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ists ▁such ▁as ▁Friedrich ▁Hay ek ▁and ▁Mil ton ▁Fried man ▁argue ▁that ▁the ▁economic ▁structures ▁associated ▁with ▁commun ist ▁rule ▁resulted ▁in ▁economic ▁st agn ation . ▁Other ▁topics ▁of ▁criticism ▁of ▁commun ist ▁rule ▁include ▁foreign ▁policies ▁of ▁" exp ansion ism ", ▁environmental ▁de grad ation ▁and ▁the ▁supp ression ▁of ▁free ▁cultural ▁expression . ▁ ▁Political ▁repr ession ▁ ▁Lar ge - scale ▁political ▁repr ession ▁under ▁commun ist ▁rule ▁has ▁been ▁the ▁subject ▁of ▁extensive ▁historical ▁research ▁by ▁sch ol ars ▁and ▁activ ists ▁from ▁a ▁diverse ▁range ▁of ▁pers pect ives . ▁A ▁number ▁of ▁research ers ▁on ▁this ▁subject ▁are ▁former ▁Eastern ▁b loc ▁commun ists ▁who ▁become ▁dis ill usion ed ▁with ▁their ▁r uling ▁parties , ▁such ▁as ▁Alexander ▁Nik ola ev ich ▁Y akov lev ▁and ▁D mit ri ▁Volk og on ov . ▁Similarly , ▁Jung ▁Ch ang , ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁authors ▁of ▁Ma o : ▁The ▁Un known ▁Story , ▁was ▁a ▁Red ▁Guard ▁in ▁her ▁youth . ▁O thers ▁are ▁dis ill usion ed ▁former ▁Western ▁commun ists , ▁including ▁several ▁of ▁the ▁authors ▁of ▁The ▁Black ▁Book ▁of ▁Commun ism . ▁Robert ▁Con quest , ▁another ▁former ▁commun ist , ▁became ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁best - known ▁writers ▁on ▁the ▁Soviet ▁Union ▁following ▁the ▁publication ▁of ▁his ▁influ ential ▁account ▁of ▁the ▁Great ▁Pur ge ▁in ▁The ▁Great ▁T error , ▁which ▁at ▁first ▁was ▁not ▁well ▁received ▁in ▁some ▁left - lean ing ▁circles ▁of ▁Western ▁intellect |
uals . ▁Following ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁Cold ▁War , ▁much ▁of ▁the ▁research ▁on ▁this ▁topic ▁has ▁focused ▁on ▁state ▁arch ives ▁previously ▁class ified ▁under ▁commun ist ▁rule . ▁ ▁The ▁level ▁of ▁political ▁repr ession ▁experienced ▁in ▁states ▁under ▁commun ist ▁rule ▁varied ▁widely ▁between ▁different ▁countries ▁and ▁historical ▁periods . ▁The ▁most ▁rig id ▁c ensor ship ▁was ▁pract iced ▁by ▁the ▁Soviet ▁Union ▁under ▁St alin ▁( 1 9 2 2 – 1 9 5 3 ), ▁China ▁under ▁Ma o ▁during ▁the ▁Cultural ▁Revolution ▁( 1 9 6 6 – 1 9 7 6 ) ▁and ▁the ▁commun ist ▁regime ▁in ▁North ▁Korea ▁throughout ▁its ▁rule ▁( 1 9 4 8 – present ). ▁Under ▁St alin ' s ▁rule , ▁political ▁repr ession ▁in ▁the ▁Soviet ▁Union ▁included ▁execution s ▁of ▁Great ▁Pur ge ▁vict ims ▁and ▁pe as ants ▁de emed ▁" k ul aks " ▁by ▁state ▁authorities ; ▁the ▁Gul ag ▁system ▁of ▁forced ▁labor ▁cam ps ; ▁deport ations ▁of ▁eth nic ▁minor ities ; ▁and ▁mass ▁star v ations ▁during ▁the ▁Soviet ▁fam ine ▁of ▁ 1 9 3 2 – 1 9 3 3 , ▁caused ▁by ▁either ▁government ▁mis management , ▁or ▁by ▁some ▁accounts , ▁caused ▁deliber ately . ▁The ▁Black ▁Book ▁of ▁Commun ism ▁also ▁details ▁the ▁mass ▁star v ations ▁resulting ▁from ▁Great ▁Le ap ▁For ward ▁in ▁China ▁and ▁the ▁K illing ▁Field s ▁in ▁Camb odia . ▁ ▁Although ▁political ▁repr ession ▁in ▁the |
▁Soviet ▁Union ▁was ▁far ▁more ▁extensive ▁and ▁severe ▁in ▁its ▁methods ▁under ▁St alin ' s ▁rule ▁than ▁in ▁any ▁other ▁period , ▁authors ▁such ▁as ▁Richard ▁P ipes , ▁Or lando ▁Fig es ▁and ▁works ▁such ▁as ▁the ▁Black ▁Book ▁of ▁Commun ism ▁argue ▁that ▁a ▁reign ▁of ▁terror ▁began ▁within ▁Russia ▁under ▁the ▁leadership ▁of ▁Vladimir ▁Len in ▁immediately ▁after ▁the ▁October ▁Revolution , ▁and ▁continued ▁by ▁the ▁Red ▁Army ▁and ▁the ▁Che ka ▁over ▁the ▁country ▁during ▁the ▁Russian ▁Civil ▁War . ▁It ▁included ▁summary ▁execution s ▁of ▁hundreds ▁of ▁thousands ▁of ▁" class ▁enemies " ▁by ▁Che ka ; ▁the ▁development ▁of ▁the ▁system ▁of ▁labor ▁cam ps , ▁which ▁would ▁later ▁lay ▁the ▁foundation ▁for ▁the ▁Gul ags ; ▁and ▁a ▁policy ▁of ▁food ▁requ is ition ing ▁during ▁the ▁civil ▁war , ▁which ▁was ▁partially ▁responsible ▁for ▁a ▁fam ine ▁causing ▁three ▁to ▁ten ▁million ▁death s . ▁ ▁Alexander ▁Nik ola ev ich ▁Y akov lev ' s ▁crit iques ▁of ▁political ▁repr ession ▁under ▁commun ist ▁rule ▁focus ▁on ▁the ▁treatment ▁of ▁children , ▁which ▁he ▁numbers ▁in ▁the ▁millions , ▁of ▁alleg ed ▁political ▁oppon ents . ▁His ▁accounts ▁stress ▁cases ▁in ▁which ▁children ▁of ▁former ▁imperial ▁officers ▁and ▁pe as ants ▁were ▁held ▁as ▁host ages ▁and ▁sometimes ▁shot ▁during ▁the ▁civil ▁war . ▁His ▁account ▁of ▁the ▁Second ▁World ▁War ▁highlight s ▁cases ▁in ▁which ▁the ▁children ▁of ▁soldiers ▁who ▁had ▁surrender ed ▁were ▁the ▁vict ims ▁of ▁state ▁repr is al |
. ▁Some ▁children , ▁Y akov lev ▁notes , ▁followed ▁their ▁parents ▁to ▁the ▁Gul ags , ▁suffering ▁an ▁especially ▁high ▁mort ality ▁rate . ▁According ▁to ▁Y akov lev , ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 4 ▁there ▁were ▁ 8 8 4 , 0 5 7 ▁" spe cially ▁res ett led " ▁children ▁under ▁the ▁age ▁of ▁six teen . ▁O thers ▁were ▁placed ▁in ▁special ▁or phan ages ▁run ▁by ▁the ▁secret ▁police ▁in ▁order ▁to ▁be ▁re ed uc ated , ▁often ▁losing ▁even ▁their ▁names , ▁and ▁were ▁considered ▁soci ally ▁dangerous ▁as ▁adult s . ▁ ▁Other ▁accounts ▁focus ▁on ▁extensive ▁networks ▁of ▁civil ian ▁inform ants , ▁consisting ▁of ▁either ▁volunte ers , ▁or ▁those ▁for ci b ly ▁rec ru ited . ▁These ▁networks ▁were ▁used ▁to ▁collect ▁intelligence ▁for ▁the ▁government ▁and ▁report ▁cases ▁of ▁diss ent . ▁Many ▁accounts ▁of ▁political ▁repr ession ▁in ▁the ▁Soviet ▁Union ▁highlight ▁cases ▁in ▁which ▁internal ▁critics ▁were ▁class ified ▁as ▁ment ally ▁ill ▁( s uffer ing ▁from ▁dis orders ▁such ▁as ▁sl ugg ish ly ▁progress ing ▁sch iz op hren ia ) ▁and ▁in car cer ated ▁in ▁mental ▁hosp it als . ▁The ▁fact ▁that ▁workers ▁in ▁the ▁Soviet ▁Union ▁were ▁not ▁allowed ▁to ▁organ ize ▁independent , ▁non - state ▁trade ▁union ▁has ▁also ▁been ▁presented ▁as ▁a ▁case ▁of ▁political ▁repr ession ▁in ▁the ▁Soviet ▁Union . ▁ ▁Vari ous ▁accounts ▁stress ing ▁a ▁relationship ▁between ▁political ▁repr ession ▁and ▁commun |
ist ▁rule ▁focus ▁on ▁the ▁supp ression ▁of ▁internal ▁u pr is ings ▁by ▁military ▁force , ▁such ▁as ▁the ▁Tamb ov ▁re bell ion ▁and ▁the ▁K ron stadt ▁re bell ion ▁during ▁the ▁Russian ▁Civil ▁War , ▁and ▁the ▁T ian an men ▁Square ▁protest s ▁of ▁ 1 9 8 9 ▁in ▁China . ▁ ▁Ex - comm un ist ▁diss ident ▁Mil ovan ▁Dj il as , ▁among ▁others , ▁focused ▁on ▁the ▁relationship ▁between ▁political ▁repr ession ▁and ▁the ▁rise ▁of ▁a ▁powerful ▁" new ▁class " ▁of ▁party ▁b ureau cr ats ▁that ▁had ▁emer ged ▁under ▁commun ist ▁rule , ▁and ▁explo ited ▁the ▁rest ▁of ▁the ▁population ▁( see ▁nom enk l atura ). ▁ ▁Person ality ▁cult s ▁ ▁Both ▁anti - comm un ists ▁and ▁commun ists ▁have ▁critic ized ▁the ▁person ality ▁cult s ▁of ▁many ▁commun ist ▁r ul ers , ▁especially ▁the ▁cult s ▁of ▁St alin , ▁Ma o , ▁F idel ▁Castro ▁and ▁Kim ▁Il - s ung . ▁In ▁the ▁case ▁of ▁North ▁Korea , ▁the ▁person ality ▁cult ▁of ▁Kim ▁Il - s ung ▁was ▁associated ▁with ▁inherited ▁leadership , ▁with ▁the ▁succession ▁of ▁Kim ' s ▁son ▁Kim ▁J ong - il ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 4 ▁and ▁grand son ▁Kim ▁J ong - un ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 1 . ▁Cub an ▁commun ists ▁have ▁also ▁been ▁critic ized ▁for ▁planning ▁an ▁inherited ▁leadership , ▁with ▁the ▁succession ▁of ▁Ra úl ▁Castro |
▁following ▁his ▁brother ' s ▁ill ness ▁in ▁mid - 2 0 0 6 . ▁ ▁Fre edom ▁of ▁movement ▁▁ ▁In ▁the ▁literature ▁on ▁commun ist ▁rule , ▁many ▁ant ic ommun ists ▁have ▁assert ed ▁that ▁commun ist ▁reg imes ▁tend ▁to ▁imp ose ▁har sh ▁restrictions ▁on ▁the ▁freedom ▁of ▁movement . ▁These ▁restrictions , ▁they ▁argue , ▁are ▁meant ▁to ▁stem ▁the ▁possibility ▁of ▁mass ▁em igration , ▁which ▁threat ens ▁to ▁offer ▁evidence ▁pointing ▁to ▁w ides p read ▁popular ▁diss atisf action ▁with ▁their ▁rule . ▁ ▁Between ▁ 1 9 5 0 ▁and ▁ 1 9 6 1 , ▁ 2 . 7 5 ▁million ▁East ▁Germ ans ▁moved ▁to ▁West ▁Germany . ▁During ▁the ▁Hung arian ▁Revolution ▁of ▁ 1 9 5 6 ▁around ▁ 2 0 0 , 0 0 0 ▁people ▁moved ▁to ▁Austria ▁as ▁the ▁Hung arian - A ust rian ▁border ▁tempor arily ▁opened . ▁From ▁ 1 9 4 8 ▁to ▁ 1 9 5 3 ▁hundreds ▁of ▁thousands ▁of ▁North ▁Kore ans ▁moved ▁to ▁the ▁South , ▁stopped ▁only ▁when ▁em igration ▁was ▁cl amp ed ▁down ▁after ▁the ▁Korean ▁War . ▁ ▁In ▁Cuba , ▁ 5 0 , 0 0 0 ▁middle - class ▁Cub ans ▁left ▁between ▁ 1 9 5 9 ▁and ▁ 1 9 6 1 ▁after ▁the ▁Cub an ▁Revolution ▁and ▁the ▁break down ▁of ▁Cub an - American ▁relations . ▁Following ▁a ▁period ▁of ▁repr ess ive ▁measures ▁by ▁the ▁Cub an |
▁government ▁in ▁the ▁late ▁ 1 9 6 0 s ▁and ▁ 1 9 7 0 s , ▁Cuba ▁allowed ▁for ▁mass ▁em igration ▁of ▁diss atisf ied ▁citizens , ▁a ▁policy ▁that ▁resulted ▁in ▁the ▁Mar iel ▁Bo at l ift ▁of ▁ 1 9 8 0 , ▁which ▁led ▁to ▁a ▁drop ▁in ▁em igration ▁rates ▁during ▁the ▁later ▁months . ▁In ▁the ▁ 1 9 9 0 s , ▁the ▁economic ▁crisis ▁known ▁as ▁the ▁Special ▁Period ▁couple d ▁with ▁the ▁United ▁States ' ▁tight ening ▁of ▁the ▁embargo ▁led ▁to ▁des perate ▁attempts ▁to ▁leave ▁the ▁island ▁on ▁b als as ▁( raft s , ▁t ires ▁and ▁makes h ift ▁vessels ). ▁Many ▁Cub ans ▁currently ▁continue ▁attempts ▁to ▁em igr ate ▁to ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁In ▁total , ▁according ▁to ▁some ▁estimates , ▁more ▁than ▁ 1 ▁million ▁people ▁have ▁left ▁Cuba , ▁around ▁ 1 0 % ▁of ▁the ▁population . ▁Between ▁ 1 9 7 1 ▁and ▁ 1 9 9 8 , ▁ 5 4 7 , 0 0 0 ▁Cub ans ▁em igr ated ▁to ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁alongside ▁ 7 0 0 , 0 0 0 ▁neighbor ing ▁Domin icans , ▁ 3 3 5 , 0 0 0 ▁H ait ians ▁and ▁ 4 8 5 , 0 0 0 ▁J ama icans . ▁Since ▁ 1 9 6 6 , ▁imm igration ▁to ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁was ▁govern ed ▁by ▁the ▁ 1 9 6 6 ▁Cub an ▁adjust ment |
▁act , ▁a ▁United ▁States ▁law ▁that ▁applies ▁sole ly ▁to ▁Cub ans . ▁The ▁r uling ▁allows ▁any ▁Cub an ▁national , ▁no ▁matter ▁the ▁means ▁of ▁the ▁entry ▁into ▁the ▁United ▁States , ▁to ▁receive ▁a ▁green ▁card ▁after ▁being ▁in ▁the ▁country ▁a ▁year . ▁Hav ana ▁has ▁long ▁argued ▁that ▁the ▁policy ▁has ▁encourag ed ▁the ▁illegal ▁ex od us , ▁deliber ately ▁ign oring ▁and ▁under valu ing ▁the ▁life - th re aten ing ▁hard ships ▁end ured ▁by ▁refuge es . ▁ ▁After ▁the ▁victory ▁of ▁the ▁commun ist ▁North ▁in ▁the ▁Vietnam ▁War , ▁over ▁ 2 ▁million ▁people ▁in ▁former ▁South ▁Vietnam ese ▁territory ▁left ▁the ▁country ▁( see ▁Vietnam ese ▁boat ▁people ) ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 7 0 s ▁and ▁ 1 9 8 0 s . ▁Another ▁large ▁group ▁of ▁refuge es ▁left ▁Camb odia ▁and ▁La os . ▁ ▁Rest rict ions ▁on ▁em igration ▁from ▁states ▁ruled ▁by ▁commun ist ▁parties ▁received ▁extensive ▁public ity . ▁In ▁the ▁West , ▁the ▁Berlin ▁wall ▁emer ged ▁as ▁a ▁symbol ▁of ▁such ▁restrictions . ▁During ▁the ▁Berlin ▁Wall ' s ▁existence , ▁si xty ▁thousand ▁people ▁un success fully ▁attempted ▁to ▁em igr ate ▁il leg ally ▁from ▁East ▁Germany ▁and ▁received ▁j ail ▁terms ▁for ▁such ▁actions ; ▁there ▁were ▁around ▁five ▁thousand ▁successful ▁esc apes ▁into ▁West ▁Berlin ; ▁and ▁ 2 3 9 ▁people ▁were ▁killed ▁trying ▁to ▁cross . ▁ ▁Alban ia ▁and ▁North ▁Korea ▁perhaps |
▁im posed ▁the ▁most ▁extreme ▁restrictions ▁on ▁em igration . ▁From ▁most ▁other ▁commun ist ▁reg imes , ▁legal ▁em igration ▁was ▁always ▁possible , ▁though ▁often ▁so ▁difficult ▁that ▁attempted ▁em igr ants ▁would ▁risk ▁their ▁lives ▁in ▁order ▁to ▁em igr ate . ▁Some ▁of ▁these ▁states ▁relax ed ▁em igration ▁laws ▁significantly ▁from ▁the ▁ 1 9 6 0 s ▁on wards . ▁T ens ▁of ▁thousands ▁of ▁Soviet ▁citizens ▁em igr ated ▁leg ally ▁every ▁year ▁during ▁the ▁ 1 9 7 0 s . ▁ ▁The ▁Chinese ▁government ▁takes ▁these ▁restrictions ▁even ▁further ▁by ▁restriction ▁of ▁movement ▁within ▁their ▁own ▁borders . ▁Work ers ▁in ▁rural ▁areas ▁must ▁obtain ▁permission ▁to ▁obtain ▁work ▁at ▁fact ories ▁within ▁urban ▁areas . ▁Many ▁rural ▁citizens , ▁especially ▁young ▁men , ▁facing ▁lack ▁of ▁education ▁and ▁other ▁services ▁that ▁are ▁provided ▁free ▁of ▁charge ▁to ▁people ▁living ▁in ▁cities ▁and ▁urban ▁areas , ▁choose ▁to ▁obtain ▁under - the - table ▁work ▁in ▁urban ▁areas ▁where ▁there ▁are ▁labor ▁short ages , ▁leading ▁to ▁an ▁illegal ▁imm igration ▁problem ▁within ▁the ▁country . ▁These ▁restrictions ▁are ▁not ▁for ▁the ▁political ▁reasons ▁other ▁reg imes ▁have ▁used , ▁but ▁to ▁maintain ▁the ▁central ▁government ▁planned ▁economy ▁and ▁" c aste " ▁system ▁that ▁see ks ▁to ▁retain ▁the ▁knowledge ▁and ▁skills ▁needed ▁in ▁different ▁fields ▁of ▁the ▁economy : ▁Agricult ure , ▁Indust ry , ▁Fish ing , ▁etc . ▁One ▁belief ▁is ▁that ▁China ▁is ▁trying ▁to ▁reduce ▁over pop ulation |
▁of ▁urban ▁areas ▁and ▁avoid ▁the ▁loss ▁of ▁special ized ▁skills ▁usually ▁passed ▁from ▁generation ▁to ▁generation ▁in ▁the ▁traditional ▁fields . ▁ ▁International ▁politics ▁and ▁relations ▁ ▁Imperial ism ▁ ▁As ▁an ▁ide ology , ▁Marx ism - Len in ism ▁str esses ▁milit ant ▁opposition ▁to ▁imperial ism . ▁Vladimir ▁Len in ▁considered ▁imperial ism ▁" the ▁highest ▁stage ▁of ▁capital ism " ▁and ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 7 ▁made ▁declarations ▁of ▁the ▁un cond itional ▁right ▁of ▁self - det erm ination ▁and ▁se cess ion ▁for ▁the ▁national ▁minor ities ▁of ▁Russia . ▁Later , ▁during ▁the ▁Cold ▁War , ▁commun ist ▁states ▁exerc ised ▁imperial ism ▁by ▁giving ▁military ▁assistance ▁and ▁in ▁some ▁cases ▁interven ing ▁directly ▁on ▁beh alf ▁of ▁Commun ist ▁movements ▁that ▁were ▁fighting ▁for ▁control , ▁particularly ▁in ▁Asia ▁and ▁Africa . ▁ ▁Western ▁critics ▁accused ▁the ▁Soviet ▁Union ▁and ▁the ▁People ' s ▁Republic ▁of ▁China ▁of ▁pract icing ▁imperial ism ▁themselves , ▁and ▁commun ist ▁condem n ations ▁of ▁Western ▁imperial ism ▁hyp oc rit ical . ▁The ▁attack ▁on ▁and ▁rest oration ▁of ▁Moscow ' s ▁control ▁of ▁countries ▁that ▁had ▁been ▁under ▁the ▁rule ▁of ▁the ▁ts ar ist ▁emp ire , ▁but ▁briefly ▁formed ▁newly ▁independent ▁states ▁in ▁the ▁after math ▁of ▁the ▁Russian ▁Civil ▁War ▁( including ▁Armen ia , ▁Georgia ▁and ▁A zer ba ij an ), ▁have ▁been ▁condem ned ▁as ▁examples ▁of ▁Soviet ▁imperial ism . ▁Similarly , ▁St alin ' s ▁forced ▁re |
assert ion ▁of ▁Moscow ' s ▁rule ▁of ▁the ▁Balt ic ▁states ▁in ▁World ▁War ▁II ▁has ▁been ▁condem ned ▁as ▁Soviet ▁imperial ism . ▁Western ▁critics ▁accused ▁St alin ▁of ▁creating ▁satellite ▁states ▁in ▁Eastern ▁Europe ▁after ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁World ▁War ▁II . ▁Western ▁critics ▁also ▁condem ned ▁the ▁inter vention ▁of ▁Soviet ▁forces ▁during ▁the ▁ 1 9 5 6 ▁Hung arian ▁Revolution , ▁the ▁Prag ue ▁Spring ▁and ▁the ▁war ▁in ▁Afghan istan ▁as ▁ag gression ▁against ▁popular ▁u pr is ings . ▁Ma o ists ▁argued ▁that ▁the ▁Soviet ▁Union ▁had ▁itself ▁become ▁an ▁imperial ist ▁power ▁while ▁maintain ing ▁a ▁social ist ▁fa ç ade ▁( social ▁imperial ism ). ▁China ' s ▁re assert ion ▁of ▁central ▁control ▁over ▁territ ories ▁on ▁the ▁front iers ▁of ▁the ▁Q ing ▁dynast y , ▁particularly ▁Tib et , ▁has ▁also ▁been ▁condem ned ▁as ▁imperial istic ▁by ▁some . ▁ ▁World ▁War ▁II ▁ ▁According ▁to ▁Richard ▁P ipes , ▁the ▁Soviet ▁Union ▁shares ▁some ▁responsibility ▁for ▁World ▁War ▁II . ▁P ipes ▁arg ues ▁that ▁both ▁Adolf ▁Hitler ▁and ▁Ben ito ▁M uss ol ini ▁used ▁the ▁Soviet ▁Union ▁as ▁a ▁model ▁for ▁their ▁own ▁reg imes ▁and ▁that ▁Hitler ▁priv ately ▁considered ▁St alin ▁a ▁" gen ius ". ▁According ▁to ▁P ipes , ▁St alin ▁priv ately ▁hoped ▁that ▁another ▁world ▁war ▁would ▁weak en ▁his ▁foreign ▁enemies ▁and ▁allow ▁him ▁to ▁assert ▁Soviet ▁power ▁intern ation ally . ▁Before ▁Hitler ▁took ▁power , ▁St |
alin ▁allowed ▁the ▁testing ▁and ▁production ▁of ▁German ▁weapons ▁that ▁were ▁forb idden ▁by ▁the ▁Vers a illes ▁Tre aty ▁to ▁occur ▁on ▁Soviet ▁territory . ▁St alin ▁is ▁also ▁accused ▁of ▁weak ening ▁German ▁opposition ▁to ▁the ▁Naz is ▁before ▁Hitler ' s ▁rule ▁began ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 3 . ▁During ▁the ▁ 1 9 3 2 ▁German ▁elections , ▁for ▁instance , ▁he ▁forb ade ▁the ▁German ▁Commun ists ▁from ▁collabor ating ▁with ▁the ▁Social ▁Democr ats . ▁These ▁parties ▁together ▁gained ▁more ▁votes ▁than ▁Hitler ▁and ▁some ▁have ▁later ▁sur m ised ▁could ▁have ▁prevent ed ▁him ▁from ▁becoming ▁Chan cell or . ▁ ▁Support ▁of ▁terror ism ▁ ▁Some ▁states ▁under ▁commun ist ▁rule ▁have ▁been ▁critic ized ▁for ▁directly ▁supporting ▁terror ist ▁groups , ▁such ▁as ▁the ▁Popular ▁Front ▁for ▁the ▁Liber ation ▁of ▁Palest ine , ▁the ▁Red ▁Army ▁F action ▁and ▁the ▁Japanese ▁Red ▁Army . ▁North ▁Korea ▁has ▁been ▁imp licated ▁in ▁terror ist ▁acts ▁such ▁as ▁Korean ▁Air ▁Fl ight ▁ 8 5 8 . ▁ ▁For ced ▁labor ▁and ▁deport ations ▁ ▁A ▁number ▁of ▁commun ist ▁states ▁also ▁held ▁forced ▁labor ▁as ▁a ▁legal ▁form ▁of ▁pun ishment ▁for ▁certain ▁periods ▁of ▁time ▁and ▁again ▁critics ▁of ▁these ▁policies ▁assert ▁that ▁many ▁of ▁those ▁sent enced ▁to ▁forced ▁labor ▁cam ps ▁such ▁as ▁the ▁Gul ag ▁were ▁sent ▁there ▁for ▁political ▁rather ▁than ▁criminal ▁reasons . ▁Some ▁of ▁the ▁Gul ag ▁cam ps ▁were ▁located ▁in ▁very ▁har sh ▁environments |
, ▁such ▁as ▁Si ber ia , ▁which ▁resulted ▁in ▁the ▁death ▁of ▁a ▁significant ▁fraction ▁of ▁in m ates ▁before ▁they ▁could ▁complete ▁their ▁prison ▁terms . ▁Official ly , ▁the ▁Gul ag ▁was ▁shut ▁down ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 0 , ▁though ▁they ▁remained ▁de ▁fact o ▁in ▁action ▁for ▁some ▁time ▁after . ▁ ▁Many ▁death s ▁were ▁also ▁caused ▁by ▁invol unt ary ▁deport ations ▁of ▁entire ▁eth nic ▁groups . ▁( see ▁population ▁transfer ▁in ▁the ▁Soviet ▁Union ). ▁Many ▁Pr ison ers ▁of ▁War ▁taken ▁during ▁World ▁War ▁II ▁were ▁not ▁released ▁as ▁the ▁war ▁ended ▁and ▁died ▁in ▁the ▁Gul ags . ▁Many ▁German ▁civ ili ans ▁died ▁as ▁a ▁result ▁of ▁at roc ities ▁committed ▁by ▁the ▁Soviet ▁army ▁( see ▁Ev acu ation ▁of ▁East ▁Pr uss ia ) ▁and ▁due ▁to ▁the ▁policy ▁of ▁eth nic ▁cle ans ing ▁of ▁Germ ans ▁from ▁the ▁territ ories ▁they ▁lost ▁due ▁to ▁the ▁war ▁( see ▁exp ulsion ▁of ▁Germ ans ▁after ▁World ▁War ▁II ). ▁ ▁North ▁Korea ▁continues ▁to ▁maintain ▁a ▁network ▁of ▁prison ▁and ▁labor ▁cam ps ▁that ▁imprison ▁an ▁estimated ▁ 2 0 0 , 0 0 0 ▁people . ▁While ▁the ▁country ▁does ▁not ▁regularly ▁deport ▁citizens , ▁there ▁is ▁a ▁system ▁of ▁internal ▁ex ile ▁and ▁ban ishment . ▁ ▁Mass ▁kill ings ▁▁ ▁Sch ol ars ▁such ▁as ▁Steph ane ▁Cour to is , ▁Steven ▁Rose f iel de ▁( in ▁Red ▁Hol oca ust ), ▁Ban |
jamin ▁Valent ino ▁and ▁R . J . ▁Rum mel ▁have ▁argued ▁that ▁commun ist ▁reg imes ▁were ▁responsible ▁for ▁tens ▁or ▁even ▁hundreds ▁of ▁millions ▁of ▁death s . ▁These ▁death s ▁mostly ▁occurred ▁under ▁the ▁rule ▁of ▁St alin ▁and ▁Ma o , ▁therefore ▁these ▁particular ▁periods ▁of ▁commun ist ▁rule ▁in ▁Russia ▁and ▁China ▁receive ▁considerable ▁attention ▁in ▁The ▁Black ▁Book ▁of ▁Commun ism , ▁though ▁other ▁commun ist ▁reg imes ▁have ▁also ▁caused ▁high ▁number ▁of ▁death s , ▁not ▁least ▁the ▁Kh mer ▁Rou ge ▁regime ▁in ▁Camb odia , ▁which ▁is ▁often ▁acc laimed ▁to ▁have ▁killed ▁more ▁of ▁its ▁citizens ▁than ▁any ▁other ▁in ▁history . ▁ ▁These ▁accounts ▁often ▁divide ▁their ▁death ▁to ll ▁estimates ▁into ▁two ▁categories : ▁ ▁Exec utions ▁of ▁people ▁who ▁had ▁received ▁the ▁death ▁penalty ▁for ▁various ▁charges , ▁or ▁death s ▁that ▁occurred ▁in ▁prison . ▁ ▁Death s ▁that ▁were ▁not ▁caused ▁directly ▁by ▁the ▁regime ▁( the ▁people ▁in ▁question ▁were ▁not ▁executed ▁and ▁did ▁not ▁die ▁in ▁prison ), ▁but ▁are ▁considered ▁to ▁have ▁died ▁as ▁an ▁indirect ▁result ▁of ▁state ▁or ▁commun ist ▁party ▁policies . ▁Cour to is , ▁among ▁others , ▁arg ues ▁that ▁most ▁vict ims ▁of ▁commun ist ▁rule ▁fell ▁in ▁this ▁category , ▁which ▁is ▁often ▁the ▁subject ▁of ▁considerable ▁controvers y . ▁ ▁In ▁most ▁commun ist ▁states , ▁the ▁death ▁penalty ▁was ▁a ▁legal ▁form ▁of ▁pun ishment ▁for ▁most ▁of ▁their ▁existence , ▁with ▁a ▁few ▁exceptions |
. ▁The ▁Soviet ▁Union , ▁for ▁example , ▁formally ▁abol ished ▁the ▁death ▁penalty ▁between ▁ 1 9 4 7 ▁and ▁ 1 9 5 0 , ▁though ▁this ▁did ▁nothing ▁to ▁cur b ▁execution s ▁and ▁acts ▁of ▁gen o cide . ▁Crit ics ▁argue ▁that ▁many ▁of ▁the ▁conv icted ▁prisoners ▁executed ▁by ▁authorities ▁under ▁commun ist ▁rule ▁were ▁not ▁crim inals , ▁but ▁political ▁diss idents . ▁St alin ' s ▁Great ▁Pur ge ▁in ▁the ▁late ▁ 1 9 3 0 s ▁( from ▁roughly ▁ 1 9 3 6 – 1 9 3 8 ) ▁is ▁given ▁as ▁the ▁most ▁prominent ▁example ▁of ▁the ▁hypothesis . ▁ ▁With ▁regard ▁to ▁death s ▁not ▁caused ▁directly ▁by ▁state ▁or ▁party ▁authorities , ▁The ▁Black ▁Book ▁of ▁Commun ism ▁points ▁to ▁fam ine ▁and ▁war ▁as ▁the ▁indirect ▁causes ▁of ▁what ▁they ▁see ▁as ▁death s ▁for ▁which ▁commun ist ▁reg imes ▁were ▁responsible . ▁In ▁this ▁sense , ▁the ▁Soviet ▁fam ine ▁of ▁ 1 9 3 2 – 1 9 3 3 ▁and ▁the ▁Great ▁Le ap ▁For ward ▁are ▁often ▁described ▁as ▁man - made ▁fam ines . ▁These ▁two ▁events ▁alone ▁killed ▁a ▁majority ▁of ▁the ▁people ▁seen ▁as ▁vict ims ▁of ▁commun ist ▁states ▁by ▁estimates ▁such ▁as ▁Cour to is '. ▁Cour to is ▁also ▁bl ames ▁M eng ist u ▁Ha ile ▁Mar iam ' s ▁regime ▁in ▁Eth iop ia ▁for ▁having ▁ex ac erb ated ▁the ▁ 1 9 8 3 |
– 1 9 8 5 ▁fam ine ▁by ▁impos ing ▁un reason able ▁political ▁and ▁economic ▁bur dens ▁on ▁the ▁population . ▁ ▁Est im ates ▁ ▁The ▁authors ▁of ▁The ▁Black ▁Book ▁of ▁Commun ism , ▁R . J . ▁Rum mel , ▁Norman ▁Dav ies ▁and ▁others ▁have ▁attempted ▁to ▁give ▁estimates ▁of ▁the ▁total ▁number ▁of ▁death s ▁for ▁which ▁commun ist ▁rule ▁of ▁a ▁particular ▁state ▁in ▁a ▁particular ▁period ▁was ▁responsible , ▁or ▁the ▁total ▁for ▁all ▁states ▁under ▁commun ist ▁rule . ▁The ▁question ▁is ▁complicated ▁by ▁the ▁lack ▁of ▁hard ▁data ▁and ▁by ▁bi ases ▁inher ent ▁in ▁any ▁estimation . ▁ ▁The ▁number ▁of ▁people ▁killed ▁under ▁Joseph ▁St alin ' s ▁rule ▁in ▁the ▁Soviet ▁Union ▁by ▁ 1 9 3 9 ▁has ▁been ▁estimated ▁as ▁ 3 . 5 – 8 ▁million ▁by ▁G . ▁Pont on , ▁ 6 . 6 ▁million ▁by ▁V . V . ▁Ts ap lin ▁and ▁ 1 0 – 1 1 ▁million ▁by ▁Ale c ▁N ove . ▁The ▁number ▁of ▁people ▁killed ▁under ▁St alin ' s ▁rule ▁by ▁the ▁time ▁of ▁his ▁death ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 3 ▁has ▁been ▁estimated ▁as ▁ 1 – 3 ▁million ▁by ▁Stephen ▁G . ▁Whe at cro ft , ▁ 6 – 9 ▁million ▁by ▁Tim othy ▁D . ▁S ny der , ▁ 1 3 – 2 0 ▁million ▁by ▁Steven ▁Rose f iel de , ▁ 2 0 ▁million ▁by ▁The ▁Black ▁Book ▁of |
▁Commun ism , ▁ 2 0 ▁to ▁ 2 5 ▁million ▁by ▁Alexander ▁Y akov lev , ▁ 4 3 ▁million ▁by ▁R . J . ▁Rum mel ▁and ▁ 5 0 ▁million ▁by ▁Norman ▁Dav ies . ▁ ▁The ▁number ▁of ▁people ▁killed ▁under ▁Ma o ' s ▁rule ▁in ▁the ▁People ' s ▁Republic ▁of ▁China ▁has ▁been ▁estimated ▁at ▁ 1 9 . 5 ▁million ▁by ▁Wang ▁We iz hi , ▁ 2 7 ▁million ▁by ▁John ▁He iden rich , ▁between ▁ 3 8 ▁and ▁ 6 7 ▁million ▁by ▁Kurt ▁Glas er ▁and ▁Ste phan ▁Pos son y , ▁between ▁ 3 2 ▁and ▁ 5 9 ▁million ▁by ▁Robert ▁L . ▁Walker , ▁ 5 0 + ▁million ▁by ▁Steven ▁Rose f iel de , ▁ 6 5 ▁million ▁by ▁The ▁Black ▁Book ▁of ▁Commun ism , ▁well ▁over ▁ 7 0 ▁million ▁by ▁Ma o : ▁The ▁Un known ▁Story ▁and ▁ 7 7 ▁million ▁by ▁R . J . ▁Rum mel . ▁ ▁The ▁authors ▁of ▁The ▁Black ▁Book ▁of ▁Commun ism ▁have ▁also ▁estimated ▁that ▁ 9 . 3 ▁million ▁people ▁were ▁killed ▁under ▁commun ist ▁rule ▁in ▁other ▁states : ▁ 2 ▁million ▁in ▁North ▁Korea , ▁ 2 ▁million ▁in ▁Camb odia , ▁ 1 . 7 ▁million ▁in ▁Africa , ▁ 1 . 5 ▁million ▁in ▁Afghan istan , ▁ 1 ▁million ▁in ▁Vietnam , ▁ 1 ▁million ▁in ▁Eastern ▁Europe ▁and ▁ 1 5 0 , 0 0 0 ▁in |
▁Latin ▁America . ▁R . J . ▁Rum mel ▁has ▁estimated ▁that ▁ 1 . 7 ▁million ▁were ▁killed ▁by ▁the ▁government ▁of ▁Vietnam , ▁ 1 . 6 ▁million ▁in ▁North ▁Korea ▁( not ▁counting ▁the ▁ 1 9 9 0 s ▁fam ine ), ▁ 2 ▁million ▁in ▁Camb odia ▁and ▁ 2 . 5 ▁million ▁in ▁Poland ▁and ▁Y ug oslav ia . ▁Valent ino ▁estimates ▁that ▁ 1 ▁to ▁ 2 ▁million ▁were ▁killed ▁in ▁Camb odia , ▁ 5 0 , 0 0 0 ▁to ▁ 1 0 0 , 0 0 0 ▁in ▁Bulg aria , ▁ 8 0 , 0 0 0 ▁to ▁ 1 0 0 , 0 0 0 ▁in ▁East ▁Germany , ▁ 6 0 , 0 0 0 ▁to ▁ 3 0 0 , 0 0 0 ▁in ▁Roman ia , ▁ 4 0 0 , 0 0 0 ▁to ▁ 1 , 5 0 0 , 0 0 0 ▁in ▁North ▁Korea , ▁and ▁ 8 0 , 0 0 0 ▁to ▁ 2 0 0 , 0 0 0 ▁in ▁North ▁and ▁South ▁Vietnam . ▁ ▁Between ▁the ▁authors ▁Wie z hi , ▁He iden rich , ▁Glas er , ▁Pos son y , ▁Pont on , ▁Ts ap lin ▁and ▁N ove , ▁St alin ' s ▁Soviet ▁Union ▁and ▁Ma o ' s ▁China ▁have ▁an ▁estimated ▁total ▁death ▁rate ▁r anging ▁from ▁ 2 3 ▁million ▁to ▁ 1 0 9 ▁million . ▁ ▁The ▁Black ▁Book |
▁of ▁Commun ism ▁as ser ts ▁that ▁roughly ▁ 9 4 ▁million ▁died ▁under ▁all ▁commun ist ▁reg imes ▁while ▁Rum mel ▁bel ieves ▁around ▁ 1 4 4 . 7 ▁million ▁died ▁under ▁six ▁commun ist ▁reg imes . ▁Benjamin ▁Valent ino ▁claims ▁that ▁between ▁ 2 1 ▁and ▁ 7 0 ▁million ▁death s ▁are ▁att rib utable ▁to ▁the ▁Commun ist ▁reg imes ▁in ▁the ▁Soviet ▁Union , ▁the ▁People ' s ▁Republic ▁of ▁China ▁and ▁Democratic ▁K amp uch ea ▁alone . ▁ ▁Jas per ▁Be cker , ▁author ▁of ▁Hun gry ▁G hosts , ▁claims ▁that ▁if ▁the ▁death ▁to ll s ▁from ▁the ▁fam ines ▁caused ▁by ▁commun ist ▁reg imes ▁in ▁China , ▁the ▁Soviet ▁Union , ▁Camb odia , ▁North ▁Korea , ▁Eth iop ia ▁and ▁Moz amb ique ▁are ▁added ▁together , ▁the ▁figure ▁could ▁be ▁close ▁to ▁ 9 0 ▁million . ▁ ▁These ▁estimates ▁are ▁the ▁three ▁highest ▁numbers ▁of ▁vict ims ▁bl amed ▁on ▁commun ism ▁by ▁any ▁notable ▁study . ▁However , ▁the ▁tot als ▁that ▁include ▁research ▁by ▁Wie z hi , ▁He iden rich , ▁G lass er , ▁Pos son y , ▁Pont on , ▁Ts ap lin ▁and ▁N ove ▁do ▁not ▁include ▁other ▁periods ▁of ▁time ▁beyond ▁St alin ▁or ▁Ma o ' s ▁rule , ▁thus ▁it ▁may ▁possible ▁when ▁including ▁other ▁commun ist ▁states ▁to ▁reach ▁higher ▁tot als . ▁ ▁In ▁a ▁ 2 5 ▁January ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁resolution |
▁condem ning ▁the ▁cr imes ▁of ▁commun ist ▁reg imes , ▁the ▁Council ▁of ▁Europe ▁c ited ▁the ▁ 9 4 ▁million ▁total ▁reached ▁by ▁the ▁authors ▁of ▁the ▁Black ▁Book ▁of ▁Commun ism . ▁ ▁Ex plan ations ▁have ▁been ▁offered ▁for ▁the ▁dis cre pan cies ▁in ▁the ▁number ▁of ▁estimated ▁vict ims ▁of ▁commun ist ▁reg imes : ▁ ▁First , ▁all ▁these ▁numbers ▁are ▁estimates ▁derived ▁from ▁incomplete ▁data . ▁Research ers ▁often ▁have ▁to ▁ext rap olate ▁and ▁interpret ▁available ▁information ▁in ▁order ▁to ▁arrive ▁at ▁their ▁final ▁numbers . ▁ ▁Second , ▁different ▁research ers ▁work ▁with ▁different ▁definitions ▁of ▁what ▁it ▁means ▁to ▁be ▁killed ▁by ▁a ▁regime . ▁As ▁noted ▁above , ▁the ▁vast ▁majority ▁of ▁vict ims ▁of ▁commun ist ▁reg imes ▁did ▁not ▁die ▁as ▁a ▁result ▁of ▁direct ▁government ▁orders , ▁but ▁as ▁an ▁indirect ▁result ▁of ▁state ▁policy . ▁There ▁is ▁no ▁agreement ▁on ▁the ▁question ▁of ▁whether ▁commun ist ▁reg imes ▁should ▁be ▁held ▁responsible ▁for ▁their ▁death s ▁and ▁if ▁so , ▁to ▁what ▁degree . ▁The ▁low ▁estimates ▁may ▁count ▁only ▁execution s ▁and ▁labor ▁camp ▁death s ▁as ▁instances ▁of ▁kill ings ▁by ▁commun ist ▁reg imes ▁while ▁the ▁high ▁estimates ▁may ▁be ▁based ▁on ▁the ▁argument ▁that ▁commun ist ▁reg imes ▁were ▁responsible ▁for ▁all ▁death s ▁resulting ▁from ▁fam ine ▁or ▁war . ▁ ▁Some ▁of ▁the ▁writers ▁make ▁special ▁distinction ▁for ▁St alin ▁and ▁Ma o , ▁who ▁all ▁agree ▁are ▁responsible ▁for ▁the |
▁most ▁extensive ▁pattern ▁of ▁severe ▁cr imes ▁against ▁human ity , ▁but ▁include ▁little ▁to ▁no ▁statistics ▁on ▁losses ▁of ▁life ▁after ▁their ▁rule . ▁ ▁Another ▁reason ▁is ▁sources ▁available ▁at ▁the ▁time ▁of ▁writing . ▁More ▁recent ▁research ers ▁have ▁access ▁to ▁many ▁of ▁the ▁official ▁arch ives ▁of ▁commun ist ▁reg imes ▁in ▁East ▁Europe ▁and ▁Soviet ▁Union . ▁However , ▁in ▁Russia ▁many ▁of ▁arch ives ▁for ▁the ▁period ▁after ▁St alin ' s ▁death ▁are ▁still ▁closed . ▁ ▁Finally , ▁this ▁is ▁a ▁highly ▁polit ically ▁charged ▁field , ▁with ▁nearly ▁all ▁research ers ▁having ▁been ▁accused ▁of ▁a ▁pro - ▁or ▁anti - comm un ist ▁bias ▁at ▁one ▁time ▁or ▁another . ▁ ▁Econom ic ▁policy ▁ ▁Both ▁critics ▁and ▁supp or ters ▁of ▁commun ist ▁rule ▁often ▁make ▁compar isons ▁between ▁the ▁economic ▁development ▁of ▁countries ▁under ▁commun ist ▁rule ▁and ▁non comm un ist ▁countries , ▁with ▁the ▁intention ▁of ▁certain ▁economic ▁structures ▁are ▁superior ▁to ▁the ▁other . ▁All ▁such ▁compar isons ▁are ▁open ▁to ▁challenge , ▁both ▁on ▁the ▁compar ability ▁of ▁the ▁states ▁involved ▁and ▁the ▁statistics ▁being ▁used ▁for ▁comparison . ▁No ▁two ▁countries ▁are ▁identical , ▁which ▁makes ▁compar isons ▁regarding ▁later ▁economic ▁development ▁difficult ; ▁Western ▁Europe ▁was ▁more ▁developed ▁and ▁industrial ized ▁than ▁Eastern ▁Europe ▁long ▁before ▁the ▁Cold ▁War ; ▁World ▁War ▁II ▁dam aged ▁the ▁econom ies ▁of ▁some ▁countries ▁more ▁than ▁others ; ▁and ▁East ▁Germany ▁had ▁much ▁of ▁its ▁industry ▁dis m |
ant led ▁and ▁moved ▁to ▁the ▁Soviet ▁Union ▁for ▁war ▁re par ations . ▁ ▁Adv oc ates ▁of ▁Soviet - style ▁economic ▁planning ▁have ▁claimed ▁the ▁system ▁has ▁in ▁certain ▁instances ▁produced ▁dram atic ▁adv ances , ▁including ▁rapid ▁industrial ization ▁of ▁the ▁Soviet ▁Union , ▁especially ▁during ▁the ▁ 1 9 3 0 s . ▁Crit ics ▁of ▁Soviet ▁economic ▁planning , ▁in ▁response , ▁assert ▁that ▁new ▁research ▁shows ▁that ▁the ▁Soviet ▁figures ▁were ▁partly ▁fabric ated , ▁especially ▁those ▁showing ▁extremely ▁high ▁growth ▁in ▁the ▁St alin ▁era . ▁G row th ▁was ▁impress ive ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 5 0 s ▁and ▁ 1 9 6 0 s , ▁in ▁some ▁estimates ▁much ▁higher ▁than ▁during ▁the ▁ 1 9 3 0 s , ▁but ▁later ▁decl ined ▁and ▁according ▁to ▁some ▁estimates ▁became ▁negative ▁in ▁the ▁late ▁ 1 9 8 0 s . ▁Before ▁collect iv ization , ▁Russia ▁had ▁been ▁the ▁" b read b asket ▁of ▁Europe ". ▁After wards , ▁the ▁Soviet ▁Union ▁became ▁a ▁net ▁im porter ▁of ▁gra in , ▁unable ▁to ▁produce ▁enough ▁food ▁to ▁feed ▁its ▁own ▁population . ▁ ▁China ▁and ▁Vietnam ▁achieved ▁much ▁higher ▁rates ▁of ▁growth ▁after ▁introdu cing ▁market ▁re forms ▁( see ▁social ism ▁with ▁Chinese ▁characteristics ) ▁starting ▁in ▁the ▁late ▁ 1 9 7 0 s ▁and ▁ 1 9 8 0 s — high er ▁growth ▁rates ▁were ▁accompanied ▁by ▁decl ining ▁pover ty . ▁ ▁The ▁commun ist ▁states |
▁do ▁not ▁compare ▁favor ably ▁when ▁looking ▁at ▁nations ▁divided ▁by ▁the ▁Cold ▁War : ▁North ▁Korea ▁versus ▁South ▁Korea ; ▁and ▁East ▁Germany ▁versus ▁West ▁Germany . ▁East ▁German ▁product ivity ▁relative ▁to ▁West ▁German ▁product ivity ▁was ▁around ▁ 9 0 ▁percent ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 6 ▁and ▁around ▁ 6 0 – 6 5 ▁percent ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 4 . ▁When ▁compared ▁to ▁Western ▁Europe , ▁East ▁German ▁product ivity ▁decl ined ▁from ▁ 6 7 ▁percent ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 0 ▁to ▁ 5 0 ▁percent ▁before ▁the ▁reun ification ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 0 . ▁All ▁the ▁Eastern ▁European ▁national ▁econom ies ▁had ▁product ivity ▁far ▁below ▁the ▁Western ▁European ▁average . ▁ ▁Nevertheless , ▁some ▁countries ▁under ▁commun ist ▁rule ▁with ▁social ist ▁econom ies ▁maintained ▁consist ently ▁higher ▁rates ▁of ▁economic ▁growth ▁than ▁industrial ized ▁Western ▁countries ▁with ▁capital ist ▁econom ies . ▁From ▁ 1 9 2 8 ▁to ▁ 1 9 8 5 , ▁the ▁economy ▁of ▁the ▁Soviet ▁Union ▁grew ▁by ▁a ▁factor ▁of ▁ 1 0 ▁and ▁G NP ▁per ▁cap ita ▁grew ▁more ▁than ▁five fold . ▁The ▁Soviet ▁economy ▁started ▁out ▁at ▁roughly ▁ 2 5 ▁percent ▁the ▁size ▁of ▁the ▁economy ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁States . ▁By ▁ 1 9 5 5 , ▁it ▁clim bed ▁to ▁ 4 0 ▁percent . ▁In ▁ 1 9 6 5 , ▁the ▁Soviet ▁economy ▁reached ▁ 5 0 % ▁of ▁the ▁contemporary ▁United ▁States ▁economy ▁and |
▁in ▁ 1 9 7 7 ▁it ▁passed ▁the ▁ 6 0 ▁percent ▁threshold . ▁For ▁the ▁first ▁half ▁of ▁the ▁Cold ▁War , ▁most ▁econom ists ▁were ▁asking ▁when , ▁not ▁if , ▁the ▁Soviet ▁economy ▁would ▁over take ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁economy . ▁Starting ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 7 0 s ▁and ▁continu ing ▁through ▁the ▁ 1 9 8 0 s , ▁growth ▁rates ▁slow ed ▁down ▁in ▁the ▁Soviet ▁Union ▁and ▁throughout ▁the ▁social ist ▁b loc . ▁The ▁reasons ▁for ▁this ▁dow nt urn ▁are ▁still ▁a ▁matter ▁of ▁debate ▁among ▁econom ists , ▁but ▁one ▁hypothesis ▁is ▁that ▁the ▁social ist ▁planned ▁econom ies ▁had ▁reached ▁the ▁limits ▁of ▁the ▁extensive ▁growth ▁model ▁they ▁were ▁purs uing ▁and ▁the ▁dow nt urn ▁was ▁at ▁least ▁in ▁part ▁caused ▁by ▁their ▁ref us al ▁or ▁in ability ▁to ▁switch ▁to ▁int ensive ▁growth . ▁Further , ▁it ▁could ▁be ▁argued ▁that ▁since ▁the ▁econom ies ▁of ▁countries ▁such ▁as ▁Russia ▁were ▁pre - indust rial ▁before ▁the ▁social ist ▁revolution s , ▁the ▁high ▁economic ▁growth ▁rate ▁could ▁be ▁attributed ▁to ▁industrial ization . ▁Also ▁while ▁forms ▁of ▁economic ▁growth ▁associated ▁with ▁any ▁economic ▁structure ▁produce ▁some ▁w inners ▁and ▁los ers , ▁ant ic ommun ists ▁point ▁out ▁that ▁high ▁growth ▁rates ▁under ▁commun ist ▁rule ▁were ▁associated ▁with ▁particularly ▁inten se ▁suffering ▁and ▁even ▁mass ▁star v ation ▁of ▁the ▁pe asant ▁population . ▁ ▁Un like ▁the ▁slow ▁market ▁re forms ▁in ▁China ▁and |
▁Vietnam ▁where ▁commun ist ▁rule ▁continues , ▁the ▁ab rupt ▁end ▁to ▁central ▁planning ▁was ▁followed ▁by ▁a ▁de pression ▁in ▁many ▁of ▁the ▁states ▁of ▁the ▁former ▁Soviet ▁Union ▁and ▁Eastern ▁Europe ▁which ▁chose ▁to ▁adopt ▁the ▁so - called ▁economic ▁shock ▁ther apy . ▁For ▁example , ▁in ▁the ▁Russian ▁Federation ▁G DP ▁per ▁cap ita ▁decre ased ▁by ▁one - third ▁between ▁ 1 9 8 9 ▁and ▁ 1 9 9 6 . ▁As ▁of ▁ 2 0 0 3 , ▁all ▁of ▁them ▁have ▁positive ▁economic ▁growth ▁and ▁almost ▁all ▁have ▁a ▁higher ▁G DP / cap ita ▁than ▁before ▁the ▁transition . ▁ ▁In ▁general , ▁critics ▁of ▁commun ist ▁rule ▁argue ▁that ▁social ist ▁econom ies ▁remained ▁behind ▁the ▁industrial ized ▁West ▁in ▁terms ▁of ▁economic ▁development ▁for ▁most ▁of ▁their ▁existence ▁while ▁others ▁assert ▁that ▁social ist ▁econom ies ▁had ▁growth ▁rates ▁that ▁were ▁sometimes ▁higher ▁than ▁many ▁non - social ist ▁econom ies , ▁so ▁they ▁would ▁have ▁eventually ▁caught ▁up ▁to ▁the ▁West ▁if ▁those ▁growth ▁rates ▁had ▁been ▁maintained . ▁Some ▁reject ▁all ▁compar isons ▁altogether , ▁not ing ▁that ▁the ▁commun ist ▁states ▁started ▁out ▁with ▁econom ies ▁that ▁were ▁generally ▁much ▁less ▁developed ▁to ▁begin ▁with . ▁ ▁Social ▁development ▁ ▁Starting ▁with ▁the ▁first ▁five - year ▁plan ▁in ▁the ▁Soviet ▁Union ▁in ▁the ▁late ▁ 1 9 2 0 s ▁and ▁early ▁ 1 9 3 0 s , ▁Soviet ▁leaders ▁purs ued ▁a ▁strategy ▁of ▁economic ▁development |
▁concentr ating ▁the ▁country ' s ▁economic ▁resources ▁on ▁heavy ▁industry ▁and ▁defense ▁rather ▁than ▁on ▁consumer ▁goods . ▁This ▁strategy ▁was ▁later ▁adopted ▁in ▁varying ▁degrees ▁by ▁commun ist ▁leaders ▁in ▁Eastern ▁Europe ▁and ▁the ▁Third ▁World . ▁For ▁many ▁Western ▁critics ▁of ▁commun ist ▁strateg ies ▁of ▁economic ▁development , ▁the ▁un av ail ability ▁of ▁consumer ▁goods ▁common ▁in ▁the ▁West ▁in ▁the ▁Soviet ▁Union ▁was ▁a ▁case ▁in ▁point ▁of ▁how ▁commun ist ▁rule ▁resulted ▁in ▁lower ▁standards ▁of ▁living . ▁ ▁The ▁alleg ation ▁that ▁commun ist ▁rule ▁resulted ▁in ▁lower ▁standards ▁of ▁living ▁sharp ly ▁contrast ed ▁with ▁commun ist ▁arguments ▁bo ast ing ▁of ▁the ▁achiev ements ▁of ▁the ▁social ▁and ▁cultural ▁programs ▁of ▁the ▁Soviet ▁Union ▁and ▁other ▁commun ist ▁states . ▁For ▁instance , ▁Soviet ▁leaders ▁bo asted ▁of ▁guaranteed ▁employ ment , ▁subs id ized ▁food ▁and ▁cl othing , ▁free ▁health ▁care , ▁free ▁child ▁care ▁and ▁free ▁education . ▁Soviet ▁leaders ▁also ▁tout ed ▁early ▁adv ances ▁in ▁women ' s ▁equality , ▁particularly ▁in ▁Islam ic ▁areas ▁of ▁Soviet ▁Central ▁Asia . ▁Eastern ▁European ▁commun ists ▁often ▁tout ed ▁high ▁levels ▁of ▁liter acy ▁in ▁comparison ▁with ▁many ▁parts ▁of ▁the ▁developing ▁world . ▁A ▁phenomen on ▁called ▁Ost alg ie , ▁nost alg ia ▁for ▁life ▁under ▁Soviet ▁rule , ▁has ▁been ▁noted ▁amongst ▁former ▁members ▁of ▁Commun ist ▁countries , ▁now ▁living ▁in ▁Western ▁capital ist ▁states , ▁particularly ▁those ▁who ▁lived ▁in ▁the ▁former ▁East ▁Germany . |
▁ ▁The ▁effects ▁of ▁commun ist ▁rule ▁on ▁living ▁standards ▁have ▁been ▁har sh ly ▁critic ized . ▁Jung ▁Ch ang ▁str esses ▁that ▁millions ▁died ▁in ▁fam ines ▁in ▁commun ist ▁China ▁and ▁North ▁Korea . ▁Some ▁studies ▁conclude ▁that ▁East ▁Germ ans ▁were ▁shorter ▁than ▁West ▁Germ ans ▁probably ▁due ▁to ▁differences ▁in ▁factors ▁such ▁as ▁nut r ition ▁and ▁medical ▁services . ▁According ▁to ▁some ▁research ers , ▁life ▁satisfaction ▁increased ▁in ▁East ▁Germany ▁after ▁the ▁reun ification . ▁Crit ics ▁of ▁Soviet ▁rule ▁charge ▁that ▁the ▁Soviet ▁education ▁system ▁was ▁full ▁of ▁propag anda ▁and ▁of ▁low ▁quality . ▁United ▁States ▁government ▁research ers ▁pointed ▁out ▁the ▁fact ▁that ▁the ▁Soviet ▁Union ▁spent ▁far ▁less ▁on ▁health ▁care ▁than ▁Western ▁nations ▁and ▁noted ▁that ▁the ▁quality ▁of ▁Soviet ▁health ▁care ▁was ▁d eter ior ating ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 7 0 s ▁and ▁ 1 9 8 0 s . ▁In ▁addition , ▁the ▁failure ▁of ▁Soviet ▁p ension ▁and ▁w elf are ▁programs ▁to ▁provide ▁ade qu ate ▁protection ▁was ▁noted ▁in ▁the ▁West . ▁ ▁After ▁ 1 9 6 5 , ▁life ▁expect ancy ▁began ▁to ▁plate au ▁or ▁even ▁decrease , ▁especially ▁for ▁males , ▁in ▁the ▁Soviet ▁Union ▁and ▁Eastern ▁Europe ▁while ▁it ▁continued ▁to ▁increase ▁in ▁Western ▁Europe . ▁This ▁diver gence ▁between ▁two ▁parts ▁of ▁Europe ▁continued ▁over ▁the ▁course ▁of ▁three ▁dec ades , ▁leading ▁to ▁a ▁prof ound ▁gap ▁in ▁the ▁mid - 1 9 9 0 s . |
▁Life ▁expect ancy ▁sharp ly ▁decl ined ▁after ▁the ▁change ▁to ▁market ▁economy ▁in ▁most ▁of ▁the ▁states ▁of ▁the ▁former ▁Soviet ▁Union , ▁but ▁may ▁now ▁have ▁started ▁to ▁increase ▁in ▁the ▁Balt ic ▁states . ▁In ▁several ▁Eastern ▁European ▁nations , ▁life ▁expect ancy ▁started ▁to ▁increase ▁immediately ▁after ▁the ▁fall ▁of ▁commun ism . ▁The ▁previous ▁decl ine ▁for ▁males ▁continued ▁for ▁a ▁time ▁in ▁some ▁Eastern ▁European ▁nations , ▁like ▁Roman ia , ▁before ▁starting ▁to ▁increase . ▁ ▁In ▁The ▁Polit ics ▁of ▁Bad ▁Fa ith , ▁David ▁Hor ow itz ▁painted ▁a ▁picture ▁of ▁hor rend ous ▁living ▁standards ▁in ▁the ▁Soviet ▁Union . ▁Hor ow itz ▁claimed ▁that ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 8 0 s ▁r ation ing ▁of ▁meat ▁and ▁sugar ▁was ▁common ▁in ▁the ▁Soviet ▁Union . ▁Hor ow itz ▁c ited ▁studies ▁suggesting ▁the ▁average ▁int ake ▁of ▁red ▁meat ▁for ▁a ▁Soviet ▁citiz en ▁was ▁half ▁of ▁what ▁it ▁had ▁been ▁for ▁a ▁subject ▁of ▁the ▁ts ar ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 3 , ▁that ▁black s ▁under ▁apart heid ▁in ▁South ▁Africa ▁owned ▁more ▁cars ▁per ▁cap ita ▁and ▁that ▁the ▁average ▁w elf are ▁mother ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁received ▁more ▁income ▁in ▁a ▁month ▁than ▁the ▁average ▁Soviet ▁worker ▁could ▁ear n ▁in ▁a ▁year . ▁According ▁to ▁Hor ow itz , ▁the ▁only ▁area ▁of ▁consumption ▁in ▁which ▁the ▁S ovi ets ▁excel led ▁was ▁the ▁ing estion ▁of ▁hard ▁liqu or . ▁Hor ow itz |
▁also ▁noted ▁that ▁two - third s ▁of ▁the ▁households ▁had ▁no ▁hot ▁water ▁and ▁a ▁third ▁had ▁no ▁running ▁water ▁at ▁all . ▁Hor ow itz ▁c ited ▁the ▁government ▁newspaper ▁Iz vest ia , ▁not ing ▁a ▁typical ▁working - class ▁family ▁of ▁four ▁was ▁forced ▁to ▁live ▁for ▁eight ▁years ▁in ▁a ▁single ▁eight ▁by ▁eight ▁foot ▁room ▁before ▁margin ally ▁better ▁accommod ation ▁became ▁available . ▁In ▁his ▁discussion ▁of ▁the ▁Soviet ▁housing ▁short age , ▁Hor ow itz ▁stated ▁that ▁the ▁short age ▁was ▁so ▁ac ute ▁that ▁at ▁all ▁times ▁ 1 7 ▁percent ▁of ▁Soviet ▁families ▁had ▁to ▁be ▁phys ically ▁separated ▁for ▁want ▁of ▁ade qu ate ▁space . ▁A ▁third ▁of ▁the ▁hosp it als ▁had ▁no ▁running ▁water ▁and ▁the ▁b ri ber y ▁of ▁do ctors ▁and ▁n urs es ▁to ▁get ▁decent ▁medical ▁attention ▁and ▁even ▁amen ities ▁like ▁blank ets ▁in ▁Soviet ▁hosp it als ▁was ▁not ▁only ▁common , ▁but ▁routine . ▁In ▁his ▁discussion ▁of ▁Soviet ▁education , ▁Hor ow itz ▁stated ▁that ▁only ▁ 1 5 ▁percent ▁of ▁Soviet ▁youth ▁were ▁able ▁to ▁attend ▁institutions ▁of ▁higher ▁learning ▁compared ▁to ▁ 3 4 ▁percent ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States . ▁However , ▁large ▁segments ▁of ▁citizens ▁of ▁many ▁former ▁commun ist ▁today ▁states ▁say ▁that ▁the ▁standard ▁of ▁living ▁has ▁fallen ▁since ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁Cold ▁War , ▁with ▁major ities ▁of ▁citizens ▁in ▁the ▁former ▁East ▁Germany ▁and ▁Roman ia ▁were ▁pol led ▁as ▁saying ▁that |
▁life ▁was ▁better ▁under ▁Commun ism . ▁ ▁In ▁terms ▁of ▁living ▁standards , ▁econom ist ▁Michael ▁Ell man ▁as ser ts ▁that ▁in ▁international ▁compar isons ▁state ▁social ist ▁nations ▁compared ▁favor ably ▁with ▁capital ist ▁nations ▁in ▁health ▁indic ators ▁such ▁as ▁infant ▁mort ality ▁and ▁life ▁expect ancy . ▁Am art ya ▁Sen ' s ▁own ▁analysis ▁of ▁international ▁compar isons ▁of ▁life ▁expect ancy ▁found ▁that ▁several ▁commun ist ▁countries ▁made ▁significant ▁g ains ▁and ▁commented ▁" one ▁thought ▁that ▁is ▁bound ▁to ▁occur ▁is ▁that ▁commun ism ▁is ▁good ▁for ▁pover ty ▁removal ". ▁P over ty ▁expl oded ▁following ▁the ▁collapse ▁of ▁the ▁Soviet ▁Union ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 1 , ▁tri pling ▁to ▁more ▁than ▁one - third ▁of ▁Russia ' s ▁population ▁in ▁just ▁three ▁years . ▁ ▁Art istic , ▁scientific ▁and ▁techn ological ▁policies ▁ ▁Crit ic isms ▁of ▁commun ist ▁rule ▁have ▁often ▁centered ▁on ▁the ▁c ensor ship ▁of ▁the ▁arts . ▁In ▁the ▁case ▁of ▁the ▁Soviet ▁Union , ▁these ▁critic isms ▁often ▁deal ▁with ▁the ▁prefer ential ▁treatment ▁afford ed ▁to ▁social ist ▁real ism . ▁Other ▁critic isms ▁center ▁on ▁the ▁large - scale ▁cultural ▁experiments ▁of ▁certain ▁commun ist ▁reg imes . ▁In ▁Roman ia , ▁the ▁historical ▁center ▁of ▁Buch ar est ▁was ▁demol ished ▁and ▁the ▁whole ▁city ▁was ▁red es igned ▁between ▁ 1 9 7 7 ▁and ▁ 1 9 8 9 . ▁In ▁the ▁Soviet ▁Union , ▁hundreds ▁of ▁churches ▁were |
▁demol ished ▁or ▁converted ▁to ▁sec ular ▁purposes ▁during ▁the ▁ 1 9 2 0 s ▁and ▁ 1 9 3 0 s . ▁In ▁China , ▁the ▁Cultural ▁Revolution ▁sought ▁to ▁give ▁all ▁art istic ▁expression ▁a ▁' pro let arian ' ▁content ▁and ▁destroyed ▁much ▁older ▁material ▁lack ing ▁this . ▁Adv oc ates ▁of ▁these ▁policies ▁promised ▁to ▁create ▁a ▁new ▁culture ▁that ▁would ▁be ▁superior ▁to ▁the ▁old ▁while ▁critics ▁argue ▁that ▁such ▁policies ▁represented ▁an ▁un just ifiable ▁destruction ▁of ▁the ▁cultural ▁her itage ▁of ▁human ity . ▁ ▁There ▁is ▁a ▁well - known ▁literature ▁foc using ▁on ▁the ▁role ▁of ▁the ▁f als ification ▁of ▁images ▁in ▁the ▁Soviet ▁Union ▁under ▁St alin . ▁In ▁The ▁Comm iss ar ▁Van ishes : ▁The ▁F als ification ▁of ▁Phot ograph s ▁in ▁St alin ' s ▁Russia , ▁David ▁King ▁writes : ▁" So ▁much ▁f als ification ▁took ▁place ▁during ▁the ▁St alin ▁years ▁that ▁it ▁is ▁possible ▁to ▁tell ▁the ▁story ▁of ▁the ▁Soviet ▁era ▁through ▁ret ouch ed ▁photograph s ". ▁Under ▁St alin , ▁historical ▁documents ▁were ▁often ▁the ▁subject ▁of ▁revision ism ▁and ▁forg ery , ▁intended ▁to ▁change ▁public ▁per ception ▁of ▁certain ▁important ▁people ▁and ▁events . ▁For ▁example , ▁the ▁p iv otal ▁role ▁played ▁by ▁Leon ▁T rot sky ▁in ▁the ▁Russian ▁Revolution ▁and ▁Civil ▁War ▁was ▁almost ▁entirely ▁er ased ▁from ▁official ▁historical ▁records ▁after ▁T rot sky ▁became ▁the ▁leader ▁of ▁a ▁Commun ist ▁fa ction |
▁that ▁opposed ▁St alin ' s ▁rule . ▁ ▁The ▁emphas is ▁on ▁the ▁" hard ▁sciences " ▁of ▁the ▁Soviet ▁Union ▁has ▁been ▁critic ized . ▁There ▁were ▁very ▁few ▁Nobel ▁Prize ▁w inners ▁from ▁Commun ist ▁states . ▁ ▁Soviet ▁research ▁in ▁certain ▁sciences ▁was ▁at ▁times ▁gu ided ▁by ▁political ▁rather ▁than ▁scientific ▁consider ations . ▁L ys en ko ism ▁and ▁Jap h etic ▁theory ▁were ▁promoted ▁for ▁brief ▁periods ▁of ▁time ▁in ▁bi ology ▁and ▁lingu istics ▁respectively , ▁despite ▁having ▁no ▁scientific ▁mer it . ▁Research ▁into ▁gen et ics ▁was ▁restricted ▁because ▁Naz i ▁use ▁of ▁e ugen ics ▁had ▁prompt ed ▁the ▁Soviet ▁Union ▁to ▁label ▁gen et ics ▁a ▁" f asc ist ▁science ". ▁Research ▁was ▁also ▁suppress ed ▁in ▁cy ber net ics , ▁psych ology ▁and ▁psych iat ry ▁and ▁even ▁organ ic ▁chem istry ▁( see ▁suppress ed ▁research ▁in ▁the ▁Soviet ▁Union ) ▁ ▁Soviet ▁technology ▁in ▁many ▁se ctors ▁lag ged ▁Western ▁technology . ▁Exception s ▁include ▁areas ▁like ▁the ▁Soviet ▁space ▁program ▁and ▁military ▁technology ▁where ▁occasionally ▁Commun ist ▁technology ▁was ▁more ▁advanced ▁due ▁to ▁a ▁massive ▁concentration ▁of ▁research ▁resources . ▁According ▁to ▁the ▁Central ▁Int elligence ▁Agency , ▁much ▁of ▁the ▁technology ▁in ▁the ▁Commun ist ▁states ▁consisted ▁simply ▁of ▁copies ▁of ▁Western ▁products ▁that ▁had ▁been ▁leg ally ▁purchased ▁or ▁gained ▁through ▁a ▁massive ▁esp ion age ▁program . ▁Some ▁even ▁say ▁that ▁str ic ter ▁Western ▁control ▁of ▁the ▁export ▁of ▁technology ▁through |
▁the ▁Co ordin ating ▁Committee ▁for ▁Mult il ater al ▁Ex port ▁Control s ▁and ▁providing ▁defect ive ▁technology ▁to ▁Commun ist ▁agents ▁after ▁the ▁discovery ▁of ▁the ▁F are well ▁D oss ier ▁contributed ▁to ▁the ▁fall ▁of ▁Commun ism . ▁ ▁Environment al ▁policy ▁▁ ▁Other ▁critic isms ▁of ▁Commun ist ▁rule ▁focus ▁on ▁environmental ▁dis aster s . ▁One ▁example ▁is ▁the ▁grad ual ▁disapp earance ▁of ▁the ▁Ar al ▁Sea ▁and ▁a ▁similar ▁dimin ishing ▁of ▁the ▁C asp ian ▁Sea ▁because ▁of ▁the ▁di version ▁of ▁the ▁rivers ▁that ▁fed ▁them . ▁Another ▁is ▁the ▁poll ution ▁of ▁the ▁Black ▁Sea , ▁the ▁Balt ic ▁Sea ▁and ▁the ▁unique ▁fresh water ▁environment ▁of ▁Lake ▁Ba ikal . ▁Many ▁of ▁the ▁rivers ▁were ▁poll uted ▁and ▁several , ▁like ▁the ▁V ist ula ▁and ▁O der ▁rivers ▁in ▁Poland , ▁were ▁virt ually ▁e colog ically ▁dead . ▁Over ▁ 7 0 ▁percent ▁of ▁the ▁surface ▁water ▁in ▁the ▁Soviet ▁Union ▁was ▁poll uted . ▁In ▁ 1 9 8 8 , ▁only ▁ 3 0 ▁percent ▁of ▁the ▁se w age ▁in ▁the ▁Soviet ▁Union ▁was ▁treated ▁properly . ▁Est ab lished ▁health ▁standards ▁for ▁air ▁poll ution ▁was ▁exceed ed ▁by ▁ten ▁times ▁or ▁more ▁in ▁ 1 0 3 ▁cities ▁in ▁the ▁Soviet ▁Union ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 8 . ▁The ▁air ▁poll ution ▁problem ▁was ▁even ▁more ▁severe ▁in ▁Eastern ▁Europe . ▁It ▁caused ▁a ▁rapid ▁growth ▁in ▁lung ▁cancer , ▁forest ▁die - |
back ▁and ▁damage ▁to ▁buildings ▁and ▁cultural ▁her it ages . ▁According ▁to ▁official ▁sources , ▁ 5 8 ▁percent ▁of ▁total ▁agricult ural ▁land ▁of ▁the ▁former ▁Soviet ▁Union ▁was ▁affected ▁by ▁sal in ization , ▁er os ion , ▁acid ity , ▁or ▁water logging . ▁N uc lear ▁waste ▁was ▁dump ed ▁in ▁the ▁Sea ▁of ▁Japan , ▁the ▁Ar ctic ▁Ocean ▁and ▁in ▁locations ▁in ▁the ▁Far ▁East . ▁It ▁was ▁revealed ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 2 ▁that ▁in ▁the ▁city ▁of ▁Moscow ▁there ▁were ▁ 6 3 6 ▁radio active ▁to xic ▁waste ▁sites ▁and ▁ 1 , 5 0 0 ▁in ▁Saint ▁Petersburg . ▁According ▁to ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Department ▁of ▁Energy , ▁social ist ▁econom ies ▁also ▁maintained ▁a ▁much ▁higher ▁level ▁of ▁energy ▁intensity ▁than ▁either ▁the ▁Western ▁nations ▁or ▁the ▁Third ▁World . ▁This ▁analysis ▁is ▁confirmed ▁by ▁the ▁Institute ▁of ▁Econom ic ▁Affairs , ▁with ▁Mik h ail ▁Bern st am ▁stating ▁that ▁econom ies ▁of ▁the ▁Eastern ▁B loc ▁had ▁an ▁energy ▁intensity ▁between ▁twice ▁and ▁three ▁times ▁higher ▁as ▁econom ies ▁of ▁the ▁West . ▁Some ▁see ▁the ▁a for ement ioned ▁examples ▁of ▁environmental ▁de grad ation ▁are ▁similar ▁to ▁what ▁had ▁occurred ▁in ▁Western ▁capital ist ▁countries ▁during ▁the ▁height ▁of ▁their ▁drive ▁to ▁industrial ize ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 th ▁century . ▁O thers ▁claim ▁that ▁Commun ist ▁reg imes ▁did ▁more ▁damage ▁than ▁average , ▁primarily ▁due ▁to ▁the ▁lack ▁of ▁any ▁popular ▁or ▁political |
▁pressure ▁to ▁research ▁environment ally ▁friendly ▁techn ologies . ▁ ▁Some ▁e colog ical ▁problems ▁continue ▁un ab ated ▁after ▁the ▁fall ▁of ▁the ▁Soviet ▁Union ▁and ▁are ▁still ▁major ▁issues ▁today , ▁which ▁has ▁prompt ed ▁supp or ters ▁of ▁former ▁r uling ▁Commun ist ▁parties ▁to ▁acc use ▁their ▁oppon ents ▁of ▁holding ▁a ▁double ▁standard . ▁Non eth eless , ▁other ▁environmental ▁problems ▁have ▁improved ▁in ▁every ▁studied ▁former ▁Commun ist ▁state . ▁However , ▁some ▁research ers ▁argued ▁that ▁part ▁of ▁improvement ▁was ▁largely ▁due ▁to ▁the ▁severe ▁economic ▁dow nt urn s ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 9 0 s ▁that ▁caused ▁many ▁fact ories ▁to ▁close ▁down . ▁ ▁Left - wing ▁criticism ▁▁ ▁Commun ist ▁countries , ▁states , ▁areas ▁and ▁local ▁communities ▁have ▁been ▁based ▁on ▁the ▁rule ▁of ▁parties ▁proc laim ing ▁a ▁basis ▁in ▁Marx ism – Len in ism , ▁an ▁ide ology ▁which ▁is ▁not ▁supported ▁by ▁all ▁Marx ists ▁and ▁left ists . ▁Many ▁commun ists ▁disag ree ▁with ▁many ▁of ▁the ▁actions ▁undert aken ▁by ▁r uling ▁Commun ist ▁parties ▁during ▁the ▁ 2 0 th ▁century . ▁ ▁Element s ▁of ▁the ▁left ▁opposed ▁to ▁B ols he vik ▁plans ▁before ▁they ▁were ▁put ▁into ▁practice ▁included ▁the ▁revision ist ▁Marx ists , ▁such ▁as ▁Edu ard ▁Bern stein , ▁who ▁denied ▁the ▁necessity ▁of ▁a ▁revolution . ▁An arch ists ▁( who ▁had ▁differ ed ▁from ▁Marx ▁and ▁his ▁follow ers ▁since ▁the ▁split ▁in ▁the ▁First |
▁International ), ▁many ▁of ▁the ▁Social ist ▁Revolution aries ▁and ▁the ▁Marx ist ▁Mens he vik s ▁supported ▁the ▁over throw ▁of ▁the ▁ts ar , ▁but ▁vig or ously ▁opposed ▁the ▁se iz ure ▁of ▁power ▁by ▁Len in ▁and ▁the ▁B ols he vik s . ▁ ▁Crit ic isms ▁of ▁Commun ist ▁rule ▁from ▁the ▁left ▁continued ▁after ▁the ▁creation ▁of ▁the ▁Soviet ▁state . ▁The ▁an arch ist ▁N est or ▁Mak h no ▁led ▁the ▁Revolution ary ▁In sur re ction ary ▁Army ▁of ▁Ukraine ▁against ▁the ▁B ols he vik s ▁during ▁the ▁Russian ▁Civil ▁War ▁and ▁the ▁Social ist ▁Revolution ary ▁F anya ▁Kap lan ▁tried ▁to ▁assass inate ▁Len in . ▁Ber tr and ▁Russell ▁visited ▁Russia ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 0 ▁and ▁regarded ▁the ▁B ols he vik s ▁as ▁intellig ent , ▁but ▁cl uel ess ▁and ▁plan less . ▁In ▁her ▁books ▁about ▁Soviet ▁Russia ▁after ▁the ▁revolution , ▁My ▁Dis ill usion ment ▁in ▁Russia ▁and ▁My ▁Further ▁Dis ill usion ment ▁in ▁Russia , ▁Emma ▁Gold man ▁condem ned ▁the ▁supp ression ▁of ▁the ▁K ron stadt ▁re bell ion ▁as ▁a ▁" mass acre ". ▁Event ually , ▁the ▁Left ▁Social ist ▁Revolution aries ▁broke ▁with ▁the ▁B ols he vik s . ▁ ▁By ▁anti - re vision ists ▁ ▁Anti - re vision ists ▁( which ▁includes ▁radical ▁Marx ist – Len in ist ▁fa ctions , ▁H ox ha ists ▁and ▁Ma o ists ) |
▁critic ize ▁the ▁rule ▁of ▁the ▁commun ist ▁states ▁by ▁claim ing ▁that ▁they ▁were ▁state ▁capital ist ▁states ▁ruled ▁by ▁revision ists . ▁Though ▁the ▁periods ▁and ▁countries ▁defined ▁as ▁state ▁capital ist ▁or ▁revision ist ▁var ies ▁among ▁different ▁ide ologies ▁and ▁parties , ▁all ▁of ▁them ▁accept ▁that ▁the ▁Soviet ▁Union ▁was ▁social ist ▁during ▁St alin ' s ▁time . ▁Ma o ists ▁believe ▁that ▁the ▁People ' s ▁Republic ▁of ▁China ▁became ▁state ▁capital ist ▁after ▁Ma o ' s ▁death . ▁H ox ha ists ▁believe ▁that ▁the ▁People ' s ▁Republic ▁of ▁China ▁was ▁always ▁state ▁capital ist ▁and ▁u ph old ▁Social ist ▁Alban ia ▁as ▁the ▁only ▁social ist ▁state ▁after ▁the ▁Soviet ▁Union ▁under ▁St alin . ▁ ▁By ▁left ▁commun ists ▁ ▁Left ▁commun ists ▁claim ▁that ▁the ▁" comm un ist " ▁or ▁" social ist " ▁states ▁or ▁" people ' s ▁states " ▁were ▁actually ▁state ▁capital ist ▁and ▁thus ▁cannot ▁be ▁called ▁" social ist ". ▁Some ▁of ▁the ▁earliest ▁critics ▁of ▁Len in ism ▁were ▁the ▁German - D utch ▁left ▁commun ists , ▁including ▁H erman ▁G orter , ▁Anton ▁Pan ne ko ek ▁and ▁Paul ▁Matt ick . ▁Though ▁most ▁left ▁commun ists ▁see ▁the ▁October ▁Revolution ▁posit ively , ▁their ▁analysis ▁con cludes ▁that ▁by ▁the ▁time ▁of ▁the ▁K ron stadt ▁revol t ▁the ▁revolution ▁had ▁deg ener ated ▁due ▁to ▁various ▁historical ▁factors . ▁Rosa ▁Luxemb urg ▁was ▁another ▁commun ist ▁who |
▁disag re ed ▁with ▁Len in ' s ▁organiz ational ▁methods ▁which ▁eventually ▁led ▁to ▁the ▁creation ▁of ▁the ▁Soviet ▁Union . ▁ ▁Ama de o ▁B ord iga ▁wrote ▁about ▁his ▁view ▁of ▁the ▁Soviet ▁Union ▁as ▁a ▁capital ist ▁society . ▁In ▁contrast ▁to ▁those ▁produced ▁by ▁the ▁T rot sky ists , ▁B ord iga ' s ▁writ ings ▁on ▁the ▁capital ist ▁nature ▁of ▁the ▁Soviet ▁economy ▁also ▁focused ▁on ▁the ▁agr arian ▁sector . ▁Being ▁the ▁engineer ▁that ▁he ▁was , ▁B ord iga ▁displayed ▁a ▁kind ▁of ▁theoretical ▁rig id ity ▁which ▁was ▁both ▁ex as per ating ▁and ▁effective ▁in ▁allowing ▁him ▁to ▁see ▁things ▁differently . ▁He ▁wanted ▁to ▁show ▁how ▁capital ist ▁social ▁relations ▁existed ▁in ▁the ▁kol k hoz ▁and ▁in ▁the ▁sov k hoz , ▁one ▁a ▁co oper ative ▁farm ▁and ▁the ▁other ▁the ▁straight ▁w age - l abor ▁state ▁farm . ▁He ▁emphas ized ▁how ▁much ▁of ▁agr arian ▁production ▁dep ended ▁on ▁the ▁small ▁priv ately ▁owned ▁plots ▁( he ▁was ▁writing ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 0 ) ▁and ▁predicted ▁quite ▁accur ately ▁the ▁rates ▁at ▁which ▁the ▁Soviet ▁Union ▁would ▁start ▁importing ▁whe at ▁after ▁Russia ▁had ▁been ▁such ▁a ▁large ▁exp orter ▁from ▁the ▁ 1 8 8 0 s ▁to ▁ 1 9 1 4 . ▁In ▁B ord iga ' s ▁conception , ▁St alin ▁and ▁later ▁Ma o , ▁Ho ▁Chi ▁Min h ▁and ▁Che ▁G ue var a ▁were ▁" gre |
at ▁rom antic ▁revolution aries " ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 th ▁century ▁sense , ▁i . e . ▁b our ge ois ▁revolution aries . ▁He ▁felt ▁that ▁the ▁St alin ist ▁reg imes ▁that ▁came ▁into ▁existence ▁after ▁ 1 9 4 5 ▁were ▁just ▁extending ▁the ▁b our ge ois ▁revolution , ▁i . e . ▁the ▁ex prop ri ation ▁of ▁the ▁Pr uss ian ▁J unker ▁class ▁by ▁the ▁Red ▁Army ▁through ▁their ▁agr arian ▁policies ▁and ▁through ▁the ▁development ▁of ▁the ▁product ive ▁forces . ▁ ▁By ▁T rot sky ists ▁ ▁After ▁the ▁split ▁between ▁Leon ▁T rot sky ▁and ▁St alin , ▁T rot sky ists ▁have ▁argued ▁that ▁St alin ▁transformed ▁the ▁Soviet ▁Union ▁into ▁a ▁b ureau cr atic ▁and ▁repr ess ive ▁one - party ▁state ▁and ▁that ▁all ▁subsequent ▁Commun ist ▁states ▁ultimately ▁followed ▁a ▁similar ▁path ▁because ▁they ▁copied ▁St alin ism . ▁There ▁are ▁various ▁terms ▁used ▁by ▁T rot sky ists ▁to ▁define ▁such ▁states , ▁such ▁as ▁" de generated ▁workers ' ▁state " ▁and ▁" de formed ▁workers ' ▁state ", ▁" state ▁capital ist " ▁or ▁" b ureau cr atic ▁collect iv ist ". ▁While ▁T rot sky ists ▁are ▁Len in ists , ▁there ▁are ▁other ▁Marx ists ▁who ▁reject ▁Len in ism ▁entirely , ▁arg uing , ▁for ▁example , ▁that ▁the ▁Len in ist ▁principle ▁of ▁dem ocr atic ▁central ism ▁was ▁the ▁source ▁of ▁the ▁Soviet ▁Union ' s ▁slide |
▁away ▁from ▁commun ism . ▁Ma o ists ▁view ▁the ▁Soviet ▁Union ▁and ▁most ▁of ▁its ▁sat ell ites ▁as ▁" state ▁capital ist " ▁as ▁a ▁result ▁of ▁dest alin ization ▁and ▁some ▁of ▁them ▁also ▁view ▁modern ▁China ▁in ▁this ▁light . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁▁▁ ▁Anti - cap ital ism ▁ ▁Anti - comm un ism ▁ ▁Anti - Len in ism ▁ ▁Anti - St alin ist ▁left ▁ ▁Author itar ian ▁social ism ▁ ▁The ▁Black ▁Book ▁of ▁Commun ism ▁ ▁Commun ist ▁state ▁ ▁Crit ic ism ▁of ▁capital ism ▁ ▁Crit ic ism ▁of ▁Marx ism ▁ ▁Crit ic ism ▁of ▁social ism ▁ ▁Crit ic ism ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁ ▁D ict ator ship ▁ ▁Dem ocracy ▁ ▁Human ▁rights ▁ ▁Left ▁commun ism ▁ ▁Left - wing ▁u pr is ings ▁against ▁the ▁B ols he vik s ▁ ▁Libert arian ▁social ism ▁ ▁Mass ▁kill ings ▁under ▁commun ist ▁reg imes ▁ ▁One - party ▁state ▁ ▁Red ▁fasc ism ▁ ▁State ▁capital ism ▁ ▁State ▁social ism ▁ ▁Total itar ian ism ▁ ▁Vict ims ▁of ▁Commun ism ▁Memorial ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Further ▁reading ▁▁ ▁Apple baum , ▁Anne , ▁Gul ag : ▁A ▁History , ▁Broadway ▁Books , ▁ 2 0 0 3 , ▁hard cover , ▁ 7 2 0 ▁pages , ▁▁ ▁Apple baum , ▁Anne ▁( fore word ) ▁and ▁Holland er , ▁Paul ▁( 2 0 0 6 ) ▁( int roduction ▁and ▁editor ) ▁From |
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▁▁ ▁Jackson , ▁Karl ▁D . ▁( 1 9 9 2 ) ▁Camb odia , ▁ 1 9 7 5 – 1 9 7 8 ▁Pr inc eton ▁University ▁Press ▁. ▁ ▁Joh ns , ▁Michael ▁( 1 9 8 7 ), ▁" Se vent y ▁Years ▁of ▁Ev il : ▁Soviet ▁Cr imes ▁from ▁Len in ▁to ▁G orb ache v ", ▁Policy ▁Review , ▁The ▁Heritage ▁Foundation . ▁ ▁K ak ar , ▁M . ▁Hass an ▁( 1 9 9 7 ) ▁Afghan istan : ▁The ▁Soviet ▁In vas ion ▁and ▁the ▁Afghan ▁Response , ▁ 1 9 7 9 – 1 9 8 2 ▁University ▁of ▁California ▁Press . ▁. ▁▁▁ ▁Kh lev ni uk , ▁O leg ▁& ▁K oz lov , ▁Vladimir ▁( 2 0 0 4 ) ▁The ▁History ▁of ▁the ▁Gul ag : ▁From ▁Collect iv ization ▁to ▁the ▁Great ▁T error ▁( An n als ▁of ▁Commun ism ▁Series ) ▁Y ale ▁University ▁Press . ▁. ▁ ▁Mel g oun ov , ▁Serge y ▁Pet rov ich ▁( 1 9 2 5 ) ▁The ▁Red ▁T error ▁in ▁Russia . ▁London ▁& ▁Toronto : ▁J . M . ▁D ent ▁& ▁S ons ▁Ltd . ▁ ▁Na im ark , ▁Norman ▁M ▁( 2 0 1 0 ). ▁St alin ' s ▁Gen oc ides ▁( H uman ▁Rights ▁and ▁Cr imes ▁against ▁Human ity ). ▁Pr inc eton ▁University ▁Press . ▁▁ ▁Nat si os , ▁Andrew ▁S . ▁( 2 0 0 |
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0 7 ) ▁Com r ades ! : ▁A ▁History ▁of ▁World ▁Commun ism . ▁Harvard ▁University ▁Press . ▁▁ ▁Tod or ov , ▁T z vet an ▁& ▁Z aret sky , ▁Robert ▁( 1 9 9 9 ) ▁Vo ices ▁from ▁the ▁Gul ag : ▁Life ▁and ▁Death ▁in ▁Commun ist ▁Bulg aria . ▁Pennsylvania ▁State ▁University ▁Press . ▁. ▁ ▁T z ou li ad is , ▁Tim ▁( 2 0 0 8 ) ▁The ▁F ors aken : ▁An ▁American ▁T rag edy ▁in ▁St alin ' s ▁Russia . ▁The ▁P engu in ▁Press , ▁Hard cover , ▁▁ ▁Volk og on ov , ▁D mit ri ▁Anton ov ich ▁( Author ); ▁Sh uk man , ▁Harold ▁( Editor , ▁Trans l ator ) ▁( 1 9 9 8 ). ▁Aut ops y ▁for ▁an ▁Empire : ▁the ▁Seven ▁Le aders ▁Who ▁Bu ilt ▁the ▁Soviet ▁Reg ime . ▁Free ▁Press ▁( H ard cover , ▁); ▁( P aper back , ▁) ▁ ▁Andrew ▁G . ▁Wal der ▁( ed .) ▁W an ing ▁of ▁the ▁Commun ist ▁State : ▁Econom ic ▁Orig ins ▁of ▁the ▁Political ▁Dec line ▁in ▁China ▁& ▁Hung ary ▁( Univers ity ▁of ▁California ▁Press , ▁ 1 9 9 5 ) ▁hard back . ▁() ▁ ▁Y akov lev , ▁Alexander ▁( 2 0 0 4 ) ▁A ▁Century ▁of ▁Vi ol ence ▁in ▁Soviet ▁Russia . ▁Y ale ▁University ▁Press . ▁. ▁ ▁Zh eng ▁Y i ▁( 1 |
9 9 8 ) ▁Sc ar let ▁Memorial : ▁T ales ▁Of ▁C ann ib al ism ▁In ▁Modern ▁China . ▁West view ▁Press . ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁ ▁The ▁Vict ims ▁of ▁Commun ism ▁Memorial ▁Foundation ▁ ▁Global ▁Museum ▁on ▁Commun ism ▁ ▁Museum ▁of ▁Commun ism ▁ ▁Foundation ▁for ▁Investig ation ▁of ▁Commun ist ▁Cr imes ▁ ▁Cr imes ▁of ▁Soviet ▁Commun ists ▁ ▁The ▁Black ▁Book ▁of ▁Commun ism : ▁Introduction ▁ ▁Sum mary ▁of ▁different ▁estimates ▁for ▁total ▁ 2 0 th ▁century ▁demo cide ▁Note ▁that ▁only ▁some ▁of ▁numbers ▁are ▁tot als ▁for ▁the ▁Commun ist ▁states . ▁ ▁How ▁many ▁did ▁the ▁Commun ist ▁reg imes ▁murder ? ▁By ▁R . J . ▁Rum mel ▁ ▁Category : Ant i - comm un ism ▁Category : Comm un ism ▁Category : Comm un ist ▁states ▁Commun ist ▁party ▁rule ▁Category : Mar x ism – Len in ism <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Sug arlo af ▁C able ▁Car ▁() ▁is ▁a ▁cable way ▁in ▁Rio ▁de ▁Janeiro , ▁Brazil . ▁Mov ing ▁between ▁Pra ia ▁Verm el ha ▁and ▁the ▁Sug arlo af ▁Mountain , ▁it ▁stops ▁at ▁Mor ro ▁da ▁Ur ca ▁( at ▁) ▁on ▁its ▁way ▁up ▁and ▁down , ▁and ▁reaches ▁the ▁sum mit ▁of ▁the ▁ ▁mountain . ▁ ▁The ▁cable way ▁was ▁en vision ed ▁by ▁the ▁engineer ▁August o ▁Fer re ira ▁Ram os ▁in ▁ 1 9 0 8 ▁who ▁sought ▁support ▁from ▁well - known ▁figures ▁of ▁Rio |
' s ▁high ▁society ▁to ▁promote ▁its ▁construction . ▁Open ed ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 2 , ▁it ▁was ▁only ▁the ▁third ▁cable way ▁to ▁be ▁built ▁in ▁the ▁world . ▁In ▁ 1 9 7 2 ▁the ▁cars ▁were ▁updated , ▁growing ▁from ▁a ▁capacity ▁of ▁ 2 2 ▁to ▁ 7 5 , ▁and ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 9 ▁it ▁featured ▁in ▁an ▁action ▁scene ▁for ▁the ▁James ▁Bond ▁film ▁Moon ra ker . ▁ ▁Today ▁it ▁is ▁used ▁by ▁approximately ▁ 2 , 5 0 0 ▁visitors ▁every ▁day . ▁The ▁cable ▁cars ▁run ▁every ▁ 3 0 ▁minutes , ▁between ▁ 8 ▁am ▁and ▁ 1 0 ▁pm . ▁ ▁History ▁ ▁The ▁development ▁of ▁technical ▁and ▁engineering ▁achiev ement ▁of ▁the ▁National ▁Ex hib ition ▁in ▁Comm em oration ▁of ▁the ▁First ▁Cent en ary ▁of ▁the ▁Open ing ▁of ▁the ▁Port s ▁of ▁Brazil ▁to ▁the ▁International ▁Trade ▁in ▁ 1 9 0 8 ▁motiv ated ▁engineer ▁August o ▁Ram os ▁to ▁imagine ▁a ▁cable ▁car ▁system ▁in ▁Rio ▁de ▁Janeiro . ▁Ram os ▁had ▁to ▁resort ▁to ▁well - known ▁person ages ▁of ▁Rio ' s ▁high ▁society . ▁ ▁These ▁included ▁Edu ardo ▁Gu in les ▁and ▁Ray m undo ▁Ott oni ▁de ▁Castro ▁May a , ▁who ▁were ▁powerful ▁figures ▁with ▁a ▁range ▁of ▁development al ▁interests ▁in ▁the ▁city , ▁to ▁promote ▁the ▁idea ▁of ▁an ▁electric ▁cable ▁system . ▁When ▁the ▁cable ▁car ▁was ▁built , ▁there ▁were ▁only ▁two |
▁others ▁in ▁the ▁world : ▁the ▁chair l ift ▁at ▁Mount ▁U lia , ▁in ▁Spain , ▁with ▁a ▁length ▁of ▁, ▁built ▁in ▁ 1 9 0 7 , ▁and ▁the ▁lift ▁at ▁W etter horn , ▁in ▁Switzerland , ▁with ▁a ▁length ▁of ▁, ▁built ▁in ▁ 1 9 0 8 . ▁ ▁The ▁Sug arlo af ▁C able ▁Car ▁was ▁opened ▁on ▁ 2 7 ▁October ▁ 1 9 1 2 . ▁Its ▁Portuguese - language ▁name ▁comes ▁from ▁the ▁similar ities ▁between ▁the ▁cable c ars , ▁and ▁the ▁former ▁tr ams ▁in ▁town . ▁En vision ed ▁by ▁August o ▁Ram os , ▁it ▁is ▁managed ▁by ▁Comp anh ia ▁Cam inho ▁A ére o ▁P ão ▁de ▁A ç ú car , ▁a ▁company ▁created ▁by ▁Ram os . ▁ ▁The ▁first ▁cable ▁cars ▁were ▁co ated ▁wood ▁and ▁were ▁used ▁for ▁ 6 0 ▁years . ▁Origin ally , ▁the ▁cable ▁car ▁stopped ▁at ▁Ur ca . ▁In ▁ 1 9 5 1 , ▁an ▁accident ▁occurred ▁in ▁which ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁two ▁c ables ▁sn apped , ▁leaving ▁ 2 2 ▁people ▁d ang ling ▁on ▁one ▁cable . ▁One ▁mechan ic ▁ab o ard , ▁August o ▁Gon cal es , ▁clim bed ▁out ▁and ▁sl ither ed ▁down ▁to ▁Ur ca ▁station ▁and ▁helped ▁to ▁build ▁an ▁emer gency ▁car ▁to ▁go ▁back ▁up ▁and ▁rescue ▁the ▁other ▁passengers , ▁ 1 2 ▁women ▁and ▁girls , ▁ 6 ▁men ▁and ▁ 3 |
▁children , ▁in ▁an ▁event ▁which ▁took ▁about ▁ 1 0 ▁hours . ▁President ▁V arg as ▁pra ised ▁Gon cal es ▁as ▁the ▁" H ero ▁of ▁the ▁Day ". ▁In ▁October ▁ 1 9 7 2 , ▁a ▁second ▁cable ▁was ▁added , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁new ▁cab ins , ▁which ▁expanded ▁its ▁capacity ▁from ▁ 2 2 ▁to ▁ 7 5 ; ▁eventually , ▁it ▁was ▁reduced ▁to ▁ 6 5 ▁to ▁increase ▁comfort . ▁ ▁The ▁cable ▁car ▁was ▁the ▁setting ▁for ▁the ▁ 1 9 7 9 ▁James ▁Bond ▁film ▁Moon ra ker ▁in ▁which ▁British ▁secret ▁agent ▁James ▁Bond ▁( play ed ▁by ▁actor ▁Roger ▁Moore ) ▁batt les ▁with ▁his ▁nem esis ▁J aws ▁( Rich ard ▁K iel ) ▁in ▁the ▁middle ▁of ▁the ▁tram way , ▁which ▁eventually ▁results ▁in ▁a ▁tram car ▁with ▁J aws ▁in ▁it ▁crash ing ▁into ▁the ▁ground ▁station ▁and ▁sm ash ing ▁through ▁the ▁wall , ▁although ▁he ▁mi rac ul ously ▁surv ives . ▁During ▁the ▁film ing , ▁the ▁st unt man ▁Richard ▁Gray don ▁sli pped ▁and ▁narrow ly ▁avoided ▁falling ▁to ▁his ▁death . ▁For ▁the ▁scene ▁in ▁which ▁J aws ▁bit es ▁into ▁the ▁steel ▁tram way ▁cable ▁with ▁his ▁teeth , ▁the ▁cable ▁was ▁actually ▁made ▁of ▁liqu or ice , ▁although ▁Richard ▁K iel ▁was ▁still ▁required ▁to ▁use ▁his ▁steel ▁dent ures . ▁Also ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 9 , ▁Las ▁Veg as - based ▁Steven ▁Mc Pe ak |
▁walked ▁the ▁tight ro pe ▁on ▁the ▁steel ▁cable , ▁the ▁highest ▁stretch ▁of ▁the ▁cable ▁car ▁route , ▁a ▁fe at ▁which ▁entered ▁him ▁into ▁the ▁Gu in ness ▁Book ▁of ▁World ▁Records . ▁On ▁ 1 8 ▁January ▁ 1 9 8 3 , ▁the ▁route ▁was ▁expanded ▁to ▁Sug arlo af ▁Mountain . ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 7 , ▁F alk o ▁Tra ber ▁walked ▁along ▁the ▁ro pe ▁of ▁the ▁cable ▁railway . ▁On ▁the ▁cent en ary ▁of ▁the ▁cable way ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 2 , ▁Google ▁hon ored ▁it ▁with ▁a ▁do od le , ▁view able ▁in ▁Brazil . ▁ ▁This ▁cable ▁car ▁also ▁appears ▁in ▁a ▁few ▁video ▁games ▁as ▁well . ▁ ▁For ▁instance , ▁it ▁appears ▁off ▁in ▁the ▁distance ▁in ▁the ▁W ii ▁version ▁of ▁Need ▁for ▁Speed : ▁N it ro , ▁in ▁one ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁Santa ▁Ter esa ▁racing ▁course ▁in ▁Rio ▁de ▁J ain ero . ▁ ▁Function ▁ ▁The ▁cable ▁cars ▁run ▁every ▁ 3 0 ▁minutes , ▁between ▁ 8 ▁am ▁and ▁ 1 0 ▁pm . ▁They ▁are ▁glass ed ▁in ▁for ▁safety ▁and ▁have ▁a ▁capacity ▁of ▁about ▁ 6 5 ▁people . ▁ ▁The ▁first ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁line , ▁from ▁the ▁starting ▁station ▁to ▁the ▁stop ▁off ▁station ▁at ▁Mor ro ▁da ▁Ur ca , ▁has ▁a ▁length ▁of ▁, ▁with ▁the ▁maximum ▁speed ▁of ▁ ▁per ▁second ▁( ). ▁Mor ro ▁da ▁Ur ca ▁is ▁situated ▁at ▁an |
▁alt itude ▁of ▁. ▁It ▁contains ▁a ▁ca fe , ▁sn ack ▁bar , ▁restaurant , ▁sou venir ▁stands , ▁and ▁a ▁children ' s ▁play ▁area . ▁The ▁second ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁line , ▁Mor ro ▁da ▁Ur ca ▁to ▁Sug arlo af , ▁has ▁a ▁length ▁of ▁, ▁with ▁a ▁maximum ▁speed ▁of ▁ ▁per ▁second ▁( ). ▁The ▁latter ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁trip ▁up ▁to ▁ ▁on ▁Sug arlo af , ▁particularly ▁towards ▁the ▁top , ▁is ▁very ▁ste ep . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁▁▁ ▁Category : 1 9 1 2 ▁establish ments ▁in ▁Brazil ▁Category : A er ial ▁tram ways ▁in ▁Brazil ▁Category : Transport ▁in ▁Rio ▁de ▁Janeiro ▁( city ) ▁Category : Transport ▁infrastr ucture ▁completed ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 2 <0x0A> </s> ▁Ph el ip ara ▁mor ing ae ▁is ▁a ▁species ▁of ▁be et le ▁in ▁the ▁family ▁Cer amb yc idae . ▁It ▁was ▁described ▁by ▁Per ▁O lo f ▁Christopher ▁Aur iv ill ius ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 5 . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : Ag ap anth i ini ▁Category : Be et les ▁described ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 5 <0x0A> </s> ▁Dar reh ▁A hm ad ▁( , ▁also ▁Roman ized ▁as ▁Dar reh ▁A ḩ mad ▁and ▁Dar reh - ye ▁A ḩ mad ) ▁is ▁a ▁village ▁in ▁Hem mat abad ▁R ural ▁District , ▁in ▁the ▁Central ▁District ▁of ▁Bor uj erd ▁County , ▁Lor est an ▁Province , ▁Iran . ▁At |
▁the ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁census , ▁its ▁existence ▁was ▁noted , ▁but ▁its ▁population ▁was ▁not ▁reported . ▁ ▁References ▁▁ ▁Category : T own s ▁and ▁villages ▁in ▁Bor uj erd ▁County <0x0A> </s> ▁John ▁G unn ▁( 1 6 ▁December ▁ 1 8 8 4 ▁– ▁ 2 7 ▁June ▁ 1 9 5 9 ) ▁was ▁the ▁ 2 9 th ▁Premier ▁of ▁South ▁Australia , ▁leading ▁the ▁South ▁Australian ▁Branch ▁of ▁the ▁Australian ▁Labor ▁Party ▁to ▁government ▁at ▁the ▁ 1 9 2 4 ▁election . ▁ ▁Early ▁life ▁G unn ▁was ▁born ▁in ▁B end igo , ▁Victoria , ▁the ▁second ▁of ▁nine ▁children ▁to ▁a ▁Scottish ▁min er ▁and ▁his ▁wife . ▁G unn ' s ▁father ▁died ▁when ▁he ▁was ▁young , ▁forcing ▁him ▁to ▁work ▁as ▁a ▁delivery ▁boy ▁to ▁support ▁his ▁mother ▁and ▁sib lings ▁while ▁studying ▁at ▁night ▁classes . ▁ ▁G unn ▁worked ▁a ▁variety ▁of ▁jobs ▁in ▁Melbourne ▁and ▁in ▁the ▁Western ▁Australian ▁tim ber ▁mill s ▁before ▁returning ▁to ▁Melbourne ▁to ▁marry ▁Ha ide e ▁Smith ▁on ▁ 8 ▁September ▁ 1 9 0 8 . ▁ ▁They ▁then ▁moved ▁to ▁Ad ela ide ▁where ▁G unn ▁found ▁work ▁as ▁a ▁horse - l orry ▁driver ▁on ▁the ▁Port ▁Road . ▁He ▁soon ▁became ▁the ▁President ▁of ▁the ▁South ▁Australian ▁branch ▁of ▁the ▁Feder ated ▁Car ters ▁and ▁Driver ' s ▁Union ▁and ▁organ ised ▁the ▁ 1 9 1 0 ▁D ri vers ' ▁St rike , |
▁which ▁secured ▁reduced ▁working ▁hours , ▁although ▁he ▁made ▁enemies ▁in ▁the ▁wealth y ▁and ▁influ ential ▁Ad ela ide ▁Est ab lish ment , ▁who ▁considered ▁him ▁a ▁dangerous ▁commun ist . ▁ ▁Polit ics ▁G unn ' s ▁success ▁with ▁the ▁Car ters ▁and ▁Driver ' s ▁Union ▁led ▁to ▁his ▁election ▁as ▁President ▁of ▁the ▁ ▁United ▁Tr ades ▁and ▁Labour ▁Council ▁of ▁South ▁Australia ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 1 ▁and , ▁as ▁his ▁star ▁continued ▁to ▁rise , ▁he ▁was ▁elected ▁to ▁Ad ela ide ▁City ▁Council ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 4 , ▁serving ▁to ▁ 1 9 1 6 , ▁when ▁he ▁became ▁Federal ▁President ▁of ▁the ▁Feder ated ▁Car ters ▁and ▁Driver ' s ▁Union . ▁ ▁" Gre at ly ▁respect ed ▁for ▁his ▁tact ful ▁cour tes y ▁and ▁self - control ", ▁G unn ▁entered ▁the ▁South ▁Australian ▁House ▁of ▁Assembly ▁at ▁the ▁ 1 9 1 5 ▁election ▁as ▁a ▁Labor ▁member ▁for ▁the ▁Elect oral ▁district ▁of ▁Ad ela ide . ▁ ▁He ▁soon ▁emer ged ▁as ▁a ▁leading ▁anti - cons cription ist ▁in ▁the ▁bitter ▁internal ▁Labor ▁fight ▁over ▁cons cription ▁which ▁led ▁to ▁a ▁split ▁in ▁the ▁party . ▁Res ign ing ▁his ▁seat , ▁G unn ▁stood ▁un success fully ▁for ▁the ▁federal ▁House ▁of ▁Representatives ▁Division ▁of ▁Bo oth by ▁as ▁an ▁anti - cons cription ist ▁candidate ▁at ▁the ▁ 1 9 1 7 ▁federal ▁election ▁but ▁returned ▁to ▁state ▁parliament ▁by ▁reg aining |
▁his ▁Ad ela ide ▁seat ▁at ▁the ▁ 1 9 1 8 ▁state ▁election . ▁ ▁While ▁many ▁Labor ▁party ▁members ▁were ▁opposed ▁to ▁cons cription , ▁party ▁leadership , ▁including ▁premier ▁C raw ford ▁V aug han , ▁were ▁in ▁favour ▁and ▁either ▁res igned ▁or ▁were ▁exp elled ▁from ▁the ▁party , ▁leaving ▁Labor ▁with ▁a ▁r ump ▁of ▁in ex per ien ced ▁members ▁of ▁parliament ▁following ▁their ▁ 1 9 1 8 ▁election ▁loss . ▁ ▁G unn , ▁aged ▁ 3 2 , ▁was ▁elected ▁leader ▁of ▁the ▁Labor ▁Party ▁and ▁Le ader ▁of ▁the ▁O pp osition , ▁a ▁move ▁that ▁concerned ▁the ▁Est ab lish ment , ▁who ▁re called ▁the ▁ 1 9 1 0 ▁Driver ' s ▁St rike ▁and ▁thought ▁he ▁should ▁not ▁be ▁allowed ▁near ▁the ▁re ins ▁of ▁power . ▁ ▁A ▁media ▁campaign ▁against ▁G unn ▁began ▁in ▁earnest . ▁ ▁The ▁Labor ▁Party ▁lost ▁the ▁ 1 9 2 1 ▁election ▁but ▁was ▁able ▁to ▁reg ain ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁Ad ela ide - based ▁seats ▁they ▁had ▁lost ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 8 ▁and , ▁under ▁G unn ' s ▁leadership , ▁defeated ▁Henry ▁Bar well ' s ▁Liberal ▁Federation ▁at ▁the ▁ 1 9 2 4 ▁election ▁following ▁a ▁split ▁between ▁the ▁Liberal ▁Federation ▁and ▁its ▁erst while ▁al ly , ▁the ▁Country ▁Party . ▁G unn ▁became ▁Premier ▁and ▁Tre as urer ▁of ▁South ▁Australia ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁Minister ▁for ▁Ir rig ation ▁and ▁Minister |
▁for ▁Re pat ri ation ▁at ▁age ▁ 3 9 . ▁▁▁▁▁ ▁As ▁Premier , ▁G unn ▁established ▁the ▁State ▁Bank ▁of ▁South ▁Australia ▁and ▁developed ▁Colonel ▁Light ▁Gard ens , ▁one ▁of ▁Australia ' s ▁first ▁planned ▁sub ur bs . ▁ ▁He ▁also ▁improved ▁public ▁service ▁working ▁conditions , ▁built ▁more ▁roads ▁and ▁encourag ed ▁rural ▁settlement . ▁A ▁" Th ous and ▁Hom es ▁Sch eme " ▁was ▁carried ▁out ▁to ▁improve ▁the ▁quality ▁and ▁supply ▁of ▁housing ▁for ▁need y ▁families , ▁sp ending ▁on ▁education ▁was ▁increased , ▁provided ▁better ▁medical ▁facilities ▁and ▁new ▁junior ▁technical ▁schools , ▁higher ▁w ages ▁for ▁teachers , ▁and ▁more ▁scholar ships . ▁Working ▁conditions ▁were ▁also ▁improved , ▁while ▁measures ▁were ▁undert aken ▁to ▁improve ▁conditions ▁in ▁rural ▁areas ▁" with ▁a ▁vision ary ▁aff or est ation ▁programme ▁in ▁addition ▁to ▁better ▁roads ▁and ▁improvements ▁in ▁access ▁to ▁bore ▁water ▁and ▁technical ▁expert ise ▁in ▁agricult ure ." ▁His ▁re forms ▁im pressed ▁many ▁and ▁even ▁received ▁grud ging ▁pra ise ▁from ▁the ▁previously ▁host ile ▁media , ▁who ▁real ised ▁he ▁had ▁m ellow ed ▁into ▁a ▁more ▁moder ate ▁figure ▁than ▁the ▁strike ▁leader ▁of ▁ 1 5 ▁years ▁prior . ▁ ▁G unn ▁still ▁raised ▁the ▁i re ▁of ▁conserv atives ▁through ▁his ▁plans ▁to ▁red raw ▁the ▁Assembly ▁elect or ate ▁boundaries , ▁introduce ▁a ▁proportional ▁representation ▁elect oral ▁system , ▁introduce ▁adult ▁franch ise ▁to ▁the ▁Legisl ative ▁Council ▁and ▁establish ▁a ▁state ▁government ▁ins |
urance ▁commission , ▁all ▁of ▁which ▁were ▁defeated ▁by ▁the ▁conserv ative ▁controlled ▁Legisl ative ▁Council . ▁ ▁Having ▁gained ▁a ▁reputation ▁as ▁a ▁compet ent ▁administrator ▁and ▁Premier , ▁G unn ▁surprised ▁many ▁when ▁he ▁suddenly ▁res igned ▁from ▁the ▁Prem iers hip ▁and ▁parliament ▁on ▁ 9 ▁August ▁ 1 9 2 6 ▁to ▁accept ▁a ▁Melbourne - based ▁position ▁with ▁the ▁Commonwealth ▁Development ▁and ▁M igration ▁Commission ▁on ▁a ▁greatly ▁improved ▁sal ary . ▁Lion el ▁Hill ▁took ▁over ▁the ▁Labor ▁leadership ▁and ▁Prem iers hip . ▁When ▁the ▁position ▁ended , ▁he ▁accepted ▁a ▁federal ▁government ▁appointment ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 0 ▁and ▁moved ▁to ▁Can ber ra . ▁ ▁When ▁Australian ▁Prime ▁Minister ▁Joseph ▁Ly ons ▁decl ined ▁to ▁renew ▁G unn ' s ▁contract ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 5 , ▁G unn , ▁est r anged ▁from ▁his ▁wife ▁and ▁family ▁and ▁possibly ▁in ▁deb t , ▁suffered ▁a ▁nerv ous ▁break down . ▁Little ▁was ▁known ▁of ▁his ▁subsequent ▁life . ▁ ▁Death ▁G unn ▁died ▁in ▁pover ty ▁in ▁Water fall , ▁New ▁South ▁Wales . ▁So ▁far ▁was ▁his ▁fall ▁into ▁obsc urity ▁that ▁the ▁South ▁Australian ▁media ▁was ▁not ▁aware ▁of ▁their ▁former ▁Premier ' s ▁death ▁for ▁some ▁weeks . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁Parliament ▁Profile ▁ ▁| - ▁ ▁| - ▁ ▁| - ▁ ▁| - ▁ ▁Category : P rem iers ▁of ▁South ▁Australia ▁Category : M embers ▁of ▁the ▁South ▁Australian ▁Legisl ative ▁Council ▁Category |
: Pe ople ▁from ▁B end igo ▁Category : 1 8 8 4 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 9 5 9 ▁death s ▁Category : Austral ian ▁people ▁of ▁Scottish ▁descent ▁Category : L ead ers ▁of ▁the ▁O pp osition ▁in ▁South ▁Australia ▁Category : T reas ur ers ▁of ▁South ▁Australia ▁Category : Austral ian ▁Labor ▁Party ▁members ▁of ▁the ▁Parliament ▁of ▁South ▁Australia ▁Category : 2 0 th - century ▁Australian ▁polit icians <0x0A> </s> ▁On ▁the ▁ 2 nd ▁Day ▁of ▁Christmas ▁is ▁a ▁ 1 9 9 7 ▁L if etime ▁television ▁movie ▁st arring ▁Mary ▁Stuart ▁Master son ▁and ▁Mark ▁R uff alo , ▁directed ▁by ▁James ▁F raw ley . ▁ ▁Plot ▁Small - time ▁th ieves ▁ 2 9 - year - old ▁Tr ish ▁( M ary ▁Stuart ▁Master son ) ▁and ▁her ▁ 6 - year - old ▁nie ce ▁P ats y ▁( La uren ▁Su z anne ▁Pr att ) ▁are ▁at ▁a ▁din er , ▁planning ▁their ▁next ▁he ist . ▁P ats y ▁tells ▁her ▁A unt ▁Tr ish ▁that ▁it ' s ▁wrong ▁that ▁they ▁are ▁pick - po cket ing ▁people , ▁but ▁Tr ish ▁bel ieves ▁it ' s ▁okay ▁in ▁some ▁way , ▁and ▁tells ▁her ▁that ▁they ▁only ▁ste al ▁from ▁" th ose ▁who ▁can ▁afford ▁it ". ▁ ▁Tr ish ' s ▁former ▁be au ▁Mel ▁( David ▁H ew lett ) ▁comes ▁to ▁the ▁din er ▁to ▁talk ▁to ▁Tr ish |
, ▁being ▁ch ased ▁by ▁two ▁guys ▁to ▁whom ▁he ▁ow es ▁money . ▁Tr ish ▁and ▁P ats y ▁leave ▁to ▁go ▁to ▁Lim bers ▁department ▁store . ▁P ats y ▁puts ▁on ▁a ▁bl ond ▁w ig ▁and ▁begins ▁to ▁pick - po cket ▁Mr . ▁Lim ber ▁( L aw rence ▁D ane ), ▁the ▁owner ▁of ▁the ▁store . ▁They ▁are ▁caught ▁by ▁security ▁guard ▁Bert ▁( Mark ▁R uff alo ). ▁ ▁Tr ish ▁and ▁P ats y ▁are ▁brought ▁to ▁the ▁office ▁of ▁Lim ber ▁and ▁threatened ▁with ▁arrest . ▁But ▁since ▁it ▁is ▁almost ▁Christmas , ▁it ' s ▁late ▁Friday , ▁and ▁Social ▁Services ▁is ▁already ▁closed , ▁Bert ▁is ▁to ▁keep ▁a ▁watch ▁over ▁them ▁at ▁his ▁place , ▁though ▁he ▁protest s ▁doing ▁so . ▁After ▁Christmas , ▁on ▁December ▁ 2 6 , ▁he ▁is ▁to ▁return ▁them ▁back ▁to ▁the ▁office , ▁when ▁P ats y ▁is ▁to ▁be ▁given ▁to ▁a ▁fost er - family ▁who ▁can ▁better ▁look ▁out ▁for ▁her ▁interests ▁and ▁Tr ish ▁is ▁to ▁face ▁charges . ▁ ▁As ▁the ▁hours ▁go ▁by , ▁Tr ish ▁and ▁Bert ▁begin ▁to ▁develop ▁an ▁att raction ▁for ▁each ▁other . ▁As ▁Christmas ▁is ▁" ru ined " ▁for ▁Tr ish ▁and ▁P ats y , ▁Bert ▁takes ▁them ▁to ▁Map le wood ▁for ▁his ▁family ' s ▁hol iday ▁dinner , ▁and ▁then ▁to ▁" S anta ' s ▁Castle " ▁where ▁P ats y ▁conf esses ▁her |
▁bad ▁de eds ▁to ▁Santa ' s ▁head ▁el f ▁( How ard ▁H ess eman ) ▁and ▁writes ▁Santa ▁a ▁note , ▁asking ▁him ▁to ▁deliver ▁her ▁b icy cle ▁to ▁Bert ' s ▁a partment , ▁where ▁they ' ve ▁been ▁stay ing . ▁ ▁Very ▁early ▁in ▁the ▁morning ▁on ▁December ▁ 2 6 , ▁Bert ▁r ush es ▁to ▁Lim bers ▁to ▁buy ▁the ▁b icy cle , ▁and ▁P ats y ▁is ▁el ated ▁to ▁find ▁it ▁delivered ▁later ▁that ▁m orn . ▁But ▁then ▁P ats y ▁is ▁kid n apped ▁by ▁Mel , ▁who ▁wants ▁to ▁use ▁her ▁to ▁pick - po cket ▁at ▁Lim bers ▁during ▁the ▁after - Christ mas ▁crowd ' s ▁r ush ▁to ▁return ▁g ifts . ▁He ▁is ▁caught ▁by ▁Bert ▁and ▁everyone ▁ends ▁up ▁back ▁in ▁the ▁office ▁where ▁Social ▁Services ▁officials ▁await ▁them . ▁But ▁with ▁P ats y ' s ▁wish ▁coming ▁true , ▁they ▁get ▁a ▁second ▁chance . ▁Mel ▁is ▁ha u led ▁off ▁to ▁j ail . ▁Bert ▁qu its ▁his ▁job ▁and ▁propos es ▁to ▁Tr ish . ▁ ▁Cast ▁ ▁Mary ▁Stuart ▁Master son ▁as ▁Pat ric ia ▁" Tr ish " ▁T racy ▁ ▁Mark ▁R uff alo ▁as ▁Albert ▁" B ert " ▁ ▁La uren ▁Su z anne ▁Pr att ▁as ▁P ats y ▁T racy ▁ ▁David ▁H ew lett ▁as ▁Mel ▁ ▁James ▁Pur cell ▁as ▁Bill ▁ ▁Lawrence ▁D ane ▁as ▁Mr . ▁Lim ber ▁ |
▁Howard ▁H ess eman ▁as ▁David ▁ ▁Ar l ene ▁M ead ows ▁as ▁M om ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁L if et imet v . com ▁Mov ies ▁listing ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 9 7 ▁television ▁films ▁Category : American ▁films ▁Category : L if etime ▁( TV ▁network ) ▁films ▁Category : American ▁Christmas ▁films ▁Category : English - language ▁films ▁Category : Fil ms ▁directed ▁by ▁James ▁F raw ley ▁Category : Christ mas ▁television ▁films <0x0A> </s> ▁Smith ills ▁is ▁a ▁mainly ▁resident ial ▁sub urb ▁of ▁Bol ton ▁in ▁Gre ater ▁Manchester , ▁England . ▁It ▁is ▁ ▁north west ▁of ▁Bol ton , ▁ ▁south ▁of ▁Black burn ▁and ▁ ▁north west ▁of ▁Manchester . ▁Smith ills ▁lies ▁on ▁the ▁lower ▁south ▁facing ▁s lop es ▁of ▁the ▁West ▁P enn ine ▁Mo ors . ▁ ▁Top onym y ▁The ▁name ▁Smith ills ▁der ives ▁from ▁the ▁Old ▁English ▁s me þ e ▁meaning ▁smooth ▁and ▁hy ll , ▁a ▁hill ▁and ▁was ▁recorded ▁as ▁S my th ell ▁in ▁ 1 3 2 2 . ▁ ▁History ▁L ying ▁within ▁the ▁boundaries ▁of ▁the ▁historic ▁county ▁of ▁Lanc ash ire ▁since ▁the ▁early ▁ 1 2 th ▁century , ▁Smith ills ▁was ▁anci ently ▁a ▁man or ▁in ▁the ▁town ship ▁of ▁Hal li well ▁with ▁Smith ills ▁Hall ▁as ▁the ▁man or ▁house . ▁In ▁ 1 8 7 7 , ▁the ▁south - e astern ▁area ▁of ▁Hal li well ▁became ▁the ▁nin |
th ▁elect oral ▁w ards ▁of ▁the ▁County ▁Bor ough ▁of ▁Bol ton . ▁The ▁remaining ▁north - western ▁area ▁became ▁known ▁as ▁Hal li well ▁High er ▁End ▁until ▁ 1 8 9 4 ▁when ▁it ▁changed ▁its ▁name ▁to ▁Smith ills ▁and ▁became ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁civil ▁par ishes ▁of ▁the ▁Bol ton ▁R ural ▁District , ▁but ▁it ▁too ▁became ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁County ▁Bor ough ▁of ▁Bol ton ▁in ▁ 1 8 9 8 . ▁ ▁Govern ance ▁Since ▁ 1 9 7 4 , ▁Smith ills ▁has ▁been ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁Metropolitan ▁Bor ough ▁of ▁Bol ton ▁and ▁gives ▁its ▁name ▁to ▁one ▁of ▁Bol ton ▁Council ' s ▁elect oral ▁w ards , ▁the ▁Smith ills ▁w ard ▁which ▁includes ▁Bar row ▁Bridge , ▁Del ph ▁Hill , ▁Do ff co cker , ▁Johnson ▁F old , ▁M oss ▁Bank ▁Park , ▁and ▁Smith ills ▁Mo or . ▁It ▁is ▁represented ▁in ▁Bol ton ▁Town ▁Hall ▁by ▁three ▁coun c ill ors . ▁At ▁the ▁United ▁Kingdom ▁Census ▁ 2 0 1 1 , ▁the ▁w ard ▁had ▁a ▁population ▁of ▁ 1 4 , 0 1 1 . ▁The ▁w ard ▁is ▁also ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁Bol ton ▁West ▁constitu ency ▁and ▁has ▁been ▁represented ▁in ▁the ▁House ▁of ▁Commons ▁by ▁the ▁Conserv ative ▁Party ▁MP ▁Chris ▁Green ▁since ▁ 2 0 1 5 . ▁ ▁Education ▁Smith ills ▁has ▁two ▁schools : ▁St ▁Peter ' s ▁Smith ills ▁Dean ▁Church ▁of ▁England ▁Primary ▁School ▁for |
▁pup ils ▁aged ▁ 4 – 1 1 ▁and ▁Smith ills ▁School , ▁a ▁mixed ▁secondary ▁school ▁for ▁pup ils ▁aged ▁ 1 1 – 1 6 . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : A reas ▁of ▁Bol ton <0x0A> </s> ▁Whit estone ▁Log ging ▁Camp ▁is ▁a ▁census - design ated ▁place ▁( CD P ) ▁on ▁Ch ich ag of ▁Island ▁in ▁H oon ah - Ang oon ▁Census ▁Area , ▁Al aska , ▁United ▁States . ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 0 , ▁the ▁population ▁was ▁ 1 7 , ▁down ▁from ▁ 1 1 6 ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 0 . ▁It ▁is ▁not ▁to ▁be ▁confused ▁with ▁Whit estone , ▁another ▁CD P ▁in ▁S out heast ▁Fair b anks ▁Census ▁Area . ▁ ▁Geography ▁Whit estone ▁Log ging ▁Camp ▁is ▁located ▁on ▁the ▁northern ▁side ▁of ▁Ch ich ag of ▁Island ▁at ▁ ▁( 5 8 . 0 8 5 2 6 4 , ▁- 1 3 5 . 4 4 8 4 5 3 ). ▁It ▁lies ▁adjacent ▁to ▁the ▁south ▁side ▁of ▁the ▁city ▁of ▁H oon ah . ▁The ▁community ▁of ▁Game ▁Creek ▁lies ▁adjacent ▁to ▁its ▁south west ▁side . ▁ ▁According ▁to ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Census ▁Bureau , ▁the ▁CD P ▁has ▁a ▁total ▁area ▁of ▁, ▁all ▁of ▁it ▁land . ▁ ▁Dem ograph ics ▁ ▁Whit estone ▁Log ging ▁Camp ▁first ▁appeared ▁on ▁the ▁ 1 9 9 0 ▁U . S . ▁Census ▁as ▁a ▁census - design ated |
▁place ▁( CD P ). ▁ ▁At ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 0 ▁census , ▁there ▁were ▁ 1 1 6 ▁people , ▁ 3 6 ▁households ▁and ▁ 2 8 ▁families ▁res iding ▁in ▁the ▁CD P . ▁The ▁population ▁density ▁was ▁ 1 1 . 1 ▁per ▁square ▁mile ▁( 4 . 3 / km ²). ▁There ▁were ▁ 4 5 ▁housing ▁units ▁at ▁an ▁average ▁density ▁of ▁ 4 . 3 / sq mi ▁( 1 . 7 / km ²). ▁The ▁ra cial ▁make up ▁of ▁the ▁CD P ▁was ▁ 9 2 . 2 4 % ▁White , ▁ 2 . 5 9 % ▁Native ▁American , ▁ 0 . 8 6 % ▁Asian , ▁and ▁ 4 . 3 1 % ▁from ▁two ▁or ▁more ▁races . ▁ ▁There ▁were ▁ 3 6 ▁households ▁of ▁which ▁ 5 2 . 8 % ▁had ▁children ▁under ▁the ▁age ▁of ▁ 1 8 ▁living ▁with ▁them , ▁ 6 3 . 9 % ▁were ▁married ▁cou ples ▁living ▁together , ▁and ▁ 2 2 . 2 % ▁were ▁non - famil ies . ▁ 2 2 . 2 % ▁of ▁all ▁households ▁were ▁made ▁up ▁of ▁individuals ▁and ▁ 2 . 8 % ▁had ▁someone ▁living ▁alone ▁who ▁was ▁ 6 5 ▁years ▁of ▁age ▁or ▁older . ▁The ▁average ▁household ▁size ▁was ▁ 3 . 0 0 ▁and ▁the ▁average ▁family ▁size ▁was ▁ 3 . 5 7 . ▁▁ 3 3 . 6 % ▁of ▁the |
▁population ▁were ▁under ▁the ▁age ▁of ▁ 1 8 , ▁ 9 . 5 % ▁from ▁ 1 8 ▁to ▁ 2 4 , ▁ 3 3 . 6 % ▁from ▁ 2 5 ▁to ▁ 4 4 , ▁ 2 2 . 4 % ▁from ▁ 4 5 ▁to ▁ 6 4 , ▁and ▁ 0 . 9 % ▁who ▁were ▁ 6 5 ▁years ▁of ▁age ▁or ▁older . ▁The ▁median ▁age ▁was ▁ 3 0 ▁years . ▁For ▁every ▁ 1 0 0 ▁females , ▁there ▁were ▁ 1 4 6 . 8 ▁males . ▁For ▁every ▁ 1 0 0 ▁females ▁age ▁ 1 8 ▁and ▁over , ▁there ▁were ▁ 1 6 5 . 5 ▁males . ▁ ▁The ▁median ▁household ▁income ▁was ▁$ 6 0 , 6 2 5 ▁and ▁the ▁median ▁family ▁income ▁was ▁$ 6 4 , 3 7 5 . ▁M ales ▁had ▁a ▁median ▁income ▁of ▁$ 7 2 , 0 8 3 ▁compared ▁with ▁$ 2 7 , 9 1 7 ▁for ▁females . ▁The ▁per ▁cap ita ▁income ▁for ▁the ▁CD P ▁was ▁$ 2 1 , 8 1 0 . ▁None ▁of ▁the ▁population ▁and ▁none ▁of ▁the ▁families ▁were ▁below ▁the ▁pover ty ▁line . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : C ensus - design ated ▁places ▁in ▁Al aska ▁Category : C ensus - design ated ▁places ▁in ▁H oon ah – Ang oon ▁Census ▁Area , ▁Al aska ▁Category : C ensus - design ated ▁places ▁in ▁Un |
organ ized ▁Bor ough , ▁Al aska ▁Category : Log ging ▁communities ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Category : Pop ulated ▁coast al ▁places ▁in ▁Al aska <0x0A> </s> ▁Colonel ▁Le vi ▁G . ▁N utt ▁( 1 8 6 6 – 1 9 3 8 ) ▁was ▁the ▁Chief ▁of ▁the ▁N arc ot ics ▁Division ▁within ▁the ▁Pro hib ition ▁Unit ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Department ▁of ▁the ▁Tre as ury ▁from ▁ 1 9 1 9 ▁to ▁ 1 9 3 0 , ▁prior ▁to ▁the ▁creation ▁of ▁the ▁Federal ▁Bureau ▁of ▁N arc ot ics . ▁ ▁He ▁was ▁a ▁registered ▁ph arm ac ist , ▁and ▁led ▁the ▁Division ▁to ▁arrest ▁of ▁tens ▁of ▁thousands ▁of ▁drug ▁add ict s ▁and ▁deal ers ▁in ▁the ▁▁ 1 9 2 0 s . ▁ ▁N utt ' s ▁son ▁Rol land ▁N utt ▁and ▁son - in - law ▁L . ▁P . ▁Matt ingly ▁were ▁att or ne ys ▁for ▁ra ck ete er ▁Arnold ▁Roth stein ▁in ▁tax ▁matters . ▁ ▁After ▁an ▁investigation ▁into ▁the ▁relationship ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 0 , ▁a ▁grand ▁j ury ▁found ▁no ▁criminal ▁imp air ment ▁of ▁N arc ot ics ▁Division ▁activities , ▁but ▁N utt ▁lost ▁his ▁position ▁as ▁chief ▁of ▁the ▁N arc ot ics ▁Division . ▁ ▁S ources ▁ ▁M ab ry , ▁Donald ▁J . ▁The ▁Latin ▁American ▁N arc ot ics ▁Trade ▁and ▁U . S . ▁National ▁Security . ▁Green wood ▁Press |
: ▁ 1 9 8 9 . ▁ ▁Piet rus za , ▁David . ▁Roth stein : ▁The ▁Life , ▁Times , ▁and ▁Mur der ▁of ▁the ▁C riminal ▁Gen ius ▁Who ▁F ixed ▁the ▁ 1 9 1 9 ▁World ▁Series . ▁New ▁York , ▁Car roll ▁& ▁Graf : ▁ 2 0 0 3 . ▁ ▁N utt , ▁L . G . ▁Category : 1 8 6 6 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 9 3 8 ▁death s <0x0A> </s> ▁Mason ▁County ▁Airport ▁ ▁is ▁a ▁county - owned , ▁public - use ▁air port ▁in ▁Mason ▁County , ▁Texas , ▁United ▁States . ▁It ▁is ▁ ▁located ▁three na ut ical ▁miles ▁( 6 km ) ▁sout heast ▁of ▁the ▁central ▁business ▁district ▁of ▁Mason , ▁Texas . ▁ ▁Fac ilities ▁and ▁aircraft ▁ ▁Mason ▁County ▁Airport ▁covers ▁an ▁area ▁of ▁ 2 3 2 ▁acres ▁( 9 4 ▁ha ) ▁at ▁an ▁elev ation ▁of ▁ 1 , 5 0 2 ▁feet ▁( 4 5 8 ▁m ) ▁above ▁mean ▁sea ▁level . ▁It ▁has ▁two ▁run ways : ▁ 1 7 / 3 5 ▁is ▁ 3 , 7 1 6 ▁by ▁ 5 0 ▁feet ▁( 1 , 1 3 3 ▁x ▁ 1 5 ▁m ) ▁with ▁an ▁as ph alt ▁surface ▁and ▁ 1 3 / 3 1 ▁is ▁ 3 , 0 0 0 ▁by ▁ 6 0 ▁feet ▁( 9 1 4 ▁x ▁ 1 8 ▁m ) ▁with ▁a |
▁tur f ▁surface . ▁ ▁For ▁the ▁ 1 2 - month ▁period ▁ending ▁January ▁ 2 1 , ▁ 2 0 1 2 , ▁the ▁air port ▁had ▁ 1 , 8 0 0 ▁general ▁av iation ▁aircraft ▁operations , ▁an ▁average ▁of ▁ 1 5 0 ▁per ▁month . ▁At ▁that ▁time ▁there ▁were ▁six ▁single - engine ▁aircraft ▁based ▁at ▁this ▁air port . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁ ▁Mason ▁County ▁Airport ▁( T 9 2 ) ▁at ▁Texas ▁D OT ▁Airport ▁Directory ▁ ▁Aer ial ▁image ▁as ▁of ▁January ▁ 1 9 9 5 ▁from ▁US GS ▁The ▁National ▁Map ▁▁▁▁▁ ▁Category : A ir ports ▁in ▁Texas ▁Category : Transport ation ▁in ▁Mason ▁County , ▁Texas <0x0A> </s> ▁B Ī Ž AN - NA MA ▁() ▁is ▁a ▁Pers ian ▁ep ic ▁poem ▁of ▁ca . ▁ 1 , 9 0 0 ▁couple ts ▁rel ating ▁the ▁advent ures ▁of ▁the ▁legend ary ▁hero ▁B ī ž an ▁son ▁of ▁G iv . ▁ ▁Z abi ol lah ▁Saf a , ▁an ▁Iran ian ▁literary ▁sch ol ars ▁notes ▁that ▁a ▁large ▁number ▁vers es ▁of ▁th ies ▁ep ic ▁were ▁taken ▁from ▁the ▁B ī ž an ▁and ▁Man ī ž a ▁in ▁Ferd ows ī ’ s ▁Š ā h - n ā ma . ▁ ▁J al al ▁Mat ini ▁after ▁closely ▁post ulated ▁that ▁the ▁ep ic ▁is ▁mainly ▁a ▁copy ▁ ▁of ▁Ferd ows ī ’ s ▁story ▁with ▁some ▁vers es |
▁added ▁by ▁the ▁author ▁and ▁some ▁of ▁Ferd ow si ’ s ▁omitted . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : Pers ian ▁myth ology ▁Category : Pers ian ▁po ems ▁Category : N arr ative ▁po ems ▁Category : E pic ▁po ems ▁in ▁Pers ian <0x0A> </s> ▁Lucas ▁Mai us ▁( also ▁Mai , ▁May , ▁Maj us ) ▁( Oct ober ▁ 1 4 , ▁ 1 5 2 2 ▁in ▁R öm h ild ▁– ▁ 4 ▁or ▁ 5 ▁March ▁ 1 5 9 8 ▁in ▁K ass el ) ▁was ▁a ▁German ▁Protest ant ▁past or ▁who ▁converted ▁from ▁Luther an ism ▁to ▁Cal vin ism , ▁and ▁play w right ▁during ▁the ▁Protest ant ▁Re formation . ▁ ▁Life ▁Lucas ▁Mai us ▁was ▁born ▁in ▁R öm h ild ▁in ▁ 1 5 2 2 , ▁to ▁mill ▁owner ▁Michael ▁May ▁and ▁his ▁wife , ▁Mar tha ▁D ör rer . ▁In ▁his ▁early ▁years , ▁he ▁moved ▁with ▁his ▁parents ▁to ▁H ild burg hausen , ▁as ▁his ▁father ▁took ▁part ▁in ▁the ▁German ▁Pe as ants ' ▁War . ▁There , ▁he ▁attended ▁school ▁in ▁the ▁winter s , ▁helping ▁with ▁the ▁farm work ▁in ▁the ▁summer ▁months . ▁He ▁learned ▁a ▁simple ▁job ▁as ▁tail or . ▁In ▁ 1 5 4 8 , ▁he ▁completed ▁his ▁studies ▁at ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁W itten berg , ▁where ▁he ▁had ▁attended ▁lect ures ▁by ▁Philipp ▁Mel anch th on . ▁In ▁ 1 5 4 9 |
, ▁he ▁tra ve led ▁to ▁S iles ia , ▁Pr uss ia , ▁Poland , ▁Den mark ▁and ▁Holland . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 5 5 0 , ▁he ▁became ▁a ▁school te acher , ▁and ▁after ▁his ▁marriage ▁in ▁ 1 5 5 1 , ▁he ▁became ▁principal ▁of ▁the ▁school ▁in ▁H ild burg hausen . ▁Ord ained ▁by ▁Johann ▁St ö ss el ▁in ▁We imar , ▁Mai us ▁took ▁over ▁as ▁substitute ▁past or ▁in ▁E ish aus en , ▁Stra uf h ain ▁in ▁ 1 5 6 1 , ▁and ▁in ▁ 1 5 6 2 ▁became ▁past or ▁as ▁well . ▁At ▁another ▁parish ▁in ▁We imar ▁in ▁ 1 5 6 5 , ▁he ▁earned ▁his ▁Master ▁of ▁Philosoph y ▁at ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁J ena ▁in ▁ 1 5 6 7 . ▁In ▁ 1 5 6 8 , ▁he ▁became ▁senior ▁past or ▁in ▁Rud ol stadt , ▁and ▁he ▁went ▁in ▁the ▁fall ▁of ▁ 1 5 7 5 ▁as ▁senior ▁past or ▁and ▁Super int endent ▁of ▁St . ▁Mary ' s ▁Church ▁in ▁Halle , ▁Sax ony - An halt . ▁In ▁that ▁capacity , ▁he ▁signed ▁the ▁ 1 5 7 7 ▁Formula ▁of ▁Con cord ▁in ▁Wol m irst ed t , ▁though ▁susp icion ▁fell ▁on ▁him ▁of ▁being ▁a ▁C rypto - Cal vin ist . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 5 7 7 , ▁Mai us ▁hosted ▁Jakob ▁Andre ae , ▁Nicholas ▁Sel ne cker |
, ▁and ▁other ▁fellow ▁Re formation ▁past ors ▁at ▁Halle , ▁where ▁they ▁developed ▁a ▁sort ▁of ▁philosoph ical ▁con und rum ▁known ▁as ▁the ▁' Dev il ' s ▁Cross ' ▁( Te uf els ▁kre utz ) ▁that ▁was ▁said ▁to ▁have ▁turned ▁numerous ▁parish ion ers ▁away ▁from ▁the ▁devil . ▁It ▁was ▁explained ▁as ▁follows : ▁ ▁He ▁became ▁involved ▁in ▁the ▁constant ▁dispute ▁over ▁Article ▁VIII ▁( on ▁the ▁Person ▁of ▁Christ ), ▁and ▁because ▁of ▁some ▁statements ▁he ▁alleg edly ▁had ▁made ▁against ▁the ▁Con cord , ▁was ▁inter rog ated ▁by ▁the ▁Administr ator ▁of ▁the ▁Arch bishop ric ▁of ▁Mag de burg , ▁Jo achim ▁III ▁Frederick , ▁Elect or ▁of ▁Brandenburg . ▁See ing ▁no ▁prospect s ▁in ▁Halle , ▁he ▁was ▁dismiss ed ▁from ▁his ▁post ▁in ▁ 1 5 7 9 , ▁converted ▁to ▁the ▁Re formed ▁faith , ▁and ▁took ▁a ▁position ▁as ▁second ▁past or ▁in ▁K ass el ▁Alt stadt . ▁There , ▁he ▁rose ▁to ▁first ▁past or , ▁and ▁became ▁chap lain ▁to ▁the ▁Land gra ve ▁Wilhelm ▁IV ▁of ▁H esse . ▁ ▁As ▁a ▁com edic ▁play w right , ▁Mai us ▁also ▁wrote ▁a ▁script , ▁Von ▁der ▁w under lichen ▁Verein igung ▁Gött licher ▁G ere cht igkeit ▁und ▁Bar m her zig keit . ▁( From ▁the ▁Wonder ful ▁Union ▁of ▁Div ine ▁Justice ▁and ▁Mer cy ). ▁He ▁also ▁translated ▁Nicholas ▁Sel ne cker ' s ▁Pa ed agog ia ▁Christ |
iana . ▁ ▁Family ▁ ▁He ▁was ▁married ▁on ▁ 1 3 ▁Jan . ▁ 1 5 5 1 ▁to ▁the ▁daughter ▁of ▁the ▁mayor ▁of ▁Bad ▁Rod ach , ▁Dor othe a ▁Sch mu ck ▁( d . ▁ 9 ▁A pr . ▁ 1 5 6 0 ▁in ▁H ild burg hausen ), ▁with ▁whom ▁he ▁had ▁six ▁children . ▁ ▁He ▁was ▁married ▁a ▁second ▁time ▁in ▁H ild burg hausen ▁on ▁ 4 ▁Oct . ▁ 1 5 6 1 ▁to ▁Barbara ▁Kirch ▁( born ▁ 1 5 4 0 , ▁d . ▁ 2 0 ▁Jan ▁ 1 6 0 8 ▁in ▁K ass el ). ▁ 1 2 ▁children ▁were ▁produced ▁from ▁that ▁marriage . ▁ ▁Kn own ▁children ▁are : ▁▁ 1 . ▁Nicol aus , ▁became ▁coun sel or ▁in ▁Mag de burg ▁ 2 . ▁Jon as ▁ 3 . ▁Paul ▁ 4 . ▁Lucas ▁( born ▁ 7 ▁July ▁ 1 5 7 1 ▁in ▁Rud ol stadt ) ▁past or ▁in ▁K ass el ▁ 5 . ▁Reb e cca ; ▁married ▁ 1 5 9 2 ▁in ▁K ass el ▁to ▁Johannes ▁Me urer ▁ 6 . ▁Sy b illa ▁( 1 5 7 5 ), ▁married ▁ 1 5 9 8 ▁Hermann ▁Fab ron ius ▁ 7 . ▁Maria ▁ 8 . ▁Andreas ▁ 9 . ▁E ck bre cht ▁( 1 5 8 1 ), ▁married ▁Elisabeth ▁C oth mann , ▁d . ▁ 1 6 5 2 ▁ |
1 0 . ▁Johann ▁( born ▁ 6 ▁Dec . ▁ 1 5 9 9 ▁in ▁K ass el , ▁d . ▁ 1 5 ▁März ▁ 1 6 4 0 ), ▁past or ▁in ▁K ass el ▁ 1 1 . ▁Name ▁unknown , ▁daughter ▁married ▁Cas par ▁Lot z ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁S ources ▁ ▁O sk ar ▁H üt ter oth : ▁Die ▁al th ess ischen ▁Pfarr er ▁der ▁Reform ations zeit . ▁N G ▁El wert , ▁ 1 9 6 6 , ▁p . 2 1 7 ▁ ▁Wilhelm ▁Sch erer : ▁Lucas ▁Mai us ▁( G erman ▁Wik is ource ). ▁In : ▁All geme ine ▁Deutsche ▁Biographie ▁( AD B ). ▁Band ▁ 2 0 . ▁Dun cker ▁& ▁Hum bl ot , ▁Leipzig ▁ 1 8 8 4 , ▁p . 1 2 4 ▁f . ▁ ▁Wilhelm ▁Kos ch : ▁Deutsch es ▁Literatur - lex ikon . ▁Verlag ▁Fran cke , ▁Bern ▁and ▁Mun ich , ▁ 1 9 6 6 , ▁, ▁ ▁Vol ▁ 1 0 , ▁p . 2 4 5 ▁ ▁Ver on ika ▁Al bre cht - B irk ner : ▁Pfarr er buch ▁der ▁Kirchen pro vin z ▁Sachsen . ▁Evangel ische ▁Verl ags anstalt , ▁Leipzig , ▁ 2 0 0 7 , ▁ ▁p . 5 0 3 ▁ ▁Lucas ▁Mai us ▁in ▁Z ed lers ▁Universal lex ikon , ▁Volume ▁ 1 9 , ▁Spring ▁ 3 6 3 ▁ |
▁L up old ▁von ▁Le h sten : ▁Die ▁h ess ischen ▁Reich st ags ges and ten ▁im ▁ 1 7 . ▁Und ▁ 1 8 . ▁Jahrhundert . ▁H ess ische ▁Histor ische ▁Komm ission , ▁D arm stadt , ▁ 2 0 0 3 , ▁, ▁▁▁▁ ▁Script ▁of ▁Com edy , ▁" on ▁Div ine ▁Justice ▁and ▁Mer cy " ▁by ▁Lucas ▁Mai us ▁ ▁Category : 1 5 2 2 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 5 9 8 ▁death s ▁Category : G erman ▁Protest ant ▁cler gy ▁Category : 1 6 th - century ▁Luther an ▁cler gy ▁Category : 1 6 th - century ▁Cal vin ist ▁and ▁Re formed ▁minister s ▁Category : Univers ity ▁of ▁J ena ▁al umn i ▁Category : G erman ▁male ▁dram at ists ▁and ▁play w right s <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁D edic ated ▁Tour ▁was ▁the ▁third ▁concert ▁tour ▁by ▁Canadian ▁singer ▁Car ly ▁R ae ▁Je ps en . ▁La unch ed ▁in ▁support ▁of ▁her ▁fourth ▁studio ▁album , ▁D edic ated , ▁the ▁tour ▁began ▁on ▁ 2 3 ▁May ▁ 2 0 1 9 ▁in ▁Stockholm ▁and ▁is ▁scheduled ▁to ▁travel ▁across ▁North ▁America , ▁Europe , ▁Asia ▁and ▁O ce ania , ▁including ▁festiv als . ▁ ▁Development ▁Je ps en ▁first ▁announced ▁on ▁ 1 ▁April ▁ 2 0 1 9 , ▁that ▁her ▁up coming ▁album ▁D edic ated ▁would ▁be ▁released ▁on ▁ 1 7 ▁May ▁ 2 0 1 |
9 , ▁and ▁that ▁she ▁would ▁emb ark ▁on ▁The ▁D edic ated ▁Tour ▁in ▁support ▁of ▁it . ▁Cop ies ▁of ▁the ▁album ▁are ▁included ▁along ▁with ▁the ▁purchased ▁tick ets . ▁During ▁the ▁North ▁American ▁leg ▁of ▁the ▁tour , ▁one ▁doll ar ▁from ▁each ▁ticket ▁purchased ▁will ▁go ▁to ▁the ▁Cris is ▁Text ▁Line ▁and ▁The ▁Tre vor ▁Project ▁in ▁San ▁Francisco . ▁Ext ra ▁dates ▁in ▁New ▁York ▁and ▁Los ▁Angeles ▁were ▁added ▁on ▁ 2 ▁April ▁ 2 0 1 9 . ▁Canada ▁dates ▁were ▁added ▁on ▁ 2 3 ▁May ▁ 2 0 1 9 , ▁Asia ▁dates ▁were ▁added ▁on ▁ 0 7 ▁July ▁ 2 0 1 9 , ▁O ce ania ▁dates ▁were ▁added ▁on ▁ 2 2 ▁September ▁ 2 0 1 9 ▁and ▁Europe ▁dates ▁were ▁added ▁on ▁ 3 ▁December ▁ 2 0 1 9 . ▁ ▁Set ▁list ▁The ▁following ▁set ▁list ▁is ▁representative ▁of ▁the ▁concert ▁on ▁ 2 7 ▁June ▁ 2 0 1 9 . ▁It ▁is ▁not ▁representative ▁of ▁all ▁concert s ▁for ▁the ▁duration ▁of ▁the ▁tour . ▁" No ▁D rug ▁Like ▁Me " ▁" Em otion " ▁" Run ▁A way ▁with ▁Me " ▁" Jul ien " ▁" H appy ▁Not ▁Know ing " ▁" Call ▁Me ▁Maybe " ▁" Now ▁That ▁I ▁Found ▁You " ▁" G imm ie ▁Love " ▁" Fe els ▁Right " ▁" I ' ll ▁Be ▁Your ▁Girl " ▁" For ▁Sure " ▁" W ant |
▁You ▁In ▁My ▁Room " ▁" Store " ▁" To o ▁Much " ▁" When ▁I ▁Ne eded ▁You " ▁" I ▁Re ally ▁Like ▁You " ▁" E ver thing ▁He ▁Ne eds " ▁" Bo y ▁Problem s " ▁" Part y ▁for ▁One " ▁En core ▁" All ▁That " ▁" Let ' s ▁Get ▁Lost " ▁" C ut ▁to ▁the ▁Fe eling " ▁ ▁Notes ▁" F ever " ▁was ▁added ▁to ▁the ▁set ▁list ▁replacing ▁" I ' ll ▁Be ▁Your ▁Girl " ▁on ▁July ▁ 6 . ▁" Real ▁Love " ▁was ▁added ▁to ▁the ▁set ▁list ▁replacing ▁" All ▁That " ▁on ▁July ▁ 1 0 . ▁" Fe els ▁Right " ▁was ▁performed ▁with ▁As a ▁T ac con e ▁of ▁Electric ▁Gu est ▁on ▁August ▁ 1 0 - 1 1 . ▁ ▁Tour ▁dates ▁ ▁Leg ▁ 1 ▁ ▁Leg ▁ 2 ▁ ▁Leg ▁ 3 ▁ ▁Leg ▁ 4 ▁ ▁Leg ▁ 5 ▁ ▁Post pon ed ▁shows ▁ ▁Can cel led ▁shows ▁ ▁Broadcast s ▁and ▁record ings ▁Je ps en ' s ▁performance ▁on ▁August ▁ 1 1 , ▁ 2 0 1 9 , ▁was ▁streaming ▁live ▁on ▁Live ▁Nation ' s ▁Twitter ▁page ▁as ▁part ▁of ▁" Live ▁Nation ▁Con cert ▁Series ". ▁ ▁Box ▁office ▁score ▁data ▁ ▁Notes ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : Car ly ▁R ae ▁Je ps en ▁concert ▁t ours ▁Category : 2 0 1 9 ▁concert ▁t ours ▁Category : 2 |
0 2 0 ▁concert ▁t ours ▁Category : Con cert ▁t ours ▁post pon ed ▁due ▁to ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 9 – 2 0 ▁coron av irus ▁pan demic <0x0A> </s> ▁ 3 5 0 0 ▁South ▁MAX ▁is ▁a ▁bus ▁rapid ▁trans it ▁( B RT ) ▁line ▁in ▁Salt ▁Lake ▁County , ▁Ut ah , ▁United ▁States ▁operated ▁by ▁the ▁Ut ah ▁Trans it ▁Author ity ▁( UT A ) ▁that ▁runs ▁between ▁Mag na ▁through ▁West ▁Valley ▁City ▁to ▁South ▁Salt ▁Lake . ▁It ▁opened ▁for ▁service ▁on ▁July ▁ 1 4 , ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁and ▁is ▁the ▁first ▁of ▁several ▁B RT ▁lines ▁that ▁U TA ▁is ▁planning ▁in ▁the ▁Salt ▁Lake ▁Valley ▁and ▁Ut ah ▁County . ▁MAX ▁( UT A ' s ▁brand ▁name ▁for ▁its ▁B RT ▁lines ) ▁is ▁described ▁by ▁U TA ▁as ▁" light ▁rail ▁on ▁rub ber ▁t ires ". ▁ ▁Description ▁The ▁ 3 5 0 0 ▁South ▁MAX ▁line ▁connect s ▁Mag na ▁with ▁the ▁West ▁Valley ▁Inter modal ▁Hub ▁in ▁West ▁Valley ▁City ▁and ▁the ▁Mill c reek ▁T RA X ▁Station ▁in ▁South ▁Salt ▁Lake ▁along ▁a ▁route ▁ ▁on ▁ 3 5 0 0 / 3 3 0 0 ▁South ▁( SR - 1 7 1 ). ▁Cost s ▁for ▁the ▁project ▁tot aled ▁$ 7 ▁million ▁(); ▁a ▁light ▁rail ▁extension ▁along ▁the ▁same ▁route ▁would ▁have ▁cost ▁$ 1 0 0 ▁million ▁( ). ▁Each ▁of ▁the ▁initial ▁ 2 |
2 ▁stations ▁along ▁the ▁MAX ▁line ▁were ▁designed ▁by ▁University ▁of ▁Ut ah ▁architecture ▁students . ▁The ▁ 3 5 0 0 ▁South ▁MAX ▁runs ▁Monday ▁through ▁Saturday ▁( no ▁Sunday ▁service ) ▁from ▁about ▁ 6 : 0 0 ▁am ▁to ▁mid night ▁( every ▁fifteen ▁minutes ▁on ▁week days ▁and ▁every ▁half - hour ▁on ▁S atur days ) ▁to ▁co inci de ▁with ▁the ▁T RA X ▁schedule ▁( except ▁Sunday ▁service ). ▁Original ▁plans ▁were ▁to ▁dis continue ▁MAX ▁service ▁between ▁the ▁Mill c reek ▁and ▁West ▁Valley ▁Central ▁T RA X ▁St ations ▁once ▁the ▁West ▁Valley ▁extension ▁of ▁the ▁T RA X ▁Green ▁Line ▁was ▁completed . ▁ ▁However , ▁said ▁service ▁still ▁continues ▁years ▁after ▁the ▁Green ▁Line ▁opened . ▁ ▁The ▁ 3 5 0 0 ▁South ▁MAX ▁connect s ▁with ▁the ▁T RA X ▁Green ▁Line ▁at ▁the ▁West ▁Valley ▁Central ▁Station ▁and ▁with ▁the ▁Blue ▁and ▁Red ▁lines ▁at ▁the ▁Mill c reek ▁Station . ▁ ▁The ▁Green ▁Line ▁provides ▁service ▁from ▁West ▁Valley ▁City ▁to ▁the ▁Salt ▁Lake ▁City ▁International ▁Airport ▁via ▁Dow nt own ▁Salt ▁Lake ▁City , ▁the ▁Blue ▁Line ▁provides ▁service ▁from ▁Dra per ▁to ▁Dow nt own ▁Salt ▁Lake ▁City , ▁and ▁the ▁Red ▁Line ▁provides ▁service ▁from ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Ut ah ▁to ▁the ▁Day break ▁Community ▁in ▁South ▁Jordan ▁in ▁south west ▁Salt ▁Lake ▁Valley . ▁ ▁Once ▁it ▁is ▁completed , ▁the ▁ 3 5 0 0 ▁South ▁MAX ▁with ▁also ▁connect ▁with ▁the ▁ |
5 6 0 0 ▁West ▁MAX ▁B RT ▁line ▁near ▁ 3 5 0 0 ▁South ▁and ▁ 5 6 0 0 ▁West ▁( SR - 1 7 2 ). ▁( The ▁ 5 6 0 0 ▁West ▁MAX ▁will ▁initially ▁provide ▁service ▁along ▁ 5 6 0 0 ▁West ▁from ▁ 6 2 0 0 ▁South ▁in ▁K ear ns ▁north ▁to ▁ 2 7 0 0 ▁South ▁and ▁then ▁connected ▁with ▁Dow nt own ▁Salt ▁Lake ▁City ▁[ including ▁the ▁Salt ▁Lake ▁Inter modal ▁Hub ]. ) ▁ ▁All ▁of ▁U TA ' s ▁T RA X ▁and ▁Front Runner ▁trains ▁and ▁stations , ▁street c ars ▁and ▁street car ▁stops , ▁and ▁all ▁fixed ▁route ▁bus es ▁are ▁comp li ant ▁with ▁Americans ▁with ▁Dis abilities ▁Act ▁( AD A ) ▁and ▁are ▁therefore ▁accessible ▁to ▁those ▁with ▁dis abilities . ▁However , ▁A DA ▁board ing ▁on ▁MAX ' s ▁unique ▁bus es ▁is ▁at ▁the ▁center ▁door , ▁rather ▁than ▁the ▁front ▁( as ▁is ▁the ▁case ▁with ▁regular ▁bus ▁service ). ▁In ▁accord ance ▁with ▁the ▁Ut ah ▁C lean ▁Air ▁Act ▁and ▁U TA ▁ordin ance , ▁" sm oking ▁is ▁prohib ited ▁on ▁U TA ▁vehicles ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁U TA ▁bus ▁stops ▁[ including ▁MAX ▁stations ], ▁T RA X ▁stations , ▁and ▁Front Runner ▁stations ". ▁ ▁Route ▁ ▁The ▁ 3 5 0 0 ▁South ▁MAX ▁is ▁designated ▁as ▁U TA ▁Route ▁ 3 5 M . ▁ ▁Mag na ▁Loop ▁The |
▁" M agna ▁Loop " ▁is ▁only ▁included ▁in ▁about ▁half ▁of ▁the ▁ 3 5 0 0 ▁South ▁MAX ▁runs , ▁with ▁the ▁morning ▁runs ▁east bound ▁to ▁the ▁Mill c reek ▁Station ▁starting ▁with ▁the ▁Mag na ▁Loop ▁and ▁the ▁afternoon ▁and ▁evening ▁runs ▁west bound ▁to ▁Mag na ▁ending ▁with ▁the ▁Mag na ▁Loop . ▁The ▁Mag na ▁Loop ▁runs ▁counter clock wise ▁( mor ning , ▁afternoon , ▁and ▁evening ) ▁through ▁Mag na ▁beginning ▁at ▁the ▁west bound ▁ 8 4 0 0 ▁West ▁Station ▁( located ▁at ▁ 8 3 7 0 ▁West ▁ 3 5 0 0 ▁South ) ▁and ▁ends ▁at ▁the ▁east bound ▁ 8 4 0 0 ▁West ▁Station ▁( located ▁at ▁ 8 3 8 5 ▁West ▁ 3 5 0 0 ▁South ). ▁As ▁there ▁are ▁no ▁MAX ▁stations ▁within ▁the ▁Mag na ▁Loop , ▁along ▁this ▁section ▁of ▁the ▁line ▁( when ▁included ) ▁the ▁ 3 5 0 0 ▁South ▁MAX ▁line ▁acts ▁as ▁a ▁local ▁bus ▁and ▁stops ▁at ▁all ▁designated ▁bus ▁stops ▁as ▁requested . ▁The ▁first ▁stop ▁for ▁the ▁Mag na ▁Loop ▁is ▁at ▁ 3 4 3 5 ▁South ▁on ▁ 8 4 0 0 ▁West ▁( SR - 1 1 1 / B ac chus ▁Highway ). ▁He ading ▁north ▁on ▁South ▁ 8 4 0 0 ▁West ▁it ▁has ▁a ▁stop ▁at ▁ 3 1 7 5 ▁South ▁before ▁crossing ▁West ▁ 3 1 0 0 ▁South . ▁The ▁Church ▁of ▁Jesus ▁Christ |
▁of ▁L atter - day ▁Sain ts ▁( L DS ▁Church ) ▁has ▁designated ▁the ▁par king ▁lot ▁for ▁its ▁chap el ▁at ▁ 3 0 8 4 ▁South ▁ 8 4 0 0 ▁West ▁as ▁a ▁Park ▁and ▁R ide ▁lot . ▁The ▁next ▁stops ▁in ▁the ▁Mag na ▁Loop ▁on ▁South ▁ 8 4 0 0 ▁West ▁are ▁at ▁ 3 0 4 9 ▁South , ▁ 2 9 7 5 ▁South , ▁ 2 8 8 9 ▁South , ▁and ▁ 2 8 3 5 ▁South . ▁He ading ▁west ▁on ▁Mag na ▁Main ▁Street ▁( West ▁ 2 7 0 0 ▁South ) ▁it ▁has ▁stops ▁at ▁ 8 5 7 4 ▁West , ▁ 8 7 2 0 ▁West , ▁ 8 7 9 8 ▁West , ▁and ▁ 9 0 3 8 ▁West ▁before ▁turning ▁south ▁on ▁South ▁ 9 1 5 0 ▁West . ▁He ading ▁south ▁on ▁South ▁ 9 1 5 0 ▁West ▁it ▁immediately ▁has ▁a ▁stop ▁at ▁ 2 7 0 2 ▁South , ▁followed ▁by ▁ 2 8 3 2 ▁South , ▁ 2 9 3 0 ▁South , ▁and ▁ 3 0 0 4 ▁South ▁before ▁turning ▁west ▁again ▁onto ▁West ▁ 3 1 0 0 ▁South . ▁Cont inu ing ▁west ▁it ▁has ▁a ▁stop ▁at ▁ 9 1 9 6 ▁West ▁ 3 1 0 0 ▁South ▁before ▁turning ▁south ▁again ▁on ▁South ▁ 9 2 0 0 ▁West . ▁At ▁about ▁ 3 3 0 0 ▁South |
▁the ▁road ▁curves ▁to ▁the ▁sout heast ▁and ▁South ▁ 9 2 0 0 ▁West ▁becomes ▁Co pper b end ▁Road . ▁At ▁about ▁ 8 9 7 5 ▁West , ▁the ▁road ▁curves ▁to ▁the ▁east ▁and ▁Co pper b end ▁Road ▁becomes ▁West ▁ 3 5 0 0 ▁South . ▁Comple ting ▁the ▁Mag na ▁Loop ▁on ▁West ▁ 3 5 0 0 ▁South ▁are ▁stops ▁at ▁ 8 9 2 7 ▁West , ▁ 8 5 3 5 ▁West , ▁and ▁ 8 3 8 5 ▁West ▁before ▁it ▁cross es ▁South ▁ 8 4 0 0 ▁West ▁and ▁ends ▁the ▁Mag na ▁Loop ▁at ▁the ▁ 8 4 0 0 ▁West ▁Station ▁( 8 3 8 5 ▁West ▁ 3 5 0 0 ▁South ). ▁ ▁Mag na ▁to ▁Mill c reek ▁Station ▁( east bound ) ▁Starting ▁in ▁Mag na , ▁the ▁first ▁station ▁on ▁the ▁ 3 5 0 0 ▁South ▁MAX ▁east bound ▁line ▁( which ▁is ▁preced ed ▁by ▁the ▁Mag na ▁Loop ▁on ▁morning ▁runs ) ▁is ▁the ▁ 8 4 0 0 ▁West ▁Station ▁( 8 3 8 5 ▁West ▁ 3 5 0 0 ▁South ). ▁From ▁this ▁station ▁it ▁heads ▁east ▁on ▁West ▁ 3 5 0 0 ▁South ▁( which ▁quickly ▁narrow s ▁from ▁five ▁lan es ▁to ▁three ▁lan es ) ▁to ▁the ▁ 8 0 0 0 ▁West ▁Station ▁( 8 0 1 3 ▁West ▁ 3 5 0 0 ▁South ). ▁He ading ▁east ▁it ▁cross es |
▁South ▁ 8 0 0 0 ▁West ▁before ▁reaching ▁the ▁ 7 2 0 0 ▁West ▁Station ▁( 7 2 2 5 ▁West ▁ 3 5 0 0 ▁South ). ▁Just ▁after ▁crossing ▁South ▁ 7 2 0 0 ▁West , ▁it ▁leaves ▁Mag na ▁and ▁enters ▁West ▁Valley ▁City . ▁Cont inu ing ▁east ▁it ▁cross es ▁South ▁ 6 4 0 0 ▁West ▁and ▁reaches ▁the ▁ 6 4 0 0 ▁West ▁Station ▁( 6 3 6 1 ▁West ▁ 3 5 0 0 ▁South ). ▁The ▁L DS ▁Church ▁has ▁designated ▁the ▁par king ▁lot ▁for ▁its ▁chap el ▁at ▁ 3 4 5 0 ▁South ▁ 6 4 0 0 ▁West ▁as ▁a ▁Park ▁and ▁R ide ▁lot . ▁From ▁the ▁ 6 4 0 0 ▁West ▁Station ▁it ▁continues ▁east , ▁passing ▁the ▁north ▁end ▁of ▁South ▁ 6 0 0 0 ▁West ▁and ▁crossing ▁South ▁ 5 6 0 0 ▁West ; ▁just ▁east ▁of ▁South ▁ 5 6 0 0 ▁West , ▁West ▁ 3 5 0 0 ▁South ▁exp ands ▁back ▁to ▁five ▁lan es . ▁Im medi ately ▁after ▁crossing ▁West ▁ 5 6 0 0 ▁West ▁is ▁the ▁ 5 6 0 0 ▁West ▁Station ▁( 5 5 5 1 ▁West ▁ 3 5 0 0 ▁South ) ▁and ▁the ▁U TA ▁Park ▁and ▁R ide ▁at ▁ 5 5 2 7 ▁West ▁ 3 5 0 0 ▁South . ▁( This ▁station ▁will ▁be ▁future ▁connection ▁with ▁the ▁ 5 6 0 |
0 ▁West ▁MAX ▁B RT ▁line .) ▁From ▁that ▁station ▁it ▁continues ▁east ▁to ▁pass ▁the ▁north ▁end ▁of ▁South ▁ 5 2 0 0 ▁West ▁and ▁cross ▁South ▁ 4 8 0 0 ▁West ▁before ▁reaching ▁the ▁ 4 8 0 0 ▁West ▁Station ▁( 4 7 2 5 ▁West ▁ 3 5 0 0 ▁South ). ▁Cont inu ing ▁east ▁it ▁cross es ▁South ▁ 4 4 0 0 ▁West , ▁passes ▁by ▁the ▁south ▁side ▁of ▁Jordan ▁Valley ▁Medical ▁Center ▁West ▁Valley ▁Camp us , ▁and ▁cross es ▁South ▁ 4 0 0 0 ▁West ▁before ▁reaching ▁the ▁ 4 0 0 0 ▁West ▁Station ▁( 3 9 5 5 ▁West ▁ 3 5 0 0 ▁South ). ▁After ▁South ▁ 4 0 0 0 ▁West , ▁West ▁ 3 5 0 0 ▁South ▁wid ens ▁to ▁six ▁lan es ▁( three ▁west bound , ▁two ▁east bound , ▁and ▁a ▁center ▁turn ▁l ane ). ▁ ▁Cont inu ing ▁east ▁the ▁ 3 5 0 0 ▁South ▁MAX ▁cross es ▁B anger ter ▁Highway ▁( SR - 1 5 4 ) ▁and ▁the ▁two ▁center ▁lan es ▁of ▁West ▁ 3 5 0 0 ▁South ▁become ▁dedicated ▁lan es ▁for ▁MAX ▁use ▁only . ▁Further ▁east ▁it ▁quickly ▁reaches ▁the ▁ 3 6 0 0 ▁West ▁Station ▁( 3 5 7 5 ▁West ▁ 3 5 0 0 ▁South ), ▁with ▁the ▁station ▁being ▁located ▁in ▁the ▁median ▁of ▁ 3 5 0 0 ▁South . ▁Cont inu ing |
▁east ▁it ▁cross es ▁South ▁ 3 2 0 0 ▁West ▁and ▁then ▁reaches ▁South ▁ 2 7 0 0 ▁West ▁( Const itution ▁Bou lev ard ); ▁just ▁west ▁of ▁South ▁ 2 7 0 0 ▁West ▁the ▁MAX ▁dedicated ▁lan es ▁end . ▁At ▁South ▁ 2 7 0 0 ▁West ▁( with ▁the ▁T RA X ▁Green ▁Line ▁in ▁the ▁median ▁of ▁that ▁street ) ▁the ▁ 3 5 0 0 ▁South ▁MAX ▁turns ▁south ▁onto ▁south bound ▁lan es ▁of ▁South ▁ 2 7 0 0 ▁West . ▁It ▁then ▁turns ▁west ▁onto ▁a ▁one - way ▁section ▁of ▁West ▁ 3 5 9 0 ▁South ▁( Le h man ▁Avenue ) ▁and ▁passes ▁between ▁the ▁West ▁Valley ▁City ▁Police ▁Department ▁and ▁the ▁West ▁Valley ▁City ▁Hall ▁before ▁immediately ▁reaching ▁its ▁next ▁stop , ▁the ▁West ▁Valley ▁Inter modal ▁Hub . ▁( This ▁short ▁one - way ▁section ▁of ▁West ▁ 3 5 9 0 ▁South ▁is ▁immediately ▁north ▁of ▁the ▁T RA X ▁Green ▁Line ▁right ▁of ▁way ▁and ▁the ▁T RA X ▁passenger ▁platforms ▁for ▁the ▁West ▁Valley ▁Central ▁Station .) ▁( The ▁West ▁Valley ▁Inter modal ▁Hub ▁and ▁surrounding ▁civ ic ▁buildings ▁are ▁all ▁part ▁of ▁a ▁trans it - orient ed ▁development ▁called ▁Fair bourne ▁Station .) ▁Im medi ately ▁after ▁this ▁stop , ▁it ▁heads ▁north ▁on ▁South ▁ 2 8 1 0 ▁West ▁( Mark et ▁Street ) ▁until ▁it ▁reaches ▁West ▁ 3 5 0 0 ▁South ▁once ▁again . ▁( Route |
▁ 3 5 ▁follows ▁a ▁somewhat ▁similar ▁course ▁to ▁West ▁Valley ▁Central , ▁except ▁at ▁it ▁heads ▁further ▁south ▁on ▁South ▁ 2 7 0 0 ▁West ▁before ▁turning ▁east ▁West ▁ 3 6 5 0 ▁South ▁[ L ancer ▁Way ]. ▁Route ▁ 3 5 ▁then ▁heads ▁west ▁to ▁the ▁local ▁bus ▁stops ▁at ▁West ▁Valley ▁Central ▁and , ▁upon ▁leaving ▁the ▁station , ▁it ▁retra ces ▁its ▁path ▁back ▁to ▁West ▁ 3 5 0 0 ▁South .) ▁The ▁ 3 5 0 0 ▁South ▁MAX ▁then ▁heads ▁east ▁once ▁again ▁on ▁West ▁ 3 5 0 0 ▁South , ▁this ▁time ▁crossing ▁South ▁ 2 7 0 0 ▁West ▁( and ▁the ▁T RA X ▁Green ▁Line ▁tracks ) ▁before ▁passing ▁by ▁the ▁north ▁end ▁of ▁Valley ▁Fair ▁Mall ▁and ▁crossing ▁under ▁I - 2 1 5 ▁( B elt ▁Route ). ▁ ▁Just ▁east ▁of ▁I - 2 1 5 ▁the ▁ 3 5 0 0 ▁South ▁MAX ▁reaches ▁the ▁De cker ▁Lake ▁Drive ▁Station ▁( 2 2 2 3 ▁West ▁ 3 5 0 0 ▁South ) ▁and ▁then ▁cross es ▁South ▁ 2 2 0 0 ▁West ▁( De cker ▁Lake ▁Drive ). ▁East ▁of ▁South ▁ 2 2 0 0 ▁West , ▁West ▁ 3 5 0 0 ▁South ▁has ▁seven ▁lan es ▁( but ▁no ▁MAX ▁dedicated ▁lan es ). ▁He ading ▁east ▁it ▁cross es ▁Red wood ▁Road ▁( SR - 6 8 / 1 7 0 0 ▁West ) ▁before ▁reaching ▁the ▁Red |
wood ▁Station ▁( 1 6 8 5 ▁West ▁ 3 5 0 0 ▁South ). ▁Just ▁east ▁of ▁that ▁station , ▁West ▁ 3 5 0 0 ▁South ▁curves ▁slightly ▁to ▁the ▁north ▁to ▁become ▁West ▁ 3 4 0 0 ▁South . ▁Following ▁this ▁street , ▁the ▁ 3 5 0 0 ▁South ▁MAX ▁reaches ▁the ▁ 1 2 0 0 ▁West ▁Station ▁( 1 2 1 9 ▁West ▁ 3 3 0 0 ▁South ) ▁and ▁immediately ▁passes ▁the ▁north ▁end ▁of ▁South ▁ 1 2 0 0 ▁West ▁where ▁after ▁West ▁ 3 4 0 0 ▁South ▁curves ▁due ▁east ▁and ▁becomes ▁West ▁ 3 3 0 0 ▁South . ▁Im medi ately ▁there after ▁the ▁ 3 5 0 0 ▁South ▁MAX ▁cross es ▁over ▁the ▁Jordan ▁River ▁and ▁leaves ▁West ▁Valley ▁City ▁before ▁entering ▁South ▁Salt ▁Lake . ▁Cont inu ing ▁east ▁on ▁West ▁ 3 3 0 0 ▁South ▁it ▁cross es ▁South ▁ 9 0 0 ▁West ▁and ▁reaches ▁the ▁ 9 0 0 ▁West ▁Station ▁( 8 8 9 ▁West ▁ 3 3 0 0 ▁South ), ▁which ▁is ▁just ▁north ▁of ▁the ▁Salt ▁Lake ▁County ▁Sher iff ' s ▁Office ▁complex ▁( which ▁includes ▁the ▁Salt ▁Lake ▁County ▁J ail ▁and ▁the ▁headquarters ▁of ▁the ▁Un ified ▁Police ▁Department ▁of ▁Gre ater ▁Salt ▁Lake ). ▁( At ▁South ▁ 9 0 0 ▁West , ▁Route ▁ 3 5 ▁heads ▁south ▁to ▁West ▁ 3 6 5 5 ▁South ▁and ▁circles ▁around ▁the ▁Ut ah |
▁Trans it ▁Author ity ' s ▁main ▁offices . ▁After ▁heading ▁east ▁on ▁West ▁ 3 6 5 5 ▁South ▁Route ▁ 3 5 ▁heads ▁north ▁on ▁South ▁ 7 0 0 ▁West ▁before ▁heading ▁east ▁again ▁on ▁West ▁ 3 3 0 0 ▁South .) ▁After ▁passing ▁the ▁Sher iff ' s ▁Office , ▁the ▁ 3 5 0 0 ▁South ▁MAX ▁continues ▁east ▁on ▁West ▁ 3 3 0 0 ▁South ▁and ▁passes ▁by ▁the ▁north ▁end ▁of ▁South ▁ 5 0 0 ▁West ▁before ▁crossing ▁under ▁I - 1 5 . ▁Just ▁after ▁I - 1 5 ▁it ▁heads ▁north ▁on ▁South ▁ 3 0 0 ▁West ▁to ▁Greg son ▁Avenue ▁( West ▁ 3 0 9 0 ▁South ). ▁It ▁then ▁heads ▁east ▁on ▁Greg son ▁Avenue ▁until ▁it ▁turns ▁south ▁on ▁South ▁ 2 3 0 ▁West ▁( W ash ight on ▁Street ). ▁Finally , ▁it ▁continues ▁south ▁until ▁it ▁reaches ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁line ▁at ▁the ▁Mill c reek ▁Station ▁( 2 1 0 ▁West ▁ 3 3 0 0 ▁South ). ▁ ▁Mill c reek ▁Station ▁to ▁Mag na ▁( west bound ) ▁ ▁The ▁west bound ▁route ▁back ▁to ▁Mag na ▁is ▁very ▁similar ▁to ▁the ▁east bound ▁route ▁from ▁Mag na , ▁but ▁there ▁are ▁a ▁few ▁differences . ▁Starting ▁at ▁the ▁Mill c reek ▁Station , ▁the ▁west bound ▁ 3 5 0 0 ▁South ▁MAX ▁heads ▁south ▁briefly ▁on ▁South ▁ 2 3 0 ▁West ▁before ▁heading ▁west ▁on ▁West |
▁ 3 3 0 0 ▁South . ▁ ▁After ▁crossing ▁South ▁ 3 0 0 ▁West ▁and ▁crossing ▁under ▁I - 1 5 , ▁it ▁cross es ▁South ▁ 9 0 0 ▁West ▁before ▁reaching ▁the ▁ 9 0 0 ▁West ▁Station ▁( 9 4 0 ▁West ▁ 3 3 0 0 ▁South ), ▁which ▁is ▁just ▁north ▁of ▁the ▁Salt ▁Lake ▁County ▁Sher iff ' s ▁Office ▁complex . ▁Cont inu ing ▁west ▁is ▁cross es ▁over ▁the ▁Jordan ▁River ▁( le aving ▁South ▁Salt ▁Lake ▁and ▁entering ▁West ▁Valley ▁City ). ▁After ▁the ▁Jordan ▁River ▁it ▁reaches ▁the ▁ 1 2 0 0 ▁West ▁Station ▁( 1 2 2 6 ▁West ▁ 3 3 0 0 ▁South ). ▁After ▁that ▁station ▁West ▁ 3 3 0 0 ▁South ▁curves ▁south ▁to ▁become ▁West ▁ 3 4 0 0 ▁South ▁and ▁then ▁curves ▁back ▁to ▁due ▁west ▁to ▁become ▁West ▁ 3 5 0 0 ▁South . ▁After ▁crossing ▁Red wood ▁Road , ▁the ▁ 3 5 0 0 ▁South ▁MAX ▁reaches ▁the ▁Red wood ▁Road ▁Station ▁( 1 7 2 0 ▁West ▁ 3 5 0 0 ▁South ). ▁Cont inu ing ▁west ▁it ▁reaches ▁the ▁De cker ▁Lake ▁Drive ▁Station ▁( 2 0 4 0 ▁West ▁ 3 5 0 0 ▁South ). ▁After ▁crossing ▁South ▁ 2 2 0 0 ▁West , ▁it ▁cross es ▁under ▁I - 2 1 5 ▁and ▁reaches ▁South ▁ 2 7 0 0 ▁West . ▁At ▁South ▁ 2 7 0 0 ▁West |
▁it ▁turns ▁south ▁and ▁follows ▁the ▁same ▁route ▁to ▁and ▁from ▁the ▁West ▁Valley ▁Inter modal ▁Hub ▁( through ▁Fair bourne ▁Station ) ▁as ▁the ▁east bound ▁ 3 5 0 0 ▁South ▁MAX ▁( s outh ▁on ▁South ▁ 2 7 0 0 ▁West , ▁west ▁on ▁West ▁ 3 9 5 0 ▁South , ▁stop ▁at ▁Hub , ▁and ▁north ▁on ▁South ▁ 2 8 1 0 ▁West ), ▁except ▁that ▁upon ▁reaching ▁West ▁ 3 5 0 0 ▁South ▁again , ▁it ▁heads ▁west . ▁Cont inu ing ▁west ▁on ▁West ▁ 3 5 0 0 ▁South ▁( now ▁in ▁its ▁dedicated ▁lan es ) ▁it ▁cross es ▁South ▁ 3 2 0 0 ▁West ▁and ▁South ▁ 3 6 0 0 ▁west ▁before ▁reaching ▁the ▁ 3 6 0 0 ▁West ▁Station ▁( 3 6 1 6 ▁West ▁ 3 5 0 0 ▁South , ▁with ▁the ▁station ▁being ▁located ▁in ▁the ▁median ▁of ▁West ▁ 3 5 0 0 ▁South . ▁ ▁Further ▁west ▁the ▁two ▁dedicated ▁lan es ▁( for ▁MAX ▁use ▁only ) ▁end ▁and ▁the ▁ 3 5 0 0 ▁South ▁MAX ▁cross es ▁B anger ter ▁Highway ▁before ▁reaching ▁the ▁ 4 0 0 0 ▁West ▁Station ▁( 3 9 8 0 ▁West ▁ 3 5 0 0 ▁South ). ▁After ▁that ▁station ▁it ▁cross es ▁South ▁ 4 0 0 0 ▁West ; ▁and ▁West ▁ 3 5 0 0 ▁South ▁narrow s ▁to ▁five ▁lan es . ▁He ading ▁further ▁west , |
▁it ▁passes ▁by ▁the ▁south ▁side ▁of ▁the ▁Jordan ▁Valley ▁Medical ▁Center ▁West ▁Valley ▁Camp us ▁and ▁then ▁cross es ▁South ▁ 4 4 0 0 ▁West ▁and ▁South ▁ 4 8 0 0 ▁West ▁before ▁reaching ▁the ▁ 4 8 0 0 ▁West ▁Station ▁( 4 8 2 0 ▁West ▁ 3 5 0 0 ▁South ). ▁Following ▁that ▁station , ▁it ▁passes ▁the ▁north ▁end ▁of ▁South ▁ 5 2 0 0 ▁West ▁and ▁cross es ▁South ▁ 5 6 0 0 ▁West ▁before ▁reaching ▁the ▁ 5 6 0 0 ▁West ▁Station ▁( 5 6 1 6 ▁West ▁ 3 5 0 0 ▁South ), ▁which ▁has ▁the ▁U TA ▁Park ▁and ▁R ide ▁just ▁south ▁of ▁the ▁east bound ▁ 5 6 0 0 ▁West ▁Station . ▁( This ▁station ▁will ▁also ▁be ▁the ▁future ▁connection ▁with ▁the ▁ 5 6 0 0 ▁West ▁MAX ▁B RT ▁line .) ▁West ▁of ▁South ▁ 5 6 0 0 ▁West , ▁West ▁ 3 5 0 0 ▁South ▁narrow s ▁to ▁three ▁lan es . ▁Cont inu ing ▁west ▁the ▁ 3 5 0 0 ▁South ▁MAX ▁passes ▁the ▁north ▁end ▁of ▁South ▁ 6 0 0 0 ▁West ▁and ▁cross es ▁South ▁ 6 4 0 0 ▁West ▁before ▁reaching ▁the ▁ 6 4 0 0 ▁West ▁Station ▁( 6 4 5 0 ▁West ▁ 3 5 0 0 ▁South ), ▁with ▁the ▁Park ▁and ▁R ide ▁at ▁the ▁nearby ▁L DS ▁Church . ▁He ading ▁further ▁west , ▁it |
▁leaves ▁West ▁Valley ▁City ▁and ▁enters ▁Mag na ▁before ▁crossing ▁South ▁ 7 2 0 0 ▁West ▁and ▁reaching ▁the ▁ 7 2 0 0 ▁West ▁Station ▁( 7 2 5 0 ▁West ▁ 3 5 0 0 ▁South ). ▁From ▁that ▁station ▁it ▁heads ▁west ▁to ▁cross ▁South ▁ 8 0 0 0 ▁West ▁and ▁reach ▁the ▁ 8 0 0 0 ▁West ▁Station ▁( 8 0 1 0 ▁West ▁ 3 5 0 0 ▁South ). ▁Finally , ▁it ▁heads ▁west ▁until ▁it ▁reaches ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁line ▁at ▁the ▁ 8 4 0 0 ▁South ▁Station ▁( 2 1 0 ▁West ▁ 3 3 0 0 ▁South ), ▁unless ▁it ▁is ▁an ▁afternoon ▁or ▁evening ▁run , ▁in ▁which ▁case ▁it ▁will ▁continue ▁through ▁the ▁Mag na ▁Loop . ▁ ▁St ops ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁MAX ▁▁ 5 6 0 0 ▁West ▁MAX ▁ ▁T RA X ▁Blue ▁Line ▁ ▁T RA X ▁Green ▁Line ▁ ▁T RA X ▁Red ▁Line ▁ ▁Notes ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁▁ ▁Bus ▁Rap id ▁Trans it ▁fact ▁sheet ▁ ▁Official ▁U TA ▁website ▁ ▁Official ▁U TA ▁MAX ▁website ▁ ▁Category : Bus ▁rapid ▁trans it ▁in ▁Ut ah ▁Category : Transport ation ▁in ▁Salt ▁Lake ▁County , ▁Ut ah ▁Category : 2 0 0 8 ▁introdu ctions <0x0A> </s> ▁Gre ater ▁Poland ▁Vo iv odes hip ▁ ▁K uy av ian - P omer an ian ▁Vo iv odes hip ▁ ▁Ł ód ź ▁Vo iv odes hip ▁ |
▁Lower ▁S iles ian ▁Vo iv odes hip ▁ ▁Lub lin ▁Vo iv odes hip ▁ ▁Lub usz ▁Vo iv odes hip ▁ ▁Mas ov ian ▁Vo iv odes hip ▁ ▁O pole ▁Vo iv odes hip ▁ ▁Pod l ask ie ▁Vo iv odes hip ▁ ▁P omer an ian ▁Vo iv odes hip ▁ ▁S iles ian ▁Vo iv odes hip ▁ ▁Sub car path ian ▁Vo iv odes hip ▁ ▁Ś wię to kr zy skie ▁Vo iv odes hip ▁ ▁W arm ian - M as ur ian ▁Vo iv odes hip ▁ ▁West ▁P omer an ian ▁Vo iv odes hip ▁ ▁Notes ▁ ▁Kn own ▁building ▁dates ▁are ▁in ▁bold ▁text . ▁Non - bold ▁text ▁denotes ▁first ▁known ▁date . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁ ▁Historia ▁W iat rak ów ▁( Pol ish ) ▁ ▁Wind m ills ▁in ▁Gre ater ▁Poland ▁Vo iv odes hip ▁( Pol ish ) ▁ ▁List ▁of ▁Polish ▁wind m ills ▁ ▁Poland ▁* ▁Wind m ills <0x0A> </s> ▁Sister ▁N ived ita ▁University ▁is ▁a ▁private ▁university ▁located ▁in ▁New ▁Town , ▁Kol k ata . ▁It ▁was ▁established ▁by ▁the ▁Sister ▁N ived ita ▁University ▁Act , ▁ 2 0 1 7 . ▁It ▁is ▁named ▁after ▁Sister ▁N ived ita ▁a ▁dis ci ple ▁of ▁Sw ami ▁V ive kan anda . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : Private ▁univers ities ▁in ▁India ▁Category : Univers ities ▁in ▁Kol k ata ▁Category : 2 0 1 7 |
▁establish ments ▁in ▁India <0x0A> </s> ▁Missouri ▁generally ▁has ▁a ▁variety ▁of ▁season al ▁hum id ▁subt rop ical ▁climate ▁( K ö ppen ▁climate ▁classification ▁C fa ), ▁with ▁cool ▁winter s ▁and ▁long , ▁hot ▁sum mers . ▁In ▁the ▁southern ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁state , ▁particularly ▁in ▁the ▁Bo othe el , ▁the ▁climate ▁borders ▁on ▁a ▁more ▁m ild - type ▁hum id ▁subt rop ical ▁climate ▁( K ö ppen ▁C fa ), ▁and ▁in ▁the ▁northern ▁third , ▁the ▁state ▁trans itions ▁into ▁a ▁hum id ▁contin ental ▁climate ▁( K ö ppen ▁D fa ). ▁Because ▁of ▁its ▁location ▁in ▁the ▁interior ▁United ▁States , ▁Missouri ▁often ▁experiences ▁extrem es ▁in ▁temper atures . ▁L ack ing ▁either ▁large ▁mountains ▁or ▁o ce ans ▁nearby ▁to ▁moder ate ▁its ▁temperature , ▁its ▁climate ▁is ▁altern ately ▁influenced ▁by ▁air ▁from ▁the ▁cold ▁Ar ctic ▁and ▁the ▁hot ▁and ▁hum id ▁G ulf ▁of ▁Mexico . ▁As ▁of ▁late , ▁Missouri ▁has ▁seen ▁a ▁dr astic ▁decl ine ▁in ▁annual ▁snow fall , ▁with ▁some ▁daily ▁high ▁winter ▁temper atures ▁sometimes ▁dw ind ling ▁in ▁early ▁summer / late ▁spring ▁temper atures . ▁ ▁Over view ▁▁ ▁While ▁the ▁adjacent ▁table ▁would ▁suggest ▁a ▁very ▁m ild ▁climate , ▁a ▁temperature ▁fl uct u ation ▁of ▁ 2 0 ▁degrees ▁F ahren heit ▁on ▁average ▁and ▁ 3 0 ▁to ▁ 4 0 ▁degrees ▁F ahren heit ▁( 1 7 ▁to ▁ 2 2 ▁degrees ▁Cel si |
us ) ▁in ▁a ▁twenty - four - hour ▁period ▁is ▁common . ▁Although ▁the ▁mean ▁temperature ▁for ▁June ▁and ▁July ▁is ▁only ▁ 7 3 ° F ▁and ▁ 7 6 ° F ▁( 2 3 ° C ▁and ▁ 2 4 ° C ) ▁it ▁is ▁not ▁un common ▁for ▁the ▁temperature ▁to ▁reach ▁ 1 0 0 ° F ▁( 3 8 ° C ) ▁at ▁least ▁three ▁concurrent ▁days ▁each ▁week ▁in ▁these ▁months , ▁as ▁it ▁did ▁in ▁ 1 9 0 4 ▁during ▁the ▁World ▁Fair ▁where ▁the ▁temperature ▁in ▁St . ▁Louis , ▁Missouri ▁was ▁ 1 0 3 ° F ▁( 3 9 ° C ). ▁ ▁Statistics ▁for ▁selected ▁cities ▁ ▁Spring ▁Spring ▁is ▁generally ▁the ▁wet test ▁season ▁of ▁the ▁year , ▁with ▁the ▁mean ▁temperature ▁from ▁ 1 8 9 5 ▁until ▁ 2 0 0 3 ▁being ▁about ▁ 1 2 ° C ▁( 5 4 ° F ) ▁and ▁its ▁mean ▁precip itation ▁( in ▁the ▁form ▁of ▁rain ) ▁for ▁this ▁period ▁being ▁approximately ▁ 3 0 0 mm ▁( 1 2 ▁inches ). ▁April ▁through ▁June ▁is ▁generally ▁the ▁wet test ▁period . ▁The ▁spring ▁also ▁produces ▁the ▁most ▁torn ado es , ▁with ▁an ▁average ▁of ▁ 3 5 ▁torn ado es ▁each ▁year . ▁ ▁Summer ▁ ▁Summer , ▁June ▁through ▁August , ▁is ▁the ▁h ott est ▁time ▁of ▁the ▁year ▁with ▁a ▁mean |
▁temperature ▁of ▁ 2 4 ° C ▁( 7 5 ° F ) ▁and ▁a ▁mean ▁precip itation ▁of ▁ 3 0 0 mm ▁( 1 2 ▁inches ) ▁with ▁June ▁having ▁more ▁precip itation ▁than ▁either ▁July ▁or ▁August . ▁The ▁extreme ▁high s ▁for ▁the ▁year ▁often ▁occur ▁in ▁July ▁or ▁August . ▁ ▁Trop ical ▁cycl ones ▁and ▁their ▁remains ▁can ▁impact ▁the ▁state ▁during ▁this ▁time ▁of ▁the ▁year , ▁contrib uting ▁to ▁area ▁ra inf all . ▁ ▁Aut umn ▁ ▁Fall , ▁September ▁through ▁November , ▁has ▁less ▁and ▁less ▁precip itation ▁towards ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁season . ▁The ▁mean ▁temper atures ▁for ▁this ▁season ▁are ▁ 1 3 . 6 ° C ▁( 5 6 . 5 ° F ) ▁and ▁the ▁mean ▁precip itation ▁is ▁ 2 5 0 mm ▁( 1 0 in ). ▁ ▁Trop ical ▁cycl ones ▁and ▁their ▁remains ▁can ▁impact ▁the ▁state ▁into ▁October , ▁contrib uting ▁to ▁area ▁ra inf all . ▁ ▁Winter ▁▁ ▁Winter s ▁in ▁Missouri ▁can ▁be ▁long ▁with ▁temper atures ▁r anging ▁from ▁m ild ly ▁to ▁bitter ly ▁cold . ▁Kansas ▁City ' s ▁average ▁January ▁low ▁is ▁ ▁and ▁St . ▁Louis ' s ▁average ▁January ▁low ▁is ▁. ▁The ▁col dest ▁temperature ▁ever ▁recorded ▁in ▁Missouri ▁was ▁, ▁set ▁at ▁Wars aw ▁on ▁ 1 3 ▁February ▁ 1 9 0 5 . ▁Winter ▁also ▁tends ▁to ▁be ▁the ▁dri est ▁season , ▁but |
▁typically ▁yields ▁significant ▁amounts ▁of ▁winter ▁precip itation . ▁Snow fall ▁aver ages ▁ ▁in ▁the ▁state ' s ▁northern ▁region , ▁and ▁ ▁in ▁the ▁sout heast . ▁During ▁the ▁winter , ▁north west ▁wind s ▁prev ail ; ▁the ▁air ▁movement ▁is ▁largely ▁from ▁the ▁south ▁and ▁sout heast ▁during ▁the ▁rest ▁of ▁the ▁year . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁▁ ▁Cl imate ▁ ▁Cl imate ▁change ▁in ▁Missouri ▁ ▁Cl imat ology ▁ ▁List ▁of ▁wet test ▁known ▁tropical ▁cycl ones , ▁and ▁their ▁rem n ants , ▁across ▁Missouri ▁ ▁St . ▁Louis ▁torn ado ▁history ▁ ▁Notes ▁ ▁References ▁▁▁▁ ▁Missouri <0x0A> </s> ▁Arthur ▁Jay as ena ▁Ran asing he ▁( 4 ▁January ▁ 1 9 2 7 ) ▁( known ▁as ▁A . ▁J . ▁Ran asing he ) ▁was ▁a ▁Sri ▁L ank an ▁politician , ▁State ▁Minister ▁and ▁diplom at . ▁In ▁the ▁third ▁ 1 9 9 4 ▁Sri ▁L ank an ▁president ial ▁election ▁he ▁was ▁an ▁Independent ▁candidate ▁and ▁pol led ▁ 2 2 , 7 5 2 ▁votes . ▁Ran asing he ▁was ▁the ▁first ▁Director ▁General ▁of ▁Tower ▁Hall ▁Theatre ▁Foundation ▁also ▁he ▁served ▁as ▁the ▁Sri ▁L anka ▁Deput y ▁High ▁Commission er ▁to ▁Canada ▁and ▁later ▁served ▁as ▁State ▁Minister ▁of ▁Media ▁ ▁under ▁President ▁R . ▁Prem adas a ' s ▁Government . ▁During ▁the ▁Prem adas a ▁regime , ▁State ▁Minister ▁A . ▁J . ▁Ran asing he ▁used ▁to ▁be ▁a ▁master ▁of ▁worship ▁and ▁had |
▁no ▁hes itation ▁in ▁ext ol ling ▁its ▁virt ues . ▁Once ▁when ▁he ▁was ▁p ict ured ▁pro str ating ▁before ▁President ▁Prem adas a , ▁his ▁reaction ▁was ▁to ▁say ▁to ▁the ▁press , ▁” ▁I ▁will ▁not ▁only ▁worship ▁Ran asing he ▁Prem adas a ▁but ▁will ▁even ▁l ick ▁his ▁sli ppers , ▁bo il ▁it ▁and ▁drink ▁the ▁bro th ▁as ▁a ▁soup ’ . ▁The ▁fact ▁that ▁he ▁was ▁called ▁‘ ser app u ▁soup a ’ ▁after ▁that ▁was ▁considered ▁by ▁him ▁as ▁a ▁tag ▁of ▁honour . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ 1 9 9 4 ▁Sri ▁L ank an ▁president ial ▁election ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁" I ▁won ' t ▁be ▁foo led ▁as ▁J R ▁was " ▁said ▁Pre me ▁ ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : 1 9 2 7 ▁birth s ▁Category : S ri ▁L ank an ▁Buddh ists ▁Category : G overn ment ▁minister s ▁of ▁Sri ▁L anka ▁Category : M embers ▁of ▁the ▁ 9 th ▁Parliament ▁of ▁Sri ▁L anka ▁Category : Min ister s ▁of ▁state ▁of ▁Sri ▁L anka ▁Category : C andid ates ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 9 4 ▁Sri ▁L ank an ▁president ial ▁election ▁Category : S in hal ese ▁polit icians <0x0A> </s> ▁S ista ▁may ▁refer ▁to : ▁ ▁" S ister ", ▁sp elled ▁in ▁eye ▁dialect ▁ ▁S ista ▁River , ▁a ▁river ▁in ▁Russia ' s ▁L ening rad ▁O blast ▁which |
▁dra ins ▁into ▁Kop ory e ▁Bay ▁S ista ▁Mon ica ▁Parker ▁( 1 9 5 6 – 2 0 1 4 ), ▁an ▁American ▁music ian ▁La ▁S ista , ▁a ▁Puerto ▁R ican ▁reg ga eton ▁artist ▁S ista ▁Ot is , ▁an ▁American ▁music ian ▁S ista , ▁a ▁ 1 9 9 4 ▁album ▁by ▁Sw ing ▁M ob ▁" S ista ", ▁a ▁song ▁by ▁the ▁John ▁Butler ▁T rio ▁from ▁their ▁ 2 0 0 3 ▁live ▁album ▁Living ▁ 2 0 0 1 – 2 0 0 2 ▁S ista , ▁an ▁American ▁R & B ▁female ▁quart et ▁who ▁recorded ▁the ▁ 1 9 9 4 ▁album ▁ 4 ▁All ▁the ▁S istas ▁Ar ound ▁da ▁World ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁" S ista ▁S ista ", ▁a ▁ 1 9 9 8 ▁song ▁by ▁B ever ley ▁Knight ▁Sister ▁Soul j ah ▁( born ▁ 1 9 6 4 ), ▁an ▁American ▁activ ist ▁Syst a , ▁a ▁ 1 9 9 4 ▁album ▁by ▁American ▁hip ▁hop ▁du o ▁Ter ri ▁& ▁Mon ica <0x0A> </s> ▁U ks un ay ▁() ▁is ▁a ▁rural ▁local ity ▁( a ▁sel o ) ▁in ▁T og ul sky ▁District , ▁Al ta i ▁K rai , ▁Russia . ▁The ▁population ▁was ▁ 9 9 ▁as ▁of ▁ 2 0 1 3 . ▁There ▁are ▁ 8 ▁streets . ▁ ▁References ▁▁ ▁Category : R ural ▁local ities ▁in ▁Al ta i ▁K rai <0x0A> </s> ▁Benjamin |
▁Ab rah ão ▁B otto ▁( c . ▁ 1 8 9 0 ▁– ▁May ▁ 1 0 , ▁ 1 9 3 8 ) ▁was ▁a ▁Leb an ese ▁photograph er . ▁He ▁is ▁best ▁known ▁for ▁film ing ▁the ▁C anga ço ▁and ▁its ▁leader ▁Vir g ul ino ▁Fer re ira ▁da ▁Silva . ▁He ▁was ▁murder ed ▁during ▁the ▁Estado ▁nov o ▁period ▁in ▁Brazil . ▁ ▁Early ▁life ▁ ▁Benjamin ▁Ab rah ão ▁B otto ▁was ▁born ▁in ▁Leb anon . ▁To ▁avoid ▁becoming ▁a ▁cons cript ▁of ▁the ▁Ott oman ▁Empire ▁that ▁fought ▁in ▁the ▁First ▁World ▁War , ▁Ab rah ão ▁migr ated ▁to ▁Brazil ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 5 . ▁In ▁Rec ife , ▁he ▁worked ▁as ▁a ▁travel ing ▁sales man , ▁s elling ▁cloth ▁and ▁small ▁goods . ▁Att ract ed ▁by ▁the ▁frequency ▁of ▁pil gr ims ▁in ▁the ▁city ▁of ▁Ju aze iro ▁do ▁Norte , ▁he ▁moved ▁his ▁business ▁there . ▁Ab ah ão ▁was ▁the ▁secretary ▁of ▁P adre ▁C í c ero ▁and ▁met ▁the ▁can g ace iro ▁L amp ião ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 6 ▁when ▁he ▁went ▁to ▁Ju aze iro ▁do ▁Norte ▁to ▁ask ▁for ▁the ▁priest ' s ▁bless ing ▁and ▁seek ▁the ▁rank ▁of ▁Captain , ▁for ▁helping ▁the ▁government ▁in ▁the ▁purs uit ▁of ▁the ▁Col una ▁Pr est es . ▁ ▁Career ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 2 9 , ▁Ab ah ão ▁photograph ed ▁the ▁can g |
ace iro ▁leader ▁with ▁the ▁priest , ▁two ▁of ▁the ▁most ▁important ▁figures ▁of ▁the ▁n ortheast ▁region ▁of ▁Brazil . ▁After ▁the ▁death ▁of ▁P adre ▁C í c ero , ▁Ab rah ão ▁asked ▁and ▁received ▁permission ▁from ▁the ▁inf am ous ▁L amp ião ▁to ▁follow ▁his ▁group ▁in ▁the ▁Ca ating a ▁and ▁take ▁the ▁photos ▁that ▁in ▁the ▁future ▁would ▁imm ort al ize ▁them . ▁For ▁that ▁he ▁had ▁the ▁help ▁of ▁c ear ense ▁A dem ar ▁Be zer ra ▁de ▁Al bu quer que , ▁owner ▁of ▁A BA FI LM , ▁l ent ▁him ▁the ▁equipment ▁and ▁taught ▁him ▁to ▁use ▁it . ▁The ▁Get ú lio ▁V arg as ▁government , ▁which ▁saw ▁Ab rah ão ▁as ▁an ▁enemy ▁of ▁the ▁regime , ▁seized ▁his ▁work . ▁He ▁was ▁murder ed ▁at ▁Ser ra ▁Tal h ada ▁( with ▁ 4 2 ▁st ab ▁w ounds ) ▁without ▁either ▁the ▁k iller ▁or ▁the ▁motiv ation ▁for ▁the ▁crime ▁ever ▁sur f acing . ▁ ▁L amp ião ' s ▁Let ter ▁L amp ião ▁himself ▁wrote ▁a ▁letter , ▁cert ifying ▁that ▁his ▁pictures ▁were ▁taken ▁by ▁Ab rah ão . ▁ ▁Note : ▁The ▁text ▁below ▁is ▁a ▁translation ▁from ▁the ▁Portuguese ▁original ▁letter ▁wrote ▁by ▁L amp ião . ▁It ▁is ▁important ▁to ▁highlight ▁that ▁L amp ião ▁was ▁semi - al phabet ized ▁and ▁the ▁text ▁may ▁have ▁many ▁errors ▁in ▁the ▁Portuguese ▁version ▁ ▁Record ings ▁ ▁Ab |
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