text
stringlengths 505
4.3k
|
|---|
▁existence ." ▁Arte p ia zza ▁wanted ▁O po ona ▁to ▁appeal ▁to ▁family ▁members ▁of ▁all ▁ages ▁instead ▁of ▁just ▁children . ▁The ▁team ▁designed ▁the ▁game ▁so ▁that ▁it ▁may ▁be ▁played ▁with ▁the ▁W ii ▁Rem ote ▁N unch uk ▁attachment ▁alone ▁because ▁of ▁its ▁limited ▁control ▁input ▁that ▁allows ▁the ▁player ▁to ▁cas ually ▁play ▁the ▁game ▁one - hand ed ▁while ▁relax ing ▁or ▁e ating . ▁The ▁developers ▁initially ▁wanted ▁to ▁exclude ▁any ▁other ▁control ▁options , ▁but ▁decided ▁to ▁allow ▁users ▁to ▁use ▁the ▁Rem ote ▁or ▁Classic ▁Controller ▁if ▁they ▁prefer . ▁ ▁Art ▁director ▁Sh int aro ▁Maj ima ▁stated ▁that ▁he ▁was ▁first ▁inspired ▁to ▁create ▁O po ona ▁after ▁w aking ▁from ▁a ▁nap , ▁taking ▁a ▁bath , ▁and ▁drawing ▁his ▁first ▁design ▁on ▁the ▁bath room ▁mirror . ▁The ▁main ▁characters ▁were ▁meant ▁to ▁be ▁simple ▁enough ▁that ▁they ▁could ▁be ▁easily ▁red ra wn ▁by ▁children ; ▁enemies ▁were ▁designed ▁as ▁non - l iving ▁objects ▁to ▁make ▁them ▁distinct . ▁ ▁Maj ima ' s ▁personal ▁interest ▁in ▁modern ▁architecture ▁and ▁industrial ▁design ▁were ▁the ▁driving ▁force ▁behind ▁the ▁visual ▁style ▁of ▁O po ona ▁and ▁that ▁the ▁W ii ' s ▁" clean " ▁and ▁" something ▁new " ▁style ▁over la pped ▁the ▁game ' s ▁image . ▁Maj ima ' s ▁brother ▁T atus o , ▁a ▁modern ▁artist , ▁planned ▁the ▁locations ▁and ▁land sc apes ▁using ▁what ▁he ▁considered ▁to ▁be ▁the ▁most |
▁attract ive ▁bl end ▁of ▁reality ▁and ▁imagination . ▁The ▁musical ▁score ▁for ▁O po ona ▁was ▁composed ▁by ▁H itos hi ▁Sak im oto ▁and ▁five ▁fellow ▁members ▁of ▁his ▁Bas is cape ▁sound ▁company . ▁Sak im oto ▁arranged ▁the ▁score ▁in ▁an ▁orth odox ▁manner ▁with ▁" f ut ur istic " ▁sounds ▁as ▁he ▁had ▁done ▁with ▁many ▁of ▁his ▁past ▁compos itions ▁by ▁combining ▁orch est ral ▁music ▁with ▁a ▁synth es izer . ▁However , ▁his ▁work ▁on ▁O po ona ▁involved ▁compos ing ▁the ▁songs ▁through ▁the ▁characters ' ▁perspective ▁to ▁somehow ▁l end ▁the ▁player ▁their ▁sympathy . ▁The ▁official ▁sound track ▁to ▁O po ona ▁was ▁announced ▁via ▁Bas is cape ' s ▁Twitter ▁account ▁and ▁was ▁published ▁over ▁three ▁years ▁after ▁the ▁game ' s ▁original ▁Japanese ▁launch . ▁ ▁Arte P ia zza ▁began ▁working ▁on ▁O po ona ▁in ▁the ▁spring ▁and ▁summer ▁of ▁ 2 0 0 5 . ▁The ▁project ▁had ▁no ▁publish er ▁until ▁Dragon ▁Qu est ▁designer ▁Yu ji ▁Hor ii ▁spark ed ▁tal ks ▁between ▁Arte P ia zza ▁and ▁K oe i ▁following ▁the ▁Electron ic ▁Entertainment ▁Ex po ▁( E 3 ) ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 6 . ▁Maj ima ▁came ▁up ▁with ▁the ▁game ' s ▁title ▁and ▁the ▁main ▁protagon ist ' s ▁name . ▁By ▁using ▁an ▁Energy ▁Bon - B on ▁project ile ▁as ▁the ▁letter ▁" o " ▁the ▁title , ▁the ▁sp elled ▁out ▁" O po |
ona " ▁was ▁meant ▁to ▁res emble ▁a ▁child ▁firing ▁an ▁Energy ▁Bon - B on ▁rapidly . ▁The ▁three ▁" o ' s " ▁in ▁the ▁title ▁was ▁also ▁meant ▁to ▁match ▁O po ona ' s ▁round ▁shape . ▁O po ona ▁was ▁announced ▁as ▁an ▁un t itled ▁R PG ▁in ▁a ▁September ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁issue ▁of ▁Japanese ▁magazine ▁Fam its u ▁and ▁was ▁un ve iled ▁with ▁its ▁final ized ▁title ▁at ▁a ▁K oe i ▁press ▁event ▁the ▁following ▁March . ▁O po ona ▁was ▁published ▁in ▁Japan ▁on ▁November ▁ 1 , ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁and ▁in ▁North ▁America ▁on ▁March ▁ 2 5 , ▁ 2 0 0 8 . ▁The ▁game ▁was ▁for ▁release ▁in ▁Europe ▁on ▁July ▁ 2 5 , ▁ 2 0 0 8 , ▁but ▁was ▁delayed ▁until ▁September ▁of ▁that ▁year . ▁ ▁Re ception ▁ ▁O po ona ▁suffered ▁low ▁sales ▁upon ▁its ▁release ▁in ▁Japan . ▁The ▁game ▁was ▁released ▁on ▁the ▁same ▁day ▁as ▁N intendo ' s ▁Super ▁Mario ▁Gal axy , ▁a ▁title ▁that ▁Arte p ia zza ▁and ▁K oe i ▁did ▁not ▁for ese e ▁as ▁competition ▁being ▁in ▁a ▁different ▁genre . ▁O po ona ▁received ▁a ▁positive ▁review ▁from ▁Japanese ▁magazine ▁Fam its u , ▁which ▁gave ▁it ▁a ▁score ▁of ▁three ▁e ights ▁and ▁one ▁seven ▁for ▁a ▁total ▁of ▁ 3 1 ▁out ▁of ▁ 4 0 . ▁The ▁publication ▁cred ited ▁the ▁character |
isation , ▁length , ▁music , ▁and ▁difficulty ▁level . ▁Else where , ▁O po ona ▁received ▁" m ixed " ▁reviews ▁according ▁to ▁the ▁review ▁aggreg ation ▁website ▁Met ac rit ic . ▁Euro g amer ▁pra ised ▁the ▁control ▁system , ▁pace ▁and ▁presentation , ▁and ▁said ▁" it ' s ▁char ming , ▁strange ▁and ▁often ▁fun , ▁but ▁too ▁shall ow ▁and ▁stretch ed ▁out ". ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁▁▁ ▁Category : Role - play ing ▁video ▁games ▁Category : Child ▁super h ero es ▁Category : K oe i ▁games ▁Category : Video ▁games ▁developed ▁in ▁Japan ▁Category : W ii - only ▁games ▁Category : W ii ▁games ▁Category : 2 0 0 7 ▁video ▁games ▁Category : Video ▁games ▁scored ▁by ▁H itos hi ▁Sak im oto ▁Category : Video ▁games ▁scored ▁by ▁Man ab u ▁Nam iki ▁Category : Video ▁games ▁scored ▁by ▁Mas ah aru ▁I w ata <0x0A> </s> ▁O leg ▁O leg ov ich ▁Y ol kin ▁( ; ▁born ▁ 2 6 ▁April ▁ 1 9 8 6 ) ▁is ▁a ▁Russian ▁professional ▁football ▁player . ▁ ▁Club ▁career ▁He ▁played ▁ 3 ▁seasons ▁in ▁the ▁Mold ovan ▁National ▁Division . ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁▁▁▁ ▁Category : 1 9 8 6 ▁birth s ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁T iras pol ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : Russ ian ▁football ers ▁Category : Associ ation ▁football ▁mid field ers ▁Category : CS ▁T il ig ul - T |
iras ▁T iras pol ▁players ▁Category : FC ▁O ry ol ▁players ▁Category : FC ▁Ty umen ▁players ▁Category : FC ▁Z nam ya ▁Tr uda ▁O re kh ovo - Z u ye vo ▁players ▁Category : FC ▁T igh ina ▁players ▁Category : FC ▁Lok om ot iv ▁Saint ▁Petersburg ▁players ▁Category : M old ovan ▁National ▁Division ▁players <0x0A> </s> ▁Bry ot ro pha ▁wol sch rij ni ▁is ▁a ▁moth ▁of ▁the ▁family ▁Ge le chi idae . ▁It ▁is ▁found ▁in ▁mountain ous ▁areas ▁of ▁Spain ▁and ▁Mor oc co . ▁ ▁The ▁wings pan ▁is ▁ 1 4 – 1 5 mm . ▁The ▁for ew ings ▁are ▁mixed ▁with ▁brown ▁and ▁dark ▁grey ish ▁brown ▁scales . ▁The ▁base ▁has ▁a ▁black ▁bl ot ch ▁on ▁the ▁costa . ▁The ▁h ind w ings ▁are ▁pale ▁brown ▁at ▁the ▁base , ▁but ▁much ▁dark er ▁towards ▁the ▁a pe x . ▁Ad ult s ▁have ▁been ▁recorded ▁on ▁wing ▁from ▁June ▁to ▁July ▁and ▁in ▁late ▁September . ▁ ▁Et ym ology ▁The ▁species ▁is ▁named ▁in ▁honour ▁of ▁Mr . ▁J . ▁Wol sch rij n . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : M oth s ▁described ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 5 ▁wol sch rij ni ▁Category : M oth s ▁of ▁Europe ▁Category : M oth s ▁of ▁Africa <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁C lem son ▁Tig ers ▁men ' s ▁basketball ▁teams ▁of ▁ 1 9 8 0 – 1 9 8 9 |
▁represented ▁C lem son ▁University ▁in ▁NCAA ▁college ▁basketball ▁competition . ▁▁ 1 9 7 9 – 8 0 ▁▁ 1 9 8 0 – 8 1 ▁▁ 1 9 8 1 – 8 2 ▁▁ 1 9 8 2 – 8 3 ▁▁ 1 9 8 3 – 8 4 ▁▁ 1 9 8 4 – 8 5 ▁▁ 1 9 8 5 – 8 6 ▁▁ 1 9 8 6 – 8 7 ▁▁ 1 9 8 7 – 8 8 ▁▁ 1 9 8 8 – 8 9 ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Games : ▁ ▁Co aches : ▁▁▁ 1 9 8 0 <0x0A> </s> ▁Kal as he h ▁( , ▁also ▁Roman ized ▁as ▁Kal ā she h ) ▁is ▁a ▁village ▁in ▁G av kan ▁R ural ▁District , ▁in ▁the ▁Central ▁District ▁of ▁R igan ▁County , ▁K erman ▁Province , ▁Iran . ▁At ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁census , ▁its ▁population ▁was ▁ 9 8 , ▁in ▁ 1 8 ▁families . ▁ ▁References ▁▁ ▁Category : Pop ulated ▁places ▁in ▁R igan ▁County <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁ 1 9 0 3 ▁Minnesota ▁Golden ▁G oph ers ▁football ▁team ▁represented ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Minnesota ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 0 3 ▁college ▁football ▁season . ▁In ▁their ▁fourth ▁year ▁under ▁head ▁coach ▁Henry ▁L . ▁Williams , ▁the ▁Golden ▁G oph ers ▁compiled ▁a ▁ 1 4 – 0 – 1 ▁record ▁( 3 – 0 – 1 ▁against ▁Western ▁Conference ▁oppon ents ), ▁shut |
▁out ▁ 1 3 ▁of ▁their ▁ 1 5 ▁oppon ents , ▁and ▁out sc ored ▁all ▁oppon ents ▁by ▁a ▁combined ▁total ▁of ▁ 6 5 6 ▁to ▁ 1 2 . ▁The ▁team ▁finished ▁the ▁season ▁in ▁a ▁tie ▁with ▁Michigan ▁for ▁the ▁Western ▁Conference ▁co - ch ampion ship . ▁When ▁Minnesota ▁and ▁Michigan ▁met , ▁the ▁teams ▁played ▁to ▁a ▁tie ▁in ▁a ▁game ▁that ▁gave ▁rise ▁the ▁Little ▁Brown ▁Jug ▁tro phy . ▁ ▁Four ▁Minnesota ▁players ▁were ▁recognized ▁on ▁the ▁ 1 9 0 3 ▁College ▁Football ▁All - America ▁Team . ▁Qu arter back ▁Sig mund ▁Harris ▁received ▁first - team ▁hon ors ▁from ▁Field ing ▁H . ▁Y ost ▁and ▁third - team ▁hon ors ▁from ▁Walter ▁Camp . ▁T ack le ▁Fred ▁Sch acht ▁received ▁first - team ▁hon ors ▁from ▁Cas par ▁Whit ney ▁and ▁second - team ▁hon ors ▁from ▁Camp ▁and ▁Y ost . ▁Center ▁Mos es ▁Str ath ern ▁received ▁second - team ▁hon ors ▁from ▁Camp . ▁And , ▁end ▁Edd ie ▁Rog ers ▁received ▁third - team ▁hon ors ▁from ▁Camp . ▁ ▁In ▁addition , ▁nine ▁G oph ers ▁were ▁hon ored ▁on ▁the ▁ 1 9 0 3 ▁All - West ern ▁college ▁football ▁team : ▁quarter back ▁Sig mund ▁Harris ▁( B M - 1 , ▁C IO - 2 , ▁CR H , ▁F L - 1 , ▁M J - 2 , ▁W C ); ▁half back s ▁James ▁B . ▁I rs |
field ▁( B MA , ▁C IO - 2 , ▁CT , ▁F L - 1 , ▁M J - 2 , ▁W C ) ▁and ▁Otto ▁Nelson ▁Dav ies ▁( B M - 2 ); ▁full back ▁Earl ▁Current ▁( B M - 2 ); ▁end ▁Edward ▁L . ▁Rog ers ▁( B MA , ▁B M - 1 , ▁C IO - 2 , ▁F L - 1 , ▁M J - 1 , ▁W C ); ▁tack le ▁Fred ▁Sch acht ▁( B MA , ▁B M - 1 , ▁C IO - 1 , ▁CR H , ▁CT , ▁F L - 1 , ▁M J - 1 , ▁W C ); ▁gu ards ▁Wal ton ▁Will ard ▁Thor p ▁( B M - 1 , ▁C IO - 2 , ▁CT , ▁M J - 1 ) ▁and ▁John ▁B . ▁Warren ▁( B M - 2 , ▁M J - 2 ); ▁and ▁center ▁Mos es ▁Str ath ern ▁( B MA , ▁B M - 1 , ▁C IO - 1 , ▁CR H , ▁F L - 1 , ▁M J - 1 , ▁W C ). ▁ ▁Sch edule ▁ ▁Game ▁summar ies ▁ ▁Michigan ▁The ▁e ighth ▁game ▁of ▁the ▁season ▁matched ▁Minnesota ▁against ▁Michigan ▁in ▁a ▁game ▁played ▁at ▁North rop ▁Field ▁in ▁Min ne apolis , ▁Minnesota . ▁ ▁The ▁New ▁York ▁Times ▁reported ▁that ▁the ▁match , ▁" one ▁of ▁the ▁most ▁des perate ▁football ▁games ▁seen ▁in ▁the ▁West |
▁in ▁years ," ▁was ▁witness ed ▁by ▁" fully ▁ 3 0 , 0 0 0 ▁spect ators ." ▁ ▁The ▁game ▁ended ▁in ▁a ▁ 6 – 6 ▁tie , ▁the ▁first ▁time ▁in ▁the ▁Y ost ▁era ▁that ▁Michigan ▁had ▁not ▁achieved ▁a ▁victory . ▁ ▁During ▁the ▁first ▁half , ▁Minnesota ▁out g ained ▁Michigan ▁ 1 5 5 ▁yards ▁to ▁ 6 0 ▁yards . ▁ ▁The ▁Michigan ▁defense ▁held , ▁and ▁the ▁first ▁half ▁ended ▁in ▁a ▁sc or eless ▁tie . ▁ ▁With ▁ 1 5 ▁minutes ▁remaining ▁in ▁the ▁game , ▁Michigan ▁sust ained ▁a ▁ 6 5 - yard ▁drive ▁cul min ating ▁with ▁a ▁touch down ▁by ▁right ▁tack le ▁Joe ▁M add ock . ▁ ▁On ▁the ▁drive ▁that ▁followed , ▁the ▁Michigan ▁line ▁was ▁" un able ▁to ▁sust ain ▁Sch acht ' s ▁fier ce ▁line ▁sm ash es ," ▁and ▁Minnesota ▁tied ▁the ▁game ▁with ▁a ▁touch down ▁run ▁by ▁its ▁full back , ▁Bo e ck mann , ▁and ▁Rog ers ▁k icked ▁the ▁point ▁after ▁touch down . ▁ ▁Although ▁approximately ▁two ▁minutes ▁remained ▁in ▁the ▁game , ▁Minnesota ▁fans ▁sur ged ▁onto ▁the ▁field , ▁and ▁the ▁game ▁had ▁to ▁be ▁ended ▁early . ▁ ▁The ▁Detroit ▁Free ▁Press ▁described ▁the ▁scene ▁as ▁follows :" Time ▁was ▁not ▁up ▁by ▁a ▁few ▁minutes , ▁but ▁the ▁crowd ▁sur ged ▁onto ▁the ▁field ▁and ▁time ▁was ▁called , ▁as ▁it ▁would ▁have ▁been ▁impossible ▁to ▁have ▁cleared ▁the |
▁grid ir on ▁in ▁time ▁to ▁res ume ▁play ▁before ▁day light ▁had ▁f aded ▁entirely ▁away ." ▁ ▁When ▁the ▁Michigan ▁team ▁returned ▁to ▁Ann ▁Ar bor ▁on ▁November ▁ 1 , ▁the ▁players ▁were ▁gre et ed ▁by ▁a ▁crowd ▁of ▁ 5 , 0 0 0 ▁singing ▁and ▁y elling ▁at ▁the ▁dep ot . ▁ ▁The ▁crowd ▁attached ▁ro pes ▁to ▁a ▁bus ▁and ▁to wed ▁the ▁team ▁to ▁campus ▁while ▁continu ing ▁with ▁organized ▁songs ▁and ▁y ells . ▁ ▁At ▁a ▁r ally ▁near ▁the ▁law ▁building , ▁Will ie ▁H eston ▁told ▁the ▁crowd ▁that ▁the ▁Minnesota ▁players ▁were ▁" the ▁rough est ▁lot ▁of ▁sl ug gers ▁I ▁ever ▁went ▁up ▁against ." ▁ ▁H eston ' s ▁right ▁eye ▁was ▁nearly ▁sw ol len ▁shut , ▁and ▁his ▁nose ▁bore ▁" marks ▁of ▁ter r ific ▁sm ash es ." ▁ ▁Joe ▁M add ock ▁added , ▁" I ▁don ' t ▁know ▁how ▁many ▁times ▁I ▁was ▁hit ▁and ▁k icked , ▁but ▁I ▁think ▁I ▁got ▁at ▁least ▁twenty ▁blow s ▁on ▁the ▁back ▁of ▁my ▁neck ." ▁ ▁The ▁Michigan ▁Al umn us ▁compla ined ▁about ▁" the ▁uns ports man like ▁spirit " ▁manif ested ▁by ▁some ▁Minnesota ▁players ▁and ▁op ined ▁that ▁the ▁Minnesota ▁fans ▁who ▁sur ged ▁onto ▁the ▁field ▁had ▁respond ed ▁to ▁" an ▁imp ulse ▁which ▁does ▁more ▁credit ▁to ▁their ▁enthus ias m ▁than ▁their ▁love ▁of ▁fair ▁play ." ▁ ▁The ▁Detroit ▁Free |
▁Press ▁condem ned ▁" the ▁m ucker ish ▁tact ics ▁of ▁the ▁crowd ▁and ▁the ▁p ug il istic ▁efforts ▁of ▁the ▁G oph ers ." ▁ ▁Several ▁in ▁attend ance ▁reported ▁that ▁Minnesota ▁assistant ▁coach ▁P ud ge ▁He ff elf inger ▁had ▁been ▁heard ▁y elling ▁from ▁the ▁s idel ines , ▁" K ill ▁off ▁H eston ▁in ▁the ▁first ▁ten ▁minutes , ▁or ▁you ' ll ▁lose ." ▁ ▁The ▁crowd ▁reported ly ▁picked ▁up ▁the ▁comment ▁and ▁respond ed ▁with ▁the ▁y ell , ▁" K ill ▁off ▁H eston ." ▁The ▁game ' s ▁u mp ire , ▁Henry ▁Clark , ▁was ▁selected ▁by ▁Minnesota , ▁and ▁he ▁came ▁under ▁heavy ▁criticism ▁from ▁Michigan ▁loyal ists ▁for ▁failing ▁to ▁call ▁Minnesota ▁for ▁its ▁rough ▁play . ▁ ▁The ▁Minnesota ▁game ▁generated ▁gross ▁gate ▁rece i pts ▁of ▁$ 3 0 , 9 3 3 . 5 0 . ▁ ▁After ▁ded uct ing ▁exp enses , ▁Michigan ' s ▁share ▁was ▁$ 1 3 , 0 0 0 . ▁ ▁Y ost ▁def ended ▁his ▁team ' s ▁performance ▁upon ▁his ▁return ▁to ▁Ann ▁Ar bor . ▁ ▁P ull ing ▁a ▁cr iss - cross ed ▁chart ▁from ▁his ▁pocket , ▁Y ost ▁walked ▁through ▁the ▁progress ▁of ▁the ▁game ▁with ▁rep or ters . ▁ ▁Even ▁though ▁Minnesota ▁out g ained ▁Michigan ▁in ▁the ▁first ▁half , ▁Y ost ▁said :" Why , ▁they ▁never ▁had ▁the ▁ball ▁inside ▁our ▁ 3 0 - yard |
▁line ▁but ▁once ▁during ▁the ▁first ▁half , ▁and ▁it ▁was ▁just ▁inside ▁at ▁that ▁time . ▁ ▁The ▁goal ▁was ▁never ▁in ▁danger ▁because ▁our ▁boys ▁played ▁a ▁scientific ▁def ensive ▁game ▁and ▁kept ▁the ▁ball ▁in ▁the ▁air ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁time , ▁where ▁it ▁belonged . ▁ ▁We ▁had ▁good ▁head work ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁be ef , ▁and ▁I ▁do ▁not ▁think ▁it ▁is ▁fair ▁to ▁Michigan ▁to ▁say ▁that ▁she ▁was ▁out play ed ▁in ▁the ▁first ▁half . ▁ ▁The ▁touch down ▁the ▁Minnesota ▁boys ▁made ▁was ▁made ▁after ▁dark , ▁when ▁nobody ▁could ▁see ▁the ▁ball , ▁and ▁of ▁course ▁that ▁prevent ed ▁us ▁from ▁stopping ▁them . ▁Also , ▁the ▁field ▁was ▁crown ed . ▁I ▁am ▁confident , ▁however , ▁that ▁we ▁have ▁the ▁better ▁team . ▁ ▁That ▁man ▁Good ing ▁and ▁H eston ▁played ▁a ▁wonderful ▁game , ▁and ▁all ▁the ▁boys ▁did , ▁for ▁that ▁matter . ▁ ▁I ▁have ▁no ▁fault ▁to ▁find ▁with ▁anyone ." ▁ ▁Little ▁Brown ▁Jug ▁ ▁The ▁ 1 9 0 3 ▁game ▁against ▁Minnesota ▁also ▁gave ▁rise ▁to ▁the ▁tradition ▁of ▁the ▁two ▁teams ▁playing ▁for ▁the ▁Little ▁Brown ▁Jug . ▁ ▁When ▁the ▁Michigan ▁team ▁arrived ▁in ▁Min ne apolis , ▁Y ost ▁reported ly ▁instruct ed ▁student ▁manager ▁Thomas ▁B . ▁Roberts ▁to ▁purchase ▁a ▁water ▁jug . ▁ ▁Roberts ▁purchased ▁a ▁five - g all on ▁jug ▁for ▁ 3 0 ¢ ▁from ▁a ▁local ▁variety ▁store . ▁ ▁In ▁the |
▁cha os ▁that ▁en su ed ▁when ▁the ▁Minnesota ▁crowd ▁r ushed ▁onto ▁the ▁field , ▁the ▁Wol ver ines ▁left ▁the ▁jug ▁behind . ▁ ▁Thomas ▁Roberts , ▁writing ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 6 , ▁stated ▁that ▁the ▁jug ▁had ▁served ▁its ▁purpose , ▁so ▁he ▁intention ally ▁left ▁it ▁sitting ▁on ▁the ▁field . ▁ ▁The ▁next ▁day , ▁cust od ian ▁Oscar ▁Mun son ▁brought ▁the ▁jug ▁to ▁L . ▁J . ▁Co oke , ▁head ▁of ▁the ▁Minnesota ▁athlet ics ▁department . ▁Co oke ▁and ▁Mun son ▁painted ▁the ▁jug ▁brown ▁and ▁wrote ▁on ▁it , ▁ ▁" Mich igan ▁Jug ▁– ▁Capt ured ▁by ▁Oscar , ▁October ▁ 3 1 , ▁ 1 9 0 3 ." ▁ ▁According ▁to ▁legend , ▁Y ost ▁sent ▁a ▁letter ▁asking ▁for ▁the ▁jug ▁to ▁be ▁returned , ▁and ▁Co oke ▁wrote ▁in ▁response : ▁" We ▁have ▁your ▁little ▁brown ▁jug ; ▁if ▁you ▁want ▁it , ▁you ' ll ▁have ▁to ▁win ▁it ." ▁ ▁Y ost ▁returned ▁with ▁his ▁team ▁in ▁ 1 9 0 9 ▁to ▁rec laim ▁the ▁jug , ▁and ▁the ▁two ▁teams ▁have ▁awarded ▁the ▁jug ▁to ▁the ▁winner ▁of ▁their ▁annual ▁rival ry ▁game . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Minnesota ▁Category : M inn esota ▁Golden ▁G oph ers ▁football ▁seasons ▁Category : Big ▁Ten ▁Conference ▁football ▁champion ▁seasons ▁Category : Col lege ▁football ▁und efe ated ▁seasons ▁Minnesota ▁Golden ▁G oph ers ▁football <0x0A> </s> ▁Joseph ▁Car ber y ▁( born ▁ |
1 ▁November ▁ 1 9 9 5 ) ▁is ▁an ▁Irish ▁rugby ▁union ▁player ▁who ▁plays ▁for ▁Mun ster ▁in ▁the ▁Pro 1 4 ▁and ▁European ▁Rugby ▁Champions ▁Cup ▁and ▁for ▁the ▁Ireland ▁national ▁team . ▁He ▁plays ▁primarily ▁as ▁a ▁fly - half , ▁but ▁can ▁also ▁play ▁as ▁a ▁full back . ▁ ▁Early ▁life ▁Car ber y ▁was ▁born ▁in ▁D arg av ille , ▁New ▁Zealand , ▁to ▁an ▁Irish ▁mother ▁from ▁Ath y , ▁County ▁K ild are ▁and ▁an ▁Irish – New ▁Zealand ▁father ▁( who ▁was ▁also ▁born ▁in ▁Ath y ▁but ▁taken ▁by ▁his ▁migr ating ▁parents ▁as ▁a ▁two - year ▁old ▁to ▁live ▁in ▁New ▁Zealand ). ▁Car ber y ▁returned ▁with ▁his ▁family ▁to ▁Ath y ▁when ▁he ▁was ▁ 1 1 ▁years ▁old . ▁He ▁attended ▁Á rd s co il ▁na ▁Tr í on ó ide ▁in ▁Ath y , ▁and ▁moved ▁to ▁Black rock ▁College ▁for ▁his ▁final ▁year ▁of ▁school , ▁where ▁he ▁won ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁Le in ster ▁School s ▁Rugby ▁Senior ▁Cup . ▁ ▁Club ▁career ▁ ▁Le in ster ▁Car ber y ▁made ▁his ▁senior ▁compet itive ▁debut ▁for ▁Le in ster ▁on ▁ 1 8 ▁March ▁ 2 0 1 6 , ▁when ▁he ▁came ▁off ▁the ▁ben ch ▁in ▁the ▁province ' s ▁ 1 2 – 6 ▁defeat ▁during ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 5 – 1 6 ▁Pro 1 2 ▁season ▁at ▁the ▁hands ▁of ▁Glasgow ▁War |
riors . ▁He ▁made ▁his ▁break - through ▁for ▁Le in ster ▁when ▁he ▁started ▁at ▁fly - half ▁in ▁the ▁provinces ▁opening ▁ 2 0 1 6 – 1 7 ▁Pro 1 2 ▁fi xture ▁against ▁Ben et ton ▁on ▁ 2 ▁September ▁ 2 0 1 6 . ▁Car ber y ▁scored ▁two ▁tries ▁in ▁their ▁ 2 0 – 8 ▁victory ▁against ▁the ▁Italian ▁side . ▁ ▁Car ber y ▁produced ▁a ▁Man - of - the - Match ▁performance ▁from ▁full back ▁in ▁Le in ster ' s ▁ 3 2 – 1 7 ▁win ▁against ▁Was ps ▁in ▁the ▁quarter - final s ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 6 – 1 7 ▁European ▁Rugby ▁Champions ▁Cup ▁on ▁ 1 ▁April ▁ 2 0 1 7 . ▁He ▁went ▁on ▁to ▁win ▁the ▁Young ▁Player ▁of ▁the ▁Season ▁award ▁for ▁both ▁Le in ster ▁and ▁the ▁Pro 1 2 ▁for ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 6 – 1 7 ▁season . ▁He ▁was ▁used ▁as ▁a ▁replacement ▁by ▁Le in ster ▁in ▁the ▁final s ▁of ▁both ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 7 – 1 8 ▁Pro 1 4 ▁and ▁ 2 0 1 7 – 1 8 ▁European ▁Rugby ▁Champions ▁Cup ▁in ▁May ▁ 2 0 1 8 . ▁Le in ster ' s ▁vict ories ▁in ▁both ▁final s ▁saw ▁them ▁complete ▁a ▁historic ▁double , ▁becoming ▁the ▁first ▁C elt ic ▁team ▁to ▁do ▁so . ▁ ▁Mun ster ▁After ▁much ▁spec ulation , ▁it |
▁was ▁confirmed ▁in ▁May ▁ 2 0 1 8 ▁that ▁Car ber y ▁would ▁join ▁Le in ster ' s ▁riv als ▁Mun ster ▁on ▁a ▁two - year ▁contract ▁ahead ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 8 – 1 9 ▁season . ▁He ▁made ▁his ▁compet itive ▁debut ▁for ▁Mun ster ▁on ▁ 1 ▁September ▁ 2 0 1 8 , ▁coming ▁off ▁the ▁ben ch ▁in ▁their ▁opening ▁ 2 0 1 8 – 1 9 ▁Pro 1 4 ▁fi xture ▁against ▁the ▁C heet ah s ▁in ▁Thom ond ▁Park , ▁a ▁game ▁which ▁Mun ster ▁won ▁ 3 8 – 0 . ▁Car ber y ▁made ▁his ▁first ▁start ▁for ▁Mun ster ▁on ▁ 1 4 ▁September ▁ 2 0 1 8 , ▁doing ▁so ▁against ▁O spre ys ▁in ▁Irish ▁Independent ▁Park ▁and ▁scoring ▁his ▁first ▁try ▁for ▁the ▁province , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁kick ing ▁five ▁convers ions ▁in ▁Mun ster ' s ▁ 4 9 – 1 3 ▁win . ▁ ▁He ▁won ▁the ▁Man - of - the - Match ▁award ▁and ▁scored ▁ 1 8 ▁points , ▁including ▁a ▁try , ▁in ▁Mun ster ' s ▁ 6 4 – 7 ▁win ▁against ▁Ul ster ▁in ▁Thom ond ▁Park ▁on ▁ 2 9 ▁September ▁ 2 0 1 8 . ▁Car ber y ' s ▁try ▁in ▁this ▁match ▁was ▁later ▁voted ▁Mun ster ' s ▁try ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 8 – 1 9 ▁season . ▁Car ber y ▁made ▁his |
▁European ▁debut ▁for ▁Mun ster ▁on ▁ 1 3 ▁October ▁ 2 0 1 8 , ▁starting ▁in ▁the ▁provinces ▁ 1 0 – 1 0 ▁draw ▁with ▁Ex eter ▁Chief s ▁in ▁Sand y ▁Park ▁and ▁contrib uting ▁five ▁points ▁off ▁the ▁kick ing ▁te e ▁in ▁the ▁sides ' ▁opening ▁ 2 0 1 8 – 1 9 ▁Champions ▁Cup ▁fi xture . ▁One ▁week ▁later , ▁in ▁his ▁first ▁home ▁European ▁game ▁for ▁Mun ster , ▁Car ber y ▁scored ▁one ▁try , ▁four ▁convers ions , ▁one ▁penalty ▁and ▁won ▁the ▁Man - of - the - Match ▁award ▁in ▁the ▁provinces ▁ 3 6 – 2 2 ▁win ▁against ▁Gl ouc ester . ▁ ▁Car ber y ▁scored ▁ 1 4 ▁points , ▁including ▁four ▁pen alt ies ▁and ▁one ▁conversion , ▁in ▁Mun ster ' s ▁ 2 6 – 1 7 ▁win ▁against ▁his ▁former ▁province ▁Le in ster ▁on ▁ 2 9 ▁December ▁ 2 0 1 8 . ▁He ▁was ▁Man - of - the - Match ▁and ▁scored ▁ 1 6 ▁points , ▁including ▁one ▁try , ▁four ▁convers ions ▁and ▁one ▁penalty , ▁in ▁Mun ster ' s ▁ 3 1 – 2 4 ▁away ▁win ▁against ▁Con n acht ▁on ▁ 5 ▁January ▁ 2 0 1 9 . ▁Car ber y ▁scored ▁ 2 6 ▁points , ▁including ▁two ▁tries , ▁five ▁convers ions ▁and ▁two ▁pen alt ies , ▁and ▁was ▁Man - of - the - Match ▁in |
▁Mun ster ' s ▁ 4 1 – 1 5 ▁away ▁win ▁against ▁English ▁side ▁Gl ouc ester ▁in ▁round ▁ 5 ▁of ▁the ▁Champions ▁Cup ▁on ▁ 1 1 ▁January ▁ 2 0 1 9 . ▁He ▁scored ▁all ▁of ▁Mun ster ' s ▁points ▁from ▁pen alt ies ▁in ▁their ▁ 9 – 7 ▁win ▁against ▁Ex eter ▁Chief s ▁in ▁round ▁ 6 ▁on ▁the ▁Champions ▁Cup ▁on ▁ 1 9 ▁January ▁ 2 0 1 9 , ▁a ▁result ▁that ▁ens ured ▁Mun ster ▁advanced ▁to ▁a ▁record ▁ 1 8 th ▁Champions ▁Cup ▁quarter - final . ▁ ▁Car ber y ▁signed ▁a ▁two - year ▁contract ▁extension ▁with ▁Mun ster ▁in ▁March ▁ 2 0 1 9 , ▁which ▁will ▁see ▁him ▁remain ▁with ▁the ▁province ▁until ▁at ▁least ▁June ▁ 2 0 2 2 . ▁The ▁an k le ▁injury ▁Car ber y ▁sust ained ▁whilst ▁on ▁international ▁duty ▁with ▁Ireland ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 9 ▁Rugby ▁World ▁Cup ▁was ▁ag gra v ated ▁post - t ourn ament , ▁r uling ▁him ▁out ▁for ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁games . ▁He ▁made ▁his ▁return ▁from ▁injury ▁for ▁the ▁province ▁on ▁ 2 8 ▁December ▁ 2 0 1 9 , ▁featuring ▁off ▁the ▁ben ch ▁in ▁Mun ster ' s ▁ 1 3 – 6 ▁defeat ▁against ▁Car ber y ' s ▁former ▁club ▁Le in ster ▁in ▁round ▁ 9 ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 9 – 2 0 ▁Pro 1 4 |
. ▁However , ▁a ▁w rist ▁injury ▁sust ained ▁after ▁Car ber y ▁played ▁the ▁full ▁ 8 0 ▁minutes ▁in ▁Mun ster ' s ▁ 3 8 – 1 7 ▁defeat ▁against ▁Ul ster ▁on ▁ 3 ▁January ▁ 2 0 2 0 ▁required ▁surg ery , ▁and ▁during ▁his ▁re h abil itation ▁for ▁that ▁injury , ▁it ▁was ▁decided ▁that ▁Car ber y ▁would ▁also ▁under go ▁surg ery ▁for ▁the ▁an k le ▁injury ▁sust ained ▁while ▁on ▁international ▁duty ▁during ▁the ▁world ▁cup , ▁r uling ▁him ▁out ▁for ▁the ▁remainder ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 9 – 2 0 ▁season . ▁ ▁Ireland ▁Car ber y ▁was ▁selected ▁in ▁the ▁Ireland ▁national ▁squad ▁to ▁play ▁New ▁Zealand ▁in ▁November ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁at ▁Sold ier ▁Field , ▁Chicago . ▁He ▁was ▁brought ▁on ▁as ▁a ▁substitute ▁in ▁the ▁ 5 9 th ▁minute , ▁ear ning ▁his ▁first ▁Ireland ▁cap ▁in ▁their ▁ 4 0 – 2 9 ▁victory , ▁Ireland ' s ▁first ▁ever ▁win ▁against ▁the ▁All ▁Black s . ▁He ▁was ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁Ireland ▁team ▁that ▁won ▁a ▁Grand ▁S lam ▁in ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 8 ▁Six ▁Nations ▁Championship . ▁He ▁started ▁in ▁the ▁first ▁test , ▁whilst ▁also ▁featuring ▁off ▁the ▁ben ch ▁in ▁the ▁second , ▁in ▁Ireland ' s ▁historic ▁ 2 – 1 ▁series ▁victory ▁against ▁Australia ▁in ▁June ▁ 2 0 1 8 . ▁Car ber y ▁started ▁in ▁Ireland ' s |
▁wins ▁against ▁Italy ▁and ▁the ▁United ▁States , ▁whilst ▁also ▁featuring ▁off ▁the ▁ben ch ▁in ▁the ▁wins ▁against ▁Argentina ▁and ▁New ▁Zealand , ▁during ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 8 ▁Aut umn ▁Test s . ▁ ▁Car ber y ▁made ▁two ▁appearances ▁for ▁Ireland ▁during ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 9 ▁Six ▁Nations ▁Championship , ▁featuring ▁off ▁the ▁ben ch ▁in ▁their ▁opening ▁ 3 2 – 2 0 ▁defeat ▁against ▁England ▁on ▁ 2 ▁February , ▁before ▁coming ▁on ▁during ▁the ▁first - half ▁to ▁replace ▁the ▁injured ▁Jonathan ▁Se xt on ▁to ▁play ▁a ▁key ▁role ▁in ▁Ireland ' s ▁ 2 2 – 1 3 ▁win ▁against ▁Scotland ▁one ▁week ▁later , ▁though ▁a ▁ham string ▁injury ▁and ▁the ▁form ▁of ▁Con n acht ' s ▁Jack ▁Cart y ▁prevent ed ▁Car ber y ▁from ▁gain ing ▁further ▁playing ▁time ▁during ▁the ▁tournament . ▁ ▁He ▁was ▁selected ▁in ▁the ▁ 3 1 - man ▁Ireland ▁squad ▁for ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 9 ▁Rugby ▁World ▁Cup , ▁having ▁featured ▁in ▁the ▁warm - up ▁match ▁against ▁Italy , ▁though ▁an ▁an k le ▁injury ▁prevent ed ▁Car ber y ▁from ▁taking ▁any ▁further ▁part ▁in ▁the ▁warm - up ▁matches . ▁He ▁returned ▁from ▁the ▁injury ▁to ▁make ▁his ▁Rugby ▁World ▁Cup ▁debut ▁off ▁the ▁ben ch ▁in ▁Ireland ' s ▁shock ▁ 1 9 – 1 2 ▁defeat ▁against ▁hosts ▁Japan ▁on ▁ 2 8 ▁September ▁ 2 0 1 9 , ▁before ▁providing ▁sc rum - |
half ▁cover ▁from ▁the ▁ben ch ▁in ▁the ▁ 3 5 – 0 ▁win ▁against ▁Russia , ▁and ▁featuring ▁off ▁the ▁ben ch ▁in ▁the ▁ 4 7 – 5 ▁win ▁against ▁Sam oa ▁and ▁the ▁ 4 6 – 1 4 ▁quarter - final ▁defeat ▁against ▁New ▁Zealand . ▁A ▁w rist ▁injury ▁sust ained ▁whilst ▁on ▁provincial ▁duty ▁with ▁Mun ster ▁ruled ▁Car ber y ▁out ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 0 2 0 ▁Six ▁Nations ▁Championship , ▁and ▁surg ery ▁for ▁the ▁an k le ▁injury ▁he ▁sust ained ▁during ▁the ▁world ▁cup ▁ruled ▁him ▁out ▁of ▁the ▁tour ▁of ▁Australia ▁in ▁July ▁ 2 0 2 0 . ▁ ▁Statistics ▁ ▁International ▁analysis ▁by ▁opposition ▁ ▁Correct ▁as ▁of ▁ 1 9 ▁October ▁ 2 0 1 9 ▁ ▁Hon ours ▁ ▁Black rock ▁College ▁Le in ster ▁School s ▁Rugby ▁Senior ▁Cup : ▁W inner ▁( 1 ): ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁ ▁Cl ont arf ▁FC ▁All - I reland ▁League ▁Division ▁ 1 A : ▁W inner ▁( 1 ): ▁ 2 0 1 5 – 1 6 ▁ ▁Le in ster ▁European ▁Rugby ▁Champions ▁Cup : ▁W inner ▁( 1 ): ▁ 2 0 1 7 – 1 8 ▁Pro 1 4 : ▁W inner ▁( 1 ): ▁ 2 0 1 7 – 1 8 ▁ ▁Ireland ▁Six ▁Nations ▁Championship : ▁W inner ▁( 1 ): ▁ 2 0 1 8 <0x09> ▁Grand ▁S lam : ▁W inner ▁( 1 ): ▁ 2 0 |
1 8 ▁Tri ple ▁Crown : ▁W inner ▁( 1 ): ▁ 2 0 1 8 ▁ ▁Ind ividual ▁Pro 1 4 ▁Young ▁Player ▁of ▁the ▁Year : ▁W inner ▁( 1 ): ▁ 2 0 1 6 – 1 7 ▁ ▁Le in ster ▁Young ▁Player ▁of ▁the ▁Year : ▁W inner ▁( 1 ): ▁ 2 0 1 6 – 1 7 ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁Mun ster ▁Profile ▁Le in ster ▁Profile ▁Ireland ▁Profile ▁Pro 1 4 ▁Profile ▁ ▁U 2 0 ▁Six ▁Nations ▁Profile ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 9 5 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁D arg av ille ▁Category : R ugby ▁union ▁players ▁from ▁A uck land ▁Category : Pe ople ▁educated ▁at ▁Black rock ▁College ▁Category : Univers ity ▁College ▁Dublin ▁R . F . C . ▁players ▁Category : Cl ont arf ▁FC ▁players ▁Category : I r ish ▁rugby ▁union ▁players ▁Category : Le in ster ▁Rugby ▁players ▁Category : M un ster ▁Rugby ▁players ▁Category : I reland ▁international ▁rugby ▁union ▁players ▁Category : R ugby ▁union ▁fly - hal ves ▁Category : R ugby ▁union ▁full back s <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Wil kins - B ernal - Med aw ar ▁L ect ure ▁is ▁a ▁public ▁lecture ▁organ ised ▁ann ually ▁by ▁the ▁Royal ▁Society ▁of ▁London . ▁▁ ▁It ▁was ▁formed ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 5 ▁by ▁the ▁mer ger ▁of ▁the ▁Wil kins ▁L ect ure , ▁the ▁Bern al |
▁L ect ure ▁and ▁the ▁Med aw ar ▁L ect ure . ▁The ▁subject ▁matter ▁for ▁the ▁lecture ▁is ▁some ▁aspect ▁of ▁the ▁social ▁function ▁of ▁science ▁as ▁per ▁the ▁Bern al ▁L ect ure , ▁the ▁philosophy ▁of ▁science ▁as ▁per ▁the ▁Med aw ar ▁L ect ure ▁or ▁the ▁history ▁of ▁science ▁as ▁per ▁the ▁Wil kins ▁L ect ure . ▁ ▁List ▁of ▁lect ur ers ▁ ▁References ▁▁ ▁Category : Ro yal ▁Society ▁lecture ▁series ▁Category : An n ual ▁events ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁Kingdom ▁Category : 2 0 0 5 ▁establish ments ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁Kingdom ▁Category : Rec urr ing ▁events ▁established ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 5 <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁ 2 0 0 5 – 0 6 ▁Minnesota ▁Wild ▁season ▁was ▁the ▁team ' s ▁sixth ▁season ▁in ▁the ▁National ▁Hockey ▁League ▁( N HL ). ▁The ▁Wild ▁failed ▁to ▁qual ify ▁for ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁Stanley ▁Cup ▁play offs . ▁ ▁Off - season ▁ ▁Reg ular ▁season ▁The ▁Wild ▁allowed ▁the ▁few est ▁power - play ▁goals ▁in ▁the ▁N HL ▁with ▁ 5 5 ▁and ▁had ▁the ▁highest ▁penalty - kill ▁percentage ▁at ▁ 8 7 . 3 9 %. ▁ ▁Final ▁stand ings ▁ ▁Sch edule ▁and ▁results ▁ ▁Play offs ▁The ▁Wild ▁failed ▁to ▁qual ify ▁for ▁the ▁play offs ▁for ▁the ▁second ▁year ▁in ▁a ▁row . ▁ ▁Player ▁statistics ▁ ▁Awards ▁and ▁records ▁ ▁Trans actions ▁ ▁R oster ▁ ▁D raft ▁pick s ▁Minnesota |
' s ▁pick s ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 5 ▁N HL ▁Entry ▁D raft ▁in ▁Ott awa , ▁Ontario . ▁▁ ▁D raft ▁notes ▁ ▁Farm ▁teams ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ 2 0 0 5 – 0 6 ▁N HL ▁season ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Minn ▁Minn ▁Category : M inn esota ▁Wild ▁seasons <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Arn hem ▁leaf - n osed ▁bat ▁( H ipp os ider os ▁in orn atus ) ▁is ▁a ▁species ▁of ▁bat ▁in ▁the ▁family ▁Hi pp os ider idae . ▁It ▁lives ▁in ▁the ▁sand stone ▁areas ▁of ▁K ak adu ▁National ▁Park ▁( N or thern ▁Territ ory , ▁Australia ). ▁ ▁Tax onomy ▁and ▁et ym ology ▁It ▁was ▁described ▁as ▁a ▁sub species ▁of ▁the ▁dia dem ▁leaf - n osed ▁bat ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 0 , ▁with ▁the ▁tr in omen ▁of ▁Hi pp os ider os ▁dia de ma ▁in orn atus . ▁Its ▁tax onom ic ▁status ▁has ▁fl uct u ated ▁several ▁times ▁since ▁its ▁initial ▁description ▁as ▁a ▁sub species . ▁Since ▁ 1 9 7 0 , ▁it ▁has ▁been ▁fully ▁syn onym ized ▁with ▁the ▁dia dem ▁leaf - n osed ▁bat , ▁recognized ▁again ▁as ▁a ▁sub species , ▁aff ir med ▁as ▁a ▁full ▁species , ▁dem oted ▁again ▁to ▁sub species , ▁and ▁elev ated ▁once ▁again ▁to ▁full ▁species . ▁Its ▁species ▁name ▁" in orn atus " ▁is ▁Latin ▁for ▁" un ad orn |
ed ." ▁ ▁Bi ology ▁and ▁e col ogy ▁It ▁is ▁no ct urn al , ▁for aging ▁at ▁night ▁and ▁ro ost ing ▁in ▁shelter ed ▁places ▁during ▁the ▁day ▁such ▁as ▁c aves ▁or ▁old ▁mines . ▁It ▁is ▁insect iv orous , ▁feed ing ▁on ▁be et les , ▁moth s , ▁co ck ro aches , ▁and ▁leaf ho ppers . ▁ ▁Range ▁and ▁habitat ▁It ▁is ▁en demic ▁to ▁the ▁Northern ▁Territ ory ▁of ▁Australia . ▁Rec ent ▁records ▁of ▁it ▁have ▁all ▁been ▁within ▁K ak adu ▁National ▁Park . ▁ ▁Conserv ation ▁As ▁of ▁ 2 0 0 8 , ▁it ▁is ▁considered ▁a ▁vulner able ▁species ▁by ▁the ▁IU CN . ▁It ▁meets ▁the ▁criteria ▁for ▁this ▁classification ▁because ▁it ▁is ▁estimated ▁that ▁there ▁are ▁fewer ▁than ▁ 1 , 0 0 0 ▁m ature ▁individuals ▁left . ▁However , ▁the ▁species ▁does ▁occur ▁within ▁a ▁protected ▁area ▁and ▁its ▁population ▁tr end ▁is ▁believed ▁to ▁be ▁stable . ▁In ▁Australia , ▁it ▁is ▁feder ally ▁listed ▁as ▁" end anger ed " ▁under ▁the ▁EP BC ▁Act . ▁Loc ally , ▁it ▁is ▁listed ▁as ▁" v ul ner able " ▁in ▁the ▁Northern ▁Territ ory ▁under ▁the ▁Territ ory ▁Park s ▁and ▁Wild life ▁Conserv ation ▁Act ▁ 2 0 0 0 . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : H ipp os ider os ▁Category : B ats ▁of ▁Australia ▁Category : M amm als ▁of ▁the ▁Northern ▁Territ ory ▁Category : K ak |
adu ▁National ▁Park ▁Category : End em ic ▁fa una ▁of ▁Australia ▁Category : M amm als ▁described ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 0 ▁Category : EP BC ▁Act ▁end anger ed ▁bi ota <0x0A> </s> ▁La x mes ha ▁S ury ap rak ash ▁( born ▁ 2 7 ▁September ▁ 1 9 8 9 ) ▁is ▁an ▁Indian ▁cr ick eter . ▁He ▁made ▁his ▁first - class ▁debut ▁for ▁T amil ▁N adu ▁in ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 6 – 1 7 ▁Ran ji ▁Tro phy ▁on ▁ 2 1 ▁November ▁ 2 0 1 6 . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁▁ ▁Category : 1 9 8 9 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : Ind ian ▁cr ick eters ▁Category : T amil ▁N adu ▁cr ick eters ▁Category : Place ▁of ▁birth ▁missing ▁( l iving ▁people ) <0x0A> </s> ▁An ▁A PE ▁tag ▁is ▁a ▁tag ▁used ▁to ▁add ▁metadata , ▁such ▁as ▁the ▁title , ▁artist , ▁or ▁track ▁number , ▁to ▁digital ▁audio ▁files . ▁ ▁Ess ence ▁ ▁MP 3 ▁sound ▁files ▁may ▁contain ▁metadata ▁that ▁describes ▁the ▁content . ▁The ▁A PE ▁tag ▁is ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁forms ▁of ▁metadata . ▁It ▁follows ▁the ▁sound ▁data ▁at ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁file , ▁unlike ▁the ▁common ▁ID 3 V 2 ▁tags ▁that ▁preced e ▁the ▁sound ▁data . ▁This ▁makes ▁expansion ▁easier . ▁A PE ▁field ▁names ▁(" keys ") ▁are ▁character ▁strings ▁that ▁may ▁or ▁may ▁not ▁follow |
▁a ▁standard , ▁unlike ▁the ▁ID 3 ▁tag ▁" frames " ▁that ▁are ▁identified ▁by ▁standard ized ▁ 4 ▁byte ▁codes . ▁ ▁Fe atures ▁ ▁A PE ▁tags ▁are ▁more ▁similar ▁to ▁Vor bis ▁comments ▁than ▁ID 3 ▁tags . ▁Like ▁Vor bis ▁comments , ▁they ▁are ▁un struct ured ▁( key , ▁value ) ▁pairs . ▁However , ▁unlike ▁Vor bis ▁comments , ▁they ▁do ▁not ▁allow ▁for ▁inter - key ▁ordering . ▁This ▁is ▁because ▁they ▁store ▁a ▁list ▁of ▁values ▁for ▁each ▁key ▁rather ▁than ▁one ▁value ▁per ▁key . ▁ ▁A PE ▁values ▁can ▁be ▁flag ged ▁as ▁text , ▁binary , ▁or ▁external ▁types . ▁This ▁allows ▁tag ▁editing ▁software ▁to ▁avoid ▁incorrectly ▁displaying ▁binary ▁values , ▁such ▁as ▁an ▁image ▁of ▁album ▁cover ▁art , ▁in ▁the ▁form ▁of ▁un read able ▁text ▁to ▁users . ▁In ▁comparison , ▁Vor bis ▁comments ▁do ▁not ▁have ▁a ▁flag ging ▁feature , ▁so ▁binary ▁data ▁cannot ▁be ▁easily ▁stored ▁in ▁them ▁( though ▁this ▁is ▁by ▁design ). ▁ ▁A PE v 2 ▁supports ▁Unicode ▁using ▁UTF - 8 ▁for ▁values . ▁For ▁keys , ▁an ▁ASCII ▁subset ▁( control ▁characters ▁from ▁ 0 x 0 0 ▁to ▁ 0 x 1 f ▁are ▁not ▁allowed ) ▁must ▁be ▁used . ▁ ▁Vers ions ▁ ▁A PE v 1 ▁ ▁The ▁A PE v 1 ▁tag ▁was ▁designed ▁for ▁the ▁Mon key ' s ▁Audio ▁format . ▁In ▁MP 3 ▁files , ▁the ▁A PE ▁tag ▁is ▁stored |
▁at ▁the ▁very ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁file , ▁with ▁no ▁inline ▁declaration ▁in ▁the ▁body ▁of ▁the ▁file . ▁The ▁software ▁handles ▁the ▁writing ▁and ▁access ▁to ▁the ▁tag ▁and ▁does ▁not ▁inter f ere ▁with ▁the ▁contents ▁of ▁the ▁MP 3 . ▁ ▁A PE v 2 ▁ ▁The ▁Muse pack ▁format ▁developer , ▁Frank ▁K lem m , ▁extended ▁the ▁original ▁A PE ▁tag ▁format ▁to ▁add ▁a ▁header , ▁allowing ▁A PE ▁tags ▁to ▁be ▁at ▁the ▁beginning ▁of ▁files ▁and ▁allowing ▁metadata ▁values ▁to ▁be ▁Unicode ▁rather ▁than ▁simply ▁ASCII . ▁Because ▁of ▁its ▁simplicity ▁and ▁flex ibility , ▁A PE v 2 ▁was ▁adopted ▁by ▁the ▁W av Pack ▁and ▁Opt im F RO G ▁formats ▁as ▁their ▁primary ▁tag ▁format . ▁Version ▁ 3 . 9 9 ▁of ▁the ▁official ▁Mon key ' s ▁Audio ▁software ▁switched ▁from ▁using ▁A PE v 1 ▁to ▁A PE v 2 . ▁ ▁The ▁popular ▁media ▁player ▁software , ▁Win amp , ▁supports ▁reading ▁and ▁writing ▁of ▁A PE v 2 ▁tags ▁in ▁MP 3 ▁files . ▁fo obar 2 0 0 0 ▁and ▁Jack ! ▁The ▁Kn ife ▁can ▁tag ▁MP 3 ▁files ▁with ▁A PE v 2 ▁tags ▁instead ▁of ▁ID 3 ▁tags . ▁Some ▁music ▁library ▁man agers ▁and ▁mass ▁tag gers ▁such ▁as ▁Music Be e ▁or ▁M p 3 tag ▁also ▁support ▁this ▁feature . ▁The ▁tag ging ▁string ▁AP ET AGE X ▁signals ▁the ▁start ▁of ▁an ▁A PE v 2 ▁record , ▁and |
▁the ▁string ▁T AG ▁signals ▁the ▁start ▁of ▁an ▁ID 3 v 1 ▁tag . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁▁ ▁Tag ▁editor ▁ ▁p ud d let ag ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁ ▁A PE v 2 ▁standard ▁tag ▁field ▁names ▁( keys ) ▁at ▁H ydro gen ▁Audio ▁Wik i ▁ ▁A PE v 2 ▁specific ations ▁at ▁H ydro gen ▁Audio ▁Wik i ▁ ▁Category : Sound ▁production ▁technology ▁Category : Metadata ▁Category : Comput er ▁file ▁formats <0x0A> </s> ▁C K WD - FM ▁is ▁a ▁Canadian ▁radio ▁station ▁broadcast ing ▁at ▁ 9 5 . 3 ▁FM ▁in ▁Cal g ary , ▁Al berta ▁owned ▁by ▁Jim ▁P att ison ▁Group . ▁The ▁station ▁broadcast s ▁a ▁country ▁music ▁format ▁brand ed ▁as ▁W IL D ▁ 9 5 . 3 . ▁C K WD ' s ▁stud ios ▁& ▁offices ▁are ▁located ▁on ▁ 5 8 th ▁Avenue ▁South west ▁in ▁Cal g ary , ▁while ▁its ▁transmit ter ▁is ▁located ▁on ▁Old ▁Ban ff ▁Co ach ▁Road . ▁The ▁station ▁is ▁owned ▁& ▁operated ▁by ▁Jim ▁P att ison ▁Group ▁who ▁also ▁own s ▁sister ▁station ▁C K CE - FM . ▁ ▁History ▁ ▁C K WD - FM ' s ▁license ▁was ▁granted ▁by ▁the ▁Canadian ▁Radio - tele vision ▁and ▁Tele communic ations ▁Commission ▁on ▁May ▁ 2 4 , ▁ 2 0 1 2 . ▁On ▁May ▁ 1 6 , ▁ 2 0 1 3 , ▁the ▁Jim ▁P att ison ▁Group |
▁acquired ▁C K CE - FM ▁from ▁Bell ▁Media , ▁as ▁part ▁of ▁div est ments ▁from ▁its ▁purchase ▁of ▁A str al ▁Media . ▁The ▁newly ▁acquired ▁station ▁was ▁cons olid ated ▁into ▁the ▁facilities ▁of ▁ 9 5 . 3 . ▁The ▁station ▁officially ▁launched ▁as ▁C HP K - FM ▁on ▁April ▁ 2 5 , ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁with ▁an ▁adult ▁album ▁alternative ▁format ▁as ▁ 9 5 . 3 ▁The ▁Pe ak . ▁ ▁At ▁ 1 0 : 1 5 a . m . ▁on ▁February ▁ 2 9 , ▁ 2 0 1 6 , ▁C HP K ▁f li pped ▁to ▁country ▁brand ed ▁as ▁Wild ▁ 9 5 . 3 ; ▁the ▁station ' s ▁general ▁manager ▁Eric ▁Staff ord ▁c ited ▁low ▁interest ▁and ▁ratings ▁for ▁the ▁station ' s ▁A AA ▁format ▁as ▁an ▁imp et us ▁for ▁the ▁switch . ▁He ▁believed ▁that ▁The ▁Pe ak ▁was ▁unable ▁to ▁fully ▁distinguish ▁itself ▁from ▁its ▁main ▁compet itor , ▁CF EX - FM , ▁in ▁order ▁to ▁remain ▁compet itive . ▁The ▁new ▁Wild ▁format ▁compet es ▁mainly ▁against ▁the ▁histor ically ▁dominant ▁C K RY - FM ; ▁Staff ord ▁stated ▁that ▁Wild ▁would ▁have ▁a ▁younger - ske wing ▁format ▁with ▁a ▁focus ▁on ▁newer ▁material ▁and ▁fewer ▁" throw back " ▁songs . ▁In ▁addition , ▁the ▁station ▁changed ▁call ▁letters ▁to ▁C K WD - FM . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁▁▁ ▁K WD |
▁K WD ▁K WD ▁Category : Radio ▁stations ▁established ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 4 <0x0A> </s> ▁Betty ▁Margaret ▁Bur st all ▁( 4 ▁February ▁ 1 9 2 6 1 4 ▁June ▁ 2 0 1 3 ) ▁was ▁an ▁Australian ▁theatre ▁director ▁who ▁founded ▁the ▁La ▁M ama ▁Theatre ▁in ▁Melbourne ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 7 . ▁Bur st all ▁and ▁her ▁theatre ▁are ▁cred ited ▁with ▁leading ▁the ▁growth ▁of ▁contemporary ▁theatre ▁in ▁Melbourne ▁during ▁the ▁ 1 9 6 0 s ▁and ▁ 1 9 7 0 s . ▁ ▁Bur st all ▁was ▁inspired ▁to ▁establish ▁the ▁theatre ▁after ▁returning ▁from ▁New ▁York ▁City . ▁She ▁introduced ▁off - B road way ▁contemporary ▁theatre ▁to ▁Melbourne ▁through ▁La ▁M ama . ▁N umer ous ▁actors ▁and ▁writers ▁have ▁appeared ▁and ▁worked ▁at ▁La ▁M ama , ▁including ▁Gra eme ▁Bl und ell , ▁Ker ry ▁D w yer , ▁Jack ▁H ib ber d , ▁and ▁John ▁Rom er il , ▁all ▁of ▁whom ▁formed ▁the ▁Australian ▁Perform ing ▁Group . ▁In ▁ 1 9 7 6 , ▁Bur st all ▁turned ▁over ▁the ▁day - to - day ▁operations ▁of ▁La ▁M ama ▁to ▁L iz ▁Jones , ▁who ▁remains ▁the ▁theatre ' s ▁art istic ▁director ▁as ▁of ▁ 2 0 1 3 . ▁Bur st all ▁remained ▁the ▁chief ▁script ▁advis er ▁until ▁about ▁ 1 9 9 8 . ▁ ▁Betty ▁Bur st all ▁was ▁prede ce ased ▁by ▁husband , ▁film ▁director |
▁Tim ▁Bur st all , ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 4 . ▁She ▁died ▁on ▁ 1 4 ▁June ▁ 2 0 1 3 , ▁at ▁the ▁age ▁of ▁ 8 7 , ▁surv ived ▁by ▁two ▁sons ▁and ▁their ▁w ives , ▁five ▁grand children ▁and ▁five ▁great - grand children . ▁ ▁The ▁actress ▁Sig rid ▁Thor nt on ▁is ▁her ▁daughter - in - law . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 2 6 ▁birth s ▁Category : 2 0 1 3 ▁death s ▁Category : Austral ian ▁theatre ▁direct ors ▁Category : Austral ian ▁theatre ▁man agers ▁and ▁produ cers ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁Melbourne <0x0A> </s> ▁An ▁organiz ational ▁structure ▁defines ▁how ▁activities ▁such ▁as ▁task ▁allocation , ▁coord ination , ▁and ▁super vision ▁are ▁directed ▁toward ▁the ▁achiev ement ▁of ▁organiz ational ▁a ims . ▁ ▁Organ iz ational ▁structure ▁affect s ▁organiz ational ▁action ▁and ▁provides ▁the ▁foundation ▁on ▁which ▁standard ▁operating ▁procedures ▁and ▁rout ines ▁rest . ▁It ▁determ ines ▁which ▁individuals ▁get ▁to ▁particip ate ▁in ▁which ▁decision - making ▁processes , ▁and ▁thus ▁to ▁what ▁extent ▁their ▁views ▁shape ▁the ▁organization ' s ▁actions . ▁Organ iz ational ▁structure ▁can ▁also ▁be ▁considered ▁as ▁the ▁view ing ▁glass ▁or ▁perspective ▁through ▁which ▁individuals ▁see ▁their ▁organization ▁and ▁its ▁environment . ▁ ▁Organ izations ▁are ▁a ▁variant ▁of ▁cluster ed ▁entities . ▁ ▁An ▁organization ▁can ▁be ▁struct ured ▁in ▁many ▁different ▁ways , ▁depending ▁on ▁its ▁object ives . ▁The ▁structure |
▁of ▁an ▁organization ▁will ▁determine ▁the ▁modes ▁in ▁which ▁it ▁oper ates ▁and ▁performs . ▁Organ iz ational ▁structure ▁allows ▁the ▁expressed ▁allocation ▁of ▁respons ib ilities ▁for ▁different ▁functions ▁and ▁processes ▁to ▁different ▁entities ▁such ▁as ▁the ▁branch , ▁department , ▁work group , ▁and ▁individual . ▁ ▁Organ izations ▁need ▁to ▁be ▁efficient , ▁flexible , ▁innov ative ▁and ▁car ing ▁in ▁order ▁to ▁achieve ▁a ▁sust ain able ▁compet itive ▁advantage . ▁ ▁Types ▁ ▁Pre - b ureau cr atic ▁structures ▁Pre - b ureau cr atic ▁( entre pr ene ur ial ) ▁structures ▁lack ▁standard ization ▁of ▁tasks . ▁This ▁structure ▁is ▁most ▁common ▁in ▁smaller ▁organizations ▁and ▁is ▁best ▁used ▁to ▁solve ▁simple ▁tasks , ▁such ▁as ▁sales . ▁The ▁structure ▁is ▁totally ▁central ized . ▁The ▁strateg ic ▁leader ▁makes ▁all ▁key ▁dec isions ▁and ▁most ▁communication ▁is ▁done ▁by ▁one ▁on ▁one ▁convers ations . ▁It ▁is ▁particularly ▁useful ▁for ▁new ▁( entre pr ene ur ial ) ▁business ▁as ▁it ▁enables ▁the ▁founder ▁to ▁control ▁growth ▁and ▁development . ▁ ▁They ▁are ▁usually ▁based ▁on ▁traditional ▁dom ination ▁or ▁char ism atic ▁dom ination ▁in ▁the ▁sense ▁of ▁Max ▁We ber ' s ▁tri part ite ▁classification ▁of ▁authority . ▁ ▁Bureau cr atic ▁structures ▁We ber ▁( 1 9 4 8 , ▁p . 2 1 4 ) ▁gives ▁the ▁anal ogy ▁that ▁“ the ▁fully ▁developed ▁b ureau cr atic ▁mechanism ▁comp ares ▁with ▁other ▁organizations ▁exactly ▁as ▁does ▁the |
▁machine ▁compare ▁with ▁the ▁non - me chan ical ▁modes ▁of ▁production . ▁P rec ision , ▁speed , ▁un ambigu ity , ▁… ▁strict ▁sub ord ination , ▁reduction ▁of ▁fr iction ▁and ▁of ▁material ▁and ▁personal ▁costs - ▁these ▁are ▁raised ▁to ▁the ▁optim um ▁point ▁in ▁the ▁strictly ▁b ureau cr atic ▁administration .” ▁Bureau cr atic ▁structures ▁have ▁a ▁certain ▁degree ▁of ▁standard ization . ▁They ▁are ▁better ▁su ited ▁for ▁more ▁complex ▁or ▁larger ▁scale ▁organizations , ▁usually ▁adopt ing ▁a ▁tall ▁structure . ▁The ▁t ension ▁between ▁b ureau cr atic ▁structures ▁and ▁non - b ureau cr atic ▁is ▁echo ed ▁in ▁Burn s ▁and ▁St alk er ' s ▁distinction ▁between ▁mechan istic ▁and ▁organ ic ▁structures . ▁ ▁The ▁We ber ian ▁characteristics ▁of ▁b ureau c racy ▁are : ▁▁ ▁Clear ▁defined ▁roles ▁and ▁respons ib ilities ▁ ▁A ▁hier arch ical ▁structure ▁ ▁Res pect ▁for ▁mer it ▁ ▁Bureau cr atic ▁structures ▁have ▁many ▁levels ▁of ▁management ▁r anging ▁from ▁senior ▁execut ives ▁to ▁regional ▁man agers , ▁all ▁the ▁way ▁to ▁department ▁store ▁man agers . ▁Since ▁there ▁are ▁many ▁levels , ▁decision - making ▁authority ▁has ▁to ▁pass ▁through ▁more ▁layers ▁than ▁fl atter ▁organizations . ▁A ▁b ureau cr atic ▁organization ▁has ▁rig id ▁and ▁tight ▁procedures , ▁policies ▁and ▁constraints . ▁This ▁kind ▁of ▁structure ▁is ▁rel uct ant ▁to ▁adapt ▁or ▁change ▁what ▁they ▁have ▁been ▁doing ▁since ▁the ▁company ▁started . ▁Organ iz ational ▁charts |
▁exist ▁for ▁every ▁department , ▁and ▁everyone ▁understand s ▁who ▁is ▁in ▁charge ▁and ▁what ▁their ▁respons ib ilities ▁are ▁for ▁every ▁situation . ▁Dec isions ▁are ▁made ▁through ▁an ▁organized au cr atic ▁structures , ▁the ▁authority ▁is ▁at ▁the ▁top ▁and ▁information ▁is ▁then ▁flow ed ▁from ▁top ▁to ▁bottom . ▁This ▁causes ▁for ▁more ▁rules ▁and ▁standards ▁for ▁the ▁company ▁which ▁oper ational ▁process ▁is ▁watched ▁with ▁close ▁super vision . ▁Some ▁advantages ▁for ▁b ureau cr atic ▁structures ▁for ▁top - level ▁man agers ▁are ▁they ▁have ▁a ▁trem end ous ▁control ▁over ▁organiz ational ▁structure ▁dec isions . ▁This ▁works ▁best ▁for ▁man agers ▁who ▁have ▁a ▁command ▁and ▁control ▁style ▁of ▁man aging . ▁Str ateg ic ▁decision - making ▁is ▁also ▁faster ▁because ▁there ▁are ▁fewer ▁people ▁it ▁has ▁to ▁go ▁through ▁to ▁appro ve . ▁A ▁dis adv antage ▁in ▁b ureau cr atic ▁structures ▁is ▁that ▁it ▁can ▁disc ou rage ▁cre ativity ▁and ▁innov ation ▁in ▁the ▁organization . ▁This ▁can ▁make ▁it ▁hard ▁for ▁a ▁company ▁to ▁adapt ▁to ▁changing ▁conditions ▁in ▁the ▁market place . ▁ ▁Post - b ureau cr atic ▁The ▁term ▁of ▁post ▁b ureau cr atic ▁is ▁used ▁in ▁two ▁sens es ▁in ▁the ▁organiz ational ▁literature : ▁one ▁generic ▁and ▁one ▁much ▁more ▁specific . ▁In ▁the ▁generic ▁sense ▁the ▁term ▁post ▁b ureau cr atic ▁is ▁often ▁used ▁to ▁describe ▁a ▁range ▁of ▁ideas ▁developed ▁since ▁the ▁ 1 9 8 0 s ▁that ▁specifically |
▁contrast ▁themselves ▁with ▁We ber ' s ▁ideal ▁type ▁b ureau c racy . ▁This ▁may ▁include ▁total ▁quality ▁management , ▁culture ▁management ▁and ▁matrix ▁management , ▁amongst ▁others . ▁None ▁of ▁these ▁however ▁has ▁left ▁behind ▁the ▁core ▁ten ets ▁of ▁Bureau c racy . ▁Hier arch ies ▁still ▁exist , ▁authority ▁is ▁still ▁We ber ' s ▁rational , ▁legal ▁type , ▁and ▁the ▁organization ▁is ▁still ▁rule ▁bound . ▁He ck scher , ▁arg uing ▁along ▁these ▁lines , ▁describes ▁them ▁as ▁clean ed ▁up ▁b ureau cra cies , ▁rather ▁than ▁a ▁fundamental ▁shift ▁away ▁from ▁b ureau c racy . ▁G ide on ▁K unda , ▁in ▁his ▁classic ▁study ▁of ▁culture ▁management ▁at ▁' T ech ' ▁argued ▁that ▁' the ▁ess ence ▁of ▁b ureau cr atic ▁control ▁- ▁the ▁formal ization , ▁cod ification ▁and ▁enfor cement ▁of ▁rules ▁and ▁reg ulations ▁- ▁does ▁not ▁change ▁in ▁principle ..... it ▁sh ifts ▁focus ▁from ▁organiz ational ▁structure ▁to ▁the ▁organization ' s ▁culture '. ▁ ▁Another ▁smaller ▁group ▁of ▁the or ists ▁have ▁developed ▁the ▁theory ▁of ▁the ▁Post - B ureau cr atic ▁Organ ization ., ▁provide ▁a ▁detailed ▁discussion ▁which ▁attempts ▁to ▁describe ▁an ▁organization ▁that ▁is ▁fund ament ally ▁not ▁b ureau cr atic . ▁Charles ▁He ck scher ▁has ▁developed ▁an ▁ideal ▁type , ▁the ▁post - b ureau cr atic ▁organization , ▁in ▁which ▁dec isions ▁are ▁based ▁on ▁dialog ue ▁and ▁cons ensus ▁rather ▁than ▁authority ▁and ▁command , |
▁the ▁organization ▁is ▁a ▁network ▁rather ▁than ▁a ▁hierarchy , ▁open ▁at ▁the ▁boundaries ▁( in ▁direct ▁contrast ▁to ▁culture ▁management ); ▁there ▁is ▁an ▁emphas is ▁on ▁meta - dec ision - making ▁rules ▁rather ▁than ▁decision - making ▁rules . ▁This ▁sort ▁of ▁horizontal ▁decision - making ▁by ▁cons ensus ▁model ▁is ▁often ▁used ▁in ▁housing ▁co oper atives , ▁other ▁co oper atives ▁and ▁when ▁running ▁a ▁non - pro fit ▁or ▁community ▁organization . ▁It ▁is ▁used ▁in ▁order ▁to ▁encou rage ▁participation ▁and ▁help ▁to ▁emp ower ▁people ▁who ▁normally ▁experience ▁opp ression ▁in ▁groups . ▁ ▁Still ▁other ▁the or ists ▁are ▁developing ▁a ▁res urg ence ▁of ▁interest ▁in ▁complexity ▁theory ▁and ▁organizations , ▁and ▁have ▁focused ▁on ▁how ▁simple ▁structures ▁can ▁be ▁used ▁to ▁eng ender ▁organiz ational ▁adapt ations . ▁For ▁instance , ▁Min er ▁et ▁al . ▁( 2 0 0 0 ) ▁studied ▁how ▁simple ▁structures ▁could ▁be ▁used ▁to ▁generate ▁impro vis ational ▁out comes ▁in ▁product ▁development . ▁Their ▁study ▁makes ▁links ▁to ▁simple ▁structures ▁and ▁impro vis er ▁learning . ▁Other ▁sch ol ars ▁such ▁as ▁Jan ▁Riv kin ▁and ▁Sig gle kow , ▁and ▁Nelson ▁Re pen ning ▁rev ive ▁an ▁older ▁interest ▁in ▁how ▁structure ▁and ▁strategy ▁relate ▁in ▁dynamic ▁environments . ▁ ▁Function al ▁structure ▁A ▁functional ▁organiz ational ▁structure ▁is ▁a ▁structure ▁that ▁consists ▁of ▁activities ▁such ▁as ▁coord ination , ▁super vision ▁and ▁task ▁allocation . ▁The ▁organiz ational ▁structure ▁determ ines ▁how ▁the |
▁organization ▁performs ▁or ▁oper ates . ▁The ▁term ▁organiz ational ▁structure ▁refers ▁to ▁how ▁the ▁people ▁in ▁an ▁organization ▁are ▁grouped ▁and ▁to ▁whom ▁they ▁report . ▁One ▁traditional ▁way ▁of ▁organ izing ▁people ▁is ▁by ▁function . ▁Some ▁common ▁functions ▁within ▁an ▁organization ▁include ▁production , ▁market ing , ▁human ▁resources , ▁and ▁account ing . ▁ ▁This ▁organ izing ▁of ▁special ization ▁leads ▁to ▁oper ational ▁efficiency , ▁where ▁employees ▁become ▁special ists ▁within ▁their ▁own ▁real m ▁of ▁expert ise . ▁On ▁the ▁other ▁hand , ▁the ▁most ▁typical ▁problem ▁with ▁a ▁functional ▁organiz ational ▁structure ▁is ▁that ▁communication ▁within ▁the ▁company ▁can ▁be ▁rather ▁rig id , ▁making ▁the ▁organization ▁slow ▁and ▁inf lex ible . ▁Therefore , ▁later al ▁communication ▁between ▁functions ▁becomes ▁very ▁important , ▁so ▁that ▁information ▁is ▁dis sem in ated ▁not ▁only ▁vert ically , ▁but ▁also ▁hor izont ally ▁within ▁the ▁organization . ▁Communic ation ▁in ▁organizations ▁with ▁functional ▁organiz ational ▁structures ▁can ▁be ▁rig id ▁because ▁of ▁the ▁standard ized ▁ways ▁of ▁operation ▁and ▁the ▁high ▁degree ▁of ▁formal ization . ▁ ▁As ▁a ▁whole , ▁a ▁functional ▁organization ▁is ▁best ▁su ited ▁as ▁a ▁producer ▁of ▁standard ized ▁goods ▁and ▁services ▁at ▁large ▁volume ▁and ▁low ▁cost . ▁Co ord ination ▁and ▁special ization ▁of ▁tasks ▁are ▁central ized ▁in ▁a ▁functional ▁structure , ▁which ▁makes ▁producing ▁a ▁limited ▁number ▁of ▁products ▁or ▁services ▁efficient ▁and ▁predict able . ▁Moreover , ▁efficiency ▁can ▁further ▁be ▁realized ▁as ▁functional ▁organizations ▁integrate ▁their |
▁activities ▁vert ically ▁so ▁that ▁products ▁are ▁sold ▁and ▁distributed ▁quickly ▁and ▁at ▁low ▁cost . ▁For ▁instance , ▁a ▁small ▁business ▁could ▁make ▁components ▁used ▁in ▁production ▁of ▁its ▁products ▁instead ▁of ▁bu ying ▁them . ▁ ▁Even ▁though ▁functional ▁units ▁often ▁perform ▁with ▁a ▁high ▁level ▁of ▁efficiency , ▁their ▁level ▁of ▁co operation ▁with ▁each ▁other ▁is ▁sometimes ▁comprom ised . ▁Such ▁groups ▁may ▁have ▁difficulty ▁working ▁well ▁with ▁each ▁other ▁as ▁they ▁may ▁be ▁territorial ▁and ▁unw illing ▁to ▁co oper ate . ▁The ▁occurrence ▁of ▁inf ight ing ▁among ▁units ▁may ▁cause ▁del ays , ▁reduced ▁commit ment ▁due ▁to ▁compet ing ▁interests , ▁and ▁was ted ▁time , ▁making ▁projects ▁fall ▁behind ▁schedule . ▁This ▁ultimately ▁can ▁bring ▁down ▁production ▁levels ▁overall , ▁and ▁the ▁company - wide ▁employee ▁commit ment ▁toward ▁meeting ▁organiz ational ▁goals . ▁ ▁Div is ional ▁structure ▁The ▁divis ional ▁structure ▁or ▁product ▁structure ▁consists ▁of ▁self - cont ained ▁divisions . ▁A ▁division ▁is ▁a ▁collection ▁of ▁functions ▁which ▁produce ▁a ▁product . ▁It ▁also ▁util izes ▁a ▁plan ▁to ▁comp ete ▁and ▁operate ▁as ▁a ▁separate ▁business ▁or ▁profit ▁center . ▁According ▁to ▁Z ain books . com , ▁divis ional ▁structure ▁in ▁America ▁is ▁seen ▁as ▁the ▁second ▁most ▁common ▁structure ▁for ▁organization ▁today . ▁ ▁Emp loy ees ▁who ▁are ▁responsible ▁for ▁certain ▁market ▁services ▁or ▁types ▁of ▁products ▁are ▁placed ▁in ▁divis ional ▁structure ▁in ▁order ▁to ▁increase ▁their ▁flex ibility . ▁Ex amples ▁of ▁divisions ▁include |
▁regional ▁( a ▁U . S ▁Division ▁and ▁an ▁EU ▁division ), ▁consumer ▁type ▁( a ▁division ▁for ▁companies ▁and ▁one ▁for ▁households ), ▁and ▁product ▁type ▁( a ▁division ▁for ▁tr uck s , ▁another ▁for ▁SU VS , ▁and ▁another ▁for ▁cars ). ▁The ▁divisions ▁may ▁also ▁have ▁their ▁own ▁depart ments ▁such ▁as ▁market ing , ▁sales , ▁and ▁engineering . ▁ ▁The ▁advantage ▁of ▁divis ional ▁structure ▁is ▁that ▁it ▁uses ▁deleg ated ▁authority ▁so ▁the ▁performance ▁can ▁be ▁directly ▁measured ▁with ▁each ▁group . ▁This ▁results ▁in ▁man agers ▁performing ▁better ▁and ▁high ▁employee ▁mor ale . ▁ ▁Another ▁advantage ▁of ▁using ▁divis ional ▁structure ▁is ▁that ▁it ▁is ▁more ▁efficient ▁in ▁coordin ating ▁work ▁between ▁different ▁divisions , ▁and ▁there ▁is ▁more ▁flex ibility ▁to ▁respond ▁when ▁there ▁is ▁a ▁change ▁in ▁the ▁market . ▁Also , ▁a ▁company ▁will ▁have ▁a ▁simpler ▁process ▁if ▁they ▁need ▁to ▁change ▁the ▁size ▁of ▁the ▁business ▁by ▁either ▁adding ▁or ▁removing ▁divisions . ▁When ▁divis ional ▁structure ▁is ▁util ized ▁more ▁special ization ▁can ▁occur ▁within ▁the ▁groups . ▁When ▁divis ional ▁structure ▁is ▁organized ▁by ▁product , ▁the ▁customer ▁has ▁their ▁own ▁advantages ▁especially ▁when ▁only ▁a ▁few ▁services ▁or ▁products ▁are ▁offered ▁which ▁differ ▁greatly . ▁When ▁using ▁divis ional ▁structures ▁that ▁are ▁organized ▁by ▁either ▁mark ets ▁or ▁ge ographic ▁areas ▁they ▁generally ▁have ▁similar ▁functions ▁and ▁are ▁located ▁in ▁different ▁regions ▁or ▁mark ets . ▁This ▁allows ▁business ▁dec isions ▁and ▁activities ▁coordin ated ▁locally |
. ▁ ▁The ▁dis adv antages ▁of ▁the ▁divis ional ▁structure ▁is ▁that ▁it ▁can ▁support ▁un he alth y ▁rival ries ▁among ▁divisions . ▁This ▁type ▁of ▁structure ▁may ▁increase ▁costs ▁by ▁requiring ▁more ▁qualified ▁man agers ▁for ▁each ▁division . ▁Also , ▁there ▁is ▁usually ▁an ▁over - emph asis ▁on ▁divis ional ▁more ▁than ▁organiz ational ▁goals ▁which ▁results ▁in ▁dup lication ▁of ▁resources ▁and ▁efforts ▁like ▁staff ▁services , ▁facilities , ▁and ▁personnel . ▁ ▁Matrix ▁structure ▁ ▁The ▁matrix ▁structure ▁groups ▁employees ▁by ▁both ▁function ▁and ▁product ▁simultaneously . ▁ ▁A ▁matrix ▁organization ▁frequently ▁uses ▁teams ▁of ▁employees ▁to ▁accomplish ▁work , ▁in ▁order ▁to ▁take ▁advantage ▁of ▁the ▁strength s , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁make ▁up ▁for ▁the ▁weak ness es , ▁of ▁functional ▁and ▁decent ral ized ▁forms . ▁An ▁example ▁would ▁be ▁a ▁company ▁that ▁produces ▁two ▁products , ▁" product ▁a " ▁and ▁" product ▁b ". ▁Using ▁the ▁matrix ▁structure , ▁this ▁company ▁would ▁organ ize ▁functions ▁within ▁the ▁company ▁as ▁follows : ▁" product ▁a " ▁sales ▁department , ▁" product ▁a " ▁customer ▁service ▁department , ▁" product ▁a " ▁account ing , ▁" product ▁b " ▁sales ▁department , ▁" product ▁b " ▁customer ▁service ▁department , ▁" product ▁b " ▁account ing ▁department . ▁ ▁We ak / function al ▁matrix : ▁A ▁project ▁manager ▁with ▁only ▁limited ▁authority ▁is ▁assigned ▁to ▁over see ▁the ▁cross - ▁functional ▁aspects ▁of ▁the ▁project . ▁The ▁functional ▁man agers ▁maintain ▁control |
▁over ▁their ▁resources ▁and ▁project ▁areas . ▁Bal anced / function al ▁matrix : ▁A ▁project ▁manager ▁is ▁assigned ▁to ▁over see ▁the ▁project . ▁Power ▁is ▁shared ▁equally ▁between ▁the ▁project ▁manager ▁and ▁the ▁functional ▁man agers . ▁It ▁brings ▁the ▁best ▁aspects ▁of ▁functional ▁and ▁project ized ▁organizations . ▁However , ▁this ▁is ▁the ▁most ▁difficult ▁system ▁to ▁maintain ▁as ▁the ▁sharing ▁of ▁power ▁is ▁a ▁del icate ▁proposition . ▁Str ong / project ▁matrix : ▁A ▁project ▁manager ▁is ▁primarily ▁responsible ▁for ▁the ▁project . ▁Function al ▁man agers ▁provide ▁technical ▁expert ise ▁and ▁assign ▁resources ▁as ▁needed . ▁ ▁There ▁are ▁advantages ▁and ▁dis adv antages ▁of ▁the ▁matrix ▁structure . ▁Some ▁of ▁the ▁dis adv antages ▁include ▁t endencies ▁towards ▁an archy , ▁power ▁strugg les ▁and ▁' s inking ' ▁to ▁group ▁and ▁division ▁levels . ▁Mat rices ▁increase ▁the ▁complexity ▁of ▁the ▁chain ▁of ▁command , ▁which ▁can ▁present ▁problems ▁because ▁of ▁the ▁different iation ▁between ▁functional ▁man agers ▁and ▁project ▁man agers . ▁This , ▁in ▁turn , ▁can ▁be ▁confusing ▁for ▁employees ▁to ▁understand ▁who ▁is ▁next ▁in ▁the ▁chain ▁of ▁command . ▁An ▁additional ▁dis adv antage ▁of ▁the ▁matrix ▁structure ▁is ▁higher ▁manager ▁to ▁worker ▁ratio ▁that ▁results ▁in ▁conflic ting ▁lo y alt ies ▁of ▁employees . ▁However , ▁the ▁matrix ▁structure ▁also ▁has ▁significant ▁advantages ▁that ▁make ▁it ▁valuable ▁for ▁companies ▁to ▁use . ▁The ▁matrix ▁structure ▁may ▁improve ▁upon ▁the ▁" s ilo " ▁critique ▁of ▁functional ▁management ▁in |
▁that ▁it ▁a ims ▁to ▁dimin ish ▁the ▁vertical ▁structure ▁of ▁functional ▁and ▁create ▁a ▁more ▁horizontal ▁structure ▁which ▁allows ▁the ▁spread ▁of ▁information ▁across ▁task ▁boundaries ▁to ▁happen ▁much ▁quick er . ▁It ▁a ims ▁to ▁allow ▁special ization ▁to ▁increase ▁depth ▁of ▁knowledge ▁and ▁allows ▁individuals ▁to ▁be ▁chosen ▁according ▁to ▁project ▁needs . ▁ ▁Organ iz ational ▁circle ▁ ▁The ▁flat ▁structure ▁is ▁common ▁in ▁small ▁companies ▁( entre pr ene ur ial ▁start - ups , ▁university ▁spin ▁off s ). ▁As ▁companies ▁grow ▁they ▁tend ▁to ▁become ▁more ▁complex ▁and ▁hier arch ical , ▁which ▁lead ▁to ▁an ▁expanded ▁structure , ▁with ▁more ▁levels ▁and ▁depart ments . ▁ ▁However , ▁in ▁rare ▁cases , ▁such ▁as ▁the ▁examples ▁of ▁Val ve , ▁GitHub , ▁Inc . ▁and ▁ 3 7 sign als , ▁the ▁organization ▁remains ▁very ▁flat ▁as ▁it ▁grows , ▁es ch ew ing ▁middle ▁man agers . ▁( However , ▁GitHub ▁subsequently ▁introduced ▁middle ▁man agers .) ▁All ▁of ▁the ▁a for ement ioned ▁organizations ▁operate ▁in ▁the ▁field ▁of ▁technology , ▁which ▁may ▁be ▁significant , ▁as ▁software ▁developers ▁are ▁highly ▁sk illed ▁profession als , ▁much ▁like ▁law y ers . ▁Senior ▁law y ers ▁also ▁enjoy ▁a ▁relatively ▁high ▁degree ▁of ▁aut onomy ▁within ▁a ▁typical ▁law ▁firm , ▁which ▁is ▁typically ▁struct ured ▁as ▁a ▁partners hip ▁rather ▁than ▁a ▁hier arch ical ▁b ureau c racy . ▁Some ▁other ▁types ▁of ▁professional ▁organizations ▁are ▁also ▁commonly ▁struct ured ▁as |
▁partners hips , ▁such ▁as ▁account ancy ▁companies ▁and ▁GP ▁sur ger ies . ▁ ▁O ften , ▁growth ▁would ▁result ▁in ▁b ureau c racy , ▁the ▁most ▁pre val ent ▁structure ▁in ▁the ▁past . ▁It ▁is ▁still , ▁however , ▁relevant ▁in ▁former ▁Soviet ▁Republic s , ▁China , ▁and ▁most ▁government al ▁organizations ▁all ▁over ▁the ▁world . ▁Sh ell ▁Group ▁used ▁to ▁represent ▁the ▁typical ▁b ureau c racy : ▁top - he avy ▁and ▁hier arch ical . ▁It ▁featured ▁multiple ▁levels ▁of ▁command ▁and ▁duplicate ▁service ▁companies ▁existing ▁in ▁different ▁regions . ▁All ▁this ▁made ▁Sh ell ▁app reh ensive ▁to ▁market ▁changes , ▁leading ▁to ▁its ▁in cap acity ▁to ▁grow ▁and ▁develop ▁further . ▁The ▁failure ▁of ▁this ▁structure ▁became ▁the ▁main ▁reason ▁for ▁the ▁company ▁rest ruct uring ▁into ▁a ▁matrix . ▁ ▁Star bu cks ▁is ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁numerous ▁large ▁organizations ▁that ▁successfully ▁developed ▁the ▁matrix ▁structure ▁supporting ▁their ▁focused ▁strategy . ▁Its ▁design ▁comb ines ▁functional ▁and ▁product ▁based ▁divisions , ▁with ▁employees ▁reporting ▁to ▁two ▁heads . ▁ ▁Some ▁exper ts ▁also ▁mention ▁the ▁mult in ational ▁design , ▁common ▁in ▁global ▁companies , ▁such ▁as ▁Pro ct er ▁& ▁Gam ble , ▁Toy ota ▁and ▁Un ile ver . ▁This ▁structure ▁can ▁be ▁seen ▁as ▁a ▁complex ▁form ▁of ▁the ▁matrix , ▁as ▁it ▁maintain s ▁coord ination ▁among ▁products , ▁functions ▁and ▁ge ographic ▁areas . ▁ ▁With ▁the ▁growth ▁of ▁the ▁internet , ▁and ▁the ▁associated |
▁access ▁that ▁gives ▁all ▁levels ▁of ▁an ▁organization ▁to ▁information ▁and ▁communication ▁via ▁digital ▁means , ▁power ▁structures ▁have ▁begun ▁to ▁align ▁more ▁as ▁a ▁wire archy , ▁en abling ▁the ▁flow ▁of ▁power ▁and ▁authority ▁to ▁be ▁based ▁not ▁on ▁hier arch ical ▁levels , ▁but ▁on ▁information , ▁trust , ▁cred ibility , ▁and ▁a ▁focus ▁on ▁results . ▁ ▁In ▁general , ▁over ▁the ▁last ▁de cade , ▁it ▁has ▁become ▁increasing ly ▁clear ▁that ▁through ▁the ▁forces ▁of ▁global ization , ▁competition ▁and ▁more ▁demand ing ▁customers , ▁the ▁structure ▁of ▁many ▁companies ▁has ▁become ▁fl atter , ▁less ▁hier arch ical , ▁more ▁fluid ▁and ▁even ▁virtual . ▁ ▁Team ▁One ▁of ▁the ▁new est ▁organiz ational ▁structures ▁developed ▁in ▁the ▁ 2 0 th ▁century ▁is ▁team ▁and ▁the ▁related ▁concept ▁of ▁team ▁development ▁or ▁team ▁building . ▁In ▁small ▁business es , ▁the ▁team ▁structure ▁can ▁define ▁the ▁entire ▁organization . ▁Teams ▁can ▁be ▁both ▁horizontal ▁and ▁vertical . ▁While ▁an ▁organization ▁is ▁constit uted ▁as ▁a ▁set ▁of ▁people ▁who ▁syn erg ize ▁individual ▁compet encies ▁to ▁achieve ▁newer ▁dimensions , ▁the ▁quality ▁of ▁organiz ational ▁structure ▁revol ves ▁around ▁the ▁compet encies ▁of ▁teams ▁in ▁tot ality . ▁For ▁example , ▁every ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁Wh ole ▁Food s ▁Market ▁stores , ▁the ▁largest ▁natural - fo ods ▁gro cer ▁in ▁the ▁US ▁developing ▁a ▁focused ▁strategy , ▁is ▁an ▁autonom ous ▁profit ▁centre ▁composed ▁of ▁an ▁average ▁of ▁ 1 0 ▁self - |
managed ▁teams , ▁while ▁team ▁leaders ▁in ▁each ▁store ▁and ▁each ▁region ▁are ▁also ▁a ▁team . ▁Lar ger ▁b ureau cr atic ▁organizations ▁can ▁benefit ▁from ▁the ▁flex ibility ▁of ▁teams ▁as ▁well . ▁X ero x , ▁Motor ola , ▁and ▁Da im ler Ch rys ler ▁are ▁all ▁among ▁the ▁companies ▁that ▁act ively ▁use ▁teams ▁to ▁perform ▁tasks . ▁ ▁Network ▁Another ▁modern ▁structure ▁is ▁network . ▁While ▁business ▁gi ants ▁risk ▁becoming ▁too ▁cl ums y ▁to ▁pro act ▁( such ▁as ), ▁act ▁and ▁react ▁efficiently , ▁the ▁new ▁network ▁organizations ▁contract ▁out ▁any ▁business ▁function , ▁that ▁can ▁be ▁done ▁better ▁or ▁more ▁cheap ly . ▁In ▁ess ence , ▁man agers ▁in ▁network ▁structures ▁spend ▁most ▁of ▁their ▁time ▁coordin ating ▁and ▁cont rolling ▁external ▁relations , ▁usually ▁by ▁electronic ▁means . ▁H & M ▁is ▁out s our cing ▁its ▁cl othing ▁to ▁a ▁network ▁of ▁ 7 0 0 ▁supp liers , ▁more ▁than ▁two - third s ▁of ▁which ▁are ▁based ▁in ▁low - cost ▁Asian ▁countries . ▁Not ▁ow ning ▁any ▁fact ories , ▁H & M ▁can ▁be ▁more ▁flexible ▁than ▁many ▁other ▁ret ail ers ▁in ▁lower ing ▁its ▁costs , ▁which ▁align s ▁with ▁its ▁low - cost ▁strategy . ▁The ▁potential ▁management ▁opportun ities ▁offered ▁by ▁recent ▁adv ances ▁in ▁complex ▁networks ▁theory ▁have ▁been ▁demonstrated ▁including ▁applications ▁to ▁product ▁design ▁and ▁development , ▁and ▁innov ation ▁problem ▁in ▁mark ets ▁and ▁indust ries . ▁ ▁Virtual |
▁Virtual ▁organization ▁is ▁defined ▁as ▁being ▁closely ▁couple d ▁up stream ▁with ▁its ▁supp liers ▁and ▁down stream ▁with ▁its ▁customers ▁such ▁that ▁where ▁one ▁begins ▁and ▁the ▁other ▁ends ▁means ▁little ▁to ▁those ▁who ▁manage ▁the ▁business ▁processes ▁within ▁the ▁entire ▁organization . ▁A ▁special ▁form ▁of ▁boundary less ▁organization ▁is ▁virtual . ▁Hed berg , ▁D ahl gren , ▁Hans son , ▁and ▁Ol ve ▁( 1 9 9 9 ) ▁consider ▁the ▁virtual ▁organization ▁as ▁not ▁phys ically ▁existing ▁as ▁such , ▁but ▁enabled ▁by ▁software ▁to ▁exist . ▁The ▁virtual ▁organization ▁exists ▁within ▁a ▁network ▁of ▁al li ances , ▁using ▁the ▁Internet . ▁This ▁means ▁while ▁the ▁core ▁of ▁the ▁organization ▁can ▁be ▁small ▁but ▁still ▁the ▁company ▁can ▁operate ▁glob ally ▁be ▁a ▁market ▁leader ▁in ▁its ▁n iche . ▁According ▁to ▁Anderson , ▁because ▁of ▁the ▁un limited ▁sh elf ▁space ▁of ▁the ▁Web , ▁the ▁cost ▁of ▁reaching ▁n iche ▁goods ▁is ▁falling ▁dram atically . ▁Although ▁none ▁sell ▁in ▁huge ▁numbers , ▁there ▁are ▁so ▁many ▁n iche ▁products ▁that ▁collect ively ▁they ▁make ▁a ▁significant ▁profit , ▁and ▁that ▁is ▁what ▁made ▁highly ▁innov ative ▁Amazon . com ▁so ▁successful . ▁ ▁Hier archy - community ▁phen ot ype ▁model ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁ 2 1 st ▁century , ▁even ▁though ▁most , ▁if ▁not ▁all , ▁organizations ▁are ▁not ▁of ▁a ▁pure ▁hier arch ical ▁structure , ▁many ▁man agers ▁are ▁still ▁blind ▁to ▁the ▁existence ▁of ▁the ▁flat ▁community ▁structure ▁within |
▁their ▁organizations . ▁ ▁The ▁business ▁is ▁no ▁longer ▁just ▁a ▁place ▁where ▁people ▁come ▁to ▁work . ▁For ▁most ▁of ▁the ▁employees , ▁the ▁firm ▁conf ers ▁on ▁them ▁that ▁sense ▁of ▁belonging ▁and ▁identity ▁– – ▁the ▁firm ▁has ▁become ▁their ▁“ v ill age ”, ▁their ▁community . ▁The ▁firm ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 1 st ▁century ▁is ▁not ▁just ▁a ▁hierarchy ▁which ▁ens ures ▁maximum ▁efficiency ▁and ▁profit ; ▁it ▁is ▁also ▁the ▁community ▁where ▁people ▁belong ▁to ▁and ▁grow ▁together , ▁where ▁their ▁affect ive ▁and ▁innov ative ▁needs ▁are ▁met . ▁ ▁Lim , ▁Griff ith s , ▁and ▁S amb ro ok ▁( 2 0 1 0 ) ▁developed ▁the ▁Hier archy - Comm unity ▁Ph en ot ype ▁Model ▁of ▁Organ iz ational ▁Str ucture ▁borrow ing ▁from ▁the ▁concept ▁of ▁Ph en ot ype ▁from ▁gen et ics . ▁" A ▁phen ot ype ▁refers ▁to ▁the ▁observable ▁characteristics ▁of ▁an ▁organ ism . ▁It ▁results ▁from ▁the ▁expression ▁of ▁an ▁organ ism ’ s ▁gen es ▁and ▁the ▁influence ▁of ▁the ▁environment . ▁The ▁expression ▁of ▁an ▁organ ism ’ s ▁gen es ▁is ▁usually ▁determined ▁by ▁pairs ▁of ▁alle les . ▁Alle les ▁are ▁different ▁forms ▁of ▁a ▁gene . ▁In ▁our ▁model , ▁each ▁employee ’ s ▁formal , ▁hier arch ical ▁participation ▁and ▁inform al , ▁community ▁participation ▁within ▁the ▁organization , ▁as ▁influenced ▁by ▁his ▁or ▁her ▁environment , ▁cont ributes ▁to ▁the ▁overall ▁observable ▁characteristics ▁( phen ot |
ype ) ▁of ▁the ▁organization . ▁In ▁other ▁words , ▁just ▁as ▁all ▁the ▁pair ▁of ▁alle les ▁within ▁the ▁gen etic ▁material ▁of ▁an ▁organ ism ▁determ ines ▁the ▁physical ▁characteristics ▁of ▁the ▁organ ism , ▁the ▁combined ▁expressions ▁of ▁all ▁the ▁employees ’ ▁formal ▁hier arch ical ▁and ▁inform al ▁community ▁participation ▁within ▁an ▁organization ▁give ▁rise ▁to ▁the ▁organiz ational ▁structure . ▁Due ▁to ▁the ▁vast ▁potentially ▁different ▁combination ▁of ▁the ▁employees ’ ▁formal ▁hier arch ical ▁and ▁inform al ▁community ▁participation , ▁each ▁organization ▁is ▁therefore ▁a ▁unique ▁phen ot ype ▁along ▁a ▁spectrum ▁between ▁a ▁pure ▁hierarchy ▁and ▁a ▁pure ▁community ▁( flat ) ▁organiz ational ▁structure ." ▁ ▁" The ▁Hier archy - Comm unity ▁Ph en ot ype ▁Model ▁of ▁Organ is ational ▁Str ucture ▁views ▁an ▁organisation ▁as ▁having ▁both ▁a ▁hierarchy ▁and ▁a ▁community ▁structure , ▁both ▁equally ▁well ▁established ▁and ▁occurr ing ▁extens ively ▁throughout ▁the ▁organisation . ▁On ▁the ▁practical ▁level , ▁it ▁util ises ▁the ▁organiz ational ▁chart ▁to ▁study ▁the ▁hier arch ical ▁structure ▁which ▁brings ▁across ▁individuals ’ ▁roles ▁and ▁formal ▁authority ▁within ▁their ▁designated ▁space ▁at ▁the ▁work place , ▁and ▁social ▁network ▁analysis ▁to ▁map ▁out ▁the ▁community ▁structure ▁within ▁the ▁organisation , ▁ident ifying ▁individuals ’ ▁inform al ▁influ ences ▁which ▁usually ▁do ▁not ▁respect ▁work place ▁boundaries ▁and ▁at ▁many ▁times ▁extend ▁beyond ▁the ▁work place ." ▁ ▁History ▁Organ iz ational ▁structures ▁developed ▁from ▁the ▁ancient ▁times ▁of ▁hun ters ▁and ▁collect ors ▁in |
▁trib al ▁organizations ▁through ▁highly ▁royal ▁and ▁cler ical ▁power ▁structures ▁to ▁industrial ▁structures ▁and ▁today ' s ▁post - indust rial ▁structures . ▁ ▁As ▁pointed ▁out ▁by ▁Lawrence ▁B . ▁Mo hr , ▁the ▁early ▁the or ists ▁of ▁organiz ational ▁structure , ▁Taylor , ▁F ay ol , ▁and ▁We ber ▁" s aw ▁the ▁importance ▁of ▁structure ▁for ▁effect iveness ▁and ▁efficiency ▁and ▁assumed ▁without ▁the ▁slight est ▁question ▁that ▁whatever ▁structure ▁was ▁needed , ▁people ▁could ▁fashion ▁accordingly . ▁Organ iz ational ▁structure ▁was ▁considered ▁a ▁matter ▁of ▁choice ... ▁When ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 3 0 s , ▁the ▁re bell ion ▁began ▁that ▁came ▁to ▁be ▁known ▁as ▁human ▁relations ▁theory , ▁there ▁was ▁still ▁not ▁a ▁den ial ▁of ▁the ▁idea ▁of ▁structure ▁as ▁an ▁artifact , ▁but ▁rather ▁an ▁advoc acy ▁of ▁the ▁creation ▁of ▁a ▁different ▁sort ▁of ▁structure , ▁one ▁in ▁which ▁the ▁needs , ▁knowledge , ▁and ▁opinions ▁of ▁employees ▁might ▁be ▁given ▁greater ▁recognition ." ▁However , ▁a ▁different ▁view ▁arose ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 6 0 s , ▁suggesting ▁that ▁the ▁organiz ational ▁structure ▁is ▁" an ▁extern ally ▁caused ▁phenomen on , ▁an ▁outcome ▁rather ▁than ▁an ▁artifact ." ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁ 2 1 st ▁century , ▁organiz ational ▁the or ists ▁such ▁as ▁Lim , ▁Griff ith s , ▁and ▁S amb ro ok ▁( 2 0 1 0 ) ▁are ▁once ▁again ▁propos ing ▁that ▁organiz ational ▁structure ▁development ▁is ▁very ▁much ▁dependent |
▁on ▁the ▁expression ▁of ▁the ▁strateg ies ▁and ▁behavior ▁of ▁the ▁management ▁and ▁the ▁workers ▁as ▁const rained ▁by ▁the ▁power ▁distribution ▁between ▁them , ▁and ▁influenced ▁by ▁their ▁environment ▁and ▁the ▁outcome . ▁ ▁Military ▁Command ▁and ▁Control ▁There ▁are ▁correspond ences ▁between ▁M int z berg ' s ▁organiz ational ▁arch et ypes ▁and ▁various ▁approaches ▁to ▁military ▁Command ▁and ▁Control ▁( C 2 ). ▁ ▁M int z berg ' s ▁Machine ▁Bureau c racy ▁represents ▁a ▁highly ▁central ized ▁approach ▁to ▁C 2 , ▁with ▁a ▁narrow ▁allocation ▁of ▁decision ▁rights , ▁restricted ▁patterns ▁of ▁interaction ▁among ▁organization ▁members , ▁and ▁a ▁restricted ▁flow ▁of ▁information . ▁ ▁M int z berg ' s ▁Ad h ocracy , ▁on ▁the ▁other ▁hand , ▁represents ▁a ▁more ▁network ed ▁and ▁less ▁central ized ▁approach ▁to ▁C 2 , ▁with ▁more ▁individual ▁initi ative ▁and ▁self - s ynchron ization . ▁ ▁It ▁involves ▁a ▁bro ader ▁allocation ▁of ▁decision ▁rights , ▁bro ader ▁interaction ▁patterns , ▁and ▁bro ader ▁information ▁distribution . ▁ ▁M int z berg ' s ▁other ▁organization ▁types ▁( for ▁example , ▁the ▁Professional ▁Bureau c racy ▁and ▁the ▁Simple ▁Str ucture ) ▁fall ▁in ▁between ▁these ▁two . ▁ ▁Oper ational ▁and ▁inform al ▁ ▁The ▁set ▁organiz ational ▁structure ▁may ▁not ▁co inci de ▁with ▁facts , ▁evol ving ▁in ▁oper ational ▁action . ▁Such ▁diver gence ▁decre ases ▁performance , ▁when ▁growing ▁as ▁a ▁wrong ▁organiz ational ▁structure ▁may ▁ham per ▁co operation |
▁and ▁thus ▁h inder ▁the ▁completion ▁of ▁orders ▁in ▁due ▁time ▁and ▁within ▁limits ▁of ▁resources ▁and ▁bud gets . ▁ ▁Organ iz ational ▁structures ▁should ▁be ▁adapt ive ▁to ▁process ▁requirements , ▁aim ing ▁to ▁optimize ▁the ▁ratio ▁of ▁effort ▁and ▁input ▁to ▁output . ▁ ▁Config ur ations ▁of ▁organiz ational ▁structure ▁according ▁to ▁M int z berg ▁ ▁Part s ▁of ▁organization ▁▁ ▁Henry ▁M int z berg ▁cons iders ▁five ▁main ▁parts ▁of ▁organization : ▁▁ ▁Str ateg ic ▁a pe x ▁( le aders ▁of ▁organization ) ▁ ▁Middle ▁line ▁( man agers ▁of ▁lower ▁level ) ▁ ▁Oper ating ▁core ▁( work ers ▁of ▁lowest ▁level , ▁directly ▁producing ▁something ▁or ▁providing ▁services ) ▁ ▁Techn ost ruct ure ▁( anal yst s ) ▁ ▁Support ▁staff ▁( help ing ▁other ▁members ▁of ▁organisation ▁to ▁perform ▁their ▁function ) ▁ ▁An ▁additional ▁element ▁is ▁organis ational ▁ide ology . ▁ ▁Mechan isms ▁of ▁coord ination ▁▁ ▁M int z berg ▁cons iders ▁six ▁main ▁mechan isms ▁of ▁coord ination ▁of ▁work : ▁▁ ▁Mut ual ▁adjust ment ▁( without ▁formal , ▁standard ized ▁mechan isms ) ▁ ▁Direct ▁super vision ▁( when ▁one ▁person , ▁leader ▁of ▁organization , ▁gives ▁direct ▁orders ▁to ▁others ) ▁ ▁Standard ization ▁of ▁work ▁processes ▁( based ▁on ▁the ▁documents ▁that ▁reg ulate ▁work ▁and ▁are ▁produced ▁by ▁techn ost ruct ure ) ▁ ▁Standard ization ▁of ▁outputs ▁( only ▁the ▁results ▁of ▁work ▁are ▁reg ulated ) ▁ ▁Standard ization |
▁of ▁skills ▁( based ▁on ▁prepar ing ▁the ▁special ists ▁outside ▁the ▁organization ) ▁ ▁Standard ization ▁of ▁norm s ▁( based ▁on ▁organisation ' s ▁values , ▁ide ology ) ▁ ▁Config ur ations ▁of ▁organizations ▁▁ ▁M int z berg ▁cons iders ▁seven ▁main ▁configurations ▁of ▁organiz ational ▁structure : ▁▁ ▁Entre pr ene ur ial ▁organization ▁( str ateg ic ▁a pe x , ▁direct ▁super vision ▁domin ate ) ▁ ▁Machine ▁organization ▁( techn ost ruct ure , ▁standard ization ▁of ▁work ▁processes ▁domin ate ) ▁ ▁Professional ▁organization ▁( oper ating ▁core , ▁standard ization ▁of ▁skills ▁domin ate ) ▁ ▁D ivers ified ▁organization ▁( middle ▁level , ▁standard ization ▁of ▁outputs ▁domin ate ) ▁ ▁In nov ative ▁organization ▁( support ▁staff , ▁mut ual ▁adjust ment ▁domin ate ) ▁ ▁Mission ary ▁organization ▁( ide ology , ▁standard ization ▁of ▁norm s ▁domin ate ) ▁ ▁Political ▁organization ▁( no ▁part ▁or ▁mechanism ▁of ▁coord ination ▁domin ates ) ▁ ▁Entre pr ene ur ial ▁organisation ▁or ▁Simple ▁structure ▁has ▁simple , ▁inform al ▁structure . ▁Its ▁leader ▁coordinates ▁the ▁work ▁using ▁direct ▁super vision . ▁There ▁is ▁no ▁techn ost ruct ure , ▁little ▁support ▁staff . ▁Such ▁structure ▁is ▁usually ▁found ▁in ▁organizations ▁with ▁environment ▁that ▁is ▁simple ▁( so ▁that ▁one ▁man ▁could ▁have ▁significant ▁influence ), ▁but ▁changing ▁( so ▁that ▁flex ibility ▁of ▁one ▁man ▁would ▁give ▁a ▁significant ▁advantage ▁over ▁the ▁b ureau cr atic ▁structures ). ▁ ▁Machine |
▁organisation ▁or ▁Machine ▁b ureau c racy ▁has ▁formal ▁rules ▁reg ulating ▁the ▁work , ▁developed ▁techn ost ruct ure ▁and ▁middle ▁line , ▁is ▁central ised , ▁hier arch ical . ▁Such ▁structure ▁is ▁common ▁when ▁the ▁work ▁is ▁simple ▁and ▁repet itive . ▁Organ izations ▁also ▁tend ▁to ▁achieve ▁such ▁structure ▁when ▁they ▁are ▁strongly ▁controlled ▁from ▁outside . ▁Also , ▁such ▁structure ▁is ▁common ▁for ▁organizations ▁that ▁perform ▁work ▁that ▁is ▁related ▁to ▁some ▁sort ▁of ▁control ▁( for ▁example , ▁pr isons , ▁police ), ▁or ▁organizations ▁with ▁special ▁safety ▁requirements ▁( for ▁example , ▁fire ▁depart ments , ▁air lines ). ▁ ▁Professional ▁configuration ▁or ▁Professional ▁b ureau c racy ▁mostly ▁coordinates ▁the ▁work ▁of ▁members ▁of ▁operating ▁core , ▁profession als , ▁through ▁their ▁training ▁( for ▁example , ▁in ▁university ). ▁Oper ating ▁core ▁in ▁such ▁organisation ▁is ▁large , ▁middle ▁line ▁ins ign ific ant , ▁as ▁the ▁profession als ▁perform ▁complex ▁work ▁and ▁have ▁significant ▁aut onomy . ▁Techn ost ruct ure ▁is ▁also ▁ins ign ific ant . ▁Support ▁staff , ▁helping ▁the ▁profession als ▁to ▁do ▁their ▁job , ▁is ▁numerous . ▁Prof ession als ▁particip ate ▁in ▁administrative ▁work , ▁thus ▁there ▁are ▁many ▁comm itte es . ▁Such ▁structure ▁is ▁common ▁for ▁univers ities , ▁hosp it als , ▁law ▁fir ms . ▁ ▁D ivers ified ▁Configuration ▁or ▁Div is ional ized ▁form ▁consists ▁of ▁several ▁parts ▁having ▁high ▁aut onomy . ▁Such ▁structure ▁is ▁common ▁for ▁old , |
▁large ▁organizations . ▁ ▁In nov ative ▁Configuration ▁or ▁Ad h ocracy ▁g athers ▁the ▁special ists ▁of ▁different ▁fields ▁into ▁teams ▁for ▁specific ▁tasks . ▁Such ▁organizations ▁are ▁common ▁when ▁environment ▁is ▁complex ▁and ▁dynamic . ▁M int z berg ▁cons iders ▁two ▁types ▁of ▁such ▁organization : ▁operating ▁ad h ocracy ▁and ▁administrative ▁ad h ocracy . ▁Oper ating ▁ad h ocracy ▁solves ▁innov ative ▁problems ▁for ▁its ▁clients . ▁Ex amples ▁of ▁such ▁organisation ▁can ▁be ▁advert ising ▁ag ency ▁or ▁firm ▁that ▁develop s ▁the ▁pro tot ypes ▁of ▁products . ▁Administr ative ▁ad h ocracy ▁has ▁teams ▁solving ▁problems ▁for ▁the ▁organization ▁itself . ▁As ▁an ▁example ▁of ▁such ▁organization ▁M int z berg ▁gives ▁NASA ▁when ▁it ▁worked ▁on ▁Apol lo ▁program . ▁ ▁Mission ary ▁organisation ▁coordinates ▁the ▁work ▁through ▁organis ational ▁ide ology . ▁F ormal ▁rules ▁in ▁such ▁organization ▁are ▁not ▁numerous . ▁Such ▁organizations ▁are ▁decent ral ized , ▁the ▁differences ▁between ▁levels ▁are ▁not ▁significant . ▁ ▁Political ▁configuration ▁happens ▁when ▁the ▁power ▁is ▁mostly ▁used ▁through ▁work place ▁politics . ▁ ▁Bibli ography ▁ ▁Lawrence ▁B . ▁Mo hr , ▁Exp la ining ▁Organ iz ational ▁Be havior . ▁The ▁Lim its ▁and ▁Poss ib ilities ▁of ▁Theory ▁and ▁Research ., ▁Jos sey - B ass ▁Publish ers , ▁ 1 9 8 2 . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁References <0x0A> </s> ▁T et ras arus ▁form os us ▁is ▁a ▁species ▁of ▁be et le ▁in ▁the ▁family ▁Cer amb |
yc idae . ▁It ▁was ▁described ▁by ▁B ates ▁in ▁ 1 8 8 5 . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : A can th oder ini ▁Category : Be et les ▁described ▁in ▁ 1 8 8 5 <0x0A> </s> ▁Al - M i ` Z ab ▁is ▁a ▁village ▁in ▁western ▁central ▁Y emen . ▁It ▁is ▁located ▁in ▁the ▁San ‘ a ’ ▁Governor ate . ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁Town s ▁and ▁villages ▁in ▁the ▁San ‘ a ’ ▁Governor ate ▁ ▁Category : V ill ages ▁in ▁S ana ' a ▁Governor ate <0x0A> </s> ▁O j ā rs ▁V ā ci et is ▁( born ▁November ▁ 1 3 , ▁ 1 9 3 3 ▁— ▁ ▁November ▁ 2 8 , ▁ 1 9 8 3 ) ▁was ▁a ▁Lat v ian ▁writer ▁and ▁poet . ▁He ▁is ▁often ▁considered ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁most ▁famous ▁and ▁influ ential ▁po ets ▁in ▁the ▁Lat v ian ▁SS R . ▁ ▁Biography ▁ ▁O j ā rs ▁V ā ci et is ▁was ▁born ▁on ▁November ▁ 1 3 , ▁ 1 9 3 3 ▁in ▁T rap ene ▁Par ish , ▁Lat via . ▁His ▁father ▁O to ▁V ā ci et is ▁was ▁a ▁servant . ▁V ā ci et is ▁studied ▁in ▁T rap ane ▁primary ▁school ▁and ▁later ▁in ▁G au j ien a ▁secondary ▁school . ▁ 1 9 5 2 ▁he ▁started ▁Lat v ian ▁language ▁and ▁literature ▁studies ▁at ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Lat |
via . ▁He ▁graduated ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 7 . ▁Since ▁ 1 9 5 8 ▁he ▁worked ▁in ▁several ▁Lat v ian ▁mag az ines ▁and ▁newsp apers ▁( for ▁example : ▁Liter at ū ra ▁un ▁M ā ks la , ▁L ies ma , ▁Dra ugs ). ▁He ▁was ▁also ▁an ▁editor ▁at ▁the ▁R iga ▁Film ▁Studio . ▁In ▁the ▁ 1 9 6 0 s ▁he ▁started ▁to ▁question ▁many ▁official ▁ide ological ▁dog mas ▁of ▁the ▁Soviet ▁regime ▁in ▁his ▁po ems . ▁As ▁a ▁result , ▁he ▁was ▁not ▁allowed ▁to ▁publish ▁from ▁ 1 9 6 0 - 1 9 6 6 . ▁Some ▁of ▁his ▁works ▁from ▁this ▁period ▁were ▁published ▁for ▁the ▁first ▁time ▁only ▁during ▁the ▁Sing ing ▁Revolution . ▁However , ▁he ▁was ▁awarded ▁the ▁Lat v ian ▁SS R ▁State ▁prize ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 7 . ▁ ▁He ▁also ▁translated ▁many ▁works ▁from ▁Russian ▁into ▁Lat v ian . ▁His ▁most ▁famous ▁and ▁still ▁very ▁highly ▁acc laimed ▁translation ▁was ▁M . ▁Bulg akov ' s ▁Master ▁and ▁Mar gar ita ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 9 . ▁He ▁was ▁declared ▁People ' s ▁writer ▁of ▁Lat v ian ▁SS R ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 7 . ▁V ā ci et is ▁was ▁married ▁to ▁the ▁Russian ▁poet ▁Lud m ila ▁Az ar ova ▁and ▁their ▁house ▁in ▁R iga , ▁Tor ņ ak al ns ▁neighborhood ▁has ▁now ▁been ▁transformed ▁into ▁a ▁mem orial ▁museum |
. ▁ ▁O j ā rs ▁V ā ci et is ▁died ▁on ▁November ▁ 2 8 , ▁ 1 9 8 3 ▁in ▁R iga . ▁He ▁was ▁buried ▁in ▁Car nik ava ▁c emetery . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Биография ▁в ▁Боль шой ▁совет ской ▁энциклопеди и ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 3 3 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 9 8 3 ▁death s ▁Category : S ov iet ▁writers ▁Category : Lat v ian ▁writers ▁Category : S ov iet ▁po ets ▁Category : Lat v ian ▁po ets ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁A pe ▁Municip ality ▁Category : Univers ity ▁of ▁Lat via ▁al umn i ▁Category : S ov iet ▁transl ators ▁Category : Lat v ian ▁transl ators ▁Category : S ov iet ▁children ' s ▁writers ▁Category : Trans l ators ▁from ▁Russian ▁Category : Trans l ators ▁to ▁Lat v ian ▁Category : Comm un ist ▁Party ▁of ▁the ▁Soviet ▁Union ▁members <0x0A> </s> ▁Moh abb at ▁( trans lation : ▁Love / R om ance ) ▁is ▁an ▁Indian ▁H indi ▁rom antic ▁film ▁directed ▁by ▁Re ema ▁N ath ▁and ▁st arring ▁Mad h uri ▁D ix it , ▁San j ay ▁Kap oor ▁and ▁Ak sh ay ▁Kh anna . ▁The ▁film ▁was ▁released ▁on ▁ 1 9 ▁September ▁ 1 9 9 7 ▁and ▁did ▁average ▁business ▁at ▁the ▁box ▁office . ▁ ▁Plot ▁The ▁wealth y ▁Kap oor ▁family ▁consists ▁of ▁Mad an l al , ▁his |
▁wife ▁Ge eta , ▁daughter ▁Ros h ni , ▁and ▁son , ▁G aur av ▁( San j ay ▁Kap oor ). ▁One ▁day ▁while ▁G aur av ▁is ▁returning ▁home ▁from ▁a ▁bank , ▁he ▁is ▁attacked ▁by ▁a ▁group ▁of ▁men ▁led ▁by ▁Sh iva ▁( Sh iva ▁R ind ani ), ▁but ▁a ▁young ▁man ▁named ▁R oh it ▁Mal hot ra ▁( A k sh aye ▁Kh anna ) ▁comes ▁to ▁his ▁rescue . ▁G aur av ▁h ires ▁R oh it ▁in ▁his ▁firm , ▁and ▁both ▁become ▁fast ▁and ▁in separ able ▁friends . ▁Both ▁un know ingly ▁fall ▁in ▁love ▁with ▁the ▁same ▁woman , ▁Sh w eta ▁Sh arma ▁( Mad h uri ▁D ix it ), ▁but ▁G aur av ▁finds ▁out ▁and ▁dec ides ▁to ▁step ▁away . ▁ ▁Sh w eta ▁and ▁R oh it ▁are ▁in ▁love ▁and ▁want ▁to ▁get ▁married . ▁Then ▁Sh iva ▁attacks ▁R oh it ▁and ▁throws ▁him ▁off ▁a ▁cl iff . ▁Bel ieving ▁him ▁to ▁be ▁dead , ▁a ▁shock ed ▁and ▁dev ast ated ▁Sh w eta ▁los es ▁her ▁voice . ▁The ▁Kap o ors ▁find ▁out ▁that ▁G aur av ▁lov es ▁Sh w eta ▁and ▁they ▁approach ▁her ▁brother , ▁She k har ▁( F ar oo q ▁She ikh ), ▁and ▁ar range ▁their ▁marriage . ▁They ▁get ▁engaged ▁and ▁G aur av ▁finds ▁a ▁look ali ke ▁of ▁R oh it ▁who ▁is ▁Tony ▁B rag anza . |
▁ ▁What ▁G aur av ▁doesn ' t ▁know ▁is ▁whether ▁or ▁not ▁Tony ▁is ▁R oh it . ▁Thus ▁begins ▁a ▁mer ry - go - round ▁of ▁love , ▁emot ions , ▁and ▁sacrifice , ▁all ▁of ▁which ▁is ▁' M oh abb at ' ▁ ▁Cast ▁San j ay ▁Kap oor ▁as ▁G aur av ▁M . ▁Kap oor ▁Mad h uri ▁D ix it ▁as ▁Sh w eta ▁Sh arma ▁Ak sh aye ▁Kh anna ▁as ▁R oh it ▁Mal hot ra / ▁Tony ▁B rag anza ▁Far oo q ▁She ikh ▁as ▁She k har ▁Sh arma ▁Sh iva ▁R ind ani ▁as ▁Sh iva ▁M . F . ▁Hus ain ▁as ▁Him self ▁( special ▁appearance ) ▁Ar j un ▁as ▁Go on ▁ ▁Music ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁▁ ▁Category : 1 9 9 0 s ▁H indi - language ▁films ▁Category : Fil ms ▁scored ▁by ▁N ade em – Sh ra van ▁Category : 1 9 9 7 ▁films ▁Category : Ind ian ▁films ▁Category : Ind ian ▁rom antic ▁drama ▁films ▁Category : Fil ms ▁scored ▁by ▁Sur inder ▁S od hi ▁Category : 1 9 9 7 ▁director ial ▁debut ▁films <0x0A> </s> ▁Bat ris odes ▁be yer i ▁is ▁a ▁species ▁of ▁ant - lo ving ▁be et le ▁in ▁the ▁family ▁St ap hy lin idae . ▁It ▁is ▁found ▁in ▁North ▁America . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Further ▁reading ▁▁▁▁ ▁Category : P sel aph inae ▁Category : Art |
icles ▁created ▁by ▁Q bug bot ▁Category : Be et les ▁described ▁in ▁ 1 9 0 6 <0x0A> </s> ▁Sir ▁James ▁Or mond ▁alias ▁Butler ▁( d ied ▁ 1 7 ▁July ▁ 1 4 9 7 ) ▁was ▁the ▁il leg it imate ▁son ▁of ▁John ▁Butler , ▁ 6 th ▁Earl ▁of ▁Or mond . ▁He ▁was ▁Lord ▁Tre as urer ▁of ▁Ireland ▁from ▁ 1 4 9 2 ▁to ▁ 1 4 9 4 , ▁and ▁helped ▁to ▁defend ▁the ▁Lord ship ▁of ▁Ireland ▁against ▁the ▁forces ▁of ▁Per kin ▁War beck . ▁He ▁was ▁murder ed ▁by ▁Sir ▁P iers ▁Butler ▁on ▁ 1 7 ▁July ▁ 1 4 9 7 . ▁P iers ▁would ▁later ▁hold ▁the ▁title ▁of ▁Earl ▁of ▁Or mond . ▁ ▁Family ▁James ▁Or mond ▁was ▁the ▁el dest ▁of ▁three ▁il leg it imate ▁sons ▁of ▁John ▁Butler , ▁ 6 th ▁Earl ▁of ▁Or mond ▁( d . ▁ 1 4 ▁October ▁ 1 4 7 6 ), ▁by ▁his ▁mist ress ▁Reyn al da ▁O ' B rien , ▁daughter ▁of ▁Tur log h ▁" The ▁Brown " ▁O ' B rien , ▁King ▁of ▁Thom ond . ▁In ▁ 1 4 5 8 ▁one ▁of ▁his ▁younger ▁brothers , ▁John ▁Or mond ▁( d . ▁ 5 ▁October ▁ 1 5 0 3 ) ▁married ▁the ▁he ir ess ▁Joan ▁Ch aw orth ▁( d . 1 5 0 7 ), ▁by ▁whom ▁he ▁had ▁three ▁daughters . ▁Nothing |
▁is ▁known ▁of ▁his ▁other ▁younger ▁brother , ▁Edward ▁Or mond , ▁apart ▁from ▁his ▁name . ▁ ▁Career ▁ ▁He ▁is ▁thought ▁to ▁have ▁been ▁raised ▁at ▁court ▁by ▁his ▁uncle , ▁Thomas ▁Butler , ▁ 7 th ▁Earl ▁of ▁Or mond . ▁In ▁June ▁ 1 4 8 6 ▁he ▁was ▁admitted ▁to ▁Lincoln ' s ▁Inn . ▁In ▁ 1 4 8 7 ▁his ▁uncle , ▁the ▁ 7 th ▁Earl , ▁appointed ▁him ▁as ▁his ▁deput y ▁in ▁Ireland ▁after ▁the ▁death ▁of ▁Sir ▁James ▁Butler ▁of ▁Pol est own ; ▁however ▁the ▁appointment ▁was ▁disput ed ▁by ▁the ▁latter ' s ▁son , ▁Sir ▁P iers ▁Butler . ▁ ▁In ▁December ▁ 1 4 9 1 ▁Or mond ▁was ▁sent ▁by ▁King ▁Henry ▁VII ▁of ▁England ▁in ▁company ▁with ▁Thomas ▁Gar th ▁and ▁ 2 0 0 ▁soldiers ▁to ▁defend ▁the ▁interests ▁of ▁the ▁Crown ▁against ▁the ▁pret ender ▁ ▁Per kin ▁War beck , ▁and ▁was ▁appointed ▁Governor ▁of ▁both ▁Kil ken ny ▁and ▁Ti pper ary . ▁In ▁June ▁ 1 4 9 2 , ▁having ▁become ▁one ▁of ▁Henry ▁VII ' s ▁coun c ill ors , ▁he ▁succeeded ▁Row land ▁Fitz E ust ace , ▁ 1 st ▁Baron ▁Port l ester ▁as ▁Lord ▁High ▁Tre as urer ▁of ▁Ireland , ▁and ▁he ▁and ▁Walter ▁Fitz sim ons , ▁Arch bishop ▁of ▁Dublin , ▁were ▁appointed ▁joint ly ▁as ▁govern ors ▁of ▁Ireland , ▁to ▁replace ▁the ▁Earl ▁of ▁K ild are . ▁The |
▁Earl ' s ▁dismiss al ▁' st oked ▁the ▁old ▁Butler – F itz ger ald ▁fe ud ' ▁until , ▁in ▁the ▁early ▁summer ▁of ▁ 1 4 9 3 , ▁Or mond ▁and ▁K ild are ▁were ▁recon ci led ▁in ▁St ▁Patrick ' s ▁C athedral , ▁where ▁Or mond ▁had ▁sought ▁refuge , ▁by ▁sh aking ▁hands ▁' through ▁a ▁hole ▁cut ▁in ▁the ▁chapter ▁house ▁door '. ▁ ▁To ▁forest all ▁a ▁second ▁invasion ▁by ▁Per kin ▁War beck , ▁Henry ▁VII ▁sent ▁forces ▁to ▁Ireland , ▁and ▁in ▁September ▁ 1 4 9 3 ▁replaced ▁Or mond ▁and ▁Fitz sim ons ▁as ▁joint ▁govern ors ▁by ▁Vis count ▁G orm an ston . ▁Or mond ▁and ▁other ▁prominent ▁Irish ▁officials ▁spent ▁the ▁winter ▁of ▁ 1 4 9 3 ▁in ▁England ▁at ▁Henry ▁VII ' s ▁court ▁prepar ing ▁to ▁defend ▁Ireland ▁against ▁War beck . ▁The ▁King ▁appointed ▁Sir ▁Edward ▁Po yn ings ▁as ▁Deput y ▁Lieutenant ▁of ▁Ireland , ▁and ▁he ▁sa iled ▁for ▁Ireland ▁with ▁a ▁force ▁of ▁ 6 5 3 ▁soldiers . ▁Or mond ▁was ▁replaced ▁as ▁Lord ▁Tre as urer ▁by ▁Sir ▁Hugh ▁Con way , ▁but ▁in ▁re comp ense ▁was ▁granted ▁several ▁man ors ▁by ▁the ▁King , ▁and ▁returned ▁to ▁Ireland ▁in ▁June ▁ 1 4 9 4 . ▁He ▁was ▁appointed ▁Const able ▁of ▁L imer ick ▁Castle , ▁and ▁worked ▁closely ▁with ▁Po yn ings , ▁accomp any ing ▁him ▁on ▁an ▁expedition ▁to ▁Ul ster |
▁in ▁November ▁ 1 4 9 4 . ▁In ▁February ▁ 1 4 9 5 ▁the ▁Earl ▁of ▁K ild are ▁was ▁arrested ▁for ▁tre ason . ▁His ▁brother ▁seized ▁Car low ▁Castle , ▁which ▁Po yn ings ▁and ▁Or mond ▁bes ie ged ▁in ▁the ▁spring ▁and ▁re to ok ▁in ▁July . ▁War beck ▁and ▁Des mond ▁then ▁laid ▁sie ge ▁to ▁Water ford . ▁Or mond ▁brought ▁troops ▁to ▁Water ford , ▁and ▁shortly ▁there after ▁War beck ' s ▁support ▁in ▁Ireland ▁col lapsed . ▁Sir ▁Edward ▁Po yn ings ▁was ▁re called ▁to ▁England , ▁together ▁with ▁most ▁of ▁his ▁forces , ▁and ▁as ▁a ▁result ▁Or mond ▁assumed ▁a ▁greater ▁role ▁in ▁Irish ▁military ▁affairs . ▁ ▁However , ▁in ▁the ▁spring ▁of ▁ 1 4 9 6 ▁Henry ▁VII ▁decided ▁to ▁restore ▁the ▁Earl ▁of ▁K ild are ▁as ▁Governor , ▁and ▁Or mond ▁was ▁sum mon ed ▁to ▁England ▁in ▁July ▁of ▁that ▁year ▁for ▁a ▁formal ▁recon c ili ation ▁between ▁the ▁Earl ▁of ▁Or mond ▁and ▁the ▁Earl ▁of ▁K ild are ▁and ▁their ▁supp or ters . ▁The ▁English ▁troops ▁which ▁Or mond ▁had ▁commanded ▁in ▁Ireland ▁were ▁ordered ▁back ▁to ▁England , ▁and ▁according ▁to ▁Ell is , ▁ ▁' K ild are ▁fav oured ▁Or mond ' s ▁rival , ▁P iers ▁Butler '. ▁Butler ▁alleg ed ▁that ▁Or m and ▁was ▁claim ing ▁to ▁be ▁the ▁right ful ▁Earl ▁of ▁Or mond , ▁and ▁plot ting ▁with ▁Per kin |
▁War beck . ▁Al leg ations ▁of ▁this ▁nature ▁prompt ed ▁Henry ▁VII ▁to ▁sum mon ▁Or mond ▁to ▁England ▁early ▁in ▁ 1 4 9 7 ▁and ▁again ▁in ▁May . ▁However ▁Or mond ▁ignored ▁both ▁summ ons es , ▁and ▁was ▁s lain ▁by ▁his ▁rival ▁and ▁k ins man ▁Sir ▁P iers ▁Butler ▁on ▁ 1 7 ▁July ▁ 1 4 9 7 ▁' in ▁a ▁kind ▁of ▁imp rom pt u ▁du el ▁near ▁Kil ken ny '. ▁ ▁His ▁brothers ▁were ▁John ▁Or mond , ▁es quire , ▁Sir ▁William ▁Butler ▁of ▁Gl ouc esters hire , ▁and ▁Edward ▁Or mond . ▁James ▁and ▁his ▁brother ▁John ▁were ▁born ▁in ▁Alf re ton , ▁Derby shire . ▁They ▁were ▁the ▁grands ons ▁of ▁the ▁Irish ▁King ▁Tur log h ▁The ▁Brown ▁O ' B rien , ▁King ▁of ▁Thom ond ▁( d . 1 4 6 0 ). ▁He ▁was ▁kn ight ed ▁in ▁ 1 4 9 3 ▁by ▁King ▁Henry ▁VII ▁of ▁England ▁for ▁services ▁in ▁battle ▁for ▁the ▁T ud or ▁cause . ▁He ▁held ▁lands ▁in ▁W ilt shire . ▁The ▁year ▁before ▁his ▁murder ▁he ▁was ▁made ▁an ▁Irish ▁peer ▁by ▁Henry ▁VII . ▁He ▁was ▁ha iled ▁as ▁Earl ▁of ▁Or mond ▁by ▁the ▁Irish , ▁but ▁never ▁att ained ▁that ▁title . ▁ ▁Foot notes ▁ ▁Cit ations ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁Do or ▁of ▁Re con c ili ation , ▁St ▁Patrick ' s ▁C athedral , ▁Dublin ▁Retrieved |
▁ 1 6 ▁December ▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁ ▁Category : 1 4 9 7 ▁death s ▁Category : 1 5 th - century ▁Irish ▁people ▁Category : Pe ople ▁of ▁the ▁T ud or ▁period ▁Category : I r ish ▁murder ▁vict ims ▁Category : I r ish ▁kn ights ▁Category : L ord ▁High ▁Tre as ur ers ▁of ▁Ireland ▁James ▁Category : Year ▁of ▁birth ▁unknown <0x0A> </s> ▁Electric ▁Pic nic ▁is ▁an ▁annual ▁arts - and - music ▁festival ▁which ▁has ▁been ▁st aged ▁since ▁ 2 0 0 4 ▁at ▁Str ad b ally ▁Hall ▁in ▁Str ad b ally , ▁County ▁La ois , ▁Ireland . ▁It ▁is ▁organ ised ▁by ▁Pod ▁Con cert s ▁and ▁Festival ▁Republic , ▁who ▁purchased ▁the ▁majority ▁share hold ing ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 9 . ▁It ▁was ▁voted ▁Best ▁Med ium - S ized ▁European ▁Festival ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁European ▁Festival ▁Awards , ▁and ▁has ▁been ▁voted ▁Best ▁Big ▁Festival ▁at ▁each ▁of ▁the ▁last ▁four ▁Irish ▁Festival ▁Awards ▁since ▁they ▁began ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 7 . ▁ ▁The ▁Pic nic ▁has ▁been ▁described ▁as ▁" I reland ' s ▁version ▁of ▁G last on bury " ▁and ▁" a ▁great ▁insp iration ▁to ▁Lat itude " ▁by ▁one ▁of ▁its ▁business ▁partners , ▁La ois . ▁US ▁magazine ▁Billboard ▁calling ▁it ▁as ▁" a ▁magnific ent ▁rock ▁n ▁roll ▁circ us , ▁a ▁text book ▁example ▁of ▁everything ▁a ▁festival ▁should |
▁be " ▁and ▁Rol ling ▁Stone ▁describing ▁it ▁as ▁" one ▁of ▁the ▁best ▁festiv als ▁we ' ve ▁ever ▁been ▁to ". ▁The ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁event ▁was ▁described ▁by ▁The ▁Irish ▁Times ▁as ▁" the ▁best ▁Electric ▁Pic nic ▁yet ". ▁ ▁Electric ▁Pic nic ▁diff ers ▁from ▁other ▁festiv als ▁in ▁Ireland ▁in ▁that ▁the ▁music ▁choice ▁is ▁more ▁ec lect ic ▁than ▁the ▁other ▁main stream ▁events ▁( its ▁history ▁includes ▁international ▁acts ▁such ▁as ▁Kraft werk , ▁Rö yk so pp , ▁Nick ▁C ave , ▁Son ic ▁Youth , ▁New ▁Order , ▁B jör k , ▁Ar cade ▁Fire , ▁Be ast ie ▁Boys , ▁The ▁Sto og es , ▁The ▁Chem ical ▁Brothers , ▁Gary ▁N uman , ▁The ▁Fl aming ▁Li ps , ▁Sig ur ▁R ós ▁and ▁Sex ▁P ist ols ), ▁and ▁there ▁is ▁more ▁emphas is ▁on ▁quality ▁festival ▁services ▁( such ▁as ▁food ▁and ▁sleep ing ▁arrang ements ) ▁and ▁a ▁generally ▁more ▁positive ▁and ▁relax ed ▁atmosphere . ▁There ▁is ▁also ▁an ▁emphas is ▁on ▁e co - friend ly ▁initi atives . ▁ ▁Electric ▁Pic nic ▁began ▁as ▁a ▁one - day ▁event ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 4 , ▁before ▁growing ▁to ▁a ▁week end - long ▁festival ▁within ▁a ▁year . ▁The ▁festival ▁incorpor ates ▁attra ctions ▁such ▁as ▁the ▁ 2 4 - hour ▁cinema ▁tent , ▁the ▁Body ▁and ▁Soul ▁ar ena ▁( of fer ing ▁an ▁ambient ▁l oun ge ▁with ▁bean |
b ags , ▁mass ages ▁and ▁tar ot ▁card ▁read ings ) ▁and ▁the ▁Com edy ▁T ent ▁( cur ated ▁by ▁Ger ry ▁Mall on ) ▁and ▁a ▁silent ▁disco . ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 8 , ▁Am n esty ▁International ▁attended ▁the ▁festival ▁to ▁celebr ate ▁the ▁ 6 0 th ▁anni versary ▁of ▁the ▁Universal ▁Dec laration ▁of ▁Human ▁Rights , ▁whilst ▁ren owned ▁American ▁Burn ing ▁Man ▁artist , ▁David ▁Best ▁constructed ▁a ▁Temple ▁of ▁Tr uth ▁on ▁site . ▁Electric ▁Pic nic ▁has ▁been ▁described ▁as ▁an ▁" en orm ously ▁successful , ▁award - win ning , ▁established ▁brand " ▁which ▁" att empt s ▁to ▁bring ▁to ▁life ▁a ▁micro cos mic ▁cultural ▁experience ▁where ▁music ▁is ▁just ▁the ▁tip ▁of ▁the ▁ice berg ". ▁▁ 2 0 0 4 ▁festival ▁ ▁The ▁ 2 0 0 4 ▁festival ▁was ▁a ▁one - day ▁event , ▁which ▁was ▁head lined ▁by ▁ 2 ▁Many ▁DJ s . ▁Other ▁acts ▁included ▁Gro ove ▁Arm ada , ▁Arr ested ▁Development , ▁Jur ass ic 5 , ▁Grand ▁Master ▁Flash , ▁Super ▁Fur ry ▁Anim als , ▁Pl ump ▁DJ ' s , ▁David ▁K itt , ▁Soul w ax ▁and ▁My lo . ▁Despite ▁the ▁fact ▁that ▁there ▁was ▁no ▁organ ised ▁camp ing , ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁groups ▁camp ed ▁in ▁the ▁field ▁designated ▁as ▁the ▁car ▁park ▁over night ▁and ▁stayed ▁up ▁talking ▁and ▁expl oring ▁the ▁( then ▁pr ist ine ▁and ▁n ett |
le - free ) ▁woods . ▁Thus ▁the ▁relax ed ▁and ▁friendly ▁v ibe ▁of ▁the ▁earlier ▁Electric ▁Pic nic ▁festiv als ▁was ▁established . ▁▁ 2 0 0 5 ▁festival ▁ ▁The ▁ 2 0 0 5 ▁festival ▁took ▁place ▁on ▁Saturday ▁ 3 ▁September ▁and ▁Sunday ▁ 4 ▁September . ▁It ▁is ▁best ▁remembered ▁for ▁Ar cade ▁Fire ' s ▁performance ▁which ▁came ▁before ▁their ▁subsequent ▁main stream ▁success . ▁Head lin ing ▁acts ▁included ▁Nick ▁C ave ▁and ▁the ▁Bad ▁Se eds , ▁Kraft werk , ▁The ▁Fl aming ▁Li ps , ▁Rö yk so pp , ▁Mercur y ▁Rev ▁and ▁The ▁Human ▁League . ▁ ▁The ▁premi ere ▁of ▁" E lect ric ▁Pic nic : ▁The ▁Document ary " ▁ ▁took ▁place ▁at ▁the ▁Irish ▁Film ▁Institute ▁on ▁T ues day ▁ 4 ▁July ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁at ▁ 1 9 : 0 0 . ▁The ▁crit ically ▁acc laimed ▁document ary ▁directed ▁by ▁Nick ▁Ryan , ▁was ▁fil med ▁by ▁a ▁small ▁camera ▁crew ▁who ▁recorded ▁the ▁events ▁of ▁Electric ▁Pic nic ▁ 2 0 0 5 . ▁N arr ated ▁by ▁music ian ▁Nick ▁Se ym our ▁and ▁econom ist ▁David ▁Mc Will iams , ▁the ▁document ary ▁includes ▁foot age ▁from ▁Kraft werk ' s ▁first ▁recorded ▁live ▁performance ▁in ▁twelve ▁years ▁plus ▁inter views ▁with ▁the ▁performing ▁bands ▁and ▁com ed ians , ▁with ▁a ▁few ▁festival - go ers ▁and ▁with ▁the ▁loc als ▁of ▁Str ad b ally ▁Village , |
▁who ▁claimed : ▁" We ▁get ▁more ▁trouble ▁at ▁the ▁V int age ▁Ste am ▁R ally ". ▁▁ ▁Kraft werk ▁ ▁F at boy ▁S lim ▁ ▁The ▁Fl aming ▁Li ps ▁ ▁Nick ▁C ave ▁and ▁the ▁Bad ▁Se eds ▁ ▁Rö yk so pp ▁ ▁Mercur y ▁Rev ▁ ▁Ar cade ▁Fire ▁ ▁Soul w ax ▁/ ▁ 2 ▁Many ▁DJ s ▁ ▁Dam ien ▁D emp sey ▁ ▁Lem on ▁J elly ▁ ▁Laurent ▁G arn ier ▁ ▁Dublin ▁G ospel ▁Ch oir ▁ ▁The ▁Human ▁League ▁ ▁L CD ▁S ounds ystem ▁ ▁Audio ▁Bul ly s ▁ ▁D ov es ▁ ▁V ital ic ▁ ▁J J 7 2 ▁ ▁The ▁R akes ▁ ▁Hot ▁Ch ip ▁ ▁B oss ▁Vol enti ▁ ▁James ▁Bl unt ▁ ▁Be ▁Your ▁O wn ▁Pet ▁ ▁Ben ▁W att ▁ ▁Channel ▁One ▁ ▁Gold fra pp ▁ ▁The ▁Sub ways ▁ ▁The ▁Ch ale ts ▁ ▁Cl or ▁ ▁The ▁Un ab om bers ▁ ▁Mr ▁Sc ru ff ▁ ▁De ▁La ▁Soul ▁ ▁S tere o ▁MC s ▁ ▁DJ ▁Format ▁ ▁Mix master ▁Mike ▁ ▁Matthew ▁Herbert ▁Big ▁Band ▁ ▁The ▁K ills ▁ ▁To ots ▁& ▁the ▁May t als ▁ ▁The ▁Her bal iser ▁▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁festival ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁the ▁festival ▁gained ▁momentum , ▁with ▁all ▁ 3 0 , 0 0 0 ▁tick ets ▁( each ▁cost ing ▁€ 1 7 5 ▁including ▁camp ing ) ▁s |
elling ▁out ▁more ▁than ▁seven ▁weeks ▁in ▁advance . ▁Pres ale ▁tick ets ▁went ▁on ▁sale ▁on ▁Monday ▁ 2 8 ▁November ▁ 2 0 0 5 . ▁The ▁event ▁took ▁place ▁on ▁the ▁week end ▁of ▁ 1 – 3 ▁September ▁ 2 0 0 6 , ▁with ▁the ▁line - up ▁being ▁revealed ▁on ▁Friday ▁ 2 4 ▁March . ▁Art ists ▁who ▁performed ▁across ▁the ▁seven ▁stages ▁included ▁S par ks , ▁New ▁Order , ▁Pet ▁Sh op ▁Boys , ▁Bas ement ▁J ax x , ▁R uf us ▁W ain w right , ▁B loc ▁Party , ▁Yeah ▁Yeah ▁Yeah s , ▁Gary ▁N uman , ▁François ▁Ke v ork ian , ▁Gro ove ▁Arm ada , ▁Dam ien ▁R ice ▁and ▁The ▁Fr ames . ▁The ▁Blue ▁N ile ' s ▁appearance ▁was ▁their ▁only ▁live ▁performance ▁of ▁the ▁year . ▁The ▁festival ' s ▁biggest ▁cas ual ty ▁was ▁G nar ls ▁B ark ley ▁who ▁had ▁to ▁cancel ▁their ▁appearance ▁after ▁ra pper / sing er ▁C ee - Lo ▁stra ined ▁his ▁vocal ▁c ords . ▁David ▁Mc Will iams ▁made ▁an ▁appearance ▁as ▁a ▁celebr ity . ▁R T É ▁Two ▁tele vised ▁the ▁festival , ▁with ▁a ▁special ▁R T É ▁Two ▁Green ▁Room ▁being ▁set ▁up ▁at ▁Str ad b ally ▁Hall ▁Est ate ▁for ▁present ers ▁Tom ▁Dun ne ▁and ▁Jen ny ▁H ust on . ▁ ▁Journal ist ▁and ▁television ▁present er ▁Joe ▁O ' She a ▁was ▁arrested ▁for |
▁driving ▁in ▁an ▁into xic ated ▁state ▁on ▁his ▁way ▁home ▁from ▁the ▁event . ▁▁ ▁Gro ove ▁Arm ada ▁ ▁New ▁Order ▁ ▁Bas ement ▁J ax x ▁ ▁Yeah ▁Yeah ▁Yeah s ▁ ▁The ▁Fr ames ▁ ▁Mass ive ▁Att ack ▁ ▁B loc ▁Party ▁ ▁Pet ▁Sh op ▁Boys ▁ ▁Josh ▁Ritter ▁ ▁Laurent ▁G arn ier ▁ ▁R uf us ▁W ain w right ▁ ▁El bow ▁ ▁Paul ▁No on an ▁ ▁Belle ▁& ▁Sebastian ▁ ▁J ape ▁ ▁Am ad ou ▁& ▁Mar iam ▁ ▁Min ota ur ▁Sho ck ▁ ▁Tom ▁V ek ▁ ▁Aber feld y ▁ ▁The ▁Arch ie ▁Br ons on ▁Out fit ▁ ▁The ▁Sw ell ▁Season ▁ ▁Dam ien ▁R ice ▁ ▁Super ▁Fur ry ▁Anim als ▁ ▁Anton y ▁and ▁the ▁Joh ns ons ▁ ▁DJ ▁Sh adow ▁ ▁P J ▁Har vey ▁ ▁Red ▁Sir us ▁ ▁Graham ▁C ox on ▁ ▁M og w ai ▁ ▁Dev endra ▁Ban hart ▁ ▁S par ks ▁ ▁Y o ▁La ▁T engo ▁ ▁David ▁K itt ▁ ▁M und y ▁ ▁Bro ken ▁Social ▁Sc ene ▁ ▁Mess iah ▁J ▁& ▁The ▁Ex pert ▁ ▁Dance p ig ▁ ▁Laura ▁Iz ib or ▁ ▁T apes ▁' n ▁T apes ▁ ▁d E US ▁ ▁The ▁Sk atal ites ▁ ▁C ora ▁Ven us ▁L un ny ▁ ▁Gary ▁N uman ▁ ▁The ▁R apt ure ▁ ▁Hot ▁Ch ip ▁ ▁T illy ▁and ▁the ▁Wall ▁ ▁Sa ul ▁Williams |
▁ ▁Soul w ax ▁/ ▁ 2 ▁Many ▁DJ ' s ▁ ▁T ief sch war z ▁ ▁Dublin ▁G ospel ▁Ch oir ▁ ▁François ▁K ▁ ▁Cold cut ▁ ▁Sp ank ▁Rock ▁ ▁Mod ese le ktor ▁ ▁Digital ▁Circ us ▁ ▁T ad h g ▁Co oke ▁ ▁Sem if inal ists ▁ ▁V y v ienne ▁Long ▁ ▁Gang ▁of ▁Four ▁ ▁Michael ▁Fr anti ▁ ▁David ▁Ger ag ht y ▁ ▁C ut ▁Chem ist ▁ ▁H yst ere o ▁ ▁Mad ▁Professor ▁ ▁H ex static ▁ ▁War l ords ▁of ▁Pe z ▁ ▁Nouvelle ▁V ague ▁ ▁Z en ▁H uss ies ▁ ▁The ▁Rum ours ▁ ▁The ▁Com edy ▁T ent ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁featured ▁P J ▁Gall ag her , ▁Des ▁Bishop , ▁Neil ▁Del am ere , ▁and ▁Eric ▁L al or . ▁▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁festival ▁ ▁Electric ▁Pic nic ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁was ▁once ▁again ▁a ▁three - day ▁event ▁and ▁ran ▁from ▁ 3 1 ▁August ▁until ▁ 2 ▁September . ▁The ▁festival ▁maintained ▁its ▁current ▁size ▁of ▁ 3 2 , 5 0 0 ▁festival ▁go ers ▁and ▁kept ▁all ▁the ▁same ▁elements ▁plus ▁some ▁new ▁add itions . ▁" E ar ly - bird " ▁tick ets ▁for ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁festival ▁went ▁on ▁sale ▁between ▁Monday ▁ 1 1 ▁December ▁ 2 0 0 6 , ▁and ▁Saturday ▁ 2 4 ▁February ▁ 2 0 0 7 , |
▁cost ing ▁€ 1 9 9 , ▁taking ▁into ▁account ▁the ▁V AT ▁that ▁must ▁now ▁be ▁paid ▁on ▁all ▁out door ▁events . ▁Full ▁price ▁tick ets ▁went ▁on ▁sale ▁on ▁T ues day ▁ 3 ▁April ▁at ▁a ▁price ▁of ▁€ 2 2 0 . ▁The ▁first ▁acts ▁were ▁officially ▁announced ▁on ▁Monday ▁ 2 ▁April . ▁ ▁Besides ▁the ▁music ▁other ▁attra ctions ▁included ▁an ▁infl atable ▁church ▁offering ▁mock ▁wed d ings , ▁lux ury ▁t ents , ▁mass age ▁ch amb ers , ▁a ▁fair ground ▁and ▁silent ▁disco . ▁A cii ▁Dis co ▁DJ s ▁began ▁the ▁festival ▁on ▁the ▁Friday ▁at ▁ 1 2 ▁p . m . ▁in ▁the ▁Body ton ic ▁T ent . ▁Among st ▁others ▁to ▁take ▁to ▁the ▁stage ▁on ▁Friday ▁were ▁B jör k , ▁Hot ▁Ch ip , ▁Scott ▁Matt he ws , ▁Man ic ▁Street ▁Pre ach ers ▁and ▁O ppen heimer ▁whilst ▁the ▁un named ▁band ▁responsible ▁for ▁The ▁Good , ▁the ▁Bad ▁& ▁the ▁Queen ▁head lined ▁the ▁Electric ▁Arena ▁tent . ▁The ▁Sunday ▁night ▁was ▁brought ▁to ▁a ▁close ▁by ▁Pr imal ▁S cre am . ▁ ▁The ▁festival ▁was ▁mar red ▁by ▁the ▁death ▁of ▁a ▁ 2 3 - year - old ▁fan . ▁The ▁incident ▁occurred ▁as ▁The ▁Chem ical ▁Brothers ▁came ▁to ▁a ▁clim ax ▁at ▁ 2 ▁a . m . ▁early ▁on ▁the ▁Sunday ▁morning . ▁Organ iser ▁John ▁Reyn olds ▁extended ▁his ▁sympath ies ▁and ▁said : ▁" |
A ▁young ▁man ▁took ▁ill ▁at ▁the ▁festival , ▁was ▁treated ▁at ▁the ▁medical ▁centre , ▁removed ▁to ▁Port ▁La o ise ▁Hospital ▁and ▁was ▁later ▁pron ounced ▁dead ." ▁Gard a í ▁said ▁they ▁were ▁not ▁tre ating ▁the ▁death ▁as ▁susp icious . ▁▁ ▁Be ast ie ▁Boys ▁ ▁B jör k ▁ ▁The ▁Chem ical ▁Brothers ▁ ▁Dublin ▁G ospel ▁Ch oir ▁ ▁Son ic ▁Youth ▁ ▁L CD ▁S ounds ystem ▁ ▁Pr imal ▁S cre am ▁ ▁Jar vis ▁C ocker ▁ ▁M . I . A . ▁ ▁Mod est ▁Mouse ▁ ▁The ▁Good , ▁the ▁Bad ▁& ▁the ▁Queen ▁ ▁Jam ie ▁L id ell ▁ ▁A cii ▁Dis co ▁DJ s ▁ ▁E asy ▁Star ▁All - St ars ▁ ▁Rat at at ▁ ▁Patrick ▁Wolf ▁ ▁The ▁F la ws ▁ ▁Main lines ▁ ▁H ex static ▁ ▁Uk ule le ▁Orchestra ▁of ▁Great ▁Britain ▁ ▁Fu ji ya ▁& ▁Mi y agi ▁▁ 6 5 day so f static ▁ ▁Two ▁Gall ants ▁ ▁Er asure ▁ ▁Nouvelle ▁V ague ▁ ▁Duke ▁Special ▁ ▁Dave ▁C ouse ▁ ▁Man ic ▁Street ▁Pre ach ers ▁ ▁Soul ▁II ▁Soul ▁ ▁The ▁Jesus ▁And ▁Mary ▁Ch ain ▁ ▁Paul ▁Hart n oll ▁ ▁Sh y ▁Child ▁ ▁! !! ▁ ▁The ▁Go ! ▁Team ▁ ▁A im ▁ ▁Cla p ▁Your ▁H ands ▁Say ▁Yeah ▁ ▁Camera ▁Ob sc ura ▁ ▁F ion n ▁Reg an ▁ ▁Emp or ium ▁ ▁Tob ias ▁Fro berg |
▁ ▁PC ▁Radio ▁ ▁Si Si ▁ ▁Lady tr on ▁ ▁Mar l ena ▁Shaw ▁ ▁Bon de ▁Do ▁Ro le ▁ ▁Architecture ▁in ▁Hels ink i ▁ ▁The ▁Sto og es ▁ ▁Spirit ual ized ▁ ▁The ▁Und ert ones ▁ ▁Poly ph onic ▁Sp ree ▁ ▁UN K LE ▁ ▁The ▁Magic ▁Num bers ▁ ▁Fl u ke ▁ ▁Dam ien ▁D emp sey ▁ ▁Der rick ▁Carter ▁ ▁DJ ▁Mark y ▁ ▁S ons ▁and ▁D augh ters ▁ ▁Gre ens keep ers ▁ ▁Ga udi ▁ ▁J inx ▁L enn on ▁ ▁The ▁Dead ▁Mil k men ▁ ▁Sim ian ▁Mobile ▁Dis co ▁( live ) ▁ ▁Josh ▁W ink ▁ ▁De er ho of ▁ ▁Hot ▁Ch ip ▁ ▁The ▁Fall ▁ ▁Lisa ▁Hann igan ▁ ▁The ▁Rum ours ▁ ▁Br ont osa urus ▁Ch orus ▁ ▁Si ▁Sch ro eder ▁▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁festival ▁ ▁Electric ▁Pic nic ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁took ▁place ▁at ▁Str ad b ally ▁from ▁ 2 9 – 3 1 ▁August , ▁attended ▁by ▁ 3 5 , 0 0 0 ▁people . ▁Pres ale ▁tick ets ▁went ▁on ▁sale ▁on ▁ 9 ▁November ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁and ▁full ▁price ▁tick ets ▁went ▁on ▁sale ▁on ▁Friday ▁ 2 8 ▁March ▁at ▁ 9 ▁p . m ., ▁cost ing ▁€ 2 4 0 ▁including ▁camp ing , ▁with ▁the ▁various ▁sites ▁opening ▁at ▁ 9 ▁a . m . ▁on ▁Friday ▁ 2 9 ▁August |
. ▁T ick ets ▁had ▁sold ▁out ▁by ▁ 1 7 ▁June . ▁ ▁Sig ur ▁R ós , ▁George ▁Cl inton ▁and ▁Sex ▁P ist ols ▁head lined . ▁Other ▁mus icians ▁appearing ▁included ▁Franz ▁Ferdinand , ▁My ▁Blo ody ▁Valent ine , ▁German ▁rock ers ▁Fa ust , ▁T inder st icks , ▁The ▁Bre ed ers , ▁Gr ind erman , ▁Gold fra pp , ▁G oss ip , ▁CSS , ▁D uff y , ▁Fo als , ▁Had ou ken !, ▁Wil co , ▁The ▁Ro ots , ▁Tur in ▁B rak es , ▁Car bon / Sil icon , ▁Con or ▁Ober st ▁and ▁New ▁Young ▁P ony ▁Club . ▁Irish ▁acts ▁to ▁appear ▁included ▁K í la , ▁The ▁St unning , ▁Sin é ad ▁O ' Con nor , ▁Christ y ▁Moore , ▁Li am ▁Ó ▁Ma on la í , ▁B oss ▁Vol enti , ▁The ▁Water bo ys , ▁The ▁F la ws , ▁Ham ▁Sand wich , ▁Fred , ▁Super ▁Ext ra ▁Bon us ▁Party , ▁J ape , ▁Lisa ▁Hann igan , ▁Le ▁Gal ax ie , ▁C ath y ▁Dave y , ▁Gem ma ▁Hay es ▁and ▁Mark ▁Ge ary . ▁Also ▁att ending ▁were ▁Am n esty ▁International , ▁which ▁celebrated ▁the ▁ 6 0 th ▁anni versary ▁of ▁the ▁Universal ▁Dec laration ▁of ▁Human ▁Rights ▁with ▁a ▁sing al ong ▁of ▁" H appy ▁B irth day " ▁on ▁the ▁Sunday ▁night . ▁▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁festival |
▁ ▁Electric ▁Pic nic ▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁took ▁place ▁at ▁Str ad b ally ▁from ▁ 4 – 6 ▁September . ▁The ▁British ▁prom oter ▁Festival ▁Republic ▁bought ▁out ▁the ▁share ▁of ▁A iken ▁Prom ot ions ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁a ▁further ▁majority ▁share hold ing ▁in ▁Electric ▁Pic nic ▁in ▁March ▁ 2 0 0 9 . ▁The ▁festival ▁was ▁launched ▁on ▁ 1 5 ▁April ▁ 2 0 0 9 , ▁with ▁tick ets ▁going ▁on ▁sale ▁two ▁days ▁later . ▁The ▁launch ▁saw ▁the ▁announ cement ▁of ▁forty - se ven ▁acts . ▁Or b ital , ▁The ▁Fl aming ▁Li ps , ▁Im el da ▁May , ▁Brian ▁Wilson , ▁Bas ement ▁J ax x , ▁Mad ness , ▁K lax ons , ▁Bell ▁X 1 , ▁Fle et ▁Fox es ▁and ▁M G MT ▁were ▁some ▁of ▁the ▁musical ▁acts ▁which ▁appeared , ▁whilst ▁Tommy ▁Tier nan ▁head lined ▁in ▁the ▁comedy ▁tent . ▁▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁festival ▁ ▁Early ▁bird ▁tick ets ▁for ▁Electric ▁Pic nic ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁went ▁on ▁sale ▁on ▁ 4 ▁December ▁ 2 0 0 9 . ▁The ▁festival ▁was ▁launched ▁on ▁ 2 4 ▁March ▁ 2 0 1 0 , ▁with ▁Left field , ▁Ro xy ▁Music , ▁Public ▁Image ▁Ltd ., ▁L CD ▁S ounds ystem , ▁Mass ive ▁Att ack , ▁Mod est ▁Mouse , ▁M um ford ▁& ▁S ons , ▁J ón ▁ Þ ór ▁Bir g isson , ▁Paul |
▁Br ady , ▁Im el da ▁May ▁and ▁The ▁Fr ames ▁among ▁the ▁first ▁acts ▁to ▁be ▁confirmed . ▁▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁festival ▁Art ists ▁who ▁played ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁included ▁Ar cade ▁Fire , ▁P ulp , ▁The ▁Chem ical ▁Brothers , ▁Inter pol , ▁P J ▁Har vey , ▁Be ir ut , ▁Bl onde ▁Red head , ▁Z ola ▁Jesus , ▁The ▁Dr ums , ▁Sant ig old , ▁The ▁Family ▁Stone , ▁Joan ▁As ▁Police w oman , ▁Best ▁Coast , ▁ 3 ep k ano , ▁Power ▁of ▁Dream s , ▁Y uck , ▁F oster ▁The ▁People , ▁Alex andra ▁Stan , ▁The ▁Und ert ones , ▁Public ▁En emy , ▁Jimmy ▁Cl iff , ▁DJ ▁Sh adow , ▁F lying ▁Lot us , ▁The ▁Char lat ans , ▁M og w ai , ▁Sin é ad ▁O ' Con nor , ▁White ▁L ies , ▁O MD , ▁To ots ▁& ▁the ▁May t als , ▁Ly k ke ▁Li , ▁Mid la ke , ▁The ▁Rub ber band its , ▁Death ▁in ▁Veg as , ▁The ▁Go ! ▁Team , ▁Big ▁Audio ▁Dynam ite , ▁Boys ▁No ize , ▁Paul ▁K alk br en ner , ▁Dave ▁Clar ke , ▁T win ▁Sh adow , ▁Wil ly ▁Mason , ▁Tr ent em ø ll er , ▁K illing ▁Jo ke , ▁Health , ▁M und y , ▁G av in ▁Friday , ▁The ▁Walk men , ▁Adam ▁Bey er , |
▁Sh aron ▁Sh annon , ▁Ivan ▁St . ▁John , ▁The ▁Cast ▁of ▁Cheers , ▁Mic ah ▁P . ▁Hin son , ▁C ait lin ▁Rose , ▁The ▁Pot b elle ez , ▁A deb isi ▁Sh ank , ▁The ▁D anger ▁Is , ▁C odes , ▁And ▁So ▁I ▁Watch ▁You ▁From ▁Af ar , ▁and ▁O ▁Emperor . ▁ ▁The ▁festival ▁triumph ed ▁at ▁the ▁Irish ▁Festival ▁Awards , ▁winning ▁seven ▁g ongs , ▁including ▁Best ▁Lar ge ▁Festival , ▁Best ▁Line ▁up ▁and ▁Best ▁To ile ts . ▁▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁festival ▁Art ists ▁who ▁performed ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁festival ▁included ▁The ▁C ure , ▁The ▁Kill ers , ▁El bow , ▁Sig ur ▁R ós , ▁Christ y ▁Moore , ▁Or b ital , ▁Hot ▁Ch ip , ▁The ▁xx , ▁Wild ▁Be asts , ▁Of ▁Mon sters ▁and ▁Men , ▁P atti ▁Smith , ▁The ▁Ro ots , ▁Cry stal ▁Cast les , ▁Grand addy , ▁S B TR K T , ▁M m oth s , ▁Met ron omy , ▁Bat ▁for ▁L ash es , ▁The ▁Mac c abe es , ▁The ▁Hor ror s , ▁Richard ▁Haw ley , ▁A ze alia ▁B anks , ▁Ed ▁She er an , ▁The ▁Je z abel s , ▁Michael ▁K iw anu ka , ▁G av in ▁Friday , ▁Ryan ▁Sher idan , ▁R ó is ín ▁O , ▁Van ▁Dy ke ▁Park s , ▁Ro ots ▁Man u va , |
▁Bell ▁X 1 , ▁Dublin ▁G ospel ▁Ch oir , ▁Glen ▁Hans ard , ▁G ri zz ly ▁Bear , ▁Will is ▁Earl ▁Be al , ▁Alabama ▁Sh akes , ▁T inder st icks , ▁F at ou m ata ▁Dia w ara , ▁Land ▁Lo vers , ▁E agle ▁and ▁the ▁W orm , ▁Sol ar ▁B ears , ▁Staff ▁B enda ▁Bil ili , ▁Little ▁Roy , ▁Lan tern s ▁on ▁the ▁Lake , ▁Jonathan ▁Wilson , ▁B ax ter ▁D ury , ▁C ran es , ▁Mil ag res , ▁In ▁T ua ▁N ua , ▁C odes , ▁Con or ▁L inn ie , ▁O cho ▁and ▁more ▁to ▁be ▁announced . ▁▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁festival ▁The ▁announ cement ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁festival ▁was ▁delayed ▁significantly ▁ow ing ▁to ▁a ▁legal ▁dispute ▁regarding ▁ownership ▁of ▁the ▁festival ▁between ▁the ▁festival ' s ▁founder ▁P OD ▁Con cert s ▁and ▁its ▁majority ▁share holder ▁Festival ▁Republic ▁Dublin ▁( FR D ). ▁ ▁Despite ▁fear s ▁that ▁Electric ▁Pic nic ▁would ▁not ▁return ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 3 , ▁Electric ▁Pic nic ▁was ▁subsequently ▁scheduled ▁to ▁take ▁place ▁between ▁ 3 0 ▁August ▁and ▁ 1 ▁September . ▁ ▁The ▁initial ▁line - up ▁for ▁the ▁festival ▁was ▁announced ▁on ▁ 2 5 ▁April ▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁to ▁much ▁fan fare . ▁The ▁line - up ▁included ▁B jör k , ▁F at boy ▁S lim , ▁Robert ▁Plant , ▁My ▁Blo |
ody ▁Valent ine , ▁Ar ctic ▁Mon keys , ▁Franz ▁Ferdinand , ▁Wu - T ang ▁Cl an , ▁David ▁By r ne ▁& ▁St ▁Vincent , ▁E els , ▁No ah ▁& ▁The ▁Wh ale , ▁Johnny ▁Mar r , ▁Dis closure , ▁Ocean ▁Col our ▁Sc ene , ▁Hur ts , ▁M ick ▁Fl ann ery , ▁The ▁Walk men , ▁Ba auer , ▁T iga , ▁War p aint , ▁Sav ages , ▁The ▁Str ypes , ▁Pol i ça , ▁Ch vr ches , ▁Par quet ▁Cour ts , ▁C lin ic , ▁De ap ▁V ally ▁and ▁So ak . ▁▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁festival ▁ ▁Electric ▁Pic nic ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁took ▁place ▁at ▁Str ad b ally ▁from ▁ 2 9 – 3 1 ▁August , ▁attended ▁by ▁ 4 1 , 0 0 0 ▁people . ▁Early ▁bird ▁tick ets ▁went ▁on ▁sale ▁on ▁ 1 9 ▁March ▁ 2 0 1 4 . ▁A ▁Full ▁week end ▁ticket ▁cost ▁€ 1 5 4 . 5 0 ▁for ▁purch as ers ▁who ▁could ▁prove ▁they ▁had ▁been ▁to ▁three ▁or ▁more ▁pic n ics , ▁€ 1 7 4 . 5 0 ▁for ▁those ▁who ▁could ▁prove ▁they ▁had ▁been ▁to ▁the ▁pic nic ▁once ▁or ▁twice ▁previously . ▁T ick ets ▁then ▁increased ▁to ▁€ 1 9 4 . 5 0 ▁until ▁ 4 ▁July ▁and , ▁€ 2 2 9 . 5 0 ▁after ▁that ▁date . ▁Sunday ▁tick ets |
▁were ▁pr iced ▁at ▁€ 9 0 . ▁Sunday ▁tick ets ▁had ▁sold ▁out ▁by ▁ 1 3 ▁June . ▁Full ▁week end ▁tick ets ▁sold ▁out ▁on ▁ 3 1 ▁July ▁ ▁Port is head , ▁Out k ast , ▁Beck ▁ ▁Fo als , ▁Pet ▁Sh op ▁Boys , ▁Paolo ▁N ut ini ▁Ch ic ▁Fe at ▁N ile ▁Rod gers , ▁L ily ▁Allen , ▁Bl ond ie ▁ ▁Simple ▁M inds . ▁S ine ad ▁O ' conn or , ▁M og w ai , ▁James ▁Vincent ▁Mc morrow ▁James ▁Mur phy , ▁S b tr kt , ▁St . ▁Vincent , ▁Bomb ay ▁B icy cle ▁Club , ▁London ▁Gram mar , ▁The ▁ 1 9 7 5 ▁S low d ive , ▁Wild ▁Be asts , ▁Met ron omy , ▁Kel is , ▁H oz ier , ▁Laura ▁M v ula , ▁Duke ▁Dum ont ▁ ▁The ▁Str ang lers , ▁Fl ume , ▁The ▁Bl ades , ▁N ene h ▁Cher ry , ▁Her cules ▁& ▁Love ▁Aff air , ▁An nie ▁Mac ▁H ams and wich , ▁The ▁Str ypes , ▁C lean ▁Band it , ▁O mar ▁Sou le yman , ▁The ▁W ail ers ▁The ▁Hor ror s , ▁Le ▁Gal ax ie ▁D js ▁Pres ent ▁Las er ▁Dis co , ▁Tem ples , ▁B p ▁Fall on ▁& ▁The ▁Ghost ▁Wol ves , ▁Sohn ▁White ▁Den im , ▁T win ▁Sh adow , ▁Jung le , ▁F ka ▁Tw igs , |
▁B ice p , ▁Kay tr an ada , ▁Sam pha ▁( D j ▁Set ), ▁Sh it ▁Rob ot ▁K ry stal ▁K lear , ▁John ▁W iz ards , ▁Walk ing ▁On ▁C ars , ▁Nick ▁Mul vey , ▁C ath y ▁Dave y , ▁Stephen ▁M alk mus ▁& ▁The ▁J icks , ▁Jen ny ▁Lewis , ▁As ge ir , ▁Wolf ▁Alice ▁D ren ge , ▁The ▁Or well s , ▁Un known ▁Mort al ▁Orchestra , ▁The ▁District s , ▁G lass ▁Anim als , ▁Sein ab o ▁Se y , ▁V ault s ▁Benjamin ▁Book er , ▁V ancouver ▁S leep ▁C lin ic , ▁R ust ie , ▁Pho x , ▁M oko , ▁Night box , ▁She pp ard , ▁The ▁Where about s ▁We ▁C ut ▁Corn ers , ▁The ▁Min utes , ▁V ann ▁Music , ▁All ▁T v v ins , ▁Book a ▁Br ass ▁Band , ▁S leep ▁Th ieves , ▁Sp ies , ▁The ▁Academ ic , ▁R ag l ans , ▁Or la ▁G art land , ▁Buff alo ▁S unn , ▁Daniel ▁James , ▁Ac ro bat , ▁Matt ▁Mc g inn , ▁Wy vern ▁L ingo , ▁Dublin ▁G ospel ▁Ch oir , ▁Tr inity ▁Orchestra ▁ ▁Body ▁& ▁Soul ▁Stage ▁ ▁T une - Y ards , ▁Young ▁F athers , ▁Per f ume ▁Gen ius , ▁Kate ▁Boy , ▁Franco is ▁& ▁The ▁Atlas ▁Mountains , ▁O um ▁Sh att , ▁Lau , ▁M ood |
oid , ▁G lass ▁Anim als , ▁O lo f ▁Arn ald s , ▁Alice ▁B oman , ▁D erm ot ▁By r ne , ▁Flor ian ▁Blan cke ▁& ▁Br end an ▁O ' reg an , ▁Jo in ▁Me ▁In ▁The ▁P ines , ▁I ▁Have ▁A ▁Tri be , ▁Link ob an , ▁Jon ▁G omm , ▁Mel ty brains ? ▁, ▁Tommy ▁K d , ▁C , R ▁A very , ▁The ▁Alter ed ▁H ours , ▁Buff alo ▁Woman , ▁Don al ▁D ine en , ▁Ron an ▁O ▁Sn ada igh ▁And ▁The ▁Occ asion als , ▁S ounds ▁Of ▁System ▁Break down , ▁Inter sk al actic , ▁Vik ing ▁Project , ▁The ▁Care ers , ▁Lo ah , ▁S leep ▁Th ieves , ▁Gr ounds ▁For ▁In vas ion , ▁Youth ▁Mass , ▁Mongo ose , ▁Susan ▁O ' ▁Ne ill ▁& ▁The ▁Low ▁Stand ards , ▁Ari oso , ▁Gr ouse , ▁ ▁Up stage ▁ ▁K ow ton , ▁Sh anti ▁Cel este , ▁Re ple te , ▁O , U t lier , ▁Chris ▁Far rell , ▁Tr - One ▁( Live ), ▁T alk boy , ▁Un kn wn ▁( Live ), ▁G hosts , ▁Ryan ▁V ail , ▁Sh ane ▁Mann ion , ▁Lake ▁People ▁( Live ), ▁Don al ▁D ine en , ▁Re id , ▁Ad ult rock ▁( Live ), ▁Disc ote k ken , ▁Gilbert ▁Ste ele , ▁Cont our , ▁Sol ▁& ▁Lou che , |
▁Rich em , ▁P ▁Dis con aut , ▁D jk id cam , ▁Mi key ▁Joy ride ▁S oro , ▁ ▁Earth ship ▁ ▁Ma ud ▁In ▁C aho ots , ▁R uff ▁Ch uff ▁Live ▁C rew , ▁Come ▁On ▁Live ▁Long , ▁Leo ▁Mor an ▁& ▁Anto ▁Th ist let wa ite , ▁The ▁T av ▁Jam ▁Band , ▁W ob ! ▁, ▁Joe ▁F ury ▁& ▁The ▁Hay ride , ▁P unch ▁Face ▁Champions , ▁Will ow ▁Sea ▁& ▁Gu ests , ▁A ind rias ▁De ▁Sta ic ▁And ▁The ▁L atch ik os , ▁Att ention ▁B eb e , ▁Ste vie ▁G ▁& ▁The ▁Deep ▁South ▁Soul ▁S ounds ystem , ▁The ▁E sk ies , ▁Sim i ▁Crow ns , ▁No el ie ▁M cd onn ell ▁& ▁Band , ▁Ed ft , ▁I ▁Am ▁N iam h , ▁Poly ph onic ▁X , ▁The ▁Ama zing ▁F ew , ▁S ine ad ▁White , ▁The ▁Gr ound ▁Will ▁Sh ake , ▁K ou kie , ▁F loor ▁Staff , ▁Som er ville , ▁E ile en ▁Ke ane , ▁Mal col m ▁London , ▁Sym ph onic ▁F unk , ▁Trad io head , ▁Mi key ▁And ▁The ▁Sc ally w ags , ▁Str ange ▁Bo ats , ▁G , I , R , O , ▁The ▁Cold ▁Draw , ▁Louisiana ▁ 6 , ▁Sh ay ▁Cot ter ▁And ▁The ▁New ▁Blues , ▁Anal og ue ▁W ave , ▁In ▁The ▁Will ows , ▁ ▁Com |
edy ▁ ▁Simon ▁Am stell , ▁David ▁O ' d oh ert y , ▁Se ann ▁Wal sh , ▁Jason ▁By r ne , ▁Rub ber band its , ▁Ab and oman , ▁David ▁M cs av age , ▁John ▁Col le ary , ▁Patrick ▁M cd onn ell , ▁Steve ▁F rost ▁Im prov ▁All st ars , ▁A is ling ▁Be a , ▁B ec ▁Hill , ▁Gun ther ▁Gr un , ▁Fo il ▁Ar ms ▁And ▁Hog , ▁Ele an or ▁Tier nan , ▁Chris ▁Kent , ▁Jar l ath ▁Reg an , ▁Col m ▁O ' reg an , ▁Karl ▁Spain , ▁Col um ▁M cd onn ell , ▁Fred ▁Co oke , ▁Eric ▁L al or , ▁Al ▁Por ter , ▁Kevin ▁Mc gar hen , ▁Tom ie ▁James , ▁Tre vor ▁Brow ne , ▁Steve ▁Ben nett , ▁D anny ▁Dow ling , ▁ ▁The ▁Mobile ▁Home ▁Stage | Tra iler ▁Park ▁ ▁The ▁Young ▁Fol k , ▁The ▁Where about s ▁Get ▁Back : ▁The ▁Story ▁Of ▁The ▁Beat les , ▁Pear l ▁T n , ▁H ust le , ▁Story fold , ▁Kevin ▁Do yle ' s ▁El vis : ▁The ▁Way ▁It ▁Was , ▁C , R , ▁A very , ▁Har vest : ▁A ▁T ribute ▁To ▁Neil ▁Young , ▁The ▁Tr amp z , ▁Ghost ▁Est ates , ▁C live ▁Bar nes , ▁King ston , ▁Vik ing ▁Project , ▁This ▁Side ▁Up , ▁T uc an , ▁Cult ▁Cal led ▁Man |
, ▁Kevin ▁Sher idan , ▁M oo ! ▁, ▁Th row ing ▁Hal os , ▁Ris ky ▁Business , ▁Pr ison ▁Love , ▁Cu an ▁And ▁L uk as ▁( D j ), ▁John ▁& ▁M andy , ▁White ▁Ch alk , ▁My ▁Fellow ▁Sp ong es , ▁Eric ▁Butler ▁And ▁The ▁Re vel ators , ▁ ▁J imm ie ▁Lee ' s ▁Ju ke ▁J oint | Tra iler ▁Park ▁ ▁Eric ▁Butler ▁And ▁The ▁Re vel ators , ▁Dave ▁Clar ke ▁By rd ▁Band , ▁Re ver end ▁J m ' s ▁Pan ic ▁Work shop , ▁Sal ▁Vit ro , ▁Dark ▁L anes , ▁Key west , ▁Red ▁Empire , ▁Richard ▁Far rell ▁& ▁The ▁Last ▁Tri be , ▁H ue y ▁& ▁The ▁Hob g ob l ins , ▁Pra irie ▁Daw gs , ▁Crow ▁Black ▁Ch icken , ▁Wh ist le , ▁O ki ' s ▁W agon ▁ ▁Sal ty ▁Dog ▁ ▁C ath y ▁Dave y , ▁The ▁District s , ▁Pear l ▁T n , ▁Terry ▁Ho ole y , ▁The ▁Min utes , ▁Ali en ▁En voy , ▁Book a ▁Br ass ▁Band , ▁King ▁Kong ▁Company , ▁Bron agh ▁Gall ag her , ▁De ke ▁Dig g ler , ▁Pil gr im ▁Street , ▁P ete ▁Pam f ▁Se xt ette , ▁Phil ▁Cos by , ▁Cor ner ▁Boy , ▁Cult ▁Cal led ▁Man , ▁Deep ▁Down ▁Det ox , ▁Pr ison ▁Love , ▁The ▁Square ▁Peg s , ▁New ▁Secret ▁We ap |
on , ▁This ▁Side ▁Up , ▁Se an ' s ▁Walk , ▁Cam ember t ▁Quart et , ▁Andy ▁Al ld ay , ▁Stephen ▁James , ▁Nick ▁Th orn ley ' s ▁ 5 0 s ▁Vin yl , ▁Sal ty ▁Dog ▁All st ars ▁Par allel ▁L ines , ▁Marie - Th er ese , ▁Julian ▁Lloyd ' s ▁Love ▁Break fast , ▁R ag l ans , ▁Nick ▁Ser gent , ▁A idan ▁K avan agh ' s ▁Car ib bean ▁Cal y ps o ▁King , ▁Sk azz ▁ ▁T ren cht own , ▁Main ▁Stage ▁In na ▁Live ▁Y ard ▁ ▁Solo ▁B anton , ▁Capit ol ▁ 1 2 1 2 ▁A ▁M , A , D , ▁Jah ▁Lex , ▁Mr . ▁William z , ▁D irty ▁Dub sters , ▁C ian ▁Finn , ▁Ri ▁Ra , ▁Dublin ▁Af ro be at ▁Ens emble , ▁Ar ub d ub , ▁After ▁The ▁I bis , ▁B les , ▁Sk azz , ▁B elf ast ▁Reg ga e , ▁Cra zy ▁D , ▁Syn er gy , ▁Inter sk al actic , ▁Tim othy ▁St arr , ▁Ras ▁T in ny ▁& ▁Baby ▁E we , ▁Joy ful ▁No iz , ▁T t ▁Dub , ▁The ▁B ionic ▁R ats , ▁Johnny ▁D read , ▁Gl enn ▁Brown , ▁The ▁D od gy ▁F ew , ▁Junior ▁Sp esh , ▁O i ▁O i ▁S ounds ystem , ▁Tom ▁Be ary , ▁Lion heart , ▁Dj ▁K ali |
, ▁ ▁T ren cht own , ▁Ro ots ▁In na ▁Da ▁Wood s ▁Arena ▁ ▁Re vel ation ▁Sound ▁System , ▁M ial od ica , ▁Ben ji ▁Re vel ation , ▁I ▁Kingdom ▁S ounds ystem , ▁World ▁Bass ▁Culture , ▁F y ah red , ▁Dan ▁Tal iras , ▁Wor ries ▁Out ern ational , ▁Pro ff ▁R uff ▁Ch uff , ▁Ex pl os ion ▁S ounds ystem , ▁ ▁T ren cht own , ▁Tre asure ▁Beach ▁Stage ▁Will ▁So ft ly , ▁Dave ▁Barry , ▁S lick ▁Normal , ▁N ig el ▁Wood s , ▁ ▁Red ▁Bull ▁Music ▁Academy ▁ ▁Bod d ika , ▁Joy ▁Or b ison , ▁Dark ▁Sky , ▁Sun il ▁Sh ar pe , ▁Dor ian ▁Con cept , ▁R ift , ▁Cl u , ▁Republik ▁D js , ▁Kob ina , ▁H ands ome ▁P addy , ▁Col m ▁K ▁ ▁Casa ▁Bac ardi ▁ ▁Dim it ri ▁From ▁Paris , ▁Greg ▁Wilson , ▁The ▁ 2 ▁B ears , ▁Nancy ▁Wh ang , ▁Ej eca , ▁Ple asure k raft , ▁Jon as ▁R ath s man , ▁Billy ▁Sc ur ry , ▁Ghost boy , ▁Mother ▁D js , ▁Dis con aut s , ▁Get ▁Down ▁Ed its , ▁Dec ent ▁Per ks , ▁Disc ote k ken , ▁Kelly - An ne ▁By r ne , ▁ ▁Jerry ▁Fish ▁Electric ▁S ides how ▁ ▁Prop ell or ▁Pal ms , ▁Duke ▁Special ' s ▁Gram aph one ▁Club |
, ▁Felix ▁Son ny boy , ▁G angs , ▁The ▁Min utes , ▁Jerry ▁Fish , ▁T ogether ▁Dis co , ▁Gu ilty ▁Boy ▁Association , ▁S ally ▁C inn am on , ▁Camil le ▁O ' s ull ivan , ▁Richard ▁E gan , ▁The ▁Frank ▁& ▁Wal ters , ▁The ▁Lost ▁Brothers , ▁R , S , A , G , ▁Inter sk al actic , ▁All ▁The ▁L uck ▁In ▁The ▁World , ▁I ' m ▁Your ▁Vin yl , ▁The ▁K ilo ▁ 1 9 7 7 , ▁Sh ir ▁Mad ness , ▁Fox y ▁P ▁C ox , ▁The ▁P ony ▁Girls , ▁Crow ▁Black ▁Ch icken , ▁John ▁Ble k ▁And ▁The ▁R ats , ▁Brian ▁De ady , ▁Chan elle ▁Mc ▁Gu in ness ▁▁ 2 0 1 5 ▁festival ▁ ▁Electric ▁Pic nic ▁ 2 0 1 5 ▁took ▁place ▁at ▁Str ad b ally ▁from ▁ 4 – 6 ▁September . ▁The ▁first ▁acts ▁were ▁announced ▁in ▁March ▁ 2 0 1 5 . ▁There ▁was ▁spec ulation ▁that ▁the ▁capacity ▁would ▁be ▁raised ▁from ▁the ▁present ▁ 4 2 , 0 0 0 ▁to ▁ 4 7 , 0 0 0 ▁to ▁c ater ▁for ▁increased ▁demand . ▁The ▁head lin ers ▁were ▁Sam ▁Smith , ▁Bl ur , ▁and ▁Florence ▁and ▁the ▁Machine . ▁▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁festival ▁Electric ▁Pic nic ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁took ▁place ▁on ▁ 2 – 4 ▁September . ▁It ▁was ▁head lined ▁by |
▁L CD ▁S ounds ystem , ▁L ana ▁Del ▁Rey , ▁The ▁Chem ical ▁Brothers , ▁New ▁Order ▁and ▁No el ▁Gall ag her ' s ▁High ▁F lying ▁Bird s . ▁ ▁Line ▁ups ▁ ▁Main ▁Stage ▁ ▁Friday : ▁Ryan ▁Sher idan , ▁ABC , ▁Nas , ▁The ▁ 1 9 7 5 , ▁The ▁Chem ical ▁Brothers ▁ ▁Saturday : ▁Tr inity ▁Orchestra , ▁Herm itage ▁Green , ▁The ▁Light ning ▁Se eds , ▁G av in ▁James , ▁Cat fish ▁and ▁the ▁B ott le men , ▁Bell ▁X 1 , ▁No el ▁Gall ag her ' s ▁High ▁F lying ▁Bird s , ▁L CD ▁S ounds ystem ▁ ▁Sunday : ▁Dublin ▁G ospel ▁Ch oir , ▁To ots ▁and ▁the ▁May t als , ▁Local ▁N atives , ▁James ▁Bay , ▁Nathan iel ▁R atel iff ▁& ▁the ▁Night ▁S we ats , ▁New ▁Order , ▁L ana ▁Del ▁Rey ▁▁ 2 0 1 7 ▁festival ▁Electric ▁Pic nic ▁ 2 0 1 7 ▁took ▁place ▁on ▁ 1 – 3 ▁September . ▁It ▁was ▁head lined ▁by ▁Dur an ▁Dur an , ▁A ▁Tri be ▁Cal led ▁Qu est ▁and ▁The ▁xx . ▁ ▁Line ▁ups ▁ ▁Main ▁Stage ▁ ▁Friday : ▁Little ▁H ours , ▁Hudson ▁Taylor , ▁The ▁Div ine ▁Com edy , ▁London ▁Gram mar , ▁The ▁xx ▁ ▁Saturday : ▁Key west , ▁The ▁Str ypes , ▁G ig gs , ▁Mad ness , ▁Run ▁the ▁Jew els , ▁Phoenix , ▁A |
▁Tri be ▁Cal led ▁Qu est , ▁P ete ▁T ong ▁ ▁Sunday : ▁Dublin ▁G ospel ▁Ch oir , ▁The ▁Sk atal ites , ▁R ag ' n ' B one ▁Man , ▁The ▁P ret enders , ▁Ch aka ▁Khan , ▁El bow , ▁Dur an ▁Dur an ▁▁ 2 0 1 8 ▁festival ▁ ▁Electric ▁Pic nic ▁ 2 0 1 8 ▁took ▁place ▁at ▁Str ad b ally ▁from ▁ 3 1 ▁August ▁to ▁the ▁ 2 ▁September . ▁T ick ets ▁for ▁the ▁festival ▁sold - out ▁in ▁less ▁than ▁ 2 4 ▁hours ▁after ▁the ▁line up ▁was ▁announced ▁in ▁March ▁ 2 0 1 8 . <0x09> ▁ ▁MA IN ▁S TA GE ▁Friday ▁ 1 0 . 4 0 pm - mid night ▁– ▁K end rick ▁L amar ▁ 9 - 1 0 pm ▁– ▁Walk ing ▁on ▁C ars ▁ 7 . 3 0 - 8 . 3 0 pm ▁– ▁Ch vr ches ▁ 6 - 7 pm ▁– ▁Ash ▁ 5 - 5 . 3 0 pm ▁– ▁Brand ▁New ▁Friend ▁ ▁Saturday ▁ 1 2 . 1 5 - 1 . 3 0 am ▁– ▁Mass ive ▁Att ack ▁ 1 0 . 3 0 - 1 1 . 3 0 pm ▁– ▁N ER D ▁ 8 . 4 5 - 9 . 4 5 pm ▁– ▁D ua ▁Lip a ▁ 7 - 8 pm ▁– ▁G av in ▁James ▁ 5 . 1 5 - 6 . |
1 5 pm ▁– ▁M av is ▁St ap les ▁ 3 . 3 0 - 4 . 3 0 pm ▁– ▁G ome z ▁ 1 . 4 5 - 2 . 4 5 pm – ▁Hudson ▁Taylor ▁ ▁Sunday ▁ 1 0 . 3 0 pm - mid night ▁– ▁The ▁Pro dig y ▁ 8 . 4 5 - 9 . 4 5 pm ▁– ▁Picture ▁This ▁ 7 - 8 pm ▁– ▁George ▁Ez ra ▁ 5 . 3 0 - 6 . 3 0 pm ▁– ▁N ile ▁Rod gers ▁& ▁Ch ic ▁ 4 . 1 5 - 5 pm ▁– ▁Gar bage ▁ 2 . 3 0 - 3 . 3 0 pm ▁– ▁Inner ▁Circle ▁ 1 - 2 pm ▁– ▁Dublin ▁G ospel ▁Ch oir ▁▁ 2 0 1 9 ▁festival ▁ ▁Electric ▁Pic nic ▁ 2 0 1 9 ▁took ▁place ▁at ▁Str ad b ally ▁from ▁ 3 0 ▁August ▁to ▁the ▁ 1 ▁September . <0x09> ▁ <0x09> <0x09> ▁Friday ▁ 1 0 . 3 0 pm ▁H oz ier ▁ 9 pm ▁D erm ot ▁Kennedy ▁ 7 . 3 0 pm ▁Bill ie ▁E il ish ▁ ▁Saturday ▁ 1 1 . 3 0 pm ▁The ▁St ro kes ▁ 9 . 1 5 pm ▁The ▁ 1 9 7 5 ▁ 7 . 4 5 pm ▁Christ ine ▁and ▁the ▁Queens ▁ 6 pm ▁Ger ry ▁C inn am on ▁ 4 . 3 0 pm ▁Years ▁& |
▁Years ▁ 3 . 1 5 pm ▁Wild ▁Youth ▁ 1 . 4 5 pm ▁The ▁R ipt ide ▁Mov ement ▁ 6 pm ▁David ▁Kenn an ▁ ▁Sunday ▁ 1 0 . 3 0 pm ▁Florence ▁and ▁the ▁Machine ▁ 8 . 3 0 pm ▁K od al ine ▁ 7 pm ▁Richard ▁Ash cro ft ▁ 5 . 3 0 pm ▁Jess ▁G lyn ne ▁ 4 . 1 5 pm ▁Raz or light ▁ 2 . 3 0 pm ▁So ja ▁ 1 pm ▁Dublin ▁G ospel ▁Ch oir ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁List ▁of ▁electronic ▁music ▁festiv als ▁Long itude ▁Festival ▁Ox egen ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁▁ ▁Review ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 5 ▁Electric ▁Pic nic ▁Festival ▁ ▁Review ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 5 ▁Electric ▁Pic nic ▁Festival ▁ ▁Review ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁Electric ▁Pic nic ▁Festival ▁ ▁The ▁T icket ▁at ▁Electric ▁Pic nic ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁ ▁Electric ▁Pic nic ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁Play list ▁ ▁Electric ▁Pic nic ▁V ▁Ox egen ▁ 2 0 0 9 , ▁F IGHT ! ▁ ▁Category : Music ▁festiv als ▁established ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 4 ▁Category : 2 0 0 0 s ▁in ▁Irish ▁music ▁Category : 2 0 1 0 s ▁in ▁Irish ▁music ▁Category : An n ual ▁events ▁in ▁Ireland ▁▁ ▁Category : Music ▁in ▁County ▁La ois ▁Category : R ock ▁festiv als ▁in ▁Ireland ▁Category : Str ad b |
ally ▁Category : Culture ▁in ▁County ▁La ois ▁Category : T our ism ▁in ▁County ▁La ois ▁Category : E lect ron ic ▁music ▁festiv als ▁in ▁Ireland <0x0A> </s> ▁Mi quel ▁F eli u ▁Bad al ▁( born ▁May ▁ 1 7 , ▁ 1 9 8 5 ), ▁commonly ▁known ▁as ▁M iki ▁F eli u , ▁is ▁a ▁Spanish ▁professional ▁basketball ▁player ▁for ▁For ça ▁L le ida ▁of ▁the ▁LE B ▁O ro . ▁At ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 8 – 1 9 ▁season ▁start ▁he ▁was ▁the ▁sevent h ▁player ▁with ▁more ▁games ▁( 4 4 7 ) ▁in ▁the ▁Spanish ▁second ▁tier . ▁ ▁Career ▁ ▁Man res a ▁ ▁Play ed ▁for ▁the ▁B à s quet ▁Man res a ▁a cademy ▁and ▁made ▁his ▁professional ▁debut ▁on ▁ 2 8 ▁September ▁ 2 0 0 2 , ▁playing ▁ 7 ▁minutes ▁on ▁a ▁Liga ▁AC B ▁game ▁against ▁C B ▁Gran ▁Can aria . ▁He ▁played ▁five ▁more ▁games ▁on ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 2 – 0 3 ▁season . ▁Sp ent ▁the ▁next ▁years ▁playing ▁for ▁the ▁farm ▁teams ▁O les a ▁and ▁C B ▁L ' H osp it alet , ▁and ▁ 9 ▁games ▁for ▁Man res a ▁on ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 4 – 0 5 ▁season . ▁Member ▁of ▁the ▁first ▁team ▁after ▁the ▁re leg ation ▁to ▁LE B ▁O ro , ▁was ▁loan ed ▁to ▁C B ▁Alc ú dia , ▁C B ▁Vic ▁and |
▁C B ▁Sant ▁Jose p ▁after ▁a ▁two ▁years ▁of ▁contract ▁extension . ▁ ▁LE B ▁O ro ▁ ▁After ▁leaving ▁Man res a , ▁he ▁joined ▁O br ado iro ▁C AB ▁on ▁ 2 0 1 0 . ▁The ▁team ▁was ▁promoted ▁to ▁Liga ▁AC B , ▁second ▁achiev ement ▁for ▁F eli u ▁since ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁with ▁Man res a . ▁Jo ined ▁CE ▁L le ida ▁B à s quet ▁on ▁ 2 0 1 1 , ▁the ▁last ▁year ▁of ▁the ▁team ▁on ▁competition , ▁and ▁For ça ▁L le ida ▁CE ▁on ▁ 2 0 1 2 , ▁sp ending ▁only ▁one ▁season . ▁He ▁also ▁played ▁for ▁Pal encia ▁Bal onc esto ▁and ▁C B ▁T iz ona , ▁becoming ▁LE B ▁O ro ▁champion ▁for ▁second ▁time . ▁After ▁one ▁season ▁back ▁to ▁Pal ma , ▁he ▁returned ▁to ▁For ça ▁L le ida . ▁ ▁National ▁team ▁ ▁F eli u ▁played ▁for ▁the ▁Spanish ▁men ' s ▁national ▁team ▁on ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 1 ▁FI BA ▁Europe ▁Under - 1 6 ▁Championship , ▁scoring ▁ 2 7 ▁points ▁in ▁the ▁bronze ▁medal ▁game ▁against ▁Lith u ania . ▁Also ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁team ▁on ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 2 ▁FI BA ▁Europe ▁Under - 1 8 ▁Championship ▁and ▁ 2 0 0 5 ▁FI BA ▁Europe ▁Under - 2 0 ▁Championship . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁AC B ▁profile ▁ ▁F EB ▁profile ▁▁ ▁Category |
: 1 9 8 5 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : Span ish ▁men ' s ▁basketball ▁players ▁Category : L iga ▁AC B ▁players ▁Category : B à s quet ▁Man res a ▁players ▁Category : CB ▁L ' H osp it alet ▁players ▁Category : CB ▁Vic ▁players ▁Category : CB ▁Gir ona ▁players ▁Category : O br ado iro ▁C AB ▁players ▁Category : Pal encia ▁Bal onc esto ▁players ▁Category : For ça ▁L le ida ▁CE ▁players ▁Category : Sm all ▁for wards <0x0A> </s> ▁NGC ▁ 1 1 0 ▁is ▁an ▁open ▁star ▁cluster ▁located ▁in ▁the ▁const ell ation ▁Cass io pe ia . ▁It ▁was ▁discovered ▁by ▁the ▁English ▁astronom er ▁John ▁H ersch el ▁on ▁October ▁ 2 9 , ▁ 1 8 3 1 . ▁ ▁It ▁is ▁unknown ▁if ▁the ▁members ▁are ▁phys ically ▁related , ▁or ▁if ▁the ▁cluster ▁exists ▁at ▁all . ▁It ▁is ▁bare ly ▁visible ▁against ▁the ▁background ▁sky , ▁and ▁the ▁two ▁dozen ▁member ▁stars ▁seem ▁to ▁be ▁at ▁various ▁distances . ▁If ▁the ▁cluster ▁does ▁exist , ▁it ▁is ▁at ▁least ▁ 2 , 0 0 0 ▁light ▁years ▁away . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁▁▁ 0 1 1 0 ▁Category : C ass io pe ia ▁( const ell ation ) ▁Category : A stronom ical ▁objects ▁discovered ▁in ▁ 1 8 3 1 ▁Category : Open ▁clusters ▁Category : Dis cover ies ▁by ▁John ▁H ersch el <0x0A> </s> ▁Rav |
ip adu ▁is ▁a ▁village ▁in ▁G unt ur ▁district ▁of ▁the ▁Indian ▁state ▁of ▁And h ra ▁Pr adesh . ▁It ▁is ▁located ▁in ▁Nar as ara op et ▁mand al ▁of ▁Nar as ara op et ▁re venue ▁division . ▁ ▁Govern ance ▁▁ ▁Rav ip adu ▁gram ▁pan ch ay at ▁is ▁the ▁local ▁self - g overn ment ▁of ▁the ▁village . ▁It ▁is ▁divided ▁into ▁w ards ▁and ▁each ▁w ard ▁is ▁represented ▁by ▁a ▁w ard ▁member . ▁ ▁Education ▁▁ ▁As ▁per ▁the ▁school ▁information ▁report ▁for ▁the ▁academic ▁year ▁ 2 0 1 8 – 1 9 , ▁the ▁village ▁has ▁a ▁total ▁of ▁ 1 1 ▁schools . ▁These ▁include ▁one ▁And h ra ▁Pr adesh ▁Trib al ▁W elf are ▁Res ident ial ▁( AP T WR ), ▁ 6 ▁private ▁and ▁ 4 ▁MP P ▁schools . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁List ▁of ▁villages ▁in ▁G unt ur ▁district ▁ ▁References ▁▁ ▁Category : V ill ages ▁in ▁G unt ur ▁district <0x0A> </s> ▁Kar rag ull en ▁is ▁a ▁sub urb ▁of ▁Per th , ▁Western ▁Australia , ▁located ▁within ▁the ▁City ▁of ▁Arm ad ale . ▁Its ▁post code ▁is ▁ 6 1 1 1 . ▁ ▁Prior ▁to ▁ 1 9 4 9 ▁it ▁was ▁a ▁stopping ▁place ▁on ▁the ▁Upper ▁Dar ling ▁Range ▁Railway . ▁ ▁The ▁sub urb ▁is ▁an ▁agricult ural ▁area ▁and ▁is ▁pre domin antly ▁known ▁as ▁orch ard ▁country . ▁Many ▁of ▁the |
▁orch ards ▁were ▁developed ▁by ▁Italian ▁migr ants ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 3 0 s ▁and ▁ 1 9 4 0 s ▁and ▁these ▁have ▁subsequently ▁been ▁taken ▁over ▁by ▁their ▁ 1 st ▁and ▁ 2 nd ▁generation ▁Australian ▁descend ants . ▁ ▁The ▁Kar rag ull en ▁area ▁borders ▁the ▁C anning ▁Dam ▁res er voir ▁zone ▁and ▁borders ▁the ▁start ▁of ▁bush land ▁in ▁the ▁East - S outh - E ast ▁direction ▁from ▁Per th . ▁ ▁It ▁neighb ours ▁Pick ering ▁Brook ▁to ▁the ▁east ▁and ▁Ro le yst one ▁to ▁the ▁west . ▁ ▁Once ▁a ▁year ▁Kar rag ull en ▁hosts ▁a ▁field ▁day ▁that ▁show cases ▁the ▁local ▁indust ries ▁and ▁its ▁practices . ▁The ▁event ▁has ▁been ▁running ▁for ▁over ▁ 2 0 ▁years . ▁ ▁December ▁ 2 0 0 4 ▁saw ▁a ▁fire ▁rav age ▁most ▁of ▁the ▁bush land ▁and ▁some ▁areas ▁of ▁orch ard . ▁Fire ▁f igh ters ▁and ▁loc als ▁r al lied ▁together ▁to ▁battle ▁the ▁bla ze ▁that ▁is ▁believed ▁to ▁have ▁been ▁started ▁by ▁an ▁ar son ist . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁Dar ling ▁Sc arp ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Web b , ▁E . G . ▁( Er ic ▁God f rey ) ▁& ▁Kal am unda ▁and ▁District s ▁Historical ▁Society ▁( 1 9 9 6 ). ▁ ▁Rails ▁in ▁the ▁hills ▁: ▁a ▁history ▁of ▁the ▁railway ▁from ▁Mid land ▁to ▁Kar rag ull en , ▁ 1 8 9 1 - |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.