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▁could ▁be ▁due ▁to ▁urban isation , ▁where ▁people ▁migr ate ▁from ▁rural , ▁remote ▁villages ▁to ▁urban ▁cities ▁for ▁job ▁opportunities ▁and ▁a ▁better ▁quality ▁of ▁life . ▁ ▁The ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁Census ▁shows ▁that ▁the ▁median ▁age ▁is ▁ 5 2 . 3 . ▁The ▁highest ▁category ▁is ▁ 4 5 – 5 9 ▁which ▁accounts ▁for ▁ 4 6 ▁percent ▁of ▁the ▁population , ▁almost ▁half . ▁The ▁categories ▁ 6 0 – 6 4 ▁and ▁ 6 5 – 7 4 ▁are ▁also ▁high ▁at ▁ 2 9 ▁percent , ▁class ifying ▁the ▁parish ▁as ▁having ▁an ▁" A ge ing ▁Pop ulation ". ▁An ▁age ing ▁population ▁results ▁from ▁an ▁increase ▁in ▁life ▁expect ancy ▁and ▁decl ining ▁fert ility . ▁However , ▁as ▁Mill ington ▁is ▁a ▁small , ▁remote ▁parish ▁allowing ▁a ▁close ▁community , ▁people ▁choose ▁to ▁stay ▁rather ▁than ▁ret iring ▁elsewhere . ▁Its ▁population ▁classification ▁is ▁noted ▁as ▁countryside : ag ric ulture . ▁ ▁H ousing ▁and ▁industry ▁The ▁ 1 9 0 1 ▁population ▁census ▁showed ▁that ▁population ▁dens ities ▁were ▁ultimately ▁higher ▁in ▁the ▁towns , ▁where ▁there ▁was ▁an ▁average ▁of ▁ 5 . 4 ▁persons ▁per ▁house , ▁than ▁in ▁the ▁rural ▁areas , ▁which ▁had ▁an ▁average ▁of ▁ 4 . 6 . ▁The ▁Vision ▁of ▁Britain ▁census ▁data ▁from ▁the ▁years ▁ 1 8 8 1 ▁to ▁ 1 9 6 1 ▁has ▁not ▁changed ▁significantly . ▁From ▁ 1 8 8 1
▁until ▁ 1 9 3 1 , ▁the ▁results ▁from ▁the ▁census ▁of ▁' Total ▁H ouses ' ▁showed ▁similar ▁figures ▁to ▁the ▁ 1 9 5 0 s ▁and ▁ 1 9 6 0 s , ▁until ▁ 1 9 5 1 ▁where ▁the ▁number ▁rose ▁to ▁ 9 4 ▁houses ▁in ▁total . ▁In ▁the ▁recent ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁Census ▁the ▁total ▁was ▁ 9 3 . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁Census ▁ 4 4 % ▁of ▁residents ▁in ▁Mill ington ▁lived ▁in ▁det ached ▁housing , ▁the ▁most ▁popular ▁accommodation ▁type . ▁Sem i ▁det ached ▁housing ▁accounts ▁for ▁ 4 1 %. ▁Property ▁prices ▁in ▁Mill ington ▁are ▁therefore ▁above ▁average ▁to ▁very ▁high . ▁ ▁A ▁Vision ▁of ▁Britain ▁through ▁time ▁describes ▁Mill ington ▁from ▁the ▁first ▁Census ▁in ▁ 1 8 0 1 ▁as ▁' ch ief ly ▁employed ▁in ▁Agricult ure ' ▁and ▁' ch ief ly ▁employed ▁in ▁trade , ▁manufacturers ▁or ▁hand ic raft '. ▁The ▁ 1 8 8 1 ▁Census ▁report ▁out lines ▁the ▁occup ations ▁of ▁Mill ington ▁at ▁this ▁time . ▁The ▁most ▁common ▁occupation ▁for ▁males ▁was ▁agriculture ▁with ▁ 4 0 ▁people ▁working ▁in ▁this ▁industry . ▁Women ▁were ▁more ▁likely ▁to ▁work ▁in ▁domestic ▁service ▁or ▁offices ; ▁however , ▁it ▁was ▁evident ▁that ▁a ▁lot ▁of ▁female ▁occup ations ▁were ▁' unknown ' ▁or ▁not ▁recorded . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁Census ▁report , ▁the ▁most
▁popular ▁occupation ▁for ▁males ▁was ▁in ▁wholes ale : ▁repair ▁of ▁motor ▁vehicles , ▁with ▁ 2 0 ▁people ▁working ▁in ▁this ▁industry . ▁Agricult ure ▁has ▁declined ▁to ▁only ▁ 6 ▁people . ▁The ▁majority ▁of ▁females ▁work ▁in ▁health ▁and ▁social ▁services . ▁The ▁types ▁of ▁occupation ▁popular ▁in ▁the ▁last ▁census ▁still ▁show ▁that ▁the ▁residents ▁of ▁Mill ington ▁are ▁focused ▁within ▁the ▁community , ▁with ▁few ▁having ▁to ▁comm ute ▁for ▁their ▁job . ▁ ▁Cl imate ▁ ▁The ▁graph ▁on ▁the ▁left ▁shows ▁the ▁average ▁high ▁temperatures ▁and ▁low ▁temperatures ▁from ▁ 1 9 8 1 – 2 0 1 0 . ▁These ▁aver ages ▁can ▁be ▁compared ▁to ▁the ▁United ▁Kingdom ▁as ▁a ▁whole . ▁It ▁is ▁evident ▁that ▁Mill ington ' s ▁maximum ▁temperatures ▁are ▁higher ▁than ▁those ▁of ▁the ▁UK , ▁for ▁example , ▁across ▁the ▁summer ▁months ▁of ▁June , ▁July ▁and ▁August ▁there ▁is ▁a ▁ 1 – 2 . 5 ▁degrees ▁C els ius ▁difference ▁between ▁the ▁two ▁sets ▁of ▁data . ▁The ▁winter ▁months ▁of ▁November , ▁December ▁and ▁January , ▁Mill ington ▁is ▁cool er ▁than ▁the ▁average ▁temperature ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁Kingdom , ▁for ▁example ▁the ▁minimum ▁temperature ▁is ▁ 1 . 1 ▁degrees ▁C els ius ▁compared ▁to ▁Mill ington ' s ▁ 0 . 6 . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁List ed ▁buildings ▁in ▁Mill ington , ▁Che shire ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁ ▁Category : V ill ages ▁in ▁Che shire ▁Category :
C ivil ▁par ishes ▁in ▁Che shire <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁W itt man ▁V - W itt ▁also ▁called ▁W itt s ▁V ▁and ▁W itt ' s ▁V ee ▁is ▁single - engine ▁tube - and - fab ric ▁construction ▁aircraft ▁specifically ▁made ▁for ▁Formula ▁V ▁Air ▁Racing . ▁ ▁Design ▁The ▁aircraft ▁is ▁made ▁of ▁wel ded ▁steel ▁tube ▁fus el age ▁with ▁fabric ▁covering . ▁The ▁thin - profile ▁wings ▁are ▁wire - supported . ▁The ▁engine ▁requires ▁a ▁ 1 2 - inch ▁extension ▁to ▁mount ▁the ▁prop eller ▁ahead ▁of ▁a ▁stream lined ▁cow ling . ▁ ▁Oper ational ▁history ▁The ▁W itt s ▁V ▁was ▁fl own ▁in ▁races ▁and ▁demonstr ations ▁from ▁ 1 9 7 2 ▁through ▁ 1 9 8 1 . ▁ ▁The ▁prototype ▁aircraft ▁is ▁on ▁display ▁at ▁the ▁E AA ▁Air vent ure ▁Museum ▁in ▁O sh k osh , ▁Wisconsin . ▁ ▁Spec ifications ▁( W itt man ▁V - W itt ) ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Notes ▁ ▁Category : Home built ▁aircraft ▁V - W itt <0x0A> </s> ▁R i ▁Ch ang - ho ▁( born ▁ 4 ▁January ▁ 1 9 9 0 ) ▁is ▁a ▁North ▁Korean ▁professional ▁football er ▁who ▁plays ▁as ▁a ▁def ender . ▁ ▁Hon ours ▁ ▁R im y ong su ▁Sports ▁Club ▁Run ner - up ▁ ▁A FC ▁President ' s ▁Cup : ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁▁▁
▁R i ▁Ch ang - ho ▁at ▁D PR K Foot ball ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 9 0 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : N orth ▁Korean ▁football ers ▁Category : N orth ▁Korea ▁international ▁football ers ▁Category : Associ ation ▁football ▁defend ers ▁Category : 2 0 1 5 ▁A FC ▁Asian ▁Cup ▁players ▁Category : 2 0 1 9 ▁A FC ▁Asian ▁Cup ▁players <0x0A> </s> ▁This ▁list ▁includes ▁trans fers ▁featuring ▁at ▁least ▁one ▁club ▁from ▁either ▁the ▁Premier ▁League ▁or ▁the ▁E FL ▁Championship ▁that ▁were ▁completed ▁after ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁summer ▁ 2 0 1 9 ▁transfer ▁window ▁on ▁ 8 ▁August ▁and ▁before ▁the ▁closure ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 0 2 0 ▁winter ▁transfer ▁window ▁on ▁ 3 1 ▁January ▁ 2 0 2 0 . ▁Players ▁without ▁a ▁club ▁may ▁be ▁signed ▁at ▁any ▁time , ▁clubs ▁may ▁sign ▁players ▁on ▁loan ▁dependent ▁on ▁their ▁league ' s ▁regulations , ▁and ▁clubs ▁may ▁sign ▁a ▁goal keeper ▁on ▁an ▁emergency ▁loan ▁if ▁they ▁have ▁no ▁registered ▁senior ▁goal keeper ▁available . ▁ ▁Trans fers ▁ ▁All ▁clubs ▁without ▁a ▁flag ▁are ▁English . ▁Note ▁that ▁while ▁Card iff ▁City ▁and ▁Sw anse a ▁City ▁are ▁affili ated ▁with ▁the ▁Football ▁Association ▁of ▁Wales ▁and ▁thus ▁take ▁the ▁Wel sh ▁flag , ▁they ▁play ▁in ▁the ▁English ▁Championship , ▁and ▁so ▁their ▁trans fers ▁are ▁included ▁here . ▁ ▁Lo ans ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁England ▁Winter ▁ 2 0 1 9
– 2 0 <0x0A> </s> ▁Gu er illa ▁Opera ▁is ▁an ▁opera ▁company ▁in ▁Boston , ▁Massachusetts ▁founded ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁special izing ▁in ▁accessible ▁contemporary ▁chamber ▁oper as , ▁several ▁of ▁which ▁have ▁been ▁commissioned ▁by ▁the ▁company . ▁As ▁of ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁its ▁Art istic ▁Direct ors ▁were ▁Mike ▁Williams ▁and ▁Rud olf ▁Ro j ahn , ▁its ▁General ▁Manager ▁was ▁Al iana ▁de ▁la ▁Guard ia ▁and ▁its ▁director ▁of ▁design ▁and ▁production ▁was ▁Julia ▁Nou lin - M ér at . ▁Gu er illa ▁Opera ▁performed ▁in ▁the ▁Z ack ▁Box ▁Theater ▁at ▁the ▁Boston ▁Conserv atory , ▁where ▁it ▁is ▁a ▁resident ▁ensemble . ▁As ▁of ▁ 2 0 1 8 ▁its ▁Art istic ▁Direct ors ▁are ▁Julia ▁Nou lin - M ér at ▁and ▁Al iana ▁de ▁la ▁Guard ia . ▁Gu er illa ▁Opera ▁performs ▁in ▁Boston . ▁ ▁Produ ctions ▁ ▁September ▁ 2 0 0 7 . ▁Heart ▁of ▁a ▁Dog ▁by ▁Rud olf ▁Ro j ahn ▁( ad apt ed ▁from ▁the ▁nov ella , ▁Heart ▁of ▁a ▁Dog ▁by ▁Mik h ail ▁Bul g akov ) ▁ ▁directed ▁by ▁Cop eland ▁Wood ru ff ▁ ▁April ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁No ▁Ex it ▁by ▁Andy ▁V ores ▁( ad apt ed ▁from ▁the ▁play , ▁No ▁Ex it , ▁by ▁Jean - Paul ▁S art re ) ▁ ▁September ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁We ▁Are ▁S ons ▁by ▁Rud olf ▁Ro j ahn ▁(
to ▁an ▁original ▁lib ret to ▁by ▁Ro j ahn ▁) ▁ ▁directed ▁by ▁Sally ▁St unk el ▁ ▁May ▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁R ump el st il ts kin ▁by ▁Mart i ▁Ep stein ▁( ad apt ed ▁from ▁the ▁Brothers ▁Gr imm ▁story , ▁R ump el st il ts kin ) ▁ ▁directed ▁by ▁Greg ▁Sm ucker ▁ ▁September ▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁Say ▁It ▁A in ' t ▁So , ▁Joe ▁by ▁Curt is ▁K . ▁Hughes ▁( ad apt ed ▁from ▁public ▁records ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁United ▁States ▁vice - pres idential ▁debate ) ▁ ▁directed ▁by ▁Nathan ▁T roup ▁ ▁set ▁design ▁by ▁Julia ▁Nou lin - Mer at , ▁ ▁September ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁Heart ▁of ▁a ▁Dog ▁by ▁Rud olf ▁Ro j ahn ▁( ad apt ed ▁from ▁the ▁nov ella ▁by ▁Mik h ail ▁Bul g akov ) ▁ ▁directed ▁by ▁Cop eland ▁Wood ru ff ▁ ▁set ▁design ▁by ▁Julia ▁Nou lin - Mer at , ▁lights ▁by ▁T l al oc ▁L ope z - Water man , ▁cost umes ▁by ▁Neil ▁Fort in ▁ ▁September ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁ ▁Lo ose , ▁W et , ▁Per for ated ▁by ▁Nicholas ▁V ines ▁ ▁directed ▁by ▁Jeremy ▁Bloom ▁ ▁set ▁design ▁by ▁Julia ▁Nou lin - Mer at , ▁lights ▁by ▁Christopher ▁Br us berg , ▁cost umes ▁by ▁Neil ▁Fort in ▁ ▁May ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁ ▁B
ov inus ▁R ex ▁by ▁Rud olf ▁Ro j ahn ▁ ▁directed ▁by ▁Cop eland ▁Wood ru ff ▁ ▁set ▁design ▁by ▁Julia ▁Nou lin - Mer at , ▁lights ▁by ▁T l al oc ▁L ope z - Water man , ▁cost umes ▁by ▁Neil ▁Fort in ▁ ▁May ▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁ ▁G iver ▁of ▁Light ▁by ▁Adam ▁Roberts ▁( lib ret to ▁Adam ▁Roberts ) ▁ ▁directed ▁by ▁Andrew ▁E gg ert ▁ ▁set ▁design ▁by ▁Julia ▁Nou lin - Mer at , ▁lights ▁by ▁T l al oc ▁L ope z - Water man , ▁cost umes ▁by ▁Neil ▁Fort in ▁ ▁September ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁ ▁No ▁Ex it ▁by ▁Andy ▁V ores ▁ ▁directed ▁by ▁Nathan ▁T roup ▁ ▁set ▁design ▁by ▁Julia ▁Nou lin - Mer at , ▁lights ▁by ▁Daniel ▁Chap man , ▁cost umes ▁by ▁L ara ▁De ▁Bru j in ▁ ▁May ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁ ▁" G allo " ▁by ▁Ken ▁U eno ▁ ▁directed ▁by ▁Sarah ▁Mey ers ▁ ▁set ▁design ▁by ▁Julia ▁Nou lin - Mer at , ▁lights ▁and ▁video ▁by ▁T l al oc ▁L ope z - Water man , ▁cost umes ▁by ▁Annie ▁Simon ▁ ▁September ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁ ▁" Let ' s ▁Make ▁A ▁Sand wich " ▁two ▁chamber ▁oper as ▁ ▁" R are bit " ▁by ▁Curt is ▁K . ▁Hughes ▁ ▁O uro bor os ▁by ▁Rud olf ▁Ro j ahn ▁ ▁directed
▁by ▁Cop eland ▁Wood ru ff ▁and ▁G is elle ▁Ty ▁ ▁set ▁design ▁by ▁Julia ▁Nou lin - Mer at , ▁lights ▁and ▁video ▁by ▁T l al oc ▁L ope z - Water man , ▁cost umes ▁by ▁Neil ▁Fort in ▁ ▁May ▁ 2 0 1 5 ▁ ▁Ped r ▁Sol is ▁by ▁Per ▁Bl ol and ▁( lib ret to ▁Paul ▁Sch ick ) ▁ ▁directed ▁by ▁L aine ▁R ett mer ▁ ▁set ▁design ▁by ▁Julia ▁Nou lin - Mer at , ▁lights ▁by ▁Daniel ▁Chap man , ▁cost umes ▁by ▁Neil ▁Fort in ▁ ▁September ▁ 2 0 1 5 ▁ ▁T rou bled ▁Water ▁by ▁M isch a ▁S alk ind - P ear l ▁( lib ret to ▁Frederick ▁Ch oi ) ▁ ▁directed ▁by ▁Al leg ra ▁Lib on ati ▁ ▁set ▁design ▁by ▁Julia ▁Nou lin - Mer at , ▁lights ▁by ▁Daniel ▁Chap man , ▁cost umes ▁by ▁Neil ▁Fort in ▁ ▁May ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁ ▁Be ow ulf ▁by ▁Hannah ▁L ash ▁ ▁directed ▁by ▁Andrew ▁E gg ert ▁ ▁set ▁design ▁by ▁Julia ▁Nou lin - Mer at , ▁lights ▁by ▁Daniel ▁Chap man , ▁cost umes ▁by ▁Neil ▁Fort in ▁ ▁October ▁ 2 0 1 7 ▁ ▁Lo ose , ▁W et , ▁Per for ated ▁by ▁Nicholas ▁V ines ▁ ▁directed ▁by ▁Nich ola ▁O ' Le ary ▁ ▁set ▁design ▁by ▁Julia ▁Nou lin - Mer at , ▁lights ▁by ▁Keith lyn ▁Park
man . ▁ ▁May ▁ 2 0 1 9 ▁R ump el st il ts kin ▁by ▁Mart i ▁Ep stein ▁ ▁concert ▁at ▁the ▁Opera ▁America ▁National ▁Center , ▁video ▁animation ▁by ▁Den iz ▁Kh ater i , ▁lights ▁by ▁Keith lyn ▁Park man . ▁ ▁Awards ▁and ▁recognition ▁ 2 0 1 8 - ▁Opera ▁America ▁- ▁Innov ation ▁Grant ▁▁ 2 0 1 5 - ▁Arts ▁Imp ulse ▁- ▁Best ▁Opera ▁Production ▁" G allo " ▁▁ 2 0 1 5 - ▁Boston ▁Class ical ▁Review ▁- ▁Best ▁World ▁Prem iere ▁: T rou bled ▁Water " ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁Boston ▁Ly ric ▁Opera ▁ ▁Opera ▁Boston ▁ ▁Boston ▁Opera ▁Coll abor ative ▁ ▁Opera ▁Company ▁of ▁Boston ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁Official ▁website ▁Official ▁YouTube ▁channel ▁ ▁Opera ▁America ▁ ▁Category : Oper a ▁companies ▁in ▁Boston ▁Category : Mus ical ▁groups ▁established ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁Category : 2 0 0 7 ▁establish ments ▁in ▁Massachusetts <0x0A> </s> ▁De uter arch a ▁is ▁a ▁genus ▁of ▁m oth s ▁of ▁the ▁family ▁Cr amb idae . ▁The ▁genus ▁was ▁described ▁by ▁Edward ▁Mey rick ▁in ▁ 1 8 8 4 . ▁ ▁Spec ies ▁De uter arch a ▁x anth om ela ▁Mey rick , ▁ 1 8 8 4 ▁De uter arch a ▁flav alis ▁Ham pson , ▁ 1 8 9 3 ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : Sp il om el ina e ▁Category : Cr amb idae ▁gener
a ▁Category : Tax a ▁named ▁by ▁Edward ▁Mey rick <0x0A> </s> ▁Pedro ▁Luis ▁B ri ón ▁( J uly ▁ 6 , ▁ 1 7 8 2 , ▁C ura ç ao ▁– ▁September ▁ 2 7 , ▁ 1 8 2 1 , ▁C ura ç ao ) ▁was ▁a ▁military ▁officer ▁who ▁fought ▁in ▁the ▁Venez uel an ▁War ▁of ▁Independ ence . ▁He ▁rose ▁to ▁the ▁rank ▁of ▁adm iral ▁in ▁the ▁nav ies ▁of ▁Venezuela ▁and ▁the ▁old ▁Republic ▁of ▁Colombia . ▁ ▁Early ▁career ▁He ▁was ▁bapt ized ▁as ▁Phill ip us ▁Lud ov icus ▁Br ion , ▁son ▁of ▁the ▁merchant ▁Pierre ▁Louis ▁Br ion ▁and ▁Marie ▁Det ro x , ▁both ▁from ▁what ▁is ▁now ▁Belgium . ▁They ▁arrived ▁in ▁C ura ç ao ▁in ▁ 1 7 7 7 . ▁In ▁ 1 7 9 4 ▁they ▁sent ▁their ▁son ▁to ▁the ▁Netherlands ▁to ▁complete ▁his ▁education . ▁While ▁he ▁was ▁there , ▁he ▁en listed ▁in ▁the ▁forces ▁of ▁the ▁Bat av ian ▁Republic ▁to ▁fight ▁the ▁British ▁invasion ▁of ▁the ▁northern ▁Netherlands . ▁He ▁participated ▁in ▁the ▁battles ▁of ▁Ber gen ▁( Se ptember ▁ 1 9 , ▁ 1 7 9 9 ) ▁and ▁C astr ic um ▁( Oct ober ▁ 1 6 , ▁ 1 7 9 9 ). ▁He ▁was ▁taken ▁prisoner ▁by ▁the ▁British ▁but ▁freed ▁after ▁a ▁short ▁time ▁in ▁the ▁prisoner ▁exchange ▁under ▁the ▁Convention ▁of ▁Al k ma ar . ▁ ▁On ▁his ▁return
▁to ▁C ura ç ao ▁he ▁took ▁an ▁active ▁part ▁in ▁the ▁revolutionary ▁movement ▁on ▁the ▁island , ▁in ▁September ▁ 1 8 0 0 . ▁Short ly ▁after ▁his ▁return ▁the ▁island ▁was ▁occupied ▁by ▁the ▁British . ▁He ▁escaped ▁from ▁the ▁British ▁authorities , ▁fle eing ▁to ▁the ▁United ▁States . ▁There ▁he ▁studied ▁naval ▁science ▁and ▁business . ▁ ▁He ▁returned ▁to ▁his ▁native ▁island ▁in ▁ 1 8 0 3 ▁( since ▁recovered ▁by ▁the ▁Bat av ian ▁Republic ), ▁dedic ating ▁himself ▁to ▁business . ▁From ▁ 1 8 0 3 ▁to ▁ 1 8 0 6 ▁he ▁led ▁various ▁actions ▁to ▁prevent ▁the ▁British ▁re occup ation ▁of ▁the ▁island . ▁Nevertheless , ▁the ▁British ▁occupied ▁the ▁island ▁again ▁in ▁ 1 8 0 7 , ▁and ▁B ri ón ▁went ▁into ▁ex ile ▁on ▁the ▁Dan ish ▁island ▁of ▁Saint ▁Thomas . ▁From ▁here ▁he ▁continued ▁to ▁run ▁his ▁business ▁and ▁mar itime ▁interests . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁war ▁for ▁Venez uel an ▁independence ▁In ▁ 1 8 1 3 ▁Br ion ▁took ▁up ▁the ▁cause ▁of ▁Venez uel an ▁independence ▁and ▁a ▁year ▁later ▁Sim ón ▁Bol í var ▁made ▁him ▁captain ▁of ▁a ▁fr igate . ▁In ▁ 1 8 1 5 ▁he ▁went ▁to ▁England , ▁where ▁he ▁acquired ▁the ▁ 2 4 - gun ▁cor vet ▁D ardo , ▁with ▁which ▁he ▁intended ▁to ▁aid ▁the ▁reb els ▁of ▁Cart ag ena ▁de ▁Ind ias . ▁To ▁bring ▁aid ▁to ▁the ▁revolution
ists , ▁he ▁had ▁s ailed ▁from ▁London ▁for ▁Cart ag ena ▁at ▁his ▁own ▁expense , ▁with ▁ 1 4 , 0 0 0 ▁stand ▁of ▁arms ▁and ▁a ▁great ▁quantity ▁of ▁military ▁stores . ▁Ar riving ▁too ▁late ▁to ▁be ▁useful ▁in ▁that ▁quarter , ▁he ▁re - emb ark ed ▁for ▁Les ▁C ay es , ▁H ait i , ▁wh ither ▁many ▁em igr ant ▁patri ots ▁had ▁rep aired ▁after ▁the ▁surrender ▁of ▁Cart ag ena . ▁ ▁Bol í var , ▁mean while , ▁had ▁also ▁depart ed ▁from ▁King ston ▁to ▁Port - au - Pr ince , ▁where , ▁on ▁his ▁promise ▁of ▁em anc ip ating ▁the ▁slaves , ▁Alexand re ▁P ét ion , ▁the ▁president ▁of ▁H ait i , ▁offered ▁him ▁large ▁supplies ▁for ▁a ▁new ▁expedition ▁against ▁the ▁Sp ani ards ▁in ▁Venezuela . ▁At ▁Les ▁C ay es ▁he ▁met ▁Br ion ▁and ▁the ▁other ▁em igr ants , ▁and ▁in ▁a ▁general ▁meeting ▁proposed ▁himself ▁as ▁the ▁chief ▁of ▁the ▁new ▁expedition , ▁on ▁the ▁condition ▁of ▁un iting ▁the ▁civil ▁and ▁military ▁power ▁in ▁his ▁person ▁until ▁the ▁as sem bling ▁of ▁a ▁general ▁congress . ▁The ▁majority ▁accepting ▁his ▁terms , ▁the ▁expedition ▁s ailed ▁April ▁ 1 6 , ▁ 1 8 1 6 ▁to ▁the ▁coast ▁of ▁Venezuela , ▁with ▁him ▁as ▁its ▁commander ▁and ▁Br ion ▁as ▁its ▁captain . ▁ ▁On ▁May ▁ 2 , ▁ 1 8 1 6 ▁he ▁won
▁his ▁first ▁victory ▁over ▁Spanish ▁war ships , ▁in ▁the ▁Battle ▁of ▁Los ▁Fra iles . ▁ ▁On ▁the ▁day ▁of ▁the ▁victory , ▁Br ion ▁was ▁named ▁adm iral ▁by ▁Bol í var . ▁At ▁Marg ar ita ▁Island ▁the ▁former ▁succeeded ▁in ▁winning ▁over ▁Juan ▁B aut ista ▁Ar ism end i , ▁the ▁commander ▁of ▁the ▁island , ▁in ▁which ▁he ▁had ▁reduced ▁the ▁Sp ani ards ▁to ▁the ▁single ▁spot ▁of ▁P amp atar . ▁On ▁Bol í var ' s ▁formal ▁promise ▁to ▁conv oke ▁a ▁national ▁congress ▁at ▁Venezuela , ▁as ▁soon ▁as ▁he ▁should ▁be ▁master ▁of ▁the ▁country , ▁Ar ism end i ▁summon ed ▁a ▁jun ta ▁in ▁the ▁cat hedral ▁of ▁La ▁Villa ▁del ▁N orte , ▁and ▁publicly ▁pro claimed ▁him ▁the ▁commander - in - ch ief ▁of ▁the ▁republic s ▁of ▁Venezuela ▁and ▁New ▁Gran ada . ▁ ▁On ▁May ▁ 3 1 , ▁ 1 8 1 6 , ▁Bol í var ▁and ▁Br ion ▁landed ▁at ▁Car up ano , ▁but ▁did ▁not ▁dare ▁prevent ▁gener als ▁Santiago ▁Mar ino ▁and ▁Manuel ▁P iar ▁from ▁separ ating ▁from ▁him , ▁and ▁carrying ▁on ▁a ▁war ▁against ▁C um ana ▁under ▁their ▁own ▁aus p ices . ▁We ak ened ▁by ▁this ▁separation , ▁he ▁set ▁sail , ▁on ▁Br ion ' s ▁advice , ▁for ▁O c um are ▁de ▁la ▁Costa , ▁where ▁he ▁arrived ▁July ▁ 3 , ▁ 1 8 1 6 , ▁with ▁
1 3 ▁vessels , ▁of ▁which ▁ 7 ▁only ▁were ▁armed . ▁His ▁army ▁must ered ▁but ▁ 6 5 0 ▁men , ▁sw elled , ▁by ▁the ▁en rol ment ▁of ▁neg ro es ▁whose ▁em anc ip ation ▁he ▁had ▁pro claimed , ▁to ▁about ▁ 8 0 0 . ▁ ▁On ▁his ▁advance ▁in ▁the ▁direction ▁of ▁Val encia ▁he ▁met , ▁not ▁far ▁from ▁O c um are , ▁the ▁Spanish ▁general ▁Mor ales ▁at ▁the ▁head ▁of ▁about ▁ 2 0 0 ▁soldiers ▁and ▁ 1 0 0 ▁milit ia ▁men . ▁The ▁sk irm ish ers ▁of ▁Mor ales ▁having ▁dispers ed ▁his ▁advanced ▁guard , ▁he ▁lost , ▁as ▁an ▁ey ew itness ▁records , ▁ ▁On ▁Br ion ' s ▁reb uk es ▁and ▁ad mon itions , ▁Bol í var ▁again ▁joined ▁the ▁other ▁command ers ▁on ▁the ▁coast ▁of ▁C um ana , ▁but ▁being ▁harsh ly ▁received , ▁and ▁threatened ▁by ▁P iar ▁with ▁trial ▁before ▁a ▁court - mart ial ▁as ▁a ▁des er ter ▁and ▁a ▁cow ard , ▁he ▁quickly ▁retr aced ▁his ▁steps ▁to ▁Les ▁C ay es . ▁After ▁months ▁of ▁ex ert ion , ▁Br ion ▁at ▁length ▁succeeded ▁in ▁persu ading ▁a ▁majority ▁of ▁the ▁Venez uel an ▁military ▁ch iefs , ▁who ▁felt ▁the ▁want ▁of ▁at ▁least ▁a ▁nom inal ▁centre , ▁to ▁recall ▁Bol í var ▁as ▁their ▁general - in - ch ief , ▁upon ▁the ▁express ▁condition ▁that ▁he ▁should
▁as semble ▁a ▁congress , ▁and ▁not ▁med d le ▁with ▁the ▁civil ▁administration . ▁December ▁ 3 1 , ▁ 1 8 1 6 , ▁he ▁arrived ▁at ▁Barcelona ▁with ▁the ▁arms , ▁m un itions ▁of ▁war , ▁and ▁provisions ▁supplied ▁by ▁President ▁P ét ion . ▁▁▁ ▁Jo ined ▁on ▁January ▁ 2 , ▁ 1 8 1 7 , ▁by ▁Ar ism end i , ▁Br ion ▁pro claimed ▁on ▁the ▁ 4 th ▁mart ial ▁law ▁and ▁the ▁union ▁of ▁all ▁powers ▁in ▁his ▁single ▁person ; ▁but ▁ 5 ▁days ▁later , ▁when ▁Ar ism end i ▁had ▁fallen ▁into ▁an ▁amb ush ▁laid ▁by ▁the ▁Sp ani ards , ▁the ▁dict ator ▁fled ▁to ▁Barcelona . ▁The ▁troops ▁r all ied ▁at ▁the ▁latter ▁place , ▁wh ither ▁Br ion ▁sent ▁him ▁also ▁guns ▁and ▁reinforce ments , ▁so ▁that ▁he ▁soon ▁must ered ▁a ▁new ▁corps ▁of ▁ 1 , 1 0 0 ▁men . ▁On ▁April ▁ 5 , ▁the ▁Sp ani ards ▁took ▁possession ▁of ▁the ▁town ▁of ▁Barcelona , ▁and ▁the ▁patri ot ▁troops ▁ret reated ▁toward ▁the ▁charity - house , ▁a ▁building ▁isolated ▁from ▁Barcelona , ▁and ▁ent ren ched ▁on ▁Bol í var ' s ▁order , ▁but ▁un fit ▁to ▁shelter ▁a ▁g arr ison ▁of ▁ 1 , 0 0 0 ▁men ▁from ▁a ▁serious ▁attack . ▁He ▁left ▁the ▁post ▁in ▁the ▁night ▁of ▁April ▁ 5 , ▁inform ing ▁Colonel ▁Fre ites , ▁to ▁whom
▁he ▁transferred ▁his ▁command , ▁that ▁he ▁was ▁going ▁in ▁search ▁of ▁more ▁troops , ▁and ▁would ▁soon ▁return . ▁Trust ing ▁this ▁promise , ▁Fre ites ▁declined ▁the ▁offer ▁of ▁a ▁capit ulation , ▁and , ▁after ▁the ▁assault , ▁was ▁slaughter ed ▁with ▁the ▁whole ▁g arr ison ▁by ▁the ▁Sp ani ards . ▁ ▁General ▁Manuel ▁P iar , ▁a ▁mul atto ▁native ▁of ▁C ura ç ao , ▁con ceived ▁and ▁executed ▁the ▁con quest ▁of ▁Gu ay ana ▁Province ▁with ▁Admiral ▁Br ion ▁supporting ▁that ▁enterprise ▁with ▁his ▁gun - bo ats . ▁In ▁January ▁ 1 8 1 7 ▁B ri ón ▁established ▁the ▁Admiral ty ▁and ▁the ▁Marine ▁Corps . ▁On ▁August ▁ 3 , ▁ 1 8 1 7 ▁he ▁s ailed ▁up ▁the ▁Or in oco ▁River ▁with ▁a ▁squad ron , ▁fighting ▁the ▁Battle ▁of ▁Cab ri án . ▁In ▁this ▁battle ▁he ▁captured ▁ 1 4 ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 8 ▁Spanish ▁ships ▁and ▁took ▁ 1 , 5 0 0 ▁prisoners . ▁He ▁liber ated ▁Gu ay ana ▁on ▁November ▁ 5 , ▁ 1 8 1 7 , ▁and ▁was ▁named ▁president ▁of ▁the ▁Council ▁of ▁Government . ▁On ▁July ▁ 2 0 , ▁the ▁whole ▁of ▁the ▁provin ces ▁being ▁evac uated ▁by ▁the ▁Sp ani ards , ▁P iar , ▁Br ion , ▁Ze a , ▁Mar ino , ▁Ar ism end i , ▁and ▁others , ▁assembled ▁a ▁provincial ▁congress ▁at ▁Ang ost ura , ▁and ▁put
▁at ▁the ▁head ▁of ▁the ▁executive ▁a ▁tri um vir ate , ▁of ▁which ▁Br ion , ▁h ating ▁P iar ▁and ▁deeply ▁interested ▁in ▁Bol í var , ▁in ▁whose ▁success ▁he ▁had ▁invested ▁his ▁large ▁private ▁fortune , ▁cont rived ▁that ▁the ▁latter ▁should ▁be ▁appointed ▁a ▁member , ▁not with standing ▁his ▁absence . ▁ ▁Upon ▁these ▁tid ings ▁Bol í var ▁left ▁his ▁retreat ▁for ▁Ang ost ura , ▁where , ▁emb old ened ▁by ▁Br ion , ▁he ▁diss olved ▁the ▁congress ▁and ▁the ▁tri um vir ate , ▁to ▁replace ▁them ▁by ▁a ▁" sup reme ▁council ▁of ▁the ▁nation ", ▁with ▁himself ▁as ▁the ▁chief , ▁Br ion ▁and ▁Francisco ▁Antonio ▁Ze a ▁as ▁the ▁directors , ▁the ▁former ▁of ▁the ▁military , ▁the ▁latter ▁of ▁the ▁political ▁section . ▁However , ▁P iar , ▁the ▁con quer or ▁of ▁Gu iana , ▁who ▁once ▁before ▁had ▁threatened ▁to ▁try ▁him ▁before ▁a ▁court - mart ial ▁as ▁a ▁des er ter , ▁was ▁not ▁sp aring ▁of ▁his ▁s arc as ms ▁against ▁the ▁" N ap ole on ▁of ▁the ▁retreat ", ▁and ▁Bol í var ▁consequ ently ▁accepted ▁a ▁plan ▁for ▁getting ▁rid ▁of ▁him . ▁On ▁the ▁false ▁accus ation ▁of ▁having ▁con sp ired ▁against ▁the ▁whites , ▁pl otted ▁against ▁Bol í var ' s ▁life , ▁and ▁asp ired ▁to ▁the ▁sup reme ▁power , ▁P iar ▁was ▁ar ra igned ▁before ▁a ▁war ▁council ▁under ▁the ▁presid ency
▁of ▁Br ion , ▁convicted , ▁condem ned ▁to ▁death , ▁and ▁shot , ▁October ▁ 1 6 , ▁ 1 8 1 7 . ▁His ▁death ▁struck ▁Mar ino ▁with ▁terror . ▁F ully ▁aware ▁of ▁loss ▁when ▁dep rived ▁of ▁P iar , ▁he , ▁in ▁an ▁ab ject ▁letter , ▁publicly ▁cal umn iated ▁his ▁murdered ▁friend , ▁de precated ▁his ▁own ▁attempts ▁at ▁rival ry ▁with ▁the ▁liber ator , ▁and ▁threw ▁himself ▁upon ▁Bol í var ' s ▁magn anim ity . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 8 1 9 ▁B ri ón ▁was ▁again ▁at ▁Marg ar ita , ▁where ▁he ▁organized ▁an ▁expedition ▁of ▁ 2 2 ▁ships ▁to ▁attack ▁the ▁coast ▁of ▁New ▁Gran ada , ▁together ▁with ▁the ▁land ▁forces ▁of ▁colon el ▁Mar iano ▁Mont illa . ▁They ▁captured ▁ports ▁and ▁the ▁mouth s ▁of ▁the ▁Mag dal ena ▁River , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁the ▁cities ▁of ▁Barr anqu illa ▁and ▁Santa ▁Mart a . ▁However , ▁differences ▁with ▁Mont illa ▁over ▁how ▁to ▁conduct ▁the ▁operation ▁led ▁B ri ón ▁to ▁withdraw ▁the ▁fleet ▁to ▁Mar aca ib o ▁in ▁May ▁ 1 8 2 1 . ▁ ▁Death ▁B ri ón ▁suffered ▁from ▁tub er cul osis , ▁and ▁because ▁of ▁the ▁progress ion ▁of ▁the ▁disease , ▁he ▁decided ▁to ▁return ▁to ▁his ▁native ▁island . ▁He ▁died ▁there ▁in ▁ 1 8 2 1 , ▁the ▁day ▁after ▁his ▁arrival . ▁He ▁was ▁buried ▁in ▁the ▁family ▁estate ▁with ▁hon
ors ▁appropriate ▁to ▁his ▁rank . ▁Later ▁his ▁remains ▁were ▁re inter red ▁in ▁the ▁National ▁P ant he on ▁of ▁Venezuela ▁on ▁April ▁ 1 0 , ▁ 1 8 8 2 . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁▁ ▁This ▁article ▁incorpor ates ▁text ▁from ▁a ▁publication ▁The ▁New ▁American ▁Cycl op æ d ia , ▁ 1 8 5 9 , ▁pp . ▁ 4 4 3 – 4 4 4 , ▁edited ▁by ▁G . ▁R ip ley ▁and ▁C . A . ▁D ana , ▁now ▁in ▁the ▁public ▁domain . ▁The ▁original ▁text ▁has ▁been ▁edited . ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁▁ ▁Bi ografía ▁▁ ▁Refer encia ▁bibli ográ fica ▁ ▁Category : 1 7 8 2 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 8 2 1 ▁deaths ▁Category : C ura ç ao ▁people ▁of ▁Dutch ▁descent ▁Category : People ▁of ▁the ▁Venez uel an ▁War ▁of ▁Independ ence ▁Category : D utch ▁military ▁personnel ▁of ▁the ▁French ▁Revolution ary ▁Wars ▁Category : V enez uel an ▁soldiers ▁Category : Bus iness people ▁in ▁shipping ▁Category : B ur ials ▁at ▁the ▁National ▁P ant he on ▁of ▁Venezuela ▁Category : 1 9 th - century ▁deaths ▁from ▁tub er cul osis ▁Category : V enez uel an ▁people ▁of ▁Dutch ▁descent ▁Category : 1 9 th - century ▁business people <0x0A> </s> ▁Mo ût iers ▁Cat hedral ▁() ▁is ▁a ▁Roman ▁Catholic ▁church ▁in ▁Mo ût iers ▁en ▁T arent aise , ▁France . ▁The ▁cat hedral ▁is ▁a ▁national
▁monument , ▁and ▁was ▁formerly ▁the ▁seat ▁of ▁the ▁Arch di oc ese ▁of ▁T arent aise , ▁which ▁was ▁abol ished ▁under ▁the ▁Con cord at ▁of ▁ 1 8 0 1 . ▁It ▁was ▁afterwards ▁the ▁seat ▁of ▁the ▁re - formed ▁Bishop ric ▁of ▁T arent aise ▁from ▁ 1 8 2 5 ▁until ▁ 1 9 6 6 , ▁when ▁the ▁di oc ese ▁of ▁T arent aise , ▁Di oc ese ▁of ▁Saint - Je an - de - M aur ienne ▁and ▁the ▁Arch di oc ese ▁of ▁Ch amb é ry ▁were ▁am alg am ated ▁to ▁form ▁the ▁present ▁Arch di oc ese ▁of ▁Ch amb é ry , ▁Maur ienne ▁and ▁T arent aise . ▁ ▁S ources ▁▁ ▁Catholic ▁En cycl op edia : ▁T arent aise ▁ ▁Di oc ese ▁of ▁T arent aise ▁ ▁Category : Form er ▁cat hed r als ▁in ▁France ▁Category : Ch urches ▁in ▁Sav o ie <0x0A> </s> ▁Peter ▁Wood ▁may ▁refer ▁to : ▁▁ ▁Peter ▁At te ▁W ode ▁( fl . c . 1 3 2 5 – 1 3 8 2 ), ▁English ▁justice ▁ ▁Pete ▁Wood ▁( 1 8 6 7 – 1 9 2 3 ), ▁Canadian - American ▁Major ▁League ▁Base ball ▁pitch er ▁ ▁Peter ▁Wood ▁( direct or ) ▁( 1 9 2 5 – 2 0 1 6 ), ▁English ▁theatre ▁director ▁ ▁Peter ▁Hill - W ood ▁( 1 9 3 6 -
2 0 1 8 ), ▁English ▁business man ▁ ▁Peter ▁Wood ▁( mus ician ) ▁( 1 9 5 0 – 1 9 9 3 ), ▁English ▁keyboard ist ▁ ▁Peter ▁Wood ▁( business man ), ▁founder ▁of ▁insurance ▁companies ▁Direct ▁Line ▁and ▁Es ure ▁ ▁Peter ▁Wood , ▁Australian ▁business man ▁and ▁founding ▁partner ▁G . ▁Wood , ▁Son ▁& ▁Co . ▁ ▁Peter ▁H . ▁Wood ▁( born ▁ 1 9 4 3 ), ▁American ▁historian ▁and ▁author ▁ ▁Peter ▁K . ▁Wood ▁( born ▁ 1 9 8 4 ), ▁American ▁entertain er ▁and ▁mag ician ▁ ▁Peter ▁Wood ▁( polit ician ) ▁( 1 9 3 5 – 2 0 1 0 ), ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁Queensland ▁Legisl ative ▁Assembly ▁ ▁Peter ▁Wood ▁( foot ball er , ▁born ▁ 1 9 4 6 ), ▁Australian ▁rules ▁football ▁player ▁for ▁Fitz roy ▁ ▁Peter ▁Wood ▁( foot ball er , ▁born ▁ 1 9 3 9 ), ▁Australian ▁rules ▁football ▁player ▁for ▁Foot sc ray ▁ ▁Peter ▁Wood ▁( cr ick eter ) ▁( born ▁ 1 9 5 1 ), ▁English ▁cr ick eter ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁" P eter ' s ▁Got ▁Woods ", ▁Family ▁Guy ▁episode ▁ ▁Peter ▁Woods ▁( dis ambigu ation ) ▁ ▁Peter ▁Van ▁Wood ▁( 1 9 2 7 – 2 0 1 0 ), ▁Dutch ▁guitar ist , ▁singer , ▁song writer , ▁actor ▁and ▁ast rolog er <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Pal umb anes ▁or ▁Pal umb anes ▁Islands ,
▁also ▁known ▁locally ▁as ▁“ Par omp ong ” ▁( P or ong p ong ), ▁is ▁a ▁group ▁of ▁islands ▁in ▁the ▁Philipp ine ▁Sea ▁located ▁in ▁the ▁northern ▁part ▁of ▁C aram or an , ▁province ▁of ▁Cat and uan es , ▁B icol ▁Region , ▁Philippines . ▁ ▁Pal umb anes ▁is ▁accessible ▁by ▁motor boat ▁and ▁is ▁less ▁than ▁an ▁hour ▁away ▁or ▁ 1 3 km ▁away ▁from ▁the ▁shore line ▁of ▁the ▁municip ality ▁of ▁C aram or an . ▁The ▁islands ▁are ▁picture - per fect ▁especially ▁during ▁summer . ▁It ▁has ▁the ▁view ▁of ▁a ▁beautiful ▁sun rise , ▁green - cont oured ▁mountains , ▁smiling ▁children , ▁and ▁great ▁off - white ▁sand . ▁It ▁is ▁considered ▁as ▁the ▁fishing ▁parad ise ▁of ▁the ▁north . ▁ ▁The ▁group ▁of ▁island ▁is ▁composed ▁of ▁ 3 ▁islands ▁named ▁Par ong p ong ▁Island , ▁the ▁largest ▁followed ▁by ▁T ign ob ▁Island ▁and ▁Cal ab ag io ▁Island ▁and ▁rocks ▁ ▁Ge ography ▁Pal umb anes ▁is ▁situated ▁at ▁a ▁coordinate ▁of ▁. ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁C aram or an , ▁Cat and uan es ▁ ▁Cat and uan es , ▁Philippines ▁ ▁Cat and uan es ▁State ▁University ▁ ▁Notes ▁▁ ▁Pal umb anes ▁Islands ▁- ▁The ▁Grand ▁Advent ure ▁Nobody ' s ▁Talk ing ▁About ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : Is lands ▁of ▁Cat and uan es <0x0A> </s> ▁L anger we he ▁station ▁is ▁a ▁station ▁in ▁the ▁German
▁state ▁of ▁North ▁Rh ine - West ph alia ▁on ▁the ▁C olog ne – A achen ▁high - speed ▁railway . ▁It ▁is ▁in ▁the ▁centre ▁of ▁L anger we he ▁in ▁the ▁district ▁of ▁D ü ren , ▁about ▁ 2 5 ▁km ▁east ▁of ▁A achen . ▁ ▁History ▁ ▁The ▁station ▁was ▁built ▁in ▁ 1 8 4 1 ▁to ▁coinc ide ▁with ▁the ▁completion ▁of ▁the ▁railway ▁from ▁C olog ne ▁to ▁A achen . ▁The ▁two - story ▁central ▁section ▁of ▁the ▁station ▁building ▁dates ▁from ▁this ▁period . ▁Since ▁the ▁line ▁originally ▁served ▁particularly ▁fre ight ▁traffic ▁between ▁the ▁Belg ian ▁city ▁of ▁Ant werp ▁and ▁the ▁Rh in eland , ▁a ▁fre ight ▁shed ▁was ▁also ▁established , ▁which ▁was ▁partly ▁used ▁for ▁the ▁temporary ▁storage ▁of ▁wood ▁for ▁the ▁nearby ▁coal ▁mines ▁of ▁the ▁A achen ▁district . ▁ ▁With ▁the ▁growing ▁importance ▁of ▁passenger ▁services ▁at ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 9 th ▁century ▁patron age ▁of ▁L anger we he ▁station ▁increased ▁strongly . ▁At ▁the ▁beginning ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 0 th ▁century , ▁the ▁station ▁was ▁therefore ▁significantly ▁expanded , ▁with ▁a ▁two - story ▁extension ▁added ▁to ▁the ▁station ▁building . ▁The ▁fre ight ▁shed ▁became ▁dis used ▁and ▁was ▁later ▁partly ▁demol ished . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁late ▁ 1 9 9 0 s ▁and ▁early ▁ 2 0 0 0 s ▁the ▁line ▁from ▁C olog ne ▁to ▁A achen ▁was ▁re built ▁as ▁a ▁high
- speed ▁line . ▁In ▁the ▁station ▁two ▁additional ▁tracks ▁without ▁platforms ▁were ▁built ▁to ▁provide ▁continuous ▁main ▁tracks ▁for ▁through ▁trains ▁( including ▁high - speed ▁Inter city - Express ▁and ▁Th al ys ▁trains ). ▁Two ▁new ▁side ▁platform ▁were ▁built ▁for ▁passenger ▁services , ▁track ▁ 1 ▁( t ow ards ▁C olog ne ) ▁and ▁ 4 ▁( t ow ards ▁A achen ), ▁each ▁ 2 2 0 ▁metres ▁long ▁and ▁inter connected ▁by ▁a ▁pedest rian ▁tunnel . ▁ ▁The ▁latest ▁renov ation ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁created ▁a ▁new ▁platform ▁track ▁ 5 ▁with ▁a ▁bus ▁station ▁and ▁a ▁" park ▁and ▁rail " ▁parking ▁area . ▁Track ▁ 5 ▁is ▁adjacent ▁to ▁track ▁ 4 , ▁but ▁separated ▁from ▁it ▁by ▁a ▁sound ▁barrier . ▁This ▁is ▁a ▁term inating ▁track , ▁used ▁only ▁by ▁E ure gi ob ahn ▁services ▁from ▁A achen ▁ending ▁in ▁L anger we he . ▁These ▁services ▁connect ▁to ▁the ▁main ▁line ▁a ▁few ▁hundred ▁metres ▁west ▁of ▁the ▁station . ▁These ▁services ▁can ▁also ▁run ▁to ▁the ▁station ▁on ▁track ▁ 4 ▁and , ▁since ▁the ▁tim et able ▁change ▁of ▁December ▁ 2 0 0 9 , ▁half ▁of ▁the ▁E ure gi ob ahn ▁services ▁operate ▁to ▁D ü ren . ▁ ▁Current ▁operations <0x09> ▁L anger we he ▁station ▁is ▁currently ▁served ▁exclusively ▁by ▁regional ▁trains : ▁each ▁hour ▁it ▁is ▁served ▁by ▁N RW - Express ▁( RE ▁ 1 ) ▁and
▁Rhe in - S ieg - Express ▁( RE ▁ 9 ) ▁services . ▁In ▁addition ▁L anger we he ▁is ▁served ▁by ▁E ure gi ob ahn ▁services ▁on ▁the ▁E sch we iler ▁Valley ▁Railway ▁from ▁We is we iler ▁every ▁half ▁hour ▁on ▁the ▁new ▁line . ▁These ▁services ▁continue ▁every ▁hour ▁to ▁D ü ren . ▁ ▁Notes ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁▁▁▁ ▁Category : R ail way ▁stations ▁in ▁North ▁Rh ine - West ph alia ▁Category : R ail way ▁stations ▁opened ▁in ▁ 1 8 4 1 ▁Category : 1 8 4 1 ▁establish ments ▁in ▁Pr ussia ▁Category : Build ings ▁and ▁structures ▁in ▁D ü ren ▁( d istrict ) <0x0A> </s> ▁Bat allas ▁Municip ality ▁is ▁the ▁third ▁municipal ▁section ▁of ▁the ▁Los ▁And es ▁Province ▁in ▁the ▁ ▁La ▁P az ▁Department , ▁Bol ivia . ▁Its ▁capital ▁is ▁Bat allas . ▁ ▁Ge ography ▁ ▁The ▁Cord ill era ▁Real ▁travers es ▁the ▁Bat allas ▁Municip ality . ▁Some ▁of ▁the ▁highest ▁mountains ▁of ▁the ▁municip ality ▁are ▁listed ▁below : ▁ ▁L anguages ▁ ▁The ▁languages ▁spoken ▁in ▁the ▁Bat allas ▁Municip ality ▁are ▁mainly ▁A ym ara , ▁Spanish ▁and ▁Que ch ua . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁▁ ▁J ach ' a ▁J aw ira ▁ ▁Jan q ' u ▁Q uta ▁ ▁Law raw ani ▁Lake ▁ ▁Q ' ara ▁Q uta ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁▁▁ ▁https :// web . archive . org / web / 2 0
0 9 0 2 1 8 0 8 1 8 5 9 / http :// ob d . des cent ral iz acion . gov . bo / m unicip al / f ich as / ▁( in active ▁link ) ▁ ▁Category : M unicip al ities ▁of ▁La ▁P az ▁Department ▁( B ol ivia ) <0x0A> </s> ▁P se ud op ost ega ▁acid ata ▁is ▁a ▁m oth ▁of ▁the ▁family ▁O post eg idae . ▁It ▁was ▁described ▁by ▁Edward ▁Mey rick ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 5 . ▁It ▁is ▁known ▁from ▁the ▁Rio ▁Grand ▁Valley ▁of ▁southern ▁Texas ▁and ▁southern ▁E cu ador . ▁ ▁The ▁length ▁of ▁the ▁fore w ings ▁is ▁ 2 . 7 – 4 . 1 mm . ▁Adult s ▁have ▁been ▁recorded ▁in ▁June ▁( in ▁E cu ador ) ▁and ▁from ▁September ▁to ▁November ▁( in ▁southern ▁Texas ). ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : O post eg idae ▁Category : M oth s ▁described ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 5 <0x0A> </s> ▁Ant io ch us ▁VII ▁E uer get es ▁() ▁( c . 1 6 4 / 1 6 0 ▁BC ▁- ▁ 1 2 9 ▁BC ), ▁nick named ▁Sid etes ▁() ▁( from ▁Side , ▁a ▁city ▁in ▁Asia ▁Minor ), ▁also ▁known ▁as ▁Ant io ch us ▁the ▁P ious , ▁was ▁rul er ▁of ▁the ▁H ellen istic ▁Se le uc id ▁Empire ▁who ▁re igned ▁from ▁July / Aug ust
▁ 1 3 8 ▁to ▁ 1 2 9 ▁BC . ▁He ▁was ▁the ▁last ▁Se le uc id ▁king ▁of ▁any ▁stat ure . ▁After ▁Ant io ch us ▁was ▁killed ▁in ▁battle , ▁the ▁Se le uc id ▁realm ▁was ▁restricted ▁to ▁Syria . ▁ ▁Biography ▁ ▁Early ▁life ▁and ▁early ▁reign ▁He ▁was ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁sons ▁of ▁Dem et ri us ▁I ▁S oter , ▁the ▁brother ▁of ▁Dem et ri us ▁II ▁Nic ator ▁and ▁his ▁mother ▁may ▁have ▁been ▁La od ice ▁V . ▁Ant io ch us ▁was ▁elev ated ▁after ▁Dem et ri us ▁was ▁captured ▁by ▁the ▁Par th ians . ▁He ▁married ▁Cle op atra ▁The a , ▁who ▁had ▁been ▁the ▁wife ▁of ▁Dem et ri us . ▁Their ▁off spring ▁was ▁Ant io ch us ▁IX , ▁who ▁thus ▁became ▁both ▁half - bro ther ▁and ▁cousin ▁to ▁Se le uc us ▁V ▁and ▁Ant io ch us ▁VIII . ▁ ▁In ▁his ▁nine - year ▁reign , ▁Ant io ch us ▁made ▁some ▁effort ▁to ▁und o ▁the ▁massive ▁territor ial ▁and ▁authority ▁losses ▁of ▁recent ▁decades . ▁ ▁Ant io ch us ▁defeated ▁the ▁us ur per ▁D iod ot us ▁Try ph on ▁at ▁D ora ▁and ▁laid ▁sie ge ▁to ▁Jerusalem ▁in ▁ 1 3 2 ▁BC . ▁During ▁the ▁sie ge ▁he ▁allowed ▁a ▁seven - day ▁tr uce ▁for ▁the ▁Jews ▁to ▁celebrate ▁a ▁religious ▁festival , ▁impress ing ▁the ▁Jewish ▁leadership .< ref >
J ose ph us ▁Ant iqu ities ▁of ▁the ▁Jews ▁Book ▁XIII , ▁ 8 </ ref > ▁According ▁to ▁Joseph us ▁the ▁H asm one an ▁leader ▁John ▁Hy rc an us ▁opened ▁King ▁David ' s ▁sep ul ch re ▁and ▁removed ▁three ▁thousand ▁talents , ▁which ▁he ▁then ▁paid ▁Ant io ch us ▁to ▁spare ▁the ▁city . ▁Nevertheless , ▁King ▁Ant io ch us ' ▁respect ful ▁treatment ▁of ▁the ▁Jews , ▁and ▁respect ▁for ▁their ▁religion , ▁earned ▁him ▁their ▁gratitude ▁and ▁added ▁name ▁E uer get es '' ▁(" the ▁Benef actor "). ▁With ▁no ▁Jewish ▁sources ▁of ▁that ▁time ▁( the ▁Book ▁of ▁M acc ab ees ▁ends ▁a ▁few ▁years ▁before ▁his ▁time ), ▁it ▁is ▁un clear ▁if ▁the ▁sie ge ▁of ▁Jerusalem ▁ended ▁with ▁a ▁decis ive ▁Se le uc id ▁victory ▁or ▁simply ▁a ▁peace ▁treat y . ▁Furthermore , ▁Jewish ▁forces ▁later ▁assist ed ▁Ant io ch us ▁in ▁his ▁wars , ▁and ▁for ▁nearly ▁ 2 0 ▁years ▁after ▁his ▁death , ▁John ▁Hy rc an us ▁refr ained ▁from ▁attacking ▁areas ▁under ▁Se le uc id ▁control . ▁ ▁Later ▁territory ▁disput es ▁and ▁defeat ▁Ant io ch us ▁spent ▁the ▁final ▁years ▁of ▁his ▁life ▁attempting ▁to ▁re claim ▁the ▁lost ▁eastern ▁territor ies , ▁over run ▁by ▁the ▁Par th ians ▁under ▁their ▁" Great ▁King ", ▁M ith rid ates ▁I . ▁March ing ▁east , ▁with ▁what ▁would ▁prove ▁to ▁be ▁the ▁last ▁great ▁Se
le uc id ▁royal ▁army ▁( including ▁a ▁unit ▁of ▁J ude an ▁troops ▁under ▁John ▁Hy rc an us ), ▁he ▁defeated ▁M ith rid ates ▁in ▁two ▁battles , ▁killing ▁the ▁aged ▁Par th ian ▁king ▁in ▁the ▁latter ▁of ▁these . ▁He ▁restored ▁Mes op ot am ia , ▁Bab yl onia ▁and ▁Media ▁to ▁the ▁Se le uc id ▁empire , ▁before ▁dispers ing ▁his ▁army ▁into ▁winter ▁quarters . ▁ ▁The ▁Se le uc id ▁king ▁and ▁army ▁spent ▁the ▁winter ▁fe asting , ▁hunting ▁and ▁drinking ▁( the ▁Se le uc ids ▁maintained ▁the ▁M aced on ian ▁tradition ▁of ▁heavy ▁drinking ). ▁As ▁with ▁any ▁time ▁an ▁army ▁is ▁quarter ed ▁upon ▁a ▁population , ▁t ensions ▁soon ▁grew ▁between ▁the ▁locals ▁and ▁the ▁Sy rian ▁troops . ▁ ▁The ▁new ▁Par th ian ▁rul er , ▁Ph ra ates ▁II , ▁had ▁not ▁been ▁idle . ▁ ▁He ▁raised ▁a ▁new ▁army ▁while ▁stir ring ▁up ▁rebell ion ▁in ▁the ▁Se le uc id ▁occupied ▁towns ▁of ▁Media . ▁Hop ing ▁to ▁further ▁sow ▁diss ension ▁amongst ▁his ▁f oes , ▁Ph ra ates ▁also ▁released ▁his ▁long - held ▁prisoner , ▁Dem et ri us ▁II , ▁Ant io ch us ' ▁older ▁brother , ▁who ▁returned ▁to ▁Syria ▁to ▁re claim ▁the ▁throne . ▁ ▁That ▁winter ▁( 1 3 0 – 1 2 9 ▁BC ), ▁several ▁Med ian ▁towns ▁rose ▁in ▁rebell ion ▁and ▁attacked ▁their ▁Se le uc id ▁g
arr isons . ▁Ant io ch us ▁mar ched ▁to ▁support ▁one ▁such ▁isolated ▁g arr ison ▁with ▁only ▁a ▁small ▁force ▁( pro bably ▁only ▁his ▁Royal ▁Gu ards ). ▁In ▁a ▁bar ren ▁valley , ▁he ▁was ▁amb ushed ▁and ▁killed ▁in ▁the ▁Battle ▁of ▁E cb at ana ▁by ▁Ph ra ates ▁II ▁and ▁a ▁large ▁force ▁of ▁Par th ians , ▁who ▁had ▁entered ▁the ▁country ▁without ▁being ▁detected . ▁After ▁the ▁battle ▁the ▁Par th ians ▁told ▁the ▁people ▁that ▁Ant io ch us ▁killed ▁himself ▁because ▁of ▁fear , ▁but ▁the ▁last ▁great ▁Se le uc id ▁king ▁died ▁in ▁battle , ▁a ▁fitting ▁end ▁for ▁the ▁he ir ▁of ▁Se le uc us ▁I ▁Nic ator ▁( the ▁Victor ). ▁ ▁Success ion ▁ ▁Ant io ch us ' s ▁confirmed ▁he ir ▁was ▁Ant io ch us ▁IX ▁Cy z ic en us . ▁But ▁a ▁fragment ▁from ▁book ▁ 1 6 ▁of ▁Pos id on ius ' ▁" Hist ories ", ▁which ▁surv ives ▁in ▁the ▁De ip n osoph ista e ▁written ▁by ▁At hen ae us , ▁ment ions ▁a ▁king ▁named ▁Se le uc us , ▁who ▁was ▁captured ▁in ▁Media ▁by ▁king ▁Ar s aces ▁and ▁treated ▁like ▁royal ty . ▁The ▁identity ▁of ▁this ▁Se le uc us ▁have ▁been ▁a ▁matter ▁of ▁debate ; ▁the ▁possibility ▁of ▁Se le uc us ▁being ▁a ▁son ▁of ▁Ant io ch us ▁VII ▁captured ▁after ▁the ▁death ▁of ▁his ▁father ▁is
▁suggested ▁by ▁Felix ▁Jacob y ▁and , ▁with ▁reserv ations , ▁by ▁Ian ▁G . ▁K idd . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁▁ ▁List ▁of ▁Sy rian ▁mon arch s ▁ ▁Sie ge ▁of ▁Jerusalem , ▁list ▁of ▁sie ges ▁for , ▁and ▁battles ▁of , ▁Jerusalem ▁ ▁Tim eline ▁of ▁Sy rian ▁history ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁Ant io ch us ▁VII ▁Sid etes ▁entry ▁in ▁historical ▁source book ▁by ▁M ahl on ▁H . ▁Smith ▁ ▁Category : 2 nd - century ▁BC ▁Se le uc id ▁rul ers ▁Category : S ele uc id ▁rul ers ▁Category : P to le ma ic ▁dyn asty ▁Category : Mon arch s ▁killed ▁in ▁action ▁Category : 2 nd - century ▁BC ▁rul ers ▁Category : 1 6 0 s ▁BC ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 2 9 ▁BC ▁deaths ▁Category : K ings ▁of ▁Syria <0x0A> </s> ▁Sar com el ic ope ▁gl au ca ▁is ▁a ▁species ▁of ▁plant ▁in ▁the ▁family ▁R ut aceae . ▁It ▁is ▁end emic ▁to ▁New ▁Cal ed onia . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁▁▁ ▁Category : End emic ▁fl ora ▁of ▁New ▁Cal ed onia ▁gl au ca ▁Category : C rit ically ▁end ang ered ▁plants ▁Category : Tax onomy ▁articles ▁created ▁by ▁Pol bot <0x0A> </s> ▁Moh an ▁L al ▁Gu pt a ▁was ▁the ▁former ▁mayor ▁of ▁Ja ip ur ▁and ▁Former ▁Member ▁of ▁the ▁Legisl ative ▁Assembly ▁( ML A ) ▁of ▁Raj as than , ▁India .
▁He ▁is ▁a ▁leader ▁of ▁B har ati ya ▁Jan ata ▁Party . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁▁ ▁r aj assembly ▁ ▁Category : Pol it icians ▁from ▁Ja ip ur ▁Category : R aj as th ani ▁politicians ▁Category : May ors ▁of ▁Ja ip ur ▁Category : 1 9 5 5 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : R aj as than ▁ML As ▁ 2 0 1 3 – 2 0 1 8 ▁Category : Univers ity ▁of ▁Raj as than ▁al umn i <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁K ash mir ▁un rest ▁was ▁a ▁series ▁of ▁violent ▁protests ▁and ▁ri ots ▁in ▁the ▁K ash mir ▁Valley ▁which ▁started ▁in ▁June ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁after ▁the ▁Indian ▁Army ▁claimed ▁to ▁have ▁killed ▁three ▁" P ak ist ani ▁in fil tr ators " ▁in ▁which ▁a ▁soldier ▁of ▁the ▁Terr itor ial ▁Army , ▁a ▁counter - ins urg ent ▁and ▁a ▁former ▁special ▁police ▁officer ▁had ▁found ▁three ▁young ▁men ▁from ▁their ▁Nad ih al ▁village ▁in ▁B aram ull a ▁district ▁and ▁killed ▁them ▁in ▁a ▁st aged ▁encounter ▁at ▁S ona ▁P indi . ▁The ▁protests ▁occurred ▁in ▁a ▁movement ▁launched ▁by ▁Hur ri y at ▁Conference ▁led ▁by ▁Sy ed ▁Ali ▁Shah ▁Ge el ani ▁and ▁Mir wa iz ▁U mar ▁Far oo q ▁in ▁the ▁Indian ▁state ▁of ▁Jam mu ▁and ▁K ash mir ▁in ▁June ▁ 2 0 1 0 , ▁who ▁called ▁for ▁the ▁complete
▁dem il itar isation ▁of ▁Jam mu ▁and ▁K ash mir . ▁The ▁All ▁Part ies ▁Hur ri y at ▁Conference ▁made ▁this ▁call ▁to ▁a ▁strike , ▁c iting ▁human ▁rights ▁ab uses ▁by ▁security ▁forces . ▁R iot ers ▁shouting ▁pro - independ ence ▁sl og ans , ▁def ied ▁cur f ew , ▁attacked ▁ri ot ▁police ▁with ▁stones ▁and ▁bur nt ▁vehicles ▁and ▁buildings . ▁The ▁protests ▁started ▁out ▁as ▁anti ▁India ▁protests ▁but ▁later ▁were ▁also ▁targeted ▁against ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁following ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁Q ur ' an - burn ing ▁controversy . ▁The ▁ri ot ▁police ▁consisting ▁of ▁Jam mu ▁and ▁K ash mir ▁Police ▁and ▁Indian ▁Para - mil itary ▁forces ▁fired ▁tear gas ▁shell s ▁rubber ▁bul lets ▁and ▁also ▁live ▁am mun ition ▁on ▁the ▁pro tes ters , ▁resulting ▁in ▁ 1 1 2 ▁deaths , ▁including ▁many ▁teen agers ▁and ▁an ▁ 1 1 - year - old ▁boy . ▁The ▁protests ▁subs ided ▁after ▁the ▁Indian ▁government ▁announced ▁a ▁package ▁of ▁measures ▁aimed ▁at ▁def using ▁the ▁t ensions ▁in ▁September ▁ 2 0 1 0 . ▁ ▁Background ▁ ▁On ▁ 3 0 ▁April ▁ 2 0 1 0 , ▁the ▁Indian ▁Army ▁claimed ▁to ▁have ▁fo iled ▁an ▁in fil tr ation ▁bid ▁from ▁across ▁the ▁Line ▁of ▁Control , ▁at ▁Mach il ▁S ector ▁in ▁K up w ara ▁district ▁of ▁Jam mu ▁and ▁K ash mir ▁by ▁killing ▁three ▁armed ▁milit ants ▁from
▁Pakistan . ▁However , ▁it ▁was ▁subsequently ▁established ▁that ▁the ▁encounter ▁had ▁been ▁st aged ▁and ▁that ▁the ▁three ▁alleged ▁milit ants ▁were ▁in ▁fact ▁civ ilians ▁of ▁Raf i abad ▁area , ▁who ▁had ▁been ▁l ured ▁to ▁the ▁army ▁camp ▁by ▁promising ▁them ▁jobs ▁as ▁" por ters " ▁for ▁the ▁Army , ▁and ▁then ▁shot ▁in ▁cold ▁blood , ▁in ▁order ▁to ▁claim ▁a ▁cash ▁award . ▁ ▁On ▁ 1 1 ▁June , ▁there ▁were ▁protests ▁against ▁these ▁kill ings ▁in ▁the ▁downtown ▁area ▁of ▁S rin ag ar . ▁Police ▁used ▁massive ▁force ▁to ▁dis per se ▁the ▁protest ing ▁youth ▁during ▁which ▁a ▁tear gas ▁bullet ▁killed ▁a ▁sevent een - year - old ▁T uf ail ▁Ah mad ▁Mat too ▁who ▁was ▁playing ▁cricket ▁in ▁G ani ▁memorial ▁Stadium . ▁Several ▁protest ▁mar ches ▁were ▁organ ised ▁across ▁the ▁Valley ▁in ▁response ▁to ▁the ▁kill ings ▁which ▁turned ▁violent . ▁There after ▁a ▁v icious ▁circle ▁was ▁set , ▁killing ▁of ▁a ▁boy ▁was ▁followed ▁by ▁protest ▁demonstr ations ▁and ▁cl ashes ▁with ▁police ▁and ▁CR PF ▁in ▁which ▁another ▁boy ▁was ▁killed ▁which ▁led ▁to ▁another ▁protest ▁by ▁the ▁boys ▁till ▁several ▁youth ▁lost ▁their ▁lives . ▁Official ▁figures ▁reveal ▁around ▁ 1 1 0 ▁people ▁have ▁lost ▁their ▁lives ▁and ▁ 5 3 7 ▁civ ilians ▁were ▁injured ▁during ▁stone - pel ting ▁incidents ▁from ▁May ▁to ▁ 2 1 ▁September ▁ 2 0 1 0 . ▁Around ▁ 1 , 2 7 4
▁CR PF ▁men ▁and ▁ 2 , 7 4 7 ▁police ▁personnel ▁were ▁injured ▁during ▁the ▁same ▁period ▁across ▁the ▁valley . ▁ ▁Indian ▁intelligence ▁agencies ▁claimed ▁that ▁these ▁protests ▁and ▁demonstr ations ▁were ▁part ▁of ▁co vert ▁operations ▁of ▁Pak ist ani ▁intelligence ▁agencies ▁and ▁were ▁sponsored ▁and ▁supported ▁from ▁them . ▁Media ▁reports ▁earlier ▁in ▁march ▁had ▁suggested ▁that ▁with ▁the ▁support ▁of ▁its ▁intelligence ▁agencies ▁Pakistan ▁has ▁been ▁once ▁again ▁' boost ing ' ▁K ash mir ▁milit ants ▁and ▁recruit ment ▁of ▁' mart yr s ' ▁in ▁Pak ist ani ▁state ▁of ▁Pun j ab . ▁It ▁was ▁reported ▁that ▁in ▁a ▁meeting ▁held ▁in ▁M uz aff ar abad ▁in ▁mid ▁January ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁which ▁was ▁cha ired ▁by ▁former ▁Inter - Services ▁Intelligence ▁chief ▁Ham id ▁G ul , ▁United ▁J ih ad ▁Council ▁called ▁for ▁re inv ig or ated ▁j ih ad ▁until ▁K ash mir ▁was ▁free ▁of ▁" Ind ian ▁occupation ". ▁In ▁May ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁increased ▁activities ▁of ▁milit ants ▁was ▁reported ▁from ▁across ▁the ▁border ▁in ▁Ne el um ▁valley ▁in ▁Pak ist ani - admin ister ed ▁Gil git - B alt istan . ▁The ▁locals ▁reported ▁that ▁large ▁numbers ▁of ▁milit ants ▁had ▁set ▁up ▁camps ▁in ▁the ▁area ▁with ▁plans ▁of ▁crossing ▁into ▁the ▁K ash mir ▁valley , ▁and ▁they ▁did ▁not ▁appear ▁to ▁be ▁K ash mir i . ▁ ▁Dem ands ▁of ▁pro tes ters ▁The ▁erst while
▁und iv ided ▁state ▁of ▁Jam mu ▁and ▁K ash mir ▁is ▁the ▁largest ▁militar ised ▁territor ial ▁dispute . ▁Around ▁ 7 0 0 , 0 0 ▁– 1 , 0 0 0 , 0 0 ▁Indian ▁troops ▁and ▁param il it aries ▁station ▁permanently ▁in ▁the ▁state ▁with ▁a ▁population ▁of ▁ 1 4 ▁million . ▁Pro tes ters ▁demanded ▁that ▁the ▁number ▁of ▁troops ▁in ▁the ▁state ▁of ▁Jam mu ▁and ▁K ash mir ▁be ▁reduced . ▁In ▁addition ▁pro tes ters ▁shouted ▁pro - independ ence ▁sl og ans ▁demanding ▁Indian ▁forces ▁' Qu it ▁K ash mir '. ▁ ▁Vi olent ▁Protest ▁and ▁R i ots ▁ ▁On ▁ 1 1 ▁June , ▁T uf ail ▁Ah mad ▁Mat too ▁a ▁ 1 7 - year - old ▁student ▁died ▁after ▁being ▁hit ▁in ▁the ▁head ▁by ▁a ▁tear ▁gas ▁shell . ▁ ▁He ▁was ▁called ▁a ▁mart yr ▁immediately ▁and ▁buried ▁in ▁the ▁Mart yr s ▁grave yard ▁against ▁his ▁family ' s ▁wishes . ▁ ▁His ▁death ▁proved ▁to ▁be ▁a ▁catal yst ▁and ▁subsequently ▁stone ▁throwing ▁m obs ▁confront ed ▁the ▁police ▁almost ▁daily . ▁A ▁v icious ▁circle ▁was ▁set , ▁killing ▁of ▁a ▁person ▁was ▁followed ▁by ▁demonstr ations ▁and ▁cl ashes ▁with ▁police ▁and ▁Central ▁Reserve ▁Police ▁Force ▁in ▁which ▁another ▁person ▁was ▁killed ▁which ▁led ▁to ▁another ▁protest ▁till ▁more ▁lost ▁their ▁lives ▁and ▁hundreds ▁of ▁security ▁personnel ▁were ▁injured ▁in ▁ri ots . ▁ ▁Stone ▁pel ting ▁The ▁mob ▁p
elt ed ▁stones ▁and ▁br icks ▁at ▁the ▁ri ot ▁police ▁and ▁in ▁response ▁the ▁security ▁forces ▁used ▁tear ▁gas , ▁rubber ▁bul lets ▁and ▁in ▁some ▁cases ▁live ▁am mun ition ▁resulting ▁in ▁death ▁of ▁some ▁of ▁the ▁un armed ▁protest ors . ▁The ▁pro tes ters ▁were ▁accused ▁by ▁the ▁government ▁of ▁using ▁stone ▁pel ting ▁as ▁a ▁violent ▁mean ▁of ▁creating ▁chaos . ▁The ▁violent ▁stone ▁pel ting ▁by ▁the ▁mob ▁resulted ▁in ▁several ▁security ▁personnel ▁being ▁injured . ▁ ▁To ▁prevent ▁the ▁ri ots ▁Indian ▁authorities ▁imposed ▁cur f ew ▁in ▁S rin ag ar ▁and ▁other ▁towns ▁in ▁the ▁valley . ▁ ▁In ▁August , ▁the ▁government ▁responded ▁by ▁im posing ▁cur f ew s ▁in ▁the ▁dist urbed ▁areas ▁and ▁by ▁deploy ing ▁Rap id ▁Action ▁Force ▁( RA F ) ▁in ▁the ▁S rin ag ar ▁valley ▁to ▁control ▁demonstr ations . ▁Pro tes ters , ▁however , ▁def ied ▁cur f ew ▁and ▁also ▁p elt ed ▁stones ▁on ▁the ▁police ▁and ▁param il itary ▁personnel . ▁The ▁year ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁opened ▁the ▁Pand ora ' s ▁box ▁for ▁the ▁Indian ▁government ▁which ▁responded ▁to ▁the ▁chaos ▁by ▁using ▁live ▁am mun ition ▁which ▁resulted ▁in ▁death ▁of ▁more ▁than ▁hundred ▁protest ors . ▁ ▁September ▁protests ▁Pro tests ▁in ▁K ash mir ▁escal ated ▁over ▁several ▁days , ▁as ▁demonstr ations ▁against ▁public ▁burning ▁of ▁the ▁Kor an ▁as ▁a ▁protest ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁comm emor ating ▁the ▁ 1
1 ▁September ▁attacks ▁quickly ▁turned ▁into ▁separ at ist ▁protests ▁against ▁the ▁Indian ▁government ▁in ▁the ▁Muslim - major ity ▁province . ▁ ▁On ▁ 1 3 ▁September , ▁Muslim ▁pro tes ters ▁def ied ▁a ▁cur f ew , ▁setting ▁fire ▁to ▁a ▁Christian ▁mission ary ▁school ▁and ▁government ▁buildings . ▁ ▁At ▁least ▁ 1 7 ▁people ▁were ▁shot ▁dead ▁by ▁police , ▁and ▁one ▁polic eman ▁was ▁killed ▁by ▁a ▁thrown ▁rock ; ▁at ▁least ▁ 1 1 3 ▁polic emen ▁and ▁ 4 5 ▁pro tes ters ▁were ▁wounded . ▁On ▁ 1 2 ▁September , ▁a ▁church ▁was ▁burned ▁and ▁a ▁cur f ew ▁institut ed ▁in ▁Pun j ab . ▁Vi olence ▁spread ▁into ▁P oon ch ▁in ▁the ▁Jam mu ▁division , ▁with ▁three ▁pro tes ters ▁shot ▁by ▁police . ▁ ▁Pro tes ters ▁burned ▁government ▁buildings ▁and ▁vehicles ▁including ▁the ▁SD M ' s ▁office , ▁where ▁a ▁gas ▁cyl inder ▁expl oded ▁inf lic ting ▁injuries ▁on ▁six ▁persons ; ▁the ▁SD PO ▁office ; ▁the ▁Forest ▁Department ▁office ; ▁the ▁B DO ▁office ▁and ▁two ▁police ▁and ▁five ▁civilian ▁vehicles . ▁Police ▁prevented ▁the ▁burning ▁of ▁a ▁Christian ▁school ▁in ▁P oon ch , ▁and ▁another ▁in ▁Mend har ▁the ▁next ▁day , ▁in ▁cl ashes ▁leaving ▁four ▁pro tes ters ▁killed , ▁ 1 9 ▁wounded , ▁but ▁dozens ▁of ▁government ▁offices , ▁a ▁police ▁station , ▁and ▁eight ▁vehicles ▁were ▁burned . ▁As ▁of ▁ 1 8 ▁September , ▁the
▁estimated ▁death ▁toll ▁was ▁approximately ▁ 1 0 0 . ▁The ▁Hind ust an ▁Times ▁bl amed ▁much ▁of ▁the ▁resent ment ▁on ▁the ▁in def in ite ▁military ▁cur f ew , ▁the ▁first ▁in ▁ten ▁years ▁to ▁affect ▁the ▁entire ▁K ash mir ▁Valley , ▁calling ▁the ▁cur f ew ▁" collect ive ▁punishment " ▁and ▁writing ▁that ▁after ▁four ▁days , ▁" People ▁are ▁running ▁out ▁of ▁milk , ▁vegetables ▁and ▁baby ▁food . ▁" ▁On ▁ 1 8 ▁September , ▁after ▁six ▁days , ▁the ▁cur f ew ▁was ▁relaxed ▁in ▁parts ▁of ▁S rin ag ar ▁and ▁some ▁other ▁areas ▁for ▁four ▁hours ▁to ▁allow ▁people ▁to ▁buy ▁essential s . ▁ ▁On ▁the ▁night ▁of ▁ 1 7 ▁September , ▁a ▁polic eman ' s ▁house ▁was ▁set ▁on ▁fire ▁in ▁Pin jo ora ▁village . ▁ ▁On ▁ 1 8 ▁September , ▁a ▁large ▁process ion ▁in ▁An ant n ag ▁def ied ▁cur f ew , ▁carrying ▁the ▁body ▁of ▁Mar o of ▁Ah mad ▁N ath , ▁who ▁d rowned ▁while ▁fle eing ▁police . ▁ ▁After ▁" ag itating ▁m obs ▁attempted ▁to ▁torch ▁government ▁property ", ▁security ▁forces ▁opened ▁fire , ▁killing ▁No or ul ▁A min ▁D ag ga ▁and ▁inj uring ▁five . ▁ ▁F ay az ▁Ah mad ▁Na iku ▁of ▁Bo at man ▁Col ony ▁( B em ina ), ▁S rin ig ar ▁died ▁from ▁injuries ▁received ▁the ▁preced ing ▁day . ▁A ▁group ▁st oning ▁and
▁attempting ▁to ▁burn ▁the ▁home ▁of ▁Sam aj w adi ▁Party ▁leader ▁F ay az ▁Ah mad ▁B hat ▁were ▁dispers ed ▁by ▁gun fire . ▁A ▁group ▁of ▁men ▁emerging ▁from ▁a ▁mos que ▁were ▁fired ▁on ▁with ▁one ▁killed ▁and ▁four ▁injured ▁in ▁P attan ▁area . ▁ ▁A ▁police ▁spokes man ▁disput ed ▁claims ▁that ▁the ▁attack ▁was ▁un prov oked , ▁because ▁a ▁mob ▁tried ▁to ▁block ▁the ▁S rin ag ar - B aram ull a ▁National ▁Highway ▁and ▁started ▁heavy ▁stone ▁pel ting ▁on ▁police . ▁ ▁Crit icism ▁of ▁security ▁forces ▁Am n esty ▁International ▁called ▁on ▁Indian ▁security ▁forces ▁not ▁to ▁use ▁gun fire ▁against ▁ri ot ers . ▁Prime ▁minister ▁of ▁India ▁Man m oh an ▁Singh ▁express ing ▁concern ▁over ▁the ▁deaths ▁asked ▁for ▁re vis iting ▁operating ▁procedures ▁and ▁" non - le thal , ▁yet ▁effective ▁and ▁more ▁f oc uss ed " ▁crowd ▁control ▁measures ▁to ▁deal ▁with ▁the ▁violent ▁pro tes ters . ▁ ▁Crit icism ▁of ▁the ▁protests ▁In ▁response ▁to ▁the ▁un rest ▁in ▁K ash mir , ▁K ash mir i ▁Pand its ▁met ▁with ▁Indian ▁finance ▁minister ▁Pr an ab ▁M uk her je e ▁and ▁asked ▁that ▁there ▁be ▁no ▁dil ution ▁of ▁the ▁Ar med ▁Forces ▁( Special ▁Pow ers ) ▁Act ▁that ▁applies ▁to ▁K ash mir . ▁Their ▁leader ▁R ames h ▁Man v ati , ▁belonging ▁to ▁Pan un ▁K ash mir , ▁stated : ▁" The ▁security ▁forces ▁must
▁be ▁provided ▁the ▁constitutional ▁protection ▁as ▁they ▁are ▁playing ▁crucial ▁role ▁in ▁preserv ation ▁of ▁the ▁country ' s ▁sovere ig nt y ." ▁the ▁K ash mir i ▁Pand its ▁also ▁st aged ▁a ▁d h arna ▁in ▁Jam mu ▁stating ▁that ▁no ▁solution ▁of ▁the ▁problem ▁was ▁possible ▁without ▁including ▁them ▁in ▁the ▁dialogue . ▁ ▁Indian ▁Home ▁minister ▁P . ▁Ch id amb aram ▁hint ed ▁at ▁Pakistan ' s ▁involvement ▁in ▁the ▁un rest ▁saying ▁that ▁" It ▁is ▁possible ▁that ▁they ▁believe ▁that ▁re lying ▁upon ▁civilian ▁un rest ▁will ▁pay ▁them ▁better ▁divid ends . ▁But ▁I ▁am ▁confident ▁if ▁we ▁are ▁able ▁to ▁win ▁the ▁hearts ▁and ▁minds ▁of ▁the ▁people ▁those ▁designs ▁can ▁be ▁fo iled ." ▁ ▁Cond em ning ▁the ▁violent ▁protests ▁Far oo q ▁Abd ull ah ▁president ▁of ▁the ▁largest ▁political ▁party ▁in ▁K ash mir ▁Jam mu ▁& ▁K ash mir ▁National ▁Conference ▁stated ▁that ▁K ash mir ▁has ▁been ▁and ▁will ▁always ▁remain ▁a ▁part ▁of ▁India . ▁ ▁He ▁however ▁demanded ▁withdrawal ▁of ▁AF SP A . ▁Chief ▁minister ▁of ▁Jam mu ▁& ▁K ash mir ▁O mar ▁Abd ull ah ▁has ▁also ▁called ▁for ▁withdrawal ▁of ▁AF SP A . ▁ ▁However ▁the ▁leaders ▁of ▁B har ati ya ▁Jan ata ▁Party ▁opposed ▁the ▁withdrawal ▁of ▁AF SP A ▁and ▁the ▁party ▁spokes man ▁said ▁that ▁B J P ▁saw ▁the ▁hand ▁of ▁Inter - Services ▁Intelligence ▁behind ▁the ▁protests . ▁ ▁Y as in ▁Mal ik
, ▁leader ▁of ▁Jam mu ▁K ash mir ▁Liber ation ▁Front , ▁accused ▁Pak ist ani ▁milit ants ▁of ▁sub ver ting ▁the ▁ind igenous ▁movement . ▁ ▁J & K ▁police ▁claimed ▁that ▁there ▁exist ▁a ▁ne x us ▁that ▁raises ▁money ▁to ▁make ▁weekly ▁payments ▁for ▁stone ▁pel ting ▁and ▁many ▁arrest s ▁have ▁taken ▁place ▁on ▁this . ▁ ▁Response ▁of ▁Central ▁Government ▁On ▁ 1 5 ▁September , ▁Prime ▁Minister ▁Man m oh an ▁Singh ▁proposed ▁an ▁all - party ▁meeting ▁in ▁Jam mu ▁and ▁K ash mir , ▁saying ▁that ▁dialogue ▁was ▁the ▁only ▁way ▁to ▁find ▁lasting ▁peace , ▁and ▁" We ▁are ▁ready ▁for ▁dialogue ▁with ▁anybody ▁or ▁any ▁group ▁that ▁does ▁not ▁esp ouse ▁or ▁practice ▁violence ". ▁ ▁Wr itten ▁inv itations ▁included ▁K ash mir i ▁separ at ists ▁Mir wa iz ▁U mar ▁Far oo q ▁and ▁Y as in ▁Mal ik , ▁who ▁had ▁been ▁excluded ▁from ▁a ▁previous ▁all - party ▁meeting ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁during ▁the ▁Am arn ath ▁land ▁transfer ▁controversy . ▁ ▁Members ▁of ▁the ▁ 3 9 - member ▁deleg ation ▁include ▁Home ▁Minister ▁P ▁Ch id amb aram ▁and ▁Parliament ary ▁Affairs ▁Minister ▁P aw an ▁Kum ar ▁B ans al , ▁S ush ma ▁Sw ar aj ▁and ▁Ar un ▁J ait ley ▁( B J P ), ▁Bas ude b ▁A char ia ▁( CP M ), ▁G ur ud as ▁Das gu pt a ▁( C PI ), ▁Mul
ay am ▁Singh ▁Y ad av ▁( Sam aj w adi ▁Party ) ▁and ▁Ram ▁Vil as ▁Pas wan ▁( L ok ▁J ans h ak ti ▁Party ). ▁The ▁deleg ation ▁subsequently ▁visited ▁K ash mir . ▁Following ▁this ▁visit ▁Indian ▁government ▁announced ▁several ▁measures ▁to ▁def use ▁the ▁t ensions . ▁ ▁The ▁measures ▁included ▁release ▁of ▁all ▁the ▁students ▁arrested ▁during ▁the ▁protests , ▁re op ening ▁of ▁schools , ▁discussions ▁on ▁reducing ▁the ▁number ▁of ▁security ▁forces ▁in ▁K ash mir ▁and ▁appointment ▁of ▁a ▁group ▁to ▁begin ▁sustained ▁dialogue ▁with ▁the ▁K ash mir is . ▁In ▁addition ▁financial ▁compensation ▁of ▁$ 1 1 , 0 0 0 ▁to ▁the ▁families ▁of ▁each ▁of ▁those ▁killed ▁was ▁announced . ▁Most ▁of ▁the ▁families ▁rejected ▁the ▁compensation ▁but ▁a ▁few ▁accepted ▁it , ▁in ▁spite ▁of ▁calls ▁by ▁the ▁Hur ri y at ▁Conference ▁and ▁social ▁pressure ▁on ▁families ▁to ▁reject ▁the ▁money ▁from ▁Government ▁of ▁India . ▁ ▁Con v iction ▁for ▁killing ▁The ▁army ▁convicted ▁seven ▁soldiers , ▁including ▁two ▁officers , ▁and ▁sent enced ▁them ▁to ▁life ▁imprison ment ▁for ▁a ▁st aged ▁killing ▁of ▁three ▁K ash mir i ▁civ ilians ▁and ▁passing ▁it ▁off ▁as ▁an ▁anti - mil it ancy ▁operation ▁for ▁rewards ▁and ▁rem un er ations ▁in ▁J & K ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 0 . ▁The ▁court ▁mart ial ▁proceedings ▁began ▁in ▁January ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁and ▁ended ▁in ▁September ▁of ▁that ▁year . ▁In ▁April ▁
2 0 1 0 , ▁army ▁had ▁said ▁it ▁had ▁killed ▁three ▁in fil tr ators ▁in ▁the ▁Mach il ▁sector ▁and ▁claimed ▁they ▁were ▁Pak ist ani ▁milit ants . ▁The ▁men ▁were ▁later ▁identified ▁as ▁Shah z ad ▁Ah mad ▁Khan , ▁R iy az ▁Ah mad ▁L one ▁and ▁Muhammad ▁Sh afi ▁L one , ▁all ▁residents ▁of ▁B aram ull a ▁district . ▁They ▁were ▁l ured ▁to ▁work ▁as ▁por ters ▁for ▁the ▁Army ▁in ▁K up w ara ▁district . ▁Instead , ▁the ▁Army ▁killed ▁them ▁in ▁a ▁fake ▁encounter , ▁applied ▁black ▁paint ▁on ▁the ▁clean - sh aven ▁faces ▁of ▁the ▁sl ain , ▁placed ▁weapons ▁on ▁them ▁and ▁said ▁they ▁had ▁killed ▁foreign ▁milit ants . ▁ ▁Sus p ension ▁of ▁sentences ▁ ▁On ▁ 2 7 ▁July ▁ 2 0 1 7 , ▁The ▁Ar med ▁Forces ▁Trib unal ▁suspended ▁the ▁life ▁sentence ▁of ▁the ▁five ▁army ▁personnel ▁including ▁a ▁Colonel ▁and ▁a ▁Captain ▁who ▁had ▁been ▁convicted ▁by ▁a ▁General ▁Court ▁Mart ial ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁for ▁st aging ▁the ▁killing ▁of ▁three ▁K ash mir i ▁civ ilians ▁at ▁Mac ch il ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁and ▁brand ing ▁them ▁as ▁foreign ▁milit ants ▁for ▁brass ▁med als ▁and ▁cash ▁rewards . ▁ ▁F IR ▁against ▁Chief ▁Minister ▁and ▁Police ▁In ▁March ▁ 2 0 1 5 , ▁All ▁Part ies ▁Hur ri y at ▁Conference ▁leader ▁Sy ed ▁Ali ▁Shah ▁Ge el ani ▁entirely ▁bl
amed ▁then ▁Chief ▁Minister ▁of ▁Jam mu ▁and ▁K ash mir ▁O mar ▁Abd ull ah ▁and ▁former ▁Senior ▁Super int endent ▁of ▁Police ▁( SS P ) ▁Ash iq ▁B uk h ari ▁for ▁kill ings ▁of ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁un rest ▁and ▁filed ▁a ▁F IR ▁in ▁the ▁court ▁of ▁Chief ▁Jud icial ▁Mag istr ate ▁( C J M ), ▁S rin ag ar . ▁ ▁"( We ) ▁have ▁decided ▁to ▁register ▁a ▁criminal ▁case ▁against ▁O mar ▁Abd ull ah ▁and ▁Ash iq ▁B uk h ari ▁for ▁the ▁innocent ▁kill ings ▁of ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁and ▁will ▁try ▁to ▁bring ▁the ▁murder ers ▁of ▁the ▁innocent ▁students ▁to ▁justice ." ▁a ▁Hur ri y at ▁statement ▁said . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁Video : K ash mir ▁un rest ▁prom pts ▁new ▁cur f ew , ▁Re ut ers ▁ ▁Category : K ash mir ▁conflict ▁K ash mir ▁Un rest , ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁Category : H uman ▁rights ▁ab uses ▁in ▁Jam mu ▁and ▁K ash mir ▁Category : 2 0 1 0 s ▁in ▁Jam mu ▁and ▁K ash mir <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Michel angel o ▁Hand ▁is ▁a ▁fully ▁artic ulated ▁rob otic ▁hand ▁prost hesis ▁developed ▁by ▁the ▁German ▁prost het ics ▁company ▁Otto b ock ▁and ▁its ▁American ▁partner ▁Advanced ▁Arm ▁D ynamics . ▁It ▁is ▁the ▁first ▁prost hesis ▁to ▁feature ▁an ▁electron ically ▁act uated ▁thumb ▁which ▁mim ics ▁natural
▁human ▁hand ▁movements . ▁The ▁Michel angel o ▁Hand ▁can ▁be ▁used ▁for ▁a ▁variety ▁of ▁delicate ▁everyday ▁tasks , ▁was ▁first ▁fitted ▁to ▁an ▁Aust rian ▁elect ive - am put ee ▁in ▁July ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁and ▁has ▁been ▁in ▁use ▁by ▁military ▁and ▁civilian ▁am put ees ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁and ▁United ▁Kingdom ▁since ▁ 2 0 1 1 . ▁ ▁Design ▁and ▁development ▁The ▁Michel angel o ▁Hand ' s ▁development ▁was ▁begun ▁by ▁the ▁German ▁prost het ics ▁manufacturer ▁Otto b ock . ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 8 , ▁the ▁American ▁company ▁Advanced ▁Arm ▁D ynamics ▁became ▁involved ▁with ▁testing ▁and ▁further ▁ref inement ▁of ▁the ▁prost hesis . ▁ ▁The ▁prost hesis ▁is ▁battery - powered ▁and ▁can ▁be ▁used ▁for ▁up ▁to ▁ 2 0 ▁hours ▁between ▁charges . ▁Construct ed ▁of ▁metal ▁and ▁plastic , ▁it ▁is ▁designed ▁with ▁a ▁natural , ▁anth rop omorphic ▁aesthetic , ▁and ▁can ▁be ▁custom - f itted ▁for ▁each ▁user . ▁Its ▁mot ions ▁are ▁controlled ▁by ▁built - in ▁electro des , ▁which ▁detect ▁the ▁movements ▁of ▁the ▁user ' s ▁remaining ▁arm ▁muscles ▁and ▁interpret ▁them ▁using ▁elect rom y ography ▁software . ▁The ▁fingers ▁can ▁form ▁numerous ▁natural istic ▁configurations ▁to ▁hold , ▁grip ▁or ▁pin ch ▁objects . ▁The ▁Michel angel o ▁Hand ▁is ▁capable ▁of ▁moving ▁with ▁enough ▁precision ▁to ▁conduct ▁delicate ▁tasks ▁such ▁as ▁cooking , ▁iron ing ▁and ▁opening ▁a ▁tooth p aste ▁tube , ▁but ▁can
▁also ▁ex ert ▁enough ▁strength ▁to ▁use ▁an ▁autom obile ' s ▁ste ering ▁wheel . ▁Sk in - ton ed ▁cos metic ▁gloves ▁are ▁also ▁available ▁for ▁the ▁prost hesis . ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 3 , ▁the ▁Michel angel o ▁Hand ▁had ▁a ▁unit ▁cost ▁of ▁around ▁£ 4 7 , 0 0 0 ▁( US $ 7 3 , 8 0 0 ). ▁ ▁Users ▁Aust rian ▁electric ian ▁Patrick ▁May rho fer ▁suffered ▁serious ▁injuries ▁to ▁his ▁hands ▁at ▁the ▁age ▁of ▁ 2 0 ▁when ▁he ▁touched ▁a ▁ 6 0 0 0 - volt ▁power ▁line ▁in ▁February ▁ 2 0 0 8 . ▁After ▁un successful ▁attempts ▁to ▁recon struct ▁his ▁left ▁hand , ▁it ▁was ▁am put ated ▁below ▁the ▁elbow ▁in ▁July ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁and ▁he ▁became ▁the ▁first ▁patient ▁in ▁the ▁world ▁to ▁be ▁fitted ▁with ▁a ▁Michel angel o ▁Hand . ▁He ▁joined ▁Otto b ock ▁ 3 ▁years ▁later , ▁helping ▁their ▁customers ▁learn ▁to ▁use ▁their ▁prost hes es . ▁Having ▁started ▁para - s now board ing ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 2 , ▁May rho fer ▁was ▁named ▁Par al ym pic ▁Aust rian ▁Sports ▁Person ality ▁of ▁the ▁Year ▁after ▁winning ▁a ▁gold ▁medal ▁in ▁bank ed ▁sl alom ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 5 ▁Para - S now board ▁World ▁Championships ▁He ▁went ▁on ▁to ▁win ▁the ▁Par al ym pic ▁silver ▁medal ▁in ▁bank ed ▁sl alom ▁at ▁the ▁
2 0 1 8 ▁Winter ▁Olympics . ▁ ▁N umer ous ▁American ▁soldiers ▁who ▁suffered ▁lim b ▁am put ation ▁in ▁combat ▁have ▁received ▁Michel angel o ▁H ands ▁since ▁ 2 0 1 1 . ▁In ▁January ▁ 2 0 1 2 , ▁Matt ▁Re z ink ▁of ▁Wisconsin ▁became ▁the ▁first ▁American ▁civilian ▁to ▁receive ▁a ▁unit . ▁In ▁January ▁ 2 0 1 3 , ▁Chris ▁Taylor , ▁a ▁British ▁service ▁engineer ▁who ▁had ▁lost ▁his ▁right ▁hand ▁in ▁a ▁jet ▁ski ▁accident ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 9 , ▁became ▁the ▁first ▁UK ▁citizen ▁to ▁be ▁fitted ▁with ▁a ▁Michel angel o ▁Hand . ▁By ▁ 2 0 1 3 , ▁the ▁hand ▁was ▁offered ▁by ▁several ▁British ▁prost hetic ▁services ▁companies , ▁including ▁Dor set ▁Orth op a ed ic . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁Boston ▁Digital ▁Arm , ▁an ▁American ▁manufacturer ▁of ▁powered ▁prost hes es ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁Advanced ▁Arm ▁D ynamics ▁website ▁Otto ▁B ock ▁Michel angel o ▁page ▁ ▁Category : B ion ics ▁Category : Pro st het ics ▁Category : Bi omed ical ▁engineering ▁Category : Med ical ▁equipment ▁Category : 2 0 1 1 ▁rob ots <0x0A> </s> ▁Vas il ena ▁Am z ina ▁( , ▁ 2 9 ▁June ▁ 1 9 4 2 ▁– ▁ 1 9 ▁December ▁ 2 0 1 7 ) ▁was ▁a ▁Bulgar ian ▁middle - distance ▁runner . ▁She ▁competed ▁in ▁the ▁women ' s ▁ 8 0 0 ▁metres ▁at
▁the ▁ 1 9 7 2 ▁Summer ▁Olympics . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 4 2 ▁birth s ▁Category : 2 0 1 7 ▁deaths ▁Category : A thlet es ▁( track ▁and ▁field ) ▁at ▁the ▁ 1 9 7 2 ▁Summer ▁Olympics ▁Category : Bul gar ian ▁female ▁middle - distance ▁run ners ▁Category : O lymp ic ▁athletes ▁of ▁Bulgar ia ▁Category : S ports people ▁from ▁Sof ia ▁Category : Place ▁of ▁death ▁missing <0x0A> </s> ▁South ▁ 9 th ▁Street ▁Historic ▁District ▁is ▁a ▁national ▁historic ▁district ▁located ▁at ▁Nob les ville , ▁Hamilton ▁County , ▁Indiana . ▁▁ ▁It ▁en compass es ▁ 3 9 ▁contributing ▁buildings ▁and ▁ 1 ▁contributing ▁site ▁in ▁a ▁predomin antly ▁residential ▁section ▁of ▁Nob les ville . ▁It ▁developed ▁between ▁about ▁ 1 8 6 0 ▁and ▁ 1 9 4 0 , ▁and ▁includes ▁notable ▁examples ▁of ▁Queen ▁Anne , ▁Italian ate , ▁and ▁B ung al ow ▁/ ▁American ▁Craft s man ▁style ▁architecture . ▁Not able ▁buildings ▁include ▁the ▁Mason ic ▁Temple ▁( c . ▁ 1 9 1 4 ) ▁and ▁Ad ler ▁Building ▁( former ly ▁First ▁Christian ▁Church , ▁ 1 8 9 7 ). ▁ ▁It ▁was ▁listed ▁on ▁the ▁National ▁Register ▁of ▁Historic ▁Pl aces ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 1 . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : Hist oric ▁districts ▁on ▁the ▁National ▁Register ▁of ▁Historic ▁Pl aces ▁in ▁Indiana ▁Category : Que en ▁Anne ▁architecture ▁in ▁Indiana ▁Category
: It al ian ate ▁architecture ▁in ▁Indiana ▁Category : Hist oric ▁districts ▁in ▁Hamilton ▁County , ▁Indiana ▁Category : National ▁Register ▁of ▁Historic ▁Pl aces ▁in ▁Hamilton ▁County , ▁Indiana <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Treat y ▁of ▁Rap allo ▁was ▁a ▁treat y ▁between ▁the ▁Kingdom ▁of ▁Italy ▁and ▁the ▁Kingdom ▁of ▁Ser bs , ▁Cro ats ▁and ▁Sl oven es ▁( ren amed ▁Y ug oslav ia ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 9 ), ▁signed ▁to ▁solve ▁the ▁dispute ▁over ▁some ▁territor ies ▁in ▁the ▁former ▁Aust rian ▁L itt oral ▁in ▁the ▁upper ▁Ad ri atic , ▁and ▁in ▁Dal mat ia . ▁ ▁The ▁treat y ▁was ▁signed ▁on ▁ 1 2 ▁November ▁ 1 9 2 0 ▁in ▁Rap allo , ▁near ▁Gen oa , ▁Italy . ▁T ension ▁between ▁Italy ▁and ▁Y ug oslav ia ▁a rose ▁at ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁World ▁War ▁I , ▁when ▁the ▁Aust ro - H ung arian ▁Empire ▁diss olved ▁and ▁Italy ▁claimed ▁the ▁territor ies ▁assigned ▁to ▁it ▁by ▁the ▁secret ▁Treat y ▁of ▁London ▁of ▁ 1 9 1 5 . ▁According ▁to ▁the ▁treat y ▁signed ▁in ▁London ▁on ▁ 2 6 ▁April ▁ 1 9 1 5 ▁by ▁the ▁Kingdom ▁of ▁Italy ▁and ▁Tri ple ▁Ent ente , ▁in ▁case ▁of ▁victory ▁at ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁World ▁War ▁I , ▁Italy ▁was ▁to ▁obtain ▁several ▁territor ial ▁gains ▁including ▁former ▁Aust rian ▁L itt oral , ▁northern ▁Dal mat ia ▁and ▁notably ▁Z ad ar ▁( ), ▁Š
ib en ik ▁( ), ▁and ▁most ▁of ▁the ▁Dal mat ian ▁islands ▁( except ▁Kr k ▁and ▁Rab ). ▁ ▁These ▁territor ies ▁had ▁an ▁eth n ically ▁mixed ▁population , ▁with ▁Sl oven es ▁and ▁Cro ats ▁compos ing ▁over ▁the ▁half ▁of ▁the ▁population ▁of ▁the ▁region . ▁The ▁treat y ▁was ▁therefore ▁null ified ▁with ▁the ▁Treat y ▁of ▁Vers a illes ▁under ▁pressure ▁of ▁President ▁Wood row ▁Wilson , ▁making ▁void ▁Italian ▁claims ▁on ▁northern ▁Dal mat ia . ▁The ▁objective ▁of ▁the ▁Treat y ▁of ▁Rap allo ▁was ▁to ▁find ▁a ▁compromise ▁following ▁the ▁void ▁created ▁by ▁the ▁non - application ▁of ▁the ▁Treat y ▁of ▁London ▁of ▁ 1 9 1 5 . ▁ ▁Content ▁At ▁the ▁conclusions ▁of ▁the ▁discussions , ▁the ▁following ▁territor ies ▁were ▁an nex ed ▁to ▁Italy : ▁The ▁western ▁parts ▁of ▁the ▁former ▁D uch y ▁of ▁Carn i ola : ▁more ▁than ▁half ▁of ▁the ▁region ▁of ▁In ner ▁Carn i ola , ▁with ▁the ▁municipal ities ▁of ▁Id ri ja ▁( ), ▁V ip ava ▁( ), ▁Š t ur je ▁( ), ▁Post oj na ▁( ), ▁Š ent ▁Peter ▁na ▁K ras u ▁( , ▁now ▁P iv ka ), ▁and ▁Il ir ska ▁B istr ica ▁( ), ▁and ▁the ▁Upper ▁Carn i olan ▁municip ality ▁of ▁F us ine ▁in ▁Val rom ana ▁(); ▁The ▁entire ▁territory ▁of ▁former ▁Aust rian ▁L itt oral , ▁except ▁for ▁the ▁municip ality ▁of ▁K ast av
▁and ▁the ▁island ▁of ▁Kr k , ▁which ▁were ▁c ed ed ▁to ▁the ▁Kingdom ▁of ▁Ser bs , ▁Cro ats ▁and ▁Sl oven es ; ▁The ▁former ▁Dal mat ian ▁capital ▁city ▁of ▁Z ad ar ▁and ▁the ▁small ▁Dal mat ian ▁islands ▁of ▁Last ovo ▁and ▁Pal ag ru ž a . ▁ ▁According ▁to ▁the ▁treat y , ▁the ▁city ▁of ▁R ij ek a ▁() ▁would ▁become ▁the ▁independent ▁Free ▁State ▁of ▁F ium e , ▁thus ▁ending ▁the ▁military ▁occupation ▁of ▁Gab ri ele ▁d ' Ann un z io ' s ▁troops , ▁begun ▁by ▁the ▁Imp resa ▁di ▁F ium e ▁and ▁known ▁as ▁the ▁Italian ▁Reg ency ▁of ▁Carn aro . ▁This ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁treat y ▁was ▁rev oked ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 4 , ▁when ▁Italy ▁and ▁Y ug oslav ia ▁signed ▁the ▁Treat y ▁of ▁Rome , ▁which ▁gave ▁F ium e ▁to ▁Italy ▁and ▁the ▁adjacent ▁port ▁of ▁Su š ak ▁to ▁Y ug oslav ia . ▁ ▁The ▁treat y ▁left ▁a ▁large ▁number ▁of ▁Sl oven es ▁and ▁Cro ats ▁in ▁Italy . ▁According ▁to ▁author ▁Paul ▁N . ▁He hn , ▁" the ▁treat y ▁left ▁half ▁a ▁million ▁Sl av s ▁inside ▁Italy ▁while ▁only ▁a ▁few ▁hundred ▁Ital ians ▁in ▁the ▁fled gling ▁Y ug oslav ▁state ". ▁Indeed , ▁according ▁to ▁the ▁ 1 9 1 0 ▁Aust rian ▁census ▁ 4 8 0 , 0 0 0 ▁South ▁Sl av s ▁( Sl
oven es ▁and ▁Cro ats ) ▁became ▁citizens ▁of ▁the ▁Kingdom ▁of ▁Italy , ▁while ▁around ▁ 1 5 , 0 0 0 ▁Ital ians ▁became ▁citizens ▁of ▁the ▁new ▁Y ug oslav ▁state ▁( around ▁ 1 3 , 0 0 0 ▁in ▁Dal mat ia , ▁and ▁the ▁rest ▁in ▁the ▁island ▁of ▁Kr k ). ▁According ▁to ▁the ▁same ▁census , ▁around ▁ 2 5 , 0 0 0 ▁ethnic ▁Germans ▁and ▁ 3 , 0 0 0 ▁Hung arians ▁also ▁lived ▁in ▁the ▁regions ▁an nex ed ▁to ▁Italy ▁with ▁the ▁Treat y , ▁while ▁the ▁number ▁of ▁Ital ians ▁living ▁in ▁the ▁region ▁was ▁between ▁ 3 5 0 , 0 0 0 ▁and ▁ 3 9 0 , 0 0 0 . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁Treat y ▁between ▁the ▁Kingdom ▁of ▁Italy ▁and ▁the ▁Kingdom ▁of ▁the ▁Ser bs , ▁Cro ats ▁and ▁Sl oven es ▁signed ▁at ▁Rap allo , ▁ 1 2 ▁November ▁ 1 9 2 0 ▁Map ▁of ▁Europe ▁and ▁Treat y ▁of ▁Rap allo ▁at ▁om ni at las . com ▁Map ▁of ▁modern ▁Sl oven ia ▁with ▁super im posed ▁Rap allo ▁border ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 2 0 ▁in ▁Y ug oslav ia ▁Category : Mod ern ▁history ▁of ▁Italy ▁Category : Pol it ical ▁history ▁of ▁Sl oven ia ▁Category : 1 9 2 0 ▁in ▁Italy ▁Category : Inter war ▁period ▁treat ies ▁Category : T reat ies ▁concluded ▁in ▁ 1 9
2 0 ▁Rap allo ▁( 1 9 2 0 ) ▁Category : T reat ies ▁of ▁the ▁Kingdom ▁of ▁Y ug oslav ia ▁Category : It aly – Y ug oslav ia ▁relations ▁Category : It al ians ▁of ▁Cro at ia ▁Category : R ap allo ▁Category : Ad ri atic ▁Question <0x0A> </s> ▁Ah ▁ha ▁may ▁refer ▁to : ▁▁▁ ▁" Ah ▁ha ", ▁a ▁track ▁on ▁the ▁music ▁album ▁G ang st ress ▁by ▁American ▁rap per ▁Kh ia ▁ ▁A - ha , ▁a ▁Norweg ian ▁new ▁wave / syn th pop / pop ▁rock / altern ative ▁rock ▁band <0x0A> </s> ▁In ▁season ▁ 2 0 1 7 – 1 8 , ▁Ver ia ▁will ▁compete ▁in ▁the ▁following ▁compet itions ▁Football ▁League ▁and ▁Greek ▁Cup . ▁The ▁season ▁covers ▁the ▁period ▁from ▁ 1 ▁July ▁ 2 0 1 7 ▁to ▁ 3 0 ▁June ▁ 2 0 1 8 . ▁ ▁Fi xtures ▁& ▁Results ▁ ▁Pre - season ▁Friend l ies ▁ ▁Greek ▁Cup ▁ ▁First ▁round ▁ ▁Last ▁updated : ▁ 1 1 ▁August ▁ 2 0 1 7 Source : ▁H FF ▁ ▁A ggreg ate : ▁ 2 - 2 . ▁A ig ini ak os ▁win ▁on ▁away ▁goals ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : Ver ia ▁F . C . ▁seasons ▁Ver ia ▁F . C . <0x0A> </s> ▁Walter ▁Gle ch ner ▁( 1 2 ▁February ▁ 1 9 3 9 ▁– ▁ 2 9 ▁January ▁ 2 0
1 5 ) ▁was ▁an ▁Aust rian ▁football er . ▁ ▁Club ▁career ▁Gle ch ner ▁spent ▁the ▁majority ▁of ▁his ▁career ▁at ▁Austria ▁gi ants ▁Rap id ▁Wien , ▁playing ▁over ▁ 2 5 0 ▁league ▁matches ▁in ▁a ▁ 1 3 - year ▁spell . ▁ ▁International ▁career ▁Gle ch ner ▁made ▁his ▁debut ▁for ▁Austria ▁in ▁a ▁May ▁ 1 9 6 0 ▁friendly ▁match ▁against ▁Scotland ▁and ▁earned ▁a ▁total ▁of ▁ 3 5 ▁caps , ▁scoring ▁ 1 ▁goals . ▁He ▁represented ▁his ▁country ▁in ▁ 2 ▁FIFA ▁World ▁Cup ▁qual ification ▁matches . ▁ ▁His ▁final ▁international ▁was ▁a ▁June ▁ 1 9 6 8 ▁match ▁against ▁the ▁Soviet ▁Union . ▁ ▁International ▁goals ▁S co res ▁and ▁results ▁list ▁Austria ' s ▁goal ▁t ally ▁first . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁▁▁ ▁St urm ▁Arch iv ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 3 9 ▁birth s ▁Category : 2 0 1 5 ▁deaths ▁Category : A ust rian ▁football ers ▁Category : A ust ria ▁international ▁football ers ▁Category : Associ ation ▁football ▁defend ers ▁Category : SK ▁Rap id ▁Wien ▁players <0x0A> </s> ▁Leonard ▁H ought on ▁Geoff rey ▁Martin ▁( 1 9 ▁April ▁ 1 8 8 7 ▁– ▁ 2 6 ▁December ▁ 1 9 4 3 ) ▁was ▁an ▁Australian ▁rules ▁football er ▁who ▁played ▁with ▁Ge el ong ▁in ▁the ▁Victorian ▁Football ▁League ▁( V FL ). ▁ ▁Notes ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁▁ <0x09> <0x09> ▁ ▁Category :
1 8 8 7 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 9 4 3 ▁deaths ▁Category : Austral ian ▁rules ▁football ers ▁from ▁Victoria ▁( Austral ia ) ▁Category : Ge el ong ▁Football ▁Club ▁players ▁Category : Rich mond ▁Football ▁Club ▁( V FA ) ▁players <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Ast ro phys ical ▁Journal , ▁often ▁ab bre vi ated ▁Ap J ▁( pr on ounced ▁" ap ▁j ay ") ▁in ▁references ▁and ▁speech , ▁is ▁a ▁peer - review ed ▁scientific ▁journal ▁of ▁ast ro phys ics ▁and ▁astr onomy , ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 8 9 5 ▁by ▁American ▁astronom ers ▁George ▁Ell ery ▁H ale ▁and ▁James ▁Edward ▁Ke eler . ▁The ▁journal ▁dis contin ued ▁its ▁print ▁edition ▁and ▁became ▁an ▁electronic - only ▁journal ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 5 . ▁ ▁Since ▁ 1 9 5 3 ▁The ▁Ast ro phys ical ▁Journal ▁Supp lement ▁Series ▁( Ap JS ) ▁has ▁been ▁published ▁in ▁conj unction ▁with ▁The ▁Ast ro phys ical ▁Journal , ▁with ▁generally ▁longer ▁articles ▁to ▁supplement ▁the ▁material ▁in ▁the ▁journal . ▁It ▁pub l ishes ▁six ▁volumes ▁per ▁year , ▁with ▁two ▁ 2 8 0 - page ▁issues ▁per ▁volume . ▁ ▁The ▁Ast ro phys ical ▁Journal ▁Let ters ▁( Ap J L ), ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 7 ▁by ▁Sub ra hm any an ▁Chand rase k har ▁as ▁Part ▁ 2 ▁of ▁The ▁Ast ro phys ical ▁Journal , ▁is ▁now ▁a ▁separate ▁journal ▁focusing ▁on
▁the ▁rapid ▁publication ▁of ▁high - imp act ▁astronom ical ▁research . ▁ ▁The ▁three ▁jour nals ▁were ▁published ▁by ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Chicago ▁Press ▁for ▁the ▁American ▁Astr onom ical ▁Society ▁until , ▁in ▁January ▁ 2 0 0 9 , ▁publication ▁was ▁transferred ▁to ▁I OP ▁Publishing , ▁following ▁the ▁move ▁of ▁the ▁society ' s ▁Astr onom ical ▁Journal ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 8 . ▁The ▁reason ▁for ▁the ▁changes ▁were ▁given ▁by ▁the ▁society ▁as ▁the ▁increasing ▁financial ▁demands ▁of ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Chicago ▁Press . ▁Comp ared ▁to ▁jour nals ▁in ▁other ▁scientific ▁discipl ines , ▁The ▁Ast ro phys ical ▁Journal ▁has ▁a ▁larger ▁( > ▁ 8 5 %) ▁acceptance ▁rate , ▁which , ▁however , ▁is ▁similar ▁to ▁other ▁jour nals ▁covering ▁astr onomy ▁and ▁ast ro phys ics . ▁ ▁History ▁▁ ▁The ▁journal ▁was ▁founded ▁in ▁ 1 8 9 5 ▁by ▁George ▁Ell ery ▁H ale ▁and ▁James ▁E . ▁Ke eler ▁as ▁The ▁Ast ro phys ical ▁Journal : ▁An ▁International ▁Review ▁of ▁Spect ro sc opy ▁and ▁Astr onom ical ▁Phys ics . ▁ ▁In ▁addition ▁to ▁the ▁two ▁founding ▁ed itors , ▁there ▁was ▁an ▁international ▁board ▁of ▁associate ▁ed itors : ▁M . ▁A . ▁Corn u , ▁Paris ; ▁N . ▁C . ▁Dun ér , ▁U ps ala ; ▁William ▁Hug g ins , ▁London ; ▁P . ▁T ac ch ini , ▁Rome ; ▁H . ▁C . ▁V og el , ▁P ots
dam , ▁C . ▁S . ▁H ast ings , ▁Yale ; ▁A . ▁A . ▁Michel son , ▁Chicago ; ▁E . ▁C . ▁Pick ering , ▁Harvard ; ▁H . ▁A . ▁Row land , ▁John s ▁Hop kins ; ▁and ▁C . ▁A . ▁Young , ▁Pr inceton . ▁ ▁It ▁was ▁intended ▁that ▁the ▁journal ▁would ▁fill ▁the ▁gap ▁between ▁jour nals ▁in ▁astr onomy ▁and ▁physics , ▁providing ▁a ▁venue ▁for ▁publication ▁of ▁articles ▁on ▁astronom ical ▁applications ▁of ▁the ▁spect ro scope ; ▁on ▁laboratory ▁research ▁closely ▁all ied ▁to ▁astronom ical ▁physics , ▁including ▁w avelength ▁determ inations ▁of ▁metall ic ▁and ▁g ase ous ▁spectra ▁and ▁experiments ▁on ▁radiation ▁and ▁absorption ; ▁on ▁theories ▁of ▁the ▁Sun , ▁Moon , ▁planets , ▁com ets , ▁met e ors , ▁and ▁ne b ula e ; ▁and ▁on ▁instrument ation ▁for ▁teles cop es ▁and ▁labor ator ies . ▁ ▁The ▁further ▁development ▁of ▁Ap J ▁up ▁to ▁ 1 9 9 5 ▁was ▁outlined ▁by ▁Hel mut ▁Ab t ▁in ▁an ▁article ▁entitled ▁" Some ▁Stat ist ical ▁High lights ▁of ▁the ▁Ast ro phys ical ▁Journal " ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 5 . ▁ ▁Ed itors ▁The ▁following ▁persons ▁have ▁been ▁ed itors - in - ch ief ▁of ▁the ▁journal : ▁George ▁H ale ▁( 1 8 9 5 – 1 9 0 2 ) ▁Ed win ▁Br ant ▁Fro st ▁( 1 9 0 2 – 1 9 3 2 )
▁Ed win ▁H ubble ▁( 1 9 3 2 – 1 9 5 2 ) ▁Sub ra hm any an ▁Chand rase k har ▁( 1 9 5 2 – 1 9 7 1 ) ▁Hel mut ▁A . ▁Ab t ▁( 1 9 7 1 – 1 9 9 9 ) ▁Robert ▁Kenn ic utt ▁( 1 9 9 9 – 2 0 0 6 ) ▁Eth an ▁V ish ni ac ▁( since ▁ 2 0 0 6 ) ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁The ▁Astr onom ical ▁Journal ▁Astr onomy ▁and ▁Ast ro phys ics ▁Month ly ▁Not ices ▁of ▁the ▁Royal ▁Astr onom ical ▁Society ▁Public ations ▁of ▁the ▁Astr onom ical ▁Society ▁of ▁the ▁Pacific ▁Public ations ▁of ▁the ▁Astr onom ical ▁Society ▁of ▁Australia ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁ ▁The ▁Ast ro phys ical ▁Journal ▁ ▁The ▁Ast ro phys ical ▁Journal ▁Supp lement ▁Series ▁ ▁The ▁Ast ro phys ical ▁Journal ▁Let ters ▁ ▁Category : A st ro phys ics ▁jour nals ▁Category : I OP ▁Publishing ▁academic ▁jour nals ▁Category : Univers ity ▁of ▁Chicago ▁Press ▁academic ▁jour nals ▁Category : Public ations ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 8 9 5 ▁Category : English - language ▁jour nals ▁Category : American ▁Astr onom ical ▁Society ▁academic ▁jour nals ▁Category : On line - only ▁jour nals <0x0A> </s> ▁Pil gr image ▁Music ▁& ▁Cultural ▁Festival ▁is ▁an ▁annual ▁arts ▁festival ▁in ▁Franklin , ▁Tennessee . ▁Since ▁ 2 0 1 5 ▁the ▁two -
day ▁festival ▁takes ▁place ▁annually ▁in ▁September . ▁ ▁History ▁H eld ▁at ▁the ▁Franklin ' s ▁Park ▁at ▁H arl ins dale ▁Farm , ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 5 ▁festival ▁was ▁head lined ▁by ▁Wil co , ▁Will ie ▁Nelson , ▁We e zer , ▁The ▁December ists ▁and ▁C age ▁The ▁Ele phant . ▁Beck , ▁D ary l ▁Hall ▁and ▁John ▁O ates ▁and ▁Jason ▁Is bell ▁head lined ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁event . ▁Justin ▁Tim ber l ake ▁( one ▁of ▁its ▁producers ), ▁Eddie ▁V ed der , ▁The ▁Av ett ▁Brothers , ▁Gary ▁Clark ▁Jr ., ▁Ryan ▁Adams ▁and ▁Walk ▁the ▁Moon , ▁led ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 7 ▁line - up . ▁Jack ▁White , ▁Chris ▁St ap leton ▁and ▁Lion el ▁Rich ie ▁are ▁among ▁the ▁perform ers ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 8 ▁event . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : F olk ▁fest ivals ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Category : Fr ank lin , ▁Tennessee ▁Category : Music ▁fest ivals ▁established ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 5 ▁Category : Music ▁fest ivals ▁in ▁Tennessee <0x0A> </s> ▁An at oly ▁Vlad im iro v ich ▁So fr on ov ▁( ; ▁ 1 9 ▁January ▁ 1 9 1 1 , ▁in ▁M ins k , ▁Russian ▁Empire , ▁now ▁Bel ar us ▁– ▁ 9 ▁September ▁ 1 9 9 0 , ▁in ▁Moscow , ▁USS R ) ▁was ▁a ▁Soviet ▁Russian ▁writer , ▁poet , ▁play
wright , ▁script writer , ▁editor ▁( O g ony ok , ▁ 1 9 5 3 - 1 9 8 6 ) ▁and ▁literary ▁administr ator , ▁the ▁Union ▁of ▁Soviet ▁Writ ers ' ▁secretary ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 8 - 1 9 5 3 . ▁So fr on ov ▁was ▁a ▁Stalin ▁Prize ▁la ure ate ▁( tw ice , ▁ 1 9 4 8 , ▁ 1 9 4 9 ) ▁and ▁a ▁recipient ▁of ▁the ▁Order ▁of ▁the ▁Hero ▁of ▁Social ist ▁Labour ▁( 1 9 8 1 ). ▁ ▁An ▁o min ous ▁figure ▁with ▁the ▁reputation ▁of ▁" one ▁of ▁the ▁most ▁feared ▁literary ▁hang men ▁of ▁the ▁Stalin ist ▁era ," ▁So fr on ov ▁is ▁best ▁remembered ▁for ▁his ▁play ▁S try ap uk ha ▁( С т ря пу ха , ▁The ▁K ookie ) ▁which ▁was ▁followed ▁by ▁three ▁sequ els ▁and ▁the ▁popular ▁comedy ▁film ▁of ▁the ▁same ▁name . ▁ ▁Working ▁with ▁compos ers ▁like ▁S emy on ▁Z as lav sky , ▁Mat vey ▁Bl anter , ▁Sig iz mund ▁K ats , ▁he ▁co - auth ored ▁dozens ▁of ▁songs , ▁made ▁popular ▁by ▁the ▁artists ▁like ▁Vlad imir ▁B unch ik ov , ▁Vlad imir ▁Ne ch ay ev , ▁V ad im ▁K oz in , ▁Nik ol ai ▁Rub an , ▁Vlad imir ▁Tro sh in , ▁Ol ga ▁Vor on ets , ▁May a ▁Krist al ins k aya , ▁I os if ▁K
ob zon ▁and ▁N ani ▁B reg v ad ze . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁▁ ▁Category : R ussian ▁male ▁po ets ▁Category : People ▁from ▁M ins k ▁Category : R ussian ▁dram at ists ▁and ▁play wright s ▁Category : 1 9 1 1 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 9 9 0 ▁deaths ▁Category : St alin ▁Prize ▁winners ▁Category : H ero es ▁of ▁Social ist ▁Labour ▁Category : Rec ip ients ▁of ▁the ▁Order ▁of ▁Len in ▁Category : R ussian ▁transl ators ▁Category : R ussian ▁mem oir ists ▁Category : Rec ip ients ▁of ▁the ▁Order ▁of ▁the ▁Patri otic ▁War , ▁ 1 st ▁class ▁Category : Comm un ist ▁Party ▁of ▁the ▁Soviet ▁Union ▁members ▁Category : B ur ials ▁in ▁T roy ek uro v sk oy e ▁C emetery <0x0A> </s> ▁O raz ak ▁Is mag ul ov ▁( , ▁born ▁ 1 9 3 0 ) ▁is ▁an ▁internation ally ▁known ▁ ▁anth rop ologist , ▁doctor ▁of ▁historical ▁sciences ▁( 1 9 8 4 ), ▁corresponding ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁Kaz akh stan ▁National ▁Academy ▁of ▁Sciences ▁( 1 9 9 4 ). ▁Is mag ul ov ▁uses ▁anth rop ological ▁studies ▁of ▁ancient ▁and ▁modern ▁people ▁as ▁a ▁source ▁of ▁historical ▁information ▁for ▁eth n ogen esis ▁and ▁ethnic ▁history ▁of ▁the ▁Central ▁Asia ▁peoples . ▁This ▁work ▁shed ▁light ▁on ▁the ▁origin ▁of ▁the ▁Sc y th ians , ▁S arm at ians , ▁K ang ars , ▁Al ans
, ▁and ▁other ▁Central ▁Asia ▁peoples , ▁following ▁the ▁anth rop ological ▁development ▁from ▁the ▁ancient ▁to ▁the ▁modern ▁times ▁in ▁the ▁Central ▁Asia . ▁ ▁From ▁ 1 9 6 0 , ▁Is mag ul ov ▁was ▁a ▁permanent ▁participant ▁and ▁a ▁head ▁of ▁anth rop ological ▁exped itions ▁in ▁Kaz akh stan ▁and ▁beyond : ▁Indian - S ov iet ▁( 1 9 7 4 - 1 9 7 5 ), ▁Kaz akh - M ong ol ian ▁( 1 9 9 1 - 1 9 9 3 ), ▁Kaz akh - It al ian ▁( 1 9 9 3 - 1 9 9 4 ). ▁In ▁the ▁ 1 9 9 3 – 1 9 9 4 , ▁within ▁the ▁framework ▁of ▁scientific ▁cooperation ▁with ▁the ▁Institute ▁of ▁Anth rop ology ▁at ▁the ▁Bol onia ▁University ▁in ▁Italy , ▁Is mag ul ov ▁headed ▁an ▁international ▁project ▁for ▁problems ▁of ▁adaptation ▁of ▁high - mount ain ▁Kaz akh stan ▁and ▁K yr gy z stan ▁populations ▁in ▁respect ▁to ▁eth no - c ultural ▁processes ▁in ▁the ▁region . ▁ ▁Is mag ul ov ▁is ▁the ▁author ▁of ▁about ▁ 1 0 0 ▁scientific ▁works . ▁Among ▁them ▁a ▁special ▁place ▁takes ▁a ▁comp end ium ▁of ▁mon ograph s ▁for ▁cr ani ological ▁series , ▁genetic ▁mark ers , ▁and ▁od ont ological ▁attributes , ▁compiled ▁to ▁establish ▁a ▁genetic ▁continu ity ▁between ▁ancient ▁and ▁modern ▁populations ▁of ▁the ▁Middle ▁Asia , ▁integrity ▁of ▁the ▁historical ▁process , ▁study
▁the ▁Kaz akh ▁genetic ▁fund , ▁and ▁the ▁sources ▁of ▁its ▁formation , ▁and ▁major ▁historical ▁phases ▁of ▁Kaz akh stan ▁local ▁ancient ▁populations ▁and ▁new coming ▁ethnic ▁groups ▁from ▁Central ▁Asia . ▁Is mag ul ov ▁is ▁a ▁frequent ▁lect urer ▁about ▁anth rop ology ▁in ▁Delhi , ▁California ▁and ▁Bol onia ▁universities . ▁ ▁Main ▁scientific ▁works ▁▁ ▁Pop ulation ▁of ▁Kaz akh stan ▁from ▁Bron ze ▁E poch ▁to ▁present : ▁( p ale o anth rop ological ▁research ). ▁Al ma - A ta , ▁ 1 9 7 0 . ▁▁ ▁Eth nic ▁genetic ▁ge ography ▁of ▁Kaz akh stan : ▁( ser ological ▁research ). ▁Al ma - A ta , ▁ 1 9 7 7 . ▁▁ ▁Eth nic ▁anth rop ology ▁of ▁Kaz akh stan : ▁( som at ological ▁research ). ▁Al ma - A ta , ▁ 1 9 8 2 . ▁▁ ▁Eth nic ▁od ont ology ▁of ▁Kaz akh stan . ▁Al ma - A ta , ▁ 1 9 8 9 . ▁( co - author ). ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁И с ма гу лов ▁О ра за к ▁ ▁Tr ading ▁Gen es ▁along ▁the ▁Sil k ▁Road : ▁mt D NA ▁Sequ ences ▁and ▁the ▁Origin ▁of ▁Central ▁Asian ▁Pop ulation ▁Am . ▁J . ▁Hum . ▁Gen et . ▁ 6 3 : 1 8 2 4 – 1 8 3 8 , ▁ 1 9 9 8 . ▁Je ann ine ▁Davis - K im
ball . ▁" Ch ie ft ain ▁or ▁War rior ▁Pri est ess " ▁Arch ae ology , ▁September ▁ 1 9 9 7 : ▁ 4 0 – 4 1 . ▁Article ▁Review ▁from ▁the ▁Center ▁for ▁the ▁Study ▁of ▁E uras ian ▁Nom ads . ▁▁ ▁Category : K az akh st ani ▁scientists ▁Category : K az akh st ani ▁anth rop ologists ▁Category : Tur k ologists ▁Category : 1 9 3 0 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people <0x0A> </s> ▁USS ▁Hor ace ▁A . ▁Bass ▁( DE - 6 9 1 / AP D - 1 2 4 / L PR - 1 2 4 ) ▁was ▁a ▁United ▁States ▁Navy ▁high - speed ▁transport ▁in ▁commission ▁from ▁ 1 9 4 4 ▁to ▁ 1 9 6 9 . ▁ ▁Construction ▁and ▁commission ing ▁Origin ally ▁projected ▁as ▁a ▁Rud der ow - class ▁destroy er ▁escort ▁( DE - 6 9 1 ), ▁Hor ace ▁A . ▁Bass ▁( AP D - 1 2 4 ) ▁was ▁selected ▁for ▁completion ▁to ▁a ▁modified ▁design ▁as ▁a ▁C ros ley ▁Class ▁High - speed ▁Transport ▁( AP D ), ▁designed ▁for ▁landing ▁and ▁supporting ▁ra iding ▁parties ▁while ▁ret aining ▁a ▁secondary , ▁destroy er ▁escort - like ▁role ▁of ▁conv oy ▁escort . ▁ ▁La id ▁down ▁on ▁ 3 ▁August ▁ 1 9 4 4 ▁at ▁Qu inc y , ▁Massachusetts , ▁by ▁the ▁Beth le hem ▁Steel ▁Company , ▁Fore ▁River ,
▁she ▁was ▁launched ▁on ▁ 1 2 ▁September ▁ 1 9 4 4 , ▁sponsored ▁by ▁Mrs . ▁Hor ace ▁A . ▁Bass ▁Jr ., ▁wid ow ▁of ▁En sign ▁Hor ace ▁A . ▁Bass ▁Jr ., ▁and ▁commissioned ▁on ▁ 2 1 ▁December ▁ 1 9 4 4 , ▁Lieutenant ▁Commander ▁F . ▁W . ▁K uh n ▁in ▁command . ▁ ▁World ▁War ▁II ▁service ▁ 1 9 4 4 - 1 9 4 5 ▁Hor ace ▁A . ▁Bass ▁fitted ▁out ▁at ▁the ▁Boston ▁Navy ▁Y ard , ▁Boston , ▁Massachusetts , ▁and ▁conducted ▁sh aked own ▁training ▁off ▁B erm uda , ▁after ▁which ▁she ▁s ailed ▁to ▁New ▁York ▁City , ▁where ▁she ▁arrived ▁ 1 5 ▁February ▁ 1 9 4 5 . ▁Dep art ing ▁on ▁ 1 6 ▁February ▁ 1 9 4 5 , ▁Hor ace ▁A . ▁Bass ▁esc orted ▁am mun ition ▁ship ▁USS ▁F ired rake ▁( AE - 1 4 ) ▁to ▁Pan ama , ▁from ▁where ▁she ▁proceed ed ▁to ▁San ▁Diego , ▁California , ▁arriving ▁on ▁ 3 ▁March ▁ 1 9 4 5 . ▁After ▁gun ner y ▁exercises ▁in ▁the ▁area ▁she ▁s ailed ▁west ward ▁to ▁join ▁in ▁the ▁clim actic ▁phase ▁of ▁World ▁War ▁II . ▁ ▁Hor ace ▁A . ▁Bass ▁stopped ▁at ▁Pearl ▁Harbor , ▁Hawaii ; ▁En iw et ok ; ▁and ▁Ul ith i ▁At oll , ▁en ▁route ▁Ok in awa , ▁where ▁the ▁largest ▁fleet ▁assembled ▁in ▁the
▁Pacific ▁was ▁supporting ▁United ▁States ▁Army ▁and ▁United ▁States ▁Marine ▁Corps ▁forces ▁in ▁what ▁was ▁to ▁be ▁the ▁final ▁major ▁land ▁battle ▁of ▁the ▁war ▁against ▁Japan . ▁She ▁arrived ▁off ▁Ok in awa ▁on ▁ 6 ▁April ▁ 1 9 4 5 , ▁just ▁in ▁time ▁to ▁take ▁part ▁in ▁rep elling ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁fier c est ▁Japanese ▁air ▁assault s ▁of ▁the ▁campaign . ▁As ▁the ▁desperate ▁attack ▁was ▁driven ▁off , ▁Hor ace ▁A . ▁Bass ▁was ▁cred ited ▁with ▁at ▁least ▁one ▁plane ▁shot ▁down . ▁As ▁the ▁battle ▁r aged ▁ash ore , ▁she ▁served ▁on ▁the ▁vital ▁pick et ▁line ▁to ▁warn ▁of ▁incoming ▁Japanese ▁air ▁ra ids ▁until ▁ 1 0 ▁April ▁ 1 9 4 5 , ▁when ▁she ▁s ailed ▁with ▁a ▁conv oy ▁to ▁Gu am . ▁On ▁the ▁return ▁passage ▁she ▁sank ▁the ▁Japanese ▁submar ine ▁RO - 1 0 9 ▁with ▁a ▁single ▁accurate ▁depth ▁charge ▁attack ▁south ▁of ▁Ok in awa ▁on ▁ 2 5 ▁April ▁ 1 9 4 5 . ▁ ▁Ar riving ▁at ▁Ok in awa ▁on ▁ 2 6 ▁April ▁ 1 9 4 5 , ▁Hor ace ▁A . ▁Bass ▁res umed ▁the ▁he ctic ▁pick et ▁duty ▁inter sp ers ed ▁with ▁conv oy ▁voy ages ▁to ▁Sa ip an ▁and ▁Gu am . ▁Though ▁Ok in awa ▁was ▁secured ▁in ▁mid - J une ▁ 1 9 4 5 , ▁Japanese ▁air ▁attacks ▁continued , ▁and ▁Hor ace ▁A . ▁Bass ▁continued
▁to ▁provide ▁ant ia ir craft ▁and ▁ant is ub mar ine ▁protection ▁to ▁the ▁many ▁ships ▁off ▁Ok in awa . ▁Early ▁on ▁ 3 0 ▁July ▁ 1 9 4 5 , ▁she ▁was ▁on ▁pick et ▁duty ▁in ▁the ▁area ▁when ▁a ▁low - f lying ▁kam ik aze ▁suicide ▁aircraft ▁crashed ▁through ▁her ▁super structure ▁and ▁fell ▁alongside , ▁its ▁bomb ▁expl oding ▁close ▁aboard . ▁Hor ace ▁A . ▁Bass ▁suffered ▁h ull ▁damage ▁and ▁ 1 4 ▁casual ties , ▁but ▁was ▁quickly ▁rep aired . ▁She ▁remained ▁off ▁Ok in awa ▁until ▁sail ing ▁north ▁toward ▁Japan ▁on ▁ 1 4 ▁August ▁ 1 9 4 5 . ▁ ▁Hor ace ▁A . ▁Bass ▁received ▁two ▁battle ▁stars ▁for ▁World ▁War ▁II ▁service , ▁for : ▁ ▁Ok in awa ▁G unto ▁Operation : ▁Ass ault ▁and ▁Occ up ation ▁of ▁Ok in awa ▁G unto ▁ 6 ▁April ▁ 1 9 4 5 ▁to ▁ 1 0 ▁April ▁ 1 9 4 5 ▁and ▁ 2 5 ▁April ▁ 1 9 4 5 ▁to ▁ 3 0 ▁June ▁ 1 9 4 5 ▁Third ▁Fleet ▁Operations ▁Against ▁Japan ▁ 1 0 ▁July ▁ 1 9 4 5 ▁to ▁ 1 5 ▁August ▁ 1 9 4 5 ▁ ▁Pe ac etime ▁service , ▁ 1 9 4 5 - 1 9 5 0 ▁After ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁host ilities ▁with ▁Japan ▁on ▁ 1 5 ▁August ▁ 1 9 4 5 , ▁Hor ace ▁A
. ▁Bass ▁remained ▁off ▁Japan ▁with ▁United ▁States ▁Third ▁Fleet ▁units ▁until ▁the ▁ships ▁triumph antly ▁entered ▁Tokyo ▁Bay ▁on ▁ 2 7 ▁August ▁ 1 9 4 5 . ▁Hor ace ▁A . ▁Bass ▁took ▁part ▁in ▁' the ▁occupation ▁of ▁the ▁giant ▁Y ok os u ka ▁Naval ▁Base , ▁furn ishing ▁the ▁prize ▁crew ▁which ▁took ▁possession ▁of ▁battles hip ▁Nag ato , ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁very ▁few ▁major ▁ships ▁left ▁to ▁the ▁Imperial ▁Japanese ▁Navy . ▁Hor ace ▁A . ▁Bass ▁remained ▁at ▁Y ok os u ka ▁assist ing ▁in ▁the ▁occupation ▁until ▁sail ing ▁for ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁on ▁ 1 4 ▁January ▁ 1 9 4 6 . ▁ ▁Hor ace ▁A . ▁Bass ▁arrived ▁at ▁San ▁Francisco , ▁California , ▁on ▁ 7 ▁February ▁ 1 9 4 6 . ▁She ▁was ▁in ▁over ha ul ▁at ▁the ▁M are ▁Island ▁Navy ▁Y ard , ▁Val le jo , ▁California , ▁from ▁ 1 1 ▁February ▁ 1 9 4 6 ▁to ▁ 1 0 ▁April ▁ 1 9 4 6 , ▁then ▁spent ▁the ▁remainder ▁of ▁ 1 9 4 6 ▁in ▁the ▁San ▁Diego ▁area ▁on ▁training ▁operations . ▁She ▁s ailed ▁again ▁for ▁the ▁Far ▁East ▁on ▁ 2 7 ▁January ▁ 1 9 4 7 , ▁this ▁time ▁to ▁support ▁American ▁efforts ▁to ▁stabil ize ▁the ▁volatile ▁situation ▁in ▁China ▁due ▁to ▁the ▁civil ▁war ▁there . ▁Ar riving ▁at ▁T sing ta o , ▁China , ▁on ▁ 5 ▁March
▁ 1 9 4 7 , ▁Hor ace ▁A . ▁Bass ▁acted ▁as ▁a ▁station ▁ship ▁until ▁sail ing ▁again ▁for ▁San ▁Diego ▁on ▁ 3 0 ▁July ▁ 1 9 4 7 . ▁She ▁spent ▁the ▁second ▁half ▁of ▁ 1 9 4 7 ▁on ▁training ▁exercises ▁in ▁California ▁waters , ▁and ▁in ▁early ▁ 1 9 4 8 ▁she ▁operated ▁off ▁the ▁coast ▁of ▁Mexico . ▁She ▁proceed ed ▁to ▁China ▁again ▁on ▁ 1 6 ▁June ▁ 1 9 4 8 , ▁and ▁again ▁served ▁as ▁station ▁ship ▁at ▁Hong ▁Kong ▁and ▁T sing ta o , ▁occasionally ▁sail ing ▁to ▁the ▁Marshall ▁Islands ▁and ▁Gu am . ▁As ▁commun ist ▁troops ▁began ▁to ▁gain ▁the ▁upper ▁hand ▁in ▁the ▁Chinese ▁Civil ▁War , ▁Hor ace ▁A . ▁Bass ▁evac uated ▁civ ilians ▁of ▁several ▁nations ▁from ▁N ank ing ▁in ▁November ▁ 1 9 4 8 . ▁She ▁depart ed ▁China ▁on ▁ 1 ▁December ▁ 1 9 4 8 , ▁arriving ▁at ▁San ▁Diego ▁on ▁ 2 1 ▁December ▁ 1 9 4 8 ▁for ▁repairs ▁and ▁training . ▁ ▁After ▁exercises ▁off ▁San ▁Diego ▁and ▁a ▁large ▁am ph ib ious ▁war fare ▁training ▁assault ▁in ▁Hawaii , ▁Hor ace ▁A . ▁Bass ''' ▁s ailed ▁from ▁Hawaii ▁on ▁ 1 4 ▁November ▁ 1 9 4 9 ▁for ▁another ▁tour ▁of ▁duty ▁in ▁China . ▁Ar riving ▁at ▁Hong ▁Kong ▁on ▁ 3 0 ▁November ▁ 1 9 4 9 , ▁she ▁remained ▁in ▁waters ▁off
▁China ▁and ▁Sout heast ▁Asian ▁countries ▁to ▁protect ▁American ▁interests ▁in ▁the ▁area , ▁arriving ▁at ▁San ▁Diego ▁on ▁ 1 2 ▁June ▁ 1 9 5 0 . ▁ ▁Korean ▁War ▁service ▁ 1 9 5 0 - 1 9 5 3 ▁With ▁the ▁outbreak ▁of ▁the ▁Korean ▁War ▁on ▁ 2 5 ▁June ▁ 1 9 5 0 , ▁American ▁naval ▁power ▁moved ▁swift ly ▁into ▁the ▁Far ▁East ▁to ▁support ▁land ▁operations . ▁Hor ace ▁A . ▁Bass ▁s ailed ▁on ▁ 1 4 ▁July ▁ 1 9 5 0 ▁to ▁join ▁the ▁fleet ▁units ▁already ▁deployed ▁off ▁Korea , ▁arriving ▁ 2 ▁August ▁ 1 9 5 0 ▁with ▁troops ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 nd ▁Marine ▁Division . ▁Under water ▁Dem ol ition ▁Te ams ▁and ▁Marine ▁Re con naissance ▁units ▁were ▁assigned ▁to ▁her , ▁and ▁she ▁moved ▁to ▁the ▁eastern ▁coast ▁of ▁North ▁Korea ▁to ▁carry ▁out ▁ra ids ▁on ▁Communist ▁supply ▁lines . ▁Between ▁ 1 1 ▁August ▁ 1 9 5 0 ▁and ▁ 1 7 ▁August ▁ 1 9 5 0 ▁she ▁made ▁three ▁successful ▁ra ids , ▁destroying ▁three ▁tunn els ▁and ▁two ▁br idges . ▁Hor ace ▁A . ▁Bass ▁also ▁conducted ▁shore ▁bomb ard ments ▁during ▁day light ▁hours . ▁ ▁As ▁United ▁Nations ▁forces ▁prepared ▁to ▁go ▁on ▁the ▁offensive , ▁Hor ace ▁A . ▁Bass ▁played ▁an ▁important ▁part ▁in ▁the ▁planning ▁for ▁the ▁upcoming ▁In ch on ▁operation . ▁Her ▁ra iding ▁parties ▁recon no iter ed ▁possible
▁landing ▁be aches ▁between ▁ 2 0 ▁August ▁ 1 9 5 0 ▁and ▁ 2 5 ▁August ▁ 1 9 5 0 , ▁and ▁depart ed ▁P us an ▁on ▁ 1 2 ▁September ▁ 1 9 5 0 ▁for ▁the ▁main ▁In ch on ▁assault . ▁Hor ace ▁A . ▁Bass ▁put ▁her ▁troops ▁ash ore ▁in ▁the ▁first ▁wave ▁on ▁ 1 5 ▁September ▁ 1 9 5 0 , ▁as ▁the ▁extremely ▁successful ▁am ph ib ious ▁operation ▁suddenly ▁revers ed ▁the ▁course ▁of ▁the ▁war . ▁ ▁As ▁United ▁Nations ▁troops ▁pushed ▁north ward , ▁Howard ▁A . ▁Bass ▁res umed ▁her ▁ra iding ▁duties , ▁making ▁two ▁attacks ▁on ▁tunn els ▁and ▁br idges ▁near ▁Song j in ▁between ▁ 6 ▁October ▁ 1 9 5 0 ▁and ▁ 8 ▁October ▁ 1 9 5 0 . ▁For ▁this ▁operation ▁Hor ace ▁A . ▁Bass ▁carried ▁Royal ▁Marine ▁Command os . ▁Late ▁in ▁October ▁ 1 9 5 0 ▁she ▁took ▁part ▁in ▁operations ▁to ▁clear ▁the ▁port ▁of ▁W ons an ▁for ▁another ▁landing , ▁assist ing ▁mines we eping ▁groups . ▁She ▁then ▁spent ▁three ▁months ▁on ▁beach ▁survey ▁duty ▁before ▁sail ing ▁for ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁on ▁ 2 8 ▁January ▁ 1 9 5 1 . ▁For ▁this ▁highly ▁successful ▁tour ▁of ▁duty , ▁Hor ace ▁A . ▁Bass ▁and ▁her ▁special ▁operations ▁group ▁received ▁the ▁Navy ▁Unit ▁Comm end ation . Hor ace ▁A . ▁Bass ▁ste amed ▁toward ▁Korea ▁again ▁on
▁ 2 4 ▁September ▁ 1 9 5 1 , ▁and ▁after ▁stopping ▁at ▁Y ok os u ka ▁res umed ▁bomb ard ment ▁and ▁ra iding ▁duties ▁along ▁the ▁coast ▁of ▁North ▁Korea . ▁In ▁ 1 4 ▁separate ▁ra ids ▁with ▁American , ▁British , ▁and ▁Republic ▁of ▁Korea ▁landing ▁parties , ▁Hor ace ▁A . ▁Bass ▁did ▁much ▁to ▁interrupt ▁the ▁all - important ▁supply ▁lines ▁from ▁the ▁north , ▁which ▁proved ▁vulnerable ▁to ▁mobile ▁forces ▁af loat . ▁She ▁completed ▁her ▁second ▁tour ▁of ▁duty ▁in ▁Korea ▁on ▁ 3 ▁July ▁ 1 9 5 2 , ▁when ▁she ▁s ailed ▁from ▁Y ok os u ka . ▁She ▁arrived ▁at ▁San ▁Diego ▁on ▁ 2 0 ▁July ▁ 1 9 5 2 . Hor ace ▁A . ▁Bass ▁spent ▁the ▁next ▁year ▁in ▁operations ▁off ▁the ▁California ▁coast , ▁but ▁s ailed ▁on ▁ 1 5 ▁July ▁ 1 9 5 3 ▁for ▁her ▁third ▁tour ▁of ▁Korean ▁duty . ▁The ▁Korean ▁War ▁ended ▁later ▁that ▁month ▁while ▁she ▁was ▁en ▁route . Hor ace ▁A . ▁Bass ▁received ▁six ▁battle ▁stars ▁in ▁addition ▁to ▁her ▁Navy ▁Unit ▁Comm end ation ▁for ▁Korean ▁War ▁service . ▁The ▁battle ▁stars ▁were ▁for : ▁ ▁North ▁Korean ▁A gg ression ▁ 8 ▁September ▁ 1 9 5 0 ▁to ▁ 2 ▁November ▁ 1 9 5 0 ▁Communist ▁China ▁A gg ression ▁ 4 ▁November ▁ 1 9 5 0 ▁to ▁ 2 3 ▁January ▁ 1 9 5 1
▁In ch on ▁Land ing ▁ 1 3 ▁September ▁ 1 9 5 0 ▁to ▁ 1 6 ▁September ▁ 1 9 5 0 ▁United ▁Nations ▁Summer - Fall ▁Off ensive ▁ 2 7 ▁November ▁ 1 9 5 1 ▁ ▁Second ▁Korean ▁Winter ▁ 2 8 ▁November ▁ 1 9 5 1 ▁to ▁ 5 ▁December ▁ 1 9 5 1 , ▁ 7 ▁December ▁ 1 9 5 1 ▁to ▁ 2 2 ▁December ▁ 1 9 5 1 , ▁ 9 ▁January ▁ 1 9 5 2 ▁to ▁ 1 3 ▁January ▁ 1 9 5 2 , ▁ 2 0 ▁January ▁ 1 9 5 2 ▁to ▁ 2 5 ▁January ▁ 1 9 5 2 , ▁ 1 ▁February ▁ 1 9 5 2 ▁to ▁ 4 ▁February ▁ 1 9 5 2 , ▁ 2 9 ▁February ▁ 1 9 5 2 ▁to ▁ 3 0 ▁March ▁ 1 9 5 2 , ▁and ▁ 1 9 ▁April ▁ 1 9 5 2 ▁to ▁ 3 0 ▁April ▁ 1 9 5 2 ▁Korean ▁Defense ▁Summer - Fall ▁ 1 9 5 2 ▁ 1 ▁May ▁ 1 9 5 2 ▁to ▁ 5 ▁May ▁ 1 9 5 2 , ▁ 3 0 ▁May ▁ 1 9 5 2 ▁to ▁ 1 3 ▁June ▁ 1 9 5 2 , ▁and ▁▁ 1 0 ▁June ▁ 1 9 5 2 ▁to ▁ 2 5 ▁June ▁ 1 9 5 2 ▁ ▁Pe ac etime ▁service ▁
1 9 5 3 - 1 9 6 9 ▁Upon ▁her ▁arrival ▁at ▁Y ok os u ka ▁on ▁ 3 ▁August ▁ 1 9 5 0 , ▁Hor ace ▁A . ▁Bass ▁became ▁flag ship ▁of ▁an ▁am ph ib ious ▁control ▁squad ron , ▁and ▁took ▁part ▁in ▁various ▁training ▁land ings ▁in ▁Japan . ▁She ▁also ▁conducted ▁three ▁survey ▁operations ▁and ▁two ▁demol ition ▁assignments ▁on ▁the ▁Korean ▁coast , ▁where ▁the ▁arm ist ice ▁was ▁now ▁in ▁effect . ▁She ▁visited ▁other ▁Pacific ▁ports ▁during ▁this ▁period ▁before ▁depart ing ▁Y ok os u ka ▁on ▁ 5 ▁April ▁ 1 9 5 4 . ▁ ▁She ▁operated ▁off ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁West ▁Coast ▁on ▁training ▁cru ises ▁and ▁ant is ub mar ine ▁exercises ▁until ▁getting ▁under way ▁for ▁the ▁Far ▁East ▁again ▁on ▁ 2 3 ▁October ▁ 1 9 5 4 . ▁She ▁carried ▁on ▁practice ▁land ings ▁in ▁South ▁Korea ▁and ▁took ▁part ▁in ▁fleet ▁exercises ▁until ▁February ▁ 1 9 5 5 , ▁when ▁she ▁moved ▁to ▁the ▁Taiwan ▁Str ait ▁to ▁evac uate ▁National ist ▁Chinese ▁troops ▁from ▁the ▁T achen ▁Islands . ▁With ▁this ▁important ▁Cold ▁War ▁operation ▁over , ▁Hor ace ▁A . ▁Bass ▁ste amed ▁to ▁Ha iph ong , ▁French ▁Ind och ina , ▁on ▁ 2 6 ▁February ▁ 1 9 5 5 ▁to ▁take ▁part ▁in ▁Operation ▁Pass age ▁to ▁Freedom , ▁as ▁thousands ▁of ▁Viet names e ▁from ▁the ▁north ▁fled ▁the ▁advance ▁of ▁Communist ▁forces
. ▁The ▁transport ing ▁of ▁these ▁civ ilians ▁to ▁the ▁south ▁was ▁completed ▁on ▁ 2 0 ▁March ▁ 1 9 5 5 , ▁and ▁Hor ace ▁A . ▁Bass ▁was ▁under way ▁from ▁S ase bo , ▁Japan , ▁on ▁ 4 ▁April ▁ 1 9 5 5 , ▁bound ▁for ▁San ▁Diego . ▁ ▁After ▁her ▁arrival ▁Hor ace ▁A . ▁Bass ▁was ▁transferred ▁to ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Atlantic ▁Fleet , ▁trans iting ▁the ▁Pan ama ▁Canal ▁between ▁ 2 ▁June ▁ 1 9 5 5 ▁and ▁ 4 ▁June ▁ 1 9 5 5 ▁and ▁arriving ▁at ▁Philadelphia , ▁Pennsylvania , ▁on ▁ 1 0 ▁June ▁ 1 9 5 5 . ▁She ▁was ▁then ▁assigned ▁to ▁the ▁ 4 th ▁Naval ▁District ▁as ▁a ▁United ▁States ▁Naval ▁Reserve ▁training ▁ship . ▁ ▁During ▁the ▁years ▁that ▁followed , ▁Hor ace ▁A . ▁Bass ▁made ▁short ▁cru ises ▁with ▁naval ▁reserv ists ▁to ▁Caribbean ▁ports , ▁Nova ▁Scot ia , ▁and ▁New found land , ▁helping ▁to ▁maintain ▁the ▁skills ▁of ▁hundreds ▁of ▁reserve ▁officers ▁and ▁men . Hor ace ▁A . ▁Bass ▁arrived ▁at ▁Orange , ▁Texas , ▁on ▁ 3 ▁November ▁ 1 9 5 8 , ▁and ▁de comm ission ed ▁there ▁on ▁ 9 ▁February ▁ 1 9 5 9 . ▁She ▁entered ▁the ▁Atlantic ▁Reserve ▁Fleet ▁at ▁Orange . ▁ ▁She ▁was ▁recomm ission ed ▁at ▁an ▁un record ed ▁date . ▁She ▁was ▁re design ated ▁as ▁an ▁" am ph ib ious ▁transport
, ▁small " ▁and ▁L PR - 1 2 4 ▁on ▁ 1 ▁January ▁ 1 9 6 9 . ▁ ▁De comm ission ing ▁and ▁dispos al Hor ace ▁A . ▁Bass ▁was ▁de comm ission ed ▁on ▁ 3 0 ▁July ▁ 1 9 6 9 ▁ ▁and ▁str icken ▁from ▁the ▁Naval ▁Register ▁on ▁ 1 5 ▁September ▁ 1 9 7 4 . ▁She ▁was ▁sold ▁for ▁scr apping ▁on ▁ 1 1 ▁August ▁ 1 9 7 5 ▁to ▁J . ▁R . ▁Steel , ▁Inc . ▁of ▁Houston , ▁Texas , ▁for ▁$ 7 9 , 0 0 2 ▁( US D ). ▁ ▁Notes ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁USS ▁Hor ace ▁A . ▁Bass ▁( L PR - 1 2 4 ) ▁ex ▁USS ▁Hor ace ▁A . ▁Bass ▁( AP D - 1 2 4 ) ▁( 1 9 4 4 ▁- ▁ 1 9 6 8 ) ▁C hes ne au , ▁Roger , ▁Ed . ▁Con ways ▁All ▁the ▁World s ▁Fight ing ▁Sh ips ▁ 1 9 2 2 - 1 9 4 6 ' '. ▁London : ▁Con way ▁Mar itime ▁Press ▁Ltd ., ▁ 1 9 8 0 . ▁. ▁ ▁Category : C ros ley - class ▁high ▁speed ▁trans ports ▁Category : World ▁War ▁II ▁am ph ib ious ▁war fare ▁vessels ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Category : C old ▁War ▁am ph ib ious ▁war fare ▁vessels ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Category : K ore an ▁War
▁am ph ib ious ▁war fare ▁vessels ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Category : Un ited ▁States ▁Navy ▁Virginia - related ▁ships ▁Category : Ship s ▁built ▁in ▁Qu inc y , ▁Massachusetts ▁Category : 1 9 4 4 ▁ships <0x0A> </s> ▁Sim pson ▁Ob ed ▁( born ▁ 1 7 ▁September ▁ 1 9 8 9 ) ▁is ▁a ▁Van u at uan ▁cr ick eter . ▁He ▁played ▁in ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 5 ▁I CC ▁World ▁Cr icket ▁League ▁Division ▁Six ▁tournament . ▁ ▁In ▁March ▁ 2 0 1 8 , ▁he ▁was ▁named ▁in ▁Van u atu ' s ▁squad ▁for ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 8 ▁I CC ▁World ▁Cr icket ▁League ▁Division ▁Four ▁tournament ▁in ▁Malaysia . ▁He ▁made ▁his ▁Twenty 2 0 ▁International ▁( T 2 0 I ) ▁debut ▁for ▁Van u atu ▁against ▁Pap ua ▁New ▁Gu inea ▁on ▁ 2 2 ▁March ▁ 2 0 1 9 . ▁ ▁In ▁June ▁ 2 0 1 9 , ▁he ▁was ▁selected ▁to ▁represent ▁the ▁Van u atu ▁cricket ▁team ▁in ▁the ▁men ' s ▁tournament ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 9 ▁Pacific ▁Games . ▁In ▁Van u atu ' s ▁opening ▁match ▁of ▁the ▁tournament , ▁against ▁New ▁Cal ed onia , ▁Ob ed ▁took ▁five ▁w ickets ▁for ▁ten ▁runs . ▁New ▁Cal ed onia ▁scored ▁ 2 3 ▁runs , ▁with ▁Van u atu ▁winning ▁by ▁ 1 0 ▁w ickets . ▁In ▁September ▁ 2 0 1 9 ,
▁he ▁was ▁named ▁in ▁Van u atu ' s ▁squad ▁for ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 9 ▁Malaysia ▁Cr icket ▁World ▁Cup ▁Challenge ▁League ▁A ▁tournament . ▁He ▁made ▁his ▁List ▁A ▁debut ▁for ▁Van u atu , ▁against ▁Canada , ▁in ▁the ▁Cr icket ▁World ▁Cup ▁Challenge ▁League ▁A ▁tournament ▁on ▁ 1 7 ▁September ▁ 2 0 1 9 . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁▁▁ ▁Category : 1 9 8 9 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : V an u at uan ▁cr ick eters ▁Category : V an u atu ▁Twenty 2 0 ▁International ▁cr ick eters ▁Category : Place ▁of ▁birth ▁missing ▁( l iving ▁people ) <0x0A> </s> ▁K ry š to f ov y ▁Ham ry ▁() ▁is ▁a ▁village ▁and ▁municip ality ▁( ob ec ) ▁in ▁Ch om ut ov ▁District ▁in ▁the ▁Ú st í ▁nad ▁Lab em ▁Region ▁of ▁the ▁Czech ▁Republic . ▁ ▁The ▁municip ality ▁covers ▁an ▁area ▁of ▁, ▁and ▁has ▁a ▁population ▁of ▁ 9 6 ▁( as ▁at ▁ 2 8 Aug ust ▁ 2 0 0 6 ). ▁ ▁K ry š to f ov y ▁Ham ry ▁lies ▁approximately ▁ ▁west ▁of ▁Ch om ut ov , ▁ ▁west ▁of ▁Ú st í ▁nad ▁Lab em , ▁and ▁ ▁north - west ▁of ▁Pr ague . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁Czech ▁Stat ist ical ▁Office : ▁Municipal ities ▁of ▁Ch om ut ov ▁District ▁ ▁Category : V ill ages
▁in ▁Ch om ut ov ▁District ▁Category : H am mer ▁mill s ▁Category : Met al ▁companies ▁of ▁the ▁Czech ▁Republic <0x0A> </s> ▁T ribute ▁is ▁a ▁live ▁album ▁by ▁American ▁pian ist ▁Keith ▁Jar rett ' s ▁" Stand ards ▁T rio " ▁featuring ▁Gary ▁Pe ac ock ▁and ▁Jack ▁De J oh net te ▁recorded ▁in ▁concert ▁in ▁October , ▁ 1 9 8 9 ▁at ▁the ▁Phil harm onie ▁in ▁ ▁C olog ne ▁( K ö ln ), ▁West ▁Germany ▁and ▁released ▁on ▁the ▁E CM ▁label . ▁ ▁Re ception ▁The ▁All mus ic ▁review ▁by ▁Richard ▁S . ▁G in ell ▁awarded ▁the ▁album ▁ 4 ½ ▁stars ▁and ▁states , ▁" While ▁the ▁Stand ards ▁T rio ▁rarely ▁takes ▁anything ▁for ▁granted , ▁transform ing ▁everything ▁in ▁its ▁path , ▁the ▁results ▁are ▁not ▁quite ▁as ▁invent ive ▁here ▁as ▁on ▁other ▁releases ". ▁ ▁Track ▁listing ▁▁ ▁" L over ▁Man " ▁[ ded icated ▁to ▁Lee ▁Kon itz ] ▁( J im my ▁Davis , ▁Ram ▁Ram ire z , ▁James ▁Sher man ) ▁- ▁▁ 1 3 : 1 4 ▁▁▁ ▁" I ▁H ear ▁a ▁R haps ody " ▁[ ded icated ▁to ▁Jim ▁Hall ] ▁( Jack ▁Baker , ▁George ▁Fr ag os , ▁Dick ▁Gas par re ) ▁- ▁ 1 1 : 1 9 ▁▁▁ ▁" L ittle ▁Girl ▁Blue " ▁[ ded icated ▁to ▁Nancy ▁Wilson ] ▁( L oren z ▁Hart , ▁Richard ▁Rod gers )
▁- ▁ 6 : 0 5 ▁▁▁ ▁" S olar " ▁[ ded icated ▁to ▁Bill ▁Evans ] ▁( M iles ▁Davis ) ▁- ▁ 9 : 3 2 ▁▁▁ ▁" Sun ▁Pray er " ▁( Ke ith ▁Jar rett ) ▁- ▁ 1 4 : 1 5 ▁▁▁ ▁" Just ▁in ▁Time " ▁[ ded icated ▁to ▁Son ny ▁Roll ins ] ▁( Bet ty ▁Com den , ▁Ad olph ▁Green , ▁J ule ▁St y ne ) ▁- ▁ 1 0 : 0 7 ▁▁▁ ▁" Sm oke ▁Gets ▁in ▁Your ▁E yes " ▁[ ded icated ▁to ▁Cole man ▁Haw kins ] ▁( O tto ▁Har bach , ▁Jer ome ▁K ern ) ▁- ▁ 8 : 2 6 ▁▁▁ ▁" All ▁of ▁You " ▁[ ded icated ▁to ▁Miles ▁Davis ] ▁( C ole ▁P orter ) ▁- ▁ 8 : 0 8 ▁▁▁ ▁" B all ad ▁of ▁the ▁Sad ▁Young ▁Men " ▁[ ded icated ▁to ▁An ita ▁O ' Day ] ▁( Fr an ▁Landes man , ▁Tommy ▁Wolf ) ▁- ▁ 7 : 0 2 ▁▁▁ ▁" All ▁the ▁Things ▁You ▁Are " ▁[ ded icated ▁to ▁Charlie ▁Parker ] ▁( O scar ▁Ham mer stein ▁II , ▁Jer ome ▁K ern ) ▁- ▁ 8 : 5 7 ▁▁▁ ▁" It ' s ▁Easy ▁to ▁Remember " ▁[ ded icated ▁to ▁John ▁Col tr ane ] ▁ ▁( H art , ▁Rod gers ) ▁- ▁ 7 : 0 8 ▁▁▁ ▁" U ▁Dance
" ▁( J ar rett ) ▁- ▁ 1 0 : 4 6 ▁▁ ▁Record ed ▁in ▁concert ▁at ▁the ▁Phil harm onie ▁in ▁C olog ne ▁( K ö ln ), ▁West ▁Germany ▁on ▁October ▁ 1 5 , ▁ 1 9 8 9 ▁ ▁Person nel ▁Keith ▁Jar rett ▁– ▁piano ▁Gary ▁Pe ac ock ▁- ▁bass ▁Jack ▁De J oh net te ▁- ▁drums ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁▁ ▁Category : Stand ards ▁T rio ▁albums ▁Category : G ary ▁Pe ac ock ▁albums ▁Category : Jack ▁De J oh net te ▁albums ▁Category : Ke ith ▁Jar rett ▁live ▁albums ▁Category : 1 9 8 9 ▁live ▁albums ▁Category : EC M ▁Records ▁live ▁albums ▁Category : Al bum s ▁produced ▁by ▁Man fred ▁E icher <0x0A> </s> ▁A ▁commercial ▁treat y ▁is ▁a ▁formal ▁agreement ▁between ▁states ▁for ▁the ▁purpose ▁of ▁establishing ▁mutual ▁rights ▁and ▁reg ulating ▁conditions ▁of ▁trade . ▁It ▁is ▁a ▁bil ateral ▁act ▁where by ▁defin ite ▁arrangements ▁are ▁entered ▁into ▁by ▁each ▁contract ing ▁party ▁towards ▁the ▁other — not ▁mere ▁con cess ions . ▁ ▁Examples ▁For ▁example , ▁the ▁M eth uen ▁Treat y ▁was ▁a ▁commercial ▁treat y ▁between ▁Portugal ▁and ▁England . ▁ ▁Another ▁example , ▁between ▁the ▁close ▁of ▁the ▁Napole onic ▁wars ▁of ▁ 1 8 1 5 ▁and ▁the ▁year ▁ 1 8 6 0 , ▁the ▁tar iff ▁system ▁of ▁Great ▁Britain ▁was ▁changed ▁from ▁elaborate ▁protection ▁to ▁practically ▁complete ▁free ▁trade . ▁An ▁attempt ▁had
▁indeed ▁been ▁made ▁in ▁ 1 7 8 6 ▁to ▁modify ▁the ▁rigid ly ▁protective ▁legislation ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 8 th ▁century . ▁In ▁that ▁year ▁Pitt ▁concluded ▁a ▁commercial ▁treat y ▁with ▁France , ▁providing ▁for ▁large ▁redu ctions ▁of ▁duties ▁in ▁both ▁countries . ▁ ▁But ▁the ▁treat y ▁was ▁swept ▁away ▁with ▁the ▁outbreak ▁of ▁the ▁wars ▁with ▁France , ▁and ▁accordingly ▁the ▁old ▁system ▁was ▁still ▁in ▁force ▁in ▁ 1 8 1 5 . ▁The ▁first ▁important ▁step , ▁and ▁in ▁some ▁respect s ▁the ▁decis ive ▁step , ▁towards ▁mod ifying ▁it ▁was ▁taken ▁in ▁ 1 8 2 4 , ▁under ▁the ▁policy ▁of ▁H usk isson . ▁In ▁that ▁year , ▁and ▁again ▁in ▁ 1 8 2 5 , ▁great ▁redu ctions ▁were ▁made ▁in ▁the ▁duties ▁on ▁raw ▁materials , ▁especially ▁on ▁wool , ▁raw ▁silk , ▁fl ax ▁and ▁iron , ▁while ▁considerable ▁redu ctions ▁were ▁also ▁made ▁in ▁the ▁duties ▁on ▁manufactured ▁goods . ▁The ▁most ▁sharply ▁cont ested ▁of ▁the ▁changes ▁was ▁in ▁regard ▁to ▁sil ks , ▁which ▁had ▁been ▁completely ▁prohib ited , ▁and ▁were ▁now ▁admitted ▁at ▁a ▁duty ▁of ▁ 3 0 ▁per ▁cent . ▁A ▁considerable ▁bre ach ▁was ▁thus ▁made ▁in ▁the ▁protective ▁system ; ▁and ▁some ▁further ▁changes ▁in ▁the ▁same ▁direction ▁were ▁made ▁in ▁the ▁next ▁decade , ▁especially ▁under ▁Lord ▁Al th orp ▁in ▁ 1 8 3 3 . ▁But ▁in ▁the ▁decade ▁from ▁ 1 8 3 0
▁to ▁ 1 8 4 0 ▁the ▁Corn ▁Law s ▁were ▁the ▁chief ▁subject ▁of ▁cont ention . ▁ ▁The ▁great ▁increase ▁in ▁population ▁since ▁the ▁middle ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 8 th ▁century ▁had ▁made ▁England ▁a ▁corn - import ing ▁country , ▁especially ▁with ▁the ▁rapid ▁growth ▁of ▁manufact ures ▁in ▁the ▁early ▁years ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 9 th ▁century . ▁The ▁first ▁systematic ▁Corn ▁Law s ▁im posing ▁duties ▁on ▁grain ▁had ▁been ▁passed ▁in ▁ 1 7 7 3 . ▁From ▁ 1 8 1 6 ▁on wards ▁a ▁series ▁of ▁measures ▁were ▁passed , ▁all ▁designed ▁to ▁maintain ▁the ▁high ▁price ▁of ▁grain . ▁The ▁Act ▁of ▁ 1 8 1 6 ▁prohib ited ▁the ▁import ation ▁of ▁wheat ▁when ▁the ▁price ▁was ▁less ▁than ▁ 8 0 ▁sh ill ings ▁a ▁quarter ▁( =$ 2 . 5 0 ▁a ▁bus hel ). ▁In ▁ 1 8 2 2 ▁the ▁prohib itive ▁point ▁was ▁lowered ▁to ▁ 7 0 ▁sh ill ings . ▁In ▁ 1 8 2 8 ▁the ▁sliding ▁scale ▁was ▁introduced , ▁under ▁which ▁the ▁duty ▁went ▁up ▁and ▁down ▁as ▁the ▁price ▁of ▁grain ▁went ▁down ▁and ▁up ; ▁and ▁it ▁was ▁against ▁this ▁form ▁of ▁the ▁Corn ▁Law ▁that ▁the ▁great ▁ag itation ▁led ▁by ▁Cob den ▁and ▁Bright ▁was ▁directed ▁after ▁ 1 8 3 0 . ▁For ▁a ▁long ▁time ▁the ▁anti - C orn - L aw ▁ag itation ▁seemed ▁to ▁have ▁no ▁effect , ▁although ▁conducted ▁with ▁extraordinary
▁skill ▁and ▁enthusiasm . ▁In ▁ 1 8 4 2 , ▁however , ▁Sir ▁Robert ▁Pe el ▁made ▁the ▁first ▁important ▁con cess ion , ▁by ▁mod ifying ▁the ▁sliding ▁scale , ▁his ▁opponent , ▁Lord ▁John ▁Russell , ▁having ▁proposed ▁in ▁the ▁previous ▁year ▁a ▁fixed ▁duty ▁of ▁ 8 ▁sh ill ings ▁a ▁quarter . ▁In ▁view ▁of ▁the ▁bad ▁harvest ▁of ▁ 1 8 4 5 - 4 6 , ▁and ▁the ▁fam ine ▁in ▁Ireland . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 8 4 6 , ▁Pe el ▁sur rend ered , ▁and ▁proposed ▁in ▁ 1 8 4 6 ▁the ▁admission ▁of ▁grain ▁with ▁only ▁a ▁fixed ▁duty ▁of ▁one ▁sh illing ▁a ▁quarter ▁as ▁a ▁registration ▁fee . ▁This ▁change ▁was ▁carried , ▁but ▁Pe el , ▁being ▁able ▁to ▁carry ▁only ▁a ▁fraction ▁of ▁his ▁party ▁with ▁him , ▁was ▁comp elled ▁shortly ▁afterwards ▁to ▁resign . ▁The ▁Corn ▁Law s ▁had ▁great ▁political ▁strength , ▁serving ▁as ▁they ▁did ▁the ▁interests ▁of ▁the ▁land owners , ▁whose ▁hold ▁on ▁parliament ▁was ▁still ▁very ▁strong ; ▁but ▁the ▁general ▁economic ▁situation ▁in ▁Great ▁Britain , ▁from ▁the ▁rapid ▁growth ▁of ▁the ▁manufacturing ▁population ▁and ▁the ▁imper ative ▁need ▁of ▁more ▁food , ▁made ▁the ▁abol ition ▁inevitable . ▁After ▁having ▁been ▁maintained ▁till ▁the ▁middle ▁of ▁the ▁century , ▁apparently ▁with ▁ir res ist ible ▁support , ▁they ▁suddenly ▁collapsed ▁under ▁the ▁strain ▁of ▁a ▁season ▁of ▁exception ally ▁short ▁crops . ▁Both ▁their ▁continued ▁maintenance ▁and ▁their
▁final ▁sudden ▁abol ition ▁are ▁in ▁some ▁respect s ▁diver gent ▁from ▁the ▁general ▁course ▁of ▁British ▁tar iff ▁history . ▁ ▁Further ▁reading ▁ ▁Bar cl ay , ▁T ., ▁B earing ▁and ▁Import ance ▁of ▁Commercial ▁Treat ies ▁in ▁the ▁Tw entieth ▁Century ▁( 1 9 0 6 ) ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁International ▁investment ▁agreement ▁Free ▁trade ▁agreement ▁ ▁Re ferences <0x0A> </s> ▁" G iving ▁You ▁the ▁Best ▁That ▁I ▁Got " ▁is ▁a ▁ 1 9 8 8 ▁song ▁by ▁American ▁R & B ▁recording ▁artist ▁An ita ▁Baker . ▁The ▁song ▁appears ▁on ▁Baker ' s ▁album ▁of ▁the ▁same ▁name , ▁which ▁was ▁released ▁in ▁the ▁fall ▁of ▁that ▁year . ▁The ▁song ▁was ▁written ▁by ▁Baker , ▁Skip ▁Scar borough ▁and ▁R andy ▁Holland . ▁ ▁Chart ▁performance ▁The ▁song ▁was ▁Baker ' s ▁highest ▁chart ing ▁hit ▁on ▁the ▁Bill board ▁Hot ▁ 1 0 0 , ▁where ▁it ▁pe aked ▁at ▁number ▁three ▁in ▁December ▁ 1 9 8 8 . ▁It ▁also ▁spent ▁two ▁weeks ▁at ▁number ▁one ▁on ▁the ▁Bill board ▁R & B ▁chart ▁in ▁November ▁ 1 9 8 8 , ▁Baker ' s ▁first ▁number ▁one ▁on ▁this ▁t ally . ▁In ▁addition , ▁the ▁song ▁spent ▁one ▁week ▁at op ▁the ▁Bill board ▁adult ▁contemporary ▁chart ▁in ▁December ▁ 1 9 8 8 . ▁ ▁Awards ▁The ▁song ▁" G iving ▁You ▁the ▁Best ▁That ▁I ▁Got " ▁was ▁released ▁prior ▁to ▁the ▁Gram my ▁Awards ▁el ig
ibility ▁cut off ▁date ▁of ▁September ▁ 3 0 , ▁allowing ▁it ▁to ▁be ▁nominated ▁for ▁four ▁awards ▁at ▁the ▁Gram my ▁Awards ▁of ▁ 1 9 8 9 . ▁The ▁song ▁won ▁in ▁the ▁categories ▁Best ▁R & B ▁V ocal ▁Performance , ▁Fem ale ▁and ▁Best ▁R & B ▁Song ; ▁it ▁was ▁also ▁nominated ▁for ▁both ▁Record ▁of ▁the ▁Year ▁and ▁Song ▁of ▁the ▁Year . ▁The ▁album ▁G iving ▁You ▁the ▁Best ▁That ▁I ▁Got ▁was ▁released ▁in ▁October ▁ 1 9 8 8 , ▁meaning ▁that ▁it ▁would ▁not ▁be ▁eligible ▁for ▁Gram my ▁consideration ▁until ▁the ▁ 1 9 9 0 ▁ceremony . ▁There , ▁Baker ' s ▁album ▁won ▁in ▁the ▁category ▁Best ▁Fem ale ▁R & B ▁V ocal ▁Performance , ▁earning ▁her ▁the ▁same ▁award ▁two ▁years ▁running ▁for ▁a ▁song ▁and ▁album ▁of ▁the ▁same ▁title . ▁ ▁Song writer ▁Skip ▁Scar borough ▁had ▁offered ▁the ▁song ▁to ▁various ▁sing ers , ▁including ▁Howard ▁He w ett , ▁without ▁success . ▁Prior ▁to ▁recording ▁the ▁song , ▁Baker ▁made ▁some ▁changes ▁to ▁the ▁original , ▁including ▁impro v ising ▁a ▁sc at ▁opening ▁and ▁request ing ▁that ▁the ▁tempo ▁of ▁the ▁song ▁be ▁increased . ▁ ▁In ▁popular ▁culture ▁ ▁The ▁song ▁was ▁featured ▁in ▁a ▁season ▁ 1 0 ▁episode ▁of ▁K not s ▁Land ing . ▁The ▁song ▁was ▁also ▁used ▁in ▁a ▁late ▁ 1 9 8 8 ▁episode ▁of ▁the ▁US ▁day time ▁soap ▁opera ▁All ▁My ▁Children ▁as
▁well ▁as ▁a ▁ 1 9 8 9 ▁episode ▁of ▁Gu iding ▁Light ▁. ▁ ▁Ch arts ▁ ▁Week ly ▁charts ▁ ▁Year - end ▁charts ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁List ▁of ▁number - one ▁R & B ▁singles ▁of ▁ 1 9 8 8 ▁( U . S .) ▁List ▁of ▁number - one ▁adult ▁contemporary ▁singles ▁of ▁ 1 9 8 8 ▁( U . S .) ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁Single ▁release ▁info ▁at ▁disc ogs . com ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 8 8 ▁singles ▁Category : An ita ▁Baker ▁songs ▁Category : Billboard ▁Hot ▁R & B / H ip - H op ▁Songs ▁number - one ▁singles ▁Category : Billboard ▁Adult ▁Cont emporary ▁number - one ▁singles ▁Category : S ongs ▁written ▁by ▁Skip ▁Scar borough ▁Category : S ongs ▁written ▁by ▁An ita ▁Baker ▁Category : 1 9 8 8 ▁songs ▁Category : Cont emporary ▁R & B ▁ball ads ▁Category : 1 9 8 0 s ▁ball ads ▁Category : E le k tra ▁Records ▁singles <0x0A> </s> ▁Arthur ▁F . ▁Turner ▁was ▁president ▁of ▁the ▁Opt ical ▁Society ▁of ▁America ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 8 . ▁He ▁is ▁well ▁known ▁for ▁his ▁contributions ▁to ▁the ▁field ▁of ▁optical ▁thin - film ▁coat ings . ▁He ▁was ▁awarded ▁the ▁Technical ▁Oscar ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 9 ▁for ▁the ▁Bal c old ▁projection ▁mirror , ▁and ▁the ▁Freder ic ▁I ves ▁Medal ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 1 . ▁ ▁See ▁also
▁Opt ical ▁Society ▁of ▁America # P ast ▁Pres idents ▁of ▁the ▁O SA ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁ ▁Art icles ▁Published ▁by ▁early ▁O SA ▁Pres idents ▁Journal ▁of ▁the ▁Opt ical ▁Society ▁of ▁America ▁ ▁Category : Opt icians ▁Category : Pres idents ▁of ▁the ▁Opt ical ▁Society ▁Category : 2 1 st - century ▁American ▁phys ic ists ▁Category : Opt ical ▁phys ic ists ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : Year ▁of ▁birth ▁missing ▁( l iving ▁people ) <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Mac ara o ▁National ▁Park ▁() ▁Is ▁a ▁protected ▁area ▁with ▁the ▁status ▁of ▁a ▁national ▁park ▁located ▁in ▁the ▁Mac ara o , ▁San ▁Pedro ▁and ▁Jar illo ▁rivers , ▁in ▁the ▁north ▁of ▁the ▁South ▁American ▁country ▁of ▁Venezuela . ▁Its ▁extension ▁of ▁ 1 5 , 0 0 0 ▁he ct ares ▁covers ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁Capital ▁District ▁and ▁Mir anda ▁State . ▁The ▁area ▁was ▁declared ▁National ▁Park ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 3 . ▁ ▁It ▁const itutes ▁a ▁zone ▁of ▁protection ▁of ▁hydro graph ic ▁resources ▁that ▁cont ributes ▁to ▁satisfy ▁the ▁drinking ▁water ▁needs ▁of ▁the ▁city ▁of ▁Car ac as . ▁ ▁It ▁is ▁characterized ▁by ▁a ▁mountain ous ▁relief ▁that ▁forms ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁Cord ill era ▁de ▁la ▁Costa , ▁the ▁highest ▁point ▁of ▁which ▁is ▁the ▁Al to ▁de ▁ Ñ o ▁Le ón . ▁It ▁has ▁facilities ▁to ▁facilitate ▁sports , ▁scientific ▁and ▁educational ▁ex curs ions . ▁ ▁Gallery ▁
▁See ▁also ▁List ▁of ▁national ▁parks ▁of ▁Venezuela ▁M och ima ▁National ▁Park ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : National ▁parks ▁of ▁Venezuela ▁Category : Prote cted ▁areas ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 3 <0x0A> </s> ▁Wat ▁Th am kr ab ok ▁( , ▁literally ▁Temple ▁of ▁the ▁B amb oo ▁C ave ) ▁is ▁a ▁Budd hist ▁temple ▁( w at ) ▁in ▁Thailand , ▁located ▁in ▁the ▁Ph ra ▁Ph ut th ab at ▁district ▁of ▁Sar ab uri ▁Province , ▁Thailand . ▁ ▁The ▁temple ▁was ▁first ▁established ▁as ▁a ▁monaster y ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 7 ▁by ▁the ▁Budd hist ▁nun ▁M ian ▁P arn ch and ▁( gener ally ▁known ▁as ▁Lu ang ▁Por ▁Y ai ) ▁and ▁her ▁two ▁nep he ws , ▁Ch am ro on ▁and ▁Char oen ▁P arn ch and , ▁who ▁had ▁both ▁ord ained ▁as ▁mon ks ▁at ▁Wat ▁Kh long ▁M ao ▁in ▁L op b uri ▁Province , ▁Thailand . ▁Lu ang ▁Por ▁Ch am ro on , ▁a ▁former ▁Th ai ▁polic eman , ▁was ▁the ▁first ▁ab bot , ▁although ▁Wat ▁Th am kr ab ok ▁is ▁not ▁officially ▁a ▁Budd hist ▁temple , ▁but ▁is ▁a ▁" Sam nak ▁Song ", ▁because ▁it ▁follows ▁the ▁teach ings ▁of ▁Lu ang ▁Por ▁Y ai , ▁a ▁woman . ▁Still , ▁the ▁entrance ▁claims ▁it ▁is ▁a ▁temple ▁or ▁Wat . ▁ ▁The ▁temple ▁is ▁maj estic ▁in ▁its ▁appearance , ▁with ▁two ▁ele ph ants
▁supporting ▁a ▁globe ▁mark ing ▁its ▁entrance . ▁There ▁are ▁many ▁large ▁Budd ha ▁images ▁on ▁the ▁temple ▁grounds . ▁ ▁H mong ▁refugees ▁ ▁Following ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁Vietnam ▁War , ▁in ▁the ▁late ▁ 1 9 7 0 s , ▁Wat ▁Th am kr ab ok ▁hosted ▁H mong ▁refugees ▁in ▁a ▁camp ▁on ▁its ▁grounds ▁as ▁result ▁of ▁losing ▁the ▁Secret ▁War , ▁most ▁of ▁whom ▁fled ▁La os ▁alleg ing ▁that ▁they ▁were ▁per secut ed ▁by ▁the ▁commun ist ▁government ▁that ▁has ▁ruled ▁La os ▁since ▁ 1 9 7 5 . ▁Many ▁thousands ▁of ▁the ▁La ot ian ▁and ▁H mong ▁refugees ▁and ▁as yl um ▁seek ers ▁at ▁Wat ▁Th am kr ab ok ▁had ▁also ▁sought ▁refuge ▁at ▁the ▁Temple ▁after ▁fle eing ▁forced ▁rep atri ation ▁efforts ▁at ▁other ▁refuge e ▁camps ▁in ▁Thailand , ▁because ▁they ▁did ▁not ▁want ▁to ▁return ▁to ▁the ▁Marx ist ▁government ▁in ▁La os ▁that ▁they ▁fled . ▁More ▁La o ▁and ▁H mong ▁refugees ▁continued ▁to ▁arrive ▁and ▁seek ▁sanct uary ▁at ▁Wat ▁Th am kr ab ok ▁until ▁over ▁ 1 5 , 0 0 0 ▁H mong ▁were ▁eventually ▁allowed , ▁after ▁a ▁long ▁policy ▁battle ▁in ▁both ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁and ▁Thailand , ▁to ▁go ▁to ▁the ▁USA ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 4 ▁and ▁ 2 0 0 5 ▁as ▁political ▁refugees , ▁instead ▁of ▁being ▁forced ▁back ▁to ▁La os . ▁ ▁However , ▁some ▁even ▁moved ▁to ▁the ▁United ▁States
▁as ▁early ▁as ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 1 . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁late ▁ 1 9 7 0 s ▁Wat ▁Th am kr ab ok , ▁and ▁particularly ▁its ▁ab bot , ▁Lu ang ▁Por ▁Ch am ro on , ▁supported ▁the ▁H mong ▁armed ▁resistance ▁against ▁the ▁La o ▁P DR ▁government , ▁particularly ▁the ▁Ne o ▁Hom ▁led ▁by ▁General ▁V ang ▁P ao ▁and ▁other ▁La ot ian ▁leaders , ▁independent ▁Ch ao ▁Fa ▁groups , ▁and ▁one ▁sub - f action ▁of ▁the ▁Ch ao ▁Fa ▁led ▁by ▁Pa ▁K ao ▁Her . ▁ ▁The ▁H mong ▁were ▁United ▁States ▁war ▁allies ▁in ▁the ▁Secret ▁War ▁against ▁the ▁commun ist ▁Pat het ▁La o , ▁the ▁Viet ▁Cong ▁and ▁North ▁Vietnam . ▁ ▁When ▁several ▁Thailand - based ▁H mong ▁refuge e ▁camps ▁closed ▁due ▁to ▁a ▁lack ▁of ▁financial ▁support ▁in ▁the ▁early ▁ 1 9 9 0 s , ▁La o ▁and ▁H mong ▁refugees ▁in ▁Thailand ▁fled ▁to ▁the ▁temple ▁to ▁avoid ▁rep atri ation ▁to ▁La os . ▁The ▁population ▁at ▁the ▁temple ▁quickly ▁grew ▁to ▁about ▁ 3 5 , 0 0 0 , ▁although ▁it ▁later ▁declined ▁significantly . ▁ ▁Starting ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 3 , ▁the ▁Washington , ▁D . C .- based ▁Center ▁for ▁Public ▁Policy ▁Analysis , ▁or ▁The ▁Centre ▁for ▁Public ▁Policy ▁Analysis , ▁( CP PA ), ▁and ▁its ▁Executive ▁Director , ▁Philip ▁Smith , ▁made ▁over ▁seven ▁research ▁missions ▁to ▁Wat ▁Th am kr
ab ok ▁and ▁La ot ian ▁and ▁H mong ▁refuge e ▁camps ▁in ▁Thailand . ▁Philip ▁Smith , ▁the ▁CP PA , ▁and ▁the ▁La o ▁Veter ans ▁of ▁America , ▁repeatedly ▁conducted ▁U . S . ▁Congress ional - back ed ▁research ▁missions ▁about ▁the ▁hor rific ▁pl ight ▁of ▁La ot ian ▁and ▁H mong ▁ ▁refugees ▁fle eing ▁forced ▁rep atri ation ▁and ▁human ▁rights ▁viol ations ▁in ▁commun ist ▁La os ▁and ▁Thailand . ▁These ▁joint ▁U . S . ▁Congress ional ▁and ▁CP PA ▁research ▁missions ▁sought ▁to ▁review ▁policy ▁developments ▁in ▁Thailand ▁and ▁La os , ▁and ▁to ▁convey ▁human itarian ▁offers ▁of ▁support ▁and ▁assistance ▁to ▁the ▁head ▁Budd hist ▁ab b ott , ▁temple ▁mon ks , ▁and ▁H mong ▁and ▁La ot ian ▁refuge e ▁leaders , ▁from ▁Members ▁of ▁Congress ▁and ▁international ▁human ▁rights ▁organizations . ▁For ▁over ▁a ▁decade , ▁prominent ▁Members ▁of ▁Congress , ▁in ▁b ipart isan ▁fashion , ▁also ▁supported ▁U . S . ▁Congress ional - back ed ▁research ▁missions ▁by ▁Philip ▁Smith ▁and ▁the ▁CP PA ▁to ▁Wat ▁Th am kr ab ok , ▁and ▁the ▁La ot ian ▁and ▁H mong ▁refuge e ▁camps , ▁along ▁the ▁M ek ong ▁River ▁and ▁Th ai - L ao ▁border . ▁ ▁Support ▁for ▁these ▁missions ▁came ▁from ▁a ▁b ipart isan ▁coalition ▁in ▁the ▁U . S . ▁Congress , ▁including ▁U . S . ▁Congress man ▁Steve ▁G und erson ▁( Rep ublic an - W
is consin ), ▁U . S . ▁Congress man ▁Bruce ▁V ento ▁( D - M inn esota ), ▁U . S . ▁Senator ▁Paul ▁Well stone ▁( D - M inn esota ) ▁and ▁others . ▁The ▁findings ▁of ▁these ▁missions ▁were ▁frequently ▁discussed ▁in ▁news ▁stories , ▁and ▁at ▁sessions ▁of ▁the ▁U . S . ▁Congress ional ▁Forum ▁on ▁La os ▁held ▁in ▁the ▁U . S . ▁Congress ▁and ▁Library ▁of ▁Congress . ▁ ▁Wat ▁Th am kr ab ok ▁and ▁its ▁H mong ▁refugees ▁drew ▁global ▁attention ▁in ▁the ▁late - 1 9 8 0 s ▁and ▁mid - 1 9 9 0 s , ▁as ▁they ▁became ▁the ▁subject ▁of ▁a ▁major ▁global ▁political ▁debate ▁over ▁their ▁future , ▁and ▁the ▁future ▁of ▁La o ▁and ▁H mong ▁refugees ▁and ▁as yl um ▁seek ers ▁in ▁Thailand . ▁ ▁The ▁government ▁of ▁Thailand , ▁with ▁support ▁from ▁the ▁United ▁Nations ▁and ▁the ▁Clinton ▁administration , ▁sought ▁to ▁rep atri ate ▁the ▁La o - H mong ▁at ▁Wat ▁Th am kr ab ok ▁back ▁to ▁the ▁commun ist ▁regime ▁in ▁La os ▁that ▁the ▁La o - H mong ▁refugees ▁fled . ▁This ▁effort ▁drew ▁opposition ▁from ▁several ▁human ▁rights ▁groups , ▁and ▁some ▁key ▁H mong ▁organizations . ▁ ▁La o ▁and ▁H mong ▁human ▁scholar ▁and ▁advocate , ▁V ang ▁P ob z eb , ▁of ▁the ▁Wisconsin ▁and ▁Minnesota - based ▁La o ▁Human ▁Rights ▁Council , ▁participated ▁in ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁research ▁missions
▁with ▁Philip ▁Smith ▁and ▁The ▁Centre ▁for ▁Public ▁Policy ▁Analysis , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁U . S . ▁Congress ional ▁offices , ▁including ▁U . S . ▁Congress men ▁Bruce ▁V ento ▁and ▁Steve ▁G und erson , ▁to ▁the ▁La o ▁and ▁H mong ▁refuge e ▁camps ▁in ▁Thailand ▁and ▁to ▁Wat ▁Th am kr ab ok ▁during ▁the ▁ 1 9 8 0 s ▁and ▁ 1 9 9 0 s . ▁U . S . ▁Senator ▁Paul ▁Well stone ▁of ▁Minnesota ▁and ▁others ▁in ▁the ▁U . S . ▁Senate ▁were ▁active ▁in ▁raising ▁concerns ▁about ▁e greg ious ▁human ▁rights ▁viol ations ▁in ▁La os ▁and ▁the ▁pl ight ▁of ▁La o ▁and ▁H mong ▁refugees ▁and ▁as yl um ▁seek ers ▁who ▁fled ▁La os ▁to ▁refuge e ▁camps ▁in ▁Thailand ▁and ▁to ▁Wat ▁Th am kr ab ok . ▁ ▁Michael ▁John s , ▁a ▁former ▁Heritage ▁Foundation ▁foreign ▁policy ▁analyst ▁and ▁a ide ▁to ▁former ▁President ▁George ▁H . ▁W . ▁Bush , ▁helped ▁opp ose ▁the ▁forced ▁rep atri ation , ▁label ing ▁it ▁a ▁" bet ray al ", ▁since ▁many ▁H mong ▁had ▁a ided ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁during ▁the ▁Secret ▁War . ▁ ▁While ▁some ▁H mong ▁were ▁rep atri ated , ▁most ▁were ▁res ett led ▁to ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 4 ▁and ▁ 2 0 0 5 , ▁most ▁moving ▁to ▁the ▁U . S . ▁states ▁of ▁Minnesota , ▁California , ▁and ▁Wisconsin . ▁There
▁are ▁present ly ▁only ▁a ▁couple ▁of ▁H mong ▁families ▁living ▁at ▁Wat ▁Th am kr ab ok . ▁ ▁Drug ▁re habil itation ▁▁ ▁Wat ▁Th am kr ab ok ▁has ▁also ▁received ▁global ▁attention ▁for ▁its ▁her oin ▁and ▁op ium ▁drug ▁re habil itation ▁program , ▁which ▁was ▁started ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 9 . ▁Over ▁ 1 0 0 , 0 0 0 ▁her oin ▁and ▁op ium ▁add icts ▁have ▁since ▁gone ▁through ▁the ▁unique ▁Wat ▁Th am kr ab ok ▁det ox ▁program , ▁a ▁program ▁consisting ▁of ▁Budd hist ▁meditation , ▁Asian ▁her bal ▁supplement ation ▁used ▁for ▁relaxation , ▁induced ▁vom iting , ▁and ▁the ▁consumption ▁of ▁a ▁secret ▁det ox ification ▁pot ion ▁composed ▁of ▁many ▁different ▁her bs . ▁In ▁ 1 9 7 5 , ▁Lu ang ▁Por ▁Ch am run ▁P arn ch and ▁was ▁awarded ▁the ▁prest igious ▁Ram on ▁M ags ays ay ▁Award ▁for ▁the ▁temple ' s ▁drug ▁re habil itation ▁work . ▁ ▁A ▁number ▁of ▁Western ▁drug ▁users ▁have ▁sought ▁treatment ▁for ▁their ▁add ictions ▁at ▁Wat ▁Th am kr ab ok , ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 2 ▁Stuart ▁Br ind ley ▁ ▁became ▁the ▁first ▁meth ad one ▁add ict ▁from ▁the ▁UK ▁to ▁be ▁treated ▁at ▁the ▁monaster y ▁while ▁other ▁prominent ▁western ers ▁including ▁British ▁punk ▁rock ▁musician ▁Pete ▁Do her ty , ▁ ▁Irish ▁rock ▁music ▁singer ▁Christ y ▁D ign am ▁of ▁As lan , ▁American ▁computer ▁underground
▁personality ▁Patrick ▁K . ▁K roup a ▁and ▁British ▁singer ▁song writer ▁Tim ▁Arnold . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 4 , ▁Tim ▁Arnold ' s ▁success ▁story ▁was ▁the ▁subject ▁of ▁many ▁news ▁articles ▁in ▁the ▁UK . ▁After ▁completing ▁his ▁programme ▁Arnold ▁subsequently ▁became ▁a ▁permanent ▁Th am ▁Kr ab ok ▁resident ▁and ▁favourite ▁' son ' ▁of ▁the ▁monaster y ' s ▁ab bot , ▁Lu ang ▁Por ▁Char oen . ▁ ▁Because ▁op ium ▁used ▁to ▁be ▁commonly ▁grown ▁and , ▁at ▁times , ▁consumed ▁by ▁the ▁H mong ▁( larg ely ▁for ▁medic inal ▁purposes ) ▁in ▁the ▁high lands ▁of ▁Thailand ▁and ▁La os , ▁some ▁H mong ▁refugees ▁have ▁under g one ▁addiction ▁treatment ▁at ▁Wat ▁Th am kr ab ok . ▁Wat ▁Th am kr ab ok ▁also ▁supports ▁the ▁det ox ification ▁of ▁those ▁add icted ▁to ▁alcohol ▁and ▁meth amp het am ines . ▁ ▁Wat ▁Th am kr ab ok ▁was ▁believed ▁to ▁have ▁served ▁as ▁a ▁possible ▁center ▁of ▁armed ▁resistance ▁to ▁the ▁La o ▁government ▁with ▁a ▁limited ▁number ▁of ▁weapons ▁alleg edly ▁sm ugg led ▁to ▁some ▁H mong ▁and ▁La ot ian ▁ins urg ents ▁and ▁opposition ▁groups ▁in ▁La os . ▁ ▁Res pon ding ▁to ▁these ▁concerns , ▁the ▁Th ai ▁military ▁deployed ▁hundreds ▁of ▁troops ▁to ▁surround ▁Wat ▁Th am kr ab ok ▁in ▁April ▁ 2 0 0 3 . ▁This ▁action ▁was ▁undert aken ▁despite ▁elements ▁of ▁the ▁Th ai ▁military —
many ▁of ▁whose ▁officers ▁were ▁sym pathetic ▁to ▁the ▁La ot ian ▁and ▁H mong ▁diss idents , ▁ins urg ents ▁and ▁resistance ▁fighter ▁groups — al leg edly , ▁continuing ▁to ▁actively ▁help ▁to ▁provide ▁weapons ▁and ▁log ist ical ▁support ▁to ▁La ot ian ▁and ▁H mong ▁groups ▁in ▁La os ▁who ▁opp ose ▁the ▁commun ist ▁government ▁in ▁V ient iane . ▁ ▁The ▁Th ai ▁military ▁and ▁police ▁f enced ▁the ▁H mong ▁at ▁Wat ▁Th am kr ab ok ▁with ▁concert ina ▁wire ▁in ▁an ▁effort ▁to ▁monitor ▁and ▁control ▁entrance ▁to ▁it , ▁before ▁they ▁were ▁able ▁to ▁immigr ate ▁to ▁the ▁USA ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 4 ▁and ▁ 2 0 0 5 . ▁The ▁area ▁is ▁no ▁longer ▁f enced . ▁ ▁Wat ▁Th am kr ab ok ▁became ▁an ▁official ▁Wat ▁( T em ple ) ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 2 . ▁V ich ien ▁G iti w anno ▁( Lu ang ▁Por ▁V ich ien ) ▁has ▁been ▁entitled ▁as ▁the ▁first ▁ab bot ▁of ▁Wat ▁Th am kr ab ok ▁as ▁an ▁official ▁temple ▁recognized ▁by ▁the ▁Th ai ▁Government . ▁The ▁number ▁of ▁patients ▁has ▁reached ▁to ▁ 1 1 0 , 3 1 2 ▁by ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁ 2 0 1 5 . ▁ ▁Global ▁intr igue ▁ ▁Wat ▁Th am kr ab ok ' s ▁historic ▁role ▁in ▁har bor ing ▁H mong ▁refugees ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 9 0 s ▁and ▁early ▁ 2
0 0 0 s , ▁and ▁its ▁global ▁reputation ▁for ▁unique ▁Budd hist ▁approaches ▁to ▁lifestyle ▁management ▁and ▁det ox ification , ▁have ▁made ▁the ▁temple ▁a ▁popular ▁destination ▁for ▁foreign ▁tourists ▁and ▁those ▁seeking ▁help ▁with ▁char itable ▁and ▁drug ▁addiction ▁treatment ▁ ▁in ▁Thailand . ▁ ▁There ▁have , ▁however , ▁been ▁concerns , ▁from ▁some ▁quarters , ▁that ▁Wat ▁Th am kr ab ok ▁may ▁have ▁played ▁a ▁role ▁as ▁an ▁alleged ▁condu it ▁for ▁weapons ▁and ▁military ▁support ▁to ▁La o ▁and ▁H mong ▁military ▁ins urg ents ▁and ▁diss ident ▁groups , ▁who ▁were ▁alleg edly ▁engaged ▁in ▁opposition ▁to , ▁and ▁ ▁military ▁conflict ▁with , ▁the ▁commun ist ▁Pat het ▁La o ▁government ▁in ▁neighbor ing ▁La os ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁military ▁and ▁security ▁forces ▁from ▁the ▁all ied ▁mar x ist ▁government ▁in ▁H ano i , ▁Vietnam . ▁That ▁alleged ▁military ▁support , ▁and ▁alleged ▁assistance ▁with ▁weapons ▁sm ug gling , ▁ ▁has , ▁however , ▁from ▁Th ai ▁military ▁and ▁other ▁sources , ▁apparently ▁ended ▁at ▁Wat ▁Th am kr ab ok ▁and ▁elsewhere ▁in ▁Thailand . ▁ ▁Notes ▁ ▁Resources ▁Wat ▁Th am kr ab ok ▁Mon aster y ▁Official ▁Web ▁Site . ▁Center ▁for ▁Public ▁Policy ▁Analysis : ▁ ▁Research ▁on ▁For ced ▁Rep atri ation ▁of ▁La o ▁and ▁H mong ▁refugees , ▁Human ▁Rights ▁Vi ol ations ▁in ▁La os , ▁Thailand ▁and ▁Vietnam . ▁" Year ning ▁to ▁be ▁H mong ". ▁" Der iv ations ▁of