text
stringlengths 505
4.3k
|
|---|
va ▁own s ▁and ▁man ages ▁ ▁of ▁for ests ▁or ▁around ▁ 6 5 % ▁of ▁Roman ia ' s ▁ ▁overall ▁for ests . ▁The ▁for ests ▁consist ▁mainly ▁of ▁common ▁be ech ▁ 3 1 . 5 %, ▁con ifer ous ▁trees ▁ 2 9 . 9 %, ▁ped un cul ate ▁o ak ▁ 1 8 %, ▁different ▁species ▁of ▁hard wood ▁trees ▁ 1 5 . 7 % ▁and ▁various ▁types ▁of ▁soft wood ▁trees ▁ 4 . 9 %. ▁Other ▁important ▁assets ▁include ▁ 2 1 4 ▁lod ges , ▁of ▁which ▁ 1 8 7 ▁are ▁introduced ▁in ▁the ▁online ▁accommod ation ▁system , ▁and ▁ 6 9 ▁are ▁placed ▁for ▁national ▁and ▁international ▁tour ist ▁circ uits . ▁The ▁company ▁produced ▁around ▁ ▁of ▁tim ber ▁and ▁tim ber ▁products ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁of ▁which ▁ 9 0 % ▁was ▁export ed ▁to ▁Egypt ▁and ▁ 1 0 % ▁to ▁the ▁People ' s ▁Republic ▁of ▁China . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁R oms il va ▁also ▁har v ested ▁ 6 , 7 5 0 ▁metric ▁tons ▁of ▁forest ▁ber ries ▁including ▁v acc in ium ▁my rt ill us , ▁hi pp op ha e ▁r ham no ides , ▁ro sa ▁can ina , ▁v acc in ium ▁vit is - idae a , ▁black berry , ▁cr ata eg us ▁mon og yna ▁and ▁rub us ▁id ae us , ▁of ▁which ▁ 3 , |
1 0 0 ▁metric ▁tons ▁were ▁export ed ▁to ▁Germany , ▁Austria , ▁France ▁and ▁the ▁Netherlands . ▁R oms il va ▁is ▁also ▁an ▁important ▁fung us ▁producer , ▁having ▁a ▁total ▁production ▁of ▁ 2 5 ▁metric ▁tons ▁of ▁ch anter elle , ▁arm ill aria ▁m elle a , ▁bo let us ▁ed ul is ▁and ▁mor ch ella ▁sp ong i ola ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 9 . ▁The ▁company ▁also ▁export ed ▁ 2 , 6 5 0 ▁rabb its ▁and ▁ 3 , 0 0 0 ▁p he as ants ▁mainly ▁to ▁Italy . ▁ ▁R oms il va ▁publish es ▁Rev ista ▁p ă d ur ilor , ▁the ▁oldest ▁journal ▁published ▁without ▁inter ruption ▁from ▁Roman ia ▁and ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁oldest ▁forest ry ▁journ als ▁in ▁the ▁world . ▁ ▁Cont ro vers y ▁According ▁to ▁Dim it ro va ▁& ▁B uz og ány ▁( 2 0 1 4 ) ▁" R oms il va ▁was ▁regarded ▁as ▁the ▁main ▁cul prit ▁behind ▁the ▁dram atic ▁rise ▁in ▁illegal ▁logging ▁during ▁the ▁last ▁de cade , ▁resulting ▁in ▁irre par able ▁losses ▁in ▁for ested ▁territ ories . ▁Its ▁leadership ▁has ▁been ▁accused ▁of ▁il leg ally ▁contrib uting ▁to ▁campaign ▁bud gets ▁of ▁gover ning ▁parties ▁and ▁of ▁cor rupt ▁dec isions ▁in ▁numerous ▁local ▁and ▁national ▁public ▁proc ure ment ▁cases ." ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁Official ▁site ▁ ▁Category : Comp an ies ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 9 |
9 0 ▁Category : For est ry ▁in ▁Roman ia ▁Category : For est ry ▁ag encies ▁( par ast atal ) <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁H ait i ▁women ' s ▁national ▁football ▁team ▁ ▁particip ates ▁in ▁several ▁compet itions ▁including ▁the ▁CON C AC AF ▁Women ' s ▁Gold ▁Cup . ▁The ▁team ▁also ▁particip ates ▁in ▁qual ification ▁for ▁the ▁FIFA ▁Women ' s ▁World ▁Cup ▁and ▁Summer ▁Olympics , ▁although ▁they ▁have ▁yet ▁to ▁succeed ▁in ▁qual ifying ▁for ▁either ▁tournament . ▁The ▁team ▁is ▁controlled ▁by ▁the ▁F édération ▁Ha ï t ienne ▁de ▁Football . ▁ ▁They ▁are ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁top ▁women ' s ▁national ▁football ▁teams ▁in ▁the ▁Car ib bean ▁region ▁along ▁with ▁J ama ica ▁and ▁Tr in idad ▁& ▁Tob ago . ▁H ait i ▁women ' s ▁national ▁football ▁team ▁is ▁currently ▁co ached ▁by ▁She k ▁B ork owski ▁who ▁is ▁also ▁the ▁coach ▁of ▁the ▁under ▁ 1 7 ▁and ▁under ▁ 2 0 ▁teams . ▁ ▁World ▁Cup ▁record ▁ ▁* Draw s ▁include ▁knock out ▁matches ▁decided ▁on ▁penalty ▁k icks . ▁ ▁CON C AC AF ▁Women ' s ▁Gold ▁Cup ▁record ▁ ▁* Draw s ▁include ▁knock out ▁matches ▁decided ▁on ▁penalty ▁k icks . ▁ ▁Staff ▁ ▁Current ▁staff ▁ ▁Women ' s ▁Techn ical ▁Director : ▁Laurent ▁Mort el ▁ ▁Women ' s ▁As st : ▁Brun y ▁Pierre ▁Richard ▁ ▁Women ' s ▁As st : ▁All an ▁Jean - Louis ▁ |
▁Women ' s ▁As st : ▁A ure li en ▁Qu es nel ▁ ▁Play ers ▁ ▁Current ▁squad ▁The ▁following ▁players ▁were ▁called - up ▁for ▁the ▁ 2 0 2 0 ▁CON C AC AF ▁Women ' s ▁Olympic ▁Qual ifying ▁Championship . ▁ ▁C aps ▁and ▁goals ▁are ▁updated ▁as ▁of ▁ 3 ▁February ▁ 2 0 2 0 ▁after ▁the ▁match ▁against ▁. ▁ ▁Rec ent ▁call ▁ups ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁▁▁ ▁H ait i ▁national ▁football ▁team ▁ ▁H ait i ▁women ' s ▁national ▁under - 2 0 ▁football ▁team ▁ ▁H ait i ▁women ' s ▁national ▁under - 1 7 ▁football ▁team ▁ ▁H ait i ▁at ▁the ▁FIFA ▁World ▁Cup ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁Official ▁website ▁FIFA ▁profile ▁H ait i ▁women ’ s ▁national ▁football ▁team ▁picture ▁ ▁Category : Car ib bean ▁women ' s ▁national ▁association ▁football ▁teams <0x0A> </s> ▁Roger ▁Ald ag ▁( born ▁October ▁ 6 , ▁ 1 9 5 3 ) ▁is ▁a ▁former ▁Canadian ▁football ▁off ensive ▁lin eman ▁who ▁played ▁for ▁the ▁S ask atch ew an ▁R ough rid ers ▁from ▁ 1 9 7 6 ▁through ▁ 1 9 9 2 . ▁He ▁was ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁Grey ▁Cup ▁championship - win ning ▁S ask atch ew an ▁R ough rid ers ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 9 . ▁ ▁Ald ag ▁currently ▁holds ▁the ▁R ough r ider ▁record ▁for ▁games ▁played ▁with ▁ 2 7 1 ▁regular ▁season ▁games ▁and |
▁ 5 ▁play - off ▁games . ▁ ▁Ald ag ▁played ▁for ▁the ▁Regin a ▁R ams ▁in ▁the ▁Canadian ▁Junior ▁Football ▁League ▁from ▁ 1 9 7 2 – 1 9 7 5 , ▁during ▁which ▁time ▁the ▁R ams ▁won ▁two ▁National ▁Junior ▁Football ▁Championships ▁( 1 9 7 3 ▁and ▁ 1 9 7 5 ). ▁He ▁was ▁twice ▁named ▁the ▁R ams ▁Most ▁Val u able ▁Player . ▁ ▁During ▁Ald ag ' s ▁time ▁as ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁S ask atch ew an ▁R ough rid ers , ▁he ▁was ▁named ▁to ▁the ▁C FL ' s ▁Western ▁All - Star ▁team ▁ 8 ▁times . ▁He ▁twice ▁received ▁the ▁Sch en ley ▁Award ▁as ▁the ▁C FL ' s ▁Out standing ▁Off ensive ▁Lin eman . ▁ ▁He ▁was ▁also ▁awarded ▁the ▁Mack ▁T ruck ▁" B ul ld og " ▁award ▁four ▁times . ▁ ▁The ▁Mack ▁T ruck ▁" B ul ld og " ▁award ▁is ▁voted ▁on ▁by ▁oppos ing ▁players . ▁▁ ▁Ald ag ▁was ▁induct ed ▁into ▁the ▁R ough r ider ▁Pla za ▁of ▁Hon our ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 3 . ▁He ▁is ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁Canadian ▁Football ▁Hall ▁of ▁Fame . ▁His ▁j er sey ▁# 4 4 ▁was ▁retired ▁by ▁the ▁team , ▁making ▁him ▁one ▁of ▁only ▁eight ▁players ▁so ▁hon oured . ▁He ▁was ▁induct ed ▁into ▁the ▁S ask atch ew an ▁Sports ▁Hall ▁of ▁Fame ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 6 |
. ▁Ald ag ▁was ▁voted ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁C FL ' s ▁top ▁ 5 0 ▁players ▁( # 3 2 ) ▁in ▁a ▁poll ▁conducted ▁by ▁Canadian ▁sports ▁network ▁T SN . ▁ ▁Ald ag ▁was ▁mentioned ▁in ▁the ▁May ▁ 9 , ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁" Get ▁F uz zy " ▁cart oon ▁by ▁Dar by ▁Con ley . ▁ ▁S atch el ▁not ices ▁that ▁B ucky ▁is ▁we aring ▁a ▁C FL ▁hat . ▁ ▁( Al though ▁not ▁mentioned ▁specifically ▁in ▁the ▁strip , ▁B ucky ▁is ▁we aring ▁a ▁Hamilton ▁T iger - C ats ▁to que .) ▁ ▁B ucky ▁rep lies ▁that ▁all ▁sports ▁in ▁Canada ▁are ▁pu ck ▁based . ▁ ▁S atch el ▁inform s ▁him ▁that ▁football ▁is ▁huge ▁in ▁Canada , ▁and ▁then ▁asks ▁B ucky ▁if ▁he ▁had ▁ever ▁heard ▁of ▁Roger ▁Ald ag , ▁since ▁Ald ag ▁can ' t ▁walk ▁down ▁the ▁street ▁in ▁S ask atch ew an . ▁ ▁B ucky ▁rep lies ▁that ▁nobody ▁can ▁walk ▁down ▁the ▁street ▁in ▁S ask atch ew an ▁since ▁it ▁is ▁covered ▁in ▁ice . ▁▁ ▁On ▁July ▁ 1 , ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁Ald ag ▁accompanied ▁the ▁Grey ▁Cup ▁to ▁K and ah ar , ▁Afghan istan ▁for ▁the ▁Canada ▁Day ▁celebr ations . ▁ ▁M embers ▁of ▁the ▁Canadian ▁Forces ▁were ▁reported ly ▁thr illed ▁to ▁meet ▁Ald ag . ▁ ▁Roger ▁Ald ag ▁now ▁works ▁for ▁S ask E ner gy |
▁in ▁Regin a ▁as ▁head ▁of ▁the ▁Land ▁Services ▁department ▁to ▁the ▁delight ▁and ▁hum our ▁of ▁his ▁cow ork ers , ▁who ▁often ▁see ▁his ▁b ob ble head ▁figur ine ▁around ▁the ▁office . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁Canadian ▁Football ▁Hall ▁of ▁Fame ▁profile ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 5 3 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : Can ad ian ▁Football ▁Hall ▁of ▁Fame ▁induct ees ▁Category : Can ad ian ▁football ▁off ensive ▁lin emen ▁Category : Can ad ian ▁people ▁of ▁Swedish ▁descent ▁Category : G rey ▁Cup ▁champions ▁Category : Play ers ▁of ▁Canadian ▁football ▁from ▁S ask atch ew an ▁Category : S ask atch ew an ▁R ough rid ers ▁players <0x0A> </s> ▁This ▁is ▁a ▁list ▁of ▁streams ▁in ▁the ▁U . S . ▁state ▁of ▁Colorado . ▁__ TO C __ ▁ ▁Al phabet ical ▁list ▁The ▁following ▁alphabet ical ▁list ▁includes ▁many ▁important ▁streams ▁that ▁flow ▁through ▁the ▁State ▁of ▁Colorado , ▁including ▁all ▁ 1 5 8 ▁named ▁rivers . ▁ ▁Where ▁available , ▁the ▁total ▁extent ▁of ▁the ▁stream ' s ▁d rain age ▁bas in ▁is ▁shown ▁after ▁the ▁name . ▁ ▁The ▁names ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 7 ▁Colorado ▁rivers ▁with ▁a ▁d rain age ▁bas in ▁of ▁more ▁than ▁ 1 0 , 0 0 0 ▁square ▁kilom eters ▁( 3 , 9 0 0 ▁sq ▁mi ), ▁about ▁three ▁times ▁the ▁area ▁of ▁Rh ode ▁Island , ▁are ▁shown ▁in ▁bold . ▁Adams |
▁F ork ▁C one jos ▁River ▁Al am osa ▁River ▁ 3 8 3 km 2 ▁( 1 4 8 mi 2 ) ▁Anim as ▁River ▁ 3 , 5 6 2 km 2 ▁( 1 , 3 7 5 mi 2 ) ▁Ap ish apa ▁River ▁ 2 , 7 9 8 km 2 ▁( 1 , 0 8 0 mi 2 ) ▁A rik are e ▁River ▁ 4 , 4 2 9 km 2 ▁( 1 , 7 1 0 mi 2 ) ▁Ark ansas ▁River ▁ 4 7 8 , 5 0 1 km 2 ▁( 1 8 4 , 7 5 0 mi 2 ) ▁Asp en ▁Brook ▁Bear ▁Creek ▁ 4 , 5 0 0 km 2 ▁( 1 , 7 3 7 mi 2 ) ▁Bear ▁Creek ▁ 3 3 9 km 2 ▁( 1 3 1 mi 2 ) ▁Bear ▁River ▁Be aver ▁Creek ▁ 2 , 9 3 9 km 2 ▁( 1 , 1 3 5 mi 2 ) ▁Big ▁D ry ▁Creek ▁( L ittle ton , ▁Colorado ) ▁Big ▁D ry ▁Creek ▁( West min ster , ▁Colorado ) ▁Big ▁Sand y ▁Creek ▁ 4 , 8 2 5 km 2 ▁( 1 , 8 6 3 mi 2 ) ▁Big ▁Thompson ▁River ▁ 2 , 1 4 9 km 2 ▁( 8 3 0 mi 2 ) ▁Bij ou ▁Creek |
▁ 3 , 6 1 2 km 2 ▁( 1 , 3 9 5 mi 2 ) ▁Blue ▁Creek ▁Blue ▁River ▁ 1 , 7 7 0 km 2 ▁( 6 8 3 mi 2 ) ▁Box ▁E lder ▁Creek ▁B ould er ▁Creek ▁( 1 , 1 6 0 km 2 ▁( 4 4 8 mi 2 ) ▁Cache ▁la ▁P oud re ▁River ▁ 4 , 9 5 9 km 2 ▁( 1 , 9 1 5 mi 2 ) ▁Canadian ▁River ▁ 1 2 2 , 7 0 1 km 2 ▁( 4 7 , 3 7 5 mi 2 ) ▁Canadian ▁River ▁C ebol la ▁Creek ▁Ch alk ▁Creek ▁Cher ry ▁Creek ▁ 1 , 0 5 0 km 2 ▁( 4 0 5 mi 2 ) ▁Ch ico ▁Creek ▁ 1 , 9 3 4 km 2 ▁( 7 4 7 mi 2 ) ▁C imar ron ▁River ▁ 4 4 , 8 9 0 km 2 ▁( 1 7 , 3 3 2 mi 2 ) ▁C imar ron ▁River ▁Clear ▁Creek ▁ 1 , 4 9 7 km 2 ▁( 5 7 8 mi 2 ) ▁C och et op a ▁Creek ▁Colorado ▁River ( 6 3 7 , 1 3 7 km 2 ▁( 2 4 6 , 0 0 0 mi 2 ) ▁C one jos ▁River ▁ 2 , 0 7 8 |
km 2 ▁( 8 0 2 mi 2 ) ▁Crow ▁Creek ▁ 3 , 7 1 7 km 2 ▁( 1 , 4 3 5 mi 2 ) ▁Cry stal ▁River ▁C uchar as ▁River ▁C ule bra ▁Creek ▁Dol ores ▁River ▁ 1 1 , 9 9 8 km 2 ▁( 4 , 6 3 3 mi 2 ) ▁D ry ▁F ork ▁Michigan ▁River ▁E agle ▁River ▁ 2 , 5 1 5 km 2 ▁( 9 7 1 mi 2 ) ▁East ▁F ork ▁Ark ansas ▁River ▁East ▁F ork ▁C imar ron ▁River ▁East ▁F ork ▁E agle ▁River ▁East ▁F ork ▁Little ▁C imar ron ▁River ▁East ▁F ork ▁N ava jo ▁River ▁East ▁F ork ▁P ied ra ▁River ▁East ▁F ork ▁Rio ▁Ch ama ▁East ▁F ork ▁San ▁Juan ▁River ▁East ▁F ork ▁South ▁F ork ▁Cry stal ▁River ▁East ▁Man cos ▁River ▁East ▁River ▁ 7 6 2 km 2 ▁( 2 9 4 mi 2 ) ▁El k ▁River ▁Enc amp ment ▁River ▁Fall ▁River ▁Fall ▁River ▁First ▁F ork ▁P ied ra ▁River ▁First ▁F ork ▁South ▁F ork ▁P ine y ▁River ▁Florida ▁River ▁F ount ain ▁Creek ▁ 2 , 4 1 8 km 2 ▁( 9 3 3 mi 2 ) ▁F ras er ▁River ▁French man ▁Creek ▁ 7 , 3 9 8 km 2 ▁( 2 , 8 5 6 mi 2 ) ▁F ry |
ing pan ▁River ▁Gene va ▁Creek ▁G ore ▁Creek ▁Gra pe ▁Creek ▁Green ▁River ▁( 1 1 5 , 9 0 3 km 2 ▁( 4 4 , 7 5 0 mi 2 ) ▁G unn ison ▁River ▁( 2 0 , 8 5 1 km 2 ▁( 8 , 0 5 1 mi 2 ) ▁H enson ▁Creek ▁H idden ▁River ▁Hill ▁Branch ▁C uchar as ▁River ▁Hor se ▁Creek ▁ 3 , 6 8 0 km 2 ▁( 1 , 4 2 1 mi 2 ) ▁H uer f ano ▁River ▁ 4 , 8 4 0 km 2 ▁( 1 , 8 6 9 mi 2 ) ▁Illinois ▁River ▁K ett le ▁Creek ▁Ki owa ▁Creek ▁ 1 , 8 8 8 km 2 ▁( 7 2 9 mi 2 ) ▁La ▁Pl ata ▁River ▁Lad der ▁Creek ▁ 3 , 6 4 5 km 2 ▁( 1 , 4 0 7 mi 2 ) ▁Lake ▁F ork ▁G unn ison ▁River ▁Lar am ie ▁River ▁ 1 1 , 9 6 1 km 2 ▁( 4 , 6 1 8 mi 2 ) ▁Left ▁Hand ▁Creek ▁Little ▁Be aver ▁Creek ▁ 1 , 6 0 2 km 2 ▁( 6 1 9 mi 2 ) ▁Little ▁C imar ron ▁River ▁Little ▁Dol ores ▁River ▁Little ▁D ry ▁Creek ▁Little ▁N ava jo ▁River ▁Little ▁S nake ▁River ▁ 1 0 , 6 2 |
9 km 2 ▁( 4 , 1 0 4 mi 2 ) ▁Little ▁Thompson ▁River ▁L odge pole ▁Creek ▁ 8 , 3 7 4 km 2 ▁( 3 , 2 3 3 mi 2 ) ▁L one ▁Tree ▁Creek ▁Los ▁P inos ▁River ▁Man cos ▁River ▁ 2 , 0 9 9 km 2 ▁( 8 1 0 mi 2 ) ▁Mc El mo ▁Creek ▁ 1 , 8 4 2 km 2 ▁( 7 1 1 mi 2 ) ▁Michigan ▁River ▁Middle ▁F ork ▁C imar ron ▁River ▁Middle ▁F ork ▁C one jos ▁River ▁Middle ▁F ork ▁El k ▁River ▁Middle ▁F ork ▁Little ▁S nake ▁River ▁Middle ▁F ork ▁P ied ra ▁River ▁Middle ▁F ork ▁P urg atoire ▁River ▁Middle ▁F ork ▁South ▁Ark ansas ▁River ▁Middle ▁F ork ▁South ▁Pl atte ▁River ▁Middle ▁F ork ▁Sw an ▁River ▁Middle ▁Man cos ▁River ▁Monte z uma ▁Creek ▁ 3 , 0 4 4 km 2 ▁( 1 , 1 7 5 mi 2 ) ▁M ud dy ▁Creek ▁N ava jo ▁River ▁North ▁Branch ▁C one jos ▁River ▁North ▁F ork ▁Anim as ▁River ▁North ▁F ork ▁Ap ish apa ▁River ▁North ▁F ork ▁A rik are e ▁River ▁North ▁F ork ▁Big ▁Thompson ▁River ▁North ▁F ork ▁Cache ▁la ▁P oud re ▁River ▁North ▁F ork ▁Canadian ▁River ▁North ▁F ork ▁C imar ron ▁River ▁ 4 , 4 6 2 km 2 ▁( 1 , |
7 2 3 mi 2 ) ▁North ▁F ork ▁C one jos ▁River ▁North ▁F ork ▁Cry stal ▁River ▁North ▁F ork ▁El k ▁River ▁North ▁F ork ▁F ry ing pan ▁River ▁North ▁F ork ▁G unn ison ▁River ▁ 2 , 4 9 2 km 2 ▁( 9 6 2 mi 2 ) ▁North ▁F ork ▁Little ▁S nake ▁River ▁North ▁F ork ▁Little ▁Thompson ▁River ▁North ▁F ork ▁Los ▁P inos ▁River ▁North ▁F ork ▁Michigan ▁River ▁North ▁F ork ▁North ▁Pl atte ▁River ▁North ▁F ork ▁P ine y ▁River ▁North ▁F ork ▁P urg atoire ▁River ▁North ▁F ork ▁Republican ▁River ▁ 1 3 , 1 7 2 km 2 ▁( 5 , 0 8 6 mi 2 ) ▁North ▁F ork ▁Rio ▁de ▁los ▁Pi ños ▁North ▁F ork ▁Sm ok y ▁Hill ▁River ▁ 1 , 9 6 5 km 2 ▁( 7 5 9 mi 2 ) ▁North ▁F ork ▁S nake ▁River ▁North ▁F ork ▁South ▁Ark ansas ▁River ▁North ▁F ork ▁South ▁Pl atte ▁River ▁North ▁F ork ▁Sw an ▁River ▁North ▁F ork ▁V erme jo ▁River ▁North ▁F ork ▁West ▁Branch ▁Lar am ie ▁River ▁North ▁F ork ▁West ▁Man cos ▁River ▁North ▁F ork ▁White ▁River ▁North ▁Pl atte ▁River ▁ 8 0 , 7 5 5 km 2 ▁( 3 1 , 1 8 0 mi 2 ) ▁North ▁Saint ▁Charles ▁River ▁O w l ▁Creek ▁Par ach ute ▁Creek |
▁P aw ne e ▁Creek ▁ 1 , 8 7 5 km 2 ▁( 7 2 4 mi 2 ) ▁P ice ance ▁Creek ▁ 1 , 6 3 0 km 2 ▁( 6 2 9 mi 2 ) ▁P ied ra ▁River ▁ 1 , 7 7 0 km 2 ▁( 6 8 3 mi 2 ) ▁P ine y ▁River ▁Pl ate au ▁Creek ▁Pl um ▁Creek ▁P urg atoire ▁River ▁ 8 , 9 2 3 km 2 ▁( 3 , 4 4 5 mi 2 ) ▁Quart z ▁Creek ▁R al ston ▁Creek ▁Rio ▁Blan co ▁Rio ▁Ch ama ▁ 8 , 2 0 4 km 2 ▁( 3 , 1 6 8 mi 2 ) ▁Rio ▁Cham ita ▁Rio ▁de ▁los ▁Pi ños ▁Rio ▁Grande ▁ 4 5 7 , 2 7 5 km 2 ▁( 1 7 6 , 5 5 5 mi 2 ) ▁Rio ▁L ado ▁Rio ▁San ▁Antonio ▁Ro an ▁Creek ▁Ro aring ▁F ork ▁Little ▁S nake ▁River ▁Ro aring ▁F ork ▁River ▁ 3 , 7 6 6 km 2 ▁( 1 , 4 5 4 mi 2 ) ▁Ro aring ▁River ▁R ush ▁Creek ▁ 3 , 5 7 0 km 2 ▁( 1 , 3 7 8 mi 2 ) ▁S agu ache ▁Creek ▁ 3 , 4 8 2 km 2 ▁( 1 , 3 4 5 mi 2 ) ▁Saint |
▁Charles ▁River ▁Saint ▁V rain ▁Creek ▁ 2 , 5 7 2 km 2 ▁( 9 9 3 mi 2 ) ▁San ▁Juan ▁River ▁ 6 4 , 5 6 0 km 2 ▁( 2 4 , 9 2 7 mi 2 ) ▁San ▁Luis ▁Creek ▁ 7 , 0 0 0 km 2 ▁( 2 , 7 0 3 mi 2 ) ▁San ▁Miguel ▁River ▁ 4 , 0 6 0 km 2 ▁( 1 , 5 6 7 mi 2 ) ▁Sand ▁Ar roy o ▁Creek ▁ 1 , 9 3 8 km 2 ▁( 7 4 8 mi 2 ) ▁Sand ▁Creek ▁( Ad ams ▁County ) ▁Sand ▁Creek ▁( Color ado ▁Spr ings ) ▁Sand ▁Creek ▁( Lar imer ▁County ) ▁Sang re ▁de ▁Crist o ▁Creek ▁( Cost illa ▁County ) ▁Sid ney ▁Draw ▁ 1 , 9 4 9 km 2 ▁( 7 5 3 mi 2 ) ▁S late ▁River ▁Smith ▁F ork ▁Sm ok y ▁Hill ▁River ▁ 5 1 , 7 8 3 km 2 ▁( 1 9 , 9 9 4 mi 2 ) ▁S nake ▁River ▁South ▁Ark ansas ▁River ▁South ▁F ork ▁Anim as ▁River ▁South ▁F ork ▁Be aver ▁Creek ▁ 1 , 9 3 9 km 2 ▁( 7 4 9 mi 2 ) ▁South ▁F ork ▁Cache ▁la ▁P oud re ▁River ▁South ▁F ork ▁Canadian ▁River ▁South ▁F ork ▁C one |
jos ▁River ▁South ▁F ork ▁Cry stal ▁River ▁South ▁F ork ▁C uchar as ▁River ▁South ▁F ork ▁E agle ▁River ▁South ▁F ork ▁El k ▁River ▁South ▁F ork ▁F ry ing pan ▁River ▁South ▁F ork ▁H uer f ano ▁River ▁South ▁F ork ▁Little ▁S nake ▁River ▁South ▁F ork ▁Michigan ▁River ▁South ▁F ork ▁P ine y ▁River ▁South ▁F ork ▁P urg atoire ▁River ▁South ▁F ork ▁Republican ▁River ▁ 7 , 1 9 5 km 2 ▁( 2 , 7 7 8 mi 2 ) ▁South ▁F ork ▁Rio ▁Grande ▁South ▁F ork ▁San ▁Miguel ▁River ▁South ▁F ork ▁South ▁Pl atte ▁River ▁South ▁F ork ▁Sw an ▁River ▁South ▁F ork ▁West ▁Man cos ▁River ▁South ▁F ork ▁White ▁River ▁South ▁Pl atte ▁River ▁ 6 2 , 7 3 8 km 2 ▁( 2 4 , 2 2 3 mi 2 ) ▁Spring ▁Creek ▁Spr uce ▁Creek ▁St on er ▁Creek ▁Sw an ▁River ▁Tar ry all ▁Creek ▁Taylor ▁River ▁ 1 , 2 5 8 km 2 ▁( 4 8 6 mi 2 ) ▁Ten mile ▁Creek ▁Tennessee ▁Creek ▁Tom ichi ▁Creek ▁ 2 , 8 7 4 km 2 ▁( 1 , 1 0 9 mi 2 ) ▁Tr inch era ▁Creek ▁Two ▁But te ▁Creek ▁ 2 , 1 0 7 km 2 ▁( 8 1 4 mi 2 ) ▁Un comp ah gre ▁River ▁ 2 , 9 2 1 |
km 2 ▁( 1 , 1 2 8 mi 2 ) ▁Verm ill ion ▁Creek ▁ 2 , 5 0 0 km 2 ▁( 9 6 5 mi 2 ) ▁West ▁Branch ▁Lar am ie ▁River ▁West ▁Dol ores ▁River ▁West ▁F ork ▁Anim as ▁River ▁West ▁F ork ▁C imar ron ▁River ▁West ▁F ork ▁El k ▁River ▁West ▁F ork ▁Enc amp ment ▁River ▁West ▁F ork ▁Little ▁Thompson ▁River ▁West ▁F ork ▁North ▁F ork ▁P urg atoire ▁River ▁West ▁F ork ▁Rio ▁Ch ama ▁West ▁F ork ▁San ▁Juan ▁River ▁West ▁Man cos ▁River ▁White ▁River ▁ 1 2 , 9 8 9 km 2 ▁( 5 , 0 1 5 mi 2 ) ▁White ▁Woman ▁Creek ▁ 3 , 0 0 0 km 2 ▁( 1 , 1 5 8 mi 2 ) ▁Williams ▁F ork ▁( Color ado ▁River ▁trib ut ary ) ▁Williams ▁F ork ▁( Y ampa ▁River ▁trib ut ary ) ▁Will ow ▁Creek ▁Wind ▁River ▁Wolf ▁Creek ▁Y ampa ▁River ▁ 2 1 , 5 0 6 km 2 ▁( 8 , 3 0 4 mi 2 ) ▁Y ellow ▁Creek ▁ 7 6 0 km 2 ▁( 2 9 3 mi 2 ) ▁ ▁Notes ▁Of ▁the ▁ 1 5 8 ▁named ▁rivers ▁that ▁flow ▁through ▁the ▁State ▁of ▁Colorado , ▁all ▁but ▁the ▁Green ▁River ▁and ▁C imar ron ▁River ▁have ▁their ▁head w aters ▁in ▁that ▁state . ▁ |
▁As ▁of ▁February ▁ 1 , ▁ 2 0 0 8 , ▁the ▁U . S . ▁Board ▁on ▁Geographic ▁Names ▁had ▁identified ▁ 5 , 5 6 4 ▁natural ▁streams ▁in ▁the ▁State ▁of ▁Colorado . ▁ ▁Of ▁this ▁number , ▁ 1 4 7 ▁larger ▁streams ▁( 2 . 6 %) ▁were ▁named ▁river ▁and ▁ 1 1 ▁( 0 . 2 %) ▁were ▁named ▁r io . ▁ ▁The ▁vast ▁majority ▁of ▁the ▁Colorado ▁streams ▁( 5 0 8 2 ▁or ▁ 9 1 . 3 %) ▁were ▁named ▁cre ek . ▁ ▁Of ▁the ▁remaining ▁Colorado ▁streams , ▁ 1 2 2 ▁( 2 . 2 %) ▁were ▁named ▁ar roy o , ▁ 6 0 ▁( 1 . 1 %) ▁were ▁named ▁was h , ▁ 4 4 ▁( 0 . 8 %) ▁were ▁named ▁fork , ▁ 1 8 ▁( 0 . 3 %) ▁were ▁named ▁branch , ▁ 1 7 ▁( 0 . 3 %) ▁were ▁named ▁bro ok , ▁ 1 7 ▁( 0 . 3 %) ▁were ▁named ▁run , ▁ 1 5 ▁( 0 . 3 %) ▁were ▁named ▁r ito , ▁ 1 0 ▁( 0 . 2 %) ▁were ▁named ▁sl ough , ▁but ▁not ▁a ▁single ▁stream ▁was ▁named ▁stream . ▁ ▁Perhaps ▁the ▁str ang est ▁stream ▁name ▁in ▁Colorado ▁belongs ▁to ▁the ▁West ▁F ork ▁East ▁F ork ▁Williams ▁F ork ▁located ▁in ▁Gar field ▁County . ▁ ▁Many ▁streams ▁in ▁Colorado ▁share ▁a ▁name ▁with ▁another ▁stream |
▁in ▁that ▁state . ▁ ▁In ▁addition ▁to ▁the ▁Canadian ▁River ▁that ▁is ▁the ▁largest ▁trib ut ary ▁of ▁the ▁Ark ansas ▁River , ▁there ▁is ▁also ▁a ▁Canadian ▁River ▁that ▁is ▁a ▁trib ut ary ▁of ▁the ▁North ▁Pl atte ▁River . ▁ ▁In ▁addition ▁to ▁the ▁C imar ron ▁River ▁that ▁is ▁another ▁major ▁trib ut ary ▁of ▁the ▁Ark ansas ▁River , ▁there ▁is ▁also ▁a ▁C imar ron ▁River ▁that ▁is ▁a ▁trib ut ary ▁of ▁the ▁G unn ison ▁River . ▁ ▁There ▁is ▁a ▁Fall ▁River ▁that ▁is ▁a ▁trib ut ary ▁of ▁the ▁Big ▁Thompson ▁River ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁a ▁Fall ▁River ▁that ▁is ▁a ▁trib ut ary ▁of ▁Clear ▁Creek . ▁ ▁There ▁are ▁ 7 2 ▁streams ▁in ▁the ▁State ▁of ▁Colorado ▁that ▁are ▁named ▁Will ow ▁Creek , ▁ 7 1 ▁streams ▁named ▁Spring ▁Creek , ▁ 5 3 ▁streams ▁named ▁Cot ton wood ▁Creek , ▁ 4 9 ▁streams ▁named ▁Bear ▁Creek , ▁ 4 9 ▁streams ▁named ▁Be aver ▁Creek , ▁ 4 8 ▁streams ▁named ▁D ry ▁Creek , ▁ 3 3 ▁streams ▁named ▁Rock ▁Creek , ▁ 3 3 ▁streams ▁named ▁Sand ▁Creek , ▁and ▁ 3 2 ▁streams ▁named ▁Mill ▁Creek . ▁ ▁The ▁Ark ansas ▁River ▁and ▁the ▁Colorado ▁River ▁flow ▁through ▁Colorado , ▁as ▁do ▁a ▁Florida ▁River , ▁an ▁Id aho ▁Creek , ▁an ▁Illinois ▁River , ▁an ▁Indiana ▁Creek , ▁a ▁Maryland ▁Creek , ▁a ▁Michigan ▁River , ▁a ▁Minnesota ▁Creek , ▁six ▁Missouri |
▁C ree ks , ▁a ▁Mont ana ▁Creek , ▁two ▁New ▁York ▁C ree ks , ▁two ▁Ohio ▁C ree ks , ▁two ▁Pennsylvania ▁C ree ks , ▁two ▁Tennessee ▁C ree ks , ▁seven ▁Texas ▁C ree ks , ▁and ▁a ▁Virginia ▁Creek . ▁ ▁Trib ut ary ▁chart ▁ ▁The ▁following ▁trib ut ary ▁chart ▁shows ▁many ▁important ▁streams ▁that ▁flow ▁through ▁the ▁State ▁of ▁Colorado ▁including ▁all ▁ 1 5 8 ▁named ▁rivers . ▁ ▁The ▁chart ▁is ▁arranged ▁by ▁trib ut ary ▁and ▁area ▁of ▁the ▁d rain age ▁bas in . ▁ ▁The ▁names ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 7 ▁Colorado ▁rivers ▁with ▁a ▁d rain age ▁bas in ▁of ▁more ▁than ▁ 1 0 , 0 0 0 ▁square ▁kilom eters ▁( 3 , 9 0 0 ▁sq ▁mi ) ▁are ▁shown ▁in ▁bold . ▁ ▁O ce ans ▁and ▁streams ▁outside ▁of ▁Colorado ▁are ▁shown ▁in ▁ital ics . ▁ ▁Pacific ▁Ocean ▁G ulf ▁of ▁California ▁Colorado ▁River ▁Green ▁River ▁Y ampa ▁River ▁ 2 1 , 5 0 6 km 2 ▁( 8 , 3 0 4 mi 2 ) ▁Little ▁S nake ▁River ▁ 1 0 , 6 2 9 km 2 ▁( 4 , 1 0 4 mi 2 ) ▁Ro aring ▁F ork ▁Little ▁S nake ▁River ▁Middle ▁F ork ▁Little ▁S nake ▁River ▁North ▁F ork ▁Little ▁S nake ▁River ▁South ▁F ork ▁Little ▁S nake ▁River ▁Williams ▁F ork ▁Bear ▁River ▁El k ▁River ▁South ▁F ork |
▁El k ▁River ▁Middle ▁F ork ▁El k ▁River ▁North ▁F ork ▁El k ▁River ▁White ▁River ▁ 1 2 , 9 8 9 km 2 ▁( 5 , 0 1 5 mi 2 ) ▁P ice ance ▁Creek ▁ 1 , 6 3 0 km 2 ▁( 6 2 9 mi 2 ) ▁Y ellow ▁Creek ▁ 7 6 0 km 2 ▁( 2 9 3 mi 2 ) ▁North ▁F ork ▁White ▁River ▁South ▁F ork ▁White ▁River ▁Verm ill ion ▁Creek ▁ 2 , 5 0 0 km 2 ▁( 9 6 5 mi 2 ) ▁upper ▁Colorado ▁River ▁G unn ison ▁River ▁ 2 0 , 8 5 1 km 2 ▁( 8 , 0 5 1 mi 2 ) ▁Un comp ah gre ▁River ▁ 2 , 9 2 1 km 2 ▁( 1 , 1 2 8 mi 2 ) ▁Tom ichi ▁Creek ▁ 2 , 8 7 4 km 2 ▁( 1 , 1 0 9 mi 2 ) ▁C och et op a ▁Creek ▁Quart z ▁Creek ▁North ▁F ork ▁G unn ison ▁River ▁ 2 , 4 9 2 km 2 ▁( 9 6 2 mi 2 ) ▁Smith ▁F ork ▁Blue ▁Creek ▁Lake ▁F ork ▁G unn ison ▁River ▁H enson ▁Creek ▁Taylor ▁River ▁ 1 , 2 5 8 km 2 ▁( 4 8 6 mi 2 ) ▁East ▁River ▁ 7 6 2 |
km 2 ▁( 2 9 4 mi 2 ) ▁S late ▁River ▁C imar ron ▁River ▁Little ▁C imar ron ▁River ▁East ▁F ork ▁Little ▁C imar ron ▁River ▁East ▁F ork ▁C imar ron ▁River ▁Middle ▁F ork ▁C imar ron ▁River ▁West ▁F ork ▁C imar ron ▁River ▁Dol ores ▁River ▁ 1 1 , 9 9 8 km 2 ▁( 4 , 6 3 3 mi 2 ) ▁San ▁Miguel ▁River ▁ 4 , 0 6 0 km 2 ▁( 1 , 5 6 7 mi 2 ) ▁South ▁F ork ▁San ▁Miguel ▁River ▁West ▁Dol ores ▁River ▁Rio ▁L ado ▁Ro aring ▁F ork ▁River ▁ 3 , 7 6 6 km 2 ▁( 1 , 4 5 4 mi 2 ) ▁Cry stal ▁River ▁North ▁F ork ▁Cry stal ▁River ▁South ▁F ork ▁Cry stal ▁River ▁East ▁F ork ▁South ▁F ork ▁Cry stal ▁River ▁F ry ing pan ▁River ▁North ▁F ork ▁F ry ing pan ▁River ▁South ▁F ork ▁F ry ing pan ▁River ▁E agle ▁River ▁ 2 , 5 1 5 km 2 ▁( 9 7 1 mi 2 ) ▁G ore ▁Creek ▁East ▁F ork ▁E agle ▁River ▁South ▁F ork ▁E agle ▁River ▁Blue ▁River ▁ 1 , 7 7 0 km 2 ▁( 6 8 3 mi 2 ) ▁S nake ▁River ▁North ▁F ork ▁S nake ▁River ▁Ten mile ▁Creek ▁Sw an ▁River ▁Middle ▁F ork ▁Sw an |
▁River ▁North ▁F ork ▁Sw an ▁River ▁South ▁F ork ▁Sw an ▁River ▁Little ▁Dol ores ▁River ▁F ras er ▁River ▁Williams ▁F ork ▁P ine y ▁River ▁North ▁F ork ▁P ine y ▁River ▁South ▁F ork ▁P ine y ▁River ▁First ▁F ork ▁South ▁F ork ▁P ine y ▁River ▁Par ach ute ▁Creek ▁Ro an ▁Creek ▁Pl ate au ▁Creek ▁M ud dy ▁Creek ▁Will ow ▁Creek ▁San ▁Juan ▁River ▁ 6 4 , 5 6 0 km 2 ▁( 2 4 , 9 2 7 mi 2 ) ▁Anim as ▁River ▁ 3 , 5 6 2 km 2 ▁( 1 , 3 7 5 mi 2 ) ▁Florida ▁River ▁North ▁F ork ▁Anim as ▁River ▁South ▁F ork ▁Anim as ▁River ▁West ▁F ork ▁Anim as ▁River ▁Monte z uma ▁Creek ▁ 3 , 0 4 4 km 2 ▁( 1 , 1 7 5 mi 2 ) ▁Man cos ▁River ▁ 2 , 0 9 9 km 2 ▁( 8 1 0 mi 2 ) ▁East ▁Man cos ▁River ▁Middle ▁Man cos ▁River ▁West ▁Man cos ▁River ▁North ▁F ork ▁West ▁Man cos ▁River ▁South ▁F ork ▁West ▁Man cos ▁River ▁Mc El mo ▁Creek ▁ 1 , 8 4 2 km 2 ▁( 7 1 1 mi 2 ) ▁P ied ra ▁River ▁ 1 , 7 7 0 km 2 ▁( 6 8 3 mi 2 ) ▁First ▁F ork ▁P ied ra |
▁River ▁East ▁F ork ▁P ied ra ▁River ▁Middle ▁F ork ▁P ied ra ▁River ▁La ▁Pl ata ▁River ▁N ava jo ▁River ▁Little ▁N ava jo ▁River ▁East ▁F ork ▁N ava jo ▁River ▁Los ▁P inos ▁River ▁North ▁F ork ▁Los ▁P inos ▁River ▁Rio ▁Blan co ▁East ▁F ork ▁San ▁Juan ▁River ▁West ▁F ork ▁San ▁Juan ▁River ▁Wolf ▁Creek ▁ ▁Atlantic ▁Ocean ▁G ulf ▁of ▁Mexico ▁Mississippi ▁River ▁Missouri ▁River ▁Pl atte ▁River ▁North ▁Pl atte ▁River ▁ 8 0 , 7 5 5 km 2 ▁( 3 1 , 1 8 0 mi 2 ) ▁Lar am ie ▁River ▁ 1 1 , 9 6 1 km 2 ▁( 4 , 6 1 8 mi 2 ) ▁Sand ▁Creek ▁West ▁Branch ▁Lar am ie ▁River ▁North ▁F ork ▁West ▁Branch ▁Lar am ie ▁River ▁Enc amp ment ▁River ▁West ▁F ork ▁Enc amp ment ▁River ▁Canadian ▁River ▁North ▁F ork ▁Canadian ▁River ▁South ▁F ork ▁Canadian ▁River ▁Michigan ▁River ▁Illinois ▁River ▁North ▁F ork ▁Michigan ▁River ▁South ▁F ork ▁Michigan ▁River ▁D ry ▁F ork ▁Michigan ▁River ▁North ▁F ork ▁North ▁Pl atte ▁River ▁South ▁Pl atte ▁River ▁ 6 2 , 7 3 8 km 2 ▁( 2 4 , 2 2 3 mi 2 ) ▁L odge pole ▁Creek ▁ 8 , 3 7 4 km 2 ▁( 3 , 2 3 3 mi 2 ) ▁Cache ▁la ▁P oud re ▁River ▁ 4 , 9 5 9 |
km 2 ▁( 1 , 9 1 5 mi 2 ) ▁North ▁F ork ▁Cache ▁la ▁P oud re ▁River ▁South ▁F ork ▁Cache ▁la ▁P oud re ▁River ▁Spring ▁Creek ▁Crow ▁Creek ▁ 3 , 7 1 7 km 2 ▁( 1 , 4 3 5 mi 2 ) ▁Bij ou ▁Creek ▁ 3 , 6 1 2 km 2 ▁( 1 , 3 9 5 mi 2 ) ▁Be aver ▁Creek ▁ 2 , 9 3 9 km 2 ▁( 1 , 1 3 5 mi 2 ) ▁Saint ▁V rain ▁Creek ▁ 2 , 5 7 2 km 2 ▁( 9 9 3 mi 2 ) ▁B ould er ▁Creek ▁ 1 , 1 6 0 km 2 ▁( 4 4 8 mi 2 ) ▁Left ▁Hand ▁Creek ▁Big ▁Thompson ▁River ▁ 2 , 1 4 9 km 2 ▁( 8 3 0 mi 2 ) ▁Little ▁Thompson ▁River ▁North ▁F ork ▁Little ▁Thompson ▁River ▁West ▁F ork ▁Little ▁Thompson ▁River ▁Fall ▁River ▁Ro aring ▁River ▁North ▁F ork ▁Big ▁Thompson ▁River ▁Asp en ▁Brook ▁Wind ▁River ▁Spr uce ▁Creek ▁H idden ▁River ▁Fish ▁Creek ▁Sid ney ▁Draw ▁ 1 , 9 4 9 km 2 ▁( 7 5 3 mi 2 ) ▁Box ▁E lder ▁Creek ▁Ki owa ▁Creek ▁ 1 , 8 8 8 km 2 ▁( 7 2 9 mi 2 ) ▁P aw ne e ▁Creek ▁ 1 |
, 8 7 5 km 2 ▁( 7 2 4 mi 2 ) ▁Clear ▁Creek ▁ 1 , 4 9 7 km 2 ▁( 5 7 8 mi 2 ) ▁R al ston ▁Creek ▁Fall ▁River ▁Cher ry ▁Creek ▁ 1 , 0 5 0 km 2 ▁( 4 0 5 mi 2 ) ▁Pl um ▁Creek ▁North ▁F ork ▁South ▁Pl atte ▁River ▁Gene va ▁Creek ▁Middle ▁F ork ▁South ▁Pl atte ▁River ▁South ▁F ork ▁South ▁Pl atte ▁River ▁L one ▁Tree ▁Creek ▁O w l ▁Creek ▁Tar ry all ▁Creek ▁Sand ▁Creek ▁Bear ▁Creek ▁ 3 3 9 km 2 ▁( 1 3 1 mi 2 ) ▁Big ▁D ry ▁Creek ▁( L ittle ton , ▁Colorado ) ▁Big ▁D ry ▁Creek ▁( West min ster , ▁Colorado ) ▁Little ▁D ry ▁Creek ▁Kansas ▁River ▁Republican ▁River ▁North ▁F ork ▁Republican ▁River ▁ 1 3 , 1 7 2 km 2 ▁( 5 , 0 8 6 mi 2 ) ▁A rik are e ▁River ▁ 4 , 4 2 9 km 2 ▁( 1 , 7 1 0 mi 2 ) ▁North ▁F ork ▁A rik are e ▁River ▁French man ▁Creek ▁ 7 , 3 9 8 km 2 ▁( 2 , 8 5 6 mi 2 ) ▁S appa ▁Creek ▁Be aver ▁Creek ▁South ▁F ork ▁Be aver ▁Creek ▁ 1 , 9 3 9 km 2 ▁( 7 4 9 |
mi 2 ) ▁Little ▁Be aver ▁Creek ▁ 1 , 6 0 2 km 2 ▁( 6 1 9 mi 2 ) ▁South ▁F ork ▁Republican ▁River ▁ 7 , 1 9 5 km 2 ▁( 2 , 7 7 8 mi 2 ) ▁Sm ok y ▁Hill ▁River ▁ 5 1 , 7 8 3 km 2 ▁( 1 9 , 9 9 4 mi 2 ) ▁Lad der ▁Creek ▁ 3 , 6 4 5 km 2 ▁( 1 , 4 0 7 mi 2 ) ▁North ▁F ork ▁Sm ok y ▁Hill ▁River ▁ 1 , 9 6 5 km 2 ▁( 7 5 9 mi 2 ) ▁Ark ansas ▁River ▁ 4 7 8 , 5 0 1 km 2 ▁( 1 8 4 , 7 5 0 mi 2 ) ▁Tennessee ▁Creek ▁Canadian ▁River ▁ 1 2 2 , 7 0 1 km 2 ▁( 4 7 , 3 7 5 mi 2 ) ▁V erme jo ▁River ▁North ▁F ork ▁V erme jo ▁River ▁C imar ron ▁River ▁ 4 4 , 8 9 0 km 2 ▁( 1 7 , 3 3 2 mi 2 ) ▁North ▁F ork ▁C imar ron ▁River ▁ 4 , 4 6 2 km 2 ▁( 1 , 7 2 3 mi 2 ) ▁Sand ▁Ar roy o ▁Creek ▁ 1 , 9 3 8 km 2 ▁( 7 4 8 |
mi 2 ) ▁P urg atoire ▁River ▁ 8 , 9 2 3 km 2 ▁( 3 , 4 4 5 mi 2 ) ▁North ▁F ork ▁P urg atoire ▁River ▁West ▁F ork ▁North ▁F ork ▁P urg atoire ▁River ▁Middle ▁F ork ▁P urg atoire ▁River ▁South ▁F ork ▁P urg atoire ▁River ▁H uer f ano ▁River ▁ 4 , 8 4 0 km 2 ▁( 1 , 8 6 9 mi 2 ) ▁C uchar as ▁River ▁Hill ▁Branch ▁C uchar as ▁River ▁South ▁F ork ▁C uchar as ▁River ▁South ▁F ork ▁H uer f ano ▁River ▁Big ▁Sand y ▁Creek ▁ 4 , 8 2 5 km 2 ▁( 1 , 8 6 3 mi 2 ) ▁R ush ▁Creek ▁ 3 , 5 7 0 km 2 ▁( 1 , 3 7 8 mi 2 ) ▁Hor se ▁Creek ▁ 3 , 6 8 0 km 2 ▁( 1 , 4 2 1 mi 2 ) ▁Ap ish apa ▁River ▁ 2 , 7 9 8 km 2 ▁( 1 , 0 8 0 mi 2 ) ▁North ▁F ork ▁Ap ish apa ▁River ▁F ount ain ▁Creek ▁ 2 , 4 1 8 km 2 ▁( 9 3 3 mi 2 ) ▁Two ▁But te ▁Creek ▁ 2 , 1 0 7 km 2 ▁( 8 1 4 mi 2 ) ▁Ch ico ▁Creek ▁ 1 , 9 |
3 4 km 2 ▁( 7 4 7 mi 2 ) ▁South ▁Ark ansas ▁River ▁Middle ▁F ork ▁South ▁Ark ansas ▁River ▁North ▁F ork ▁South ▁Ark ansas ▁River ▁Gra pe ▁Creek ▁Saint ▁Charles ▁River ▁North ▁Saint ▁Charles ▁River ▁East ▁F ork ▁Ark ansas ▁River ▁Ch alk ▁Creek ▁Bear ▁Creek ▁Bas in ▁( endor he ic ▁bas in ) ▁Bear ▁Creek ▁ 4 , 5 0 0 km 2 ▁( 1 , 7 3 7 mi 2 ) ▁White ▁Woman ▁Bas in ▁( endor he ic ▁bas in ) ▁White ▁Woman ▁Creek ▁ 3 , 0 0 0 km 2 ▁( 1 , 1 5 8 mi 2 ) ▁Rio ▁Grande ▁ 4 5 7 , 2 7 5 km 2 ▁( 1 7 6 , 5 5 5 mi 2 ) ▁Rio ▁Ch ama ▁ 8 , 2 0 4 km 2 ▁( 3 , 1 6 8 mi 2 ) ▁Rio ▁Cham ita ▁East ▁F ork ▁Rio ▁Ch ama ▁West ▁F ork ▁Rio ▁Ch ama ▁C one jos ▁River ▁ 2 , 0 7 8 km 2 ▁( 8 0 2 mi 2 ) ▁Rio ▁San ▁Antonio ▁Rio ▁de ▁los ▁Pi ños ▁North ▁F ork ▁Rio ▁de ▁los ▁Pi ños ▁Middle ▁F ork ▁C one jos ▁River ▁North ▁Branch ▁C one jos ▁River ▁North ▁F ork ▁C one jos ▁River ▁South ▁F ork ▁C one jos ▁River ▁Adams ▁F ork ▁C one jos ▁River ▁South ▁F ork ▁Rio ▁Grande |
▁Al am osa ▁River ▁ 3 8 3 km 2 ▁( 1 4 8 mi 2 ) ▁Tr inch era ▁Creek ▁Sang re ▁de ▁Crist o ▁Creek ▁San ▁Luis ▁Cl osed ▁Bas in ▁( endor he ic ▁bas in ) ▁San ▁Luis ▁Creek ▁ 7 , 0 0 0 km 2 ▁( 2 , 7 0 3 mi 2 ) ▁S agu ache ▁Creek ▁ 3 , 4 8 2 km 2 ▁( 1 , 3 4 5 mi 2 ) ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁▁ ▁H ydro log y ▁ ▁Sur face - water ▁hydro log y ▁ ▁Stream ▁ ▁River ▁ ▁Water falls ▁of ▁Colorado ▁ ▁Geography ▁of ▁Colorado ▁ ▁Colorado ▁d rain age ▁bas ins ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁ ▁State ▁of ▁Colorado ▁website ▁ ▁Colorado ▁Division ▁of ▁Natural ▁Resources ▁ ▁Colorado ▁Water ▁Conserv ation ▁Board ▁ ▁Colorado ▁Division ▁of ▁Water ▁Resources ▁ ▁Colorado ▁Ge ological ▁Survey ▁ ▁Major ▁R ivers ▁of ▁Colorado ▁ ▁Colorado ' s ▁Dec ision ▁Support ▁Systems ▁ ▁Colorado ▁rivers ▁* ▁R ivers <0x0A> </s> ▁Stanis lav ▁Angel ovi č ▁( born ▁ 2 6 ▁March ▁ 1 9 8 2 ) ▁is ▁a ▁Slov ak ▁playing ▁coach ▁who ▁plays ▁for ▁Š K ▁Sv ät ý ▁Jur . ▁ ▁He ▁recently ▁played ▁for ▁M Š K ▁Ž il ina ▁in ▁the ▁C org o ň ▁Liga . ▁His ▁former ▁clubs ▁include ▁FC ▁Sen ec ▁and ▁Isra eli ▁club ▁Mac c abi ▁Net anya . ▁He ▁signed ▁a ▁three - year |
▁contract ▁with ▁Slo van ▁in ▁July ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁before ▁moving ▁to ▁his ▁current ▁club ▁in ▁June ▁ 2 0 0 9 . ▁ ▁Club ▁career ▁statistics ▁( correct ▁as ▁of ▁ 3 0 ▁December ▁ 2 0 1 2 ) ▁ ▁Hon ours ▁ ▁As ▁Player ▁Š K ▁Slo van ▁C org o ň ▁Liga : ▁W inner ▁( 1 ): ▁ 2 0 0 8 - 0 9 , ▁M Š K ▁Ž il ina ▁C org o ň ▁Liga : ▁W inner ▁( 2 ): ▁ 2 0 0 9 - 1 0 , ▁ 2 0 1 1 - 1 2 ▁Slov ak ▁Super ▁Cup : ▁W inner ▁( 1 ): ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁Slov ak ▁Cup : ▁W inner ▁( 1 ): ▁ 2 0 1 1 - 1 2 ▁Run ner - up ▁( 2 ): ▁ 2 0 1 0 – 1 1 , ▁ 2 0 1 2 - 1 3 ▁ ▁As ▁Co ach ▁Š K ▁Sv ät ý ▁Jur ▁' 3 . ▁Liga : ▁W inners ▁( 1 ): ▁ 2 0 1 5 - 1 6 ▁( Prom oted ) ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 8 2 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : S lov ak ▁football ers ▁Category : S lov ak ia ▁youth ▁international ▁football ers ▁Category : FC ▁Sen ec ▁players ▁Category : M acc abi ▁Net anya ▁F . C . ▁players ▁Category : Š K ▁Slo van ▁Br |
atis lava ▁players ▁Category : M Š K ▁Ž il ina ▁players ▁Category : S lov ak ▁Super ▁Liga ▁players ▁Category : Ex pat ri ate ▁football ers ▁in ▁Israel ▁Category : S lov ak ▁exp atri ate ▁football ers ▁Category : Associ ation ▁football ▁full back s <0x0A> </s> ▁M og am ul ▁is ▁a ▁ 1 9 9 5 ▁T amil ▁language ▁film ▁directed ▁by ▁G n ana ▁Raj ase kar an ▁based ▁on ▁a ▁novel ▁written ▁by ▁Th i . ▁Jan ak ir aman . ▁The ▁film ▁features ▁Arch ana ▁J ogle kar , ▁Ned um udi ▁V enu ▁and ▁Ab his he k ▁in ▁lead ▁roles ▁whilst ▁V ive k ▁and ▁V enn ir ada i ▁Mo orth y ▁play ▁supporting ▁roles . ▁The ▁score ▁and ▁sound track ▁were ▁composed ▁by ▁I la iy ara aja . ▁The ▁film ▁opened ▁in ▁May ▁ 1 9 9 5 ▁to ▁critical ▁acc laim . ▁ ▁Cast ▁Arch ana ▁J ogle kar ▁as ▁Yam una ▁Ned um udi ▁V enu ▁as ▁Rang anna ▁Ab his he k ▁as ▁Bab u ▁V enn ir ada i ▁Mo orth y ▁V ive k ▁Del hi ▁Gan esh ▁ ▁Track ▁listing ▁ ▁T amil ▁( original ▁sound track ) ▁ ▁Production ▁The ▁film ▁marked ▁the ▁director ial ▁debut ▁of ▁G n ana ▁Raj ase kar an , ▁and ▁he ▁chose ▁to ▁make ▁an ▁art ▁film ▁based ▁on ▁a ▁novel ▁written ▁by ▁Th i . ▁Jan ak ir aman . ▁ ▁Release ▁The ▁film ▁won ▁critical |
▁acc laim ▁and ▁went ▁on ▁to ▁win ▁a ▁National ▁Film ▁Award ▁for ▁G n ana ▁Raj ase kar an , ▁who ▁secured ▁the ▁Ind ira ▁Gand hi ▁Award ▁for ▁Best ▁Deb ut ▁Film ▁of ▁a ▁Director . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 9 5 ▁films ▁Category : T amil ▁film ▁scores ▁by ▁I la iy ara aja ▁Category : 1 9 9 0 s ▁T amil - language ▁films ▁Category : Fil ms ▁based ▁on ▁Indian ▁nov els ▁Category : Best ▁Deb ut ▁Fe ature ▁Film ▁of ▁a ▁Director ▁National ▁Film ▁Award ▁w inners ▁Category : 1 9 9 5 ▁director ial ▁debut ▁films <0x0A> </s> ▁" The ▁One ▁Who ▁Re ally ▁Lov es ▁You " ▁is ▁a ▁single ▁recorded ▁by ▁Mary ▁Well s ▁on ▁the ▁Mot own ▁label ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 2 . ▁It ▁was ▁written ▁and ▁composed ▁by ▁Sm o key ▁Robinson ▁of ▁The ▁Mira cles ▁and ▁pe aked ▁at ▁number ▁eight ▁on ▁the ▁Billboard ▁Hot ▁ 1 0 0 ▁chart ▁and ▁number ▁two ▁on ▁the ▁Billboard ▁R & B ▁chart . ▁ ▁The ▁song , ▁written ▁by ▁Sm o key ▁Robinson , ▁tal ks ▁about ▁a ▁woman ▁who ' s ▁telling ▁her ▁boy friend ▁not ▁to ▁fall ▁for ▁other ▁girls , ▁because ▁they ▁don ' t ▁want ▁him , ▁and ▁their ▁love ▁isn ' t ▁true , ▁but ▁hers ▁is , ▁so ▁she ' s ▁telling ▁him ▁that ▁he ▁" bet ter ▁w ake ▁up " ▁before ▁they ▁" break ▁up ". ▁ |
▁The ▁single ▁was ▁the ▁first ▁of ▁a ▁tri o ▁of ▁Top ▁Ten ▁hits ▁with ▁Robinson ▁in ▁the ▁year ▁( follow ed ▁by ▁" You ▁Beat ▁Me ▁to ▁the ▁P unch " ▁and ▁" Two ▁Lo vers "). ▁It ▁featured ▁v ib raph one ▁production ▁and ▁brought ▁out ▁a ▁so fter ▁sound ▁in ▁Well s ' ▁voice ▁that ▁hadn ' t ▁been ▁shown ▁in ▁her ▁earlier ▁releases . ▁The ▁single ▁was ▁the ▁highest ▁chart ing ▁single ▁of ▁her ▁career ▁at ▁the ▁time . ▁ ▁Jess ica ▁San chez ▁sample d ▁the ▁song ▁for ▁her ▁song ▁" St ill ▁in ▁Love ". ▁ ▁Person nel ▁Le ad ▁vocal ▁by ▁Mary ▁Well s ▁Background ▁vocals ▁by ▁The ▁Love ▁T ones ▁( Car l ▁Jones , ▁Joe ▁Mil es , ▁and ▁Stan ▁B rac ely ) ▁Inst rument ation ▁by ▁The ▁F unk ▁Brothers ▁Writ ten ▁and ▁produced ▁by ▁Sm o key ▁Robinson ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 6 2 ▁singles ▁Category : M ary ▁Well s ▁songs ▁Category : M ot own ▁singles ▁Category : S ongs ▁written ▁by ▁Sm o key ▁Robinson ▁Category : S ong ▁record ings ▁produced ▁by ▁Sm o key ▁Robinson ▁Category : 1 9 6 2 ▁songs <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Gh ana ian ▁people ▁are ▁a ▁nation ▁origin ating ▁in ▁the ▁Gh ana ian ▁Gold ▁Coast . ▁Gh ana ians ▁pre domin antly ▁inhab it ▁the ▁republic ▁of ▁Gh ana , ▁and ▁are ▁the ▁pre domin ant ▁cultural ▁group ▁and ▁residents ▁of ▁Gh ana , ▁number ing ▁ 2 |
0 ▁million ▁people ▁as ▁of ▁ 2 0 1 3 . ▁Native ▁Gh ana ians ▁make ▁up ▁ 8 5 . 4 % ▁of ▁the ▁total ▁population . ▁The ▁word ▁" G h ana " ▁means ▁" war rior ▁king ". ▁ ▁Appro xim ately ▁ 2 0 ▁million ▁Gh ana ians ▁are ▁residents ▁of ▁the ▁Four th ▁Republic ▁of ▁Gh ana ; ▁an ▁additional ▁estimated ▁di as por a ▁population ▁of ▁ 4 ▁million ▁people ▁world wide ▁are ▁of ▁Gh ana ian ▁descent . ▁The ▁term ▁eth nic ▁Gh ana ian ▁may ▁also ▁be ▁used ▁in ▁some ▁context s ▁to ▁refer ▁to ▁a ▁group ▁of ▁related ▁eth nic ▁groups ▁native ▁to ▁the ▁Gold ▁Coast . ▁The ▁Republic ▁of ▁Gh ana ▁is ▁a ▁natural ▁resource , ▁min eral ▁resource ▁and ▁foss il ▁fuel - rich ▁nation ▁and ▁is ▁home ▁to ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁world ' s ▁largest ▁gold ▁and ▁sweet ▁cru de ▁oil ▁res erves ▁and ▁they ▁are ▁the ▁second ▁major ▁produ cers ▁of ▁c ocoa ▁in ▁the ▁world . ▁ ▁The ▁Republic ▁of ▁Gh ana ▁is ▁an ▁economic ▁power house ▁in ▁West ▁Africa , ▁and ▁has ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁biggest ▁econom ies ▁on ▁the ▁African ▁continent ▁and ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁world ' s ▁fast est ▁growing ▁econom ies . ▁ ▁Origin , ▁eth n ogen esis ▁and ▁history ▁ ▁The ▁origin ▁and ▁eth n ogen esis ▁of ▁the ▁ancient ▁eth nic ▁Gh ana ians ▁is ▁trac ed ▁back ▁to ▁nom adic ▁migration ▁from ▁N ub ia ▁along ▁the ▁Sah ara ▁desert ▁then |
▁south ▁to ▁the ▁Gold ▁Coast , ▁and ▁the ▁Gh ana ian ▁eth n ogen esis ▁taking ▁place ▁on ▁the ▁Gh ana ian ▁Gold ▁Coast ▁region ▁from ▁the ▁ 1 0 th ▁century ▁AD ▁to ▁the ▁ 1 6 th ▁century ▁AD . ▁The ▁Gh ana ians ▁started ▁a ▁luc r ative ▁trade ▁with ▁Gh ana ian ▁gold ▁bars ▁and ▁other ▁Gh ana ian ▁natural ▁min er als ▁to ▁the ▁Portuguese ▁in ▁ 1 4 7 1 ; ▁and ▁then ▁the ▁Gh ana ians ▁became ▁the ▁wealth iest ▁eth nic ▁group ▁and ▁nation ▁state ▁on ▁the ▁African ▁continent ▁from ▁the ▁ 1 7 th ▁century ▁on wards ▁following ▁successful ▁further ▁expansion ▁of ▁luc r ative ▁Gh ana ian ▁gold ▁bars ▁trad ing ▁to ▁the ▁Dutch , ▁Pr uss ian ▁and ▁Sc and in av ians ▁from ▁the ▁ 1 6 th ▁century ▁through ▁to ▁the ▁ 2 0 th ▁century . ▁ ▁The ▁Gh ana ians ▁established ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁powerful ▁kingdom s ▁from ▁the ▁ 1 0 th ▁century ▁AD ▁to ▁the ▁ 1 7 th ▁century ▁and ▁the ▁Gh ana ians ▁became ▁the ▁dominant ▁military ▁power ▁in ▁the ▁west ▁of ▁Africa . ▁In ▁ 1 9 0 2 , ▁the ▁powerful ▁Gh ana ian ▁kingdom s ▁had ▁all ▁become ▁a ▁col ony ▁of ▁Britain ▁and ▁their ▁powerful ▁kingdom s ▁was ▁renamed ▁Gold ▁Coast ▁following ▁a ▁series ▁of ▁military ▁batt les ▁between ▁the ▁Gh ana ians ▁and ▁the ▁British . ▁The ▁Gh ana ians ▁gained ▁their ▁independence ▁from ▁Britain ▁in ▁ 1 9 |
5 7 , ▁and ▁renamed ▁their ▁so ver eign ▁state ▁" G h ana ▁( W ar rior ▁King )" ▁due ▁to ▁the ▁fact ▁that ▁pre - histor ic ▁Republic ▁of ▁Gh ana ▁was ▁ruled ▁by ▁war riors . ▁The ▁Republic ▁of ▁Gh ana ▁was ▁the ▁first ▁African ▁country ▁to ▁gain ▁independence ▁from ▁European ▁colon ization . ▁ ▁Dem ography ▁ ▁Out ▁of ▁Gh ana ' s ▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁population ▁of ▁ 2 0 ▁million ▁people ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 3 , ▁more ▁than ▁nin ety ▁percent ▁of ▁the ▁Gh ana ian ▁citizens ▁in ▁Gh ana ▁live ▁in ▁urban ▁areas ▁– ▁a ▁figure ▁higher ▁than ▁the ▁world ▁average . ▁The ▁rate ▁of ▁Gh ana ' s ▁population ▁growth ▁is ▁at ▁the ▁world ▁average . ▁ ▁Most ▁Gh ana ian ▁move ▁to ▁the ▁urban ▁areas ▁to ▁look ▁for ▁shelter ▁due ▁to ▁the ▁fact ▁that , ▁most ▁of ▁the ▁well ▁paid ▁jobs ▁res ides ▁in ▁the ▁City . ▁Gh ana ians ▁have ▁high ▁level ▁of ▁education ▁in ▁Science , ▁technology , ▁mathematics ▁and ▁voc ational ▁studies . ▁However , ▁the ▁rural ▁areas ▁have ▁large ▁product ivity ▁in ▁agricult ural ▁produce . ▁ ▁National ▁identity ▁and ▁citizens hip ▁ ▁The ▁inhabitants ▁of ▁Gh ana ▁possess ing ▁Gh ana ian ▁pass ports ▁are ▁ 2 0 ▁million ▁persons , ▁including ▁an ▁additional ▁ 3 ‒ 4 ▁million ▁persons ▁abroad . ▁Gh ana ▁has ▁a ▁diverse ▁population ▁that ▁reflect s ▁its ▁colour ful ▁history ▁and ▁the ▁pe op les ▁who ▁have ▁populated ▁the ▁region |
▁from ▁ancient ▁times ▁to ▁the ▁present , ▁with ▁the ▁historic ▁am alg am ▁of ▁the ▁main ▁groups ▁forming ▁the ▁basis ▁of ▁Gh ana ' s ▁current ▁dem ograph ics . ▁Native ▁West ▁Afr icans ▁make ▁up ▁ 9 8 % ▁percent ▁of ▁the ▁population . ▁There ▁is ▁also ▁a ▁new ▁population ▁of ▁A si ans , ▁Middle ▁Eastern ers , ▁Europe ans ▁and ▁other ▁recent ▁imm igr ants . ▁ ▁To ▁obtain ▁Gh ana ian ▁national ity , ▁one ▁must ▁be ▁natural ized ▁after ▁seven ▁years ▁of ▁Gh ana ▁Card ▁permanent ▁res iden cy . ▁The ▁A si ans , ▁Middle ▁Eastern ers ▁and ▁Europe ans ▁who ▁have ▁lived ▁in ▁Gh ana ▁for ▁most ▁of ▁their ▁lives ▁have ▁acquired ▁Gh ana ian ▁citizens hip , ▁which ▁is ▁granted ▁without ▁any ▁disc rim ination . ▁ 6 7 . 1 % ▁of ▁Gh ana ians ▁speak ▁English . ▁There ▁are ▁over ▁ 1 0 0 ▁eth nic ▁groups , ▁each ▁with ▁its ▁own ▁distinct ▁language . ▁However , ▁languages ▁that ▁belong ▁to ▁the ▁same ▁eth nic ▁group ▁are ▁usually ▁mut ually ▁intellig ible . ▁There ▁are ▁nine ▁language ▁family ▁groups ▁and ▁ 1 1 ▁languages ▁from ▁these ▁groups ▁are ▁officially ▁spons ored ▁by ▁the ▁government : ▁A ku ap em ▁T wi , ▁As ante ▁T wi , ▁E we , ▁F ante , ▁Ga , ▁D ang me , ▁D ag ban i , ▁N z ema , ▁D aga are , ▁Gon ja ▁and ▁Kas ena . ▁ ▁During ▁the ▁colonial ▁era |
, ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁Europe ans ▁inter mar ried ▁with ▁Afr icans ▁and ▁had ▁off spring , ▁who ▁include ▁such ▁notable ▁Gold ▁Co aster s ▁as ▁Care l ▁Hend rik ▁Bart els ▁and ▁James ▁B ann erman . ▁Most ▁European ▁sett lers ▁left ▁the ▁Gold ▁Coast ▁after ▁it ▁won ▁independence . ▁Currently , ▁the ▁most ▁significant ▁imm igr ant ▁populations ▁in ▁Gh ana ▁are ▁Afr icans ▁from ▁other ▁countries ▁on ▁the ▁continent , ▁A si ans ▁( Ind ians ▁and ▁Chinese ), ▁some ▁of ▁them ▁Europe ans ▁( B rit ons , ▁Portuguese , ▁Dutch , ▁Sw edes , ▁Dan es , ▁and ▁Germ ans ), ▁and ▁Middle ▁Eastern ers , ▁particularly ▁Leb an ese ▁and ▁Sy ri ans . ▁ ▁Gen et ics ▁According ▁to ▁a ▁Y - D NA ▁study ▁by ▁Wood ▁et ▁al . ▁( 2 0 0 5 ), ▁ind igen ous ▁Gh ana ians ▁in ▁Gh ana ▁carry ▁ 6 1 % ▁E 1 b 1 a . ▁Ind igen ous ▁Gh ana ians ▁in ▁Gh ana ▁also ▁belong ▁to ▁pat ernal ▁line ages : ▁ 2 . 2 % ▁E 1 a ▁and . ▁Ind igen ous ▁Gh ana ians ▁in ▁Gh ana ▁are ▁ 1 . 1 % ▁E 1 b 1 b ▁cla de ▁bear ers , ▁a ▁ha p lo group ▁which ▁is ▁most ▁common ▁in ▁North ▁Africa ▁and ▁the ▁Horn ▁of ▁Africa ▁finally , ▁ 1 . 1 % ▁carry ▁West ▁E uras ian ▁ha p lo group ▁R 1 b . ▁ |
▁National ism , ▁independence ▁and ▁transformation ▁to ▁republic ▁ ▁The ▁Gh ana ian ▁national ism ▁was ▁susp ended ▁by ▁the ▁Gh ana ian ▁Government ▁during ▁the ▁time ▁of ▁World ▁War ▁II , ▁but ▁was ▁res umed ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 5 . ▁The ▁Gh ana ian ▁al lied ▁with ▁the ▁Al lies ▁in ▁World ▁War ▁II . ▁The ▁Fif th ▁Pan - A fr ican ▁Congress ▁held ▁on ▁October ▁ 1 9 4 5 , ▁served ▁to ▁form ▁the ▁support ▁for ▁the ▁liberal ization ▁of ▁Gh ana ian ▁colonial ▁dom ination ▁on ▁ 4 ▁August ▁ 1 9 4 7 . ▁On ▁ 1 2 ▁June ▁ 1 9 4 9 , ▁K w ame ▁N k rum ah , ▁formed ▁the ▁first ▁gover ning ▁party ▁in ▁the ▁history ▁of ▁the ▁Gold ▁Coast , ▁which ▁did ▁not ▁co oper ate ▁with ▁the ▁British ▁and ▁which ▁led ▁to ▁the ▁achiev ement ▁of ▁Gh ana ian ▁independence ▁and ▁the ▁opposition ▁to ▁the ▁ 1 9 5 1 ▁Constitution , ▁in ▁which ▁N k rum ah ▁was ▁in car cer ated ▁together ▁with ▁his ▁collabor ators . ▁ ▁On ▁ 8 ▁February ▁ 1 9 5 1 , ▁the ▁first ▁elections ▁in ▁the ▁history ▁of ▁the ▁Gold ▁Coast ▁were ▁held ; ▁N k rum ah ' s ▁win ▁was ▁confirmed ▁on ▁ 1 2 ▁February ▁ 1 9 5 1 . ▁Gh ana ian ▁national ism ▁was ▁initi ated ▁in ▁organisation ▁with ▁the ▁Gh ana ian ▁nation list ▁movement , ▁the ▁Big ▁Six ▁and ▁through |
▁the ▁Gh ana ian ▁Ab orig ines ' ▁Rights ▁Prote ction ▁Society ▁( AR PS ); ▁then ▁strik es ▁and ▁mass ▁ri ots ▁were ▁formed ▁on ▁the ▁streets ▁of ▁the ▁Gold ▁Coast ▁by ▁its ▁n atives ▁for ▁Gold ▁Coast ▁independence , ▁the ▁British ▁governor ▁at ▁the ▁time , ▁the ▁Earl ▁of ▁List owel , ▁proc laim ▁Gold ▁Coast ' s ▁independence ▁on ▁ 6 ▁March ▁ 1 9 5 7 , ▁N k rum ah ▁became ▁the ▁first ▁Gh ana ian ▁Prime ▁Minister . ▁On ▁ 1 ▁July ▁ 1 9 6 0 , ▁N k rum ah ▁drew ▁up ▁the ▁first ▁Constitution ▁of ▁Gh ana ; ▁the ▁British ▁monarch ▁ceased ▁to ▁be ▁head ▁of ▁state , ▁and ▁Gh ana ▁became ▁a ▁republic . ▁ ▁National ▁borders , ▁regions ▁and ▁terrest rial ▁pla ins ▁ ▁Population ▁▁ ▁Appro xim ately ▁ 5 % ▁of ▁Gh ana ian ▁citizens ▁live ▁in ▁rural ▁areas ▁and ▁ 9 5 % ▁in ▁urban ▁areas . ▁The ▁rate ▁of ▁urban ization ▁estimated ▁for ▁the ▁period ▁ 2 0 1 0 – 2 0 1 5 ▁is ▁ 4 % ▁per ▁an num , ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁highest ▁among ▁developing ▁countries . ▁ ▁Sub groups ▁ ▁Gh ana ian ▁Arab s ▁ ▁Gh ana ian ▁Arab s ▁are ▁Gh ana ians ▁and ▁citizens ▁of ▁Arab ▁origin ▁or ▁descent . ▁Gh ana ian ▁Arab s ▁are ▁mainly ▁from ▁Leb anon , ▁Sy ria ▁and ▁Arab ▁Mag h reb . ▁Gh ana ▁has ▁the ▁largest ▁Arab ▁population ▁in ▁western ▁Africa . |
▁ ▁Gh ana ian ▁Indians ▁ ▁Gh ana ian ▁Indians ▁are ▁Gh ana ians ▁and ▁citizens ▁of ▁Indian ▁origin ▁or ▁descent . ▁Many ▁Gh ana ian ▁Indians ▁are ▁descend ants ▁of ▁those ▁who ▁migr ated ▁from ▁India ▁following ▁India ' s ▁partition ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 7 . ▁ ▁White ▁Gh ana ians ▁ ▁White ▁Gh ana ians ▁are ▁Gh ana ian ▁citizens ▁mostly ▁of ▁British ▁origin ▁or ▁descent . ▁Some ▁White ▁Gh ana ians ▁are ▁born ▁of ▁German , ▁Dan ish , ▁Norwegian , ▁Portuguese , ▁Swedish , ▁Irish , ▁and ▁Dutch ▁origin ▁or ▁descent . ▁Gh ana ▁has ▁a ▁ 3 % ▁white ▁population . ▁These ▁citizens ▁are ▁desc ended ▁from ▁colon izers . ▁ ▁D ias por a ▁There ▁are ▁ 3 ‒ 4 ▁million ▁Gh ana ians ▁in ▁the ▁di as por a . ▁ ▁Gh ana ian ▁Austral ians ▁ ▁Gh ana ian ▁Austral ians ▁are ▁dual ▁citizens ▁with ▁Australia ▁and ▁residents ▁of ▁Gh ana ian ▁origin ▁and ▁descent . ▁More ▁than ▁ 5 0 % ▁of ▁all ▁Gh ana ian - born ▁Austral ians ▁live ▁in ▁Sydney , ▁New ▁South ▁Wales . ▁ ▁Gh ana ian ▁Americans ▁ ▁Gh ana ian ▁Americans ▁are ▁dual ▁citizens ▁with ▁America ▁and ▁residents ▁of ▁Gh ana ian ▁origin ▁and ▁descent . ▁ ▁Gh ana ian ▁Canad ians ▁ ▁Gh ana ian ▁Canad ians ▁are ▁dual ▁citizens ▁with ▁Canada ▁and ▁residents ▁of ▁Gh ana ian ▁origin ▁and ▁descent . ▁ ▁Gh ana ian ▁British ▁ ▁Gh ana ian ▁British ▁are ▁dual |
▁citizens ▁with ▁Brit on ▁and ▁residents ▁of ▁Gh ana ian ▁origin ▁and ▁descent . ▁ ▁Gh ana ian ▁Sur in am ese ▁and ▁Gu yan ese ▁ ▁N dy uka ▁( also ▁sp elled ▁" D ju ka ") ▁or ▁A uk an ▁or ▁Ok an isi ▁s ama , ▁are ▁a ▁Gh ana ian ▁Ak an ▁subgroup ▁who ▁live ▁in ▁Eastern ▁Sur in ame ▁and ▁west ▁of ▁French ▁Gu iana ▁and ▁speak ▁the ▁N dy uka ▁language , ▁a ▁sub - language ▁of ▁the ▁Ak an ▁language . ▁They ▁were ▁sh ipped ▁as ▁imported ▁labour ers ▁slaves ▁from ▁the ▁Gold ▁Coast ▁( mod ern - day ▁Gh ana ) ▁to ▁Sur in ame ▁about ▁ 3 0 0 ▁years ▁ago ▁to ▁work ▁on ▁Dutch - owned ▁plant ations . ▁N dy uk as ▁or ▁A uk ans ▁are ▁sub div ided ▁into ▁the ▁O pu , ▁who ▁live ▁up stream ▁of ▁the ▁T apan ah ony ▁River ▁of ▁sout he astern ▁Sur in ame , ▁and ▁the ▁B ilo , ▁who ▁live ▁down stream ▁of ▁that ▁river . ▁They ▁further ▁sub div ide ▁themselves ▁into ▁ 1 4 ▁mat ril ine ar ▁kin ship ▁groups ▁called ▁lo . ▁ ▁Gh ana ian ▁society ▁and ▁culture ▁▁▁ ▁Gh ana ' s ▁cultural ▁divers ity ▁is ▁most ▁evident ▁in ▁cu is ine , ▁arts , ▁literature , ▁her itage , ▁music , ▁dance , ▁cl othing , ▁and ▁sports . ▁▁ ▁K ente ▁is ▁a ▁Gh ana ian ▁cer emon ial ▁cloth ▁tradition ally |
▁used ▁as ▁the ▁national ▁cost ume . ▁K ente ▁is ▁hand - w oven ▁on ▁a ▁horizontal ▁t read le ▁lo om ▁in ▁stri ps ▁meas uring ▁about ▁ 4 in ches ▁wide , ▁which ▁are ▁se wn ▁together ▁into ▁larger ▁pieces ▁of ▁cloth . ▁Cl oth s ▁come ▁in ▁various ▁colours , ▁sizes ▁and ▁designs , ▁which ▁have ▁different ▁mean ings , ▁and ▁are ▁worn ▁on ▁important ▁social ▁occasions . ▁During ▁the ▁ 1 3 th ▁century , ▁Gh ana ians ▁developed ▁their ▁unique ▁art ▁of ▁ad ink ra ▁printing . ▁ ▁Notable ▁Gh ana ian ▁authors ▁include ▁novel ists ▁Ay i ▁K wei ▁Ar ma h ▁( The ▁Beaut y ful ▁On es ▁Are ▁Not ▁Yet ▁Born ) ▁and ▁J . ▁E . ▁Cas ely ▁Hay ford , ▁author ▁of ▁Os ir is ▁R ising . ▁In ▁addition ▁to ▁nov els , ▁other ▁literary ▁gen res ▁such ▁as ▁theatre ▁and ▁poetry ▁have ▁been ▁well ▁developed ▁at ▁a ▁national ▁level . ▁ ▁Gh ana ian ▁music ▁incorpor ates ▁several ▁distinct ▁types ▁of ▁instruments ▁such ▁as ▁talking ▁drums , ▁the ▁at ent eben ▁and ▁kol oko ▁l ute , ▁the ▁at ump an , ▁and ▁log ▁x y lo ph ones ▁used ▁in ▁as on ko ▁music . ▁The ▁most ▁well - known ▁genre ▁to ▁come ▁from ▁Gh ana ▁is ▁high life . ▁High life ▁origin ated ▁in ▁the ▁late ▁ 1 9 th ▁century ▁and ▁early ▁ 2 0 th ▁century . ▁In ▁the ▁ 1 9 9 0 s , |
▁a ▁new ▁genre ▁of ▁music , ▁hi pl ife , ▁was ▁created ▁through ▁the ▁combination ▁of ▁high life , ▁Af ro - re gg ae , ▁dance hall ▁and ▁hi ph op . ▁Hi pl ife ▁is ▁the ▁most ▁popular ▁Gh ana ian ▁music , ▁followed ▁by ▁the ▁other ▁genre ▁of ▁Gh ana ian ▁music , ▁high life . ▁Gh ana ian ▁dance ▁is ▁glob ally ▁well ▁known ▁and ▁performed ▁world wide . ▁The ▁d ances ▁are ▁varied ▁and ▁may ▁involve ▁complex ▁and ▁co - ordin ated ▁movement ▁of ▁the ▁arms , ▁tor so , ▁h ips , ▁feet ▁and ▁head , ▁performed ▁to ▁different ▁Gh ana ian ▁music ▁forms ▁for ▁entertain ment , ▁celebr ating ▁at ▁festiv als , ▁and ▁other ▁occasions . ▁Some ▁popular ▁d ances ▁include ▁Ad owa ▁and ▁Az onto . ▁Other ▁traditional ▁d ances ▁from ▁Gh ana ▁are ▁K pan logo , ▁Kl ama ▁and ▁B am aya . ▁Sports ▁in ▁Gh ana ▁is ▁domin ated ▁by ▁association ▁football ▁represented ▁by ▁the ▁Gh ana ▁Premier ▁League ▁and ▁the ▁Gh ana ▁national ▁football ▁team . ▁The ▁rich ▁culture ▁in ▁Gh ana ▁led ▁to ▁the ▁annual ▁festival ▁held ▁at ▁the ▁capital ▁region , ▁Gre ater ▁Acc ra ▁at ▁the ▁James ▁Town ▁town ship ▁which ▁is ▁celebrated ▁along ▁with ▁the ▁Hom owo ▁festival . ▁This ▁new ▁festival ▁called ▁CH A LE W OT E ▁ ▁has ▁caught ▁the ▁eyes ▁of ▁many ▁who ▁seek ▁to ▁experience ▁the ▁true ▁Gh ana ian ▁culture ▁and ▁festival ▁for ▁themselves . ▁ ▁Women ▁ ▁In ▁Gh |
ana ian ▁society ▁pol yg yn y ▁— ▁mar ri ages ▁in ▁which ▁men ▁are ▁permitted ▁to ▁have ▁more ▁than ▁one ▁wife ▁at ▁the ▁same ▁time . ▁— ▁has ▁been ▁tradition ally ▁pract ised , ▁especially ▁among ▁well - to - do ▁Gh ana ian ▁men . ▁Among ▁mat ril ine al ▁groups , ▁such ▁as ▁the ▁Ak an , ▁married ▁women ▁continued ▁to ▁res ide ▁at ▁their ▁mat ernal ▁homes . ▁Me als ▁prepared ▁by ▁the ▁wife ▁would ▁be ▁carried ▁to ▁the ▁husband ▁at ▁his ▁mat ernal ▁house . ▁In ▁pol yg yn ous ▁situations , ▁visit ation ▁sched ules ▁would ▁be ▁arranged . ▁The ▁separate ▁living ▁patterns ▁rein for ced ▁the ▁idea ▁that ▁each ▁sp ouse ▁is ▁subject ▁to ▁the ▁authority ▁of ▁a ▁different ▁household ▁head , ▁and ▁because ▁sp ouses ▁are ▁always ▁members ▁of ▁different ▁line ages , ▁each ▁is ▁ultimately ▁subject ▁to ▁the ▁authority ▁of ▁the ▁senior ▁men ▁of ▁his ▁or ▁her ▁line age . ▁The ▁wife , ▁as ▁an ▁out s ider ▁in ▁the ▁husband ' s ▁family , ▁would ▁not ▁inherit ▁any ▁of ▁his ▁property , ▁other ▁than ▁that ▁granted ▁to ▁her ▁by ▁her ▁husband ▁as ▁g ifts ▁in ▁token ▁appreci ation ▁of ▁years ▁of ▁dev otion . ▁The ▁children ▁from ▁this ▁mat ril ine al ▁marriage ▁would ▁be ▁expected ▁to ▁inherit ▁from ▁their ▁mother ' s ▁family . ▁Today , ▁the ▁percentage ▁of ▁women ▁in ▁pol yg yn ous ▁mar ri ages ▁in ▁Gh ana ' s ▁rural ▁areas ▁( 2 3 . 9 %) ▁is |
▁almost ▁double ▁that ▁of ▁women ▁in ▁Gh ana ' s ▁urban ▁areas ▁( 1 2 . 4 %). ▁The ▁age ▁group ▁with ▁the ▁most ▁women ▁in ▁pol yg yn ous ▁mar ri ages ▁is ▁ 4 5 – 4 9 , ▁followed ▁by ▁the ▁ 1 5 – 1 9 ▁age ▁group ▁and ▁the ▁ 4 0 – 4 4 ▁group . ▁R ates ▁of ▁pol yg yn ous ▁mar ri ages ▁decrease ▁as ▁education ▁level ▁and ▁wealth ▁level ▁increase . ▁ ▁During ▁ 2 0 0 8 – 1 2 , ▁the ▁national ▁liter acy ▁rate ▁for ▁women ▁aged ▁ 1 5 – 2 4 ▁was ▁ 8 3 . 2 %, ▁only ▁slightly ▁lower ▁than ▁that ▁for ▁males ▁of ▁the ▁same ▁age ▁group ▁( 8 8 . 3 %). ▁However , ▁liter acy ▁rates ▁fl uct uate ▁across ▁Gh ana ▁country ▁and ▁so cio e conom ic ▁status es . ▁By ▁regions ▁of ▁Gh ana , ▁liter acy ▁rates ▁for ▁females ▁range ▁from ▁ 4 4 % ▁to ▁ 8 1 %. ▁Women ▁living ▁at ▁the ▁highest ▁so cio e conom ic ▁status ▁exhib it ▁the ▁highest ▁liter acy ▁rates ▁at ▁ 8 5 %, ▁while ▁only ▁ 3 1 % ▁of ▁women ▁living ▁at ▁the ▁lowest ▁so cio e conom ic ▁status ▁are ▁liter ate . ▁Over ▁the ▁times pan ▁of ▁ 2 0 0 8 – 1 2 , ▁ 4 % ▁more ▁females ▁were ▁en rolled ▁in ▁pr esch ool ▁than ▁males . ▁Net ▁en roll ment ▁and |
▁attend ance ▁r ati os ▁for ▁primary ▁school ▁were ▁both ▁about ▁the ▁same ▁for ▁males ▁and ▁females , ▁net ▁en roll ment ▁standing ▁at ▁about ▁ 8 4 % ▁and ▁net ▁attend ance ▁at ▁about ▁ 7 3 %. ▁En rol ment ▁in ▁secondary ▁school ▁for ▁females ▁was ▁slightly ▁lower ▁than ▁for ▁males ▁( 4 4 . 4 % ▁vs . ▁ 4 8 . 1 % ), ▁but ▁female ▁attend ance ▁was ▁higher ▁by ▁about ▁the ▁same ▁difference ▁( 3 9 . 7 % ▁vs . ▁ 4 3 . 6 %). ▁ ▁As ▁of ▁ 2 0 1 1 , ▁women ▁made ▁up ▁ 6 6 . 9 % ▁of ▁econom ically ▁active ▁population ▁in ▁Gh ana . ▁Within ▁the ▁inform al ▁sector , ▁women ▁usually ▁work ▁in ▁personal ▁services . ▁There ▁are ▁distinct ▁differences ▁in ▁art isan ▁app rent ices hips ▁offered ▁to ▁women ▁and ▁men , ▁as ▁well . ▁Men ▁are ▁offered ▁a ▁much ▁wider ▁range ▁of ▁app rent ices hips ▁such ▁as ▁car pent ers , ▁mas ons , ▁black sm ith s , ▁mechan ics , ▁pain ters , ▁repair ers ▁of ▁elect rical ▁and ▁electronic ▁app li ances , ▁u ph ol sters , ▁metal ▁workers , ▁car ▁sp ray ers , ▁etc . ▁In ▁contrast , ▁most ▁female ▁art is ans ▁are ▁involved ▁in ▁either ▁ha ird ress ing ▁or ▁dress making . ▁Women ▁generally ▁experience ▁a ▁dispar ity ▁in ▁ear nings , ▁receiving ▁a ▁daily ▁average ▁of ▁ 6 , 2 8 0 ▁ced |
is ▁compared ▁to ▁ 8 , 5 6 0 ▁ced is ▁received ▁by ▁men , ▁according ▁to ▁the ▁Gh ana ▁Living ▁Stand ards ▁Survey . ▁Women ▁are ▁fl our ishing ▁in ▁teaching ▁prof essions . ▁ ▁Early ▁ 1 9 9 0 s ' ▁data ▁showed ▁that ▁about ▁ 1 9 ▁percent ▁of ▁the ▁instruction al ▁staff ▁at ▁the ▁nation ' s ▁three ▁univers ities ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 0 ▁was ▁female . ▁Of ▁the ▁teaching ▁staff ▁in ▁special ized ▁and ▁di pl oma - gr ant ing ▁institutions , ▁ 2 0 ▁percent ▁was ▁female ; ▁elsewhere , ▁corresponding ▁figures ▁were ▁ 2 1 ▁percent ▁at ▁secondary - school ▁level ; ▁ 2 3 ▁percent ▁at ▁middle - school ▁level , ▁and ▁as ▁high ▁as ▁ 4 2 ▁percent ▁at ▁primary - school ▁level . ▁Women ▁also ▁domin ated ▁the ▁secret arial ▁and ▁n urs ing ▁prof essions ▁in ▁Gh ana . ▁When ▁women ▁were ▁employed ▁in ▁the ▁same ▁line ▁of ▁work ▁as ▁men , ▁they ▁were ▁paid ▁equal ▁w ages , ▁and ▁they ▁were ▁granted ▁mat ern ity ▁leave ▁with ▁pay . ▁However , ▁women ▁in ▁research ▁prof essions ▁report ▁experien cing ▁more ▁difficulties ▁than ▁men ▁in ▁the ▁same ▁field , ▁which ▁can ▁be ▁linked ▁to ▁restricted ▁professional ▁networks ▁for ▁women ▁because ▁of ▁ling ering ▁traditional ▁famil ial ▁roles . ▁ ▁Fem in ist ▁organ izing ▁has ▁increased ▁in ▁Gh ana ▁as ▁women ▁seek ▁to ▁obtain ▁a ▁stronger ▁role ▁in ▁the ▁dem ocr atic ▁government ▁of ▁Gh ana . ▁In |
▁ 2 0 0 4 , ▁a ▁coal ition ▁of ▁women ▁created ▁the ▁Women ' s ▁Man if esto ▁for ▁Gh ana , ▁a ▁document ▁that ▁dem ands ▁economic ▁and ▁political ▁equality ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁re product ive ▁health ▁care ▁and ▁other ▁rights . ▁The ▁NC WD ' s ▁is ▁fer vent ▁in ▁its ▁st ance ▁that ▁the ▁social ▁and ▁economic ▁well - be ing ▁of ▁women , ▁who ▁compose ▁slightly ▁more ▁than ▁half ▁of ▁the ▁nation ' s ▁population , ▁cannot ▁be ▁taken ▁for ▁granted . ▁The ▁Council ▁spons ored ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁studies ▁on ▁women ' s ▁work , ▁education , ▁and ▁training , ▁and ▁on ▁family ▁issues ▁that ▁are ▁relevant ▁in ▁the ▁design ▁and ▁execution ▁of ▁policies ▁for ▁the ▁improvement ▁of ▁the ▁condition ▁of ▁women . ▁Among ▁these ▁consider ations ▁the ▁NC WD ▁str essed ▁family ▁planning , ▁child ▁care , ▁and ▁female ▁education ▁as ▁param ount . ▁ ▁The ▁government ▁of ▁Gh ana ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁took ▁legal ▁proceed ings ▁to ▁pro sec ute ▁men ▁who ▁ab use ▁their ▁women . ▁ ▁Republic ▁of ▁Gh ana ▁( 1 9 5 7 – present ) ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 6 6 , ▁N k rum ah ▁was ▁de posed , ▁after ▁which ▁Gh ana ▁entered ▁a ▁period ▁of ▁military ▁rule . ▁On ▁ 3 1 ▁December ▁ 1 9 8 1 , ▁the ▁regime ▁led ▁by ▁Fl ight ▁lieutenant ▁Jerry ▁John ▁Raw lings ▁installed ▁the ▁Pro vis ional ▁National ▁Def ence ▁Council ▁( P ND C |
), ▁of ▁which ▁he ▁became ▁Chair man . ▁In ▁ 1 9 9 2 , ▁Raw lings ▁retired ▁from ▁the ▁military ▁and ▁set ▁up ▁the ▁National ▁Democratic ▁Congress ▁( ND C ), ▁and ▁was ▁subsequently ▁elected ▁for ▁two ▁terms ▁as ▁President . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 2 , ▁John ▁A gy ek um ▁K uf u or ▁succeeded ▁Raw lings ▁as ▁Gh ana ian ▁head ▁of ▁state ▁until ▁the ▁year ▁ 2 0 0 8 . ▁K uf u or ▁was ▁replaced ▁as ▁Gh ana ian ▁head ▁of ▁state ▁by ▁John ▁Att a ▁M ills ▁until ▁ 2 0 1 2 . ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 3 , ▁John ▁D ram ani ▁Mah ama ▁succeeded ▁M ills ▁as ▁the ▁Republic ▁of ▁Gh ana ▁President ▁and ▁Commander - in - Ch ief ▁of ▁the ▁Gh ana ▁Ar med ▁Forces . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁List ▁of ▁Gh ana ians ▁List s ▁of ▁r ul ers ▁of ▁Gh ana ▁Ak an ▁people ▁ ▁References ▁and ▁notes ▁ ▁Notes ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁ ▁Gh ana ian ▁Culture , ▁National ▁Identity ▁and ▁Development ▁▁▁ ▁People ▁Category : E th nic ▁groups ▁in ▁Gh ana ▁Category : Art icles ▁containing ▁video ▁cli ps <0x0A> </s> ▁Sch r ader ▁Range ▁is ▁a ▁mountain ▁range ▁in ▁central ▁Pap ua ▁New ▁Guinea . ▁It ▁is ▁a ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁B ism ar ck ▁Range . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁Sch ra eder ▁Range ▁languages ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁ ▁Ph oto ▁of ▁the ▁mountains ▁ ▁Category : Mount ain ▁ranges |
▁of ▁Pap ua ▁New ▁Guinea <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Rom ano ▁R . 1 6 ▁was ▁a ▁three ▁engine , ▁high ▁wing ▁mon op lane ▁designed ▁for ▁polic ing ▁and ▁other ▁r ô les ▁in ▁France ' s ▁African ▁colon ies . ▁ ▁Design ▁In ▁ 1 9 3 0 ▁the ▁Dire ection ▁Gén éra le ▁Te chni que ▁issued ▁a ▁programme ▁for ▁an ▁aircraft ▁to ▁operate ▁in ▁ ▁the ▁French ▁Col on ies . ▁It ▁was ▁to ▁have ▁three ▁Lor raine ▁ 9 N ▁Alg ol ▁engines ▁and ▁an ▁all - met al ▁structure , ▁capable ▁of ▁reconna issance , ▁observation , ▁polic ing ▁and ▁bomb ing ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁medical ▁ev acu ations ▁or ▁general ▁transport . ▁The ▁Rom ano ▁R . 1 6 ▁was ▁one ▁of ▁nine ▁pro tot ypes ▁built ▁to ▁this ▁programme . ▁ ▁Despite ▁the ▁all - met al ▁requirement , ▁the ▁Rom ano ▁R 1 6 ▁initially ▁fle w ▁with ▁a ▁wing ▁of ▁mixed ▁construction ▁which ▁was ▁originally ▁built ▁for ▁the ▁rather ▁similar ▁Rom ano ▁R . 6 ▁civil ▁passenger ▁aircraft . ▁ ▁It ▁is ▁not ▁known ▁if ▁the ▁intended ▁wing , ▁all - met al ▁and ▁expected ▁to ▁be ▁l ighter , ▁ever ▁replaced ▁it . ▁ ▁On ▁each ▁side ▁the ▁high ▁wing ▁was ▁in ▁two ▁parts , ▁with ▁a ▁rect angular ▁inner ▁section ▁attached ▁to ▁the ▁top ▁of ▁the ▁fus el age . ▁ ▁The ▁outer ▁pan els ▁were ▁straight ▁t aper ed ▁to ▁rounded ▁tips . ▁ ▁The ▁wing ▁had ▁two ▁wooden ▁box ▁sp |
ars ▁and ▁spr uce ▁rib s ▁and ▁was ▁entirely ▁p lywood ▁covered . ▁ ▁The ▁centre ▁section , ▁over ▁ 4 0 % ▁of ▁the ▁span , ▁was ▁b rac ed ▁at ▁its ▁outer ▁ends ▁with ▁a ▁pair ▁of ▁parallel ▁steel ▁wing ▁str uts ▁between ▁the ▁wing ▁sp ars ▁and ▁the ▁lower ▁fus el age ▁longer ons , ▁so ▁that ▁the ▁R . 1 6 ' s ▁wing ▁was ▁a ▁semi - c ant ile ver ▁one . ▁ ▁High ▁aspect ▁ratio ▁a iler ons ▁occupied ▁the ▁whole ▁outer ▁panel ▁trailing ▁edge ▁and ▁cam ber ▁changing ▁f laps ▁filled ▁those ▁of ▁the ▁centre ▁section . ▁ ▁The ▁R . 1 6 ▁was ▁power ed ▁by ▁three ▁ ▁Lor raine ▁ 9 N ▁Alg ol ▁nine ▁cyl inder ▁radial ▁engines ▁en closed ▁by ▁long ▁ch ord ▁N AC A - type ▁cow lings . ▁ ▁One ▁was ▁in ▁the ▁nose ▁of ▁the ▁fus el age ▁and ▁the ▁other ▁were ▁mounted ▁under ▁the ▁wing ▁centre ▁section ▁from ▁the ▁forward ▁wing ▁str uts , ▁a ided ▁by ▁b rac ing ▁str uts ▁rising ▁in wards ▁to ▁the ▁wing ▁root ▁and ▁short ▁vertical ▁str uts ▁to ▁the ▁forward ▁sp ar . ▁Long ▁nac elles ▁behind ▁the ▁outer ▁engines ▁t aper ed ▁to ▁the ▁rear ▁wing ▁str ut . ▁ ▁Struct ur ally ▁the ▁R . 1 6 ' s ▁fus el age ▁was ▁built ▁around ▁steel ▁t ube ▁longer ons , ▁giving ▁it ▁a ▁simple ▁rect angular ▁cross - section . ▁The ▁pil ots ' ▁en closed |
▁cabin ▁was ▁below ▁and ▁just ▁ahead ▁of ▁the ▁wing ▁leading ▁edge , ▁fitted ▁with ▁side - by - side ▁se ating ▁and ▁dual ▁controls . ▁ ▁Be hind ▁them ▁there ▁was ▁a ▁gener ous ▁cabin , ▁accessed ▁via ▁a ▁large ▁port ▁side ▁door . ▁A ft ▁of ▁the ▁cabin , ▁just ▁behind ▁the ▁trailing ▁edge ▁was ▁a ▁d ors al ▁gun ner ' s ▁position . ▁ ▁At ▁the ▁rear ▁the ▁fixed ▁surfaces ▁were ▁approximately ▁tri angular ▁and ▁carried ▁a ▁bal anced ▁rud der ▁and ▁elev ators , ▁also ▁bal anced . ▁ ▁Each ▁tail plane ▁was ▁b rac ed ▁on ▁the ▁vertex ▁of ▁a ▁V - str ut ▁from ▁the ▁lower ▁fus el age . ▁The ▁tail ▁surfaces ▁were ▁steel ▁t ube ▁structures ▁with ▁fabric ▁covering ▁ ▁The ▁colonial ▁aircraft ▁were ▁expected ▁to ▁have ▁to ▁use ▁basic ▁or ▁un prep ared ▁stri ps , ▁so ▁needed ▁a ▁robust ▁under car riage . ▁The ▁R . 1 6 ▁had ▁large ▁ ▁diameter ▁whe els , ▁independently ▁mounted ▁and ▁fitted ▁with ▁bra kes ▁that ▁could ▁be ▁use ▁for ▁ste ering , ▁en closed ▁under ▁large ▁fair ings . ▁ ▁Each ▁wheel ▁was ▁on ▁a ▁c rank ed ▁steel ▁half ▁ax le ▁from ▁the ▁lower ▁fus el age ▁with ▁a ▁trailing ▁re co il ▁str ut ▁and ▁a ▁vertical ▁o le o ▁leg ▁to ▁the ▁engine ▁mount ing . ▁ ▁Development ▁ ▁The ▁R . 1 6 ▁fle w ▁for ▁the ▁first ▁time ▁in ▁February ▁ 1 9 3 3 . ▁By ▁May ▁the ▁initial |
▁development ▁tests ▁at ▁Rom ano ' s ▁C annes ▁factory ▁were ▁complete . ▁It ▁then ▁went ▁to ▁Villa cou bl ay ▁for ▁its ▁official ▁tests , ▁which ▁were ▁completed ▁by ▁early ▁September . ▁ ▁The ▁Col onial ▁trim ot or ▁contract ▁was ▁awarded ▁to ▁the ▁Blo ch ▁MB . 1 2 0 , ▁so ▁no ▁more ▁R . 1 6 s ▁were ▁built . ▁The ▁sole ▁example ▁appeared ▁in ▁the ▁pro tot ypes ▁section ▁of ▁the ▁French ▁civil ▁aircraft ▁register ▁as ▁F - AK GE , ▁with ▁the ▁type ▁name ▁Rom ano ▁ 1 6 0 ▁and ▁was ▁used ▁by ▁the ▁Commander ▁of ▁the ▁ 5 th ▁Aer ial ▁Region ▁of ▁French ▁North ▁Africa ▁as ▁his ▁personal ▁transport . ▁A ▁photograph ▁taken ▁at ▁C annes ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 7 ▁shows ▁that ▁by ▁then ▁it ▁had ▁been ▁adapted ▁to ▁carry ▁passengers , ▁the ▁cabin ▁now ▁lit ▁by ▁long , ▁continuous ▁windows ▁on ▁each ▁side . ▁It ▁also ▁had ▁a ▁re vised ▁vertical ▁tail ▁with ▁an ▁un bal anced ▁rud der . ▁ ▁Spec ifications ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 3 0 s ▁French ▁military ▁aircraft ▁R . 1 6 ▁Category : Tr im ot ors ▁Category : High - wing ▁aircraft ▁Category : A ircraft ▁first ▁flow n ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 3 <0x0A> </s> ▁Kol onia ▁Mik ul in ▁ ▁is ▁a ▁settlement ▁in ▁the ▁administrative ▁district ▁of ▁G mina ▁T ysz ow ce , ▁within ▁Tom asz ów ▁Lub el ski ▁County , ▁Lub lin ▁Vo iv |
odes hip , ▁in ▁eastern ▁Poland . ▁It ▁lies ▁approximately ▁ ▁south ▁of ▁T ysz ow ce , ▁ ▁north - east ▁of ▁Tom asz ów ▁Lub el ski , ▁and ▁ ▁south - east ▁of ▁the ▁regional ▁capital ▁Lub lin . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Kol onia ▁Mik ul in <0x0A> </s> ▁Roger ▁Norman ▁S ains bury ▁( born ▁June , ▁ 1 9 4 0 ) ▁is ▁a ▁British ▁civil ▁engineer . ▁ ▁He ▁spent ▁much ▁of ▁his ▁career ▁with ▁the ▁civil ▁engineering ▁contract or ▁M ow lem , ▁including ▁work ▁on ▁the ▁F aw ley ▁Power ▁Station , ▁Im ming ham ▁D ock , ▁and ▁the ▁Nat west ▁Tower . ▁ ▁He ▁rose ▁to ▁become ▁a ▁director ▁of ▁the ▁firm ▁and ▁was ▁involved ▁in ▁b idd ing ▁for ▁the ▁Queen ▁Elizabeth ▁II ▁Bridge , ▁Manchester ▁Metro ▁and ▁the ▁London ▁City ▁Airport ▁expansion . ▁ ▁S ains bury ▁left ▁M ow lem ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 5 ▁and ▁afterwards ▁devoted ▁much ▁of ▁his ▁time ▁to ▁the ▁Institution ▁of ▁Civil ▁Engine ers ▁( ICE ). ▁ ▁He ▁became ▁president ▁of ▁the ▁I CE ▁for ▁the ▁ 1 9 9 8 - 9 9 ▁session . ▁ ▁S ains bury ▁res igned ▁his ▁membership ▁of ▁the ▁I CE ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 1 ▁over ▁the ▁am alg am ation ▁of ▁the ▁associate ▁and ▁full ▁classes ▁of ▁membership , ▁becoming ▁the ▁first ▁president ▁to ▁ever ▁take ▁such ▁a ▁step . ▁ ▁Early ▁life ▁and ▁career ▁ ▁Roger ▁S ains bury ▁ ▁was ▁born |
▁in ▁H itch in ▁in ▁H ert ford shire . ▁ ▁He ▁began ▁a ▁degree ▁in ▁engineering ▁at ▁Ke ble ▁College , ▁Oxford ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 9 ▁and ▁graduated ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 2 . ▁ ▁S ains bury ▁began ▁his ▁career ▁in ▁the ▁construction ▁industry ▁as ▁a ▁designer ▁at ▁R end el , ▁Pal mer ▁and ▁T rit ton . ▁ ▁Short ly ▁afterwards ▁he ▁joined ▁the ▁contract or ▁M ow lem , ▁with ▁whom ▁he ▁spent ▁the ▁majority ▁of ▁the ▁rest ▁of ▁his ▁industrial ▁career . ▁ ▁One ▁of ▁his ▁earliest ▁jobs ▁was ▁the ▁construction ▁of ▁F aw ley ▁Power ▁Station ▁near ▁South am pton . ▁ ▁The ▁scheme ▁suffered ▁from ▁worse ▁ground ▁conditions ▁than ▁had ▁been ▁assumed ▁at ▁tender ▁and ▁completion ▁was ▁delayed ▁by ▁more ▁than ▁a ▁year . ▁ ▁One ▁of ▁S ains bury ' s ▁tasks ▁was ▁to ▁check ▁the ▁design ▁calculations ▁for ▁a ▁c of fer ▁dam ▁that ▁was ▁used ▁to ▁hold ▁back ▁South am pton ▁Water . ▁ ▁The ▁dam ▁failed ▁and ▁an ▁investigation ▁concluded ▁that ▁S ains bury ' s ▁work ▁was ▁correct ▁but ▁that ▁the ▁str uts ▁had ▁been ▁position ed ▁ 3 0 mm ▁out ▁of ▁position , ▁resulting ▁in ▁a ▁failure ▁which ▁had ▁not ▁been ▁for ese en . ▁ ▁He ▁then ▁worked ▁on ▁the ▁construction ▁of ▁a ▁new ▁deep water ▁jet ty ▁at ▁Im ming ham ▁D ock . ▁ ▁S ains bury ▁worked ▁on ▁the ▁technical ▁challenge ▁of ▁assess ing ▁vor tex ▁shed ding ▁around ▁the ▁jet |
ty ' s ▁tub ular ▁p iles . ▁ ▁He ▁concluded ▁that ▁the ▁phen omena ▁could ▁occur ▁at ▁water ▁spe eds ▁half ▁that ▁previously ▁considered ▁the ▁minimum . ▁ ▁S ains bury ▁also ▁worked ▁as ▁project ▁engineer ▁and ▁later ▁as ▁project ▁director ▁on ▁the ▁construction ▁of ▁the ▁Nat west ▁Tower ▁which ▁was ▁completed ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 0 . ▁ ▁For ▁this ▁project ▁he ▁de vised ▁a ▁ 3 6 m - high ▁temporary ▁pro pping ▁system ▁that ▁automatically ▁adjust ed ▁itself ▁to ▁compens ate ▁for ▁changing ▁compression ▁and ▁thermal ▁stra ins . ▁ ▁S ains bury ▁was ▁subsequently ▁promoted ▁to ▁director ▁of ▁M ow lem . ▁ ▁With ▁a ▁colle ague ▁he ▁was ▁named ▁joint ▁winner ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 9 7 9 ▁Const ruction ▁News ▁Man ▁of ▁the ▁Year ▁award ▁for ▁his ▁work ▁on ▁the ▁tower . ▁ ▁During ▁this ▁time ▁the ▁company ▁was ▁working ▁on ▁a ▁renov ation ▁of ▁a ▁London ▁town ▁house . ▁ ▁S ains bury ▁received ▁a ▁legal ▁letter ▁from ▁a ▁neighbour ing ▁property ▁compla ining ▁about ▁noise ▁disturb ance ▁that ▁ended : ▁" In ▁considering ▁your ▁response , ▁we ▁think ▁you ▁should ▁be ▁aware ▁that ▁our ▁client ▁is ▁British ▁Pet role um ▁and ▁that ▁this ▁house ▁is ▁the ▁chairman ' s ▁London ▁residence . ▁We ▁mean ▁what ▁we ▁say ". ▁ ▁S ains bury ' s ▁reply ▁ended ▁" In ▁considering ▁your ▁response , ▁we ▁think ▁you ▁should ▁be ▁aware ▁that ▁our ▁client ▁is ▁H R H ▁The ▁Crown ▁Prince ▁of ▁Sa udi ▁Arab ia |
". ▁ ▁The ▁matter ▁was ▁dropped ▁by ▁British ▁Pet role um . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 8 2 ▁S ains bury ▁was ▁promoted ▁to ▁become ▁a ▁director ▁of ▁the ▁main ▁board ▁of ▁M ow lem . ▁ ▁He ▁had ▁responsibility ▁for ▁appro ving ▁the ▁company ' s ▁b ids ▁for ▁the ▁construction ▁of ▁ ▁the ▁Queen ▁Elizabeth ▁II ▁Bridge ▁at ▁the ▁D art ford ▁Cross ing ▁( open ed ▁ 1 9 9 1 ) ▁and ▁the ▁Manchester ▁Metro ▁( open ed ▁ 1 9 9 2 ). ▁ ▁He ▁was ▁involved ▁in ▁the ▁decision - making ▁process ▁to ▁increase ▁the ▁length ▁of ▁the ▁run way ▁at ▁London ▁City ▁Airport ▁to ▁allow ▁its ▁use ▁by ▁the ▁British ▁A eros pace ▁ 1 4 6 ▁regional ▁jet , ▁despite ▁having ▁little ▁air port ▁experience , ▁the ▁project ▁was ▁completed ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 2 . ▁ ▁The ▁air port ▁project , ▁which ▁S ains bury ▁bid ▁for ▁and ▁won , ▁was ▁commer cially ▁un success ful ▁for ▁M ow lem , ▁and ▁S ains bury ▁left ▁the ▁company ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 5 . ▁ ▁He ▁subsequently ▁became ▁more ▁involved ▁in ▁the ▁Institution ▁of ▁Civil ▁Engine ers ▁( ICE ). ▁ ▁Institution ▁of ▁Civil ▁Engine ers ▁ ▁S ains bury ▁campaign ed ▁for ▁new ▁safety ▁standards ▁for ▁link ways ▁following ▁the ▁September ▁ 1 9 9 4 ▁Pr ins ▁Filip ▁fer ry ▁dis aster ▁in ▁which ▁a ▁collapse ▁killed ▁six ▁people ▁at ▁the ▁Port ▁of ▁R ams gate . ▁ ▁He |
▁joined ▁former ▁I CE ▁president ▁David ▁Green ▁in ▁a ▁campaign ▁for ▁fund ing ▁from ▁the ▁government ▁that ▁was ▁still ▁on going ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 0 . ▁ ▁He ▁also ▁served ▁as ▁a ▁judge ▁for ▁the ▁Const ruction ▁News ▁Qu ality ▁in ▁Const ruction ▁Awards . ▁ ▁S ains bury ▁was ▁chairman ▁of ▁the ▁I CE ' s ▁commercial ▁arm , ▁Thomas ▁T elf ord ▁( Hold ings ), ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 5 ▁and ▁supported ▁the ▁sale ▁of ▁the ▁magazine ▁publishing ▁business . ▁ ▁S ains bury ▁was ▁elected ▁president ▁of ▁the ▁I CE ▁for ▁the ▁November ▁ 1 9 9 8 ▁to ▁November ▁ 1 9 9 9 ▁session . ▁ ▁He ▁was ▁elected ▁the ▁same ▁year ▁as ▁the ▁institution ▁brought ▁in ▁a ▁new ▁director - general . ▁ ▁S ains bury ▁stated ▁that ▁this ▁focus ▁would ▁be ▁on ▁implementing ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 ▁recommend ations ▁of ▁the ▁previous ▁president ial ▁commission ▁and ▁to ▁strength en ▁the ▁local ▁associations ▁and ▁communic ations ▁with ▁members . ▁ ▁His ▁official ▁I CE ▁portrait ▁was ▁painted ▁by ▁Christian ▁F urr . ▁ ▁S ains bury ▁under to ok ▁official ▁I CE ▁t ours ▁of ▁West ▁and ▁South ▁Asia ▁in ▁February ▁and ▁March ▁ 1 9 9 9 , ▁which ▁included ▁vis its ▁to ▁Man ila , ▁Del hi , ▁D h aka ▁and ▁Pakistan , ▁and ▁to ▁Spain ▁and ▁Portugal ▁in ▁September ▁and ▁October . ▁In ▁October ▁ 1 9 9 9 ▁S ains bury ▁issued ▁a ▁written ▁warning ▁to ▁I |
CE ▁vice ▁president ▁( and ▁future ▁president ) ▁Mark ▁Whit by ▁for ▁bringing ▁the ▁profession ▁into ▁dis re put e . ▁ ▁Whit by ▁had ▁written ▁a ▁column ▁in ▁the ▁I CE ' s ▁New ▁Civil ▁Engine er ▁magazine ▁critic ising ▁I CE ▁Transport ▁Board ▁chairman ▁David ▁Bay l iss ▁for ▁comments ▁reported ▁in ▁the ▁national ▁press ▁" bl aming ▁others " ▁for ▁the ▁past ▁errors ▁of ▁municipal ▁engine ers . ▁ ▁Whit by ▁later ▁vo iced ▁his ▁fr ustration ▁at ▁the ▁ ▁" ir re lev ance " ▁of ▁the ▁" old - f ashion ed " ▁I CE . ▁ ▁S ains bury ▁became ▁involved ▁in ▁controvers y ▁after ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁his ▁presiden cy . ▁ ▁In ▁April ▁ 2 0 0 0 ▁he ▁was ▁present ▁at ▁an ▁I CE ▁Council ▁meeting ▁that ▁discussed ▁the ▁am alg am ation ▁of ▁the ▁previous ▁incorpor ated ▁engineer ▁class ▁of ▁membership ▁with ▁that ▁of ▁full ▁members . ▁In cor por ated ▁engine ers ▁had ▁previously ▁only ▁been ▁able ▁to ▁hold ▁associate ▁membership . ▁ ▁The ▁class ▁provided ▁for ▁those ▁engine ers ▁who ▁did ▁not ▁meet ▁the ▁new ▁requirement ▁of ▁a ▁master ' s ▁degree ▁for ▁char tered ▁engineer ▁status . ▁ ▁However ▁previously ▁char tered ▁engine ers ▁were ▁allowed ▁to ▁retain ▁their ▁status , ▁many ▁of ▁them ▁only ▁holding ▁a ▁b ach elor ' s ▁degree . ▁ ▁As ▁such ▁it ▁was ▁proposed ▁that ▁the ▁incorpor ated ▁engine ers ▁be ▁permitted ▁to ▁use ▁the ▁" M ICE " ▁member ' s ▁post - |
nom inals ▁in ▁recognition ▁that ▁their ▁qual ification ▁was ▁the ▁same ▁level ▁as ▁that ▁of ▁many ▁existing ▁members . ▁ ▁The ▁distinction ▁between ▁In cor por ated ▁Engine er ▁( I Eng ) ▁and ▁Char tered ▁Engine er ▁( CE ng ) ▁post - nom inals ▁would ▁remain . ▁ ▁At ▁the ▁meeting ▁S ains bury ▁spoke ▁out ▁against ▁the ▁move ▁saying ▁" it ▁takes ▁away ▁from ▁the ▁Institution ▁and ▁drives ▁at ▁the ▁heart ▁of ▁the ▁Institution ". ▁At ▁the ▁September ▁ 2 0 0 0 ▁full ▁council ▁debate ▁on ▁the ▁issue ▁he ▁stated ▁" I ▁agree ▁with ▁the ▁need ▁to ▁attract ▁good ▁quality ▁people ▁into ▁the ▁Institution . ▁But ▁the ▁letters ▁M ICE ▁will ▁no ▁longer ▁design ate ▁the ▁professional ▁standard ▁of ▁the ▁holder . ▁We ▁have ▁set ▁aside ▁the ▁original ▁intention ▁of ▁raising ▁the ▁standard ▁of ▁M ICE ". ▁ ▁The ▁decision ▁was ▁passed ▁by ▁council , ▁who ▁also ▁voted ▁not ▁to ▁put ▁the ▁decision ▁to ▁a ▁full ▁ball ot ▁of ▁all ▁members . ▁ ▁S ains bury , ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁I CE ' s ▁most ▁senior ▁fell ows , ▁was ▁supported ▁in ▁his ▁opposition ▁by ▁David ▁Green . ▁ ▁In ▁February ▁ 2 0 0 1 ▁S ains bury ▁became ▁the ▁first ▁past ▁president ▁to ▁res ign ▁his ▁membership ▁of ▁the ▁institution ▁in ▁its ▁history ▁( the ▁I CE ▁was ▁founded ▁in ▁ 1 8 1 8 ▁and ▁the ▁first ▁president ▁elected ▁in ▁ 1 8 2 0 ). ▁ ▁He ▁gave ▁the ▁reason ▁for ▁his ▁res ignation ▁as |
▁the ▁failure ▁to ▁put ▁the ▁decision ▁to ▁a ▁ball ot ▁of ▁all ▁members . ▁ ▁He ▁had ▁also ▁instruct ed ▁law y ers ▁to ▁opp ose ▁the ▁implementation ▁of ▁the ▁decision . ▁ ▁The ▁then ▁president ▁Joe ▁D w yer , ▁who ▁supported ▁the ▁changes , ▁stated ▁that ▁he ▁was ▁" person ally ▁disappoint ed " ▁by ▁the ▁res ignation ▁which ▁he ▁thought ▁had ▁been ▁made ▁for ▁a ▁" m isp la ced " ▁reason . ▁ ▁Personal ▁life ▁ ▁S ains bury ▁is ▁married ▁to ▁Susan . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁the ▁couple ▁presented ▁a ▁new ▁college ▁register ▁- ▁which ▁is ▁signed ▁by ▁all ▁mat ric ulating ▁students ▁- ▁to ▁his ▁al ma ▁mater , ▁the ▁previous ▁and ▁first ▁register ▁having ▁been ▁filled ▁after ▁ 1 4 5 ▁years . ▁ ▁S ains bury ▁has ▁a ▁reputation ▁as ▁being ▁an ▁intellectual ▁of ▁the ▁contract ing ▁industry , ▁being ▁a ▁fan ▁of ▁the ▁theatre ▁and ▁also ▁having ▁tou red ▁Europe ▁in ▁search ▁of ▁rare ▁orch ids . ▁ ▁S ains bury ▁himself ▁stated ▁that ▁" I ▁don ' t ▁think ▁I ▁fit ▁people ' s ▁normal ▁image ▁of ▁a ▁contract or ". ▁ ▁He ▁is ▁active ▁in ▁his ▁local ▁church . ▁He ▁is ▁a ▁board ▁member ▁and ▁former ▁Chair ▁of ▁H amp st ead ▁Garden ▁Opera . ▁ ▁References ▁▁ ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : B rit ish ▁civil ▁engine ers ▁Category : Al umn i ▁of ▁Ke ble ▁College , ▁Oxford ▁Category : Pres idents ▁of ▁the |
▁Institution ▁of ▁Civil ▁Engine ers ▁Category : 1 9 4 0 ▁birth s <0x0A> </s> ▁Sh enz hen ▁Was am ▁Technology ▁Co . ▁Ltd ▁also ▁known ▁as ▁Was am ▁is ▁a ▁Chinese ▁national ▁hi - tech ▁manufact urer ▁of ▁mobile ▁ph ones , ▁table ts ▁and ▁consumer ▁electron ics . ▁F ounded ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 5 ▁in ▁Sh enz hen , ▁Was am ▁currently ▁counts ▁more ▁than ▁ 5 , 0 0 0 ▁employees ▁and ▁produces ▁two ▁mobile ▁phone ▁br ands ▁of ▁its ▁own ▁– ▁international ▁Te leg o ▁sold ▁in ▁more ▁than ▁ 6 0 ▁countries , ▁and ▁domestic ▁line ▁Best ▁Son ny . ▁The ▁company ▁have ▁successfully ▁collabor ated ▁with ▁international ▁br ands ▁such ▁as ▁S amsung , ▁AT & T , ▁and ▁China ▁Mobile . ▁ ▁Category : Man ufact uring ▁companies ▁based ▁in ▁Sh enz hen ▁Category : Mobile ▁phone ▁manufact ur ers ▁Category : Ch inese ▁br ands <0x0A> </s> ▁Mis ael ▁Edu ardo ▁P astr ana ▁Bor rero ▁( 1 4 ▁November ▁ 1 9 2 3 ▁– ▁ 2 1 ▁August ▁ 1 9 9 7 ) ▁was ▁a ▁Colomb ian ▁politician ▁and ▁lawyer ▁who ▁served ▁as ▁the ▁ 2 3 rd ▁President ▁of ▁Colombia ▁from ▁ 1 9 7 0 ▁to ▁ 1 9 7 4 . ▁He ▁was ▁also ▁the ▁father ▁of ▁the ▁ 3 0 th ▁President ▁And rés ▁P astr ana ▁Ar ango . ▁ ▁Bi ographic ▁data ▁ ▁P astr ana ▁was ▁born ▁in ▁Ne iva , ▁Hu ila |
. ▁He ▁died ▁in ▁Bog ot á , ▁on ▁August ▁ 2 1 , ▁ 1 9 9 7 . ▁ ▁Personal ▁life ▁ ▁P astr ana ▁was ▁a ▁Colomb ian ▁conserv ative ▁politician , ▁President ▁of ▁Colombia ▁in ▁the ▁period ▁ 1 9 7 0 - 1 9 7 4 . ▁Born ▁in ▁the ▁home ▁of ▁Mis ael ▁P astr ana ▁P astr ana ▁and ▁El isa ▁Bor rero ▁P erd omo , ▁studied ▁Law ▁in ▁J aver iana ▁University ▁of ▁Bog ot á ▁and ▁in ▁the ▁Fer ri ▁Institute ▁of ▁Rome . ▁He ▁had ▁been ▁affili ated ▁to ▁the ▁Conserv ative ▁Party ▁( which ▁he ▁would ▁later ▁rename ▁as ▁the ▁Social ▁Conserv ative ▁Party ). ▁He ▁was ▁the ▁private ▁secretary ▁of ▁the ▁President ▁Mar iano ▁O sp ina ▁Pérez ▁( 1 9 4 9 - 1 9 5 2 ) and ▁three ▁times ▁a ▁minister ▁during ▁the ▁second ▁liberal ▁presiden cy ▁of ▁Alberto ▁L ler as ▁Cam argo ▁( 1 9 5 8 - 1 9 6 2 ). ▁ ▁During ▁the ▁Pres iden cy ▁of ▁Carlos ▁L ler as ▁Rest repo , ▁he ▁was ▁Minister ▁of ▁Government ▁ 1 9 6 6 - 1 9 6 8 , ▁led ▁in ▁Congress ▁a ▁constitution al ▁reform ▁and ▁was ▁Colomb ian ▁amb assador ▁in ▁Washington ▁from ▁ 1 9 6 8 - 1 9 6 9 , ▁when ▁he ▁returned ▁to ▁campaign ▁for ▁the ▁Pres iden cy . ▁President ▁of ▁the ▁S as ak awa ▁United ▁Nations ▁Environment ▁Prize ▁in ▁recognition ▁of |
▁his ▁en act ing ▁of ▁the ▁world ' s ▁first ▁Environment al ▁Code ▁for ▁Natural ▁Resources , ▁after ▁his ▁death ▁the ▁UN ▁instit uted ▁the ▁year ly ▁ ▁P astr ana ▁Bor rero ▁Conference ▁in ▁New ▁York ▁during ▁the ▁prize ' s ▁award ▁ceremony . ▁Vice - pres ident ▁of ▁World wide ▁Prize ▁for ▁Peace ▁of ▁UN ES CO . ▁Found er ▁of ▁World ▁Center ▁of ▁Computer ▁Science ▁with ▁ ▁Jean - Jac ques ▁Ser ban - Sch rei ber ▁in ▁the ▁sevent ies , ▁before ▁the ▁personal ▁computer ▁existed . ▁ ▁The ▁Center ▁brought ▁in ▁young ▁minds ▁such ▁as ▁Nicholas ▁Neg ro pon te . ▁Found er ▁member ▁of ▁Inter action , ▁group ▁of ▁former ▁heads ▁of ▁state ▁and ▁government ▁to ▁deal ▁with ▁contemporary ▁issues ▁and ▁conflicts ▁and ▁to ▁present ▁recommend ations ▁to ▁govern ments . ▁ ▁María ▁Crist ina ▁Ar ango ▁V ega ▁ ▁María ▁Crist ina ▁Ar ango ▁V ega ▁( 1 5 ▁October ▁ 1 9 2 8 ▁– ▁ 1 5 ▁September ▁ 2 0 1 7 ) ▁was ▁the ▁wife ▁of ▁Mis ael ▁P astr ana ▁Bor rero ▁and ▁served ▁as ▁First ▁Lady ▁of ▁Colombia ▁from ▁ 1 9 7 0 ▁to ▁ 1 9 7 4 . ▁María ▁Crist ina ▁was ▁born ▁in ▁Bog ot á ▁to ▁Carlos ▁Ar ango ▁Vé lez , ▁a ▁Liberal ▁party ▁politician , ▁and ▁his ▁wife ▁María ▁V ega ▁Jar amil lo . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 4 6 , ▁while ▁her ▁father ▁was ▁serving ▁as ▁Amb assador ▁of ▁Colombia |
▁to ▁the ▁Holy ▁See , ▁she ▁met ▁Mis ael ▁P astr ana ▁Bor rero , ▁who ▁was ▁working ▁as ▁a ▁diplom at ▁in ▁the ▁emb ass y . ▁They ▁got ▁engaged ▁that ▁year ▁and ▁married ▁on ▁ 2 4 ▁February ▁ 1 9 5 1 ▁at ▁the ▁Saint ▁Bar th ol ome w ▁School ' s ▁Madonna ▁D ella ▁Str ada ▁Chap el ▁in ▁Bog ot á . ▁T ogether ▁they ▁had ▁four ▁children , ▁Juan ▁Carlos , ▁And rés , ▁Ja ime , ▁and ▁María ▁Crist ina . ▁She ▁died ▁in ▁Bog ota ▁on ▁ 1 5 ▁September ▁ 2 0 1 7 ▁at ▁the ▁age ▁of ▁ 8 8 . ▁ ▁Pres iden cy ▁During ▁his ▁four ▁years ▁in ▁office , ▁P astr ana ▁was ▁c aut iously ▁progress ive . ▁He ▁sought ▁to ▁increase ▁employ ment ▁opportun ities ▁with ▁a ▁famous ▁four - point ▁strategy . ▁He ▁attempted ▁to ▁boost ▁national ▁sav ings ▁as ▁a ▁way ▁of ▁moving ▁away ▁from ▁dependency ▁on ▁foreign ▁invest ment ▁and ▁credit , ▁and ▁he ▁extended ▁p ensions ▁rights ▁for ▁many ▁people . ▁ ▁At ▁the ▁same ▁time , ▁he ▁was ▁a ▁champion ▁of ▁" a ▁car ▁for ▁every ▁Colomb ian ▁family ", ▁and ▁was ▁instrument al ▁in ▁bringing ▁the ▁French ▁car - m akers ▁Ren ault ▁to ▁Colombia . ▁He ▁also ▁promoted ▁the ▁first ▁national ▁environmental ▁legisl ation ▁in ▁Latin ▁America . ▁ ▁The ▁end ▁of ▁his ▁four ▁year - term ▁in ▁office ▁came ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 4 , ▁which ▁also ▁saw |
▁the ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁National ▁Front ▁govern ments . ▁P astr ana ▁then ▁took ▁on ▁the ▁mant le ▁of ▁the ▁" natural ▁leader " ▁of ▁the ▁Conserv ative ▁party . ▁He ▁proved ▁unable ▁to ▁hold ▁the ▁different ▁fa ctions ▁of ▁the ▁party ▁together , ▁however , ▁and ▁in ▁consequence ▁there ▁has ▁only ▁been ▁two ▁Conserv ative ▁pres idents ▁since ▁his ▁own ▁term ▁in ▁office . ▁ ▁He ▁died ▁in ▁Bog ot á ▁at ▁the ▁age ▁of ▁ 7 3 . ▁Mar ried ▁to ▁María ▁Crist ina ▁Ar ango ▁V ega , ▁with ▁whom ▁he ▁had ▁three ▁sons ▁and ▁one ▁daughter . ▁ ▁His ▁second ▁son , ▁And rés ▁P astr ana ▁Ar ango , ▁who ▁was ▁kid n apped ▁by ▁the ▁Med ell in ▁Cart el ▁while ▁running ▁for ▁mayor ▁of ▁Bog ot á , ▁ ▁eventually ▁served ▁as ▁president ▁of ▁Colombia ▁from ▁ 1 9 9 8 ▁to ▁ 2 0 0 2 . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁N oh ra ▁P uy ana ▁B icken bach ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 2 3 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 9 9 7 ▁death s ▁Mis ael ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁Hu ila ▁Department ▁Category : P ont ific al ▁X avier ian ▁University ▁al umn i ▁Category : Col omb ian ▁law y ers ▁Category : Pres idents ▁of ▁Colombia ▁Category : Am b ass adors ▁of ▁Colombia ▁to ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Category : Col omb ian ▁Conserv ative ▁Party ▁polit icians ▁Category : Min ister s ▁of ▁Fin ance |
▁and ▁Public ▁Cred it ▁of ▁Colombia ▁Category : Col omb ian ▁Minister s ▁of ▁F oment ▁Category : Col omb ian ▁Minister s ▁of ▁Government ▁Category : Re cip ients ▁of ▁the ▁Silver ▁World ▁Award ▁Category : De ath s ▁from ▁cancer ▁in ▁Colombia <0x0A> </s> ▁C aled onia ▁is ▁a ▁community ▁located ▁on ▁the ▁Grand ▁River ▁in ▁H ald im and ▁County , ▁Ontario , ▁Canada . ▁It ▁had ▁a ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁population ▁of ▁ 9 , 6 7 4 . ▁C aled onia ▁is ▁within ▁Ward ▁ 3 ▁of ▁H ald im and ▁County . ▁The ▁Coun c ill or ▁elected ▁for ▁Ward ▁ 3 ▁is ▁Dan ▁Lawrence . ▁As ▁of ▁September ▁ 2 0 0 6 , ▁there ▁are ▁approximately ▁ 4 , 0 0 0 ▁households ▁in ▁the ▁community ▁of ▁C aled onia . ▁ ▁C aled onia ▁is ▁located ▁at ▁the ▁intersection ▁of ▁Highway ▁ 6 ▁and ▁H ald im and ▁Highway ▁ 5 4 ▁( with in ▁the ▁town , ▁these ▁streets ▁are ▁called ▁Arg yle ▁Street ▁and ▁Ca ith ness ▁Street ▁respectively ) ▁on ▁the ▁Grand ▁River . ▁On ▁Highway ▁ 6 , ▁the ▁town ▁is ▁ 1 0 km ▁south ▁of ▁Hamilton ▁and ▁ 1 0 km ▁north ▁of ▁H agers ville . ▁On ▁H ald im and ▁Highway ▁ 5 4 , ▁the ▁town ▁is ▁ 1 5 km ▁east ▁of ▁Br ant ford , ▁Ontario ▁and ▁ 1 0 km ▁west ▁of ▁C ay uga , |
▁Ontario . ▁ ▁History ▁ ▁C aled onia ▁was ▁once ▁a ▁small ▁strip ▁of ▁land ▁between ▁Sen eca ▁and ▁One ida ▁villages . ▁The ▁Grand ▁River ▁tra ve led ▁through ▁C aled onia ▁div iding ▁it ▁into ▁two ▁sides , ▁North ▁and ▁South . ▁In ▁ 1 8 3 4 , ▁Ran ald ▁McK inn on ▁was ▁h ired ▁by ▁the ▁Grand ▁River ▁Navigation ▁company ▁to ▁build ▁a ▁dam ▁in ▁Sen eca ▁and ▁a ▁dam ▁in ▁C aled onia . ▁Comple ted ▁in ▁ 1 8 4 0 , ▁the ▁d ams ▁made ▁water ▁power ▁available . ▁M ills ▁spr ung ▁up ▁all ▁over ▁Sen eca ▁village , ▁and ▁five ▁mill s ▁were ▁built ▁in ▁C aled onia ▁by ▁ 1 8 5 0 . ▁One ▁renamed ▁C aled onia ▁Mill ▁which ▁has ▁been ▁re built ▁and ▁is ▁now ▁used ▁for ▁office ▁space . ▁ ▁The ▁Hamilton ▁to ▁Port ▁D over ▁Pl ank ▁Road ▁was ▁brought ▁through ▁C aled onia ▁in ▁ 1 8 3 8 . ▁A ▁bridge ▁was ▁built ▁across ▁the ▁river ▁in ▁C aled onia ▁and ▁Sen eca ▁in ▁ 1 8 4 2 . ▁These ▁wooden ▁brid ges ▁last ed ▁around ▁ 1 9 ▁years ▁before ▁they ▁were ▁swe pt ▁away ▁by ▁the ▁ice ▁on ▁the ▁river . ▁The ▁Sen eca ▁bridge ▁was ▁never ▁re built . ▁As ▁of ▁ 2 0 1 1 , ▁the ▁Grand ▁River ▁Bridge ▁built ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 7 ▁serves ▁C aled onia ' s ▁traffic . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 8 |
4 4 , ▁C aled onia ▁was ▁incorpor ated ▁as ▁a ▁village ▁and ▁later ▁as ▁a ▁town . ▁By ▁ 1 8 6 0 , ▁the ▁Grand ▁River ▁Navigation ▁company ▁was ▁bank rupt , ▁and ▁their ▁land ▁was ▁sold ▁to ▁different ▁organizations . ▁Sen eca ▁village ▁was ▁failing ; ▁many ▁people ▁from ▁Sen eca ▁moved ▁to ▁C aled onia . ▁Navigation ▁on ▁the ▁river ▁ended ▁by ▁ 1 8 8 0 . ▁A ▁whole ▁new ▁way ▁of ▁transport ation ▁arrived ▁around ▁ 1 8 8 3 ; ▁the ▁Grand ▁Tr unk ▁Railway ▁passed ▁through ▁C aled onia . ▁One ida ▁had ▁become ▁part ▁of ▁C aled onia ▁and ▁the ▁town ▁limits ▁were ▁expand ing . ▁By ▁ 1 9 6 0 ▁C aled onia ▁was ▁a ▁b ust ling ▁town . ▁ ▁On ▁April ▁ 1 ▁ 1 9 7 4 , ▁the ▁town ▁was ▁am alg am ated ▁into ▁the ▁new ▁town ▁of ▁H ald im and ▁within ▁the ▁Regional ▁Municip ality ▁of ▁H ald im and - N or folk . ▁Although ▁the ▁largest ▁community ▁in ▁H ald im and , ▁the ▁town ▁hall ▁was ▁located ▁in ▁nearby ▁C ay uga . ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 1 , ▁H ald im and ▁and ▁all ▁other ▁municipal ities ▁within ▁the ▁region ▁were ▁dissol ved ▁and ▁the ▁region ▁was ▁instead ▁divided ▁into ▁two ▁single ▁tier ▁municipal ities ▁with ▁city - status ▁but ▁called ▁count ies . ▁C aled onia ▁is ▁now ▁an ▁un in cor por ated ▁community ▁in ▁Ward ▁ 3 |
▁of ▁H ald im and ▁County . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 6 , ▁the ▁Grand ▁River ▁land ▁dispute ▁involving ▁First ▁Nation ▁land ▁claims ▁brought ▁C aled onia ▁to ▁national ▁attention . ▁ ▁The ▁land ▁at ▁the ▁centre ▁of ▁the ▁dispute ▁in ▁C aled onia ▁covers ▁ 4 0 ▁hect ares , ▁which ▁Hen co ▁Indust ries ▁Ltd . ▁planned ▁to ▁develop ▁as ▁a ▁resident ial ▁sub div ision ▁to ▁be ▁known ▁as ▁the ▁Douglas ▁Creek ▁Est ates . ▁ ▁It ▁is ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁ 3 8 5 , 0 0 0 - he ct are ▁plot ▁of ▁land ▁originally ▁known ▁as ▁the ▁" H ald im and ▁T ract ", ▁which ▁was ▁granted , ▁in ▁ 1 7 8 4 , ▁by ▁the ▁Crown ▁to ▁the ▁Six ▁Nations ▁of ▁the ▁Grand ▁River , ▁for ▁their ▁use ▁in ▁settlement . ▁ ▁Hen co ▁arg ues ▁that ▁the ▁Six ▁Nations ▁surrender ed ▁their ▁rights ▁to ▁the ▁land ▁in ▁ 1 8 4 1 , ▁and ▁Hen co ▁later ▁purchased ▁it ▁from ▁the ▁Crown . ▁The ▁Six ▁Nations , ▁however , ▁maintain ▁that ▁their ▁title ▁to ▁the ▁land ▁was ▁never ▁rel in qu ished . ▁ ▁There ▁are ▁many ▁publications ▁which ▁include ▁the ▁history ▁of ▁C aled onia , ▁Ontario . ▁These ▁books , ▁many ▁now ▁out ▁of ▁print , ▁are ▁available ▁online ▁along ▁with ▁a ▁photo - archive ▁at : ▁c aled onia history . org ▁: ▁The ▁C aled onia ▁Archives . ▁ ▁C aled onia ▁Mill ▁C aled onia ▁Old |
▁Town ▁Hall ▁( Ed inburgh ▁Square ) ▁Grand ▁River ▁Bridge ▁Grand ▁River ▁Dam ▁Grand ▁Tr unk ▁Railway ▁Station ▁H ald im and ▁House ▁O asis ▁Drive - In ▁C aled onia ▁Opera ▁House ▁ ▁T oll ▁House ▁The ▁C aled onia ▁T oll ▁House ▁is ▁the ▁third ▁oldest ▁building ▁in ▁C aled onia , ▁Ontario ▁still ▁standing ; ▁the ▁first ▁being ▁H ald im and ▁House ; ▁the ▁second ▁being ▁C aled onia ▁Mill . ▁The ▁to ll ▁house ▁is ▁currently ▁a ▁private ▁residence . ▁ ▁The ▁to ll ▁house ▁was ▁there ▁when ▁the ▁original ▁iron ▁bridge ▁col lapsed ▁and ▁the ▁new ▁concrete ▁one ▁( st ill ▁used ▁today ) ▁was ▁built . ▁ ▁With ▁the ▁historic ▁C aled onia ▁Bridge ▁in ▁need ▁of ▁complete ▁replacement , ▁the ▁beautiful ▁historic ▁to ll ▁house ▁which ▁is ▁currently ▁a ▁home ▁and ▁business ▁has ▁been ▁ex prop ri ated ▁as ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁Ministry ▁of ▁Transport ations ▁plan ▁to ▁replace . ▁ ▁Sports ▁Hockey ▁Team : ▁C aled onia ▁Cor v airs ▁ ▁School s ▁McK inn on ▁Park ▁Second ary ▁School ▁C aled onia ▁Cent enn ial ▁Public ▁School ▁Notre ▁D ame ▁Catholic ▁School ▁River ▁He ights ▁St . ▁Patrick ' s ▁Catholic ▁School ▁One ida ▁Central ▁Public ▁School ▁ ▁Notable ▁residents ▁By ron ▁Edmund ▁Walker ▁Cam ▁Tal bot ▁Andrew ▁Campbell ▁Roy ▁Edwards ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : Comm un ities ▁in ▁H ald im and ▁County <0x0A> </s> ▁Rog ue ▁Male ▁may ▁refer ▁to : ▁▁ ▁Rog ue ▁Male ▁( nov el ), ▁a |
▁novel ▁by ▁Geoff rey ▁House hold ▁published ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 9 ▁ ▁Man ▁H unt ▁( 1 9 4 1 ▁film ), ▁a ▁ 1 9 4 1 ▁film ▁ad a ption ▁of ▁House hold ' s ▁novel , ▁directed ▁by ▁Fritz ▁Lang ▁ ▁Rog ue ▁Male ▁( 1 9 7 6 ▁film ), ▁a ▁ 1 9 7 6 ▁BBC ▁television ▁adaptation ▁of ▁House hold ' s ▁novel , ▁directed ▁by ▁C live ▁Don ner ▁ ▁Rog ue ▁Male ▁( band ), ▁a ▁British ▁heavy ▁metal ▁band <0x0A> </s> ▁François - Ét ienne ▁C au let ▁( born ▁at ▁Toul ouse , ▁ 1 6 1 0 ; ▁died ▁at ▁Pam iers , ▁ 1 6 8 0 ) ▁was ▁a ▁French ▁bishop ▁and ▁J ansen ist . ▁ ▁Life ▁ ▁After ▁comple ting ▁his ▁studies ▁at ▁the ▁Coll ège ▁of ▁La ▁Fl è che ▁he ▁lab oured ▁for ▁some ▁time ▁under ▁P ère ▁de ▁Cond ren , ▁Super ior ▁of ▁the ▁French ▁Or atory , ▁and ▁then ▁joined ▁Jean - Jac ques ▁O lier ▁in ▁found ing ▁the ▁V aug ir ard ▁Sem inary ▁and ▁the ▁Company ▁of ▁Saint - S ulp ice . ▁When ▁M . ▁O lier ▁accepted ▁the ▁parish ▁of ▁Saint - S ulp ice ▁( 1 6 4 2 ), ▁C au let ▁became ▁pract ically ▁the ▁head ▁of ▁the ▁sem inary . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 6 4 4 ▁Louis ▁XIV , ▁at ▁the ▁suggestion ▁of ▁St . ▁Vincent ▁de ▁Paul , ▁made ▁him |
▁Bishop ▁of ▁Pam iers . ▁C au let ▁had ▁not ▁sought ▁epis cop al ▁hon ours , ▁but ▁once ▁a ▁bishop ▁he ▁showed ▁great ▁ze al ▁in ▁the ▁re formation ▁of ▁the ▁cler gy , ▁the ▁annual ▁visit ation ▁of ▁the ▁dioc ese , ▁the ▁holding ▁of ▁syn ods , ▁and ▁the ▁found ing ▁of ▁schools , ▁one ▁of ▁which ▁was ▁devoted ▁especially ▁to ▁the ▁training ▁of ▁teachers . ▁His ▁imp uls ive ▁ze al ▁did ▁not ▁fail ▁to ▁raise ▁opposition . ▁The ▁chap ters ▁of ▁Fo ix ▁and ▁Pam iers , ▁which ▁he ▁tried ▁to ▁reform , ▁revol ted ▁open ly , ▁and ▁had ▁to ▁be ▁co er ced ▁into ▁submission ▁by ▁Br ief s ▁of ▁Pope ▁Alexander ▁VII ▁and ▁ordin ances ▁of ▁Louis ▁XIV . ▁ ▁Two ▁facts ▁stand ▁out ▁prom in ently ▁in ▁C au let ' s ▁epis cop al ▁career , ▁his ▁attitude ▁with ▁regard ▁to ▁the ▁form ul ary ▁of ▁Alexander ▁VII ▁and ▁his ▁conduct ▁in ▁the ▁aff aire ▁de ▁la ▁rég ale , ▁i . e . ▁the ▁royal ▁pret ension ▁to ▁the ▁reven ues ▁and ▁the ▁administration ▁of ▁vac ant ▁sees . ▁On ▁rece ipt ▁of ▁the ▁form ul ary ▁of ▁Alexander ▁VII ▁C au let ▁issued ▁a ▁past oral ▁letter ▁request ing ▁his ▁cler gy ▁to ▁sub scribe ▁to ▁it , ▁but ▁with ▁certain ▁qual ifications ▁( fo i ▁aux ▁dog mes ▁ré v él és , ▁dé férence ▁respect ue use ▁aux ▁fa its ▁non ▁ré v él és ). ▁Most ▁people ▁see |
▁in ▁that ▁respect ful ▁de ference ▁the ▁silence ▁respect ue ux ▁of ▁the ▁J ansen ists . ▁However , ▁De ▁la ▁Cham bre ▁( Tra ité ▁du ▁formula ire ), ▁Bou ix ▁( De ▁Pap â , ▁II , ▁ 9 5 ), ▁and ▁Ber tr and ▁( H istoire ▁litt éra ire , ▁III , ▁ 1 9 ) ▁are ▁of ▁opinion ▁that ▁C au let ▁really ▁meant ▁an ▁internal ▁ad hes ion ▁of ▁the ▁mind , ▁al beit ▁this ▁ad hes ion ▁may ▁not ▁have ▁come ▁up ▁to ▁the ▁" e cc les iast ical ▁faith " ▁as ▁proposed ▁by ▁F én el on , ▁and ▁later ▁admitted ▁commonly ▁by ▁the olog ians . ▁Pope ▁Clement ▁IX ▁did ▁not ▁ur ge ▁the ▁point , ▁and ▁accepted ▁C au let ' s ▁ad hes ion ▁such ▁as ▁it ▁was . ▁ ▁In ▁February , ▁ 1 6 7 3 , ▁Louis ▁XIV , ▁in ▁need ▁of ▁funds , ▁attempted ▁to ▁extend ▁to ▁all ▁French ▁bishop rics ▁the ▁dro its ▁de ▁rég ale . ▁C au let ▁was ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁few ▁b ish ops ▁who ▁st out ly ▁resist ed ▁the ▁royal ▁enc ro achment . ▁Bet rayed ▁by ▁his ▁metropol itan , ▁des po iled ▁by ▁the ▁king , ▁he ▁appe aled ▁to ▁Pope ▁In noc ent ▁XI , ▁who ▁issued ▁several ▁Br ief s , ▁la ud ing ▁his ▁courage ▁and ▁his ▁loyal ty ▁to ▁the ▁Church . ▁The ▁last ▁of ▁these ▁Br ief s , ▁dated ▁ 1 7 |
▁July ▁ 1 6 8 0 ▁( In n . ▁XI , ▁ep ist ola e , ▁Rome , ▁ 1 8 9 0 , ▁I , ▁ 3 5 7 ), ▁reached ▁Pam iers ▁just ▁after ▁C au let ' s ▁death , ▁and ▁it ▁contained ▁the ▁best ▁e ul ogy ▁a ▁bishop ▁could ▁receive . ▁ ▁C au let ▁left ▁a ▁mass ▁of ▁epis cop al ▁ordin ances , ▁syn od al ▁stat utes , ▁mem oir s , ▁etc ., ▁analyz ed ▁by ▁Double t ▁and ▁Ber tr and . ▁Two ▁treat ises ▁on ▁the ▁rég ale ▁were ▁published ▁under ▁his ▁name ▁in ▁ 1 6 8 0 ▁and ▁ 1 6 8 1 . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Bibli ography ▁ ▁Att ribution ▁ ▁Category : 1 6 1 0 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 6 8 0 ▁death s ▁Category : B ish ops ▁of ▁Pam iers ▁Category : J ansen ists <0x0A> </s> ▁H é ctor ▁Z atar ain ▁( born ▁ 2 7 ▁June ▁ 1 9 2 9 ) ▁was ▁a ▁Mexican ▁e quest rian . ▁He ▁competed ▁in ▁two ▁events ▁at ▁the ▁ 1 9 6 4 ▁Summer ▁Olympics . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 2 9 ▁birth s ▁Category : P oss ibly ▁living ▁people ▁Category : M ex ican ▁male ▁e quest ri ans ▁Category : O lymp ic ▁e quest ri ans ▁of ▁Mexico ▁Category : E quest ri ans ▁at ▁the ▁ 1 9 6 4 ▁Summer ▁Olympics ▁Category |
: Place ▁of ▁birth ▁missing ▁( l iving ▁people ) <0x0A> </s> ▁U zy a ▁() ▁is ▁a ▁rural ▁local ity ▁( a ▁village ) ▁in ▁Me le uz ov sky ▁District , ▁Bash k ort ost an , ▁Russia . ▁The ▁population ▁was ▁ 2 4 2 ▁as ▁of ▁ 2 0 1 0 . ▁There ▁are ▁ 4 ▁streets . ▁ ▁References ▁▁ ▁Category : R ural ▁local ities ▁in ▁Bash k ort ost an ▁Category : R ural ▁local ities ▁in ▁Me le uz ov sky ▁District <0x0A> </s> ▁David ▁Douglas ▁James ▁Ross dale ▁( born ▁ 2 2 ▁May ▁ 1 9 5 3 ) ▁was ▁the ▁Bishop ▁of ▁Gr ims by , ▁a ▁suff rag an ▁bishop ▁( and , ▁from ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁until ▁ 3 1 ▁January ▁ 2 0 1 3 , ▁an ▁area ▁bishop ) ▁in ▁the ▁Church ▁of ▁England ▁Dioc ese ▁of ▁Lincoln . ▁ ▁He ▁was ▁educated ▁at ▁St ▁John ' s ▁School , ▁Le ather head , ▁King ' s ▁College ▁London ▁and ▁Ro e ham pton ▁University . ▁He ▁has ▁a ▁Master ▁of ▁Arts ▁( MA ) ▁and ▁a ▁Master ▁of ▁Science ▁( MS c ). ▁After ▁a ▁period ▁of ▁study ▁at ▁Ch ich ester ▁The ological ▁College ▁he ▁was ▁ord ained ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 1 ▁and ▁began ▁his ▁career ▁with ▁a ▁cur acy ▁at ▁St ▁Laur ence ▁Up min ster , ▁after ▁which ▁he ▁was ▁Vic ar ▁of ▁St ▁Luke ' s , ▁M oul |
sh am , ▁Ch el ms ford ▁and ▁finally ▁( before ▁his ▁elev ation ▁as ▁bishop ) ▁Vic ar ▁of ▁Cook ham ▁and ▁Area ▁Dean ▁of ▁Ma iden head . ▁He ▁retired ▁effective ▁ 6 ▁April ▁ 2 0 1 3 . ▁ ▁On ▁ 1 1 ▁February ▁ 2 0 1 7 , ▁four teen ▁retired ▁b ish ops ▁signed ▁an ▁open ▁letter ▁to ▁the ▁then - ser ving ▁b ish ops ▁of ▁the ▁Church ▁of ▁England . ▁In ▁an ▁un pre ced ented ▁move , ▁they ▁expressed ▁their ▁opposition ▁to ▁the ▁House ▁of ▁B ish ops ' ▁report ▁to ▁General ▁Syn od ▁on ▁sexual ity , ▁which ▁recommended ▁no ▁change ▁to ▁the ▁Church ' s ▁can ons ▁or ▁pract ises ▁around ▁sexual ity . ▁By ▁ 1 3 ▁February , ▁a ▁serving ▁bishop ▁( Al an ▁Wilson , ▁Bishop ▁of ▁Buck ingham ) ▁and ▁nine ▁further ▁retired ▁b ish ops ▁– ▁including ▁Ross dale ▁– ▁had ▁added ▁their ▁sign atures ; ▁on ▁ 1 5 ▁February , ▁the ▁report ▁was ▁rejected ▁by ▁syn od . ▁ ▁St yles ▁The ▁Re ver end ▁David ▁Ross dale ▁( 1 9 8 1 – 1 9 9 4 ) ▁The ▁Re ver end ▁Can on ▁David ▁Ross dale ▁( 1 9 9 4 – 2 0 0 0 ) ▁The ▁Right ▁Re ver end ▁David ▁Ross dale ▁( 2 0 0 0 – present ) ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 5 3 ▁birth s ▁Category : Pe ople ▁educated ▁at ▁St ▁John |
' s ▁School , ▁Le ather head ▁Category : Al umn i ▁of ▁Ch ich ester ▁The ological ▁College ▁Category : Al umn i ▁of ▁King ' s ▁College ▁London ▁Category : Al umn i ▁of ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Ro e ham pton ▁Category : English ▁people ▁of ▁Russian ▁descent ▁Category : 2 1 st - century ▁Ang lic an ▁b ish ops ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : B ish ops ▁of ▁Gr ims by <0x0A> </s> ▁Am rit ▁Camp us ▁is ▁the ▁first ▁science ▁campus ▁of ▁Nep al , ▁located ▁in ▁L ain cha ur , ▁Kath m and u . ▁It ▁was ▁formerly ▁known ▁as ▁Public ▁Science ▁College ▁( P US COL ), ▁and ▁then ▁renamed ▁in ▁memory ▁of ▁Am rit ▁Pr as ad ▁Pr ad han . ▁Pr ad han ▁was ▁born ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 8 ▁at ▁Th am el , ▁Kath m and u , ▁Nep al . ▁He ▁served ▁as ▁the ▁head master ▁of ▁Jud dh od aya ▁Public ▁High ▁School ▁in ▁Bir gun j ▁for ▁two ▁years ▁and ▁later ▁joined ▁Tri - Ch andra ▁College ▁as ▁a ▁lect urer ▁in ▁chem istry . ▁In ▁ 1 9 6 2 , ▁he ▁became ▁the ▁found ing ▁principal ▁of ▁Public ▁Science ▁College ▁and ▁began ▁teaching ▁as ▁a ▁professor ▁of ▁chem istry . ▁ ▁Pr ad han ▁established ▁Am rit ▁Camp us ▁with ▁a ▁view ▁to ▁promote ▁the ▁study ▁of ▁science ▁and ▁technology ▁in ▁Nep al . ▁The ▁campus ▁benef ited ▁greatly ▁from ▁his ▁enter prise |
, ▁dedic ation ▁and ▁enthus ias m . ▁While ▁on ▁a ▁mission ▁to ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁for ▁a ▁cause ▁connected ▁with ▁the ▁college , ▁he ▁died ▁in ▁an ▁air ▁crash ▁over ▁Mont ▁Bl anc ▁on ▁January ▁ 2 4 , ▁ 1 9 6 6 . ▁ ▁Introduction ▁Am rit ▁Camp us ▁( AS COL ), ▁situated ▁in ▁the ▁heart ▁of ▁Kath m and u ▁Valley - Th am el , ▁is ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁pure ▁science ▁campus ▁of ▁the ▁country . ▁It ▁offers ▁many ▁under grad uate ▁and ▁master s ▁level ▁courses ▁in ▁physics , ▁chem istry , ▁mathematics , ▁bot any , ▁zo ology , ▁statistics , ▁computer ▁science , ▁environment ▁science ▁and ▁micro bi ology . ▁The ▁number ▁of ▁students ▁studying ▁is ▁nearly ▁ 1 9 0 0 . ▁▁ ▁The ▁campus ▁is ▁a ▁government ▁institution , ▁with ▁partial ▁decent ral ization , ▁affili ated ▁to ▁Trib hu van ▁University . ▁This ▁is ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁constitu ent ▁camp uses ▁of ▁Trib hu van ▁University ▁in ▁the ▁science ▁stream . ▁The ▁campus ▁offers ▁different ▁fields ▁of ▁study ▁at ▁b ach elor ' s ▁and ▁master ' s ▁levels . ▁The ▁courses ▁offered ▁by ▁AS COL ▁are ▁ ▁Bach elor ▁of ▁Science ▁in ▁mathematics , ▁statistics , ▁physics , ▁bot any , ▁zo ology , ▁chem istry , ▁environmental ▁science , ▁and ▁micro bi ology ▁( general ▁B . Sc .) ▁ ▁Bach elor ▁of ▁Science ▁in ▁computer ▁science ▁and ▁information ▁technology ▁ ▁Master ▁of ▁Science ▁in ▁mathematics ▁ ▁Master ▁of |
▁Science ▁in ▁physics ▁ ▁Master ▁of ▁Science ▁in ▁chem istry ▁ ▁Master ▁of ▁Science ▁in ▁bot any ▁ ▁Academ ic ▁depart ments ▁▁ ▁Department ▁of ▁Mathemat ics ▁ ▁Department ▁of ▁Chem istry ▁ ▁Department ▁of ▁Physics ▁ ▁Department ▁of ▁Statistics ▁ ▁Department ▁of ▁Zo ology ▁ ▁Department ▁of ▁Bot any ▁ ▁Department ▁of ▁Micro bi ology ▁ ▁Department ▁of ▁Environment al ▁Science ▁ ▁Department ▁of ▁Computer ▁Science ▁and ▁Information ▁Technology ( CS IT ) ▁ ▁Department ▁of ▁English ▁ ▁Organ izations ▁ ▁Common ▁and ▁free ▁of ▁all ▁ide ology ▁▁ ▁Trib hu van ▁University ▁Te ach ers ▁Association ▁AS COL ▁Unit ▁ ▁Trib hu van ▁University ▁Bureau cr atic ▁Union ▁AS COL ▁Unit ▁ ▁Free ▁Student ▁Union ▁ ▁Organ izations ▁following ▁political ▁ide ology ▁ ▁Te acher ' s ▁Organ ization ▁▁ ▁Democratic ▁Te acher ' s ▁Union ▁ ▁Progress ive ▁Te acher ' s ▁Union ▁ ▁Revolution ary ▁national ▁Te acher ' s ▁union ▁ ▁Bureau cr atic ▁Union ▁▁ ▁Democratic ▁Bureau cr ats ▁Union ▁ ▁Progress ive ▁Bureau cr ats ▁Union ▁ ▁Revolution ary ▁Bureau cr ates ▁Union ▁ ▁Student ▁Organ izations ▁▁ ▁A NN FS U ▁ ▁Nep al ▁Stud ents ' ▁Union ▁AS COL ▁Unit ▁ ▁A NN IS U ( R ) ▁AS COL ▁Unit ▁ ▁Notable ▁al umn i ▁ ▁Notable ▁al umn i ▁in ▁the ▁field ▁of ▁Science ▁and ▁technology ▁▁▁ ▁Prof . ▁Dr . ▁B han u ▁Ch andra ▁B aj rach ary a ▁( Math ematic ian , ▁Form er ▁Chair person ▁of ▁Department |
▁of ▁Mathemat ics ▁of ▁AS COL ) ▁ ▁Prof . ▁Dr . ▁M ana ▁R aja ▁Jos hi ▁( Math ematic ian ) ▁ ▁( L ate ) ▁Prof . ▁Dr . ▁Day an anda ▁B aj rach ary a ▁( B ot an ist , ▁Form er ▁Chair man ▁of ▁Central ▁Department ▁of ▁Bot any , ▁Form er ▁R ector ▁of ▁Trib hu van ▁University , ▁Form er ▁President ▁of ▁Nep al ▁Academy ▁of ▁Science ▁and ▁Technology ▁( NA ST ) ▁formerly ▁called ▁Royal ▁Nep al ▁Academy ▁of ▁Sciences ▁( R ON AST )) ▁ ▁Associ ate ▁Professor ▁Mad an ▁Sak ya ▁( Z o ologist , ▁Form er ▁Camp us ▁Chief ▁of ▁Am rit ▁Science ▁Camp us ) ▁ ▁Dr . ▁Up endra ▁Dev k ota ▁▁ ▁Dr . ▁Mad hav ▁Pr as ad ▁Bar al ▁( Ch em ist ▁and ▁Found er ▁of ▁N IST ▁college ) ▁ ▁Mr . ▁K ul man ▁Gh ising ▁( Man aging ▁Director , ▁Nep al ▁Electric ity ▁Author ity ) ▁ ▁Dr . ▁Mah ab ir ▁P un ▁( Pres ident ▁of ▁National ▁In nov ation , ▁Le ader ▁of ▁Nep al ▁W ire less ▁Project , ▁A war de e : ▁Ram on ▁M ags ays ay , ▁Internet ▁hall ▁of ▁fame , ▁Ash oka ▁Fellow , ▁Scient ist , ▁Social ▁entrepr ene ur ) ▁ ▁Notable ▁al umn i ▁in ▁other ▁fields ▁▁ ▁Dr . ▁Bab ur am ▁Bh att ar ai ▁( Form er ▁Prime ▁minister ▁of ▁Nep al ▁and |
▁former ▁leader ▁of ▁U CP N ▁( M ao ist )) ▁ ▁J h ala ▁N ath ▁Khan al ▁( Form er ▁Prime ▁minister ▁of ▁Nep al ▁and ▁leader ▁of ▁C PN ▁( U ML )) ▁ ▁K ul ▁Man ▁Gh ising ▁( Man aging ▁Director ▁of ▁Nep al ▁Electric ity ▁Author ity ▁( NE A )) ▁ ▁P rak ash ▁Man ▁Singh ▁( De put y ▁Prime ▁minister ▁of ▁Nep al ▁in ▁the ▁Cab inet ▁led ▁by ▁Prime ▁minister ▁S ush il ▁K oir ala , ▁General ▁secretary ▁of ▁Nep ali ▁Congress ) ▁ ▁Dr . ▁Min endra ▁Pr as ad ▁R ij al ▁( L ead er ▁of ▁Nep ali ▁Congress ) ▁ ▁R uk m ang at ▁Kat ta wal ▁( Form er ▁Chief ▁of ▁Nep al ▁Army ) ▁ ▁K uber ▁Singh ▁R ana ▁( Form er ▁I GP ▁of ▁Nep al ▁Police ) ▁ ▁Am ares h ▁K umar ▁Singh ▁( Mad h esi ▁youth ▁leader ▁of ▁Nep ali ▁Congress ▁and ▁Member ▁of ▁Parliament ) ▁ ▁Hom raj ▁D ah al ▁( Form er ▁member ▁of ▁parliament ▁of ▁Nep al ▁and ▁leader ▁of ▁Nep ali ▁Congress ) ▁ ▁Pr ad ip ▁Pa ud el ▁( L ead er ▁of ▁Nep ali ▁Congress , ▁Form er ▁President ▁of ▁Nep al ▁Stud ents ' ▁Union ) ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : Sch ools ▁in ▁Nep al ▁Category : E du c ational ▁institutions ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 2 ▁Category : 1 9 6 2 ▁establish ments ▁in ▁Nep |
al ▁Category : T rib hu van ▁University <0x0A> </s> ▁L ing ura ▁is ▁a ▁commune ▁in ▁Cant em ir ▁District , ▁Mold ova . ▁It ▁is ▁composed ▁of ▁three ▁villages : ▁Cr ă ci un , ▁L ing ura ▁and ▁Pop ov ca . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : Comm unes ▁of ▁Cant em ir ▁District <0x0A> </s> ▁Cla es ▁J ans zo on ▁V iss cher ▁( 1 5 8 7 ▁– ▁ 1 9 ▁June ▁ 1 6 5 2 ) ▁was ▁a ▁Dutch ▁Golden ▁Age ▁dra ug ht s man , ▁eng ra ver , ▁map maker ▁and ▁publish er . ▁ ▁Biography ▁ ▁V iss cher , ▁who ▁was ▁born ▁and ▁died ▁in ▁Amsterdam , ▁was ▁also ▁known ▁as ▁Nicolas ▁Jo annes ▁P isc ator ▁ ▁or ▁Nicolas ▁Jo ann is ▁V iss cher ▁II , ▁after ▁his ▁father ▁who ▁lived ▁ca . ▁ 1 5 5 0 – 1 6 1 2 . ▁He ▁learned ▁the ▁art ▁of ▁et ch ing ▁and ▁printing ▁from ▁his ▁father , ▁and ▁helped ▁grow ▁the ▁family ▁printing ▁and ▁map making ▁business ▁to ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁largest ▁in ▁his ▁time . ▁It ▁was ▁a ▁family ▁business ; ▁Nicola es ▁V iss cher ▁I ▁( 1 6 1 8 – 1 6 7 9 ), ▁and ▁Nicola es ▁V iss cher ▁II ▁( 1 6 4 9 – 1 7 0 2 ) ▁were ▁also ▁map m akers ▁in ▁Amsterdam ▁on ▁the ▁Kal ver stra at . ▁The ▁times ▁were ▁with ▁the ▁V |
iss ch ers ▁for ▁other ▁reasons ; ▁due ▁to ▁the ▁Protest ant ▁re formation , ▁the ▁older ▁B ibles ▁with ▁their ▁" R oman ▁Catholic " ▁illustr ations ▁were ▁seen ▁as ▁out dated ▁and ▁ap oc ry phal , ▁but ▁to ▁l iven ▁up ▁the ▁new ▁Protest ant ▁B ibles ▁for ▁the ▁less ▁well - read ▁cler gy , ▁the ▁V iss ch ers ▁produced ▁illustrated ▁maps ▁and ▁even ▁land sc apes ▁of ▁the ▁places ▁in ▁the ▁Bible . ▁This ▁became ▁a ▁very ▁successful ▁family ▁business , ▁with ▁collaboration ▁with ▁many ▁respect ed ▁dra ug ht s men ▁of ▁the ▁day . ▁A ▁new ▁translation ▁of ▁the ▁Bible ▁was ▁under way ▁in ▁the ▁Netherlands , ▁and ▁until ▁then , ▁the ▁new ▁German ▁translation ▁done ▁by ▁Johannes ▁P isc ator , ▁published ▁in ▁ 1 6 0 2 – 1 6 0 4 , ▁was ▁translated ▁into ▁Dutch . ▁Though ▁probably ▁not ▁a ▁relative , ▁his ▁Bible ▁translation ▁was ▁accepted ▁by ▁the ▁Dutch ▁St aten - General ▁in ▁ 1 6 0 2 , ▁which ▁only ▁l ent ▁more ▁public ity ▁and ▁authentic ity ▁to ▁the ▁" F isher " ▁name . ▁ ▁The ▁tra dem ark ▁of ▁the ▁V iss ch ers ▁was ▁a ▁fish erman , ▁after ▁their ▁name ▁( th us ▁the ▁Latin ▁nick name ▁P isc ator ). ▁A ▁small ▁fish erman ▁would ▁be ▁strateg ically ▁placed ▁somewhere ▁near ▁water . ▁If ▁the ▁subject ▁was ▁a ▁landscape ▁without ▁a ▁stream ▁or ▁p ond , ▁then ▁often ▁a ▁figure ▁walking ▁with |
▁a ▁fish ing ▁rod ▁can ▁be ▁seen . ▁Their ▁map ▁pl ates ▁were ▁re used ▁for ▁a ▁century ▁by ▁other ▁printer s ▁who ▁un know ingly ▁copied ▁the ▁entire ▁pl ates , ▁including ▁the ▁tell - t ale ▁fish erm en . ▁Observ ant ▁sch ol ars ▁are ▁thus ▁able ▁to ▁trace ▁the ▁proven ance ▁of ▁B ibles , ▁maps , ▁and ▁land sc apes ▁from ▁these ▁signs . ▁ ▁As ide ▁from ▁B ibles , ▁Cla es ▁V iss cher ▁II ▁primarily ▁et ched ▁and ▁published ▁land sc apes , ▁port ra its ▁and ▁maps . ▁He ▁et ched ▁over ▁ 2 0 0 ▁pl ates ▁and ▁his ▁maps ▁included ▁elaborate ▁original ▁borders . ▁V iss cher ▁died ▁in ▁ 1 6 5 2 . ▁He ▁was ▁a ▁publish er ▁of ▁prints ▁by ▁Es ai as ▁van ▁de ▁Vel de , ▁and ▁David ▁Vin ck bo ons , ▁and ▁was ▁a ▁big ▁influence ▁on ▁Ro el ant ▁Rog h man ▁and ▁on ▁his ▁sister ▁Ge er tr u yd . ▁ ▁Gallery ▁ ▁References ▁▁▁ ▁Cla es ▁J ans z ▁V iss cher ▁with ▁some ▁et ch ings ▁in ▁the ▁R ij ks museum ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁V erme er ▁and ▁The ▁Del ft ▁School , ▁a ▁full ▁text ▁exhibition ▁catalog ▁from ▁The ▁Metropolitan ▁Museum ▁of ▁Art , ▁which ▁includes ▁material ▁on ▁Cla es ▁J ans z . ▁V iss cher ▁( see ▁index ) ▁Pi eter ▁Bru eg el ▁the ▁E lder : ▁Draw ings ▁and ▁Pr ints , ▁a |
▁full ▁text ▁exhibition ▁catalog ▁from ▁The ▁Metropolitan ▁Museum ▁of ▁Art , ▁which ▁includes ▁material ▁on ▁Cla es ▁J ans z . ▁V iss cher ▁( see ▁index ) ▁ ▁Category : 1 5 8 7 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 6 5 2 ▁death s ▁Category : 1 7 th - century ▁Dutch ▁cart ograph ers ▁Category : D utch ▁eng ra vers ▁Category : D utch ▁Golden ▁Age ▁print m akers ▁Category : Art ists ▁from ▁Amsterdam <0x0A> </s> ▁I sole pis ▁in und ata ▁is ▁a ▁species ▁of ▁sed ge ▁native ▁to ▁Pap ua ▁New ▁Guinea , ▁Australia ▁and ▁New ▁Zealand . ▁Common ▁names ▁include ▁sw amp ▁club - r ush . ▁It ▁was ▁first ▁described ▁by ▁pro l ific ▁botan ist ▁Robert ▁Brown ▁in ▁ 1 8 1 0 . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁in und ata ▁Category : Fl ora ▁of ▁New ▁South ▁Wales ▁Category : Fl ora ▁of ▁New ▁Zealand ▁Category : Fl ora ▁of ▁Pap ua ▁New ▁Guinea ▁Category : Fl ora ▁of ▁Queensland ▁Category : Fl ora ▁of ▁South ▁Australia ▁Category : Fl ora ▁of ▁Tas mania ▁Category : Fl ora ▁of ▁Victoria ▁( Austral ia ) ▁Category : Fl ora ▁of ▁Western ▁Australia ▁Category : Pl ants ▁described ▁in ▁ 1 8 1 0 <0x0A> </s> ▁Arch du ke ▁Joseph ▁Á rp ád ▁Bened ikt ▁Ferdinand ▁Franz ▁Maria ▁Gabriel ▁( ; ▁ 8 ▁February ▁ 1 9 3 2 ▁– ▁ 3 0 ▁April ▁ 2 0 1 7 ) ▁was ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁Hung |
arian ▁Pal at ine ▁branch ▁of ▁the ▁House ▁of ▁H abs burg - L or raine . ▁ ▁He ▁was ▁born ▁in ▁Budapest , ▁the ▁son ▁of ▁Arch du ke ▁Joseph ▁Francis ▁of ▁Austria ▁and ▁his ▁wife , ▁Princess ▁Anna ▁of ▁Sax ony . ▁He ▁was ▁the ▁great - grand son ▁of ▁Arch du ch ess ▁G is ela ▁of ▁Austria . ▁ ▁He ▁received ▁a ▁degree ▁in ▁econom ics ▁from ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Lis bon . ▁ ▁Family ▁ ▁Joseph ▁married ▁Princess ▁Maria ▁von ▁Lö wen stein - W ert heim - R osen berg , ▁born ▁ 1 9 3 4 , ▁daughter ▁of ▁Karl , ▁ 8 th ▁Prince ▁of ▁Lö wen stein - W ert heim - R osen berg ▁and ▁Carolina ▁dei ▁Cont i ▁R ignon . ▁They ▁married ▁civil ly ▁on ▁ 2 5 ▁August ▁ 1 9 5 6 ▁and ▁religious ly ▁on ▁ 1 2 ▁September ▁ 1 9 5 6 ▁in ▁Bron n bach , ▁W ert heim ▁am ▁Main , ▁Baden - W ür ttemberg , ▁Germany . ▁ ▁They ▁had ▁eight ▁children : ▁▁▁ ▁Arch du ke ▁Joseph ▁Karl ▁of ▁Austria ▁( 7 ▁August ▁ 1 9 5 7 ▁– ▁ 8 ▁August ▁ 1 9 5 7 ) ▁ ▁Arch du ch ess ▁Mon ika - Il ona ▁Maria ▁Carolina ▁Steph anie ▁Elisabeth ▁Im mac ol ata ▁Bened ict a ▁Domin ica ▁of ▁Austria ▁( 1 4 ▁September ▁ 1 9 5 9 ) ▁she ▁married ▁Charles - Hen ry ▁de |
▁R amb ures ▁on ▁ 1 8 ▁May ▁ 1 9 9 6 . ▁They ▁have ▁one ▁daughter : ▁ ▁Clara - Marie ▁de ▁R amb ures ▁( 1 ▁November ▁ 1 9 9 8 ) ▁ ▁Arch du ke ▁Joseph ▁Karl ▁Maria ▁Á rp ád ▁Ste phan ▁P ius ▁Ign ati us ▁Alo ys ius ▁C yr ill us ▁of ▁Austria ▁( 1 8 ▁March ▁ 1 9 6 1 ) ▁he ▁married ▁Princess ▁Marg are te ▁of ▁H ohen berg ▁( grand d augh ter ▁of ▁Maxim ilian , ▁Duke ▁of ▁H ohen berg ) ▁on ▁ 2 8 ▁December ▁ 1 9 9 0 . ▁They ▁have ▁four ▁children : ▁ ▁Arch du ch ess ▁Johann a ▁of ▁Austria ▁( 2 1 ▁May ▁ 1 9 9 2 ) ▁ ▁Arch du ke ▁Joseph ▁Al bre cht ▁of ▁Austria ▁( 2 6 ▁July ▁ 1 9 9 4 ) ▁ ▁Arch du ke ▁Paul ▁Leo ▁of ▁Austria ▁( 1 3 ▁January ▁ 1 9 9 6 ) ▁ ▁Arch du ch ess ▁Elisabeth ▁of ▁Austria ▁( 2 2 ▁September ▁ 1 9 9 8 ) ▁ ▁Arch du ch ess ▁Maria ▁Christ ine ▁Regin a ▁Steph ania ▁Im mac ol ata ▁Carolina ▁Mon ika ▁Ä g idia ▁of ▁Austria ▁( 1 ▁September ▁ 1 9 6 3 ) ▁she ▁married ▁Raymond ▁van ▁der ▁Me ide ▁on ▁ 2 2 ▁May ▁ 1 9 8 8 . ▁They ▁have ▁seven ▁children : ▁ ▁Mi ri am ▁van ▁der ▁Me ide ▁( |
3 ▁April ▁ 1 9 8 9 ) ▁ ▁James ▁Andrew ▁van ▁der ▁Me ide ▁( 6 ▁March ▁ 1 9 9 1 ) ▁ ▁Ver onica ▁van ▁der ▁Me ide ▁( 2 4 ▁August ▁ 1 9 9 3 ) ▁ ▁John ▁van ▁der ▁Me ide ▁( 7 ▁November ▁ 1 9 9 6 ) ▁ ▁Philip ▁van ▁der ▁Me ide ▁( 1 7 ▁February ▁ 1 9 9 8 ) ▁ ▁Sus anne ▁van ▁der ▁Me ide ▁( 2 6 ▁October ▁ 2 0 0 1 ) ▁ ▁Elisabeth ▁van ▁der ▁Me ide ▁( 3 0 ▁March ▁ 2 0 0 3 ) ▁ ▁Arch du ke ▁Andreas - August inus ▁Maria ▁Á rp ád ▁Alo ys ▁Konst antin ▁P ius ▁Ign ati us ▁Peter ▁of ▁Austria ▁( 2 9 ▁April ▁ 1 9 6 5 ) ▁he ▁married ▁Count ess ▁Marie - Christ ine ▁von ▁H atz feld t - Don hoff ▁on ▁ 2 ▁October ▁ 1 9 9 4 . ▁They ▁have ▁six ▁children : ▁ ▁Arch du ke ▁Friedrich - C yp rian ▁of ▁Austria ▁( 1 8 ▁July ▁ 1 9 9 5 ) ▁ ▁Arch du ke ▁Pierre ▁of ▁Austria ▁( 8 ▁May ▁ 1 9 9 7 ) ▁ ▁Arch du ch ess ▁C él ina ▁of ▁Austria ▁( 1 4 ▁November ▁ 1 9 9 9 ) ▁ ▁Arch du ch ess ▁Maria - F lor iana ▁of ▁Austria ▁( 1 4 ▁August ▁ 2 0 0 1 ) ▁ ▁Arch du ke |
▁Bened ikt - Alex ander ▁of ▁Austria ▁( 2 6 ▁September ▁ 2 0 0 3 ) ▁ ▁Arch du ke ▁Ch rys ost omo ▁of ▁Austria ▁ ▁Arch du ch ess ▁Alex andra ▁L yd ia ▁Pia ▁Im mac ol ata ▁Jose pha ▁Pet ra ▁Pa ula ▁Maria ▁of ▁Austria ▁( 2 9 ▁June ▁ 1 9 6 7 ) ▁she ▁married ▁Wil hel mus ▁de ▁Wit ▁on ▁ 1 9 ▁June ▁ 1 9 9 9 . ▁They ▁have ▁four ▁children : ▁ ▁Laur ents - Jan ▁de ▁Wit ▁( 9 ▁March ▁ 2 0 0 1 ) ▁ ▁C lem ens - Kar l ▁de ▁Wit ▁( 2 0 0 3 ) ▁ ▁Johannes ▁Paul ▁de ▁Wit ▁( 2 0 0 5 ) ▁ ▁Arch du ke ▁Nicol aus ▁Franz isk us ▁Alexander ▁N uno ▁Josef ▁Á rp ád ▁Ru pp ert ▁Don atus ▁Vir g il ▁Maria ▁of ▁Austria ▁( 2 7 ▁November ▁ 1 9 7 3 ) ▁he ▁married ▁Eugen ia ▁de ▁Cal on je ▁y ▁G ur rea ▁in ▁July ▁ 2 0 0 2 . ▁They ▁have ▁four ▁children : ▁ ▁Arch du ke ▁Nicol ás ▁of ▁Austria ▁( 2 ▁May ▁ 2 0 0 3 ) ▁ ▁Arch du ch ess ▁Sof ía ▁of ▁Austria ▁( 2 ▁January ▁ 2 0 0 6 ) ▁ ▁Arch du ke ▁Santiago ▁of ▁Austria ▁( 1 2 ▁October ▁ 2 0 0 8 ) ▁ ▁Arch du ch ess ▁María ▁Carl ota ▁of ▁Austria ▁( 2 0 |
1 0 ) ▁ ▁Arch du ke ▁Johannes ▁Jacob us ▁Josef ▁Á rp ád ▁Ulrich ▁P ius ▁Ste phan ▁Ign ati us ▁Hermann ▁Maria ▁of ▁Austria ▁( 2 1 ▁May ▁ 1 9 7 5 ) ▁he ▁married ▁María ▁Gab ri ela ▁Mont en eg ro ▁Vill am izar ▁on ▁ 3 ▁October ▁ 2 0 0 9 . ▁They ▁have ▁three ▁sons : ▁ ▁Arch du ke ▁Johannes ▁of ▁Austria ▁( 1 3 ▁September ▁ 2 0 1 0 ) ▁ ▁Arch du ke ▁Ale j andro ▁of ▁Austria ▁( 3 0 ▁December ▁ 2 0 1 2 ) ▁ ▁Arch du ke ▁Ig na cio ▁José ▁of ▁Austria ▁( 8 ▁May ▁ 2 0 1 4 ) ▁ ▁D yn astic ▁hon ours ▁▁ ▁: ▁Knight ▁of ▁the ▁Order ▁of ▁the ▁Golden ▁Fle e ce ▁( 1 9 6 1 ) ▁ ▁: ▁General ▁Captain ▁of ▁the ▁Order ▁of ▁V ité z ▁( 1 9 7 7 – 2 0 1 7 ) ▁ ▁An c est ry ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁Su cc ession ▁to ▁the ▁throne ▁( A ust ria ▁Hung ary ) ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 3 2 ▁birth s ▁Category : 2 0 1 7 ▁death s ▁Category : H ouse ▁of ▁H abs burg - L or raine ▁Category : K n ights ▁of ▁the ▁Golden ▁Fle e ce ▁of ▁Austria ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁Budapest ▁Category : A ust rian ▁princes <0x0A> </s> ▁Ph ac elia ▁mar ces c ens ▁is |
▁a ▁species ▁of ▁ph ac elia ▁known ▁by ▁the ▁common ▁name ▁persistent flow er ▁ph ac elia . ▁It ▁is ▁en demic ▁to ▁the ▁Sierra ▁Nev ada ▁and ▁its ▁fo oth ills ▁in ▁California , ▁where ▁it ▁grows ▁in ▁me adows , ▁for ests , ▁and ▁other ▁mountain ▁habitat . ▁ ▁Description ▁Ph ac elia ▁mar ces c ens ▁is ▁an ▁annual ▁her b ▁growing ▁mostly ▁ere ct ▁to ▁a ▁maximum ▁height ▁near ▁ 2 0 ▁cent im eters . ▁It ▁is ▁g land ular ▁and ▁co ated ▁in ▁short , ▁st iff ▁hair s . ▁The ▁leaves ▁are ▁ 1 ▁to ▁ 5 ▁cent im eters ▁long , ▁o val ▁in ▁shape , ▁and ▁smooth - ed ged , ▁sometimes ▁with ▁small ▁lo bes ▁near ▁the ▁bases ▁of ▁the ▁bl ades . ▁The ▁hair y ▁infl ores c ence ▁is ▁a ▁one - s ided ▁cur ving ▁or ▁co iling ▁c yme ▁of ▁bell - sh aped ▁flowers . ▁Each ▁flower ▁is ▁about ▁half ▁a ▁cent imeter ▁long ▁and ▁pur ple ▁in ▁color , ▁often ▁with ▁a ▁pal er ▁thro at . ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁Je pson ▁Man ual ▁Tre at ment : ▁ ▁Ph ac elia ▁mar ces c ens ▁Ph ac elia ▁mar ces c ens ▁Ph oto ▁gallery ▁ ▁mar ces c ens ▁Category : End em ic ▁fl ora ▁of ▁California ▁Category : Fl ora ▁of ▁the ▁Sierra ▁Nev ada ▁( U . S .) <0x0A> </s> ▁A ▁pol lak anth ▁is ▁a ▁plant ▁that ▁reprodu ces , |
▁flowers ▁and ▁sets ▁seed ▁rec urrent ly ▁during ▁its ▁life . ▁The ▁term ▁was ▁first ▁used ▁by ▁Fr ans ▁R . ▁K j ell man . ▁ ▁Other ▁terms ▁with ▁the ▁same ▁meaning ▁are ▁poly car pic ▁and ▁iter op ar ous . ▁ ▁Its ▁an ton ym ▁is ▁ha p ax anth . ▁ ▁Category : Pl ant ▁life - form <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Car mel ▁Con vent ▁Senior ▁Second ary ▁School ▁in ▁G wal ior , ▁India ▁was ▁founded ▁by ▁the ▁Car mel ite ▁Sister s ▁of ▁St . ▁Ter esa . ▁St . ▁Ter esa ▁helped ▁in ▁the ▁spread ▁of ▁modern ▁English ▁education ▁to ▁the ▁common ▁masses ▁of ▁India . ▁The ▁Car mel ▁Con vent ▁School ▁started ▁its ▁first ▁session ▁in ▁the ▁year ▁of ▁ 1 9 5 7 . ▁ ▁Aff ili ated ▁to ▁the ▁C B SE ▁pattern ▁of ▁education , ▁the ▁Car mel ▁Con vent ▁School ▁is ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁prominent ▁G wal ior ▁schools ▁that ▁help ▁in ▁im part ing ▁modern ▁knowledge ▁couple d ▁with ▁traditional ▁values . ▁The ▁administration ▁of ▁the ▁school ▁of ▁G wal ior ▁still ▁rest s ▁in ▁the ▁hands ▁of ▁the ▁Car mel ite ▁Sister s . ▁ ▁A ▁registered ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁M . P . ▁Soci eties ▁Reg istration ▁Act ▁of ▁ 1 9 5 9 , ▁the ▁Car mel ▁Con vent ▁School ▁of ▁G wal ior ▁helps ▁in ▁the ▁all ▁around ▁development ▁of ▁the ▁person ality ▁of ▁the ▁students . ▁The ▁Car mel ▁Con vent ▁School ▁of ▁G wal |
ior ▁has ▁a ▁branch ▁for ▁the ▁kind erg arten ▁students ▁which ▁are ▁popular ly ▁known ▁by ▁the ▁name ▁of ▁Little ▁F lower ▁Home . ▁The ▁Car mel ▁Con vent ▁Middle ▁School , ▁H indi ▁Med ium ▁im parts ▁knowledge ▁in ▁the ▁national ▁language ▁of ▁India . ▁ ▁The ▁Car mel ▁Con vent ▁School ▁bel ieves ▁in ▁in cul c ating ▁the ▁values ▁of ▁freedom , ▁hon esty , ▁integrity ▁and ▁sin cer ity ▁in ▁the ▁person ality ▁of ▁the ▁student . ▁The ▁Car mel ▁Con vent ▁School ▁supports ▁qualified ▁and ▁experienced ▁teachers ▁who ▁encou rage ▁the ▁students ▁to ▁take ▁part ▁in ▁the ▁extra ▁curr icular ▁activities ▁of ▁the ▁school . ▁ ▁The ▁school ▁has ▁a ▁well ▁equ ipped ▁library ▁that ▁has ▁a ▁vast ▁reserve ▁of ▁books , ▁journ als ▁and ▁mag az ines . ▁The ▁students ▁of ▁Car mel ▁Con vent ▁School ▁of ▁G wal ior ▁are ▁free ▁to ▁use ▁the ▁library ▁for ▁en rich ing ▁their ▁knowledge . ▁ ▁The ▁Car mel ▁Con vent ▁School ▁of ▁G wal ior ▁organ izes ▁numerous ▁activities ▁for ▁the ▁students ▁that ▁help ▁them ▁to ▁har ness ▁their ▁mental ▁fac ult ies . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Category : C arm el ite ▁educational ▁institutions ▁Category : C atholic ▁secondary ▁schools ▁in ▁India ▁Category : Christ ian ▁schools ▁in ▁Mad h ya ▁Pr adesh ▁Category : High ▁schools ▁and ▁secondary ▁schools ▁in ▁Mad h ya ▁Pr adesh ▁Category : Sch ools ▁in ▁G wal ior ▁Category : E du c ational ▁institutions ▁established ▁in ▁ |
1 9 5 7 ▁Category : 1 9 5 7 ▁establish ments ▁in ▁India <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁headquarters ▁of ▁K ick st arter , ▁an ▁American ▁public ▁benefit ▁corpor ation ▁and ▁crow df und ing ▁platform ▁for ▁cre ative ▁projects , ▁are ▁in ▁Green point , ▁a ▁neighborhood ▁of ▁Brook lyn ▁in ▁New ▁York ▁City . ▁The ▁three - story , ▁open ▁plan ▁building ▁is ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁E ber hard ▁Fab er ▁P enc il ▁Factory , ▁which ▁operated ▁in ▁the ▁late ▁ 1 9 th ▁and ▁early ▁ 2 0 th ▁centuries ▁and ▁was ▁later ▁designated ▁as ▁a ▁historic ▁district . ▁▁ ▁K ick st arter ▁purchased ▁the ▁building ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁after ▁rein vest ing ▁ ▁of ▁a ▁vent ure ▁round ▁to ▁establish ▁a ▁home ▁for ▁the ▁company , ▁a ▁non trad itional ▁invest ment ▁for ▁an ▁Internet ▁startup ▁but ▁aligned ▁with ▁the ▁company ' s ▁long - term ▁prior ities . ▁The ▁building ▁under w ent ▁an ▁extensive ▁renov ation ▁between ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁and ▁ 2 0 1 3 . ▁Staff ▁moved ▁from ▁K ick st arter ' s ▁Lower ▁East ▁Side ▁offices ▁in ▁January ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁and ▁inaugur ated ▁the ▁headquarters ▁several ▁months ▁later ▁with ▁a ▁block ▁party . ▁ ▁K ick st arter ' s ▁renov ation ▁preserved ▁the ▁shell ▁of ▁the ▁building , ▁which ▁was ▁all ▁that ▁remained ▁from ▁its ▁prior ▁owner . ▁The ▁work ▁to ▁restore ▁the ▁fa ç ade ▁and ▁retain ▁its ▁arrested ▁decay ▁received |
▁two ▁New ▁York - based ▁awards . ▁In ▁the ▁signature ▁sust ain able ▁and ▁ar b ore al ▁style ▁of ▁the ▁renov ation ' s ▁architect , ▁Ole ▁S ond res en , ▁the ▁project ▁adapt ively ▁re used ▁the ▁building ' s ▁frame ▁and ▁rec yc led ▁other ▁materials ▁s our ced ▁locally . ▁S ond res en ▁designed ▁the ▁headquarters ▁around ▁a ▁central , ▁glass ▁cour ty ard . ▁Design er ▁Camil le ▁Fine f rock , ▁who ▁also ▁was ▁responsible ▁for ▁the ▁interior ▁design , ▁out f itted ▁the ▁cour ty ard ▁with ▁native ▁f ern s ▁and ▁shr ubs . ▁The ▁space ▁includes ▁a ▁ro o ft op ▁garden , ▁library , ▁ 7 4 - se at ▁the ater , ▁and ▁was ▁designed ▁to ▁afford ▁staff ▁a ▁variety ▁of ▁work space ▁options . ▁ ▁The ▁building ' s ▁street ▁faces ▁are ▁composed ▁of ▁three ▁different ▁fa ç ades ▁in ▁gra ff it ied ▁red ▁brick , ▁constructed ▁from ▁right ▁to ▁left , ▁starting ▁with ▁the ▁Italian ate ▁style ▁of ▁a ▁factory ▁built ▁in ▁ 1 8 6 0 ▁and ▁purchased ▁by ▁Fab er ▁a ▁de cade ▁later . ▁Fab er ▁h ired ▁the ▁Brook lyn ▁architect ▁The ob ald ▁Engel hardt ▁to ▁make ▁the ▁center ▁fa ç ade ▁in ▁Renaissance ▁Rev ival ▁style . ▁The ▁eastern most ▁portion ▁was ▁built ▁in ▁the ▁German ▁Roman es que ▁Rev ival ▁style . ▁The ▁renov ators ▁rep a ired ▁and ▁sh ored ▁this ▁mismatch ed ▁fa ç ade ▁to ▁preserve ▁rather |
▁than ▁overwrite ▁the ▁an ach ron istic ▁updates ▁it ▁had ▁received ▁since ▁its ▁creation . ▁The ▁fa ç ade ▁rest or ers ▁studied ▁each ▁d eter ior ated ▁joint ▁to ▁create ▁replacement ▁mort ar ▁equivalent ▁in ▁composition . ▁ ▁History ▁▁ ▁E ber hard ▁Fab er , ▁the ▁great - grand son ▁of ▁p enc il ▁entrepr ene ur ▁Kas par ▁Fab er , ▁tra ve led ▁to ▁the ▁United ▁States , ▁where ▁he ▁bought ▁Eastern ▁red ced ar ▁and , ▁in ▁New ▁York ▁City , ▁opened ▁a ▁station ery ▁store ▁and ▁the ▁country ' s ▁first ▁p enc il ▁factory . ▁The ▁factory ▁was ▁established ▁in ▁eastern ▁Mid town ▁Manh attan ▁in ▁ 1 8 6 6 , ▁near ▁the ▁current ▁site ▁of ▁the ▁headquarters ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁Nations . ▁However , ▁after ▁a ▁factory ▁fire ▁in ▁ 1 8 7 2 , ▁Fab er ▁established ▁the ▁new ▁E ber hard ▁Fab er ▁P enc il ▁Factory ▁at ▁a ▁larger ▁location ▁in ▁Green point , ▁Brook lyn . ▁That ▁complex ▁expanded ▁to ▁eight ▁buildings ▁through ▁the ▁ 1 8 9 0 s . ▁Fab er ' s ▁children ▁split ▁the ▁company ▁from ▁its ▁German ▁parent ▁in ▁ 1 8 9 8 ▁and ▁remained ▁in ▁Green point ▁until ▁ 1 9 5 6 , ▁when ▁it ▁moved ▁to ▁Pennsylvania . ▁The ▁New ▁York ▁City ▁Land marks ▁Pres ervation ▁Commission ▁designated ▁the ▁complex ▁as ▁the ▁E ber hard ▁Fab er ▁Historic ▁District ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 8 . ▁ ▁K ick st arter |
▁was ▁in ▁contract ▁to ▁purchase ▁a ▁portion ▁of ▁the ▁complex ▁by ▁ 2 0 1 1 . ▁The ▁two - story , ▁ ▁building ▁had ▁been ▁g utt ed ▁by ▁its ▁previous ▁owner ▁in ▁the ▁mid - 1 9 8 0 s ▁with ▁failed ▁plans ▁of ▁creating ▁a ▁high - r ise ▁hotel ▁and ▁nine - story ▁addition . ▁K ick st arter , ▁which ▁was ▁founded ▁two ▁years ▁prior , ▁purchased ▁the ▁building ▁for ▁ ▁and ▁planned ▁to ▁spend ▁an ▁additional ▁ ▁on ▁its ▁renov ation , ▁as ▁a ▁portion ▁of ▁ ▁it ▁had ▁raised ▁through ▁a ▁recent ▁vent ure ▁round . ▁K ick st arter ▁co - found er ▁and ▁chairman ▁Perry ▁Chen ▁said ▁that ▁their ▁choice ▁of ▁invest ment ▁in ▁real ▁estate ▁reflected ▁the ▁company ' s ▁long - term ▁out look , ▁as ▁they ▁hoped ▁to ▁remain ▁there ▁in ▁perpet u ity . ▁The ▁choice ▁to ▁for ▁the ▁company ▁to ▁purchase ▁its ▁own ▁building ▁was ▁rare ▁among ▁Internet ▁start ups , ▁as ▁was ▁the ▁choice ▁to ▁re loc ate ▁away ▁from ▁Manh attan ▁to ▁a ▁n ond es cript , ▁industrial ▁area ▁of ▁Brook lyn . ▁The ▁company ▁had ▁previously ▁r ented ▁three ▁narrow ▁flo ors ▁of ▁a ▁dil ap id ated ▁ten ement ▁building ▁in ▁Manh attan ' s ▁Lower ▁East ▁Side . ▁ ▁Design ▁▁ ▁All ▁that ▁remained ▁of ▁the ▁building , ▁when ▁purchased ▁by ▁K ick st arter , ▁was ▁its ▁raw ▁shell ▁in ▁arrested ▁decay . ▁Be hind ▁its ▁gra ff it ied ▁red ▁brick |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.