁systems ▁of ▁time ▁division : ▁( a ) ▁a ▁three - part ▁division ▁of ▁the ▁night ▁into ▁watch es , ▁( b ) ▁a ▁four - part ▁division ▁of ▁the ▁n ych th emer on ▁with ▁respect ▁to ▁sun r ise ▁and ▁sun set , ▁and ▁( c ) ▁a ▁twelve - part ▁division ▁of ▁the ▁day - time ▁into ▁hours . ▁Bab yl onian ▁astronom ers ▁studied ▁the ▁rising ▁times ▁of ▁the ▁signs ▁and ▁calculated ▁tables ▁of ▁asc ensions ▁for ▁their ▁latitude , ▁ ▁but ▁it ▁would ▁take ▁better ▁time ▁measurements ▁by ▁the ▁Egypt ians ▁and ▁the ▁introduction ▁of ▁the ▁concept ▁of ▁asc endant , ▁around ▁the ▁ 2 nd ▁century ▁B . C ., ▁to ▁give ▁ast ro log ical ▁houses ▁their ▁first ▁recogn is able ▁structure ▁and ▁meaning , ▁from ▁the ▁perspective ▁of ▁Class ical ▁Western ▁ast ro log y . ▁ ▁The ▁earliest ▁forms ▁of
▁house ▁division ▁were ▁those ▁that ▁link ▁with , ▁or ▁run ▁parallel ▁to , ▁the ▁signs ▁of ▁the ▁z od iac ▁along ▁the ▁e cli ptic . ▁ ▁Wh ole ▁sign ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁whole ▁sign ▁house ▁system , ▁sometimes ▁referred ▁to ▁as ▁the ▁' Sign - H ouse ▁system ', ▁the ▁houses ▁are ▁ 3 0 ° ▁each . ▁ ▁The ▁asc endant ▁design ates ▁the ▁rising ▁sign , ▁and ▁the ▁first ▁house ▁begins ▁at ▁zero ▁degrees ▁of ▁the ▁z od iac ▁sign ▁in ▁which ▁the ▁asc endant ▁falls , ▁regardless ▁of ▁how ▁early ▁or ▁late ▁in ▁that ▁sign ▁the ▁asc endant ▁is . ▁The ▁next ▁sign ▁after ▁the ▁asc ending ▁sign ▁then ▁becomes ▁the ▁ 2 nd ▁house , ▁the ▁sign ▁after ▁that ▁the ▁ 3 rd ▁house , ▁and ▁so ▁on . ▁In ▁other ▁words , ▁each ▁house ▁is ▁wh olly ▁filled ▁by ▁one ▁sign . ▁This ▁was ▁the ▁main ▁system ▁used ▁in ▁the ▁H ellen istic ▁tradition ▁of ▁ast ro log y , ▁and ▁is ▁also ▁used ▁in ▁Indian ▁ast ro log y , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁in ▁some ▁early ▁trad itions ▁of ▁Med ieval ▁ast ro log y . ▁It ▁is ▁thought ▁to ▁be ▁the ▁oldest ▁system ▁of ▁house ▁division . ▁ ▁The ▁Wh ole ▁Sign ▁system ▁may ▁have ▁been ▁developed ▁in ▁the ▁H ellen istic ▁tradition ▁of ▁ast ro log y ▁som etime ▁around ▁the ▁ 1 st ▁or ▁ 2 nd ▁century ▁B CE , ▁and ▁from ▁there ▁it ▁may ▁have ▁passed ▁to ▁the ▁Indian ▁and ▁early
▁Med ieval ▁trad itions ▁of ▁ast ro log y ; ▁though ▁the ▁line ▁of ▁thought ▁which ▁states ▁that ▁it ▁was ▁transm itted ▁to ▁India ▁from ▁Western ▁local es ▁is ▁hot ly ▁cont ested . ▁At ▁some ▁point ▁in ▁the ▁Med ieval ▁period , ▁probably ▁around ▁the ▁ 1 0 th ▁century , ▁whole ▁sign ▁houses ▁fell ▁into ▁dis use ▁in ▁the ▁western ▁tradition , ▁and ▁by ▁the ▁ 2 0 th ▁century ▁the ▁system ▁was ▁completely ▁unknown ▁in ▁the ▁western ▁ast ro log ical ▁community , ▁although ▁was ▁contin ually ▁used ▁in ▁India ▁all ▁the ▁way ▁into ▁the ▁present ▁time . ▁Begin ning ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 8 0 s ▁and ▁ 1 9 9 0 s ▁the ▁system ▁was ▁redis cover ed ▁and ▁re int rodu ced ▁into ▁western ▁ast ro log y . ▁The ▁distinction ▁between ▁equal ▁houses ▁and ▁whole ▁sign ▁houses ▁lies ▁in ▁the ▁fact ▁that ▁in ▁whole ▁sign ▁houses ▁the ▁c us p ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 st ▁house ▁is ▁the ▁beginning ▁of ▁the ▁sign ▁that ▁contains ▁the ▁asc endant , ▁while ▁in ▁equal ▁houses ▁the ▁degree ▁of ▁the ▁asc endant ▁is ▁itself ▁the ▁c us p ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 st ▁house . ▁ ▁Equ al ▁house ▁In ▁the ▁equal ▁house ▁system ▁the ▁e cli ptic ▁is ▁also ▁divided ▁into ▁twelve ▁divisions ▁of ▁ 3 0 ▁degrees , ▁although ▁the ▁houses ▁are ▁measured ▁out ▁in ▁ 3 0 ▁degree ▁incre ments ▁starting ▁from ▁the ▁degree ▁of ▁the ▁asc endant . ▁It ▁begins ▁with ▁the ▁asc endant ,
▁which ▁acts ▁as ▁the ▁' cus p ' ▁or ▁starting ▁point ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 st ▁house , ▁then ▁the ▁second ▁house ▁begins ▁exactly ▁ 3 0 ▁degrees ▁later ▁in ▁z odia cal ▁order , ▁then ▁the ▁third ▁house ▁begins ▁exactly ▁ 3 0 ▁degrees ▁later ▁in ▁z odia cal ▁order ▁from ▁the ▁ 2 nd ▁house , ▁and ▁so ▁on . ▁▁ ▁Pro ponents ▁of ▁the ▁equal ▁house ▁system ▁claim ▁that ▁it ▁is ▁more ▁accurate ▁and ▁less ▁dist ort ing ▁in ▁higher ▁lat itudes ▁( es pecially ▁above ▁ 6 0 ▁degrees ) ▁than ▁the ▁Pla cide an ▁and ▁other ▁quadr ant ▁house ▁systems . ▁ ▁Space - based ▁house ▁systems ▁ ▁In ▁this ▁type ▁of ▁system , ▁the ▁definition ▁of ▁houses ▁involves ▁the ▁division ▁of ▁the ▁sphere ▁into ▁twelve ▁equal ▁l unes ▁per pend icular ▁to ▁a ▁fundamental ▁plane ▁( the ▁Mor inus ▁and ▁Reg iom ont anus ▁systems ▁being ▁two ▁notable ▁exceptions ). ▁ ▁M - H ouse ▁( Equal ▁Mc ) ▁This ▁system ▁is ▁constructed ▁in ▁a ▁similar ▁manner ▁as ▁the ▁Equ al ▁house , ▁but ▁houses ▁are ▁measured ▁out ▁in ▁ 3 0 ▁degree ▁incre ments ▁starting ▁from ▁the ▁longitude ▁of ▁the ▁mid he aven , ▁which ▁acts ▁as ▁the ▁' cus p ' ▁or ▁starting ▁point ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 0 th ▁house . ▁The ▁asc endant ▁does ▁not ▁co inci de ▁with ▁the ▁c us p ▁for ▁the ▁ 1 st ▁house . ▁ ▁P orph y ry ▁Each ▁quadr ant ▁of ▁the ▁e cli ptic
▁is ▁divided ▁into ▁three ▁equal ▁parts ▁between ▁the ▁four ▁angles . ▁This ▁is ▁the ▁oldest ▁system ▁of ▁quadr ant ▁style ▁house ▁division . ▁Although ▁it ▁is ▁attributed ▁to ▁P orph y ry ▁of ▁Ty ros , ▁this ▁system ▁was ▁first ▁described ▁by ▁the ▁ 2 nd - century ▁ast ro lo ger ▁V ett ius ▁Val ens , ▁in ▁the ▁ 3 rd ▁book ▁of ▁his ▁ast ro log ical ▁comp end ium ▁known ▁as ▁The ▁Anth ology . ▁ ▁Carter ' s ▁Poly ▁Equ atorial ▁This ▁house ▁system ▁was ▁described ▁by ▁the ▁English ▁ast ro lo ger ▁Charles ▁E . ▁O . ▁Carter ▁( 1 8 8 7 - 1 9 6 8 ) ▁in ▁his ▁Ess ays ▁on ▁the ▁Found ations ▁of ▁Ast ro log y . ▁The ▁house ▁division ▁starts ▁at ▁the ▁right ▁asc ension ▁of ▁the ▁asc endant ▁and ▁to ▁it ▁is ▁added ▁ 3 0 º ▁of ▁right ▁asc ension ▁for ▁each ▁success ive ▁c us p . ▁Those ▁c us ps ▁are ▁then ▁rest ated ▁in ▁terms ▁of ▁cel est ial ▁longitude ▁by ▁project ing ▁them ▁along ▁great ▁circles ▁containing ▁the ▁North ▁and ▁South ▁cel est ial ▁pol es . ▁The ▁ 1 st ▁house ▁c us p ▁coinc ides ▁with ▁the ▁asc endant ' s ▁longitude , ▁but ▁the ▁ 1 0 th ▁house ▁c us p ▁is ▁not ▁identical ▁with ▁the ▁Mid he aven . ▁ ▁Mer id ian ▁Also ▁known ▁as ▁the ▁Ax ial ▁system , ▁or ▁Equ atorial ▁system , ▁it ▁div ides
▁the ▁cel est ial ▁equ ator ▁in ▁twelve ▁ 3 0 ° ▁se ctors ▁( start ing ▁at ▁the ▁local ▁mer id ian ) ▁and ▁projects ▁them ▁on ▁to ▁the ▁e cli ptic ▁along ▁the ▁great ▁circles ▁containing ▁the ▁North ▁and ▁South ▁cel est ial ▁pol es . ▁The ▁inter sections ▁of ▁the ▁e cli ptic ▁with ▁those ▁great ▁circles ▁provide ▁the ▁house ▁c us ps . ▁The ▁ 1 0 th ▁house ▁c us p ▁thus ▁equals ▁the ▁Mid he aven , ▁but ▁the ▁East ▁Point ▁( also ▁known ▁as ▁Equ atorial ▁As c endant ) ▁is ▁now ▁the ▁first ▁house ' s ▁c us p . ▁Each ▁house ▁is ▁exactly ▁ 2 ▁sid ere al ▁hours ▁long . ▁This ▁system ▁was ▁proposed ▁by ▁the ▁Australian ▁ast ro lo ger ▁David ▁C ope ▁in ▁the ▁beginning ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 0 th ▁century ▁and ▁has ▁become ▁the ▁most ▁popular ▁system ▁with ▁the ▁U ran ian ▁school ▁of ▁ast ro log y . ▁ ▁The ▁As c endant ▁( inter section ▁between ▁the ▁e cli ptic ▁and ▁the ▁horizon ) ▁pres erves ▁its ▁importance ▁in ▁chart ▁interpretation ▁through ▁sign ▁and ▁aspects , ▁but ▁not ▁as ▁a ▁house ▁determin ant , ▁which ▁is ▁why ▁this ▁house ▁system ▁can ▁be ▁used ▁in ▁any ▁latitude . ▁ ▁Mor inus ▁French ▁math ematic ian ▁Jean ▁Bapt iste ▁Mor inus ▁ ▁Reg iom ont anus ▁The ▁cel est ial ▁equ ator ▁is ▁divided ▁into ▁twelve , ▁and ▁these ▁divisions ▁are ▁project ed ▁on ▁to ▁the ▁e cli ptic
▁along ▁great ▁circles ▁that ▁take ▁in ▁the ▁north ▁and ▁south ▁points ▁on ▁the ▁horizon . ▁N amed ▁after ▁the ▁German ▁astronom er ▁and ▁ast ro lo ger ▁Johann ▁Müller ▁of ▁König s berg . ▁The ▁Reg iom ont anus ▁system ▁was ▁later ▁largely ▁replaced ▁by ▁the ▁P lac id us ▁system . ▁ ▁Camp anus ▁The ▁prime ▁vertical ▁( the ▁great ▁circle ▁taking ▁in ▁the ▁z en ith ▁and ▁east ▁point ▁on ▁the ▁horizon ) ▁is ▁divided ▁into ▁twelve , ▁and ▁these ▁divisions ▁are ▁project ed ▁on ▁to ▁the ▁e cli ptic ▁along ▁great ▁circles ▁that ▁take ▁in ▁the ▁north ▁and ▁south ▁points ▁on ▁the ▁horizon . ▁It ▁is ▁attributed ▁to ▁Camp anus ▁of ▁Nov ara ▁but ▁the ▁method ▁is ▁known ▁to ▁have ▁been ▁used ▁before ▁his ▁time . ▁ ▁Sin us oid al ▁Sin us oid al ▁systems ▁of ▁house ▁division ▁are ▁similar ▁to ▁P orph y ry ▁houses ▁except ▁that ▁instead ▁of ▁each ▁quadr ant ▁being ▁divided ▁into ▁three ▁equal ▁s ized ▁houses , ▁the ▁middle ▁house ▁in ▁each ▁quadr ant ▁is ▁com pressed ▁or ▁expanded ▁based ▁on ▁whether ▁the ▁quadr ant ▁covers ▁less ▁than ▁or ▁greater ▁than ▁ 9 0 ▁degrees . ▁In ▁other ▁words , ▁houses ▁are ▁smooth ▁around ▁the ▁z od iac ▁with ▁the ▁difference ▁or ▁ratio ▁in ▁quadr ant ▁sizes ▁being ▁spread ▁in ▁a ▁continuous ▁sin us oid al ▁manner ▁from ▁expanded ▁to ▁com pressed ▁houses . ▁Sin us oid al ▁houses ▁were ▁invent ed ▁and ▁first ▁published ▁by ▁Walter ▁P ull en ▁in ▁his ▁ast ro
log y ▁program ▁Ast ro log ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 4 . ▁ ▁Kr us in ski / P isa / Go el zer ▁ ▁A ▁recently ▁published ▁( 1 9 8 8 ) ▁house ▁system , ▁discovered ▁by ▁Georg ▁Go el zer , ▁based ▁on ▁a ▁great ▁circle ▁passing ▁through ▁the ▁asc endant ▁and ▁z en ith . ▁This ▁circle ▁is ▁divided ▁into ▁ 1 2 ▁equal ▁parts ▁( 1 st ▁c us p ▁is ▁asc endent , ▁ 1 0 th ▁c us p ▁is ▁z en ith ), ▁then ▁the ▁resulting ▁points ▁are ▁project ed ▁to ▁the ▁e cli ptic ▁through ▁mer id ian ▁circles . ▁ ▁The ▁house ▁tables ▁for ▁this ▁system ▁were ▁published ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 5 ▁in ▁Poland . ▁This ▁house ▁system ▁is ▁also ▁known ▁under ▁the ▁name ▁Am ph ora ▁in ▁the ▁Czech ▁Republic , ▁after ▁it ▁was ▁proposed ▁there ▁by ▁Milan ▁P í š a ▁after ▁the ▁study ▁of ▁Man il ius ' s ▁" A stronom ica " ▁under ▁this ▁name ▁(" K on st el ace ▁č . ▁ 2 2 " ▁in : ▁" AMP H OR A ▁- ▁nov ý ▁syst ém ▁ast ro log ick ých ▁dom ů " ▁( 1 9 9 7 ) ▁and ▁in ▁the ▁book let ▁" Am ph ora ▁- ▁alg or it my ▁nov ého ▁syst ému ▁dom ů " ▁( 1 9 9 8 )). ▁ ▁Time - based ▁house ▁systems ▁ ▁Al ch ab it ius ▁The ▁prede cess
or ▁system ▁to ▁the ▁P lac id us , ▁which ▁largely ▁replaced ▁the ▁P orph y ry . ▁The ▁difference ▁with ▁P lac id us ▁is ▁that ▁the ▁time ▁that ▁it ▁takes ▁the ▁asc endant ▁to ▁reach ▁the ▁mer id ian ▁is ▁divided ▁equally ▁into ▁three ▁parts . ▁The ▁Al ch ab it ius ▁house ▁system ▁was ▁very ▁popular ▁in ▁Europe ▁before ▁the ▁introduction ▁of ▁the ▁Reg iom ont anus ▁system . ▁ ▁P lac id us ▁This ▁is ▁the ▁most ▁commonly ▁used ▁house ▁system ▁in ▁modern ▁Western ▁ast ro log y . ▁The ▁paths ▁drawn ▁for ▁each ▁degree ▁of ▁the ▁e cli ptic ▁to ▁move ▁from ▁the ▁Im um ▁co eli ▁to ▁the ▁horizon , ▁and ▁from ▁the ▁horizon ▁to ▁the ▁mid he aven , ▁are ▁tr is ected ▁to ▁determine ▁the ▁c us ps ▁of ▁houses ▁ 2 , ▁ 3 , ▁ 1 1 , ▁and ▁ 1 2 . ▁The ▁c us ps ▁of ▁houses ▁ 8 , ▁ 9 , ▁ 5 ▁and ▁ 6 ▁are ▁opposite ▁these . ▁The ▁P lac id us ▁system ▁is ▁sometimes ▁not ▁defined ▁beyond ▁polar ▁circles ▁( lat itudes ▁greater ▁than ▁ 6 6 ° N ▁or ▁ 6 6 ° S ), ▁because ▁certain ▁degrees ▁are ▁circ ump olar ▁( ne ver ▁touch ▁the ▁horizon ), ▁and ▁plan ets ▁falling ▁in ▁them ▁cannot ▁be ▁assigned ▁to ▁houses ▁without ▁extending ▁the ▁system . ▁This ▁result ▁is ▁a ▁weak ness ▁of ▁the ▁Pla cide an ▁system ▁according ▁to ▁its ▁critics , ▁who ▁often
▁c ite ▁the ▁exception al ▁house ▁proport ions ▁in ▁the ▁higher ▁lat itudes . ▁ ▁N amed ▁for ▁ 1 7 th - century ▁ast ro lo ger ▁P lac id us ▁de ▁Tit is , ▁it ▁is ▁thought ▁the ▁P lac id us ▁system ▁was ▁first ▁mentioned ▁about ▁ 1 3 th ▁century ▁in ▁Arab ▁literature , ▁but ▁the ▁first ▁confirmed ▁publication ▁was ▁in ▁ 1 6 0 2 ▁by ▁Giovanni ▁Antonio ▁Mag ini ▁( 1 5 5 5 – 1 6 1 7 ) ▁in ▁his ▁book ▁" Tab ula e ▁Prim i ▁M obil is , ▁qu as ▁D irection em ▁V ul go ▁Dic unt ". ▁The ▁first ▁documented ▁usage ▁is ▁from ▁Czech , ▁ 1 6 2 7 . ▁Later ▁it ▁was ▁popular ized ▁by ▁the ▁Catholic ▁Church ▁as ▁an ▁argument ▁for ▁P to le my ' s ▁ge oc ent ric ▁theory ▁of ▁the ▁Sol ar ▁System , ▁in ▁the ▁campaign ▁against ▁the ▁hel i oc ent ric ▁theory . ▁ ▁P lac id us , ▁a ▁professor ▁of ▁mathematics , ▁was ▁named ▁as ▁its ▁author ▁to ▁give ▁it ▁cred ibility ▁to ▁his ▁contempor aries . ▁P lac id us ▁remains ▁the ▁most ▁popular ▁system ▁among ▁English - spe aking ▁ast ro log ers ▁ ▁Koch ▁A ▁rather ▁more ▁complicated ▁version ▁of ▁the ▁P lac id us ▁system , ▁built ▁on ▁equal ▁incre ments ▁of ▁Right ▁As c ension ▁for ▁each ▁quadr ant . ▁The ▁Koch ▁system ▁was ▁developed ▁by ▁the ▁German ▁ast ro lo ger ▁Walter
▁Koch ▁( 1 8 9 5 – 1 9 7 0 ) ▁and ▁is ▁defined ▁only ▁for ▁lat itudes ▁between ▁ 6 6 ° N ▁and ▁ 6 6 ° S . ▁ ▁This ▁system ▁is ▁popular ▁among ▁research ▁ast ro log ers ▁in ▁the ▁U . S . ▁and ▁among ▁German ▁speak ers , ▁but ▁in ▁Central ▁Europe ▁lost ▁some ▁popular ity ▁to ▁the ▁Kr us i ński ▁house ▁system . ▁ ▁Top oc ent ric ▁This ▁is ▁a ▁recent ▁system , ▁invent ed ▁in ▁Argentina , ▁that ▁its ▁cre ators ▁claim ▁has ▁been ▁determined ▁empir ically , ▁i . e . ▁by ▁obser ving ▁events ▁in ▁people ' s ▁lives ▁and ▁assess ing ▁the ▁geometry ▁of ▁a ▁house ▁system ▁that ▁would ▁fit . ▁The ▁house ▁c us ps ▁are ▁always ▁within ▁a ▁degree ▁of ▁those ▁given ▁in ▁the ▁P lac id us ▁system . ▁The ▁top oc ent ric ▁system ▁can ▁also ▁be ▁described ▁as ▁an ▁approximation ▁algorithm ▁for ▁the ▁P lac id us ▁system . ▁▁ ▁Top oc ent ric ▁houses ▁are ▁also ▁called ▁Pol ich - Page , ▁after ▁the ▁names ▁of ▁the ▁house ▁system ▁cre ators , ▁Wend el ▁Pol ich ▁and ▁A . ▁Page ▁Nelson . ▁ ▁Chart ▁gallery ▁The ▁following ▁charts ▁display ▁different ▁house ▁systems ▁for ▁the ▁same ▁time ▁and ▁location . ▁To ▁better ▁compare ▁systems ▁subject ▁to ▁dist ort ion , ▁a ▁high ▁latitude ▁city ▁was ▁chosen ▁( Sto ck holm , ▁Sweden ) ▁and ▁the ▁time ▁corresponds ▁to ▁a ▁long ▁asc ension ▁sign ▁(
Can cer ). ▁For ▁clar ity ▁purposes , ▁all ▁the ▁usual ▁aspect ▁lines , ▁degrees ▁and ▁g lyph s ▁were ▁removed . ▁ ▁The ▁MC ▁in ▁non - quad rant ▁house ▁systems ▁In ▁the ▁whole ▁sign ▁and ▁equal ▁house ▁systems ▁the ▁Med ium ▁Co eli ▁( M id he aven ), ▁the ▁highest ▁point ▁in ▁the ▁chart , ▁does ▁not ▁act ▁as ▁the ▁c us p ▁or ▁starting ▁point ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 0 th ▁house . ▁Instead ▁the ▁MC ▁moves ▁around ▁the ▁top ▁half ▁of ▁the ▁chart , ▁and ▁can ▁land ▁anywhere ▁in ▁the ▁ 7 th , ▁ 8 th , ▁ 9 th , ▁ 1 0 th , ▁ 1 1 th , ▁ 1 2 th , ▁depending ▁on ▁the ▁latitude . ▁ ▁The ▁MC ▁retain s ▁its ▁commonly ▁agreed ▁signific ations , ▁but ▁it ▁doesn ' t ▁act ▁as ▁the ▁starting ▁point ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 0 th ▁house , ▁therefore ▁in ▁Equ al ▁house ▁it ▁adds ▁extra ▁definition ▁and ▁meaning ▁to ▁MC ▁and ▁the ▁c us ps ▁involved , ▁but ▁always ▁MC ▁is ▁same ▁in ▁interpret ations ▁as ▁other ▁house ▁systems . ▁ ▁This ▁is ▁also ▁the ▁more ▁common ▁criticism ▁of ▁the ▁whole ▁sign ▁and ▁equal ▁house ▁method ▁as ▁it ▁concerns ▁the ▁location ▁of ▁the ▁Med ium ▁Co eli ▁( M id he aven ), ▁the ▁highest ▁point ▁in ▁the ▁chart . ▁In ▁the ▁equal ▁house ▁system , ▁the ▁asc endant / desc endant ▁and ▁mid he aven / IC ▁axes ▁can ▁vary ▁from ▁being ▁per
pend icular ▁to ▁each ▁other ▁( from ▁appro x . ▁+ - 5 ▁deg ▁at ▁most ▁at ▁equ ator ▁to ▁appro x . ▁+ - 1 5 ▁degrees ▁at ▁Alexand ria ▁to ▁+ - 9 0 ▁degrees ▁at ▁polar ▁circle ). ▁As ▁a ▁result , ▁equal ▁houses ▁counted ▁from ▁the ▁asc endant ▁cannot ▁in ▁general ▁place ▁the ▁mid he aven ▁on ▁the ▁t enth ▁house ▁c us p , ▁where ▁many ▁feel ▁it ▁would ▁be ▁symbol ically ▁des irable . ▁Since ▁this ▁point ▁is ▁associated ▁with ▁amb ition , ▁career , ▁and ▁public ▁image , ▁the ▁argument ▁is ▁that ▁the ▁Mid he aven , ▁therefore , ▁must ▁be ▁the ▁c us p ▁of ▁the ▁similar ▁t enth ▁house . ▁It ▁has ▁also ▁been ▁linked ▁by ▁extension ▁with ▁Cap ric orn ▁( the ▁t enth ▁sign ▁of ▁the ▁z od iac ). ▁Equ al ▁house ▁system ▁always ▁takes ▁MC ▁to ▁be ▁first ▁and ▁for em ost ▁THE ▁most ▁important ▁indicator ▁of ▁career , ▁but ▁ 1 0 th ▁house ▁c us p ▁is ▁simple ▁like ▁a ▁we aker ▁ 2 nd ▁MC ▁c us p ▁and ▁would ▁be ▁taken ▁into ▁account , ▁but ▁not ▁at ▁the ▁exp ense ▁of ▁MC . ▁Because ▁the ▁Wh ole ▁Sign ▁and ▁Equ al ▁House ▁system ▁do ▁take ▁the ▁Mid he aven ▁into ▁account , ▁but ▁re lies ▁on ▁the ▁location ▁of ▁the ▁As c endant , ▁it ▁can ▁be ▁found ▁anywhere ▁between ▁the ▁ 8 th ▁and ▁ 1 1 th ▁houses . ▁ ▁R ul ership ▁▁
▁In ▁H ellen istic , ▁V edic , ▁Med ieval ▁and ▁Renaissance ▁ast ro log y ▁each ▁house ▁is ▁ruled ▁by ▁the ▁planet ▁that ▁rules ▁the ▁sign ▁on ▁its ▁c us p . ▁For ▁example , ▁if ▁a ▁person ▁has ▁the ▁sign ▁A ries ▁on ▁the ▁c us p ▁of ▁their ▁ 7 th ▁house , ▁the ▁planet ▁Mars ▁is ▁said ▁to ▁" rule " ▁the ▁ 7 th ▁house . ▁This ▁means ▁that ▁when ▁a ▁planet ▁is ▁all otted ▁a ▁house , ▁the ▁planet ' s ▁attributes ▁will ▁have ▁some ▁bearing ▁on ▁the ▁topics ▁related ▁to ▁that ▁house ▁within ▁the ▁life ▁of ▁the ▁individual ▁whose ▁chart ▁is ▁being ▁analyz ed . ▁This ▁planet ▁is ▁considered ▁very ▁important ▁for ▁events ▁specifically ▁per tain ing ▁to ▁that ▁house ' s ▁topics ; ▁in ▁fact , ▁its ▁pla cement ▁in ▁the ▁chart ▁will ▁have ▁at ▁least ▁as ▁much ▁influence ▁on ▁the ▁chart ▁as ▁the ▁plan ets ▁placed ▁within ▁the ▁house . ▁In ▁traditional ▁Western ▁and ▁H indu ▁ast ro log y , ▁each ▁sign ▁is ▁ruled ▁by ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁ 7 ▁visible ▁plan ets ▁( note ▁that ▁in ▁ast ro log y , ▁the ▁Sun ▁and ▁Moon ▁are ▁considered ▁plan ets , ▁which ▁literally ▁means ▁w ander ers , ▁i . e . ▁wand ering ▁stars , ▁as ▁opposed ▁to ▁the ▁fixed ▁stars ▁of ▁the ▁const ell ations ). ▁▁ ▁In ▁addition , ▁some ▁modern ▁ast ro log ers ▁who ▁follow ▁the ▁X = Y = Z ▁or ▁Planet = Sign = H ouse
▁doctrine , ▁which ▁was ▁first ▁taught ▁by ▁Alan ▁Leo ▁in ▁the ▁early ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 0 th ▁century , ▁believe ▁that ▁certain ▁houses ▁are ▁also ▁ruled ▁by — or ▁have ▁an ▁aff inity ▁with — the ▁planet ▁which ▁rules ▁the ▁corresponding ▁z odia cal ▁sign . ▁For ▁instance , ▁Mars ▁is ▁r uler ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 st ▁house ▁because ▁it ▁rules ▁A ries , ▁the ▁first ▁sign ; ▁Mercur y ▁rules ▁( or ▁has ▁an ▁aff inity ▁with ) ▁the ▁ 3 rd ▁house ▁because ▁it ▁rules ▁Gem ini , ▁the ▁ 3 rd ▁sign ; ▁etc . ▁ ▁This ▁concept ▁is ▁sometimes ▁referred ▁to ▁as ▁" natural ▁r ul ership ," ▁as ▁opposed ▁to ▁the ▁former ▁which ▁is ▁known ▁as ▁" acc ident al ▁r ul ership ." ▁ ▁Notes ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Ar roy o , ▁Stephen ▁( 1 9 8 9 ). ▁Chart ▁Inter pret ation ▁Hand book . ▁California : ▁C CR S ▁Publications . ▁ ▁Carter , ▁Charles ▁( 1 9 4 7 ; ▁ 2 nd ▁ed . ▁ 1 9 7 8 ). ▁Ess ays ▁on ▁the ▁Found ations ▁of ▁Ast ro log y ▁- ▁Chapter ▁ 8 ▁" Problem s ▁of ▁the ▁H ouses ". ▁London : ▁The osoph ical ▁Publishing ▁House . ▁ ▁Collins , ▁Gene . ▁F . ▁( 2 0 0 9 ). ▁" C os m ops ych ology ▁- ▁The ▁psych ology ▁of ▁humans ▁as ▁spiritual ▁be ings ". ▁X li br is ▁Corporation . ▁ ▁De
V ore , ▁Nicholas ▁( 1 9 4 8 ). ▁Encyclopedia ▁of ▁Ast ro log y . ▁Philosoph ical ▁Library , ▁sub . ▁tit . ▁" H ouses " ▁Dob yn s , ▁Z ipp or ah ▁P . ▁( 1 9 7 3 ). ▁F inding ▁the ▁person ▁in ▁the ▁hor os cope . ▁Third ▁Edition . ▁California : ▁T . I . A . ▁Publications ▁( CC RS ▁Publications ) ▁For eman , ▁Pat ric ia ▁( 1 9 9 2 ). ▁" Comput ers ▁and ▁ast ro log y : ▁a ▁universal ▁user ' s ▁guide ▁and ▁reference ". ▁Virginia : ▁Good ▁Earth ▁Publications . ▁ ▁Hand , ▁Rob ▁( 2 0 0 0 ). ▁Wh ole ▁Sign ▁H ouses : ▁The ▁Old est ▁House ▁System . ▁AR H AT ▁Publications . ▁Hold en , ▁James ▁( 1 9 8 2 ). ▁An cient ▁House ▁Division , ▁Journal ▁of ▁Research ▁of ▁the ▁American ▁Federation ▁of ▁Ast ro log ers ▁ 1 . ▁H one , ▁Margaret ▁( 1 9 7 8 ). ▁The ▁Modern ▁Text - Book ▁of ▁Ast ro log y . ▁Re vised ▁edition ▁( 1 9 9 5 ). ▁England : ▁L . ▁N . ▁F ow ler ▁& ▁Co . ▁Ltd . ▁ ▁H ould ing , ▁Deb or ah ▁( 1 9 9 6 ; ▁Re print ed ▁ 2 0 0 6 ). ▁The ▁H ouses : ▁Tem ples ▁of ▁the ▁sky . ▁B ourn em outh : ▁The ▁W esse x ▁Ast ro
lo ger , ▁Ltd . ▁ ▁Kent on , ▁Warren ▁( 1 9 7 4 ). ▁Ast ro log y . ▁The ▁Cel est ial ▁Mir ror . ▁Re print ed ▁( 1 9 9 4 ). ▁London : ▁Th ames ▁and ▁Hudson . ▁ ▁May o , ▁Jeff ▁( 1 9 7 9 ). ▁Te ach ▁Your self ▁Ast ro log y . ▁London : ▁H od der ▁and ▁St ought on . ▁North , ▁John ▁D . ▁( 1 9 8 6 ). ▁Hor os cop es ▁and ▁History . ▁London : ▁The ▁War burg ▁Institute , ▁University ▁of ▁London . ▁ ▁Parker , ▁D erek ▁and ▁Julia ▁( 1 9 9 0 ). ▁The ▁New ▁Complete ▁Ast ro lo ger . ▁New ▁York : ▁C res cent ▁Books . ▁Ro ch berg , ▁Frances ca ▁( 1 9 9 8 ). ▁Bab yl onian ▁Hor os cop es . ▁Trans actions ▁of ▁the ▁American ▁Philosoph ical ▁Society . ▁ ▁T ester , ▁Jim ▁( 1 9 8 7 ). ▁" A ▁History ▁of ▁Western ▁Ast ro log y ". ▁Re print ed ▁( 1 9 9 0 ). ▁Su ff olk : ▁St ▁Edmund s bury ▁Press . ▁▁ ▁+ ▁Category : A st ro log y ▁Category : Te chn ical ▁factors ▁of ▁H indu ▁ast ro log y ▁Category : Te chn ical ▁factors ▁of ▁Western ▁ast ro log y <0x0A> </s> ▁URL ▁red irection , ▁also ▁called ▁URL ▁forward ing , ▁is ▁a ▁World ▁W ide ▁Web
▁technique ▁for ▁making ▁a ▁web ▁page ▁available ▁under ▁more ▁than ▁one ▁URL ▁address . ▁When ▁a ▁web ▁browser ▁attempts ▁to ▁open ▁a ▁URL ▁that ▁has ▁been ▁redirect ed , ▁a ▁page ▁with ▁a ▁different ▁URL ▁is ▁opened . ▁Similarly , ▁domain ▁red irection ▁or ▁domain ▁forward ing ▁is ▁when ▁all ▁pages ▁in ▁a ▁URL ▁domain ▁are ▁redirect ed ▁to ▁a ▁different ▁domain , ▁as ▁when ▁w ik ipedia . com ▁and ▁w ik ipedia . net ▁are ▁automatically ▁redirect ed ▁to ▁w ik ipedia . org . ▁ ▁URL ▁red irection ▁is ▁done ▁for ▁various ▁reasons : ▁ ▁for ▁URL ▁short ening ; ▁ ▁to ▁prevent ▁broken ▁links ▁when ▁web ▁pages ▁are ▁moved ; ▁ ▁to ▁allow ▁multiple ▁domain ▁names ▁belonging ▁to ▁the ▁same ▁owner ▁to ▁refer ▁to ▁a ▁single ▁web ▁site ; ▁ ▁to ▁guide ▁navigation ▁into ▁and ▁out ▁of ▁a ▁website ; ▁ ▁for ▁priv acy ▁protection ; ▁and ▁ ▁for ▁host ile ▁purposes ▁such ▁as ▁ph ishing ▁attacks ▁or ▁mal ware ▁distribution . ▁ ▁Pur poses ▁ ▁There ▁are ▁several ▁reasons ▁to ▁use ▁URL ▁red irection : ▁ ▁Similar ▁domain ▁names ▁ ▁A ▁user ▁might ▁mist ype ▁a ▁URL , ▁for ▁example , ▁" example . com " ▁and ▁" ex map le . com ". ▁Organ izations ▁often ▁register ▁these ▁" miss pel led " ▁domains ▁and ▁redirect ▁them ▁to ▁the ▁" correct " ▁location : ▁example . com . ▁The ▁addresses ▁example . com ▁and ▁example . net ▁could ▁both ▁redirect ▁to ▁a ▁single ▁domain , ▁or ▁web
▁page , ▁such ▁as ▁example . org . ▁This ▁technique ▁is ▁often ▁used ▁to ▁" res erve " ▁other ▁top - level ▁domains ▁( T LD ) ▁with ▁the ▁same ▁name , ▁or ▁make ▁it ▁easier ▁for ▁a ▁true ▁". edu " ▁or ▁". net " ▁to ▁redirect ▁to ▁a ▁more ▁recogn izable ▁". com " ▁domain . ▁ ▁Mov ing ▁pages ▁to ▁a ▁new ▁domain ▁ ▁Web ▁pages ▁may ▁be ▁redirect ed ▁to ▁a ▁new ▁domain ▁for ▁three ▁reasons : ▁ ▁a ▁site ▁might ▁desire , ▁or ▁need , ▁to ▁change ▁its ▁domain ▁name ; ▁ ▁an ▁author ▁might ▁move ▁his ▁or ▁her ▁individual ▁pages ▁to ▁a ▁new ▁domain ; ▁ ▁two ▁web ▁sites ▁might ▁merge . ▁ ▁With ▁URL ▁redirects , ▁incoming ▁links ▁to ▁an ▁out dated ▁URL ▁can ▁be ▁sent ▁to ▁the ▁correct ▁location . ▁These ▁links ▁might ▁be ▁from ▁other ▁sites ▁that ▁have ▁not ▁realized ▁that ▁there ▁is ▁a ▁change ▁or ▁from ▁book marks / f avor ites ▁that ▁users ▁have ▁saved ▁in ▁their ▁browsers . ▁The ▁same ▁applies ▁to ▁search ▁engines . ▁They ▁often ▁have ▁the ▁older / out dated ▁domain ▁names ▁and ▁links ▁in ▁their ▁database ▁and ▁will ▁send ▁search ▁users ▁to ▁these ▁old ▁URLs . ▁By ▁using ▁a ▁" m oved ▁perman ently " ▁redirect ▁to ▁the ▁new ▁URL , ▁visitors ▁will ▁still ▁end ▁up ▁at ▁the ▁correct ▁page . ▁Also , ▁in ▁the ▁next ▁search ▁engine ▁pass , ▁the ▁search ▁engine ▁should ▁detect ▁and ▁use ▁the ▁newer ▁URL . ▁ ▁Log ging ▁out going ▁links
▁ ▁The ▁access ▁logs ▁of ▁most ▁web ▁servers ▁keep ▁detailed ▁information ▁about ▁where ▁visitors ▁came ▁from ▁and ▁how ▁they ▁brow sed ▁the ▁hosted ▁site . ▁ ▁They ▁do ▁not , ▁however , ▁log ▁which ▁links ▁visitors ▁left ▁by . ▁ ▁This ▁is ▁because ▁the ▁visitor ' s ▁browser ▁has ▁no ▁need ▁to ▁communicate ▁with ▁the ▁original ▁server ▁when ▁the ▁visitor ▁clicks ▁on ▁an ▁out going ▁link . ▁This ▁information ▁can ▁be ▁captured ▁in ▁several ▁ways . ▁ ▁One ▁way ▁involves ▁URL ▁red irection . ▁ ▁Instead ▁of ▁sending ▁the ▁visitor ▁straight ▁to ▁the ▁other ▁site , ▁links ▁on ▁the ▁site ▁can ▁direct ▁to ▁a ▁URL ▁on ▁the ▁original ▁website ' s ▁domain ▁that ▁automatically ▁redirects ▁to ▁the ▁real ▁target . ▁This ▁technique ▁be ars ▁the ▁down side ▁of ▁the ▁delay ▁caused ▁by ▁the ▁additional ▁request ▁to ▁the ▁original ▁website ' s ▁server . ▁As ▁this ▁added ▁request ▁will ▁leave ▁a ▁trace ▁in ▁the ▁server ▁log , ▁reve aling ▁exactly ▁which ▁link ▁was ▁followed , ▁it ▁can ▁also ▁be ▁a ▁priv acy ▁issue . ▁The ▁same ▁technique ▁is ▁also ▁used ▁by ▁some ▁corpor ate ▁websites ▁to ▁implement ▁a ▁statement ▁that ▁the ▁subsequent ▁content ▁is ▁at ▁another ▁site , ▁and ▁therefore ▁not ▁necessarily ▁affili ated ▁with ▁the ▁corpor ation . ▁In ▁such ▁scenarios , ▁displaying ▁the ▁warning ▁causes ▁an ▁additional ▁delay . ▁ ▁Short ▁ali ases ▁for ▁long ▁URLs ▁▁ ▁Web ▁applications ▁often ▁include ▁length y ▁descript ive ▁attributes ▁in ▁their ▁URLs ▁which ▁represent ▁data ▁hier arch ies , ▁command ▁structures , ▁transaction ▁paths ▁and
▁session ▁information . ▁This ▁practice ▁results ▁in ▁a ▁URL ▁that ▁is ▁a est het ically ▁un ple asant ▁and ▁difficult ▁to ▁remember , ▁and ▁which ▁may ▁not ▁fit ▁within ▁the ▁size ▁limitations ▁of ▁micro blog ging ▁sites . ▁URL ▁short ening ▁services ▁provide ▁a ▁solution ▁to ▁this ▁problem ▁by ▁redirect ing ▁a ▁user ▁to ▁a ▁longer ▁URL ▁from ▁a ▁shorter ▁one . ▁ ▁Mean ing ful , ▁persistent ▁ali ases ▁for ▁long ▁or ▁changing ▁URLs ▁▁ ▁Sometimes ▁the ▁URL ▁of ▁a ▁page ▁changes ▁even ▁though ▁the ▁content ▁stays ▁the ▁same . ▁Therefore , ▁URL ▁red irection ▁can ▁help ▁users ▁who ▁have ▁book marks . ▁This ▁is ▁rout in ely ▁done ▁on ▁Wikipedia ▁whenever ▁a ▁page ▁is ▁renamed . ▁ ▁Post / Redirect / Get ▁▁ ▁Post / Redirect / Get ▁( PR G ) ▁is ▁a ▁web ▁development ▁design ▁pattern ▁that ▁prevents ▁some ▁duplicate ▁form ▁subm issions ▁if ▁the ▁user ▁clicks ▁the ▁refresh ▁button ▁after ▁subm itting ▁the ▁form , ▁creating ▁a ▁more ▁intuit ive ▁interface ▁for ▁user ▁agents ▁( users ). ▁ ▁Device ▁target ing ▁and ▁ge ot arget ing ▁▁ ▁Red irect s ▁can ▁be ▁effectively ▁used ▁for ▁target ing ▁purposes ▁like ▁ge ot arget ing . ▁Device ▁target ing ▁has ▁become ▁increasing ly ▁important ▁with ▁the ▁rise ▁of ▁mobile ▁clients . ▁There ▁are ▁two ▁approaches ▁to ▁serve ▁mobile ▁users : ▁Make ▁the ▁website ▁respons ive ▁or ▁redirect ▁to ▁a ▁mobile ▁website ▁version . ▁If ▁a ▁mobile ▁website ▁version ▁is ▁offered , ▁users ▁with ▁mobile ▁clients ▁will ▁be ▁automatically ▁forward ed
▁to ▁the ▁corresponding ▁mobile ▁content . ▁For ▁device ▁target ing , ▁client - side ▁redirects ▁or ▁non - cache able ▁server - side ▁redirects ▁are ▁used . ▁Ge ot arget ing ▁is ▁the ▁approach ▁to ▁offer ▁local ized ▁content ▁and ▁automatically ▁forward ▁the ▁user ▁to ▁a ▁local ized ▁version ▁of ▁the ▁requested ▁URL . ▁This ▁is ▁helpful ▁for ▁websites ▁that ▁target ▁audience ▁in ▁more ▁than ▁one ▁location ▁and / or ▁language . ▁Usually ▁server - side ▁redirects ▁are ▁used ▁for ▁Ge ot arget ing ▁but ▁client - side ▁redirects ▁might ▁be ▁an ▁option ▁as ▁well , ▁depending ▁on ▁requirements . ▁ ▁Man ip ulating ▁search ▁engines ▁ ▁Red irect s ▁have ▁been ▁used ▁to ▁manipulate ▁search ▁engines ▁with ▁un eth ical ▁intent ions , ▁e . g ., ▁URL ▁hij ack ing . ▁The ▁goal ▁of ▁mis leading ▁redirects ▁is ▁to ▁drive ▁search ▁traffic ▁to ▁landing ▁pages , ▁which ▁do ▁not ▁have ▁enough ▁ranking ▁power ▁on ▁their ▁own ▁or ▁which ▁are ▁only ▁rem ot ely ▁or ▁not ▁at ▁all ▁related ▁to ▁the ▁search ▁target . ▁The ▁approach ▁requires ▁a ▁rank ▁for ▁a ▁range ▁of ▁search ▁terms ▁with ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁URLs ▁that ▁would ▁util ize ▁s ne ak y ▁redirects ▁to ▁forward ▁the ▁search er ▁to ▁the ▁target ▁page . ▁This ▁method ▁had ▁a ▁rev ival ▁with ▁the ▁u prise ▁of ▁mobile ▁devices ▁and ▁device ▁target ing . ▁URL ▁hij ack ing ▁is ▁an ▁off - domain ▁redirect ▁technique ▁that ▁explo ited ▁the ▁nature ▁of ▁the ▁search ▁engine ' s ▁handling ▁for ▁temporary
▁redirects . ▁If ▁a ▁temporary ▁redirect ▁is ▁encountered , ▁search ▁engines ▁have ▁to ▁decide ▁whether ▁they ▁assign ▁the ▁ranking ▁value ▁to ▁the ▁URL ▁that ▁initial izes ▁the ▁redirect ▁or ▁to ▁the ▁redirect ▁target ▁URL . ▁The ▁URL ▁that ▁initi ates ▁the ▁redirect ▁may ▁be ▁kept ▁to ▁show ▁up ▁in ▁search ▁results , ▁as ▁the ▁redirect ▁indicates ▁a ▁temporary ▁nature . ▁Under ▁certain ▁circumstances ▁it ▁was ▁possible ▁to ▁explo it ▁this ▁behaviour ▁by ▁applying ▁temporary ▁redirects ▁to ▁well - ran king ▁URLs , ▁leading ▁to ▁a ▁replacement ▁of ▁the ▁original ▁URL ▁in ▁search ▁results ▁by ▁the ▁URL ▁that ▁initialized ▁the ▁redirect , ▁therefore ▁" ste aling " ▁the ▁ranking . ▁This ▁method ▁was ▁usually ▁combined ▁with ▁s ne ak y ▁redirects ▁to ▁re - target ▁the ▁user ▁stream ▁from ▁the ▁search ▁results ▁to ▁a ▁target ▁page . ▁Search ▁engines ▁have ▁developed ▁efficient ▁techn ologies ▁to ▁detect ▁these ▁kinds ▁of ▁manip ulative ▁approaches . ▁Major ▁search ▁engines ▁usually ▁apply ▁har sh ▁ranking ▁pen alt ies ▁on ▁sites ▁that ▁get ▁caught ▁applying ▁techniques ▁like ▁these . ▁ ▁Man ip ulating ▁visitors ▁ ▁URL ▁red irection ▁is ▁sometimes ▁used ▁as ▁a ▁part ▁of ▁ph ishing ▁attacks ▁that ▁conf use ▁visitors ▁about ▁which ▁web ▁site ▁they ▁are ▁visit ing . ▁Because ▁modern ▁browsers ▁always ▁show ▁the ▁real ▁URL ▁in ▁the ▁address ▁bar , ▁the ▁threat ▁is ▁less ened . ▁However , ▁redirects ▁can ▁also ▁take ▁you ▁to ▁sites ▁that ▁will ▁otherwise ▁attempt ▁to ▁attack ▁in ▁other ▁ways . ▁For ▁example , ▁a ▁redirect ▁might ▁take ▁a ▁user ▁to
▁a ▁site ▁that ▁would ▁attempt ▁to ▁trick ▁them ▁into ▁downloading ▁ant iv irus ▁software ▁and ▁installing ▁a ▁Tro jan ▁of ▁some ▁sort ▁instead . ▁ ▁Rem oving ▁refer er ▁information ▁ ▁When ▁a ▁link ▁is ▁clicked , ▁the ▁browser ▁sends ▁along ▁in ▁the ▁HTTP ▁request ▁a ▁field ▁called ▁refer er ▁which ▁indicates ▁the ▁source ▁of ▁the ▁link . ▁This ▁field ▁is ▁populated ▁with ▁the ▁URL ▁of ▁the ▁current ▁web ▁page , ▁and ▁will ▁end ▁up ▁in ▁the ▁logs ▁of ▁the ▁server ▁serving ▁the ▁external ▁link . ▁Since ▁sensitive ▁pages ▁may ▁have ▁sensitive ▁URLs ▁( for ▁example , ▁http :// company . com / pl ans - for - the - next - release - of - our - product ), ▁it ▁is ▁not ▁des irable ▁for ▁the ▁refer er ▁URL ▁to ▁leave ▁the ▁organization . ▁A ▁red irection ▁page ▁that ▁performs ▁refer rer ▁hiding ▁could ▁be ▁embedded ▁in ▁all ▁external ▁URLs , ▁transform ing ▁for ▁example ▁http :// ex tern als ite . com / page ▁into ▁http :// redirect . company . com / http :// ex tern als ite . com / page . ▁This ▁technique ▁also ▁elimin ates ▁other ▁potentially ▁sensitive ▁information ▁from ▁the ▁refer er ▁URL , ▁such ▁as ▁the ▁session ▁ID , ▁and ▁can ▁reduce ▁the ▁chance ▁of ▁ph ishing ▁by ▁indicating ▁to ▁the ▁end ▁user ▁that ▁they ▁passed ▁a ▁clear ▁gateway ▁to ▁another ▁site . ▁ ▁Im plementation ▁ ▁Several ▁different ▁kinds ▁of ▁response ▁to ▁the ▁browser ▁will ▁result ▁in ▁a ▁red irection . ▁ ▁These ▁vary
▁in ▁whether ▁they ▁affect ▁HTTP ▁headers ▁or ▁HTML ▁content . ▁ ▁The ▁techniques ▁used ▁typically ▁depend ▁on ▁the ▁role ▁of ▁the ▁person ▁implementing ▁it ▁and ▁their ▁access ▁to ▁different ▁parts ▁of ▁the ▁system . ▁ ▁For ▁example , ▁a ▁web ▁author ▁with ▁no ▁control ▁over ▁the ▁headers ▁might ▁use ▁a ▁Ref resh ▁meta ▁tag ▁whereas ▁a ▁web ▁server ▁administrator ▁redirect ing ▁all ▁pages ▁on ▁a ▁site ▁is ▁more ▁likely ▁to ▁use ▁server ▁configuration . ▁ ▁Man ual ▁redirect ▁ ▁The ▁simplest ▁technique ▁is ▁to ▁ask ▁the ▁visitor ▁to ▁follow ▁a ▁link ▁to ▁the ▁new ▁page , ▁usually ▁using ▁an ▁HTML ▁anchor ▁like : ▁ ▁Please ▁follow ▁< a ▁href =" http :// www . example . com / "> this ▁link </ a >. ▁ ▁This ▁method ▁is ▁often ▁used ▁as ▁a ▁fall - back — ▁if ▁the ▁browser ▁does ▁not ▁support ▁the ▁automatic ▁redirect , ▁the ▁visitor ▁can ▁still ▁reach ▁the ▁target ▁document ▁by ▁following ▁the ▁link . ▁ ▁HTTP ▁status ▁codes ▁ 3 xx ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁HTTP ▁protocol ▁used ▁by ▁the ▁World ▁W ide ▁Web , ▁a ▁redirect ▁is ▁a ▁response ▁with ▁a ▁status ▁code ▁beginning ▁with ▁ 3 ▁that ▁causes ▁a ▁browser ▁to ▁display ▁a ▁different ▁page . ▁If ▁a ▁client ▁enc oun ters ▁a ▁redirect , ▁it ▁needs ▁to ▁make ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁dec isions ▁how ▁to ▁handle ▁the ▁redirect . ▁D ifferent ▁status ▁codes ▁are ▁used ▁by ▁clients ▁to ▁understand ▁the ▁purpose ▁of ▁the ▁redirect , ▁how ▁to ▁handle ▁caching ▁and ▁which ▁request ▁method ▁to ▁use
▁for ▁the ▁subsequent ▁request . ▁ ▁HTTP / 1 . 1 ▁defines ▁several ▁status ▁codes ▁for ▁red irection ▁( R FC ▁ 7 2 3 1 ): ▁▁ 3 0 0 ▁multiple ▁choices ▁( e . g . ▁offer ▁different ▁languages ) ▁▁ 3 0 1 ▁moved ▁perman ently ▁( redirect s ▁perman ently ▁from ▁one ▁URL ▁to ▁another ▁passing ▁link ▁equ ity ▁to ▁the ▁redirect ed ▁page ) ▁▁ 3 0 2 ▁found ▁( origin ally ▁" tem por ary ▁redirect " ▁in ▁HTTP / 1 . 0 ▁and ▁popular ly ▁used ▁for ▁CG I ▁scripts ; ▁su pers eded ▁by ▁ 3 0 3 ▁and ▁ 3 0 7 ▁in ▁HTTP / 1 . 1 ▁but ▁preserved ▁for ▁back ward ▁compatibility ) ▁▁ 3 0 3 ▁see ▁other ▁( for ces ▁a ▁GET ▁request ▁to ▁the ▁new ▁URL ▁even ▁if ▁original ▁request ▁was ▁POST ) ▁▁ 3 0 7 ▁temporary ▁redirect ▁( prov ides ▁a ▁new ▁URL ▁for ▁the ▁browser ▁to ▁res ub mit ▁a ▁GET ▁or ▁POST ▁request ) ▁▁ 3 0 8 ▁permanent ▁redirect ▁( prov ides ▁a ▁new ▁URL ▁for ▁the ▁browser ▁to ▁res ub mit ▁a ▁GET ▁or ▁POST ▁request ) ▁ ▁Red irect ▁status ▁codes ▁and ▁characteristics ▁▁ ▁All ▁of ▁these ▁status ▁codes ▁require ▁the ▁URL ▁of ▁the ▁redirect ▁target ▁to ▁be ▁given ▁in ▁the ▁Location : ▁header ▁of ▁the ▁HTTP ▁response . ▁The ▁ 3 0 0 ▁multiple ▁choices ▁will ▁usually ▁list ▁all ▁choices ▁in ▁the ▁body ▁of ▁the ▁message ▁and ▁show ▁the ▁default ▁choice
▁in ▁the ▁Location : ▁header . ▁ ▁( Status ▁codes ▁ 3 0 4 ▁not ▁modified ▁and ▁ 3 0 5 ▁use ▁proxy ▁are ▁not ▁redirects ). ▁ ▁Example ▁HTTP ▁response ▁for ▁a ▁ 3 0 1 ▁redirect ▁▁ ▁A ▁HTTP ▁response ▁with ▁the ▁ 3 0 1 ▁" m oved ▁perman ently " ▁redirect ▁looks ▁like ▁this : ▁ ▁HTTP / 1 . 1 ▁ 3 0 1 ▁M oved ▁P erman ently ▁Location : ▁http :// www . example . org / ▁Content - Type : ▁text / html ▁Content - Length : ▁ 1 7 4 ▁ ▁< html > ▁< head > ▁< title > M oved </ title > ▁</ head > ▁< body > ▁< h 1 > M oved </ h 1 > ▁< p > This ▁page ▁has ▁moved ▁to ▁< a ▁href =" http :// www . example . org / "> http :// www . example . org / </ a >. </ p > ▁</ body > ▁</ html > ▁ ▁Using ▁server - side ▁script ing ▁for ▁red irection ▁ ▁Web ▁authors ▁producing ▁HTML ▁content ▁can ' t ▁usually ▁create ▁redirects ▁using ▁HTTP ▁headers ▁as ▁these ▁are ▁generated ▁automatically ▁by ▁the ▁web ▁server ▁program ▁when ▁serving ▁an ▁HTML ▁file . ▁ ▁The ▁same ▁is ▁usually ▁true ▁even ▁for ▁program mers ▁writing ▁CG I ▁scripts , ▁though ▁some ▁servers ▁allow ▁scripts ▁to ▁add ▁custom ▁headers ▁( e . g . ▁by ▁en abling ▁" non - par sed - headers "). ▁
▁Many ▁web ▁servers ▁will ▁generate ▁a ▁ 3 xx ▁status ▁code ▁if ▁a ▁script ▁outputs ▁a ▁" Location :" ▁header ▁line . ▁ ▁For ▁example , ▁in ▁PHP , ▁one ▁can ▁use ▁the ▁" header " ▁function : ▁ ▁header (' HTTP / 1 . 1 ▁ 3 0 1 ▁M oved ▁P erman ently '); ▁header (' Location : ▁http :// www . example . com / '); ▁exit (); ▁ ▁More ▁headers ▁may ▁be ▁required ▁to ▁prevent ▁caching . ▁The ▁programmer ▁must ▁ensure ▁that ▁the ▁headers ▁are ▁output ▁before ▁the ▁body . ▁ ▁This ▁may ▁not ▁fit ▁easily ▁with ▁the ▁natural ▁flow ▁of ▁control ▁through ▁the ▁code . ▁ ▁To ▁help ▁with ▁this , ▁some ▁frameworks ▁for ▁server - side ▁content ▁generation ▁can ▁buffer ▁the ▁body ▁data . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁ASP ▁script ing ▁language , ▁this ▁can ▁also ▁be ▁accomplished ▁using ▁response . buffer = true ▁and ▁response . redirect ▁" http :// www . example . com /" ▁HTTP / 1 . 1 ▁allows ▁for ▁either ▁a ▁relative ▁URI ▁reference ▁or ▁an ▁absolute ▁URI ▁reference . ▁If ▁the ▁URI ▁reference ▁is ▁relative ▁the ▁client ▁comput es ▁the ▁required ▁absolute ▁URI ▁reference ▁according ▁to ▁the ▁rules ▁defined ▁in ▁R FC ▁ 3 9 8 6 . ▁ ▁Apache ▁HTTP ▁Server ▁mod _ rewrite ▁ ▁The ▁Apache ▁HTTP ▁Server ▁mod _ alias ▁extension ▁can ▁be ▁used ▁to ▁redirect ▁certain ▁requests . ▁Typ ical ▁configuration ▁direct ives ▁look ▁like : ▁Red irect ▁permanent ▁/ old page . html ▁http :// www .
example . com / new page . html ▁Red irect ▁ 3 0 1 ▁/ old page . html ▁http :// www . example . com / new page . html ▁ ▁For ▁more ▁flexible ▁URL ▁re writing ▁and ▁red irection , ▁Apache ▁mod _ rewrite ▁can ▁be ▁used . ▁E . g ., ▁to ▁redirect ▁a ▁requests ▁to ▁a ▁canonical ▁domain ▁name : ▁Rewrite Engine ▁on ▁RewriteCond ▁%{ HTTP _ HOST } ▁^ ([ ^ .: ] +\ .) * old site \. example \. com \. ? (: [ 0 - 9 ]* )? $ ▁[ NC ] ▁RewriteRule ▁^ (.* )$ ▁http :// new site . example . net /$ 1 ▁[ R = 3 0 1 , L ] ▁ ▁Such ▁configuration ▁can ▁be ▁applied ▁to ▁one ▁or ▁all ▁sites ▁on ▁the ▁server ▁through ▁the ▁server ▁configuration ▁files ▁or ▁to ▁a ▁single ▁content ▁directory ▁through ▁a ▁. htaccess ▁file . ▁ ▁nginx ▁rewrite ▁ ▁N ginx ▁has ▁an ▁integrated ▁http ▁rewrite ▁module , ▁which ▁can ▁be ▁used ▁to ▁perform ▁advanced ▁URL ▁processing ▁and ▁even ▁web - page ▁generation ▁( with ▁the ▁return ▁directive ). ▁ ▁A ▁showing ▁example ▁of ▁such ▁advanced ▁use ▁of ▁the ▁rewrite ▁module ▁is ▁m doc . su , ▁which ▁implements ▁a ▁determin istic ▁URL ▁short ening ▁service ▁entirely ▁with ▁the ▁help ▁of ▁nginx ▁configuration ▁language ▁alone . ▁ ▁For ▁example , ▁if ▁a ▁request ▁for ▁/ Drag on F ly B SD / H AM M ER . 5 ▁were ▁to ▁come ▁along , ▁it
▁would ▁first ▁be ▁redirect ed ▁internally ▁to ▁/ d / H AM M ER . 5 ▁with ▁the ▁first ▁rewrite ▁directive ▁below ▁( only ▁affect ing ▁the ▁internal ▁state , ▁without ▁any ▁HTTP ▁rep lies ▁issued ▁to ▁the ▁client ▁just ▁yet ), ▁and ▁then ▁with ▁the ▁second ▁rewrite ▁directive , ▁an ▁HTTP ▁response ▁with ▁a ▁ 3 0 2 ▁Found ▁status ▁code ▁would ▁be ▁issued ▁to ▁the ▁client ▁to ▁actually ▁redirect ▁to ▁the ▁external ▁c gi ▁script ▁of ▁web - man : ▁ <0x09> location ▁/ Drag on F ly ▁{ ▁ <0x09> <0x09> rewrite <0x09> ^ / Drag on F ly ( B SD )? ([ , / ]. * )? $ <0x09> / d $ 2 <0x09> last ; ▁ <0x09> } ▁ <0x09> location ▁/ d ▁{ ▁ <0x09> <0x09> set <0x09> $ db <0x09> " http :// leaf . drag on fly b sd . org / cgi / web - man ? command =" ; ▁ <0x09> <0x09> set <0x09> $ ds <0x09> " & section =" ; ▁ <0x09> <0x09> rewrite <0x09> ^ /. / ([ ^ / ]+ )\ . ([ 1 - 9 ] )$ <0x09> <0x09> $ db $ 1 $ ds $ 2 <0x09> redirect ; ▁ <0x09> } ▁ ▁Ref resh ▁Meta ▁tag ▁and ▁HTTP ▁refresh ▁header ▁ ▁N ets cape ▁introduced ▁the ▁meta ▁refresh ▁feature ▁which ▁refresh es ▁a ▁page ▁after ▁a ▁certain ▁amount ▁of ▁time . ▁ ▁This ▁can ▁specify ▁a ▁new ▁URL ▁to ▁replace ▁one ▁page ▁with ▁another .
▁ ▁This ▁is ▁supported ▁by ▁most ▁web ▁browsers . ▁A ▁timeout ▁of ▁zero ▁seconds ▁effects ▁an ▁immediate ▁redirect . ▁This ▁is ▁treated ▁like ▁a ▁ 3 0 1 ▁permanent ▁redirect ▁by ▁Google , ▁allowing ▁transfer ▁of ▁Page R ank ▁to ▁the ▁target ▁page . ▁ ▁This ▁is ▁an ▁example ▁of ▁a ▁simple ▁HTML ▁document ▁that ▁uses ▁this ▁technique : ▁< html > ▁< head > ▁▁ ▁< meta ▁http - equiv =" Refresh " ▁content =" 0 ; ▁url = http :// www . example . com /" ▁/> ▁</ head > ▁< body > ▁▁ ▁< p > Please ▁follow ▁< a ▁href =" http :// www . example . com / "> this ▁link </ a >. </ p > ▁</ body > ▁</ html > ▁ ▁This ▁technique ▁can ▁be ▁used ▁by ▁web ▁authors ▁because ▁the ▁meta ▁tag ▁is ▁contained ▁inside ▁the ▁document ▁itself . ▁ ▁The ▁meta ▁tag ▁must ▁be ▁placed ▁in ▁the ▁" head " ▁section ▁of ▁the ▁HTML ▁file . ▁ ▁The ▁number ▁" 0 " ▁in ▁this ▁example ▁may ▁be ▁replaced ▁by ▁another ▁number ▁to ▁achieve ▁a ▁delay ▁of ▁that ▁many ▁seconds . ▁ ▁The ▁anchor ▁in ▁the ▁" body " ▁section ▁is ▁for ▁users ▁whose ▁browsers ▁do ▁not ▁support ▁this ▁feature . ▁ ▁The ▁same ▁effect ▁can ▁be ▁achieved ▁with ▁an ▁HTTP ▁refresh ▁header : ▁HTTP / 1 . 1 ▁ 2 0 0 ▁OK ▁Ref resh : ▁ 0 ; ▁url = http :// www . example . com / ▁Content - Type :
▁text / html ▁Content - Length : ▁ 7 8 ▁ ▁Please ▁follow ▁< a ▁href =" http :// www . example . com / "> this ▁link </ a >. ▁ ▁This ▁response ▁is ▁easier ▁to ▁generate ▁by ▁CG I ▁programs ▁because ▁one ▁does ▁not ▁need ▁to ▁change ▁the ▁default ▁status ▁code . ▁ ▁Here ▁is ▁a ▁simple ▁CG I ▁program ▁that ▁effects ▁this ▁redirect : ▁#!/ usr / bin / perl ▁print ▁" Refresh : ▁ 0 ; ▁url = http :// www . example . com /\ r \ n "; ▁print ▁" Content - Type : ▁text / html \ r \ n "; ▁print ▁"\ r \ n "; ▁print ▁" Please ▁follow ▁< a ▁href =\" http :// www . example . com /\ "> this ▁link </ a > !" ▁ ▁Note : ▁Usually , ▁the ▁HTTP ▁server ▁adds ▁the ▁status ▁line ▁and ▁the ▁Content - Length ▁header ▁automatically . ▁ ▁The ▁W 3 C ▁disc ou rage ▁the ▁use ▁of ▁meta ▁refresh , ▁since ▁it ▁does ▁not ▁communicate ▁any ▁information ▁about ▁either ▁the ▁original ▁or ▁new ▁resource , ▁to ▁the ▁browser ▁( or ▁search ▁engine ). ▁The ▁W 3 C ' s ▁Web ▁Content ▁Access ibility ▁Gu idel ines ▁( 7 . 4 ) ▁disc ou rage ▁the ▁creation ▁of ▁auto - ref res hing ▁pages , ▁since ▁most ▁web ▁browsers ▁do ▁not ▁allow ▁the ▁user ▁to ▁disable ▁or ▁control ▁the ▁refresh ▁rate . ▁ ▁Some ▁articles ▁that ▁they ▁have ▁written ▁on ▁the ▁issue ▁include
▁W 3 C ▁Web ▁Content ▁Access ibility ▁Gu idel ines ▁( 1 . 0 ): ▁Ens ure ▁user ▁control ▁of ▁time - sens itive ▁content ▁changes , ▁Use ▁standard ▁redirects : ▁don ' t ▁break ▁the ▁back ▁button ! ▁and ▁Core ▁Te chni ques ▁for ▁Web ▁Content ▁Access ibility ▁Gu idel ines ▁ 1 . 0 ▁section ▁ 7 . ▁ ▁JavaScript ▁redirects ▁ ▁JavaScript ▁can ▁cause ▁a ▁redirect ▁by ▁setting ▁the ▁window . location ▁attribute , ▁e . g .: ▁window . location =' http :// www . example . com /' ▁Norm ally ▁JavaScript ▁push es ▁the ▁redirect or ▁site ' s ▁URL ▁to ▁the ▁browser ' s ▁history . ▁It ▁can ▁cause ▁redirect ▁loops ▁when ▁users ▁hit ▁the ▁back ▁button . ▁With ▁the ▁following ▁command ▁you ▁can ▁prevent ▁this ▁type ▁of ▁behaviour . ▁window . location . replace (' http :// www . example . com / ') ▁However , ▁HTTP ▁headers ▁or ▁the ▁refresh ▁meta ▁tag ▁may ▁be ▁preferred ▁for ▁security ▁reasons ▁and ▁because ▁JavaScript ▁will ▁not ▁be ▁executed ▁by ▁some ▁browsers ▁and ▁many ▁web ▁craw lers . ▁ ▁Frame ▁redirects ▁▁ ▁A ▁slightly ▁different ▁effect ▁can ▁be ▁achieved ▁by ▁creating ▁an ▁inline ▁frame : ▁ ▁< iframe ▁height =" 1 0 0 %" ▁width =" 1 0 0 %" ▁src =" http :// www . example . com / "> ▁Please ▁follow ▁< a ▁href =" http :// www . example . com / "> link </ a >. ▁</ iframe > ▁ ▁One ▁main ▁difference ▁to ▁the
▁above ▁redirect ▁methods ▁is ▁that ▁for ▁a ▁frame ▁redirect , ▁the ▁browser ▁displays ▁the ▁URL ▁of ▁the ▁frame ▁document ▁and ▁not ▁the ▁URL ▁of ▁the ▁target ▁page ▁in ▁the ▁URL ▁bar . ▁This ▁clo aking ▁technique ▁may ▁be ▁used ▁so ▁that ▁the ▁reader ▁sees ▁a ▁more ▁memor able ▁URL ▁or ▁to ▁fra ud ul ently ▁conce al ▁a ▁ph ishing ▁site ▁as ▁part ▁of ▁website ▁spo of ing . ▁ ▁Before ▁HTML 5 , ▁the ▁same ▁effect ▁could ▁be ▁done ▁with ▁an ▁HTML ▁frame ▁that ▁contains ▁the ▁target ▁page : ▁< frames et ▁rows =" 1 0 0 % "> ▁▁ ▁< frame ▁src =" http :// www . example . com / "> ▁▁ ▁< nof r ames > ▁▁▁▁ ▁< body > Please ▁follow ▁< a ▁href =" http :// www . example . com / "> link </ a >. </ body > ▁▁ ▁</ nof r ames > ▁</ frames et > ▁ ▁Red irect ▁ch ains ▁ ▁One ▁redirect ▁may ▁lead ▁to ▁another . ▁For ▁example , ▁the ▁URL ▁" http :// wikipedia . com " ▁( with ▁" *. com " ▁as ▁domain ) ▁is ▁first ▁redirect ed ▁to ▁https :// www . wikipedia . org / ▁( with ▁domain ▁name ▁in ▁. org ), ▁where ▁you ▁can ▁navigate ▁to ▁the ▁language - specific ▁site . ▁This ▁is ▁un av oid able ▁if ▁the ▁different ▁links ▁in ▁the ▁chain ▁are ▁served ▁by ▁different ▁servers ▁though ▁it ▁should ▁be ▁minim ised ▁by ▁re writing ▁the ▁URL ▁as ▁much
▁as ▁possible ▁on ▁the ▁server ▁before ▁returning ▁it ▁to ▁the ▁browser ▁as ▁a ▁redirect . ▁ ▁Wikipedia ▁has ▁been ▁redirect ing ▁its ▁pages ▁to ▁HTTP S ▁by ▁default ▁since ▁ 2 0 1 5 . ▁ ▁Red irect ▁loops ▁ ▁Sometimes ▁a ▁mistake ▁can ▁cause ▁a ▁page ▁to ▁end ▁up ▁redirect ing ▁back ▁to ▁itself , ▁possibly ▁via ▁other ▁pages , ▁leading ▁to ▁an ▁infinite ▁sequence ▁of ▁redirects . ▁Brow sers ▁should ▁stop ▁redirect ing ▁after ▁a ▁certain ▁number ▁of ▁h ops ▁and ▁display ▁an ▁error ▁message . ▁ ▁The ▁HTTP / 1 . 1 ▁Standard ▁states : ▁A ▁client ▁S HO U LD ▁detect ▁and ▁interven e ▁in ▁cy clic al ▁red ire ctions ▁( i . e ., ▁" in finite " ▁red irection ▁loops ). ▁ ▁Note : ▁An ▁earlier ▁version ▁of ▁this ▁specification ▁recommended ▁a ▁maximum ▁of ▁five ▁red ire ctions ▁([ R FC ▁ 2 0 6 8 ], ▁Section ▁ 1 0 . 3 ). ▁ ▁Content ▁developers ▁need ▁to ▁be ▁aware ▁that ▁some ▁clients ▁might ▁implement ▁such ▁a ▁fixed ▁limitation . ▁Note ▁that ▁the ▁URLs ▁in ▁the ▁sequence ▁might ▁not ▁repeat , ▁e . g .: ▁http :// www . example . com / 1 ▁-> ▁http :// www . example . com / 2 ▁-> ▁http :// www . example . com / 3 ▁... ▁ ▁Services ▁ ▁There ▁exist ▁services ▁that ▁can ▁perform ▁URL ▁red irection ▁on ▁demand , ▁with ▁no ▁need ▁for ▁technical ▁work ▁or ▁access ▁to ▁the ▁web ▁server ▁your ▁site ▁is
▁hosted ▁on . ▁ ▁URL ▁red irection ▁services ▁ ▁A ▁redirect ▁service ▁is ▁an ▁information ▁management ▁system , ▁which ▁provides ▁an ▁internet ▁link ▁that ▁redirects ▁users ▁to ▁the ▁desired ▁content . ▁The ▁typical ▁benefit ▁to ▁the ▁user ▁is ▁the ▁use ▁of ▁a ▁memor able ▁domain ▁name , ▁and ▁a ▁reduction ▁in ▁the ▁length ▁of ▁the ▁URL ▁or ▁web ▁address . ▁A ▁redirect ing ▁link ▁can ▁also ▁be ▁used ▁as ▁a ▁permanent ▁address ▁for ▁content ▁that ▁frequently ▁changes ▁hosts , ▁similarly ▁to ▁the ▁Domain ▁Name ▁System . ▁Hyper links ▁involving ▁URL ▁red irection ▁services ▁are ▁frequently ▁used ▁in ▁sp am ▁messages ▁directed ▁at ▁blog s ▁and ▁w ik is . ▁ ▁Thus , ▁one ▁way ▁to ▁reduce ▁sp am ▁is ▁to ▁reject ▁all ▁ed its ▁and ▁comments ▁containing ▁hyper links ▁to ▁known ▁URL ▁red irection ▁services ; ▁however , ▁this ▁will ▁also ▁remove ▁legit imate ▁ed its ▁and ▁comments ▁and ▁may ▁not ▁be ▁an ▁effective ▁method ▁to ▁reduce ▁sp am . ▁Rec ently , ▁URL ▁red irection ▁services ▁have ▁taken ▁to ▁using ▁AJAX ▁as ▁an ▁efficient , ▁user ▁friendly ▁method ▁for ▁creating ▁short ened ▁URLs . ▁A ▁major ▁draw back ▁of ▁some ▁URL ▁red irection ▁services ▁is ▁the ▁use ▁of ▁delay ▁pages , ▁or ▁frame ▁based ▁advert ising , ▁to ▁generate ▁re venue . ▁ ▁History ▁ ▁The ▁first ▁redirect ▁services ▁took ▁advantage ▁of ▁top - level ▁domains ▁( T LD ) ▁such ▁as ▁". to " ▁( T ong a ), ▁". at " ▁( A ust ria ) ▁and ▁". is "
▁( I cel and ). ▁Their ▁goal ▁was ▁to ▁make ▁memor able ▁URLs . ▁The ▁first ▁main stream ▁redirect ▁service ▁was ▁V 3 . com ▁that ▁bo asted ▁ 4 ▁million ▁users ▁at ▁its ▁peak ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 0 . ▁ ▁V 3 . com ▁success ▁was ▁attributed ▁to ▁having ▁a ▁wide ▁variety ▁of ▁short ▁memor able ▁domains ▁including ▁" r . im ", ▁" go . to ", ▁" i . am ", ▁" come . to " ▁and ▁" start . at ". ▁ ▁V 3 . com ▁was ▁acquired ▁by ▁Fort une City . com , ▁a ▁large ▁free ▁web ▁hosting ▁company , ▁in ▁early ▁ 1 9 9 9 . ▁As ▁the ▁sales ▁price ▁of ▁top ▁level ▁domains ▁started ▁falling ▁from ▁$ 7 0 . 0 0 ▁per ▁year ▁to ▁less ▁than ▁$ 1 0 . 0 0 , ▁use ▁of ▁red irection ▁services ▁decl ined . ▁With ▁the ▁launch ▁of ▁T iny URL ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 2 ▁a ▁new ▁kind ▁of ▁redirect ing ▁service ▁was ▁born , ▁namely ▁URL ▁short ening . ▁Their ▁goal ▁was ▁to ▁make ▁long ▁URLs ▁short , ▁to ▁be ▁able ▁to ▁post ▁them ▁on ▁internet ▁for ums . ▁Since ▁ 2 0 0 6 , ▁with ▁the ▁ 1 4 0 ▁character ▁limit ▁on ▁the ▁extremely ▁popular ▁Twitter ▁service , ▁these ▁short ▁URL ▁services ▁have ▁been ▁heavily ▁used . ▁ ▁Re ferrer ▁mask ing ▁ ▁Red irection ▁services ▁can ▁hide ▁the ▁refer rer ▁by ▁placing ▁an ▁intermediate ▁page ▁between ▁the
▁page ▁the ▁link ▁is ▁on ▁and ▁its ▁destination . ▁Although ▁these ▁are ▁concept ually ▁similar ▁to ▁other ▁URL ▁red irection ▁services , ▁they ▁serve ▁a ▁different ▁purpose , ▁and ▁they ▁rarely ▁attempt ▁to ▁short en ▁or ▁ob f usc ate ▁the ▁destination ▁URL ▁( as ▁their ▁only ▁intended ▁side - effect ▁is ▁to ▁hide ▁refer rer ▁information ▁and ▁provide ▁a ▁clear ▁gateway ▁between ▁other ▁websites .) ▁This ▁type ▁of ▁red irection ▁is ▁often ▁used ▁to ▁prevent ▁potentially - mal icious ▁links ▁from ▁gain ing ▁information ▁using ▁the ▁refer rer , ▁for ▁example ▁a ▁session ▁ID ▁in ▁the ▁query ▁string . ▁Many ▁large ▁community ▁websites ▁use ▁link ▁red irection ▁on ▁external ▁links ▁to ▁less en ▁the ▁chance ▁of ▁an ▁explo it ▁that ▁could ▁be ▁used ▁to ▁ste al ▁account ▁information , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁make ▁it ▁clear ▁when ▁a ▁user ▁is ▁leaving ▁a ▁service , ▁to ▁less en ▁the ▁chance ▁of ▁effective ▁ph ishing ▁ ▁. ▁ ▁Here ▁is ▁a ▁simpl istic ▁example ▁of ▁such ▁a ▁service , ▁written ▁in ▁PHP . ▁<? php ▁$ url ▁= ▁html special ch ars ($_ GET [' url ']); ▁header (' Refresh : ▁ 0 ; ▁url = http :// ' ▁. ▁$ url ); ▁?> ▁<!-- ▁Fall back ▁using ▁meta ▁refresh . ▁--> ▁< html > ▁ ▁< head > ▁▁ ▁< title > Redirect ing ... </ title > ▁▁ ▁< meta ▁http - equiv =" refresh " ▁content =" 0 ; url = http :// <? = ▁$ url ; ▁?> "> ▁ ▁</
head > ▁ ▁< body > ▁ ▁Att empt ing ▁to ▁redirect ▁to ▁< a ▁href =" http :// <? = ▁$ url ; ▁?> "> http :// <? = ▁$ url ; ▁? ></ a >. ▁ ▁</ body > ▁</ html > ▁ ▁The ▁above ▁example ▁does ▁not ▁check ▁who ▁called ▁it ▁( e . g . ▁by ▁refer rer , ▁although ▁that ▁could ▁be ▁spo of ed ). ▁ ▁Also , ▁it ▁does ▁not ▁check ▁the ▁URL ▁provided . ▁ ▁This ▁means ▁that ▁a ▁mal icious ▁person ▁could ▁link ▁to ▁the ▁red irection ▁page ▁using ▁a ▁URL ▁parameter ▁of ▁his / her ▁own ▁selection , ▁from ▁any ▁page , ▁which ▁uses ▁the ▁web ▁server ' s ▁resources . ▁ ▁Security ▁issues ▁URL ▁red irection ▁can ▁be ▁ab used ▁by ▁attack ers ▁for ▁ph ishing ▁attacks , ▁such ▁as ▁open ▁redirect ▁and ▁cover t ▁redirect . ▁" An ▁open ▁redirect ▁is ▁an ▁application ▁that ▁takes ▁a ▁parameter ▁and ▁redirects ▁a ▁user ▁to ▁the ▁parameter ▁value ▁without ▁any ▁validation ." ▁" C over t ▁redirect ▁is ▁an ▁application ▁that ▁takes ▁a ▁parameter ▁and ▁redirects ▁a ▁user ▁to ▁the ▁parameter ▁value ▁W IT HO UT ▁SU FF IC I ENT ▁validation ." ▁It ▁was ▁dis closed ▁in ▁May ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁by ▁a ▁mathematical ▁doctor al ▁student ▁Wang ▁J ing ▁from ▁N any ang ▁Techn ological ▁University , ▁Singapore . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁Can on ical ▁link ▁element ▁ ▁Can on ical ▁meta ▁tag ▁ ▁Domain ▁mask ing ▁ ▁Link
▁rot ▁ ▁Sem antic ▁URL ▁ ▁URL ▁normal ization ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁M apping ▁URLs ▁to ▁Files ystem ▁Loc ations ▁ ▁Tax onomy ▁of ▁JavaScript ▁Red irection ▁Sp am ▁( Microsoft ▁Live ▁L abs ) ▁ ▁Security ▁vulner abilities ▁in ▁URL ▁Red irect ors ▁The ▁Web ▁Application ▁Security ▁Cons ort ium ▁Th re at ▁Classification ▁ ▁Category : URL ▁Category : Black ▁hat ▁search ▁engine ▁optimization ▁Category : Internet ▁search ▁Category : Internet ▁termin ology <0x0A> </s> ▁St . ▁John ' s ▁United ▁Church ▁of ▁Christ , ▁originally ▁known ▁as ▁St . ▁John ' s ▁Evangel ical ▁Protest ant ▁Church , ▁is ▁a ▁historic ▁United ▁Church ▁of ▁Christ ▁church ▁located ▁in ▁dow nt own ▁Evans ville , ▁Indiana . ▁St . ▁John ' s ▁Par ish ▁Hall ▁was ▁built ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 1 , ▁and ▁is ▁a ▁T ud or ▁Rev ival ▁style ▁brick ▁building . ▁ ▁It ▁was ▁listed ▁on ▁the ▁National ▁Register ▁of ▁Historic ▁Places ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 2 . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : Un ited ▁Church ▁of ▁Christ ▁churches ▁in ▁Indiana ▁Category : Ch urch es ▁on ▁the ▁National ▁Register ▁of ▁Historic ▁Places ▁in ▁Indiana ▁Category : T ud or ▁Rev ival ▁architecture ▁in ▁Indiana ▁Category : Ch urch es ▁completed ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 1 ▁Category : Ch urch es ▁in ▁Evans ville , ▁Indiana ▁Category : National ▁Register ▁of ▁Historic ▁Places ▁in ▁Evans ville , ▁Indiana <0x0A> </s> ▁This ▁is ▁a ▁list ▁of ▁number - one ▁songs ▁in ▁
1 9 8 1 ▁on ▁the ▁Italian ▁charts ▁compiled ▁week ly ▁by ▁the ▁Italian ▁Hit ▁Par ade ▁Singles ▁Chart . ▁ ▁Chart ▁history ▁ ▁Number - one ▁artists ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : List s ▁of ▁number - one ▁songs ▁in ▁Italy ▁Category : 1 9 8 1 ▁in ▁Italian ▁music ▁Category : 1 9 8 1 ▁record ▁charts <0x0A> </s> ▁Kon f esse ▁ ▁is ▁a ▁village ▁in ▁the ▁B im ah ▁Pref ect ure ▁in ▁the ▁K ara ▁Region ▁ ▁of ▁north - e astern ▁T ogo . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : Pop ulated ▁places ▁in ▁K ara ▁Region ▁Category : B im ah ▁Pref ect ure <0x0A> </s> ▁Lake head ▁is ▁a ▁census - design ated ▁place ▁( CD P ) ▁in ▁Sh asta ▁County , ▁California . ▁Lake head ▁s its ▁at ▁an ▁elev ation ▁of ▁. ▁Lake head ▁is ▁located ▁half way ▁between ▁Seattle ▁and ▁Los ▁Angeles . ▁The ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁United ▁States ▁census ▁reported ▁Lake head ' s ▁population ▁was ▁ 4 6 1 . ▁ ▁Lake head ▁was ▁established ▁as ▁a ▁CD P ▁for ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁census , ▁replacing ▁part ▁of ▁Lake head - L akes h ore , ▁California ▁CD P . ▁ ▁History ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 8 , ▁the ▁western ▁part ▁of ▁Lake head ▁was ▁closed ▁to ▁the ▁public ▁due ▁to ▁the ▁Car r ▁Fire . ▁ ▁Geography ▁According ▁to ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Census ▁Bureau , ▁the ▁CD P ▁covers ▁an ▁area ▁of
▁ 5 . 3 square ▁miles ▁( 1 3 . 7 km ² ), ▁ 4 . 7 square ▁miles ▁( 1 2 . 1 km ² ) ▁of ▁it ▁is ▁land , ▁and ▁ 0 . 6 square ▁miles ▁( 1 . 5 km ² ) ▁of ▁it ▁( 1 1 . 0 6 %) ▁is ▁water . ▁ ▁Cl imate ▁According ▁to ▁the ▁Kö ppen ▁Cl imate ▁Classification ▁system , ▁Lake head ▁has ▁a ▁warm - sum mer ▁Mediter rane an ▁climate , ▁abbre vi ated ▁" C sa " ▁on ▁climate ▁maps . ▁ ▁Dem ograph ics ▁ ▁The ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁United ▁States ▁Census ▁reported ▁that ▁ 4 6 1 ▁people , ▁ 2 2 8 ▁households , ▁and ▁ 1 3 4 ▁families ▁res ided ▁in ▁the ▁CD P . ▁The ▁population ▁density ▁was ▁ 8 7 . 3 ▁people ▁per ▁square ▁mile ▁( 3 3 . 7 / km ²). ▁There ▁were ▁ 3 4 7 ▁housing ▁units ▁at ▁an ▁average ▁density ▁of ▁ 6 5 . 7 ▁per ▁square ▁mile ▁( 2 5 . 4 / km ²). ▁The ▁ra cial ▁make up ▁of ▁the ▁CD P ▁was ▁ 9 1 . 3 % ▁White , ▁ 2 . 8 % ▁Native ▁American , ▁ 0 . 4 % ▁Asian , ▁ 0 . 7 % ▁from ▁other ▁races , ▁and ▁ 4 . 8 % ▁from ▁two ▁or ▁more ▁races . ▁ 2 . 4 % ▁of
▁the ▁population ▁was ▁His pan ic ▁or ▁Lat ino ▁of ▁any ▁race . ▁ ▁The ▁Census ▁reported ▁that ▁ 1 0 0 % ▁of ▁the ▁population ▁lived ▁in ▁households . ▁ ▁There ▁were ▁ 2 2 8 ▁households ▁out ▁of ▁which ▁ 1 1 . 4 % ▁had ▁children ▁under ▁the ▁age ▁of ▁ 1 8 ▁living ▁in ▁them , ▁ 4 7 . 8 % ▁were ▁opposite - sex ▁married ▁cou ples ▁living ▁together , ▁ 7 . 5 % ▁had ▁a ▁female ▁house holder ▁with ▁no ▁husband ▁present , ▁and ▁ 3 . 5 % ▁had ▁a ▁male ▁house holder ▁with ▁no ▁wife ▁present . ▁ 4 . 4 % ▁of ▁households ▁were ▁un mar ried ▁opposite - sex ▁partners hips ▁and ▁ 2 . 2 % ▁were ▁same - sex ▁married ▁cou ples ▁or ▁partners hips . ▁ 3 2 . 0 % ▁of ▁households ▁were ▁made ▁up ▁of ▁individuals ▁and ▁ 1 4 . 0 % ▁had ▁someone ▁living ▁alone ▁who ▁was ▁ 6 5 ▁years ▁of ▁age ▁or ▁older . ▁The ▁average ▁household ▁size ▁was ▁ 2 . 0 2 . ▁The ▁average ▁family ▁size ▁was ▁ 2 . 5 1 . ▁ ▁The ▁population ▁was ▁spread ▁out ▁with ▁ 9 . 1 % ▁under ▁the ▁age ▁of ▁ 1 8 , ▁ 5 . 6 % ▁aged ▁ 1 8 ▁to ▁ 2 4 , ▁ 9 . 5 % ▁aged ▁ 2 5 ▁to ▁ 4 4 , ▁ 4 6 . 9 % ▁aged ▁
4 5 ▁to ▁ 6 4 , ▁and ▁ 2 8 . 9 % ▁who ▁were ▁ 6 5 ▁years ▁of ▁age ▁or ▁older . ▁The ▁median ▁age ▁was ▁ 5 7 . 7 ▁years . ▁For ▁every ▁ 1 0 0 ▁females , ▁there ▁were ▁ 1 1 4 . 4 ▁males . ▁For ▁every ▁ 1 0 0 ▁females ▁age ▁ 1 8 ▁and ▁over , ▁there ▁were ▁ 1 1 1 . 6 ▁males . ▁ ▁There ▁were ▁ 3 4 7 ▁housing ▁units ▁of ▁which ▁ 8 0 . 3 % ▁were ▁owner - occup ied ▁and ▁ 1 9 . 7 % ▁were ▁occupied ▁by ▁rent ers . ▁The ▁home owner ▁vac ancy ▁rate ▁was ▁ 5 . 6 %; ▁the ▁r ental ▁vac ancy ▁rate ▁was ▁ 1 3 . 0 %. ▁ 7 5 . 3 % ▁of ▁the ▁population ▁lived ▁in ▁owner - occup ied ▁housing ▁units ▁and ▁ 2 4 . 7 % ▁lived ▁in ▁r ental ▁housing ▁units . ▁ ▁As ▁of ▁March ▁ 2 0 1 9 ▁there ▁were ▁over ▁ 7 0 0 ▁registered ▁vot ers ▁in ▁Lake head . ▁ ▁Polit ics ▁In ▁the ▁state ▁legisl ature ▁Lake head ▁is ▁in ▁, ▁and ▁. ▁ ▁Feder ally , ▁Lake head ▁is ▁in ▁. ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : C ensus - design ated ▁places ▁in ▁Sh asta ▁County , ▁California ▁Category : C ensus - design ated ▁places ▁in ▁California <0x0A> </s> ▁ 3 . 0 ▁is ▁the ▁ele vent
h ▁studio ▁album ▁by ▁American ▁recording ▁artist ▁Marc ▁Anthony , ▁released ▁on ▁July ▁ 2 3 , ▁ 2 0 1 3 . ▁It ▁is ▁his ▁first ▁original ▁s als a ▁album ▁in ▁over ▁a ▁de cade . ▁" V iv ir ▁Mi ▁V ida ," ▁a ▁Spanish ▁cover ▁of ▁the ▁Kh aled ▁song ▁C ' est ▁la ▁vie , ▁was ▁released ▁as ▁the ▁first ▁single ▁on ▁April ▁ 2 6 , ▁ 2 0 1 3 . ▁" C amb io ▁de ▁P iel ", ▁was ▁released ▁as ▁the ▁second ▁single ▁on ▁October ▁ 8 , ▁ 2 0 1 3 . ▁The ▁album ▁was ▁nominated ▁for ▁Album ▁of ▁the ▁Year ▁and ▁won ▁Best ▁S als a ▁Album ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁Latin ▁Gram my ▁Awards . ▁ ▁Com mer cial ▁performance ▁ ▁The ▁album ▁deb uted ▁at ▁number ▁ 5 ▁on ▁the ▁US ▁Billboard ▁ 2 0 0 , ▁s elling ▁ 4 7 , 0 0 0 ▁copies ▁in ▁its ▁first ▁week . ▁The ▁album ▁was ▁eventually ▁cert ified ▁ 8 x ▁Pl atin um ▁( Lat in ) ▁in ▁sales ▁by ▁the ▁Rec ording ▁Indust ry ▁Association ▁of ▁America ▁( RI AA ) ▁on ▁August ▁ 1 7 , ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁den oting ▁ship ments ▁and ▁streaming ▁ 4 8 0 , 0 0 0 ▁copies . ▁ ▁Track ▁listing ▁ ▁Ch arts ▁ ▁Week ly ▁charts ▁ ▁Year - end ▁charts ▁ ▁Sales ▁and ▁cert ifications ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁Lo ▁Nu
estro ▁Award ▁for ▁Trop ical ▁Album ▁of ▁the ▁Year ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Category : 2 0 1 3 ▁albums ▁Category : M arc ▁Anthony ▁albums ▁Category : Al bum s ▁produced ▁by ▁Ser gio ▁George ▁Category : S ony ▁Music ▁Latin ▁albums ▁Category : Lat in ▁Gram my ▁Award ▁for ▁Best ▁S als a ▁Album <0x0A> </s> ▁" A ▁Wonder ful ▁Guy " ▁is ▁a ▁show ▁t une ▁from ▁the ▁ 1 9 4 9 ▁Rod gers ▁and ▁Ham mer stein ▁musical ▁South ▁Pacific . ▁It ▁was ▁first ▁introduced ▁by ▁Mary ▁Martin ▁in ▁the ▁original ▁Broadway ▁production ▁and ▁s ung ▁by ▁Mit zi ▁Gay nor ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 5 8 ▁film ▁adaptation . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁show , ▁Nell ie ▁s ings ▁this ▁song ▁after ▁being ▁convinced ▁that ▁despite ▁the ▁ra cial ▁differences ▁between ▁her ▁and ▁Em ile , ▁there ▁is ▁good ▁in ▁him . ▁And ▁so ▁she ▁is ▁el ated ▁to ▁be ▁in ▁love ▁with ▁him . ▁ ▁Rod gers ▁and ▁Ham mer stein ▁were ▁as ▁inspired ▁by ▁Mary ▁Martin ' s ▁person ality ▁as ▁they ▁were ▁by ▁the ▁character ▁of ▁Nell ie ▁For b ush ▁to ▁write ▁this ▁song . ▁They ▁introduced ▁it ▁to ▁Mary ▁Martin ▁one ▁night ▁when ▁they ▁were ▁at ▁Josh ua ▁Log an ' s ▁house ▁fine - t uning ▁the ▁script . ▁Ham mer stein ▁wrote ▁this ▁song ▁to ▁express ▁the ▁ex uber ance ▁of ▁Nell ie ' s ▁character ▁at ▁this ▁point ▁in ▁the ▁show , ▁and ▁it ▁carried ▁over ▁to
▁Mary ▁Martin ' s ▁performance ▁of ▁it . ▁Mary ▁Martin ▁was ▁so ▁thr illed ▁that ▁when ▁she ▁sang ▁it ▁on ▁stage , ▁she ▁performed ▁cart w he els ▁on ▁the ▁stage ▁at ▁every ▁turn ▁of ▁" I ' m ▁in ▁love ." ▁ ▁Other ▁record ings ▁Hit ▁record ings ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 9 ▁were ▁by ▁Margaret ▁Wh iting ▁( No . ▁ 1 2 ▁in ▁the ▁Billboard ▁charts ), ▁ ▁Fran ▁Warren ▁( # 1 7 ) ▁and ▁by ▁Din ah ▁Sh ore ▁( # 2 2 ). ▁On ▁September ▁ 2 2 , ▁ 1 9 5 2 , ▁D iana ▁Miller ▁with ▁Vari et é ork est ern ▁Cond .: ▁Å ke ▁J el ving , ▁recorded ▁the ▁song ▁in ▁Stockholm . ▁It ▁was ▁released ▁on ▁the ▁ 7 8 ▁r pm ▁record ▁His ▁Master ' s ▁Vo ice ▁X 7 8 2 9 . ▁In ▁ 1 9 6 0 , ▁Dor is ▁Day ▁recorded ▁the ▁song ▁in ▁her ▁album ▁Show ▁Time . ▁Ke ely ▁Smith ▁performed ▁the ▁song ▁for ▁the ▁Re prise ▁Musical ▁Re pert ory ▁Theatre ▁version ▁of ▁" S outh ▁Pacific " ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 3 . ▁In ▁ 1 9 6 7 , ▁Bl oss om ▁D ear ie ▁recorded ▁the ▁song ▁for ▁her ▁album ▁So on ▁It ' s ▁G onna ▁Rain . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 9 , ▁by ▁Nell ie ▁McK ay ▁on ▁her ▁album ▁Normal ▁as ▁Blue berry ▁Pie ▁– ▁A ▁T ribute ▁to ▁Dor
is ▁Day . ▁ ▁In ▁popular ▁culture ▁ ▁The ▁song ▁is ▁featured ▁in ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁video ▁game ▁Fall out ▁ 3 ▁and ▁repr ised ▁in ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 5 ▁video ▁game ▁Fall out ▁ 4 . ▁According ▁to ▁the ▁game ' s ▁cred its , ▁the ▁recording ▁was ▁recorded ▁by ▁Tex ▁B ene ke ' s ▁or chestra ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 9 . ▁Tex ▁B ene ke ' s ▁album , ▁Here ' s ▁To ▁the ▁Lad ies ▁( Who ▁Sang ▁With ▁the ▁Band ), ▁adds ▁the ▁featured ▁vocal ist ▁as ▁Cla ire ▁Ch at win . ▁ ▁The ▁ch orus ▁of ▁the ▁song ▁is ▁performed ▁a ▁c app ella ▁by ▁Meg an ▁M ull ally ' s ▁character ▁Kar en ▁Walker ▁on ▁the ▁sit com ▁Will ▁& ▁Grace ▁season ▁ 6 , ▁episode ▁ 2 3 ▁(" I ▁Do , ▁Oh , ▁No , ▁You ▁Di - in ' t "). ▁The ▁very ▁first ▁scene ▁in ▁Cra zy ▁Ex - G irl friend ▁is ▁Rach el ▁Blo om ' s ▁character , ▁Reb e cca , ▁performing ▁in ▁the ▁ch orus ▁of ▁her ▁camp ▁production ▁of ▁South ▁Pacific ▁during ▁this ▁song . ▁Ten ▁years ▁later , ▁once ▁she ▁sees ▁Josh ▁Chan , ▁the ▁ch orus ▁of ▁" I ' m ▁in ▁love " ▁repe ats ▁in ▁her ▁head ▁when ▁she ▁sees ▁him . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 4 9 ▁songs ▁Category : S ongs ▁from ▁South ▁Pacific ▁( mus ical )
<0x0A> </s> ▁Sc op ula ▁succ rass ula ▁is ▁a ▁moth ▁of ▁the ▁ ▁family ▁Ge omet r idae . ▁It ▁is ▁found ▁on ▁the ▁Philippines ▁( M ind ana o , ▁Pal aw an ) ▁and ▁Bor neo . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : M oth s ▁described ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 1 ▁succ rass ula ▁Category : M oth s ▁of ▁Asia <0x0A> </s> ▁John ▁Tod d ▁( born ▁John ▁Frederick ▁" F red " ▁Mc Car thy ; ▁August ▁ 1 4 , ▁ 1 8 7 6 ▁– ▁July ▁ 1 4 , ▁ 1 9 5 7 ) ▁was ▁an ▁American ▁actor . ▁Kn own ▁for ▁Shakespeare an ▁roles , ▁Tod d ▁soon ▁gained ▁work ▁at ▁Detroit ▁radio ▁station ▁W XY Z , ▁as ▁part ▁of ▁director ▁James ▁Jew ell ' s ▁re pert ory ▁company , ▁with ▁roles ▁on ▁the ▁various ▁series ▁produced ▁by ▁the ▁station . ▁ ▁His ▁most ▁famous ▁work ▁was ▁on ▁The ▁L one ▁R anger . ▁He ▁played ▁a ▁local ▁sh er iff ▁in ▁some ▁of ▁the ▁show ' s ▁earliest ▁episodes , ▁but ▁on ▁the ▁tw elf th ▁broadcast , ▁which ▁a ired ▁February ▁ 2 5 , ▁ 1 9 3 3 , ▁Tod d ▁first ▁played ▁his ▁most ▁famous ▁role , ▁the ▁mask ed ▁man ' s ▁Native ▁American ▁companion ▁T onto . ▁ ▁Tod d ▁was ▁a ▁bald ▁and ▁stock y ▁man ▁of ▁Irish ▁descent , ▁though ▁he ▁occasionally ▁don ned ▁a ▁w ig ▁for ▁public ity ▁photos
. ▁He ▁was ▁usually ▁replaced ▁by ▁a ▁Native ▁American ▁perform er ▁for ▁public ▁appearances . ▁With ▁the ▁exception ▁of ▁a ▁brief ▁period ▁where ▁he ▁was ▁replaced ▁by ▁a ▁real ▁Native ▁American , ▁Tod d ▁played ▁T onto ▁for ▁almost ▁the ▁entire ▁radio ▁run , ▁and ▁was ▁the ▁only ▁original ▁cast ▁member ▁heard ▁on ▁the ▁final ▁broadcast , ▁on ▁September ▁ 3 , ▁ 1 9 5 4 . ▁ ▁Station ▁owner ▁George ▁Tr end le ▁wanted ▁to ▁replace ▁Tod d ▁in ▁the ▁role ▁of ▁T onto ▁because ▁he ▁was ▁" to o ▁old ". ▁Tod d ' s ▁replacement , ▁a ▁college ▁educated ▁Native ▁American , ▁refused ▁to ▁perform ▁the ▁" me ▁do " ▁and ▁" him ▁go " ▁type ▁lines ▁as ▁written ▁and ▁Tod d ▁was ▁given ▁back ▁the ▁role ▁of ▁T onto . ▁Tr end le ▁had ▁a ▁reputation ▁for ▁keeping ▁his ▁perform ers ▁working ▁for ▁low ▁pay ▁even ▁when ▁the ▁show ▁was ▁a ▁big ▁money ▁mak er . ▁This ▁episode ▁may ▁have ▁been ▁another ▁of ▁Tr end le ' s ▁man eu vers ▁to ▁demonstrate ▁that ▁the ▁actors ▁could ▁be ▁replaced . ▁ ▁Other ▁radio ▁roles ▁for ▁Tod d ▁included ▁rec urr ing ▁but ▁less ▁significant ▁parts ▁on ▁The ▁Green ▁Hor net ▁as ▁Dan ▁Re id , ▁the ▁title ▁character ' s ▁father ▁and ▁the ▁now ▁elder ly ▁version ▁of ▁the ▁L one ▁R anger ' s ▁nep hew , ▁and ▁on ▁Challenge ▁of ▁the ▁Y uk on , ▁as ▁Ins pect or ▁Con rad , ▁S gt . ▁Pr
eston ' s ▁superior ▁in ▁the ▁North - West ▁Mount ed ▁Police . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : American ▁male ▁radio ▁actors ▁Category : American ▁male ▁stage ▁actors ▁Category : 1 8 7 6 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 9 5 7 ▁death s ▁Category : 2 0 th - century ▁American ▁male ▁actors ▁Category : M ale ▁actors ▁from ▁Pennsylvania ▁Category : American ▁people ▁of ▁Irish ▁descent <0x0A> </s> ▁Past oria ▁East ▁is ▁a ▁local ity ▁in ▁Victoria , ▁Australia , ▁made ▁up ▁after ▁the ▁Sh ire ▁of ▁K yn eton ▁merged ▁with ▁the ▁Sh ires ▁of ▁G is bor ne , ▁New ham ▁and ▁Wood end , ▁and ▁Rom sey ▁to ▁make ▁up ▁the ▁Sh ire ▁of ▁Mac ed on ▁R anges . ▁ ▁Many ▁residents ▁wish ▁to ▁get ▁the ▁boundaries ▁of ▁Bay nt on ▁to ▁be ▁restored ▁to ▁where ▁they ▁once ▁were ▁and ▁thus ▁have ▁the ▁Past oria ▁East ▁name ▁dis cont in ued ▁as ▁Past oria ▁East ▁is ▁not ▁techn ically ▁east ▁of ▁Past oria . ▁ ▁Category : T own s ▁in ▁Victoria ▁( Austral ia ) <0x0A> </s> ▁John ▁Edward ▁Collins ▁is ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁The ▁New ▁P orn ograph ers , ▁Dest roy er , ▁and ▁The ▁Ev apor ators . ▁He ▁plays ▁the ▁bass , ▁guitar , ▁synth es izer , ▁e bow ▁and ▁s ings . ▁ ▁He ▁also ▁acted ▁as ▁a ▁producer , ▁mix er , ▁engineer , ▁and ▁multi - inst rument al ist ▁on ▁T eg an ▁and ▁S ara '
s ▁ 2 0 0 2 ▁release , ▁If ▁It ▁Was ▁You ▁and ▁ 2 0 0 4 ▁release ▁So ▁Je alous . ▁ ▁Collins ▁produced ▁Ther esa ▁S ok yr ka ' s ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁release ▁Something ▁Is ▁Ex pected , ▁and ▁E am on ▁Mc Gr ath ' s ▁Peace ▁M aker ▁( 2 0 1 0 ). ▁ ▁References ▁▁ ▁Category : Year ▁of ▁birth ▁missing ▁( l iving ▁people ) ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : The ▁New ▁P orn ograph ers ▁members ▁Category : Can ad ian ▁ind ie ▁rock ▁mus icians ▁Category : Can ad ian ▁record ▁produ cers ▁Category : Can ad ian ▁rock ▁bass ▁guitar ists <0x0A> </s> ▁El van lar , ▁ Ç aml ı d ere ▁is ▁a ▁village ▁in ▁the ▁District ▁of ▁ Ç aml ı d ere , ▁An k ara ▁Province , ▁Turkey . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : Pop ulated ▁places ▁in ▁An k ara ▁Province ▁Category : Ç aml ı d ere , ▁An k ara ▁Category : V ill ages ▁in ▁Turkey <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Index ▁of ▁Econom ic ▁Fre edom ▁is ▁an ▁annual ▁index ▁and ▁ranking ▁created ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 5 ▁by ▁The ▁Heritage ▁Foundation ▁and ▁The ▁Wall ▁Street ▁Journal ▁to ▁measure ▁the ▁degree ▁of ▁economic ▁freedom ▁in ▁the ▁world ' s ▁nations . ▁The ▁cre ators ▁of ▁the ▁index ▁took ▁an ▁approach ▁similar ▁to ▁Adam ▁Smith ' s ▁in ▁The ▁We alth ▁of ▁Nations , ▁that ▁" basic ▁institutions
▁that ▁protect ▁the ▁liberty ▁of ▁individuals ▁to ▁purs ue ▁their ▁own ▁economic ▁interests ▁result ▁in ▁greater ▁prosper ity ▁for ▁the ▁larger ▁society ". ▁▁ 2 0 2 0 ▁Index ▁As ▁of ▁ 2 0 2 0 , ▁Singapore ’ s ▁economic ▁freedom ▁score ▁is ▁ 8 9 . 4 , ▁making ▁it ▁the ▁world ’ s ▁fre est ▁economy ▁in ▁the ▁ 2 0 2 0 ▁Index . ▁Singapore ▁is ▁ranked ▁ 1 st ▁among ▁ 4 2 ▁countries ▁in ▁the ▁Asia - P ac ific ▁region , ▁and ▁its ▁overall ▁score ▁is ▁well ▁above ▁the ▁regional ▁and ▁world ▁aver ages . ▁ ▁Key : ▁ █ █ ▁Free ▁( 8 0 – 1 0 0 ) ▁ █ █ M ost ly Free ( 7 0 – 7 9 . 9 ) ▁ █ █ Mod er ately Free ( 6 5 – 6 9 . 9 ) ▁ █ █ Mod er ately Free ( 6 0 – 6 4 . 9 ) ▁ █ █ M ost ly Un free ( 5 5 – 5 9 . 9 ) ▁ █ █ M ost ly Un free ( 5 0 – 5 4 . 9 ) ▁ █ █ Re pressed ( 0 – 4 9 . 9 ) ▁ ▁Not ▁ranked ▁▁ 2 0 1 7 ▁ranking ▁with ▁more ▁attributes ▁The ▁following ▁table ▁contains ▁more ▁attributes . ▁The ▁whole ▁table ▁is ▁available
▁in ▁X LS ▁format ▁at ▁The ▁Heritage ▁Foundation ▁web ▁site . ▁ ▁Method ▁The ▁ 2 0 1 8 ▁ranking ▁scores ▁aspects ▁of ▁economic ▁freedom ▁between ▁ 0 ▁and ▁ 1 0 0 , ▁with ▁ 0 ▁meaning ▁" no ▁economic ▁freedom " ▁and ▁ 1 0 0 ▁meaning ▁" total ▁economic ▁freedom ". ▁There ▁are ▁twelve ▁aspects ▁divided ▁into ▁four ▁categories . ▁ ▁Rule ▁of ▁law ▁Property ▁rights ▁D eg ree ▁of ▁a ▁country ' s ▁legal ▁protection ▁of ▁private ▁property ▁rights ▁and ▁degree ▁of ▁enfor cement ▁of ▁those ▁laws . ▁It ▁is ▁divided ▁into ▁the ▁following ▁sub - fact ors : ▁ ▁physical ▁property ▁rights ▁ ▁intellectual ▁property ▁rights ▁ ▁strength ▁of ▁invest or ▁protection ▁ ▁risk ▁of ▁ex prop ri ation ▁ ▁quality ▁of ▁land ▁administration ▁ ▁Jud icial ▁effect iveness ▁D eg ree ▁of ▁the ▁jud ici ary ' s ▁efficiency ▁and ▁fair ness , ▁especially ▁dealing ▁with ▁property ▁laws . ▁It ▁is ▁divided ▁into ▁the ▁following ▁sub - fact ors : ▁ ▁jud icial ▁independence ▁ ▁quality ▁of ▁the ▁jud icial ▁process ▁ ▁lik elihood ▁of ▁obtain ing ▁favor able ▁jud icial ▁dec isions ▁ ▁Government ▁integrity ▁Anal y zes ▁how ▁pre val ent ▁are ▁forms ▁of ▁political ▁cor ruption ▁and ▁practices ▁such ▁as ▁b ri ber y , ▁ext ort ion , ▁ne pot ism , ▁cron y ism , ▁patron age , ▁em be zz lement , ▁and ▁gra ft . ▁It ▁is ▁divided ▁into ▁the ▁following ▁sub - fact ors : ▁▁ ▁public ▁trust ▁in
▁polit icians ▁ ▁irregular ▁pay ments ▁and ▁b rib es ▁ ▁trans par ency ▁of ▁government ▁polic ym aking ▁ ▁absence ▁of ▁cor ruption ▁ ▁per ception s ▁of ▁cor ruption ▁ ▁government al ▁and ▁civil ▁service ▁trans par ency ▁ ▁Government ▁size ▁Tax ▁bur den ▁Anal y zes ▁marg inal ▁tax ▁rates ▁on ▁personal ▁and ▁corpor ate ▁income ▁and ▁the ▁overall ▁tax ation ▁level ▁( including ▁direct ▁and ▁indirect ▁tax es ▁im posed ▁by ▁all ▁levels ▁of ▁government ) ▁as ▁a ▁percentage ▁of ▁the ▁G DP . ▁Its ▁sub - fact ors ▁are : ▁ ▁top ▁marg inal ▁tax ▁rate ▁on ▁individual ▁income ▁ ▁top ▁marg inal ▁tax ▁rate ▁on ▁corpor ate ▁income ▁ ▁total ▁tax ▁bur den ▁as ▁a ▁percentage ▁of ▁G DP ▁ ▁Government ▁sp ending ▁Quant ifies ▁the ▁bur den ▁of ▁government ▁exp end it ures , ▁including ▁consumption ▁by ▁the ▁state ▁and ▁all ▁transfer ▁pay ments ▁related ▁to ▁various ▁ent it lement ▁programs . ▁The ▁ideal ▁level ▁var ies ▁from ▁country ▁to ▁country , ▁but ▁zero ▁exp end iture ▁is ▁used ▁as ▁a ▁benchmark . ▁ ▁F is cal ▁health ▁Anal y zes ▁how ▁well ▁a ▁country ▁man ages ▁its ▁budget ▁by ▁quant ifying ▁the ▁growing ▁deb t ▁and ▁def ic it . ▁It ▁is ▁divided ▁into ▁the ▁following ▁sub - fact ors : ▁▁ ▁average ▁def ic its ▁as ▁a ▁percentage ▁of ▁G DP ▁for ▁the ▁most ▁recent ▁three ▁years ▁( 8 0 ▁percent ▁of ▁score ) ▁ ▁deb t ▁as ▁a ▁percentage ▁of ▁G DP ▁(
2 0 ▁percent ▁of ▁score ) ▁ ▁Reg ul atory ▁efficiency ▁Business ▁freedom ▁Anal ys es ▁the ▁cost , ▁time ▁and ▁freedom ▁to ▁open , ▁operate ▁and ▁close ▁a ▁business , ▁taking ▁into ▁consideration ▁factors ▁like ▁electric ity . ▁It ▁is ▁divided ▁into ▁th ir teen ▁sub - fact ors : ▁ ▁starting ▁a ▁business — pro ced ures ▁( number ); ▁ ▁starting ▁a ▁business — time ▁( days ); ▁ ▁starting ▁a ▁business — cost ▁( % ▁of ▁income ▁per ▁cap ita ); ▁ ▁starting ▁a ▁business — min imum ▁capital ▁( % ▁of ▁income ▁per ▁cap ita ); ▁ ▁obtain ing ▁a ▁license — pro ced ures ▁( number ); ▁ ▁obtain ing ▁a ▁license — time ▁( days ); ▁ ▁obtain ing ▁a ▁license — cost ▁( % ▁of ▁income ▁per ▁cap ita ); ▁ ▁closing ▁a ▁business — time ▁( year s ); ▁ ▁closing ▁a ▁business — cost ▁( % ▁of ▁estate ); ▁ ▁closing ▁a ▁business — rec overy ▁rate ▁( c ents ▁on ▁the ▁doll ar ); ▁ ▁getting ▁electric ity — pro ced ures ▁( number ); ▁ ▁getting ▁electric ity — time ▁( days ); ▁and ▁ ▁getting ▁electric ity — cost ▁( % ▁of ▁income ▁per ▁cap ita ). ▁ ▁Labor ▁freedom ▁Quant ifies ▁the ▁intr us iveness ▁of ▁labor ▁rights ▁such ▁as ▁minimum ▁w age , ▁laws ▁in hib iting ▁lay offs , ▁sever ance ▁requirements , ▁and ▁meas urable ▁regul atory ▁rest raint s ▁on ▁h iring ▁and ▁hours ▁worked
, ▁plus ▁the ▁labor ▁force ▁participation ▁rate ▁as ▁an ▁indic ative ▁measure ▁of ▁employ ment ▁opportun ities ▁in ▁the ▁labor ▁market . ▁It ▁is ▁divided ▁into ▁the ▁following ▁sub - fact ors : ▁ ▁ratio ▁of ▁minimum ▁w age ▁to ▁the ▁average ▁value ▁added ▁per ▁worker ▁ ▁h ind rance ▁to ▁h iring ▁additional ▁workers ▁ ▁rig id ity ▁of ▁hours ▁ ▁difficulty ▁of ▁firing ▁redundant ▁employees ▁ ▁leg ally ▁mand ated ▁notice ▁period ▁ ▁mand atory ▁sever ance ▁pay ▁ ▁labor ▁force ▁participation ▁rate ▁ ▁Mon et ary ▁freedom ▁Anal ys es ▁how ▁stable ▁are ▁prices ▁and ▁how ▁much ▁micro e conom y ▁interven es . ▁It ▁is ▁divided ▁into ▁the ▁following ▁sub - fact ors : ▁ ▁weight ed ▁average ▁infl ation ▁rate ▁for ▁the ▁most ▁recent ▁three ▁years ▁ ▁price ▁controls ▁ ▁Market ▁open ness ▁Trade ▁freedom ▁Quant ifies ▁the ▁extent ▁to ▁which ▁tar iff ▁and ▁n ont ar iff ▁bar riers ▁affect ▁imports ▁and ▁exports ▁of ▁goods ▁and ▁services ▁into ▁and ▁out ▁of ▁the ▁country . ▁Its ▁sub - fact ors ▁are : ▁ ▁trade - weight ed ▁average ▁tar iff ▁rate ▁ ▁n ont ar iff ▁bar riers ▁( NT B s ) ▁ ▁In vest ment ▁freedom ▁Anal ys es ▁how ▁free ▁or ▁const rained ▁is ▁the ▁flow ▁of ▁invest ment ▁capital ▁of ▁individuals ▁and ▁fir ms . ▁ ▁Fin an cial ▁freedom ▁Ind ic ates ▁bank ing ▁efficiency ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁how ▁independent ▁from ▁the ▁government ▁is ▁the ▁financial ▁sector . ▁This ▁aspect ▁looks ▁at ▁five
▁broad ▁areas : ▁ ▁extent ▁of ▁government ▁reg ulation ▁of ▁financial ▁services ▁ ▁degree ▁of ▁state ▁inter vention ▁in ▁banks ▁and ▁other ▁financial ▁fir ms ▁through ▁direct ▁and ▁indirect ▁ownership ▁ ▁government ▁influence ▁on ▁the ▁allocation ▁of ▁credit ▁ ▁extent ▁of ▁financial ▁and ▁capital ▁market ▁development ▁ ▁open ness ▁to ▁foreign ▁competition ▁ ▁Mean ing ▁The ▁Heritage ▁Foundation ▁reports ▁that ▁the ▁top ▁ 2 0 % ▁on ▁the ▁index ▁have ▁twice ▁the ▁per ▁cap ita ▁income ▁of ▁those ▁in ▁the ▁second ▁qu int ile , ▁and ▁five ▁times ▁that ▁of ▁the ▁bottom ▁ 2 0 %. ▁Carl ▁Sch ram m , ▁who ▁wrote ▁the ▁first ▁chapter ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁Index , ▁states ▁that ▁cities ▁of ▁Med ieval ▁Italy ▁and ▁mid - 1 9 th ▁century ▁Mid western ▁American ▁cities ▁all ▁fl our ished ▁to ▁the ▁degree ▁they ▁possessed ▁economic ▁fluid ity ▁and ▁institution al ▁adapt iveness ▁created ▁by ▁economic ▁freedom . ▁ ▁According ▁to ▁Will ▁Wil kin son ▁of ▁the ▁libert arian ▁think ▁tank ▁C ato ▁Institute , ▁studies ▁show ▁that ▁higher ▁economic ▁freedom ▁correl ates ▁strongly ▁with ▁higher ▁self - report ed ▁happiness . ▁According ▁to ▁econom ists ▁Tom i ▁O v aska ▁and ▁R yo ▁Tak ash ima , ▁economic ▁freedom ▁research ▁suggests ▁" that ▁people ▁un m ist ak ably ▁care ▁about ▁the ▁degree ▁to ▁which ▁the ▁society ▁where ▁they ▁live ▁provides ▁them ▁opportun ities ▁and ▁the ▁freedom ▁to ▁undert ake ▁new ▁projects , ▁strongly ▁with ▁and ▁make ▁choices ▁based ▁on ▁one ' s ▁personal ▁prefer
ences ." ▁ ▁According ▁to ▁the ▁C ato ▁Institute , ▁higher ▁economic ▁freedom ▁prom otes ▁participation ▁and ▁collaboration . ▁Also ▁claimed ▁is ▁that ▁higher ▁economic ▁freedom ▁is ▁extremely ▁significant ▁in ▁prevent ing ▁wars ; ▁according ▁to ▁their ▁calculations , ▁freedom ▁is ▁around ▁ 5 4 ▁times ▁more ▁effective ▁than ▁dem ocracy ▁( as ▁measured ▁by ▁Dem ocracy ▁Sc ore ) ▁in ▁dimin ishing ▁violent ▁conflict . ▁ ▁Rat ings ▁Since ▁the ▁index ▁was ▁created ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 5 , ▁the ▁score ▁for ▁world ▁economic ▁freedom ▁has ▁increased , ▁rising ▁ 2 . 6 ▁points ▁up ▁to ▁ 2 0 0 8 . ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁the ▁score ▁had ▁decre ased ▁from ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁score ▁of ▁ 6 0 . 2 ▁to ▁ 5 9 . 7 , ▁which ▁represents ▁an ▁increase ▁of ▁ 2 . 2 ▁points ▁since ▁ 1 9 9 5 . ▁The ▁Econom ic ▁Fre edom ▁score ▁improved ▁for ▁ 1 1 7 ▁countries , ▁the ▁majority ▁of ▁countries ▁included ▁in ▁the ▁index , ▁which ▁were ▁mainly ▁developing ▁and ▁emer ging ▁market ▁econom ies . ▁With ▁the ▁exception ▁of ▁Europe ▁and ▁North ▁America , ▁there ▁were ▁increased ▁levels ▁of ▁freedom ▁recorded ▁in ▁all ▁regions , ▁with ▁the ▁greatest ▁improvement ▁shown ▁in ▁Sub - S ah aran ▁Africa . ▁The ▁top ▁five ▁" free " ▁econom ies ▁identified ▁by ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁index ▁were ▁Hong ▁Kong , ▁Singapore , ▁Australia , ▁New ▁Zealand , ▁and ▁Switzerland , ▁each ▁scoring
▁over ▁ 8 0 ▁on ▁the ▁economic ▁freedom ▁grad ing ▁scale . ▁Since ▁the ▁Index ▁was ▁created ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 5 , ▁Hong ▁Kong ▁has ▁been ▁the ▁top ▁performing ▁economy . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 1 , ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁dropped ▁to ▁ 9 th ▁place ▁behind ▁such ▁countries ▁as ▁Den mark , ▁Canada , ▁and ▁first - place ▁Hong ▁Kong . ▁The ▁Heritage ▁Foundation ▁has ▁pointed ▁to ▁increases ▁in ▁government ▁sp ending ▁as ▁the ▁reason ▁for ▁the ▁United ▁States ' ▁decl ine , ▁and ▁according ▁to ▁data ▁from ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁index , ▁the ▁growth ▁rates ▁of ▁countries ▁with ▁the ▁highest ▁levels ▁of ▁government ▁sp ending ▁were ▁ 4 . 5 ▁points ▁lower , ▁on ▁average , ▁than ▁countries ▁where ▁government ▁sp ending ▁was ▁under ▁control . ▁In ▁their ▁" Exec utive ▁High light s " ▁of ▁index ▁results , ▁the ▁Heritage ▁Foundation ▁stated ▁that ▁ ▁" high ▁levels ▁of ▁government ▁sp ending ▁in ▁response ▁to ▁the ▁global ▁economic ▁tur mo il ▁have ▁not ▁resulted ▁in ▁higher ▁economic ▁growth ". ▁ ▁The ▁results ▁from ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁index ▁showed ▁an ▁overall ▁decl ine ▁in ▁global ▁economic ▁freedom ; ▁according ▁to ▁The ▁Heritage ▁Foundation , ▁the ▁average ▁score ▁in ▁its ▁ranking ▁was ▁the ▁second ▁lowest ▁of ▁the ▁last ▁ten ▁years . ▁In ▁particular , ▁the ▁U . S . ▁dropped ▁to ▁ 1 0 th ▁place ▁in ▁the ▁ranking , ▁and ▁has ▁now ▁fallen ▁three ▁places ▁since ▁ 2 0 0 8 ,
▁when ▁it ▁was ▁ 7 th . ▁A ▁report ▁issued ▁by ▁the ▁Foundation ▁stated ▁that ▁government ▁sp ending ▁was ▁the ▁cause ▁of ▁the ▁decl ine , ▁and ▁had ▁" not ▁only ▁failed ▁to ▁arrest ▁the ▁economic ▁crisis , ▁but ▁also — in ▁many ▁countries — se ems ▁to ▁be ▁prolong ing ▁it ". ▁According ▁to ▁the ▁report , ▁activity ▁in ▁the ▁private ▁sector ▁is ▁threatened ▁by ▁the ▁greater ▁government ▁sp ending , ▁which ▁has ▁increased ▁public ▁deb t ▁and ▁led ▁to ▁more ▁b ureau c racy . ▁ ▁Count ries ▁that ▁shared ▁the ▁same ▁rank ▁received ▁a ▁tie ▁score . ▁ ▁Re ception ▁According ▁to ▁the ▁Fre edom ▁House , ▁" there ▁is ▁a ▁high ▁and ▁statist ically ▁significant ▁correlation ▁between ▁the ▁level ▁of ▁political ▁freedom ▁as ▁measured ▁by ▁Fre edom ▁House ▁and ▁economic ▁freedom ▁as ▁measured ▁by ▁the ▁Wall ▁Street ▁Journal / Her itage ▁Foundation ▁survey ." ▁The ▁Mill en ni um ▁Challenge ▁Account , ▁a ▁U . S . ▁government ▁foreign ▁aid ▁program , ▁has ▁used ▁the ▁Trade ▁freedom ▁indicator ▁in ▁determ ining ▁which ▁countries ▁will ▁receive ▁their ▁performance - based ▁compact s . ▁ ▁Crit ics ▁such ▁as ▁Jeff rey ▁Sach s ▁have ▁cont ested ▁the ▁Index ' s ▁assumption ▁that ▁economic ▁open ness ▁necessarily ▁leads ▁to ▁better ▁growth . ▁In ▁his ▁book ▁The ▁End ▁of ▁P over ty , ▁Sach s ▁graph ed ▁countries ' ▁ratings ▁on ▁the ▁index ▁against ▁G DP ▁per ▁cap ita ▁growth ▁between ▁ 1 9 9 5 ▁and ▁ 2 0 0 3 ,
▁claim ing ▁to ▁demonstrate ▁no ▁correlation ▁between ▁a ▁country ' s ▁rating ▁and ▁its ▁rate ▁of ▁economic ▁growth . ▁Sach s ▁pointed ▁out , ▁as ▁examples , ▁that ▁countries ▁with ▁good ▁ratings ▁such ▁as ▁Switzerland ▁and ▁Uruguay ▁had ▁sl ugg ish ▁economic ▁performances , ▁others , ▁like ▁China , ▁with ▁poor er ▁rating ▁had ▁very ▁strong ▁economic ▁growth . ▁ ▁The ▁U AE ▁question ed ▁the ▁rating ▁of ▁their ▁country ' s ▁economic ▁freedom ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 8 , ▁comparing ▁its ▁m idd ling ▁rating ▁with ▁the ▁high ▁rating ▁they ▁had ▁received ▁from ▁other ▁indic ators ▁such ▁as ▁Trans par ency ▁International ▁and ▁Mo ody ' s . ▁They ▁also ▁argued ▁that ▁the ▁report ▁is ▁" un re li able ", ▁because ▁its ▁method ology ▁had ▁changed ▁twice ▁in ▁the ▁last ▁two ▁years . ▁ ▁Stefan ▁Karl sson ▁of ▁the ▁Ludwig ▁von ▁M ises ▁Institute ▁challeng ed ▁the ▁useful ness ▁of ▁the ▁index ▁due ▁to ▁the ▁f uzz iness ▁of ▁many ▁of ▁the ▁categories ▁used ▁to ▁determine ▁freedom . ▁John ▁Miller ▁round ly ▁critic izes ▁the ▁" Index ", ▁writing ▁in ▁D oll ars ▁& ▁S ense , ▁" In ▁the ▁hands ▁of ▁the ▁Wall ▁Street ▁Journal ▁and ▁the ▁Heritage ▁Foundation , ▁Washington ' s ▁for em ost ▁right - wing ▁think ▁tank , ▁however , ▁an ▁economic ▁freedom ▁index ▁merely ▁measures ▁corpor ate ▁and ▁entrepr ene ur ial ▁freedom ▁from ▁account ability . ▁Upon ▁exam ination , ▁the ▁index ▁turns ▁out ▁to ▁be ▁a ▁poor ▁bar ometer ▁of ▁either ▁freedom
▁more ▁broad ly ▁constru ed ▁or ▁of ▁prosper ity ." ▁According ▁to ▁Left ▁Business ▁Ob server , ▁growth ▁in ▁Index ▁accounts ▁for ▁ 1 0 % ▁of ▁the ▁variation ▁in ▁the ▁growth ▁of ▁G DP . ▁ ▁Historical ▁rank ings ▁ ▁Historical ▁ranks ▁and ▁scores ▁Key : ▁ █ █ ▁Free ▁( 8 0 – 1 0 0 ) ▁ █ █ M ost ly Free ( 7 0 . 0 – 7 9 . 9 ) ▁ █ █ Mod er ately Free ( 6 0 . 0 – 6 9 . 9 ) ▁ █ █ M ost ly Un free ( 5 0 . 0 – 5 9 . 9 ) ▁ █ █ Re pressed ( 0 – 4 9 . 9 ) ▁ ▁Method ▁( old ) ▁The ▁Index ' s ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁definition ▁of ▁economic ▁freedom ▁is ▁" the ▁highest ▁form ▁of ▁economic ▁freedom ▁provides ▁an ▁absolute ▁right ▁of ▁property ▁ownership , ▁fully ▁realized ▁fre ed oms ▁of ▁movement ▁for ▁labor , ▁capital , ▁and ▁goods , ▁and ▁an ▁absolute ▁absence ▁of ▁co erc ion ▁or ▁constraint ▁of ▁economic ▁liberty ▁beyond ▁the ▁extent ▁necessary ▁for ▁citizens ▁to ▁protect ▁and ▁maintain ▁liberty ▁itself ." ▁ ▁The ▁index ▁scores ▁nations ▁on ▁ten ▁factors ▁of ▁economic ▁freedom , ▁separated ▁into ▁four ▁categories , ▁using ▁statistics ▁from ▁organizations ▁like ▁the ▁World ▁Bank , ▁the ▁International ▁Mon et ary ▁Fund , ▁Econom ist ▁Int elligence ▁Unit ▁and ▁Trans
par ency ▁International . ▁In ▁each ▁factor , ▁countries ▁are ▁scored ▁ 0 ▁to ▁ 1 0 0 , ▁with ▁ 0 ▁being ▁the ▁least ▁free ▁and ▁ 1 0 0 ▁the ▁most ▁free . ▁A ▁score ▁of ▁ 1 0 0 ▁sign ifies ▁an ▁economic ▁environment ▁or ▁set ▁of ▁policies ▁that ▁is ▁most ▁condu ci ve ▁to ▁economic ▁freedom . ▁The ▁method ology ▁has ▁shift ed ▁and ▁changed ▁as ▁new ▁data ▁and ▁measurements ▁have ▁become ▁available , ▁especially ▁in ▁the ▁area ▁of ▁Labor ▁Fre edom , ▁which ▁was ▁given ▁its ▁own ▁indicator ▁spot ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 7 . ▁The ▁following ▁list ▁explains ▁what ▁each ▁factor ▁currently ▁ass esses ▁and ▁groups ▁them ▁according ▁to ▁their ▁respective ▁category : ▁ ▁Rule ▁of ▁Law ▁Property ▁Rights : ▁D eg ree ▁of ▁a ▁country ' s ▁legal ▁protection ▁of ▁private ▁property ▁rights , ▁degree ▁of ▁enfor cement ▁of ▁those ▁laws , ▁independence ▁of ▁and ▁cor ruption ▁within ▁the ▁jud ici ary , ▁and ▁lik elihood ▁of ▁ex prop ri ation . ▁Fre edom ▁from ▁Cor ruption : ▁The ▁non - pre val ence ▁of ▁political ▁cor ruption ▁within ▁a ▁country , ▁according ▁to ▁the ▁Cor ruption ▁Per ception s ▁Index . ▁ ▁Limited ▁Government ▁F is cal ▁Fre edom : ▁How ▁free ▁is ▁a ▁country ▁from ▁tax ▁bur den . ▁It ▁compr ises ▁three ▁quant itative ▁measures : ▁top ▁marg inal ▁tax ▁rate ▁of ▁both ▁individual ▁( 1 ) ▁and ▁corpor ate ▁( 2 ) ▁income , ▁and ▁total ▁tax ▁bur den ▁as ▁a
▁percentage ▁of ▁G DP ▁( 3 ). ▁Government ▁Size / Sp ending : ▁Govern ments ' ▁exp end it ures ▁as ▁a ▁percentage ▁of ▁G DP , ▁including ▁consumption ▁and ▁trans fers . ▁The ▁higher ▁the ▁percent ual ▁sp ending , ▁the ▁lower ▁the ▁score . ▁ ▁Reg ul atory ▁E ffic iency ▁Business ▁Fre edom : ▁A ▁country ' s ▁freedom ▁from ▁the ▁bur den ▁of ▁reg ulations ▁on ▁starting , ▁operating , ▁and ▁closing ▁business , ▁given ▁factors ▁such ▁as ▁time , ▁cost ▁and ▁number ▁of ▁procedures , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁the ▁efficiency ▁of ▁government ▁in ▁the ▁regul atory ▁process . ▁Labor ▁Fre edom : ▁How ▁free ▁is ▁a ▁country ▁from ▁legal ▁reg ulation ▁on ▁the ▁labor ▁market , ▁including ▁those ▁rel ating ▁to ▁minimum ▁w ages , ▁h iring ▁and ▁firing , ▁hours ▁of ▁work ▁and ▁sever ance ▁requirements . ▁Mon et ary ▁Fre edom : ▁How ▁free ▁from ▁micro e conom ic ▁inter vention ▁and ▁price ▁inst ability ▁is ▁a ▁country , ▁bas ing ▁on ▁an ▁equation ▁considering ▁the ▁weight ed ▁average ▁infl ation ▁rate ▁in ▁the ▁last ▁three ▁years ▁and ▁price ▁controls . ▁ ▁Open ▁Mark ets ▁Trade ▁Fre edom : ▁Fre edom ▁from ▁size able ▁numbers ▁and ▁bur dens ▁of ▁tar iffs ▁and ▁non - tar iff ▁bar riers ▁to ▁imports ▁and ▁exports ▁of ▁a ▁country . ▁In vest ment ▁Fre edom : ▁Fre edom ▁from ▁restrictions ▁on ▁the ▁movement ▁and ▁use ▁of ▁invest ment ▁capital , ▁regardless ▁of ▁activity , ▁within ▁and ▁across ▁the ▁country '
s ▁borders . ▁Fin an cial ▁Fre edom : ▁ ▁A ▁country ' s ▁independence ▁from ▁government ▁control ▁and ▁inter ference ▁in ▁the ▁financial ▁sector , ▁including ▁banks . ▁It ▁cons iders ▁government ▁ownership ▁of ▁financial ▁fir ms , ▁extent ▁of ▁financial ▁and ▁capital ▁market ▁development , ▁government ▁influence ▁on ▁the ▁allocation ▁of ▁credit ▁and ▁open ness ▁to ▁foreign ▁competition . ▁ ▁Historical ▁positions ▁( 1 9 9 5 – 2 0 0 8 ) ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁List ▁of ▁countries ▁by ▁economic ▁freedom ▁ ▁List ▁of ▁freedom ▁indices ▁ ▁G ross ▁National ▁H app iness ▁– ▁G N H ▁( B h ut an ) ▁ ▁H app iness ▁econom ics ▁ ▁Cor ruption ▁Per ception s ▁Index ▁ ▁E ase ▁of ▁doing ▁business ▁index ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁▁▁▁ ▁Index ▁of ▁Econom ic ▁Fre edom ▁in ▁the ▁ 5 0 ▁States ▁from ▁the ▁Mer c atus ▁Center ▁ ▁List ▁of ▁Global ▁Development ▁Index es ▁and ▁Rank ings ▁ ▁Category : E conom ic ▁indic ators ▁Category : The ▁Heritage ▁Foundation ▁Category : Intern ational ▁rank ings ▁Category : Com par ative ▁economic ▁systems <0x0A> </s> ▁Justice ▁Mart ine z ▁may ▁refer ▁to : ▁ ▁Alex ▁J . ▁Mart ine z ▁( born ▁ 1 9 5 1 ), ▁an ▁Associ ate ▁Justice ▁of ▁the ▁Colorado ▁Supreme ▁Court ▁ ▁A lic ia ▁Austria - Mart ine z ▁( born ▁ 1 9 4 0 ), ▁an ▁Associ ate ▁Justice ▁of ▁the ▁Supreme ▁Court ▁of ▁the ▁Philippines ▁Joe ▁L . ▁Mart
ine z , ▁an ▁Associ ate ▁Justice ▁of ▁the ▁New ▁Mexico ▁Supreme ▁Court ▁Luis ▁Est rel la ▁Martínez ▁( born ▁ 1 9 7 1 ), ▁an ▁Associ ate ▁Justice ▁of ▁the ▁Supreme ▁Court ▁of ▁Puerto ▁Rico <0x0A> </s> ▁G ai us ▁O pp ius ▁Sab inus ▁Julius ▁Nep os ▁Man ius ▁V ib ius ▁Sol lem nis ▁Sever us ▁was ▁a ▁Roman ▁sen ator , ▁who ▁was ▁active ▁during ▁the ▁reign ▁of ▁Had rian . ▁He ▁was ▁su ffect ▁cons ul ▁in ▁an ▁und et erm ined ▁n und in ium ▁between ▁AD ▁ 1 3 0 ▁and ▁ 1 3 8 . ▁He ▁is ▁known ▁entirely ▁from ▁a ▁dedic ation ▁on ▁a ▁statue ▁base ▁from ▁A ux imum ▁( near ▁An con a ), ▁ere cted ▁to ▁honor ▁him ▁as ▁the ▁city ' s ▁patron . ▁▁ ▁Although ▁the ▁ins cription ▁provides ▁a ▁straightforward ▁curs us ▁honor um , ▁the ▁career ▁of ▁O pp ius ▁Sab inus ▁remains ▁en ig m atic . ▁He ▁was ▁ad lect ed ▁into ▁the ▁Senate ▁by ▁the ▁em peror ▁Had rian ▁inter ▁trib unic os , ▁or ▁as ▁having ▁held ▁the ▁mag ist racy ▁of ▁ple be ian ▁trib une , ▁which ▁was ▁followed ▁by ▁his ▁ten ure ▁as ▁per egr ine ▁pra et or , ▁elected ▁as ▁the ▁candidate ▁of ▁the ▁same ▁em peror ; ▁these ▁two ▁offices , ▁demonstr ating ▁the ▁favor ▁of ▁that ▁em peror , ▁obviously ▁are ▁dated ▁before ▁Had rian ' s ▁death ▁in ▁the ▁year ▁ 1 3 8
. ▁After ▁comple ting ▁his ▁term ▁as ▁pra et or , ▁O pp ius ▁Sab inus ▁was ▁selected ▁as ▁the ▁leg atus ▁or ▁assistant ▁to ▁the ▁governor ▁of ▁His p ania ▁Ba et ica , ▁a ▁post ▁commonly ▁held ▁for ▁one ▁year . ▁He ▁returned ▁to ▁Rome , ▁where ▁he ▁was ▁appointed ▁cur ator ▁of ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁roads : ▁the ▁via e ▁Cl odia , ▁An nia , ▁Cass ia , ▁C im ina , ▁t ria ▁Tra jan ar um , ▁and ▁Amer ina . ▁These ▁compr ised ▁the ▁network ▁covering ▁Italy , ▁and ▁his ▁super vision ▁of ▁them ▁occupied ▁his ▁time ▁for ▁two ▁years . ▁Then ▁he ▁accepted ▁a ▁commission ▁as ▁leg atus ▁or ▁commander ▁of ▁the ▁Leg io ▁XI ▁Claud ia , ▁then ▁station ed ▁at ▁D uro st orum ▁( Sil istra ) ▁on ▁the ▁Dan ube , ▁which ▁kept ▁him ▁from ▁Rome ▁for ▁three ▁years . ▁O pp ius ▁Sab inus ▁received ▁another ▁appointment , ▁this ▁time ▁as ▁governor ▁of ▁the ▁imperial ▁province ▁of ▁L us it ania , ▁which ▁was ▁commonly ▁held ▁also ▁for ▁three ▁years . ▁His ▁last ▁pra et or ian ▁office ▁was ▁from ▁the ▁sort ition , ▁which ▁awarded ▁him ▁the ▁governor ship ▁of ▁the ▁public ▁province ▁of ▁His p ania ▁Ba et ica . ▁It ▁is ▁thought ▁his ▁cons ulate ▁followed ▁immediately ▁after ▁this ▁last ▁governor ship . ▁ ▁Disc uss ion ▁ ▁A ▁number ▁of ▁details ▁in ▁his ▁curs us ▁honor um ▁mer it ▁discussion . ▁First , ▁his ▁orig ins

Subsets and Splits

No community queries yet

The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.