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▁fa ç ade , ▁light ▁sh ined ▁through ▁holes ▁in ▁its ▁makes h ift ▁roof ▁to ▁ill uminate ▁a ▁space ▁where ▁p ige ons ▁fle w ▁and ▁rain water ▁p ud d led . ▁Ole ▁S ond res en , ▁the ▁Norwegian - born , ▁New ▁York - based ▁architect ▁behind ▁the ▁renov ation , ▁re called ▁how ▁the ▁building ▁ev oked ▁a ▁" d ram atic ▁and ▁mag ical " ▁feeling ▁and , ▁in ▁his ▁signature ▁sust ain able ▁and ▁ar b ore al ▁style , ▁sought ▁to ▁retain ▁as ▁much ▁of ▁its ▁experience ▁and ▁materials ▁as ▁possible . ▁ ▁S ond res en ▁adapt ively ▁re used ▁multiple ▁elements ▁of ▁the ▁remaining ▁building . ▁He ▁border ed ▁a ▁multi - floor , ▁central ▁cour ty ard ▁using ▁the ▁roof ' s ▁original , ▁industrial ▁tr uss es , ▁and ▁hung ▁the ▁cour ty ard ' s ▁window ▁fa ç ades ▁off ▁of ▁rep ur posed ▁tr uss es . ▁Ar ound ▁the ▁building ' s ▁entrance , ▁S ond res en ▁kept ▁the ▁historic ▁l int els , ▁b oll ards , ▁and ▁arch es . ▁Se par ately , ▁another ▁architect ▁worked ▁to ▁preserve ▁the ▁mismatch ed , ▁dil ap id ated ▁fa ç ade . ▁For ▁the ▁extern ally ▁s our ced ▁building ▁materials , ▁S ond res en ▁chose ▁sust ain able ▁options ▁to ▁reduce ▁the ▁construction ' s ▁carbon ▁foot print : ▁rec laimed ▁wood , ▁rec yc led ▁den im ▁for ▁ins ulation , ▁and ▁rec |
yc led ▁fly ▁ash ▁in ▁the ▁building ' s ▁concrete . ▁The ▁the ater ' s ▁seats ▁were ▁recovered ▁from ▁a ▁sh utter ed ▁Mid west ▁ven ue . ▁S ond res en ▁estimated ▁that ▁the ▁majority ▁of ▁construction ▁materials ▁came ▁from ▁a ▁ 2 0 - mile ▁radius . ▁ ▁Camil le ▁Fine f rock ▁designed ▁the ▁building ' s ▁gard ens ▁and ▁inter iors . ▁The ▁cour ty ard ▁garden ▁at ▁the ▁heart ▁of ▁the ▁building ▁was ▁designed ▁as ▁a ▁ser ene ▁" port rait ▁of ▁the ▁woods " ▁for ▁staff ▁to ▁connect ▁with ▁the ▁nature ▁that ▁histor ically ▁grew ▁at ▁the ▁building ' s ▁site ▁through ▁their ▁nearest ▁window . ▁The ▁cour ty ard ▁features ▁plants ▁ind igen ous ▁to ▁Long ▁Island ▁and ▁the ▁N ortheast , ▁with ▁f ern s , ▁sw amp ▁az ale a , ▁river ▁bir ches , ▁and ▁a ▁med itation ▁stone ▁beneath ▁a ▁re db ud ▁tree . ▁S ond res en ▁compared ▁the ▁layout ▁to ▁a ▁Renaissance ▁pal azzo ▁where ▁the ▁building ▁is ▁lit ▁from ▁inside : ▁Three ▁of ▁the ▁cour ty ard ' s ▁four ▁walls ▁are ▁glass , ▁and ▁the ▁fourth ▁is ▁pat in ated ▁Cort en ▁steel ▁with ▁a ▁Japanese - style ▁rain ▁chain . ▁Fine f rock ▁designed ▁the ▁ro o ft op ▁garden ▁in ▁sand y ▁soil ▁to ▁reflect ▁the ▁building ' s ▁ind igen ous ▁environment ▁and ▁its ▁proxim ity ▁to ▁the ▁ocean , ▁with ▁elements ▁from ▁the ▁Long ▁Island ▁P ine ▁Bar r ens , ▁coast |
al ▁plants , ▁beach ▁pl um ▁trees . ▁A ▁gra vel ▁path ▁div ides ▁in ▁two ▁and ▁allows ▁a ▁user ▁the ▁choice ▁between ▁a ▁direct ▁route ▁across ▁the ▁roof ▁or ▁a ▁more ▁me and ering ▁en closed ▁phil os opher ' s ▁walk . ▁Also ▁on ▁the ▁roof ▁are ▁fruit , ▁veget able , ▁and ▁cut ▁flower ▁gard ens ▁for ▁staff ▁to ▁collect ▁blue ber ries , ▁k ale , ▁tom atoes , ▁and ▁flowers ▁for ▁their ▁des ks . ▁Inside , ▁Fine f rock ▁chose ▁v int age ▁furn iture , ▁top ographical ▁maps ▁and ▁br ass ▁animals ▁to ▁compl iment ▁the ▁full ▁library ▁of ▁books ▁that ▁she ▁s our ced ▁from ▁the ▁estate ▁of ▁Frank ▁H . ▁Pear l , ▁invest or ▁and ▁founder ▁of ▁Per se us ▁Books ▁Group . ▁Custom ▁standing ▁l amps ▁ill uminate ▁le ather ▁reading ▁ch airs , ▁a ▁small ▁cabinet ▁of ▁curios ities ▁holds ▁a ▁rot ating ▁selection ▁of ▁objects ▁ev oking ▁a ▁sense ▁of ▁wonder ▁bef itting ▁of ▁fact ories ▁for ▁cre ative ▁technology , ▁both ▁p enc ils ▁and ▁K ick st arter . ▁ ▁The ▁building ▁was ▁designed ▁to ▁accommod ate ▁a ▁variety ▁of ▁working ▁styles ▁and ▁give ▁staff ▁multiple ▁options ▁for ▁places ▁to ▁work . ▁It ▁follows ▁an ▁open ▁plan ▁layout ▁common ▁to ▁start ups , ▁with ▁rows ▁of ▁long ▁work ▁tables ▁for ▁staff ▁to ▁share . ▁Alternatively , ▁staff ▁can ▁work ▁by ▁preference ▁at ▁more ▁private ▁spaces ▁around ▁the ▁office : ▁an ▁individual ▁car rel ▁or ▁arm ch air ▁in |
▁the ▁library , ▁a ▁r attan ▁l oun ge ▁chair ▁in ▁the ▁ro o ft op ▁sol arium , ▁the ▁med itation ▁stone ▁in ▁the ▁center ▁cour ty ard , ▁the ▁wooden ▁ble ach ers , ▁and ▁standing ▁des ks . ▁The ▁meeting ▁rooms ▁r anged ▁from ▁co zy ▁spaces ▁for ▁small ▁groups ▁with ▁mid - century ▁lov ese ats ▁to ▁sp a cious ▁conference ▁rooms . ▁There ▁is ▁also ▁a ▁deck ▁on ▁the ▁roof ▁for ▁working ▁out do ors ▁and ▁screen ing ▁films . ▁ ▁The ▁building ' s ▁third ▁story , ▁its ▁bas ement , ▁was ▁built ▁for ▁operations ▁and ▁public ▁programming , ▁with ▁a ▁kitchen , ▁gallery ▁space , ▁and ▁the ater . ▁Wood work ers ▁built ▁kitchen ▁ban qu ettes ▁made ▁of ▁rec laimed ▁wood ▁as ▁hom age ▁to ▁the ▁restaurant ▁where ▁the ▁company ' s ▁co - found ers ▁originally ▁met ▁a ▁de cade ▁earlier . ▁The ▁ 1 , 6 0 0 - square - foot ▁gallery ▁was ▁designed ▁to ▁host ▁community ▁events ▁and ▁artists . ▁The ▁ 7 4 - se at , ▁Western ▁red ced ar - p ane led ▁the ater ▁hosts ▁present ations , ▁screen ings , ▁and ▁performances ▁for ▁the ▁company ▁and ▁outside ▁cre ators . ▁ ▁Fa ç ade ▁▁ ▁The ▁property ▁purchased ▁by ▁K ick st arter ▁and ▁designated ▁as ▁ 5 8 ▁Kent ▁Street ▁is ▁composed ▁of ▁three ▁separate ▁fa ç ades . ▁The ▁western most ▁portion ▁of ▁the ▁building , ▁or ▁its ▁right ▁side ▁when ▁facing ▁its ▁entrance |
, ▁was ▁part ▁of ▁an ▁Italian ate - style ▁factory ▁designed ▁by ▁Ph ile mon ▁Till ion ▁in ▁ 1 8 6 0 . ▁Fab er ▁moved ▁his ▁factory ▁to ▁the ▁location ▁from ▁lower ▁Manh attan ▁in ▁ 1 8 7 2 ▁and ▁commission ed ▁the ▁Brook lyn ▁architect ▁The ob ald ▁Engel hardt ▁to ▁make ▁the ▁center ▁fa ç ade ▁▁ 1 8 9 5 . ▁The ▁Renaissance ▁Rev ival ▁section ▁uses ▁brick ▁dent il ▁courses ▁and ▁cor b els , ▁cast ▁iron ▁l int els , ▁radi ating ▁brick ▁arch es , ▁and ▁bl uest one ▁water ▁tables . ▁The ▁eastern most ▁( left ) ▁portion ▁follows ▁the ▁German ▁Roman es que ▁Rev ival ▁style , ▁featuring ▁j ut ting ▁brick ▁header ▁arch es ▁above ▁the ▁windows , ▁cast ▁iron ▁l int els ▁above ▁the ▁doors , ▁and ▁iron ▁sh utter ▁h ing es . ▁The ▁ped iments ▁above ▁the ▁latter ▁two ▁sections ▁show ▁the ▁p enc il ▁company ' s ▁logo . ▁ ▁K ick st arter ' s ▁leaders ▁liked ▁the ▁mismatch ed , ▁dil ap id ated ▁fa ç ade ▁and ▁h ired ▁New ▁York ▁City ▁architect ▁Scott ▁H enson ▁to ▁assess ▁whether ▁it ▁could ▁be ▁preserved . ▁While ▁historic ▁pres ervation ▁typically ▁ent ails ▁a ▁return ▁to ▁the ▁original ▁condition , ▁H enson ▁was ▁instead ▁asked ▁to ▁keep ▁its ▁gra ff iti ▁layers , ▁different ▁mort ar ▁types , ▁broken ▁br icks , ▁and ▁an ach ron istic ▁m ason ry ▁rep airs ▁while ▁ens uring ▁the |
▁fa ç ade ' s ▁struct ural ▁stability ▁and ▁water proof ing . ▁The ▁architect ▁and ▁pres ervation ▁consult ants ▁survey ed ▁every ▁se am ▁in ▁the ▁fa ç ade ▁and ▁chose ▁mort ars ▁that ▁would ▁rep licate ▁the ▁original s . ▁Another ▁contract or ▁ass essed ▁for ▁struct ural ▁sound ness . ▁ ▁The ▁rest or ers ▁then ▁cut ▁and ▁re point ed ▁mort ar ▁joint s ▁based ▁on ▁a ▁threshold ▁of ▁d eter ior ation , ▁and ▁rep a ired ▁other ▁minor ▁holes ▁with ▁spot ▁pointing . ▁Though ▁the ▁base ▁of ▁the ▁central , ▁Engel hardt - des igned ▁fa ç ade ▁had ▁more ▁than ▁ 3 0 ▁percent ▁brick ▁er os ion , ▁their ▁joint s ▁were ▁select ively ▁re point ed ▁and ▁br icks ▁co ated ▁with ▁water ▁rep ell ent , ▁so ▁as ▁to ▁preserve ▁the ▁existing ▁brick ▁face . ▁The ▁rest or ers ▁preserved ▁the ▁gra ff iti ▁on ▁the ▁brick ▁faces ▁but ▁not ▁on ▁the ▁re point ed ▁mort ar . ▁The ▁brick work ▁in ▁the ▁building ' s ▁rear ▁was ▁completely ▁rather ▁than ▁select ively ▁re point ed ▁to ▁save ▁money . ▁Contempor ary ▁glass ▁windows ▁and ▁Cort en ▁steel ▁window ▁boxes ▁replaced ▁their ▁formerly ▁closed ▁a pert ures , ▁and ▁a ▁minimal ist ▁Cort en ▁steel ▁over hang ▁signals ▁the ▁building ' s ▁entrance ▁on ▁an ▁otherwise ▁un ass uming ▁fa ç ade . ▁ ▁Const ruction ▁and ▁opening ▁▁ ▁K ick st arter ' s ▁renov ation ▁plans ▁were ▁un anim ously ▁approved |
▁by ▁the ▁city ' s ▁Land marks ▁Pres ervation ▁Commission ▁in ▁March ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁and ▁pra ised ▁by ▁community ▁officials . ▁Const ruction ▁had ▁begun ▁by ▁January ▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁and ▁staff ▁moved ▁in ▁a ▁year ▁later , ▁in ▁January ▁ 2 0 1 4 . ▁K ick st arter ▁opened ▁its ▁headquarters ▁with ▁a ▁public ▁block ▁party ▁and ▁art ▁show ▁in ▁April . ▁S ond res en , ▁the ▁architect , ▁gave ▁a ▁public ▁tour ▁of ▁the ▁building ▁in ▁October . ▁ ▁The ▁rest oration ▁received ▁awards ▁from ▁the ▁New ▁York ▁Land marks ▁Conserv ancy ▁and ▁Municipal ▁Art ▁Society . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁Category : Build ings ▁and ▁structures ▁in ▁Brook lyn ▁Category : Green point , ▁Brook lyn ▁Category : Information ▁technology ▁company ▁headquarters ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Category : Office ▁buildings ▁completed ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁Category : 2 0 1 4 ▁establish ments ▁in ▁New ▁York ▁City <0x0A> </s> ▁Frederick ▁Lord ▁( 8 ▁November ▁ 1 8 4 1 ▁– ▁ 5 ▁December ▁ 1 9 1 4 ) ▁was ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁Queensland ▁Legisl ative ▁Assembly . ▁ ▁Biography ▁Lord ▁was ▁born ▁at ▁Av oca , ▁Van ▁D iem en ' s ▁Land , ▁the ▁son ▁of ▁S ime on ▁Lord ▁and ▁his ▁wife ▁Sarah ▁( née ▁Bir ch ). ▁He ▁was ▁educated ▁at ▁Black he alth ▁Prop ri et ary ▁School ▁and ▁King ' s ▁school ▁in ▁London . ▁He ▁worked ▁as ▁an ▁engineer ▁on ▁the |
▁Great ▁Northern ▁Railway ▁in ▁England . ▁After ▁arriv ing ▁back ▁in ▁Australia ▁he ▁was ▁an ▁engineer ▁on ▁the ▁Central ▁Queensland ▁railway ▁before ▁working ▁as ▁a ▁survey or ▁on ▁the ▁Dar ling ▁Down s . ▁He ▁then ▁acquired ▁a ▁series ▁of ▁runs ▁across ▁southern ▁Queensland . ▁Lord ▁was ▁a ▁director ▁of ▁the ▁Queensland ▁National ▁Bank ▁and ▁More head s ▁Ltd .. ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 8 6 8 ▁Lord ▁married ▁Mary ▁Da ▁Costa ▁Warner ▁( d ied ▁ 1 9 2 5 ) ▁and ▁together ▁had ▁two ▁sons ▁and ▁two ▁daughters . ▁He ▁died ▁in ▁Br is b ane ▁in ▁December ▁ 1 9 1 4 ▁and ▁was ▁buried ▁in ▁the ▁To ow ong ▁C emetery . ▁ ▁Public ▁life ▁Lord ▁was ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁G ym pie ▁M ining ▁Court , ▁the ▁Mar sup ial ▁Board ▁in ▁E sk ▁and ▁chairman ▁of ▁the ▁E sk ▁Division . ▁ ▁At ▁the ▁Queensland ▁colonial ▁elections ▁of ▁ 1 8 9 3 , ▁Lord ▁won ▁the ▁seat ▁of ▁Stanley , ▁defe ating ▁the ▁sitting ▁member , ▁Patrick ▁O ' S ull ivan . ▁He ▁held ▁the ▁seat ▁until ▁ 1 9 0 2 ▁when ▁he ▁was ▁defeated ▁by ▁William ▁Summer ville . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Category : M embers ▁of ▁the ▁Queensland ▁Legisl ative ▁Assembly ▁Category : 1 8 4 1 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 9 1 4 ▁death s ▁Category : B ur ial s ▁at ▁To ow ong ▁C emetery <0x0A> </s> ▁Kat ja ▁A ß mann ▁( born |
▁ 2 8 ▁May ▁ 1 9 7 1 ) ▁is ▁a ▁German ▁cur ator ▁and ▁cultural ▁manager . ▁A ß mann , ▁who ▁studied ▁architecture ▁and ▁art ▁history ▁in ▁Bo ch um , ▁is ▁currently ▁the ▁art istic ▁director ▁of ▁U rb ane ▁K ün ste ▁Ru hr ▁( U r ban ▁Arts ▁Ru hr ). ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 9 9 , ▁A ß mann ▁directed ▁the ▁art ▁and ▁culture ▁department ▁of ▁the ▁International ▁Architecture ▁Ex hib ition ▁Em scher ▁Park . ▁From ▁ 2 0 0 2 ▁to ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁she ▁worked ▁as ▁fre el ance ▁cur ator ▁for ▁several ▁exhibition ▁projects ▁( e . g . ▁“ The ▁Wall ” ▁from ▁Christ o ▁and ▁Jean ne - Cla ude , ▁“ ENT RY 2 0 0 6 ” ▁in ▁co operation ▁with ▁Mo MA , ▁Cooper - H ew itt ▁Museum ▁et ▁al .). ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 7 , ▁A ß mann ▁was ▁assigned ▁to ▁manage ▁the ▁divisions ▁Architecture , ▁Urban ▁Pl anning , ▁and ▁Visual ▁Arts ▁of ▁the ▁European ▁Capital ▁of ▁Culture ▁Ru hr . 2 0 1 0 . ▁ ▁Since ▁ 2 0 1 2 , ▁Kat ja ▁A ß mann ▁is ▁art istic ▁director ▁of ▁U rb ane ▁K ün ste ▁Ru hr ▁( U r ban ▁Arts ▁Ru hr ), ▁a ▁cultural ▁institution ▁to ▁secure ▁the ▁effects ▁of ▁Ru hr . 2 0 1 0 . ▁A ß mann ▁developed ▁the ▁art istic ▁conception ▁for ▁U rb ane |
▁K ün ste ▁Ru hr ▁and ▁cur ates ▁own ▁produ ctions ▁with ▁various ▁national ▁and ▁international ▁artists ▁and ▁co - produ ctions ▁with ▁art istic ▁and ▁scientific ▁partner ▁institutions ▁from ▁the ▁Ru hr ▁and ▁abroad . ▁ ▁Project s ▁Kat ja ▁A ß mann ▁cur ated ▁an ▁array ▁of ▁projects ▁for ▁I BA ▁Em scher ▁Park , ▁for ▁the ▁European ▁Capital ▁of ▁Culture ▁Ru hr . 2 0 1 0 , ▁and ▁as ▁fre el ance ▁cur ator . ▁Some ▁of ▁these ▁projects ▁are ▁ ▁The ▁Wall ▁( ex hib ition ▁project ) ▁by ▁Christ o ▁and ▁Jean ne - Cla ude , ▁Gas ometer ▁Ober hausen ▁ ▁Charles ▁and ▁Ray ▁E ames ▁exhibition , ▁Vit ra ▁Design ▁Museum ▁ ▁Several ▁exhib itions ▁at ▁Le hm b ruck - M useum ▁D uis burg ▁ ▁Est ab lish ment ▁of ▁the ▁Centre ▁for ▁International ▁Light ▁Art ▁Un na ▁ ▁EN TR Y 2 0 0 6 ▁( ex hib ition ▁project ) ▁in ▁co operation ▁with ▁Mo MA , ▁Cooper - H ew itt ▁Museum , ▁Vit ra ▁Design ▁Museum , ▁at ▁Ze che ▁Z oll verein ▁Ess en ▁ ▁Publications ▁ ▁An ▁Ex periment ▁with ▁a ▁Bright ▁Future : ▁Ru hr . 2 0 1 0 ▁– ▁European ▁Capital ▁of ▁Culture . ▁In : ▁S ö ke ▁D ink la / Peter ▁Gre ul ich / Kar l ▁J ans sen ▁( ed .): ▁T iger ▁& ▁T urt le ▁- ▁Magic ▁Mountain . ▁A ▁Land mark ▁in ▁D uis burg ▁by |
▁He ike ▁Mutter ▁und ▁Ulrich ▁G enth . ▁Ost fil dern ▁ 2 0 1 2 , ▁pp . 2 3 – 2 8 , ▁. ▁ ▁European ▁Capital ▁of ▁Culture ▁Ru hr . 2 0 1 0 ▁– ▁Between ▁Art ▁and ▁Urban ity ▁( t ogether ▁with ▁Karl - He in z ▁Pet z ink a ). ▁In : ▁M AP ▁Mark us ▁Am bach ▁Pro jekte / St adt B au K ultur ▁NR W ▁( ed .): ▁B 1 | A 4 0 . ▁The ▁Beaut y ▁of ▁the ▁Grand ▁Road . ▁Berlin ▁ 2 0 1 0 , ▁pp . 1 5 2 – 1 5 7 , ▁. ▁ ▁European ▁Culture ▁Capital ▁Ru hr . 2 0 1 0 . ▁A ▁Metropol is ▁Rein vent s ▁It self ▁( t ogether ▁with ▁Karl - He in z ▁Pet z ink a ). ▁In : ▁Flor ian ▁M atz ner / Kar l - He in z ▁Pet z ink a / Jo chen ▁St em ple w ski ▁( ed .): ▁Em sch erk unst . 2 0 1 0 . ▁An ▁Island ▁for ▁the ▁Arts . ▁Ost fil dern ▁ 2 0 1 0 , ▁pp . 2 3 – 3 6 , ▁. ▁ ▁Dem ▁W and el ▁ein ▁Ges icht ▁ver lei hen . ▁Stadt ▁der ▁M öglich keiten ▁( t ogether ▁with ▁Karl - He in z ▁Pet z ink a ). ▁In : ▁R U HR . 2 0 1 |
0 ▁GmbH ▁( H g .): ▁R U HR . 2 0 1 0 . ▁Die ▁un m ög liche ▁Kultur haupt stadt . ▁Chron ik ▁einer ▁Metro pole ▁im ▁Wer den . ▁Ess en ▁ 2 0 1 1 , ▁S . ▁ 2 8 - 3 9 , ▁. ▁ ▁Park aut ob ahn ▁A 4 2 . ▁Er leb nis straße ▁im ▁Em scher ▁Land schaft spark ▁( ed . ▁together ▁with ▁J ör g ▁D ett mar ). ▁ 2 0 1 1 . ▁ ▁Über ▁Wasser ▁Ge hen . ▁Kunst ▁an ▁der ▁S ese ke ▁und ▁ihren ▁Z uf l üssen ▁( ed . ▁together ▁with ▁Bill ie ▁Er len k amp ▁und ▁Oliver ▁Sch ey tt ). ▁ 2 0 1 0 , ▁. ▁ ▁The ▁City ▁of ▁Poss ib ilities : ▁Tem por ary ▁Inter vent ions ▁as ▁a ▁Guide ▁for ▁a ▁New - Style ▁Metropol is ▁( t ogether ▁with ▁Karl - He in z ▁Pet z ink a ). ▁In : ▁T U ▁Dort mund / Land es init i ative ▁Stadt B au K ultur ▁NR W / RU HR . 2 0 1 0 ▁GmbH ▁( ed .): ▁Tem por ary ▁City ▁at ▁Part icular ▁Loc ations ▁ 2 0 0 8 - 2 0 1 0 . ▁ 2 0 1 1 , ▁S . ▁ 1 4 - 2 1 , ▁. ▁ ▁Tem por ary ▁City ▁at ▁Part icular ▁Loc ations ▁ 2 0 0 8 - 2 0 |
1 0 : ▁Three ▁Capit als ▁of ▁Culture ▁and ▁Six ▁Univers ities ▁- ▁a ▁European ▁Dialog ue . ▁In : ▁T U ▁Dort mund / Land es init i ative ▁Stadt B au K ultur ▁NR W / RU HR . 2 0 1 0 ▁GmbH ▁( ed .): ▁Tem por ary ▁City ▁at ▁Part icular ▁Loc ations ▁ 2 0 0 8 - 2 0 1 0 . ▁ 2 0 1 1 , ▁S . ▁ 6 - 9 , ▁. ▁ ▁S ources ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Official ▁Website ▁Urban ▁Arts ▁Ru hr ▁ ▁Official ▁Website ▁R U HR . 2 0 1 0 ▁ ▁Official ▁Website ▁E MS CH ER K UN ST ▁ ▁Category : G erman ▁cur ators ▁Category : G erman ▁art ▁histor ians ▁Category : 1 9 7 1 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : W omen ▁art ▁histor ians ▁Category : G erman ▁women ▁histor ians <0x0A> </s> ▁Mel anie ▁Taylor ▁Kent ▁is ▁an ▁American ▁artist . ▁Born ▁in ▁Pitts burgh , ▁Pennsylvania , ▁she ▁was ▁raised ▁and ▁has ▁spent ▁most ▁of ▁her ▁life ▁in ▁Southern ▁California . ▁She ▁won ▁her ▁first ▁National ▁Art ▁Compet ition ▁at ▁age ▁ 1 2 . ▁She ▁graduated ▁from ▁the ▁U CLA ▁School ▁of ▁Art ▁and ▁taught ▁art ▁in ▁the ▁Los ▁Angeles ▁City ▁School s . ▁In ▁ 1 9 8 0 ▁she ▁started ▁her ▁own ▁publishing ▁company ▁and ▁has ▁published ▁a ▁series ▁of ▁art ▁chron ic ling ▁America ▁by ▁dep ict ing ▁famous ▁streets |
▁and ▁famous ▁events . ▁ ▁Her ▁art work ▁has ▁been ▁lic ensed ▁to ▁Warner ▁B ros ., ▁The ▁W alt ▁Disney ▁Corporation ▁and ▁H anna - Bar ber a . ▁ ▁Kent ' s ▁ser ig raph s ▁are ▁noted ▁for ▁the ▁personal ities ▁that ▁challenge ▁collect ors ▁to ▁identify ▁them . ▁She ▁was ▁the ▁first ▁artist ▁to ▁be ▁lic ensed ▁by ▁the ▁W alt ▁Disney ▁Company ▁to ▁port ray ▁Disney ▁theme ▁par ks ▁in ▁limited ▁edition ▁prints ▁and ▁has ▁been ▁selected ▁as ▁the ▁official ▁artist ▁of ▁the ▁LA ▁D od gers ▁and ▁the ▁ 3 0 th ▁anni versary ▁of ▁D od ger ▁Stadium . ▁She ▁was ▁selected ▁as ▁the ▁official ▁artist ▁of ▁the ▁ 5 0 th ▁anni versary ▁of ▁" The ▁W izard ▁of ▁O z ", ▁the ▁ 1 5 th ▁anni versary ▁of ▁" Star ▁Wars " ▁and ▁the ▁ 1 0 th ▁anni versary ▁of ▁" E . T ." . ▁Her ▁dep iction ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 9 8 4 ▁Olympics , ▁" Let ▁the ▁Games ▁Begin ", ▁was ▁lic ensed ▁by ▁the ▁US ▁Olympic ▁Committee . ▁ ▁Most ▁of ▁Kent ' s ▁limited ▁edition ▁works ▁are ▁done ▁as ▁ser ig raph s , ▁using ▁as ▁many ▁as ▁ 2 0 0 ▁separate ▁color ▁pl ates ▁and ▁heavy , ▁acid ▁free ▁arch ival ▁papers . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : Year ▁of ▁birth ▁missing ▁( l iving ▁people ) ▁Category : American ▁women ▁print m akers ▁Category : U CLA ▁School |
▁of ▁the ▁Arts ▁and ▁Architecture ▁al umn i ▁Category : 2 0 th - century ▁American ▁print m akers ▁Category : 2 1 st - century ▁American ▁print m akers ▁Category : 2 0 th - century ▁American ▁women ▁artists ▁Category : 2 1 st - century ▁American ▁women ▁artists <0x0A> </s> ▁Sub ot iv ka ▁() ▁is ▁a ▁village ▁in ▁Moh yl iv - Pod il sky i ▁Ra ion ▁Vin ny ts ia ▁O blast ▁of ▁southern ▁Ukraine ▁located ▁near ▁the ▁D ni ester ▁river ▁border ▁with ▁Mold ova . ▁Sub ot iv ka ▁is ▁a ▁town ▁in ▁southern ▁Ukraine ▁located ▁at ▁Lat ▁ 4 8 ° ▁ 1 9 ' ▁ 4 4 . 3 2 8 " n ▁Long itude 2 7 ° ▁ 5 9 ' ▁ 3 3 . 8 2 8 " ▁e ▁near ▁the ▁D ni ester ▁river ▁border ▁with ▁Mold ova . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : S ht et ls ▁Category : M oh yl iv - Pod il sky i ▁Ra ion ▁Category : V ill ages ▁in ▁Vin ny ts ia ▁O blast <0x0A> </s> ▁Im re ▁T ó th ▁( 5 ▁May ▁ 1 9 4 8 ▁– ▁ 1 3 ▁April ▁ 2 0 1 7 ) ▁was ▁a ▁Hung arian ▁box er . ▁He ▁competed ▁in ▁the ▁men ' s ▁light ▁heavy weight ▁event ▁at ▁the ▁ 1 9 7 2 ▁Summer ▁Olympics . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁▁ ▁Category : 1 9 4 8 ▁birth s |
▁Category : 2 0 1 7 ▁death s ▁Category : H ung arian ▁male ▁box ers ▁Category : O lymp ic ▁box ers ▁of ▁Hung ary ▁Category : Box ers ▁at ▁the ▁ 1 9 7 2 ▁Summer ▁Olympics ▁Category : S ports people ▁from ▁Budapest <0x0A> </s> ▁Sol id ary ca ▁is ▁a ▁type face ▁designed ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 0 ▁by ▁Jer zy ▁Jan isz ew ski , ▁at ▁that ▁time ▁a ▁student ▁at ▁the ▁G da ń sk ▁Academy ▁of ▁Fine ▁Arts . ▁Origin ally ▁it ▁was ▁used ▁as ▁a ▁logo ▁for ▁the ▁Sol id ar ity , ▁an ▁anti - comm un ist ▁trade ▁union ▁in ▁Poland . ▁The ▁characters ▁were ▁meant ▁to ▁represent ▁workers ▁march ing ▁together ▁and ▁supporting ▁each ▁other . ▁ ▁The ▁name ▁of ▁the ▁font ▁is ▁a ▁pun ▁on ▁Polish ▁words ▁Sol id ar ność ▁( mean ing ▁solid ar ity ) ▁and ▁cy ry lica ▁( C yr ill ic ). ▁ ▁With ▁time ▁it ▁was ▁extended ▁to ▁include ▁other ▁characters . ▁While ▁primarily ▁associated ▁with ▁the ▁Sol id ar ity ▁and ▁various ▁vent ures ▁associated ▁with ▁it , ▁it ▁is ▁also ▁used ▁by ▁other ▁projects ▁lo os ely ▁associated ▁with ▁the ▁ideas ▁of ▁fight ▁for ▁freedom . ▁On ▁and ▁around ▁June ▁ 4 , ▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁most ▁Polish ▁newsp apers ▁used ▁the ▁font ▁for ▁their ▁log os , ▁to ▁comm emor ate ▁the ▁ 2 0 th ▁anni versary ▁of ▁Poland ' s ▁independence ▁and ▁the ▁first ▁( partial |
ly ) ▁free ▁elections ▁in ▁Eastern ▁B loc ▁since ▁World ▁War ▁II . ▁ ▁Gallery ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : Display ▁type faces ▁Category : Sol id ar ity ▁( Pol ish ▁trade ▁union ) <0x0A> </s> ▁" L ady " ▁is ▁a ▁song ▁written ▁by ▁Dennis ▁Wilson , ▁recorded ▁by ▁him ▁with ▁D ary l ▁Dragon ▁and ▁released ▁under ▁the ▁name ▁" D ennis ▁Wilson ▁& ▁Rum bo " ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁Kingdom ▁on ▁ 4 ▁December ▁ 1 9 7 0 , ▁on ▁States ide ▁Records . ▁The ▁song ▁served ▁as ▁the ▁B - side ▁of ▁the ▁" Sound ▁of ▁Free " ▁single . ▁The ▁single ▁was ▁not ▁issued ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States . ▁ ▁The ▁single ▁was ▁Dennis ▁Wilson ' s ▁first ▁solo ▁release . ▁ ▁On ▁both ▁songs , ▁Wilson ▁performed ▁the ▁lead ▁vocals ▁with ▁D ary l ▁Dragon ▁playing ▁instruments . ▁ ▁Dragon ▁and ▁his ▁wife , ▁T oni ▁T enn ille , ▁would ▁later ▁become ▁famous ▁as ▁Captain ▁& ▁T enn ille . ▁ ▁Pro posed ▁ ▁releases ▁ ▁Also ▁known ▁as ▁" F all in ' ▁In ▁Love ", ▁the ▁song ▁was ▁reported ly ▁originally ▁written ▁for ▁the ▁un re leased ▁Beach ▁Boys ' ▁album ▁Add ▁Some ▁Music . ▁That ▁album ▁later ▁evol ved ▁into ▁the ▁ 1 9 7 0 ▁release ▁Sun flow er , ▁which ▁did ▁not ▁include ▁" L ady ". ▁The ▁song ▁has ▁also ▁been ▁rum oured ▁to ▁have ▁been ▁considered ▁for ▁the ▁album ▁that ▁became ▁Sur f ' s ▁Up , |
▁but ▁again ▁passed ▁over ▁for ▁the ▁event ual ▁release . ▁ ▁Although ▁a ▁fairly ▁obsc ure ▁song , ▁it ▁was ▁performed ▁by ▁The ▁Beach ▁Boys , ▁as ▁seen ▁on ▁the ▁ 2 5 ▁February ▁ 1 9 7 1 ▁edition ▁of ▁The ▁David ▁F rost ▁Show . ▁When ▁asked ▁what ▁inspired ▁the ▁song , ▁Dennis ▁replied , ▁" My ▁lov ely ▁wife , ▁she ' s ▁an ▁insp iration ." ▁Dennis ▁was ▁at ▁the ▁time ▁married ▁to ▁Barbara ▁Char ren . ▁ ▁Both ▁songs ▁from ▁the ▁single ▁were ▁part ▁of ▁a ▁legal ▁dispute ▁between ▁Capit ol ▁and ▁Bro ther ▁records , ▁making ▁both ▁songs ▁out ▁of ▁print ▁for ▁dec ades . ▁The ▁original ▁mon o ▁single ▁mix ▁of ▁" L ady " ▁saw ▁release ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 5 ▁on ▁the ▁Super ▁Fur ry ▁Anim als ▁compiled ▁Under ▁The ▁In flu ence ▁- ▁A ▁Collection ▁of ▁Musical ▁In flu ences ▁& ▁In sp ir ations ▁released ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 5 , ▁although ▁this ▁version ▁is ▁thought ▁to ▁be ▁loss y ▁s our ced . ▁ ▁A ▁new ▁mix ▁of ▁the ▁song , ▁featuring ▁a ▁newly ▁created ▁introduction ▁( ed ited ▁together ▁from ▁later ▁parts ▁of ▁the ▁track ), ▁extended ▁instrument al ▁pass ages ▁and ▁additional ▁vocals ▁from ▁both ▁Dennis ▁and ▁Carl ▁Wilson ▁features ▁on ▁the ▁Beach ▁Boys ' ▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁compilation ▁album ▁Summer ▁Love ▁Songs . ▁ ▁This ▁version ▁was ▁created ▁and ▁mixed ▁by ▁Mark ▁Lin ett , ▁and ▁is ▁cred ited ▁to ▁The ▁Beach ▁Boys ▁rather |
▁than ▁Dennis ▁Wilson ▁& ▁Rum bo . ▁ ▁A ▁r ere c ording ▁of ▁the ▁song , ▁titled ▁" Flow ers ▁Come ▁In ▁The ▁Spring ", ▁was ▁done ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 7 . ▁ ▁Record ed ▁either ▁during ▁or ▁just ▁after ▁the ▁sessions ▁for ▁what ▁became ▁Pacific ▁Ocean ▁Blue , ▁it ▁was ▁considered ▁for ▁inclusion ▁on ▁his ▁then - un re leased ▁follow - up ▁B amb u . ▁ ▁Cover ▁versions ▁ ▁A ▁cover ▁version ▁of ▁the ▁song ▁under ▁the ▁title ▁" F all in ' ▁in ▁Love " ▁by ▁American ▁Spring ▁appeared ▁on ▁the ▁B - side ▁of ▁their ▁ 1 9 7 3 ▁single ▁Sh y in ' ▁A way . ▁American ▁Spring ▁featured ▁The ▁H one ys ▁members ▁Mar il yn ▁R ov ell ▁and ▁her ▁sister ▁D iane , ▁without ▁their ▁cousin ▁G inger ▁Bla ke . ▁Dennis ▁Wilson ' s ▁brother , ▁Brian ▁Wilson , ▁was ▁at ▁the ▁time ▁married ▁to ▁Mar il yn . ▁The ▁song ▁featured ▁her ▁on ▁lead ▁vocals , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁a ▁new ▁instrument al ▁and ▁vocal ▁arrangement ▁by ▁Brian ▁Wilson . ▁It ▁was ▁produced ▁by ▁Brian ▁Wilson , ▁Stephen ▁Des per ▁and ▁David ▁Sand ler . ▁ ▁Although ▁the ▁single ▁sold ▁poor ly , ▁it ▁has ▁since ▁become ▁a ▁sought - after ▁collect ible . ▁The ▁Sh y in ' ▁A way ▁single ▁was ▁later ▁re iss ued ▁as ▁a ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁r ere leased ▁Spring ▁album ▁by ▁Rh ino ▁Records ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 8 . |
▁Both ▁songs ▁from ▁the ▁single ▁were ▁also ▁released ▁on ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 4 ▁compilation ▁CD , ▁Pet ▁Project s : ▁The ▁Brian ▁Wilson ▁Produ ctions . ▁ ▁The ▁English ▁band ▁L ush ▁covered ▁the ▁song ▁as ▁" F all in ' ▁in ▁Love " ▁on ▁their ▁ 1 9 9 1 ▁EP ▁release ▁Black ▁Spring . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 0 , ▁the ▁song ▁was ▁covered ▁and ▁released ▁as ▁the ▁opening ▁track ▁on ▁the ▁Beach ▁Boys ▁t ribute ▁album ▁Caroline ▁Now ! : ▁The ▁Songs ▁of ▁Brian ▁Wilson ▁and ▁the ▁Beach ▁Boys . ▁That ▁version ▁was ▁performed ▁by ▁Eug ene ▁Kelly . ▁ ▁The ▁Swedish ▁pop ▁band ▁S amb ass ade ur ▁covered ▁" F all in ' ▁in ▁Love " ▁on ▁their ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁album ▁M igration . ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 7 0 ▁singles ▁Category : D ennis ▁Wilson ▁songs ▁Category : S ongs ▁written ▁by ▁Dennis ▁Wilson ▁Category : S ong ▁record ings ▁produced ▁by ▁Dennis ▁Wilson ▁Category : 1 9 7 0 ▁songs <0x0A> </s> ▁Ts ai ▁Pe i - sh an ▁( born ▁ 1 7 ▁June ▁ 1 9 7 8 ) ▁is ▁a ▁Taiwan ese ▁ta ek w ondo ▁pract ition er . ▁She ▁won ▁a ▁bronze ▁medal ▁in ▁wel ter weight ▁at ▁the ▁ 1 9 9 3 ▁World ▁Ta ek w ondo ▁Championships . ▁She ▁won ▁a ▁silver ▁medal ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 0 ▁Asian ▁Ta ek w ondo ▁Championships . ▁ ▁References ▁ |
▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 7 8 ▁birth s ▁ ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : T ai wan ese ▁female ▁ta ek w ondo ▁pract ition ers <0x0A> </s> ▁Hung ary ▁competed ▁at ▁the ▁ 1 9 8 4 ▁Winter ▁Olympics ▁in ▁Sar aje vo , ▁Y ug oslav ia . ▁ ▁Al pine ▁ski ing ▁ ▁Men ▁ ▁Bi ath lon ▁ ▁Men ▁ ▁Men ' s ▁ 4 ▁x ▁ 7 . 5 km ▁relay ▁▁▁ 1 ▁A ▁penalty ▁loop ▁of ▁ 1 5 0 ▁metres ▁had ▁to ▁be ▁sk ied ▁per ▁missed ▁target . ▁▁ 2 ▁One ▁minute ▁added ▁per ▁missed ▁target . ▁ ▁Figure ▁sk ating ▁ ▁Ice ▁Dan cing ▁ ▁Speed ▁sk ating ▁ ▁Women ▁ ▁References ▁Official ▁Olympic ▁Re ports ▁International ▁Olympic ▁Committee ▁results ▁database ▁ ▁Olympic ▁Winter ▁Games ▁ 1 9 8 4 , ▁full ▁results ▁by ▁sports - reference . com ▁ ▁Category : N ations ▁at ▁the ▁ 1 9 8 4 ▁Winter ▁Olympics ▁Winter ▁Olympics ▁ 1 9 8 4 <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Battle ▁of ▁Chap u , ▁Chap oo , ▁or ▁Zh ap u ( 1 8 May ▁ 1 8 4 2 ) ▁was ▁fought ▁between ▁British ▁and ▁Q ing ▁forces ▁at ▁Zh ap u ▁( then ▁roman ized ▁as ▁" Ch ap oo " ▁or ▁" Ch ap u ") ▁on ▁the ▁northern ▁shore ▁of ▁H ang z hou ▁Bay ▁during ▁the ▁First ▁O pi um ▁War . ▁ ▁Battle ▁▁ ▁Before ▁the ▁attack , |
▁the ▁British ▁commander , ▁Major ▁General ▁Hugh ▁G ough ▁divided ▁his ▁forces ▁into ▁three : ▁a ▁column ▁of ▁inf antry ▁on ▁the ▁left ▁( 8 6 3 ▁men ) ▁and ▁right ▁( 9 6 9 ▁men ), ▁with ▁art illery ▁in ▁the ▁centre . ▁G ough ▁accompanied ▁the ▁right ▁column , ▁which ▁land ed ▁first ▁on ▁May ▁ 1 6 . ▁The ▁remaining ▁troops ▁moved ▁round ▁to ▁the ▁rear ▁of ▁the ▁enemy ▁thereby ▁cutting ▁their ▁communic ations ▁with ▁Zh ap u . ▁Meanwhile , ▁the ▁accomp any ing ▁steam ers ▁began ▁a ▁bomb ard ment ▁of ▁the ▁city ' s ▁def ences . ▁In ▁G ough ' s ▁own ▁words : ▁" The ▁enemy ▁were ▁completely ▁taken ▁by ▁surprise ; ▁as ▁usual , ▁they ▁were ▁un prep ared ▁for ▁anything ▁except ▁a ▁front al ▁attack . ▁They ▁gave ▁way ▁on ▁all ▁sides ▁and ▁took ▁to ▁flight , ▁with ▁the ▁exception ▁of ▁a ▁body ▁of ▁some ▁ 3 0 0 ▁T art ar ▁troops ▁who ▁seized ▁a ▁small ▁j oss - house , ▁and ▁held ▁it ▁with ▁ind om itable ▁pl uck ▁and ▁per se ver ance ." ▁▁ ▁Multiple ▁assault s ▁proved ▁necessary ▁to ▁capture ▁the ▁j oss - house ▁with ▁cas ual ties ▁suffered ▁on ▁both ▁sides ; ▁eventually ▁it ▁fell ▁and ▁after ▁each ▁of ▁the ▁gates ▁had ▁been ▁captured , ▁the ▁city ▁fell ▁to ▁the ▁British . ▁Not ▁without ▁cost ▁and ▁G ough ▁lost ▁one ▁of ▁his ▁most ▁accomplished ▁field ▁command ers ▁Lieutenant ▁Colonel ▁Nicholas ▁Tom lin son ▁who ▁was ▁killed |
▁personally ▁leading ▁a ▁bre aching ▁party ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 8 th ▁( Ro yal ▁Irish ) ▁Regiment ▁of ▁Foot . ▁ ▁After math ▁ ▁The ▁British ▁did ▁not ▁remain ▁in ▁Zh ap u ▁long . ▁They ▁captured ▁the ▁city ' s ▁ord n ance ▁and ▁destroyed ▁its ▁ar sen als ▁before ▁moving ▁on ▁to ▁attack ▁W us ong . ▁ ▁H ail ing , ▁the ▁Man ch u ▁commander ▁at ▁Z hen ji ang , ▁received ▁the ▁report ▁of ▁Zh ap u ' s ▁surrender ▁on ▁June ▁ 1 8 . ▁The ▁Man chus ▁committed ▁mass ▁suic ide ▁while ▁the ▁Han ▁Chinese ▁discussed ▁the ▁situation ▁with ▁the ▁British . ▁When ▁host ilities ▁ceased , ▁Chinese ▁official ▁Y ilib u ▁returned ▁six teen ▁kid n apped ▁British ▁soldiers ▁to ▁G ough ▁in ▁" recogn ition ▁of ▁his ▁cour tes y ▁in ▁re le asing ▁the ▁Chinese ▁captured ▁at ▁Chap oo ". ▁ ▁Gallery ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Cit ations ▁ ▁Bibli ography ▁Bul let ins ▁of ▁State ▁Int elligence . ▁West min ster : ▁F . ▁W att s . ▁ 1 8 4 2 . ▁R ait , ▁Robert ▁S . ▁( 1 9 0 3 ). ▁The ▁Life ▁and ▁Camp aign s ▁of ▁Hugh , ▁First ▁Vis count ▁G ough , ▁Field - Mar shal . ▁Volume ▁ 1 . ▁West min ster : ▁Arch ib ald ▁Const able . ▁ ▁Category : 1 8 4 2 ▁in ▁China ▁Chap u ▁Chap u ▁Chap u ▁Category : May ▁ 1 8 4 |
2 ▁events ▁Category : M ass ▁suic ides ▁Category : Am ph ib ious ▁operations ▁involving ▁the ▁United ▁Kingdom <0x0A> </s> ▁USS ▁Mil ledge ville ▁( PF - 9 8 ) ▁was ▁a ▁United ▁States ▁Navy ▁ ▁author ized ▁for ▁construction ▁during ▁World ▁War ▁II ▁but ▁cancel led ▁before ▁construction ▁could ▁begin . ▁ ▁Mil ledge ville ▁originally ▁was ▁author ized ▁as ▁a ▁pat rol ▁gun bo at ▁with ▁the ▁h ull ▁number ▁P G - 2 0 6 , ▁but ▁she ▁was ▁red es ign ated ▁as ▁a ▁pat rol ▁fr ig ate ▁with ▁the ▁h ull ▁number ▁P F - 9 8 ▁on ▁ 1 5 ▁April ▁ 1 9 4 3 . ▁ ▁Pl ans ▁called ▁for ▁Mil ledge ville ▁to ▁be ▁built ▁under ▁a ▁Mar itime ▁Commission ▁contract ▁by ▁the ▁American ▁Sh ip building ▁Company ▁at ▁Lor ain , ▁Ohio , ▁as ▁a ▁Mar itime ▁Commission ▁Type ▁T . ▁S 2 - S 2 - A Q 1 ▁h ull . ▁However , ▁the ▁contract ▁for ▁her ▁construction ▁for ▁the ▁U . S . ▁Navy ▁was ▁cancel led ▁on ▁ 3 1 ▁December ▁ 1 9 4 3 ▁prior ▁to ▁the ▁lay ing ▁of ▁her ▁ke el . ▁ ▁On ▁ 7 ▁February ▁ 1 9 4 4 , ▁the ▁cancel led ▁Mil ledge v illes ▁incomplete ▁sister ▁ship , ▁the ▁Ta com a - class ▁pat rol ▁fr ig ate ▁USS ▁Sit ka ▁( PF - 9 4 ) ▁was ▁renamed ▁USS ▁Mil ledge ville ▁( PF - |
9 4 ). ▁ ▁References ▁▁▁ ▁Nav Source ▁Online ▁Fr ig ate ▁( PF ) ▁Index ▁ ▁Category : T a com a - class ▁fr ig ates ▁Category : Cancel led ▁ships ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Navy ▁Category : Un ited ▁States ▁Navy ▁Georgia - related ▁ships <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Cass ius ▁Clay ▁vs . ▁Al on zo ▁Johnson ▁ten - round ▁box ing ▁match ▁between ▁Cass ius ▁Clay ▁and ▁ ▁Al on zo ▁Johnson ▁was ▁held ▁in ▁Louis ville , ▁Kentucky ▁on ▁July ▁ 2 2 , ▁ 1 9 6 1 . ▁Clay ▁won ▁the ▁bout ▁on ▁points ▁with ▁a ▁un anim ous ▁decision . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Johnson ▁Category : 1 9 6 1 ▁in ▁box ing ▁Category : S ports ▁compet itions ▁in ▁Louis ville , ▁Kentucky ▁Category : 1 9 6 1 ▁in ▁sports ▁in ▁Kentucky ▁Category : J uly ▁ 1 9 6 1 ▁sports ▁events <0x0A> </s> ▁James ▁K itchen man ▁Co y ne ▁III ▁( born ▁November ▁ 1 7 , ▁ 1 9 4 6 ) ▁is ▁a ▁Republican ▁former ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁U . S . ▁House ▁of ▁Representatives ▁from ▁Pennsylvania . ▁ ▁Biography ▁Co y ne ▁was ▁born ▁in ▁Farm ville , ▁Virginia , ▁and ▁raised ▁in ▁Ab ington , ▁Pennsylvania , ▁the ▁son ▁of ▁James ▁K itchen man ▁Co y ne ▁Jr . ▁and ▁Pear l ▁Be atrice ▁Black . ▁ ▁He ▁graduated ▁from ▁Y ale ▁University ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 8 ▁and ▁received ▁an ▁M . B . |
A . ▁from ▁Harvard ▁Business ▁School ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 0 . ▁ ▁He ▁was ▁a ▁lect urer ▁at ▁the ▁Wh art on ▁School ▁at ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Pennsylvania ▁from ▁ 1 9 7 4 ▁to ▁ 1 9 7 9 ▁and ▁was ▁president ▁of ▁the ▁George ▁S . ▁Co y ne ▁Chem ical ▁Cor p ., ▁Inc ., ▁from ▁ 1 9 7 1 ▁to ▁ 1 9 8 1 . ▁Co y ne ▁was ▁the ▁super visor ▁of ▁Upper ▁Make field ▁Township ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 0 . ▁ ▁He ▁was ▁elected ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 0 ▁as ▁a ▁Republican ▁to ▁the ▁ 9 7 th ▁Congress . ▁ ▁He ▁was ▁an ▁un success ful ▁candidate ▁for ▁re e lection ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 2 . ▁ ▁After ▁his ▁term ▁in ▁Congress , ▁he ▁served ▁from ▁ 1 9 8 3 ▁to ▁ 1 9 8 5 ▁as ▁a ▁special ▁assistant ▁to ▁President ▁Ron ald ▁Re agan ▁and ▁as ▁director ▁of ▁the ▁White ▁House ▁Office ▁of ▁Private ▁S ector ▁In iti atives , ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 5 – 1 9 8 6 ▁as ▁chief ▁executive ▁officer ▁of ▁the ▁American ▁Cons ult ing ▁Engine ers ▁Council , ▁and ▁as ▁president ▁of ▁the ▁American ▁T ort ▁Reform ▁Association ▁from ▁ 1 9 8 6 ▁to ▁ 1 9 8 8 . ▁In ▁ 1 9 8 7 , ▁he ▁founded ▁Americans ▁to ▁Lim it ▁Cong r essional ▁Term s . ▁ ▁Co y ne ▁co - author |
ed ▁( with ▁John ▁Fund ) ▁" C lean ing ▁House ," ▁which ▁promoted ▁state ▁refer enda ▁to ▁limit ▁the ▁terms ▁of ▁M embers ▁of ▁Congress . ▁In ▁ 1 9 9 4 ▁he ▁was ▁chosen ▁president ▁of ▁the ▁National ▁Air ▁Transport ation ▁Association , ▁where ▁he ▁served ▁until ▁ 2 0 1 2 . ▁ ▁He ▁married ▁Helen ▁B iddle ▁Mer cer ▁on ▁October ▁ 2 4 , ▁ 1 9 7 0 . ▁ ▁They ▁have ▁three ▁children , ▁Alexander ▁Black ▁Co y ne ▁( born ▁ 1 9 7 7 ), ▁K atherine ▁Mer cer ▁Co y ne ▁( born ▁ 1 9 8 0 ) ▁and ▁Michael ▁At kin son ▁Co y ne ▁( born ▁ 1 9 8 2 ). ▁ ▁He ▁is ▁a ▁great - gre at - grand son ▁of ▁Philadelphia ▁manufact urer ▁James ▁K itchen man . ▁ ▁S ources ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 4 6 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : M embers ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁House ▁of ▁Representatives ▁from ▁Pennsylvania ▁Category : Bus iness people ▁from ▁Pennsylvania ▁Category : Har vard ▁Business ▁School ▁al umn i ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁Ab ington ▁Township , ▁Mont gom ery ▁County , ▁Pennsylvania ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁Buck s ▁County , ▁Pennsylvania ▁Category : Pe ople ▁in ▁the ▁chemical ▁industry ▁Category : P en nsylvan ia ▁Republic ans ▁Category : Rep ublic an ▁Party ▁members ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁House ▁of ▁Representatives ▁Category : Y ale |
▁University ▁al umn i <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Hung arian ▁Gold ▁Train ▁was ▁the ▁German - oper ated ▁train ▁during ▁World ▁War ▁II ▁that ▁carried ▁st olen ▁valu ables , ▁mostly ▁Hung arian ▁Jews ' ▁property , ▁from ▁Hung ary ▁towards ▁Berlin ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 5 . ▁After ▁American ▁forces ▁seized ▁the ▁train ▁in ▁Austria , ▁almost ▁none ▁of ▁the ▁valu ables ▁were ▁returned ▁to ▁Hung ary , ▁their ▁right ful ▁own ers , ▁or ▁their ▁surv iving ▁family ▁members . ▁ ▁Background ▁With ▁the ▁Soviet ▁Army ▁about ▁ ▁away ▁from ▁Hung ary , ▁on ▁March ▁ 7 , ▁ 1 9 4 4 , ▁Adolf ▁Hitler ▁launched ▁Operation ▁Marg are the — the ▁invasion ▁of ▁Hung ary . ▁The ▁Ar row ▁Cross ▁Party ▁– ▁Hung ary ' s ▁fasc ist ▁government , ▁led ▁by ▁Fer enc ▁Sz ál asi ▁– ▁collabor ated ▁with ▁their ▁German ▁occup iers ▁in ▁forcing ▁the ▁estimated ▁ 8 0 0 , 0 0 0 ▁Jewish ▁citizens ▁of ▁Hung ary ▁to ▁hand ▁over ▁all ▁of ▁their ▁valu ables ▁to ▁government ▁officials . ▁This ▁included ▁g ems , ▁gold ▁j ew el ry , ▁wed ding ▁rings , ▁and ▁anything ▁else ▁considered ▁to ▁be ▁of ▁high ▁mon et ary ▁value . ▁The ▁conf isc ated ▁property ▁was ▁placed ▁into ▁individual ▁b ags ▁and ▁boxes ▁which ▁identified ▁the ▁own ers , ▁and ▁rece i pts ▁were ▁issued . ▁The ▁majority ▁of ▁the ▁Jews ▁were ▁sh ipped ▁to ▁concentration ▁cam ps , ▁particularly ▁Aus ch witz - B ir ken |
au ; ▁most ▁were ▁murder ed . ▁The ▁Hung arian ▁authorities ▁re - sorted ▁all ▁the ▁conf isc ated ▁valu ables ▁into ▁content ▁categories . ▁By ▁that ▁time ▁it ▁was ▁all ▁but ▁impossible ▁to ▁identify ▁proper ▁ownership ▁of ▁any ▁of ▁the ▁valu ables . ▁ ▁The ▁" G old ▁Train " ▁In ▁late ▁ 1 9 4 4 , ▁the ▁Soviet ▁Army ▁was ▁adv ancing ▁on ▁the ▁Hung arian ▁capital ▁of ▁Budapest . ▁ ▁A ▁government ▁official ▁appointed ▁by ▁the ▁Schutz st aff el ▁( SS ), ▁Á rp ád ▁T old i , ▁ ▁con co cted ▁a ▁plan ▁to ▁ev acu ate ▁much ▁of ▁the ▁Jewish ▁lo ot ▁out ▁of ▁Hung ary . ▁ ▁T old i ▁ordered ▁large ▁amounts ▁of ▁the ▁valu ables ▁onto ▁a ▁ 4 6 - car ▁fre ight ▁train ▁with ▁ 2 1 3 ▁people ▁on ▁board ▁that ▁was ▁to ▁head ▁for ▁Naz i ▁Germany ▁via ▁Austria : ▁▁ 2 4 ▁cars ▁to ▁carry ▁the ▁conf isc ated ▁and ▁lo oted ▁items ▁ 1 5 ▁cars ▁to ▁carry ▁Hung arian ▁and ▁Naz i ▁Germany ▁troops ▁guard ing ▁the ▁train , ▁plus ▁their ▁supplies ▁of ▁am mun ition , ▁food ▁& ▁drink ▁ 7 ▁cars ▁to ▁carry ▁a ▁designated ▁group ▁of ▁coal ▁min ers , ▁who ▁were ▁there ▁to ▁b ury ▁the ▁items ▁should ▁need ▁arise ▁ ▁According ▁to ▁various ▁reports ▁about ▁the ▁train , ▁the ▁contents ▁included ▁gold , ▁gold ▁j ew el ry , ▁g ems , ▁diam onds , ▁p ear ls , ▁watch |
es , ▁about ▁ 2 0 0 ▁paint ings , ▁Pers ian ▁and ▁Oriental ▁r ugs , ▁silver ware , ▁ch ina ware , ▁furn iture , ▁fine ▁cl othing , ▁lin ens , ▁por cel ains , ▁cam eras , ▁stamp - collections ▁and ▁currency ▁( most ly ▁US ▁dollars ▁and ▁Swiss ▁fran cs ). ▁As ▁the ▁train ▁me ander ed ▁through ▁Hung ary , ▁it ▁stopped ▁at ▁a ▁few ▁locations ▁to ▁collect ▁other ▁lo oted ▁and ▁conf isc ated ▁items ▁that ▁had ▁been ▁stored ▁elsewhere , ▁including ▁a ▁stop ▁close ▁to ▁Ab a ú j ▁Castle . ▁On ▁reaching ▁a ▁considered ▁safe ▁location ▁close ▁to ▁the ▁Hung arian / A ust rian ▁border , ▁T old i ▁halt ed ▁the ▁train ▁for ▁ 9 2 ▁days ▁to ▁carefully ▁document ▁what ▁he ▁catalog ued ▁as ▁Hung arian ▁Government ▁property . ▁Jewish ▁organizations ▁and ▁the ▁Hung arian ▁government ▁estimated ▁the ▁total ▁value ▁of ▁the ▁train ' s ▁contents ▁at ▁$ 3 5 0 ▁million ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 5 ▁or ▁almost ▁$ 4 ▁billion ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁adjust ed ▁for ▁infl ation . ▁Other ▁estimates ▁of ▁the ▁contents ' ▁ 1 9 4 5 ▁worth ▁are ▁from ▁$ 5 0 ▁million ▁to ▁$ 1 2 0 ▁million ▁ ▁or ▁$ 5 7 0 ▁million ▁to ▁$ 1 . 7 ▁billion ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁adjust ed ▁for ▁infl ation . ▁ ▁In ▁Spring ▁ 1 9 4 5 , ▁the ▁train ▁started ▁its ▁journey ▁west ▁again . |
▁T old i ▁and ▁his ▁family ▁left ▁the ▁train ▁with ▁a ▁large ▁amount ▁of ▁gold ▁on ▁ 3 0 ▁March ▁ 1 9 4 5 , ▁as ▁the ▁train ▁crossed ▁into ▁Austria ▁- ▁the ▁Russian ▁Army ▁was ▁only ▁ ▁behind . ▁T old i ' s ▁con voy ▁tried ▁to ▁enter ▁neutral ▁Switzerland ▁ 1 0 ▁days ▁later , ▁but ▁were ▁refused ▁entry . ▁T old i ▁then ▁turned ▁to ▁SS ▁officer ▁Wilhelm ▁H ött l , ▁to ▁whom ▁he ▁handed ▁over ▁ 1 0 % ▁of ▁his ▁con voy ' s ▁goods ▁( 4 ▁cases ▁of ▁gold ) ▁in ▁return ▁for ▁both ▁German ▁pass ports ▁and ▁Swiss ▁vis as ▁for ▁all ▁of ▁his ▁family . ▁T old i ▁and ▁his ▁family ▁then ▁successfully ▁entered ▁Switzerland , ▁but ▁he ▁was ▁later ▁det ained ▁in ▁Austria ▁that ▁year , ▁inter og ated ▁by ▁Al lied ▁authorities , ▁but ▁released ▁and ▁has ▁never ▁been ▁trac ed ▁again . ▁ ▁After ▁passing ▁from ▁Hung ary ▁directly ▁into ▁Austria , ▁the ▁train ▁stopped ▁occasionally ▁to ▁transfer ▁amounts ▁of ▁the ▁gold ▁to ▁tr uck s . ▁The ▁fate ▁of ▁the ▁gold ▁on ▁those ▁tr uck s ▁remains ▁unknown . ▁The ▁train ▁eventually ▁came ▁to ▁a ▁halt ▁in ▁the ▁town ▁of ▁Wer fen , ▁best ▁known ▁for ▁the ▁medieval ▁H ohen wer fen ▁Castle , ▁on ▁ 1 6 ▁May ▁ 1 9 4 5 ▁post ▁the ▁surrender ▁of ▁Naz i ▁Germany . ▁There ▁it ▁was ▁seized ▁by ▁Al lied ▁troops , ▁first ▁by ▁the ▁French ▁Army ▁and ▁then |
▁by ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Army . ▁ ▁F ate ▁of ▁valu ables ▁The ▁official ▁United ▁States ▁asset ▁rest itution ▁policy ▁agreed ▁upon ▁at ▁the ▁ 1 9 4 6 ▁Final ▁Act ▁of ▁Paris ▁Re par ation ▁Conference ▁and ▁by ▁the ▁Five - Power ▁Ag re ement ▁for ▁Non - Rep atri able ▁Vict ims ▁of ▁Germany ▁was ▁to ▁sell ▁owner less ▁property ▁for ▁the ▁benefit ▁of ▁non - rep atri able ▁refuge es . ▁These ▁agre ements ▁were ▁the ▁basis ▁for ▁the ▁creation ▁of ▁the ▁Pre par atory ▁Committee ▁for ▁the ▁International ▁Ref uge e ▁Organ ization ▁( I RO ). ▁ ▁The ▁US ▁had ▁a ▁different ▁policy ▁towards ▁works ▁of ▁art . ▁In ▁accord ance ▁with ▁long - standing ▁international ▁agre ements , ▁the ▁US ▁had ▁a ▁policy ▁of ▁rest itution ▁that ▁" lo oted ▁works ▁of ▁art ▁and ▁cultural ▁material ▁will ▁be ▁rest it uted ▁to ▁the ▁govern ments ▁of ▁the ▁countries ▁from ▁which ▁they ▁were ▁taken ." ▁ ▁The ▁US ▁Army ▁C ounter ▁Int elligence ▁Corps ▁( C IC ) ▁sent ▁their ▁officer ▁Mort on ▁Him ml er , ▁who ▁was ▁station ed ▁in ▁Sal zburg , ▁to ▁take ▁charge ▁of ▁what ▁they ▁referred ▁to ▁as ▁the ▁Wer fen ▁Train . ▁Him ml er ▁ordered ▁the ▁people ▁on ▁board ▁to ▁be ▁immediately ▁det ained ▁and ▁separated ▁from ▁the ▁train , ▁although ▁the ▁US ▁Army ▁which ▁was ▁short ▁of ▁personnel ▁allowed ▁selected ▁Hung arian ▁troops ▁to ▁assist ▁in ▁un loading ▁the ▁train . ▁Meanwhile , ▁the ▁Central ▁Board ▁of ▁Jews ▁in |
▁Hung ary ▁- ▁an ▁organization ▁representing ▁Jewish ▁interests ▁in ▁Hung ary , ▁and ▁under ▁pressure ▁from ▁the ▁occup ying ▁Soviet ▁Army ▁who ▁were ▁seeking ▁war ▁rep atri ations ▁- ▁and ▁the ▁new ▁government ▁of ▁Hung ary , ▁were ▁aware ▁of ▁the ▁American ▁se iz ure ▁of ▁the ▁train ▁and ▁lo bb ied ▁extens ively , ▁and ▁sometimes ▁passion ately , ▁for ▁the ▁return ▁of ▁all ▁the ▁contents ▁of ▁the ▁train ▁to ▁Hung ary ▁where ▁they ▁could ▁be ▁sorted ▁out ▁in ▁an ▁effort ▁to ▁return ▁them ▁to ▁their ▁right ful ▁own ers ▁or ▁their ▁family ▁members . ▁The ▁US ▁Government ▁contin ually ▁ignored ▁the ▁Hung arian ▁ple as . ▁ ▁The ▁US ▁Army ▁transferred ▁the ▁majority ▁of ▁the ▁assets ▁to ▁a ▁Military ▁Government ▁W are house ▁in ▁Sal zburg . ▁The ▁paint ings , ▁however , ▁were ▁stored ▁in ▁the ▁Sal zburg ▁Res iden z . ▁As ▁ownership ▁of ▁the ▁valu ables ▁was ▁impossible ▁to ▁as certain , ▁the ▁official ▁US ▁position , ▁as ▁st ip ulated ▁by ▁United ▁States ▁Army ▁Chief ▁of ▁Staff ▁George ▁C . ▁Marshall , ▁was ▁that ▁the ▁belong ings ▁were ▁to ▁be ▁given ▁to ▁refuge e ▁aid ▁organizations ▁in ▁accord ance ▁with ▁international ▁rest itution ▁agre ements . ▁ ▁The ▁majority ▁of ▁the ▁remaining ▁assets ▁from ▁the ▁train ▁was ▁either ▁sold ▁through ▁Army ▁exchange ▁stores ▁in ▁Europe ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 6 ▁or ▁au ction ed ▁off ▁in ▁New ▁York ▁City ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 8 , ▁with ▁the ▁proceed s ▁going ▁to ▁the ▁I RO . |
▁According ▁to ▁The ▁New ▁York ▁Times ▁the ▁au ction ▁rece i pts ▁tot aled ▁$ 1 5 2 , 8 5 0 . 6 1 , ▁or ▁approximately ▁$ 1 . 3 ▁million ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁adjust ed ▁for ▁infl ation . ▁Items ▁of ▁cl othing ▁allocated ▁for ▁Army ▁exchange ▁store ▁sales ▁that ▁were ▁considered ▁of ▁less er ▁value ▁were ▁turned ▁over ▁to ▁a ▁Division ▁chap lain ▁for ▁distribution ▁" to ▁need y ▁D P s " ▁( dis pla ced ▁persons ). ▁ ▁Some ▁of ▁the ▁property ▁from ▁the ▁train ▁ended ▁up ▁in ▁the ▁possession ▁of ▁high - ran king ▁US ▁Army ▁officers ▁who ▁were ▁station ed ▁in ▁Central ▁Europe ▁to ▁over see ▁post - war ▁and ▁Marshall ▁Plan ▁reconst ruction ▁efforts . ▁By ▁requ is ition ▁order ▁of ▁Major ▁General ▁Harry ▁J . ▁Collins , ▁Commander ▁of ▁the ▁ 4 2 nd ▁Infantry ▁Division ▁( the ▁f amed ▁" R ain bow " ▁Division ), ▁many ▁of ▁the ▁items ▁were ▁used ▁to ▁furn ish ▁his ▁home . ▁Other ▁items ▁furn ished ▁the ▁homes ▁and ▁offices ▁of ▁other ▁US ▁military ▁officers ▁including ▁Brig ad ier ▁General ▁Hen ning ▁L inden ▁and ▁General ▁Ed gar ▁E . ▁H ume . ▁The ▁property ▁included ▁ch ina ware , ▁silver ware , ▁glass ware , ▁r ugs , ▁and ▁table ▁and ▁bed ▁lin en . ▁ ▁The ▁ult imate ▁fate ▁of ▁approximately ▁ 2 0 0 ▁paint ings ▁seized ▁from ▁the ▁train ▁is ▁unknown . ▁As ▁they ▁were ▁de emed ▁" c |
ult ural ▁assets " ▁under ▁official ▁US ▁rest itution ▁policy , ▁they ▁should ▁have ▁been ▁returned ▁to ▁their ▁country ▁of ▁origin . ▁That ▁country ▁should ▁have ▁been ▁Hung ary , ▁but ▁as ▁of ▁ 1 9 5 3 ▁the ▁paint ings ▁were ▁in ▁the ▁possession ▁of ▁the ▁Aust rian ▁government ; ▁their ▁current ▁where about s ▁is ▁unknown . ▁ ▁Develop ments ▁since ▁ 1 9 9 8 ▁ ▁The ▁United ▁States ▁government ▁kept ▁most ▁of ▁the ▁details ▁of ▁the ▁Hung arian ▁Gold ▁Train ▁secret ▁from ▁the ▁public ▁until ▁ 1 9 9 8 , ▁when ▁US ▁President ▁Bill ▁Cl inton ▁created ▁the ▁President ial ▁Ad vis ory ▁Commission ▁on ▁Hol oca ust ▁As sets ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States . ▁ ▁A ▁report ▁prepared ▁by ▁the ▁committee , ▁published ▁in ▁October ▁ 1 9 9 9 , ▁detailed ▁the ▁handling ▁of ▁the ▁train ' s ▁assets ▁by ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁and ▁c ited ▁a ▁mult itude ▁of ▁" short com ings " ▁of ▁the ▁US ▁rest itution ▁efforts ▁in ▁Austria ▁that ▁eventually ▁led ▁to ▁the ▁property ▁from ▁the ▁Hung arian ▁Gold ▁Train ▁being ▁so ▁readily ▁dispers ed ▁by ▁United ▁States ▁officials . ▁It ▁concluded ▁that ▁the ▁application ▁of ▁several ▁policies ▁regarding ▁many ▁assets ▁on ▁the ▁train ▁ens ured ▁that ▁they ▁were ▁never ▁returned ▁to ▁their ▁right ful ▁own ers . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 1 , ▁Hung arian ▁Hol oca ust ▁surv iv ors ▁file d ▁a ▁law suit ▁in ▁a ▁Florida ▁district ▁court ▁against ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁government ▁for ▁the |
▁government ' s ▁m ish and ling ▁of ▁the ▁assets ▁on ▁the ▁Hung arian ▁Gold ▁Train . ▁David ▁M erm el stein ▁was ▁the ▁only ▁surv iv or ▁present ▁at ▁the ▁med iation . ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 5 , ▁the ▁government ▁reached ▁a ▁settlement ▁worth ▁$ 2 5 . 5 ▁million . ▁ ▁The ▁money ▁was ▁allocated ▁for ▁distribution ▁to ▁various ▁Jewish ▁social ▁service ▁ag encies ▁for ▁the ▁benefit ▁of ▁Hol oca ust ▁surv iv ors . ▁Among ▁the ▁items ▁of ▁evidence ▁submitted ▁by ▁att or ne ys ▁who ▁represented ▁the ▁surv iv ors ▁was ▁a ▁January ▁ 1 9 4 9 ▁letter ▁written ▁by ▁Ev ely n ▁T ucker , ▁a ▁fine ▁arts ▁officer ▁serving ▁with ▁the ▁United ▁States ' ▁Mon uments , ▁Fine ▁Arts , ▁and ▁Archives ▁( M FA A ) ▁program ▁who ▁had ▁been ▁assigned ▁to ▁the ▁Re par ation , ▁Del iver ies ▁and ▁Rest itution ▁( R D & R ) ▁Branch ▁of ▁the ▁U . S . ▁Al lied ▁Command , ▁Austria ▁( US AC A ). ▁Sent ▁to ▁U . S . ▁State ▁Department ▁cultural ▁affairs ▁officer ▁Ar del ia ▁Ri ple y ▁Hall , ▁T ucker ' s ▁letter ▁documented ▁the ▁post - World ▁War ▁II ▁lo oting ▁by ▁U . S . ▁Army ▁officers ▁of ▁multiple ▁items ▁from ▁former ▁Naz i ▁strong holds , ▁including ▁items ▁from ▁the ▁gold ▁train . ▁ ▁Fund s ▁from ▁the ▁settlement ▁are ▁still ▁being ▁distributed . ▁On ▁June ▁ 3 , ▁ 2 0 1 |
4 , ▁a ▁report ▁was ▁file d ▁with ▁the ▁federal ▁court ▁detail ing ▁that ▁between ▁July ▁ 1 , ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁and ▁June ▁ 3 0 , ▁ 2 0 1 3 , ▁$ 4 6 4 , 5 5 3 . 5 6 ▁had ▁been ▁distributed ▁to ▁ 1 2 ▁Jewish ▁social ▁service ▁organizations ▁in ▁Australia , ▁Canada , ▁Hung ary , ▁Israel , ▁Sweden ▁and ▁the ▁United ▁States . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁Gold ▁la und ering ▁Naz i ▁gold ▁train ▁ ▁Foot notes ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Further ▁reading ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Ros ner ▁et ▁al ▁v . ▁United ▁States ▁U . S . ▁federal ▁court ▁do cket ▁of ▁the ▁Hung arian ▁Gold ▁Train ▁case ▁ ▁The ▁Hung arian ▁Gold ▁Train ▁S ett lement ▁▁▁ ▁Category : Art ▁and ▁cultural ▁rep atri ation ▁after ▁World ▁War ▁II ▁Category : J ew ish ▁Hung arian ▁history ▁Category : The ▁Hol oca ust ▁Category : Tra ins ▁Category : The ▁Hol oca ust ▁in ▁Hung ary ▁Category : H ung ary – Un ited ▁States ▁relations <0x0A> </s> ▁Hu ay lla j ir ca ▁( poss ibly ▁from ▁Que ch ua ▁way lla ▁me adow , ▁An c ash ▁Que ch ua ▁h ir ka ▁mountain , ▁" me adow ▁mountain ") ▁is ▁a ▁mountain ▁in ▁the ▁And es ▁of ▁Peru , ▁about ▁ ▁high . ▁It ▁is ▁located ▁in ▁the ▁Lima ▁Region , ▁C aj at am bo ▁Province , ▁C aj at am bo ▁District , ▁and ▁in |
▁the ▁O y ón ▁Province , ▁O y ón ▁District . ▁Hu ay lla j ir ca ▁lies ▁north west ▁of ▁the ▁mountain ▁named ▁Chal hu ac och a ▁and ▁n ortheast ▁of ▁P is ht ac ▁and ▁To ct o ▁lake . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : Mount ains ▁of ▁Peru ▁Category : Mount ains ▁of ▁Lima ▁Region <0x0A> </s> ▁A ▁sop hor ol ip id ▁is ▁a ▁surface - active ▁g ly col ip id ▁comp ound ▁that ▁can ▁be ▁synth es ized ▁by ▁a ▁selected ▁number ▁of ▁non - path ogen ic ▁ye ast ▁species .< ref ▁</ ref > ▁They ▁are ▁potential ▁bio - sur fact ants ▁due ▁to ▁their ▁bi ode grad ability ▁and ▁low ▁e co - to x icity . ▁ ▁Str ucture ▁and ▁properties ▁S op hor ol ip ids ▁are ▁g ly col ip ids ▁consist ▁of ▁a ▁hydro ph ob ic ▁fat ty ▁acid ▁tail ▁of ▁ 1 6 ▁or ▁ 1 8 ▁carbon ▁atoms ▁and ▁a ▁hydro ph il ic ▁car bo h yd rate ▁head ▁sop hor ose , ▁a ▁gl uc ose - der ived ▁di - s ac char ide ▁with ▁an ▁unusual ▁ β - 1 , 2 ▁bond ▁and ▁can ▁be ▁ac et yl ated ▁on ▁the ▁ 6 ′ - ▁and / or ▁ 6 ′ ′ - ▁positions . ▁One ▁terminal ▁or ▁sub ▁terminal ▁hydro x yl ated ▁fat ty ▁acid ▁is ▁ β - gly cos id ically ▁linked ▁to ▁the ▁sop hor ose |
▁module . ▁The ▁car box y lic ▁end ▁of ▁this ▁fat ty ▁acid ▁is ▁either ▁free ▁( ac id ic ▁or ▁open ▁form ) ▁or ▁internally ▁est er ified ▁at ▁the ▁ 4 ′ ′ ▁or ▁in ▁some ▁rare ▁cases ▁at ▁the ▁ 6 ′ - ▁or ▁ 6 ′ ′ - position ▁( la ct onic ▁form ). ▁The ▁phys ico chem ical ▁and ▁bi ological ▁properties ▁of ▁sop hor ol ip ids ▁are ▁significantly ▁influenced ▁by ▁the ▁distribution ▁of ▁the ▁la ct one ▁vs . ▁acid ic ▁forms ▁produced ▁in ▁the ▁fer ment ative ▁bro th . ▁In ▁general , ▁la ct one ▁sop hor ol ip ids ▁are ▁more ▁efficient ▁in ▁reducing ▁surface ▁t ension ▁and ▁are ▁better ▁ant im icro b ial ▁agents , ▁whereas ▁acid ic ▁sop hor ol ip ids ▁display ▁better ▁fo aming ▁properties . ▁Ac et yl ▁groups ▁can ▁also ▁lower ▁the ▁hydro ph il icity ▁of ▁sop hor ol ip ids ▁and ▁enh ance ▁their ▁ant iv iral ▁and ▁cy tok ine ▁stim ulating ▁effects . ▁ ▁S op hor ol ip ids ▁are ▁produced ▁by ▁various ▁non ▁path ogen ic ▁ye ast ▁species ▁such ▁as ▁Cand ida ▁ap icola , ▁Rh odot or ula ▁bog ori ensis , ▁W icker ham iella ▁dom erc q iae , ▁and ▁Star mer ella ▁bomb icola . Rec ent ▁research ▁has ▁meant ▁sop hor ol ip ids ▁can ▁be ▁recovered ▁during ▁a ▁fer ment ation ▁using ▁a ▁gravity ▁separator ▁in ▁a ▁loop ▁with ▁the ▁bi ore |
actor , ▁en abling ▁the ▁production ▁of ▁> 7 7 0 ▁g / l ▁sop hor ol ip id ▁at ▁a ▁product ivity ▁ 4 . 2 4 ▁g / l / h , ▁some ▁of ▁the ▁highest ▁values ▁seen ▁in ▁a ▁fer ment ation ▁process ▁ ▁Des irable ▁properties ▁of ▁b ios ur fact ants ▁are ▁bi ode grad ability ▁and ▁low ▁to x icity . ▁S op hor ol ip ids ▁produced ▁by ▁several ▁ye asts ▁belonging ▁to ▁cand ida ▁and ▁the ▁star mer ella ▁cla de , ▁and ▁R ham n ol ip id ▁produced ▁by ▁Pseud omon as ▁aer ugin osa ▁etc . ▁ ▁Besides ▁bi ode grad ibility , ▁low ▁to x icity , ▁and ▁high ▁production ▁potential , ▁sop hor ol ip ids ▁have ▁a ▁high ▁surface ▁and ▁inter fa cial ▁activity . ▁S op hor ol ip ids ▁are ▁reported ▁to ▁lower ▁surface ▁t ension ▁( ST ) ▁of ▁water ▁from ▁ 7 2 ▁to ▁ 3 0 - 3 5 m N / m ▁and ▁the ▁inter fa cial ▁t ension ▁( IT ) ▁water / hex ade c ane ▁from ▁ 4 0 ▁to ▁ 1 m N / m . ▁ ▁In ▁addition ▁to ▁this , ▁sop hor ol ip ids ▁are ▁reported ▁to ▁function ▁under ▁wide ▁ranges ▁of ▁temper atures , ▁press ures ▁and ▁ion ic ▁strength s ; ▁and ▁they ▁also ▁possess ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁other ▁useful ▁bi ological ▁activities ▁including ▁Ant im icro b ial , ▁vir uc |
idal , ▁Ant ican cer , ▁Im m uno - mod ul atory ▁properties . ▁ ▁Research ▁A ▁detailed ▁and ▁compreh ensive ▁literature ▁review ▁on ▁the ▁various ▁aspects ▁of ▁sop hor ol ip ids ▁production ▁( e . g . ▁producing ▁micro - organ isms , ▁bio - syn th etic ▁path way , ▁effect ▁of ▁ ▁medium ▁components ▁and ▁other ▁fer ment ation ▁conditions ▁and ▁down stream ▁process ▁of ▁sop hor ol ip ids ▁is ▁ ▁available ▁in ▁the ▁published ▁work ▁of ▁Van ▁B oga ert ▁et ▁al . ▁ ▁This ▁work ▁also ▁discuss es ▁potential ▁application ▁of ▁sop hor ol ip ids ▁( and ▁their ▁derivatives ) ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁the ▁potential ▁for ▁gen etic ▁engineering ▁stra ins ▁to ▁enh ance ▁sop hor ol ip id ▁yields . ▁ ▁Research ers ▁have ▁focused ▁on ▁optimization ▁of ▁sop hor ol ip id ▁production ▁in ▁sub mer ged ▁fer ment ation , ▁but ▁some ▁efforts ▁have ▁also ▁investig ated ▁the ▁possibility ▁of ▁sop hor ol ol ip id ▁production ▁using ▁solid ▁state ▁fer ment ation ▁( SS F ). ▁The ▁production ▁process ▁can ▁be ▁significantly ▁impact ed ▁by ▁the ▁specific ▁properties ▁of ▁the ▁carbon ▁and ▁oil ▁substr ates ▁used ; ▁and ▁several ▁in exp ensive ▁alternatives ▁to ▁more ▁traditional ▁substr ates ▁have ▁been ▁investig ated . ▁ ▁These ▁potential ▁substr ates ▁include : ▁b iod ies el ▁by - product ▁streams , ▁waste ▁f ry ing ▁oil , ▁restaurant ▁waste ▁oil , ▁industrial ▁fat ty ▁acid ▁resid ues , ▁m ango ▁seed ▁fat |
, ▁and ▁so y bean ▁dark ▁oil . ▁The ▁use ▁of ▁most ▁of ▁these ▁substr ates ▁have ▁resulted ▁in ▁lower ▁yields ▁compared ▁to ▁traditional ▁fer ment ation ▁substr ates . ▁ ▁Chem ical ▁modifications ▁of ▁sop hor ol ip ids , ▁and ▁pol ys op hor ol ip ids ▁To ▁enh ance ▁the ▁performance ▁of ▁sur fact ant ▁properties ▁of ▁natural ▁sop hor ol ip ids , ▁chemical ▁modification ▁methods ▁have ▁been ▁act ively ▁purs ued . ▁Rec ently , ▁research ers ▁demonstrated ▁the ▁possibility ▁of ▁applying ▁sop hor ol ip ids ▁as ▁building ▁blocks ▁via ▁ring - open ing ▁met ath esis ▁polym er ization ▁for ▁a ▁new ▁type ▁of ▁polym ers , ▁known ▁as ▁pol ys op hor ol ip ids ▁which ▁show ▁prom ising ▁potential s ▁in ▁bi om aterial s ▁applications . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : Car bo h yd rate ▁chem istry ▁Category : G ly col ip ids <0x0A> </s> ▁Hans - O scar ▁W ö hl ermann ▁was ▁a ▁German ▁officer ▁during ▁World ▁War ▁II . ▁ ▁Tow ards ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁war , ▁W ö hl ermann ▁took ▁part ▁in ▁the ▁Battle ▁of ▁the ▁Se el ow ▁He ights ▁and ▁the ▁Battle ▁for ▁Berlin . ▁ ▁During ▁the ▁night ▁of ▁ 2 4 ▁April ▁ 1 9 4 5 , ▁the ▁fr antic ▁re organ ization ▁of ▁Berlin ' s ▁def ences ▁added ▁to ▁the ▁confusion ▁and ▁to ▁the ▁pressure ▁on ▁officers ▁like ▁W ö hl ermann . ▁ ▁To ▁better ▁allow ▁General |
▁Hel m uth ▁We id ling ▁to ▁concent rate ▁on ▁his ▁overall ▁respons ib ilities ▁as ▁city ▁command ant , ▁Major - General ▁Werner ▁M umm ert , ▁commander ▁of ▁" M ün che berg " ▁T ank ▁Division ▁( Pan zer ▁Division ▁Mün che berg ), ▁was ▁ordered ▁to ▁take ▁over ▁the ▁eastern ▁defense ▁se ctors ▁A ▁and ▁B . ▁ ▁M umm ert ▁was ▁also ▁given ▁nom inal ▁charge ▁of ▁the ▁L VI ▁T ank ▁Corps ▁( L VI ▁Pan zer ▁Kor ps ). ▁ ▁We id ling ▁then ▁took ▁with ▁him ▁his ▁Chief - of - St aff , ▁Colonel ▁The odor ▁von ▁D uf ving , ▁to ▁look ▁after ▁the ▁" mil it ary " ▁side ▁of ▁his ▁assignment , ▁but ▁kept ▁Lieutenant ▁Colonel ▁Hel m uth ▁Re ym ann ' s ▁former ▁Chief - of - St aff , ▁Colonel ▁Hans ▁Ref ior , ▁to ▁handle ▁the ▁" c ivil " ▁side . ▁ ▁The ▁civil ▁side ▁included ▁dealing ▁with ▁Joseph ▁Go ebb els ▁and ▁the ▁Naz i ▁Party . ▁ ▁W ö hl ermann ▁was ▁asked ▁to ▁take ▁command ▁of ▁" M ün che berg ", ▁while ▁still ▁remaining ▁in ▁overall ▁charge ▁of ▁art illery . ▁ ▁All ▁through ▁the ▁night , ▁We id ling ▁and ▁his ▁senior ▁officers ▁strugg led ▁to ▁make ▁some ▁sort ▁of ▁sense ▁of ▁the ▁sh amb les ▁that ▁had ▁been ▁forced ▁upon ▁them . ▁ ▁On ▁ 2 5 ▁April , ▁the ▁" N ord land " ▁SS ▁Arm ored ▁Infantry ▁Division |
▁( SS ▁Nord land ▁Pan zer gren ad ier ▁Division ) ▁and ▁" M ün che berg " ▁were ▁ordered ▁by ▁We id ling ▁to ▁launch ▁a ▁counter att ack ▁to ▁clean ▁up ▁dangerous ▁Soviet ▁pen etr ations ▁at ▁Temp el hof ▁Air field ▁and ▁in ▁Ne uk oll n . ▁ ▁During ▁the ▁morning ▁of ▁ 2 6 ▁April , ▁" M ün che berg " ▁attacked ▁south ward ▁from ▁the ▁north west ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁Temp el hof ▁Air field ▁with ▁its ▁last ▁ten ▁t anks . ▁ ▁But ▁the ▁attack ▁soon ▁came ▁to ▁a ▁halt ▁due ▁to ▁Soviet ▁def ensive ▁fire . ▁ ▁During ▁that ▁same ▁morning , ▁We id ling ' s ▁command ▁structure ▁was ▁changed ▁yet ▁again ▁on ▁the ▁wh ims ▁of ▁German ▁dict ator ▁Adolf ▁Hitler . ▁ ▁However , ▁this ▁time ▁the ▁change ▁was ▁for ▁the ▁good . ▁ ▁Hitler ▁promoted ▁Lieutenant - Col onel ▁( O ber st le ut nant ) ▁Er ich ▁B ären f änger ▁to ▁a ▁Major - General ▁( General major ) ▁and ▁gave ▁him ▁the ▁command ▁of ▁defence ▁se ctors ▁A ▁and ▁B . ▁ ▁This ▁change ▁meant ▁that ▁M umm ert ▁could ▁return ▁to ▁the ▁command ▁of ▁the ▁" M ün che berg " ▁T ank ▁Division ▁and ▁W ö hl ermann ▁could ▁concent rate ▁on ▁his ▁job ▁as ▁art illery ▁commander . ▁ ▁For ▁We id ling , ▁this ▁was ▁a ▁great ▁improvement . ▁ ▁For ▁the ▁men ▁of ▁" M ün che berg ," ▁experien cing |
▁their ▁third ▁change ▁of ▁command ▁in ▁little ▁more ▁than ▁twenty - four ▁hours , ▁it ▁merely ▁added ▁to ▁their ▁total ▁bew ilder ment . ▁ ▁Awards ▁ ▁German ▁Cross ▁in ▁Gold ▁( 2 7 ▁October ▁ 1 9 4 1 ) ▁ ▁References ▁▁▁▁ ▁Category : G erman ▁military ▁personnel ▁of ▁World ▁War ▁II ▁Category : Re cip ients ▁of ▁the ▁Gold ▁German ▁Cross <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Str anger ▁is ▁a ▁collection ▁of ▁science ▁fiction ▁stories ▁by ▁American ▁writer ▁Gordon ▁R . ▁Dick son . ▁ ▁It ▁was ▁first ▁published ▁by ▁Tor ▁Books ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 7 . ▁ ▁Most ▁of ▁the ▁stories ▁originally ▁appeared ▁in ▁the ▁mag az ines ▁Fant asy ▁and ▁Science ▁F iction , ▁Sat ellite , ▁Im ag ination , ▁Ast ounding , ▁Sat urn , ▁Anal og ▁Science ▁F iction ▁and ▁Fact , ▁Fant astic , ▁Science ▁F iction ▁St ories , ▁Future ▁and ▁If . ▁ ▁Cont ents ▁▁ ▁" G od ▁B less ▁Th em " ▁ ▁" James " ▁ ▁" E ▁G ub ling ▁Dow " ▁ ▁" The ▁Str ange " ▁ ▁" The ▁Friend ly ▁Man " ▁ ▁" M X ▁Kn ows ▁Best " ▁ ▁" The ▁Qu ar ry " ▁ ▁" Three - Part ▁P uzz le " ▁ ▁" IT , ▁Out ▁of ▁Dark est ▁Jung le " ▁ ▁" The ▁Green ▁Building " ▁ ▁" Temp us ▁Non ▁F ug it " ▁ ▁" C lo ak ▁and ▁St agger " ▁ ▁" And ▁Then |
▁There ▁Was ▁Peace " ▁ ▁" The ▁C atch " ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 8 7 ▁short ▁story ▁collections ▁Category : Short ▁story ▁collections ▁by ▁Gordon ▁R . ▁Dick son ▁Category : T or ▁Books ▁books <0x0A> </s> ▁NGC ▁ 4 5 3 4 ▁is ▁a ▁spir al ▁galax y , ▁located ▁in ▁the ▁Can es ▁Ven at ici ▁const ell ation . ▁It ▁was ▁discovered ▁on ▁May ▁ 1 , ▁ 1 7 8 5 ▁by ▁William ▁H ersch el , ▁using ▁an ▁ 1 8 " ▁reflect or ▁teles cope . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁▁▁▁ 4 5 3 4 ▁Category : Dis cover ies ▁by ▁William ▁H ersch el ▁Category : Can es ▁Ven at ici <0x0A> </s> ▁is ▁a ▁simulation ▁video ▁game ▁developed ▁and ▁published ▁by ▁K airo soft ▁for ▁the ▁Android ▁and ▁iOS ▁operating ▁systems . ▁It ▁was ▁released ▁on ▁March ▁ 2 , ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁for ▁Android ▁and ▁iOS . ▁The ▁player ▁is ▁placed ▁in ▁control ▁of ▁a ▁role - play ing ▁video ▁game ' s ▁town , ▁and ▁tasks ▁the ▁player ▁with ▁expand ing ▁the ▁town ▁and ▁attract ing ▁hero es ▁to ▁live ▁in ▁it . ▁It ▁received ▁mostly ▁positive ▁reviews ▁from ▁critics . ▁ ▁Game play ▁Dun geon ▁Village ▁places ▁the ▁player ▁in ▁control ▁of ▁a ▁village ▁in ▁a ▁s tere ot yp ical ▁R PG ▁setting . ▁The ▁main ▁goal ▁of ▁the ▁game ▁is ▁to ▁attract ▁hero es ▁to ▁your ▁town ▁and ▁direct ▁them ▁to ▁fight ▁mon |
sters ▁outside ▁of ▁the ▁city ' s ▁limits . ▁In ▁order ▁to ▁attract ▁hero es , ▁the ▁player ▁must ▁have ▁the ▁city ▁hold ▁events ▁which ▁attract ▁outside ▁attention ▁and ▁fame , ▁and ▁must ▁improve ▁their ▁city ▁by ▁building ▁new ▁buildings . ▁As ▁mon sters ▁arrive , ▁the ▁player ▁can ▁direct ▁hero es ▁to ▁perform ▁qu ests ▁and ▁give ▁them ▁g ifts ▁so ▁they ▁become ▁more ▁favor able ▁to ▁the ▁city . ▁ ▁Re ception ▁ ▁The ▁game ▁received ▁mostly ▁positive ▁reviews ▁from ▁critics , ▁who ▁pra ised ▁the ▁setting ▁and ▁game play . ▁I GN ' s ▁Peter ▁E yk em ans ▁called ▁Dun geon ▁Village ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁best ▁K airo soft ▁games ▁that ▁had ▁been ▁released , ▁not ing ▁that ▁the ▁setting ▁was ▁char ming ▁and ▁the ▁game play ▁was ▁add ict ive . ▁Euro g amer ▁Chris ▁Sch illing ▁highlight ed ▁the ▁game ▁as ▁the ▁website ' s ▁" App ▁of ▁the ▁Day ", ▁pra ised ▁the ▁add ict ive ▁game play ▁as ▁well , ▁and ▁compl iment ed ▁the ▁developer ' s ▁sense ▁of ▁humor ▁for ▁playing ▁on ▁stor ied ▁video ▁game ▁character ▁names ▁for ▁the ▁hero es ' ▁names . ▁Game z eb o ' s ▁Andy ▁Ch alk ▁felt ▁that ▁despite ▁the ▁game ' s ▁simplicity ▁and ▁confusing ▁instructions , ▁that ▁it ▁was ▁incred ibly ▁hard ▁to ▁put ▁down . ▁P ocket ▁G amer ▁Dam ien ▁Mc F ar ren ▁called ▁the ▁game , ▁" a ▁res ounding ▁success ▁for ▁K airo soft ", ▁and ▁pra ised |
▁the ▁game ' s ▁prem ise ▁as ▁being ▁more ▁original ▁than ▁other ▁titles ▁in ▁their ▁game ▁library ▁had ▁been . ▁ ▁Crit ic isms ▁of ▁the ▁game ▁mostly ▁focused ▁on ▁its ▁lack ▁of ▁re - play ability . ▁I GN ' s ▁Peter ▁E yk em ans ▁felt ▁that ▁the ▁game ▁had ▁little ▁point ▁in ▁a ▁play through ▁after ▁be ating ▁it ▁once , ▁feeling ▁that ▁the ▁high ▁score ▁system ▁did ▁not ▁give ▁the ▁player ▁enough ▁in cent ive ▁to ▁play ▁again . ▁P ocket ▁G amer ▁Dam ien ▁Mc F ar ren ▁echo ed ▁E yk em ans ' s ▁criticism ▁about ▁the ▁lack ▁of ▁re - play ability . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : 2 0 1 2 ▁video ▁games ▁Category : Android ▁( oper ating ▁system ) ▁games ▁Category : City - building ▁games ▁Category : IOS ▁games ▁Category : Video ▁games ▁developed ▁in ▁Japan <0x0A> </s> ▁H ague ▁is ▁a ▁city ▁in ▁Em m ons ▁County , ▁North ▁Dak ota , ▁United ▁States . ▁The ▁population ▁was ▁ 7 1 ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁census . ▁H ague ▁was ▁founded ▁in ▁ 1 9 0 2 . ▁ ▁History ▁H ague ▁was ▁laid ▁out ▁in ▁ 1 9 0 2 ▁when ▁the ▁rail road ▁was ▁extended ▁to ▁that ▁point . ▁The ▁community ▁took ▁its ▁name ▁from ▁The ▁H ague , ▁in ▁the ▁Netherlands . ▁A ▁post ▁office ▁has ▁been ▁in ▁operation ▁at ▁H ague ▁since ▁ 1 9 0 2 . ▁ ▁Historic ▁sites ▁Several ▁historic |
▁sites ▁in ▁or ▁near ▁H ague ▁are ▁listed ▁on ▁the ▁National ▁Register ▁of ▁Historic ▁Places : ▁ ▁Old ▁St . ▁Mary ' s ▁C emetery , ▁W r ought - I ron ▁Cross ▁Site , ▁W r ought - ir on ▁cross ▁sites ▁of ▁St . ▁Alo ys ius ▁C emetery ▁( H ague , ▁North ▁Dak ota ), ▁and ▁W r ought - ir on ▁cross ▁sites ▁of ▁St . ▁Mary ' s ▁C emetery ▁( H ague , ▁North ▁Dak ota ). ▁St . ▁Mary ' s ▁Catholic ▁Church ▁in ▁H ague ▁features ▁works ▁by ▁artist ▁Count ▁Ber th old ▁von ▁Im hoff . ▁ ▁Geography ▁H ague ▁is ▁located ▁at ▁ ▁( 4 6 . 0 2 8 3 1 3 , ▁- 9 9 . 9 9 8 6 4 0 ). ▁ ▁According ▁to ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Census ▁Bureau , ▁the ▁city ▁has ▁a ▁total ▁area ▁of ▁, ▁all ▁of ▁it ▁land . ▁ ▁Dem ograph ics ▁▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁census ▁As ▁of ▁the ▁census ▁of ▁ 2 0 1 0 , ▁there ▁were ▁ 7 1 ▁people , ▁ 3 5 ▁households , ▁and ▁ 2 2 ▁families ▁res iding ▁in ▁the ▁city . ▁The ▁population ▁density ▁was ▁. ▁There ▁were ▁ 5 1 ▁housing ▁units ▁at ▁an ▁average ▁density ▁of ▁. ▁The ▁ra cial ▁make up ▁of ▁the ▁city ▁was ▁ 1 0 0 . 0 % ▁White . ▁His pan ic ▁or ▁Lat ino ▁of ▁any ▁race ▁were ▁ 1 . 4 % |
▁of ▁the ▁population . ▁ ▁There ▁were ▁ 3 5 ▁households ▁of ▁which ▁ 2 0 . 0 % ▁had ▁children ▁under ▁the ▁age ▁of ▁ 1 8 ▁living ▁with ▁them , ▁ 5 4 . 3 % ▁were ▁married ▁cou ples ▁living ▁together , ▁ 2 . 9 % ▁had ▁a ▁female ▁house holder ▁with ▁no ▁husband ▁present , ▁ 5 . 7 % ▁had ▁a ▁male ▁house holder ▁with ▁no ▁wife ▁present , ▁and ▁ 3 7 . 1 % ▁were ▁non - famil ies . ▁ 2 8 . 6 % ▁of ▁all ▁households ▁were ▁made ▁up ▁of ▁individuals ▁and ▁ 2 5 . 7 % ▁had ▁someone ▁living ▁alone ▁who ▁was ▁ 6 5 ▁years ▁of ▁age ▁or ▁older . ▁The ▁average ▁household ▁size ▁was ▁ 2 . 0 3 ▁and ▁the ▁average ▁family ▁size ▁was ▁ 2 . 4 5 . ▁ ▁The ▁median ▁age ▁in ▁the ▁city ▁was ▁ 6 0 . 5 ▁years . ▁ 1 6 . 9 % ▁of ▁residents ▁were ▁under ▁the ▁age ▁of ▁ 1 8 ; ▁ 0 . 0 % ▁were ▁between ▁the ▁ages ▁of ▁ 1 8 ▁and ▁ 2 4 ; ▁ 1 8 . 2 % ▁were ▁from ▁ 2 5 ▁to ▁ 4 4 ; ▁ 2 3 . 9 % ▁were ▁from ▁ 4 5 ▁to ▁ 6 4 ; ▁and ▁ 4 0 . 8 % ▁were ▁ 6 5 ▁years ▁of ▁age ▁or ▁older . ▁The ▁gender ▁make up ▁of ▁the ▁city ▁was |
▁ 5 2 . 1 % ▁male ▁and ▁ 4 7 . 9 % ▁female . ▁▁ 2 0 0 0 ▁census ▁As ▁of ▁the ▁census ▁of ▁ 2 0 0 0 , ▁there ▁were ▁ 9 1 ▁people , ▁ 4 3 ▁households , ▁and ▁ 2 8 ▁families ▁res iding ▁in ▁the ▁city . ▁The ▁population ▁density ▁was ▁ 3 3 0 . 4 ▁people ▁per ▁square ▁mile ▁( 1 2 5 . 5 / km ²). ▁There ▁were ▁ 5 3 ▁housing ▁units ▁at ▁an ▁average ▁density ▁of ▁ 1 9 2 . 4 ▁per ▁square ▁mile ▁( 7 3 . 1 / km ²). ▁The ▁ra cial ▁make up ▁of ▁the ▁city ▁was ▁ 9 6 . 7 0 % ▁White , ▁ 1 . 1 0 % ▁African ▁American ▁and ▁ 2 . 2 0 % ▁Native ▁American . ▁His pan ic ▁or ▁Lat ino ▁of ▁any ▁race ▁were ▁ 1 . 1 0 % ▁of ▁the ▁population . ▁ ▁There ▁were ▁ 4 3 ▁households ▁out ▁of ▁which ▁ 1 6 . 3 % ▁had ▁children ▁under ▁the ▁age ▁of ▁ 1 8 ▁living ▁with ▁them , ▁ 5 3 . 5 % ▁were ▁married ▁cou ples ▁living ▁together , ▁ 9 . 3 % ▁had ▁a ▁female ▁house holder ▁with ▁no ▁husband ▁present , ▁and ▁ 3 2 . 6 % ▁were ▁non - famil ies . ▁ 3 2 . 6 % ▁of ▁all ▁households ▁were ▁made ▁up ▁of ▁individuals ▁and ▁ 1 6 . |
3 % ▁had ▁someone ▁living ▁alone ▁who ▁was ▁ 6 5 ▁years ▁of ▁age ▁or ▁older . ▁The ▁average ▁household ▁size ▁was ▁ 2 . 1 2 ▁and ▁the ▁average ▁family ▁size ▁was ▁ 2 . 5 9 . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁city , ▁the ▁population ▁was ▁spread ▁out ▁with ▁ 1 7 . 6 % ▁under ▁the ▁age ▁of ▁ 1 8 , ▁ 2 5 . 3 % ▁from ▁ 2 5 ▁to ▁ 4 4 , ▁ 1 4 . 3 % ▁from ▁ 4 5 ▁to ▁ 6 4 , ▁and ▁ 4 2 . 9 % ▁who ▁were ▁ 6 5 ▁years ▁of ▁age ▁or ▁older . ▁The ▁median ▁age ▁was ▁ 5 6 ▁years . ▁For ▁every ▁ 1 0 0 ▁females , ▁there ▁were ▁ 8 5 . 7 ▁males . ▁For ▁every ▁ 1 0 0 ▁females ▁age ▁ 1 8 ▁and ▁over , ▁there ▁were ▁ 8 7 . 5 ▁males . ▁ ▁The ▁median ▁income ▁for ▁a ▁household ▁in ▁the ▁city ▁was ▁$ 2 4 , 6 8 8 , ▁and ▁the ▁median ▁income ▁for ▁a ▁family ▁was ▁$ 2 7 , 5 0 0 . ▁M ales ▁had ▁a ▁median ▁income ▁of ▁$ 2 0 , 4 1 7 ▁versus ▁$ 1 0 , 6 2 5 ▁for ▁females . ▁The ▁per ▁cap ita ▁income ▁for ▁the ▁city ▁was ▁$ 1 3 , 0 4 8 . ▁There ▁were ▁ 5 . 9 % ▁of ▁families ▁and ▁ 1 4 . 4 |
% ▁of ▁the ▁population ▁living ▁below ▁the ▁pover ty ▁line , ▁including ▁ 4 0 . 0 % ▁of ▁under ▁eigh te ens ▁and ▁ 7 . 7 % ▁of ▁those ▁over ▁ 6 4 . ▁ ▁Cl imate ▁This ▁clim atic ▁region ▁is ▁typ ified ▁by ▁large ▁season al ▁temperature ▁differences , ▁with ▁warm ▁to ▁hot ▁( and ▁often ▁hum id ) ▁sum mers ▁and ▁cold ▁( s ometimes ▁sever ely ▁cold ) ▁winter s . ▁ ▁According ▁to ▁the ▁Kö ppen ▁Cl imate ▁Classification ▁system , ▁H ague ▁has ▁a ▁hum id ▁contin ental ▁climate , ▁abbre vi ated ▁" D fb " ▁on ▁climate ▁maps . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : C ities ▁in ▁North ▁Dak ota ▁Category : C ities ▁in ▁Em m ons ▁County , ▁North ▁Dak ota ▁Category : Pop ulated ▁places ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 9 0 2 ▁Category : 1 9 0 2 ▁establish ments ▁in ▁North ▁Dak ota <0x0A> </s> ▁Mont ▁P oup et ▁is ▁a ▁mountain ▁in ▁the ▁J ura ▁Mountains , ▁Bour g ogne - Fran che - Com té , ▁eastern ▁France . ▁With ▁an ▁elev ation ▁of ▁, ▁it ▁is ▁located ▁in ▁the ▁commune ▁of ▁Saint - Th i é ba ud . ▁From ▁up ▁there ▁you ▁can ▁look ▁down ▁over ▁the ▁whole ▁valley ▁of ▁Sal ins - les - B ains . ▁ ▁The ▁mountain ▁is ▁mostly ▁composed ▁of ▁lim estone . ▁ ▁Category : Mount ains ▁of ▁Bour g ogne - Fran che - Com té <0x0A> </s> |
▁Ser r uria ▁flor ida ▁is ▁a ▁species ▁of ▁flow ering ▁plant ▁in ▁the ▁family ▁Prote aceae , ▁en demic ▁to ▁South ▁Africa . ▁It ▁is ▁known ▁by ▁the ▁common ▁names ▁of ▁bl ushing ▁b ride ▁or ▁pride ▁of ▁Fr ans ch ho ek . ▁ ▁This ▁species ▁grows ▁to ▁between ▁ 0 . 8 ▁and ▁ 1 . 5 ▁metres ▁in ▁height ▁and ▁ 0 . 5 ▁metres ▁in ▁width . ▁The ▁leaves ▁are ▁fine ▁and ▁disse cted ▁and ▁the ▁flowers ▁are ▁white ▁to ▁p ink ▁and ▁appear ▁from ▁July ▁to ▁October ▁in ▁its ▁native ▁range . ▁ ▁It ▁occurs ▁in ▁the ▁H ott ent ots ▁Holland ▁Nature ▁Reserve ▁in ▁the ▁Cape ▁Province ▁ ▁A ▁well - dra ined ▁position ▁in ▁full ▁sun ▁is ▁preferred ▁by ▁this ▁species , ▁which ▁toler ates ▁dry ness . ▁Pro pag ation ▁is ▁from ▁c utt ings ▁or ▁seed , ▁although ▁the ▁latter ▁can ▁prove ▁difficult . ▁ ▁The ▁species ▁is ▁cultiv ated ▁for ▁the ▁cut ▁flower ▁trade ▁and ▁it ▁is ▁also ▁grown ▁as ▁an ▁orn amental ▁plant . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁flor ida ▁Category : Fl ora ▁of ▁South ▁Africa <0x0A> </s> ▁K erk ▁() ▁is ▁a ▁village ▁in ▁Q ar ah ▁K ah riz ▁R ural ▁District , ▁Q ar ah ▁K ah riz ▁District , ▁Sh az and ▁County , ▁Mark azi ▁Province , ▁Iran . ▁At ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁census , ▁its ▁population ▁was ▁ 6 2 0 , ▁in ▁ 1 6 3 ▁families . ▁ ▁References ▁▁ |
▁Category : Pop ulated ▁places ▁in ▁Sh az and ▁County <0x0A> </s> ▁X ia ▁Tun ▁is ▁located ▁in ▁Gu oz hu ang ▁( ), ▁Ju ▁County , ▁R iz ha o , ▁Sh and ong ▁Province , ▁China . ▁The ▁dialect ▁of ▁X ia ▁Tun ▁is ▁Q ing da o ▁dialect . ▁ ▁Sh ui ▁D ong ▁is ▁on ▁her ▁east , ▁with ▁Gu oz hu ang ▁on ▁the ▁west . ▁On ▁the ▁south ▁is ▁Wang j ial ing , ▁and ▁north ▁is ▁the ▁Ti angu ang z hu ang . ▁ ▁History ▁ ▁B ing ▁settled ▁the ▁village , ▁named ▁Z hai ke ▁in ▁ 1 6 6 6 ▁AD ▁to ▁hide ▁away . ▁To ▁avoid ▁the ▁strong ▁wind , ▁they ▁moved ▁down ▁from ▁the ▁R idge , ▁renamed ▁the ▁village ▁as ▁X ia z hu ang ▁( the ▁village ▁under ▁the ▁r idge ). ▁To ▁avoid ▁dup lic ating ▁names , ▁they ▁renamed ▁again , ▁which ▁is ▁X iat un ▁until ▁now . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : V ill ages ▁in ▁China <0x0A> </s> ▁George ▁Bar nes ▁may ▁refer ▁to : ▁ ▁Polit ics ▁George ▁Bar nes ▁( American ▁politician ) ▁( 1 8 3 3 – 1 9 0 1 ), ▁United ▁States ▁Represent ative ▁from ▁the ▁state ▁of ▁Georgia ▁George ▁Bar nes ▁( Austral ian ▁politician ) ▁( 1 8 5 6 – 1 9 4 9 ), ▁Queensland ▁business man ▁and ▁politician , ▁M LA ▁for ▁War wick ▁George ▁Bar nes ▁( B rit ish ▁politician ) |
▁( 1 8 5 9 – 1 9 4 0 ), ▁Scottish ▁politician , ▁Le ader ▁of ▁the ▁UK ▁Labour ▁Party ▁ ▁Sports ▁George ▁Bar nes ▁( s port ▁shoot er ) ▁( 1 8 4 9 – 1 9 3 4 ), ▁British ▁Olympic ▁sport ▁shoot er ▁George ▁Bar nes ▁( football er , ▁born ▁ 1 8 7 6 ) ▁( 1 8 7 6 – 1 9 4 6 ), ▁English ▁footballer ▁George ▁Arthur ▁Bar nes ▁( 1 8 8 3 – 1 9 1 9 ), ▁English ▁racing ▁motor cy cl ist ▁and ▁pione er ▁av i ator ▁George ▁Bar nes ▁( football er ) ▁( 1 8 9 9 – 1 9 6 1 ), ▁English ▁footballer ▁George ▁Bar nes ▁( box er ) ▁( 1 9 2 7 – 2 0 0 0 ), ▁Australian ▁box er ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 9 4 0 s , ▁' 5 0 s ▁and ▁' 6 0 s ▁George ▁Bar nes ▁( w rest ler ), ▁Australian ▁actor ▁and ▁professional ▁wrest ler ▁ ▁Other ▁George ▁Bar nes ▁( p ri est ) ▁( 1 7 8 2 – 1 8 4 7 ), ▁Arch de acon ▁of ▁Bar n st ap le ▁George ▁Bar nes ▁( cin emat ograph er ) ▁( 1 8 9 2 – 1 9 5 3 ), ▁American ▁cinemat ograph er ▁Machine ▁Gun ▁Kelly ▁( 1 8 9 5 – 1 9 5 4 ), ▁American ▁gang ster , ▁born ▁George ▁Kelly ▁Bar nes ▁George |
▁Bar nes ▁( B BC ▁controller ) ▁( 1 9 0 4 – 1 9 6 0 ), ▁television ▁and ▁radio ▁producer ▁and ▁executive ▁George ▁Bar nes ▁( mus ician ) ▁( 1 9 2 1 – 1 9 7 7 ), ▁American ▁jazz ▁guitar ist <0x0A> </s> ▁S vet l ana ▁Mik h ail ov na ▁Lap ina ▁(); ▁born ▁ 1 2 ▁April ▁ 1 9 7 8 ) ▁is ▁a ▁Russian ▁high ▁j um per . ▁ ▁Her ▁personal ▁best ▁jump ▁was ▁ 1 . 9 9 ▁metres , ▁achieved ▁at ▁the ▁ 1 9 9 9 ▁World ▁Championships ▁in ▁Se ville , ▁where ▁she ▁won ▁a ▁surprising ▁bronze ▁medal . ▁ ▁Compet ition ▁record ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 7 8 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : Russ ian ▁female ▁high ▁jump ers ▁Category : A th let es ▁( track ▁and ▁field ) ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 0 ▁Summer ▁Olympics ▁Category : O lymp ic ▁athlet es ▁of ▁Russia ▁Category : World ▁Athletics ▁Championships ▁medal ists ▁Category : Univers ia de ▁medal ists ▁in ▁athlet ics ▁( track ▁and ▁field ) ▁Category : Univers ia de ▁silver ▁medal ists ▁for ▁Russia <0x0A> </s> ▁Will i ▁Ap el ▁( Oct ober ▁ 1 0 , ▁ 1 8 9 3 ▁– ▁March ▁ 1 4 , ▁ 1 9 8 8 ) ▁was ▁a ▁German - American ▁music ologist ▁and ▁noted ▁author ▁of ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁books ▁devoted ▁to ▁music . ▁ ▁Ap el |
▁was ▁born ▁in ▁Kon itz , ▁West ▁Pr uss ia , ▁now ▁Ch oj nice ▁in ▁Poland . ▁He ▁studied ▁mathematics ▁from ▁ 1 9 1 2 ▁to ▁ 1 9 1 4 , ▁and ▁then ▁again ▁after ▁World ▁War ▁I ▁from ▁ 1 9 1 8 ▁to ▁ 1 9 2 2 , ▁in ▁various ▁univers ities ▁in ▁We imar ▁Germany . ▁Through out ▁his ▁studies , ▁he ▁had ▁an ▁interest ▁in ▁music ▁and ▁taught ▁piano ▁less ons . ▁He ▁then ▁turned ▁to ▁music ▁full - time , ▁and ▁essentially ▁taught ▁himself ▁about ▁music ology . ▁He ▁received ▁his ▁Ph . D . ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 6 ▁in ▁Berlin ▁( with ▁a ▁dis sert ation ▁on ▁ 1 5 th ▁and ▁ 1 6 th ▁century ▁ton ality ) ▁and ▁imm igr ated ▁to ▁the ▁USA ▁the ▁same ▁year . ▁He ▁taught ▁at ▁Harvard ▁from ▁ 1 9 3 8 ▁to ▁ 1 9 4 2 , ▁but ▁moved ▁on ▁to ▁spend ▁twenty ▁years ▁at ▁Indiana ▁University ▁beginning ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 0 . ▁In ▁ 1 9 7 2 ▁he ▁was ▁awarded ▁an ▁honor ary ▁doctor ate ▁by ▁the ▁university . ▁ ▁Ap el ' s ▁work ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 9 4 0 s ▁included ▁books ▁of ▁broad ▁scope , ▁such ▁as ▁the ▁Harvard ▁Dictionary ▁of ▁Music ▁( 1 9 4 4 ), ▁which ▁he ▁edited , ▁and ▁Historical ▁Anth ology ▁of ▁Music ▁( 1 9 4 9 , ▁co - author ed ▁with ▁Arch ib ald |
▁Thompson ▁Dav ison ). ▁His ▁approach ▁was ▁to ▁give ▁as ▁much ▁attention ▁to ▁Med ieval , ▁Renaissance ▁and ▁world ▁music ▁as ▁was ▁given ▁to ▁familiar ▁subjects ▁such ▁as ▁Moz art ▁and ▁Be eth oven ; ▁this ▁influenced ▁the ▁higher ▁music ▁education ▁in ▁the ▁USA . ▁His ▁book ▁on ▁the ▁notation ▁of ▁early ▁poly ph onic ▁music ▁was ▁also ▁written ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 4 0 s , ▁and ▁still ▁serves ▁as ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁essential ▁works ▁on ▁the ▁subject . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 5 0 ▁Ap el ' s ▁interest ▁in ▁early ▁poly ph onic ▁notation ▁resulted ▁in ▁an ▁important ▁edition , ▁French ▁Sec ular ▁Music ▁of ▁the ▁Late ▁Four teenth ▁Century . ▁In ▁ 1 9 5 8 ▁he ▁published ▁a ▁large ▁work ▁on ▁plain chant , ▁which ▁provided ▁a ▁compreh ensive ▁guide ▁of ▁the ▁re per toire ▁and ▁its ▁sources . ▁In ▁early ▁ 1 9 6 0 s ▁he ▁founded ▁the ▁Cor pus ▁of ▁Early ▁Key board ▁Music ▁( CE K M ), ▁a ▁series ▁of ▁ed itions ▁devoted ▁to ▁early ▁keyboard ▁music . ▁Over ▁the ▁years , ▁CE K M ▁presented ▁the ▁music ▁of ▁less ▁known ▁compos ers ▁such ▁as ▁Johann ▁Ulrich ▁Ste ig le der , ▁Bern ardo ▁St or ace , ▁Pe eter ▁Cor net , ▁and ▁others , ▁and ▁also ▁included ▁modern ▁ed itions ▁of ▁various ▁important ▁manuscript s ▁such ▁as ▁the ▁ 1 6 th ▁century ▁Jan ▁z ▁Lub l ina ▁tab l ature . ▁Ap el ▁was ▁the ▁general ▁editor ▁for |
▁CE K M ▁and ▁edited ▁a ▁total ▁of ▁ten ▁volumes ; ▁his ▁pup ils ▁provided ▁do z ens ▁more . ▁▁ 1 9 6 7 ▁saw ▁the ▁publication ▁of ▁Geschichte ▁der ▁Or gel - ▁und ▁K lav ier mus ik , ▁a ▁large ▁work ▁on ▁the ▁history ▁of ▁keyboard ▁music . ▁An ▁English ▁translation ▁( by ▁Hans ▁T isch ler ) ▁appeared ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 2 . ▁Ap el ' s ▁last ▁book ▁was ▁a ▁collection ▁of ▁ess ays ▁from ▁ 1 9 7 3 – 8 1 , ▁all ▁dedicated ▁to ▁Italian ▁viol in ▁music ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 7 th ▁century . ▁ ▁Will i ▁Ap el ▁died ▁at ▁age ▁ 9 4 ▁in ▁Blo om ington , ▁Indiana . ▁ ▁Major ▁works ▁ ▁The ▁Not ation ▁of ▁Poly ph onic ▁Music ▁ 9 0 0 – 1 6 0 0 ▁( 1 9 4 2 ) ▁ ▁Harvard ▁Dictionary ▁of ▁Music ▁( 1 9 4 4 ) ▁( editor ) ▁ ▁Masters ▁of ▁Key board ▁( 1 9 4 7 ) ▁ ▁The ▁Historical ▁Anth ology ▁of ▁Music ▁Volume ▁I : ▁Oriental , ▁Med ieval ▁and ▁Renaissance ▁Music , ▁( 1 9 4 9 ) ▁( with ▁Dav ison ) ▁ ▁The ▁Historical ▁Anth ology ▁of ▁Music ▁Volume ▁II : ▁Bar o que , ▁Roc oco ▁and ▁Pre - Class ical ▁Music , ▁( 1 9 5 0 ) ▁( with ▁Dav ison ) ▁ ▁Greg or ian ▁Ch ant ▁( 1 9 5 8 ) ▁ ▁The |
▁History ▁of ▁Key board ▁Music ▁to ▁ 1 7 0 0 ▁( 1 9 6 7 , ▁English ▁edition ▁published ▁ 1 9 7 2 ) ▁ ▁Italian ▁Vi olin ▁Music ▁of ▁the ▁Se vent e enth ▁Century ▁( 1 9 8 3 , ▁English ▁edition ▁published ▁ 1 9 9 0 ) ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Will i ▁Ap el ▁page ▁at ▁the ▁Indiana ▁University ▁website , ▁includes ▁a ▁compreh ensive ▁list ▁of ▁Ap el ' s ▁writ ings . ▁ ▁Cor pus ▁of ▁Early ▁Key board ▁Music ▁( CE K M ) ▁current ▁catalog ▁ ▁Category : 1 8 9 3 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 9 8 8 ▁death s ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁Ch oj nice ▁Category : American ▁music olog ists ▁Category : Music olog ists ▁from ▁Berlin ▁Category : Har vard ▁University ▁fac ulty ▁Category : Ind iana ▁University ▁fac ulty ▁Category : G erman ▁em igr ants ▁to ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁West ▁Pr uss ia ▁Category : Mus ical ▁notation ▁Category : F ell ows ▁of ▁the ▁Med ieval ▁Academy ▁of ▁America ▁Category : 2 0 th - century ▁music olog ists <0x0A> </s> ▁In ▁tele phony , ▁a ▁service ▁switching ▁point ▁( SS P ) ▁is ▁the ▁tele phone ▁exchange ▁that ▁initially ▁respond s , ▁when ▁a ▁tele phone ▁caller ▁d ial s ▁a ▁number , ▁by ▁sending ▁a ▁query ▁to ▁a ▁central ▁database ▁called ▁a ▁service ▁control ▁point ▁( S CP ) ▁so ▁that ▁the ▁call |
▁can ▁be ▁handled . ▁The ▁service ▁switching ▁point ▁uses ▁the ▁Sign alling ▁System ▁No . ▁ 7 ▁( SS 7 ) ▁protocol s ▁which ▁are ▁responsible ▁for ▁the ▁call ▁setup , ▁management , ▁and ▁term ination ▁with ▁other ▁service ▁switching ▁points . ▁ 0 9 2 5 9 0 4 4 5 4 ▁ ▁Rel ations hip ▁between ▁S SP ▁and ▁S CP ▁With ▁the ▁introduction ▁of ▁the ▁Int ellig ent ▁Network ▁architecture , ▁service ▁functionality ▁( e . g . ▁UK ▁translation ▁of ▁ 0 8 0 0 ▁non - ge ographic ▁tele phone ▁numbers ) ▁is ▁being ▁removed ▁from ▁the ▁actual ▁tele phone ▁exchange ▁and ▁de vol ved ▁out ▁into ▁other ▁computer ▁nodes . ▁In ▁this ▁new ▁architecture , ▁the ▁tele phone ▁exchange ▁is ▁known ▁as ▁an ▁S SP ▁and ▁the ▁node ▁that ▁contains ▁the ▁services ▁( and ▁hence ▁controls ▁the ▁pro gression ▁of ▁a ▁call ) ▁is ▁known ▁as ▁service ▁control ▁point ▁( S CP ). ▁ ▁Example ▁of ▁a ▁ 0 8 0 0 ▁number ▁translation ▁service ▁In ▁the ▁UK ▁ 0 8 XXX ▁numbers ▁are ▁non - ge ographic ▁numbers ▁– ▁that ▁is , ▁the ▁number ▁does ▁not ▁refer ▁to ▁a ▁tele phone ▁number ▁in ▁any ▁particular ▁region ▁of ▁the ▁UK . ▁To ▁route ▁a ▁call ▁to ▁such ▁an ▁ 0 8 XXX ▁number , ▁the ▁number ▁must ▁be ▁translated ▁into ▁a ▁ge ographic ▁number ▁( e . g . ▁ 0 1 2 1 ▁XXX ▁XX XX ▁for ▁B irmingham ▁numbers ). ▁ ▁An ▁S SP ▁tele |
phone ▁exchange ▁receives ▁a ▁call ▁to ▁an ▁ 0 8 0 0 ▁number . ▁This ▁causes ▁a ▁trigger ▁within ▁the ▁S SP ▁that ▁causes ▁an ▁S CP ▁( Service ▁Control ▁Point ) ▁to ▁be ▁quer ied ▁using ▁SS 7 ▁protocol s ▁( IN AP , ▁T C AP ). ▁The ▁S CP ▁respond s ▁with ▁a ▁ge ographic ▁number , ▁e . g . ▁ 0 1 2 1 ▁XXX ▁XX XX , ▁and ▁the ▁call ▁is ▁actually ▁rout ed ▁to ▁a ▁phone . ▁▁ ▁By ▁this ▁architecture : ▁ 0 8 XXX ▁( non - ge ographic ▁numbers ) ▁can ▁be ▁set ▁up ▁in ▁a ▁few ▁S CP ▁nodes ▁rather ▁than ▁having ▁to ▁be ▁set ▁up ▁in ▁every ▁tele phone ▁exchange ▁in ▁the ▁country . ▁ ▁ge ographic ▁numbers ▁can ▁be ▁hidden ▁re venue ▁can ▁be ▁generated ▁by ▁non - tele com s ▁companies ▁from ▁people ▁making ▁tele phone ▁calls ▁to ▁services ▁– ▁e . g . ▁tele phone ▁voting ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁SS 7 ▁T utorial ▁– ▁Sign alling ▁architecture , ▁including ▁S SP ▁description . ▁[ Link ▁Dead ] ▁ ▁Category : Sign aling ▁System ▁ 7 <0x0A> </s> ▁A lac ran es ▁Ro jos ▁de ▁Ap atz ing án ▁() ▁is ▁a ▁s occer ▁team ▁located ▁in ▁the ▁small ▁city ▁of ▁Ap atz ing an , ▁Mich o ac án , ▁Mexico . ▁The ▁team ▁plays ▁in ▁the ▁Segunda ▁division ▁league , ▁the ▁third ▁tier ▁in ▁the ▁Mexican ▁League ▁System . ▁The ▁team ▁has ▁competed ▁in ▁the ▁championship |
▁final s ▁several ▁times , ▁losing ▁each ▁time . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : Foot ball ▁clubs ▁in ▁Mich o ac án ▁Category : 1 9 7 0 ▁establish ments ▁in ▁Mexico <0x0A> </s> ▁In ▁en zym ology , ▁a ▁tax ane ▁ 1 0 beta - h ydro x yl ase ▁() ▁is ▁an ▁en zym e ▁that ▁catal y zes ▁the ▁chemical ▁reaction ▁ ▁tax a - 4 ( 2 0 ), 1 1 - d ien - 5 alpha - yl ▁ac et ate ▁+ ▁N AD PH ▁+ ▁H + ▁+ ▁O 2 ▁▁ 1 0 beta - h ydro xy ta xa - 4 ( 2 0 ), 1 1 - d ien - 5 alpha - yl ▁ac et ate ▁+ ▁N AD P + ▁+ ▁H 2 O ▁ ▁The ▁ 4 ▁substr ates ▁of ▁this ▁en zym e ▁are ▁tax a - 4 ( 2 0 ), 1 1 - d ien - 5 alpha - yl ▁ac et ate , ▁N AD PH , ▁H + , ▁and ▁O 2 , ▁whereas ▁its ▁ 3 ▁products ▁are ▁ 1 0 beta - h ydro xy ta xa - 4 ( 2 0 ), 1 1 - d ien - 5 alpha - yl ▁ac et ate , ▁N AD P + , ▁and ▁H 2 O . ▁ ▁This ▁en zym e ▁belongs ▁to ▁the ▁family ▁of ▁ox id ored uct ases , ▁specifically ▁those ▁acting ▁on ▁pa ired ▁don ors , ▁with ▁O |
2 ▁as ▁ox id ant ▁and ▁incorpor ation ▁or ▁reduction ▁of ▁o xygen . ▁The ▁o xygen ▁incorpor ated ▁need ▁not ▁be ▁derived ▁from ▁O 2 ▁with ▁N AD H ▁or ▁N AD PH ▁as ▁one ▁don or , ▁and ▁incorpor ation ▁of ▁one ▁atom ▁o ▁o xygen ▁into ▁the ▁other ▁don or . ▁ ▁The ▁system atic ▁name ▁of ▁this ▁en zym e ▁class ▁is ▁tax a - 4 ( 2 0 ), 1 1 - d ien - 5 alpha - yl ▁ac et ate , N AD PH : ox y gen ▁ox id ored uct ase ▁( 1 0 beta - h ydro x yl ating ). ▁This ▁en zym e ▁particip ates ▁in ▁d iter pen oid ▁b ios yn thesis . ▁ ▁References ▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁Category : EC ▁ 1 . 1 4 . 1 3 ▁Category : N AD PH - dependent ▁en zym es ▁Category : En zym es ▁of ▁unknown ▁structure <0x0A> </s> ▁Pr ash ant ▁P ande y ▁is ▁a ▁M umb ai - based ▁writer ▁director . ▁He ▁started ▁his ▁career ▁writing ▁Am it ab h ▁Bach chan ' s ▁crit ically ▁acc laimed ▁S ark ar ▁Raj ▁( 2 0 0 8 ) ▁featuring ▁Am it ab h ▁Bach chan , ▁Ab his he k ▁Bach chan ▁and ▁A ish w ary a ▁R ai . ▁ ▁Edu c ated ▁at ▁Hans raj ▁College ▁University ▁of ▁Del hi , ▁and ▁A J K , ▁Mass ▁Communic ation ▁Research ▁Centre ▁Jam ia ▁Mill |
ia ▁Islam ia , ▁Pr ash ant ▁P ande y ▁had ▁a ▁brief ▁st int ▁as ▁a ▁journalist ▁for ▁A NI - RE UT ERS ▁and ▁later ▁as ▁a ▁cre ative ▁head ▁with ▁Ze e ▁tv ▁talent ▁h unt ▁SA RE GA MA PA . ▁ ▁Film ography ▁▁ ▁D il ▁D osti ▁Et c ▁( ly rics ) ▁ ▁S ark ar ▁Raj ▁( 2 0 0 8 ) ▁( Screen play , ▁Dialog ue ▁and ▁lyr ics ) ▁ ▁Cont ract ▁( 2 0 0 8 ) ▁( Story , ▁Screen play , ▁Dialog ue ▁and ▁lyr ics ) ▁ ▁Pho onk ▁( 2 0 0 8 ) ▁( ly rics ) ▁ ▁A gy a at ▁( 2 0 0 9 ) ▁( ly rics ) ▁ ▁R ann ▁( 2 0 1 0 ) ▁ ▁Rak ta ▁Char it ra ▁( 2 0 1 0 ) ▁( Story , ▁Screen play ▁and ▁Dialog ues ) ▁ ▁Turn ing ▁ 3 0 ▁( 2 0 1 1 ) ▁( ly rics ) ▁ ▁Always ▁Kab hi ▁Kab hi ▁( 2 0 1 1 ) ▁( ly rics ) ▁ ▁B ubble ▁G um ▁( 2 0 1 1 ) ▁( L yr ics ) ▁ ▁The ▁Att acks ▁of ▁ 2 6 / 1 1 ▁( 2 0 1 3 ) ▁( dialog ue ) ▁ ▁Tra ffic ▁( 2 0 1 6 ) ▁( dialog ue ) ▁ ▁Po or na : ▁Cou rage ▁Has ▁No ▁Lim it ▁( |
2 0 1 7 ) ▁ ▁Ra id ▁( 2 0 1 8 ) ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁▁▁ ▁Category : Ind ian ▁male ▁screen writ ers ▁Category : H indi - language ▁film ▁direct ors ▁Category : Univers ity ▁of ▁Del hi ▁al umn i ▁Category : J am ia ▁Mill ia ▁Islam ia ▁al umn i ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : Fil m ▁direct ors ▁from ▁M umb ai ▁Category : Year ▁of ▁birth ▁missing ▁( l iving ▁people ) <0x0A> </s> ▁John ▁R . ▁Cro ft ▁is ▁a ▁retired ▁Brig ad ier ▁General ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Air ▁National ▁Guard ▁and ▁former ▁Chief ▁of ▁Staff ▁of ▁the ▁Wisconsin ▁Air ▁National ▁Guard . ▁ ▁Biography ▁Cro ft ▁graduated ▁from ▁Central ▁Washington ▁University ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 2 . ▁As ▁a ▁civil ian ▁he ▁has ▁worked ▁as ▁a ▁pilot ▁for ▁American ▁Airlines ▁and ▁has ▁logged ▁more ▁than ▁ 1 3 , 0 0 0 ▁hours ▁flying ▁in ▁a ▁Bo eing ▁ 7 2 7 , ▁Mc D onn ell ▁Douglas ▁DC - 1 0 , ▁and ▁Mc D onn ell ▁Douglas ▁MD - 8 0 . ▁ ▁Career ▁Cro ft ▁originally ▁joined ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Air ▁Force ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 2 ▁before ▁transfer ring ▁to ▁the ▁Wisconsin ▁Air ▁National ▁Guard ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 9 ▁and ▁joining ▁the ▁ 1 2 8 th ▁Air ▁Ref uel ing ▁Wing . ▁He ▁has ▁acquired ▁more ▁than ▁ 3 , 3 0 0 ▁hours ▁flying ▁in ▁a ▁Bo eing ▁K |
C - 1 3 5 ▁Str at ot ank er , ▁C ess na ▁T - 3 7 ▁T weet , ▁and ▁North rop ▁T - 3 8 ▁Tal on . ▁Cro ft ' s ▁assign ments ▁have ▁included ▁t ours ▁of ▁duty ▁in ▁the ▁G ulf ▁War ▁and ▁the ▁Kos ovo ▁War . ▁ ▁Awards ▁he ▁has ▁received ▁include ▁the ▁Mer itor ious ▁Service ▁Medal , ▁the ▁Air ▁Medal , ▁the ▁Aer ial ▁Ach iev ement ▁Medal , ▁the ▁Air ▁Force ▁Comm end ation ▁Medal , ▁the ▁Air ▁Force ▁Out standing ▁Unit ▁Award ▁with ▁two ▁o ak ▁leaf ▁clusters ▁and ▁valor ▁device , ▁the ▁Com bat ▁Read iness ▁Medal ▁with ▁silver ▁o ak ▁leaf ▁cluster , ▁the ▁South west ▁Asia ▁Service ▁Medal ▁with ▁two ▁service ▁stars , ▁the ▁K uw ait ▁Liber ation ▁Medal ▁( Sa udi ▁Arab ia ), ▁and ▁the ▁K uw ait ▁Liber ation ▁Medal ▁( K uw ait ). ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : Mil it ary ▁personnel ▁from ▁Wisconsin ▁Category : National ▁Guard ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁gener als ▁Category : Re cip ients ▁of ▁the ▁Air ▁Medal ▁Category : American ▁air ▁force ▁personnel ▁of ▁the ▁G ulf ▁War ▁Category : Cent ral ▁Washington ▁University ▁al umn i ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : Re cip ients ▁of ▁the ▁Aer ial ▁Ach iev ement ▁Medal ▁Category : W is consin ▁National ▁Guard ▁personnel ▁Category : Year ▁of ▁birth ▁missing ▁( l iving ▁people ) <0x0A> </s> ▁There ▁have ▁been ▁four ▁baron et cies ▁created ▁for ▁members |
▁of ▁the ▁Har ms worth ▁family , ▁all ▁in ▁the ▁Baron et age ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁Kingdom . ▁All ▁recip ients ▁were ▁brothers . ▁ ▁The ▁Har ms worth ▁Baron et cy , ▁of ▁El m wood , ▁in ▁the ▁parish ▁of ▁St ▁Peter ' s , ▁Th an et , ▁in ▁the ▁County ▁of ▁Kent , ▁was ▁created ▁in ▁the ▁Baron et age ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁Kingdom ▁on ▁ 2 3 ▁August ▁ 1 9 0 4 ▁for ▁the ▁press ▁lord ▁Alfred ▁Har ms worth . ▁He ▁was ▁later ▁created ▁Vis count ▁North cl iffe , ▁with ▁which ▁title ▁the ▁baron et cy ▁merged ▁and ▁became ▁ext inct ▁on ▁his ▁death ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 2 . ▁ ▁The ▁Har ms worth ▁Baron et cy , ▁of ▁Hor sey ▁in ▁the ▁County ▁of ▁Nor folk , ▁was ▁created ▁in ▁the ▁Baron et age ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁Kingdom ▁on ▁ 1 4 ▁July ▁ 1 9 1 0 ▁for ▁the ▁press ▁lord ▁Harold ▁Har ms worth . ▁He ▁was ▁later ▁created ▁Vis count ▁Roth erm ere , ▁with ▁which ▁title ▁the ▁baron et cy ▁remains ▁merged . ▁ ▁The ▁Har ms worth ▁Baron et cy , ▁of ▁Mor ay ▁L odge ▁in ▁the ▁Royal ▁Bor ough ▁of ▁K ens ington , ▁was ▁created ▁in ▁the ▁Baron et age ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁Kingdom ▁on ▁ 1 ▁July ▁ 1 9 1 8 ▁for ▁Le ic ester ▁Har ms worth . ▁He ▁represented ▁Ca ith ness ▁and ▁Ca ith ness ▁and ▁S uther land |
▁in ▁the ▁House ▁of ▁Commons ▁as ▁a ▁Liberal . ▁The ▁title ▁became ▁ext inct ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 0 ▁on ▁the ▁death ▁of ▁his ▁younger ▁son , ▁Arthur ▁Geoff rey ▁An nes ley ▁Har ms worth , ▁the ▁third ▁Baron et . ▁ ▁The ▁Har ms worth ▁Baron et cy , ▁of ▁F resh water ▁Gro ve ▁in ▁the ▁parish ▁of ▁Sh i ple y ▁in ▁the ▁County ▁of ▁Sus sex , ▁was ▁created ▁in ▁the ▁Baron et age ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁Kingdom ▁on ▁ 2 1 ▁June ▁ 1 9 2 2 ▁for ▁the ▁newspaper ▁owner ▁H ilde brand ▁Har ms worth . ▁He ▁was ▁the ▁propriet or ▁of ▁The ▁Glo be . ▁As ▁of ▁ 2 5 ▁February ▁ 2 0 2 0 ▁the ▁title ▁is ▁held ▁by ▁the ▁grand son ▁of ▁the ▁first ▁Baron et , ▁the ▁third ▁Baron et , ▁who ▁succeeded ▁his ▁father ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 7 . ▁▁ ▁Another ▁brother , ▁Cec il ▁Har ms worth , ▁was ▁created ▁Baron ▁Har ms worth ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 9 . ▁ ▁Har ms worth ▁baron ets , ▁of ▁El m wood ▁( 1 9 0 4 ) ▁ ▁Sir ▁Alfred ▁Har ms worth , ▁ 1 st ▁Baron et ▁( 1 8 6 5 – 1 9 2 2 ) ▁( created ▁Vis count ▁North cl iffe ▁in ▁ 1 9 0 5 ; ▁both ▁titles ▁ext inct ▁upon ▁his ▁death ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 2 ) ▁ ▁Har ms worth ▁baron ets |
, ▁of ▁Hor sey ▁( 1 9 1 0 ) ▁see ▁Vis count ▁Roth erm ere ▁ ▁Har ms worth ▁baron ets , ▁of ▁Mor ay ▁L odge ▁( 1 9 1 8 ) ▁Sir ▁( Ro bert ) ▁Le ic ester ▁Har ms worth , ▁ 1 st ▁Baron et ▁( 1 8 7 0 – 1 9 3 7 ) ▁Sir ▁Alfred ▁Le ic ester ▁St ▁Bar be ▁Har ms worth , ▁ 2 nd ▁Baron et ▁( 1 8 9 2 – 1 9 6 2 ) ▁Sir ▁Arthur ▁Geoff rey ▁An nes ley ▁Har ms worth , ▁ 3 rd ▁Baron et ▁( 1 9 0 4 – 1 9 8 0 ) ▁ ▁Har ms worth ▁baron ets , ▁of ▁F resh water ▁Gro ve ▁( 1 9 2 2 ) ▁Sir ▁H ilde brand ▁A ubre y ▁Har ms worth , ▁ 1 st ▁Baron et ▁( 1 8 7 2 – 1 9 2 9 ) ▁Sir ▁H ilde brand ▁Alfred ▁Ber es ford ▁Har ms worth , ▁ 2 nd ▁Baron et ▁( 1 9 0 1 – 1 9 7 7 ) ▁Sir ▁H ilde brand ▁Harold ▁Har ms worth , ▁ 3 rd ▁Baron et ▁( born ▁ 1 9 3 1 ) ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁Baron ▁Har ms worth ▁ ▁Notes ▁ ▁References ▁Baron et age . ▁. ▁Retrieved ▁on ▁ 1 2 ▁December ▁ 2 0 0 8 . ▁ ▁Category : Bar on et cies ▁in ▁the ▁Baron et age |
▁of ▁the ▁United ▁Kingdom ▁Category : Ext inct ▁baron et cies ▁in ▁the ▁Baron et age ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁Kingdom ▁Category : D orm ant ▁baron et cies <0x0A> </s> ▁West ford ▁is ▁a ▁town ▁in ▁M idd les ex ▁County , ▁Massachusetts , ▁United ▁States . ▁The ▁population ▁was ▁ 2 4 , 3 1 0 ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 7 ▁census . ▁ ▁History ▁ ▁Origin ally ▁a ▁part ▁of ▁neighbor ing ▁Ch el ms ford , ▁West ▁Ch el ms ford ▁soon ▁grew ▁large ▁enough ▁to ▁sust ain ▁its ▁own ▁govern ance , ▁and ▁was ▁officially ▁incorpor ated ▁as ▁West ford ▁on ▁September ▁ 2 3 , ▁ 1 7 2 9 . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁late ▁ 1 8 th ▁and ▁early ▁ 1 9 th ▁centuries , ▁West ford ▁primarily ▁produced ▁gran ite , ▁app les , ▁and ▁wor sted ▁y arn . ▁The ▁Abb ot ▁Wor sted ▁Company ▁was ▁said ▁to ▁be ▁the ▁first ▁company ▁in ▁the ▁nation ▁to ▁use ▁cam el ▁hair ▁for ▁wor sted ▁y ar ns . ▁ ▁Cit iz ens ▁from ▁West ford ▁also ▁had ▁some ▁notable ▁invol vement ▁in ▁the ▁Revolution ary ▁War . ▁ ▁West ford ▁Min ut emen ▁were ▁alert ed ▁by ▁efforts ▁of ▁Samuel ▁Pres c ott ▁who ▁alert ed ▁Act on , ▁to ▁the ▁sout heast ▁towards ▁St ow . ▁ ▁Paul ▁Re vere ' s ▁son ▁attended ▁West ford ▁Academy ▁and ▁a ▁bell ▁cast ▁by ▁Re vere ▁gra ces ▁its ▁lo bb y ▁today . |
▁A ▁weather ▁van e ▁made ▁by ▁Paul ▁Re vere ▁s its ▁at op ▁the ▁Abb ot ▁Element ary ▁school . ▁ ▁By ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁American ▁Civil ▁War , ▁as ▁roads ▁and ▁transport ation ▁improved , ▁West ford ▁began ▁to ▁serve ▁as ▁a ▁resident ial ▁sub urb ▁for ▁the ▁fact ories ▁of ▁Low ell , ▁becoming ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁earliest ▁notable ▁examples ▁of ▁sub urban ▁spraw l . ▁Through out ▁the ▁ 2 0 th ▁century ▁( and ▁with ▁the ▁in vention ▁of ▁the ▁autom obile ), ▁West ford ▁progress ively ▁grew , ▁continu ing ▁to ▁serve ▁as ▁resident ial ▁housing ▁for ▁the ▁indust ries ▁of ▁Low ell , ▁and ▁later , ▁Boston . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁ 1 9 6 0 s , ▁the ▁town ▁was ▁home ▁to ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁research ▁sites ▁supporting ▁Project ▁West ▁Ford . ▁ ▁By ▁the ▁ 1 9 7 0 s , ▁with ▁the ▁advent ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 2 8 ▁Technology ▁B elt , ▁West ford ▁began ▁to ▁act ▁as ▁a ▁sub urb ▁for ▁high - tech ▁fir ms ▁in ▁Bur ling ton , ▁W ob urn , ▁and ▁other ▁areas , ▁and ▁later ▁became ▁a ▁center ▁of ▁technology ▁itself . ▁ ▁By ▁the ▁ 1 9 9 0 s , ▁West ford ▁was ▁home ▁to ▁offices ▁for ▁Cas cade ▁Communic ations ▁now ▁part ▁of ▁N ok ia , ▁N ET S CO UT , ▁Red ▁Hat , ▁S amsung , ▁Son us ▁Network s , ▁Se ag ate , ▁I ris ▁Associ ates |
▁and ▁many ▁other ▁technology ▁fir ms , ▁most ▁located ▁along ▁Massachusetts ▁Route ▁ 1 1 0 , ▁parallel ▁to ▁I - 4 9 5 . ▁It ▁is ▁also ▁the ▁North ▁American ▁headquarters ▁for ▁P uma , ▁which ▁holds ▁a ▁road ▁race ▁in ▁town . ▁The ▁leading ▁manufact urer ▁of ▁E EG ▁electro des , ▁H ydro D ot ▁Inc ., ▁located ▁here ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 7 . ▁ ▁Geography ▁ ▁According ▁to ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Census ▁Bureau , ▁the ▁town ▁has ▁a ▁total ▁area ▁of ▁, ▁of ▁which ▁ ▁is ▁land ▁and ▁ ▁( 2 . 3 0 %) ▁is ▁water . ▁ ▁The ▁town ▁is ▁border ed ▁by ▁Ch el ms ford ▁to ▁the ▁east , ▁Ty ng s borough ▁to ▁the ▁north , ▁Gro ton ▁to ▁the ▁west , ▁Little ton ▁to ▁the ▁south west , ▁Act on ▁to ▁the ▁south , ▁and ▁Carl is le ▁to ▁the ▁sout heast . ▁ ▁Region ally , ▁it ▁is ▁on ▁the ▁edge ▁of ▁the ▁M err im ack ▁Valley , ▁Northern ▁M idd les ex ▁County , ▁and ▁the ▁Met row est ▁regions ▁of ▁Massachusetts . ▁ ▁Col lo qu ial ly , ▁the ▁town ▁is ▁divided ▁into ▁different ▁regions ▁based ▁on ▁location , ▁including ▁For ge ▁Village , ▁N ab n asset , ▁Gran ite ville , ▁Parker ▁Village , ▁and ▁Center ▁of ▁Town . ▁ ▁The ▁town ▁was ▁r ated ▁as ▁# 1 1 ▁Best ▁Places ▁to ▁live ▁by ▁CNN ▁M oney ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 3 . |
▁ ▁Dem ograph ics ▁ ▁As ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁census ▁there ▁were ▁ 2 1 , 9 5 1 ▁people , ▁ 7 , 4 9 8 ▁households , ▁and ▁ 6 , 1 6 5 ▁families ▁res iding ▁in ▁the ▁town . ▁The ▁ra cial ▁make up ▁of ▁the ▁town ▁was ▁ 7 6 . 1 % ▁White , ▁ 0 . 4 0 % ▁African ▁American , ▁ 0 . 1 % ▁Native ▁American , ▁ 2 2 . 6 % ▁Asian ▁( 1 0 . 7 % ▁Indian , ▁ 8 . 2 % ▁Chinese , ▁ 1 . 6 % ▁Korean , ▁ 0 . 3 % ▁Camb od ian , ▁ 0 . 2 % ▁Vietnam ese , ▁ 0 . 2 % ▁Japanese , ▁ 0 . 1 % ▁Filip ino , ▁ 0 . 1 % ▁Pak ist ani , ▁ 0 . 1 % ▁Bang l ades hi ), ▁ 0 . 0 % ▁Pacific ▁Island er , ▁ 0 . 3 0 % ▁from ▁other ▁races , ▁and ▁ 1 . 5 % ▁from ▁two ▁or ▁more ▁races . ▁ ▁His pan ic ▁or ▁Lat ino ▁of ▁any ▁race ▁were ▁ 1 . 5 % ▁of ▁the ▁population . ▁ ▁As ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁census , ▁there ▁were ▁ 7 , 4 9 8 ▁households ▁out ▁of ▁which ▁ 4 5 . 3 % ▁had ▁children ▁under ▁the ▁age ▁of ▁ 1 8 ▁living ▁with ▁them |
, ▁ 7 2 . 5 % ▁were ▁married ▁cou ples ▁living ▁together , ▁ 7 . 3 % ▁had ▁a ▁female ▁head ▁of ▁household , ▁and ▁ 1 7 . 8 % ▁were ▁other ▁families . ▁The ▁average ▁household ▁size ▁was ▁ 2 . 9 3 ▁and ▁the ▁average ▁family ▁size ▁was ▁ 3 . 2 7 . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁town , ▁the ▁population ▁was ▁spread ▁out ▁with ▁ 3 1 . 8 % ▁under ▁the ▁age ▁of ▁ 1 8 , ▁ 4 . 2 % ▁from ▁ 1 8 ▁to ▁ 2 4 , ▁ 3 2 . 8 % ▁from ▁ 2 5 ▁to ▁ 4 4 , ▁ 2 3 . 9 % ▁from ▁ 4 5 ▁to ▁ 6 4 , ▁and ▁ 7 . 2 % ▁who ▁were ▁ 6 5 ▁years ▁of ▁age ▁or ▁older . ▁ ▁The ▁median ▁age ▁was ▁ 3 7 ▁years . ▁For ▁every ▁ 1 0 0 ▁females , ▁there ▁were ▁ 9 9 . 0 ▁males . ▁ ▁For ▁every ▁ 1 0 0 ▁females ▁age ▁ 1 8 ▁and ▁over , ▁there ▁were ▁ 9 5 . 4 ▁males . ▁ ▁The ▁median ▁income ▁for ▁a ▁household ▁in ▁the ▁town ▁was ▁$ 1 2 1 , 1 3 6 , ▁and ▁the ▁median ▁income ▁for ▁a ▁family ▁was ▁$ 1 3 7 , 2 3 0 . ▁The ▁per ▁cap ita ▁income ▁for ▁the ▁town ▁was ▁$ 4 8 , 9 5 1 . ▁ ▁About ▁ |
1 . 3 % ▁of ▁families ▁and ▁ 1 . 7 % ▁of ▁the ▁population ▁were ▁below ▁the ▁pover ty ▁line , ▁including ▁ 2 . 2 % ▁of ▁those ▁under ▁age ▁ 1 8 ▁and ▁ 1 . 0 % ▁of ▁those ▁age ▁ 6 5 ▁or ▁over . ▁ ▁Education ▁ ▁West ford ▁Public ▁School s ▁ ▁The ▁Super int endent ▁of ▁West ford ' s ▁Public ▁School s ▁is ▁Ever ett ▁" B ill " ▁O ls en , ▁who ▁has ▁held ▁that ▁role ▁since ▁ 1 9 8 6 . ▁ ▁The ▁Ass istant ▁Super int endent ▁is ▁Ker ry ▁Cl ery . ▁▁▁ ▁West ford ▁Academy , ▁Public ▁High ▁School ▁ ▁( known ▁as ▁W . A .) ▁ ▁Lloyd ▁G . ▁Bl anch ard ▁Middle ▁School , ▁Public ▁Middle ▁School ▁ ▁( known ▁as ▁Bl anch ard ) ▁ ▁St ony ▁Brook ▁Middle ▁School , ▁Public ▁Middle ▁School ▁ ▁( known ▁as ▁St ony ▁Brook ) ▁ ▁Norman ▁E . ▁Day ▁Element ary ▁School , ▁Public ▁Element ary ▁School ▁ ▁( 3 - 5 ) ▁( known ▁as ▁Day ) ▁ ▁Abb ot ▁Element ary , ▁Public ▁Element ary ▁School ▁ ▁( 3 - 5 ) ▁( known ▁as ▁Abb ot ) ▁ ▁John ▁A . ▁Cris a ful li ▁Element ary , ▁Public ▁Element ary ▁School ▁ ▁( 3 - 5 ) ▁( known ▁as ▁Cris a ful li ) ▁ ▁Col . ▁John ▁Robinson ▁School , ▁Public ▁Element ary ▁School ▁ ▁( K - 2 |
) ▁( known ▁as ▁Robinson ) ▁ ▁N ab n asset ▁Element ary ▁School , ▁Public ▁Element ary ▁School ▁ ▁( K - 2 ) ▁( known ▁as ▁N ab ) ▁ ▁R ita ▁Edwards ▁Miller ▁School , ▁Public ▁Element ary ▁School ▁ ▁( K - 2 ) ▁( known ▁as ▁Miller ) ▁ ▁Nash oba ▁Valley ▁Techn ical ▁High ▁School ▁District ▁Nash oba ▁Valley ▁Techn ical ▁High ▁School ▁en roll s ▁students ▁from ▁West ford , ▁Ch el ms ford , ▁A yer , ▁Gro ton , ▁Little ton , ▁Town send , ▁Sh ir ley , ▁and ▁Pe pper ell ▁ ▁Est ab lished ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 8 , ▁Nash oba ▁Valley ▁Techn ical ▁High ▁School ▁is ▁a ▁public , ▁four - year , ▁voc ational ▁high ▁school . ▁▁ ▁Nash oba ▁Valley ▁Techn ical ▁High ▁School , ▁Public ▁Regional ▁V oc ational ▁Techn ical ▁ ▁( known ▁as ▁Nash oba ▁Te ch , ▁or ▁The ▁Te ch ) ▁ ▁Transport ation ▁Fre ight ▁travel s ▁daily ▁through ▁West ford ▁over ▁the ▁tracks ▁of ▁the ▁historic ▁St ony ▁Brook ▁Rail road . ▁The ▁line ▁currently ▁serves ▁as ▁a ▁major ▁cor rid or ▁of ▁Pan ▁Am ▁Rail ways ' ▁District ▁ 3 ▁which ▁connect s ▁New ▁Ham pshire ▁and ▁Maine ▁with ▁western ▁Massachusetts , ▁Verm ont , ▁and ▁New ▁York . ▁Inter state ▁ 4 9 5 ▁( M ass achusetts ) ▁also ▁passes ▁through ▁the ▁town , ▁linking ▁it ▁to ▁other ▁parts ▁of ▁the ▁state ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁New |
▁Ham pshire . ▁US - 3 ▁passes ▁through ▁the ▁town , ▁although ▁the ▁nearest ▁inter changes ▁are ▁located ▁in ▁neighbor ing ▁Ty ng s borough ▁( exit ▁ 3 4 ) ▁and ▁Ch el ms ford ▁( exit ▁ 3 3 ). ▁ ▁The ▁L R TA ▁ 1 5 ▁bus ▁connect s ▁West ford ▁along ▁Route ▁ 1 1 0 ▁with ▁Ch el ms ford ▁and ▁the ▁Low ell ▁train ▁station ▁on ▁the ▁MB TA ▁Comm uter ▁Rail ▁Low ell ▁Line . ▁ ▁Local ▁routes ▁passing ▁through ▁town ▁are ▁Massachusetts ▁Rout es ▁ 1 1 0 , ▁ 4 0 , ▁ 2 2 5 , ▁and ▁ 2 7 . ▁ ▁Ann ual ▁events ▁ ▁In ▁March ▁or ▁April , ▁ ▁West ford ▁Fun F est ▁has ▁Break fast ▁with ▁the ▁Bun ny . ▁In ▁May , ▁the ▁West ford ▁Char itable ▁Foundation ▁ 5 k / 1 0 k ▁Road ▁R aces , ▁or ▁The ▁West ford ▁Road ▁Race ▁are ▁held . ▁In ▁May , ▁the ▁K iw an is ▁club ▁hosts ▁the ▁Apple ▁Bl oss om ▁Par ade ▁and ▁Car n ival ▁. ▁In ▁June , ▁The ▁First ▁Par ish ▁Church ▁hosts ▁the ▁St raw berry ▁Festival . ▁In ▁August , ▁the ▁West ford ▁Rot ary ▁Club ▁hosts ▁the ▁Blues ▁& ▁B rew s ▁Festival ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁the ▁P ig ▁& ▁Pe pper ▁Festival ▁at ▁the ▁Nash oba ▁Valley ▁Ski ▁Area , ▁featuring ▁top ▁bl ues ▁bands ▁and ▁many ▁local ▁be ers ▁to ▁sample . ▁ ▁In ▁October |
, ▁the ▁West ford ▁Education ▁Foundation ▁spons ors ▁the ▁Family ▁Fun ▁Run , ▁West ford ▁Fun F est ▁holds ▁a ▁Fall ▁Festival ▁at ▁Kim ball ▁Far ms , ▁and ▁the ▁Nash oba ▁Valley ▁Ski ▁Res ort ▁runs ▁the ▁W itch ' s ▁Wood s ▁Hall owe en ▁S cre am park . ▁In ▁December , ▁First ▁Par ish ▁Church ▁hosts ▁the ▁West ford ▁Gre ens ▁S ale , ▁West ford ▁Academy ▁has ▁its ▁annual ▁Hol iday ▁B az aar , ▁West ford ▁Fun F est ▁holds ▁the ▁Festival ▁of ▁Tre es , ▁W re ath s ▁and ▁G inger b read ▁Cre ations ▁and ▁Break fast ▁with ▁Santa . ▁In ▁December , ▁West ford ' s ▁United ▁Method ist ▁Church ▁holds ▁an ▁out door ▁Live ▁N ativity ▁over looking ▁the ▁St ony ▁Brook ▁Res er voir ▁p ond , ▁including ▁farm ▁animals , ▁music ▁& ▁bon fire ▁http :// www . um c w . org / ch rist mas ▁▁ ▁In ▁December , ▁the ▁Rab bi ▁from ▁Ch abad ▁Nash oba ▁Valley ▁lights ▁the ▁cand les ▁of ▁the ▁ 9 ▁foot ▁Men or ah ▁during ▁Chan uk ah . ▁One ▁of ▁the ▁even ings ▁includes ▁music ▁and ▁dan cing ▁after ▁the ▁light ing . ▁The ▁menor ah ▁is ▁displayed ▁on ▁the ▁town ▁common . ▁ ▁There ▁is ▁a ▁celebr atory ▁para de ▁of ▁where ▁the ▁graduated ▁sen iors ▁of ▁West ford ▁Academy ▁make ▁tri ps ▁around ▁the ▁middle ▁schools ▁as ▁a ▁t ribute ▁to ▁their ▁experience ▁with ▁the ▁teachers ▁at ▁each ▁place |
▁and ▁then ▁ride ▁through ▁town ▁center . ▁ ▁Notable ▁people ▁ ▁N ett ie ▁Stevens , ▁American ▁gen etic ist ▁ ▁Jo el ▁Abb ot , ▁( 1 7 9 3 – 1 8 5 5 ), ▁born ▁in ▁West ford , ▁noted ▁naval ▁officer ▁ ▁Pat ▁Brad ley , ▁Member ▁of ▁World ▁G olf ▁Hall ▁of ▁Fame ▁ ▁Jack ie ▁Mac M ull an , ▁sport sw riter ▁ ▁L t . ▁Col . ▁John ▁Robinson , ▁Revolution ary ▁War ▁soldier ▁ ▁A aron ▁Stan ford , ▁actor ; ▁Main ▁Cast ▁Member ▁of ▁Nik ita ▁( C W ▁TV ▁show ) ▁ ▁Ellen ▁Henri etta ▁Sw allow ▁Rich ards , ▁cre ator ▁of ▁the ▁field ▁of ▁home ▁econom ics , ▁first ▁woman ▁admitted ▁to ▁M IT , ▁co - found er ▁of ▁American ▁Association ▁of ▁University ▁Women ▁ ▁Michael ▁F uc ito , ▁Ret ired ▁Major ▁League ▁Soccer ▁player , ▁first ▁draft ed ▁by ▁the ▁Seattle ▁Sound ers ▁FC , ▁ ▁Point s ▁of ▁Interest ▁ ▁The ▁But ter fly ▁Place ▁ ▁East ▁Boston ▁Cam ps ▁ ▁First ▁Par ish ▁Church ▁ ▁West ford ▁Knight ▁stone ▁and ▁mem orial ▁ ▁West ford ▁Po e ▁Mark er ▁ ▁Nash oba ▁Valley ▁Ski ▁Area ▁ ▁Kim ball ▁Farm ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Further ▁reading ▁ 1 8 7 1 ▁Atlas ▁of ▁Massachusetts . ▁by ▁Wall ▁& ▁Gray . Map ▁of ▁Massachusetts . ▁Map ▁of ▁M idd les ex ▁County . ▁▁ ▁History ▁of ▁M idd les ex ▁County , ▁Massachusetts , ▁Volume ▁ 1 ▁( |
A - H ), ▁ ▁Volume ▁ 2 ▁( L - W ) ▁compiled ▁by ▁Samuel ▁Adams ▁Dra ke , ▁published ▁ 1 8 7 9 ▁and ▁ 1 8 8 0 . ▁ 5 7 2 ▁and ▁ 5 0 5 ▁pages . ▁ ▁West ford ▁section ▁in ▁volume ▁ 2 ▁page ▁ 4 7 5 ▁by ▁H od g man ▁and ▁Julian ▁Abb ott . ▁ ▁History ▁of ▁the ▁Town ▁of ▁West ford , ▁in ▁the ▁County ▁of ▁M idd les ex , ▁Massachusetts , ▁by ▁Rev . ▁Ed win ▁Ruth ven ▁H od g man , ▁published ▁ 1 8 8 3 , ▁ 4 9 4 ▁pages . ▁A ▁Br ief ▁History ▁of ▁West ford , ▁by ▁Robert ▁W . ▁O li ph ant , ▁Town ▁Histor ian . ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Town ▁of ▁West ford ▁The ▁West ford ▁Web ▁Community ▁Web ▁Site ▁West ford ▁Historical ▁Society ▁and ▁Museum ▁Kim ball ▁Farm ▁ ▁Category : T own s ▁in ▁M idd les ex ▁County , ▁Massachusetts ▁Category : T own s ▁in ▁Massachusetts ▁Category : West ford , ▁Massachusetts <0x0A> </s> ▁Ser ra ▁da ▁Nas ce ▁Á gu a ▁is ▁a ▁mountain ▁in ▁the ▁Az ores . ▁It ▁is ▁located ▁in ▁Ang ra ▁do ▁Hero í sm o , ▁on ▁the ▁island ▁of ▁Ter ce ira . ▁ ▁Category : Ang ra ▁do ▁Hero í sm o ▁Category : Mount ain ▁ranges ▁of ▁Portugal ▁ ▁pt : Ser ra ▁da ▁Nas ce ▁Á gu a <0x0A> </s> ▁The |
▁Integr ated ▁School ▁of ▁Ocean ▁Sciences ▁is ▁a ▁platform ▁for ▁post grad uate ▁education ▁that ▁serves ▁the ▁multi - ▁and ▁trans dis cipl inary ▁research ▁community ▁in ▁ocean ▁sciences ▁in ▁K iel , ▁Germany . ▁It ▁is ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁Cl uster ▁of ▁Ex cell ence ▁" The ▁Future ▁Ocean " ▁at ▁K iel ▁University . ▁ ▁General ▁ ▁More ▁than ▁ 1 6 0 ▁doctor al ▁candidates ▁and ▁ 1 6 0 ▁super vis ors ▁take ▁part ▁in ▁the ▁programme ▁( data ▁from ▁August ▁ 2 0 1 7 ) ▁and ▁are ▁supported ▁al ike ▁through ▁IS OS . ▁Doctor al ▁candidates ▁access ▁a ▁community ▁from ▁all ▁the ▁natural ▁science ▁discipl ines , ▁law , ▁econom ics , ▁eth ics , ▁art ▁and ▁more . ▁They ▁are ▁challeng ed ▁to ▁see ▁their ▁research ▁in ▁a ▁wider ▁context ▁that ▁includes ▁complex ▁problem - fr aming ▁in ▁a ▁mult id is cipl inary ▁environment . ▁Research - based ▁education ▁involves ▁partners ▁from ▁academ ia , ▁industry , ▁politics , ▁N GO s , ▁which ▁allows ▁a ▁flexible , ▁need - based ▁programme ; ▁an ▁active ▁al umn i ▁network ▁provides ▁further ▁input ▁into ▁the ▁programme . ▁In ▁addition , ▁doctor al ▁candidates ▁can ▁apply ▁for ▁financial ▁support ▁for ▁con ferences ▁and ▁for ▁so - called ▁' Min ip ro pos als ', ▁i . e . ▁small ▁own ▁projects . ▁ ▁References ▁▁ ▁Category : Post grad uate ▁schools ▁in ▁Germany ▁Category : O cean ographic ▁organizations <0x0A> </s> ▁Th uit - H é |
bert ▁() ▁is ▁a ▁former ▁commune ▁in ▁the ▁E ure ▁department ▁in ▁Norm andy ▁in ▁northern ▁France . ▁ ▁History ▁On ▁ 1 ▁January ▁ 2 0 1 6 , ▁Bos c - B én ard - Com min , ▁Bour g ther oul de - In fre ville ▁and ▁Th uit - H é bert ▁merged ▁becoming ▁one ▁commune ▁called ▁Grand - B ourg ther oul de . ▁ ▁Population ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁Comm unes ▁of ▁the ▁E ure ▁department ▁ ▁References ▁IN SEE ▁ ▁Category : Form er ▁communes ▁of ▁E ure <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Legisl ative ▁District s ▁of ▁Zam bo anga ▁del ▁Norte ▁are ▁the ▁representations ▁of ▁the ▁province ▁of ▁Zam bo anga ▁del ▁Norte ▁in ▁the ▁various ▁national ▁legisl atures ▁of ▁the ▁Philippines . ▁The ▁province ▁is ▁currently ▁represented ▁in ▁the ▁lower ▁house ▁of ▁the ▁Congress ▁of ▁the ▁Philippines ▁through ▁its ▁first , ▁second ▁and ▁third ▁con gression al ▁districts . ▁ ▁History ▁▁ ▁Prior ▁to ▁gain ing ▁separate ▁representation , ▁areas ▁now ▁under ▁the ▁juris diction ▁of ▁Zam bo anga ▁del ▁Norte ▁were ▁represented ▁under ▁the ▁Department ▁of ▁Mind ana o ▁and ▁Sul u ▁( 1 9 1 7 – 1 9 3 5 ) ▁and ▁the ▁historical ▁Zam bo anga ▁Province ▁( 1 9 3 5 – 1 9 5 3 ). ▁ ▁The ▁en act ment ▁of ▁Republic ▁Act ▁No . ▁ 7 1 1 ▁on ▁June ▁ 6 , ▁ 1 9 5 2 ▁divided ▁the ▁old ▁Zam bo anga ▁Province ▁into ▁Zam bo |
anga ▁del ▁Norte ▁and ▁Zam bo anga ▁del ▁Sur ▁and ▁provided ▁them ▁each ▁with ▁a ▁con gression al ▁representative . ▁Zam bo anga ▁del ▁Norte ▁first ▁elected ▁its ▁separate ▁representative ▁starting ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 5 3 ▁elections . ▁ ▁Even ▁after ▁receiving ▁their ▁own ▁city ▁char ters , ▁D ap itan ▁and ▁D ip olog ▁remained ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁representation ▁of ▁the ▁Province ▁of ▁Zam bo anga ▁del ▁Norte ▁by ▁virtue ▁of ▁Section ▁ 8 0 ▁of ▁Republic ▁Act ▁No . ▁ 3 8 1 1 ▁( J une ▁ 2 2 , ▁ 1 9 6 3 ) ▁and ▁Section ▁ 8 6 ▁of ▁Republic ▁Act ▁No . ▁ 5 5 2 0 ▁( J une ▁ 2 1 , ▁ 1 9 6 9 ), ▁respectively . ▁ ▁Zam bo anga ▁del ▁Norte ▁was ▁represented ▁in ▁the ▁Inter im ▁Bat as ang ▁P amb ans a ▁as ▁part ▁of ▁Region ▁IX ▁from ▁ 1 9 7 8 ▁to ▁ 1 9 8 4 , ▁and ▁returned ▁two ▁represent atives , ▁elected ▁at - large , ▁to ▁the ▁Reg ular ▁Bat as ang ▁P amb ans a ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 4 . ▁ ▁Under ▁the ▁new ▁Constitution ▁which ▁was ▁proc laimed ▁on ▁February ▁ 1 1 , ▁ 1 9 8 7 , ▁the ▁province ▁was ▁re app ort ioned ▁into ▁three ▁con gression al ▁districts ; ▁each ▁elected ▁its ▁member ▁to ▁the ▁restored ▁House ▁of ▁Representatives ▁starting ▁that ▁same ▁year . ▁▁ 1 st ▁District ▁▁ ▁City |
: ▁D ap itan ▁Municipal ities : ▁La ▁Libert ad , ▁Mut ia , ▁Pi ñ an , ▁Pol an co , ▁R iz al , ▁Ser gio ▁Os me ña ▁Sr ., ▁Sib ut ad ▁Population ▁( 2 0 1 5 ): ▁ 2 2 4 , 8 9 3 ▁ ▁Notes ▁▁ 2 nd ▁District ▁▁ ▁City : ▁D ip olog ▁Municipal ities : ▁Jose ▁Dal man , ▁Kat ip un an , ▁Man uk an , ▁President ▁Manuel ▁A . ▁Ro x as , ▁Si ay an , ▁S ind ang an ▁Population ▁( 2 0 1 5 ): ▁▁ 4 1 3 , 9 7 4 ▁▁ 3 rd ▁District ▁▁ ▁Municipal ities : ▁Bac ung an , ▁Bal igu ian , ▁God od , ▁Gut al ac , ▁Kal aw it , ▁Lab ason , ▁L ilo y , ▁Sal ug , ▁Sib u co , ▁S io con , ▁Si raw ai , ▁T amp il isan ▁Population ▁( 2 0 1 5 ): ▁ 3 7 2 , 5 2 6 ▁ ▁L one ▁District ▁( def unct ) ▁ ▁At - Lar ge ▁( def unct ) ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁Legisl ative ▁districts ▁of ▁Mind ana o ▁and ▁Sul u ▁Legisl ative ▁district ▁of ▁Zam bo anga ▁ ▁References ▁▁ ▁Zam bo anga ▁del ▁Norte ▁Category : Pol it ics ▁of ▁Zam bo anga ▁del ▁Norte <0x0A> </s> ▁Min ning low ▁( or ▁Min ning ▁Low ) ▁is ▁a ▁hill ▁in ▁the ▁Pe ak |
▁District ▁National ▁Park ▁in ▁Derby shire , ▁located ▁within ▁the ▁White ▁Pe ak ▁area ▁at ▁grid ▁reference ▁. ▁Within ▁the ▁cl ump ▁of ▁trees ▁crow ning ▁the ▁hill ▁are ▁a ▁Ne ol ith ic ▁chamber ed ▁tomb ▁and ▁two ▁Bron ze ▁Age ▁bow l ▁bar rows . ▁ ▁The ▁chamber ed ▁tomb ▁( Der by shire ' s ▁largest ) ▁and ▁bar rows ▁are ▁a ▁Sch eduled ▁Monument . ▁The ▁chamber ed ▁tomb ▁compr ises ▁an ▁o val ▁c air n ▁of ▁ ▁surv iving ▁to ▁a ▁height ▁of ▁ ▁and ▁containing ▁two ▁complete ▁ch amb ers ▁made ▁of ▁lim estone ▁sl abs , ▁and ▁at ▁least ▁three ▁other ▁incomplete ▁ch amb ers . ▁The ▁tomb ▁was ▁exc av ated ▁by ▁Thomas ▁Bat eman ▁in ▁ 1 8 4 3 ▁and ▁ 1 8 5 1 ▁and ▁was ▁described ▁by ▁Nikol aus ▁Pe vs ner ▁as ▁" one ▁of ▁the ▁most ▁impress ive ▁of ▁Derby shire ' s ▁surv iving ▁pre histor ic ▁bur ial s ". ▁The ▁bar row ▁is ▁considered ▁to ▁be ▁a ▁multi - period ▁site , ▁the ▁oldest ▁chamber ▁d ating ▁from ▁the ▁Early ▁Ne ol ith ic ▁period ▁but ▁with ▁other ▁finds ▁indicating ▁use ▁in ▁the ▁Late ▁Ne ol ith ic ▁or ▁early ▁Bron ze ▁Age , ▁and ▁also ▁the ▁Roman ▁period . ▁The ▁two ▁bow l ▁bar rows , ▁also ▁exc av ated ▁by ▁Bat eman , ▁date ▁from ▁the ▁Bron ze ▁Age ▁and ▁also ▁show ▁signs ▁of ▁Roman ▁disturb ance . ▁ ▁Although ▁it ▁is ▁within |
▁ ▁of ▁the ▁High ▁Pe ak ▁Tra il ▁between ▁Par wich ▁and ▁Long cl iffe , ▁there ▁is ▁no ▁public ▁right ▁of ▁way ▁to ▁the ▁site . ▁Between ▁ 3 1 ▁January ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁and ▁ 3 1 ▁January ▁ 2 0 1 7 , ▁however , ▁con cess ion ary ▁access ▁has ▁been ▁granted ▁by ▁the ▁land owner , ▁allowing ▁the ▁public ▁to ▁walk ▁to ▁and ▁explore ▁the ▁site . ▁ ▁The ▁con cess ion ary ▁path ▁from ▁the ▁High ▁Pe ak ▁Tra il ▁is ▁sign post ed ▁with ▁a ▁wooden ▁sign ▁similar ▁to ▁a ▁public ▁foot path ▁sign ▁and ▁there ▁are ▁wooden ▁markers ▁on ▁the ▁route ▁to ▁the ▁bar row . ▁ ▁About ▁one ▁kilomet re ▁north west ▁of ▁Min ning low ▁hill ▁is ▁the ▁massive ▁Min ning low ▁Em bank ment ▁on ▁the ▁former ▁C rom ford ▁and ▁High ▁Pe ak ▁Railway , ▁the ▁track bed ▁of ▁which ▁now ▁forms ▁the ▁High ▁Pe ak ▁Tra il . ▁This ▁Gra de - II - list ed ▁structure , ▁constructed ▁from ▁local ▁lim estone ▁and ▁earth ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 8 2 0 s , ▁is ▁a ▁pre - V ict or ian ▁example ▁of ▁civil ▁engineering ▁on ▁the ▁grand ▁scale . ▁There ▁is ▁access ▁from ▁the ▁car ▁park ▁and ▁pic nic ▁site ▁about ▁ ▁further ▁along ▁the ▁High ▁Pe ak ▁Tra il ▁at ▁grid ▁reference ▁. ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁Ph otos ▁and ▁comment ary ▁rel ating ▁to ▁the ▁Ne ol ith ic ▁site ▁at ▁The ▁Modern |
▁Anti qu arian . com ▁ ▁Category : Mount ains ▁and ▁hills ▁of ▁the ▁Pe ak ▁District <0x0A> </s> ▁Black ie ▁or ▁Black y ▁is ▁the ▁nick name ▁of : ▁ ▁People ▁ ▁Black ie ▁ ▁George ▁Black burn ▁( American ▁football ) ▁( 1 9 1 3 - 2 0 0 6 ), ▁American ▁colleg iate ▁football ▁head ▁coach ▁ ▁Black ie ▁Chen , ▁Taiwan ese ▁television ▁host ▁ ▁Black ie ▁Collins ▁( 1 9 3 9 - 2 0 1 1 ), ▁American ▁kn ife ▁mak er ▁and ▁designer ▁ ▁Al vin ▁Dark ▁( born ▁ 1 9 2 2 ), ▁Major ▁League ▁Baseball ▁player ▁and ▁manager ▁ ▁Sam ▁D ente ▁( 1 9 2 2 - 2 0 0 2 ), ▁Major ▁League ▁Baseball ▁player ▁ ▁Pal oma ▁E from ▁( d ied ▁ 1 9 7 7 ), ▁Argent ine ▁journalist ▁and ▁singer ▁ ▁Pet r ▁Ho š ek ▁( born ▁ 1 9 8 9 ), ▁Czech ▁heavy ▁metal ▁guitar ist ▁ ▁Black ie ▁Ko ▁( 1 9 5 3 – 2 0 0 3 ), ▁Taiwan ese ▁film ▁director , ▁producer , ▁st unt man ▁and ▁actor ▁▁ ▁Black ie ▁Law less ▁( born ▁ 1 9 5 6 ), ▁American ▁singer ▁ ▁James ▁T . ▁Lic av oli ▁( 1 9 0 4 - 1 9 8 5 ), ▁American ▁mob ster ▁ ▁G us ▁Man cus o ▁( 1 9 0 5 - 1 9 8 4 ), ▁American ▁Major ▁League ▁Baseball ▁player , ▁coach |
, ▁sc out ▁and ▁radio ▁sports ▁comment ator ▁ ▁Black ie ▁Sher rod ▁( 1 9 1 9 - 2 0 1 6 ), ▁Award - win ning ▁Dallas ▁sport sw riter ▁▁ ▁Black burn ▁Moore ▁( 1 8 9 7 - 1 9 8 0 ), ▁American ▁politician ▁ ▁Carl is le ▁Tow ery ▁( 1 9 2 0 - 2 0 1 2 ), ▁National ▁Basketball ▁Association ▁and ▁League ▁player ▁ ▁Black y ▁Jo achim ▁F uchs berger ▁( 1 9 2 7 - 2 0 1 4 ), ▁German ▁actor , ▁television ▁host , ▁ly ric ist ▁and ▁business man ▁Christian ▁Schwar zer ▁( born ▁ 1 9 6 9 ), ▁German ▁retired ▁hand ball ▁player ▁Jean - Y ves ▁Th éri ault ▁( born ▁ 1 9 6 2 ), ▁Canadian ▁bass ist ▁for ▁the ▁thr ash / progress ive ▁metal ▁band ▁Vo iv od ▁ ▁F ict ional ▁characters ▁ ▁Boston ▁Black ie , ▁created ▁by ▁author ▁Jack ▁Bo yle ▁ ▁" Black ie " ▁Drag o , ▁the ▁real ▁name ▁of ▁one ▁of ▁six ▁Marvel ▁Comics ▁villa ins ▁named ▁The ▁V ulture ▁ ▁Nelson ▁" Black ie " ▁Hern ande z , ▁a ▁rec urr ing ▁character ▁in ▁Nar cos ▁who ▁works ▁for ▁the ▁Med ell ín ▁Cart el ▁and ▁is ▁frequently ▁seen ▁by ▁Esc obar ' s ▁side ▁ ▁Black ie ▁or ▁Black ford ▁O akes , ▁protagon ist ▁of ▁a ▁series ▁of ▁nov els ▁by ▁William ▁F . ▁Buck ley , ▁Jr . ▁ ▁Black |
ie ▁Par r ish , ▁on ▁the ▁soap ▁opera ▁General ▁Hospital ▁ ▁Father ▁John ▁Black wood ▁" Black ie " ▁Ryan , ▁protagon ist ▁of ▁ 1 7 ▁mystery ▁nov els ▁by ▁Roman ▁Catholic ▁priest ▁Father ▁Andrew ▁Gree ley ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁Category : List s ▁of ▁people ▁by ▁nick name <0x0A> </s> ▁Fort ▁George ▁is ▁situated ▁on ▁the ▁T itch field ▁Pen ins ula ▁in ▁the ▁town ▁of ▁Port ▁Antonio , ▁in ▁the ▁parish ▁of ▁Port land , ▁J ama ica . ▁ ▁The ▁proposal ▁for ▁a ▁fort ▁in ▁Port ▁Antonio ▁was ▁first ▁discussed ▁in ▁ 1 7 2 8 , ▁when ▁a ▁committee ▁of ▁the ▁House ▁of ▁Assembly ▁met ▁to ▁consider ▁measures ▁to ▁be ▁taken ▁in ▁the ▁face ▁of ▁a ▁possible ▁Spanish ▁invasion . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 7 2 9 , ▁Christian ▁L illy ▁was ▁assigned ▁the ▁task ▁of ▁building ▁a ▁fort ▁which , ▁after ▁being ▁built , ▁became ▁known ▁as ▁Fort ▁George ▁in ▁honour ▁of ▁King ▁George ▁I ▁of ▁Great ▁Britain . ▁ ▁L illy ▁had ▁built ▁some ▁of ▁the ▁walls ▁at ▁the ▁Royal ▁Cit adel , ▁P ly mouth , ▁and ▁the ▁bast ion ▁at ▁Fort ▁George ▁was ▁designed ▁as ▁a ▁smaller ▁version ▁of ▁the ▁Cit adel . ▁ ▁Fort ▁George ’ s ▁construction ▁served ▁a ▁dual ▁purpose , ▁first ▁as ▁a ▁source ▁of ▁defence ▁against ▁foreign ▁invasion ▁and , ▁second , ▁to ▁deal ▁with ▁the ▁men ace ▁of ▁the ▁mar o ons ▁in ▁the ▁area . ▁ ▁The ▁area ▁between ▁Fort ▁George ▁and ▁Fort ▁H ald |
ane ▁in ▁nearby ▁Port ▁Maria ▁had ▁a ▁very ▁large ▁population ▁of ▁freedom ▁f igh ters ▁in ▁the ▁mid - e igh teenth ▁century . ▁ ▁One ▁of ▁the ▁most ▁notable ▁was ▁T ack y , ▁who ▁led ▁an ▁ins ur gency , ▁known ▁as ▁T ack y ' s ▁re bell ion ▁against ▁the ▁British ▁which ▁last ed ▁over ▁five ▁months . ▁ ▁Fort ▁George ▁was ▁built ▁to ▁hold ▁ 2 2 ▁guns ▁including ▁ 8 ▁large ▁can n ons , ▁and ▁has ▁walls ▁ten ▁feet ▁thick . ▁The ▁fort ▁was ▁used ▁during ▁World ▁War ▁I ▁as ▁a ▁training ▁base ▁and ▁supply ▁dep ot ▁for ▁the ▁British ▁Navy . ▁The ▁bar ra cks ▁of ▁the ▁fort ▁now ▁house ▁class rooms ▁for ▁the ▁T itch field ▁High ▁School . ▁▁ ▁Much ▁of ▁the ▁fort ▁has ▁been ▁lost ▁over ▁the ▁almost ▁ 3 0 0 ▁years ▁since ▁its ▁original ▁construction , ▁and ▁all ▁that ▁remains ▁are ▁the ▁Mun itions ▁Building , ▁the ▁defence ▁walls ▁and ▁a ▁line ▁of ▁can n ons . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁Aer ial ▁view ▁ ▁Category : Build ings ▁and ▁structures ▁in ▁Port land ▁Par ish ▁Category : T our ist ▁attra ctions ▁in ▁Port land ▁Par ish ▁Category : M useum s ▁in ▁J ama ica ▁Category : Mon uments ▁and ▁mem orial s ▁in ▁J ama ica ▁Category : F ort s ▁in ▁J ama ica ▁Category : 1 7 2 9 ▁establish ments ▁in ▁the ▁British ▁Empire <0x0A> </s> ▁El na ▁Jane ▁Hill i ard ▁Gra |
hn ▁( Nov ember ▁ 1 5 , ▁ 1 9 1 3 ▁– ▁August ▁ 3 , ▁ 2 0 0 6 ) ▁served ▁in ▁the ▁Women ' s ▁Army ▁A ux ili ary ▁Corps ▁( WA AC ) ▁and ▁later ▁the ▁Women ' s ▁Army ▁Corps ▁( W AC ) ▁during ▁World ▁War ▁II . ▁Gra hn ▁commanded ▁the ▁ 2 5 2 5 th ▁W AC ▁unit ▁in ▁Fort ▁My er , ▁Virginia . ▁Gra hn ▁was ▁the ▁first ▁woman ▁to ▁serve ▁on ▁a ▁United ▁States ▁Army ▁General ▁Court ▁Mart ial . ▁ ▁Early ▁life ▁ ▁El na ▁Jane ▁Hill i ard ▁was ▁born ▁on ▁November ▁ 1 5 , ▁ 1 9 1 3 ▁in ▁Bar ab oo , ▁Wisconsin ▁to ▁Charles ▁Hill i ard ▁and ▁Anna ▁( E agan ) ▁Hill i ard . ▁She ▁went ▁to ▁school ▁in ▁Bar ab oo ▁and ▁Mad ison , ▁Wisconsin , ▁and ▁in ▁Win ona , ▁Minnesota . ▁ ▁Military ▁service ▁in ▁World ▁War ▁II ▁ ▁During ▁World ▁War ▁II , ▁first , ▁Hill i ard ▁served ▁in ▁the ▁Women ' s ▁Army ▁A ux ili ary ▁Corps ▁( WA AC ), ▁where ▁she ▁head ed ▁up ▁a ▁secret ▁Army ▁experiment ▁to ▁determine ▁the ▁way ▁that ▁women ▁might ▁be ▁used ▁in ▁an ▁anti - air craft ▁battery . ▁ ▁After ▁the ▁W A AC ▁was ▁dissol ved ▁she ▁commanded ▁the ▁ 2 5 2 5 th ▁Women ' s ▁Army ▁Corps ▁( W AC ) ▁unit ▁in ▁Fort ▁My er , |
▁Virginia . ▁Hill i ard ▁was ▁the ▁first ▁woman ▁to ▁serve ▁on ▁a ▁United ▁States ▁Army ▁General ▁Court ▁Mart ial . ▁ ▁Te aching ▁career ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 3 1 ▁she ▁entered ▁the ▁College ▁of ▁Saint ▁Ter esa ▁at ▁Win ona . ▁She ▁earned ▁a ▁B . S . ▁in ▁math ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 5 ▁from ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Wisconsin . ▁She ▁began ▁as ▁a ▁math ▁and ▁physical ▁education ▁teacher ▁at ▁Koh ler , ▁Wisconsin . ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 6 . ▁ ▁Hill i ard ▁earned ▁M . S . ▁in ▁math ▁and ▁education ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 1 ▁from ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Wisconsin . ▁In ▁ 1 9 4 1 - 4 2 ▁she ▁went ▁on ▁to ▁be ▁a ▁math ▁instruct or ▁and ▁women ' s ▁coun sel or ▁in ▁Em m ets burg , ▁Iowa ▁at ▁a ▁junior ▁college ▁and ▁high ▁school . ▁ ▁After ▁interrupt ing ▁her ▁teaching ▁career ▁for ▁military ▁service ▁during ▁World ▁War ▁Two , ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 6 - 4 7 ▁she ▁returned ▁to ▁teaching ▁as ▁a ▁math ▁instruct or ▁at ▁Butler ▁University ▁in ▁Indian apolis , ▁Indiana . ▁In ▁ 1 9 4 7 ▁she ▁began ▁teaching ▁at ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Id aho , ▁serving ▁as ▁math ▁instruct or ▁from ▁ 1 9 4 7 - 4 9 . ▁In ▁ 1 9 4 9 , ▁Hill i ard ▁attended ▁Stan ford ▁University ▁for ▁a ▁degree ▁in ▁High er ▁Education . ▁From ▁ 1 9 5 4 |
- 1 9 6 9 , ▁she ▁took ▁a ▁super vis ory ▁role ▁for ▁fresh man ▁and ▁gradu ate ▁assist ants ▁math ▁courses . ▁Gra hn ▁retired ▁a ▁Professor ▁Emer ita ▁from ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Id aho ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 9 . ▁ ▁Personal ▁life ▁ ▁Hill i ard ▁met ▁Ed gar ▁Gra hn , ▁a ▁fellow ▁fac ulty ▁member ▁at ▁University ▁of ▁Id aho , ▁and ▁they ▁married ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 0 . ▁Ed gar ▁Gra hn ▁died ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 5 . ▁ ▁Death ▁and ▁legacy ▁ ▁Gra hn ▁died ▁on ▁August ▁ 3 , ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁and ▁was ▁buried ▁with ▁full ▁military ▁hon ors ▁at ▁Ar ling ton ▁National ▁C emetery . ▁ ▁References ▁▁ ▁Category : 1 9 1 3 ▁birth s ▁Category : 2 0 0 6 ▁death s ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁Bar ab oo , ▁Wisconsin ▁Category : Col lege ▁of ▁Saint ▁Ter esa ▁al umn i ▁Category : Univers ity ▁of ▁Wisconsin – Mad ison ▁al umn i ▁Category : St an ford ▁University ▁al umn i ▁Category : Mil it ary ▁personnel ▁from ▁Wisconsin ▁Category : E du c ators ▁from ▁Iowa ▁Category : E du c ators ▁from ▁Wisconsin ▁Category : But ler ▁University ▁al umn i ▁Category : Univers ity ▁of ▁Id aho ▁fac ulty ▁Category : W omen ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Army <0x0A> </s> ▁Y uri ▁ ▁Ivan ov ich ▁Kay uro v ▁( ; ▁born ▁September ▁ 3 0 |
, ▁ 1 9 2 7 ▁in ▁Ch ere p ov ets ) ▁is ▁a ▁Soviet ▁and ▁Russian ▁film ▁and ▁the ater ▁actor , ▁People ' s ▁Art ist ▁of ▁the ▁R S FS R ▁( 1 9 7 9 ). ▁W inner ▁of ▁two ▁USS R ▁State ▁P riz es ▁( 1 9 7 8 , ▁ 1 9 8 3 ). ▁One ▁of ▁the ▁most ▁famous ▁perform ers ▁of ▁the ▁role ▁of ▁Len in ▁in ▁film ▁and ▁on ▁stage . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁▁ ▁Y uri ▁Kay uro v ▁ ▁on ▁▁ ▁Mal y ▁Theater ' s ▁site ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 2 7 ▁birth s ▁Category : S ov iet ▁male ▁actors ▁Category : Russ ian ▁male ▁actors ▁Category : Re cip ients ▁of ▁the ▁Order ▁" For ▁Mer it ▁to ▁the ▁Father land ", ▁ 3 rd ▁class ▁Category : Re cip ients ▁of ▁the ▁Order ▁of ▁Hon our ▁( Russ ia ) ▁Category : Re cip ients ▁of ▁the ▁Order ▁of ▁Friend ship ▁of ▁Pe op les ▁Category : Pe ople ' s ▁Art ists ▁of ▁the ▁R S FS R ▁Category : Re cip ients ▁of ▁the ▁USS R ▁State ▁Prize ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁Ch ere p ov ets <0x0A> </s> ▁Product s ▁are ▁the ▁species ▁formed ▁from ▁chemical ▁re actions . ▁During ▁a ▁chemical ▁reaction ▁react ants ▁are ▁transformed ▁into ▁products ▁after ▁passing ▁through ▁a ▁high ▁energy ▁transition ▁state . ▁This ▁process ▁results ▁in ▁the ▁consumption |
▁of ▁the ▁react ants . ▁ ▁It ▁can ▁be ▁a ▁sp ont aneous ▁reaction ▁or ▁medi ated ▁by ▁catal yst s ▁which ▁lower ▁the ▁energy ▁of ▁the ▁transition ▁state , ▁and ▁by ▁sol vent s ▁which ▁provide ▁the ▁chemical ▁environment ▁necessary ▁for ▁the ▁reaction ▁to ▁take ▁place . ▁When ▁represented ▁in ▁chemical ▁equations ▁products ▁are ▁by ▁convention ▁drawn ▁on ▁the ▁right - hand ▁side , ▁even ▁in ▁the ▁case ▁of ▁revers ible ▁re actions . ▁The ▁properties ▁of ▁products ▁such ▁as ▁their ▁energ ies ▁help ▁determine ▁several ▁characteristics ▁of ▁a ▁chemical ▁reaction ▁such ▁as ▁whether ▁the ▁reaction ▁is ▁ex erg onic ▁or ▁end erg onic . ▁Additionally ▁the ▁properties ▁of ▁a ▁product ▁can ▁make ▁it ▁easier ▁to ▁extract ▁and ▁pur ify ▁following ▁a ▁chemical ▁reaction , ▁especially ▁if ▁the ▁product ▁has ▁a ▁different ▁state ▁of ▁matter ▁than ▁the ▁react ants . ▁React ants ▁are ▁mole cular ▁materials ▁used ▁to ▁create ▁chemical ▁re actions . ▁The ▁atoms ▁aren ' t ▁created ▁or ▁destroyed . ▁The ▁materials ▁are ▁re active ▁and ▁react ants ▁are ▁re arr anging ▁during ▁a ▁chemical ▁reaction . ▁Here ▁is ▁an ▁example ▁of ▁react ants : ▁CH ▁+ ▁O . ▁A ▁non - example ▁is ▁CO ▁+ ▁HO ▁or ▁" energy ". ▁ ▁Sp ont aneous ▁reaction ▁ ▁Where ▁R ▁is ▁react ant ▁and ▁P ▁is ▁product . ▁ ▁Catal ys ed ▁reaction ▁ ▁Where ▁R ▁is ▁react ant , ▁P ▁is ▁product ▁and ▁C ▁is ▁catal yst . ▁ ▁Much ▁of ▁chem istry ▁research ▁is ▁focused ▁on ▁the ▁synth esis |
▁and ▁character ization ▁of ▁benef icial ▁products , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁the ▁detection ▁and ▁removal ▁of ▁und es irable ▁products . ▁Syn th etic ▁chem ists ▁can ▁be ▁sub div ided ▁into ▁research ▁chem ists ▁who ▁design ▁new ▁chemical s ▁and ▁pione er ▁new ▁methods ▁for ▁synth es izing ▁chemical s , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁process ▁chem ists ▁who ▁scale ▁up ▁chemical ▁production ▁and ▁make ▁it ▁sa fer , ▁more ▁environment ally ▁sust ain able , ▁and ▁more ▁efficient . ▁Other ▁fields ▁include ▁natural ▁product ▁chem ists ▁who ▁isol ate ▁products ▁created ▁by ▁living ▁organ isms ▁and ▁then ▁character ize ▁and ▁study ▁these ▁products . ▁ ▁Det erm ination ▁of ▁reaction ▁The ▁products ▁of ▁a ▁chemical ▁reaction ▁influence ▁several ▁aspects ▁of ▁the ▁reaction . ▁If ▁the ▁products ▁are ▁lower ▁in ▁energy ▁than ▁the ▁react ants , ▁then ▁the ▁reaction ▁will ▁give ▁off ▁excess ▁energy ▁making ▁it ▁an ▁ex erg onic ▁reaction . ▁Such ▁re actions ▁are ▁therm od ynam ically ▁favor able ▁and ▁tend ▁to ▁happen ▁on ▁their ▁own . ▁If ▁the ▁k inet ics ▁of ▁the ▁reaction ▁are ▁high ▁enough , ▁however , ▁then ▁the ▁reaction ▁may ▁occur ▁too ▁slowly ▁to ▁be ▁observed , ▁or ▁not ▁even ▁occur ▁at ▁all . ▁This ▁is ▁the ▁case ▁with ▁the ▁conversion ▁of ▁diam ond ▁to ▁lower ▁energy ▁graph ite ▁at ▁atmos pher ic ▁pressure , ▁in ▁such ▁a ▁reaction ▁diam ond ▁is ▁considered ▁met ast able ▁and ▁will ▁not ▁be ▁observed ▁converting ▁into ▁graph ite . ▁ ▁If ▁the ▁products ▁are ▁higher ▁in ▁chemical ▁energy |
▁than ▁the ▁react ants ▁then ▁the ▁reaction ▁will ▁require ▁energy ▁to ▁be ▁performed ▁and ▁is ▁therefore ▁an ▁end erg onic ▁reaction . ▁Additionally ▁if ▁the ▁product ▁is ▁less ▁stable ▁than ▁a ▁react ant , ▁then ▁Le ff ler ' s ▁assumption ▁holds ▁that ▁the ▁transition ▁state ▁will ▁more ▁closely ▁res emble ▁the ▁product ▁than ▁the ▁react ant . ▁Sometimes ▁the ▁product ▁will ▁differ ▁significantly ▁enough ▁from ▁the ▁react ant ▁that ▁it ▁is ▁easily ▁pur ified ▁following ▁the ▁reaction ▁such ▁as ▁when ▁a ▁product ▁is ▁ins ol ub le ▁and ▁precip it ates ▁out ▁of ▁solution ▁while ▁the ▁react ants ▁remained ▁dissol ved . ▁ ▁History ▁Ever ▁since ▁the ▁mid ▁nin ete enth ▁century ▁chem ists ▁have ▁been ▁increasing ly ▁pre occup ied ▁with ▁synth es izing ▁chemical ▁products . ▁Dis cipl ines ▁focused ▁on ▁isol ation ▁and ▁character ization ▁of ▁products , ▁such ▁as ▁natural ▁products ▁chem ists , ▁remain ▁important ▁to ▁the ▁field , ▁and ▁the ▁combination ▁of ▁their ▁contributions ▁alongside ▁synth etic ▁chem ists ▁has ▁resulted ▁in ▁much ▁of ▁the ▁framework ▁through ▁which ▁chem istry ▁is ▁understood ▁today . ▁ ▁Much ▁of ▁synth etic ▁chem istry ▁is ▁concerned ▁with ▁the ▁synth esis ▁of ▁new ▁chemical s ▁as ▁occurs ▁in ▁the ▁design ▁and ▁creation ▁of ▁new ▁dru gs , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁the ▁discovery ▁of ▁new ▁synth etic ▁techniques . ▁Begin ning ▁in ▁the ▁early ▁ 2 0 0 0 s ▁( de cade ) ▁though ▁process ▁chem istry ▁began ▁emer ging ▁as ▁a ▁distinct ▁field ▁of ▁synth etic ▁chem istry ▁focused |
▁on ▁scaling ▁up ▁chemical ▁synth esis ▁to ▁industrial ▁levels , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁finding ▁ways ▁to ▁make ▁these ▁processes ▁more ▁efficient , ▁sa fer , ▁and ▁environment ally ▁responsible . ▁ ▁Bio chem istry ▁ ▁In ▁bio chem istry , ▁en zym es ▁act ▁as ▁bi ological ▁catal yst s ▁to ▁convert ▁substr ate ▁to ▁product . ▁For ▁example , ▁the ▁products ▁of ▁the ▁en zym e ▁la ct ase ▁are ▁gal act ose ▁and ▁gl uc ose , ▁which ▁are ▁produced ▁from ▁the ▁substr ate ▁la ct ose . ▁ ▁Where ▁S ▁is ▁substr ate , ▁P ▁is ▁product ▁and ▁E ▁is ▁en zym e . ▁ ▁Product ▁prom is cu ity ▁Some ▁en zym es ▁display ▁a ▁form ▁of ▁prom is cu ity ▁where ▁they ▁convert ▁a ▁single ▁substr ate ▁into ▁multiple ▁different ▁products . ▁It ▁occurs ▁when ▁the ▁reaction ▁occurs ▁via ▁a ▁high ▁energy ▁transition ▁state ▁that ▁can ▁be ▁resolved ▁into ▁a ▁variety ▁of ▁different ▁chemical ▁products . ▁ ▁Product ▁in hib ition ▁Some ▁en zym es ▁are ▁in hib ited ▁by ▁the ▁product ▁of ▁their ▁reaction ▁bind s ▁to ▁the ▁en zym e ▁and ▁reduces ▁its ▁activity . ▁This ▁can ▁be ▁important ▁in ▁the ▁reg ulation ▁of ▁met abol ism ▁as ▁a ▁form ▁of ▁negative ▁feedback ▁cont rolling ▁met abol ic ▁path ways . ▁Product ▁in hib ition ▁is ▁also ▁an ▁important ▁topic ▁in ▁bi ote chn ology , ▁as ▁over coming ▁this ▁effect ▁can ▁increase ▁the ▁yield ▁of ▁a ▁product . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁Chem ical |
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