text
stringlengths 505
4.3k
|
|---|
. ▁el ong atum ▁Sym phy ot rich um ▁sub ul atum ▁vars . ▁par v if lor um ▁Sym phy ot rich um ▁sub ul atum ▁vars . ▁sub ul atum ▁Sym phy ot rich um ▁sub ul atum ▁vars . ▁squ am atum ▁Each ▁of ▁these ▁vari eties ▁exist ▁in ▁very ▁distinct ▁ge ographic ▁areas ▁from ▁one ▁another , ▁but ▁there ▁are ▁inter medi ates ▁between ▁the ▁vari eties ▁found ▁in ▁locations ▁between ▁two ▁of ▁the ▁vari eties . ▁An ▁example ▁of ▁one ▁such ▁intermediate ▁is ▁a ▁population ▁with ▁intermediate ▁ray ▁l am ina ▁size ▁between ▁vars . ▁lig ul atum ▁and ▁par v if lor um ▁that ▁can ▁be ▁found ▁in ▁Southern ▁Texas , ▁New ▁Mexico , ▁Arizona , ▁and ▁northern ▁Mexico . ▁Another ▁example ▁is ▁the ▁inter medi ates ▁between ▁vars . ▁el ong atum ▁and ▁par v if lor um ▁and ▁between ▁vars . ▁el ong atum ▁and ▁sub ul atum ▁occur ▁in ▁Florida . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁sub ul atum <0x0A> </s> ▁P ang as in an ' s ▁ 2 nd ▁con gression al ▁district ▁is ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁six ▁con gression al ▁districts ▁of ▁the ▁Philippines ▁in ▁the ▁province ▁of ▁P ang as in an . ▁It ▁has ▁been ▁represented ▁in ▁the ▁House ▁of ▁Representatives ▁of ▁the ▁Philippines ▁since ▁ 1 9 1 6 ▁and ▁earlier ▁in ▁the ▁Philipp ine ▁Assembly ▁from ▁ 1 9 0 7 ▁to ▁ 1 9 1 6 . ▁The ▁district ▁consists ▁of ▁the ▁provincial ▁capital , ▁L ing ay |
en , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁adjacent ▁municipal ities ▁of ▁Agu ilar , ▁Bas ista , ▁Bin ma ley , ▁Bug all on , ▁Lab r ador , ▁Mang ata rem ▁and ▁U rb iz ton do . ▁It ▁is ▁currently ▁represented ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 8 th ▁Congress ▁by ▁J um el ▁Anthony ▁I . ▁Esp ino ▁of ▁the ▁P DP – L aban . ▁ ▁Represent ation ▁history ▁ ▁E lection ▁results ▁▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁Legisl ative ▁districts ▁of ▁P ang as in an ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : C ong r essional ▁districts ▁of ▁the ▁Philippines ▁Category : Pol it ics ▁of ▁P ang as in an ▁Category : 1 9 0 7 ▁establish ments ▁in ▁the ▁Philippines <0x0A> </s> ▁, ▁also ▁roman ized ▁as ▁l ol ikon ▁or ▁r or ikon , ▁is ▁Japanese ▁disc ourse ▁or ▁media ▁foc using ▁on ▁the ▁att raction ▁to ▁young ▁or ▁pre pub es cent ▁girls . ▁The ▁term ▁l ol icon ▁is ▁a ▁port man te au ▁of ▁the ▁phrase ▁" L ol ita ▁complex ▁( ロ リ ー タ ● コ ン プ レ ッ ク ス ) "; ▁it ▁describes ▁an ▁att raction ▁to ▁young ▁or ▁pre pub es cent ▁girls , ▁an ▁individual ▁with ▁such ▁an ▁att raction , ▁or ▁l ol icon ▁m anga ▁or ▁l ol icon ▁an ime , ▁a ▁genre ▁of ▁m anga ▁and ▁an ime ▁where in ▁child like ▁female |
▁characters ▁are ▁often ▁dep icted ▁in ▁an ▁" er otic - c ute " ▁manner ▁( also ▁known ▁as ▁er o ▁k aw ai i ), ▁in ▁an ▁art ▁style ▁rem in is cent ▁of ▁the ▁sh ō jo ▁m anga ▁( g irls ' ▁com ics ) ▁style . ▁ ▁Out side ▁Japan , ▁l ol icon ▁is ▁in ▁less ▁common ▁usage ▁and ▁usually ▁refers ▁to ▁the ▁genre . ▁The ▁term ▁l oli ▁usually ▁refers ▁to ▁characters ▁that ▁comp ly ▁with ▁the ▁l ol icon ▁a est h etic . ▁The ▁term ▁is ▁a ▁reference ▁to ▁Vladimir ▁N ab ok ov ' s ▁book ▁L ol ita , ▁in ▁which ▁a ▁middle - aged ▁man ▁becomes ▁sex ually ▁obs essed ▁with ▁a ▁twelve - year - old ▁girl . ▁It ▁was ▁first ▁used ▁in ▁Japan ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 7 0 s ▁and ▁quickly ▁became ▁used ▁to ▁describe ▁er otic ▁do jin sh i ▁( am ateur ▁com ics ) ▁port ray als ▁of ▁young ▁girls . ▁ ▁La ws ▁have ▁been ▁en act ed ▁in ▁various ▁countries , ▁including ▁in ▁Japan , ▁which ▁reg ulate ▁explicit ▁content ▁featuring ▁children ▁or ▁child like ▁characters . ▁Some ▁countries , ▁such ▁as ▁the ▁United ▁Kingdom , ▁have ▁made ▁it ▁illegal ▁to ▁possess ▁l ol icon . ▁Parent ▁and ▁citizens ▁groups ▁in ▁Japan ▁have ▁organized ▁to ▁work ▁toward ▁stronger ▁controls ▁and ▁str ic ter ▁laws ▁gover ning ▁l ol icon ▁m anga ▁and ▁other ▁similar ▁media . ▁Studies ▁of ▁l ol icon ▁fans ▁state |
▁that ▁they ▁are ▁attract ed ▁to ▁an ▁a est h etic ▁of ▁cut eness ▁rather ▁than ▁the ▁age ▁of ▁the ▁characters , ▁and ▁that ▁collect ing ▁l ol icon ▁represents ▁a ▁dis connect ▁from ▁society . ▁ ▁Definition ▁and ▁scope ▁Gener ally , ▁m anga ▁and ▁an ime ▁featuring ▁l ol icon ▁include ▁sexual ▁att raction ▁to ▁younger ▁girls ▁or ▁to ▁girls ▁with ▁youth ful ▁characteristics . ▁Ind ividual s ▁in ▁each ▁group ▁respond ▁sex ually ▁to ▁visual ▁images ▁of ▁children ▁and ▁young ▁people ▁in ▁distinct ▁and ▁narrow ▁age ▁ranges . ▁M anga ▁and ▁an ime ▁featuring ▁l ol icon ▁contain ▁images ▁and ▁narr atives ▁involving ▁rom antic ▁and ▁er otic ▁interactions ▁between ▁typically ▁an ▁adult ▁man ▁and ▁a ▁girl ▁in ▁the ▁age ▁range ▁desired ▁by ▁such ▁men . ▁ ▁Str ict ly ▁speaking , ▁L ol ita ▁complex ▁in ▁Japanese ▁refers ▁to ▁the ▁par aph ilia ▁itself , ▁but ▁the ▁abbre viation ▁l ol icon ▁can ▁also ▁refer ▁to ▁an ▁individual ▁who ▁has ▁the ▁par aph ilia . ▁L ol icon ▁is ▁w ides p read ▁in ▁Japan , ▁where ▁it ▁is ▁a ▁frequent ▁subject ▁of ▁scholar ly ▁articles ▁and ▁criticism . ▁It ▁has ▁come ▁to ▁take ▁on ▁diver gent ▁mean ings ▁in ▁two ▁different ▁context s : ▁while ▁for ▁many ▁Japanese ▁people , ▁it ▁indicates ▁the ▁att raction ▁to ▁young ▁girls ▁in ▁general , ▁ot aku ▁and ▁their ▁advoc ates ▁understand ▁the ▁term ▁as ▁the ▁att raction ▁to ▁fict ional ▁girl ▁characters ▁and ▁not ▁real ▁children . ▁ ▁L ol icon |
▁an ime ▁and ▁m anga ▁are ▁typically ▁consum ed ▁by ▁young ▁men . ▁Many ▁general ▁book st ores ▁and ▁news stand s ▁open ly ▁offer ▁illustrated ▁l ol icon ▁material , ▁but ▁there ▁has ▁also ▁been ▁police ▁action ▁against ▁l ol icon ▁m anga . ▁ ▁The ▁k aw ai i ▁( c ute ) ▁and ▁er o ▁k aw ai i ▁( er otic - c ute ) ▁style ▁is ▁extremely ▁popular ▁in ▁Japan , ▁where ▁it ▁is ▁present ▁in ▁many ▁of ▁the ▁m anga / an ime ▁styles . ▁The ▁school - age ▁girl ▁in ▁a ▁school ▁uniform ▁is ▁also ▁an ▁er otic ▁symbol ▁in ▁Japan . ▁Bur us era ▁sh ops ▁c ater ▁to ▁men ▁with ▁l ol icon ▁complex es ▁by ▁s elling ▁unw ashed ▁p ant ies , ▁men ▁can ▁make ▁dates ▁with ▁te en agers ▁through ▁t erek ura ▁( tele phone ▁clubs ), ▁and ▁some ▁school g irls ▁moon light ▁as ▁prost it utes . ▁Sh aron ▁K ins ella ▁observed ▁an ▁increase ▁in ▁un subst anti ated ▁accounts ▁of ▁school g irl ▁prost itution ▁in ▁the ▁media ▁in ▁the ▁late ▁ 1 9 9 0 s , ▁and ▁spec ulated ▁that ▁these ▁un pro ven ▁reports ▁developed ▁in ▁counter point ▁to ▁the ▁increased ▁reporting ▁on ▁comfort ▁women . ▁She ▁spec ulated ▁that , ▁" It ▁may ▁be ▁that ▁the ▁image ▁of ▁happy ▁girls ▁s elling ▁themselves ▁volunt arily ▁can c els ▁out ▁the ▁other ▁guilty ▁image ". ▁ ▁Gen re ▁and ▁meaning ▁outside ▁Japan ▁L |
ol icon ▁m anga ▁are ▁usually ▁short ▁stories , ▁published ▁as ▁d ō jin sh i ▁( fan ▁works ) ▁or ▁in ▁mag az ines ▁special izing ▁in ▁the ▁genre ▁such ▁as ▁Lem on ▁People , ▁M anga ▁Bur ik ko ▁and ▁Com ic ▁LO ▁( where ▁" LO " ▁is ▁an ▁abbre viation ▁for ▁" L ol ita ▁Only "). ▁Common ▁focus es ▁of ▁these ▁stories ▁include ▁tab oo ▁relationships , ▁such ▁as ▁between ▁a ▁teacher ▁and ▁student ▁or ▁brother ▁and ▁sister , ▁while ▁others ▁feature ▁sexual ▁experiment ation ▁between ▁children . ▁Some ▁l ol icon ▁m anga ▁cross ▁over ▁with ▁other ▁er otic ▁gen res , ▁such ▁as ▁cross d ress ing ▁and ▁fut an ari . ▁Plot ▁devices ▁are ▁often ▁used ▁to ▁explain ▁the ▁young ▁appearance ▁for ▁many ▁of ▁the ▁characters . ▁School g irls ▁accident ally ▁showing ▁their ▁under we ar ▁are ▁common ▁characters ▁in ▁the ▁l ol icon ▁genre . ▁ ▁A ki ra ▁Ak agi ▁bel ieves ▁that ▁during ▁the ▁ 1 9 8 0 s , ▁the ▁l ol icon ▁genre ▁changed ▁from ▁being ▁tales ▁of ▁a ▁young ▁girl ▁having ▁sex ▁with ▁an ▁older ▁man ▁to ▁being ▁about ▁" g irl - ness " ▁and ▁" c uten ess ". ▁Ak agi ▁ident ifies ▁sub gen res ▁within ▁l ol icon ▁of ▁sad omas och ism , ▁" g rop ing ▁objects " ▁( t ent acles ▁and ▁rob ots ▁in ▁the ▁role ▁of ▁the ▁pen is ), ▁" me cha ▁fet ishes " ▁( a |
▁combination ▁of ▁a ▁machine , ▁usually ▁a ▁weapon , ▁and ▁a ▁girl ), ▁par od ies ▁of ▁main stream ▁an ime ▁and ▁m anga , ▁and ▁" simp ly ▁inde cent ▁or ▁per vert ed ▁stuff ". ▁Additionally , ▁l ol icon ▁can ▁include ▁them es ▁of ▁les bian ism ▁and ▁m ast urb ation . ▁ ▁Men ▁began ▁reading ▁sh ō jo ▁m anga ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 7 0 s , ▁including ▁the ▁works ▁of ▁the ▁Year ▁ 2 4 ▁Group ▁and ▁the ▁" g ir ly " ▁works ▁of ▁Mut su ▁A - ko . ▁According ▁to ▁Din ah ▁Z ank , ▁l ol icon ▁is ▁" root ed ▁in ▁the ▁gl or ification ▁of ▁girls ▁culture ▁in ▁Japan ", ▁and ▁therefore ▁uses ▁sh ō jo ▁m anga ▁voc ab ul ary . ▁The ▁l ol icon ▁style ▁bor rows ▁from ▁sh ō jo ▁m anga ▁designs ▁and ▁has ▁also ▁been ▁influenced ▁by ▁women ▁creating ▁por n ographic ▁materials ▁for ▁men . ▁ ▁According ▁to ▁Michael ▁Dar ling , ▁female ▁m anga ▁artists ▁who ▁draw ▁l ol icon ▁material ▁include ▁Chi ho ▁A osh ima ▁( The ▁red - ey ed ▁tribe ▁bill board ), ▁A ya ▁Tak ano ▁( Uni verse ▁Dream ▁wall ▁painting ). , ▁and ▁K aw oru ▁Wat ashi ya ▁( who ▁created ▁ ▁K od omo ▁no ▁J ikan ; ▁was ▁interpreted ▁as ▁a ▁l ol icon ▁work ▁by ▁Jason ▁De Ang el is .) ▁According ▁to ▁Dar ling , ▁male ▁artists ▁include ▁Hen |
mar u ▁Mach ino ▁( unt itled , ▁a ka ▁Green ▁C ater p ill ar ' s ▁Girl ), ▁H itos hi ▁Tom iz awa ▁( A li en ▁ 9 , ▁Mil k ▁Cl os et ), ▁and ▁B ome ▁( sc ulpt ures ). ▁ ▁Week ly ▁D ear est ▁My ▁Bro ther ▁is ▁a ▁m anga ▁and ▁figur ine ▁series ▁which , ▁according ▁to ▁Tak ashi ▁Mur ak ami , ▁women ▁find ▁c ute ▁and ▁" an ▁innoc ent ▁fant asy ", ▁but ▁which ▁ar ouses ▁" ped oph ilia c ▁des ires " ▁among ▁men . ▁ ▁The ▁meaning ▁of ▁l ol icon ▁has ▁evol ved ▁much ▁in ▁the ▁Western ▁world , ▁as ▁have ▁words ▁like ▁an ime , ▁ot aku ▁and ▁h ent ai . ▁" L ol icon " ▁is ▁also ▁used ▁to ▁refer ▁directly ▁to ▁the ▁products , ▁an ime ▁or ▁m anga ▁that ▁contains ▁explicitly ▁sexual ▁or ▁er otic ▁port ray als ▁of ▁pre pub es cent ▁girls . ▁However , ▁there ▁is ▁disag re ement ▁if ▁this ▁definition ▁also ▁applies ▁to ▁child like ▁characters ▁who ▁are ▁not ▁clearly ▁pre pub es cent ▁and ▁if ▁it ▁applies ▁to ▁material ▁lack ing ▁explicit ▁sexual ▁content . ▁ ▁History ▁ ▁Origin ▁The ▁phrase ▁is ▁a ▁reference ▁to ▁Vladimir ▁N ab ok ov ' s ▁book ▁L ol ita , ▁in ▁which ▁a ▁middle - age ▁man ▁becomes ▁sex ually ▁obs essed ▁with ▁a ▁twelve - year - old ▁girl . ▁The ▁term ▁" L ol ita |
▁complex " ▁was ▁first ▁used ▁in ▁the ▁early ▁ 1 9 7 0 s ▁with ▁the ▁translation ▁of ▁Russell ▁Tra iner ' s ▁The ▁L ol ita ▁Complex ▁and ▁may ▁have ▁entered ▁Japanese ▁nom en cl ature ▁at ▁that ▁time . ▁Shin ji ▁W ada ▁used ▁the ▁word ▁in ▁his ▁, ▁an ▁Alice ▁in ▁Wonder land ▁m anga ▁par ody ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 4 . ▁The ▁short ening ▁of ▁the ▁term ▁to ▁" l ol icon " ▁came ▁later . ▁Early ▁l ol icon ▁id ols ▁were ▁Clar isse ▁from ▁L up in ▁III : ▁Castle ▁of ▁C agli ost ro ▁( 1 9 7 9 ) ▁and ▁the ▁sh ō jo ▁hero ine ▁M ink y ▁M omo ▁( 1 9 8 2 ) ▁as ▁female ▁characters ▁in ▁sh ō nen ▁series ▁at ▁that ▁point ▁were ▁largely ▁moth ers ▁or ▁older - s ister ▁characters . ▁Although ▁Clar isse ▁was ▁dep icted ▁as ▁ 1 6 , ▁older ▁than ▁most ▁" l ol icon " ▁images ▁today , ▁she ▁inspired ▁" f air yt ale - es que " ▁or ▁" g ir ly " ▁fan works . ▁Patrick ▁Gal bra ith ▁as ser ts ▁that ▁M ink y ▁M omo ▁was ▁an ▁attempt ▁to ▁court ▁l ol icon ▁fans . ▁ ▁This ▁is ▁denied ▁by ▁Sat ō ▁T oshi h iko , ▁who ▁planned ▁the ▁original ▁M ink y ▁M omo . ▁Helen ▁Mc Car thy ▁suggests ▁that ▁the ▁roots ▁of ▁' l ol ikon ' ▁an ime ▁lie |
▁in ▁the ▁mag ical ▁girl ▁genre , ▁where ▁the ▁lines ▁between ▁young ▁girls ▁and ▁adult ▁women ▁become ▁bl ur red . ▁▁ 1 9 8 0 s – 2 0 0 0 s ▁The ▁l ol icon ▁m anga ▁genre ▁began ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 8 0 s ▁with ▁H ideo ▁Az uma ' s ▁works , ▁such ▁as ▁. ▁In ▁ 1 9 7 9 , ▁Az uma ▁had ▁previously ▁published ▁the ▁first ▁" bl at antly ▁l ol icon " ▁m anga ▁in ▁his ▁own ▁self - pub lished ▁D ō jin ishi ▁magazine ▁Cy be le . ▁Az uma ' s ▁works ▁became ▁popular ▁among ▁school boy ▁readers ▁because ▁most ▁of ▁the ▁por n ographic ▁m anga ▁up ▁until ▁then ▁had ▁featured ▁m ature ▁women ▁influenced ▁by ▁gek iga . ▁Other ▁d ō jin sh i ▁mag az ines ▁began ▁featuring ▁" under age ▁or ▁bare ly ▁pub es cent ▁vir g ins " ▁in ▁er otic ▁context s ▁and ▁by ▁the ▁late ▁ 1 9 8 0 s ▁this ▁" f ant asy ▁genre " ▁had ▁spread ▁to ▁some ▁mass ▁market ▁mag az ines . ▁Freder ik ▁L . ▁Sch od t ▁and ▁Din ah ▁Z ank ▁both ▁suggest ▁that ▁Japanese ▁laws ▁prohib iting ▁the ▁dep iction ▁of ▁pub ic ▁hair ▁may ▁have ▁encourag ed ▁the ▁spread ▁of ▁" er otic ▁m anga ▁with ▁a ▁r or ikon ▁flav or ". ▁Through out ▁the ▁ 1 9 8 0 s , ▁notable ▁l ol icon ▁m anga ▁artists |
▁who ▁published ▁in ▁these ▁mag az ines ▁include ▁M iki ▁Hay as aka , ▁Kam ui ▁Fu ji w ara , ▁Ky oko ▁Ok az aki , ▁Nar umi ▁K ak in ouch i , ▁and ▁Y osh iki ▁Tak aya ▁pe aking ▁in ▁the ▁mid - 1 9 8 0 s . ▁ ▁Freder ik ▁L . ▁Sch od t ▁has ▁suggested ▁that ▁one ▁reason ▁l ol icon ▁m anga ▁is ▁popular ▁with ▁some ▁fans ▁is ▁because ▁the ▁female ▁characters ▁port rayed ▁are ▁" you ng er , ▁slightly ▁so fter , ▁[ and ] ▁rarely ▁possess ing ▁an ▁in - your - face ▁ag gress ive ▁femin ism " ▁which ▁is ▁often ▁found ▁in ▁female ▁characters ▁in ▁American ▁com ics . ▁ ▁Public ▁attention ▁was ▁brought ▁to ▁bear ▁on ▁l ol icon ▁when ▁Ts ut om u ▁Mi y az aki ▁kid n apped ▁and ▁murder ed ▁four ▁girls ▁between ▁the ▁ages ▁of ▁ 4 ▁and ▁ 7 ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 8 ▁and ▁ 1 9 8 9 , ▁comm itting ▁acts ▁of ▁ne c roph ilia ▁with ▁their ▁corps es . ▁He ▁was ▁found ▁to ▁be ▁a ▁" with dra wn ▁and ▁obs ess ive " ▁ot aku ▁and ▁in ▁particular ▁he ▁enjoyed ▁l ol icon . ▁ ▁The ▁Tokyo ▁High ▁Court ▁ruled ▁Mi y az aki ▁s ane , ▁stating ▁that ▁" the ▁mur ders ▁were ▁pre med itated ▁and ▁stem med ▁from ▁Mi y az aki ' s ▁sexual ▁fant as ies " ▁and ▁he ▁was |
▁executed ▁by ▁h anging ▁for ▁his ▁cr imes ▁on ▁June ▁ 1 7 , ▁ 2 0 0 8 . ▁ ▁The ▁case ▁caused ▁a ▁moral ▁pan ic ▁about ▁" harm ful ▁m anga ", ▁and ▁" spark ed ▁a ▁crack down ▁by ▁local ▁authorities ▁on ▁ret ail ers ▁and ▁publish ers , ▁including ▁the ▁larger ▁companies , ▁and ▁the ▁arr ests ▁of ▁do jin sh i ▁cre ators ". ▁In ▁the ▁after math , ▁the ▁Japanese ▁non - pro fit ▁organization ▁C AS PAR ▁was ▁founded ▁with ▁the ▁goal ▁of ▁campaign ing ▁for ▁reg ulation ▁of ▁l ol icon . ▁ ▁Public ▁sentiment ▁against ▁sexual ▁cart oon ▁dep ict ions ▁of ▁min ors ▁was ▁rev ived ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 5 ▁when ▁a ▁conv icted ▁sex ▁off ender , ▁who ▁was ▁arrested ▁for ▁the ▁murder ▁of ▁a ▁seven - year - old ▁girl ▁in ▁N ara , ▁was ▁sus pected ▁as ▁a ▁l ol icon . ▁Despite ▁media ▁spec ulation , ▁it ▁was ▁found ▁that ▁the ▁murder er , ▁Ka oru ▁Kob ay ashi , ▁s eld om ▁had ▁interest ▁in ▁m anga , ▁games , ▁or ▁doll s . ▁He ▁claimed , ▁however , ▁that ▁he ▁had ▁become ▁interested ▁in ▁small ▁girls ▁after ▁watching ▁an ▁animated ▁por n ographic ▁video ▁as ▁a ▁high ▁school ▁student . ▁He ▁was ▁sent enced ▁to ▁death ▁by ▁h anging . ▁▁ 2 0 1 0 s – present ▁In ▁February ▁ 2 0 1 0 , ▁a ▁proposal ▁to ▁am end ▁the ▁Tokyo ▁law |
▁on ▁what ▁material ▁could ▁be ▁sold ▁to ▁min ors ▁included ▁a ▁ban ▁on ▁sexual ised ▁dep ict ions ▁of ▁" none x istent ▁youth s " ▁under ▁the ▁age ▁of ▁ 1 8 . ▁This ▁proposal ▁was ▁critic ised ▁by ▁many ▁m anga ▁artists , ▁and ▁opposed ▁by ▁the ▁Democratic ▁Party ▁of ▁Japan . ▁The ▁bill ▁was ▁put ▁on ▁hold ▁until ▁June ▁of ▁that ▁year , ▁where ▁after ▁some ▁am end ments , ▁including ▁changing ▁the ▁text ▁for ▁" none x istent ▁youth s " ▁to ▁" dep icted ▁youth s ". ▁However , ▁in ▁spite ▁of ▁the ▁changes , ▁the ▁bill ▁was ▁rejected ▁by ▁the ▁Tokyo ▁Metropolitan ▁Assembly ▁in ▁June . ▁ ▁A ▁re vised ▁edition ▁was ▁presented ▁in ▁November ▁that ▁year ▁to ▁the ▁Tokyo ▁Metropolitan ▁Assembly , ▁which ▁would ▁require ▁self - reg ulation ▁of ▁m anga , ▁an ime ▁and ▁other ▁images ' ▁... ▁that ▁' un just ifi ably ▁gl or ify ▁or ▁emphas ize ' ▁certain ▁sexual ▁or ▁pseudo ▁sexual ▁acts ... dep ict ions ▁of ▁' sex ual ▁or ▁pseudo ▁sexual ▁acts ▁that ▁would ▁be ▁illegal ▁in ▁real ▁life . ▁However , ▁the ▁bill ▁no ▁longer ▁uses ▁the ▁term ▁" none x istent ▁youth " ▁and ▁applies ▁to ▁all ▁characters ▁and ▁to ▁material ▁that ▁is ▁not ▁necessarily ▁meant ▁to ▁be ▁sex ually ▁stim ulating . ▁It ▁was ▁approved ▁in ▁December ▁and ▁took ▁full ▁effect ▁in ▁July ▁ 2 0 1 1 ; ▁however , ▁the ▁bill ▁does ▁not ▁reg ulate ▁mobile ▁sites ▁or ▁downloaded ▁content ▁and ▁is |
▁only ▁intended ▁for ▁publications ▁such ▁as ▁books ▁and ▁DVD s . ▁On ▁April ▁ 1 4 , ▁ 2 0 1 1 , ▁the ▁title ▁O ku - s ama ▁wa ▁Sh ō g ak use i ▁(" My ▁W ife ▁Is ▁an ▁Element ary ▁Student ") ▁was ▁listed ▁as ▁a ▁title ▁to ▁be ▁considered ▁for ▁restriction ▁due ▁to ▁" child ▁ra pe ". ▁It ▁was ▁later ▁published ▁online ▁by ▁J - Com i . ▁On ▁August ▁ 2 5 , ▁ 2 0 1 1 , ▁Japan ' s ▁Liberal ▁Democratic ▁Party ▁submitted ▁a ▁pet ition ▁request ing ▁str ic ter ▁laws ▁on ▁child ▁por n ography , ▁which ▁included ▁animated ▁child ▁por n ography ; ▁however , ▁no ▁action ▁took ▁place ▁as ▁a ▁result ▁of ▁the ▁pet ition . ▁On ▁May ▁ 2 7 , ▁ 2 0 1 3 , ▁a ▁re vised ▁child ▁por n ography ▁law ▁was ▁introduced ▁by ▁the ▁Liberal ▁Democratic ▁Party , ▁the ▁New ▁K ome i ▁Party ▁and ▁the ▁Japan ▁Rest oration ▁Party ▁that ▁would ▁make ▁possession ▁of ▁sexual ▁images ▁of ▁individuals ▁under ▁ 1 8 ▁illegal ▁with ▁a ▁fine ▁of ▁ 1 mill ion ▁y en ▁( about ▁US $ 1 0 , 4 3 7 ) ▁and ▁less ▁than ▁a ▁year ▁in ▁j ail . ▁The ▁Japanese ▁Democratic ▁Party , ▁along ▁with ▁several ▁industry ▁associations ▁involved ▁in ▁an ime ▁and ▁m anga , ▁had ▁protest ed ▁against ▁the ▁bill ▁saying ▁" while ▁they ▁appreciate ▁that ▁the ▁bill ▁protect s ▁children , ▁it |
▁will ▁also ▁restrict ▁freedom ▁of ▁expression ". ▁M anga ▁cre ator ▁and ▁artist ▁Ken ▁Ak am ats u ▁has ▁gone ▁on ▁to ▁say ▁that ▁" There ▁is ▁also ▁no ▁scientific ▁evidence ▁to ▁prove ▁that ▁so - called ▁' harm ful ▁media ' ▁increases ▁crime ". ▁The ▁bill ▁was ▁not ▁rejected ▁and ▁remained ▁in ▁a ▁st alem ate ▁situation ▁until ▁June ▁ 2 0 1 4 , ▁when ▁it ▁went ▁forward ▁with ▁the ▁removal ▁of ▁l ol icon ▁an ime / m anga ▁from ▁the ▁bill . ▁The ▁law ▁was ▁put ▁into ▁full ▁effect ▁the ▁following ▁year ▁b anning ▁real ▁life ▁child ▁por n ography . ▁ ▁Cont ro vers y ▁ ▁The ▁legal ▁status ▁of ▁l ol icon ▁m anga ▁and ▁an ime ▁that ▁port ray ▁children ▁involved ▁er ot ically ▁with ▁adult s ▁has ▁changed ▁with ▁time ▁and ▁is ▁currently ▁under ▁int ensive ▁debate ▁in ▁Japan . ▁ ▁A ▁Japanese ▁non - pro fit ▁organization ▁called ▁C AS PAR ▁has ▁claimed ▁that ▁l ol icon ▁and ▁other ▁an ime ▁mag az ines ▁and ▁games ▁encou rage ▁sex ▁cr imes . ▁According ▁to ▁Gal bra ith , ▁Y as ush i ▁Tak ats uki ▁has ▁noted ▁that ▁sexual ▁ab use ▁of ▁min ors ▁in ▁Japan ▁has ▁decl ined ▁since ▁the ▁ 1 9 6 0 s ▁and ▁ 1 9 7 0 s , ▁which ▁" rough ly ▁coinc ides ▁with ▁the ▁increasing ▁presence ▁of ▁fict ional ▁l ol icon ". ▁Gal bra ith ▁feels ▁that ▁this ▁is ▁not ▁an ▁argument ▁that ▁l |
ol icon ▁" comp ens ates ▁for ▁or ▁rel ieves ▁real ▁des ires ", ▁but ▁instead ▁that ▁l ol icon ▁imag ery ▁does ▁not ▁" reflect ▁the ▁des ires " ▁of ▁readers , ▁or ▁insp ire ▁them ▁to ▁commit ▁cr imes . ▁It ▁has ▁been ▁suggested ▁that ▁restrict ing ▁sexual ▁expression ▁in ▁draw ings ▁or ▁animated ▁games ▁and ▁videos ▁might ▁actually ▁increase ▁the ▁rate ▁of ▁sexual ▁crime ▁by ▁elimin ating ▁a ▁har ml ess ▁out let ▁for ▁des ires ▁that ▁could ▁motiv ate ▁crime . ▁ ▁Cultural ▁critic ▁H iro ki ▁Az uma ▁said ▁that ▁very ▁few ▁readers ▁of ▁l ol icon ▁m anga ▁commit ▁cr imes . ▁He ▁states ▁that ▁in ▁the ▁ot aku ▁culture , ▁l ol icon ▁is ▁the ▁" most ▁convenient ▁[ form ▁of ▁re bell ion ]" ▁against ▁society . ▁Az uma ▁says ▁that ▁some ▁ot aku ▁feel ▁so ▁" ex cluded ▁from ▁society " ▁that ▁they ▁" fe el ▁as ▁if ▁they ▁are ▁the ▁sort ▁of ▁' no ▁good ' ▁person ▁who ▁should ▁be ▁attract ed ▁to ▁little ▁girls ". ▁Sarah ▁Go ode ▁describes ▁the ▁accum ulation ▁of ▁l ol icon ▁materials ▁as ▁being ▁" a ▁medium ▁through ▁which ▁dis aff ected ▁men ▁may ▁choose ▁to ▁express ▁their ▁sense ▁of ▁anom ie ▁and ▁dis connection ▁with ▁society ". ▁ ▁When ▁question ing ▁the ▁relationship ▁of ▁l ol icon ▁to ▁" find ing ▁children ▁in ▁real ▁life ▁sex ually ▁attract ive ", ▁Go ode ▁presents ▁the ▁argument ▁of ▁a ▁l ol icon ▁fan ▁" that ▁even ▁if ▁I |
▁could ▁be ▁class ified ▁as ▁a ▁kind ▁of ▁an ime ▁l ol icon , ▁it ' d ▁NE VER ▁translate ▁into ▁R L ▁ped oph ilia . ▁This ▁is ▁pred ic ated ▁on ▁the ▁belief ▁that ▁the ▁an ime ▁l olis ▁I ▁like ▁DO ▁NOT ▁EX IST ▁in ▁R L ". ▁ ▁S ets u ▁Sh ig em ats u ▁bel ieves ▁that ▁l ol icon ▁m anga ▁should ▁not ▁be ▁equ ated ▁to ▁phot ographic ▁or ▁adult ▁video ▁l ol icon ▁materials ▁which ▁involve ▁real ▁children ; ▁instead ▁she ▁arg ues ▁that ▁l ol icon ▁represents ▁an ▁artificial ▁sexual ity , ▁turning ▁away ▁from ▁" three ▁dimensional ▁reality " ▁and ▁redirect ing ▁sexual ▁energ ies ▁towards ▁" two ▁dimensional ▁figures ▁of ▁desire ". ▁A ki ra ▁Ak agi ▁writes ▁that ▁in ▁l ol icon ▁m anga , ▁the ▁girl ▁represents ▁cut eness , ▁and ▁that ▁it ▁is ▁not ▁her ▁age ▁which ▁makes ▁her ▁attract ive , ▁and ▁further more , ▁that ▁l ol icon ▁fans ▁project ▁themselves ▁onto ▁l ol icon ▁characters , ▁ident ifying ▁themselves ▁with ▁the ▁girl . ▁ ▁L ol icon ▁m anga ▁has ▁been ▁and ▁is ▁market ed ▁to ▁both ▁boys ▁and ▁men . ▁Sh aron ▁K ins ella ▁wrote ▁that ▁l ol icon ▁m anga ▁was ▁a ▁late ▁ 1 9 8 0 s ▁out g row th ▁of ▁girls ' ▁m anga , ▁which ▁included ▁y ao i ▁and ▁par od ies ▁of ▁boys ' ▁and ▁adult ▁m anga . ▁This ▁occurred ▁as ▁more ▁men ▁attended |
▁amateur ▁m anga ▁convent ions ▁and ▁as ▁new ▁boys ' ▁amateur ▁m anga ▁gen res ▁appeared ▁at ▁Com ik et . ▁K ins ella ▁distinguished ▁between ▁the ▁att itudes ▁toward ▁gender ▁of ▁amateur ▁l ol icon ▁m anga ▁and ▁that ▁of ▁male ▁fans ▁of ▁girls ' ▁m anga . ▁While ▁par ody ▁m anga ▁created ▁by ▁women ▁rid ic ule ▁male ▁s tere ot ypes ▁and ▁appeal ▁to ▁both ▁male ▁and ▁female ▁fans , ▁l ol icon ▁m anga ▁" us ually ▁features ▁a ▁girl ▁hero ine ▁with ▁large ▁eyes ▁and ▁a ▁body ▁that ▁is ▁both ▁vol upt uous ▁and ▁child - like , ▁sc ant ily ▁cl ad ▁in ▁an ▁out fit ▁that ▁approxim ates ▁a ▁cross ▁between ▁a ▁ 1 9 7 0 s ▁b ik ini ▁and ▁a ▁space - age ▁suit ▁of ▁arm our ". ▁K ins ella ▁noted ▁dominant ▁British ▁and ▁American ▁gen res ▁and ▁imports ▁of ▁animation ▁video ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 9 0 s ▁derived ▁from ▁l ol icon ▁m anga , ▁suggesting ▁women , ▁and ▁therefore ▁also ▁men , ▁in ▁all ▁of ▁these ▁countries ▁have ▁gone ▁through ▁similar ▁social ▁and ▁cultural ▁experiences . ▁ ▁Soci ologist ▁It ō ▁Kim io ▁character ises ▁ot aku ▁as ▁having ▁more ▁affection ▁towards ▁the ▁an ime ▁and ▁m anga ▁world ▁than ▁for ▁a ▁real istic ▁world , ▁saying ▁that ▁to ▁the ▁ot aku , ▁the ▁two - dimensional ▁world ▁port rayed ▁becomes ▁" more ▁real ". ▁It ō ▁views ▁the ▁preference ▁for ▁young ▁girls ▁as ▁sex ▁objects ▁in |
▁m anga ▁and ▁an ime ▁to ▁be ▁due ▁to ▁a ▁change ▁in ▁Japanese ▁society ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 7 0 s ▁and ▁ 1 9 8 0 s . ▁He ▁says ▁that ▁at ▁that ▁time , ▁boys ▁felt ▁that ▁girls ▁were ▁" sur pass ing ▁them ▁in ▁terms ▁of ▁will power ▁and ▁action ". ▁However , ▁as ▁the ▁boys ▁believed ▁girls ▁to ▁be ▁the ▁we aker ▁sex , ▁the ▁boys ▁began ▁foc using ▁on ▁young ▁girls ▁" who ▁were ▁' e asy ▁to ▁control . ▁Additionally , ▁the ▁young ▁girls ▁of ▁l ol icon ▁exist ▁in ▁the ▁media , ▁which ▁It ō ▁points ▁out ▁is ▁a ▁place ▁where ▁one ▁can ▁control ▁things ▁however ▁they ▁want . ▁ ▁Res pond ing ▁to ▁the ▁port ray al ▁of ▁Clar isse ▁from ▁L up in ▁III : ▁Castle ▁of ▁C agli ost ro , ▁Hay ao ▁Mi y az aki ▁critic ized ▁the ▁l ol icon ▁artists ▁and ▁fans ▁who ▁id ol ize ▁her ▁in ▁what ▁he ▁cons iders ▁a ▁de mean ing ▁manner . ▁He ▁differenti ates ▁his ▁female ▁protagon ists , ▁label ing ▁those ▁the ▁a for ement ioned ▁id ol ized , ▁according ▁to ▁The ▁Ot aku ▁Encyclopedia , ▁" as ▁p ets ". ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁Japanese ▁culture ▁ ▁Gra v ure ▁id ol ▁and ▁junior ▁id ol ▁– ▁child ▁or ▁early ▁te en ager ▁purs uing ▁a ▁career ▁as ▁a ▁phot ographic ▁model ▁ ▁L ol ita ▁fashion ▁– ▁a ▁style ▁of ▁cl othing ▁ ▁Mo e ▁ ▁N |
ij ikon ▁ ▁School g irl ▁uniform ▁fet ish ▁ ▁Sh ota con ▁– ▁Male ▁equivalent ▁of ▁l ol icon , ▁foc using ▁on ▁young ▁boys . ▁ ▁Leg al ▁aspects ▁ ▁Cart oon ▁por n ography ▁ ▁Child ▁por n ography ▁ ▁Leg al ▁status ▁of ▁cart oon ▁por n ography ▁ ▁Leg al ▁status ▁of ▁drawn ▁por n ography ▁dep ict ing ▁min ors ▁ ▁Leg al ▁status ▁of ▁Internet ▁por n ography ▁ ▁P orn ography ▁in ▁Japan ▁ ▁Sim ulated ▁child ▁por n ography ▁ ▁Report ing ▁of ▁child ▁por n ography ▁images ▁on ▁Wikimedia ▁Commons ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Notes ▁ ▁Bibli ography ▁▁▁▁ ▁Tit led ▁" Am ateur ▁M anga ▁Sub c ulture ▁and ▁the ▁Ot aku ▁Pan ic " ▁by ▁K ins ella ▁on ▁her ▁website . ▁Retrieved ▁on ▁January ▁ 1 4 , ▁ 2 0 0 8 . ▁ ▁Further ▁reading ▁▁▁▁▁ ▁" New ▁Law ▁B anning ▁L ol icon ?" ▁Com i Press ▁( Nov ember ▁ 1 7 , ▁ 2 0 0 6 ) ▁“ E ro - An ime : ▁M anga ▁Com es ▁A live ” ▁-( Ste phen ▁Sar raz in ; ▁M anga ▁Imp act ▁ 2 0 1 0 , ▁) ▁▁ ▁" Pro f essor ▁exam ines ▁L ol ita ▁complex ▁by ▁first ▁looking ▁at ▁his ▁own ▁experience " ▁Japan ▁Times , ▁May ▁ 5 , ▁ 2 0 1 7 . ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁▁ ▁Category : 1 9 7 4 ▁introdu ctions ▁Category : |
An ime ▁and ▁m anga ▁termin ology ▁Category : E c chi ▁an ime ▁and ▁m anga ▁Category : F em ale ▁stock ▁characters ▁in ▁an ime ▁and ▁m anga ▁Category : H ent ai ▁an ime ▁and ▁m anga ▁Category : J apan ese ▁sex ▁terms ▁Category : Ob sc en ity ▁controvers ies ▁Category : P ed oph ilia ▁in ▁Japan ▁Category : P ed oph ilia ▁Category : S ex ual ity ▁and ▁age ▁Category : W ase i - e igo ▁Category : W ords ▁co ined ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 7 0 s <0x0A> </s> ▁Gu ill ermo ▁Pos adas ▁( 1 8 8 6 - 1 9 3 7 ) ▁was ▁a ▁Mexican ▁composer . ▁He ▁composed ▁the ▁Mexican ▁folk ▁song ▁No che ▁Fel iz ▁( H appy ▁Night ), ▁recorded ▁by ▁the ▁Italian ▁ten or ▁En rico ▁Car uso ▁and ▁s ung ▁in ▁Spanish . ▁The ▁song ▁No che ▁Fel iz ▁describes ▁a ▁night ▁with ▁Pos adas ' s ▁wife ▁María , ▁and ▁love ▁with ▁his ▁soul . ▁ ▁Category : 1 8 8 6 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 9 3 7 ▁death s <0x0A> </s> ▁Tim ▁L ude man ▁( born ▁ 2 3 ▁June ▁ 1 9 8 7 ) ▁is ▁an ▁Australian ▁cr ick eter . ▁L ude man ▁is ▁a ▁w icket - keeper ▁who ▁formerly ▁played ▁for ▁South ▁Australia ▁and ▁currently ▁for ▁Sydney ▁Th under ▁in ▁Australian ▁domestic ▁cr icket . ▁He ▁is ▁a ▁right - hand ed ▁b |
ats man ▁and ▁w icket - keeper . ▁ ▁On ▁ 1 8 ▁December ▁ 2 0 1 4 , ▁L ude man ▁made ▁ 9 2 ▁not ▁out ▁from ▁just ▁ 4 4 ▁deliver ies ▁in ▁a ▁Big ▁Bash ▁League ▁match ▁for ▁the ▁Ad ela ide ▁St rik ers ▁against ▁the ▁Melbourne ▁Stars . ▁His ▁fifty ▁came ▁off ▁ 1 8 ▁balls , ▁making ▁it ▁the ▁fast est ▁in ▁B BL ▁history . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁C ric info ▁Profile ▁ ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : 1 9 8 7 ▁birth s ▁Category : Austral ian ▁cr ick eters ▁Category : Ad ela ide ▁St rik ers ▁cr ick eters ▁Category : M el bourne ▁Ren eg ades ▁cr ick eters ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁W arr nam bool ▁Category : C rick eters ▁from ▁Victoria ▁( Austral ia ) ▁Category : S outh ▁Australia ▁cr ick eters <0x0A> </s> ▁| Cor bey ▁is ▁a ▁Dutch ▁surname . ▁Notable ▁people ▁with ▁this ▁surname : ▁▁ ▁Dor ette ▁Cor bey ▁( b . ▁ 1 9 5 7 ), ▁Dutch ▁politician ▁ ▁Michael ▁Cor bey ▁( b . ▁ 1 9 6 3 ), ▁Dutch ▁business ▁econom ist ▁ ▁: nl : R ay mond ▁Cor bey ▁( b . ▁ 1 9 5 4 ), ▁Dutch ▁phil os opher ▁and ▁anth rop ologist ▁ ▁Category : S urn ames <0x0A> </s> ▁is ▁a ▁town ▁and ▁the ▁administrative ▁centre ▁of ▁Had sel ▁Municip ality ▁in ▁Nord land ▁county |
, ▁Norway . ▁It ▁is ▁located ▁on ▁the ▁northern ▁coast ▁of ▁the ▁island ▁of ▁Had sel ø ya ▁and ▁on ▁the ▁small , ▁neighbor ing ▁island ▁of ▁B ør ø ya . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 0 , ▁Sto k mark nes ▁received ▁" town ▁status ". ▁The ▁ ▁town ▁has ▁a ▁population ▁( 2 0 1 8 ) ▁of ▁ 3 , 3 6 7 ▁which ▁gives ▁the ▁town ▁a ▁population ▁density ▁of ▁. ▁ ▁Sto k mark nes ▁is ▁the ▁headquarters ▁to ▁the ▁H urt igr uten ▁coast al ▁express ▁company ▁and ▁also ▁the ▁Coast al ▁Express ▁Museum . ▁The ▁local ▁hospital ▁for ▁the ▁whole ▁V ester å len ▁region ▁( N ord land ▁Hospital ) ▁is ▁located ▁in ▁Sto k mark nes . ▁ ▁Sto k mark nes ▁is ▁the ▁home ▁town ▁of ▁Norwegian ▁band ▁Mad rug ada . ▁ ▁The ▁historic ▁Had sel ▁Church ▁is ▁located ▁about ▁ ▁east ▁of ▁Sto k mark nes . ▁ ▁The ▁B ør ø y ▁Bridge ▁and ▁Had sel ▁Bridge ▁connect ▁Sto k mark nes ▁to ▁the ▁island ▁of ▁Lang ø ya ▁to ▁the ▁north . ▁ ▁Sto k mark nes ▁Airport , ▁Sk agen ▁is ▁located ▁on ▁Lang ø ya , ▁just ▁over ▁the ▁brid ges ▁from ▁Sto k mark nes . ▁ ▁Media ▁gallery ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁List ▁of ▁towns ▁and ▁cities ▁in ▁Norway ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Sto k mark nes ▁secondary ▁school ▁ ▁Web cam ▁from ▁Sto k mark nes ▁ ▁Category : Pop ulated |
▁places ▁in ▁Nord land ▁Category : C ities ▁and ▁towns ▁in ▁Norway ▁Category : H ad sel ▁Category : Pop ulated ▁places ▁of ▁Ar ctic ▁Norway <0x0A> </s> ▁United ▁States ▁v . ▁Detroit ▁& ▁Cleveland ▁Navigation ▁Co ., ▁ 3 2 6 ▁U . S . ▁ 2 3 6 ▁( 1 9 4 5 ), ▁is ▁a ▁Supreme ▁Court ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁administrative ▁law ▁case ▁holding ▁that ▁the ▁Inter state ▁Com merce ▁Commission ▁( IC C ) ▁had ▁sufficient ▁authority ▁to ▁order ▁an ▁expansion ▁of ▁autom obile ▁car rier ▁capacity ▁in ▁anticip ation ▁of ▁post - war ▁demand . ▁ ▁Background ▁An ▁application ▁during ▁World ▁War ▁II ▁had ▁been ▁joint ly ▁file d ▁by ▁the ▁T . ▁J . ▁Mc Car thy ▁Ste am ship ▁Company ▁and ▁Autom ot ive ▁Tr ades ▁Ste am ship ▁Company ▁with ▁the ▁I CC ▁for ▁a ▁certificate ▁of ▁public ▁convenience ▁and ▁necessity ▁( CP CN ) ▁to ▁operate ▁as ▁a ▁common ▁car rier ▁of ▁autom obile ▁transport ation ▁services ▁from ▁Detroit , ▁Michigan , ▁to ▁other ▁ports ▁on ▁the ▁Great ▁L akes . ▁The ▁application ▁was ▁opposed ▁by ▁two ▁car rier ▁companies ▁that ▁had ▁provided ▁this ▁service ▁prior ▁to ▁the ▁war . ▁During ▁the ▁war , ▁production ▁of ▁autom ob iles ▁for ▁civil ian ▁use ▁had ▁stopped ▁and ▁the ▁federal ▁government ▁had ▁requ is ition ed ▁many ▁of ▁the ▁autom obile ▁carrying ▁vessels ▁of ▁the ▁companies ▁for ▁conversion ▁to ▁and ▁use ▁as ▁comm od ity ▁carri ers , ▁but ▁the ▁carri ers ▁were ▁believed ▁to |
▁be ▁suitable ▁for ▁conversion ▁back ▁to ▁autom obile ▁carri ers ▁after ▁the ▁war . ▁The ▁I CC , ▁in ▁grant ing ▁the ▁application , ▁found ▁that ▁there ▁was ▁ins u fficient ▁capacity ▁prior ▁to ▁the ▁war , ▁and ▁there ▁would ▁likely ▁be ▁a ▁need ▁for ▁additional ▁capacity ▁for ▁post - war ▁service . ▁ ▁On ▁appeal ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁District ▁Court ▁for ▁Michigan , ▁the ▁court ▁revers ed ▁the ▁order ▁of ▁the ▁I CC ▁on ▁the ▁basis ▁that ▁there ▁was ▁no ▁evidence ▁that ▁the ▁vessels ▁of ▁the ▁two ▁companies ▁were ▁the ▁only ▁ones ▁available ▁to ▁meet ▁any ▁future ▁demand , ▁and ▁that ▁there ▁were ▁no ▁other ▁vessels ▁that ▁could ▁be ▁char tered . ▁ ▁Court ' s ▁decision ▁The ▁Supreme ▁Court ▁un anim ously ▁revers ed ▁the ▁district ▁court , ▁holding ▁that ▁the ▁I CC ▁could ▁author ize ▁additional ▁capacity , ▁and ▁that ▁it ▁had ▁found ▁that ▁the ▁existing ▁carrying ▁capacity ▁on ▁the ▁Great ▁L akes ▁was ▁def ic ient ▁prior ▁to ▁the ▁war . ▁The ▁opinion ▁stated , ▁" The ▁Commission ▁is ▁the ▁guard ian ▁of ▁the ▁public ▁interest ▁in ▁determ ining ▁whether ▁certific ates ▁of ▁convenience ▁and ▁necessity ▁shall ▁be ▁granted . ▁For ▁the ▁performance ▁of ▁that ▁function ▁the ▁Commission ▁has ▁been ▁entr usted ▁with ▁a ▁wide ▁range ▁of ▁dis cret ion ary ▁authority ." ▁Part ▁of ▁this ▁authority ▁included ▁author izing ▁increases ▁in ▁capacity ▁based ▁on ▁forec asts . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁List ▁of ▁United ▁States ▁Supreme ▁Court ▁cases , ▁volume ▁ 3 2 6 ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External |
▁links ▁▁▁ ▁Category : Un ited ▁States ▁Supreme ▁Court ▁cases ▁Category : Un ited ▁States ▁Supreme ▁Court ▁cases ▁of ▁the ▁Stone ▁Court ▁Category : 1 9 4 5 ▁in ▁United ▁States ▁case ▁law ▁Category : Un ited ▁States ▁administrative ▁case ▁law ▁Category : Transport ation ▁in ▁Detroit ▁Category : Inter state ▁Com merce ▁Commission ▁lit ig ation ▁Category : Autom ot ive ▁industry ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Category : 1 9 4 5 ▁in ▁Michigan <0x0A> </s> ▁Lev ▁Isra ile v ich ▁G uten ma her ▁() ▁was ▁a ▁Soviet ▁math ematic ian ▁who ▁conducted ▁pione ering ▁research ▁in ▁the ▁area ▁of ▁computing ▁techn ologies ▁and ▁made ▁significant ▁contributions ▁to ▁the ▁early ▁development ▁of ▁computer ▁science . ▁He ▁was ▁a ▁recip ient ▁of ▁the ▁St alin ▁and ▁National ▁awards ▁for ▁his ▁work . ▁ ▁Biography ▁Lev ▁G uten ma her ▁was ▁born ▁in ▁Tar ut y ne , ▁B ess arab ia ▁in ▁ 1 9 0 8 . ▁He ▁received ▁his ▁master ' s ▁degree ▁in ▁mathematics ▁from ▁the ▁Don ▁Poly techn ic ▁Institute ▁( since ▁renamed ▁as ▁the ▁Nov och erk ass k ▁Poly techn ic ▁Institute ) ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 1 . ▁He ▁successfully ▁completed ▁his ▁doctor ate ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 4 ▁and ▁remained ▁as ▁a ▁professor ▁of ▁mathematics ▁at ▁the ▁inst itute ▁until ▁ 1 9 3 8 . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 3 9 , ▁G uten ma her ▁moved ▁to ▁Moscow . ▁He ▁was ▁t apped ▁to ▁head ▁the ▁labor atory ▁for |
▁electronic ▁model ing ▁( LE M ) ▁at ▁the ▁Ener get ics ▁Institute ▁of ▁the ▁Russian ▁Academy ▁of ▁Sciences . ▁Al ong side ▁his ▁work ▁at ▁the ▁labor atory , ▁he ▁taught ▁courses ▁as ▁a ▁professor ▁at ▁the ▁National ▁Research ▁N uc lear ▁University . ▁ ▁G uten ma her ▁began ▁his ▁pione ering ▁work ▁on ▁the ▁usage ▁of ▁electronic ▁networks ▁to ▁model ▁complex ▁inform ational ▁systems ▁and ▁solve ▁equations ▁in ▁the ▁late ▁ 1 9 3 0 s . ▁In ▁the ▁mid - 1 9 4 0 s , ▁he ▁o vers aw ▁the ▁development ▁of ▁the ▁first ▁analog ▁computing ▁machines . ▁In ▁ 1 9 5 0 , ▁he ▁spe ar head ed ▁the ▁creation ▁of ▁an ▁electronic ▁computing ▁machine ▁that ▁used ▁contact less ▁elect romagnet ic ▁rel ays ▁running ▁on ▁fer rite - di ode ▁cells . ▁In ▁ 1 9 5 4 , ▁he ▁presented ▁the ▁first ▁LE M - 1 ▁machine ▁and ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 6 , ▁he ▁published ▁a ▁scientific ▁paper ▁on ▁the ▁successful ▁usage ▁of ▁matrix ▁storage ▁for ▁data ▁ret ention . ▁ ▁G uten ma her ▁was ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁earliest ▁computer ▁scient ists ▁in ▁the ▁Soviet ▁Union . ▁He ▁pione ered ▁the ▁usage ▁of ▁computers ▁to ▁model ▁cogn itive ▁and ▁lingu istic ▁processes . ▁His ▁research ▁papers ▁covered ▁such ▁topics ▁as ▁data ▁storage ▁and ▁retr ieval , ▁software ▁development , ▁and ▁computer ized ▁tele phony . ▁A ▁number ▁of ▁his ▁works ▁were ▁translated ▁into ▁English , ▁German , ▁French , ▁and ▁Spanish |
. ▁ ▁He ▁died ▁in ▁Od essa ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 1 , ▁where ▁he ▁had ▁returned ▁to ▁in ▁his ▁sun set ▁years ▁to ▁teach ▁at ▁the ▁Od essa ▁Poly techn ic ▁Institute . ▁ ▁Works ▁ ▁Electron ic ▁model ing : ▁Elect ro integr ator . ▁Soviet ▁Academy ▁of ▁Sciences : ▁Moscow - L ening rad , ▁ 1 9 4 3 . ▁ ▁Electron ic ▁models ▁and ▁their ▁use ▁in ▁engineering ▁and ▁physics . ▁L ect ure ▁notes . ▁P rav da : ▁Moscow , ▁ 1 9 4 6 . ▁ ▁Electron ic ▁models . ▁Soviet ▁Academy ▁of ▁Sciences : ▁Moscow , ▁ 1 9 4 9 . ▁ ▁Electron ic ▁information - logic ▁machines . ▁Soviet ▁Academy ▁of ▁Sciences : ▁Moscow , ▁ 1 9 6 0 ▁and ▁ 1 9 6 2 . ▁ ▁Tra itement ▁élect ron ique ▁de ▁l ’ information . ▁A . ▁De we ze , ▁Trad uct eur . ▁Société ▁des ▁Ed itions ▁Radio : ▁Paris , ▁ 1 9 6 1 . ▁ ▁Electron ic ▁information - logic ▁machines . ▁W iley ▁In ters cience : ▁Нью - Й ор к , ▁ 1 9 6 3 . ▁ ▁Tr at amiento ▁elect r ón ico ▁de ▁la ▁información . ▁Editor ial : ▁Par an info : ▁Madrid ▁and ▁Mexico , ▁ 1 9 6 4 . ▁ ▁Th inking ▁machines . ▁Trans l ated ▁from ▁the ▁Russian ▁by ▁A . ▁Z d orn yk h . ▁Foreign ▁L anguages ▁Publishing |
▁House : ▁Moscow , ▁ 1 9 6 5 . ▁ ▁Inform ations - Log ische ▁Autom aten . ▁Autom atis ierung ▁im ▁Inform ations - und ▁Bibli othe ks w esen . ▁R . ▁Old en bourg ▁Verlag : ▁Mun ich ▁and ▁Vienna , ▁ 1 9 6 6 . ▁ ▁Associ ative ▁memory ▁devices . ▁Energy : ▁L ening rad , ▁ 1 9 6 7 . ▁ ▁Electron ic ▁models . ▁Te hn ika : ▁K iev , ▁ 1 9 7 5 . ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Th inking ▁Mach ines ▁on ▁Google ▁Books ▁ ▁M ention ▁on ▁Od essa ▁Poly techn ic ▁Institute ▁page ▁ ▁Br ief ▁Bio ▁on ▁Od essa ▁Poly techn ic ▁Institute ▁page ▁ ▁Category : S ov iet ▁mathemat icians ▁Category : Russ ian ▁mathemat icians ▁Category : 2 0 th - century ▁mathemat icians ▁Category : 1 9 0 8 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 9 8 1 ▁death s <0x0A> </s> ▁At ▁the ▁ 1 9 3 2 ▁Winter ▁Olympics ▁one ▁individual ▁Nord ic ▁combined ▁event ▁was ▁cont ested . ▁It ▁was ▁held ▁on ▁Wed nes day , ▁February ▁ 1 0 , ▁ 1 9 3 2 ▁( cross - country ▁ski ing ) ▁and ▁on ▁Th urs day , ▁February ▁ 1 1 , ▁ 1 9 3 2 ▁( ski ▁jump ing ). ▁Un like ▁today ▁the ▁ski ▁jump ▁was ▁the ▁last ▁event ▁held . ▁Both ▁events ▁were ▁also ▁individual ▁medal ▁events . ▁ ▁Medal ists ▁ ▁Results ▁ |
▁Final ▁stand ings ▁ ▁Part icip ating ▁nations ▁A ▁total ▁of ▁ 3 3 ▁Nord ic ▁combined ▁ski ers ▁from ▁ten ▁nations ▁competed ▁at ▁the ▁Lake ▁P lac id ▁Games : ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁International ▁Olympic ▁Committee ▁results ▁database ▁Official ▁Official ▁Olympic ▁Report ▁sports - reference ▁▁▁▁▁ ▁Category : 1 9 3 2 ▁Winter ▁Olympics ▁events ▁ 1 9 3 2 ▁Category : 1 9 3 2 ▁in ▁Nord ic ▁combined ▁Category : N ord ic ▁combined ▁compet itions ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Category : Men ' s ▁events ▁at ▁the ▁ 1 9 3 2 ▁Winter ▁Olympics <0x0A> </s> ▁Y o ▁Y og i ! ▁is ▁an ▁American ▁animated ▁series . ▁It ▁first ▁a ired ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 1 ▁on ▁N BC ▁on ▁Saturday ▁morning . ▁Y o ▁Y og i ! ▁was ▁the ▁last ▁television ▁series ▁to ▁feature ▁( or ▁star ) ▁Y og i ▁Bear ▁for ▁nearly ▁three ▁dec ades , ▁until ▁the ▁announ cement ▁of ▁J elly stone ! ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 9 . ▁ ▁Production ▁Y o ▁Y og i ! ▁featured ▁episodes , ▁or ▁parts ▁of ▁episodes , ▁in ▁ 3 D , ▁with ▁Kel log g ' s ▁R ice ▁K ris p ies ▁offering ▁ 3 D ▁glass es . ▁Gener ally , ▁the ▁ 3 D ▁scenes ▁were ▁ch ase ▁scenes ▁of ▁the ▁variety ▁made ▁famous ▁by ▁H anna - Bar ber a ▁in ▁the ▁S co oby - D oo ▁series . ▁At ▁the ▁beginning ▁of ▁these |
▁ 3 D ▁sequences , ▁Y og i ▁would ▁spin ▁his ▁hat ▁at op ▁his ▁head , ▁as ▁a ▁c ue ▁to ▁view ers ▁to ▁don ▁their ▁ 3 D ▁glass es . ▁ ▁On ▁March ▁ 6 , ▁ 1 9 9 2 , ▁in ▁response ▁to ▁the ▁success ▁of ▁its ▁Saturday ▁morning ▁live - action ▁te en ▁sit com ▁Sav ed ▁by ▁the ▁Bell , ▁N BC ▁announced ▁that ▁it ▁had ▁cancel led ▁its ▁entire ▁Saturday ▁morning ▁block ▁of ▁cart o ons ▁( including ▁Y o ▁Y og i !) ▁and ▁would ▁be ▁replacing ▁the ▁cart o ons ▁with ▁a ▁new ▁block ▁of ▁live - action ▁shows ▁target ing ▁te en agers ▁in ▁addition ▁to ▁a ▁Saturday ▁edition ▁of ▁The ▁Today ▁Show . ▁Y o ▁Y og i ! ▁last ▁a ired ▁in ▁synd ic ation ▁as ▁part ▁of ▁The ▁F unt astic ▁World ▁of ▁H anna - Bar ber a . ▁ ▁Modern ▁voice ▁actors ▁played ▁the ▁voices ▁of ▁certain ▁characters ▁not ▁only ▁because ▁some ▁of ▁them ▁are ▁te en agers , ▁but ▁due ▁to ▁the ▁death s ▁of ▁D aws ▁Butler , ▁Mel ▁Bl anc , ▁and ▁Paul ▁Fre es ▁before ▁this ▁series ▁began . ▁ ▁Plot ▁T aking ▁place ▁in ▁J elly stone ▁Town , ▁it ▁features ▁Y og i ▁Bear ▁and ▁the ▁other ▁popular ▁H anna - Bar ber a ▁characters ▁including ▁his ▁friends ▁Bo o - B oo ▁Bear , ▁H uck le berry ▁H ound , ▁Sn ag gle p uss , ▁and ▁Y og |
i ' s ▁girl friend ▁C ind y ▁Bear ▁dep icted ▁as ▁ 1 4 - year - old ▁crime ▁f igh ters . ▁The ▁gang ▁hang ▁out ▁at ▁J elly stone ▁Mall ▁owned ▁by ▁" D iam ond " ▁Dog gie ▁D addy ▁with ▁Aug ie ▁Dog gie ▁as ▁his ▁he ir ▁to ▁the ▁m all ▁business . ▁Y og i ▁and ▁the ▁gang ▁work ▁at ▁an ▁ag ency ▁called ▁L . A . F . ▁( short ▁for ▁Lost ▁and ▁Found ) ▁where ▁they ▁act ▁as ▁detect ives ▁trying ▁to ▁solve ▁myster ies ▁under ▁the ▁super vision ▁of ▁the ▁m all ' s ▁security ▁guard ▁Officer ▁Smith . ▁Dick ie ▁D ast ard ly ▁and ▁his ▁side k ick ▁M utt ley ▁would ▁cause ▁trouble ▁for ▁Y og i ▁and ▁his ▁gang . ▁The ▁show ▁also ▁introduced ▁te en age ▁bear ▁named ▁Ro x ey ▁Bear ▁who ▁was ▁C ind y ' s ▁rival ▁and ▁Y og i ' s ▁compet itor ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁news ▁rep orter ▁Ch uck ▁T oup ée . ▁The ▁characters ▁were ▁never ▁seen ▁at ▁home ▁or ▁school . ▁ ▁Some ▁of ▁Y og i ' s ▁other ▁p als ▁like ▁Secret ▁S qu ir rel , ▁Mor oc co ▁M ole , ▁Top ▁Cat , ▁Hard y ▁Har ▁Har , ▁S qu idd ly ▁D idd ly ▁and ▁W ally ▁G ator ▁were ▁also ▁featured ▁as ▁young ▁children . ▁ ▁Other ▁H anna - Bar ber a ▁characters ▁are ▁still ▁in ▁adult ▁form : ▁Ho |
key ▁Wolf ▁is ▁the ▁Mayor ▁of ▁J elly stone ▁Town ▁and ▁D ing - A - L ing ▁Wolf ▁briefly ▁appeared ▁as ▁his ▁photograph er , ▁Lo opy ▁De ▁Loop ▁works ▁at ▁the ▁J elly stone ▁Mall ' s ▁Pic nic ▁B asket ▁Food ▁Court , ▁At om ▁Ant ▁served ▁as ▁J elly stone ▁Town ' s ▁super h ero , ▁Quick ▁Draw ▁McG raw ▁and ▁B aba ▁L oo ey ▁were ▁wild ▁west - th emed ▁entertain ers , ▁P ix ie ▁and ▁D ix ie ▁lived ▁in ▁the ▁che ese ▁c ott age ▁within ▁a ▁che ese ▁store ▁owned ▁by ▁Mr . ▁J inks , ▁Li ppy ▁the ▁Lion ▁own s ▁a ▁j ew el ry ▁store , ▁Peter ▁Pot am us ▁and ▁So - So ▁ran ▁a ▁plant ▁shop ▁called ▁" Peter ▁Pot am us ' ▁Plant ▁Palace ," ▁S no oper ▁is ▁a ▁crime - sol ving ▁celebr ity ▁while ▁Bl ab ber ▁ran ▁the ▁" C ro oks ▁' n ' ▁Books " ▁store , ▁and ▁Mag illa ▁Gor illa ▁appeared ▁as ▁a ▁te en ▁id ol ▁in ▁" J elly stone ▁Jam " ▁as ▁Mag illa ▁Ice ▁( a ▁take off ▁of ▁Van illa ▁Ice ). ▁Also , ▁Gran ny ▁S weet ▁made ▁an ▁appearance ▁in ▁the ▁episode ▁" Super ▁Du per ▁Sn ag ." ▁ ▁Point s ▁of ▁interest ▁There ▁are ▁various ▁locations ▁in ▁the ▁J elly stone ▁Town : ▁▁ ▁J elly stone ▁Mall ▁– ▁The ▁main ▁setting ▁of ▁the ▁series ▁run ▁by ▁" D |
iam ond " ▁Dog gie ▁D addy . ▁ ▁Lost ▁and ▁Found ▁Det ect ive ▁Agency ▁– ▁Y og i ▁and ▁his ▁friends ▁work ▁here ▁under ▁the ▁super vision ▁of ▁Officer ▁Smith . ▁ ▁Pic nic ▁B asket ▁Food ▁Court ▁– ▁A ▁food ▁court ▁ran ▁and ▁owned ▁by ▁Lo opy ▁De ▁Loop . ▁This ▁is ▁Y og i ' s ▁personal ▁hang out . ▁ ▁Peter ▁Pot am us ' ▁Plant ▁Palace ▁– ▁A ▁plant ▁store ▁run ▁by ▁Peter ▁Pot am us ▁and ▁So - So . ▁ ▁Cro oks ▁' N ' ▁Books ▁– ▁A ▁book ▁store ▁run ▁by ▁Bl ab ber ▁Mouse . ▁ ▁M ops ▁' N ' ▁T ops ▁– ▁A ▁w ig ▁and ▁hat ▁store . ▁Its ▁own ers ▁Mo e ▁and ▁Joe ▁Wend ell ▁became ▁the ▁C li pper ▁to ▁ste al ▁people ' s ▁hair ▁to ▁improve ▁their ▁business . ▁ ▁The ▁In vention ▁Dim ension ▁– ▁A ▁computer ▁store ▁run ▁by ▁Secret ▁S qu ir rel ' s ▁uncle ▁named ▁Uncle ▁Under cover . ▁ ▁A unt ▁An nie ' s ▁Ant ique ▁Anti qu arium ▁– ▁An ▁ant ique ▁store . ▁ ▁Boot ▁Bor ough ▁– ▁A ▁sh oe ▁store . ▁ ▁Im ovie plex ▁– ▁J elly stone ▁Mall ' s ▁movie ▁the ater . ▁ ▁The ▁Bro cc oli ▁Republic ▁– ▁A ▁super market ▁that ▁is ▁a ▁pun ▁on ▁The ▁Ban ana ▁Republic . ▁ ▁First ▁J elly stone ▁Bank ▁– ▁J elly stone ▁Town ' s ▁bank . ▁ ▁J elly |
stone ▁Pr ison ▁– ▁J elly stone ▁Town ' s ▁j ail . ▁ ▁J elly stone ▁C lock ▁Tower ▁– ▁This ▁was ▁built ▁by ▁the ▁town ' s ▁founder ▁Th ad de us ▁P . ▁J elly stone . ▁ ▁Epis odes ▁ ▁Vo ice ▁cast ▁ ▁Charlie ▁Ad ler ▁- ▁▁ ▁Lewis ▁Ar qu ette ▁– ▁Bomb astic ▁Bobby ▁( in ▁" Y o , ▁Y og i ! ") ▁ ▁Greg ▁Berg ▁– ▁H uck le berry ▁H ound , ▁Mo e ▁Wend ell ▁( in ▁" H ats ▁Off ▁to ▁Y og i "), ▁Joe ▁Wend ell ▁( in ▁" H ats ▁Off ▁to ▁Y og i ") ▁ ▁Charlie ▁Br ill ▁- ▁▁ ▁Greg ▁Bur son ▁– ▁Y og i ▁Bear , ▁Quick ▁Draw ▁McG raw , ▁Sn ag gle p uss , ▁Officer ▁Smith , ▁W ally ▁G ator , ▁Mr . ▁J inks , ▁Li ppy ▁the ▁Lion , ▁Lo opy ▁De ▁Loop , ▁Uncle ▁Under cover ▁ ▁Bernard ▁Er hard ▁– ▁The ▁P est ▁( in ▁" Super ▁Du per ▁Sn ag ") ▁ ▁Pat ▁Fra ley ▁– ▁Mad ▁P ain ter ▁( in ▁" It ' s ▁All ▁Rel ative ") ▁ ▁Pat ▁Harr ington , ▁Jr . ▁– ▁William ▁Sh akes b ear ▁( in ▁" To ▁Tell ▁the ▁Tr uth , ▁For so oth ") ▁ ▁Matt ▁Hur witz ▁– ▁Ho key ▁Wolf ▁ ▁Arte ▁Johnson ▁– ▁Lou ▁( in ▁" H uck ' s ▁Dog g one ▁Day ") ▁ ▁Nancy |
▁Lin ari ▁- ▁▁ ▁D anny ▁Mann ▁- ▁▁ ▁G ail ▁Matth ius ▁– ▁Ro x ey ▁Bear ▁ ▁Mit zi ▁Mc Call ▁– ▁Tal ula ▁La T rane ▁( in ▁" F ashion ▁Sm ash in ' ") ▁ ▁All an ▁Mel vin ▁– ▁Mag illa ▁" I ce " ▁Gor illa ▁ ▁Don ▁Mess ick ▁– ▁Bo o - B oo ▁Bear , ▁M utt ley , ▁At om ▁Ant , ▁P ix ie , ▁Pierre ▁( in ▁" H ats ▁Off ▁to ▁Y og i ") ▁ ▁Howard ▁Morris ▁– ▁Murray ▁( in ▁" H uck ' s ▁Dog g one ▁Day ") ▁ ▁Roger ▁N olan ▁- ▁▁ ▁Rob ▁Paul sen ▁– ▁Dick ie ▁D ast ard ly , ▁Hard y ▁Har ▁Har , ▁Super ▁S no oper , ▁Ch uck ▁T oup ée , ▁We e ▁Will ie ▁Gor illa ▁( in ▁" M ellow ▁F ell ows "), ▁Robin ▁H ood ▁( in ▁" H uck ' s ▁Dog g one ▁Day ") ▁ ▁Henry ▁Pol ic ▁II ▁– ▁B aba ▁L oo ey , ▁P . R . ▁F lack ▁( in ▁" The ▁Big ▁S no op ") ▁ ▁Ron nie ▁Sch ell ▁– ▁Cal vin ▁Kl unk ▁( in ▁" F ashion ▁Sm ash in ' ") ▁ ▁Hal ▁Smith ▁– ▁Bl ab ber ▁Mouse ▁ ▁Kath ▁Sou cie ▁– ▁C ind y ▁Bear , ▁Secret ▁S qu ir rel , ▁Gran ny ▁S weet ▁( in ▁" Super ▁Du per ▁Sn ag "), |
▁Mother ▁( in ▁" Super ▁Du per ▁Sn ag ") ▁ ▁John ▁Steph enson ▁– ▁" D iam ond " ▁Dog gie ▁D addy , ▁Mr . ▁My op ic ▁( in ▁" To ▁Tell ▁the ▁Tr uth , ▁For so oth "), ▁Bruno ▁Bear ▁( in ▁" It ' s ▁All ▁Rel ative ") ▁ ▁S ally ▁Str uth ers ▁- ▁▁ ▁B . J . ▁Ward ▁- ▁▁ ▁L enn ie ▁Wein rib ▁– ▁Max ▁the ▁M ole ▁( in ▁" Gr ind h og ▁Day ") ▁ ▁Frank ▁Wel ker ▁– ▁Peter ▁Pot am us ▁ ▁Pat ric ▁Z imm erman ▁– ▁Aug ie ▁Dog gie , ▁D ix ie , ▁D ing - A - L ing ▁ ▁Home ▁media ▁In ▁the ▁early ▁' 9 0 s , ▁a ▁V HS ▁release ▁of ▁the ▁show ▁came ▁with ▁ 3 D ▁glass es . ▁As ▁of ▁ 2 0 1 8 , ▁there ▁are ▁no ▁plans ▁for ▁a ▁complete ▁series ▁set ▁release ▁from ▁either ▁Warner ▁Home ▁Video ▁or ▁Warner ▁Archive . ▁However , ▁it ▁is ▁available ▁on ▁i T unes ▁as ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁H anna - Bar ber a ▁Diam ond ▁Collection . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁List ▁of ▁works ▁produced ▁by ▁H anna - Bar ber a ▁Produ ctions ▁ ▁The ▁Y og i ▁Bear ▁Show ▁ ▁The ▁New ▁Y og i ▁Bear ▁Show ▁ ▁Y og i ' s ▁Tre asure ▁H unt ▁ ▁Y og i ' s ▁Gang ▁ ▁Y og i ' s ▁Space |
▁Race ▁ ▁Gal axy ▁Go of - U ps ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁▁▁▁ ▁Y o ▁Y og i ! ▁at ▁The ▁Big ▁Cart oon ▁Database ▁ ▁Category : Y og i ▁Bear ▁Category : H uck le berry ▁H ound ▁Category : Top ▁Cat ▁Category : N BC ▁original ▁programming ▁Category : Anim ated ▁television ▁series ▁about ▁children ▁Category : Anim ated ▁television ▁series ▁about ▁te en agers ▁Category : T ele vision ▁series ▁by ▁H anna - Bar ber a ▁Category : American ▁animated ▁television ▁programs ▁featuring ▁anth rop omorphic ▁characters ▁Category : American ▁children ' s ▁animated ▁advent ure ▁television ▁series ▁Category : American ▁children ' s ▁animated ▁comedy ▁television ▁series ▁Category : American ▁animated ▁television ▁spin - offs ▁Category : 1 9 9 1 ▁American ▁television ▁series ▁deb uts ▁Category : 1 9 9 1 ▁American ▁television ▁series ▁end ings ▁Category : 1 9 9 0 s ▁American ▁animated ▁television ▁series ▁Category : American ▁pre quel ▁television ▁series ▁Category : The ▁F unt astic ▁World ▁of ▁H anna - Bar ber a ▁Category : English - language ▁television ▁programs ▁Category : C ros so ver ▁animated ▁television ▁series ▁Category : Child ▁versions ▁of ▁cart oon ▁characters <0x0A> </s> ▁" In ▁Love ▁with ▁Love " ▁is ▁a ▁ 1 9 8 7 ▁song ▁recorded ▁by ▁the ▁American ▁singer ▁Deb bie ▁Harry . ▁It ▁was ▁taken ▁from ▁her ▁second ▁solo ▁album ▁Rock bird ▁and ▁released ▁as ▁the ▁third ▁single ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 7 . ▁ ▁Song ▁information ▁L |
yr ically , ▁the ▁song ▁is ▁the ▁sequ el ▁to ▁Bl ond ie ' s ▁" He art ▁of ▁G lass ", ▁according ▁to ▁Harry . ▁The ▁song ▁was ▁released ▁on ▁May ▁ 9 , ▁ 1 9 8 7 ▁and ▁was , ▁to ▁date , ▁her ▁only ▁solo ▁single ▁to ▁reach ▁# 1 ▁on ▁the ▁US ▁dance ▁chart . ▁The ▁single ▁also ▁went ▁on ▁to ▁become ▁a ▁minor ▁hit ▁in ▁several ▁countries , ▁including ▁# 4 5 ▁in ▁the ▁UK ▁and ▁# 7 0 ▁on ▁the ▁US ▁Billboard ▁Hot ▁ 1 0 0 , ▁where ▁it ▁remains ▁her ▁last ▁entry ▁to ▁date . ▁ ▁A ▁music ▁video ▁was ▁produced ▁for ▁the ▁single , ▁featuring ▁Harry ▁dan cing ▁in ▁front ▁of ▁various ▁cultural ▁back dro ps ▁in ▁a ▁couple ▁of ▁different ▁out f its ▁throughout ▁the ▁clip . ▁ ▁The ▁UK ▁single ▁version ▁of ▁" In ▁Love ▁With ▁Love ," ▁was ▁rem ixed ▁and ▁produced ▁by ▁the ▁Stock ▁A it ken ▁Wat erman ▁production ▁team , ▁who ▁at ▁the ▁time ▁were ▁producing ▁many ▁popular ▁singles ▁in ▁both ▁the ▁UK ▁and ▁the ▁US ▁by ▁artists ▁such ▁as ▁Ban an ar ama , ▁Dead ▁or ▁A live , ▁Rick ▁Ast ley , ▁( and ▁later ▁K yl ie ▁Min og ue ▁and ▁Jason ▁Don ovan ). ▁As ▁a ▁result , ▁Ge ffen ▁Records ▁issued ▁a ▁second ▁ 1 2 " ▁of ▁the ▁song ▁in ▁the ▁US ▁including ▁these ▁UK ▁mix es , ▁lab elling ▁them ▁" Lond on ▁Mix es ". ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 |
9 8 8 , ▁both ▁the ▁US ▁" He art ▁Of ▁Fire ▁Mix " ▁of ▁" In ▁Love ▁With ▁Love " ▁and ▁the ▁French - language ▁version ▁of ▁" F rench ▁K iss in ' ▁In ▁The ▁USA " ▁were ▁included ▁on ▁the ▁Bl ond ie / Deb bie ▁Harry ▁rem ix ▁compilation ▁Once ▁More ▁into ▁the ▁Ble ach . ▁The ▁Stock ▁A it ken ▁Wat erman ▁version ▁of ▁" In ▁Love ▁With ▁Love " ▁appears ▁in ▁its ▁edited ▁ 7 " ▁form ▁on ▁Ch rys alis ▁Records / E MI ' s ▁ 1 9 9 9 ▁compilation ▁Most ▁of ▁All ▁- ▁The ▁Best ▁of ▁Deb or ah ▁Harry . ▁ ▁Track ▁listing ▁All ▁tracks ▁( Deb or ah ▁Harry , ▁Chris ▁Stein ) ▁unless ▁otherwise ▁noted . ▁ ▁US ▁ 7 " ▁# 1 ▁" In ▁Love ▁with ▁Love " ▁( 7 " ▁Edit ) ▁- ▁ 3 : 2 0 ▁" In ▁Love ▁with ▁Love " ▁( Lond on ▁Mix ▁Edit ) ▁- ▁ 3 : 2 0 ▁ ▁US ▁ 7 " ▁# 2 ▁" In ▁Love ▁with ▁Love " ▁( Lond on ▁Mix ▁Edit ) ▁- ▁ 3 : 2 0 ▁" Secret ▁Life " ▁- ▁ 3 : 4 5 ▁ ▁US ▁ 1 2 " ▁# 1 ▁" In ▁Love ▁with ▁Love " ▁( He art ▁Of ▁Fire ▁Mix ) ▁- ▁ 7 : 1 2 ▁" In ▁Love ▁with ▁Love " ▁( The ▁Pass ion ate ▁Dub ) ▁- ▁ 7 : 4 6 ▁" |
In ▁Love ▁with ▁Love " ▁( Deb ap ella ▁Version ) ▁- ▁▁ 4 : 0 8 ▁ ▁US ▁ 1 2 " ▁# 2 ▁" In ▁Love ▁with ▁Love " ▁( Lond on ▁Ext ended ▁Mix ) ▁- ▁ 7 : 1 6 ▁" In ▁Love ▁with ▁Love " ▁( Lond on ▁Mix ▁Edit ) ▁- ▁ 3 : 2 0 ▁" In ▁Love ▁with ▁Love " ▁( He art ▁Of ▁Fire ▁Mix ) ▁- ▁ 7 : 1 2 ▁" Secret ▁Life " ▁- ▁ 3 : 4 5 ▁ ▁UK ▁ 7 " ▁" In ▁Love ▁with ▁Love " ▁- ▁ 3 : 2 0 ▁( aka ▁" Lond on ▁Mix ▁Edit ") ▁" F rench ▁K iss in ' ▁In ▁The ▁USA " ▁( F rench ▁Version ▁- ▁ 7 " ▁Edit ) ▁( Ch uck ▁Lor re ) ▁- ▁ 4 : 0 8 ▁ ▁UK ▁ 1 2 " ▁" In ▁Love ▁with ▁Love " ▁( Ext ended ▁Version ) ▁- ▁ 7 : 2 0 ▁( aka ▁" Lond on ▁Ext ended ▁Mix ") ▁" Fe el ▁the ▁Sp in " ▁( Ext ended ▁Dance ▁Version ) ▁( Deb or ah ▁Harry , ▁John ▁" J elly bean " ▁Ben ite z , ▁T oni ▁C .) ▁- ▁ 6 : 5 0 ▁" F rench ▁K iss in ' ▁in ▁the ▁USA " ▁( F rench ▁Version ) ▁( Ch uck ▁Lor re ) ▁- ▁ 5 : 3 1 ▁ ▁Ch arts ▁ ▁Week |
ly ▁charts ▁ ▁Year - end ▁charts ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁List ▁of ▁number - one ▁dance ▁hits ▁( Un ited ▁States ) ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 8 7 ▁songs ▁Category : 1 9 8 7 ▁singles ▁Category : Deb bie ▁Harry ▁songs ▁Category : B ill board ▁Dance ▁Club ▁Songs ▁number - one ▁singles ▁Category : S ongs ▁written ▁by ▁Deb bie ▁Harry ▁Category : S ongs ▁written ▁by ▁Chris ▁Stein ▁Category : S ong ▁record ings ▁produced ▁by ▁Stock ▁A it ken ▁Wat erman ▁Category : S ong ▁record ings ▁produced ▁by ▁S eth ▁Just man <0x0A> </s> ▁Is od end r ion ▁is ▁a ▁plant ▁genus ▁in ▁the ▁family ▁Vi ol aceae . ▁ ▁Species ▁The ▁Plant ▁List ▁recogn ises ▁ 1 2 ▁accepted ▁species : ▁ ▁Is od end r ion ▁for bes ii ▁▁▁ ▁Is od end r ion ▁h ille brand ii ▁▁▁ ▁Is od end r ion ▁hos ak ae ▁▁▁ ▁Is od end r ion ▁l ana ien se ▁▁▁ ▁Is od end r ion ▁la ur if ol ium ▁▁▁ ▁Is od end r ion ▁long if ol ium ▁▁▁ ▁Is od end r ion ▁l yd gate i ▁▁▁ ▁Is od end r ion ▁mac ul atum ▁▁▁ ▁Is od end r ion ▁mol oka ien se ▁▁▁ ▁Is od end r ion ▁p yr if ol ium ▁▁▁ ▁Is od end r ion ▁subs ess il if ol ium ▁▁▁ ▁Is od end r ion ▁wa ian ae ense ▁ |
▁References ▁▁▁ ▁Category : Mal p igh ial es ▁gener a <0x0A> </s> ▁Williams ▁Pe ak ▁can ▁refer ▁to ▁the ▁following ▁mountains : ▁Williams ▁Pe ak ▁( Ant arct ica ) ▁Williams ▁Pe ak ▁( Al aska ) ▁Williams ▁Pe ak ▁( A rizona ) ▁Williams ▁Pe ak ▁( B rit ish ▁Columbia ) ▁Williams ▁Pe ak ▁( Mar ip osa ▁County , ▁California ) ▁Williams ▁Pe ak ▁( M end oc ino ▁County , ▁California ) ▁Williams ▁Pe ak ▁( Color ado ) ▁Williams ▁Pe ak ▁( Clear water ▁County , ▁Id aho ) ▁Williams ▁Pe ak ▁( C uster ▁County , ▁Id aho ) ▁Williams ▁Pe ak ▁( Val ley ▁County , ▁Id aho ) ▁Williams ▁Pe ak ▁( Mont ana ) ▁Williams ▁Pe ak ▁( New ▁Mexico ) ▁Williams ▁Pe ak ▁( Ok lahoma ) ▁Williams ▁Pe ak ▁( U t ah ) ▁ ▁References <0x0A> </s> ▁Ring o ▁Point ▁is ▁an ▁un in cor por ated ▁community ▁in ▁Ada ir ▁County , ▁in ▁the ▁U . S . ▁state ▁of ▁Missouri . ▁ ▁History ▁A ▁post ▁office ▁called ▁Ring o ' s ▁Point ▁was ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 8 5 7 , ▁and ▁remained ▁in ▁operation ▁until ▁ 1 8 8 6 . ▁The ▁community ▁was ▁named ▁after ▁Joseph ▁Ring o , ▁an ▁early ▁sett ler . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : Un in cor por ated ▁communities ▁in ▁Ada ir ▁County , ▁Missouri ▁Category : 1 8 5 7 ▁establish ments ▁in ▁Missouri ▁Category : Un in cor |
por ated ▁communities ▁in ▁Missouri <0x0A> </s> ▁Wal aj ap et ▁tal uk ▁or ▁Wal la j ah ▁tal uk ▁is ▁a ▁tal uk ▁in ▁V ell ore ▁district ▁of ▁the ▁Indian ▁state ▁of ▁T amil ▁N adu . ▁The ▁headquarters ▁of ▁the ▁tal uk ▁is ▁the ▁town ▁of ▁Wal aj ap et . ▁ ▁Dem ograph ics ▁According ▁to ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁census , ▁the ▁tal uk ▁of ▁Wal la j ah ▁had ▁a ▁population ▁of ▁ 4 4 0 , 4 8 8 ▁with ▁ 2 1 9 , 1 2 4 ▁ ▁males ▁and ▁ 2 2 1 , 3 6 4 ▁females . ▁There ▁were ▁ 1 0 1 0 ▁women ▁for ▁every ▁ 1 0 0 0 ▁men . ▁The ▁tal uk ▁had ▁a ▁liter acy ▁rate ▁of ▁ 7 3 . 8 3 . ▁Child ▁population ▁in ▁the ▁age ▁group ▁below ▁ 6 ▁was ▁ 2 3 , 5 7 4 ▁M ales ▁and ▁ 2 1 , 9 9 3 ▁Fem ales . ▁ ▁References ▁▁ ▁Category : T alu ks ▁of ▁V ell ore ▁district <0x0A> </s> ▁College ▁Girls ▁is ▁a ▁Channel ▁ 4 ▁document ary ▁series , ▁first ▁transm itted ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁Kingdom ▁from ▁ 8 ▁September ▁ 2 0 0 2 . ▁The ▁document ary ▁followed ▁the ▁lives ▁of ▁six ▁students ▁who ▁studied ▁at ▁St ▁H ilda ' s ▁College , ▁Oxford , ▁the ▁last ▁remaining ▁single - sex ▁college ▁at ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Oxford , ▁between ▁ 1 |
9 9 8 ▁and ▁ 2 0 0 1 . ▁ ▁Background ▁Series ▁producer ▁Anna ▁Hall ▁and ▁director ▁Kevin ▁Sim , ▁both ▁former ▁students ▁at ▁the ▁university , ▁developed ▁the ▁idea ▁for ▁the ▁series . ▁They ▁felt ▁a ▁document ary ▁should ▁be ▁made ▁that ▁would ▁show ▁the ▁reality ▁of ▁life ▁as ▁a ▁student ▁at ▁Oxford ▁rather ▁than ▁the ▁cl ich éd ▁image ▁seen ▁in ▁shows ▁such ▁as ▁Br ides head ▁Re vis ited . ▁It ▁was ▁felt ▁that ▁choosing ▁St ▁H ilda ' s ▁would ▁be ▁of ▁additional ▁interest ▁as ▁it ▁would ▁allow ▁" an ▁exam ination ▁of ▁women ▁at ▁the ▁beginning ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 1 st ▁century ". ▁The ▁college ▁was ▁in ▁the ▁news ▁due ▁to ▁controvers ial ▁votes ▁by ▁the ▁fell ows ▁as ▁to ▁whether ▁it ▁should ▁retain ▁its ▁single - sex ▁status . ▁The ▁college ▁were ▁concerned ▁for ▁the ▁w elf are ▁of ▁students ▁involved ▁in ▁the ▁project , ▁and ▁also ▁fe ared ▁that ▁they ▁may ▁not ▁be ▁treated ▁fairly ▁by ▁media ▁coverage ▁without ▁any ▁editor ial ▁control , ▁but ▁with ▁the ▁support ▁of ▁college ▁fellow ▁S ally ▁Map stone , ▁permission ▁was ▁granted . ▁The ▁Channel ▁ 4 ▁document ary ▁team ▁were ▁allowed ▁access ▁to ▁the ▁college ▁for ▁up ▁to ▁ 4 0 ▁days ▁per ▁year . ▁ ▁The ▁students ▁The ▁students ▁featured ▁in ▁the ▁series ▁included : ▁ ▁Lucy ▁A it kens — Student ▁who ▁was ▁am bit ious ▁to ▁progress ▁through ▁the ▁ranks ▁of ▁the ▁Oxford ▁Union . ▁Was ▁the ▁primary ▁focus ▁of ▁the ▁second ▁episode |
, ▁which ▁saw ▁her ▁elected ▁as ▁li br arian , ▁only ▁to ▁be ▁stri pped ▁of ▁the ▁position ▁through ▁breaking ▁the ▁union ' s ▁policies ▁on ▁election e ering . ▁Later ▁elected ▁union ▁president ▁and ▁went ▁on ▁to ▁become ▁a ▁Ful br ight ▁Sch olar ▁at ▁Harvard ▁University . ▁ ▁Nat asha ▁(" T ash ") ▁E ther ington — L anguages ▁student ▁from ▁Cry stal ▁Palace , ▁London . ▁Ad m itted ▁she ▁didn ' t ▁set ▁out ▁to ▁study ▁at ▁Oxford ▁originally ▁and ▁rarely ▁appeared ▁at ▁ease ▁while ▁studying ▁at ▁the ▁college . ▁She ▁said ▁her ▁life ▁felt ▁" so ▁much ▁better ▁in ▁every ▁way " ▁whilst ▁studying ▁in ▁Paris ▁in ▁her ▁third ▁year . ▁Was ▁the ▁college ' s ▁L GB T ▁representative . ▁ ▁Af sh an ▁Gh ani — M edic ine ▁student ▁from ▁south ▁Wales , ▁of ▁Pak ist ani ▁origin . ▁App eared ▁sh y ▁when ▁in ▁Oxford . ▁The ▁series ▁saw ▁her ▁visit ▁the ▁poor ▁village ▁where ▁her ▁mother ▁grew ▁up ▁in ▁the ▁P un j ab . ▁To ok ▁to ▁we aring ▁the ▁hij ab . ▁ ▁Ruth ▁H unt — The ▁college ' s ▁J CR ▁president . ▁C ame ▁out ▁as ▁a ▁les bian ▁during ▁an ▁interview ▁in ▁the ▁college ▁garden . ▁ ▁Laura ▁P askell - B rown — A ▁social ist ▁from ▁the ▁Manchester ▁area , ▁who ▁studied ▁Polit ics . ▁First ▁appears ▁whilst ▁s elling ▁the ▁Social ist ▁Work er ▁magazine ▁with ▁her ▁parents . ▁B ec ame ▁em |
bro iled ▁in ▁a ▁storm ▁of ▁controvers y ▁surrounding ▁her ▁ref us al ▁to ▁pay ▁means - test ed ▁tu ition ▁fe es , ▁which ▁were ▁comp uls ory ▁for ▁the ▁first ▁time ▁at ▁English ▁univers ities ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 8 . ▁F ell ▁in ▁love ▁with ▁a ▁Conserv ative ▁and ▁got ▁married ▁in ▁the ▁final ▁episode . ▁ ▁Re action ▁The ▁series ▁was ▁fil med ▁at ▁a ▁cost ▁of ▁£ 1 m ▁and ▁was ▁heavily ▁promoted ▁in ▁the ▁national ▁press ▁when ▁first ▁transm itted , ▁as ▁Channel ▁ 4 ' s ▁flags hip ▁document ary ▁series ▁for ▁the ▁aut umn ▁season , ▁and ▁initially ▁received ▁strong ▁pra ise . ▁The ▁Daily ▁Te legraph ▁commented ▁that ▁" a ▁Hollywood ▁script writer ▁would ▁find ▁it ▁hard ▁to ▁improve ▁on ▁the ▁unfold ing ▁story lines ", ▁and ▁A . ▁A . ▁Gill ▁r ated ▁the ▁series ▁as ▁" one ▁of ▁the ▁best ▁document aries ▁of ▁this ▁type ▁for ▁years " ▁in ▁The ▁Sunday ▁Times . ▁ ▁However ▁view ing ▁figures ▁were ▁not ▁as ▁high ▁as ▁hoped ▁and , ▁despite ▁the ▁production ▁team ▁being ▁delight ed ▁with ▁the ▁project ▁at ▁first , ▁Channel ▁ 4 ▁changed ▁their ▁attitude ▁to ▁the ▁show ▁once ▁broadcast s ▁were ▁under way . ▁Tim ▁Gard am , ▁head ▁of ▁program mes ▁at ▁Channel ▁ 4 , ▁told ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁students ▁involved ▁that ▁the ▁films ▁" lack ed ▁life ▁and ▁were ▁too ▁manner ed ▁to ▁do ▁justice ▁to ▁the ▁strength ▁of ▁character ▁and ▁interest ▁( the ▁production ▁team ) |
▁had ▁been ▁allowed ▁to ▁document ". ▁The ▁channel ▁short ened ▁the ▁series ' ▁run ▁by ▁ski pping ▁the ▁fifth ▁episode ▁and ▁instead ▁transm itted ▁the ▁season ▁finale ▁on ▁ 6 ▁October ▁ 2 0 0 2 . ▁ ▁Miss ing ▁episode ▁Channel ▁ 4 ▁were ▁heavily ▁critic ised ▁for ▁their ▁decision ▁not ▁to ▁transmit ▁the ▁fifth ▁episode , ▁which ▁discussed ▁with ▁the ▁students ' ▁sexual ities ▁and ▁the ▁latest ▁poll ▁on ▁whether ▁to ▁admit ▁male ▁students ▁and ▁academ ics . ▁Peter ▁D ale , ▁head ▁of ▁document aries , ▁denied ▁that ▁the ▁decision ▁was ▁ratings - related , ▁he ▁said ▁the ▁episode ▁was ▁dropped ▁because ▁it ▁was ▁" a ▁little ▁bit ▁pret ent ious " ▁and ▁felt ▁the ▁series ▁may ▁not ▁have ▁been ▁deliver ing ▁what ▁the ▁audience ▁wanted . ▁College ▁principal ▁Lady ▁English ▁said ▁that ▁the ▁college ▁was ▁not ▁informed ▁of ▁the ▁decision ▁prior ▁to ▁the ▁series ' ▁end ▁and ▁felt ▁the ▁broad c aster ▁ow ed ▁the ▁college ▁and ▁the ▁film ' s ▁participants ▁" an ▁explanation ▁and ▁an ▁ap ology ". ▁She ▁also ▁suggested ▁that ▁the ▁channel ▁should ▁ ▁have ▁vo iced ▁their ▁compla ints ▁about ▁the ▁fifth ▁episode ▁during ▁editing , ▁and ▁not ▁once ▁the ▁broadcast ▁of ▁the ▁series ▁was ▁under way . ▁Ruth ▁H unt ▁discussed ▁her ▁sexual ity ▁on ▁camera ▁in ▁the ▁un trans m itted ▁episode ▁and ▁wrote ▁to ▁Channel ▁ 4 ▁express ing ▁her ▁" h urt ▁and ▁disappoint ment " ▁over ▁the ▁handling ▁of ▁the ▁episode . ▁S ally ▁Map stone ▁felt ▁that ▁the |
▁episode ▁that ▁was ▁ski pped ▁was ▁key ▁to ▁the ▁story , ▁comment ing ▁" the ▁ir ony ▁is ▁that , ▁by ▁c ensor ing ▁the ▁one ▁film ▁where ▁the ▁girls ▁talk ▁most ▁fran k ly ▁about ▁themselves , ▁Channel ▁ 4 ▁has ▁ske wed ▁the ▁whole ▁emphas is ▁of ▁the ▁series ". ▁ ▁The ▁decision ▁not ▁to ▁edit ▁the ▁final ▁episode ▁left ▁some ▁plot ▁elements ▁confused - ▁Laura ▁was ▁shown ▁marry ing ▁her ▁Conserv ative ▁partner ▁but ▁their ▁eng agement ▁was ▁ski pped ▁in ▁the ▁fifth ▁episode . ▁ ▁Per ception s ▁of ▁the ▁university , ▁Channel ▁ 4 ' s ▁attitude ▁S ally ▁Map stone ▁also ▁said ▁she ▁fe ared ▁the ▁series ' s ▁can cellation ▁was ▁a ▁response ▁to ▁the ▁public ▁per ception ▁of ▁Oxford ▁as ▁el it ist . ▁Kevin ▁Sim ▁added ▁that ▁he ▁felt ▁that ▁critics ▁of ▁the ▁series ▁were ▁using ▁the ▁show ▁as ▁an ▁exc use ▁to ▁" express ▁their ▁long - cher ished ▁hat red ▁of ▁Oxford ▁as ▁an ▁el it ist ▁institution ". ▁He ▁said ▁it ▁was ▁brave ▁of ▁the ▁network ▁to ▁invest ▁in ▁the ▁series ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 8 ▁but ▁should ▁have ▁public ised ▁it ▁more . ▁ ▁The ▁series ▁was ▁critic ised ▁by ▁students ▁in ▁Oxford ▁for ▁appearing ▁to ▁dep ict ▁an ▁over ly ▁inten se ▁atmosphere ▁throughout , ▁and ▁for ▁being ▁pre - occup ied ▁with ▁sc and als , ▁rather ▁than ▁providing ▁a ▁bal anced ▁port ray al ▁of ▁life ▁at ▁the ▁university , ▁as ▁it ▁set ▁out ▁to ▁do |
. ▁ ▁Sim ▁added ▁that ▁the ▁channel ' s ▁behaviour ▁illustrated ▁a ▁shift ▁from ▁their ▁previously ▁high brow ▁asp ir ations ▁and ▁was ▁now ▁very ▁risk - a verse ▁in ▁reality : ▁" The ▁program mes ▁were ▁commission ed ▁four ▁years ▁ago , ▁before ▁Channel ▁ 4 ' s ▁culture ▁was ▁stood ▁on ▁its ▁head ▁by ▁Big ▁Bro ther ". ▁He ▁asked ▁for ▁his ▁name ▁to ▁be ▁removed ▁from ▁the ▁cred its ▁of ▁the ▁final ▁episode . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : Channel ▁ 4 ▁television ▁program mes ▁Category : T ele vision ▁shows ▁set ▁in ▁Oxford ▁Category : B rit ish ▁document ary ▁television ▁series ▁Category : St ▁H ilda ' s ▁College , ▁Oxford ▁Category : 2 0 0 2 ▁British ▁television ▁series ▁deb uts ▁Category : 2 0 0 2 ▁British ▁television ▁series ▁end ings <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁ 2 0 1 8 ▁FI BA ▁Amer icas ▁Under - 1 8 ▁Championship ▁for ▁Women ▁is ▁an ▁international ▁basketball ▁competition ▁that ▁currently ▁takes ▁place ▁from ▁August ▁ 1 - 7 , ▁ 2 0 1 8 ▁in ▁Mexico ▁City , ▁Mexico . ▁This ▁is ▁the ▁tw elf th ▁edition ▁of ▁the ▁championship , ▁and ▁is ▁the ▁FI BA ▁Amer icas ▁qual ifying ▁tournament ▁for ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 9 ▁FI BA ▁Under - 1 9 ▁Women ' s ▁Basketball ▁World ▁Cup ▁in ▁Th ailand . ▁E ight ▁national ▁teams ▁from ▁across ▁the ▁Amer icas , ▁composed ▁of ▁women ▁aged ▁ 1 9 ▁and ▁under , ▁will ▁comp ete ▁in ▁the |
▁tournament . ▁ ▁Part icip ating ▁teams ▁ ▁North ▁America : ▁▁▁▁▁ ▁Central ▁America : ▁ 2 0 1 7 ▁Cent rob asket ▁U 1 7 ▁Women ' s ▁Championship ▁in ▁Agu ada , ▁Puerto ▁Rico ▁- ▁ 1 5 – 1 9 ▁August ▁ 2 0 1 7 ▁▁ ▁( hosts ) ▁▁▁▁▁ ▁South ▁America : ▁ 2 0 1 7 ▁South ▁American ▁U 1 7 ▁Women ’ s ▁Championship ▁in ▁Su cre , ▁Boliv ia ▁- ▁ 2 8 ▁June – 2 ▁July ▁ 2 0 1 7 ▁ ▁Pre lim inary ▁round ▁The ▁draw ▁was ▁held ▁in ▁Mexico ▁City , ▁Mexico ▁on ▁ 1 0 ▁July ▁ 2 0 1 8 . ▁ ▁All ▁times ▁are ▁local ▁( UTC - 5 ). ▁ ▁Group ▁A ▁ ▁Group ▁B ▁ ▁Kno ck out ▁stage ▁ ▁Bra cket ▁ ▁Qu arter final s ▁▁ 5 – 8 th ▁place ▁semif inals ▁ ▁Sem if inals ▁ ▁Se vent h ▁place ▁game ▁ ▁Fif th ▁place ▁game ▁ ▁Third ▁place ▁game ▁ ▁Final ▁ ▁Final ▁ranking ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁Official ▁website ▁ ▁Category : FI BA ▁Amer icas ▁Under - 1 8 ▁Championship ▁for ▁Women ▁Category : 2 0 1 8 ▁in ▁women ' s ▁basketball ▁Category : 2 0 1 8 – 1 9 ▁in ▁North ▁American ▁basketball ▁Category : 2 0 1 8 – 1 9 ▁in ▁South ▁American ▁basketball ▁Category : August ▁ 2 0 1 8 ▁sports ▁events ▁in ▁Mexico ▁Category : 2 0 1 8 ▁in |
▁Mexican ▁sports ▁Category : Intern ational ▁women ' s ▁basketball ▁compet itions ▁hosted ▁by ▁Mexico ▁Category : 2 0 1 8 ▁in ▁Mexican ▁women ' s ▁sports <0x0A> </s> ▁ 2 0 0 m ph ▁is ▁an ▁auto ▁racing ▁action ▁film ▁directed ▁by ▁Cole ▁McK ay ▁and ▁distributed ▁by ▁The ▁As yl um . ▁It ▁was ▁released ▁direct - to - D VD ▁April ▁ 2 6 , ▁ 2 0 1 1 . ▁It ▁is ▁a ▁mock b uster ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁Universal ▁Pictures ▁film ▁Fast ▁Five . ▁ ▁Plot ▁When ▁the ▁older ▁brother ▁( Tom my ▁Nash ) ▁he ▁id ol izes ▁is ▁run ▁off ▁the ▁road ▁by ▁a ▁r uth less ▁drug ▁deal er ▁( D ar ren ▁Thomas ) ▁during ▁a ▁night time ▁street ▁race ▁known ▁as ▁Sep ul ved a ▁Su ic ide , ▁Rick ▁Mer chant ▁( J az ▁Martin ) ▁channels ▁his ▁gr ief ▁into ▁getting ▁reven ge ▁behind ▁the ▁wheel . ▁But ▁to ▁win , ▁he ' ll ▁need ▁to ▁modify ▁his ▁trust y ▁ 1 9 8 8 ▁Maz da ▁R X - 7 / N iss an ▁ 2 4 0 s x ▁( Z en ki / K ou ki , ▁ch ase ▁scenes ) ▁-- ▁with ▁help ▁from ▁a ▁mechan ic ▁Kelly ▁( H enn ely ▁Jim enez ) ▁-- ▁to ▁get ▁the ▁maximum ▁performance ▁out ▁of ▁his ▁mach in ery . ▁ ▁Cast ▁ ▁J az ▁Martin ▁as ▁Rick ▁Mer chant ▁ ▁H enn ely |
▁Jim enez ▁as ▁Kelly ▁Gar cia ▁ ▁Anna M aria ▁De M ara ▁as ▁Claud ia ▁ ▁Dar ren ▁Thomas ▁as ▁Kay ce ▁ ▁Z ed rick ▁Rest au ro ▁as ▁Ph ong ▁ ▁J ared ▁K ahn ▁as ▁Albert ▁ ▁Paul ▁Log an ▁as ▁Officer ▁F lyn n ▁ ▁Jan et ▁T racy ▁Ke ij ser ▁as ▁Deb bie ▁Mer chant ▁ ▁Tommy ▁Nash ▁as ▁Tom ▁Mer chant ▁ ▁Sam ▁A aron ▁as ▁Lou ▁ ▁Cle o ▁Ber ry ▁as ▁J ake ▁ ▁Mak ela ie ▁Brown ▁as ▁Dom ingo ▁Ju are z ▁ ▁P ason ▁as ▁Am ber ▁ ▁Se an ▁C ory ▁Cooper ▁as ▁an ▁Att endant ▁ ▁Mer ed ith ▁Thomas ▁as ▁Cher rie ▁the ▁Manager ▁ ▁Mike ▁G ag lio ▁as ▁Doctor ▁Steven ▁ ▁Chris ▁Tr ouble ▁D elf os se ▁as ▁Tr ouble , ▁Dom ingo ' s ▁lead ▁th ug ▁ ▁Production ▁The ▁title ▁first ▁appeared ▁November ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁on ▁the ▁official ▁As yl um ▁website ▁as ▁" 2 0 0 ▁MP H : ▁Mid night ▁R ac ers ". ▁More ▁details ▁on ▁the ▁film ▁emer ged ▁when ▁its ▁official ▁page ▁on ▁the ▁website ▁went ▁live ▁January ▁ 2 0 1 0 , ▁around ▁the ▁same ▁time ▁principal ▁phot ography ▁began , ▁reve aling ▁that ▁the ▁sub title ▁" M id night ▁R ac ers " ▁had ▁been ▁dropped , ▁and ▁that ▁the ▁film ▁will ▁be ▁directed ▁by ▁veter an ▁st un ts ▁expert ▁Cole ▁McK ay ▁( Transform ers : ▁Dark ▁of |
▁the ▁Moon ▁& ▁Clo ver field ) ▁and ▁written ▁by ▁Th under ▁Le vin . ▁Only ▁J az ▁Martin , ▁Anna ▁Maria ▁De M ara , ▁Dar ren ▁Thomas , ▁and ▁H enn ely ▁Jim enez ▁were ▁announced ▁for ▁the ▁cast . ▁The ▁film ▁was ▁sl ated ▁for ▁release ▁on ▁April ▁ 2 6 , ▁ 2 0 1 1 . ▁ ▁During ▁production , ▁the ▁Maz da ▁R X - 7 ▁used ▁as ▁Rick ▁Mer chant ' s ▁car ▁was ▁st olen . ▁The ▁R X - 7 ▁belonged ▁to ▁award - win ning ▁professional ▁dr if ter ▁Justin ▁P aw lak . ▁The ▁vehicle ▁was ▁inside ▁a ▁ 2 6 - foot ▁en closed ▁Az tex ▁tra iler , ▁attached ▁to ▁P aw lak ' s ▁Che v ro let ▁ 2 5 0 0 HD , ▁altogether ▁st olen ▁in ▁the ▁middle ▁of ▁production . ▁ ▁Release ▁The ▁film ▁was ▁released ▁on ▁DVD ▁and ▁Bl u - ray ▁on ▁April ▁ 2 6 , ▁ 2 0 1 1 . ▁It ▁was ▁also ▁made ▁available ▁for ▁Video ▁On ▁Dem and ▁on ▁cable ▁and ▁other ▁websites ▁including ▁i T unes , ▁Amazon , ▁Z une ▁( Also ▁on ▁Z une ▁via ▁X box ▁Live ), ▁and ▁Block b uster . ▁ ▁Some ▁foreign ▁releases ▁had ▁given ▁different ▁titles ▁to ▁the ▁film . ▁In ▁Greece ▁it ▁is ▁released ▁as ▁ 3 0 0 ▁h lm , ▁while ▁in ▁France ▁the ▁title ▁is ▁instead ▁Fast ▁Drive . ▁ ▁The ▁film ▁was ▁released ▁a |
▁month ▁later , ▁May ▁ 2 6 , ▁ 2 0 1 1 , ▁on ▁Net fli x ' s ▁instant ▁streaming . ▁In ▁less ▁than ▁ 2 4 ▁hours , ▁the ▁film ▁shot ▁up ▁within ▁the ▁top ▁ 5 ▁of ▁the ▁Top ▁ 5 0 ▁Most ▁Popular ▁streaming ▁titles , ▁pe aking ▁at ▁the ▁top ▁ 3 ▁spot . ▁The ▁list ▁is ▁generated ▁by ▁uno fficial ▁Net fli x ▁companion ▁website , ▁Inst ant ▁Watch er . Com . ▁ ▁Re ception ▁ ▁The ▁film ▁has ▁received ▁mixed ▁critic ▁reviews , ▁and ▁mostly ▁negative ▁user ▁reviews . ▁ ▁H . ▁Perry ▁H orton ▁of ▁As yl um ▁films ▁cent ric ▁blog ▁Comm itted ▁gave ▁the ▁film ▁a ▁positive ▁review , ▁especially ▁pra ising ▁the ▁performances ▁of ▁lead ▁actors ▁J az ▁Martin ▁and ▁Anna M aria ▁De M ara . ▁He ▁also ▁pra ises ▁the ▁film ▁for ▁having ▁" a ▁lot ▁of ▁heart ▁for ▁an ▁action ▁f lick , ▁more ▁heart , ▁in ▁fact , ▁than ▁most ▁of ▁the ▁F & F ▁films , ▁without ▁sacrific ing ▁action ." ▁ ▁No el ▁Anderson ▁of ▁Go of ▁Ro of ▁also ▁gave ▁the ▁film ▁a ▁positive ▁review , ▁pra ising ▁the ▁performances ▁of ▁actors ▁H enn ely ▁Jim enez ▁and ▁Paul ▁Log an , ▁and ▁states ▁that ▁" if ▁you ▁like ▁fur ious ▁displays ▁of ▁veh icular ▁f ury ▁and ▁stri ppers ▁then ▁this ▁movie ▁is ▁a ▁win ▁win ▁for ▁you ." ▁ ▁Christopher ▁Arm st ead ▁of ▁Film ▁Crit ics ▁United ▁describes ▁the ▁film |
▁as ▁" tol er able " ▁as ▁far ▁as ▁films ▁released ▁by ▁The ▁As yl um . ▁He ▁c ites ▁bad ▁acting ▁from ▁the ▁cast , ▁but ▁singles ▁out ▁the ▁performances ▁of ▁actors ▁Dar ren ▁Thomas , ▁Paul ▁Log an , ▁and ▁Tommy ▁Nash ▁as ▁exceptions . ▁Arm st ead ▁states ▁that ▁the ▁movie ▁" was n ’ t ▁all ▁that ▁bad ▁all ▁things ▁considered . ▁The ▁car ▁racing ▁scenes , ▁minus ▁the ▁CG I ▁cut aw ays , ▁were ▁far ▁better ▁than ▁I ▁expected ▁them ▁to ▁be ." ▁ ▁Tre vor ▁Anderson ▁of ▁Movie ▁Ma ver icks ▁gave ▁the ▁film ▁a ▁mixed ▁review . ▁The ▁negative ▁aspects ▁c ited ▁include ▁unnecessary ▁curs ing ▁and ▁n ud ity , ▁and ▁the ▁CG I . ▁The ▁review ▁however , ▁was ▁mostly ▁positive ▁pra ising ▁director ▁Cole ▁McK ay ▁for ▁good ▁acting ▁from ▁the ▁actors ▁and ▁well - fr amed ▁sh ots . ▁The ▁actors ▁are ▁especially ▁pra ised ▁including ▁Z ed rick ▁Rest au ro ▁and ▁J ared ▁K ahn , ▁having ▁added ▁" a ▁much ▁needed ▁spark ▁to ▁the ▁group ▁dynamic , ▁particularly ▁in ▁the ▁scene ▁where ▁they ▁ste al ▁a ▁car ▁from ▁an ▁imp ound ▁lot ." ▁The ▁actor ▁described ▁as ▁the ▁one ▁that ▁" sh ines ▁the ▁bright est " ▁is ▁Tommy ▁Nash , ▁even ▁though ▁only ▁being ▁in ▁the ▁movie ▁for ▁the ▁first ▁fifteen ▁minutes . ▁ ▁The ▁film ▁gained ▁a ▁user ▁rating ▁of ▁ 2 . 1 / 1 0 ▁on ▁IM DB ▁due ▁to ▁poor ▁special ▁effects , |
▁plot , ▁quality ▁of ▁production ▁and ▁much ▁more . ▁ ▁In ac cur acy ▁ ▁One ▁of ▁the ▁biggest ▁compla ints ▁about ▁this ▁film , ▁being ▁that ▁it ▁is ▁a ▁film ▁aim ed ▁at ▁car ▁enthus iast s , ▁is ▁the ▁extremely ▁poor ▁continu ity . ▁At ▁one ▁point ▁in ▁the ▁film ▁a ▁car ▁changes ▁make ▁and ▁model ▁with ▁no ▁given ▁explanation ▁and ▁is ▁treated ▁as ▁if ▁it ▁is ▁the ▁same ▁car , ▁all ▁the ▁while ▁being ▁called ▁the ▁name ▁of ▁a ▁third ▁car ▁( The ▁car ▁changes ▁from ▁FC ▁Ch ass is ▁Maz da ▁R X - 7 ▁to ▁a ▁N iss an ▁ 2 4 0 s x ▁during ▁fast ▁scenes ). ▁The ▁car ▁is ▁also ▁referred ▁to ▁as ▁a ▁M X - 5 , ▁which ▁is ▁a ▁Maz da ▁Mi ata ▁trim . ▁The ▁film ▁also ▁makes ▁many ▁general ▁references ▁to ▁an ▁estimated ▁car ▁capabilities , ▁just ▁like ▁the ▁N iss an ▁ 3 7 0 Z ▁in ▁the ▁beginning ▁of ▁the ▁movie ▁and ▁the ▁N iss an ▁GT - R ▁that ▁it ▁races ▁against . ▁Most ▁of ▁the ▁cars ' ▁estimates ▁are ▁not ▁true ▁to ▁actual ▁car ▁potential . ▁( The ▁FC ▁R X - 7 ▁is ▁capable ▁of ▁ 1 6 0 + ▁with ▁boost ▁mod s ▁alone .) ▁The ▁general ▁negative ▁response ▁to ▁this ▁film ▁can ▁be ▁seen ▁by ▁the ▁statistics , ▁which ▁shown ▁that ▁ 5 8 . 3 % ▁of ▁people ▁on ▁IMDb ▁r ated ▁the ▁film ▁ 1 / 1 0 ▁ ▁and ▁is |
▁often ▁called ▁the ▁worst ▁film ▁ever . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁ 2 0 0 ▁m ph ▁at ▁The ▁As yl um ▁▁▁ ▁Category : 2 0 1 1 ▁films ▁Category : American ▁action ▁films ▁Category : American ▁films ▁Category : The ▁As yl um ▁films ▁Category : Direct - to - video ▁action ▁films ▁Category : Mock b uster ▁films ▁Category : English - language ▁films ▁Category : American ▁auto ▁racing ▁films ▁Category : Fil ms ▁shot ▁in ▁Los ▁Angeles ▁Category : 2 0 1 0 s ▁action ▁films ▁Category : 2 0 1 1 ▁independent ▁films <0x0A> </s> ▁Lucas ▁Papa const antin ou ▁is ▁a ▁Canadian ▁former ▁s occer ▁player ▁who ▁played ▁in ▁The ▁Football ▁League , ▁and ▁the ▁Canadian ▁Professional ▁Soccer ▁League . ▁ ▁Play ing ▁career ▁Papa const antin ou ▁began ▁his ▁career ▁with ▁Dar ling ton ▁F . C . ▁of ▁the ▁Football ▁League ▁Two ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 7 . ▁He ▁made ▁his ▁debut ▁for ▁the ▁club ▁on ▁September ▁ 2 7 , ▁ 1 9 9 7 ▁against ▁Mans field ▁Town ▁F . C .. ▁After ▁one ▁season ▁in ▁England ▁he ▁returned ▁to ▁Canada ▁to ▁sign ▁with ▁the ▁Toronto ▁Olymp ians ▁of ▁the ▁Canadian ▁Professional ▁Soccer ▁League . ▁He ▁made ▁his ▁debut ▁for ▁Toronto ▁on ▁June ▁ 7 , ▁ 1 9 9 8 ▁in ▁an ▁Open ▁Canada ▁Cup ▁match ▁against ▁the ▁York ▁Region ▁Sho ot ers . ▁He ▁helped ▁the ▁Olymp ians ▁achieve ▁a ▁ 1 0 - game ▁und efe ated ▁stre |
ak , ▁before ▁his ▁departure ▁from ▁professional ▁s occer ▁in ▁order ▁to ▁purs ue ▁a ▁dent al ▁career . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : Associ ation ▁football ▁goal keep ers ▁Category : Can ad ian ▁Professional ▁Soccer ▁League ▁( 1 9 9 8 – 2 0 0 5 ) ▁players ▁Category : Can ad ian ▁s occer ▁players ▁Category : D ar ling ton ▁F . C . ▁players ▁Category : S occer ▁people ▁from ▁Ontario ▁Category : English ▁Football ▁League ▁players ▁Category : T or onto ▁( Miss iss aug a ) ▁Olymp ians ▁players ▁Category : Can ad ian ▁exp atri ate ▁s occer ▁players ▁Category : Can ad ian ▁exp atri ate ▁sports people ▁in ▁England ▁Category : Can ad ian ▁people ▁of ▁Greek ▁descent ▁Category : Year ▁of ▁birth ▁missing ▁( l iving ▁people ) <0x0A> </s> ▁G éd éon ▁F oul quier ▁( 1 8 5 5 - 1 9 4 1 ), ▁was ▁a ▁French ▁ent om ologist ▁who ▁special ised ▁in ▁Le pid optera . ▁ ▁He ▁wrote ▁with ▁Charles ▁Ober th ür ▁Catalogue ▁raison né ▁des ▁Le p ido pt ères ▁des ▁B ouch es - du - R h ône ▁( pr inci p alement ▁des ▁en vir ons ▁de ▁Marse ille ▁et ▁d ' A ix ). ▁Premier ▁partie , ▁Rh op al oc ères . ▁Marse ille ▁: ▁Lib ra irie ▁Ru at , ▁ 1 8 9 9 . ▁ ▁G éd éon |
▁F oul quier ▁lived ▁in ▁Marse ille . ▁His ▁collection ▁is ▁held ▁by ▁Musée ▁P yr éné en ▁in ▁L our des . ▁ ▁References ▁Paul us ▁Marcel , ▁ 1 9 4 4 ▁( jan vier ). ▁ ▁N éc ro log ie ▁ ▁G éd éon ▁F oul quier ▁( 1 8 5 5 - 1 9 4 1 ), ▁Bull . S oc . ▁l inn . ▁Prov ence ▁ 1 5 ▁( n ° 1 ) ▁: ▁ 1 6 - 1 9 ▁ ▁Category : F rench ▁ent om olog ists ▁Category : F rench ▁le pid opter ists ▁Category : 1 8 5 5 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 9 4 1 ▁death s ▁Category : 1 9 th - century ▁French ▁zo olog ists ▁Category : 2 0 th - century ▁French ▁zo olog ists ▁Category : Date ▁of ▁birth ▁missing ▁Category : Date ▁of ▁death ▁missing ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁Marse ille <0x0A> </s> ▁Car issa ▁macro car pa ▁is ▁a ▁shr ub ▁native ▁to ▁South ▁Africa . ▁It ▁is ▁commonly ▁known ▁as ▁the ▁Natal ▁pl um ▁and , ▁in ▁South ▁Africa , ▁the ▁large ▁num - num . ▁In ▁Z ulu , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁in ▁the ▁B ant u ▁tribes ▁of ▁U g anda , ▁it ▁is ▁called ▁A math ung ulu ▁or ▁um Th ung ulu ▁o B om vu . ▁In ▁A frika ans ▁the ▁fruit ▁is ▁called ▁no em - no em . ▁ ▁C . ▁macro car pa |
▁de als ▁well ▁with ▁salt - lad en ▁wind s , ▁making ▁it ▁a ▁good ▁choice ▁for ▁coast al ▁areas . ▁ ▁It ▁is ▁commonly ▁found ▁in ▁the ▁coast al ▁bush ▁of ▁the ▁Eastern ▁Cape ▁and ▁Natal . ▁It ▁produces ▁sh iny , ▁deep ▁green ▁leaves ▁and ▁snow y ▁white ▁flowers ▁whose ▁perf umed ▁sc ent ▁intens ifies ▁at ▁night . ▁Like ▁other ▁Car issa ▁species , ▁C . ▁macro car pa ▁is ▁a ▁sp iny , ▁ever green ▁shr ub ▁containing ▁late x . ▁They ▁blo om ▁for ▁months ▁at ▁a ▁time . ▁ ▁The ▁orn amental ▁pl ump , ▁round , ▁crim son ▁fruit ▁appears ▁in ▁summer ▁and ▁fall ▁( aut umn ) ▁at ▁the ▁same ▁time ▁as ▁the ▁blo oms . ▁In ▁moder ate , ▁coast al ▁areas ▁the ▁f ruits ▁appear ▁through ▁the ▁year . ▁The ▁fruit ▁can ▁be ▁e aten ▁out ▁of ▁hand ▁or ▁made ▁into ▁p ies , ▁j ams , ▁jel lies , ▁and ▁sau ces . ▁ ▁Some ▁claim ▁that ▁other ▁than ▁the ▁fruit , ▁the ▁plant ▁is ▁poison ous . ▁However ▁this ▁claim ▁is ▁a ▁myth , ▁possibly ▁based ▁on ▁similar ities ▁to ▁other ▁plants ▁with ▁mil ky ▁sap . ▁The ▁College ▁of ▁Agricult ural ▁and ▁Environment al ▁Sciences ▁at ▁University ▁of ▁California , ▁Davis ▁rates ▁the ▁plant ▁as ▁m ild ly ▁to xic . ▁ ▁It ▁appears ▁in ▁the ▁South ▁African ▁National ▁tree ▁list ▁as ▁number ▁ 6 4 0 . 3 . ▁ ▁A ▁traditional ▁food ▁plant ▁in ▁Africa , ▁this ▁little |
- known ▁fruit ▁has ▁potential ▁to ▁improve ▁nut r ition , ▁boost ▁food ▁security , ▁fost er ▁rural ▁development ▁and ▁support ▁sust ain able ▁land care . ▁ ▁Distribution ▁ ▁Car issa ▁macro car pa ▁grows ▁mainly ▁in ▁coast al ▁areas ▁in ▁South ▁Africa . ▁It ▁can ▁be ▁found ▁on ▁sand ▁d unes ▁and ▁on ▁the ▁edges ▁of ▁coast al ▁for ests ▁in ▁Eastern ▁Cape ▁Province ▁north wards ▁from ▁Natal ▁to ▁Moz amb ique . ▁Today ▁the ▁plant ▁is ▁also ▁growing ▁commonly ▁in ▁southern ▁Florida ▁and ▁is ▁cultiv ated ▁in ▁southern ▁California ▁and ▁used ▁widely ▁as ▁an ▁orn amental ▁in ▁Central ▁America ▁and ▁the ▁Car ib bean . ▁ ▁H ort icult ural ▁aspects ▁ ▁Pro pag ation ▁▁ ▁Car issa ▁macro car pa ▁is ▁quite ▁easy ▁to ▁grow . ▁Its ▁se eds ▁germ inate ▁ 2 ▁to ▁ 4 ▁weeks ▁after ▁sow ing . ▁The ▁development ▁of ▁the ▁seed lings ▁is ▁very ▁slow ▁at ▁first . ▁Pl ants ▁cultiv ated ▁from ▁se eds ▁are ▁bearing ▁f ruits ▁within ▁the ▁first ▁ 2 ▁years . ▁A ▁veget ative ▁propag ation ▁is ▁possible ▁and ▁preferred . ▁The ▁most ▁efficient ▁method ▁consists ▁of ▁not ch ing ▁young ▁branch lets ▁by ▁cutting ▁them ▁half way ▁through . ▁Then ▁they ▁are ▁bent ▁down wards ▁and ▁allowed ▁to ▁hang ▁lim ply . ▁After ▁the ▁young ▁branch lets ▁have ▁built ▁a ▁call us , ▁in ▁approximately ▁ 2 ▁months , ▁the ▁cutting ▁has ▁to ▁be ▁removed ▁from ▁the ▁parent ▁and ▁plant ed ▁in ▁sand ▁under ▁moder ate ▁sh ade |
. ▁Ro ots ▁form ▁within ▁one ▁month . ▁Car issa ▁macro car pa ▁will ▁produce ▁f ruits ▁within ▁the ▁first ▁ 2 ▁years ▁applying ▁this ▁reprodu ction ▁method . ▁ ▁F ert il izing ▁ ▁The ▁maintenance ▁of ▁Car issa ▁macro car pa ▁is ▁simple . ▁The ▁plant ▁is ▁ind igen ous ▁to ▁South ▁Africa ▁and ▁does ▁not ▁need ▁fert il izer . ▁ ▁Pol lin ation ▁▁ ▁In ▁the ▁hom eland ▁of ▁Car issa ▁macro car pa ▁night - f lying ▁insect s ▁pol lin ates ▁the ▁white , ▁bis ex ual ▁flowers . ▁Out ▁of ▁its ▁origin ▁area ▁unf ruit ful ness ▁has ▁been ▁attributed ▁to ▁in ade qu ate ▁pol lin ation . ▁However , ▁hand ▁pol lin ation ▁is ▁possible ▁and ▁in ▁future ▁poor ▁pol lin ation ▁could ▁be ▁avoided ▁by ▁cultiv ation ▁of ▁fl oral ▁structures ▁that ▁are ▁highly ▁fav ou rable ▁for ▁self - fer til ization . ▁ ▁Or ch ard ▁design ▁ ▁N arrow ▁h ed ges ▁are ▁recommended ▁as ▁orch ard ▁design ▁for ▁Car issa ▁macro car pa ▁due ▁to ▁its ▁pr ick les . ▁Like ▁this ▁the ▁access ▁to ▁the ▁f ruits ▁which ▁are ▁growing ▁on ▁the ▁top ▁of ▁the ▁bush ▁is ▁much ▁simpler . ▁Pr uning ▁the ▁plant ▁is ▁benef icial ▁because ▁it ▁indu ces ▁the ▁development ▁of ▁more ▁fruit ing ▁tips . ▁Bey ond ▁cutting , ▁little ▁pr uning ▁work ▁has ▁to ▁be ▁done ▁to ▁rest rain ▁the ▁bush ▁from ▁massive ▁growth . ▁This ▁results ▁in ▁an ▁increasing ▁amount ▁of ▁f |
ruits ▁per ▁plant . ▁ ▁Har vest ing ▁▁ ▁With ▁a ▁minimal ▁yield ▁of ▁ 3 ▁tons ▁per ▁hect are ▁under ▁commercial ▁production ▁in ▁South ▁Africa , ▁the ▁product ivity ▁is ▁considered ▁as ▁high . ▁The ▁main ▁fruit ▁production ▁is ▁in ▁summer ▁with ▁slightly ▁varying ▁rip ening ▁times . ▁So ▁each ▁fruit ▁must ▁be ▁picked ▁when ▁it ▁is ▁ri pe . ▁Under ▁good ▁growing ▁conditions ▁the ▁plant ▁also ▁produces ▁many ▁f ruits ▁during ▁the ▁off - season . ▁During ▁the ▁har vest ▁attention ▁must ▁be ▁paid ▁to ▁the ▁ri pe ▁f ruits ’ ▁skin ▁as ▁it ▁can ▁be ▁easily ▁bru ised ▁and ▁is ▁highly ▁per ish able . ▁ ▁Cult iv ars ▁for ▁c rop ▁production ▁ ▁H ort icult ural ▁scient ists ▁in ▁South ▁Africa ▁and ▁the ▁USA ▁( F lor ida ▁and ▁California ) ▁have ▁selected ▁and ▁named ▁several ▁Car issa ▁types ▁that ▁tend ▁to ▁produce ▁f ruits ▁more ▁reli ably . ▁The ▁f ruits ▁are ▁larger , ▁have ▁a ▁good ▁texture ▁and ▁contain ▁fewer ▁se eds . ▁In ▁California ▁they ▁selected ▁F ancy ▁( many ▁large ▁f ruits ▁with ▁few ▁se eds ), ▁Tor rey ▁P ines ▁( good ▁c rop ▁production ▁and ▁abund ant ▁pol len ), ▁Frank ▁( good ▁pol len ▁supp lier ▁but ▁low ▁yield ), ▁Ch else y ▁and ▁Ser ena . ▁In ▁Florida ▁G iff ord ▁is ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁best ▁fruit ▁bear ers . ▁In ▁Africa ▁C . ▁ha emat oc ar pa ▁is ▁defined ▁suitable ▁for ▁d rier ▁areas ▁and ▁C . ▁bis |
pin osa ▁for ▁higher ▁alt itudes . ▁ ▁Environment al ▁requirements ▁ ▁Car issa ▁macro car pa ▁requires ▁warm , ▁mo ist ▁subt rop ical ▁climate . ▁It ▁toler ates ▁different ▁expos ures ▁as ▁full ▁sun ▁and ▁fairly ▁heavy ▁sh ade . ▁As ▁a ▁coast al ▁plant ▁it ▁can ▁deal ▁very ▁well ▁with ▁sal ty ▁ocean ▁sp ray . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁Des ert - T rop ical s . com ▁▁ ▁Im ages ▁on ▁i Sp ot ▁▁▁ ▁macro car pa ▁Category : End em ic ▁fl ora ▁of ▁South ▁Africa ▁Category : C ro ps ▁origin ating ▁from ▁South ▁Africa ▁Category : F ruits ▁origin ating ▁in ▁Africa ▁Category : Pl ants ▁used ▁in ▁b ons ai ▁Category : G arden ▁plants ▁of ▁Southern ▁Africa <0x0A> </s> ▁Par rot ▁and ▁Oliv ier ▁in ▁America ▁is ▁a ▁novel ▁by ▁Australian ▁writer ▁Peter ▁Care y . ▁It ▁was ▁on ▁the ▁short list ▁of ▁six ▁books ▁for ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁Man ▁Book er ▁Prize . ▁It ▁was ▁also ▁a ▁final ist ▁for ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁National ▁Book ▁Award . ▁ ▁The ▁book , ▁according ▁to ▁its ▁publish er , ▁is ▁" an ▁impro vis ation ▁on ▁the ▁life ▁of ▁Alex is ▁de ▁T oc que ville ", ▁and ▁focus es ▁on ▁T oc que ville ' s ▁tri ps ▁to ▁the ▁United ▁States . ▁The ▁novel ▁m im ic ' s ▁this ▁life ▁with ▁the ▁fict ional ▁character , ▁Oliv ier ▁de ▁G arm ont , |
▁to ▁the ▁life ▁of ▁T oc que ville , ▁to ▁help ▁the ▁reader ▁explore ▁T oc que ville ' s ▁life . ▁The ▁tit ular ▁" Par rot " ▁is ▁G arm ont ' s ▁secretary , ▁which ▁New ▁York ▁Times ▁rev iewer ▁Thomas ▁Mall on ▁describes ▁as ▁" D ick ens ian " ▁character , ▁and ▁a ▁guard ian ▁of ▁G arm ont ▁as ▁they ▁explore ▁the ▁American ▁environment . ▁ ▁While ▁Care y ▁was ▁developing ▁the ▁novel , ▁an ▁extract ▁was ▁published ▁as : ▁ ▁Plot ▁ ▁Crit ical ▁reception ▁ ▁New ▁York ▁Time ▁Rev iewer ▁Thomas ▁Mall on ▁did ▁not ▁think ▁the ▁novel ▁as ▁a ▁whole ▁was ▁very ▁successful , ▁though ▁the ▁style ▁followed ▁the ▁quality ▁of ▁Care y ' s ▁other ▁working ▁describing ▁the ▁novel ▁as ▁" re ple te ▁with ▁expressed ▁feeling , ▁if ▁too ▁w itt ily ▁cont riv ed ▁for ▁actual ▁passion " ▁and ▁describes ▁the ▁novel ▁as ▁well ▁written ▁with ▁each ▁sentence ▁" match lessly ▁robust ". ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Further ▁reading ▁▁ ▁Category : 2 0 0 9 ▁nov els ▁Category : Nov els ▁by ▁Peter ▁Care y ▁Category : H am ish ▁Hamilton ▁books <0x0A> </s> ▁O wen ▁Township ▁is ▁located ▁in ▁Win ne b ago ▁County , ▁Illinois . ▁As ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁census , ▁its ▁population ▁was ▁ 3 , 8 0 3 ▁and ▁it ▁contained ▁ 1 , 5 4 6 ▁housing ▁units . ▁ ▁Geography ▁According ▁to ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁census , |
▁the ▁town ship ▁has ▁a ▁total ▁area ▁of ▁, ▁of ▁which ▁ ▁( or ▁ 9 9 . 1 9 %) ▁is ▁land ▁and ▁ ▁( or ▁ 0 . 8 4 %) ▁is ▁water . ▁ ▁Dem ograph ics ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁City - data . com ▁Win ne b ago ▁County ▁Official ▁Site ▁ ▁Category : 1 8 4 9 ▁establish ments ▁in ▁Illinois ▁Category : Pop ulated ▁places ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 8 4 9 ▁Category : R ock ford ▁metropol itan ▁area , ▁Illinois ▁Category : T own ships ▁in ▁Illinois ▁Category : T own ships ▁in ▁Win ne b ago ▁County , ▁Illinois <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁O . ▁Henry ▁Award ▁is ▁an ▁annual ▁American ▁award ▁given ▁to ▁short ▁stories ▁of ▁exception al ▁mer it . ▁ ▁The ▁award ▁is ▁named ▁after ▁the ▁American ▁short - story ▁writer ▁O . ▁Henry . ▁ ▁The ▁P EN / O . ▁Henry ▁Prize ▁St ories ▁is ▁an ▁annual ▁collection ▁of ▁the ▁year ' s ▁twenty ▁best ▁stories ▁published ▁in ▁U . S . ▁and ▁Canadian ▁mag az ines , ▁written ▁in ▁English . ▁ ▁The ▁award ▁itself ▁is ▁called ▁The ▁O . ▁Henry ▁Award , ▁not ▁the ▁O . ▁Henry ▁Prize , ▁though ▁until ▁recently ▁there ▁were ▁first , ▁second ▁and ▁third ▁prize ▁w inners ; ▁the ▁collection ▁is ▁called ▁The ▁P EN / O . ▁Henry ▁Prize ▁St ories , ▁and ▁the ▁original ▁collection ▁was ▁called ▁Prize ▁St ories ▁ 1 9 1 9 : ▁The ▁O . |
▁Henry ▁Memorial ▁Awards . ▁ ▁History ▁and ▁format ▁The ▁award ▁was ▁first ▁presented ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 8 ▁and ▁fund ed ▁by ▁the ▁Society ▁of ▁Arts ▁and ▁Sciences . ▁ ▁As ▁of ▁ 2 0 1 2 , ▁the ▁series ▁editor ▁cho oses ▁twenty ▁short ▁stories , ▁each ▁one ▁an ▁O . ▁Henry ▁Prize ▁story . ▁All ▁stories ▁originally ▁written ▁in ▁the ▁English ▁language ▁and ▁published ▁in ▁an ▁American ▁or ▁Canadian ▁period ical ▁are ▁el ig ible ▁for ▁consideration . ▁Three ▁jur ors ▁are ▁appointed ▁ann ually . ▁The ▁jur ors ▁receive ▁the ▁twenty ▁prize ▁stories ▁in ▁manuscript ▁form , ▁with ▁no ▁identification ▁of ▁author ▁or ▁publication . ▁Each ▁jur or , ▁acting ▁independently , ▁cho oses ▁a ▁short ▁story ▁of ▁special ▁interest ▁and ▁mer it , ▁and ▁comments ▁on ▁that ▁story . ▁ ▁The ▁goal ▁of ▁The ▁O . ▁Henry ▁Prize ▁St ories ▁remains ▁to ▁strength en ▁the ▁art ▁of ▁the ▁short ▁story . ▁ ▁Starting ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 3 , ▁The ▁O . ▁Henry ▁Prize ▁St ories ▁is ▁dedicated ▁to ▁a ▁writer ▁who ▁has ▁made ▁a ▁major ▁contribution ▁to ▁the ▁art ▁of ▁the ▁short ▁story . ▁The ▁O . ▁Henry ▁Prize ▁St ories ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁was ▁dedicated ▁to ▁Sher wood ▁Anderson , ▁a ▁U . S . ▁short - story ▁writer . ▁Jur ors ▁for ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁were ▁Charles ▁D ' Am b ros io , ▁L ily ▁T uck ▁and ▁Urs ula ▁K . ▁Le ▁Gu in . ▁ ▁The ▁current |
▁series ▁editor ▁for ▁The ▁O . ▁Henry ▁Prize ▁St ories ▁is ▁Laura ▁Fur man . ▁Past ▁series ▁edit ors ▁have ▁been : ▁Bl anche ▁Col ton ▁Williams ▁( 1 9 1 9 – 3 2 ), ▁Harry ▁Hans en ▁( 1 9 3 3 – 4 0 ), ▁H ersch el ▁Br ick ell ▁( 1 9 4 1 – 5 1 ), ▁Paul ▁Eng le ▁( 1 9 5 4 – 5 9 ), ▁Mary ▁Ste g ner ▁( 1 9 6 0 ), ▁Richard ▁Po i rier ▁( 1 9 6 1 – 6 6 , ▁assist ed ▁by ▁William ▁Ab rah ams , ▁ 1 9 6 4 – 6 6 ), ▁William ▁Ab rah ams ▁( 1 9 6 7 – 9 6 ), ▁and ▁Larry ▁Dark ▁( 1 9 9 7 – 2 0 0 2 ). ▁There ▁were ▁no ▁volumes ▁of ▁the ▁series ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 2 , ▁ 1 9 5 3 , ▁and ▁ 2 0 0 4 . ▁ ▁Part ners hip ▁with ▁P EN ▁American ▁Center ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁The ▁O . ▁Henry ▁Prize ▁St ories ▁publish er , ▁An chor ▁Books , ▁renamed ▁the ▁series ▁in ▁partners hip ▁with ▁the ▁P EN ▁American ▁Center ▁( today ▁P EN ▁America ), ▁producing ▁the ▁first ▁P EN / O . ▁Henry ▁Prize ▁St ories ▁collection . ▁Pro ceed s ▁from ▁the ▁P EN / O . ▁Henry ▁Prize ▁St ories ▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁would ▁be ▁directed |
▁to ▁P EN ' s ▁Read ers ▁& ▁Writ ers ▁Program , ▁which ▁sends ▁well - known ▁authors ▁to ▁under ▁served ▁inner - city ▁schools . ▁▁ ▁The ▁selection ▁included ▁stories ▁by ▁Graham ▁Joy ce , ▁K irst en ▁Sund berg ▁L un str um , ▁E . ▁V . ▁S late , ▁John ▁Burn side , ▁Moh an ▁S ik ka , ▁L . ▁E . ▁Miller , ▁Al ist air ▁Morgan , ▁Roger ▁Nash , ▁Manuel ▁Mu ñ oz , ▁C ait lin ▁Hor ro cks , ▁Ha ▁Jin , ▁Paul ▁Ther oux , ▁Jud y ▁T roy , ▁Nad ine ▁G ord imer , ▁V iet ▁Din h ▁( not ▁to ▁be ▁confused ▁with ▁conserv ative ▁jur ist ▁V iet ▁Din h ), ▁Kar en ▁Brown ▁( author ), ▁Mar isa ▁Silver , ▁Paul ▁Y oon , ▁Andrew ▁Se an ▁Gre er ▁and ▁Jun ot ▁Dí az , ▁with ▁A . ▁S . ▁By att , ▁Tim ▁O ' B rien ▁and ▁Anthony ▁Do err ▁– ▁all ▁authors ▁of ▁past ▁O . ▁Henry ▁Prize ▁St ories ▁– ▁serving ▁as ▁the ▁prize ▁j ury . ▁ ▁In ▁an ▁interview ▁for ▁the ▁V int age ▁Books ▁and ▁An chor ▁Books ▁blog , ▁editor ▁Laura ▁Fur man ▁called ▁the ▁collaboration ▁with ▁P EN ▁a ▁" natural ▁partners hip ." ▁ ▁Jur or ▁favor ites , ▁first - p ri ze ▁w inners ▁Source : ▁The ▁O . ▁Henry ▁Prize ▁St ories ▁past ▁w inners . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁The ▁Best ▁American ▁Short |
▁St ories ▁ ▁The ▁Best ▁American ▁Short ▁St ories ▁ 1 9 9 6 ▁ ▁The ▁Best ▁American ▁Short ▁St ories ▁ 1 9 9 8 ▁ ▁The ▁Best ▁American ▁Short ▁St ories ▁ 1 9 9 9 ▁ ▁The ▁Best ▁American ▁Short ▁St ories ▁ 2 0 0 2 ▁ ▁The ▁Best ▁American ▁Short ▁St ories ▁ 2 0 0 3 ▁ ▁The ▁Best ▁American ▁Short ▁St ories ▁ 2 0 0 4 ▁ ▁The ▁Best ▁American ▁Short ▁St ories ▁ 2 0 0 5 ▁ ▁The ▁Best ▁American ▁Short ▁St ories ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁ ▁The ▁Best ▁American ▁Short ▁St ories ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁ ▁The ▁Best ▁American ▁Short ▁St ories ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁▁ ▁O . ▁Henry ▁Prize , ▁P EN ▁Ann ounce ▁Part ners hip ▁▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁P EN / O . ▁Henry ▁Prize ▁St ories ▁ ▁Three - time ▁w inners ▁ ▁Past ▁w inners ▁( by ▁author , ▁ 1 9 1 9 – present ) ▁at ▁Random ▁House ▁ ▁Past ▁w inners ▁( by ▁date , ▁ 1 9 1 9 – 1 9 9 9 ) ▁at ▁Random ▁House ' s ▁B old ▁Type ▁( via ▁Archive . org ) ▁ ▁Comp il ations ▁by ▁year ▁ ▁Category : P EN ▁America ▁awards ▁Category : A wards ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 9 ▁Category : 1 9 1 8 ▁establish ments ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁* ▁Category : Short ▁story |
▁awards <0x0A> </s> ▁To x ice ▁is ▁the ▁first ▁drag ▁queen ▁band ▁subm itting ▁the ▁Roman ian ▁national ▁pr ese lection ▁at ▁Euro vision ▁Song ▁Cont est ▁ 2 0 0 6 . ▁The ▁band ▁is ▁composed ▁of : ▁Div ina ▁D uv all ▁( ex ▁Luci ana ▁D uv all ), ▁Ale hand ra ▁del ▁Bar rio , ▁Fern anda ▁and ▁B ella ▁Blue . ▁The ▁s log an ▁of ▁To x ice ▁is ▁that ▁" Drag ▁queen ▁is ▁an ▁art ▁and ▁has ▁nothing ▁to ▁do ▁with ▁sexual ▁orientation ". ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁Official ▁site ▁Official ▁forum ▁F an ▁built ▁site ▁ ▁Category : Drag ▁que ens ▁Category : Drag ▁groups <0x0A> </s> ▁State ▁Road ▁ 2 8 5 ▁( SR ▁ 2 8 5 ) ▁is ▁a ▁north – s outh ▁state ▁road ▁in ▁Florida ’ s ▁western ▁pan handle . ▁ ▁Route ▁description ▁SR ▁ 2 8 5 ' s ▁south ▁end ▁is ▁in ▁dow nt own ▁Nice ville . ▁From ▁there , ▁it ▁head ▁north west ▁through ▁town ▁as ▁Part in ▁Drive . ▁After ▁several ▁blocks , ▁it ▁cross es ▁Swift ▁Creek , ▁heading ▁out ▁of ▁Nice ville . ▁After ▁that , ▁it ▁quickly ▁cross es ▁College ▁Bou lev ard , ▁and ▁into ▁Eg lin ▁Air ▁Force ▁Base , ▁where ▁it ▁stays ▁for ▁most ▁of ▁its ▁journey . ▁It ▁slowly ▁turns ▁more ▁toward ▁the ▁north ▁until ▁it ▁passes ▁Pier ce ▁Field , ▁a ▁closed ▁auxili ary ▁field . ▁Then , ▁it ▁turns ▁back ▁to ▁its ▁north west ▁pattern , |
▁heading ▁towards ▁R amer ▁Look out ▁Tower . ▁After ▁a ▁few ▁miles , ▁it ▁cross es ▁the ▁county ▁border ▁from ▁Ok alo osa ▁into ▁Wal ton . ▁It ▁intersect s ▁with ▁Range ▁Road ▁ 2 1 3 ▁and ▁Bob ▁S ikes ▁Road , ▁then ▁heads ▁north ward , ▁h ug ging ▁the ▁border . ▁Once ▁it ▁cross es ▁T iti ▁Creek , ▁it ▁le ans ▁north west ▁again , ▁running ▁alongside ▁the ▁Florida ▁Tra il . ▁After ▁a ▁couple ▁miles , ▁it ▁cross es ▁over , ▁inter ch anging ▁with ▁Inter state ▁ 1 0 ▁at ▁exit ▁ 7 0 . ▁Then , ▁it ▁ab rupt ly ▁ends ▁at ▁the ▁northern ▁border ▁of ▁the ▁base , ▁which ▁is ▁gu ided ▁by ▁U . S . ▁Route ▁ 9 0 . ▁ ▁Major ▁inter sections ▁ ▁References ▁▁ 2 8 5 ▁ 2 8 5 ▁ 2 8 5 <0x0A> </s> ▁She ik ha ▁Mah a ▁Mans our ▁Sal man ▁Jas im ▁Al ▁Th ani ▁is ▁a ▁Q at ari ▁judge . ▁▁ ▁Her ▁appointment ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁made ▁her ▁Q atar ' s ▁first ▁female ▁judge . ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁she ▁was ▁listed ▁sixth ▁on ▁CE O ▁Middle ▁East ’ s ▁list ▁of ▁ 1 0 0 ▁most ▁powerful ▁Arab ▁women . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : W omen ▁jud ges ▁Category : Year ▁of ▁birth ▁missing ▁( l iving ▁people ) ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : Q at ari ▁civil ▁servants ▁Category : 2 |
1 st - century ▁jud ges ▁Category : Q at ari ▁law y ers <0x0A> </s> ▁La ▁Cal era ▁may ▁refer ▁to : ▁ ▁Places ▁Argentina ▁La ▁Cal era , ▁C ór dob a ▁La ▁Cal era , ▁San ▁Luis ▁La ▁Cal era , ▁T uc um án ▁Colombia ▁La ▁Cal era , ▁C und in amar ca ▁ ▁Chile ▁La ▁Cal era , ▁Chile ▁Mexico ▁La ▁Cal era ▁Airport ▁Spain ▁La ▁Cal era , ▁C á cer es , ▁a ▁village ▁part ▁of ▁Al ía ▁municipality ▁ ▁Sports ▁Un ión ▁La ▁Cal era , ▁Chile an ▁football ▁club ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁Cal era ▁( disambiguation ) <0x0A> </s> ▁Po ern omo ▁Kas idi ▁( 2 2 ▁September ▁ 1 9 3 3 ▁– ▁ 1 5 ▁December ▁ 1 9 9 6 ) ▁was ▁an ▁Indones ian ▁politician ▁and ▁military ▁officer ▁who ▁was ▁the ▁mayor ▁of ▁Sur ab aya ▁between ▁ 1 9 8 4 ▁and ▁ 1 9 9 4 . ▁He ▁served ▁in ▁the ▁Indones ian ▁Army , ▁and ▁was ▁a ▁colon el . ▁ ▁Biography ▁Kas idi ▁was ▁born ▁in ▁Jak arta ▁on ▁ 2 2 ▁September ▁ 1 9 3 3 . ▁He ▁studied ▁medicine ▁in ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Indones ia ▁and ▁later ▁at ▁G adj ah ▁M ada ▁University , ▁from ▁which ▁he ▁graduated ▁on ▁ 1 9 6 4 . ▁He ▁was ▁married ▁to ▁A si h ▁H ars as ih ▁and ▁the ▁couple ▁had ▁four ▁children . ▁He ▁served ▁in ▁the ▁Indones ian ▁Army , |
▁where ▁he ▁was ▁the ▁chief ▁medical ▁officer ▁of ▁K od am ▁IX / U day ana ▁between ▁ 1 9 7 5 ▁and ▁ 1 9 8 2 , ▁and ▁later ▁at ▁K od am ▁V / B raw ij aya ▁until ▁he ▁became ▁mayor . ▁He ▁was ▁a ▁colon el . ▁ ▁On ▁ 2 0 ▁June ▁ 1 9 8 4 , ▁Kas idi ▁was ▁appointed ▁as ▁mayor ▁to ▁replace ▁Mo eh ad ji ▁W id j aja , ▁and ▁he ▁served ▁two ▁terms ▁as ▁mayor ▁until ▁ 1 9 9 4 , ▁when ▁he ▁was ▁replaced ▁by ▁Sun arto ▁Sum op raw iro . ▁His ▁time ▁as ▁mayor ▁was ▁known ▁for ▁projects ▁repair ing ▁the ▁city ' s ▁d rain age ▁system . ▁The ▁icon ic ▁Su ro bo yo ▁monument ▁was ▁approved ▁and ▁ere cted ▁during ▁his ▁mayor ship . ▁ ▁Kas idi ▁died ▁on ▁ 1 5 ▁December ▁ 1 9 9 6 , ▁and ▁he ▁was ▁buried ▁in ▁a ▁public ▁c emetery ▁in ▁Sur ab aya . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 3 3 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 9 9 6 ▁death s ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁Bat avia , ▁Dutch ▁East ▁Ind ies ▁Category : May ors ▁of ▁Sur ab aya ▁Category : Ind ones ian ▁military ▁personnel ▁Category : Univers ity ▁of ▁Indones ia ▁al umn i ▁Category : G adj ah ▁M ada ▁University ▁al umn i <0x0A> </s> ▁Paul ▁Brown ▁T iger ▁Stadium ▁is ▁a ▁high ▁school ▁football ▁stad |
ium ▁located ▁in ▁Mass illon , ▁Ohio . ▁ ▁It ▁is ▁primarily ▁used ▁for ▁American ▁football , ▁and ▁is ▁the ▁home ▁field ▁of ▁the ▁Mass illon ▁Washington ▁High ▁School ▁Tig ers ▁football ▁team . ▁ ▁The ▁stad ium ▁has ▁a ▁se ating ▁capacity ▁of ▁ 1 6 , 6 0 0 ▁spect ators , ▁with ▁a ▁maximum ▁capacity ▁of ▁over ▁ 1 9 , 0 0 0 ▁when ▁extra ▁se ating ▁is ▁brought ▁in . ▁ ▁The ▁stad ium ▁is ▁named ▁after ▁former ▁T iger ▁and ▁noted ▁football ▁head ▁coach , ▁Paul ▁Brown . ▁ ▁Origin ally ▁named ▁T iger ▁Stadium , ▁its ▁construction ▁was ▁completed ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 9 ▁through ▁the ▁Works ▁Progress ▁Administration ▁program . ▁ ▁Besides ▁being ▁the ▁regular ▁season ▁home ▁of ▁the ▁Mass illon ▁T iger ▁Football ▁team , ▁the ▁stad ium ▁hosts ▁numerous ▁O HS AA ▁san ction ed ▁football ▁play off ▁games . ▁The ▁stad ium ▁also ▁hosts ▁the ▁annual ▁Pro ▁Football ▁Hall ▁of ▁Fame ▁drum ▁and ▁bug le ▁corps ▁competition . ▁ ▁Paul ▁Brown ▁T iger ▁Stadium ▁is ▁listed ▁as ▁a ▁historical ▁site ▁of ▁significance ▁by ▁the ▁State ▁of ▁Ohio . ▁ ▁Paul ▁L . ▁David ▁Athlet ic ▁Center ▁▁ ▁The ▁Paul ▁L . ▁David ▁Athlet ic ▁Training ▁Center ▁located ▁next ▁to ▁Paul ▁Brown ▁T iger ▁Stadium ▁was ▁built ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁by ▁local ▁phil anth rop ist ▁Jeff ▁David ▁in ▁honor ▁of ▁his ▁late ▁father ▁as ▁part ▁of ▁what ▁was ▁known ▁as ▁the ▁D . R . E . A |
. M . ▁project . ▁The ▁$ 3 ▁million , ▁ 8 0 , 0 0 0 - square - foot ▁building ▁is ▁the ▁largest ▁ind oor ▁football ▁practice ▁facility ▁in ▁the ▁state ▁of ▁Ohio ▁which ▁is ▁used ▁to ▁rec ruit ▁high ▁school ▁players ▁from ▁surrounding ▁areas , ▁ 2 0 , 0 0 0 - square - fe et ▁larger ▁than ▁the ▁facility ▁used ▁by ▁the ▁NFL ' s ▁Cleveland ▁Brow ns . ▁ ▁It ▁is ▁also ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁few ▁ind oor ▁practice ▁facilities ▁for ▁a ▁high ▁school ▁football ▁team ▁in ▁the ▁nation . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁Mass illon ▁City ▁School ▁District ▁official ▁site ▁ ▁Category : High ▁school ▁football ▁ven ues ▁in ▁Ohio ▁Category : Col lege ▁football ▁ven ues ▁Category : R ugby ▁league ▁stad iums ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Category : 1 9 3 9 ▁establish ments ▁in ▁Ohio ▁Category : S ports ▁ven ues ▁completed ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 9 ▁Category : Work s ▁Progress ▁Administration ▁in ▁Ohio ▁Category : Build ings ▁and ▁structures ▁in ▁Mass illon , ▁Ohio ▁Category : T our ist ▁attra ctions ▁in ▁St ark ▁County , ▁Ohio <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Office ▁Party ▁is ▁a ▁ 1 9 7 6 ▁British ▁comedy ▁film ▁directed ▁by ▁David ▁Grant ▁and ▁st arring ▁Alan ▁Lake , ▁David ▁Ray ner ▁and ▁Chris ▁G annon . ▁It ▁dep ict s ▁the ▁mis ad vent ures ▁of ▁staff ▁enjo ying ▁an ▁office ▁party . ▁The ▁hard core ▁export ▁version ▁also ▁exists . ▁ ▁Cast ▁ ▁Alan |
▁Lake ▁... ▁ ▁Mr . ▁Bar nes ▁▁▁ ▁David ▁Ray ner ▁... ▁ ▁Francis ▁▁▁ ▁Chris ▁G annon ▁... ▁ ▁Mr . ▁Pal mer ▁▁▁ ▁Steve ▁Am ber ▁... ▁ ▁Bry an ▁▁▁ ▁Johnny ▁Brig gs ▁... ▁ ▁Peter ▁▁▁ ▁David ▁Rod igan ▁... ▁ ▁Jose ▁▁▁ ▁Jason ▁White ▁... ▁ ▁Australian ▁L over ▁▁▁ ▁Pam ela ▁G raft on ▁... ▁ ▁Miss ▁Pe ab ody ▁▁▁ ▁Caroline ▁F unn ell ▁... ▁ ▁Jud ith ▁▁▁ ▁Andrea ▁All an ▁... ▁ ▁Jack ie ▁▁▁ ▁Julia ▁Bond ▁ ▁... ▁ ▁Sam anth a ▁Wor thing ton ▁▁▁ ▁Jean ne ▁Star bu ck ▁... ▁ ▁Mrs . ▁O ' F lah ert y ▁▁▁ ▁V icky ▁Hamilton - K ing ▁... ▁ ▁Mrs . ▁Bar nes ▁▁▁ ▁Ther esa ▁Wood ▁... ▁ ▁S ally ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 7 6 ▁films ▁Category : B rit ish ▁films ▁Category : English - language ▁films ▁Category : Work place ▁com ed ies ▁Category : B rit ish ▁comedy ▁films ▁Category : 1 9 7 0 s ▁comedy ▁films <0x0A> </s> ▁K oth ag udem ▁is ▁a ▁village ▁in ▁West ▁God av ari ▁district ▁of ▁the ▁Indian ▁state ▁of ▁And h ra ▁Pr adesh . ▁It ▁is ▁admin ister ed ▁under ▁of ▁El uru ▁re venue ▁division . ▁ ▁Dem ograph ics ▁▁▁ ▁Census ▁of ▁India , ▁Kom ire p alle ▁has ▁population ▁of ▁ 2 8 6 9 ▁of ▁which ▁ 1 4 3 1 ▁are ▁males ▁while ▁ 1 4 |
3 8 ▁are ▁females . ▁ ▁A verage ▁Sex ▁Rat io ▁is ▁ 1 0 0 5 . ▁Population ▁of ▁children ▁with ▁age ▁ 0 - 6 ▁is ▁ 3 1 3 ▁which ▁makes ▁up ▁ 1 0 . 9 1 % ▁of ▁total ▁population ▁of ▁village , ▁Child ▁sex ▁ratio ▁is ▁ 9 9 4 . ▁Liter acy ▁rate ▁of ▁the ▁village ▁was ▁ 7 8 . 2 9 %. ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Category : V ill ages ▁in ▁West ▁God av ari ▁district <0x0A> </s> ▁A can th one v roid es ▁is ▁a ▁genus ▁of ▁te ph rit id ▁ ▁or ▁fruit ▁f lies ▁in ▁the ▁family ▁Te ph rit idae . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : Ph yt al mi inae ▁Category : Te ph rit idae ▁gener a <0x0A> </s> ▁Pr ád lo ▁is ▁a ▁village ▁and ▁municipality ▁( ob ec ) ▁in ▁Pl ze ň - S outh ▁District ▁in ▁the ▁Pl ze ň ▁Region ▁of ▁the ▁Czech ▁Republic . ▁ ▁The ▁municipality ▁covers ▁an ▁area ▁of ▁, ▁and ▁has ▁a ▁population ▁of ▁ 2 1 1 ▁( as ▁at ▁ 2 8 August ▁ 2 0 0 6 ). ▁ ▁Pr ád lo ▁lies ▁approximately ▁ ▁south - east ▁of ▁Pl ze ň ▁and ▁ ▁south - west ▁of ▁Prag ue . ▁ ▁References ▁Czech ▁Statist ical ▁Office : ▁Municipal ities ▁of ▁Pl ze ň - S outh ▁District ▁ ▁Category : V ill ages ▁in ▁Pl ze ň - S outh |
▁District <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Ben ▁E . ▁Keith ▁Company ▁is ▁a ▁distrib utor ▁of ▁food ▁and ▁be verage ▁products ▁founded ▁in ▁ 1 9 0 6 . ▁The ▁company ▁was ▁originally ▁named ▁the ▁H ark r ider - Ke ith - C oo ke ▁Company ▁but ▁adopted ▁its ▁current ▁name ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 1 . ▁Ben ▁E . ▁Keith ▁( BE K ) ▁is ▁head qu arter ed ▁in ▁Fort ▁W orth , ▁Texas ▁and ▁is ▁the ▁largest ▁private ▁company ▁in ▁Dallas - F ort ▁W orth . ▁Ben ▁E . ▁Keith ▁is ▁a ▁distrib utor ▁of ▁food ▁service ▁throughout ▁the ▁United ▁States , ▁and ▁also ▁dist ributes ▁An he user - Bus ch ▁products ▁in ▁the ▁state ▁of ▁Texas . ▁The ▁company ▁dist ributes ▁through ▁its ▁two ▁operating ▁divisions . ▁The ▁Food ▁Division ▁supplies ▁a ▁full ▁line ▁of ▁produce , ▁fro zen ▁food s , ▁me ats , ▁dry ▁gro cer ies , ▁re fr iger ated ▁food s , ▁paper ▁goods , ▁equipment ▁and ▁supplies ▁to ▁restaur ants , ▁hosp it als , ▁schools , ▁n urs ing ▁homes ▁and ▁other ▁institution al ▁business es . ▁The ▁B ever age ▁Division ▁s ells ▁Bud we iser , ▁Bud ▁Light , ▁Bud ▁Ice , ▁Michel ob ▁Ult ra , ▁Bus ch , ▁Natural ▁Light , ▁and ▁other ▁An he user - Bus ch ▁products . ▁Other ▁be verage ▁products ▁include ▁energy ▁drink s , ▁craft ▁and ▁import ▁be er ▁br ands , ▁spirits , ▁and ▁wine . ▁ ▁Leg acy |
▁Following ▁a ▁large ▁don ation ▁to ▁Texas ▁Te ch ▁University , ▁a ▁newly ▁discovered ▁species ▁of ▁bat ▁was ▁named ▁after ▁the ▁company ' s ▁founder , ▁Ben ▁E . ▁Keith — Ben ke ith ' s ▁short - ta iled ▁bat ▁( Car oll ia ▁ben ke ith i ). ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : C ater ing ▁and ▁food ▁service ▁companies ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Category : Comp an ies ▁based ▁in ▁Fort ▁W orth , ▁Texas <0x0A> </s> ▁Mal ia ▁( st yl ized ▁as ▁M AL IA , ▁born ▁ 1 ▁February ▁ 1 9 8 3 , ▁in ▁K ō h oku - ku , ▁Y ok oh ama , ▁Kan ag awa ▁Pref ect ure ) ▁is ▁a ▁Japanese ▁fashion ▁model . ▁Her ▁real ▁name ▁is ▁. ▁She ▁is ▁represented ▁by ▁Ten ▁Car at . ▁ ▁Film ography ▁ ▁Mag az ines ▁ ▁Ad vert ising ▁ ▁TV ▁program mes ▁ ▁TV ▁dram as ▁ ▁Bibli ography ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁– ▁Ten ▁Car at ▁▁ ▁– ▁Am eb a ▁B log ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁– ▁Line ▁▁ ▁Category : J apan ese ▁female ▁models ▁Category : J apan ese ▁people ▁of ▁Pak ist ani ▁descent ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁Y ok oh ama ▁Category : 1 9 8 3 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people <0x0A> </s> ▁C ed ric ▁( 1 8 2 1 ▁– ▁ 1 8 2 9 ) ▁was ▁a ▁British ▁Thor ough bre d ▁race hor se . ▁In ▁a |
▁career ▁that ▁last ed ▁from ▁April ▁ 1 8 2 4 ▁to ▁August ▁ 1 8 2 6 ▁he ▁ran ▁eleven ▁times ▁and ▁won ▁eight ▁races . ▁C ed ric ▁was ▁un rac ed ▁as ▁a ▁two - year - old , ▁but ▁in ▁ 1 8 2 4 ▁he ▁proved ▁himself ▁the ▁best ▁British ▁col t ▁of ▁his ▁generation ▁by ▁winning ▁seven ▁of ▁his ▁eight ▁races ▁including ▁The ▁Derby ▁and ▁the ▁Grand ▁Duke ▁Michael ▁St akes . ▁After ▁winning ▁a ▁notable ▁match ▁on ▁his ▁first ▁run ▁as ▁a ▁four - year - old ▁he ▁lost ▁his ▁form ▁and ▁was ▁well ▁be aten ▁in ▁his ▁remaining ▁races . ▁He ▁was ▁retired ▁to ▁stud ▁at ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁ 1 8 2 6 ▁but ▁proved ▁to ▁be ▁completely ▁infer t ile . ▁ ▁Background ▁C ed ric ▁was ▁a ▁ch est nut ▁horse ▁b red ▁at ▁Mar es field ▁in ▁Sus sex ▁by ▁his ▁owner ▁Sir ▁John ▁Sh elle y , ▁ 6 th ▁Baron et . ▁Sh elle y ▁owned ▁the ▁st all ion ▁Wal ton ▁and ▁used ▁him ▁to ▁bre ed ▁Ph antom , ▁the ▁Derby ▁winner ▁of ▁ 1 8 1 1 . ▁Sh elle y ▁then ▁b red ▁Ph antom ▁to ▁a ▁daughter ▁of ▁Wal ton , ▁with ▁the ▁unus ually ▁in bre d ▁C ed ric ▁being ▁the ▁result . ▁Ph antom ▁was ▁British ▁Champion ▁s ire ▁in ▁ 1 8 2 0 ▁and ▁ 1 8 2 4 ▁and ▁made ▁his ▁most ▁end uring ▁impact ▁as ▁the ▁s |
ire ▁of ▁the ▁important ▁bro od m are ▁Cob web . ▁ ▁Racing ▁career ▁▁ 1 8 2 4 : ▁three - year - old ▁season ▁C ed ric ▁did ▁not ▁race ▁as ▁a ▁two - year - old ▁and ▁began ▁his ▁racing ▁career ▁at ▁the ▁ 1 8 2 4 ▁New market ▁Cra ven ▁meeting . ▁On ▁ 2 2 ▁April ▁he ▁made ▁his ▁debut ▁in ▁a ▁ 1 0 0 ▁gu inea ▁S we ep st akes ▁over ▁the ▁D itch ▁M ile ▁course ▁and ▁defeated ▁his ▁only ▁oppon ent , ▁a ▁col t ▁named ▁Ban qu o . ▁Later ▁the ▁same ▁afternoon ▁he ▁ran ▁second ▁to ▁the ▁fil ly ▁Reb e cca ▁in ▁the ▁D inner ▁St akes ▁over ▁the ▁Row ley ▁M ile . ▁On ▁the ▁opening ▁day ▁of ▁the ▁next ▁New market ▁meeting ▁on ▁ 3 ▁May ▁he ▁beat ▁C yd n us ▁to ▁win ▁a ▁ 2 0 0 ▁gu inea ▁S we ep st akes , ▁before ▁re app ear ing ▁three ▁days ▁later ▁at ▁the ▁same ▁course ▁to ▁win ▁a ▁match ▁race , ▁be ating ▁Lord ▁Ex eter ' s ▁col t ▁Progress . ▁ ▁On ▁ 3 ▁June ▁C ed ric ▁started ▁the ▁ 9 / 2 ▁second ▁favour ite ▁for ▁the ▁Derby ▁at ▁E ps om , ▁with ▁Thomas ▁Th orn hill ' s ▁col t ▁Reform er ▁being ▁made ▁ 5 / 2 ▁favour ite ▁in ▁a ▁field ▁of ▁sevent een ▁run ners . ▁R idden ▁by ▁James ▁" J em " |
▁Robinson , ▁C ed ric ▁won ▁easily ▁from ▁the ▁ 1 6 / 1 ▁out s ider ▁O sm ond . ▁J em ▁Robinson ▁also ▁won ▁The ▁O aks ▁on ▁Cob web ▁and ▁was ▁married ▁in ▁the ▁same ▁week ▁reported ly ▁winning ▁a ▁very ▁large ▁bet ▁on ▁the ▁completion ▁of ▁the ▁triple ▁event . ▁Following ▁his ▁Derby ▁win , ▁C ed ric ▁was ▁sent ▁to ▁As cot ▁where ▁he ▁won ▁a ▁three - hor se ▁S we ep st akes ▁on ▁the ▁opening ▁day ▁of ▁the ▁meeting ▁at ▁odd s ▁of ▁ 1 / 4 . ▁A ▁day ▁later ▁he ▁started ▁" long ▁odd s ▁on " ▁and ▁won ▁the ▁one ▁mile ▁W ink field ▁St akes ▁from ▁his ▁only ▁oppon ent . ▁ ▁C ed ric ▁returned ▁in ▁aut umn ▁at ▁New market ▁to ▁face ▁six ▁other ▁run ners ▁in ▁the ▁Grand ▁Duke ▁Michael ▁St akes ▁on ▁ 4 ▁October . ▁He ▁started ▁ 4 / 6 ▁favour ite ▁and ▁won ▁from ▁the ▁Duke ▁of ▁York ' s ▁col t ▁Or ion , ▁with ▁Don ▁Carlos ▁third . ▁C ed ric ' s ▁own ers ▁claimed ▁another ▁prize ▁at ▁the ▁next ▁New market ▁meeting , ▁when ▁the ▁Derby ▁winner ▁was ▁allowed ▁to ▁walk ▁over ▁in ▁a ▁S we ep st akes ▁after ▁the ▁other ▁run ners ▁were ▁with dra wn . ▁▁ 1 8 2 5 : ▁four - year - old ▁season ▁C ed ric ▁returned ▁as ▁a ▁four - year - old ▁in ▁a ▁match ▁race ▁at ▁New market ▁on |
▁ 1 9 ▁April ▁in ▁which ▁he ▁received ▁two ▁pounds ▁in ▁weight ▁from ▁the ▁five - year - old ▁B izar re , ▁a ▁horse ▁who ▁won ▁the ▁As cot ▁Gold ▁Cup ▁in ▁both ▁ 1 8 2 4 ▁and ▁ 1 8 2 5 . ▁In ▁what ▁was ▁described ▁as ▁" the ▁most ▁exc iting " ▁and ▁" the ▁tr uest ▁run ▁race ▁ever ▁witness ed " ▁the ▁two ▁horses ▁ran ▁together ▁throughout ▁the ▁contest ▁before ▁C ed ric ▁pulled ▁ahead ▁to ▁win ▁by ▁half ▁a ▁length ▁. ▁Official ly , ▁C ed ric ▁and ▁B izar re ▁were ▁three ▁and ▁four ▁years ▁old ▁for ▁this ▁race ▁as ▁Thor ough bre ds ▁had ▁their ▁official ▁" b irth day " ▁on ▁ 1 ▁May : ▁the ▁modern ▁practice ▁of ▁adv ancing ▁a ▁horse ' s ▁age ▁by ▁a ▁year ▁on ▁ 1 ▁January ▁was ▁introduced ▁in ▁ 1 8 3 4 . ▁C ed ric ' s ▁defeat ▁of ▁the ▁Gold ▁Cup ▁winner ▁was ▁described ▁as ▁confirm ing ▁his ▁position ▁as ▁" the ▁best ▁in ▁England " ▁at ▁the ▁time . ▁In ▁June , ▁C ed ric ▁was ▁sold ▁by ▁John ▁Sh elle y ▁to ▁John ▁George ▁Lamb ton ▁for ▁£ 2 , 5 0 0 ▁and ▁his ▁training ▁base ▁moved ▁to ▁York shire . ▁ ▁C ed ric ▁was ▁off ▁the ▁race course ▁for ▁five ▁months ▁before ▁re app ear ing ▁in ▁the ▁Don c aster ▁Cup ▁over ▁two ▁miles ▁five ▁f url ongs ▁on ▁ 2 1 ▁September . ▁After |
▁winning ▁his ▁last ▁seven ▁races , ▁C ed ric ▁started ▁ 5 / 2 ▁second ▁favour ite , ▁but ▁finished ▁un pla ced ▁behind ▁Lot tery . ▁The ▁Sport ing ▁Magazine ' s ▁correspond ent ▁" Ty ke " ▁felt ▁that ▁C ed ric ▁was ▁un su ited ▁by ▁the ▁extreme ▁distance . ▁▁ 1 8 2 6 : ▁five - year - old ▁season ▁On ▁T ues day ▁ 1 1 ▁April , ▁C ed ric ▁failed ▁to ▁appear ▁for ▁a ▁match ▁race , ▁with ▁Lamb ton ▁pay ing ▁a ▁for fe it ▁to ▁the ▁own ers ▁of ▁his ▁horse ' s ▁oppon ent , ▁S lig o . ▁On ▁ 1 1 ▁August ▁C ed ric ▁ran ▁in ▁a ▁two - mile ▁race ▁at ▁York ▁in ▁which ▁he ▁finished ▁last ▁of ▁the ▁four ▁run ners ▁behind ▁Act ae on . ▁C ed ric ▁was ▁then ▁retired ▁from ▁racing . ▁ ▁Stud ▁career ▁C ed ric ▁began ▁his ▁bre eding ▁" care er " ▁at ▁his ▁owner ' s ▁Lamb ton ▁G range ▁stud ▁in ▁County ▁Dur ham , ▁where ▁his ▁initial ▁fee ▁for ▁covering ▁mar es ▁was ▁£ 1 0 , ▁or ▁£ 5 ▁for ▁a ▁mare ▁who ▁had ▁already ▁produced ▁a ▁winner . ▁His ▁stud ▁career ▁was ▁a ▁complete ▁failure ▁as ▁he ▁proved ▁to ▁be ▁infer t ile ▁and ▁failed ▁to ▁s ire ▁a ▁single ▁fo al . ▁C ed ric ▁died ▁in ▁ 1 8 2 9 ▁of ▁" infl amm ation " ▁after ▁standing ▁three ▁seasons ▁at ▁stud |
. ▁ ▁Ped ig ree ▁ ▁C ed ric ' s ▁pedig ree ▁shows ▁a ▁case ▁of ▁close ▁in bre eding ▁as ▁both ▁his ▁parents ▁were ▁s ired ▁by ▁the ▁st all ion ▁Wal ton . ▁† The ▁Trump ator ▁mare ▁also ▁appears ▁in ▁pedig rees ▁as ▁" S ister ▁ 2 ▁to ▁Re pe ator " ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : 1 8 2 1 ▁race hor se ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 8 2 9 ▁race hor se ▁death s ▁Category : E ps om ▁Derby ▁w inners ▁Category : R ace h ors es ▁b red ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁Kingdom ▁Category : R ace h ors es ▁trained ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁Kingdom ▁Category : Th or ough bre d ▁family ▁ 9 - d ▁Category : By er ley ▁Turk ▁s ire ▁line <0x0A> </s> ▁Hugo ▁González ▁may ▁refer ▁to : ▁Hugo ▁González ▁( Ch ile an ▁footballer ) ▁( born ▁ 1 9 6 3 ), ▁Chile an ▁former ▁footballer ▁Hugo ▁González ▁Dur án ▁( born ▁ 1 9 9 0 ), ▁Mexican ▁footballer ▁Hugo ▁González ▁( sw immer ) ▁( born ▁ 1 9 9 9 ), ▁Spanish ▁sw immer <0x0A> </s> ▁Op il ius ▁A ure lius ▁was ▁a ▁Roman ▁phys ician ▁who ▁taught ▁at ▁Rome , ▁first ▁philosophy , ▁then ▁r het or ic , ▁ ▁then ▁grammar . ▁He ▁is ▁placed ▁next ▁in ▁order ▁to ▁S ae vi us ▁N ican or ▁by ▁Su eton ius . ▁ ▁He ▁gave ▁up ▁his ▁school ▁on ▁the |
▁condem n ation ▁of ▁R util ius ▁R uf us ▁in ▁ 9 2 ▁BC . ▁He ▁later ▁accompanied ▁R uf us ▁to ▁S my r na , ▁where ▁they ▁grew ▁old ▁together ▁as ▁friends . ▁ ▁Works ▁Mus æ ▁in ▁nine ▁parts , ▁which ▁ ▁was ▁also ▁referred ▁to ▁by ▁A ulus ▁G elli us . ▁Another ▁work ▁is ▁named ▁P ina x . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : 1 st - century ▁BC ▁Rom ans ▁Category : 1 st - century ▁BC ▁phys icians ▁Category : A ure li i <0x0A> </s> ▁Nob ody ▁Lov es ▁an ▁Al bat ross ▁is ▁a ▁ 1 9 6 3 ▁comedy ▁play ▁written ▁by ▁Ron ald ▁Alexander , ▁which ▁was ▁performed ▁at ▁the ▁Ly ce um ▁Theatre ▁of ▁Broadway , ▁New ▁York ▁between ▁ 1 9 ▁December ▁ 1 9 6 3 ▁and ▁June ▁ 2 0 ▁ 1 9 6 4 . ▁▁ ▁It ▁was ▁produced ▁by ▁Elli ot ▁Martin ▁and ▁Philip ▁Rose , ▁directed ▁by ▁Gene ▁S aks , ▁scen ery ▁and ▁light ing ▁were ▁by ▁Will ▁Steven ▁Arm strong , cost ume ▁design ▁by ▁Florence ▁K lot z . ▁ The ▁play , ▁set ▁in ▁the ▁" l iving ▁room ▁of ▁Nathan iel ▁Bent ley ' s ▁house ▁in ▁B ever ly ▁Hills ", ▁ ▁is ▁a ▁sat ire ▁of ▁the ▁US ▁television ▁industry . ▁It ▁featured ▁Robert ▁Pr eston ▁in ▁the ▁lead ▁role . ▁ ▁Cast ▁Robert ▁Pr eston ▁as ▁Nat ▁Bent ley ▁ <0x09> ▁Jack ▁B itt ner ▁as |
▁Se an ▁O ' L ough lin ▁ <0x09> ▁Frank ▁Camp an ella ▁as ▁L . ▁T . ▁Whit man ▁ <0x09> ▁Const ance ▁Ford ▁as ▁H ild y ▁Jones ▁ <0x09> ▁Bar n ard ▁Hugh es ▁as ▁Bert ▁How ell ▁ <0x09> ▁Les ly e ▁Hunter ▁as ▁D iane ▁Bent ley ▁ <0x09> ▁Leon ▁Jan ney ▁as ▁Mike ▁Har per ▁ <0x09> ▁Ger tr ude ▁Je ann ette ▁as ▁Sarah ▁Washington ▁ <0x09> ▁Phil ▁Le eds ▁as ▁Victor ▁T alse y ▁ <0x09> ▁Richard ▁M ull igan ▁as ▁Phil ▁Matt he ws ▁ <0x09> ▁Carol ▁Ross en ▁as ▁Jean ▁Hart ▁ <0x09> ▁Marie ▁Wal lace ▁as ▁L inda ▁ <0x09> ▁Marian ▁Winter s ▁as ▁Mar ge ▁We ber ▁ ▁Pop ▁Culture ▁ ▁In ▁Ros em ary ' s ▁Baby , ▁Ros em ary ' s ▁husband ▁Guy ▁Wood house ▁is ▁said ▁to ▁have ▁appeared ▁in ▁this ▁play . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : American ▁plays ▁Category : 1 9 6 3 ▁plays ▁Category : S at ir ical ▁plays <0x0A> </s> ▁E up it he cia ▁lic ita ▁is ▁a ▁moth ▁in ▁the ▁ ▁family ▁Ge omet r idae . ▁It ▁is ▁found ▁in ▁South ▁Africa . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : M oth s ▁described ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 7 ▁lic ita ▁Category : M oth s ▁of ▁Africa <0x0A> </s> ▁World ▁H ear ing ▁Day ▁is ▁a ▁campaign ▁held ▁each ▁year ▁by ▁Office ▁of ▁Pre vention ▁of ▁Bl ind ness ▁and ▁De af ness ▁of ▁the ▁World ▁Health ▁Organ |
ization ▁( W HO ). ▁Activ ities ▁take ▁place ▁across ▁the ▁glo be ▁and ▁an ▁event ▁is ▁hosted ▁at ▁the ▁World ▁Health ▁Organ ization ▁on ▁March ▁ 3 rd . ▁The ▁campaign ' s ▁object ives ▁are ▁to ▁share ▁information ▁and ▁promote ▁actions ▁towards ▁the ▁prevent ion ▁of ▁hearing ▁loss ▁and ▁improved ▁hearing ▁care . ▁The ▁first ▁event ▁was ▁held ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 7 . ▁Before ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁it ▁was ▁known ▁as ▁International ▁Ear ▁Care ▁Day . ▁Each ▁year , ▁the ▁W HO ▁selects ▁a ▁theme , ▁develop s ▁educational ▁materials , ▁and ▁makes ▁these ▁freely ▁available ▁in ▁several ▁languages . ▁It ▁also ▁coordinates ▁and ▁reports ▁on ▁events ▁around ▁the ▁glo be . ▁▁ 2 0 2 0 ▁▁ ▁The ▁theme ▁of ▁the ▁campaign ▁for ▁ 2 0 2 0 ▁is ▁" H ear ing ▁for ▁Life . ▁Don ' t ▁let ▁hearing ▁loss ▁limit ▁you ". ▁The ▁selection ▁of ▁the ▁theme ▁by ▁the ▁World ▁Health ▁Organ ization ▁express es ▁the ▁key ▁message ▁that ▁that ▁tim ely ▁and ▁effective ▁inter vent ions ▁can ▁ensure ▁that ▁people ▁with ▁hearing ▁loss ▁are ▁able ▁to ▁achieve ▁their ▁full ▁potential . ▁It ▁recogn izes ▁that , ▁at ▁all ▁life ▁stages , ▁communication ▁and ▁good ▁hearing ▁health ▁connect ▁us ▁to ▁each ▁other , ▁our ▁communities , ▁and ▁the ▁world . ▁It ▁highlight s ▁that ▁appropriate ▁and ▁tim ely ▁inter vent ions ▁can ▁facil itate ▁access ▁to ▁education , ▁employ ment ▁and ▁communication . ▁Unfortunately , ▁across ▁the ▁glo be , ▁ear ▁and ▁hearing |
▁care ▁are ▁ins u fficient , ▁and ▁the ▁W HO ▁arg ues ▁that ▁all ▁public ▁health ▁systems ▁should ▁include ▁ear ▁and ▁hearing ▁care . ▁ ▁Pre vious ▁years ▁▁ 2 0 1 9 : ▁The ▁theme ▁of ▁the ▁campaign ▁for ▁ 2 0 1 9 ▁was ▁" Check ▁your ▁hearing " ▁as ▁data ▁from ▁both ▁developed ▁and ▁developing ▁countries ▁indicate ▁that ▁a ▁significant ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁bur den ▁associated ▁with ▁hearing ▁loss ▁comes ▁from ▁un address ed ▁hearing ▁difficulties . ▁ ▁A ▁study ▁conducted ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁Kingdom ▁indicate ▁that ▁only ▁ 2 0 % ▁of ▁those ▁who ▁have ▁a ▁hearing ▁problem ▁seek ▁treatment . ▁A ▁study ▁performed ▁in ▁South ▁Africa ▁reported ▁that ▁individuals ▁who ▁experience ▁hearing ▁difficulties ▁wait ▁between ▁ 5 ▁and ▁ 1 6 ▁years ▁to ▁seek ▁diagn osis ▁and ▁treatment . ▁Two ▁hundred ▁and ▁nin ety ▁one ▁events / activ ities ▁from ▁ 8 1 ▁countries ▁were ▁registered , ▁and ▁will ▁be ▁described ▁in ▁their ▁annual ▁report . ▁For ▁the ▁celebr ation , ▁on ▁February ▁ 2 5 ▁ 2 0 1 9 ▁W HO ▁launched ▁hear W HO , ▁a ▁free ▁application ▁for ▁mobile ▁devices ▁which ▁allows ▁people ▁to ▁check ▁their ▁hearing ▁regularly ▁and ▁interven e ▁early ▁in ▁case ▁of ▁hearing ▁loss . ▁The ▁app ▁is ▁target ed ▁at ▁those ▁who ▁are ▁at ▁risk ▁of ▁hearing ▁loss ▁or ▁who ▁already ▁experience ▁some ▁of ▁the ▁sympt oms ▁related ▁to ▁hearing ▁loss . ▁ ▁Wik i 4 World H ear ing Day 2 0 1 9 , ▁an ▁edit - a |
- th on , ▁was ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 9 ▁activities ▁of ▁the ▁campaign , ▁to ▁facil itate ▁the ▁contribution ▁of ▁hearing - related ▁content ▁into ▁Wikipedia ▁in ▁several ▁languages . ▁Activ ities ▁were ▁reported ▁in ▁a ▁Wikimedia ▁dash board ▁and ▁summar ized ▁a ▁few ▁publications . ▁In ▁addition , ▁a ▁Me et - up ▁took ▁place ▁with ▁present ations ▁by ▁research ers ▁from ▁HE AR ▁in ▁C inc inn ati , ▁from ▁the ▁National ▁Institute ▁for ▁Occ up ational ▁Saf ety ▁and ▁Health , ▁the ▁National ▁Center ▁on ▁B irth ▁De fect s ▁and ▁Development al ▁Dis abilities ▁and ▁National ▁Center ▁for ▁Environment al ▁Health , ▁of ▁the ▁Cent ers ▁for ▁D ise ase ▁Control ▁and ▁Pre vention , ▁by ▁the ▁Wikiped ian - in - Res idence ▁from ▁the ▁National ▁Institute ▁for ▁Occ up ational ▁Saf ety ▁and ▁Health , ▁and ▁the ▁Wikipedia ▁Cons ult ant ▁for ▁C och rane . ▁▁ 2 0 1 8 : ▁The ▁theme ▁of ▁World ▁H ear ing ▁Day ▁ 2 0 1 8 ▁was ▁" H ear ▁the ▁future " ▁to ▁highlight ▁the ▁estimates ▁of ▁an ▁increase ▁in ▁the ▁number ▁of ▁people ▁with ▁hearing ▁loss ▁around ▁the ▁world ▁in ▁the ▁coming ▁dec ades . ▁▁ 2 0 1 7 : ▁The ▁theme ▁of ▁World ▁H ear ing ▁Day ▁ 2 0 1 7 ▁was ▁“ Action ▁for ▁hearing ▁loss : ▁make ▁a ▁sound ▁invest ment ”, ▁which ▁focused ▁on ▁the ▁economic ▁impact ▁of ▁hearing ▁loss . ▁▁ 2 0 1 6 |
: ▁The ▁theme ▁of ▁World ▁H ear ing ▁Day ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁was ▁“ Child hood ▁hearing ▁loss : ▁act ▁now , ▁here ▁is ▁how !” ▁which ▁provided ▁information ▁on ▁public ▁health ▁measures ▁that ▁could ▁prevent ▁significant ▁percentage ▁of ▁cases ▁of ▁hearing ▁loss ▁in ▁children . ▁▁ 2 0 1 5 : ▁The ▁theme ▁for ▁World ▁H ear ing ▁Day ▁was ▁“ Make ▁List ening ▁Sa fe ”, ▁which ▁drew ▁attention ▁to ▁the ▁rising ▁problem ▁of ▁noise - indu ced ▁hearing ▁loss ▁due ▁to ▁recre ational ▁expos ure . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁▁ ▁World ▁Health ▁Organ ization , ▁Pre vention ▁of ▁Bl ind ness ▁and ▁De af ness , ▁World ▁H ear ing ▁Day . ▁ ▁A ▁recording ▁for ▁ 2 0 1 9 ▁meet up ▁for ▁the ▁Wik i 4 World H ear ing Day 2 0 1 9 ▁campaign . ▁ ▁Make ▁List ening ▁Sa fe , ▁initi ative ▁by ▁the ▁World ▁Health ▁Organ ization ▁to ▁promote ▁safe ▁listening ▁practices ▁▁▁▁ ▁Category : World ▁Health ▁Organ ization ▁Category : H ear ing ▁Category : A udi ology ▁Category : Global ▁health <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁ 2 0 0 7 – 0 8 ▁season ▁is ▁the ▁ 9 8 th ▁season ▁of ▁compet itive ▁football ▁in ▁Germany . ▁ ▁Prom otion ▁and ▁re leg ation ▁ ▁Pre ▁Season ▁ ▁Post ▁Season ▁ ▁National ▁teams ▁ ▁Germany ▁national ▁football ▁team ▁ ▁UEFA ▁Euro ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁qual ification ▁ ▁UEFA ▁Euro ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁ |
▁Friend ly ▁matches ▁ ▁Germany ▁women ' s ▁national ▁football ▁team ▁▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁FIFA ▁Women ' s ▁World ▁Cup ▁ ▁League ▁season ▁ ▁Men ▁ ▁Bundes liga ▁▁ 2 . ▁Bundes liga ▁ ▁Women ▁ ▁Bundes liga ▁▁ 2 . ▁Bundes liga ▁ ▁North ▁ ▁South ▁ ▁Trans fers ▁List ▁of ▁German ▁football ▁trans fers ▁summer ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁List ▁of ▁German ▁football ▁trans fers ▁winter ▁ 2 0 0 7 – 0 8 ▁List ▁of ▁German ▁football ▁trans fers ▁ 2 0 0 7 – 0 8 ▁ ▁S ources ▁▁▁ ▁Category : Se asons ▁in ▁German ▁football <0x0A> </s> ▁Mang av ati ▁is ▁a ▁village ▁in ▁Bel ga um ▁district ▁of ▁K arn ata ka , ▁India . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : V ill ages ▁in ▁Bel ga um ▁district <0x0A> </s> ▁Long est ▁prefix ▁match ▁( also ▁called ▁Max imum ▁prefix ▁length ▁match ) ▁refers ▁to ▁an ▁algorithm ▁used ▁by ▁rou ters ▁in ▁Internet ▁Pro tocol ▁( IP ) ▁networking ▁to ▁select ▁an ▁entry ▁from ▁a ▁forward ing ▁table . ▁ ▁Because ▁each ▁entry ▁in ▁a ▁forward ing ▁table ▁may ▁specify ▁a ▁sub - network , ▁one ▁destination ▁address ▁may ▁match ▁more ▁than ▁one ▁forward ing ▁table ▁entry . ▁The ▁most ▁specific ▁of ▁the ▁matching ▁table ▁entries ▁— ▁the ▁one ▁with ▁the ▁longest ▁sub net ▁mask ▁— ▁is ▁called ▁the ▁longest ▁prefix ▁match . ▁It ▁is ▁called ▁this ▁because ▁it ▁is ▁also ▁the ▁entry ▁where ▁the ▁largest ▁number ▁of ▁leading ▁address ▁bits ▁of ▁the |
▁destination ▁address ▁match ▁those ▁in ▁the ▁table ▁entry . ▁ ▁For ▁example , ▁consider ▁this ▁IP v 4 ▁forward ing ▁table ▁( C ID R ▁notation ▁is ▁used ): ▁▁▁ 1 9 2 . 1 6 8 . 2 0 . 1 6 / 2 8 ▁▁ 1 9 2 . 1 6 8 . 0 . 0 / 1 6 ▁ ▁When ▁the ▁address ▁ 1 9 2 . 1 6 8 . 2 0 . 1 9 ▁needs ▁to ▁be ▁looked ▁up , ▁both ▁entries ▁in ▁the ▁forward ing ▁table ▁" match ". ▁That ▁is , ▁both ▁entries ▁contain ▁the ▁looked ▁up ▁address . ▁In ▁this ▁case , ▁the ▁longest ▁prefix ▁of ▁the ▁candidate ▁routes ▁is ▁ 1 9 2 . 1 6 8 . 2 0 . 1 6 / 2 8 , ▁since ▁its ▁sub net ▁mask ▁(/ 2 8 ) ▁is ▁longer ▁than ▁the ▁other ▁entry ' s ▁mask ▁(/ 1 6 ), ▁making ▁the ▁route ▁more ▁specific . ▁ ▁For ward ing ▁tables ▁often ▁contain ▁a ▁default ▁route , ▁which ▁has ▁the ▁short est ▁possible ▁prefix ▁match , ▁to ▁fall ▁back ▁on ▁in ▁case ▁matches ▁with ▁all ▁other ▁entries ▁fail . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁Network ▁Search ▁Engine : ▁hardware ▁acceler ator ▁used ▁in ▁rou ters ▁for ▁L PM ▁look ups . ▁ ▁Tr ie : ▁prefix ▁tree ▁ ▁References ▁▁ ▁Category : Rout ing ▁protocol s ▁Category : Internet ▁architecture <0x0A> </s> ▁In ▁statistics , ▁the ▁sample ▁maximum ▁and ▁sample ▁minimum , ▁also ▁called ▁the ▁largest |
▁observation ▁and ▁smallest ▁observation , ▁are ▁the ▁values ▁of ▁the ▁greatest ▁and ▁least ▁elements ▁of ▁a ▁sample . ▁They ▁are ▁basic ▁summary ▁statistics , ▁used ▁in ▁descript ive ▁statistics ▁such ▁as ▁the ▁five - number ▁summary ▁and ▁Bow ley ' s ▁seven - figure ▁summary ▁and ▁the ▁associated ▁box ▁plot . ▁ ▁The ▁minimum ▁and ▁the ▁maximum ▁value ▁are ▁the ▁first ▁and ▁last ▁order ▁statistics ▁( o ften ▁denoted ▁X ( 1 ) ▁and ▁X ( n ) ▁respectively , ▁for ▁a ▁sample ▁size ▁of ▁n ). ▁ ▁If ▁the ▁sample ▁has ▁out liers , ▁they ▁necessarily ▁include ▁the ▁sample ▁maximum ▁or ▁sample ▁minimum , ▁or ▁both , ▁depending ▁on ▁whether ▁they ▁are ▁extremely ▁high ▁or ▁low . ▁However , ▁the ▁sample ▁maximum ▁and ▁minimum ▁need ▁not ▁be ▁out liers , ▁if ▁they ▁are ▁not ▁unus ually ▁far ▁from ▁other ▁observations . ▁ ▁Rob ust ness ▁The ▁sample ▁maximum ▁and ▁minimum ▁are ▁the ▁least ▁robust ▁statistics : ▁they ▁are ▁maxim ally ▁sensitive ▁to ▁out liers . ▁ ▁This ▁can ▁either ▁be ▁an ▁advantage ▁or ▁a ▁draw back : ▁if ▁extreme ▁values ▁are ▁real ▁( not ▁measurement ▁errors ), ▁and ▁of ▁real ▁consequence , ▁as ▁in ▁applications ▁of ▁extreme ▁value ▁theory ▁such ▁as ▁building ▁d ikes ▁or ▁financial ▁loss , ▁then ▁out liers ▁( as ▁reflected ▁in ▁sample ▁ext re ma ) ▁are ▁important . ▁On ▁the ▁other ▁hand , ▁if ▁out liers ▁have ▁little ▁or ▁no ▁impact ▁on ▁actual ▁out comes , ▁then ▁using ▁non - rob ust ▁statistics ▁such ▁as ▁the ▁sample |
▁ext re ma ▁simply ▁cloud ▁the ▁statistics , ▁and ▁robust ▁alternatives ▁should ▁be ▁used , ▁such ▁as ▁other ▁quant iles : ▁the ▁ 1 0 th ▁and ▁ 9 0 th ▁percent iles ▁( first ▁and ▁last ▁de cile ) ▁are ▁more ▁robust ▁alternatives . ▁ ▁Der ived ▁statistics ▁In ▁addition ▁to ▁being ▁a ▁component ▁of ▁every ▁stat istic ▁that ▁uses ▁all ▁elements ▁of ▁the ▁sample , ▁the ▁sample ▁ext re ma ▁are ▁important ▁parts ▁of ▁the ▁range , ▁a ▁measure ▁of ▁disp ersion , ▁and ▁mid - range , ▁a ▁measure ▁of ▁location . ▁They ▁also ▁realize ▁the ▁maximum ▁absolute ▁deviation : ▁one ▁of ▁them ▁is ▁the ▁fur th est ▁point ▁from ▁any ▁given ▁point , ▁particularly ▁a ▁measure ▁of ▁center ▁such ▁as ▁the ▁median ▁or ▁mean . ▁ ▁App lications ▁ ▁Sm ooth ▁maximum ▁▁ ▁For ▁a ▁sample ▁set , ▁the ▁maximum ▁function ▁is ▁non - sm ooth ▁and ▁thus ▁non - d iffer enti able . ▁For ▁optimization ▁problems ▁that ▁occur ▁in ▁statistics ▁it ▁often ▁needs ▁to ▁be ▁approxim ated ▁by ▁a ▁smooth ▁function ▁that ▁is ▁close ▁to ▁the ▁maximum ▁of ▁the ▁set . ▁ ▁A ▁smooth ▁maximum , ▁for ▁example , ▁▁ ▁g ( x 1 , ▁x 2 , ▁… , ▁ ▁x n ) ▁= ▁log ( ▁exp ( x 1 ) ▁+ ▁exp ( x 2 ) ▁+ ▁… ▁+ ▁exp ( x n ) ▁) ▁ ▁is ▁a ▁good ▁approximation ▁of ▁the ▁sample ▁maximum . ▁ ▁Sum mary ▁statistics ▁The ▁sample ▁maximum ▁and ▁minimum ▁are |
▁basic ▁summary ▁statistics , ▁showing ▁the ▁most ▁extreme ▁observations , ▁and ▁are ▁used ▁in ▁the ▁five - number ▁summary ▁and ▁a ▁version ▁of ▁the ▁seven - number ▁summary ▁and ▁the ▁associated ▁box ▁plot . ▁ ▁Pred iction ▁interval ▁ ▁The ▁sample ▁maximum ▁and ▁minimum ▁provide ▁a ▁non - param et ric ▁prediction ▁interval : ▁in ▁a ▁sample ▁from ▁a ▁population , ▁or ▁more ▁generally ▁an ▁exchange able ▁sequence ▁of ▁random ▁variables , ▁each ▁observation ▁is ▁equally ▁likely ▁to ▁be ▁the ▁maximum ▁or ▁minimum . ▁ ▁Thus ▁if ▁one ▁has ▁a ▁sample ▁ ▁and ▁one ▁pick s ▁another ▁observation ▁ ▁then ▁this ▁has ▁ ▁probability ▁of ▁being ▁the ▁largest ▁value ▁seen ▁so ▁far , ▁ ▁probability ▁of ▁being ▁the ▁smallest ▁value ▁seen ▁so ▁far , ▁and ▁thus ▁the ▁other ▁ ▁of ▁the ▁time , ▁ ▁falls ▁between ▁the ▁sample ▁maximum ▁and ▁sample ▁minimum ▁of ▁ ▁Thus , ▁den oting ▁the ▁sample ▁maximum ▁and ▁minimum ▁by ▁M ▁and ▁m , ▁this ▁yields ▁an ▁ ▁prediction ▁interval ▁of ▁[ m , M ]. ▁ ▁For ▁example , ▁if ▁n = 1 9 , ▁then ▁[ m , M ] ▁gives ▁an ▁ 1 8 / 2 0 ▁= ▁ 9 0 % ▁prediction ▁interval ▁– ▁ 9 0 % ▁of ▁the ▁time , ▁the ▁ 2 0 th ▁observation ▁falls ▁between ▁the ▁smallest ▁and ▁largest ▁observation ▁seen ▁her et of ore . ▁Like wise , ▁n = 3 9 ▁gives ▁a ▁ 9 5 % ▁prediction ▁interval , ▁and ▁n = |
1 9 9 ▁gives ▁a ▁ 9 9 % ▁prediction ▁interval . ▁ ▁Est imation ▁Due ▁to ▁their ▁sens itivity ▁to ▁out liers , ▁the ▁sample ▁ext re ma ▁cannot ▁reli ably ▁be ▁used ▁as ▁estim ators ▁unless ▁data ▁is ▁clean ▁– ▁robust ▁alternatives ▁include ▁the ▁first ▁and ▁last ▁dec iles . ▁ ▁However , ▁with ▁clean ▁data ▁or ▁in ▁theoretical ▁settings , ▁they ▁can ▁sometimes ▁prove ▁very ▁good ▁estim ators , ▁particularly ▁for ▁pl aty k urt ic ▁distributions , ▁where ▁for ▁small ▁data ▁sets ▁the ▁mid - range ▁is ▁the ▁most ▁efficient ▁estim ator . ▁ ▁They ▁are ▁in efficient ▁estim ators ▁of ▁location ▁for ▁mes ok urt ic ▁distributions , ▁such ▁as ▁the ▁normal ▁distribution , ▁and ▁le pt ok urt ic ▁distributions , ▁however . ▁ ▁Un iform ▁distribution ▁ ▁For ▁sampling ▁without ▁replacement ▁from ▁a ▁uniform ▁distribution ▁with ▁one ▁or ▁two ▁unknown ▁end points ▁( so ▁ ▁with ▁N ▁unknown , ▁or ▁ ▁with ▁both ▁M ▁and ▁N ▁unknown ), ▁the ▁sample ▁maximum , ▁or ▁respectively ▁the ▁sample ▁maximum ▁and ▁sample ▁minimum , ▁are ▁sufficient ▁and ▁complete ▁statistics ▁for ▁the ▁unknown ▁end points ; ▁thus ▁an ▁un bi ased ▁estim ator ▁derived ▁from ▁these ▁will ▁be ▁U M V U ▁estim ator . ▁ ▁If ▁only ▁the ▁top ▁endpoint ▁is ▁unknown , ▁the ▁sample ▁maximum ▁is ▁a ▁bi ased ▁estim ator ▁for ▁the ▁population ▁maximum , ▁but ▁the ▁un bi ased ▁estim ator ▁ ▁( where ▁m ▁is ▁the ▁sample ▁maximum ▁and ▁k ▁is ▁the ▁sample ▁size |
) ▁is ▁the ▁U M V U ▁estim ator ; ▁see ▁German ▁tank ▁problem ▁for ▁details . ▁ ▁If ▁both ▁end points ▁are ▁unknown , ▁then ▁the ▁sample ▁range ▁is ▁a ▁bi ased ▁estim ator ▁for ▁the ▁population ▁range , ▁but ▁correct ing ▁as ▁for ▁maximum ▁above ▁yields ▁the ▁U M V U ▁estim ator . ▁ ▁If ▁both ▁end points ▁are ▁unknown , ▁then ▁the ▁mid - range ▁is ▁an ▁un bi ased ▁( and ▁hence ▁U M V U ) ▁estim ator ▁of ▁the ▁mid point ▁of ▁the ▁interval ▁( here ▁equival ently ▁the ▁population ▁median , ▁average , ▁or ▁mid - range ). ▁ ▁The ▁reason ▁the ▁sample ▁ext re ma ▁are ▁sufficient ▁statistics ▁is ▁that ▁the ▁conditional ▁distribution ▁of ▁the ▁non - ext reme ▁samples ▁is ▁just ▁the ▁distribution ▁for ▁the ▁uniform ▁interval ▁between ▁the ▁sample ▁maximum ▁and ▁minimum ▁– ▁once ▁the ▁end points ▁are ▁fixed , ▁the ▁values ▁of ▁the ▁interior ▁points ▁add ▁no ▁additional ▁information . ▁ ▁Normal ity ▁testing ▁ ▁The ▁sample ▁ext re ma ▁can ▁be ▁used ▁for ▁a ▁simple ▁normal ity ▁test , ▁specifically ▁of ▁k urt osis : ▁one ▁comput es ▁the ▁t - stat istic ▁of ▁the ▁sample ▁maximum ▁and ▁minimum ▁( sub t ract s ▁sample ▁mean ▁and ▁div ides ▁by ▁the ▁sample ▁standard ▁deviation ), ▁and ▁if ▁they ▁are ▁unus ually ▁large ▁for ▁the ▁sample ▁size ▁( as ▁per ▁the ▁three ▁s igma ▁rule ▁and ▁table ▁there in , ▁or ▁more ▁precisely ▁a ▁Student ' s ▁t - distribution ), |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.