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▁magn ate ▁Jer emi ▁Wi ś ni owie cki ▁( 1 6 1 2 – 5 1 ). ▁In ▁ 1 6 4 8 ▁the ▁city ▁became ▁the ▁base ▁of ▁a ▁distinguished ▁regiment ▁of ▁Ukrain ian ▁C oss acks , ▁and ▁served ▁as ▁a ▁C oss ack ▁strong hold ▁during ▁the ▁K hm el ny t sky ▁U pr ising . ▁In ▁ 1 6 5 0 , ▁to ▁comm emor ate ▁a ▁victory ▁of ▁the ▁C oss ack ▁Host ▁over ▁the ▁Polish ▁army ▁at ▁the ▁Pol t av ka ▁River , ▁ ▁the ▁Metropolitan ▁of ▁K iev , ▁Syl v ester ▁Kos so v , ▁ordered ▁the ▁establishment ▁of ▁the ▁monaster y ▁of ▁the ▁Ex alt ation ▁of ▁the ▁Cross ▁in ▁Pol t ava . ▁The ▁project ▁was ▁fin anced ▁by ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁prominent ▁local ▁residents , ▁including ▁Mart yn ▁P ush kar , ▁Ivan ▁I sk ra , ▁Ivan ▁K ram ar ▁and ▁many ▁others . ▁ ▁During ▁the ▁ 1 6 5 4 ▁Pere y as lav ▁Council , ▁the ▁Pol t ava ▁city ▁deleg ates ▁p led ged ▁their ▁alleg iance ▁to ▁the ▁Cz ar ▁of ▁Mus c ovy , ▁after ▁which ▁st ol nik ▁And rei ▁Sp as ite lev ▁arrived ▁in ▁Pol t ava ▁and ▁recorded ▁ 1 , 3 3 5 ▁residents ▁who ▁had ▁p led ged ▁their ▁alleg iance . ▁In ▁ 1 6 5 8 ▁Pol t ava ▁became ▁a ▁center ▁of ▁anti - g overn ment ▁revol t ▁led ▁by ▁Mart yn |
▁P ush kar , ▁who ▁cont ested ▁the ▁legit im acy ▁of ▁Ivan ▁V y hov sky ' s ▁election ▁to ▁the ▁post ▁of ▁Het man ▁of ▁Z apor iz h ian ▁Host . ▁The ▁u pr ising ▁was ▁ex ting u ished ▁with ▁the ▁help ▁of ▁Crime an ▁Tat ars . ▁On ▁the ▁issue ▁boy ar ▁Vas ily ▁Bor is ov ich ▁Sh erem ete v ▁wrote ▁to ▁Alex ei ▁Mik h ail ov ich ▁on ▁ 8 ▁June ▁ 1 6 5 8 : ▁"... ▁the ▁Ch erk as ▁[ C oss ack ] ▁city ▁of ▁Plot ava ▁is ▁rav aged ▁and ▁burn ed ▁to ▁the ▁ground ▁and ▁only ▁if ▁the ▁Great ▁S over eign ▁orders ▁to ▁re built ▁on ▁the ▁T atar ▁S ok ma ▁( path way ) ▁of ▁B ake ye v ▁Route ▁and ▁protect ▁many ▁his ▁so ver eign ▁cities ▁from ▁T atar ▁vis its . ▁And ▁if ▁the ▁Great ▁S over eign ▁allows ▁to ▁place ▁a ▁vo iv ode ▁in ▁the ▁city ▁and ▁re built ▁the ▁city ▁until ▁the ▁fall ▁that ▁in ▁Plot ava ▁Ch erk asy ▁[ C oss acks ] ▁and ▁residents ▁built ▁their ▁houses ▁and ▁stock - p iled ▁their ▁food ". ▁With ▁the ▁signing ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 6 6 7 ▁tr uce ▁of ▁And rus ovo , ▁the ▁city ▁was ▁finally ▁subject ed ▁to ▁the ▁Ts ard om ▁of ▁Mus c ovy , ▁while ▁remaining ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁C oss ack ▁Het man ate . ▁ ▁The ▁city ▁suffered ▁from ▁the |
▁Great ▁Turkish ▁War ▁when ▁in ▁ 1 6 9 5 ▁Pet ro ▁Ivan en ko ▁led ▁an ▁anti - Mus cov ite ▁u pr ising ▁with ▁the ▁help ▁of ▁Crime an ▁Tat ars , ▁who ▁rav aged ▁the ▁local ▁monaster y . ▁The ▁same ▁year ▁the ▁Pol t ava ▁Regiment ▁act ively ▁participated ▁in ▁the ▁Az ov ▁campaign s ▁which ▁resulted ▁in ▁the ▁taking ▁of ▁the ▁Turkish ▁for tr ess ▁of ▁Ky zy - K erm en ▁( today ▁the ▁city ▁of ▁B ery s lav , ▁Kh erson ▁O blast ). ▁On ▁ 8 ▁July ▁( New ▁Style ) ▁or ▁ 2 7 ▁June ▁( Old ▁Style ) ▁ 1 7 0 9 ▁the ▁battle ▁of ▁Pol t ava ▁took ▁place ▁near ▁the ▁city ▁during ▁the ▁Great ▁Northern ▁War . ▁The ▁battle ▁ended ▁in ▁a ▁decis ive ▁victory ▁of ▁Peter ▁I ▁of ▁Russia ▁over ▁the ▁Swedish ▁forces ▁and ▁had ▁great ▁historical ▁importance ▁for ▁the ▁Rus si ans . ▁In ▁ 1 7 1 0 ▁there ▁was ▁a ▁pl ague ▁in ▁the ▁city ▁and ▁its ▁surrounding ▁area . ▁In ▁the ▁mid - 1 8 th ▁century ▁the ▁Kol om ak ▁Wood s ▁near ▁Pol t ava ▁became ▁a ▁base ▁of ▁ha id am aks ▁( C oss ack ▁par amil it ary ▁bands ). ▁ ▁By ▁ 1 7 7 0 ▁Pol t ava ▁had ▁several ▁brick ▁fact ories , ▁a ▁regiment al ▁doctor , ▁and ▁a ▁ph arm acy ; ▁that ▁same ▁year ▁the ▁city ▁conducted ▁four ▁fair s . ▁In ▁ |
1 7 7 5 ▁it ▁became ▁a ▁city ▁of ▁Nov or os si y sk ▁Governor ate , ▁guard ed ▁by ▁the ▁ 8 th ▁Company ▁of ▁the ▁D nie per ▁Pi ke ▁Regiment ▁head qu arter ed ▁in ▁Kob elia ky . ▁In ▁ 1 7 7 5 ▁Pol t ava ' s ▁Mon aster y ▁of ▁the ▁Ex alt ation ▁of ▁the ▁Cross ▁( , ▁K rest ov oz d v iz hens ky ▁Mon ast yr ) ▁became ▁the ▁seat ▁of ▁b ish ops ▁of ▁the ▁newly ▁created ▁E par chy ▁( Di oc ese ) ▁of ▁S la vi ansk ▁and ▁Kh erson . ▁This ▁large ▁new ▁dioc ese ▁included ▁the ▁lands ▁of ▁the ▁Nov or os si ya ▁Governor ate ▁and ▁the ▁Az ov ▁Governor ate ▁north ▁of ▁the ▁Black ▁Sea . ▁Since ▁much ▁of ▁that ▁area ▁had ▁only ▁recently ▁been ▁seized ▁from ▁the ▁Ott oman ▁Empire ▁by ▁Russia , ▁and ▁a ▁large ▁number ▁of ▁Orth odox ▁Greek ▁sett lers ▁had ▁been ▁invited ▁to ▁sett le ▁in ▁the ▁region , ▁the ▁Imperial ▁Government ▁selected ▁a ▁ren owned ▁Greek ▁scholar , ▁Eugen ios ▁V oul gar is , ▁to ▁pres ide ▁over ▁the ▁new ▁dioc ese . ▁After ▁his ▁ret irement ▁in ▁ 1 7 7 9 , ▁he ▁was ▁replaced ▁by ▁another ▁Greek ▁the olog ian , ▁N ike ph or os ▁The ot ok is . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 7 7 9 ▁the ▁city ▁established ▁the ▁Pol t ava ▁county ▁school , ▁which ▁became ▁its ▁first |
▁sec ular ▁educational ▁institution . ▁In ▁ 1 7 8 7 ▁Catherine ▁the ▁Great ▁stopped ▁in ▁Pol t ava ▁on ▁the ▁way ▁from ▁Crime a , ▁esc orted ▁by ▁Gr ig ori ▁Pot em kin , ▁Alexander ▁Su vor ov ▁and ▁Mik h ail ▁K ut uz ov . ▁In ▁Pol t ava , ▁on ▁ 7 ▁June ▁ 1 7 8 7 , ▁before ▁another ▁Rus so - T urk ish ▁War , ▁Pot em kin ▁received ▁his ▁title ▁" Pr ince ▁of ▁T aur ida ", ▁while ▁Su vor ov ▁received ▁a ▁sn uff box ▁with ▁mon ogram . ▁In ▁ 1 8 0 2 ▁the ▁city ▁became ▁the ▁seat ▁of ▁the ▁newly ▁established ▁Pol t ava ▁Governor ate . ▁The ▁city ' s ▁population ▁in ▁ 1 8 0 2 ▁consisted ▁of ▁some ▁ 8 , 0 0 0 ▁residents . ▁That ▁same ▁year ▁Pol t ava ▁opened ▁a ▁government - fund ed ▁hospital ▁of ▁ 2 0 ▁b eds . ▁▁ 1 9 th ▁century ▁ ▁On ▁ 2 ▁February ▁ 1 8 0 8 ▁the ▁Pol t ava ▁Male ▁G ymnasium ▁was ▁established . ▁On ▁ 2 0 ▁June ▁ 1 8 0 8 ▁some ▁ 5 4 ▁families ▁of ▁craft s men ▁were ▁invited ▁to ▁the ▁city ▁from ▁German ▁principal ities ▁and ▁settled ▁in ▁the ▁newly ▁established ▁German ▁S lob oda ▁neighborhood ▁with ▁about ▁ 5 0 ▁cl ay - made ▁houses . ▁In ▁ 1 8 1 0 ▁there ▁were ▁ 8 , 3 2 8 |
▁people ▁living ▁in ▁Pol t ava ; ▁that ▁same ▁year , ▁the ▁city ' s ▁first ▁the ater ▁was ▁built . ▁In ▁August ▁ 1 8 1 2 , ▁on ▁orders ▁of ▁Little ▁Russia ▁Governor ▁General ▁Lob an ov - R ost ov sky , ▁the ▁f amed ▁Ukrain ian ▁writer ▁and ▁states man ▁Ivan ▁Kot ly are v sky ▁formed ▁the ▁ 5 th ▁Pol t ava ▁Caval ry ▁C oss ack ▁Regiment . ▁ ▁By ▁ 1 8 6 0 ▁Pol t ava ▁had ▁around ▁ 3 0 , 0 0 0 ▁inhabitants , ▁a ▁district ▁school , ▁a ▁g ymnasium , ▁an ▁Institute ▁for ▁No ble ▁Ma id ens , ▁a ▁spiritual ▁a cademy , ▁a ▁cad et ▁corps , ▁a ▁library ▁and ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁schools . ▁In ▁ 1 8 7 0 ▁a ▁railway ▁station ▁was ▁opened , ▁leading ▁to ▁ ▁rapid ▁economic ▁growth ▁in ▁the ▁region . ▁However , ▁by ▁ 1 9 1 4 ▁the ▁Population ▁of ▁Pol t ava ▁( around ▁ 6 0 , 0 0 0 ) ▁was ▁mostly ▁working ▁in ▁small ▁enter pr ises . ▁In ▁the ▁late ▁ 1 9 th ▁and ▁early ▁ 2 0 th ▁centuries ▁Pol t ava ▁became ▁an ▁important ▁cultural ▁centre , ▁where ▁many ▁represent atives ▁of ▁Ukrain ian ▁national ▁rev ival ▁were ▁active . ▁▁ 2 0 th ▁century ▁ ▁During ▁the ▁events ▁of ▁ 1 9 1 7 – 1 9 2 0 , ▁Pol t ava ▁was ▁under ▁the ▁rule ▁of ▁a ▁number |
▁of ▁govern ments , ▁including ▁the ▁Central ▁R ada , ▁Het man ate , ▁Ukrain ian ▁People ' s ▁Republic , ▁White ▁Mov ement ▁and ▁B ols he vik s . ▁After ▁becoming ▁a ▁part ▁of ▁Ukrain ian ▁Soviet ▁Social ist ▁Republic , ▁Pol t ava ▁experienced ▁acceler ated ▁industrial ▁growth , ▁and ▁its ▁population ▁increased ▁to ▁ 1 3 0 , 0 0 0 ▁by ▁ 1 9 3 9 . ▁ ▁In ▁World ▁War ▁II , ▁the ▁Naz i ▁We hr macht ▁occupied ▁Pol t ava ▁from ▁late ▁October ▁ 1 9 4 1 ▁until ▁ 2 3 ▁September ▁ 1 9 4 3 , ▁when ▁it ▁was ▁ret aken ▁during ▁the ▁Ch ern ig ov - Pol t ava ▁Str ateg ic ▁Off ensive ▁of ▁the ▁battle ▁of ▁the ▁D nie per . ▁During ▁the ▁Naz i ▁occupation ▁the ▁Jewish ▁population ▁( 9 . 9 % ▁of ▁the ▁total ▁population ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 9 ) ▁was ▁imprison ed ▁in ▁a ▁gh etto ▁before ▁being ▁murder ed ▁during ▁mass ▁execution s ▁perpet r ated ▁by ▁an ▁Einsatz gruppe ▁and ▁buried ▁in ▁mass ▁gra ves ▁in ▁the ▁area . ▁By ▁the ▁summer ▁of ▁ 1 9 4 4 ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Army ▁Air ▁Forces ▁conducted ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁sh utt le ▁bomb ing ▁ra ids ▁against ▁Naz i ▁Germany ▁under ▁the ▁name ▁of ▁Operation ▁Fr antic . ▁Pol t ava ▁Air ▁Base , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁My r hor od ▁Air ▁Base , ▁were ▁used ▁as ▁eastern ▁locations ▁for ▁landing |
▁B - 1 7 ▁F lying ▁Fort ress ▁heavy ▁bom bers ▁involved ▁in ▁those ▁operations . ▁ ▁The ▁post - war ▁rest oration ▁of ▁Pol t ava ▁continued ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 5 0 s ▁and ▁ 1 9 6 0 s . ▁The ▁city ▁became ▁an ▁important ▁centre ▁of ▁military ▁education ▁in ▁the ▁Soviet ▁Union , ▁where ▁miss ile ▁and ▁communic ations ▁officers ▁were ▁prepared , ▁and ▁was ▁also ▁home ▁to ▁a ▁Soviet ▁Air ▁Force ▁division ▁of ▁heavy ▁bom bers . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 8 , ▁the ▁" G rie ving ▁Mother " ▁monument , ▁a ▁mem orial ▁in ▁Pol t ava ▁to ▁ 8 , 0 0 0 ▁of ▁the ▁city ' s ▁Jews ▁murder ed ▁by ▁the ▁Naz is , ▁was ▁des ec r ated ▁on ▁Hitler ' s ▁birth day ▁with ▁the ▁s log an ▁" He il ▁Hitler " ▁and ▁a ▁sw ast ika . ▁ ▁Geography ▁ ▁Cl imate ▁ ▁Pol t ava ▁has ▁a ▁hum id ▁contin ental ▁climate ▁( K ö ppen ▁D fb ). ▁ ▁Government ▁and ▁sub div isions ▁ ▁Pol t ava ▁is ▁the ▁administrative ▁center ▁of ▁the ▁Pol t ava ▁O blast ▁( prov ince ) ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁of ▁the ▁Pol t ava ▁Ra ion ▁hous ed ▁within ▁the ▁city . ▁However , ▁Pol t ava ▁is ▁a ▁city ▁of ▁ob last ▁sub ordin ance , ▁thus ▁being ▁subject ▁directly ▁to ▁the ▁ob last ▁authorities ▁rather ▁to ▁the ▁ra ion ▁administration ▁hous ed ▁in ▁the ▁city |
▁itself . ▁ ▁Pol t ava ' s ▁government ▁consists ▁of ▁the ▁ 5 0 - member ▁Pol t ava ▁City ▁Council ▁() ▁which ▁is ▁head ed ▁by ▁the ▁Secretary ▁( current ly ▁Ole ks andr ▁K oz ub ). ▁The ▁city ' s ▁current ▁mayor ▁is ▁Ole ks andr ▁Mam ay , ▁who ▁was ▁sw orn ▁in ▁on ▁ 4 ▁November ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁after ▁being ▁elected ▁with ▁more ▁than ▁ 6 1 ▁percent ▁of ▁the ▁vote . ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 5 ▁he ▁was ▁re - elect ed ▁as ▁a ▁candidate ▁of ▁Cons cience ▁of ▁Ukraine ▁with ▁ 6 2 . 9 % ▁in ▁a ▁second ▁round ▁of ▁May oral ▁election . ▁ ▁The ▁territory ▁of ▁Pol t ava ▁is ▁divided ▁into ▁ 3 ▁administrative ▁ra ions ▁( d istrict s ): ▁ ▁She v chen k iv sky ▁Ra ion , ▁to ▁the ▁south - west ▁with ▁an ▁area ▁of ▁ 2 0 7 7 ▁hect ares ▁and ▁a ▁population ▁of ▁ 1 4 7 , 6 0 0 ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 5 . ▁It ' s ▁a ▁largely ▁resident ial ▁area ▁and ▁includes ▁the ▁city ▁centre . ▁ ▁Ky iv sky ▁Ra ion , ▁is ▁the ▁largest ▁by ▁area , ▁compr ising ▁ 5 4 3 7 ▁hect ares , ▁or ▁ 5 2 . 8 % ▁of ▁the ▁city ▁total ▁situated ▁in ▁the ▁north ▁and ▁north - west . ▁Its ▁census ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 5 ▁was ▁ 1 1 1 , |
9 0 0 . ▁This ▁district ▁has ▁a ▁large ▁industrial ▁zone . ▁ ▁Pod il sky ▁Ra ion , ▁to ▁the ▁east ▁and ▁south - east , ▁in ▁the ▁valley ▁of ▁the ▁Vor sk la ▁river , ▁with ▁an ▁area ▁of ▁ 2 9 8 8 ▁hect ares ▁and ▁a ▁population ▁of ▁ 5 3 , 7 0 0 ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 5 . ▁ ▁The ▁village ▁of ▁Ro zs osh ent si , ▁Sch er ban i , ▁Ter esh ky , ▁K opy ly ▁and ▁Su pr un iv ka ▁are ▁officially ▁considered ▁to ▁be ▁outside ▁the ▁city , ▁but ▁actually ▁const itute ▁a ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁Pol t ava ▁ag gl omer ation . ▁ ▁Culture ▁ ▁The ▁centre ▁of ▁the ▁old ▁city ▁is ▁a ▁sem ic irc ular ▁Ne oc lass ical ▁square ▁with ▁the ▁T us can ▁column ▁of ▁cast ▁iron ▁( 1 8 0 5 – 1 1 ), ▁comm emor ating ▁the ▁cent en ary ▁of ▁the ▁Battle ▁of ▁Pol t ava ▁and ▁featuring ▁ 1 8 ▁Swedish ▁can n ons ▁captured ▁in ▁that ▁battle . ▁As ▁Peter ▁the ▁Great ▁celebrated ▁his ▁victory ▁in ▁the ▁Sav iour ▁church , ▁this ▁ 1 7 th - century ▁wooden ▁shr ine ▁was ▁carefully ▁preserved ▁to ▁this ▁day . ▁The ▁five - dom ed ▁city ▁c athedral , ▁dedicated ▁to ▁the ▁Ex alt ation ▁of ▁the ▁Cross , ▁is ▁a ▁super b ▁monument ▁of ▁C oss ack ▁Bar o que , ▁built ▁between ▁ 1 6 9 |
9 ▁and ▁ 1 7 0 9 . ▁As ▁a ▁whole , ▁the ▁c athedral ▁presents ▁a ▁unity ▁which ▁even ▁the ▁Ne oc lass ical ▁b ellt ower ▁has ▁failed ▁to ▁mar . ▁Another ▁fro thy ▁Bar o que ▁church , ▁dedicated ▁to ▁the ▁D orm ition ▁of ▁the ▁The ot ok os , ▁was ▁destroyed ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 4 ▁and ▁re built ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 9 0 s . ▁ ▁A ▁minor ▁planet ▁ 2 9 8 3 ▁Pol t ava ▁discovered ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 1 ▁by ▁Soviet ▁astronom er ▁Nikol ai ▁Ste pan ov ich ▁Ch ern yk h ▁is ▁named ▁after ▁the ▁city . ▁ ▁Sports ▁ ▁The ▁most ▁popular ▁sport ▁is ▁football ▁( s occer ). ▁Two ▁professional ▁football ▁( s occer ) ▁teams ▁are ▁based ▁in ▁the ▁city : ▁Vor sk la ▁Pol t ava ▁in ▁the ▁Ukrain ian ▁Premier ▁League ▁and ▁FC ▁Pol t ava ▁in ▁the ▁Second ▁League . ▁There ▁are ▁ 3 ▁stad iums ▁in ▁Pol t ava : ▁But ov sky ▁Vor sk la ▁Stadium ▁( main ▁city ▁stad ium ), ▁Dynam o ▁Stadium ▁are ▁situated ▁in ▁the ▁city ▁centre ▁and ▁Lok om ot iv ▁Stadium ▁which ▁is ▁situated ▁in ▁Pod il ▁district . ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 9 , ▁we ▁went ▁to ▁the ▁local ▁capital ▁of ▁professional ▁vol ley ball ▁clubs ▁Pol t av ch anka , ▁where ▁I ▁can ▁visit ▁Ukraine . ▁ ▁Notable ▁people ▁ ▁Marie ▁Bash k irt se ff ▁– ▁ 1 |
9 th - century ▁Paris ian ▁painter , ▁mem oir ist ▁ ▁Y itz h ak ▁Ben - Z vi ▁– ▁a ▁historian , ▁Labour ▁Z ion ist ▁leader , ▁and ▁the ▁second ▁and ▁longest ▁serving ▁Isra eli ▁president ▁ ▁H anka ▁B iel ick a ▁– ▁Polish ▁actress ▁ ▁Ole ks andr ▁Bil ash ▁– ▁Ukrain ian ▁composer ▁ ▁And ri y ▁D any l ko ▁– ▁Ukrain ian ▁singer ▁ ▁Son ia ▁D ela un ay ▁– ▁Ukrain ian - born ▁French ▁artist , ▁a ▁c of ound er ▁of ▁the ▁Or ph ism ▁art ▁movement , ▁noted ▁for ▁its ▁use ▁of ▁strong ▁colors ▁and ▁geometric ▁shapes ▁ ▁Nikol ai ▁G og ol ▁– ▁writer ▁and ▁play w right ▁ ▁Alexander ▁G ur w itsch ▁– ▁Russian ▁phys ician ▁and ▁bi ologist ▁ ▁D mit ri ▁K essel ▁– ▁photo j ournal ist , ▁Life ▁magazine ▁war ▁correspond ent ▁ 1 9 4 4 – 1 9 7 2 ▁ ▁V era ▁K hol odn aya ▁– ▁Ukrain ian ▁actress , ▁the ▁first ▁star ▁of ▁Russian ▁silent ▁cinema ▁ ▁Y uri ▁K ond rat y uk ▁( born ▁O lex andr ▁G nat ov ich ▁Sh ar ge i ) ▁– ▁astr onaut ics ▁and ▁space fl ight ▁pione er ▁who , ▁in ▁the ▁early ▁ 2 0 th ▁century , ▁for es aw ▁ways ▁of ▁reaching ▁the ▁moon ▁ ▁Ivan ▁Kot ly are v sky ▁– ▁Ukrain ian ▁writer , ▁poet , ▁and ▁play w right ▁ ▁An at oli |
y ▁Vas il iev ich ▁L un ach ar sky ▁– ▁Russian ▁Marx ist ▁revolution ary ▁and ▁the ▁first ▁Soviet ▁People ' s ▁Comm iss ar ▁of ▁En light en ment ▁responsible ▁for ▁culture ▁and ▁education ▁ ▁My k ola ▁L ys en ko ▁– ▁Compos er , ▁founder ▁of ▁first ▁Ukrain ian ▁classical ▁music ▁school ▁ ▁M st ys lav ▁- ▁Ukrain ian ▁Orth odox ▁Church ▁hier arch ▁ ▁Pan as ▁My r ny ▁( born ▁Pan as ▁Y akov ych ▁Rud chen ko ) ▁– ▁Ukrain ian ▁writer ▁( P anas ▁My r ny ' s ▁Memorial ▁estate ) ▁ ▁Mik h ail ▁Vas il iev ich ▁Ost ro grad sky ▁– ▁Ukrain ian ▁math ematic ian , ▁mechan ician , ▁and ▁phys ic ist ▁ ▁Ol ena ▁P ch il ka ▁– ▁Pen ▁name ▁for ▁Ol ha ▁Pet riv na ▁Kos ach , ▁mother ▁of ▁Les ya ▁Uk ra ink a , ▁famous ▁writer , ▁sister ▁of ▁My kh ail o ▁Dra h oman ov ▁ ▁Ivan ▁Pas ke v ich ▁– ▁Ukrain ian ▁military ▁leader ▁in ▁the ▁Russian ▁service ▁ ▁Sym on ▁Pet li ura ▁– ▁ ▁Ukrain ian ▁politician ▁and ▁states man , ▁a ▁leader ▁of ▁Ukraine ' s ▁fight ▁for ▁independence ▁following ▁the ▁Russian ▁Revolution ▁of ▁ 1 9 1 7 ▁ ▁Zh anna ▁Pro k hor en ko ▁– ▁Ukrain ian ▁actress ▁ ▁S asha ▁Put ry a ▁– ▁Ukrain ian ▁artist ▁ ▁Mos he ▁Z vi ▁Seg al ▁– ▁a ▁prominent ▁figure ▁in ▁various ▁movements |
▁and ▁organizations ▁in ▁Israel , ▁including ▁Et zel ▁and ▁Le chi . ▁ ▁Av raham ▁Sh l ons ky ▁– ▁Isra eli ▁poet ▁and ▁editor ▁ ▁H ry hor ii ▁Sk ov or oda ▁– ▁Ukrain ian ▁poet , ▁phil os opher , ▁and ▁composer ▁ ▁Maria ▁T arn ow ska ▁( born ▁Maria ▁Nik ola ev na ▁O ' R our ke ) ▁– ▁famous ▁femme ▁f ata le , ▁whose ▁trial ▁for ▁murder ▁( V en ice , ▁ 1 9 1 0 ) ▁attract ed ▁world wide ▁media ▁attention ▁ ▁P ais ius ▁Vel ich kov sky ▁– ▁Eastern ▁Orth odox ▁mon k ▁and ▁the olog ian ▁noted ▁for ▁prom oting ▁st are ts dom ▁ ▁Nikol ai ▁Y ar os hen ko ▁– ▁Ukrain ian ▁painter ▁ ▁Mik h ail ▁Z osh chen ko ▁– ▁Soviet ▁sat ir ist ▁ ▁Econom y ▁and ▁infrastr ucture ▁ ▁Transport ation ▁ ▁Pol t ava ' s ▁transport ation ▁infrastr ucture ▁consists ▁of ▁two ▁major ▁train ▁stations ▁with ▁railway ▁links ▁to ▁K iev , ▁Kh ark iv , ▁and ▁Kre men ch uk . ▁Pol t ava ' s ▁K iev ▁line ▁is ▁elect r ified ▁and ▁is ▁used ▁by ▁the ▁Pol t ava ▁Express . ▁The ▁elect r ification ▁of ▁the ▁Pol t ava - K h ark iv ▁line ▁was ▁completed ▁in ▁August ▁ 2 0 0 8 . ▁ ▁The ▁Av to v ok z al ▁serves ▁as ▁the ▁city ' s ▁inter city ▁bus ▁station . ▁B uses |
▁for ▁local ▁municipal ▁routes ▁depart ▁from ▁" AC - 2 " ▁( aut ost ation ▁No . ▁ 2 ▁– ▁along ▁She v chen ko ▁street ) ▁and ▁" AC - 3 " ▁( Z ink iv ska ▁street ). ▁Local ▁municipal ▁routes ▁are ▁park ed ▁along ▁the ▁Tar as ▁She v chen ko ▁Street . ▁Marsh rut ka ▁min ib uses ▁serve ▁areas ▁where ▁regular ▁bus ▁access ▁is ▁un available ; ▁however , ▁they ▁are ▁priv ately ▁owned ▁and ▁cost ▁more ▁per ▁ride . ▁In ▁addition , ▁a ▁ 1 0 - route ▁t rol ley bus ▁network ▁of ▁ ▁runs ▁throughout ▁the ▁city . ▁On ▁the ▁routes ▁of ▁the ▁city ▁go ▁more ▁than ▁ 5 0 ▁units ▁of ▁t rol ley b uses . ▁ ▁Pol t ava ▁is ▁also ▁served ▁by ▁an ▁International ▁Airport , ▁situated ▁outside ▁the ▁city ▁limits ▁near ▁the ▁village ▁of ▁I v ash ky . ▁The ▁international ▁highway ▁M 0 3 , ▁linking ▁Pol t ava ▁with ▁K iev ▁and ▁Kh ark iv , ▁passes ▁through ▁the ▁southern ▁out sk ir ts ▁of ▁the ▁city . ▁There ▁is ▁also ▁a ▁regional ▁highway ▁P - 1 7 ▁crossing ▁Pol t ava ▁and ▁linking ▁it ▁with ▁Kre men ch uk ▁and ▁Sum y . ▁ ▁Education ▁ ▁Pol t ava ▁has ▁always ▁been ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁most ▁important ▁science ▁and ▁education ▁cent res ▁in ▁Ukraine . ▁Major ▁univers ities ▁and ▁institutions ▁of ▁higher ▁education ▁include ▁the ▁following : ▁ ▁Pol t ava ▁National ▁Ped agog ical ▁University ▁named |
▁after ▁V . ▁G . ▁Kor olen ko ▁ ▁Pol t ava ▁National ▁Techn ical ▁Y uri ▁K ond rat y uk ▁University ▁▁ ▁Pol t ava ▁Agr arian ▁State ▁Academy ▁ ▁Ukrain ian ▁Medical ▁St om at ological ▁Academy ▁as ▁Pol t ava ▁Medical ▁And ▁D ental ▁University ▁( U MS A ) ▁ ▁Pol t ava ▁University ▁of ▁Econom ics ▁and ▁Trade ▁ ▁Pol t ava ▁Military ▁Institute ▁of ▁Con ne ctions ▁ ▁Pol t av ian ▁Fac ulty ▁of ▁National ▁Jur id ical ▁Academy ▁of ▁Ukraine ▁Pol t ava ▁branch ▁of ▁the ▁State ▁Academy ▁of ▁Statistics , ▁region ▁and ▁aud it ▁to ▁the ▁State ▁Statistics ▁Committee ▁of ▁Ukraine ▁ ▁Astronom y ▁ ▁Pol t ava ▁grav imet ric ▁observ atory ▁( PG O ) ▁is ▁situated ▁a ▁bit ▁north ▁from ▁city ▁centre ▁( 2 7 – 2 9 ▁M ias oy ed ov ▁St .). ▁Its ▁main ▁work ▁directions ▁are ▁measurements ▁of ▁Earth ▁rotation , ▁latitude ▁variations ▁( app lying ▁z en ith ▁stars ▁observations , ▁lun ar ▁occ ult ation ▁observations ▁and ▁other ) ▁ ▁Observ ational ▁station ▁of ▁P GO ▁in ▁rural ▁area , ▁some ▁ 2 0 km ▁east ▁along ▁the ▁M 0 3 - E 4 0 ▁highway . ▁Rad iot eles cope ▁U R AN - 2 ▁( U k rain ian : ▁У Р АН - 2 ) ▁is ▁situated ▁there ▁too . ▁ ▁International ▁relations ▁ ▁T win ▁towns ▁– ▁sister ▁cities ▁Pol t ava ▁is ▁tw inned ▁with : ▁▁ ▁Vel |
iko ▁T arn ovo , ▁Bulg aria ▁( 1 9 6 3 ) ▁▁ ▁Fil der stadt , ▁Germany ▁▁ ▁Ost fil dern , ▁Germany ▁▁ ▁Iron de qu oit , ▁New ▁York , ▁United ▁States ▁▁ ▁Krist ian stad ▁, ▁Sweden ▁ ▁Gallery ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁The ▁murder ▁of ▁the ▁Jews ▁of ▁Pol t ava ▁during ▁World ▁War ▁II , ▁at ▁Y ad ▁V ash em ▁website . ▁▁▁ ▁Category : C ities ▁in ▁Pol t ava ▁O blast ▁Category : Pol t ava ▁Governor ate ▁Category : K iev ▁Vo iv odes hip ▁Category : C oss ack ▁Het man ate ▁Category : C ities ▁of ▁regional ▁significance ▁in ▁Ukraine ▁Category : Hol oca ust ▁locations ▁in ▁Ukraine ▁Category : O blast ▁cent ers ▁in ▁Ukraine ▁Category : Pop ulated ▁places ▁established ▁in ▁the ▁ 9 th ▁century <0x0A> </s> ▁Sir ▁John ▁Walter ▁( 1 5 6 6 ▁– ▁ 1 7 ▁November ▁ 1 6 3 0 ) ▁was ▁an ▁English ▁judge ▁and ▁Member ▁of ▁Parliament . ▁ ▁Walter ▁was ▁educated ▁at ▁Bras en ose ▁College , ▁Oxford ▁and ▁the ▁Inner ▁Temple . ▁He ▁was ▁called ▁to ▁the ▁bar ▁in ▁ 1 5 9 0 ▁and ▁became ▁a ▁ben cher ▁of ▁his ▁inn ▁in ▁ 1 6 0 5 . ▁He ▁pract ised ▁in ▁the ▁Ex che quer ▁and ▁Ch anc ery ▁courts , ▁becoming ▁coun sel ▁to ▁Oxford ▁University , ▁and ▁in ▁ 1 6 1 3 ▁was ▁appointed ▁att orney ▁general ▁and ▁trust ee ▁to |
▁the ▁Prince ▁of ▁Wales . ▁ ▁He ▁was ▁kn ight ed ▁in ▁ 1 6 1 9 , ▁and ▁in ▁ 1 6 2 1 ▁was ▁elected ▁to ▁Parliament ▁as ▁member ▁for ▁East ▁L oo e . ▁In ▁ 1 6 2 5 ▁he ▁was ▁appointed ▁Chief ▁Baron ▁of ▁the ▁court ▁of ▁the ▁Ex che quer . ▁Having ▁opposed ▁Charles ▁I ▁over ▁the ▁law ▁of ▁tre ason , ▁in ▁ 1 6 3 0 ▁he ▁was ▁ordered ▁not ▁to ▁sit ▁again ▁as ▁a ▁judge . ▁▁ ▁He ▁married , ▁first ly , ▁Margaret ▁Off ley , ▁daughter ▁of ▁William ▁Off ley , ▁and ▁they ▁had ▁two ▁children : ▁▁ ▁Sir ▁William ▁Walter , ▁ 1 st ▁Baron et ▁( c . ▁ 1 6 0 4 ▁– ▁ 1 6 7 5 ) ▁ ▁Elizabeth ▁Walter ▁( 1 6 1 3 – 1 7 0 1 ), ▁who ▁married ▁Sir ▁Francis ▁Bur d ett . ▁After ▁the ▁death ▁of ▁his ▁first ▁wife ▁he ▁was ▁rem ar ried , ▁in ▁ 1 6 2 2 , ▁to ▁Anne ▁With am , ▁daughter ▁of ▁William ▁With am . ▁ ▁According ▁to ▁The ▁peer age ▁of ▁England , ▁he ▁had ▁a ▁second ▁son ▁named ▁David , ▁who ▁became ▁Lieutenant - General ▁of ▁the ▁Or dn ance . ▁ ▁He ▁died ▁on ▁ 1 7 ▁November ▁ 1 6 3 0 ▁and ▁was ▁buried ▁at ▁Wol ver c ote ▁in ▁Oxford shire . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Conc ise ▁Dictionary ▁of ▁National ▁Biography ▁www . the pe er |
age . com ▁ ▁Category : 1 5 6 6 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 6 3 0 ▁death s ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁Oxford shire ▁Category : Al umn i ▁of ▁Bras en ose ▁College , ▁Oxford ▁Category : M embers ▁of ▁the ▁Inner ▁Temple ▁Category : English ▁kn ights ▁Category : Ch ief ▁Bar ons ▁of ▁the ▁Ex che quer ▁Category : 1 6 th - century ▁English ▁people ▁Category : Pe ople ▁of ▁the ▁T ud or ▁period ▁Category : M embers ▁of ▁the ▁pre - 1 7 0 7 ▁English ▁Parliament ▁for ▁constitu encies ▁in ▁Corn wall ▁Category : English ▁MP s ▁ 1 6 2 1 – 1 6 2 2 <0x0A> </s> ▁Upper ▁Canada ▁B rew ing ▁Company ▁is ▁a ▁division ▁of ▁S le eman ▁Bre wer ies ▁in ▁Gu el ph , ▁Ontario , ▁Canada . ▁F ounded ▁by ▁Frank ▁He aps ▁and ▁Larry ▁Sher wood ▁( of ▁Gran ville ▁Island ▁Bre wer y ) ▁in ▁Toronto , ▁it ▁started ▁bre wing ▁be er ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 5 ▁and ▁grew ▁to ▁become ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁largest ▁independent ▁bre wer ies ▁in ▁Canada . ▁ ▁While ▁an ▁independent , ▁the ▁bre wer y ' s ▁location ▁was ▁at ▁ 2 ▁Atlantic ▁A ve . ▁in ▁Toronto ▁and ▁included ▁a ▁" g ift ▁shop " ▁that ▁allowed ▁the ▁independent ▁bre wer ▁to ▁sell ▁alco hol ▁on ▁Sunday , ▁something ▁that ▁Ontario ' s ▁lic ensed ▁out let ▁Be er ▁Store ▁chain , ▁which ▁had ▁a |
▁virtual ▁mon opol y ▁on ▁be er ▁sales , ▁was ▁not ▁permitted ▁to ▁do ▁at ▁the ▁time . ▁ ▁The ▁company ▁was ▁sold ▁to ▁private ▁invest ors ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 5 , ▁went ▁public ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 6 , ▁and ▁was ▁finally ▁acquired ▁by ▁S le eman ▁Bre wer ies ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 8 . ▁ ▁S le eman ▁purchased ▁the ▁company ▁for ▁$ 2 8 ▁million ▁and ▁reduced ▁the ▁number ▁of ▁Upper ▁Canada ▁products ▁since ▁they ▁were ▁compet ing ▁with ▁the ▁S le eman ▁line . ▁The ▁new ▁own ers ▁also ▁closed ▁the ▁Toronto ▁bre wer y ▁and ▁moved ▁the ▁operations ▁to ▁its ▁Gu el ph , ▁Ontario ▁facility . ▁Two ▁br ands ▁are ▁manufact ured : ▁Upper ▁Canada ▁L ager , ▁a ▁German - style ▁l ager ▁and ▁Upper ▁Canada ▁Dark ▁Ale , ▁" with ▁a ▁robust ▁mal ty ▁character ▁and ▁a ▁rich ▁ch est nut ▁colour ". ▁ ▁After ▁the ▁sale ▁to ▁S le eman , ▁He aps ▁provided ▁some ▁fund ing ▁to ▁his ▁son ▁Camer on ▁and ▁his ▁partners ▁Greg ▁Taylor ▁and ▁Greg ▁C rom well , ▁all ▁formerly ▁employees ▁of ▁Upper ▁Canada , ▁who ▁opened ▁another ▁Toronto - based ▁bre wer y ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 0 , ▁Ste am ▁Wh ist le ▁B rew ing . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Profile ▁at ▁The ▁Bar ▁Tow el ▁ ▁Upper ▁Canada ▁B rew ing ▁Company ▁ ▁Category : Be er ▁bre wing ▁companies ▁based ▁in ▁Ontario ▁Category : Comp an |
ies ▁based ▁in ▁Gu el ph ▁Category : F ood ▁and ▁drink ▁companies ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 5 ▁Category : 1 9 8 5 ▁establish ments ▁in ▁Ontario ▁Category : Can ad ian ▁companies ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 5 ▁Category : C uis ine ▁of ▁Ontario <0x0A> </s> ▁T ily ar ▁Lake ▁is ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁major ▁tour ist ▁attra ctions ▁in ▁the ▁Indian ▁state ▁of ▁H ary ana . ▁It ▁is ▁ 7 0 ▁kilom eters ▁from ▁New ▁Del hi ▁on ▁the ▁Del hi ▁– ▁F az il ka ▁highway ▁and ▁is ▁located ▁close ▁to ▁the ▁city ▁of ▁Ro ht ak ▁in ▁H ary ana . ▁ ▁The ▁T ily ar ▁Lake ▁is ▁only ▁ 4 2 km ▁from ▁Del hi ▁border ▁and ▁T ily ar ▁Z oo ▁at ▁Ro ht ak ▁is ▁well ▁maintained ▁( entry ▁fee : ▁IN R 1 0 ▁- ▁adult s , ▁IN R 5 ▁- ▁k ids ) ▁and ▁worth ▁visit ing ▁spe cially ▁for ▁families . ▁Fish ing ▁is ▁perm iss ible ▁at ▁T ily ar ▁Lake ▁after ▁pay ing ▁IN R 2 0 0 ▁fish ing ▁fee . ▁ ▁The ▁lake ▁lies ▁in ▁a ▁ ▁area ▁and ▁forms ▁an ▁integral ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁tour ist ▁setup , ▁making ▁it ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁green est ▁st ret ches ▁in ▁the ▁ad jo ining ▁area . ▁The ▁sp a cious ▁la wn s ▁and ▁the ▁scen ery ▁on ▁view ▁make ▁this ▁resort ▁a ▁great ▁place ▁to ▁relax , ▁and ▁people ▁visit |
▁from ▁as ▁far ▁away ▁as ▁M umb ai . ▁It ▁is ▁also ▁an ▁excellent ▁spot ▁for ▁watching ▁a ▁variety ▁of ▁birds ▁that ▁f lock ▁on ▁the ▁little ▁island ▁located ▁in ▁the ▁middle ▁of ▁the ▁lake . ▁Entry ▁to ▁T ily ar ▁lake ▁is ▁free . ▁The ▁lake ▁complex ▁also ▁houses ▁Ro ht ak ▁Z oo . ▁ ▁M ini ▁zoo ▁H ary ana ▁had ▁many ▁mini ▁zo os ▁spread ▁across ▁the ▁state . ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 1 ▁the ▁Government ▁of ▁H ary ana ▁decided ▁to ▁shut ▁these ▁down ▁and ▁replace ▁them ▁with ▁well ▁developed ▁vi able ▁zo os , ▁this ▁included ▁setting ▁up ▁the ▁zoo ▁at ▁Ro ht ak ▁within ▁T ily ar ▁Lake ▁complex . ▁As ▁a ▁result , ▁en clos ures ▁for ▁housing ▁animals ▁and ▁av i aries ▁for ▁birds ▁were ▁built . ▁Vis itor ▁facilities ▁such ▁as ▁land sc aping , ▁walk ways ▁& ▁tri als , ▁gard ens , ▁h il lock s , ▁la kes , ▁artificial ▁water falls , ▁ca fe , ▁visitor ▁to ile ts ▁& ▁rest ing ▁sh el ters , ▁watch ▁to wers , ▁drink ing ▁water ▁facilities ▁etc . ▁were ▁created . ▁Entry ▁is ▁only ▁IN R ▁ 1 0 ▁for ▁adult s ▁and ▁IN R ▁ 5 ▁for ▁k ids . ▁ ▁The ▁following ▁animals ▁have ▁been ▁hous ed ▁in ▁this ▁zoo : ▁▁ ▁T iger ▁ ▁Leop ard ▁ ▁Fox ▁ ▁Hy ena ▁ ▁Wolf ▁ ▁G har ial ▁ ▁M ug ger ▁ ▁Hi pp op ot am |
us ▁ ▁H imal ay an ▁black ▁bear ▁ ▁Jack al ▁ ▁Ot ter ▁ ▁P ig - ta iled ▁mon key ▁ ▁Bab oon ▁ ▁Bon net ▁mac aque ▁ ▁Gray ▁lang ur ▁ ▁S amb har ▁ ▁Black bu ck ▁ ▁Ch ink ara ▁ ▁Indian ▁h og ▁de er ▁ ▁B ark ing ▁de er ▁ ▁Gu ine af ow l ▁ ▁Silver ▁p he asant ▁ ▁Fant ail ▁p ige on ▁ ▁C ock at iel ▁ ▁Album ▁A ▁travel og ue ▁coll age ▁of ▁pictures ▁of ▁T ily ar ▁Lake ▁and ▁Z oo ▁is ▁available ▁ ▁and ▁below ▁are ▁some ▁of ▁the ▁pictures ▁of ▁species ▁found ▁at ▁the ▁zoo ▁( p ictures ▁for ▁representation ▁only ): ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : W ild life ▁san ctu aries ▁in ▁H ary ana ▁Category : Ro ht ak ▁district ▁Category : L akes ▁of ▁H ary ana ▁Category : T our ism ▁in ▁H ary ana ▁Category : Z o os ▁in ▁H ary ana ▁Category : Ro ht ak <0x0A> </s> ▁Thomas ▁Thomas ▁R iley ▁was ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Amb assador ▁to ▁Mor oc co ▁for ▁ 5 ▁years . ▁He ▁was ▁sw orn ▁in ▁on ▁December ▁ 2 1 , ▁ 2 0 0 3 , ▁and ▁arrived ▁at ▁his ▁post ▁in ▁January ▁ 2 0 0 4 . ▁ ▁King ▁Moh ammed ▁VI ▁awarded ▁Amb assador ▁R iley ▁the ▁" Gr and ▁Cro ix ▁du ▁Ord re ▁du ▁O u iss am ▁El ▁A la ou ite |
" ▁( Gr and ▁Cross ▁of ▁the ▁Order ▁of ▁O u iss am ▁A la ou ite ). ▁In ▁January ▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁following ▁the ▁inaug uration ▁of ▁a ▁new ▁President , ▁all ▁Amb ass adors ▁automatically ▁tender ▁their ▁res ign ations . ▁Amb assador ▁R iley ▁was ▁selected ▁as ▁the ▁recip ient ▁of ▁the ▁State ▁Department ' s ▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁Sue ▁M . ▁C obb ▁Award ▁for ▁Ex empl ary ▁Diplom atic ▁Service , ▁the ▁only ▁award ▁given ▁by ▁the ▁State ▁Department ▁to ▁a ▁political - app o inte e ▁Amb assador . ▁Thomas ▁R iley ▁was ▁Senior ▁V P ▁and ▁Man aging ▁Director ▁International ▁for ▁Sav vis , ▁Inc . ▁until ▁ 2 0 1 1 . ▁ ▁He ▁then ▁joined ▁Bright Source ▁Energy , ▁an ▁Oak land , ▁California - based ▁global ▁provider ▁of ▁utility ▁scale ▁solar ▁technology , ▁as ▁senior ▁advis er ▁for ▁International ▁business ▁development . ▁ ▁Early ▁life ▁ ▁R iley ▁was ▁born ▁in ▁San ▁Mate o , ▁California . ▁After ▁receiving ▁his ▁B S ▁in ▁Indust rial ▁Engineering ▁from ▁Stan ford ▁University , ▁he ▁worked ▁as ▁an ▁engineer ▁at ▁Bo eing ▁for ▁one ▁year . ▁R iley ▁then ▁attended ▁Harvard ▁Business ▁School ▁ ▁where ▁he ▁received ▁his ▁M BA , ▁and ▁then ▁went ▁on ▁to ▁work ▁at ▁TR W ▁Mission ▁in ▁London ▁and ▁Paris . ▁ ▁He ▁returned ▁to ▁the ▁US ▁after ▁ 4 ▁years ▁and ▁c of ounded ▁a ▁company ▁s elling ▁construction ▁equipment ▁to ▁East ▁Africa ▁( S om |
alia , ▁Ken ya , ▁Dj ib out i , ▁Sud an ). ▁In ▁ 1 9 8 4 , ▁he ▁began ▁an ▁almost ▁ 2 0 - year ▁career ▁in ▁Sil icon ▁Valley , ▁as ▁Product ▁Manager ▁for ▁an ▁advanced ▁electric ▁utility ▁meter ▁at ▁Rob inton ▁Product s ; ▁as ▁president ▁of ▁Unity ▁Systems , ▁manufact urer ▁of ▁an ▁autom ated ▁home ▁and ▁building ▁control ▁system ; ▁as ▁founder ▁and ▁president ▁of ▁Web ▁State , ▁an ▁online ▁training ▁company ; ▁and ▁as ▁president ▁of ▁Active Photo , ▁an ▁online ▁digital ▁image ▁service . ▁ ▁R iley ▁is ▁the ▁holder ▁of ▁United ▁States ▁Pat ent ▁ 5 3 0 3 7 6 7 ▁for ▁an ▁energy ▁management ▁system . ▁ ▁R iley ▁is ▁married ▁to ▁Nancy ▁Vie ira ▁da ▁Rosa ▁R iley , ▁a ▁former ▁tax ▁att orney ▁and ▁author ▁of ▁the ▁children ' s ▁book ▁" Mor oc can ▁Myst ery ". ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁United ▁States ▁Pat ent ▁ 5 3 0 3 7 6 7 ▁ ▁San ▁Francisco ▁Chron icle ▁article ▁“ O ur ▁Man ▁in ▁Mor oc co ” ▁ ▁State ▁Magazine ▁( p . 2 0 ) ▁- ▁Sue ▁M . ▁C obb ▁Award ▁for ▁Ex empl ary ▁Diplom atic ▁Service ▁ ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : Am b ass adors ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁to ▁Mor oc co ▁Category : St an ford ▁University ▁al umn i ▁Category : Har vard ▁Business ▁School ▁al umn i ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁San |
▁Mate o , ▁California ▁Category : Gr and ▁Cross es ▁of ▁the ▁Order ▁of ▁O u iss am ▁A la ou ite ▁Category : Year ▁of ▁birth ▁missing ▁( l iving ▁people ) <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁ 1 9 2 9 ▁Santa ▁Barbara ▁State ▁Road run ners ▁football ▁team ▁represented ▁Santa ▁Barbara ▁State ▁during ▁the ▁ 1 9 2 9 ▁college ▁football ▁season . ▁ ▁Santa ▁Barbara ▁State ▁competed ▁as ▁an ▁Independent ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 9 ▁and ▁ 1 9 3 0 . ▁They ▁had ▁been ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁California ▁Coast ▁Conference ▁( CC C ) ▁from ▁ 1 9 2 7 ▁to ▁ 1 9 2 8 , ▁but ▁that ▁conference ▁dis band ed ▁after ▁the ▁ 1 9 2 8 ▁season . ▁The ▁ 1 9 2 9 ▁Road run ners ▁were ▁led ▁by ▁second - year ▁head ▁coach ▁Harold ▁Davis ▁and ▁played ▁home ▁games ▁at ▁Pe ab ody ▁Stadium ▁in ▁Santa ▁Barbara , ▁California . ▁They ▁finished ▁the ▁season ▁with ▁a ▁record ▁of ▁four ▁wins , ▁four ▁losses ▁and ▁one ▁tie ▁( 4 – 4 – 1 ). ▁Over all , ▁the ▁team ▁out sc ored ▁its ▁oppon ents ▁ 8 7 – 6 4 ▁for ▁the ▁season . ▁ ▁Sch edule ▁ ▁Notes ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : UC ▁Santa ▁Barbara ▁G auch os ▁football ▁seasons ▁Santa ▁Barbara ▁State ▁f ▁U C ▁Santa <0x0A> </s> ▁Ál var o ▁Me j ía ▁Cas tr ill ón ▁( born ▁January ▁ 1 9 , ▁ 1 9 6 |
7 ▁in ▁Santa ▁Rosa ▁de ▁Cab al , ▁Ris ar al da ▁Department ) ▁is ▁a ▁Colomb ian ▁former ▁professional ▁road ▁cycl ist . ▁ ▁Me j ía ▁took ▁up ▁cy cling ▁at ▁the ▁age ▁of ▁ 1 6 , ▁after ▁watching ▁L uch o ▁Herr era , ▁Fab io ▁Par ra ▁and ▁Ó scar ▁V arg as ▁racing ▁in ▁the ▁V uel ta ▁a ▁Colombia . ▁He ▁had ▁previously ▁competed ▁in ▁football ▁and ▁athlet ics , ▁having ▁been ▁national ▁junior ▁champion ▁for ▁the ▁ 1 0 , 0 0 0 ▁metres . ▁In ▁ 1 9 8 8 ▁he ▁won ▁the ▁Under - 2 3 ▁V uel ta ▁a ▁Colombia ▁and ▁the ▁Cl ás ico ▁R CN . ▁He ▁won ▁the ▁young ▁r ider ▁classification ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 9 1 ▁Tour ▁de ▁France ▁and ▁finished ▁fourth ▁at ▁the ▁ 1 9 9 1 ▁U CI ▁Road ▁World ▁Championships ▁in ▁Stuttgart , ▁where ▁he ▁was ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁winning ▁break ▁alongside ▁Gian ni ▁B ugno , ▁Steven ▁Ro oks ▁and ▁Miguel ▁Ind ur ain . ▁Me j ía ▁joined ▁the ▁Motor ola ▁team ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 3 : ▁that ▁season ▁he ▁won ▁the ▁Vol ta ▁a ▁Catalunya ▁and ▁finished ▁fourth ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 9 3 ▁Tour ▁de ▁France . ▁Sub sequently ▁he ▁spent ▁two ▁more ▁seasons ▁with ▁Motor ola ▁before ▁finishing ▁his ▁road ▁racing ▁career ▁with ▁the ▁Pet role o ▁de ▁Colombia ▁team . ▁He ▁spent ▁two ▁more ▁years ▁racing ▁mountain ▁b ikes ▁before ▁ret iring ▁from |
▁competition . ▁During ▁his ▁career ▁he ▁also ▁won ▁other ▁stage ▁races ▁including ▁the ▁V uel ta ▁a ▁Mur cia , ▁Route ▁du ▁Sud ▁and ▁V uel ta ▁a ▁Gal icia . ▁ ▁After ▁ret iring ▁from ▁competition , ▁Me j ía ▁became ▁a ▁doctor ▁and ▁lect urer , ▁and ▁has ▁taught ▁at ▁the ▁Techn ological ▁University ▁of ▁Pere ira ▁and ▁the ▁Universidad ▁And ina ▁in ▁Pere ira . ▁ ▁Career ▁achiev ements ▁ ▁Major ▁results ▁▁ 1 9 8 7 ▁▁ 3 rd ▁Over all ▁Cl ás ico ▁R CN ▁ 1 st ▁Stage ▁ 7 ▁ 1 9 8 8 ▁▁ 1 st ▁ ▁Over all ▁Cl ás ico ▁R CN ▁▁ 2 nd ▁Over all ▁V uel ta ▁a ▁Colombia ▁ 1 st ▁Pro log ue ▁& ▁Stage ▁ 6 ▁ 1 9 8 9 ▁▁ 1 st ▁ ▁Over all ▁Cl ás ico ▁R CN ▁ 1 st ▁St ages ▁ 6 ▁& ▁ 8 ▁( IT T ) ▁▁ 3 rd ▁Tro fe o ▁Mas ferrer ▁ 1 9 9 0 ▁▁ 2 nd ▁Over all ▁Cl ás ico ▁R CN ▁▁ 3 rd ▁Over all ▁Crit éri um ▁du ▁D au ph iné ▁Lib éré ▁ 1 st ▁Stage ▁ 8 ▁( IT T ) ▁ 1 9 9 1 ▁▁ 1 st ▁ ▁Young ▁r ider ▁classification ▁Tour ▁de ▁France ▁▁ 1 st ▁ ▁Over all ▁Tour ▁of ▁Gal icia ▁ 1 st ▁Stage ▁ 3 ▁▁ 4 th ▁Road ▁race , ▁U CI ▁Road ▁World ▁Championships |
▁▁ 4 th ▁Over all ▁Vol ta ▁a ▁Catalunya ▁ 1 9 9 2 ▁▁ 1 st ▁ ▁Over all ▁V uel ta ▁a ▁Mur cia ▁▁ 4 th ▁Over all ▁Cl ás ico ▁R CN ▁ 1 st ▁Pro log ue ▁ 1 9 9 3 ▁▁ 1 st ▁ ▁Over all ▁Vol ta ▁a ▁Catalunya ▁▁ 3 rd ▁Over all ▁Tour ▁of ▁Gal icia ▁▁ 4 th ▁Over all ▁Tour ▁de ▁France ▁ 1 9 9 4 ▁▁ 1 st ▁ ▁Over all ▁Route ▁du ▁Sud ▁▁ 6 th ▁Over all ▁V uel ta ▁a ▁Mur cia ▁ 1 9 9 5 ▁▁ 4 th ▁Over all ▁Tour ▁Du P ont ▁▁ 8 th ▁Over all ▁Crit éri um ▁du ▁D au ph iné ▁Lib éré ▁ ▁Grand ▁Tour ▁general ▁classification ▁results ▁tim eline ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁Article ▁on ▁Me j ía ▁from ▁di ari ov as co . com ▁▁ ▁Category : 1 9 6 7 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁Santa ▁Rosa ▁de ▁Cab al ▁Category : Col omb ian ▁male ▁cycl ists ▁Category : T our ▁de ▁France ▁cycl ists ▁Category : Col omb ian ▁phys icians ▁Category : G iro ▁d ' Italia ▁cycl ists ▁Category : V uel ta ▁a ▁España ▁cycl ists <0x0A> </s> ▁Islam oph ob ia ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁Kingdom ▁refers ▁to ▁a ▁set ▁of ▁disc ourses , ▁behav i ours ▁and ▁structures ▁which ▁express ▁feelings ▁of ▁anx iety , ▁fear , ▁host ility |
▁and ▁re jection ▁towards ▁Islam ▁or ▁Muslim s ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁Kingdom . ▁Islam oph ob ia ▁can ▁manifest ▁itself ▁through ▁disc rim ination ▁in ▁the ▁work force , ▁negative ▁coverage ▁in ▁the ▁media , ▁and ▁violence ▁against ▁Muslim s . ▁ ▁As ▁of ▁ 2 0 1 7 , ▁ar son ▁attacks ▁against ▁mos ques ▁and ▁vehicle ▁ram ming ▁have ▁statist ically ▁ris en ▁against ▁Muslim s , ▁pre domin ately ▁in ▁England ▁and ▁Scotland . ▁ ▁In ▁employ ment ▁ ▁Many ▁studies ▁and ▁surve ys ▁have ▁concluded ▁that ▁Muslim s ▁face ▁disc rim ination ▁in ▁the ▁work ▁force . ▁Research ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁by ▁Dr ▁N abil ▁Kh att ab ▁and ▁Professor ▁Ron ▁John ston ▁using ▁data ▁from ▁the ▁Office ▁for ▁National ▁Statistics ' ▁Labour ▁Force ▁Survey ▁found ▁that ▁" Mus lim ▁men ▁were ▁up ▁to ▁ 7 6 % ▁less ▁likely ▁to ▁have ▁a ▁job ▁of ▁any ▁kind ▁compared ▁to ▁white , ▁male ▁British ▁Christians ▁of ▁the ▁same ▁age ▁and ▁with ▁the ▁same ▁qual ifications ." ▁An ▁April ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁report ▁by ▁N abil ▁Kh att ab ▁and ▁Sh ere en ▁Hus sein ▁found ▁that ▁first - gener ation ▁Muslim ▁women ▁from ▁Bang l adesh ▁were ▁over ▁six ▁times ▁more ▁likely ▁to ▁be ▁un emp loy ed ▁than ▁White ▁non - Mus lim ▁women ▁when ▁adjust ing ▁for ▁factors ▁such ▁as ▁" level ▁of ▁education , ▁family ▁situation ▁and ▁age ." ▁First ▁generation ▁Muslim ▁Pak ist ani ▁and ▁Muslim ▁Black ▁women ▁faced ▁less ▁disc |
rim ination ▁but ▁were ▁still ▁four ▁times ▁more ▁likely ▁to ▁be ▁un emp loy ed ▁than ▁White ▁non - Mus lim ▁women ▁when ▁adjust ing ▁for ▁those ▁same ▁factors . ▁ ▁A ▁September ▁ 2 0 1 7 ▁Social ▁M ob ility ▁Commission ▁report ▁concluded ▁that ▁Muslim s ▁were ▁being ▁held ▁back ▁in ▁the ▁work place ▁by ▁w ides p read ▁Islam oph ob ia , ▁rac ism ▁and ▁disc rim ination . ▁Despite ▁out perform ing ▁their ▁non - Mus lim ▁counter parts ▁in ▁education , ▁Muslim s ▁were ▁roughly ▁half ▁as ▁likely ▁to ▁hold ▁higher ▁manager ial , ▁administrative , ▁and ▁professional ▁occup ations . ▁Al most ▁ 5 0 % ▁of ▁Muslim ▁households ▁are ▁considered ▁to ▁be ▁in ▁pover ty , ▁compared ▁with ▁less ▁than ▁ 2 0 % ▁in ▁the ▁overall ▁population . ▁The ▁report ▁listed ▁bar riers ▁to ▁success ▁including ▁negative ▁s tere ot ypes ▁about ▁Muslim s , ▁a ▁lack ▁of ▁Muslim ▁staff ▁or ▁role ▁models ▁in ▁the ▁class room , ▁bul lying , ▁and ▁har ass ment . ▁The ▁report ▁revealed ▁that ▁women ▁we aring ▁head scar fs ▁face ▁particular ▁disc rim ination ▁once ▁entering ▁the ▁work place . ▁Professor ▁Jac qu eline ▁Stevens on ▁of ▁She ff ield ▁Hall am ▁University ▁which ▁led ▁the ▁research , ▁stated ▁that ▁" Mus lim s ▁are ▁being ▁ex cluded , ▁disc rimin ated ▁against ▁or ▁failed ▁at ▁all ▁stages ▁of ▁their ▁transition ▁from ▁education ▁to ▁employ ment ." ▁ ▁In ▁education ▁ ▁Islam oph ob ia ▁in ▁schools |
▁is ▁a ▁growing ▁concern ▁for ▁the ▁United ▁Kingdom , ▁since ▁pro jections ▁show ▁there ▁may ▁be ▁an ▁estimated ▁ 3 0 0 , 0 0 0 ▁Muslim ▁te en agers ▁in ▁the ▁education ▁system ▁by ▁ 2 0 2 1 . ▁Vari ous ▁inc idents ▁have ▁occurred ▁where ▁students ▁were ▁attacked ▁while ▁near ▁school ▁or ▁on ▁campus . ▁Studies ▁show ▁such ▁actions ▁are ▁increasing ly ▁common ▁after ▁trigger ▁inc id ences ▁such ▁as ▁the ▁Manchester ▁bomb ing . ▁Women ▁and ▁girls ▁who ▁wear ▁head scar ves ▁are ▁especially ▁target ed . ▁Made ▁pre val ent ▁by ▁the ▁Tell ▁Me as uring ▁Anti - Mus lim ▁Att acks ▁( MA MA ) ▁organization , ▁it ▁has ▁been ▁reported ▁that ▁around ▁ 6 % ▁or ▁ 5 3 ▁accounts ▁of ▁reported ▁inc idents ▁of ▁Islam oph ob ia ▁have ▁occurred ▁in ▁British ▁educational ▁institutions ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 7 . ▁Many ▁of ▁the ▁inc idents ▁are ▁associated ▁with ▁bul lying ▁and ▁ver bal ▁ab use ▁such ▁as ▁calling ▁a ▁fellow ▁peer ▁a ▁“ ter ror ist ” ▁or ▁ta un ting ▁religious ▁gar ments ▁like ▁that ▁of ▁a ▁hij ab . ▁The ▁Muslim ▁Student ▁Survey ▁was ▁sent ▁out ▁from ▁the ▁National ▁Union ▁of ▁Stud ents ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 7 ▁to ▁try ▁to ▁gather ▁data ▁on ▁the ▁subject ▁of ▁Islam oph ob ia ▁in ▁educational ▁environments . ▁In ▁this ▁survey , ▁nearly ▁ 3 3 % ▁of ▁Muslim ▁students ▁reported ▁either ▁ab use ▁or ▁crime ▁in ▁their ▁place ▁of ▁study . ▁Most ▁of |
▁these ▁reports ▁are ▁believed ▁to ▁be ▁directly ▁related ▁to ▁Islam oph ob ia . ▁It ▁also ▁shows ▁a ▁dis connect ▁when ▁rel ating ▁to ▁such ▁students ▁since ▁only ▁about ▁four ▁in ▁ten ▁reported ▁Muslim ▁students ▁feel ▁their ▁student ▁govern ments ▁understand ▁their ▁needs . ▁Even ▁in ▁Wales , ▁teachers ▁in ▁ 1 6 ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 2 ▁local ▁authorities ▁have ▁reached ▁out ▁to ▁an ▁Anti - R ac ism ▁char ity , ▁Show ▁R ac ism ▁the ▁Red - Card , ▁in ▁response ▁to ▁inc idents ▁of ▁rac ism ▁in ▁their ▁schools . ▁ ▁In ▁air ports ▁In ▁August ▁ 2 0 1 6 , ▁Muslim ▁mental ▁health ▁worker ▁who ▁helps ▁to ▁prevent ▁radical isation ▁Fa iz ah ▁Sh a he en , ▁was ▁det ained ▁at ▁Don c aster ▁She ff ield ▁Airport ▁under ▁Sch edule ▁ 7 ▁of ▁the ▁T error ism ▁Act ▁ 2 0 0 0 ▁for ▁reading ▁Sy ria ▁Spe aks : ▁Art ▁and ▁Culture ▁from ▁the ▁Front line ▁on ▁a ▁Thom son ▁Air ways ▁plane . ▁Sh a he en ▁claimed ▁she ▁was ▁target ed ▁and ▁sing led ▁out ▁because ▁she ▁was ▁Muslim . ▁Green ▁Party ▁leader ▁Natal ie ▁Ben nett , ▁director ▁of ▁English ▁P EN ▁Jo ▁G lan ville , ▁and ▁co - editor ▁of ▁Sy ria ▁Spe aks ▁Z ah er ▁Om are en ▁expressed ▁out rage ▁at ▁the ▁incident . ▁In ▁July ▁ 2 0 1 7 , ▁Sh a he en ▁su ed ▁Thom son ▁Air ways ▁asking ▁for ▁an ▁ap |
ology . ▁The ▁company ▁said ▁that ▁their ▁crew ▁were ▁trained ▁to ▁report ▁" any ▁concerns ▁they ▁may ▁have ▁as ▁a ▁pre ca ution ." ▁ ▁In ▁September ▁ 2 0 1 7 , ▁Muhammad ▁Rab ban i , ▁the ▁international ▁director ▁of ▁C AGE , ▁was ▁arrested ▁and ▁conv icted ▁under ▁schedule ▁ 7 ▁of ▁the ▁T error ism ▁Act ▁ 2 0 0 0 ▁for ▁failing ▁to ▁hand ▁over ▁passwords ▁for ▁an ▁iPhone ▁and ▁a ▁laptop , ▁which ▁he ▁said ▁contained ▁sensitive ▁information ▁from ▁a ▁tort ure ▁victim . ▁He ▁was ▁stopped ▁by ▁police ▁after ▁flying ▁into ▁He ath row ▁Airport ▁in ▁November ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁from ▁Q atar , ▁where ▁he ▁was ▁investig ating ▁a ▁tort ure ▁case ▁alleg edly ▁linked ▁to ▁the ▁U . S . ▁Rab ban i ▁and ▁his ▁law y ers ▁argued ▁that ▁he ▁should ▁not ▁have ▁to ▁hand ▁over ▁the ▁password ▁because ▁it ▁would ▁expose ▁sensitive ▁information ▁given ▁to ▁him ▁by ▁a ▁third ▁party . ▁His ▁arrest ▁and ▁conv iction ▁spark ed ▁out rage ▁and ▁protest s ▁outside ▁the ▁court ▁building ▁in ▁central ▁London ▁where ▁his ▁case ▁was ▁heard ▁by ▁people ▁who ▁believed ▁the ▁case ▁represented ▁a ▁government ▁over re ach ▁with ▁regards ▁to ▁counter ter ror ism ▁stop - and - search ▁powers ▁and ▁profil ing ▁of ▁Muslim s . ▁Rab ban i ▁released ▁a ▁statement ▁on ▁ 2 6 ▁September ▁saying ▁he ▁would ▁file ▁for ▁an ▁appeal . ▁ ▁In ▁politics ▁ ▁Some ▁raised ▁concerns ▁over ▁the ▁comments ▁made ▁about ▁then ▁candidate |
▁for ▁mayor , ▁S adi q ▁Khan ▁during ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁London ▁mayor al ▁election ▁which ▁attempted ▁to ▁link ▁Khan ▁to ▁Islam ist ▁extrem ists . ▁Public ▁opinion ▁pol ling ▁at ▁the ▁time ▁showed ▁that ▁ 3 1 % ▁of ▁London ers ▁were ▁" un com fort able " ▁with ▁the ▁prospect ▁of ▁a ▁Muslim ▁mayor . ▁The ▁V ote ▁Le ave ▁campaign ▁during ▁leading ▁up ▁to ▁the ▁Bre x it ▁vote ▁was ▁also ▁critic ized ▁as ▁frequently ▁port ray ing ▁Muslim ▁imm igr ants ▁as ▁a ▁threat ▁to ▁future ▁of ▁the ▁country . ▁The ▁government ▁issued ▁Case y ▁Review ▁into ▁Integr ation ▁and ▁O pport unity ▁which ▁aim ed ▁to ▁examine ▁the ▁conditions ▁for ▁imm igr ants ▁to ▁the ▁United ▁Kingdom ▁was ▁critic ized ▁for ▁its ▁over ▁focus ▁of ▁the ▁Muslim ▁community , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁deeper ▁method ical ▁fail ings . ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 4 , ▁over ▁a ▁third ▁of ▁Muslim s ▁in ▁the ▁UK ▁said ▁polit icians ▁often ▁make ▁big oted ▁comments ▁towards ▁Muslim s . ▁In ▁addition , ▁current ▁British ▁Prime ▁Minister ▁Bor is ▁Johnson ▁has ▁also ▁had ▁a ▁history ▁inter tw ined ▁with ▁is lam oph ob ia ▁writing ▁in ▁his ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁“ The ▁Dream ▁of ▁Rome ” ▁that ▁there ▁must ▁be ▁something ▁about ▁Islam ▁that ▁has ▁caused ▁them ▁to ▁be ▁“ liter ally ▁centuries ▁behind .” ▁Furthermore , ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 8 ▁Johnson ▁compared ▁Muslim ▁women ▁we aring ▁ve ils ▁to ▁“ letter ▁boxes ” ▁and |
▁“ bank ▁ro bb ers ” ▁leading ▁to ▁a ▁strong push ▁back ▁by ▁the ▁British ▁media . ▁ ▁In ▁October ▁ 2 0 1 7 , ▁Conserv ative ▁MP ▁Bob ▁Black man ▁was ▁critic ised ▁for ▁hosting ▁a ▁parliament ary ▁event ▁attended ▁by ▁far - right ▁H indu ▁national ist ▁T apan ▁Gh osh . ▁The ▁conference ▁was ▁also ▁attended ▁by ▁Home ▁Secretary ▁Am ber ▁Rud d ▁and ▁First ▁Secretary ▁of ▁State ▁Dam ian ▁Green , ▁who ▁dist anced ▁themselves ▁from ▁Gh osh ' s ▁views ▁a ▁week ▁afterwards . ▁Prior ▁to ▁the ▁event , ▁Gh osh ▁had ▁pra ised ▁the ▁per sec ution ▁of ▁Muslim s ▁in ▁My an mar , ▁said ▁Muslim s ▁were ▁" all ▁j ih ad is ," ▁and ▁that ▁Muslim s ▁should ▁be ▁forced ▁to ▁leave ▁their ▁religion ▁if ▁they ▁come ▁to ▁a ▁western ▁country . ▁Black man ▁respond ed ▁to ▁criticism ▁saying ▁did ▁not ▁regret ▁sharing ▁a ▁platform ▁with ▁Gh osh ▁and ▁that ▁Gh osh ▁was ▁not ▁Islam oph ob ic . ▁The ▁Muslim ▁Council ▁of ▁Britain ▁condem ned ▁parliament ▁for ▁wel coming ▁" a ▁man ▁who ▁tr ades ▁in ▁propag ating ▁hat red ▁against ▁Muslim s ▁in ▁India ." ▁On ▁ 2 6 ▁October , ▁Labour ▁MP ▁Naz ▁Shah ▁wrote ▁to ▁Home ▁Secretary ▁Am ber ▁Rud d ▁asking ▁why ▁Gh osh ▁was ▁granted ▁a ▁UK ▁vis a . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 8 , ▁The ▁Muslim ▁Council ▁of ▁Britain ▁wrote ▁to ▁the ▁Conserv ative ▁Party ▁calling ▁for ▁an ▁ur gent ▁inqu iry ▁following |
▁a ▁number ▁of ▁alleg ations ▁of ▁Islam oph ob ia . ▁A ▁Conserv ative ▁coun c ill or ▁Stephen ▁Ar d ley ▁had ▁been ▁susp ended ▁after ▁he ▁alleg edly ▁posted ▁Islam oph ob ic ▁comments ▁about ▁the ▁Mayor ▁of ▁London , ▁S adi q ▁Khan . ▁Ar d ley ▁had ▁said ▁it ▁was ▁" un bel iev able " ▁that ▁a ▁Muslim ▁had ▁been ▁elected ▁and ▁went ▁on ▁to ▁describe ▁those ▁who ▁voted ▁for ▁him ▁as ▁" bl ind ". ▁The ▁need ▁for ▁a ▁formal ▁inqu iry ▁into ▁Islam oph ob ia ▁in ▁the ▁Conserv ative ▁Party ▁was ▁described ▁by ▁former ▁T ory ▁cabinet ▁minister ▁Say e eda ▁War si ▁as ▁being ▁" long ▁over due ". ▁In ▁fact , ▁in ▁recent ▁pol ling , ▁date ▁shows ▁that ▁ 6 0 ▁percent ▁of ▁the ▁party ▁bel ieves ▁that ▁Islam ▁is ▁a ▁general ▁threat ▁to ▁the ▁well - be ing ▁of ▁Western ▁civil ization . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁media ▁ ▁The ▁British ▁media ▁began ▁adopt ing ▁the ▁term ▁' I sl am oph ob ia ' ▁in ▁the ▁late ▁ 1 9 8 0 s ▁in ▁order ▁to ▁describe ▁the ▁rise ▁in ▁negative ▁feelings ▁towards ▁the ▁Muslim ▁community . ▁A ▁report ▁from ▁the ▁R unn ym ede ▁Trust ▁later ▁served ▁to ▁more ▁dram atically ▁move ▁the ▁issue ▁into ▁the ▁public ▁light ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 7 . ▁ ▁The ▁media , ▁particularly ▁the ▁Daily ▁Mail ▁and ▁the ▁Daily ▁Express , ▁have ▁been ▁critic ised ▁for ▁in app ropri ate ▁comments ▁on ▁migr |
ants , ▁imm igration ▁and ▁Muslim s . ▁A ▁December ▁ 2 0 1 5 ▁survey ▁by ▁City ▁University , ▁London ▁of ▁journal ists ▁found ▁an ▁under re presentation ▁of ▁Muslim s ▁in ▁the ▁field . ▁Only ▁ 0 . 4 % ▁of ▁British ▁journal ists ▁identified ▁as ▁Muslim ▁or ▁H indu , ▁ 3 1 . 6 % ▁were ▁Christian , ▁and ▁ 6 1 . 1 % ▁had ▁" no ▁religion ." ▁C ited ▁in ▁a ▁report ▁covering ▁the ▁eth ics ▁of ▁the ▁British ▁Press , ▁Lord ▁Justice ▁Le ves on ▁wrote ▁that ▁“ the ▁evidence ▁demonstr ates ▁that ▁sections ▁of ▁the ▁press ▁bet ray ▁a ▁t endency , ▁which ▁is ▁far ▁from ▁being ▁universal ▁or ▁even ▁pre ponder ant , ▁to ▁port ray ▁Muslim s ▁in ▁a ▁negative ▁light .” ▁▁ ▁An ▁academic ▁paper ▁by ▁K aty ▁S ian ▁published ▁in ▁the ▁journal ▁South ▁Asian ▁Popular ▁Culture ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁expl ored ▁the ▁question ▁of ▁how ▁" for ced ▁conversion ▁narr atives " ▁arose ▁around ▁the ▁S ikh ▁di as por a ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁Kingdom . ▁S ian , ▁who ▁reports ▁that ▁claims ▁of ▁conversion ▁through ▁court ship ▁on ▁camp uses ▁are ▁w ides p read ▁in ▁the ▁UK , ▁says ▁that ▁rather ▁than ▁re lying ▁on ▁actual ▁evidence ▁they ▁primarily ▁rest ▁on ▁the ▁word ▁of ▁" a ▁friend ▁of ▁a ▁friend " ▁or ▁on ▁personal ▁an ec d ote . ▁According ▁to ▁S ian , ▁the ▁narr ative ▁is ▁similar ▁to ▁accus ations ▁of ▁" |
white ▁sla very " ▁lod ged ▁against ▁the ▁Jewish ▁community ▁and ▁foreign ers ▁to ▁the ▁UK ▁and ▁the ▁US , ▁with ▁the ▁former ▁having ▁t ies ▁to ▁anti - sem it ism ▁that ▁mirror ▁the ▁Islam oph ob ia ▁bet rayed ▁by ▁the ▁modern ▁narr ative . ▁S ian ▁expanded ▁on ▁these ▁views ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 3 ' s ▁M ist aken ▁Ident ities , ▁For ced ▁Con versions , ▁and ▁Post colon ial ▁Form ations . ▁ ▁On ▁ 1 6 ▁June ▁ 2 0 1 7 , ▁BBC ▁Radio ▁ 4 ▁acknowled ged ▁a ▁compla int ▁that ▁it ▁failed ▁to ▁properly ▁introduce ▁or ▁challenge ▁Frank ▁G aff ney ' s ▁" con sp i racy ▁theories ▁about ▁Muslim s ▁and ▁Islam " ▁when ▁he ▁appeared ▁as ▁a ▁guest ▁on ▁Today . ▁ ▁In ▁an ▁article ▁for ▁The ▁Independent , ▁writer ▁S uf yan ▁Is mail ▁was ▁critical ▁of ▁the ▁media ▁coverage ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 7 ▁Beck ton ▁acid ▁attack , ▁stating ▁that ▁most ▁main stream ▁media ▁failed ▁to ▁cover ▁the ▁incident ▁or ▁" at ▁best ▁re leg ated ▁it ▁to ▁a ▁minor ▁story ". ▁Is mail ▁suggested ▁that ▁had ▁the ▁roles ▁of ▁the ▁vict ims ▁and ▁perpet r ator ▁been ▁revers ed ▁the ▁case ▁would ▁have ▁been ▁head line ▁news . ▁He ▁compared ▁the ▁acid ▁attack ▁to ▁violent ▁hate - m ur ders ▁of ▁Muslim s ▁that ▁had ▁received ▁little ▁coverage ▁in ▁contrast ▁with ▁the ▁murder ▁of ▁Jo ▁C ox ▁or ▁the ▁murder ▁of ▁Lee ▁R |
ig by . ▁ ▁In ▁August ▁ 2 0 1 7 , ▁The ▁Sun ▁published ▁a ▁column ▁by ▁Tre vor ▁K avan agh ▁which ▁question ed ▁what ▁actions ▁British ▁society ▁should ▁take ▁to ▁deal ▁with ▁" The ▁Muslim ▁Problem ". ▁K avan agh ▁c ited ▁an ▁opinion ▁piece ▁by ▁Labour ▁Sh adow ▁Secretary ▁of ▁State ▁for ▁Women ▁and ▁Equ al ities ▁Sarah ▁Champion ▁MP ▁several ▁days ▁previously ▁as ▁a ▁reason ▁that ▁it ▁was ▁" now ▁acceptable " ▁to ▁describe ▁Muslim s ▁as ▁a ▁" specific ▁rather ▁than ▁cultural ▁problem ". ▁Se an ▁O ' Gr ady ▁of ▁The ▁Independent ▁said ▁that ▁the ▁column ▁used ▁language ▁rem in is cent ▁of ▁Naz i ▁propag anda ▁and ▁Naz i ▁phr ases . ▁ ▁A ▁joint ▁compla int ▁was ▁made ▁to ▁IP SO ▁by ▁the ▁Board ▁of ▁Deput ies ▁of ▁British ▁Jews , ▁Tell ▁MA MA ▁and ▁Fa ith ▁Mat ters . ▁A ▁statement ▁by ▁the ▁groups ▁said : ▁" The ▁printing ▁of ▁the ▁phrase ▁' The ▁Muslim ▁Problem ' ▁– ▁particularly ▁with ▁the ▁capital isation ▁and ▁ital ics ▁for ▁emphas is ▁– ▁in ▁a ▁national ▁newspaper ▁sets ▁a ▁dangerous ▁preced ent , ▁and ▁h arks ▁back ▁to ▁the ▁use ▁of ▁the ▁phrase ▁' The ▁Jewish ▁Problem ' ▁in ▁the ▁last ▁century ." ▁A ▁cross - party ▁group ▁of ▁over ▁ 1 0 0 ▁MP s ▁from ▁the ▁Conserv atives , ▁Labour , ▁the ▁Liberal ▁Democr ats ▁and ▁the ▁Gre ens ▁subsequently ▁signed ▁a ▁letter ▁to ▁the ▁editor ▁of ▁The ▁Sun ▁demand ing ▁action ▁over ▁the |
▁column . ▁The ▁letter ▁stated ▁the ▁MP s ▁" w ere ▁truly ▁out rag ed ▁by ▁the ▁hate ▁and ▁big ot ry " ▁in ▁K avan agh ' s ▁column . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁justice ▁system ▁ ▁A ▁r uling ▁in ▁March ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁by ▁the ▁European ▁Court ▁of ▁Human ▁Rights ▁effectively ▁cleared ▁of ▁criminal ▁responsibility ▁security ▁officials ▁responsible ▁for ▁the ▁killing ▁of ▁Jean ▁Charles ▁de ▁M enez es ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 5 . ▁De ▁M enez es ▁was ▁tra iled ▁and ▁then ▁shot ▁dead ▁at ▁London ' s ▁Stock well ▁t ube ▁station ▁by ▁j um py ▁security ▁officers ▁who ▁mist ook ▁him ▁for ▁a ▁suic ide ▁bom ber ▁a ▁fort night ▁after ▁multiple ▁bomb ings ▁on ▁the ▁capital ' s ▁transport ▁network ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 5 . ▁Crit ics ▁of ▁the ▁r uling ▁claimed ▁that ▁it ▁u ph eld ▁the ▁right ▁of ▁the ▁authorities ▁to ▁kill ▁potentially ▁innoc ent ▁people ▁on ▁the ▁basis ▁of ▁mere ▁supp osition ▁and ▁ra cial / rel ig ious ▁pre jud ice . ▁ ▁In ▁September ▁ 2 0 1 7 , ▁police ▁officers ▁war ned ▁a ▁Muslim ▁doctor , ▁N ail a ▁Im ran , ▁against ▁pressing ▁charges ▁following ▁anti - Mus lim ▁har ass ment ▁as ▁a ▁counter ▁claim ▁could ▁lead ▁to ▁her ▁" be ing ▁arrested ." ▁ ▁A ▁ 2 0 1 7 ▁R unn ym ede ▁Trust ▁and ▁University ▁of ▁Green wich ▁study ▁found ▁that ▁being ▁black ▁or ▁Muslim ▁doubles ▁a ▁prisoner ' s |
▁ch ances ▁( 4 0 %) ▁of ▁having ▁worse ▁prison ▁experiences , ▁which ▁includes ▁having ▁rest raint s ▁used ▁against ▁them ▁and ▁being ▁put ▁into ▁seg reg ation ▁in ▁past ▁six ▁months , ▁compared ▁with ▁white ▁or ▁non - Mus lim ▁prisoners ▁( 2 1 %). ▁They ▁were ▁also ▁more ▁likely ▁to ▁be ▁on ▁the ▁lowest ▁r ung ▁of ▁the ▁prison ▁re wards ▁and ▁pun ishment ▁scheme , ▁more ▁likely ▁to ▁be ▁put ▁into ▁seg reg ation ▁and ▁more ▁likely ▁to ▁have ▁rest raint ▁used ▁against ▁them . ▁Al most ▁a ▁third ▁of ▁Muslim ▁prisoners ▁( 2 9 %) ▁did ▁not ▁have ▁prison ▁jobs ▁or ▁attend ▁education ▁courses , ▁compared ▁with ▁ 1 7 % ▁of ▁Christian ▁prisoners . ▁R unn ym ede ▁stated ▁that ▁the ▁dis cre p ancy ▁in ▁treatment ▁particularly ▁affect s ▁re h abil itation . ▁ ▁Def ining ▁Islam oph ob ia ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁Kingdom ▁ ▁Result ing ▁from ▁a ▁lack ▁of ▁w ides p read ▁accept ance ▁and ▁cons ensus , ▁in ▁May ▁ 2 0 1 9 ▁the ▁British ▁Government ▁failed ▁to ▁adopt ▁a ▁concrete ▁definition ▁for ▁is lam oph ob ia . ▁In ▁an ▁interview ▁with ▁the ▁All ▁Party ▁Parliament ary ▁Group ▁on ▁Muslim s , ▁Professor ▁Peter ▁Hop kins ▁of ▁the ▁Centre ▁for ▁H ate ▁Studies ▁at ▁Le ic ester ▁University ▁stated ▁that ▁by ▁not ▁adopt ing ▁a ▁concrete ▁definition ▁for ▁is lam oph ob ia ▁it ▁may ▁“ enc ou rage ▁some ▁people ▁to ▁continue ▁to ▁den y ▁that ▁Islam oph ob |
ia ▁is ▁an ▁issue ▁in ▁society .” ▁ ▁S tere ot ypes ▁ ▁In ▁June ▁ 2 0 0 4 , ▁prior ▁to ▁the ▁ 7 / 7 ▁attacks ▁on ▁the ▁London ▁Under ground , ▁the ▁Commission ▁on ▁British ▁Muslim s ▁and ▁Islam oph ob ia , ▁war ned ▁that ▁increased ▁attacks ▁against ▁individuals ▁and ▁mos ques , ▁was ▁resulting ▁in ▁bit tern ess ▁that ▁created ▁violent ▁" time - b omb s ". ▁ ▁H ate ▁cr imes ▁▁ ▁Some ▁Muslim s ▁have ▁been ▁vict ims ▁of ▁violence ▁because ▁of ▁their ▁religion . ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 5 , ▁The ▁Guardian ▁commission ed ▁an ▁IC M ▁poll ▁which ▁indicated ▁an ▁increase ▁in ▁anti - Mus lim ▁inc idents , ▁particularly ▁after ▁the ▁London ▁bomb ings ▁in ▁July ▁ 2 0 0 5 . ▁Another ▁survey ▁of ▁Muslim s , ▁this ▁by ▁the ▁Open ▁Society ▁Institute , ▁found ▁that ▁of ▁those ▁pol led ▁ 3 2 % ▁believed ▁they ▁had ▁suffered ▁religious ▁disc rim ination ▁at ▁air ports , ▁and ▁ 8 0 % ▁said ▁they ▁had ▁experienced ▁Islam oph ob ia . ▁ ▁In ▁January ▁ 2 0 1 0 , ▁a ▁report ▁by ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Ex eter ' s ▁European ▁Muslim ▁research ▁centre ▁noted ▁that ▁the ▁number ▁of ▁anti - Mus lim ▁hate ▁cr imes ▁has ▁increased , ▁r anging ▁from ▁" de ath ▁thre ats ▁and ▁murder ▁to ▁persistent ▁low - level ▁assault s , ▁such ▁as ▁sp itting ▁and ▁name - call ing ," ▁for ▁which ▁the |
▁media ▁and ▁polit icians ▁have ▁been ▁bl amed ▁with ▁fuel ing ▁anti - Mus lim ▁hat red . ▁The ▁Islam oph ob ic ▁inc idents ▁it ▁described ▁include : ▁" Ne il ▁Lew ington , ▁a ▁violent ▁extrem ist ▁national ist ▁conv icted ▁in ▁July ▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁of ▁a ▁bomb ▁plot ; ▁Ter ence ▁G avan , ▁a ▁violent ▁extrem ist ▁national ist ▁conv icted ▁in ▁January ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁of ▁manufact uring ▁n ail ▁bomb s ▁and ▁other ▁explos ives , ▁fire ar ms ▁and ▁weapons ; ▁a ▁gang ▁attack ▁in ▁November ▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁on ▁Muslim ▁students ▁at ▁City ▁University ; ▁the ▁murder ▁in ▁September ▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁of ▁Muslim ▁p ension er , ▁I k ram ▁Sy ed ▁ul - Ha q ; ▁a ▁serious ▁assault ▁in ▁August ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁on ▁the ▁Im am ▁at ▁London ▁Central ▁Mos que ; ▁and ▁an ▁ar son ▁attack ▁in ▁June ▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁on ▁Green wich ▁Islam ic ▁Centre ." ▁Other ▁Islam oph ob ic ▁inc idents ▁mentioned ▁in ▁the ▁report ▁include ▁" Y as ir , ▁a ▁young ▁Mor oc can ," ▁being ▁" near ly ▁killed ▁while ▁waiting ▁to ▁take ▁a ▁bus ▁from ▁Will es den ▁to ▁Reg ent ' s ▁Park ▁in ▁London " ▁and ▁" left ▁in ▁a ▁com a ▁for ▁three ▁months "; ▁" M oh ammed ▁Ko he lee ," ▁a ▁" c aret aker ▁who ▁suffered ▁burn s ▁to ▁his ▁body ▁while |
▁trying ▁to ▁prevent ▁an ▁ar son ▁attack ▁against ▁Green wich ▁Mos que "; ▁" the ▁murder " ▁of ▁" To oting ▁p ension er ▁Ek ram ▁Ha que " ▁who ▁" was ▁brut ally ▁be aten ▁to ▁death ▁in ▁front ▁of ▁his ▁three ▁year ▁old ▁grand d augh ter " ▁by ▁a ▁" race - h ate " ▁gang ; ▁and ▁" pol ice ▁officers " ▁being ▁injured ▁" d uring ▁an ▁English ▁Def ence ▁League ▁( ED L ) ▁march ▁in ▁Sto ke ." ▁ ▁On ▁ 2 6 ▁August ▁ 2 0 0 7 , ▁fans ▁of ▁the ▁English ▁football ▁club ▁New castle ▁United ▁directed ▁anti - Mus lim ▁ch ants ▁at ▁Egypt ian ▁M idd les br ough ▁F . C . ▁stri ker ▁M ido . ▁An ▁FA ▁investigation ▁was ▁launched ▁He ▁revealed ▁his ▁anger ▁at ▁The ▁FA ' s ▁investigation , ▁bel ieving ▁that ▁they ▁would ▁make ▁no ▁difference ▁to ▁any ▁future ▁ab use . ▁Two ▁men ▁were ▁eventually ▁arrested ▁over ▁the ▁chant ing ▁and ▁were ▁due ▁to ▁appear ▁at ▁Te ess ide ▁Mag istr ates ▁Court . ▁ ▁A ▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁report ▁by ▁Professor ▁N ig el ▁Cop sey ▁of ▁Te ess ide ▁University , ▁concluded ▁that ▁between ▁ 4 0 % ▁and ▁ 6 0 % ▁of ▁mos ques ▁and ▁other ▁Islam ic ▁cent ers ▁in ▁the ▁UK ▁had ▁suffered ▁v andal ism ▁or ▁ar son . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁week ▁following ▁the ▁London ▁Bridge ▁attack ▁in ▁June ▁ 2 0 1 7 |
, ▁anti - Mus lim ▁hate ▁cr imes ▁increased ▁five fold . ▁It ▁was ▁the ▁largest ▁increase ▁in ▁hate ▁cr imes ▁against ▁Muslim s ▁in ▁the ▁country ▁since ▁the ▁similar ▁back l ash ▁following ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁Mur der ▁of ▁Lee ▁R ig by . ▁Ac id ▁attacks ▁against ▁Muslim s ▁such ▁as ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 7 ▁Beck ton ▁acid ▁attack ▁have ▁also ▁ris en . ▁Days ▁after ▁the ▁London ▁Bridge ▁attack , ▁a ▁man ▁named ▁Dar ren ▁Os bor ne ▁intention ally ▁ram med ▁a ▁van ▁into ▁Muslim s ▁coming ▁out ▁of ▁a ▁mos que ▁in ▁London , ▁killing ▁one ▁and ▁leaving ▁ 1 0 ▁people ▁injured . ▁ ▁In ▁August ▁ 2 0 1 7 , ▁West ▁York shire ▁Police ▁launched ▁a ▁hate ▁crime ▁investigation ▁after ▁letters ▁threaten ing ▁acid ▁attacks ▁on ▁Muslim s ▁were ▁posted ▁in ▁Brad ford . ▁The ▁police ▁said ▁the ▁thre ats ▁were ▁" ext rem ely ▁seriously " ▁increased ▁pat rol s ▁in ▁Han over ▁Square , ▁a ▁mainly ▁Muslim ▁inner - city ▁area ▁where ▁at ▁least ▁two ▁residents ▁received ▁the ▁letters ▁last ▁week . ▁The ▁literature ▁shows ▁an ▁image ▁of ▁a ▁sword ▁and ▁the ▁Saint ▁George ' s ▁Flag ▁with ▁the ▁words : ▁" K ill ▁sc um ▁Muslim s ." ▁ ▁An ▁October ▁ 2 0 1 7 ▁Press ▁Association ▁investigation ▁found ▁that ▁hate ▁cr imes ▁target ing ▁mos ques ▁and ▁other ▁Muslim ▁places ▁of ▁worship ▁across ▁the ▁UK ▁more ▁than ▁double d ▁between ▁ 2 0 1 6 |
▁and ▁ 2 0 1 7 . ▁The ▁same ▁month , ▁during ▁H ate ▁Crime ▁A war eness ▁Week , ▁Associ ate ▁Professor ▁of ▁C rimin ology ▁at ▁B irmingham ▁City ▁University ▁Im ran ▁A wan ▁and ▁L ect urer ▁in ▁C rimin ology ▁at ▁Not ting ham ▁Tr ent ▁University ▁I rene ▁Z em pi ▁presented ▁research ▁at ▁the ▁House ▁of ▁Commons ▁showing ▁that ▁some ▁non - Mus lim ▁men ▁suffered ▁ver bal , ▁physical ▁and ▁emot ional ▁ab use ▁because ▁they ▁looked ▁Muslim . ▁ ▁In ▁April ▁ 2 0 1 8 , ▁letters ▁were ▁sent ▁to ▁people ▁in ▁East ▁London ▁calling ▁for ▁a ▁" P un ish ▁a ▁Muslim ▁Day ", ▁with ▁a ▁points ▁system ▁to ▁award ▁people ▁for ▁acts ▁of ▁hat red ▁toward ▁Muslim s . ▁Police ▁said ▁there ▁was ▁no ▁cred ible ▁evidence ▁of ▁a ▁planned ▁attack , ▁and ▁in ▁June ▁of ▁the ▁same ▁year ▁a ▁man ▁from ▁Lincoln ▁was ▁arrested ▁and ▁charged ▁with ▁four teen ▁criminal ▁off ences ▁in ▁connection ▁with ▁the ▁hate ▁mail ▁campaign . ▁At ▁his ▁trial ▁at ▁the ▁Old ▁Ba iley ▁in ▁October ▁ 2 0 1 8 ▁he ▁ple aded ▁guilty ▁to ▁fifteen ▁charges ▁rel ating ▁to ▁the ▁" P un ish ▁a ▁Muslim ▁Day " ▁letters ▁and ▁other ▁correspond ences ▁sent ▁to ▁individuals , ▁public ▁figures ▁and ▁organis ations . ▁ ▁Organ is ations ▁ ▁English ▁Def ence ▁League ▁▁ ▁The ▁emer gence ▁of ▁the ▁English ▁Def ence ▁League ▁has ▁resulted ▁in ▁demonstr ations ▁in ▁English ▁cities ▁with ▁large ▁Muslim ▁populations . |
▁The ▁ED L ▁is ▁a ▁far - right , ▁anti - I sl am ▁street ▁protest ▁movement ▁which ▁oppos es ▁what ▁it ▁cons iders ▁to ▁be ▁a ▁spread ▁of ▁Islam ism , ▁Sh aria ▁law ▁and ▁Islam ic ▁extrem ism ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁Kingdom . ▁The ▁ED L ▁has ▁been ▁described ▁as ▁Islam oph ob ic . ▁It ▁has ▁had ▁confront ations ▁with ▁various ▁groups , ▁including ▁supp or ters ▁of ▁Un ite ▁Again st ▁F asc ism ▁( U AF ) ▁and ▁An onymous . ▁ ▁Co - found er ▁and ▁political ▁activ ist ▁Tommy ▁Robinson ▁left ▁the ▁group ▁after ▁four ▁years ▁to ▁take ▁on ▁a ▁more ▁peace ful ▁and ▁political ▁approach , ▁and ▁wor ried ▁about ▁the ▁d angers ▁of ▁right - wing ▁extrem ism . ▁ ▁Of ▁the ▁online ▁is lam oph ic ▁attacks ▁reports ▁received ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁by ▁the ▁Tell ▁Me as uring ▁Anti - Mus lim ▁Att acks ▁( MA MA ) ▁organization , ▁ 6 9 % ▁had ▁a ▁connection ▁to ▁the ▁far ▁right ▁including ▁the ▁English ▁Def ense ▁League . ▁ ▁Scottish ▁Def ence ▁League ▁▁ ▁The ▁SD L ▁are ▁similar ▁to ▁their ▁counter part ▁and ▁are ▁very ▁closely ▁associated ▁with ▁the ▁ED L . ▁They ▁are ▁seen ▁as ▁Scotland ' s ▁main ▁anti - I sl am ic ▁group . ▁The ▁SD L ▁hold ▁regular ▁demonstr ations ▁in ▁Scottish ▁cities . ▁The ▁group ▁is ▁mainly ▁active ▁in ▁Edinburgh , ▁F ife ▁and ▁Glasgow . ▁ ▁Two - time ▁murder er ▁Ron |
nie ▁C oul ter ▁was ▁seen ▁in ▁attend ance ▁at ▁a ▁July ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁SD L ▁demonstr ation ▁in ▁Edinburgh . ▁ ▁Thomas ▁Con ington ▁who ▁pet rol ▁bom bed ▁the ▁Edinburgh ▁Central ▁Mos que ▁and ▁received ▁ 4 ▁years ▁in ▁prison ▁in ▁June ▁ 2 0 1 7 , ▁is ▁alleg ed ▁to ▁be ▁associated ▁with ▁SD L ▁members . ▁ ▁In ▁July ▁ 2 0 1 7 , ▁an ▁SD L ▁supp orter ▁was ▁found ▁guilty ▁of ▁kick ing ▁on ▁the ▁body ▁and ▁p unch ing ▁on ▁the ▁head ▁of ▁an ▁anti - f asc ist ▁protest er ▁who ▁was ▁hand ing ▁out ▁anti - rac ism ▁leaf lets ▁in ▁Edinburgh . ▁It ▁was ▁alleg ed ▁that ▁he ▁called ▁the ▁other ▁fellow ▁protest ers , ▁in ▁particular ▁a ▁black ▁South ▁African ▁woman , ▁a ▁mon key . ▁He ▁received ▁ 1 2 ▁months ▁community ▁service . ▁Also ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 7 , ▁former ▁Scottish ▁Labour ▁Party ▁Deput y ▁Le ader ▁An as ▁Sar war ▁alleg ed ▁that ▁he ▁faced ▁death ▁thre ats ▁from ▁the ▁SD L . ▁ ▁British ▁National ▁Party ▁▁ ▁In ▁October ▁ 2 0 1 7 , ▁the ▁British ▁National ▁Party ▁launched ▁a ▁campaign ▁against ▁supposed ▁plans ▁for ▁a ▁mos que ▁that ▁local ▁authorities ▁said ▁did ▁not ▁exist . ▁ ▁O pp osition ▁Several ▁organis ations ▁exist ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁Kingdom ▁to ▁combat ▁Islam oph ob ia . ▁Tell ▁MA MA ▁is ▁an ▁organisation ▁that ▁mon itors ▁and ▁records ▁hate ▁cr imes ▁against |
▁Muslim s . ▁ ▁Following ▁the ▁passage ▁of ▁Executive ▁Order ▁ 1 3 7 6 9 ▁by ▁U . S . ▁President ▁Donald ▁Trump , ▁protest s ▁took ▁place ▁all ▁across ▁the ▁country ▁by ▁non - Mus lim ▁Brit ons ▁in ▁solid ar ity ▁with ▁British ▁Muslim s ▁and ▁Muslim ▁refuge es . ▁ ▁Following ▁a ▁protest ▁by ▁the ▁ED L ▁in ▁April ▁ 2 0 1 7 , ▁the ▁B irmingham ▁Central ▁Mos que ▁held ▁a ▁tea ▁party ▁with ▁the ▁goal ▁of ▁counter ing ▁those ▁demonstr ations ▁and ▁prom oting ▁inter fa ith ▁dialog ue . ▁The ▁tea ▁party ▁ended ▁up ▁receiving ▁more ▁participants ▁than ▁the ▁original ▁ED L ▁march . ▁ ▁J - V o ice , ▁a ▁social ist ▁and ▁progress ive ▁Jewish ▁community ▁project , ▁has ▁condem ned ▁what ▁it ▁refers ▁to ▁as ▁a ▁" a ▁rise ▁in ▁hat red ▁towards ▁Muslim s " ▁and ▁called ▁for ▁Muslim s ▁and ▁Jews ▁in ▁the ▁UK ▁to ▁remain ▁un ited ▁against ▁the ▁" far - right ." ▁Following ▁a ▁meeting ▁between ▁Manchester ' s ▁Jewish ▁community ▁and ▁Tommy ▁Robinson , ▁the ▁Board ▁of ▁Deput ies ▁of ▁British ▁Jews ▁stated ▁that ▁" Rob inson ’ s ▁record ▁of ▁anti - Mus lim ▁prov ocation ▁means ▁that ▁he ▁could ▁never ▁be ▁a ▁partner ▁of ▁a ▁respect able ▁or ▁main stream ▁Jewish ▁organisation ." ▁ ▁Based ▁out ▁of ▁London , ▁the ▁Islam ic ▁Human ▁Rights ▁Commission ▁( I H RC ) ▁is ▁a ▁UK ▁human ▁rights ▁organization ▁that ▁works ▁to ▁campaign ▁for ▁justice ▁for |
▁the ▁British ▁Muslim ▁community . ▁Al ong ▁with ▁working ▁closely ▁with ▁the ▁United ▁Nations , ▁I H RC ▁has ▁produced ▁and ▁submitted ▁numerous ▁articles , ▁reports , ▁and ▁general ▁research ▁on ▁is lam oph ob ia ▁to ▁govern ments ▁and ▁international ▁organizations ▁to ▁offer ▁ ▁History ▁Robert ▁Lam bert ▁and ▁Graham ▁Edward ▁Ged des ▁have ▁compared ▁Islam oph ob ia ▁and ▁anti - Mus lim ▁street ▁violence ▁to ▁that ▁of ▁P aki - bash ing , ▁a ▁form ▁of ▁rac ist ▁violence ▁that ▁was ▁perpet r ated ▁against ▁South ▁A si ans ▁since ▁the ▁ 1 9 6 0 s . ▁Lam bert ▁notes ▁that ▁a ▁key ▁difference ▁is ▁that , ▁whereas ▁the ▁National ▁Front ▁and ▁B NP ▁target ed ▁all ▁South ▁A si ans ▁( including ▁Muslim s , ▁H ind us ▁and ▁S ik hs ), ▁the ▁ED L ▁specifically ▁target ▁British ▁Muslim s . ▁Lam bert ▁also ▁comp ares ▁the ▁media ' s ▁role ▁in ▁fuel ing ▁" P aki - bash ing " ▁in ▁the ▁late ▁ 2 0 th ▁century ▁to ▁its ▁role ▁in ▁fuel ing ▁anti - Mus lim ▁sentiment ▁in ▁the ▁early ▁ 2 1 st ▁century . ▁Ged des ▁notes ▁that ▁variations ▁of ▁the ▁" P aki " ▁ra cial ▁sl ur ▁are ▁occasionally ▁used ▁by ▁members ▁of ▁the ▁ED L . ▁ ▁British ▁Asian ▁Muslim s ▁faced ▁disc rim ination ▁and ▁rac ism ▁following ▁En och ▁Pow ell ' s ▁R ivers ▁of ▁Blood ▁speech ▁and ▁the ▁establishment ▁of ▁the ▁National ▁Front ▁in ▁the |
▁late ▁ 1 9 6 0 s . ▁This ▁included ▁over t ▁rac ism ▁in ▁the ▁form ▁of ▁P aki ▁bash ing , ▁pre domin antly ▁from ▁white ▁power ▁skin head s , ▁the ▁National ▁Front , ▁and ▁the ▁British ▁National ▁Party , ▁throughout ▁the ▁ 1 9 7 0 s ▁and ▁ 1 9 8 0 s . ▁Draw ing ▁insp iration ▁from ▁the ▁Indian ▁independence ▁movement , ▁the ▁black ▁power ▁movement , ▁and ▁the ▁anti - ap art heid ▁movement , ▁young ▁British ▁Pak ist ani ▁and ▁British ▁Bang l ades hi ▁activ ists ▁began ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁anti - rac ist ▁Asian ▁youth ▁movements ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 7 0 s ▁and ▁ 1 9 8 0 s , ▁including ▁the ▁Brad ford ▁Youth ▁Mov ement ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 7 , ▁the ▁Bang l ades hi ▁Youth ▁Mov ement ▁following ▁the ▁murder ▁of ▁Al tab ▁Ali ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 8 , ▁and ▁the ▁New ham ▁Youth ▁Mov ement ▁following ▁the ▁murder ▁of ▁Ak ht ar ▁Ali ▁Ba ig ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 0 . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁Islam ▁in ▁England ▁Islam ▁in ▁Scotland ▁Islam ▁in ▁Wales ▁Islam ▁in ▁Northern ▁Ireland ▁P aki ▁( sl ur ) ▁T error ism ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁Kingdom ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁S ources ▁ ▁Category : O pp osition ▁to ▁Islam ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁Kingdom <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁International ▁L ia ison ▁Committee ▁on ▁Res usc itation ▁( IL C OR ) ▁was ▁formed ▁in ▁ 1 9 |
9 2 ▁to ▁provide ▁an ▁opportunity ▁for ▁the ▁major ▁organizations ▁in ▁res usc itation ▁to ▁work ▁together ▁on ▁C PR ▁( Card iop ul mon ary ▁Res usc itation ) ▁and ▁E CC ▁( E mer gency ▁Card i ov asc ular ▁Care ) ▁protocol s . ▁The ▁name ▁was ▁chosen ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 6 ▁to ▁be ▁a ▁deliber ate ▁play ▁on ▁words ▁rel ating ▁to ▁the ▁treatment ▁of ▁sick ▁hearts ▁– ▁" ill ▁cor " ▁( cor ▁is ▁Latin ▁for ▁heart ). ▁ ▁I LC OR ▁is ▁composed ▁of ▁the ▁American ▁Heart ▁Association ▁( A HA ), ▁the ▁European ▁Res usc itation ▁Council ▁( ER C ), ▁the ▁Heart ▁and ▁St roke ▁Foundation ▁of ▁Canada ▁( HS FC ), ▁the ▁Australian ▁and ▁New ▁Zealand ▁Committee ▁on ▁Res usc itation , ▁the ▁Res usc itation ▁Coun c ils ▁of ▁Southern ▁Africa ▁( RC SA ), ▁the ▁Res usc itation ▁Coun c ils ▁of ▁Asia ▁( R CA ) ▁and ▁the ▁Inter ▁American ▁Heart ▁Foundation ▁( IA H F ). ▁ ▁Mission ▁statement ▁" To ▁provide ▁a ▁cons ensus ▁mechanism ▁by ▁which ▁the ▁international ▁science ▁and ▁knowledge ▁relevant ▁to ▁emer gency ▁card iac ▁care ▁can ▁be ▁identified ▁and ▁review ed . ▁This ▁cons ensus ▁mechanism ▁will ▁be ▁used ▁to ▁provide ▁consistent ▁international ▁gu idel ines ▁on ▁emer gency ▁card iac ▁care ▁for ▁Basic ▁Life ▁Support ▁( B LS ), ▁Pa ed iat ric ▁Life ▁Support ▁( PL S ) ▁and ▁Advanced ▁Life ▁Support ▁( AL S ). ▁While ▁the ▁major ▁focus ▁will |
▁be ▁upon ▁treatment ▁gu idel ines , ▁the ▁ste ering ▁committee ▁will ▁also ▁address ▁the ▁effect iveness ▁of ▁educational ▁and ▁training ▁approaches ▁and ▁topics ▁related ▁to ▁the ▁organisation ▁and ▁implementation ▁of ▁emer gency ▁card iac ▁care . ▁The ▁Committee ▁will ▁also ▁encou rage ▁coord ination ▁of ▁dates ▁for ▁gu idel ines ▁development ▁and ▁con ferences ▁by ▁various ▁national ▁res usc itation ▁coun c ils . ▁These ▁international ▁gu idel ines ▁will ▁aim ▁for ▁a ▁common ality ▁supported ▁by ▁science ▁for ▁B LS , ▁A LS ▁and ▁P LS ." ▁ ▁Object ives ▁The ▁object ives ▁of ▁I LC OR ▁are ▁to : ▁ ▁Prov ide ▁a ▁forum ▁for ▁discussion ▁and ▁for ▁coord ination ▁of ▁all ▁aspects ▁of ▁card iop ul mon ary ▁and ▁c ere br al ▁res usc itation ▁world wide . ▁ ▁F oster ▁scientific ▁research ▁in ▁areas ▁of ▁res usc itation ▁where ▁there ▁is ▁a ▁lack ▁of ▁data ▁or ▁where ▁there ▁is ▁controvers y . ▁ ▁Prov ide ▁for ▁dis sem ination ▁of ▁information ▁on ▁training ▁and ▁education ▁in ▁res usc itation . ▁ ▁Prov ide ▁a ▁mechanism ▁for ▁collect ing , ▁review ing ▁and ▁sharing ▁international ▁scientific ▁data ▁on ▁res usc itation . ▁ ▁Produ ce ▁as ▁appropriate ▁statements ▁on ▁specific ▁issues ▁related ▁to ▁res usc itation ▁that ▁reflect ▁international ▁cons ensus . ▁ ▁Activ ities ▁I LC OR ▁meets ▁twice ▁each ▁year ▁usually ▁altern ating ▁between ▁a ▁ven ue ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁and ▁a ▁ven ue ▁elsewhere ▁in ▁the ▁world . ▁I LC OR ▁produced ▁the ▁first |
▁International ▁C PR ▁Gu idel ines ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 0 , ▁and ▁re vised ▁protocol s ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 5 ▁( pub lished ▁concurrent ly ▁in ▁the ▁scientific ▁journ als ▁Res usc itation ▁and ▁Cir cul ation ). ▁A ▁total ▁of ▁ 2 8 1 ▁exper ts ▁completed ▁ 4 0 3 ▁works he ets ▁on ▁ 2 7 5 ▁topics , ▁review ing ▁more ▁than ▁ 2 2 0 0 0 ▁published ▁studies ▁to ▁produce ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 5 ▁revision . ▁ ▁A ▁further ▁update ▁appeared ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 5 ▁ ▁The ▁standard ▁revis ions ▁cycle ▁for ▁res usc itation ▁is ▁five ▁years . ▁The ▁next ▁is ▁therefore ▁scheduled ▁to ▁be ▁in ▁ 2 0 2 0 . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁▁ ▁Category : Intern ational ▁medical ▁and ▁health ▁organizations ▁Category : E mer gency ▁medicine ▁organis ations ▁Category : Card iop ul mon ary ▁res usc itation <0x0A> </s> ▁Sab al ▁gre ther iae ▁is ▁a ▁species ▁of ▁pal m ▁tree ▁that ▁is ▁en demic ▁to ▁the ▁state ▁of ▁Quint ana ▁Ro o ▁in ▁Mexico , ▁where ▁it ▁is ▁threatened ▁by ▁habitat ▁loss . ▁It ▁was ▁described ▁by ▁Herm il ilo ▁J . ▁Qu ero ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 1 . ▁The ▁specific ▁ep ith et , ▁" gre ther iae ", ▁hon ors ▁Rosa ura ▁Gre ther , ▁a ▁botan ist ▁who ▁worked ▁with ▁Qu ero . ▁It ▁is ▁very ▁similar ▁to ▁the ▁Mexican ▁Pal met to ▁( S |
. ▁mex icana ) ▁and ▁may ▁be ▁syn onym ▁of ▁that ▁species . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁gre ther iae ▁Category : End em ic ▁fl ora ▁of ▁Mexico ▁Category : T rees ▁of ▁Quint ana ▁Ro o ▁Category : Pl ants ▁described ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 1 ▁Category : V ul ner able ▁plants ▁Category : T ax onomy ▁articles ▁created ▁by ▁Pol bot <0x0A> </s> ▁Mod icus ▁minim us ▁is ▁a ▁cl ing fish ▁of ▁the ▁family ▁ ▁G ob ies oc idae . ▁It ▁is ▁found ▁on ▁co arse ▁substr ates ▁consisting ▁of ▁mixed ▁shell ▁fragments ▁and ▁gra vel ▁and ▁on ▁b eds ▁of ▁bra chi op ods . ▁Graham ▁S . ▁Hard y ▁described ▁this ▁species ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 3 ▁with ▁a ▁type ▁local ity ▁of ▁the ▁channel ▁between ▁southern ▁Rang it oto ▁Island ▁and ▁D ' U r ville ▁Island , ▁New ▁Zealand ▁collected ▁at ▁a ▁depth ▁. ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁minim us ▁Category : End em ic ▁marine ▁fish ▁of ▁New ▁Zealand ▁Category : F ish ▁described ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 3 <0x0A> </s> ▁Edward ▁Frank ▁Dan owski ▁( Se ptember ▁ 3 0 , ▁ 1 9 1 1 ▁– ▁February ▁ 1 , ▁ 1 9 9 7 ) ▁was ▁an ▁American ▁football ▁player ▁who ▁played ▁quarter back ▁and ▁half back ▁in ▁the ▁National ▁Football ▁League ▁( N FL ). ▁ ▁Dan owski ▁played ▁for ▁the ▁New ▁York ▁Gi ants ▁for ▁seven ▁seasons ▁( 1 9 3 4 – 1 9 3 |
9 , ▁ 1 9 4 1 ) ▁and ▁quarter back ed ▁the ▁team ▁when ▁they ▁won ▁the ▁ 1 9 3 4 ▁and ▁ 1 9 3 8 ▁NFL ▁Championship ▁Games . ▁ ▁He ▁played ▁college ▁football ▁at ▁Ford ham ▁University . ▁ ▁He ▁returned ▁to ▁Rose ▁Hill ▁as ▁the ▁head ▁coach ▁for ▁the ▁R ams ▁from ▁ 1 9 4 6 ▁to ▁ 1 9 5 4 , ▁am ass ing ▁a ▁record ▁of ▁ 2 9 – 4 4 – 3 ▁(. 4 0 1 ). ▁His ▁ 1 9 4 9 ▁squad ▁reached ▁# 2 0 ▁in ▁the ▁pol ls . ▁ ▁He ▁grew ▁up ▁in ▁Aqu eb og ue , ▁his ▁father , ▁Anton , ▁was ▁a ▁Polish ▁imm igr ant . ▁His ▁son , ▁John ▁Dan owski , ▁is ▁the ▁head ▁lac ros se ▁coach ▁at ▁Duke ▁University ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁the ▁long time ▁coach ▁of ▁the ▁Hof stra ▁P ride , ▁and ▁his ▁grand son , ▁Matt ▁Dan owski , ▁is ▁second ▁in ▁Division ▁I ▁in ▁total ▁points ▁in ▁NCAA ▁lac ros se ▁history . ▁ ▁Ed ▁was ▁induct ed ▁into ▁the ▁Su ff olk ▁Sports ▁Hall ▁of ▁Fame ▁on ▁Long ▁Island , ▁New ▁York , ▁in ▁the ▁Football ▁Category ▁with ▁the ▁Class ▁of ▁ 1 9 9 1 . ▁ ▁Head ▁co aching ▁record ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁History ▁of ▁the ▁New ▁York ▁Gi ants ▁( 1 9 2 5 – 7 8 ) ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁▁▁▁ ▁Category : 1 9 1 |
1 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 9 9 7 ▁death s ▁Category : American ▁football ▁quarter back s ▁Category : American ▁football ▁running ▁back s ▁Category : F ord ham ▁R ams ▁football ▁coach es ▁Category : F ord ham ▁R ams ▁football ▁players ▁Category : New ▁York ▁Gi ants ▁players ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁River head ▁( town ), ▁New ▁York ▁Category : Play ers ▁of ▁American ▁football ▁from ▁New ▁York ▁( state ) ▁Category : American ▁people ▁of ▁Polish ▁descent <0x0A> </s> ▁Raf san jan ▁Airport ▁ ▁is ▁an ▁air port ▁in ▁Raf san jan , ▁Iran . ▁ ▁Airlines ▁and ▁destin ations ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : A ir ports ▁in ▁Iran ▁Category : Build ings ▁and ▁structures ▁in ▁K erman ▁Province ▁Category : Transport ation ▁in ▁K erman ▁Province <0x0A> </s> ▁Sin ik ka ▁Boh lin ▁( born ▁ 1 9 4 7 ), ▁is ▁a ▁Swedish ▁social ▁dem ocr atic ▁politician ▁who ▁has ▁been ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁R ik sd ag ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 8 – 2 0 1 0 . ▁She ▁served ▁as ▁President ▁of ▁the ▁Nord ic ▁Council ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 9 . ▁ ▁Boh lin ▁was ▁born ▁in ▁Finland ▁to ▁a ▁Finn ish ▁father ▁and ▁a ▁K are li an - Bel arus ian ▁mother , ▁and ▁moved ▁to ▁Sweden ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 8 . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁Category : 1 9 4 7 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : S |
wed ish ▁Social ▁Democratic ▁Party ▁polit icians ▁Category : W omen ▁members ▁of ▁the ▁R ik sd ag ▁Category : M embers ▁of ▁the ▁R ik sd ag ▁ 1 9 9 8 – 2 0 0 2 ▁Category : M embers ▁of ▁the ▁R ik sd ag ▁ 2 0 0 2 – 2 0 0 6 ▁Category : M embers ▁of ▁the ▁R ik sd ag ▁ 2 0 0 6 – 2 0 1 0 ▁Category : S wed ish ▁people ▁of ▁Bel arus ian ▁descent ▁Category : S wed ish ▁people ▁of ▁Finn ish ▁descent ▁Category : 2 0 th - century ▁women ▁polit icians ▁Category : 2 1 st - century ▁Swedish ▁women ▁polit icians ▁Category : S wed ish ▁people ▁of ▁K are li an ▁descent <0x0A> </s> ▁Cam po ▁del ▁Mor o ▁is ▁a ▁park ▁in ▁Madrid , ▁Spain . ▁ ▁Category : Ro yal ▁Palace ▁of ▁Madrid ▁Category : P arks ▁in ▁Madrid ▁Category : P ala cio ▁neighborhood , ▁Madrid <0x0A> </s> ▁Top ▁G ear ▁Philippines ▁is ▁a ▁magazine ▁which ▁is ▁published ▁by ▁Sum mit ▁Media ▁- ▁under ▁license ▁from ▁BBC ▁World wide ▁and ▁Im mediate ▁Media ▁Company ▁- ▁and ▁features ▁Philipp ine - only ▁content . ▁ ▁History ▁It ▁was ▁first ▁published ▁in ▁September ▁ 2 0 0 4 ▁with ▁British ▁and ▁Filip ino ▁contents ▁published . ▁A ▁major ▁change ▁came ▁when ▁a ▁Filip ino ▁editor - in - ch ief ▁took ▁the ▁hel m ▁and ▁published ▁Philipp ine ▁content ▁unique ▁to ▁the |
▁magazine . ▁In ▁March ▁ 2 0 1 1 , ▁Top ▁G ear ▁Philippines ▁red es igned ▁its ▁contents , ▁with ▁some ▁segments ▁being ▁renamed . ▁On ▁June ▁of ▁the ▁same ▁year , ▁they ▁published ▁their ▁ 7 5 th ▁issue ▁and ▁made ▁a ▁contest ▁on ▁their ▁website . ▁In ▁March ▁ 2 0 1 2 , ▁they ▁red es igned ▁again ▁to ▁attract ▁more ▁readers . ▁On ▁June ▁of ▁the ▁same ▁year , ▁they ▁put ▁out ▁their ▁supp lement ary ▁issue ▁called ▁" Top ▁B ikes ". ▁In ▁December ▁ 2 0 1 2 , ▁they ▁made ▁their ▁first ▁" Top ▁G ear ▁Philippines ▁Car ▁Of ▁The ▁Year ▁Awards " ▁with ▁the ▁Toy ota ▁ 8 6 ▁as ▁the ▁first ▁winner . ▁This ▁September ▁ 2 0 1 3 , ▁Top ▁G ear ▁Philippines ▁red es igned ▁their ▁magazine ▁again ▁in ▁comm em oration ▁of ▁its ▁" 9 th - year ▁anni versary ▁and ▁ 1 0 0 th ▁issue " ▁celebr ation ▁on ▁the ▁same ▁month . ▁In ▁September ▁ 2 0 1 4 , ▁Top ▁G ear ▁celebrated ▁their ▁ 1 0 ▁years ▁and ▁red es igned ▁their ▁magazine ▁again . ▁They ▁celebrated ▁ 1 1 ▁years ▁in ▁September ▁ 2 0 1 5 . ▁A ▁year ▁later , ▁in ▁the ▁May ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁issue , ▁Top ▁G ear ▁P H ▁red es igned ▁their ▁magazine ▁again , ▁with ▁a ▁more ▁flat ▁and ▁minimal ist ▁design . ▁Vari ous ▁changes ▁have ▁been ▁added ▁over ▁the ▁years , |
▁such ▁as ▁the ▁addition ▁of ▁the ▁M oto ▁S api ens ▁page ▁in ▁the ▁October ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁issue . ▁▁ ▁The ▁editor ial ▁staff ▁of ▁the ▁online ▁component ▁of ▁Top ▁G ear ▁Philippines , ▁Top G ear . com . ph , ▁was ▁su ed ▁by ▁N est or ▁P un z al an ▁after ▁they ▁err one ously ▁identified ▁P un z al an ▁as ▁the ▁potential ▁k iller ▁in ▁a ▁road ▁ra ge ▁incident ▁in ▁Qu ia po ▁on ▁their ▁popular ▁Facebook ▁page . ▁Among ▁the ▁dem ands ▁made ▁by ▁P un z al an ▁was ▁for ▁Vern on ▁B . ▁Sar ne , ▁Top ▁G ear ▁Philippines ▁Editor - in - ch ief , ▁to ▁res ign ▁after ▁he ▁identified ▁himself ▁as ▁the ▁party ▁at ▁fault ▁on ▁their ▁Facebook ▁page ▁that ▁resulted ▁in ▁P un z al an ▁being ▁threatened ▁and ▁cy ber bul lied . ▁ ▁On ▁April ▁ 1 1 , ▁ 2 0 1 8 ▁Top ▁G ear ▁Philippines ▁publish er ▁Sum mit ▁Media ▁announced ▁that ▁it ▁was ▁ending ▁publication ▁of ▁the ▁Top ▁G ear ▁Philippines ▁print ▁magazine . ▁ ▁Content ▁The ▁features ▁of ▁the ▁Top ▁G ear ▁Philippines ▁include : ▁Re action ▁Time ▁- ▁letters ▁from ▁av id ▁readers ▁New ▁Metal ▁- ▁features ▁new ▁cars ▁and ▁concepts . ▁Car ▁Culture ▁- ▁columns ▁of ▁contrib utors , ▁usually ▁from ▁top ▁Philipp ine ▁d ail ies . ▁Tra ffic ▁Sto pper ▁G ear head ▁A ▁Day ▁in ▁the ▁Life ▁- ▁where ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁the |
▁T GP ▁staff ▁take ▁jobs ▁connected ▁with ▁autom ob iles . ▁Car ▁Club ▁- ▁where ▁car ▁clubs ▁get ▁featured ▁on ▁the ▁magazine . ▁Sh ake ▁Down ▁- ▁Test s ▁of ▁New ▁C ars , ▁replacing ▁D riv es ▁on ▁the ▁Philipp ine ▁issue . ▁The ▁Top ▁Read ▁- ▁where ▁the ▁main ▁stories ▁( us ually ▁the ▁cover ▁stories ) ▁are ▁being ▁read . ▁Road ▁T rip ▁M oto ▁S api ens ▁- ▁a ▁section ▁introduced ▁with ▁the ▁October ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁issue , ▁where ▁new ▁motor cy cles ▁are ▁being ▁review ed . ▁Full ▁Th rott le ▁- ▁where ▁stories ▁related ▁to ▁racing ▁and ▁mot ors port ▁are ▁being ▁read . ▁Assembly ▁Line ▁- ▁it ▁shows ▁people ▁who ▁supported ▁their ▁stories ▁and ▁also , ▁some ▁re actions ▁about ▁the ▁stories ' ▁behind - the - sc enes . ▁The ▁Gar age ▁New ▁Car ▁Guide ▁- ▁spons ored ▁by ▁B PI . ▁ ▁Car ▁of ▁the ▁Year ▁▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁- ▁Toy ota ▁ 8 6 ▁▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁- ▁Maz da ▁ 6 ▁▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁- ▁Maz da ▁ 3 ▁▁ 2 0 1 5 ▁- ▁Maz da ▁M X - 5 ▁▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁- ▁H onda ▁C iv ic ▁▁ 2 0 1 7 ▁- ▁H onda ▁C iv ic ▁Type ▁R ▁▁ 2 0 1 8 ▁- ▁Ford ▁R anger ▁R apt or ▁▁ 2 0 1 9 ▁- ▁Su zu ki ▁Jim ny ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links |
▁▁▁ ▁Top ▁G ear ▁Philippines ▁at ▁Sum mit ▁Media ▁ ▁Category : Mag az ines ▁established ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 4 ▁Category : Ph ili pp ine ▁mag az ines ▁Category : Top ▁G ear <0x0A> </s> ▁W ugg ub un ▁is ▁a ▁small ▁Ab original ▁community , ▁located ▁in ▁the ▁Kim ber ley ▁Region ▁of ▁Western ▁Australia , ▁within ▁the ▁Sh ire ▁of ▁Wy nd ham - E ast ▁Kim ber ley . ▁ ▁Govern ance ▁ ▁The ▁community ▁is ▁managed ▁through ▁its ▁incorpor ated ▁body , ▁W ugg ub un ▁Ab original ▁Corporation , ▁incorpor ated ▁under ▁the ▁Ab original ▁Coun c ils ▁and ▁Associ ations ▁Act ▁ 1 9 7 6 ▁on ▁ 8 ▁August ▁ 1 9 9 0 . ▁ ▁Town ▁planning ▁ ▁W ugg ub un ▁Layout ▁Plan ▁No . 1 ▁has ▁been ▁prepared ▁in ▁accord ance ▁with ▁State ▁Pl anning ▁Policy ▁ 3 . 2 ▁Ab original ▁S ett lement s . ▁Layout ▁Plan ▁No . 1 ▁is ▁yet ▁to ▁be ▁end ors ed ▁by ▁the ▁community . ▁As ▁such ▁the ▁Layout ▁Plan ▁exists ▁only ▁as ▁a ▁draft . ▁ ▁Notes ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Office ▁of ▁the ▁Reg istr ar ▁of ▁Ind igen ous ▁Corpor ations ▁ ▁Category : T own s ▁in ▁Western ▁Australia ▁Category : K im ber ley ▁( West ern ▁Australia ) ▁Category : A bor iginal ▁communities ▁in ▁Western ▁Australia <0x0A> </s> ▁Michael ▁James ▁de ▁Grey ▁All ingham ▁( born ▁ 6 ▁January ▁ 1 9 6 5 , |
▁in ▁In ver ness ) ▁and ▁educated ▁at ▁Str ath all an , ▁is ▁a ▁Scottish ▁cr ick eter . ▁ ▁He ▁is ▁a ▁right - hand ed ▁b ats man ▁and ▁a ▁right - arm ▁medium - pace ▁bow ler . ▁ ▁All ingham ▁played ▁ 4 9 ▁matches ▁for ▁Scotland , ▁including ▁first ▁class , ▁List ▁A ▁cr icket , ▁international ▁and ▁I CC ▁Tro phy ▁matches . ▁ ▁He ▁also ▁represented ▁the ▁Scotland ▁B ▁team ▁as ▁a ▁sc rum - half ▁in ▁rugby ▁union , ▁but ▁quit ▁following ▁a ▁kne e ▁injury . ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 6 , ▁he ▁was ▁the ▁head ▁of ▁sport ▁at ▁Edinburgh ▁Academy . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁Cr icket ▁at ▁the ▁ 1 9 9 8 ▁Commonwealth ▁Games ▁▁ 1 9 9 9 ▁Cr icket ▁World ▁Cup ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁▁▁▁ ▁Category : 1 9 6 5 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : Sc ott ish ▁cr ick eters ▁Category : Sc ot land ▁cr ick eters ▁Category : Sc ot land ▁One ▁Day ▁International ▁cr ick eters ▁Category : C rick eters ▁at ▁the ▁ 1 9 9 8 ▁Commonwealth ▁Games ▁Category : C rick eters ▁at ▁the ▁ 1 9 9 9 ▁Cr icket ▁World ▁Cup ▁Category : Sc ott ish ▁rugby ▁union ▁players ▁Category : Pe ople ▁educated ▁at ▁Str ath all an ▁School ▁Category : S ports people ▁from ▁In ver ness <0x0A> </s> ▁Juan ▁de ▁la ▁Cer da , ▁ 2 nd ▁Duke |
▁of ▁Med in ac eli , ▁Grande e ▁of ▁Spain , ▁( in ▁full , ▁), ▁( 1 4 8 5 ▁– ▁ 2 0 ▁January ▁ 1 5 4 4 ) ▁was ▁a ▁Spanish ▁no blem an . ▁ ▁He ▁was ▁the ▁son ▁of ▁Don ▁Luis ▁de ▁la ▁Cer da , ▁ 1 st ▁Duke ▁of ▁Med in ac eli ▁by ▁third ▁wife ▁Catal ina ▁B ique ▁de ▁O re j ón . ▁Since ▁his ▁parents ▁only ▁married ▁In ▁Art ic ulo ▁Mort is ▁in ▁ 1 5 0 1 , ▁he ▁was ▁considered ▁a ▁bast ard ▁for ▁the ▁first ▁half ▁of ▁his ▁life ▁but ▁was ▁legit im ated ▁by ▁the ▁Catholic ▁Mon arch s ▁as ▁the ▁el dest ▁surv iving ▁male ▁issue ▁from ▁the ▁first ▁Duke . ▁He ▁took ▁part ▁in ▁the ▁batt les ▁for ▁the ▁incorpor ation ▁of ▁the ▁Kingdom ▁of ▁Navar re ▁into ▁the ▁un ified ▁Kingdom ▁of ▁Spain ▁on ▁beh alf ▁of ▁King ▁Ferdinand ▁II ▁of ▁Arag on . ▁He ▁also ▁was ▁a ▁court ier ▁under ▁Queen ▁Isabel la ▁I ▁of ▁Cast ile ▁till ▁ 1 5 0 4 , ▁of ▁her ▁daughter ▁Queen ▁Jo anna ▁of ▁Cast ile ▁The ▁Mad , ▁and ▁later ▁supported ▁her ▁son ▁King ▁Charles ▁I ▁since ▁ 1 5 1 6 . ▁He ▁was ▁reward ed ▁with ▁a ▁grande es hip ▁in ▁ 1 5 2 0 . ▁ ▁Des c end ants ▁Juan ▁de ▁la ▁Cer da ▁married ▁M enc ía ▁Manuel ▁de ▁Portugal , ▁daughter ▁of ▁Dom ▁Aff onso ▁de ▁Portugal |
, ▁ 1 st ▁Count ▁of ▁Far o , ▁with ▁whom ▁he ▁had ▁three ▁children . ▁In ▁ 1 5 1 2 , ▁he ▁married ▁for ▁a ▁second ▁time , ▁with ▁María ▁de ▁Silva ▁( 1 4 9 4 ▁– ▁ 1 6 ▁August ▁ 1 5 4 4 ), ▁daughter ▁of ▁Don ▁Juan ▁de ▁Silva , ▁ 3 rd ▁Count ▁of ▁C if u entes ▁with ▁whom ▁he ▁had ▁four ▁more ▁children . ▁ ▁By ▁M enc ía ▁Manuel ▁de ▁Portugal : ▁ ▁Isabel ▁M enc ía ▁Manuel ▁de ▁la ▁Cer da ▁( d . ▁ 1 5 5 0 ), ▁who ▁married ▁Pedro ▁Z ap ata ▁de ▁Ay ala . ▁ ▁Luis ▁de ▁la ▁Cer da ▁y ▁Portugal ▁ ▁Gast ón ▁de ▁la ▁Cer da ▁y ▁Portugal ▁ ▁By ▁María ▁de ▁Silva : ▁ ▁Juan ▁de ▁la ▁Cer da ▁y ▁Silva ▁ ▁Fernando ▁de ▁la ▁Cer da ▁y ▁Silva ▁( 1 5 1 6 – 1 5 7 9 ), ▁who ▁married ▁Ana ▁de ▁Th ie ul loy e ▁ ▁Catal ina ▁de ▁la ▁Cer da , ▁who ▁married ▁Lorenzo ▁Gó mez ▁de ▁M endo za , ▁ 4 th ▁Count ▁of ▁Cor u ña ▁ ▁Lu isa ▁de ▁la ▁Cer da , ▁who ▁married ▁A rias ▁P ardo ▁de ▁Sa aved ra ▁ ▁Il leg it imate : ▁ ▁Francisco ▁de ▁la ▁Cer da ▁( d . ▁ 1 5 4 4 ) ▁ ▁Diego ▁de ▁la ▁Cer da ▁ ▁S ources ▁ ▁Category : 1 4 8 5 ▁birth |
s ▁Category : 1 5 4 4 ▁death s ▁Category : D uk es ▁of ▁Med in ac eli ▁Category : Count s ▁of ▁Puerto ▁de ▁Santa ▁María ▁Juan ▁ 0 2 ▁Category : G ran de es ▁of ▁Spain <0x0A> </s> ▁Bour gue ▁is ▁a ▁French ▁surname . ▁Notable ▁people ▁with ▁the ▁surname ▁include : ▁ ▁Math ias ▁Bour gue ▁( born ▁ 1 9 9 4 ), ▁French ▁tennis ▁player ▁Maurice ▁Bour gue ▁( born ▁ 1 9 3 9 ), ▁French ▁ob o ist , ▁composer , ▁and ▁conduct or ▁ ▁Category : F rench - language ▁s urn ames <0x0A> </s> ▁Roger ▁Le en hardt ▁( 2 3 ▁July ▁ 1 9 0 3 ▁– ▁ 4 ▁December ▁ 1 9 8 5 ) ▁was ▁a ▁French ▁writer ▁and ▁film maker . ▁ ▁Early ▁life ▁ ▁Born ▁in ▁a ▁b our ge ois ▁Protest ant ▁family , ▁this ▁brilliant ▁student ▁of ▁philosophy ▁was ▁very ▁soon ▁fasc in ated ▁by ▁cinema . ▁Through ▁a ▁cousin , ▁he ▁started ▁working ▁for ▁the ▁news re el ▁program ▁É cla ir ▁Journal ▁and ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 4 ▁set ▁up ▁his ▁own ▁production ▁company ▁with ▁René ▁Z uber , ▁" Les ▁Films ▁du ▁Comp as ," ▁later ▁known ▁as , ▁" R og er ▁Le en hardt ▁Films .” ▁ ▁Career ▁ ▁As ▁a ▁critic ▁in ▁the ▁journal ▁Es prit , ▁he ▁was ▁considered ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁most ▁per cept ive ▁obser vers ▁of ▁pre - war ▁France ▁and ▁strongly ▁influenced ▁André |
▁B az in ▁and ▁the ▁entire ▁" N ouvelle ▁V ague .” ▁ ▁Thanks ▁to ▁his ▁series ▁of ▁articles ▁known ▁as ▁" La ▁petite ▁é cole ▁du ▁spect ateur ," ▁cinema ▁became ▁considered ▁as ▁an ▁art ▁and ▁a ▁language ▁in ▁its ▁own ▁right . ▁Le en hardt ▁also ▁contributed ▁to ▁other ▁journ als , ▁such ▁as ▁Font aine , ▁Les ▁Let tres ▁Fran çais es , ▁and ▁l ' E c ran ▁français , ▁in ▁which ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 8 ▁he ▁delivered ▁his ▁famous ▁cry , ▁" Down ▁with ▁Ford ! ▁Long ▁Live ▁Wy ler !" ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 4 9 , ▁he ▁fost ered ▁the ▁creation ▁of ▁the ▁cinema ▁club ▁Object if ▁ 4 9 ▁of ▁which ▁he ▁was ▁the ▁co - pres ident ▁with ▁Robert ▁B ress on ▁and ▁Jean ▁Co ct eau . ▁ ▁Dest ined ▁to ▁promote ▁a ▁new ▁cinema ▁d ' a uteur , ▁the ▁club ▁resulted ▁in ▁the ▁creation ▁in ▁Bi ar ritz ▁of ▁the ▁Festival ▁of ▁C urs ed ▁Films ▁[ F estival ▁des ▁Films ▁Ma ud its ]. ▁ ▁Begin ning ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 5 0 s ▁he ▁pres ided ▁over ▁the ▁French ▁Association ▁for ▁the ▁Prom otion ▁of ▁Cinema ▁[ Associ ation ▁française ▁pour ▁la ▁diffusion ▁du ▁cinéma ] ▁which ▁organized ▁a ▁travel ing ▁festival , ▁Cin éma ▁Days ▁[ Les ▁J ourn ées ▁du ▁cinéma ] ▁( 1 9 5 3 – 1 9 6 0 ). ▁ ▁Finally , ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 5 ▁Le |
en hardt ▁participated ▁in ▁the ▁creation ▁in ▁T ours ▁of ▁the ▁International ▁Days ▁of ▁Film ▁[ J ourn ées ▁international es ▁du ▁film ] ▁which ▁became ▁the ▁Festival ▁of ▁T ours . ▁Special ized ▁in ▁short ▁films , ▁the ▁festival ▁brought ▁together ▁the ▁for em ost ▁film m akers , ▁including ▁François ▁Tru ff aut , ▁Chris ▁Mark er , ▁Ag n ès ▁V arda , ▁Jacques ▁Dem y , ▁Roman ▁Pol ans ki , ▁Robert ▁En rico , ▁and ▁others . ▁ ▁His ▁document ary ▁works ▁are ▁numerous ▁and ▁include ▁the ▁creation ▁of ▁more ▁than ▁ 6 0 ▁short ▁films ▁and ▁the ▁production ▁of ▁a ▁similar ▁number . ▁There ▁are ▁two ▁main ▁categories ▁of ▁his ▁work : ▁Port ra its ▁of ▁great ▁writers ▁( e . g . ▁François ▁Maur iac , ▁Paul ▁Val é ry , ▁Victor ▁Hugo , ▁etc .), ▁and ▁port ra its ▁of ▁famous ▁pain ters ▁( e . g ., ▁Mon et , ▁P iss ar ro , ▁B az ile , ▁etc .). ▁He ▁also ▁made ▁a ▁film ▁on ▁the ▁orig ins ▁of ▁phot ography ▁( D ag uer re ▁ou ▁la ▁Na issance ▁de ▁la ▁phot ographie , ▁ 1 9 6 4 ) ▁and ▁another ▁on ▁the ▁in vention ▁of ▁cinema ▁( Na issance ▁du ▁cinéma , ▁ 1 9 4 6 ), ▁a ▁master pie ce ▁of ▁ped agog ical ▁and ▁intelligence . ▁ ▁Priv ile ging ▁his ▁artist ▁vision , ▁Le en hardt ▁made ▁only ▁three ▁feature - length ▁fiction ▁films : |
▁ ▁( 1 9 4 8 ), ▁ ▁( 1 9 6 1 ), ▁and , ▁for ▁television , ▁Une ▁fille ▁dans ▁la ▁mont agne ▁( 1 9 6 4 ). ▁ ▁Moreover , ▁Roger ▁Le en hardt ▁appeared ▁in ▁three ▁films ▁as ▁an ▁actor . ▁In ▁Les ▁D erni ères ▁vac ances , ▁he ▁is ▁the ▁teacher . ▁Jean - L uc ▁God ard ▁chose ▁him ▁to ▁be ▁the ▁character ▁" Int elligence " ▁in ▁Une ▁femme ▁mari ée ▁( 1 9 6 4 ) ▁and ▁François ▁Tru ff aut ▁chose ▁him ▁as ▁the ▁publish er ▁in ▁L ' Hom me ▁qui ▁aim ait ▁les ▁femmes ▁( 1 9 7 7 ). ▁ ▁Bibli ography ▁▁ ▁Roger ▁Le en hardt , ▁Les ▁yeux ▁ou ver ts : ▁entre ti ens ▁avec ▁Jean ▁Lac out ure . ▁Se uil , ▁ 1 9 7 9 . ▁Roger ▁Le en hardt , ▁Chron iques ▁du ▁cinéma . ▁C ah iers ▁du ▁cinéma , ▁ 1 9 8 6 . ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 0 3 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 9 8 5 ▁death s ▁Category : F rench ▁film ▁produ cers <0x0A> </s> ▁Mur ai ▁Jun ▁( 村 井 ジ ュ ン , ▁ 1 8 9 7 ▁- ▁ 1 9 7 0 ) ▁was ▁the ▁founder ▁of ▁what ▁is ▁regarded ▁today ▁as ▁the ▁largest ▁ind igen ous ▁church ▁in ▁Japan ▁- ▁I es u ▁no ▁Mit ama ▁Ky ō ka i , ▁was ▁born ▁into ▁a ▁Method ist ▁family ▁in |
▁Tokyo ▁and ▁later ▁studied ▁the ology ▁at ▁A oy ama ▁College . ▁While ▁he ▁was ▁studying ▁there , ▁something ▁trouble d ▁him ▁deeply ▁to ▁the ▁point ▁of ▁anticip ating ▁suic ide . ▁Hence ▁Mur ai ▁planned ▁to ▁jump ▁over board ▁a ▁fer ry ▁near ▁Okay ama ▁Pref ect ure ▁during ▁ 1 9 1 8 . ▁However , ▁when ▁he ▁was ▁about ▁to ▁jump ▁over board , ▁he ▁felt ▁that ▁the ▁Holy ▁Spirit ' s ▁presence ▁suddenly ▁over wh el med ▁him ▁and ▁he ▁began ▁speaking ▁in ▁tong ues . ▁▁ ▁That ▁experience ▁gave ▁him ▁new ▁courage ▁to ▁accept ▁the ▁Christian ▁faith ▁and ▁his ▁previous ▁lack ▁of ▁confidence ▁in ▁the ▁religion ▁was ▁now ▁elimin ated . ▁Mur ai ▁then ▁abandoned ▁A oy ama ▁College ▁to ▁begin ▁pre aching ▁the ▁g ospel . ▁Not ▁long ▁afterwards , ▁he ▁was ▁assigned ▁as ▁a ▁past or ▁for ▁the ▁Japan ▁Bible ▁Church . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 3 3 , ▁Mur ai ▁informed ▁his ▁small ▁church ▁group ▁in ▁Tokyo ' s ▁N ish is ug amo ▁of ▁his ▁Pent ec ost al ▁experience ▁which ▁had ▁changed ▁his ▁life . ▁ ▁During ▁ 1 9 4 1 , ▁whilst ▁in ▁Taiwan , ▁he ▁came ▁across ▁the ▁True ▁Jesus ▁Church , ▁and ▁ind igen ous ▁Chinese ▁church ▁that ▁had ▁only ▁been ▁established ▁for ▁over ▁ 2 0 ▁years . ▁He ▁accepted ▁the ▁main ▁do ctr ines ▁of ▁the ▁church ▁and ▁received ▁bapt ism ; ▁he ▁then ▁left ▁his ▁previous ▁church ▁den om ination . ▁However , ▁during ▁that |
▁year , ▁Mur ai ' s ▁wife ▁claimed ▁that ▁she ▁had ▁received ▁a ▁revel ation ▁from ▁God ▁to ▁establish ▁a ▁new ▁church ▁which ▁was ▁to ▁be ▁given ▁the ▁name ▁ イ エ ス [ I es u ] ▁ 之 [ no ] ▁ 御 <0xE9> <0x9C> <0x8A> [ M it ama ] ▁ 教 会 [ K y ō ka i ] ▁( Sp irit ▁of ▁Jesus ▁Church ). ▁ ▁Notes ▁and ▁references ▁ ▁The ▁Japan ▁Bible ▁Church ▁later ▁became ▁the ▁Japan ▁Ass emb lies ▁of ▁God ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 9 . ▁ ▁Y oshi y ama ▁H iro sh i , ▁ed ., ▁Led ▁by ▁the ▁Spirit : ▁A ▁history ▁of ▁the ▁first ▁thirty ▁years ▁( T ok yo ▁Ass emb lies ▁of ▁God , ▁ 1 9 7 9 ), ▁p . 2 3 ▁ ▁Category : 1 8 9 7 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 9 7 0 ▁death s ▁Category : Found ers ▁of ▁new ▁religious ▁movements ▁Category : J apan ese ▁Christian ▁cler gy <0x0A> </s> ▁Ash by ▁Would s ▁is ▁a ▁civil ▁parish ▁in ▁Le ic esters hire , ▁England . ▁The ▁population ▁( including ▁Albert ▁Village ) ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁census ▁was ▁ 3 , 7 6 3 . ▁▁▁ ▁It ▁is ▁in ▁the ▁North ▁West ▁Le ic esters hire ▁district , ▁to ▁the ▁west ▁of ▁Ash by ▁de ▁la ▁Z ouch . ▁ ▁The ▁main ▁settlement s ▁in ▁the ▁parish ▁are ▁Mo ira ▁and ▁Nor ris ▁Hill |
. ▁ ▁Until ▁ 1 9 7 4 ▁the ▁parish ▁was ▁an ▁urban ▁district ▁of ▁Le ic esters hire . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁Ash by ▁Would s ▁Heritage ▁Tra il ▁Albert ▁Village ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Category : D istrict s ▁of ▁England ▁abol ished ▁by ▁the ▁Local ▁Government ▁Act ▁ 1 9 7 2 ▁Category : C ivil ▁par ishes ▁in ▁Le ic esters hire ▁Category : N orth ▁West ▁Le ic esters hire ▁District <0x0A> </s> ▁Little ▁S alk eld ▁is ▁a ▁small ▁village ▁and ▁former ▁civil ▁parish , ▁now ▁in ▁the ▁parish ▁of ▁Hun son by , ▁in ▁the ▁E den ▁district ▁of ▁C umb ria , ▁England , ▁a ▁few ▁miles ▁to ▁the ▁north ▁east ▁of ▁Pen r ith . ▁In ▁ 1 9 3 1 ▁the ▁civil ▁parish ▁had ▁a ▁population ▁of ▁ 9 1 . ▁On ▁the ▁ 1 ▁April ▁ 1 9 3 4 ▁the ▁civil ▁parish ▁was ▁merged ▁with ▁Hun son by ▁and ▁Win sk ill ▁to ▁create ▁Hun son by . ▁ ▁History ▁ ▁The ▁man or ▁at ▁Little ▁S alk eld ▁was ▁confirmed ▁by ▁King ▁Edward ▁I ▁in ▁ 1 2 9 2 . ▁It ▁is ▁believed ▁to ▁be ▁the ▁original ▁home ▁of ▁the ▁S alk eld ▁family ▁of ▁land own ers . ▁ ▁Places ▁of ▁interest ▁ ▁Little ▁S alk eld ▁Wat erm ill , ▁built ▁in ▁ 1 7 4 5 , ▁is ▁a ▁traditional ▁English ▁ 1 8 th ▁century ▁water ▁mill . ▁It ▁is ▁C umb ria |
' s ▁only ▁wat erm ill ▁still ▁in ▁full ▁operation . ▁Its ▁organ ic ▁bread ▁and ▁all - pur pose ▁fl ours ▁are ▁available ▁in ▁special ist ▁sh ops ▁throughout ▁the ▁UK . ▁It ▁oper ates ▁regular ▁t ours ▁and ▁has ▁an ▁award - win ning ▁organ ic ▁veget arian ▁ca fe . ▁ ▁S alk eld ▁Hall ▁is ▁the ▁village ' s ▁largest ▁house ; ▁built ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 6 th ▁century ▁incorpor ating ▁earlier ▁walls . ▁It ▁is ▁priv ately ▁owned . ▁ ▁The ▁village ▁contains ▁a ▁vic ar age ▁but ▁no ▁church ▁- ▁it ▁was ▁built ▁for ▁Add ingham ▁parish ▁church ▁one ▁mile ▁to ▁the ▁north ▁near ▁G lass on by . ▁ ▁Popular ▁with ▁walk ers ▁it ▁is ▁the ▁closest ▁village ▁to ▁L acy ' s ▁C aves ▁and ▁Long ▁Meg ▁and ▁Her ▁D augh ters . ▁ ▁Transport ▁ ▁Little ▁S alk eld ▁can ▁be ▁reached ▁by ▁car ▁ 1 ½ ▁miles ▁from ▁Lang w ath by ▁off ▁the ▁A 6 8 6 , ▁approximately ▁ 6 ▁miles ▁from ▁M 6 ▁J 4 0 . ▁ ▁It ▁lies ▁on ▁the ▁C 2 C ▁Cy cle ▁Route . ▁ ▁Little ▁S alk eld ▁railway ▁station ▁on ▁the ▁S ett le - Car lis le ▁Railway ▁and ▁branch ▁line ▁to ▁the ▁Long ▁Meg ▁Mine ▁were ▁both ▁closed ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 7 0 s , ▁although ▁the ▁dis used ▁platforms ▁still ▁remain ▁and ▁the ▁station ▁building ▁is ▁well ▁maintained ▁as ▁a ▁private ▁house . ▁The ▁closest ▁station ▁is |
▁. ▁In ▁ 1 9 1 8 ▁the ▁Little ▁S alk eld ▁rail ▁accident ▁in ▁nearby ▁Long ▁Meg ▁C ut ting ▁killed ▁seven ▁people . ▁A ▁second ▁accident ▁occurred ▁at ▁the ▁station ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 3 , ▁which ▁resulted ▁in ▁the ▁death ▁of ▁one ▁railway man ▁and ▁inj uries ▁to ▁a ▁further ▁five ▁members ▁of ▁railway ▁staff ▁and ▁thirty ▁passengers . ▁ ▁The ▁village ▁is ▁believed ▁to ▁have ▁been ▁connected ▁at ▁one ▁time ▁by ▁a ▁bridge ▁over ▁the ▁River ▁E den ▁to ▁Great ▁S alk eld . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁List ed ▁buildings ▁in ▁Hun son by ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : V ill ages ▁in ▁C umb ria ▁Category : Form er ▁civil ▁par ishes ▁in ▁C umb ria ▁Category : E den ▁District ▁Category : W at erm ills ▁in ▁C umb ria <0x0A> </s> ▁Th ih ari ya ▁is ▁a ▁small ▁town ▁in ▁G amp aha ▁District . ▁It ▁is ▁located ▁nearly ▁ 9 km ▁away ▁from ▁G amp aha ▁town . ▁ ▁Category : S ett lement s ▁in ▁G amp aha ▁District <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁ 1 9 8 6 – 8 7 ▁NBA ▁season ▁was ▁the ▁Haw ks ' ▁ 3 8 th ▁season ▁in ▁the ▁NBA ▁and ▁their ▁ 1 9 th ▁season ▁in ▁the ▁city ▁of ▁Atlanta . ▁The ▁Haw ks ▁finished ▁first ▁place ▁in ▁the ▁Central ▁Division ▁with ▁a ▁franch ise - best ▁record ▁of ▁ 5 7 – 2 5 . ▁Domin ique ▁Wil kins ▁made ▁the ▁All - |
N BA ▁Second ▁Team , ▁and ▁was ▁selected ▁for ▁the ▁ 1 9 8 7 ▁NBA ▁All - Star ▁Game . ▁In ▁the ▁first ▁round ▁of ▁the ▁play offs , ▁the ▁Haw ks ▁defeated ▁the ▁Indiana ▁Pac ers ▁in ▁four ▁games , ▁but ▁lost ▁in ▁five ▁games ▁to ▁the ▁ 3 rd - se eded ▁Detroit ▁P ist ons ▁in ▁the ▁semif inals . ▁ ▁D raft ▁pick s ▁ ▁R oster ▁ ▁Reg ular ▁season ▁ ▁Season ▁stand ings ▁ ▁Notes ▁z , ▁y ▁– ▁division ▁champions ▁x ▁– ▁cl inch ed ▁play off ▁spot ▁ ▁Record ▁vs . ▁oppon ents ▁ ▁Game ▁log ▁ ▁Play offs ▁ ▁East ▁First ▁Round ▁ ▁( 2 ) ▁Atlanta ▁Haw ks ▁vs . ▁( 7 ) ▁Indiana ▁Pac ers : ▁Haw ks ▁win ▁series ▁ 3 - 1 ▁Game ▁ 1 ▁@ ▁The ▁Om ni , ▁Atlanta ▁( A pril ▁ 2 4 ): ▁Atlanta ▁ 1 1 0 , ▁Indiana ▁ 9 4 ▁Game ▁ 2 ▁@ ▁The ▁Om ni , ▁Atlanta ▁( A pril ▁ 2 6 ): ▁Atlanta ▁ 9 4 , ▁Indiana ▁ 9 3 ▁Game ▁ 3 ▁@ ▁Market ▁Square ▁Arena , ▁Indian apolis ▁( A pril ▁ 2 9 ): ▁Indiana ▁ 9 6 , ▁Atlanta ▁ 8 7 ▁Game ▁ 4 ▁@ ▁Market ▁Square ▁Arena , ▁Indian apolis ▁( May ▁ 1 ): ▁Atlanta ▁ 1 0 1 , ▁Indiana ▁ 9 7 ▁ ▁Last ▁Play off ▁Me eting : ▁Not ▁available ▁( first ▁play off ▁series ) |
▁ ▁East ▁Conference ▁Sem if inals ▁ ▁( 2 ) ▁Atlanta ▁Haw ks ▁vs . ▁( 3 ) ▁Detroit ▁P ist ons : ▁'' P ist ons ▁win ▁series ▁ 4 - 1 ▁Game ▁ 1 ▁@ ▁The ▁Om ni , ▁Atlanta ▁( May ▁ 3 ): ▁Detroit ▁ 1 1 2 , ▁Atlanta ▁ 1 1 1 ▁Game ▁ 2 ▁@ ▁The ▁Om ni , ▁Atlanta ▁( May ▁ 5 ): ▁Atlanta ▁ 1 1 5 , ▁Detroit ▁ 1 0 2 ▁Game ▁ 3 ▁@ ▁Pont iac ▁Silver d ome , ▁Pont iac ▁( May ▁ 8 ): ▁Detroit ▁ 1 0 8 , ▁Atlanta ▁ 9 9 ▁Game ▁ 4 ▁@ ▁Pont iac ▁Silver d ome , ▁Pont iac ▁( May ▁ 1 0 ): ▁Detroit ▁ 8 9 , ▁Atlanta ▁ 8 8 ▁( Is iah ▁Thomas ▁makes ▁the ▁game - win ning ▁lay up ▁with ▁ 1 ▁second ▁left ) ▁Game ▁ 5 ▁@ ▁The ▁Om ni , ▁Atlanta ▁( May ▁ 1 3 ): ▁Detroit ▁ 1 0 4 , ▁Atlanta ▁ 9 6 ▁ ▁Last ▁Play off ▁Me eting : ▁ 1 9 8 6 ▁Eastern ▁Conference ▁First ▁Round ▁( At l anta ▁won ▁ 3 - 1 ) ▁ ▁Player ▁statistics ▁ ▁Season ▁ ▁Play offs ▁ ▁Awards ▁and ▁records ▁Stan ▁K ast en , ▁NBA ▁Executive ▁of ▁the ▁Year ▁Award ▁Domin ique ▁Wil kins , ▁All - N BA ▁Second ▁Team ▁ ▁Trans actions ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ 1 9 8 6 |
- 8 7 ▁NBA ▁season ▁ ▁Category : At l anta ▁Haw ks ▁seasons ▁Atlanta ▁Haw ▁Atlanta ▁Haw ▁Atlanta ▁Haw ks <0x0A> </s> ▁Char ge back ▁fra ud , ▁also ▁known ▁as ▁friendly ▁fra ud , ▁occurs ▁when ▁a ▁consumer ▁makes ▁an ▁online ▁sho pping ▁purchase ▁with ▁their ▁own ▁credit ▁card , ▁and ▁then ▁requests ▁a ▁charge back ▁from ▁the ▁issu ing ▁bank ▁after ▁receiving ▁the ▁purchased ▁goods ▁or ▁services . ▁Once ▁approved , ▁the ▁charge back ▁can c els ▁the ▁financial ▁transaction , ▁and ▁the ▁consumer ▁receives ▁a ▁ref und ▁of ▁the ▁money ▁they ▁spent . ▁When ▁a ▁charge back ▁occurs , ▁the ▁merchant ▁is ▁account able , ▁regardless ▁of ▁whatever ▁measures ▁they ▁took ▁to ▁verify ▁the ▁transaction . ▁ ▁History ▁▁ ▁Friend ly ▁fra ud ▁has ▁been ▁w ides p read ▁on ▁the ▁Internet , ▁affect ing ▁both ▁the ▁sale ▁of ▁physical ▁products ▁and ▁digital ▁transactions . ▁To ▁combat ▁digital ▁transaction ▁fra ud , ▁pre pa id ▁cards ▁have ▁been ▁offered ▁as ▁an ▁effective ▁alternative ▁to ▁ensure ▁customer ▁payment . ▁South ▁Korean ▁software ▁developers ▁such ▁as ▁N ex on ▁implemented ▁a ▁pre pa id ▁system ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁to ▁combat ▁friendly ▁fra ud , ▁s elling ▁pre pa id ▁cards ▁in ▁stores ▁such ▁as ▁Target . ▁ ▁Master Card ▁was ▁su ed ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 3 ▁by ▁an ▁Internet ▁vendor ▁for ▁having ▁credit ▁card ▁policies ▁and ▁fe es ▁that ▁have ▁made ▁Internet ▁vend ors ▁especially ▁vulner able ▁targets ▁of ▁friendly ▁fra ud . ▁Internet ▁vend ors |
▁typically ▁have ▁to ▁pay ▁much ▁of ▁the ▁losses ▁when ▁a ▁fra ud ul ent ▁transaction ▁like ▁friendly ▁fra ud ▁occurs . ▁ ▁In ▁recent ▁years , ▁a ▁new ▁variant ▁of ▁friendly ▁fra ud , ▁involving ▁bank ▁trans fers ▁as ▁opposed ▁to ▁credit ▁card ▁pay ments , ▁has ▁been ▁documented ▁in ▁Europe . ▁SE PA ▁credit ▁trans fers ▁can ▁be ▁re called ▁within ▁ 1 0 ▁working ▁days ▁of ▁settlement ▁by ▁the ▁p ayer ' s ▁bank . ▁The ▁la x ▁handling ▁of ▁SE PA ▁S CT ▁Rec all ▁requests ▁by ▁some ▁banks ▁has ▁allowed ▁some ▁pay ers ▁to ▁fra ud ul ently ▁recall ▁bank ▁trans fers ▁after ▁having ▁received ▁goods ▁or ▁services ▁from ▁the ▁pay ee . ▁ ▁Over view ▁ ▁Phys ical ▁products ▁ ▁Online ▁mer ch ants ▁who ▁sell ▁physical ▁products ▁cannot ▁fully ▁protect ▁themselves . ▁The ▁only ▁way ▁to ▁have ▁concrete ▁protection ▁is ▁to ▁take ▁an ▁im print ▁of ▁the ▁card ▁( and ▁even ▁with ▁card ▁readers / m akers ▁this ▁can ▁easily ▁be ▁dup ed ), ▁along ▁with ▁photo ▁ID . ▁ ▁That ▁signature , ▁in ▁addition ▁to ▁information ▁gathered ▁online , ▁can ▁help ▁in ▁the ▁resolution ▁of ▁charge back ▁disput es ▁but ▁contract ually ▁is ▁no ▁guarantee . ▁ ▁Also , ▁the ▁merchant ▁can ▁request ▁the ▁card ▁security ▁code ▁on ▁the ▁credit ▁card ▁to ▁fight ▁" Card ▁absent ▁environment " ▁or ▁" Card ▁Not ▁Pres ent " ▁( CN P ) ▁charge back s . ▁ ▁These ▁are ▁the ▁three ▁digit ▁codes ▁on ▁the ▁back s ▁of ▁Vis |
a , ▁Master Card , ▁and ▁Disc over ▁cards , ▁and ▁the ▁four ▁digit ▁code ▁on ▁the ▁front ▁of ▁American ▁Express ▁cards . ▁ ▁Digital ▁transactions ▁▁ ▁Friend ly ▁fra ud ▁th riv es ▁in ▁the ▁digital ▁products ▁market ▁where ▁it ▁is ▁much ▁easier ▁for ▁fra ud sters ▁to ▁succeed . ▁ ▁Common ▁targets ▁include ▁por n ography ▁and ▁g amb ling ▁websites . ▁Att empt s ▁by ▁the ▁merchant ▁to ▁prove ▁that ▁the ▁consumer ▁received ▁the ▁purchased ▁goods ▁or ▁services ▁are ▁difficult . ▁ ▁Again , ▁the ▁use ▁of ▁card ▁security ▁codes ▁can ▁show ▁that ▁the ▁card holder ▁( or , ▁in ▁the ▁case ▁of ▁the ▁three - digit ▁security ▁codes ▁written ▁on ▁the ▁back s ▁of ▁U . S ▁credit ▁cards , ▁someone ▁with ▁physical ▁possession ▁of ▁the ▁card ▁or ▁at ▁least ▁knowledge ▁of ▁the ▁number ▁and ▁the ▁code ) ▁was ▁present , ▁but ▁even ▁the ▁entry ▁of ▁a ▁security ▁code ▁at ▁purchase ▁does ▁not ▁by ▁itself ▁prove ▁that ▁delivery ▁was ▁made , ▁especially ▁for ▁online ▁or ▁via - tele phone ▁purch ases ▁where ▁sh ipping ▁occurs ▁after ▁final ization ▁of ▁the ▁contract . ▁ ▁Proof ▁of ▁delivery ▁is ▁often ▁difficult , ▁and ▁when ▁it ▁cannot ▁be ▁provided , ▁the ▁card holder ▁gets ▁the ▁product ▁without ▁pay ing ▁for ▁it . ▁ ▁One ▁method ▁of ▁comb ating ▁friendly ▁fra ud ▁is ▁to ▁create ▁a ▁feature ▁in ▁the ▁product ▁that ▁checks ▁in ▁with ▁the ▁merchant ' s ▁database . ▁ ▁If ▁a ▁charge back ▁is ▁issued , ▁the ▁merchant ▁can ▁tell ▁the |
▁product ▁to ▁susp end ▁service . ▁ ▁This ▁t actic ▁will ▁also ▁work ▁for ▁digital ▁subscription ▁services ▁or ▁any ▁other ▁online ▁product ▁that ▁requires ▁updates ▁or ▁log ins . ▁The ▁merchant ▁will ▁usually ▁still ▁be ▁charged ▁a ▁fee ▁for ▁inc urr ing ▁a ▁charge back , ▁so ▁this ▁is ▁not ▁a ▁complete ▁solution . ▁ ▁Call ▁center ▁transactions ▁ ▁Another ▁common ▁channel ▁for ▁charge back s ▁is ▁mail ▁order / tele phone ▁order ▁( M OT O ) ▁payment ▁processing ▁through ▁a ▁call ▁center . ▁ ▁In ▁this ▁case , ▁as ▁with ▁the ▁two ▁others ▁listed ▁here , ▁the ▁main ▁problem ▁is ▁that ▁this ▁is ▁a ▁card ▁not ▁present ▁transaction . ▁ ▁To ▁help ▁eliminate ▁call ▁center ▁purchase ▁charge back s , ▁call ▁cent ers ▁are ▁working ▁to ▁make ▁the ▁purch ases ▁more ▁like ▁" card ▁present " ▁purch ases . ▁ ▁When ▁consum ers ▁walk ▁into ▁a ▁store ▁and ▁buy ▁something , ▁they ▁typically ▁sw ipe ▁their ▁credit ▁cards , ▁confirm ▁the ▁purchase ▁amount , ▁enter ▁a ▁secret ▁code ▁( or ▁sign ▁their ▁name ) ▁and ▁leave ▁with ▁the ▁mer ch and ise . ▁ ▁This ▁is ▁a ▁" card ▁is ▁present " ▁purchase ▁and ▁fra ud ul ent ▁charge back s ▁in ▁these ▁situations ▁are ▁almost ▁non - ex istent . ▁ ▁Agent - ass isted ▁autom ation ▁technology ▁is ▁available ▁for ▁call ▁cent ers ▁that ▁allows ▁customers ▁to ▁enter ▁their ▁credit ▁card ▁information , ▁including ▁the ▁card ▁security ▁code ▁directly ▁into ▁the ▁customer ▁relationship ▁management ▁software ▁without ▁the ▁agent ▁ever |
▁seeing ▁or ▁hearing ▁it . ▁ ▁The ▁agent ▁remains ▁on ▁the ▁phone , ▁so ▁there ▁is ▁no ▁awk ward ▁transfer ▁to ▁an ▁interactive ▁voice ▁response ▁system . ▁ ▁All ▁the ▁agent ▁can ▁hear ▁is ▁monot ones . ▁ ▁This ▁is ▁the ▁" card ▁present " ▁equivalent ▁of ▁" sw ip ing " ▁the ▁card . ▁ ▁Before ▁the ▁purchase ▁is ▁submitted ▁by ▁the ▁agent , ▁the ▁purchase ▁amount ▁is ▁played ▁back ▁to ▁the ▁consumer ▁along ▁with ▁the ▁last ▁four ▁digits ▁of ▁the ▁card . ▁ ▁The ▁consumer ▁is ▁asked ▁to ▁confirm ▁their ▁purchase ▁by ▁providing ▁a ▁ver bal ▁signature , ▁which ▁is ▁recorded . ▁ ▁Finally , ▁an ▁email ▁is ▁sent ▁to ▁the ▁consumer ▁with ▁the ▁purchase ▁information ▁and ▁an ▁attached ▁audio ▁file ▁of ▁their ▁ver bal ▁signature . ▁ ▁Cost ▁to ▁Mer ch ants ▁ ▁A ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁study ▁by ▁Lex is N ex is ▁stated ▁that ▁charge back ▁fra ud ▁costs ▁mer ch ants ▁$ 2 . 4 0 ▁for ▁every ▁$ 1 ▁lost . ▁ ▁This ▁is ▁because ▁of ▁product - loss , ▁bank ing ▁fin es , ▁pen alt ies ▁and ▁administrative ▁costs . ▁A ▁ 2 0 1 8 ▁study ▁by ▁the ▁A ite ▁Group ▁on ▁charge ▁back ▁costs , ▁stated ▁that ▁U . S . ▁C NP ▁fra ud ▁losses ▁for ▁ 2 0 1 7 ▁were ▁$ 4 ▁billion ▁and ▁estimated ▁that ▁by ▁ 2 0 2 0 ▁they ▁would ▁rise ▁to ▁$ 6 . 4 ▁billion . ▁ ▁Pre vention ▁Method s |
▁ ▁The ▁pro l ifer ation ▁of ▁online ▁payment ▁methods , ▁including ▁mobile ▁apps , ▁and ▁the ▁increasing ▁s oph istic ation ▁of ▁the ▁fra ud ul ent ▁actors , ▁including ▁b ots , ▁have ▁made ▁the ▁task ▁of ▁detect ing ▁and ▁prevent ing ▁C BF , ▁particularly ▁online ▁C BF , ▁more ▁complex . ▁According ▁to ▁a ▁ 2 0 1 8 ▁G art ner ▁report ▁on ▁online ▁fra ud , ▁ret ail ers ▁are ▁increasing ly ▁turning ▁to ▁machine - learning ▁based ▁( or ▁A I ) ▁fra ud ▁prevent ion ▁system ▁to ▁make ▁rapid , ▁effective ▁risk ▁dec isions . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : Cred it ▁card ▁termin ology <0x0A> </s> ▁Family ▁tradition , ▁also ▁called ▁Family ▁culture , ▁is ▁defined ▁as ▁an ▁aggregate ▁of ▁att itudes , ▁ideas ▁and ▁ide als , ▁and ▁environment , ▁which ▁a ▁person ▁inher its ▁from ▁his / her ▁parents ▁and ▁ancest ors . ▁ ▁Modern ▁studies ▁of ▁family ▁trad itions ▁▁▁▁▁ ▁The ▁study ▁of ▁Family ▁tradition ▁and ▁person ality ▁has ▁attract ed ▁attention ▁of ▁social ▁scient ists . ▁Ernest ▁W . ▁Burg ess , ▁Professor ▁of ▁Soci ology , ▁University ▁of ▁Chicago , ▁has ▁defined ▁the ▁term ▁in ▁these ▁words : ▁ ▁“ Wh atever ▁its ▁bi ological ▁inheritance ▁from ▁its ▁parents ▁and ▁other ▁ancest ors , ▁the ▁child ▁receives ▁also ▁from ▁them ▁a ▁her itage ▁of ▁att itudes , ▁sent iments , ▁and ▁ide als ▁which ▁may ▁be ▁term ed ▁the ▁family ▁tradition , ▁or ▁the ▁family ▁culture ”. ▁▁ ▁Sometimes |
, ▁family ▁trad itions ▁are ▁associated ▁ ▁with ▁practices ▁and ▁belief s ▁which ▁are ▁handed ▁over ▁from ▁one ▁generation ▁to ▁the ▁next ▁generation , ▁and ▁during ▁this ▁process ▁of ▁transmission ▁such ▁family ▁trad itions ▁also ▁ac quire ▁an ▁a ura ▁of ▁spiritual ity . ▁Trans mission ▁of ▁any ▁set ▁of ▁such ▁family ▁trad itions , ▁acqu iring ▁spiritual ▁significance , ▁is ▁largely ▁an ▁intuit ive ▁phenomen on , ▁and ▁the ▁flow ▁of ▁family ▁trad itions ▁continue ▁without ▁any ▁intention , ▁and ▁the ▁same ▁continue ▁to ▁move ▁on ▁from ▁one ▁generation ▁to ▁the ▁next ▁generation . ▁Family ▁trad itions ▁for ▁most ▁of ▁the ▁families ▁remain ▁largely ▁conf ined ▁within ▁the ▁family ▁members , ▁but ▁some ▁times , ▁non - family ▁members ▁may ▁also ▁get ▁associated ▁with ▁particular ▁family ' s ▁family ▁trad itions . ▁ ▁Function ing ▁of ▁family ▁trad itions ▁ ▁Hal b wach s ▁in ▁his ▁book ▁On ▁Collect ive ▁Me are ▁revealed ▁only ▁to ▁its ▁members . ▁But ▁these ▁mem ories , ▁as ▁in ▁the ▁religious ▁trad itions ▁of ▁the ▁family ▁of ▁anti qu ity , ▁consist ▁not ▁only ▁of ▁a ▁series ▁of ▁individual ▁images ▁of ▁the ▁past . ▁They ▁are ▁at ▁the ▁same ▁time ▁models , ▁examples , ▁and ▁elements ▁of ▁teaching . ▁They ▁express ▁the ▁general ▁attitude ▁of ▁the ▁group ; ▁they ▁not ▁only ▁reproduce ▁its ▁history ▁but ▁also ▁define ▁its ▁nature ▁and ▁its ▁qual ities ▁and ▁weak ness es ”. ▁▁ ▁Anti qu ity ▁of ▁family ▁trad itions ▁ ▁Family ▁trad itions ▁have ▁their ▁roots ▁in ▁distant ▁past |
, ▁ ▁to ▁pre - histor ic ▁times , ▁when ▁the ▁concept ▁and ▁system ▁of ▁family ▁as ▁a ▁unit ▁of ▁society ▁was ▁cry st all ized . ▁In ▁all ▁ages ▁and ▁in ▁all ▁civil izations , ▁since ▁the ▁ancient ▁time ▁to ▁the ▁present ▁day , ▁families ▁have ▁taken ▁pride ▁in ▁their ▁trad itions . ▁Before ▁nuclear ▁family ▁systems ▁became ▁the ▁order ▁of ▁the ▁day , ▁there ▁used ▁to ▁be ▁joint ▁family ▁system , ▁consisting ▁of ▁all ▁the ▁family ▁members ▁of ▁two ▁or ▁even ▁three ▁gener ations , ▁living ▁together . ▁▁ ▁Then , ▁as ▁also ▁now , ▁ ▁several ▁families ▁like ▁to ▁identify ▁a ▁particular ▁person ▁as ▁the ▁ke eper ▁of ▁the ▁family ▁trad itions ▁and ▁assign ▁a ▁particular ▁name ▁to ▁the ▁ke eper . ▁Thus , ▁a ▁particular ▁family , ▁res iding ▁in ▁the ▁modern ▁United ▁Kingdom ▁may ▁assign ▁a ▁catch y ▁name ▁like ▁“ K ee per ▁of ▁the ▁Fl ame ” ▁to ▁the ▁identified ▁family ▁member , ▁entr usted ▁with ▁the ▁responsibility ▁of ▁ens uring ▁observ ance ▁of ▁that ▁particular ▁family ’ s ▁family ▁trad itions . ▁On ▁the ▁other ▁side ▁of ▁the ▁glo be , ▁in ▁a ▁country ▁like ▁India , ▁the ▁society ▁has ▁assigned ▁a ▁common ▁nom en cl ature ▁for ▁the ▁head ▁of ▁a ▁H indu ▁Und iv ided ▁Family ▁( H U F ), ▁a ▁form ▁of ▁joint ▁family . ▁Head ▁of ▁such ▁a ▁family ▁is ▁called ▁ ▁“ K arta ” ▁( liter al ▁meaning ▁‘ One ▁who ▁does ’ ), ▁and ▁for ▁all ▁practical |
▁purposes , ▁“ K arta ” ▁was ▁entr usted ▁with ▁respons ib ilities , ▁among ▁other ▁things , ▁to ▁ensure ▁observ ance ▁of ▁family ▁trad itions . ▁Even , ▁modern ▁India ' s ▁legal ▁system ▁recogn izes ▁the ▁concept ▁of ▁“ K arta ” ▁as ▁the ▁head ▁of ▁a ▁H indu ▁joint ▁family . ▁▁ ▁Classic ▁examples ▁of ▁family ▁trad itions ▁ ▁One ▁of ▁the ▁classic ▁examples ▁of ▁family ▁trad itions ▁of ▁the ▁modern ▁era ▁is ▁the ▁family ▁trad itions ▁of ▁the ▁present ▁royal ▁family ▁of ▁Great ▁Britain . ▁One ▁of ▁such ▁family ▁trad itions ▁en join ▁upon ▁male ▁members ▁of ▁the ▁present ▁British ▁royal ▁family ▁to ▁serve ▁in ▁the ▁armed ▁forces . ▁A ▁BBC ▁report ▁has ▁announced ▁on ▁ 1 2 ▁June ▁ 2 0 0 3 ▁that ▁“ Pr ince ▁Harry ’ s ▁decision ▁to ▁join ▁the ▁Army ▁means ▁he ▁will ▁follow ▁a ▁long ▁family ▁tradition ▁of ▁serving ▁the ▁military .” ▁Before ▁him , ▁his ▁uncle , ▁Prince ▁Andrew , ▁had ▁joined ▁the ▁Navy ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 9 . ▁Prince ▁Harry ’ s ▁other ▁uncle , ▁Prince ▁Edward ▁had ▁joined ▁the ▁Royal ▁Mar ines ▁as ▁a ▁second ▁lieutenant ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 3 . ▁Prince ▁Harry ’ s ▁father , ▁the ▁Prince ▁of ▁Wales , ▁was ▁appointed ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 9 ▁as ▁colon el - in - ch ief ▁of ▁the ▁Royal ▁Regiment ▁of ▁Wales . ▁Harry ’ s ▁grand father , ▁the ▁Duke ▁of ▁Edinburgh , ▁had ▁joined ▁the ▁Navy ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 |
9 , ▁and ▁had ▁also ▁served ▁in ▁the ▁World ▁War ▁II . ▁▁ ▁Family ▁trad itions ▁in ▁the ▁modern ▁context ▁ ▁Mean ing ful ▁family ▁trad itions ▁have ▁always ▁been ▁a ▁valuable ▁tool ▁for ▁parents ▁and ▁el ders ▁to ▁carry ▁out ▁the ▁responsibility ▁of ▁raising ▁children ▁and ▁in cul c ating ▁into ▁them ▁social ▁values ▁and ▁eth os . ▁Family ▁trad itions ▁ensure ▁that ▁the ▁warm th ▁and ▁clos eness ▁of ▁family ▁bond age ▁grow . ▁In ▁the ▁modern ▁context , ▁maintenance ▁of ▁and ▁developing ▁family ▁trad itions ▁continue ▁to ▁be ▁as ▁significant ▁as ▁they ▁were ▁at ▁the ▁earliest ▁times . ▁Active ▁family ▁trad itions ▁and ▁meaning ful ▁participation ▁in ▁them ▁help ▁families ▁to ▁avoid ▁social ▁entropy . ▁In ▁physical ▁science , ▁the ▁term ▁entropy ▁means ▁the ▁t endency ▁of ▁the ▁physical ▁system ▁to ▁lose ▁energy ▁and ▁coh er ence ▁over ▁a ▁period ▁of ▁time , ▁like ▁a ▁gas ▁diss ip ating ▁until ▁it ▁is ▁all ▁but ▁gone . ▁An ▁" ent rop ic ▁family " ▁is ▁one ▁that ▁los es ▁its ▁sense ▁of ▁emot ional ▁clos eness ▁because ▁members ▁neglect ▁the ▁family ’ s ▁inner ▁life ▁and ▁community ▁t ies . ▁ ▁Social ▁scient ists ▁now ▁agree ▁that ▁effective ▁family ▁trad itions ▁promote ▁a ▁sense ▁of ▁identity ▁and ▁a ▁feeling ▁of ▁clos eness , ▁a ▁sense ▁of ▁security ▁and ▁ass urance ▁in ▁today ’ s ▁fast , ▁hect ic , ▁and ▁ever - ch anging ▁world . ▁William ▁D oh ert y , ▁a ▁social ▁scient ist ▁has ▁explained ▁in ▁his ▁book |
▁" The ▁Intent ional ▁Family '' " ▁that ▁as ▁family ▁b onds ▁are ▁weak ened ▁by ▁busy ▁l ifest yles , ▁families ▁can ▁stay ▁connected ▁only ▁by ▁being ▁intent ional ▁about ▁maintain ing ▁important ▁rit uals ▁and ▁trad itions . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁▁ ▁Family ▁cook books ▁ ▁Silva ▁r er um ▁– ▁Polish ▁" home ▁chron icles " ▁ ▁References ▁▁ ▁Category : Family <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁green ▁tur aco ▁is ▁a ▁group ▁of ▁four ▁tax a ▁of ▁tur ac os , ▁which ▁once ▁were ▁considered ▁cons pec ific ▁under ▁the ▁scientific ▁name ▁T aur aco ▁pers a , ▁but ▁now ▁are ▁treated ▁as ▁four ▁separate ▁species : ▁▁ ▁Guinea ▁( or ▁green ) ▁tur aco , ▁T aur aco ▁pers a ▁ ▁Sch al ow ' s ▁tur aco , ▁T aur aco ▁sch al owi ▁ ▁Living stone ' s ▁tur aco , ▁T aur aco ▁living ston ii ▁ ▁Kn ys na ▁tur aco , ▁T aur aco ▁c ory tha ix ▁ ▁Tur ac os ▁Category : B ird s ▁by ▁common ▁name <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁Veg al ta ▁Send ai ▁season ▁was ▁Veg al ta ▁Send ai ' s ▁fourth ▁consecutive ▁season ▁and ▁sixth ▁season ▁overall ▁in ▁J . Le ague ▁Division ▁ 1 . ▁As ▁a ▁result ▁of ▁their ▁runner - up ▁finish ▁in ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁season , ▁the ▁team ▁competed ▁in ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁A FC ▁Champions ▁League . ▁ ▁Send ai ▁also |
▁competed ▁in ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁Emperor ' s ▁Cup ▁and ▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁J . Le ague ▁Cup . ▁ ▁It ▁was ▁manager ▁Mak oto ▁T eg ur am ori ' s ▁last ▁season ▁with ▁the ▁club , ▁having ▁accepted ▁a ▁position ▁as ▁head ▁coach ▁of ▁the ▁Japan ▁U - 2 3 ▁team . ▁ ▁In ▁mid - season ▁Veg al ta ▁Send ai ▁revealed ▁that ▁the ▁A - Le ague ' s ▁Graham ▁Arnold ▁would ▁manage ▁the ▁team ▁beginning ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁season . ▁ ▁Play ers ▁As ▁of ▁March ▁ 5 , ▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁ ▁Out ▁on ▁loan ▁▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁Season ▁Trans fers ▁ ▁Compet itions ▁ ▁J . Le ague ▁ ▁League ▁table ▁ ▁Match es ▁ ▁J . Le ague ▁Cup ▁ ▁Qu arter final ▁ ▁Emperor ' s ▁Cup ▁ ▁Qu arter final ▁ ▁A FC ▁Champions ▁League ▁ ▁Group ▁stage ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Veg al ta ▁Send ai ▁Category : V eg al ta ▁Send ai ▁seasons <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁cap er ▁story ▁is ▁a ▁sub gen re ▁of ▁crime ▁fiction . ▁ ▁The ▁typical ▁cap er ▁story ▁involves ▁one ▁or ▁more ▁cr imes ▁( es pecially ▁the ft s , ▁sw ind les , ▁or ▁occasionally ▁kid n app ings ) ▁perpet r ated ▁by ▁the ▁main ▁characters ▁in ▁full ▁view ▁of ▁the ▁reader . ▁The ▁actions ▁of ▁police ▁or ▁detect ives ▁attempting ▁to ▁prevent ▁or ▁solve ▁the ▁cr imes ▁may ▁also |
▁be ▁chron ic led , ▁but ▁are ▁not ▁the ▁main ▁focus ▁of ▁the ▁story . ▁ ▁The ▁cap er ▁story ▁is ▁distinguished ▁from ▁the ▁straight ▁crime ▁story ▁by ▁elements ▁of ▁humor , ▁advent ure , ▁or ▁unusual ▁clever ness ▁or ▁aud acity . ▁ ▁For ▁instance , ▁the ▁Dort m under ▁stories ▁of ▁Donald ▁E . ▁West la ke ▁are ▁highly ▁com ic ▁tales ▁involving ▁unusual ▁the ft s ▁by ▁a ▁gang ▁of ▁off be at ▁characters ▁— ▁in ▁different ▁stories ▁Dort m under ' s ▁gang ▁ste als ▁the ▁same ▁gem ▁several ▁times , ▁ste als ▁an ▁entire ▁branch ▁bank , ▁and ▁kid n aps ▁someone ▁from ▁an ▁as yl um ▁by ▁driving ▁a ▁st olen ▁train ▁onto ▁the ▁property . ▁ ▁By ▁contrast , ▁the ▁same ▁author ' s ▁Parker ▁stories ▁( pub lished ▁under ▁the ▁name ▁Richard ▁St ark ) ▁are ▁gr im ly ▁straightforward ▁accounts ▁of ▁m und ane ▁crime ▁— ▁the ▁criminal ▁equivalent ▁of ▁the ▁police ▁proced ural . ▁O thers , ▁such ▁as ▁Lawrence ▁Block ' s ▁Bern ie ▁Rh oden bar r ▁nov els , ▁feature ▁a ▁role ▁revers al , ▁an ▁honest ▁criminal ▁and ▁cro oked ▁cop , ▁and ▁the ▁use ▁of ▁burg lar ▁Rh oden bar r ' s ▁criminal ▁tal ents ▁to ▁solve ▁mur ders . ▁ ▁A ▁cap er ▁may ▁appear ▁as ▁a ▁sub plot ▁in ▁a ▁larger ▁work . ▁ ▁For ▁example , ▁Tom ▁S aw yer ' s ▁plot ▁to ▁ste al ▁Jim ▁out ▁of ▁sla very ▁in ▁the ▁last |
▁part ▁of ▁H uck le berry ▁Finn ▁is ▁a ▁classic ▁cap er . ▁ ▁Et ym ology ▁ ▁The ▁verb ▁to ▁cap er ▁means ▁to ▁le ap ▁in ▁a ▁fro lic some ▁way , ▁and ▁probably ▁der ives ▁from ▁cap ri ole , ▁which ▁der ives ▁from ▁the ▁Latin ▁for ▁go at ▁( Cap ra ). ▁The ▁n oun ▁cap er ▁means ▁a ▁fro lic some ▁le ap , ▁a ▁cap r icious ▁esc ap ade ▁or ▁an ▁illegal ▁or ▁question able ▁act . ▁ ▁Ex amples ▁ ▁Liter ature ▁▁ ▁" The ▁R ans om ▁of ▁Red ▁Chief " ▁( 1 9 1 0 ) ▁by ▁O . ▁Henry : ▁two ▁kid n app ers ▁find ▁that ▁the ▁little ▁boy ▁they ▁are ▁holding ▁for ▁r ans om ▁is ▁more ▁dangerous ▁than ▁the ▁law ▁ ▁early ▁stories ▁of ▁" The ▁Saint " ▁( begin ning ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 8 ) ▁by ▁Les lie ▁Char ter is ▁ ▁The ▁As ph alt ▁Jung le ▁( 1 9 4 9 ) ▁by ▁W . ▁R . ▁Burn ett , ▁adapted ▁for ▁film ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 0 , ▁ 1 9 5 8 , ▁ 1 9 6 3 ▁and ▁ 1 9 7 2 ▁ ▁nov els ▁by ▁John ▁Bol and ▁such ▁as ▁The ▁League ▁of ▁Gent le men ▁( 1 9 5 8 ) ▁ ▁and ▁The ▁Golden ▁Fle e ce ▁( 1 9 6 1 ) ▁ ▁The ▁Light ▁of ▁Day ▁( 1 9 6 2 ) ▁by ▁Eric |
▁Amb ler ▁( fil med ▁as ▁Top k api ) ▁ ▁the ▁Mod esty ▁Bla ise ▁stories ▁( begin ning ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 3 ) ▁of ▁Peter ▁O ' D onn ell ▁ ▁the ▁John ▁Dort m under ▁series ▁( begin ning ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 0 ) ▁and ▁other ▁nov els ▁by ▁Donald ▁E . ▁West la ke ▁ ▁S ledge ham mer ▁( 1 9 7 1 ) ▁by ▁Walter ▁W ager ▁ ▁A ▁T ough ▁One ▁to ▁L ose ▁( 1 9 7 2 ) ▁by ▁Tony ▁Ken rick , ▁who ▁is ▁often ▁compared ▁with ▁West la ke ▁— ▁an ▁entire ▁air plane ▁and ▁hundreds ▁of ▁passengers ▁go ▁missing ; ▁how ▁did ▁this ▁happen ? ▁ ▁The ▁T aking ▁of ▁Pel ham ▁One ▁Two ▁Three ▁( 1 9 7 3 ) ▁by ▁John ▁G ode y — ▁a ▁sub way ▁car ▁is ▁hij ack ed ▁and ▁held ▁for ▁r ans om ▁ ▁The ▁Great ▁Train ▁Rob ber y ▁( 1 9 7 5 ) ▁by ▁Michael ▁Cr icht on ▁ ▁Ste aling ▁L ill ian ▁( 1 9 7 5 ) ▁by ▁Tony ▁Ken rick ▁— ▁A ▁con ▁artist ▁is ▁en list ed ▁to ▁stage ▁a ▁kid n apping ▁to ▁capture ▁some ▁terror ists ▁( film ▁rights ▁were ▁purchased , ▁according ▁to ▁the ▁dust ▁jack et , ▁but ▁the ▁film ▁was ▁never ▁made ) ▁ ▁The ▁Seven ▁Day ▁Sold iers ▁( 1 9 7 6 ) ▁by ▁Tony ▁Ken rick ▁— ▁three ▁sub urban ites ▁rob ▁a |
▁bank ▁by ▁mail , ▁then ▁must ▁battle ▁the ▁ma f ioso ▁whom ▁they ▁ro bb ed ▁( film ▁rights ▁were ▁purchased , ▁to ▁be ▁directed ▁by ▁Robert ▁Ald rich ▁and ▁to ▁star ▁Steve ▁Mc Que en , ▁according ▁to ▁the ▁dust ▁jack et , ▁but ▁the ▁film ▁was ▁never ▁made ) ▁ ▁Far ad ay ' s ▁Flow ers ▁( 1 9 7 8 ) ▁— ▁adapted ▁as ▁Shang hai ▁Sur prise ▁ ▁Two ▁L ucky ▁People ▁( 1 9 8 1 ) ▁by ▁Tony ▁Ken rick ▁— ▁A ▁man ▁and ▁woman , ▁both ▁with ▁only ▁weeks ▁to ▁live , ▁decide ▁to ▁spend ▁their ▁last ▁days ▁defe ating ▁a ▁criminal ▁... ▁in ▁a ▁far c ical ▁way . ▁ ▁Gl itter bug ▁( 1 9 9 1 ) ▁by ▁Tony ▁Ken rick ▁— ▁An ▁am nes iac ▁must ▁deal ▁with ▁the ▁many ▁crim inals ▁who ▁made ▁him ▁this ▁way ▁( film ▁rights ▁were ▁purchased ▁by ▁Tri Star ▁Pictures ▁to ▁be ▁a ▁vehicle ▁for ▁Bruce ▁Will is , ▁but ▁the ▁film ▁was ▁never ▁made ) ▁ ▁Sw ind le ▁( 2 0 0 8 ) ▁By ▁Gordon ▁K orm an ▁ ▁The ▁L ies ▁of ▁Lock e ▁Lam ora ▁( 2 0 0 6 ) ▁by ▁Scott ▁Lyn ch ▁ ▁He ist ▁Society ▁( 2 0 1 0 ) ▁by ▁Al ly ▁Carter ▁ ▁Cap er ▁film ▁ ▁Television ▁▁ ▁Now ▁You ▁See ▁It , ▁Now ▁You ▁Don ' t , ▁a ▁ 1 9 6 8 ▁TV - movie ▁about ▁an ▁art ▁expert |
▁who ▁is ▁h ired ▁by ▁an ▁ins urance ▁company ▁to ▁protect ▁a ▁Rem brand t ▁on ▁loan ▁from ▁the ▁Lou vre ▁and ▁later ▁h atch es ▁a ▁scheme ▁to ▁ste al ▁it ▁ ▁H ust le , ▁a ▁British ▁series ▁created ▁by ▁Tony ▁Jordan ▁( 2 0 0 4 – 2 0 1 2 ). ▁ ▁Le verage , ▁a ▁T NT ▁series ▁created ▁by ▁Dean ▁Dev lin ▁( 2 0 0 8 – 2 0 1 2 ). ▁ ▁O ls en - band en , ▁a ▁Dan ish ▁comedy ▁series . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁▁ ▁Canadian ▁Cap er ▁ ▁References ▁▁ ▁Category : Cr ime ▁fiction ▁Category : F iction ▁by ▁genre ▁Category : M yst ery ▁fiction <0x0A> </s> ▁John ▁D ew ▁( born ▁ 1 9 4 4 ) ▁is ▁a ▁British ▁opera ▁director . ▁He ▁was ▁the ▁art istic ▁director ▁of ▁the ▁Staat st he ater ▁D arm stadt . ▁ ▁Biography ▁ ▁D ew ▁was ▁born ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 4 ▁in ▁Santiago ▁de ▁Cuba , ▁but ▁later ▁moved ▁to ▁England ▁at ▁age ▁three . ▁ ▁He ▁studied ▁at ▁the ▁Pr att ▁Institute ▁in ▁New ▁York ▁City ▁where ▁he ▁gained ▁a ▁Bach elor ▁of ▁Arts ▁degree , ▁after ▁which ▁he ▁was ▁app r entic ed ▁to ▁Walter ▁F elsen stein ▁and ▁Wiel and ▁Wagner . ▁In ▁ 1 9 6 9 ▁to ▁ 1 9 7 6 ▁he ▁worked ▁as ▁assistant ▁producer ▁in ▁Os nab r ück ▁and ▁Ul m , ▁his ▁first ▁production ▁being ▁De |
▁Grand es ' s ▁Edu ward ▁and ▁Ken eg unde ▁in ▁Ul m . ▁ ▁His ▁fre el ance ▁work ▁from ▁ 1 9 7 7 ▁to ▁ 1 9 8 2 ▁took ▁him ▁to ▁K iel , ▁Mann heim , ▁Han over ▁and ▁Bas el ▁where ▁he ▁mounted ▁several ▁produ ctions , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁a ▁Ring ▁cycle ▁and ▁various ▁Moz art ▁oper as ▁in ▁K ref eld . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 8 2 , ▁he ▁was ▁appointed ▁director ▁of ▁produ ctions ▁and ▁art istic ▁director ▁of ▁the ▁B iele feld ▁Opera ▁where ▁he ▁remained ▁until ▁ 1 9 9 5 . ▁His ▁work ▁there ▁included ▁a ▁cycle ▁of ▁ 4 0 ▁so - called ▁Ent art ete ▁works ▁- ▁redis cover ed ▁works ▁which ▁had ▁been ▁b anned ▁by ▁the ▁Naz is . ▁▁ ▁After ▁ 1 9 8 6 , ▁he ▁directed ▁produ ctions ▁at ▁the ▁Deutsche ▁Oper ▁Berlin , ▁the ▁Staats oper ▁Hamburg , ▁the ▁Royal ▁Opera ▁House ▁Cov ent ▁Garden , ▁the ▁Houston ▁Grand ▁Opera , ▁ ▁the ▁Wiener ▁Staats oper , ▁the ▁Bad ische ▁Staats oper , ▁ ▁Oper ▁Leipzig , ▁the ▁Opera ▁Com ique , ▁the ▁Zur ich ▁Opera , ▁Teatro ▁Real ▁Madrid , ▁Goth enburg ▁Opera ▁and ▁the ▁State ▁Opera ▁Prag ue . ▁ ▁He ▁was ▁art istic ▁director ▁at ▁the ▁Theater ▁Dort mund ▁from ▁ 1 9 9 5 ▁to ▁ 2 0 0 1 . ▁ ▁His ▁work ▁there ▁included ▁a ▁cycle ▁of ▁French ▁oper as ▁including ▁Gust ave ▁Char pent |
ier ' s ▁Louise ▁and ▁Jul ien , ▁Meyer be er ' s ▁Din or ah , ▁Blo ch ' s ▁Mac b eth , ▁Ber li oz ' ▁Les ▁T roy ens , ▁R ous sel ' s ▁Pad m â vat î , ▁and ▁Hal év y ' s ▁La ▁Ju ive . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 9 , ▁D ew ▁st aged ▁Wagner ' s ▁L ohen gr in ▁at ▁the ▁Stad tt he ater ▁M inden , ▁with ▁the ▁Nord west deutsch e ▁Phil harm onie ▁conducted ▁by ▁Frank ▁Be ermann . ▁ ▁Awards ▁and ▁hon ors ▁ ▁In ▁appreci ation ▁for ▁his ▁services ▁to ▁the ▁French ▁nation , ▁he ▁has ▁been ▁hon ored ▁with ▁the ▁title ▁‘ O ffic ier ▁dans ▁l ´ ordre ▁des ▁Arts ▁et ▁des ▁Let tres ’ . ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁he ▁was ▁awarded ▁the ▁Carl ▁Or ff ▁prize ▁for ▁his ▁dedic ation ▁to ▁producing ▁the ▁works ▁of ▁Carl ▁Or ff , ▁in ▁particular ▁the ▁opera ▁G ise i , ▁which ▁was ▁a ▁world ▁premi ere , ▁st aged ▁at ▁the ▁Staat st he ater ▁D arm stadt ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 0 . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁BO OK : ▁Ent art et ▁Ver dr äng t ▁Ver g essen ▁- ▁B iele feld s ▁Oper ▁er he bt ▁Eins pr uch ▁ 1 9 8 0 - 1 9 9 3 ▁P UB L IS H ED ▁BY : ▁West f alen ▁Verlag ▁ ▁DVD : ▁John |
▁D ew , ▁Opera ▁Produ cer ▁- ▁A ▁Port rait . ▁John ▁D ew , ▁Opera ▁Produ cer ▁- ▁A ▁Port rait ▁... ▁Run ▁time : ▁ 0 0 : 4 4 : 0 0 . ▁Director : ▁Hub ert ▁Ort kem per ▁/ ▁John ▁D ew . ▁Produ cers : ▁Un itel ▁http :// www . c major - ent ertain ment . com / catalog ue / show / id / 7 1 1 ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁▁▁ ▁Category : B rit ish ▁opera ▁direct ors ▁Category : 1 9 4 4 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people <0x0A> </s> ▁" I ▁Al one " ▁is ▁the ▁second ▁single ▁from ▁Live ' s ▁album , ▁Th row ing ▁Co pper . ▁The ▁single ▁was ▁released ▁to ▁radio ▁stations ▁in ▁Canada ▁and ▁the ▁United ▁States , ▁but ▁was ▁only ▁released ▁commer cially ▁over se as . ▁It ▁reached ▁# 6 ▁on ▁the ▁Billboard ▁Modern ▁Rock ▁Tra cks ▁chart . ▁The ▁song ▁was ▁ranked ▁ 6 2 nd ▁best ▁song ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 9 9 0 s ▁by ▁V H 1 . ▁ ▁Le ad ▁singer ▁Ed ▁K ow al czy k ▁said ▁of ▁the ▁song ' s ▁lyr ics , ▁" Pe ople ▁think ▁' I ▁Al one ' ▁is ▁a ▁love ▁song ▁but ▁it ▁really ▁wasn ' t . ▁The ▁lyr ics ▁were ▁more ▁abstract , ▁en comp ass ing ▁a ▁much ▁larger ▁message ." ▁He ▁explained ▁the ▁line , ▁" The ▁greatest ▁of ▁teachers ▁won ' t ▁hes |
itate ▁to ▁leave ▁you ▁there ▁by ▁yourself ▁ch ained ▁to ▁fate ," ▁by ▁saying ▁that ▁a ▁prof ound ▁less on ▁he ▁derived ▁from ▁studying ▁spiritual ▁teach ings ▁was ▁that ▁religion ▁and ▁truth ▁must ▁be ▁found ▁for ▁ones elf ▁and ▁pract iced , ▁rather ▁than ▁just ▁accepting ▁the ▁word ▁of ▁others . ▁ ▁Live ▁performed ▁" I ▁Al one " ▁at ▁the ▁Wood stock ▁' 9 9 ▁festival ▁on ▁July ▁ 2 3 , ▁ 1 9 9 9 ▁in ▁Rome , ▁New ▁York . ▁ ▁The ▁song ▁was ▁featured ▁in ▁the ▁TV ▁shows ▁Hom ic ide : ▁Life ▁on ▁the ▁Street , ▁Be av is ▁and ▁But t - head , ▁H inds ight , ▁My ▁So - C alled ▁Life , ▁and ▁Sil icon ▁Valley . ▁ ▁Com position ▁" I ▁Al one " ▁is ▁written ▁in ▁the ▁key ▁of ▁G ▁major ▁( record ed ▁a ▁half ▁step ▁lower ▁in ▁G ♭ ▁major ). ▁K ow al czy k ' s ▁vocal ▁range ▁sp ans ▁from ▁C # 3 - G 4 . ▁ ▁Ch arts ▁ ▁Track ▁list ings ▁All ▁songs ▁written ▁by ▁Live : ▁ ▁Australian ▁releases ▁" I ▁Al one " ▁- ▁ 3 : 5 5 ▁" P ain ▁L ies ▁on ▁the ▁R ivers ide " ▁- ▁ 5 : 1 1 ▁" S elling ▁the ▁D rama " ▁( Ac oust ic ) ▁- ▁ 3 : 4 0 ▁ ▁UK ▁releases ▁and ▁German ▁CD ▁" I ▁Al one " ▁- ▁ 3 : 5 6 |
▁" I ▁Al one " ▁( Ac oust ic ) ▁- ▁ 3 : 4 8 ▁" P ain ▁L ies ▁on ▁the ▁R ivers ide " ▁- ▁ 5 : 1 3 ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁Official ▁website ▁" I ▁Al one " ▁Music ▁Video ▁via ▁YouTube ▁ ▁Category : Live ▁( band ) ▁songs ▁Category : 1 9 9 4 ▁singles ▁Category : S ongs ▁written ▁by ▁Ed ▁K ow al czy k ▁Category : S ong ▁record ings ▁produced ▁by ▁Jerry ▁Harrison ▁Category : Radio active ▁Records ▁singles ▁Category : 1 9 9 4 ▁songs ▁Category : R ock ▁ball ads <0x0A> </s> ▁Dr . ▁Antonio ▁S . ▁Ped re ira ▁( J une ▁ 1 3 , ▁ 1 8 9 9 – Oct ober ▁ 2 3 , ▁ 1 9 3 9 ), ▁was ▁a ▁Puerto ▁R ican ▁author ▁and ▁educ ator . ▁ ▁Early ▁years ▁Ped re ira ▁( wh ose ▁full ▁name ▁was ▁Antonio ▁Salvador ▁Ped re ira ▁P izar ro ) ▁was ▁born ▁into ▁a ▁well - to - do ▁family ▁in ▁San ▁Juan . ▁His ▁father ▁was ▁a ▁Sp ani ard , ▁and ▁his ▁mother ▁was ▁Puerto ▁R ican . ▁ ▁Both ▁died ▁when ▁he ▁was ▁quite ▁young , ▁and ▁he ▁was ▁there after ▁raised ▁by ▁his ▁god par ents ▁in ▁C agu as . ▁ ▁He ▁became ▁interested ▁in ▁the ▁art ▁of ▁writing ▁stories ▁as ▁a ▁child ▁during ▁his ▁primary ▁and ▁secondary ▁school ▁years . ▁He ▁attended ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Puerto |
▁Rico ▁after ▁gradu ating ▁from ▁high ▁school ▁and ▁earned ▁his ▁teachers ▁certificate . ▁ ▁National ist ▁In ▁ 1 9 2 0 , ▁Ped re ira ▁tra ve led ▁to ▁New ▁York ▁City ▁with ▁the ▁intention ▁of ▁becoming ▁a ▁medical ▁doctor ▁and ▁en rolled ▁in ▁the ▁school ▁of ▁medicine ▁of ▁Columbia ▁University ▁in ▁that ▁city . ▁ ▁He ▁was ▁exposed ▁to ▁the ▁real ities ▁of ▁ra cial ▁disc rim ination , ▁which ▁was ▁r amp ant ▁in ▁the ▁city ▁at ▁that ▁time , ▁during ▁his ▁brief ▁stay . ▁ ▁This ▁was ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁many ▁factors ▁which ▁influenced ▁Ped re ira ▁decision ▁to ▁join ▁the ▁Puerto ▁R ican ▁National ist ▁movement ▁while ▁at ▁the ▁same ▁time ▁becoming ▁an ▁open ▁advoc ate ▁for ▁Puerto ▁Rico ' s ▁independence . ▁ ▁He ▁dropped ▁out ▁of ▁medical ▁school ▁because ▁of ▁financial ▁problems ▁and ▁returned ▁to ▁Puerto ▁Rico . ▁ ▁In ▁Puerto ▁Rico , ▁he ▁was ▁granted ▁a ▁scholar ship ▁by ▁the ▁government ▁and ▁attended ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Puerto ▁Rico ▁once ▁again . ▁In ▁ 1 9 2 5 , ▁Ped re ira ▁earned ▁a ▁Bach elor ▁of ▁Arts ▁degree . ▁He ▁continued ▁his ▁higher ▁education ▁and ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 8 ▁earned ▁a ▁master ' s ▁degree ▁in ▁Let ters . ▁Ped rer ia ▁then ▁moved ▁to ▁Spain ▁to ▁purs ue ▁a ▁doctor ate ▁in ▁Philosoph y ▁and ▁Let ters ▁at ▁the ▁Central ▁University ▁of ▁Madrid , ▁which ▁he ▁earned ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 2 . ▁He ▁returned ▁to ▁his ▁hom eland ▁upon ▁gradu |
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