Split (1)

train · 16.1M rows

text stringlengths 505 4.3k
▁A ▁third ▁bas eman ▁must ▁have ▁a ▁very ▁strong ▁arm ▁so ▁that ▁they ▁can ▁throw ▁a ▁runner ▁out ▁from ▁across ▁the ▁diamond . ▁Any ▁ball ▁that ▁the ▁third ▁bas eman ▁can ▁get , ▁they ▁should . ▁They ▁will ▁have ▁more ▁momentum ▁towards ▁first ▁base ▁when ▁field ing ▁the ▁ball ▁than ▁a ▁short stop . ▁They ▁are ▁also ▁closer ▁to ▁first ▁base ▁when ▁they ▁cut ▁off ▁a ▁slower ▁ground ▁ball ▁towards ▁short stop . ▁Third ▁bas eman ▁are ▁responsible ▁for ▁covering ▁third ▁base ▁at ▁all ▁times ▁unless ▁the ▁ball ▁is ▁hit ▁to ▁them . ▁In ▁that ▁instance , ▁the ▁short stop ▁is ▁responsible ▁for ▁third ▁base . ▁Third ▁bas eman ▁must ▁be ▁smart , ▁have ▁great ▁ref lex es , ▁have ▁a ▁strong ▁arm , ▁and ▁be ▁quick ▁with ▁their ▁hands . ▁ ▁Out field ers ▁The ▁out field ers ▁are ▁players ▁that ▁cover ▁the ▁grass y ▁area ▁behind ▁the ▁in field . ▁Out field ers ▁are ▁named ▁for ▁their ▁positions ▁in ▁the ▁field ▁relative ▁to ▁home ▁plate . ▁Trad itional ▁out field ▁positions ▁include ▁a ▁left ▁f iel der , ▁a ▁center ▁f iel der , ▁and ▁a ▁right ▁f iel der . ▁Each ▁player ▁has ▁specific ▁job ▁as ▁being ▁an ▁out f iel der . ▁ ▁Right ▁f iel der ▁The ▁right ▁f iel der ' s ▁position ▁is ▁on ▁the ▁right ▁side ▁of ▁the ▁field , ▁in ▁the ▁opening ▁between ▁the ▁ 1 st ▁and ▁ 2 nd ▁bas emen , ▁when ▁looking ▁at ▁the ▁field ▁from ▁behind ▁home ▁plate .
▁The ▁right ▁f iel der ▁is ▁part ▁of ▁a ▁group ▁of ▁two ▁other ▁field ers ▁that ▁make ▁up ▁the ▁out field . ▁The ▁right ▁f iel der ▁has ▁a ▁mult itude ▁of ▁jobs ▁over ▁the ▁course ▁of ▁a ▁soft ball ▁game . ▁Gener ally , ▁out field ers ▁act ▁as ▁a ▁back - up ▁to ▁the ▁in field ers ▁when ▁they ▁make ▁plays ▁or ▁if ▁the ▁ball ▁is ▁hit ▁past ▁the ▁in field . ▁Right ▁field ▁has ▁a ▁particular ▁job ▁of ▁covering ▁the ▁area ▁behind ▁first ▁base ▁if ▁the ▁ball ▁is ▁to ▁be ▁thrown ▁in ▁that ▁area . ▁Right ▁field ▁is ▁meant ▁to ▁cover ▁this ▁area ▁if ▁the ▁ball ▁gets ▁past ▁the ▁first ▁bas eman . ▁This ▁will ▁prevent ▁base - run ners ▁from ▁adv ancing ▁to ▁unw anted ▁bases . ▁Trad itionally ▁in ▁the ▁game ▁of ▁soft ball , ▁the ▁right ▁f iel der ▁will ▁have ▁the ▁strongest ▁arm ▁out ▁of ▁the ▁two ▁other ▁out field ers . ▁The ▁right ▁f iel der ▁must ▁have ▁the ▁strongest ▁arm ▁because ▁they ▁have ▁the ▁fur the st ▁possibility ▁to ▁throw ▁the ▁ball . ▁A ▁right ▁f iel der ▁will ▁throw ▁the ▁ball ▁to ▁each ▁base ▁more ▁than ▁the ▁other ▁out field ers ▁will ▁because ▁of ▁their ▁position ▁in ▁respect ▁to ▁the ▁bases . ▁ ▁Center ▁f iel der ▁The ▁center ▁f iel der ' s ▁position ▁is ▁in ▁the ▁middle ▁of ▁the ▁out field ▁directly ▁behind ▁second ▁base ▁when ▁looking ▁at ▁the ▁field ▁from ▁behind ▁home ▁plate . ▁The ▁center ▁f iel der ▁is
▁part ▁of ▁a ▁group ▁of ▁two ▁other ▁field ers ▁that ▁make ▁up ▁the ▁out field . ▁Center ▁field ers ▁technically ▁serve ▁as ▁the ▁" c apt ains " ▁of ▁the ▁out field . ▁They ▁are ▁and ▁should ▁be ▁the ▁most ▁vocal ▁in ▁effectively ▁commun icating ▁with ▁their ▁out field ers . ▁Since ▁the ▁out field ers ▁are ▁further ▁apart ▁from ▁each ▁other , ▁it ▁can ▁be ▁hard ▁to ▁hear ▁each ▁other . ▁The ▁center ▁f iel der ▁covers ▁the ▁area ▁behind ▁second ▁base ▁if ▁the ▁ball ▁is ▁going ▁to ▁be ▁thrown ▁in ▁that ▁direction . ▁By ▁covering ▁this ▁area , ▁if ▁the ▁ball ▁does ▁get ▁past ▁the ▁inf iel der , ▁the ▁center ▁f iel der ▁can ▁prevent ▁base - run ners ▁from ▁adv ancing ▁to ▁unw anted ▁bases . ▁Within ▁the ▁game ▁of ▁soft ball , ▁the ▁center ▁f iel der ▁is ▁tradition ally ▁the ▁fastest ▁of ▁the ▁three ▁out field ers . ▁The ▁center ▁f iel der ▁needs ▁to ▁be ▁the ▁quick est ▁because ▁of ▁the ▁large ▁area ▁of ▁field ▁they ▁must ▁cover . ▁Besides ▁being ▁a ▁quick ▁player , ▁the ▁center ▁f iel der ▁must ▁have ▁a ▁strong ▁throwing ▁arm ▁because ▁of ▁the ▁distance ▁between ▁the ▁player ▁and ▁home ▁plate . ▁ ▁Left ▁f iel der ▁The ▁left ▁f iel der ' s ▁position ▁is ▁on ▁the ▁left ▁side ▁of ▁the ▁out field ▁behind ▁the ▁third ▁bas eman ▁when ▁looking ▁at ▁the ▁field ▁from ▁behind ▁home ▁plate . ▁The ▁left ▁f iel der ▁is ▁part ▁of ▁a ▁group ▁of ▁two
▁other ▁field ers ▁that ▁make ▁up ▁the ▁out field . ▁Gener ally , ▁out field ers ▁act ▁as ▁a ▁back - up ▁to ▁the ▁in field ers ▁when ▁they ▁make ▁plays ▁or ▁if ▁the ▁ball ▁is ▁hit ▁past ▁the ▁in field . ▁The ▁left ▁f iel der ▁must ▁field ▁their ▁position , ▁but ▁also ▁cover ▁the ▁area ▁behind ▁third ▁base ▁if ▁a ▁ball ▁is ▁thrown ▁or ▁hit ▁in ▁that ▁direction . ▁The ▁left ▁f iel der ▁covers ▁this ▁area ▁in ▁the ▁case ▁that ▁the ▁ball ▁will ▁pass ▁the ▁in field ers . ▁The ▁left ▁f iel der ▁can ▁then ▁prevent ▁the ▁base ▁runner ▁from ▁adv ancing ▁to ▁unw anted ▁bases . ▁Besides ▁covering ▁certain ▁areas ▁of ▁the ▁field , ▁the ▁left ▁f iel der ▁must ▁be ▁the ▁smart est ▁of ▁the ▁out field ers . ▁In ▁the ▁left ▁field ▁position , ▁the ▁player ▁has ▁full ▁view ▁of ▁the ▁field , ▁the ▁players , ▁the ▁base - run ners , ▁and ▁the ▁batter . ▁The ▁left ▁f iel der ▁must ▁constantly ▁be ▁aware ▁of ▁the ▁situation ▁on ▁the ▁field ▁and ▁know ▁what ▁must ▁be ▁done ▁in ▁different ▁circumstances . ▁More ▁advanced ▁levels ▁require ▁the ▁left ▁f iel der ▁to ▁be ▁able ▁to ▁field ▁the ▁ball ▁during ▁" sl ap ▁hit " ▁situations ▁by ▁playing ▁shallow . ▁Left ▁field ers ▁must ▁also ▁play ▁a ▁role ▁in ▁any ▁run ▁down ▁situation ▁between ▁third ▁base ▁and ▁home ▁plate ▁or ▁back ▁up ▁any ▁plays ▁that ▁happen ▁at ▁third ▁base ▁in ▁case ▁of ▁an ▁over throw . ▁ ▁Short
▁f iel der ▁In ▁some ▁le agues ▁and ▁organizations , ▁four ▁out field ▁players ▁are ▁utilized ▁by ▁each ▁team . ▁ ▁The ▁extra ▁out f iel der ▁is ▁sometimes ▁called ▁the ▁short ▁f iel der ▁and ▁plays ▁somewhere ▁behind ▁second ▁base , ▁adjust ing ▁position ▁based ▁on ▁the ▁handed ness ▁or ▁other ▁characteristics ▁of ▁the ▁batter , ▁while ▁the ▁regular ▁center ▁f iel der ▁plays ▁a ▁considerably ▁deeper ▁position . ▁ ▁The ▁short ▁f iel der ▁used ▁as ▁such ▁can ▁take ▁away ▁a ▁batt ing ▁strategy ▁in ▁soft ball , ▁which ▁is ▁to ▁hit ▁soft ▁lin ers ▁over ▁the ▁pitch er . ▁▁ ▁However , ▁some ▁teams ▁prefer ▁to ▁use ▁the ▁fourth ▁out f iel der ▁like ▁the ▁others , ▁with ▁the ▁center ▁field ▁position ▁being ▁shared ▁between ▁two ▁players ▁known ▁as ▁the ▁left - center ▁f iel der ▁and ▁the ▁right - center ▁f iel der . ▁ ▁In ▁this ▁case ▁the ▁four ▁out field ers ▁are ▁sp aced ▁equ id ist antly ▁and ▁play ▁at ▁roughly ▁the ▁same ▁depth . ▁ ▁Rec re ational ▁play ▁ ▁Types ▁of ▁le agues ▁ ▁It ▁is ▁estimated ▁that ▁ 1 4 . 6 2 ▁million ▁Americans ▁played ▁at ▁least ▁one ▁game ▁of ▁soft ball ▁during ▁the ▁spring ▁of ▁ 2 0 1 5 . ▁It ▁is ▁played ▁by ▁men ▁and ▁women ▁both ▁rec reation ally ▁and ▁compet it ively . ▁ ▁Soft ball ▁is ▁especially ▁popular ▁as ▁a ▁rec re ational ▁activity ▁for ▁adults . ▁Le agues ▁for ▁such ▁play ▁are ▁often ▁characterized ▁as
▁either ▁" fun ▁le agues ", ▁in ▁which ▁the ▁outdoor ▁exercise ▁and ▁player ▁cam ar ader ie ▁is ▁more ▁important ▁than ▁the ▁final ▁result , ▁or ▁" ser ious ▁le agues ". ▁The ▁distinction ▁is ▁not ▁absolute ▁and ▁there ▁can ▁be ▁grad ations ▁within ▁each . ▁Soft ball ▁teams ▁are ▁often ▁organized ▁around ▁groups ▁of ▁employees ▁who ▁play ▁in ▁the ▁early ▁evening ▁after ▁work ▁in ▁the ▁summer . ▁In ▁many ▁US ▁cities , ▁adult ▁soft ball ▁teams ▁are ▁organized ▁by ▁bars ▁and ▁clubs , ▁hence ▁the ▁popular ▁term ▁" be er ▁league " ▁soft ball . ▁The ▁teams ▁can ▁be ▁men ' s , ▁women ' s ▁or ▁co - ed , ▁and ▁skill ▁levels ▁can ▁range ▁from ▁nov ice ▁to ▁elite , ▁with ▁league ▁composition ▁reflect ing ▁that . ▁These ▁le agues ▁are ▁typically ▁either ▁slow - p itch ▁or ▁modified . ▁ ▁Co - ed ▁rec re ational ▁le agues , ▁where ▁men ▁and ▁women ▁play ▁on ▁the ▁same ▁team , ▁generally ▁have ▁provisions ▁to ▁keep ▁men ▁from ▁domin ating ▁the ▁game . ▁League ▁rules ▁may ▁st ip ulate ▁that ▁there ▁must ▁be ▁an ▁equal ▁number ▁of ▁men ▁and ▁women ▁on ▁the ▁team , ▁or ▁that ▁batt ing ▁order ▁alternate ▁male ▁and ▁female ▁bat ters . ▁Some ▁le agues ▁only ▁require ▁three ▁women ▁to ▁play ▁but ▁they ▁must ▁be ▁present ▁on ▁the ▁field ▁at ▁all ▁times . ▁Others ▁will ▁allow ▁a ▁game ▁to ▁proceed ▁when ▁a ▁team ▁does ▁not ▁have ▁the ▁requ is ite ▁number ▁of ▁women ▁available ▁but ▁charge ▁the
▁batt ing ▁team ▁with ▁an ▁automatic ▁out ▁whenever ▁the ▁missing ▁woman ' s ▁place ▁in ▁the ▁batt ing ▁order ▁comes ▁up . ▁ ▁Mod ification ▁of ▁rules ▁ ▁One ▁reason ▁for ▁the ▁popularity ▁of ▁soft ball ▁is ▁the ▁ease ▁of ▁modification ▁of ▁its ▁rules , ▁thereby ▁allowing ▁the ▁game ▁to ▁be ▁adapted ▁to ▁a ▁variety ▁of ▁skill ▁levels . ▁For ▁example , ▁in ▁some ▁slow ▁pitch ▁soft ball ▁le agues ▁a ▁batter ▁starts ▁at ▁bat ▁with ▁a ▁count ▁of ▁one ▁ball ▁one ▁strike . ▁In ▁some ▁le agues , ▁the ▁number ▁of ▁home ▁runs ▁that ▁can ▁be ▁hit ▁by ▁a ▁team ▁are ▁limited . ▁In ▁other ▁le agues , ▁ste aling ▁of ▁bases ▁is ▁prohib ited . ▁Some ▁groups ▁allow ▁for ▁a ▁more ▁defensive ▁game ▁by ▁making ▁home ▁plate ▁a ▁force ▁out ▁for ▁first ▁base . ▁This ▁reduces ▁scoring ▁even ly ▁on ▁both ▁sides , ▁and ▁allows ▁for ▁some ▁margin ▁of ▁error . ▁ ▁Co - ed ▁le agues ▁sometimes ▁adopt ▁live - play ▁rules ▁intended ▁to ▁reduce ▁gender ▁inequality , ▁under ▁the ▁assumption ▁that ▁men ▁will ▁be ▁generally ▁more ▁powerful . ▁In ▁most ▁co - ed ▁or ▁mixed ▁gender ▁le agues ▁there ▁is ▁something ▁called ▁an ▁enc ro achment ▁line . ▁This ▁requires ▁the ▁out field ers ▁to ▁stay ▁behind ▁a ▁line ▁till ▁the ▁ball ▁is ▁hit . ▁If ▁an ▁out f iel der ▁passes ▁in ▁front ▁of ▁this ▁line ▁before ▁the ▁female ▁batter ▁hits ▁a ▁fair ▁ball , ▁the ▁batter ▁will ▁receive ▁a ▁single ▁base ▁or ▁the ▁result ▁of ▁the ▁play
, ▁and ▁the ▁base ▁run ners ▁will ▁advance ▁accordingly . ▁The ▁line ▁will ▁be ▁ 1 8 0 ▁feet ▁from ▁home ▁plate . ▁One ▁possible ▁rule ▁requires ▁male ▁bat ters ▁to ▁" switch ▁hit ". ▁Some ▁le agues ▁even ▁use ▁different ▁balls ▁for ▁male ▁and ▁female ▁bat ters . ▁While ▁these ▁modified ▁rules ▁are ▁common , ▁there ▁are ▁questions ▁as ▁to ▁their ▁place ▁in ▁modern ▁adult ▁sports . ▁ ▁Some ▁le agues ▁require ▁teams ▁to ▁use ▁limited ▁flight ▁soft ball s . ▁These ▁soft ball s , ▁when ▁hit , ▁will ▁not ▁go ▁as ▁far ▁as ▁regular ▁soft ball s . ▁Other ▁le agues ▁limit ▁the ▁number ▁of ▁runs ▁which ▁can ▁be ▁scored ▁in ▁an ▁in ning . ▁Five ▁is ▁a ▁common ▁limit . ▁ ▁By ▁allowing ▁these ▁and ▁other ▁modifications , ▁soft ball ▁can ▁be ▁enjoyed ▁by ▁children , ▁teen agers , ▁and ▁adults . ▁Senior ▁le agues ▁with ▁players ▁over ▁the ▁age ▁of ▁ 6 0 ▁are ▁not ▁un common . ▁ ▁An ▁example ▁of ▁a ▁rule ▁modification ▁is ▁the ▁" off ensive ▁pitch er " ▁( or ▁" self ▁pitch ") ▁often ▁found ▁in ▁inform al ▁games ▁where ▁the ▁emphasis ▁is ▁on ▁the ▁social ▁rather ▁than ▁the ▁competitive ▁aspects ▁of ▁the ▁game . ▁The ▁pitch er ▁a ids ▁the ▁batter ▁by ▁attempting ▁to ▁give ▁the ▁easiest ▁pitch ▁to ▁hit . ▁There ▁are ▁no ▁walks , ▁and ▁a ▁batter ▁is ▁normally ▁given ▁a ▁fixed ▁number ▁of ▁pit ches ▁to ▁attempt ▁to ▁hit ▁( us ually ▁ 3 ▁or ▁ 4 ).
▁The ▁batter ▁is ▁considered ▁to ▁strike ▁out ▁if ▁the ▁batter ▁fails ▁to ▁hit ▁the ▁ball ▁into ▁fair ▁territory ▁after ▁the ▁given ▁number ▁of ▁pit ches . ▁The ▁pitch er ▁does ▁not ▁act ▁as ▁a ▁f iel der , ▁and ▁a ▁rule ▁is ▁often ▁made ▁that ▁if ▁a ▁batt ed ▁ball ▁touches ▁the ▁pitch er , ▁the ▁batter ▁is ▁out . ▁ ▁In ▁some ▁le agues ▁the ▁number ▁of ▁pit ches ▁to ▁walk ▁or ▁strike out ▁can ▁be ▁reduced . ▁For ▁instance , ▁one ▁strike ▁is ▁an ▁out , ▁and ▁two ▁balls ▁is ▁a ▁walk . ▁This ▁is ▁common ▁in ▁le agues ▁where ▁double headers ▁are ▁played , ▁or ▁in ▁late ▁season ▁le agues ▁when ▁reduced ▁day light ▁is ▁an ▁issue . ▁It ▁results ▁in ▁shorter ▁games , ▁as ▁players ▁are ▁more ▁apt ▁to ▁swing , ▁even ▁at ▁marginal ▁pit ches , ▁rather ▁than ▁risk ▁striking ▁out ▁on ▁one ▁pitch . ▁ ▁Many ▁le agues ▁also ▁include ▁a ▁second ▁first ▁base ▁immediately ▁adjacent ▁to ▁the ▁main ▁one . ▁This ▁is ▁usually ▁orange ▁and ▁the ▁batter ▁running ▁through ▁first ▁base ▁is ▁supposed ▁to ▁run ▁straight ▁through ▁it . ▁This ▁minim izes ▁the ▁chances ▁of ▁a ▁collision . ▁By ▁the ▁same ▁token ▁some ▁le agues ▁have ▁an ▁alternate ▁home ▁plate ▁and ▁rule ▁that ▁plays ▁at ▁home ▁are ▁always ▁force ▁plays . ▁In ▁these ▁cases ▁there ▁is ▁typically ▁a ▁white ▁line ▁drawn ▁approximately ▁ 1 / 3 ▁of ▁the ▁way ▁down ▁the ▁baseline ▁that ▁is ▁considered ▁a ▁point ▁of ▁no ▁return . ▁This ▁is ▁designed ▁to ▁reduce
▁the ▁" P ick le " ▁which ▁can ▁put ▁a ▁great ▁strain ▁on ▁the ▁an k les ▁and ▁knees ▁of ▁older ▁bas er unn ers . ▁ ▁Ind oor ▁play ▁Despite ▁the ▁fact ▁that ▁it ▁was ▁originally ▁intended ▁to ▁be ▁played ▁ind o ors , ▁soft ball ▁is ▁usually ▁played ▁out doors . ▁The ▁indoor ▁form ▁is ▁sometimes ▁called ▁Arena ▁Soft ball . ▁Ind oor ▁soft ball ▁has ▁generally ▁the ▁same ▁rules ▁as ▁outdoor ▁soft ball . ▁Only ▁the ▁wall ▁behind ▁the ▁batter ▁is ▁considered ▁foul ▁territory . ▁The ▁other ▁walls ▁are ▁considered ▁fair . ▁Usually , ▁there ▁is ▁a ▁small ▁area ▁on ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁walls ▁in ▁the ▁out field ▁that ▁results ▁in ▁a ▁home ▁run ▁being ▁awarded ▁if ▁the ▁batt ed ▁ball ▁hits ▁it . ▁P itch ing ▁is ▁generally ▁a ▁little ▁slower ▁because ▁of ▁the ▁indoor ▁tur f , ▁or ▁pit ched ▁through ▁a ▁pitch ing ▁machine ▁at ▁younger ▁levels . ▁There ▁is ▁no ▁limit ▁to ▁the ▁number ▁of ▁bat ters ▁a ▁team ▁may ▁have ▁available , ▁although ▁only ▁so ▁many ▁can ▁bat ▁in ▁one ▁in ning . ▁Some ▁indoor ▁facilities ▁do ▁not ▁allow ▁the ▁use ▁of ▁metal ▁cle ats ▁on ▁the ▁field , ▁which ▁are ▁what ▁players ▁at ▁the ▁age ▁of ▁ 1 4 ▁and ▁up ▁generally ▁use . ▁Also , ▁some ▁tour naments ▁may ▁require ▁a ▁time ▁limit ▁for ▁games ▁ ▁P itch ▁ ▁In ▁soft ball , ▁a ▁pitch ▁is ▁the ▁act ▁of ▁throwing ▁a ▁soft ball ▁toward ▁home ▁plate ▁to ▁start ▁a ▁play . ▁ ▁The
▁phases ▁of ▁throwing ▁include ▁the ▁grip , ▁stance , ▁wind up , ▁stride , ▁release ▁and ▁follow ▁through . ▁ ▁P itch ers ▁throw ▁a ▁variety ▁of ▁pit ches , ▁each ▁of ▁which ▁has ▁a ▁slightly ▁different ▁velocity , ▁traject ory , ▁movement , ▁hand ▁position , ▁wrist ▁position ▁and / or ▁arm ▁angle . ▁These ▁variations ▁are ▁introduced ▁to ▁conf use ▁the ▁batter ▁in ▁various ▁ways , ▁and ▁ultimately ▁aid ▁the ▁defensive ▁team ▁in ▁getting ▁the ▁batter ▁or ▁bas er unn ers ▁out . ▁To ▁obtain ▁variety , ▁and ▁therefore ▁enhance ▁defensive ▁baseball ▁strategy , ▁the ▁pitch er ▁manip ulates ▁the ▁grip ▁on ▁the ▁ball ▁at ▁the ▁point ▁of ▁release . ▁Vari ations ▁in ▁the ▁grip ▁cause ▁the ▁se ams ▁to ▁" catch " ▁the ▁air ▁differently , ▁thereby ▁changing ▁the ▁traject ory ▁of ▁the ▁ball , ▁making ▁it ▁harder ▁for ▁the ▁batter ▁to ▁hit . ▁ ▁The ▁selection ▁of ▁which ▁pitch ▁to ▁use ▁can ▁depend ▁on ▁a ▁wide ▁variety ▁of ▁factors ▁including ▁the ▁type ▁of ▁hit ter ▁who ▁is ▁being ▁faced ; ▁whether ▁there ▁are ▁any ▁base ▁run ners ; ▁how ▁many ▁outs ▁have ▁been ▁made ▁in ▁the ▁in ning ; ▁and ▁the ▁current ▁score . ▁ ▁Sign aling ▁The ▁responsibility ▁for ▁selecting ▁the ▁type ▁of ▁pitch ▁is ▁tradition ally ▁made ▁by ▁the ▁catch er ▁by ▁relay ing ▁hand ▁signals ▁to ▁the ▁pitch er ▁with ▁the ▁fingers . ▁In ▁more ▁advanced ▁play , ▁coaches ▁may ▁give ▁signs ▁to ▁bat ters ▁and / or ▁run ners ▁to ▁initi ate ▁special ▁plays ▁in
▁certain ▁situations . ▁A ▁catch er ▁may ▁signal ▁to ▁a ▁position ▁player ▁that ▁they ▁will ▁be ▁trying ▁to ▁throw ▁the ▁runner ▁out . ▁A ▁runner ▁on ▁base ▁may ▁see ▁the ▁pitch ▁sign ▁given ▁by ▁the ▁catch er ▁and ▁hint ▁it ▁to ▁the ▁batter ▁using ▁hand ▁or ▁body ▁mot ions . ▁ ▁P itch ing ▁styles ▁The ▁IS F ▁recogn izes ▁three ▁pitch ing ▁styles : ▁ ▁fast p itch ▁ ▁" modified " ▁fast p itch ▁ ▁slow p itch ▁ ▁P itch ing ▁styles ▁of ▁fast p itch ▁soft ball ▁The ▁pitch ing ▁distance ▁can ▁range ▁between ▁ 3 5 ▁and ▁ 4 3 ▁feet . ▁The ▁pit ches ▁travel ▁at ▁speeds ▁of ▁more ▁than ▁ 6 5 m ph . ▁▁ ▁wind mill ▁or ▁full ▁wind mill ▁- ▁The ▁pitch er ▁begins ▁with ▁her ▁arm ▁at ▁the ▁hip . ▁Then ▁she ▁brings ▁the ▁ball ▁in ▁a ▁circular ▁motion ▁over ▁the ▁head , ▁complet es ▁the ▁circle ▁back ▁down ▁at ▁the ▁hip , ▁and ▁sn aps ▁the ▁hand . ▁▁ ▁figure ▁ 8 ▁- ▁The ▁ball ▁is ▁not ▁brought ▁over ▁the ▁head ▁at ▁all ▁but ▁down ▁and ▁behind ▁the ▁body ▁and ▁back ▁in ▁one ▁smooth ▁motion ▁tracing ▁out ▁a ▁figure ▁eight . ▁ ▁illegal ▁forms ▁of ▁pitch ing ▁ ▁" c row - hop ping " ▁ ▁" le aping " ▁ ▁P itch ing ▁style ▁of ▁" modified " ▁fast p itch ▁soft ball ▁ ▁" modified " ▁wind mill ▁- ▁A ▁" modified " ▁fast p itch ▁is ▁identical
▁to ▁a ▁" wind mill " ▁pitch ▁except ▁the ▁arm ▁is ▁not ▁brought ▁over ▁the ▁head ▁in ▁a ▁full ▁wind mill ▁motion , ▁but ▁instead ▁is ▁brought ▁behind ▁the ▁body ▁( re str icted ▁back ▁swing ) ▁and ▁is ▁then ▁thrust ▁directly ▁forward ▁for ▁the ▁release . ▁ ▁P itch ing ▁style ▁of ▁slow p itch ▁soft ball ▁The ▁pitch ing ▁distance ▁is ▁ 5 0 ▁feet . ▁The ▁pitch ▁must ▁be ▁lo ft ed ▁in ▁such ▁a ▁way ▁that ▁it ▁falls ▁onto ▁the ▁plate ▁in ▁order ▁for ▁it ▁to ▁be ▁a ▁called ▁strike ▁( the ▁ball ▁falls ▁into ▁the ▁strike - zone ▁instead ▁of ▁flying ▁through ). ▁St rike outs ▁are ▁rare ▁in ▁slow p itch . ▁P itch ers ▁strateg ize ▁to ▁pitch ▁the ▁ball ▁with ▁a ▁high ▁enough ▁arc ▁that ▁the ▁batter ▁cannot ▁hit ▁a ▁line - drive . ▁The ▁speed ▁of ▁the ▁pit ches ▁ranges ▁from ▁ 2 5 - 3 5 m ph , ▁resulting ▁in ▁plenty ▁of ▁reaction ▁time . ▁▁ ▁half ▁wind mill ▁- ▁High - arc ▁pitch ing ▁technique ▁- ▁The ▁pitch ▁must ▁be ▁thrown ▁with ▁an ▁arc ▁between ▁ 6 - 1 2 ▁feet ▁high . ▁If ▁the ▁arc ▁is ▁not ▁high ▁enough , ▁the ▁u mp ire ▁will ▁call ▁the ▁pitch ▁illegal . ▁ ▁Fast ball s ▁The ▁fast ball ▁is ▁the ▁most ▁common ▁pitch ▁in ▁soft ball ▁and ▁easiest ▁to ▁learn . ▁ ▁Two - se am ▁fast ball ▁ ▁Four - se am ▁fast ball ▁ ▁R ise ball ▁(
or ▁" Dim ple ") ▁ ▁Two - se am ▁rise ball ▁ ▁Four - se am ▁rise ball ▁- ▁Most ▁difficult ▁pitch ▁to ▁learn ▁and ▁to ▁teach . ▁ ▁Drop ball ▁ ▁Basic ▁drop ▁ ▁Half ▁turn ▁drop ▁ ▁Rol lo ver ▁( or ▁" Sn ap over " ▁or ▁" Turn over " ▁or ▁" Over - the - top ") ▁drop ▁ ▁Pe el ▁( or ▁" L ift - Up ") ▁drop ▁- ▁ ▁Some ▁pitch ers ▁successfully ▁develop ▁both ▁an ▁off - speed ▁and ▁a ▁full - speed ▁pe el ▁drop . ▁ ▁Off - speed ▁pit ches ▁ ▁Break ing ▁balls ▁ ▁Cur ve ball ▁ ▁Scre w ball ▁ ▁Sl ider ▁ ▁Drop - cur ve ▁ ▁R ise - cur ve ▁ ▁Inside ▁curve ▁- ▁Ball ▁start ▁off ▁the ▁plate ▁on ▁the ▁inside ▁and ▁curves ▁into ▁the ▁strike zone . ▁The ▁inside ▁curve ▁is ▁frequently ▁thrown ▁at ▁the ▁bat ters ▁hands ▁so ▁as ▁to ▁jam ▁them ▁forcing ▁a ▁foul ▁hit . ▁▁ ▁Drop ▁screw ▁ ▁Back door ▁screw ▁ ▁Drop ▁curve ▁ ▁Kn uck le ▁curve ▁ ▁Over hand ▁curve ▁ ▁Change ups ▁The ▁change up ▁is ▁the ▁st ap le ▁off - speed ▁pitch , ▁usually ▁thrown ▁to ▁look ▁like ▁a ▁fast ball ▁but ▁arriving ▁much ▁slower ▁to ▁the ▁plate . ▁Its ▁reduced ▁speed ▁coupled ▁with ▁its ▁de cept ive ▁delivery ▁is ▁meant ▁to ▁conf use ▁the ▁batter ' s ▁timing . ▁▁ ▁Drop change ▁ ▁Fl ip ▁( or ▁" Back - hand
▁flip ") ▁change ▁ ▁- ▁most ▁commonly ▁used ▁change up ▁ ▁St iff ▁wrist ▁change ▁ ▁Circle ▁change up ▁ ▁Other ▁pit ches ▁ ▁Flo ater ▁- ▁This ▁is ▁the ▁basic ▁pitch ▁that ▁is ▁used ▁by ▁most ▁pitch ers ▁in ▁the ▁slow - p itch ▁game . ▁To ▁throw ▁the ▁flo ater ▁accurately , ▁pitch er ▁holds ▁the ▁ball ▁with ▁just ▁hers ▁fing ert ips ▁and ▁does ▁not ▁let ▁them ▁touch ▁the ▁l aces . ▁Then ▁comes ▁straight ▁up ▁with ▁her ▁hand ▁and ▁lets ▁the ▁ball ▁go ▁up ▁to ▁the ▁ 1 2 - foot ▁mark ▁and ▁come ▁down . ▁Kn uck le ball ▁in ▁baseball ▁is ▁sometimes ▁called ▁flo ater . ▁ ▁Kn uck le ball ▁ ▁P itch ing ▁delivery ▁P itch ers ▁throw ▁the ▁ball ▁with ▁an ▁under hand ▁motion . ▁ ▁International ▁competition ▁Soft ball ▁is ▁played , ▁at ▁some ▁level , ▁in ▁over ▁a ▁hundred ▁countries ▁around ▁the ▁world . ▁The ▁International ▁Soft ball ▁Federation ▁has ▁ 1 1 3 ▁member ▁countries ▁( ex cl uding ▁dependent ▁territor ies ). ▁ ▁The ▁International ▁Soft ball ▁Federation ▁holds ▁world ▁championship s ▁in ▁several ▁categories . ▁The ▁IS F ▁is ▁the ▁international ▁governing ▁body . ▁The ▁Am ateur ▁Soft ball ▁Association ▁is ▁the ▁National ▁G over ning ▁Body ▁of ▁Soft ball ▁for ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁purs u ant ▁to ▁the ▁ 1 9 7 6 ▁Am ateur ▁Sports ▁Act . ▁Due ▁to ▁the ▁popularity ▁of ▁the ▁sport , ▁there ▁are ▁a ▁mult itude ▁of ▁governing ▁bodies ▁such ▁as ▁the ▁United
▁States ▁Special ty ▁Sports ▁Association , ▁International ▁Soft ball ▁Congress ▁and ▁the ▁National ▁Soft ball ▁Association . ▁ ▁The ▁IS F ▁holds ▁world ▁championship ▁tour naments ▁in ▁several ▁categories . ▁The ▁tournament ▁in ▁each ▁category ▁is ▁held ▁every ▁four ▁years — two ▁years ▁from ▁ 2 0 1 0 . ▁The ▁most ▁recent ▁tournament ▁was ▁XII ▁Women ' s ▁World ▁Championship ▁in ▁June , ▁ 2 0 1 0 . ▁All ▁World ▁Championships ▁use ▁a ▁Page ▁play off ▁system ▁and ▁are ▁in ▁fast p itch . ▁There ▁are ▁also ▁several ▁World ▁Cup s ▁held ▁at ▁ 4 - year ▁intervals ▁in ▁different ▁categories . ▁ ▁New ▁Zealand ▁are ▁the ▁current ▁Men ' s ▁World ▁Champions , ▁having ▁won ▁the ▁title ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 3 . ▁Prior ▁to ▁that , ▁Australia ▁won ▁the ▁World ▁Championship ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁and ▁New ▁Zealand ▁had ▁won ▁the ▁previous ▁three ▁tour naments ▁before ▁that . ▁The ▁current ▁Junior ▁Men ' s ▁World ▁Champion ▁is ▁Argentina , ▁having ▁won ▁the ▁title ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 2 . ▁In ▁the ▁Women ' s ▁World ▁Championships ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁is ▁the ▁most ▁dominant ▁team , ▁having ▁won ▁three ▁of ▁the ▁past ▁four ▁Olympic ▁tour naments ▁and ▁the ▁past ▁seven ▁World ▁Championships . ▁The ▁current ▁Junior ▁Women ' s ▁World ▁Champion ▁is ▁the ▁United ▁States . ▁ ▁Women ' s ▁soft ball ▁debut ed ▁at ▁the ▁ 1 9 9 6 ▁Summer ▁Olympics ▁and ▁was ▁removed ▁from ▁the ▁program ▁following ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 8
▁Summer ▁Olympics . ▁Soft ball ▁and ▁Base ball ▁have ▁been ▁unable ▁to ▁have ▁their ▁sport ▁included ▁in ▁the ▁program ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁and ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁Summer ▁Olympics . ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁the ▁heads ▁of ▁the ▁International ▁Soft ball ▁and ▁Base ball ▁Feder ations ▁announced ▁their ▁united ▁effort ▁to ▁be ▁included ▁in ▁the ▁program ▁in ▁ 2 0 2 0 . ▁" The ▁proposal ▁calls ▁for ▁men ' s ▁baseball ▁and ▁women ' s ▁soft ball ▁to ▁be ▁played ▁at ▁a ▁single ▁venue ▁during ▁ 7 ▁to ▁ 1 0 ▁days . ▁Each ▁tournament ▁would ▁feature ▁eight ▁teams . ▁Base ball ▁and ▁soft ball ▁would ▁be ▁two ▁discipl ines ▁under ▁a ▁single ▁sports ▁b anner . ▁The ▁proposal ▁await s ▁formal ▁endorse ment ▁from ▁the ▁congress ▁of ▁both ▁feder ations . ▁Other ▁sports ▁seeking ▁to ▁be ▁included ▁in ▁the ▁ 2 0 2 0 ▁program , ▁when ▁only ▁one ▁spot ▁is ▁up ▁for ▁filling , ▁are : ▁kar ate , ▁roll er ▁sports , ▁squ ash , ▁sports ▁climbing , ▁wake board ▁and ▁w ush u . ▁The ▁IO C ▁executive ▁board ▁were ▁to ▁decide ▁at ▁their ▁May ▁meeting ▁which ▁sport ▁to ▁recommend ▁for ▁inclusion . ▁The ▁final ▁decision ▁was ▁to ▁be ▁made ▁in ▁a ▁vote ▁of ▁the ▁full ▁IO C ▁in ▁Buenos ▁Aires ▁in ▁September ▁ 2 0 1 3 . ▁ ▁New ▁Zealand ▁New ▁Zealand ▁is ▁the ▁most ▁successful ▁nation ▁at ▁men ' s ▁world ▁championship ▁soft ball , ▁having ▁won ▁their
▁seventh ▁title ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 7 . ▁The ▁New ▁Zealand ▁women ' s ▁team ▁have ▁also ▁won ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁World ▁Championship ▁titles ▁in ▁the ▁past . ▁The ▁game ▁is ▁widely ▁played ▁in ▁New ▁Zealand ▁and ▁is ▁the ▁second ▁most ▁popular ▁summer ▁sport ▁behind ▁cricket . ▁ ▁Australia ▁ ▁Soft ball ▁is ▁played ▁in ▁all ▁states ▁and ▁territor ies ▁in ▁Australia ▁and ▁at ▁all ▁levels ▁of ▁academic ▁education . ▁The ▁game ▁is ▁widely ▁promoted ▁to ▁maintain ▁fitness , ▁health , ▁personal ▁achievements ▁and ▁pleasure . ▁Australia ▁has ▁excellent ▁soft ball ▁teams ▁which ▁are ▁a ▁reflection ▁of ▁its ▁coaching , ▁education ▁and ▁training ▁system . ▁ ▁Japan ▁Japan ▁has ▁had ▁a ▁long ▁tradition ▁of ▁soft ball ▁which ▁is ▁played ▁at ▁all ▁levels ▁in ▁the ▁country . ▁Many ▁high ▁schools ▁and ▁colleges ▁have ▁sports ▁programs ▁which ▁include ▁soft ball . ▁Like ▁baseball , ▁soft ball ▁in ▁Japan ▁is ▁intens ely ▁competitive . ▁Japan ' s ▁win ▁over ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁Olympics ▁reflects ▁the ▁advanced ▁level ▁of ▁play ▁in ▁this ▁East ▁Asian ▁country . ▁ ▁China ▁Since ▁the ▁silver ▁medal ▁at ▁the ▁Atlanta ▁Olympics , ▁the ▁Chinese ▁have ▁now ▁made ▁soft ball ▁a ▁priority ▁at ▁all ▁levels . ▁The ▁game ▁is ▁played ▁in ▁most ▁schools ▁and ▁with ▁a ▁ 1 . 3 ▁billion ▁population ; ▁the ▁number ▁of ▁great ▁players ▁is ▁turning ▁out ▁to ▁be ▁a ▁bo on ▁for ▁China . ▁The ▁Chinese ▁have ▁frequently ▁tou red ▁the ▁US ▁and ▁have ▁now ▁similar ▁cal iber ▁coaching ▁and
▁training ▁programs . ▁ ▁Europe ▁Soft ball ▁is ▁played ▁in ▁almost ▁every ▁country ▁in ▁Europe , ▁mainly ▁fast p itch . ▁Every ▁two ▁years ▁an ▁open ▁women ' s ▁European ▁fast p itch ▁championship ▁is ▁held ▁with ▁over ▁twenty ▁nation als ▁teams . ▁Italy ▁and ▁Netherlands ▁are ▁the ▁best ▁nations , ▁and ▁both ▁have ▁an ▁almost ▁professional ▁championship ▁where ▁athletes ▁from ▁the ▁US , ▁Australia ▁and ▁China ▁play . ▁In ▁the ▁men ' s ▁division ▁eight ▁to ▁ten ▁national ▁teams ▁compete ▁for ▁the ▁European ▁championship , ▁with ▁the ▁Czech ▁Republic , ▁the ▁Netherlands ▁and ▁Denmark ▁leading ▁the ▁way . ▁ ▁United ▁States ▁ ▁Compet itive ▁fast p itch ▁soft ball ▁for ▁girls ▁is ▁growing ▁increasingly ▁popular . ▁All ▁over ▁the ▁US , ▁there ▁are ▁thousands ▁of ▁teams ▁that ▁compete ▁year - round ▁at ▁tour naments . ▁During ▁most ▁of ▁these ▁tour naments ▁the ▁biggest ▁goal ▁is ▁not ▁winning ▁the ▁tournament , ▁but ▁attempting ▁to ▁get ▁as ▁many ▁college ▁coaches ▁as ▁possible ▁to ▁observe ▁( a ) ▁particular ▁player ▁or ▁players . ▁Compet itive ▁teams ▁are ▁now ▁beginning ▁around ▁eight ▁years ▁old , ▁if ▁not ▁younger . ▁Dep ending ▁on ▁the ▁team ▁they ▁can ▁travel ▁all ▁over ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁or ▁even ▁out ▁of ▁the ▁country ▁such ▁as ▁to ▁Canada , ▁the ▁summer ▁and ▁fall ▁for ▁many ▁weeks ▁and ▁days ▁at ▁a ▁time . ▁ ▁There ▁are ▁many ▁different ▁san ction ing ▁bodies ▁of ▁soft ball : ▁USS SA , ▁A SA , ▁IS A , ▁N SA , ▁W SL , ▁US FA
, ▁Tri ple ▁Crown ▁and ▁S AS L ▁just ▁to ▁name ▁a ▁few . ▁One ▁of ▁the ▁biggest ▁is ▁the ▁Am ateur ▁Soft ball ▁Association , ▁also ▁known ▁as ▁A SA . ▁It ▁is ▁known ▁as ▁the ▁national ▁governing ▁body ▁of ▁soft ball , ▁was ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 3 ▁and ▁has ▁over ▁ 2 4 0 , 0 0 0 ▁teams . ▁The ▁USS SA , ▁founded ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 8 ▁as ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁S lo - P itch ▁Soft ball ▁Association , ▁but ▁renamed ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 7 ▁to ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Special ty ▁Sports ▁Association , ▁is ▁the ▁only ▁association ▁that ▁still ▁has ▁a ▁men ' s ▁major ▁slow - p itch ▁program ▁alive . ▁Currently , ▁the ▁USS SA ▁program ▁is ▁run ▁out ▁of ▁V iera , ▁FL . ▁The ▁United ▁States ▁also ▁has ▁a ▁competitive ▁women ' s ▁soft ball ▁team ▁that ▁compet es ▁in ▁international ▁tour naments . ▁They ▁represented ▁the ▁US ▁each ▁time ▁at ▁the ▁Olympics ▁until ▁soft ball ▁was ▁removed ▁from ▁the ▁Olympics . ▁ ▁The ▁USA ▁Soft ball ▁Men ' s ▁Fast ▁P itch ▁National ▁Team ▁has ▁won ▁five ▁World ▁Championships ▁( 1 9 6 6 , ▁ 1 9 6 8 , ▁ 1 9 7 6 , ▁ 1 9 8 0 ▁and ▁ 1 9 8 8 ) ▁and ▁three ▁other ▁med als . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁Pan - American ▁Games , ▁Team ▁USA ▁has ▁made ▁the ▁fin als ▁in ▁all ▁seven ▁appearances ▁at
▁the ▁Games ▁when ▁Men ' s ▁Fast ▁P itch ▁was ▁played . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁▁ ▁National ▁Pro ▁Fast p itch , ▁the ▁main ▁professional ▁women ' s ▁soft ball ▁league ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁ ▁Soft ball ▁Australia , ▁the ▁governing ▁body ▁of ▁soft ball ▁in ▁Australia ▁ ▁Compar ison ▁of ▁baseball ▁and ▁soft ball ▁▁ 1 6 - inch ▁soft ball ▁ ▁Round ers ▁– ▁a ▁similar ▁game ▁from ▁which ▁baseball ▁and ▁soft ball ▁are ▁thought ▁to ▁have ▁evolved ▁ ▁Te e ▁Ball ▁– ▁a ▁reform ed ▁version ▁of ▁baseball ▁ ▁D art ball ▁– ▁a ▁game ▁of ▁d arts ▁that ▁uses ▁rules ▁similar ▁to ▁soft ball ▁and ▁is ▁played ▁on ▁a ▁large ▁d art board ▁that ▁re semb les ▁a ▁soft ball ▁field ▁ ▁Safe ▁haven ▁games ▁ ▁Eddie ▁Fe ign er ▁ ▁P ek in ▁Let tes , ▁the ▁oldest ▁member - san ction ed ▁A SA ▁soft ball ▁team ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁ ▁Soft ball ▁in ▁Ireland ▁ ▁European ▁Soft ball ▁Federation ▁ ▁NC AA ▁Division ▁I ▁Soft ball ▁Championship ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁▁ ▁A SA ▁Soft ball ▁ ▁NC AA ▁Soft ball ▁▁▁ ▁Category : 1 8 8 7 ▁introdu ctions ▁Category : Art icles ▁containing ▁video ▁cl ips ▁Category : S ports ▁origin ating ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Category : Sum mer ▁Olympic ▁discipl ines <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Sch ne ider ▁ES - 5 4 ▁G n ome ▁was ▁an ▁experimental ▁low ▁cost ▁gl ider ▁with ▁a ▁l amin ar ▁flow
▁but ▁low ▁aspect ▁ratio ▁wing , ▁built ▁in ▁Australia ▁in ▁the ▁mid - 1 9 5 0 s . ▁Its ▁performance ▁was ▁predict ably ▁poor ▁and ▁only ▁one ▁was ▁completed . ▁ ▁Design ▁and ▁development ▁The ▁ES - 5 4 ▁G n ome ▁was ▁designed ▁by ▁Harry ▁Sch ne ider , ▁Ed mund ▁Sch ne ider ' s ▁el dest ▁son , ▁as ▁a ▁response ▁to ▁urg ing ▁by ▁Fred ▁H oin ville ▁for ▁small , ▁cheap ▁sail pl anes ▁that ▁could ▁nonetheless ▁so ar . ▁H oin ville ▁had ▁fl own ▁in ▁Australia ' s ▁ 1 9 5 2 ▁World ▁Gl iding ▁Championships ▁team . ▁ ▁The ▁G n ome ▁was ▁built ▁to ▁test ▁the ▁performance ▁and ▁handling ▁of ▁a ▁gl ider ▁with ▁a ▁wing ▁of ▁short ▁span , ▁very ▁low ▁aspect ▁ratio ▁( 6 . 1 8 ), ▁and ▁l amin ar ▁flow ▁a ero fo il . ▁ ▁The ▁G n ome ▁had ▁a ▁wood ▁fr amed ▁wing ▁and ▁a ▁steel ▁fr amed ▁pod ▁and ▁boom ▁fus el age , ▁the ▁whole ▁covered ▁in ▁a ▁mixture ▁of ▁p ly wood ▁and ▁fabric . ▁Its ▁cant ile ver , ▁constant ▁ch ord , ▁high ▁mounted ▁wing ▁was ▁built ▁around ▁a ▁single ▁sp ar , ▁placed ▁at ▁about ▁ 4 0 % ▁of ▁the ▁ch ord . ▁ ▁For ward ▁of ▁the ▁sp ar ▁the ▁wing ▁was ▁p ly ▁covered ▁around ▁the ▁leading ▁edge , ▁forming ▁a ▁t ors ion ▁res isting ▁D - box . ▁Behind ▁the ▁sp ar ▁both
▁wing ▁and ▁a iler ons ▁were ▁fabric ▁covered . ▁The ▁steel ▁fus el age ▁frame ▁defined ▁a ▁non o hedral ▁cross ▁section , ▁not ▁including ▁the ▁ke el , ▁which ▁with ▁its ▁fabric ▁covering ▁approxim ated ▁a ▁bl unt ▁o val . ▁ ▁The ▁cock pit ▁was ▁at ▁the ▁wing ▁leading ▁edge , ▁with ▁flat ▁and ▁single ▁curv ature ▁pan elled ▁gl az ing ▁which ▁extended ▁rear wards ▁behind ▁the ▁leading ▁edge , ▁with ▁side ▁panels ▁below ▁the ▁wing ▁and ▁an ▁upper ▁panel ▁reaching ▁into ▁it ▁for ▁up wards ▁vision . ▁Near ▁the ▁trailing ▁edge ▁the ▁outer ▁fus el age ▁fr aming ▁simpl ified ▁into ▁four ▁tub es ▁forming ▁a ▁diamond ▁cross ▁section ▁but ▁also ▁containing ▁the ▁boom , ▁which ▁emerged ▁briefly ▁( about ▁) ▁from ▁the ▁fus el age ▁as ▁it ▁tap ered ▁away ▁a ft . ▁A ▁straight ▁ed ged , ▁constant ▁ch ord ▁horizontal ▁tail , ▁the ▁tail plane ▁p ly - sk inned ▁and ▁the ▁in set ▁elev ators ▁fabric ▁covered ▁was ▁mounted ▁on ▁the ▁boom . ▁Its ▁vertical ▁tail ▁extended ▁both ▁above ▁and ▁below ▁the ▁boom , ▁overall ▁forming ▁an ▁ir regular ▁pent agon , ▁with ▁the ▁fin ▁p ly ▁sk inned ▁and ▁the ▁r udder ▁fabric ▁covered . ▁Both ▁vertical ▁fin ▁and ▁r udder ▁were ▁low ▁aspect ▁ratio ▁and ▁broad ▁ch ord . ▁A ▁short , ▁steel ▁spr ung ▁landing ▁sk id ▁reached ▁from ▁near ▁the ▁nose ▁almost ▁to ▁the ▁trailing ▁edge . ▁ ▁The ▁G n ome ▁made ▁its ▁first ▁flight , ▁under ▁a ero -
t ow , ▁on ▁ 1 ▁May ▁ 1 9 5 5 . ▁It ▁handled ▁safely ▁and ▁well ▁but ▁its ▁performance ▁was ▁as ▁poor ▁as ▁Sch ne ider ▁had ▁predicted ; ▁its ▁low ▁aspect ▁ratio ▁wing ▁producing ▁high ▁drag ▁at ▁the ▁low ▁speeds ▁used ▁in ▁therm als . ▁No ▁so aring ▁flights ▁were ▁made . ▁During ▁ 1 9 5 5 , ▁some ▁alter ations ▁were ▁made ▁to ▁the ▁fus el age ▁to ▁clear ▁the ▁tail ▁from ▁the ▁ground . ▁When ▁the ▁G n ome ▁was ▁offered ▁for ▁manufact ure ▁in ▁kit ▁form ▁no ▁defin ite ▁orders ▁were ▁received ▁and ▁development ▁ended ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 6 . ▁The ▁sole ▁prototype ▁then ▁flew ▁with ▁the ▁Port ▁Pir ie ▁gl iding ▁club . ▁ ▁Spec ifications ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 5 0 s ▁Australian ▁sail pl anes <0x0A> </s> ▁Med icago ▁is ▁a ▁genus ▁of ▁flower ing ▁plants , ▁commonly ▁known ▁as ▁med ick ▁or ▁bur cl over , ▁in ▁the ▁leg ume ▁family ▁( F ab aceae ). ▁It ▁contains ▁at ▁least ▁ 8 7 ▁species ▁and ▁is ▁distributed ▁mainly ▁around ▁the ▁Mediterranean ▁bas in . ▁The ▁best - known ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁genus ▁is ▁al f alf a ▁( M . ▁sat iva ), ▁an ▁important ▁for age ▁crop , ▁and ▁the ▁genus ▁name ▁is ▁based ▁on ▁the ▁Latin ▁name ▁for ▁that ▁plant , ▁, ▁from ▁ ▁Med ian ▁( gr ass ). ▁Most ▁members ▁of ▁the ▁genus ▁are ▁low , ▁cre eping ▁her bs , ▁re
sem bling ▁cl over , ▁but ▁with ▁b urs ▁( hen ce ▁the ▁common ▁name ). ▁However , ▁al f alf a ▁grows ▁to ▁a ▁height ▁of ▁ 1 ▁meter , ▁and ▁tree ▁med ick ▁( M . ▁ar b ore a ) ▁is ▁a ▁shr ub . ▁Members ▁of ▁the ▁genus ▁are ▁known ▁to ▁produce ▁bio active ▁comp ounds ▁such ▁as ▁medic arp in ▁( a ▁flav on oid ) ▁and ▁medic agen ic ▁acid ▁( a ▁tr iter pen oid ▁s apon in ). ▁Ch rom os ome ▁numbers ▁in ▁Med icago ▁range ▁from ▁ 2 n ▁= ▁ 1 4 ▁to ▁ 4 8 . ▁ ▁The ▁species ▁Med icago ▁tr un cat ula ▁is ▁a ▁model ▁leg ume ▁due ▁to ▁its ▁relatively ▁small ▁stat ure , ▁small ▁gen ome ▁( 4 5 0 – 5 0 0 ▁M bp ), ▁short ▁generation ▁time ▁( about ▁ 3 ▁months ), ▁and ▁ability ▁to ▁reproduce ▁both ▁by ▁out cross ing ▁and ▁self ing . ▁ ▁Com pre hens ive ▁descriptions ▁of ▁the ▁genus ▁are ▁Les in š ▁and ▁Les in š ▁ 1 9 7 9 ▁and ▁Small ▁and ▁J omp he ▁ 1 9 8 9 . ▁Major ▁collections ▁are ▁S AR DI ▁( Austral ia ), ▁US DA - GR IN ▁( Un ited ▁States ), ▁IC AR DA ▁( Sy ria ), ▁and ▁IN RA ▁( Fr ance ). ▁ ▁Ev olution ▁Med icago ▁diver ged ▁from ▁G ly c ine ▁( so y bean ) ▁about ▁
5 3 – 5 5 ▁million ▁years ▁ago ▁( in ▁the ▁early ▁E oc ene ), ▁from ▁Lot us ▁( de erv etch ) ▁ 4 9 – 5 1 ▁million ▁years ▁ago ▁( also ▁in ▁the ▁E oc ene ), ▁and ▁from ▁Tr ig on ella ▁ 1 0 – 2 2 ▁million ▁years ▁ago ▁( in ▁the ▁Mi oc ene ). ▁ ▁Ec ological ▁interactions ▁with ▁other ▁organ isms ▁ ▁Sym b ios is ▁with ▁nit rogen - fix ing ▁rh iz ob ia ▁ ▁B é na ▁et ▁al . ▁( 2 0 0 5 ) ▁constructed ▁a ▁molecular ▁ph y log eny ▁of ▁ 2 3 ▁Sin or h iz ob ium ▁str ains ▁and ▁tested ▁the ▁sym bi otic ▁ability ▁of ▁six ▁str ains ▁with ▁ 3 5 ▁Med icago ▁species . ▁Compar ison ▁of ▁these ▁ph y log en ies ▁indicates ▁many ▁transitions ▁in ▁the ▁compatibility ▁of ▁the ▁association ▁over ▁evolution ary ▁time . ▁Furthermore , ▁they ▁propose ▁that ▁the ▁ge ographical ▁distribution ▁of ▁str ains ▁limits ▁the ▁distribution ▁of ▁particular ▁Med icago ▁species . ▁ ▁Agricult ural ▁uses ▁Other ▁than ▁al f alf a , ▁several ▁of ▁the ▁cre eping ▁members ▁of ▁the ▁family ▁( such ▁as ▁Med icago ▁l up ul ina ▁and ▁Med icago ▁tr un cat ula ) ▁have ▁been ▁used ▁as ▁for age ▁crops . ▁ ▁In sect ▁her b iv ores ▁Med icago ▁species ▁are ▁used ▁as ▁food ▁plants ▁by ▁the ▁l ar va e ▁of ▁some ▁L ep id opter
a ▁species ▁including ▁the ▁common ▁swift , ▁flame , ▁l att iced ▁he ath , ▁l ime - spe ck ▁p ug , ▁nut m eg , ▁set ace ous ▁He brew ▁character , ▁and ▁turn ip ▁m oth s ▁and ▁case - bear ers ▁of ▁the ▁genus ▁Cole op hora , ▁including ▁C . ▁fr ische lla ▁( record ed ▁on ▁M . ▁sat iva ) ▁and ▁C . ▁f usc oc ili ella ▁( fe eds ▁exclusively ▁on ▁Med icago ▁s pp .). ▁ ▁Spec ies ▁This ▁list ▁is ▁compiled ▁from : ▁ ▁Section ▁Buc eras ▁ ▁Sub section ▁Def lex ae ▁ ▁Med icago ▁retr ors a ▁( Bo iss .) ▁E . ▁Small ▁ ▁Sub section ▁E rect ae ▁ ▁Med icago ▁aren ic ola ▁( H uber - M or .) ▁E . ▁Small ▁ ▁Med icago ▁ast ro ites ▁( F isch . ▁& ▁Mey .) ▁Tra ut v . ▁ ▁Med icago ▁car ica ▁( H uber - M or .) ▁E . ▁Small ▁ ▁Med icago ▁cr ass ipes ▁( Bo iss .) ▁E . ▁Small ▁ ▁Med icago ▁f ischer iana ▁( Ser .) ▁Tra ut v . ▁ ▁Med icago ▁hal oph ila ▁( Bo iss .) ▁E . ▁Small ▁ ▁Med icago ▁held reich ii ▁( Bo iss .) ▁E . ▁Small ▁ ▁Med icago ▁medic ag in oid es ▁( Ret z .) ▁E . ▁Small ▁ ▁Med icago ▁mon anth a ▁( C . ▁A . ▁Mey er ) ▁Tra
ut v . ▁ ▁Med icago ▁orth oc eras ▁( K ar . ▁& ▁Kir .) ▁Tra ut v . ▁ ▁Med icago ▁pam phy lica ▁( H uber - M or . ▁& ▁Sir ja ev ) ▁E . ▁Small ▁ ▁Med icago ▁pers ica ▁( Bo iss .) ▁E . ▁Small ▁ ▁Med icago ▁ph ry g ia ▁( Bo iss . ▁& ▁Bal .) ▁E . ▁Small ▁ ▁Med icago ▁poly cer at ia ▁( L .) ▁Tra ut v . ▁ ▁Med icago ▁rig ida ▁( Bo iss . ▁& ▁Bal .) ▁E . ▁Small ▁ ▁Sub section ▁Ist hm oc ar pa e ▁ ▁Med icago ▁rh yt idi oc ar pa ▁( Bo iss . ▁& ▁Bal .) ▁E . ▁Small ▁ ▁Med icago ▁is thm oc ar pa ▁( Bo iss . ▁& ▁Bal .) ▁E . ▁Small ▁ ▁Sub section ▁Ref lex ae ▁ ▁Med icago ▁mon sp eli aca ▁( L .) ▁Tra ut v . ▁ ▁Section ▁Car st iens ae ▁ ▁Med icago ▁car st iens is ▁W ulf . ▁ ▁Section ▁D end rot el is ▁ ▁Med icago ▁ar b ore a ▁L . ▁ ▁Med icago ▁cit r ina ▁( Font ▁Qu er ) ▁Gre uter ▁ ▁Med icago ▁str as ser i ▁Gre uter , ▁Mat th as ▁& ▁R isse ▁ ▁Section ▁Ge oc ar pa ▁ ▁Med icago ▁hyp og ae a ▁E . ▁Small ▁ ▁Section ▁He yn ian ae ▁ ▁Med icago ▁he yn
iana ▁Gre uter ▁ ▁Section ▁H ym en oc ar pos ▁ ▁Med icago ▁radi ata ▁L . ▁ ▁Section ▁L un ata e ▁ ▁Med icago ▁b if l ora ▁( Gr ise b .) ▁E . ▁Small ▁ ▁Med icago ▁br ach y car pa ▁M . ▁B ieb . ▁ ▁Med icago ▁hub eri ▁E . ▁Small ▁ ▁Med icago ▁ro str ata ▁( Bo iss . ▁& ▁Bal .) ▁E . ▁Small ▁ ▁Section ▁L up ular ia ▁ ▁Med icago ▁l up ul ina ▁L . ▁ ▁Med icago ▁sec und if l ora ▁Dur ieu ▁ ▁Section ▁Med icago ▁ ▁Med icago ▁cancell ata ▁M . ▁B ieb . ▁ ▁Med icago ▁dag hest an ica ▁R up r . ▁ ▁Med icago ▁hy br ida ▁( P our r .) ▁Tra ut v . ▁ ▁Med icago ▁mar ina ▁L . ▁ ▁Med icago ▁pap ill osa ▁Bo iss . ▁ ▁M . ▁p . ▁macro car pa ▁ ▁M . ▁p . ▁pap ill osa ▁ ▁Med icago ▁p iron ae ▁Vis . ▁ ▁Med icago ▁pro str ata ▁Jac q . ▁ ▁M . ▁p . ▁pro str ata ▁ ▁M . ▁p . ▁pseud or up est ris ▁ ▁Med icago ▁rh od ope a ▁V elen . ▁ ▁Med icago ▁r up est ris ▁M . ▁B ieb ▁ ▁Med icago ▁sat iva ▁L . ▁( alf alf a ) ▁ ▁M . ▁s . ▁ca er ule a ▁ ▁M .
▁s . ▁fal c ata ▁( Med icago ▁fal c ata ) ▁ ▁M . ▁s . ▁f . ▁var . ▁fal c ata ▁ ▁M . ▁s . ▁f . ▁var . ▁vis c osa ▁ ▁M . ▁s . ▁gl omer ata ▁ ▁M . ▁s . ▁sat iva ▁* ▁Med icago ▁sa x at ilis ▁M . ▁B ieb ▁ ▁Med icago ▁suff r ut ic osa ▁Ram ond ▁ex ▁DC . ▁M . ▁s . ▁le ioc ar pa ▁M . ▁s . ▁suff r ut ic osa ▁ ▁Section ▁Or b ic ula res ▁ ▁Med icago ▁orb icular is ▁( L .) ▁Bart . ▁ ▁Section ▁Pl aty car pa e ▁ ▁Med icago ▁arch id uc is - nic ol ai ▁Sir ja ev ▁ ▁Med icago ▁cre t ace a ▁M . ▁B ieb . ▁ ▁Med icago ▁edge worth ii ▁Sir ja ev ▁ ▁Med icago ▁o val is ▁( Bo iss .) ▁Sir ja ev ▁ ▁Med icago ▁play t car pa ▁( L .) ▁Tra ut v . ▁ ▁Med icago ▁pl ic ata ▁( Bo iss .) ▁Sir ja ev ▁ ▁Med icago ▁pop ov ii ▁( E . ▁Kor .) ▁Sir ja ev ▁ ▁Med icago ▁r ut hen ica ▁( L .) ▁Led eb our ▁ ▁Sub section ▁Rot ata e ▁ ▁Med icago ▁bl anche ana ▁Bo iss . ▁ ▁Med icago ▁no e ana ▁Bo iss . ▁ ▁Med icago ▁rug osa ▁Des r . ▁ ▁Med
icago ▁rot ata ▁Bo iss . ▁ ▁Med icago ▁sc ut ell ata ▁( L .) ▁Miller ▁ ▁Med icago ▁she p ard ii ▁Post ▁ ▁Section ▁Sp iro car pos ▁ ▁Sub section ▁Inter text ae ▁ ▁Med icago ▁c iliar is ▁( L .) ▁K ro cker ▁ ▁Med icago ▁gran ad ensis ▁Wil ld . ▁ ▁Med icago ▁inter text a ▁( L .) ▁Miller ▁ ▁Med icago ▁mur ic ole pt is ▁T in . ▁ ▁Sub section ▁Le pt osp ire ae ▁ ▁Med icago ▁ar ab ica ▁( L .) ▁Hud s . ▁ ▁Med icago ▁coron ata ▁( L .) ▁Bart . ▁ ▁Med icago ▁disc iform is ▁DC . ▁ ▁Med icago ▁lac ini ata ▁( L .) ▁Miller ▁ ▁Med icago ▁lan ig era ▁W ink l . ▁& ▁Fed ts ch . ▁ ▁Med icago ▁la x isp ira ▁He yn ▁ ▁Med icago ▁min ima ▁( L .) ▁Bart . ▁ ▁Med icago ▁pol ym or pha ▁L . ▁ ▁Med icago ▁pra ec ox ▁DC . ▁ ▁Med icago ▁sau v age i ▁N è gre ▁ ▁Med icago ▁ten ore ana ▁Ser . ▁ ▁Sub section ▁P ach ys p ire ae ▁ ▁Med icago ▁const rict a ▁Dur ieu ▁ ▁Med icago ▁d oli ata ▁Carm ign . ▁ ▁Med icago ▁ital ica ▁( M iller ) ▁F ior i ▁ ▁Med icago ▁les ins ii ▁E . ▁Small ▁ ▁Med icago ▁litt oral is ▁Roh de ▁ex ▁L
ois . ▁ ▁Med icago ▁m ure x ▁Wil ld . ▁ ▁Med icago ▁rigid ula ▁( L .) ▁All . ▁ ▁Med icago ▁rigid ul oid es ▁E . ▁Small ▁ ▁Med icago ▁s ins k ia e ▁Ul jan ova ▁ ▁Med icago ▁sole iro li i ▁Dub y ▁ ▁Med icago ▁sp ha er oc ar pos ▁Bert ol . ▁ ▁Med icago ▁sy ri aca ▁E . ▁Small ▁ ▁Med icago ▁tr un cat ula ▁Ga ert n . ▁ ▁Med icago ▁turb in ata ▁( L .) ▁All . ▁ ▁Spec ies ▁names ▁with ▁uncertain ▁tax onom ic ▁status ▁The ▁status ▁of ▁the ▁following ▁species ▁is ▁un resolved : ▁▁ ▁Med icago ▁ag ropy ret orum ▁V ass il cz . ▁ ▁Med icago ▁al at av ica ▁V ass il cz . ▁▁ ▁Med icago ▁c au cas ica ▁V ass il cz . ▁ ▁Med icago ▁cy ren ae a ▁M aire ▁& ▁We iller ▁ ▁Med icago ▁dif al c ata ▁S ins k aya ▁▁ ▁Med icago ▁gross heim ii ▁V ass il cz . ▁ ▁Med icago ▁gun ib ica ▁V ass il cz . ▁ ▁Med icago ▁hem ico er ule a ▁S ins k aya ▁▁ ▁Med icago ▁kar ats cha ica ▁( A . ▁H eller ) ▁A . ▁H eller ▁ ▁Med icago ▁kom ar ov ii ▁V ass il cz . ▁▁ ▁Med icago ▁me yer i ▁Gr un er ▁▁ ▁Med icago ▁pol ych ro a ▁G
ros sh . ▁▁ ▁Med icago ▁sch isch kin ii ▁Sum ne v . ▁ ▁Med icago ▁tal y sc hens is ▁L ats ch . ▁▁ ▁Med icago ▁trans ox ana ▁V ass il cz . ▁▁ ▁Med icago ▁tun et ana ▁( M urb .) ▁A . W . ▁Hill ▁ ▁Med icago ▁v ard an is ' ▁V ass il cz . ▁ ▁Med icago ▁v ires c ens ▁G ros sh . ▁ ▁Recent ▁molecular ▁ph y log en ic ▁analys es ▁of ▁Med icago '' ▁indicate ▁that ▁the ▁sections ▁and ▁sub sections ▁defined ▁by ▁Small ▁& ▁J omp he , ▁as ▁outlined ▁above , ▁are ▁generally ▁poly phy let ic . ▁However , ▁with ▁minor ▁re vis ions ▁sections ▁and ▁sub sections ▁could ▁be ▁rendered ▁mon oph y let ic . ▁ ▁Notes ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁▁▁ ▁Category : Pl ant ▁models ▁Category : F ab aceae ▁gener a <0x0A> </s> ▁" This ▁joy ful ▁Easter t ide " ▁is ▁an ▁ 1 8 9 4 ▁Easter ▁car ol . ▁The ▁words ▁are ▁by ▁George ▁Rat cl iffe ▁Wood ward , ▁the ▁tune ▁is ▁from ▁the ▁Netherlands ▁( 1 6 2 4 ), ▁and ▁the ▁ 1 8 9 4 ▁harmon isation ▁is ▁by ▁Charles ▁Wood . ▁ ▁Public ation ▁The ▁original ▁car ol ▁was ▁published ▁in ▁ 1 8 9 4 ▁in ▁Carol s ▁for ▁Easter ▁and ▁Asc ension t ide , ▁a ▁publication ▁put ▁together ▁by ▁Wood ward ▁and ▁Wood ; ▁and ▁again ▁in ▁ 1
9 0 2 ▁in ▁The ▁Cow ley ▁Carol ▁Book ▁( second ▁edition ). ▁They ▁used ▁a ▁Dutch ▁tune ▁first ▁published ▁in ▁ 1 6 2 4 ▁by ▁D irk ▁Raf a els z ▁Cam ph u ys en ▁and ▁rep ub lished ▁in ▁ 1 6 8 5 ▁by ▁Jo ach im ▁O uda en ▁with ▁an ▁Easter ▁text ▁of ▁his ▁own ▁(" H oe ▁g root ▁de ▁v rug ten ▁zijn "). ▁ ▁The ▁music ▁has ▁been ▁rep ub lished ▁many ▁times , ▁often ▁under ▁ch oral ▁arrangements . ▁Some ▁of ▁the ▁arrangements ▁published ▁include ▁that ▁of ▁William ▁L le w elly n ▁published ▁by ▁Oxford ▁University ▁Press , ▁and ▁that ▁of ▁Philip ▁Led ger . ▁More ▁recently , ▁Oxford ▁University ▁Press ▁published ▁the ▁text ▁set ▁to ▁a ▁completely ▁new ▁tune ▁composed ▁by ▁Matthew ▁O w ens ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 5 ▁in ▁the ▁form ▁of ▁a ▁ch oral ▁an the m . ▁ ▁Text ▁Many ▁versions ▁exist ▁of ▁the ▁three ▁original ▁vers es ; ▁but ▁in ▁its ▁original ▁form ▁as ▁written ▁by ▁George ▁Rat cl iffe ▁Wood ward ▁and ▁published ▁in ▁ 1 8 9 4 , ▁it ▁is ▁as ▁follows : ▁ ▁Two ▁additional ▁vers es ▁were ▁p enn ed ▁by ▁Bas il ian ▁Father ▁M . ▁Owen ▁Lee : ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : E aster ▁h ym ns <0x0A> </s> ▁Bass ett ▁is ▁a ▁sub urb ▁and ▁elect oral ▁ward ▁of ▁the ▁City ▁of ▁South ampton , ▁England . ▁The ▁sub urb ▁lies ▁to ▁the ▁north
▁of ▁the ▁city ▁centre ▁and ▁is ▁largely ▁residential , ▁including ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁South ampton ' s ▁Glen ▁E y re ▁H alls ▁of ▁residence ▁complex ▁( including ▁Chamber l ain ), ▁which ▁houses ▁around ▁ 2 , 1 0 0 ▁students . ▁Bass ett ▁gives ▁its ▁name ▁to ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁A 3 3 ▁ar ter ial ▁road ▁which ▁links ▁the ▁city ▁centre ▁to ▁the ▁M 3 , ▁described ▁by ▁P ev s ner ▁& ▁Lloyd ▁as ▁" part ▁of ▁the ▁spl end id ▁tree - lined ▁route ▁into ▁South ampton ▁from ▁Win chester , ▁London ▁and ▁the ▁north ". ▁The ▁highest ▁point ▁in ▁the ▁City ▁of ▁South ampton ▁( its ▁" count y ▁top ") ▁lies ▁on ▁Bass ett ▁Avenue ▁at ▁a ▁height ▁of ▁ ▁above ▁sea ▁level . ▁ ▁Bass ett ▁Ward ▁compris es ▁Bass ett , ▁Bass ett ▁Green ▁and ▁L ords wood . ▁It ▁had ▁a ▁population ▁of ▁ 1 4 , 5 3 2 ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁census . ▁ ▁History ▁ ▁A ▁family ▁named ▁' B asset ' ▁is ▁known ▁to ▁have ▁lived ▁in ▁South ▁Stone ham ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 5 th ▁century , ▁and ▁the ▁place ▁name ▁may ▁be ▁from ▁their ▁name . ▁The ▁area ▁broad ly ▁occupied ▁by ▁Bass ett ▁today ▁was ▁known ▁as ▁Stone ham ▁Common , ▁shown ▁on ▁the ▁ 1 7 9 1 ▁map ▁by ▁Thomas ▁Mil ne ▁on ▁which ▁' B assets ▁Lane ' ▁also ▁appears ▁( without ▁any ▁associated ▁village ). ▁The ▁village ▁of
▁Bass ett ▁appears ▁on ▁a ▁ 1 8 1 0 ▁map , ▁located ▁roughly ▁where ▁Bass ett ▁Green ▁Village ▁is ▁today . ▁In ▁the ▁late ▁ 1 8 th ▁century ▁it ▁grew ▁as ▁a ▁retreat ▁for ▁rich ▁people ▁outside ▁( and ▁away ▁from ▁civ ic ▁respons ibilities ▁in ) ▁the ▁b orough ▁of ▁South ampton . ▁By ▁the ▁time ▁of ▁the ▁Or dn ance ▁Survey ▁of ▁ 1 8 9 7 , ▁B asset ▁had ▁been ▁renamed ▁Bass ett ▁Green ▁( with ▁a ▁double ▁' t '), ▁and ▁a ▁more ▁w ester ly ▁area ▁( west ▁of ▁Bass ett ▁Wood ) ▁was ▁identified ▁as ▁Bass ett . ▁ ▁By ▁the ▁late ▁ 1 9 th ▁century , ▁Bass ett ▁consisted ▁of ▁many ▁substantial ▁vill as ▁occupied ▁by ▁the ▁middle ▁classes . ▁Despite ▁having ▁the ▁appearance ▁of ▁a ▁well - to - do ▁district ▁on ▁the ▁edge ▁of ▁the ▁town , ▁Rev d . ▁Ell i ott ▁Ken worthy - B row ne ▁( re ctor ▁of ▁North ▁Stone ham ▁from ▁ 1 8 8 6 ▁to ▁ 1 9 1 2 ) ▁observed ▁that ▁three - quarters ▁of ▁the ▁population ▁of ▁ 8 0 0 ▁were ▁poor , ▁chief ly ▁mechanics ▁and ▁labour ers . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 2 0 ▁the ▁boundaries ▁of ▁South ampton ▁were ▁extended ▁to ▁include ▁Bass ett , ▁along ▁with ▁B itter ne , ▁Sh ol ing , ▁W ool ston , ▁West on , ▁Pe art ree ▁and ▁S way th ling . ▁ ▁Government ▁
▁Along ▁with ▁the ▁adjacent ▁neighbour hood s ▁of ▁Bass ett ▁Green ▁and ▁L ords wood , ▁Bass ett ▁forms ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁Bass ett ▁Ward ▁of ▁South ampton , ▁which ▁had ▁a ▁population ▁of ▁ 1 3 , 1 3 9 ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 1 ▁census . ▁Coun c ill ors ▁for ▁the ▁ward ▁are ▁elected ▁to ▁South ampton ▁City ▁Council , ▁which ▁is ▁a ▁unit ary ▁authority ▁and ▁therefore ▁the ▁only ▁tier ▁of ▁local ▁government ▁covering ▁the ▁neighbour hood . ▁Nation ally , ▁Bass ett ▁falls ▁within ▁the ▁Rom sey ▁and ▁South ampton ▁North ▁constitu ency ▁for ▁the ▁UK ▁parliament ▁and ▁the ▁South ▁East ▁England ▁constitu ency ▁for ▁the ▁European ▁Union ▁parliament . ▁ ▁Ge ography ▁ ▁Bass ett ▁is ▁primarily ▁urban ▁or ▁subur ban ▁in ▁nature ▁but ▁is ▁sand w ic hed ▁between ▁South ampton ' s ▁two ▁largest ▁open ▁spaces ; ▁South ampton ▁Common ▁to ▁the ▁south ▁and ▁South ampton ▁Sports ▁Centre ▁to ▁the ▁north . ▁The ▁main ▁shopping ▁area ▁of ▁the ▁neighbour hood ▁is ▁located ▁where ▁three ▁major ▁roads ▁meet ; ▁Hill ▁Lane ▁( the ▁main ▁road ▁from ▁Bass ett ▁to ▁the ▁city ▁centre ), ▁Win chester ▁Road ▁and ▁Burg ess ▁Road ▁( both ▁major ▁east - west ▁routes ▁across ▁the ▁city ). ▁The ▁shops ▁there ▁include ▁a ▁well - est ab lished ▁pharm acy , ▁Bass ett ▁Te a ▁Ro oms , ▁and ▁a ▁but cher , ▁U pt ons ▁of ▁Bass ett . ▁U pton ' s ▁frequently ▁appear ▁in ▁regional ▁and ▁national ▁but
ch ery ▁compet itions ; ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁they ▁were ▁named ▁sup reme ▁champions ▁in ▁the ▁Great ▁Hampshire ▁S aus age ▁& ▁P ie ▁Compet ition . ▁ ▁Land marks ▁▁ ▁The ▁Bass ett ▁Hotel ▁at ▁ 1 1 1 ▁Burg ess ▁Road ▁dated ▁from ▁before ▁ 1 8 7 1 ▁and ▁was ▁by ▁that ▁year ▁owned ▁by ▁Co op ers ▁Brew ery , ▁subsequently ▁taken ▁over ▁by ▁Wat ney ▁Com be ▁& ▁Re id . ▁It ▁became ▁a ▁popular ▁music ▁venue , ▁with ▁its ▁back ▁room ▁housing ▁a ▁jazz ▁club , ▁the ▁Con cor de ▁Club , ▁which ▁subsequently ▁moved ▁to ▁separate ▁prem ises ▁in ▁North ▁Stone ham . ▁While ▁located ▁at ▁the ▁Bass ett ▁Hotel , ▁the ▁club ▁was ▁the ▁scene ▁of ▁early ▁performances ▁from ▁the ▁likes ▁of ▁Chris ▁Bar ber , ▁Joe ▁C ocker ▁and ▁Man fred ▁Mann . ▁The ▁hotel ' s ▁bar ▁was ▁also ▁visited ▁by ▁Ken ▁Russell ▁on ▁his ▁way ▁to ▁an ▁inf amous ▁television ▁interview ▁for ▁the ▁View point ▁programme ; ▁after ▁drinking ▁at ▁least ▁four ▁sc ot ches ▁at ▁the ▁Bass ett , ▁Russell ▁initially ▁went ▁to ▁the ▁wrong ▁television ▁studio ▁and ▁when ▁he ▁reached ▁the ▁correct ▁one ▁he ▁failed ▁to ▁answer ▁any ▁questions . ▁ ▁The ▁hotel ▁under w ent ▁an ▁£ 8 0 , 0 0 0 ▁ref urb ishment ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 2 ▁and ▁was ▁rel a unched ▁as ▁a ▁Bern i ▁Ste ak ▁House . ▁It ▁was ▁later ▁sold ▁to ▁Whit bread ▁who ▁turned ▁it ▁into
▁a ▁Be efe ater ▁restaurant ▁and ▁subsequently ▁a ▁Brew ers ▁F ay re ▁before ▁it ▁was ▁closed . ▁The ▁hotel ▁was ▁acquired ▁by ▁Sun rise ▁Senior ▁Living ▁who ▁demol ished ▁it ▁and ▁built ▁a ▁residential ▁care ▁home ▁on ▁the ▁site . ▁ ▁Education ▁Primary - age ▁children ▁in ▁Bass ett ▁tend ▁to ▁attend ▁local ▁schools ▁in ▁adjacent ▁neighbour hood s , ▁such ▁as ▁Bass ett ▁Green , ▁Shir ley ▁and ▁L ords wood . ▁Bass ett ▁is ▁also ▁close ▁to ▁two ▁large ▁secondary ▁schools ; ▁Cant ell ▁School ▁in ▁Bass ett ▁Green ▁and ▁Reg ents ▁Park ▁Community ▁College ▁are ▁roughly ▁equ id istant ▁from ▁the ▁f ocal ▁point ▁of ▁Bass ett ▁( the ▁jun ction ▁of ▁Hill ▁Lane ▁and ▁Win chester ▁Road ). ▁ ▁The ▁University ▁of ▁South ampton ' s ▁distinctive ▁B old re wood ▁Camp us ▁buildings ▁are ▁situated ▁just ▁off ▁Bass ett ▁Avenue , ▁at ▁the ▁eastern ▁extrem ity ▁of ▁Bass ett . ▁The ▁campus ▁hous ed ▁the ▁Bi omed ical ▁Sciences ▁Centre ▁until ▁its ▁closure ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 0 . ▁It ▁has ▁now ▁been ▁replaced ▁by ▁a ▁joint ▁centre ▁for ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁South ampton ▁and ▁Lloyd ' s ▁Register , ▁completed ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 4 . ▁ ▁Relig ious ▁sites ▁ ▁Bass ett ▁was ▁originally ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁parish ▁of ▁North ▁Stone ham , ▁which ▁can ▁be ▁tr aced ▁back ▁to ▁the ▁early ▁ 9 th ▁century ▁when ▁it ▁was ▁known ▁as ▁" St on am ▁Abb atis " ▁or ▁" A bb ots
▁Stone ham ", ▁and ▁was ▁attached ▁to ▁Hy de ▁Ab bey ▁at ▁Win chester . ▁After ▁the ▁diss olution ▁of ▁the ▁monaster ies ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 5 4 0 s , ▁the ▁man or ▁was ▁acquired ▁by ▁Thomas ▁W ri othes ley , ▁Earl ▁of ▁South ampton . ▁In ▁ 1 5 9 9 , ▁the ▁W ri othes ley ▁family ▁sold ▁the ▁estate ▁to ▁Sir ▁Thomas ▁F lem ing . ▁ ▁With ▁the ▁growth ▁of ▁Bass ett ▁came ▁the ▁construction ▁of ▁a ▁second ▁church ▁within ▁the ▁parish , ▁located ▁on ▁Bass ett ▁Avenue . ▁The ▁foundation ▁stone ▁for ▁the ▁new ▁church ▁was ▁laid ▁in ▁ 1 8 9 7 ▁and ▁St ▁Michael ▁and ▁All ▁Ang els ▁Church ▁is ▁now ▁a ▁" Gr ade ▁II ▁listed ▁building ". ▁The ▁parish ▁has ▁since ▁been ▁renamed ▁" N orth ▁Stone ham ▁and ▁Bass ett ", ▁and ▁en compass es ▁the ▁whole ▁of ▁Bass ett , ▁the ▁portion ▁of ▁Bass ett ▁Green ▁north ▁of ▁Bass ett ▁Green ▁Road , ▁North ▁Stone ham , ▁and ▁the ▁portion ▁of ▁Ch il worth ▁within ▁the ▁M 3 / M 2 7 ▁triangle . ▁The ▁parish ▁also ▁covers ▁South ampton ▁Airport . ▁ ▁All ▁S aints ▁Church ▁on ▁Win chester ▁Road ▁was ▁inaugur ated ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 0 ▁to ▁serve ▁the ▁needs ▁of ▁the ▁western ▁edge ▁of ▁the ▁parish . ▁ ▁Sport ▁ ▁Bass ett ▁is ▁home ▁to ▁several ▁of ▁South ampton ' s ▁main ▁sports ▁facilities : ▁ ▁South ampton ▁Sports ▁Centre ▁The ▁centre ▁is ▁a
▁ 1 5 0 - acre ▁site ▁with ▁facilities ▁for ▁football , ▁net ball , ▁cricket , ▁cycl o ▁cross , ▁cross ▁country , ▁athlet ics , ▁tennis , ▁bow ling , ▁vol ley ball , ▁crazy ▁golf , ▁putting , ▁and ▁hockey . ▁The ▁area ▁has ▁been ▁used ▁for ▁the ▁Mill enn ium ▁Youth ▁Games , ▁National ▁Cycl oc ross ▁Championships ▁and ▁to ▁hold ▁outdoor ▁classical ▁conc erts . ▁ ▁South ampton ▁Snow s ports ▁Centre ▁The ▁centre ▁has ▁three ▁dry ▁ski ▁sl opes : ▁a ▁main ▁slope ▁of ▁ 1 1 0 ▁metres ; ▁a ▁second ▁slope ▁of ▁ 9 0 ▁metres ▁and ▁a ▁nur ser y ▁slope ▁of ▁ 3 0 ▁metres ▁long . ▁All ▁sl opes ▁are ▁fully ▁flood lit . ▁ ▁South ampton ▁City ▁Golf ▁Course ▁Origin ally ▁known ▁as ▁South ampton ▁Municipal ▁Golf ▁Course ▁or ▁' M uni ', ▁the ▁course ▁is ▁a ▁ 2 7 - hole ▁venue ▁set ▁in ▁wood land . ▁The ▁course ▁was ▁designed ▁by ▁five ▁times ▁British ▁Open ▁Champion ▁J . ▁H . ▁Taylor , ▁and ▁was ▁completed ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 5 . ▁It ▁recently ▁celebrated ▁its ▁ 7 5 th ▁Ann iversary ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 0 . ▁ ▁Red ▁L odge ▁Community ▁Pool ▁Bass ett ▁has ▁its ▁own ▁ 2 0 - met re ▁swimming ▁pool . ▁Red ▁L odge ▁Community ▁Pool ▁was ▁threatened ▁with ▁demol ition ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 9 ▁and ▁is ▁now ▁run ▁by ▁a ▁char itable ▁trust . ▁The ▁pool ▁offers ▁swimming
▁lessons , ▁community ▁group ▁book ings ▁and ▁public ▁sessions . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁▁ ▁Old ▁Bass ett ▁Res idents ▁Association ▁ ▁North ▁West ▁Bass ett ▁Res idents ▁Association ▁ ▁North ▁East ▁Bass ett ▁Res idents ▁Association ▁ ▁Category : W ards ▁of ▁South ampton <0x0A> </s> ▁Se yd an ▁( , ▁also ▁Roman ized ▁as ▁ Ş ey d ā n ; ▁also ▁known ▁as ▁S ai y ad ▁and ▁ Ş ay y ā d ) ▁is ▁a ▁village ▁in ▁H ose yn abad - e ▁Jon ub i ▁R ural ▁District , ▁in ▁the ▁Central ▁District ▁of ▁San and aj ▁County , ▁K urd istan ▁Province , ▁Iran . ▁At ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁census , ▁its ▁population ▁was ▁ 9 9 , ▁in ▁ 2 3 ▁families . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁▁ ▁Category : T own s ▁and ▁villages ▁in ▁San and aj ▁County <0x0A> </s> ▁Peter ▁Tom s ▁ ▁R A ▁ ▁( fl . ▁ 1 7 4 8 , ▁died ▁ 1 ▁January ▁ 1 7 7 7 ) ▁ ▁was ▁an ▁English ▁painter , ▁special ising ▁in ▁dep ict ing ▁drap ery ▁for ▁the ▁works ▁of ▁other ▁artists . ▁He ▁was ▁a ▁foundation ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁Royal ▁Academy . ▁ ▁Life ▁▁▁ ▁Tom s ▁was ▁the ▁son ▁of ▁an ▁eng ra ver , ▁William ▁Henry ▁Tom s , ▁of ▁M ash am ▁Street , ▁West min ster . ▁App rent iced ▁to ▁the ▁portrait ist ▁Thomas ▁Hudson , ▁he ▁became
▁a ▁drap ery - p ain ter , ▁and ▁worked ▁for ▁Francis ▁C otes ▁for ▁several ▁years . ▁After ▁C otes ' ▁ ▁death , ▁he ▁was ▁employed ▁by ▁Sir ▁Joshua ▁Reyn olds , ▁ ▁Benjamin ▁West ▁and ▁John ▁Z off any ▁amongst ▁others . ▁He ▁ ▁also ▁held ▁the ▁post ▁of ▁Port ▁C ul is ▁P urs u iv ant . ▁at ▁the ▁College ▁of ▁Her ald s . ▁ ▁According ▁to ▁Edward ▁Edwards : Am ong ▁the ▁pictures ▁which ▁he ▁did ▁for ▁Sir ▁Joshua , ▁are ▁some ▁very ▁excellent ; ▁and ▁cand our ▁must ▁allow , ▁that ▁many ▁of ▁Sir ▁Joshua ' s ▁best ▁whole - length s ▁are ▁those , ▁to ▁which ▁Tom s ▁painted ▁the ▁drap eries : ▁Among ▁these ▁was ▁the ▁picture ▁of ▁Lady ▁Elizabeth ▁Ke pp el , ▁in ▁the ▁dress ▁she ▁wore ▁as ▁bride - ma id ▁to ▁the ▁Queen ▁; ▁for ▁which ▁he ▁was ▁paid ▁the ▁sum ▁of ▁twelve ▁gu ine as , ▁a ▁very ▁sl ender ▁price ▁in ▁proportion ▁to ▁the ▁mer it ▁of ▁the ▁piece , ▁but ▁Sir ▁Joshua ▁was ▁not ▁remark ably ▁liberal ▁upon ▁these ▁occasions , ▁of ▁which ▁circum stance ▁Mr . ▁Tom s ▁did ▁not ▁neglect ▁to ▁complain . ▁ ▁James ▁North c ote , ▁though ▁he ▁considered ▁Tom s ▁" a ▁ ▁very ▁good ▁drap ery ▁painter " ▁felt ▁that ▁his ▁rather ▁heavy ▁manner ▁was ▁out ▁of ▁sympathy ▁with ▁Reyn olds ' ▁style . ▁ ▁Tom s ▁was ▁a ▁foundation ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁Royal ▁Academy ▁in ▁ 1 7
6 8 . ▁He ▁exhib ited ▁three ▁works ▁at ▁the ▁academ y : ▁" An ▁alleg or ical ▁picture ". ▁in ▁ 1 7 6 9 , ▁" A ▁portrait ; ▁half ▁length " ▁in ▁ 1 7 7 9 ▁and ▁" The ▁bur d ock ▁and ▁other ▁wild ▁plants ; ▁a ▁spec imen ▁of ▁a ▁work ▁to ▁be ▁published " ▁in ▁ 1 7 7 1 . ▁ ▁Despite ▁his ▁success ▁as ▁a ▁drap ery ▁painter , ▁his ▁heavy ▁drinking ▁and ▁a ▁lack ▁of ▁p rud ence ▁in ▁other ▁respect s , ▁kept ▁him ▁poor , ▁and ▁prevented ▁his ▁advance ment ▁in ▁the ▁College ▁of ▁Her ald s . ▁He ▁attempted ▁suicide ▁by ▁cutting ▁his ▁own ▁throat ; ▁the ▁wound ▁did ▁not ▁however ▁prove ▁fatal ▁and ▁he ▁survived ▁for ▁several ▁years , ▁dying ▁in ▁poverty ▁at ▁his ▁lod ging ▁in ▁R ath bone ▁Place ▁in ▁London , ▁on ▁ 1 ▁January ▁▁ 1 7 7 7 . ▁He ▁was ▁buried ▁in ▁the ▁c emetery ▁of ▁St . ▁G iles - in - the - Fields . ▁ ▁He ▁married ▁Mary , ▁daughter ▁of ▁Robert ▁H ogg , ▁of ▁K inc ard ine . ▁She ▁died ▁about ▁three ▁years ▁before ▁him , ▁and ▁was ▁buried ▁at ▁Mary le bone , ▁the ▁parish ▁in ▁which ▁he ▁lived ▁many ▁years . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : R oyal ▁Academ icians ▁Category : 1 7 7 7 ▁deaths ▁Category : English ▁artists ▁Category : Year ▁of ▁birth ▁unknown <0x0A> </s> ▁Al h aj i ▁Dr
. ▁Al iy u ▁Ak il u ▁M . F . R ▁( 1 9 1 8 ▁– ▁October ▁ 1 9 , ▁ 1 9 9 9 ) ▁also ▁known ▁as ▁Mal am ▁Ak il u ▁Al iy u ▁or ▁A q il u ▁Al iy u ▁was ▁a ▁Niger ian ▁poet , ▁writer , ▁scholar , ▁politician ▁and ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁greatest ▁Haus a ▁po ets ▁of ▁the ▁twentieth ▁century . ▁Al iy u ▁was ▁born ▁in ▁J ega ▁( in ▁a ▁town ▁called ▁Ky arm i , ▁in ▁present - day ▁K eb bi ▁State . ▁For ▁his ▁early ▁education , ▁he ▁was ▁trained ▁in ▁a ▁Q ur an ic ▁school ▁in ▁K ano , ▁under ▁the ▁T ij ani y ya ▁brother hood , ▁and ▁later ▁went ▁to ▁B orno ▁to ▁study ▁under ▁prominent ▁Islamic ▁scholars ▁from ▁the ▁nort he astern ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁country . ▁He ▁was ▁an ▁er ud ite ▁poet ▁who ▁wrote ▁in ▁Haus a ▁and ▁Arab ic , ▁and ▁his ▁rec itals ▁drew ▁great ▁ac claim ▁among ▁many ▁Haus a ▁speakers . ▁He ▁started ▁writing ▁Arab ic ▁poems ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 3 0 s . ▁ ▁Mal am ▁Ak il u ’ s ▁apt itude ▁in ▁poetry ▁began ▁to ▁show ▁while ▁he ▁was ▁only ▁a ▁teenager . ▁In ▁an ▁interview ▁with ▁Radio ▁Nigeria , ▁K ad una ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 6 , ▁the ▁poet ▁said ▁that ▁he ▁started ▁compos ing ▁in ▁Arab ic ▁even ▁before ▁vent uring ▁into ▁Haus a ▁poetry
. ▁As ▁at ▁then , ▁he ▁said ▁in ▁the ▁interview , ▁he ▁had ▁over ▁seven ▁hundred ▁poems ▁to ▁his ▁credit ▁some ▁of ▁which ▁had ▁up ▁to ▁ 3 0 0 ▁vers es . ▁In ▁fact , ▁he ▁composed ▁one ▁with ▁a ▁thousand ▁vers es ! ▁ ▁Biography ▁ ▁Ak li u ▁Al iy u ▁was ▁born ▁in ▁J ega ▁( in ▁a ▁town ▁called ▁Ky arm i , ▁in ▁present - day ▁K eb bi ▁State ▁For ▁his ▁early ▁education , ▁he ▁was ▁trained ▁in ▁a ▁Q ur an ic ▁school ▁in ▁K ano , ▁under ▁the ▁T ij ani y ya ▁brother hood , ▁and ▁later ▁went ▁to ▁B orno ▁to ▁study ▁under ▁prominent ▁Islamic ▁scholars ▁from ▁the ▁nort he astern ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁country . ▁Mal am ▁Ak il u ’ s ▁apt itude ▁in ▁poetry ▁began ▁to ▁show ▁while ▁he ▁was ▁only ▁a ▁teenager ▁( mid ▁ 1 9 3 0 s ) ▁ ▁Mal am ▁Ak il u ▁spent ▁most ▁of ▁his ▁life ▁in ▁K ano , ▁a ▁place ▁he ▁went ▁as ▁an ▁Islamic ▁student ▁in ▁his ▁teens . ▁He ▁was ▁in ▁M aid ug uri ▁for ▁a ▁few ▁decades ▁before ▁returning ▁to ▁K ano ▁where ▁he ▁lived ▁till ▁his ▁death . ▁He ▁lived ▁as ▁an ▁Islamic ▁teacher , ▁a ▁tail or ▁and ▁a ▁poet ▁( po etry ▁was ▁a ▁medium ▁through ▁which ▁he ▁taught ▁thousands ▁of ▁invisible ▁students ). ▁He ▁established , ▁and ▁taught ▁in , ▁Islamic ▁schools ▁in ▁M aid ug uri ▁and ▁Az are . ▁
▁The ▁poet ▁was ▁most ▁rever ed ▁by ▁fellow ▁Haus a ▁liter ati ▁who ▁considered ▁him ▁a ▁senior ▁for ▁his ▁exceptional ▁poet ic ▁power . ▁Professor ▁Neil ▁Sk inner , ▁the ▁renown ▁Haus a ▁scholar , ▁in ▁his ▁book , ▁An ▁Anth ology ▁of ▁Haus a ▁Liter ature , ▁described ▁Mal am ▁Ak il u ▁as ▁" v ig orous ▁and ▁highly ▁productive ▁poet ." ▁She ikh ▁Na ’ ib i ▁S ule iman ▁W ali , ▁an ▁Islamic ▁scholar ▁and ▁excellent ▁b iling ual ▁poet ▁( Ar ab ic ▁and ▁Haus a ), ▁called ▁the ▁late ▁poet ▁a ▁f as ih i ; ▁a ▁Haus an ised ▁Arab ic ▁word ▁meaning ▁‘ tal ented ’. ▁Al h aj i ▁M udi ▁S ip ik in ▁also ▁held ▁the ▁poet ▁in ▁high ▁este em . ▁When ▁Al h aj i ▁She hu ▁Sh ag ari ▁was ▁in ▁power ▁( he ▁is ▁also ▁a ▁poet , ▁remember ▁W ak ar ▁N ij eri ya ▁), he ▁invited ▁fellow ▁Haus a ▁po ets ▁to ▁Arg ung u ▁and ▁hon oured ▁them ▁and ▁of ▁course ▁Mal am ▁Ak il u ▁was ▁among ▁them . ▁Mal am ▁Ak il u ▁was ▁also ▁a ▁recipient ▁of ▁a ▁national ▁honour ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁an ▁honor ary ▁doctor ate ▁degree ▁from ▁Bay ero ▁University , ▁K ano . ▁ ▁Another ▁thing ▁that ▁further ▁earned ▁the ▁poet ▁respect ▁was ▁his ▁acceptance ▁of ▁modern ity . ▁This ▁could ▁be ▁seen ▁in ▁the ▁flexibility ▁of ▁his ▁poetry ▁which ▁touches ▁almost ▁all ▁spher es ▁of
▁human ▁existence ▁like ▁religion , ▁occupation , ▁le isure , ▁nature , ▁education , ▁et ▁c eter a . ▁One ▁of ▁the ▁topics ▁that ▁attracted ▁Mal am ▁Ak il u ’ s ▁attention ▁most ▁was ▁education . ▁In ▁fact ▁some ▁vers es ▁from ▁his ▁famous ▁poem , ▁" K ada ura ▁Bab bar ▁In u wa ", ▁serve ▁as ▁the ▁signature ▁tune ▁for ▁V O A ▁Haus a ▁Service ’ s ▁educational ▁program , ▁" I lim i ▁G ark u war ▁Dan ’ ad am ". ▁In ▁that ▁same ▁poem ▁he ▁encouraged ▁the ▁youth ▁to ▁be ▁engaged ▁in ▁profess ions ▁like ▁medicine , ▁law , ▁teaching , ▁journal ism , ▁banking ▁and ▁others . ▁ ▁" W ann an ▁dai ▁shine ▁h oto ▁na ▁ ▁W anda ▁id on ku ▁y ake ▁k allo ▁na ▁ ▁Bay an ▁na ▁t afi ▁gun ▁S ark ina ▁ ▁Za ▁k u ▁t una ▁ni ▁wat an ▁w ata ▁r ana ▁ ▁Ko ▁w ani ▁ya ▁y i ▁k ir an ▁sun ana ▁ ▁S ai ▁k u ▁can e ▁All ah ▁ya ▁j ik ain a ▁ ▁Ya ▁All ah ▁sa ▁k u ▁y i ▁j uy ay ina ▁ ▁Har ▁k u ▁y i ▁min ▁ad du ’ a ▁bay ana ; ▁ ▁A min ▁na ▁ro ke ▁k u ▁zum ain a ▁ ▁All ah ▁dai ▁ya ▁c ikan ▁fat ana ." ▁ ▁The ▁above ▁poet ic ▁lines ▁were ▁what ▁ ▁Ak il u ▁Al iy u , ▁ ▁wrote ▁under ▁his
▁photograph ▁in ▁F as aha ▁Ak ili ya , ▁a ▁collection ▁of ▁some ▁of ▁his ▁poems ▁ ▁whose ▁contribution ▁to ▁Haus a ▁poetry ▁in ▁quantity ▁and ▁quality , ▁to ▁the ▁best ▁of ▁this ▁writer ’ s ▁knowledge , ▁is ▁yet ▁to ▁be ▁sur pass ed . ▁ ▁The ▁poet ▁was ▁most ▁rever ed ▁by ▁fellow ▁Haus a ▁liter ati ▁who ▁considered ▁him ▁a ▁senior ▁for ▁his ▁exceptional ▁poet ic ▁power . ▁Professor ▁Neil ▁Sk inner , ▁the ▁renown ▁Haus a ▁scholar , ▁in ▁his ▁book , ▁An ▁Anth ology ▁of ▁Haus a ▁Liter ature , ▁described ▁Mal am ▁Ak il u ▁as ▁" v ig orous ▁and ▁highly ▁productive ▁poet ." ▁She ikh ▁Na ’ ib i ▁S ule iman ▁W ali , ▁an ▁Islamic ▁scholar ▁and ▁excellent ▁b iling ual ▁poet ▁( Ar ab ic ▁and ▁Haus a ), ▁called ▁the ▁late ▁poet ▁a ▁f as ih i ; ▁a ▁Haus an ised ▁Arab ic ▁word ▁meaning ▁‘ tal ented ’. ▁Al h aj i ▁M udi ▁S ip ik in ▁also ▁held ▁the ▁poet ▁in ▁high ▁este em . ▁When ▁Al h aj i ▁She hu ▁Sh ag ari ▁was ▁in ▁power ▁( he ▁is ▁also ▁a ▁poet , ▁remember ▁W ak ar ▁N ij eri ya ▁), he ▁invited ▁fellow ▁Haus a ▁po ets ▁to ▁Arg ung u ▁and ▁hon oured ▁them ▁and ▁of ▁course ▁Mal am ▁Ak il u ▁was ▁among ▁them . ▁Mal am ▁Ak il u ▁was ▁also ▁a ▁recipient ▁of ▁a ▁national ▁honour ▁as ▁well ▁as
▁an ▁honor ary ▁doctor ate ▁degree ▁from ▁Bay ero ▁University , ▁K ano . ▁Ham is u ▁Muhammad ▁G um el ▁said ▁" there ▁could ▁hardly ▁be ▁a ▁Haus a ▁poet ▁with ▁greater ▁patri otic ▁ze al ▁and ▁sense ▁of ▁belonging ." ▁ ▁Popular ▁Songs ▁In clude ▁▁ ▁Mat an ▁A ure ▁ ▁Dan ▁G ata ▁ ▁' Y ar ▁G ag ara ▁ ▁Haus a ▁Mai ▁Ban ▁Ha ush i ▁ ▁M aza ▁m am ug un ta ▁ ▁W ak ar ▁Naj eri ya ▁ ▁C uta ▁ba ▁mut u wa ▁ba ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁▁▁ ▁Simon ▁G ik and i ; ▁En cycl op edia ▁of ▁African ▁Liter ature , ▁R out ledge , ▁ 2 0 0 2 . ▁ ▁Books hel f , ▁December ▁ 3 – 9 , ▁ 1 9 9 9 ▁ ▁https :// web . archive . org / web / 2 0 1 2 0 9 0 7 0 7 5 8 2 9 / http :// www . ling u istics . u cl a . edu / people / sch uh / Metrics / sample _ ak il u . html ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 1 8 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 9 9 8 ▁deaths ▁Category : N iger ian ▁male ▁po ets ▁Category : People ▁from ▁K eb bi ▁State ▁Category : 2 0 th - century ▁Niger ian ▁po ets <0x0A> </s> ▁Oh l one ▁traditional ▁narr atives ▁include ▁myth s , ▁leg ends , ▁tales ,
▁and ▁oral ▁hist ories ▁preserved ▁by ▁the ▁Oh l one ▁( Cost ano an ) ▁people ▁of ▁the ▁central ▁California ▁coast . ▁ ▁Oh l one ▁oral ▁literature ▁formed ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁general ▁cultural ▁pattern ▁of ▁central ▁California . ▁ ▁On - Line ▁Examples ▁of ▁Oh l one ▁N arr atives ▁▁ ▁" Ind ian ▁My th s ▁of ▁South ▁Central ▁California " ▁by ▁Alfred ▁L . ▁K roe ber ▁( 1 9 0 7 ) ▁ ▁S ources ▁for ▁Oh l one ▁N arr atives ▁▁ ▁G iff ord , ▁Edward ▁W ins low , ▁and ▁G wend oline ▁Harris ▁Block . ▁ 1 9 3 0 . ▁California ▁Indian ▁N ights . ▁Arthur ▁H . ▁Clark , ▁Gl end ale , ▁California . ▁( Two ▁previously ▁published ▁narr atives , ▁pp . ▁ 1 0 0 - 1 0 2 , ▁ 3 0 2 - 3 0 3 .) ▁ ▁K roe ber , ▁A . ▁L . ▁ 1 9 0 7 . ▁" Ind ian ▁My th s ▁of ▁South ▁Central ▁California ". ▁University ▁of ▁California ▁Public ations ▁in ▁American ▁Arch ae ology ▁and ▁Eth n ology ▁ 4 : 1 6 7 - 2 5 0 . ▁Berkeley . ▁( R ums ien ▁myth s , ▁pp . ▁ 1 9 9 - 2 0 2 .) ▁ ▁K roe ber , ▁A . ▁L . ▁ 1 9 2 5 . ▁Hand book ▁of ▁the ▁Indians ▁of ▁California . ▁Bureau ▁of ▁American ▁Eth n ology ▁Bul
let in ▁No . ▁ 7 8 . ▁Washington , ▁D . C . ▁( Not es ▁on ▁origins ▁myth s , ▁pp . ▁ 4 7 2 - 4 7 3 .) ▁ ▁Ort iz , ▁Bever ly ▁R . ▁ 1 9 9 4 . ▁" Ch oche ño ▁and ▁Rum sen ▁N arr atives : ▁A ▁Compar ison ". ▁In ▁The ▁Oh l one : ▁Past ▁and ▁Present , ▁edited ▁by ▁Low ell ▁John ▁Be an , ▁pp . ▁ 9 9 - 1 6 3 . ▁Ball ena ▁Press , ▁Men lo ▁Park , ▁California . ▁( My th s , ▁mostly ▁fragment ary ▁and ▁some ▁of ▁uncertain ▁eth n ol ingu istic ▁affili ation , ▁collected ▁by ▁A . ▁L . ▁K roe ber ▁in ▁ 1 9 0 2 , ▁John ▁P . ▁Har ring ton ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 2 0 s ▁and ▁ 1 9 3 0 s , ▁and ▁Alex ▁Ram ire z ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 1 .) ▁ ▁Category : Oh l one ▁Category : Tr ad itional ▁narr atives ▁( Native ▁California ) ▁Category : F ol kl ore <0x0A> </s> ▁Not ▁to ▁be ▁confused ▁with ▁H eter ody ne ▁In ▁poetry , ▁a ▁heter ody ne ▁is ▁a ▁word ▁in ▁which ▁the ▁sy ll able ▁receiving ▁stress ▁and / or ▁pitch ▁change ▁is ▁other ▁than ▁the ▁sy ll able ▁of ▁longer ▁quantity . ▁This ▁mis align ment ▁is ▁considered ▁by ▁most ▁people ▁to ▁be ▁ph on et ically
▁challenging ▁to ▁rec ite , ▁and ▁when ▁applied ▁sp or ad ically ▁to ▁several ▁words ▁in ▁success ion , ▁it ▁usually ▁attract s ▁the ▁listener ' s ▁attention ▁to ▁a ▁higher ▁degree ▁than ▁the ▁more ▁natural - sound ing ▁blend ▁of ▁meter ▁and ▁stress / p itch . ▁ ▁Only ▁languages ▁with ▁a ▁separate ▁quant itative ▁element ▁can ▁make ▁substantial ▁use ▁of ▁heter od yn es , ▁and ▁people ▁primarily ▁refer ▁to ▁the ▁poetry ▁of ▁classical ▁languages ▁when ▁ev oking ▁the ▁term . ▁ ▁The ▁term ▁was ▁co ined ▁by ▁W . ▁F . ▁Jackson ▁Knight ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 9 , ▁in ▁reference ▁to ▁heter ody ne ▁radio ▁waves . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : Po etic ▁rhythm <0x0A> </s> ▁Bog uc ino ▁ ▁( G erman : ▁Bog enth in ) ▁is ▁a ▁village ▁in ▁the ▁administrative ▁district ▁of ▁G mina ▁Ko ł ob rz eg , ▁within ▁Ko ł ob rz eg ▁County , ▁West ▁P omer an ian ▁Vo iv odes hip , ▁in ▁north - western ▁Poland . ▁It ▁lies ▁approximately ▁ ▁south - east ▁of ▁Ko ł ob rz eg ▁and ▁ ▁north - east ▁of ▁the ▁regional ▁capital ▁Sz cz ec in . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁History ▁of ▁P omer ania ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Bog uc ino <0x0A> </s> ▁K hand es hw ar ▁is ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁recently ▁developed ▁nodes ▁of ▁Nav i ▁M umb ai ▁and ▁is ▁located ▁in ▁Ra ig ad ▁district . ▁It ▁has ▁a ▁railway ▁station ▁on ▁the
▁har bour ▁line ▁of ▁the ▁M umb ai ▁subur ban ▁railway ▁network . ▁It ▁is ▁also ▁connected ▁by ▁the ▁Nav i ▁M umb ai ▁Metro . ▁K hand es hw ar ▁is ▁a ▁rapidly ▁developing ▁city . ▁Government ▁is ▁making ▁the ▁second ▁International ▁Airport ▁in ▁M umb ai ▁Met ropolitan ▁Region ▁and ▁first ▁in ▁Nav i ▁M umb ai ▁and ▁trying ▁to ▁connect ▁this ▁airport ▁to ▁Ch hat rap ati ▁Sh iv aj i ▁Mah ar aj ▁International ▁Airport ▁that ▁is ▁Term inal ▁ 2 ▁by ▁met ro ▁rail . ▁ ▁K hand es hw ar ▁also ▁has ▁a ▁temple ▁of ▁God ▁Sh iva . ▁Dev ote es ▁from ▁many ▁places ▁come ▁here ▁for ▁the ▁fair ▁on ▁Mah ash iv ra atri . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁▁ ▁Category : Nav i ▁M umb ai <0x0A> </s> ▁Sy nt om aul a ▁t eph ro ta ▁is ▁a ▁m oth ▁in ▁the ▁family ▁Cos m opter ig idae . ▁It ▁is ▁found ▁in ▁Sri ▁L anka . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Natural ▁History ▁Museum ▁L ep id opter a ▁generic ▁names ▁catalog ▁ ▁Category : C os m opter ig ina e <0x0A> </s> ▁G av in ▁Turk ▁( born ▁ 1 9 6 7 ) ▁is ▁a ▁British ▁artist , ▁and ▁is ▁considered ▁to ▁be ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁Young ▁British ▁Art ists . ▁Turk ' s ▁o e uv re ▁deals ▁with ▁issues ▁of ▁authentic ity ▁and ▁identity , ▁engaged ▁with ▁modern ist ▁and ▁avant - gar de ▁deb ates ▁surrounding ▁the ▁'
my th ' ▁of ▁the ▁artist ▁and ▁the ▁' auth orship ' ▁of ▁a ▁work ▁of ▁art . ▁ ▁Early ▁work ▁ ▁Turk ▁studied ▁at ▁Chelsea ▁School ▁of ▁Art ▁from ▁ 1 9 8 6 ▁to ▁ 1 9 8 9 , ▁and ▁at ▁the ▁Royal ▁College ▁of ▁Art ▁from ▁ 1 9 8 9 ▁to ▁ 1 9 9 1 . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 9 1 , ▁tut ors ▁at ▁the ▁Royal ▁College ▁of ▁Art ▁refused ▁to ▁present ▁G av in ▁Turk ▁with ▁his ▁post graduate ▁degree , ▁a ▁decision ▁based ▁on ▁his ▁gradu ation ▁exhibition . ▁Tit led ▁C ave , ▁it ▁consisted ▁of ▁a ▁white w ashed ▁studio ▁space , ▁containing ▁a ▁blue ▁heritage ▁pl aque ▁( of ▁the ▁kind ▁normally ▁found ▁on ▁historic ▁buildings ) ▁comm emor ating ▁his ▁own ▁presence ▁as ▁a ▁sculpt or , ▁stating ▁" G av in ▁Turk ▁worked ▁here , ▁ 1 9 8 9 – 1 9 9 1 ". ▁This ▁best owed ▁some ▁instant ▁not or iety ▁on ▁Turk , ▁whose ▁work ▁was ▁collected ▁by ▁numerous ▁collect ors ▁including ▁Charles ▁Sa atch i , ▁who ▁later ▁exhib ited ▁Turk ' s ▁work ▁in ▁the ▁exhibition ▁S ens ation , ▁which ▁tou red ▁London ▁( R oyal ▁Academy ▁of ▁Arts ), ▁Berlin ▁( H amb ur ger ▁Bahn hof ) ▁and ▁New ▁York ▁( Bro ok lyn ▁Museum ). ▁Turk ▁attended ▁the ▁private ▁view ▁of ▁the ▁S ens ation ▁exhibition ▁at ▁the ▁Royal ▁Academy , ▁dressed ▁as ▁a ▁down - and
- out ▁ ▁He ▁has ▁subsequently ▁produced ▁an ▁extensive ▁body ▁of ▁work , ▁which ▁pur ports ▁to ▁question ▁the ▁value ▁and ▁integrity ▁of ▁a ▁her metic ▁artistic ▁identity . ▁ ▁Practice ▁ ▁Turk ' s ▁wide ▁ranging ▁practice ▁often ▁incorpor ates ▁icon ic ▁images ▁of ▁figures ▁taken ▁from ▁popular ▁culture ▁and ▁art ▁historical ▁sources . ▁A ▁series ▁of ▁detailed ▁life - sized ▁wax works , ▁incorpor ating ▁the ▁artists ▁own ▁appearance , ▁features ▁the ▁artist ▁assuming ▁various ▁pos es ▁as ▁different ▁characters , ▁including ▁Sid ▁V icious , ▁Jean - Paul ▁Mar at ▁and ▁the ▁Marx ist ▁revolutionary ▁Che ▁G ue var a . ▁Turk ' s ▁most ▁famous ▁work ▁in ▁this ▁series , ▁Pop ▁( 1 9 9 3 ) ▁is ▁a ▁wax work ▁of ▁Turk ▁as ▁Sid ▁V icious . ▁The ▁work ▁appropri ates ▁the ▁stance ▁of ▁Andy ▁War hol ' s ▁screen ▁print ▁of ▁El vis ▁Pres ley . ▁In ▁the ▁work , ▁the ▁right ▁hand ▁is ▁pointing ▁a ▁gun , ▁a ▁mot if ▁which ▁recurs ▁in ▁other ▁works ▁in ▁the ▁series , ▁such ▁as ▁B um ▁( 1 9 9 8 ). ▁ ▁Turk ▁has ▁appropri ated ▁recogn is able ▁elements ▁from ▁artists ▁such ▁as ▁Jacques - Lou is ▁David , ▁Y ves ▁Klein , ▁Marcel ▁D uch amp , ▁Andy ▁War hol , ▁Ren é ▁Mag rit te , ▁Al igh iero ▁Bo etti , ▁Robert ▁Morris ▁( art ist ) ▁and ▁J asper ▁John s . ▁ ▁El vis ▁Pres ley ▁ ▁From ▁ 2 0 0
5 ▁Turk ▁began ▁producing ▁a ▁small ▁number ▁of ▁silk screen ▁works ▁on ▁canvas , ▁dep ict ing ▁himself ▁as ▁El vis ▁Pres ley , ▁in ▁a ▁pose ▁taken ▁from ▁the ▁paintings ▁by ▁Andy ▁War hol ▁of ▁the ▁same ▁subject ▁from ▁the ▁ 1 9 6 0 s , ▁such ▁as ▁War hol ' s ▁Tri ple ▁El vis . ▁Turk ▁applied ▁diamond ▁dust ▁to ▁some ▁of ▁the ▁El vis ▁works ▁made ▁from ▁diam ant é ▁applied ▁to ▁silk screen ed ▁canvas ▁in ▁vibr ant ▁pop ▁colours , ▁which ▁spark les ▁in ▁direct ▁light . ▁War hol ▁was ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁first ▁artists ▁to ▁use ▁diamond ▁dust ▁in ▁his ▁art works . ▁Examples ▁of ▁Turk ' s ▁El vis ▁series ▁are ▁Diamond ▁Yellow ▁El vis , ▁ 2 0 0 5 ▁and ▁Diamond ▁Pink ▁El vis , ▁ 2 0 0 5 . ▁ ▁Che ▁G ue var a ▁ ▁A ▁set ▁of ▁what ▁appeared ▁to ▁be ▁classic ▁post ers ▁of ▁Che ▁G ue var a ▁in ▁a ▁ber et , ▁again ▁revealed ▁themselves ▁on ▁further ▁scrut iny ▁to ▁be ▁photos ▁of ▁Turk ▁himself . ▁Turk ▁alleged ▁that ▁the ▁management ▁of ▁London ' s ▁( now ▁def unct ) ▁Mill enn ium ▁D ome ▁refused ▁to ▁display ▁his ▁Che ▁G av ara ▁( s ic ) ▁sculpt ure , ▁for ▁fear ▁of ▁off ending ▁arms - man ufact uring ▁D ome ▁spons or ▁BA e / Mar con i ▁( how ever ▁a ▁correspond ent ▁in ▁Art ▁Month ly ▁magazine ▁pointed ▁out ▁that ▁work
▁by ▁the ▁highly ▁political ▁left - wing ▁cart oon ist ▁Ralph ▁Ste ad man ▁was ▁being ▁exhib ited ▁in ▁the ▁D ome ▁at ▁the ▁same ▁time ). ▁ ▁S cul pt ure ▁and ▁public ▁works ▁ ▁A ▁series ▁of ▁three - dimensional ▁T rom pe - l ' œ il ▁works ▁includes ▁objects ▁cast ▁into ▁bronze , ▁painted ▁to ▁give ▁the ▁appearance ▁of ▁the ▁original ▁object . ▁Poss ibly ▁his ▁most ▁rever ed ▁works , ▁these ▁include ▁bronze ▁sculpt ures ▁of ▁plastic ▁rub b ish ▁bags , ▁see ▁" Bag " ▁( 2 0 0 0 ). ▁Other ▁sculpt ures ▁include ▁" N om ad " ▁( 2 0 0 2 ), ▁a ▁bronze ▁cast ▁of ▁a ▁sleeping ▁bag , ▁and ▁Box ▁( 2 0 0 2 ), ▁which ▁re semb les ▁a ▁card board ▁box . ▁Turk ▁is ▁perhaps ▁the ▁leading ▁exponent ▁of ▁the ▁painted ▁bronze , ▁and ▁has ▁cast ▁objects ▁from ▁spent ▁matches ▁to ▁worn ▁p aving ▁sl abs ▁to ▁disc arded ▁vehicle ▁exhaust ▁p ipes . ▁[[ File : G av in ▁Turk ▁' N ail ', ▁ 2 0 1 1 , ▁photo ▁by ▁Andy ▁Ke ate . jpg \| thumb \| right \| G av in ▁Turk ▁' N ail '' ', ▁ 2 0 1 1 , ▁photo ▁by ▁Andy ▁Ke ate ]] ▁ ▁In ▁December ▁ 2 0 0 9 , ▁Turk ▁took ▁part ▁in ▁the ▁" Br icks " ▁exhibition ▁at ▁Area ▁ 1 0 ▁in ▁Pe ck ham ▁in ▁Sout heast ▁London . ▁However
, ▁the ▁day ▁before ▁the ▁exhibition ▁was ▁to ▁start , ▁organiz ers ▁noticed ▁that ▁his ▁piece ▁entitled ▁" Rev ol ting ▁Br ick " ▁had ▁been ▁stolen ▁and ▁replaced ▁with ▁a ▁fake ▁brick . ▁The ▁fake ▁brick ▁held ▁the ▁words ▁" Thank ▁You ▁Have ▁a ▁Nice ▁Day , ▁Next " ▁and ▁was ▁part ▁of ▁a ▁set ▁of ▁ 5 0 0 ▁that ▁was ▁given ▁away ▁at ▁the ▁exhibition . ▁" Rev ol ting ▁Br ick " ▁was ▁number ▁eight ▁in ▁a ▁series ▁of ▁ten ▁that ▁Turk ▁had ▁created ▁and ▁signed . ▁The ▁artist ▁stated ▁that ▁he ▁" was ▁upset ▁but ▁fl attered " ▁at ▁what ▁had ▁happened ▁and ▁that ▁the ▁theft ▁" ra ises ▁questions ▁about ▁value ▁and ▁worth ". ▁ ▁In ▁May ▁ 2 0 1 1 , ▁Turk ' s ▁first ▁large - scale , ▁ 1 2 - met re ▁public ▁sculpt ure ▁was ▁un ve iled ▁between ▁the ▁One ▁New ▁Change ▁City ▁m all , ▁designed ▁by ▁P ritz ker ▁Prize - winning ▁architect ▁Jean ▁Nou vel , ▁and ▁St ▁Paul ' s ▁Cat hedral . thumb \| left \| G av in ▁Turk , ▁B um , ▁ 1 9 9 8 ▁▁ ▁Exhib itions ▁ ▁G av in ▁Turk ▁has ▁exhib ited ▁widely ▁internation ally . ▁His ▁solo ▁exhib itions ▁include ▁' L ' Am our ▁Fou ', ▁David ▁N olan ▁Gallery , ▁New ▁York ▁City ▁( 2 0 1 3 ), ▁' T ür k ', ▁Gal er ist , ▁I stan bul , ▁Turkey ▁(
2 0 1 2 ), ▁' G av in ▁& ▁Turk ', ▁Ben ▁Brown ▁Gallery , ▁London ▁( 2 0 1 3 ), ▁' Jack ▁Sh it ! ', ▁A er op last ics , ▁Br uss els , ▁Belgium ▁( 2 0 1 1 ), ▁' Before ▁The ▁World ▁Was ▁Round ', ▁Gal erie ▁Kr inz inger , ▁Vienna , ▁Austria ▁( 2 0 1 1 ) ▁and ▁' En ▁Face ', ▁Gal erie ▁Al mine ▁Re ch , ▁Paris , ▁France ▁( 2 0 1 0 ), ▁' The ▁Mir ror ▁Stage ', ▁Good man ▁Gallery , ▁Cape ▁Town , ▁South ▁Africa ▁( 2 0 0 9 ), ▁' B ur nt ▁Out ', ▁Kunst haus ▁Bas ell and , ▁Bas el , ▁Switzerland ▁( 2 0 0 8 ), ▁' P iss ▁Off ', ▁Gal erie ▁Kr inz inger , ▁Vienna , ▁Austria ▁( 2 0 0 8 ) ▁and ▁' Neg ot iation ▁of ▁Pur pose ', ▁G EM ▁Museum ▁for ▁Cont emporary ▁Art , ▁The ▁H ague , ▁Netherlands ▁( 2 0 0 7 ). ▁Additionally , ▁Turk ▁has ▁had ▁solo ▁exhib itions ▁at ▁Sean ▁Kelly ▁Gallery , ▁New ▁York ▁( 2 0 0 5 ), ▁the ▁New ▁Art ▁Centre ▁S cul pt ure ▁Park ▁and ▁Gallery , ▁Sal is bury , ▁England ▁( 2 0 0 3 ), ▁the ▁New ▁Art ▁Gallery ▁in ▁W als all , ▁England ▁( 2 0 0 2 ), ▁and ▁" The ▁St uff ▁Show " ▁at ▁South ▁London ▁Gallery ▁( 1
9 9 8 ). ▁ ▁Recent ▁group ▁exhib itions ▁include ▁' St re et ', ▁New ▁Art ▁gallery ▁W als all ▁( 2 0 1 2 ), ▁' M ade ▁in ▁Britain : ▁Cont emporary ▁Art ▁from ▁the ▁British ▁Council ▁Collection ', ▁S ich uan ▁( 2 0 1 2 ), ▁' De ja - v u ? ▁The ▁Art ▁of ▁Copy ing ▁from ▁D ür er ▁to ▁You ▁T ube ', ▁St aat liche ▁Kunst h alle ▁Karl s ru he , ▁Germany ▁( 2 0 1 2 ), ▁' Tw enty ', ▁A ure l ▁Sche ib ler , ▁Berlin , ▁Germany ▁( 2 0 1 2 ), ▁' The ▁Art ▁of ▁Che ss ', ▁B end igo ▁Gallery ; ▁University ▁of ▁Queensland ▁Art ▁Museum , ▁Australia ▁( 2 0 1 2 ), ▁' Identity ▁The ft ', ▁M im mo ▁sc ogn am ig lio ▁Ar te ▁Cont empor ane a , ▁Milan , ▁Italy ▁( 2 0 1 0 ), ▁' Pop ▁Life : ▁Art ▁in ▁a ▁Material ▁World ', ▁T ate ▁Modern , ▁London ▁( 2 0 0 9 ), ▁' The ▁Third ▁Dim ension , ▁White chap el ▁Art ▁Gallery ', ▁London ▁( 2 0 0 9 ), ▁' D LA ▁P iper ▁Series : ▁This ▁is ▁S cul pt ure ', ▁T ate ▁Liverpool , ▁Liverpool ▁( 2 0 0 9 ), ▁Turk ▁has ▁also ▁been ▁involved ▁in ▁" te ach - in " ▁events ▁such ▁as ▁" The ▁Che ▁G av ara ▁( s ic
) ▁Story " ▁( 2 0 0 1 ). ▁▁ ▁Politics ▁ ▁In ▁August ▁ 2 0 1 4 , ▁Turk ▁was ▁one ▁of ▁ 2 0 0 ▁public ▁figures ▁who ▁were ▁sign ator ies ▁to ▁a ▁letter ▁to ▁The ▁Guard ian ▁express ing ▁their ▁hope ▁that ▁Scotland ▁would ▁vote ▁to ▁remain ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁Kingdom ▁in ▁September ' s ▁refer end um ▁on ▁that ▁issue . ▁ ▁In ▁November ▁ 2 0 1 8 , ▁Turk ▁was ▁one ▁of ▁ 8 2 ▁people ▁arrested ▁during ▁a ▁coord inated ▁occupation ▁of ▁five ▁br idges ▁in ▁Central ▁London . ▁The ▁demonstr ation ▁which ▁was ▁co - ord inated ▁by ▁Ext inction ▁Reb ell ion , ▁was ▁to ▁raise ▁the ▁awareness ▁of ▁climate ▁change . ▁Turk ▁said , ▁“ It ▁seems ▁like ▁everyone ▁is ▁in ▁an ▁odd ▁sense ▁of ▁den ial ▁about ▁climate ▁change .” ▁▁ ▁The ▁House ▁of ▁Fair y ▁T ales ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁Turk ▁established , ▁with ▁his ▁partner ▁Deb or ah ▁Curt is , ▁The ▁House ▁of ▁Fair y ▁T ales , ▁a ▁children ' s ▁arts ▁charity ▁based ▁in ▁London , ▁that ▁brings ▁together ▁hundreds ▁of ▁artists , ▁perform ers , ▁actors , ▁writers ▁and ▁philosoph ers ▁to ▁deliver ▁the atr ical ▁events , ▁guides ▁and ▁exhib itions . ▁The ▁project ▁continues ▁to ▁further ▁community ▁education ▁projects ▁based ▁around , ▁supported ▁by , ▁and ▁advoc ating ▁art . ▁The ▁House ▁of ▁Fair y ▁T ales ▁tour ▁the ▁country ▁in ▁a ▁mobile ▁gallery ▁horse ▁box ▁which
▁made ▁its ▁festival ▁debut ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁Cr unch ▁festival ▁in ▁Hay - on - W ye . ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 9 , ▁they ▁appeared ▁at ▁the ▁Gl ast on bury ▁Festival . ▁In ▁the ▁summer ▁of ▁ 2 0 0 9 , ▁The ▁House ▁of ▁Fair y ▁T ales ▁also ▁st aged ▁The ▁Long ▁Week end ' ', ▁a ▁pop - up ▁festival ▁for ▁all ▁ages , ▁hosted ▁by ▁T ate ▁Modern . ▁ ▁Awards ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 1 , ▁Turk ▁was ▁awarded ▁the ▁Jack ▁Gold hill ▁S cul pt ure ▁Prize ▁for ▁his ▁work ▁' Bag ' ▁( 2 0 0 0 ) ▁by ▁the ▁Royal ▁Academy ▁of ▁Arts , ▁London , ▁who ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁also ▁awarded ▁him ▁the ▁Charles ▁W oll ast on ▁award ▁for ▁his ▁work ▁' D umb ▁Cand le ' ▁( 2 0 0 7 ), ▁a ▁car ving ▁of ▁a ▁candle ▁made ▁from ▁the ▁top ▁of ▁an ▁old ▁bro om ▁handle . ▁ ▁Profess orship ▁ ▁G av in ▁Turk ▁was ▁awarded ▁an ▁Honor ary ▁Doctor ate ▁in ▁Arts , ▁University ▁of ▁East ▁London ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 0 . ▁Since ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁Turk ▁has ▁held ▁the ▁post ▁of ▁Professor ▁of ▁Art ▁and ▁Design ▁at ▁Bath ▁Sp a ▁University . ▁ ▁Notes ▁and ▁references ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁ ▁The ▁Official ▁Site ▁for ▁G av in ▁Turk ▁ ▁The ▁Official ▁Site ▁for ▁The ▁House ▁of ▁Fair y ▁T ales
▁ ▁Cl ipp ings ▁from ▁an ▁interview ▁by ▁David ▁Bar rett ▁ ▁G av in ▁Turk ▁at ▁S cul pt ure . org . uk ▁ ▁BA e / Mar con i ▁and ▁the ▁Mill enn ium ▁D ome ▁ ▁Video ▁of ▁panel ▁debate ▁with ▁G av in ▁Turk ▁ ▁G av in ▁Turk ▁talks ▁to ▁www . the art new sp aper . tv ▁about ▁D uck ▁Rab bit ▁at ▁F rie ze ▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁ ▁G av in ▁Turk ▁on ▁BBC 4 , ▁discussing ▁the ▁impact ▁of ▁Charles ▁Sa atch i ▁on ▁the ▁modern ▁art ▁world ▁ ▁G av in ▁Turk ▁discussing ▁The ▁House ▁of ▁Fair y ▁T ales ▁with ▁the ▁Guard ian ▁newspaper ▁▁ ▁G av in ▁Turk ▁Trans it ▁Dis aster ▁at ▁Paul ▁St ol per ▁Gallery , ▁London ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 6 7 ▁birth s ▁Category : Ac adem ics ▁of ▁Bath ▁Sp a ▁University ▁Category : Al umn i ▁of ▁Chelsea ▁College ▁of ▁Arts ▁Category : Al umn i ▁of ▁the ▁Royal ▁College ▁of ▁Art ▁Category : 2 0 th - century ▁British ▁sculpt ors ▁Category : B rit ish ▁male ▁sculpt ors ▁Category : 2 1 st - century ▁sculpt ors ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : People ▁educated ▁at ▁City ▁of ▁London ▁Fre emen ' s ▁School ▁Category : English ▁contemporary ▁artists <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁W ex ford ▁Bor ough ▁by - election ▁of ▁ 1 8 7 2 ▁was ▁fought ▁on ▁ 2
6 ▁April ▁ 1 8 7 2 [ 2 0 ▁ 3 ]. ▁ ▁The ▁election ▁was ▁fought ▁due ▁to ▁the ▁resign ation ▁of ▁the ▁inc umb ent ▁MP ▁of ▁the ▁Liberal ▁Party , ▁Richard ▁Joseph ▁De vere ux . ▁ ▁It ▁was ▁won ▁by ▁the ▁Home ▁Rule ▁candidate ▁William ▁Ar cher ▁Red mond . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : 1 8 7 2 ▁in ▁Ireland ▁Category : By - ele ctions ▁to ▁the ▁Parliament ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁Kingdom ▁in ▁County ▁W ex ford ▁constitu encies ▁Category : 1 8 7 2 ▁elections ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁Kingdom ▁Category : 1 8 7 0 s ▁elections ▁in ▁Ireland <0x0A> </s> ▁Ph ant oms ▁of ▁H app iness ▁( G erman : ▁Ph ant ome ▁des ▁Gl ück s ) ▁is ▁a ▁ 1 9 3 0 ▁German ▁drama ▁film ▁directed ▁by ▁Rein hold ▁Sch ün zel ▁and ▁star ring ▁Michael ▁Che kh ov , ▁Kar ina ▁Bell ▁and ▁Gast on ▁Mod ot . ▁It ▁was ▁originally ▁made ▁as ▁a ▁silent , ▁then ▁re - re leased ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 0 ▁with ▁an ▁added ▁sound track . ▁The ▁film ' s ▁art ▁direction ▁was ▁by ▁He inz ▁Fen chel ▁and ▁J ace k ▁Rot mil . ▁ ▁Cast ▁ ▁Michael ▁Che kh ov ▁as ▁Jacques ▁Br am ard ▁ ▁Kar ina ▁Bell ▁as ▁Mar isa , ▁a ▁d ancer ▁ ▁Gast on ▁Mod ot ▁as ▁D up ont ▁ ▁O sk ar ▁Sim a ▁as ▁J . ▁B err é ▁ ▁Ek
ke hard ▁Are nd t ▁as ▁Ren é : , ▁Vall on , ▁Kom pon ist ▁ ▁Y v ette ▁D arn ys ▁as ▁Frau ▁D up ont ▁ ▁In ge ▁Land g ut ▁as ▁Made le ine ▁ ▁Leonard ▁Ste ck el ▁as ▁Gef äng nis ar zt ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Bibli ography ▁ ▁P raw er , ▁S . S . ▁Between ▁Two ▁World s : ▁The ▁Jewish ▁Pres ence ▁in ▁German ▁and ▁Aust rian ▁Film , ▁ 1 9 1 0 - 1 9 3 3 . ▁Ber gh ahn ▁Books , ▁ 2 0 0 5 . ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 3 0 ▁films ▁Category : G erman ▁films ▁Category : Fil ms ▁of ▁the ▁We im ar ▁Republic ▁Category : G erman ▁silent ▁feature ▁films ▁Category : G erman ▁drama ▁films ▁Category : G erman - language ▁films ▁Category : Fil ms ▁directed ▁by ▁Rein hold ▁Sch ün zel ▁Category : Trans itional ▁sound ▁films ▁Category : G erman ▁black - and - white ▁films ▁Category : T erra ▁Film ▁films <0x0A> </s> ▁Se b be ▁De ▁Buck ▁( born ▁ 1 4 ▁March ▁ 1 9 9 5 ) ▁is ▁a ▁Belg ian ▁snow board er . ▁He ▁competed ▁in ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 8 ▁Winter ▁Olympics . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 9 5 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : S now board ers ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 8 ▁Winter ▁Olympics
▁Category : Bel g ian ▁male ▁snow board ers ▁Category : O lymp ic ▁snow board ers ▁of ▁Belgium ▁Category : Comp et itors ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁Winter ▁Youth ▁Olympics <0x0A> </s> ▁Thomas ▁W eld on ▁( c . 1 5 0 0 - 1 5 6 7 ) ▁of ▁Cook ham , ▁Ber k shire , ▁was ▁an ▁English ▁Member ▁of ▁Parliament ▁and ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁Royal ▁household ▁during ▁the ▁T ud or ▁period . ▁ ▁Thomas ▁was ▁the ▁son ▁of ▁Hugh ▁W eld on , ▁S ew er ▁to ▁King ▁Henry ▁VIII . ▁He ▁lived ▁at ▁C annon ▁Court ▁at ▁Cook ham ▁in ▁Ber k shire . ▁He ▁married ▁twice ▁and ▁had ▁seven ▁children . ▁He ▁was ▁the ▁uncle ▁of ▁Edward ▁W eld on , ▁MP . ▁Thomas ▁was ▁the ▁Member ▁of ▁Parliament ▁for ▁Ber k shire ▁in ▁ 1 5 4 2 – 1 5 4 4 , ▁and ▁also ▁for ▁Wind sor ▁in ▁ 1 5 5 9 . ▁He ▁was ▁also ▁the ▁Coff er er ▁of ▁the ▁Royal ▁House hold ▁for ▁Edward ▁VI ▁and ▁Elizabeth ▁I . ▁He ▁was ▁a ▁patron ▁of ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁Protest ant ▁Wind sor ▁Mart yr s , ▁Anthony ▁Pear son , ▁for ▁which ▁he ▁spent ▁some ▁time ▁in ▁the ▁Fleet ▁Pr ison . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : People ▁from ▁Cook ham ▁Category : In mates ▁of ▁Fleet ▁Pr ison ▁Category : Members ▁of ▁the ▁Parliament ▁of ▁England ▁for ▁Ber k shire ▁Category : Members ▁of ▁the
▁Parliament ▁of ▁England ▁( pre - 1 7 0 7 ) ▁for ▁New ▁Wind sor ▁Category : English ▁MP s ▁ 1 5 4 2 – 1 5 4 4 ▁Category : English ▁MP s ▁ 1 5 5 9 ▁Category : Year ▁of ▁birth ▁uncertain ▁Category : 1 5 6 7 ▁deaths <0x0A> </s> ▁Sr đ an ▁Sp ir id on ović ▁( , ▁born ▁ 1 3 ▁October ▁ 1 9 9 3 ) ▁is ▁an ▁Aust rian ▁football er ▁of ▁Ser bian ▁descent ▁who ▁plays ▁for ▁P ogo ń ▁Sz cz ec in ▁as ▁a ▁left ▁w inger . ▁ ▁Career ▁Born ▁in ▁Vienna , ▁Austria , ▁Sp ir id on ović ▁started ▁his ▁career ▁at ▁Austria ▁Vienna . ▁In ▁summer ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁Sp ir id on ović ▁was ▁signed ▁by ▁Italian ▁L ega ▁Pro ▁club ▁Vic enza . ▁The ▁club ▁was ▁accidentally ▁selected ▁to ▁replace ▁A . C . ▁S ien a ▁in ▁at ▁the ▁start ▁of ▁Serie ▁B ▁season . ▁He ▁wore ▁no . 1 1 ▁shirt . ▁On ▁ 2 9 ▁January ▁ 2 0 1 5 ▁Sp ir id on ović ▁was ▁far med ▁to ▁L ega ▁Pro ▁club ▁Mess ina ▁in ▁a ▁temporary ▁deal . ▁His ▁no . 1 1 ▁was ▁also ▁taken ▁by ▁Leon ardo ▁Sp in azz ola . ▁In ▁the ▁next ▁season ▁he ▁changed ▁to ▁wear ▁no . 2 0 ▁shirt . ▁ ▁On ▁ 2 8 ▁August ▁ 2 0 1 5 ▁he ▁was ▁signed ▁by ▁Adm ira
▁W acker ▁M öd ling ▁for ▁free . ▁ ▁Pan ion ios ▁On ▁ 2 9 ▁August ▁ 2 0 1 7 , ▁he ▁joined ▁Super le ague ▁Greece ▁side ▁Pan ion ios ▁for ▁ 3 ▁years , ▁days ▁after ▁being ▁released ▁from ▁Adm ira . ▁On ▁ 2 1 ▁September ▁ 2 0 1 7 ▁he ▁scored ▁his ▁first ▁goal ▁in ▁ 1 - 1 ▁home ▁win ▁against ▁P AS ▁Gian n ina ▁in ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 7 – 1 8 ▁Greek ▁Cup . ▁Three ▁days ▁later ▁he ▁scored ▁the ▁third ▁of ▁four ▁in ▁a ▁comfortable ▁ 4 - 1 ▁win ▁against ▁A EL . ▁On ▁ 1 4 ▁October ▁he ▁opened ▁the ▁score ▁in ▁a ▁dramatic ▁ 4 - 3 ▁home ▁loss ▁against ▁Olymp i ak os . ▁On ▁ 2 6 ▁November , ▁he ▁scored ▁the ▁second ▁goal ▁giving ▁the ▁lead ▁in ▁a ▁ 2 - 2 ▁home ▁draw ▁with ▁riv als ▁PA OK . ▁On ▁ 9 ▁December ▁he ▁scored ▁in ▁a ▁ 2 - 1 ▁home ▁win ▁against ▁Pl atan ias . ▁On ▁ 9 ▁January ▁ 2 0 1 8 ▁he ▁scored ▁the ▁only ▁goal ▁in ▁an ▁away ▁Greek ▁Cup ▁win ▁against ▁O FI , ▁which ▁ens ured ▁his ▁team ' s ▁qual ification ▁for ▁the ▁quarter - fin als . ▁On ▁ 1 0 ▁March ▁ 2 0 1 8 , ▁Sp ir id on ov ic ▁scored ▁two ▁second - half ▁goals ▁( 4 8 ', ▁ 5 9 ') ▁for ▁experienced ▁manager
▁Mich alis ▁Gr ig ori ou ' s ▁team ▁in ▁a ▁ 2 - 2 ▁home ▁draw ▁with ▁A tr om itos . ▁On ▁ 2 9 ▁April , ▁Sp ir id on ov ic ▁scored ▁two ▁second - half ▁goals ▁in ▁a ▁ 2 - 1 ▁away ▁win ▁against ▁Pl atan ias . ▁ ▁On ▁ 3 ▁October ▁ 2 0 1 8 , ▁he ▁opened ▁the ▁score ▁in ▁a ▁ 2 - 0 ▁home ▁win ▁against ▁A EL ▁in ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 8 – 1 9 ▁Greek ▁Cup . ▁Following ▁a ▁brilliant ▁scoring ▁ 2 0 1 7 - 1 8 ▁Super le ague ▁Greece ▁season , ▁Sp ir id on ović ▁scored ▁his ▁first ▁goal ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 8 - 1 9 ▁season ▁on ▁ 2 4 ▁February ▁ 2 0 1 9 , ▁taking ▁advantage ▁of ▁an ▁assist ▁from ▁F ior in ▁Dur m ish aj ▁on ▁the ▁right ▁wing , ▁ ▁slot ting ▁a ▁low ▁effort ▁beyond ▁S okrat is ▁Di ou dis ▁in ▁a ▁ 2 - 0 ▁home ▁win ▁against ▁Pan ath ina ik os ▁in ▁his ▁club ' s ▁effort ▁to ▁avoid ▁re leg ation . ▁On ▁ 2 1 ▁April ▁ 2 0 1 9 , ▁he ▁scored ▁with ▁a ▁tap - in ▁after ▁a ▁cross ▁from ▁Ol iv ier ▁Bou mal , ▁to ▁seal ▁a ▁ 2 - 1 ▁home ▁win ▁against ▁P AS ▁Gian n ina . ▁ ▁P ogo ń ▁Sz cz ec in ▁On ▁
4 ▁July ▁ 2 0 1 9 , ▁he ▁joined ▁Ek str ak las a ▁side ▁P ogo ń ▁Sz cz ec in ▁after ▁being ▁released ▁from ▁Pan ion ios ▁for ▁an ▁und is closed ▁fee . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁▁▁▁▁ ▁Category : A ust rian ▁football ers ▁Category : A ust rian ▁exp atri ate ▁football ers ▁Category : F K ▁Austria ▁Wien ▁players ▁Category : L . R . ▁Vic enza ▁V irt us ▁players ▁Category : A . C . R . ▁Mess ina ▁players ▁Category : FC ▁Adm ira ▁W acker ▁M öd ling ▁players ▁Category : Pan ion ios ▁F . C . ▁players ▁Category : A ust rian ▁Football ▁Bundes liga ▁players ▁Category : A ust ria ▁under - 2 1 ▁international ▁football ers ▁Category : A ust ria ▁youth ▁international ▁football ers ▁Category : Ser ie ▁B ▁players ▁Category : Ser ie ▁C ▁players ▁Category : Super ▁League ▁Greece ▁players ▁Category : A ust rian ▁exp atri ate ▁sports people ▁in ▁Italy ▁Category : Ex pat ri ate ▁football ers ▁in ▁Italy ▁Category : Ex pat ri ate ▁football ers ▁in ▁Greece ▁Category : Ex pat ri ate ▁football ers ▁in ▁Poland ▁Category : Foot ball ers ▁from ▁Vienna ▁Category : Associ ation ▁football ▁for wards ▁Category : 1 9 9 3 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : A ust rian ▁people ▁of ▁Ser bian ▁descent <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Lib ell us ▁de ▁loc is ▁sanct is ▁(" L
ittle ▁Book ▁of ▁the ▁Holy ▁Pl aces ") ▁is ▁a ▁ 1 2 th - century ▁Latin ▁guide ▁book ▁and ▁travel ogue ▁of ▁Palest ine ▁designed ▁for ▁the ▁use ▁of ▁Christian ▁pil gr ims ▁to ▁the ▁Holy ▁Pl aces . ▁It ▁" stand s ▁out " ▁from ▁the ▁mass ▁of ▁medieval ▁guide ▁books ▁" for ▁its ▁literary ▁and ▁inform ative ▁qualities ". ▁ ▁Author ▁About ▁the ▁author ▁of ▁the ▁Lib ell us ▁nothing ▁is ▁known ▁for ▁certain ▁besides ▁what ▁he ▁says ▁about ▁himself . ▁He ▁was ▁a ▁German ▁mon k ▁named ▁The oder ich ▁( or ▁Diet rich ) ▁who ▁visited ▁Palest ine ▁himself ▁around ▁ 1 1 7 2 . ▁He ▁was ▁probably ▁a ▁Rh in el ander , ▁since ▁he ▁trav elled ▁with ▁a ▁certain ▁Ad olf ▁from ▁C olog ne ▁and ▁he ▁was ▁familiar ▁with ▁the ▁Pal at ine ▁Chap el ▁at ▁A achen . ▁He ▁may ▁have ▁been ▁from ▁H irs au ▁Ab bey . ▁He ▁is ▁often ▁identified ▁with ▁the ▁Diet rich ▁to ▁whom ▁John ▁of ▁W ür z burg ▁dedicated ▁his ▁Des cript io ▁terra e ▁sanct ae , ▁another ▁guide ▁to ▁Palest ine . ▁John ▁trav elled ▁to ▁the ▁Holy ▁Land ▁shortly ▁before ▁Diet rich ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 1 6 0 s . ▁He ▁is ▁also ▁sometimes ▁identified ▁with ▁Diet rich ▁of ▁Ho hen burg , ▁who ▁became ▁the ▁b ishop ▁of ▁W ür z burg ▁in ▁ 1 2 2 3 . ▁There ▁is ▁nothing ▁to ▁connect ▁him ▁to ▁the ▁two ▁known ▁Diet rich
s ▁of ▁late ▁ 1 2 th - century ▁W ür z burg , ▁the ▁prov ost s ▁of ▁Wer de a ▁and ▁On ol sb ach . ▁ ▁It iner ary ▁and ▁description ▁Although ▁Diet rich ▁is ▁an ▁ey ew itness ▁for ▁much ▁of ▁what ▁he ▁describes ▁in ▁the ▁Lib ell us , ▁he ▁also ▁makes ▁use ▁of ▁other ▁ey ew itness ▁reports ▁and ▁of ▁written ▁sources ▁to ▁round ▁out ▁his ▁account . ▁He ▁used ▁as ▁a ▁source ▁the ▁same ▁comp end ium ▁as ▁used ▁by ▁John ▁of ▁W ür z burg . ▁In ▁his ▁introduction , ▁he ▁gives ▁his ▁work ▁a ▁spiritual ▁purpose : ▁to ▁help ▁bring ▁Christ ▁to ▁mind ▁for ▁those ▁who ▁cannot ▁see ▁the ▁Holy ▁Pl aces ▁themselves ▁and ▁thereby ▁to ▁love ▁and ▁pity ▁him , ▁bringing ▁themselves ▁closer ▁to ▁heaven . ▁ ▁Diet rich ' s ▁pil gr image ▁can ▁be ▁dated ▁to ▁between ▁ 1 1 7 1 ▁and ▁ 1 1 7 3 , ▁during ▁the ▁reign ▁of ▁King ▁Am al ric ▁of ▁Jerusalem , ▁when ▁the ▁Holy ▁Pl aces ▁were ▁under ▁Christian ▁control . ▁It ▁began ▁in ▁A cre ▁during ▁March ▁or ▁April . ▁From ▁there ▁he ▁took ▁the ▁road ▁to ▁Jerusalem , ▁Jer ich o ▁and ▁the ▁river ▁Jordan . ▁He ▁went ▁back ▁by ▁the ▁same ▁route ▁and ▁was ▁in ▁A cre ▁preparing ▁to ▁emb ark ▁on ▁the ▁Wednesday ▁of ▁Easter ▁Week . ▁He ▁may ▁have ▁made ▁a ▁det our ▁to ▁visit ▁Naz are th , ▁T iber ias ▁and ▁Mount ▁T abor ,
▁but ▁his ▁description ▁of ▁the ▁Sea ▁of ▁Gal ile e ▁is ▁very ▁confused . ▁His ▁description ▁of ▁the ▁Church ▁of ▁the ▁Holy ▁Sep ul ch re ▁indicates ▁that ▁he ▁was ▁there ▁during ▁the ▁renov ations ▁fin anced ▁by ▁the ▁Emperor ▁Manuel ▁I ▁Kom nen os . ▁He ▁is ▁also ▁the ▁earliest ▁source ▁to ▁mention ▁the ▁S ultan ' s ▁Pool , ▁then ▁a ▁newly ▁constructed ▁c is tern . ▁ ▁The ▁skill ▁and ▁detail ▁of ▁Diet rich ' s ▁architect ural ▁descriptions ▁has ▁led ▁to ▁the ▁suggestion ▁that ▁he ▁was ▁an ▁ec cles i ast ical ▁architect . ▁He ▁clearly ▁had ▁knowledge ▁of ▁construction ▁techniques ▁and ▁building ▁materials , ▁and ▁his ▁descriptions ▁are ▁clear . ▁The ▁Lib ell us ▁is ▁an ▁important ▁source ▁for ▁the ▁art , ▁architecture ▁and ▁agriculture ▁of ▁the ▁Kingdom ▁of ▁Jerusalem ▁on ▁the ▁e ve ▁of ▁its ▁fall . ▁Diet rich ▁shows ▁less ▁interest ▁in ▁mir acles ▁and ▁w onders , ▁but ▁does ▁provide ▁a ▁first - hand ▁account ▁of ▁the ▁coming ▁of ▁the ▁Holy ▁Fire . ▁Although ▁" he ▁direct s ▁no ▁s arc asm ▁against ▁men ▁of ▁other ▁faith s ", ▁he ▁does ▁show ▁anti - J ew ish ▁prejud ice ▁and ▁records ▁being ▁frightened ▁by ▁some ▁local ▁" S ar ac ens " ▁shouting ▁in ▁Arab ic ▁as ▁they ▁worked ▁in ▁a ▁field . ▁ ▁Man us cript s ▁For ▁the ▁longest ▁time ▁the ▁Lib ell us ▁was ▁known ▁only ▁from ▁one ▁manuscript ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 5 th ▁century . ▁In ▁ 1 9 8
5 , ▁a ▁second ▁copy ▁was ▁discovered , ▁also ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 5 th ▁century . ▁R . ▁B . ▁C . ▁H uy gens ▁produced ▁the ▁first ▁critical ▁edition ▁based ▁on ▁both ▁manuscript s . ▁Both ▁manuscript s ▁include ▁several ▁other ▁texts ▁on ▁the ▁Holy ▁Land ▁besides ▁the ▁Lib ell us . ▁ ▁Notes ▁ ▁Bibli ography ▁ ▁Ed itions ▁ ▁Trans l ations ▁ ▁Second ary ▁sources ▁ ▁Category : Med ieval ▁Jerusalem ▁Category : 1 2 th - century ▁Latin ▁books ▁Category : Tr avel ▁books ▁Category : P il gr image ▁accounts <0x0A> </s> ▁FM ▁B elf ast ▁is ▁an ▁electro - pop ▁band ▁from ▁Re yk jav í k , ▁I cel and . ▁Its ▁members ▁include ▁L ó a ▁H l ín ▁H j ál mt ý sd ó tt ir , ▁Á r ni ▁R ún ar ▁H l ö ð vers son , ▁Ö r var ▁ Þ ó rey j ars on ▁Sm ár ason , ▁Eg ill ▁E y j ól f sson ▁and ▁ Í var ▁P ét ur ▁K j art ans son . ▁ ▁History ▁ ▁FM ▁B elf ast ▁formed ▁in ▁late ▁ 2 0 0 5 ▁as ▁a ▁du o ▁of ▁Á r ni ▁R ún ar ▁H l ö ð vers son ▁( Pl ú se inn ) ▁and ▁L ó a ▁H l ín ▁H j ál mt ý sd ó tt ir , ▁but ▁didn ' t ▁really ▁get ▁going ▁properly ▁until ▁Á r
ni ▁Vil h j ál m sson ▁and ▁Ö r var ▁ Þ ó rey j ars on ▁Sm ár ason ▁joined . ▁The ▁band ▁was ▁a ▁studio ▁project ▁for ▁some ▁time ▁until ▁the ▁I cel and ▁Air w aves ▁festival ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁when ▁the ▁band ▁expanded ▁into ▁a ▁full - on ▁live ▁act . ▁The ▁members ▁now ▁vary ▁from ▁ 3 ▁to ▁ 8 ▁depending ▁on ▁member ▁availability . ▁The ▁core ▁of ▁the ▁band ▁is ▁made ▁up ▁of ▁Á r ni ▁R ún ar ▁H l ö ð vers son ▁( Pl ú se inn , ▁Hair do ctor , ▁M otion ▁Boys ), ▁L ó a ▁H l ín ▁H j ál mt ý sd ó tt ir , ▁Ö r var ▁ Þ ó rey j ars on ▁Sm ár ason ▁( m ú m , ▁B ork o , ▁Sk ak k aman age ), ▁Eg ill ▁E y j ól f sson , ▁and ▁ Í var ▁P ét ur ▁K j art ans son . ▁They ▁are ▁joined ▁sometimes ▁by ▁S ve in b j orn ▁Herm ann ▁P ál sson ▁( T err ord isco ), ▁B j ör n ▁Krist j án sson ▁( B ork o , ▁Sk ak k aman age ), ▁Bir g itta ▁Bir g is d ó tt ir ▁and ▁E ir í k ur ▁Or ri ▁( m ú m , ▁K ira ▁K ira , ▁B enn i ▁Hem m ▁Hem m ). ▁ ▁The
▁band ' s ▁live ▁show ▁often ▁features ▁many ▁per cussion ists , ▁among ▁them ▁are ▁S ve in b j ör n ▁P ál sson , ▁B j ör n ▁Krist j án sson ▁( B ork o ), ▁Hall i ▁C ive le k , ▁S van h v ít ▁Try gg v ad ó tt ir , ▁Un n ste inn ▁Manuel ▁Ste f án sson ▁( Ret ro ▁Ste f son ) ▁and ▁ Þ ór ð ur ▁j ö rund sson ▁( Ret ro ▁Ste f son ). ▁ ▁Their ▁first ▁album ▁was ▁recorded ▁in ▁New ▁York ▁and ▁I cel and , ▁with ▁the ▁group ▁recording , ▁mixing , ▁and ▁master ing ▁it , ▁and ▁creating ▁the ▁album ▁artwork ▁themselves . ▁ ▁Á r ni ▁Vil h j ál m sson ▁has ▁since ▁left ▁FM ▁B elf ast . ▁ ▁Disc ography ▁ ▁Albums ▁▁ ▁How ▁to ▁Make ▁Friends ▁( 2 0 0 8 ) ▁ ▁Don ' t ▁Want ▁to ▁Sleep ▁( 2 0 1 1 ) ▁ ▁Br ighter ▁Days ▁( 2 0 1 4 ) ▁ ▁Island ▁Broad cast ▁( 2 0 1 7 ) ▁ ▁Singles ▁ ▁Lot us ▁( K illing ▁in ▁the ▁name ) ▁( 2 0 0 8 ) ▁ ▁Be int ▁í ▁ æ ð ▁( 2 0 1 4 ) ▁ ▁You ' re ▁so ▁pretty ; ▁All ▁My ▁Power ▁( 2 0 1 7 ) ▁Feature d ▁in ▁ ▁Back ▁& ▁Sp ine ▁( K asper ▁B j ør
ke ▁featuring ▁FM ▁B elf ast ) ▁( 2 0 0 7 ) ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁▁ ▁Official ▁website ▁ ▁World ▁Champion ▁Records ▁ ▁Pl ú se inn ' s ▁Official ▁Website ▁ ▁FM ▁B elf ast ▁on ▁Facebook ▁ ▁Category : I cel and ic ▁electronic ▁music ▁groups ▁Category : Mus ical ▁groups ▁from ▁Re yk jav í k <0x0A> </s> ▁Qu iet ▁as ▁It ' s ▁Ke pt ▁is ▁an ▁album ▁by ▁American ▁jazz ▁drum mer ▁Max ▁Ro ach ▁featuring ▁tracks ▁recorded ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 9 ▁and ▁released ▁on ▁the ▁Mer cury ▁label . ▁ ▁Re ception ▁ ▁In ▁his ▁review ▁for ▁All mus ic , ▁Michael ▁G . ▁N ast os ▁stated , ▁" this ▁ 1 9 6 0 ▁band , ▁with ▁the ▁brothers ▁Tommy ▁and ▁Stanley ▁Tur rent ine , ▁and ▁Julian ▁P ries ter , ▁was ▁short - l ived , ▁very ▁satisfying , ▁and ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁most ▁memorable ▁comb os ▁the ▁drum mer ▁led . ▁Contin uing ▁to ▁concentrate ▁on ▁hard ▁b op ▁themes , ▁the ▁band ▁is ▁hardly ▁quiet ▁as ▁the ▁title ▁would ▁suggest . ▁It ▁perhaps ▁could ▁be ▁said ▁that ▁this ▁band ▁was ▁a ▁sle eper ▁in ▁not ▁being ▁as ▁recognized ▁as ▁the ▁superior ▁collective ▁talent ▁would ▁indicate ". ▁ ▁Track ▁listing ▁ ▁" Qu iet ▁as ▁It ' s ▁Ke pt " ▁( Bill ▁Lee ) ▁- ▁ 6 : 1 2 ▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁" To ▁Lady " ▁( Le on ▁Mitchell ) ▁- ▁ 6 :
0 8 ▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁" L ot us ▁Bl oss om " ▁( K en ny ▁Dor ham ) ▁- ▁ 5 : 3 4 ▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁" As ▁Long ▁as ▁You ' re ▁Living " ▁( J ul ian ▁P ries ter , ▁Tommy ▁Tur rent ine ) ▁- ▁ 5 : 5 8 ▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁" The ▁More ▁I ▁See ▁You " ▁( M ack ▁Gordon , ▁Harry ▁Warren ) ▁- ▁ 4 : 0 4 ▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁" J ul iano " ▁( P ries ter ) ▁- ▁ 5 : 4 0 ▁ ▁Person nel ▁ ▁Max ▁Ro ach ▁- ▁drums ▁Tommy ▁Tur rent ine ▁- ▁trump et ▁Julian ▁P ries ter ▁- ▁t rom bone ▁Stanley ▁Tur rent ine ▁ ▁- ▁ten or ▁sa x oph one ▁Bob ▁Bos well ▁ ▁- ▁bass ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁▁ ▁Category : 1 9 5 9 ▁albums ▁Category : Max ▁Ro ach ▁albums ▁Category : Mer cury ▁Records ▁albums <0x0A> </s> ▁Left - hand ▁traffic ▁( L HT ) ▁and ▁right - hand ▁traffic ▁( R HT ) ▁are ▁the ▁practice , ▁in ▁bid irection al ▁traffic , ▁of ▁keeping ▁to ▁the ▁left ▁side ▁or ▁to ▁the ▁right ▁side ▁of ▁the ▁road , ▁respectively . ▁A ▁fundamental ▁element ▁to ▁traffic ▁flow , ▁it ▁is ▁sometimes ▁referred ▁to ▁as ▁the ▁rule ▁of ▁the ▁road . ▁ ▁R HT ▁is ▁used ▁in ▁ 1 6 5 ▁countries ▁and ▁territor ies , ▁with ▁the ▁remaining ▁ 7 5 ▁countries ▁and ▁territor ies ▁using ▁L HT . ▁Count ries
▁that ▁use ▁L HT ▁account ▁for ▁about ▁a ▁sixth ▁of ▁the ▁world ' s ▁area ▁with ▁about ▁a ▁third ▁of ▁its ▁population ▁and ▁a ▁quarter ▁of ▁its ▁roads . ▁In ▁ 1 9 1 9 , ▁ 1 0 4 ▁of ▁the ▁world ' s ▁territor ies ▁were ▁L HT ▁and ▁an ▁equal ▁number ▁were ▁R HT . ▁Between ▁ 1 9 1 9 ▁and ▁ 1 9 8 6 , ▁ 3 4 ▁of ▁the ▁L HT ▁territor ies ▁switched ▁to ▁R HT . ▁ ▁Many ▁L HT ▁countries ▁were ▁formerly ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁British ▁Empire , ▁although ▁many ▁were ▁not , ▁such ▁as ▁Sweden , ▁Japan , ▁Thailand , ▁Indonesia , ▁Nep al ▁and ▁Sur in ame , ▁among ▁others . ▁Con vers ely , ▁many ▁R HT ▁countries ▁were ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁French ▁colonial ▁empire . ▁ ▁In ▁L HT ▁traffic ▁keeps ▁left , ▁and ▁cars ▁have ▁the ▁ste ering ▁wheel ▁on ▁the ▁right , ▁putting ▁the ▁driver ▁on ▁the ▁side ▁closest ▁to ▁the ▁centre ▁of ▁the ▁road . ▁Round ab outs ▁circul ate ▁clock wise . ▁In ▁R HT ▁everything ▁is ▁revers ed : ▁traffic ▁keeps ▁right , ▁the ▁driver ▁sits ▁on ▁the ▁left ▁side ▁of ▁the ▁car , ▁and ▁round ab outs ▁circul ate ▁counter clock wise . ▁ ▁In ▁most ▁countries ▁rail ▁traffic ▁follows ▁the ▁handed ness ▁of ▁the ▁roads , ▁although ▁many ▁of ▁the ▁countries ▁that ▁switched ▁road ▁traffic ▁from ▁L HT ▁to ▁R HT ▁did ▁not ▁switch ▁their ▁trains . ▁Bo at ▁traffic ▁on ▁rivers
▁is ▁effectively ▁R HT . ▁Bo ats ▁are ▁tradition ally ▁pil oted ▁from ▁the ▁star board ▁side ▁to ▁facilitate ▁priority ▁to ▁the ▁right . ▁ ▁History ▁Histor ically , ▁many ▁places ▁kept ▁left , ▁while ▁many ▁others ▁kept ▁right , ▁often ▁within ▁the ▁same ▁country . ▁There ▁are ▁many ▁myth s ▁which ▁attempt ▁to ▁explain ▁why ▁one ▁or ▁the ▁other ▁is ▁preferred . ▁About ▁ 9 0 ▁percent ▁of ▁people ▁are ▁right ▁handed , ▁and ▁many ▁explan ations ▁reference ▁this . ▁H ors es ▁are ▁tradition ally ▁mounted ▁from ▁the ▁left , ▁and ▁led ▁from ▁the ▁left , ▁with ▁the ▁re ins ▁in ▁the ▁right ▁hand . ▁So ▁people ▁walking ▁horses ▁might ▁use ▁R HT , ▁to ▁keep ▁the ▁animals ▁separated . ▁Also ▁refer enced ▁is ▁the ▁need ▁for ▁pedest ri ans ▁to ▁keep ▁their ▁sw ords ▁in ▁the ▁right ▁hand ▁and ▁pass ▁on ▁the ▁left ▁as ▁in ▁L HT , ▁for ▁self - def ence . ▁It ▁has ▁been ▁suggested ▁that ▁wagon - d ri vers ▁wh ipped ▁their ▁horses ▁with ▁their ▁right ▁hand , ▁and ▁thus ▁sat ▁on ▁the ▁left ▁hand ▁side ▁of ▁the ▁wagon , ▁as ▁in ▁R HT . ▁It ▁has ▁been ▁written ▁that ▁in ▁the ▁year ▁ 1 3 0 0 , ▁Pope ▁Bon iface ▁VIII ▁directed ▁pil gr ims ▁to ▁keep ▁left , ▁however ▁it ▁has ▁also ▁been ▁written ▁that ▁he ▁directed ▁them ▁to ▁keep ▁to ▁the ▁right , ▁and ▁there ▁is ▁no ▁documentary ▁evidence ▁to ▁back ▁either ▁claim . ▁ ▁Europe ▁ ▁One ▁of ▁the ▁first
▁references ▁in ▁England ▁to ▁requiring ▁traffic ▁direction ▁was ▁an ▁order ▁by ▁the ▁London ▁Court ▁of ▁Ald erm en ▁in ▁ 1 6 6 9 , ▁requiring ▁a ▁man ▁to ▁be ▁posted ▁on ▁London ▁Bridge ▁to ▁ensure ▁that ▁" all ▁cart es ▁going ▁to ▁keep ▁on ▁the ▁one ▁side ▁and ▁all ▁cart es ▁coming ▁to ▁keep ▁on ▁the ▁other ▁side ". ▁It ▁later ▁was ▁legisl ated ▁as ▁the ▁London ▁Bridge ▁Act ▁ 1 7 6 5 ▁( 2 9 ▁Ge o . ▁II ▁c . ▁ 4 0 ), ▁which ▁required ▁that ▁" all ▁car riages ▁passing ▁over ▁the ▁said ▁bridge ▁from ▁London ▁shall ▁go ▁on ▁the ▁east ▁side ▁there of " ▁- ▁those ▁going ▁south ▁to ▁remain ▁on ▁the ▁east , ▁ie ▁the ▁left - hand ▁side ▁by ▁direction ▁of ▁travel . ▁This ▁may ▁represent ▁the ▁first ▁stat ut ory ▁requirement ▁for ▁L HT . ▁ ▁A ▁frequently - he ard ▁story ▁is ▁that ▁Napoleon ▁changed ▁the ▁custom ▁from ▁L HT ▁to ▁R HT ▁in ▁France ▁and ▁the ▁countries ▁he ▁conqu ered ▁after ▁the ▁French ▁Revolution . ▁Sch ol ars ▁who ▁have ▁looked ▁for ▁documentary ▁evidence ▁of ▁this ▁story ▁have ▁found ▁none , ▁and ▁it ▁should ▁be ▁assumed ▁a ▁myth ▁unless ▁contemporary ▁sources ▁surface . ▁ ▁Rot ter dam ▁was ▁L HT ▁until ▁ 1 9 1 7 , ▁although ▁the ▁rest ▁of ▁the ▁Netherlands ▁was ▁R HT . ▁ ▁Russia ▁completely ▁switched ▁to ▁R HT ▁in ▁the ▁last ▁days ▁of ▁the ▁Ts ars ▁in ▁February ▁ 1 9 1 7 . ▁
▁After ▁the ▁Aust ro - H ung arian ▁Empire ▁broke ▁up , ▁the ▁resulting ▁countries ▁gradually ▁changed ▁to ▁R HT . ▁In ▁Austria , ▁Vor arl berg ▁switched ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 1 , ▁North ▁Ty rol ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 0 , ▁Car inth ia ▁and ▁East ▁Ty rol ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 5 , ▁and ▁the ▁rest ▁of ▁the ▁country ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 8 . ▁In ▁Rom ania , ▁Trans ylvania , ▁the ▁Ban at ▁and ▁B uk ov ina ▁were ▁L HT ▁until ▁ 1 9 1 9 , ▁while ▁Wall ach ia ▁and ▁M old avia ▁were ▁already ▁R HT . ▁Part itions ▁of ▁Poland ▁belonging ▁to ▁the ▁German ▁Empire ▁and ▁the ▁Russian ▁Empire ▁were ▁R HT , ▁while ▁the ▁former ▁Aust rian ▁Part ition ▁changed ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 2 0 s . ▁Cro at ia - Sl av onia ▁switched ▁on ▁joining ▁the ▁Kingdom ▁of ▁Y ug oslav ia ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 8 , ▁although ▁Ist ria ▁and ▁Dal mat ia ▁were ▁already ▁R HT . ▁Nazi ▁Germany ▁introduced ▁the ▁switch ▁in ▁Czech os lov ak ia ▁and ▁Slov ak ia ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 8 – 1 9 3 9 . ▁West ▁Ukraine ▁was ▁L HT , ▁but ▁the ▁rest ▁of ▁Ukraine , ▁having ▁been ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁Russian ▁Empire , ▁was ▁R HT . ▁ ▁In ▁Italy ▁it ▁had ▁been ▁decre ed ▁in ▁ 1 9 0 1 ▁that ▁each ▁province ▁define ▁its ▁own ▁traffic ▁code
, ▁including ▁the ▁handed ness ▁of ▁traffic , ▁and ▁the ▁ 1 9 0 3 ▁Ba ed ek er ▁guide ▁reported ▁that ▁the ▁rule ▁of ▁the ▁road ▁varied ▁by ▁region . ▁For ▁example , ▁in ▁Northern ▁Italy , ▁the ▁provin ces ▁of ▁B res cia , ▁Como , ▁Vic enza , ▁and ▁R aven na ▁were ▁R HT ▁while ▁nearby ▁provin ces ▁of ▁Le cc o , ▁Ver ona , ▁and ▁V are se ▁were ▁L HT , ▁as ▁were ▁the ▁cities ▁Milan , ▁Tur in , ▁and ▁Florence . ▁In ▁ 1 9 1 5 , ▁all ied ▁forces ▁of ▁World ▁War ▁I ▁imposed ▁L HT ▁in ▁areas ▁of ▁military ▁operation , ▁but ▁this ▁was ▁rev oked ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 8 . ▁Rome ▁was ▁reported ▁by ▁Go ethe ▁as ▁L HT ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 7 8 0 s . ▁Nap les ▁was ▁also ▁L HT ▁although ▁surrounding ▁areas ▁were ▁often ▁R HT . ▁In ▁cities ▁L HT ▁was ▁considered ▁safer ▁since ▁pedest ri ans , ▁acc ustom ed ▁to ▁keeping ▁right , ▁could ▁better ▁see ▁on coming ▁veh icular ▁traffic . ▁Finally , ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 3 ▁total itarian ▁rul er ▁Ben ito ▁M uss ol ini ▁decre ed ▁that ▁all ▁L HT ▁areas ▁would ▁gradually ▁transition ▁to ▁R HT . ▁In ▁spite ▁of ▁this , ▁Italian ▁commercial ▁vehicles ▁were ▁right - hand ▁drive ▁until ▁the ▁traffic ▁code ▁was ▁changed ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 4 . ▁ ▁Portugal ▁switched ▁to ▁R HT ▁in ▁ 1 9
2 8 . ▁ ▁Finland , ▁formerly ▁part ▁of ▁L HT ▁Sweden , ▁switched ▁to ▁R HT ▁in ▁ 1 8 5 8 ▁as ▁the ▁Grand ▁D uch y ▁of ▁Finland ▁by ▁Russian ▁dec ree . ▁ ▁Sweden ▁switched ▁to ▁R HT ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 7 , ▁having ▁been ▁L HT ▁from ▁about ▁ 1 7 3 4 ▁despite ▁having ▁land ▁borders ▁with ▁R HT ▁countries , ▁and ▁approximately ▁ 9 0 % ▁of ▁cars ▁being ▁left - hand ▁drive ▁( L HD ). ▁A ▁refer end um ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 5 ▁overwhelming ly ▁rejected ▁a ▁change ▁to ▁R HT , ▁but ▁a ▁few ▁years ▁later ▁the ▁government ▁ordered ▁it , ▁and ▁it ▁occurred ▁on ▁Sunday , ▁ 3 ▁September ▁ 1 9 6 7 ▁at ▁ 5 am . ▁The ▁accident ▁rate ▁then ▁dropped ▁sharply , ▁but ▁soon ▁rose ▁to ▁near ▁its ▁original ▁level . ▁The ▁day ▁was ▁known ▁as ▁Hö ger tra f ik om lä gg ningen , ▁or ▁D agen ▁H ▁for ▁short . ▁▁ ▁When ▁I cel and ▁switched ▁to ▁R HT ▁the ▁following ▁year , ▁it ▁was ▁known ▁as ▁H æ g ri ▁dag ur inn ▁or ▁H - dag ur inn ▁(" The ▁H - Day "). ▁Most ▁passenger ▁cars ▁in ▁I cel and ▁were ▁already ▁L HD . ▁ ▁The ▁United ▁Kingdom ▁is ▁L HT , ▁but ▁two ▁of ▁its ▁overseas ▁territor ies , ▁Gib ral tar ▁and ▁the ▁British ▁Indian ▁Ocean ▁Terr itory , ▁are ▁R HT . ▁In
▁the ▁late ▁ 1 9 6 0 s , ▁the ▁British ▁Department ▁for ▁Transport ▁considered ▁switching ▁to ▁R HT , ▁but ▁declared ▁it ▁unsafe ▁and ▁too ▁cost ly ▁for ▁such ▁a ▁built - up ▁nation . ▁Road ▁building ▁standards , ▁for ▁motor ways ▁in ▁particular , ▁allow ▁asym metric ally ▁designed ▁road ▁jun ctions , ▁where ▁merge ▁and ▁diver ge ▁l anes ▁differ ▁in ▁length . ▁ ▁Today , ▁four ▁countries ▁in ▁Europe ▁continue ▁to ▁use ▁L HT ; ▁they ▁are ▁all ▁island ▁nations ▁and ▁former ▁colon ies ▁of ▁the ▁British ▁Empire : ▁the ▁United ▁Kingdom , ▁Cy pr us , ▁Republic ▁of ▁Ireland , ▁and ▁Mal ta . ▁ ▁Africa ▁ ▁L HT ▁was ▁introduced ▁in ▁British ▁West ▁Africa . ▁All ▁of ▁the ▁countries ▁formerly ▁part ▁of ▁this ▁colony ▁border ▁with ▁former ▁French ▁R HT ▁juris dict ions ▁and ▁have ▁switched ▁to ▁R HT ▁since ▁dec ol on ization . ▁These ▁include ▁Gh ana , ▁G amb ia , ▁Sierra ▁Le one , ▁and ▁Nigeria . ▁Britain ▁introduced ▁L HT ▁to ▁the ▁East ▁Africa ▁Prote ctor ate ▁( now ▁Kenya , ▁T anz ania ▁and ▁U g anda ), ▁Rh odes ia , ▁and ▁the ▁Cape ▁Col ony ▁( now ▁Z amb ia , ▁Z imb ab we ▁and ▁South ▁Africa ). ▁All ▁of ▁these ▁have ▁remained ▁L HT . ▁Sud an , ▁formerly ▁part ▁of ▁Ang lo - E gy pt ian ▁Sud an ▁switched ▁to ▁R HT ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 3 , ▁as ▁it ▁is ▁surrounded ▁by ▁neighbour
ing ▁R HT ▁countries . ▁ ▁The ▁Portuguese ▁Empire , ▁then ▁L HT , ▁introduced ▁L HT ▁to ▁Portuguese ▁Moz amb ique ▁and ▁Portuguese ▁Ang ola . ▁Although ▁Portugal ▁itself ▁switched ▁to ▁R HT ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 8 , ▁Moz amb ique ▁remained ▁L HT ▁as ▁they ▁have ▁land ▁borders ▁with ▁former ▁British ▁colon ies . ▁Other ▁former ▁Portuguese ▁colon ies ▁in ▁Africa ▁including ▁Portuguese ▁Ang ola , ▁Gu inea - B iss au , ▁São ▁Tom é ▁and ▁Pr ín cipe , ▁and ▁Cape ▁Ver de ▁switched ▁to ▁R HT ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 8 . ▁ ▁France ▁introduced ▁R HT ▁in ▁French ▁West ▁Africa ▁and ▁the ▁Mag h reb , ▁where ▁it ▁is ▁still ▁used . ▁Count ries ▁in ▁these ▁areas ▁include ▁Mal i , ▁Maur it ania , ▁Iv ory ▁Coast , ▁Bur k ina ▁F as o , ▁Ben in , ▁Niger , ▁Mor oc co , ▁Al ger ia , ▁and ▁Tun is ia . ▁Other ▁French ▁former ▁colon ies ▁that ▁are ▁R HT ▁include ▁Cam ero on , ▁Central ▁African ▁Republic , ▁Ch ad , ▁D j ib out i , ▁Gab on , ▁and ▁the ▁Republic ▁of ▁the ▁Cong o . ▁ ▁R w anda ▁and ▁Bur und i ▁are ▁R HT ▁but ▁are ▁considering ▁switching ▁to ▁L HT ▁( see ▁" P ot ential ▁future ▁shifts " ▁section ▁below ). ▁ ▁North ▁America ▁▁ ▁In ▁the ▁late ▁ 1 7 0 0 s , ▁traffic ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁was ▁R HT
▁based ▁on ▁team sters ' ▁use ▁of ▁large ▁fre ight ▁w ag ons ▁pulled ▁by ▁several ▁pairs ▁of ▁horses . ▁The ▁w ag ons ▁had ▁no ▁driver ' s ▁seat , ▁so ▁the ▁( typ ically ▁right - handed ) ▁post il ion ▁held ▁his ▁wh ip ▁in ▁his ▁right ▁hand ▁and ▁thus ▁sat ▁on ▁the ▁left ▁rear ▁horse . ▁Se ated ▁on ▁the ▁left , ▁the ▁driver ▁preferred ▁that ▁other ▁w ag ons ▁pass ▁him ▁on ▁the ▁left ▁so ▁that ▁he ▁could ▁be ▁sure ▁to ▁keep ▁clear ▁of ▁the ▁wheels ▁of ▁on coming ▁w ag ons . ▁The ▁first ▁keep - right ▁law ▁for ▁driving ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁was ▁passed ▁in ▁ 1 7 9 2 ▁and ▁applied ▁to ▁the ▁Philadelphia ▁and ▁Lanc aster ▁Turn pi ke . ▁New ▁York ▁formal ized ▁R HT ▁in ▁ 1 8 0 4 , ▁New ▁Jersey ▁in ▁ 1 8 1 3 , ▁and ▁Massachusetts ▁in ▁ 1 8 2 1 . ▁Today ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁is ▁R HT ▁except ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Virgin ▁Islands , ▁which ▁is ▁L HT ▁like ▁many ▁neighbour ing ▁islands . ▁ ▁Some ▁special - pur pose ▁vehicles ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States , ▁including ▁certain ▁post al ▁service ▁trucks , ▁garbage ▁trucks , ▁and ▁parking ▁enforcement ▁vehicles , ▁are ▁built ▁with ▁the ▁driver ' s ▁seat ▁on ▁the ▁right ▁for ▁safer ▁and ▁easier ▁access ▁to ▁the ▁cur b . ▁A ▁common ▁example ▁is ▁the ▁Gr um man ▁LL V ▁used ▁nation wide ▁by ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Post al ▁Service
. ▁ ▁As ▁former ▁French ▁colon ies , ▁the ▁provin ces ▁of ▁Quebec ▁and ▁Ontario ▁were ▁always ▁R HT . ▁The ▁province ▁of ▁British ▁Columbia ▁changed ▁to ▁R HT ▁in ▁stages ▁from ▁ 1 9 2 0 ▁to ▁ 1 9 2 3 . ▁New ▁Brun sw ick , ▁Nova ▁Scot ia , ▁and ▁Prince ▁Edward ▁Island , ▁changed ▁to ▁R HT ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 2 , ▁ 1 9 2 3 , ▁and ▁ 1 9 2 4 ▁respectively . ▁New found land , ▁then ▁a ▁British ▁colony , ▁changed ▁to ▁R HT ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 7 , ▁two ▁years ▁before ▁joining ▁Canada . ▁▁ ▁In ▁the ▁West ▁Ind ies , ▁colon ies ▁and ▁territor ies ▁drive ▁on ▁the ▁same ▁side ▁as ▁their ▁parent ▁countries , ▁except ▁for ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Virgin ▁Islands . ▁Many ▁of ▁the ▁island ▁nations ▁are ▁former ▁British ▁colon ies ▁and ▁drive ▁on ▁the ▁left , ▁including ▁Jama ica , ▁Ant igua ▁and ▁Barb uda , ▁Barb ados , ▁Domin ica , ▁Gren ada , ▁Saint ▁K itt s ▁and ▁Nev is , ▁Saint ▁Luc ia , ▁Saint ▁Vincent ▁and ▁the ▁Gren ad ines , ▁Tr in idad ▁and ▁Tob ago , ▁and ▁The ▁Bah amas . ▁ ▁Asia ▁ ▁L HT ▁was ▁introduced ▁by ▁the ▁British ▁in ▁British ▁India ▁( now ▁India , ▁Pakistan , ▁My an mar , ▁and ▁Bangl adesh ), ▁British ▁Mal aya ▁( now ▁Malaysia , ▁Br une i ▁and ▁Singapore ), ▁and ▁British ▁Hong ▁Kong . ▁All ▁are
▁still ▁L HT ▁except ▁My an mar , ▁which ▁switched ▁to ▁R HT ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 0 , ▁although ▁much ▁of ▁its ▁infrastructure ▁is ▁still ▁ge ared ▁to ▁L HT . ▁Most ▁cars ▁are ▁used ▁R HD ▁vehicles ▁imported ▁from ▁Japan . ▁Afghanistan ▁was ▁L HT ▁until ▁the ▁ 1 9 5 0 s , ▁in ▁line ▁with ▁neighbour ing ▁British ▁India ▁and ▁later ▁Pakistan . ▁ ▁L HT ▁was ▁introduced ▁by ▁the ▁Portuguese ▁Empire ▁in ▁Portuguese ▁Mac au ▁( now ▁Mac au ) ▁and ▁Portuguese ▁Tim or ▁( now ▁East ▁Tim or ). ▁Both ▁places ▁are ▁still ▁L HT , ▁despite ▁Mac au ▁now ▁being ▁part ▁of ▁R HT ▁China , ▁requiring ▁a ▁right - to - left ▁switching ▁inter change ▁at ▁the ▁Lot us ▁Bridge ▁which ▁connect s ▁the ▁two . ▁East ▁Tim or ▁shares ▁the ▁island ▁of ▁Tim or ▁with ▁Indonesia , ▁which ▁is ▁also ▁L HT , ▁although ▁the ▁former ▁( then ▁Portuguese ▁Tim or ) ▁switched ▁to ▁R HT ▁along ▁with ▁Portugal ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 8 ▁before ▁changing ▁back ▁to ▁L HT ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 6 ▁during ▁the ▁Indones ian ▁occupation ▁of ▁East ▁Tim or . ▁ ▁China ▁is ▁R HT ▁except ▁the ▁Special ▁Administr ative ▁Reg ions ▁of ▁Hong ▁Kong ▁and ▁Mac au . ▁L HT ▁was ▁uniform ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 3 0 s , ▁then ▁the ▁northern ▁provin ces ▁were ▁R HT . ▁National ist ▁China ▁adopted ▁R HT ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 6 . ▁This ▁convention
▁was ▁preserved ▁when ▁the ▁C CP ▁took ▁the ▁main land ▁and ▁the ▁K MT ▁ret reated ▁to ▁Taiwan . ▁ ▁Both ▁North ▁Korea ▁and ▁South ▁Korea ▁switched ▁to ▁R HT ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 5 ▁after ▁liber ation ▁from ▁Japanese ▁colonial ▁power . ▁ ▁The ▁Philippines ▁was ▁mostly ▁L HT ▁during ▁its ▁Spanish ▁and ▁American ▁colonial ▁periods , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁during ▁the ▁Commonwealth ▁era . ▁During ▁the ▁Japanese ▁occupation , ▁the ▁Philippines ▁remained ▁L HT , ▁also ▁because ▁L HT ▁had ▁been ▁required ▁by ▁the ▁Japanese ; ▁but ▁during ▁the ▁Battle ▁of ▁Man ila , ▁the ▁liber ating ▁American ▁forces ▁drove ▁their ▁tanks ▁to ▁the ▁right ▁for ▁easier ▁facil itation ▁of ▁movement . ▁R HT ▁was ▁formal ised ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 5 . ▁ ▁Japan ▁was ▁never ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁British ▁Empire , ▁but ▁its ▁traffic ▁also ▁goes ▁to ▁the ▁left . ▁Although ▁the ▁origin ▁of ▁this ▁habit ▁goes ▁back ▁to ▁the ▁E do ▁period ▁( 1 6 0 3 - 1 8 6 8 ), ▁it ▁was ▁not ▁until ▁ 1 8 7 2 ▁that ▁this ▁un written ▁rule ▁became ▁more ▁or ▁less ▁official . ▁That ▁was ▁the ▁year ▁when ▁Japan ’ s ▁first ▁railway ▁was ▁introduced , ▁built ▁with ▁technical ▁aid ▁from ▁the ▁British . ▁Grad ually , ▁a ▁massive ▁network ▁of ▁rail ways ▁and ▁tram ▁tracks ▁was ▁built , ▁and ▁of ▁course ▁all ▁trains ▁and ▁tr ams ▁drove ▁on ▁the ▁left - hand ▁side . ▁Still , ▁it ▁took ▁another ▁half ▁century ▁until ▁ 1 9
2 4 , ▁in ▁which ▁left - side ▁driving ▁was ▁clearly ▁written ▁in ▁law . ▁Post - World ▁War ▁II ▁Ok in awa ▁was ▁ruled ▁by ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Civil ▁Administration ▁of ▁the ▁Ry uk y u ▁Islands ▁and ▁was ▁R HT . ▁It ▁was ▁returned ▁to ▁Japan ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 2 ▁but ▁did ▁not ▁convert ▁back ▁to ▁L HT ▁until ▁ 1 9 7 8 . ▁The ▁conversion ▁operation ▁was ▁known ▁as ▁ 7 3 0 ▁( N ana - San - Mar u , ▁which ▁refers ▁to ▁the ▁date ▁of ▁the ▁change over , ▁ 3 0 ▁July ). ▁Ok in awa ▁is ▁one ▁of ▁few ▁places ▁to ▁have ▁changed ▁from ▁R HT ▁to ▁L HT ▁in ▁the ▁late ▁ 1 9 0 0 s . ▁ ▁Vietnam ▁became ▁R HT ▁as ▁part ▁of ▁French ▁Ind och ina , ▁as ▁did ▁La os ▁and ▁Camb od ia . ▁In ▁Camb od ia , ▁R HD ▁cars , ▁many ▁of ▁which ▁were ▁sm ugg led ▁from ▁Thailand , ▁were ▁banned ▁from ▁ 2 0 0 1 , ▁even ▁though ▁they ▁account ed ▁for ▁ 8 0 % ▁of ▁vehicles ▁in ▁the ▁country . ▁ ▁O ce ania ▁▁ ▁Many ▁former ▁British ▁colon ies ▁in ▁the ▁region ▁have ▁always ▁been ▁L HT , ▁including ▁Australia , ▁New ▁Zealand , ▁F iji , ▁Kir ib ati , ▁Sol omon ▁Islands , ▁T ong a , ▁and ▁Tu val u , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁nations ▁which ▁were ▁previously ▁administer ed ▁by ▁Australia ,
▁being ▁N aur u ▁and ▁Pap ua ▁New ▁Gu inea . ▁ ▁Sam oa , ▁a ▁former ▁German ▁colony , ▁had ▁been ▁R HT ▁for ▁more ▁than ▁a ▁century . ▁It ▁switched ▁to ▁L HT ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 9 , ▁being ▁the ▁first ▁territory ▁in ▁almost ▁ 3 0 ▁years ▁to ▁switch . ▁The ▁move ▁was ▁legisl ated ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁to ▁allow ▁Sam o ans ▁to ▁use ▁cheaper ▁right - hand ▁drive ▁( R HD ) ▁vehicles — which ▁are ▁better ▁suited ▁for ▁left - hand ▁traffic — import ed ▁from ▁Australia , ▁New ▁Zealand ▁or ▁Japan , ▁and ▁to ▁harmon ise ▁with ▁other ▁South ▁Pacific ▁nations . ▁A ▁political ▁party , ▁The ▁People ' s ▁Party , ▁was ▁formed ▁by ▁the ▁group ▁People ▁Against ▁Switch ing ▁S ides ▁( PASS ) ▁to ▁try ▁to ▁protest ▁against ▁the ▁change , ▁with ▁the ▁latter ▁launch ing ▁a ▁legal ▁challenge , ▁and ▁in ▁April ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁an ▁estimated ▁ 1 8 , 0 0 0 ▁people ▁attended ▁demonstr ations ▁against ▁it . ▁The ▁motor ▁industry ▁was ▁also ▁opposed , ▁as ▁ 1 4 , 0 0 0 ▁of ▁Sam oa ' s ▁ 1 8 , 0 0 0 ▁vehicles ▁are ▁designed ▁for ▁R HT ▁and ▁the ▁government ▁has ▁refused ▁to ▁meet ▁the ▁cost ▁of ▁conversion . ▁After ▁months ▁of ▁preparation , ▁the ▁switch ▁from ▁right ▁to ▁left ▁happened ▁in ▁an ▁atmosphere ▁of ▁national ▁celebration . ▁There ▁were ▁no ▁reported ▁incidents . ▁At ▁ 0 5
: 5 0 ▁local ▁time , ▁Monday ▁ 7 ▁September , ▁a ▁radio ▁announcement ▁halt ed ▁traffic , ▁and ▁an ▁announcement ▁at ▁ 6 : 0 0 ▁ordered ▁traffic ▁to ▁switch ▁to ▁L HT . ▁The ▁change ▁coinc ided ▁with ▁more ▁restrict ive ▁enforcement ▁of ▁speed ing ▁and ▁seat - b elt ▁laws . ▁That ▁day ▁and ▁the ▁following ▁day ▁were ▁declared ▁public ▁holidays , ▁to ▁reduce ▁traffic . ▁The ▁change ▁included ▁a ▁three - day ▁ban ▁on ▁alcohol ▁sales , ▁while ▁police ▁mounted ▁dozens ▁of ▁check points , ▁warning ▁drivers ▁to ▁drive ▁slowly . ▁ ▁South ▁America ▁ ▁Brazil ▁was ▁a ▁colony ▁of ▁Portugal ▁until ▁the ▁early ▁ 1 9 th ▁century ▁and ▁during ▁this ▁century ▁and ▁the ▁early ▁ 2 0 th ▁century ▁had ▁mixed ▁rules , ▁with ▁some ▁regions ▁still ▁on ▁L HT , ▁switching ▁these ▁remaining ▁regions ▁to ▁R HT ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 8 , ▁the ▁same ▁year ▁Portugal ▁switched ▁sides . ▁Other ▁Central ▁and ▁South ▁American ▁countries ▁that ▁later ▁switched ▁from ▁L HT ▁to ▁R HT ▁include ▁Argentina , ▁Chile , ▁Pan ama , ▁Par agu ay , ▁and ▁U rugu ay . ▁ ▁Sur in ame , ▁along ▁with ▁neighbour ing ▁Guy ana , ▁are ▁the ▁only ▁two ▁remaining ▁L HT ▁countries ▁in ▁South ▁America . ▁ ▁Pot ential ▁future ▁shifts ▁ ▁The ▁majority ▁of ▁vehicles ▁in ▁the ▁following ▁countries ▁are ▁designed ▁for ▁driving ▁on ▁the ▁opposite ▁side ▁of ▁the ▁road : ▁▁ ▁Ant igua ▁and ▁Barb uda ▁( L ) ▁ ▁The ▁Bah amas
▁( L ) ▁ ▁British ▁Virgin ▁Islands ▁( L ) ▁ ▁Bur und i ▁( R ) ▁ ▁My an mar ▁( R ) ▁ ▁United ▁States ▁Virgin ▁Islands ▁( L ) ▁ ▁R w anda ▁and ▁Bur und i , ▁former ▁Belg ian ▁colon ies ▁in ▁Central ▁Africa , ▁are ▁R HT ▁but ▁are ▁considering ▁switching ▁to ▁L HT ▁like ▁neighbour ing ▁members ▁of ▁the ▁East ▁African ▁Community ▁( E AC ). ▁A ▁survey ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁found ▁that ▁ 5 4 % ▁of ▁R wand ans ▁fav oured ▁the ▁switch . ▁Re asons ▁cited ▁were ▁the ▁perceived ▁lower ▁costs ▁of ▁R HD ▁vehicles , ▁easier ▁maintenance ▁and ▁the ▁political ▁benefit ▁of ▁harmon ious ▁traffic ▁regulations ▁with ▁other ▁E AC ▁countries . ▁The ▁survey ▁indicated ▁that ▁R HD ▁cars ▁were ▁ 1 6 % ▁to ▁ 4 9 % ▁cheaper ▁than ▁their ▁L HD ▁counter parts . ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 4 , ▁an ▁internal ▁report ▁by ▁consult ants ▁to ▁the ▁Ministry ▁of ▁In frastructure ▁recommended ▁a ▁switch ▁to ▁L HT . ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 5 , ▁the ▁ban ▁on ▁R HD ▁vehicles ▁was ▁lifted ; ▁R HD ▁trucks ▁from ▁neighbour ing ▁countries ▁cost ▁$ 1 0 0 0 ▁less ▁than ▁L HD ▁models ▁imported ▁from ▁Europe . ▁ ▁Ch anging ▁sides ▁at ▁borders ▁ ▁Although ▁many ▁L HT ▁juris dict ions ▁are ▁on ▁islands , ▁there ▁are ▁cases ▁where ▁vehicles ▁may ▁be ▁driven ▁from ▁L HT ▁across ▁a ▁border ▁into ▁a ▁R HT ▁area .
▁Such ▁borders ▁are ▁mostly ▁located ▁in ▁Africa ▁and ▁southern ▁Asia . ▁The ▁Vienna ▁Convention ▁on ▁Road ▁Tra ffic ▁regul ates ▁the ▁use ▁of ▁foreign ▁registered ▁vehicles ▁in ▁the ▁ 7 8 ▁countries ▁that ▁have ▁rat ified ▁it . ▁ ▁L HT ▁Thailand ▁has ▁three ▁R HT ▁neighb ours : ▁Camb od ia , ▁La os , ▁and ▁My an mar . ▁Most ▁of ▁its ▁borders ▁use ▁a ▁simple ▁traffic ▁light ▁to ▁do ▁the ▁switch , ▁but ▁there ▁are ▁also ▁inter changes ▁which ▁enable ▁the ▁switch ▁while ▁keeping ▁up ▁a ▁continuous ▁flow ▁of ▁traffic . ▁ ▁There ▁are ▁four ▁road ▁border ▁crossing ▁points ▁between ▁Hong ▁Kong ▁and ▁Main land ▁China . ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 6 , ▁the ▁daily ▁average ▁number ▁of ▁vehicle ▁trips ▁recorded ▁at ▁L ok ▁Ma ▁Ch au ▁was ▁ 3 1 , 1 0 0 . ▁The ▁next ▁largest ▁is ▁Man ▁Kam ▁To , ▁where ▁there ▁is ▁no ▁change over ▁system ▁and ▁the ▁border ▁roads ▁on ▁the ▁main land ▁side ▁W en j ind u ▁inter sect ▁as ▁one - way ▁streets ▁with ▁a ▁main ▁road . ▁ ▁The ▁Tak ut u ▁River ▁Bridge ▁( which ▁links ▁L HT ▁Guy ana ▁and ▁R HT ▁Brazil ) ▁is ▁the ▁only ▁border ▁in ▁the ▁Amer icas , ▁and ▁the ▁New ▁World , ▁where ▁traffic ▁changes ▁sides . ▁ ▁Although ▁the ▁United ▁Kingdom ▁is ▁separated ▁from ▁Contin ental ▁Europe ▁by ▁the ▁English ▁Channel , ▁the ▁level ▁of ▁cross - Channel ▁traffic ▁is ▁very ▁high ; ▁the ▁Channel ▁T unnel ▁alone ▁carries ▁
3 . 5 mill ion ▁vehicles ▁per ▁year ▁by ▁the ▁Euro t unnel ▁Sh utt le ▁between ▁the ▁UK ▁and ▁France . ▁ ▁Road ▁vehicle ▁configurations ▁ ▁Ste ering ▁wheel ▁position ▁ ▁In ▁R HT ▁juris dict ions , ▁vehicles ▁are ▁configured ▁with ▁L HD , ▁with ▁the ▁ste ering ▁wheel ▁on ▁the ▁left ▁side . ▁In ▁L HT ▁juris dict ions , ▁the ▁reverse ▁is ▁true . ▁The ▁driver ' s ▁side , ▁the ▁side ▁closest ▁to ▁the ▁centre ▁of ▁the ▁road , ▁is ▁sometimes ▁called ▁the ▁off side , ▁while ▁the ▁passenger ▁side , ▁the ▁side ▁closest ▁to ▁the ▁side ▁of ▁the ▁road , ▁is ▁sometimes ▁called ▁the ▁ne ars ide . ▁ ▁Most ▁wind screen ▁wip ers ▁are ▁designed ▁to ▁clear ▁the ▁driver ' s ▁side ▁better ▁and ▁have ▁a ▁longer ▁blade ▁on ▁the ▁driver ' s ▁side ▁and ▁w ipe ▁up ▁from ▁the ▁passenger ▁side ▁to ▁the ▁driver ' s ▁side . ▁Thus ▁on ▁L HD ▁configurations , ▁they ▁w ipe ▁up ▁from ▁right ▁to ▁left , ▁viewed ▁from ▁inside ▁the ▁vehicle , ▁and ▁do ▁the ▁opposite ▁on ▁R HD ▁vehicles . ▁ ▁Histor ically ▁there ▁was ▁less ▁consistency ▁in ▁the ▁relationship ▁of ▁the ▁position ▁of ▁the ▁driver ▁to ▁the ▁handed ness ▁of ▁traffic . ▁Most ▁American ▁cars ▁produced ▁before ▁ 1 9 1 0 ▁were ▁R HD . ▁In ▁ 1 9 0 8 ▁Henry ▁Ford ▁standard ised ▁the ▁Model ▁T ▁as ▁L HD ▁in ▁R HT ▁America , ▁arguing ▁that ▁with ▁R HD ▁and ▁R HT
, ▁the ▁passenger ▁was ▁oblig ed ▁to ▁" get ▁out ▁on ▁the ▁street ▁side ▁and ▁walk ▁around ▁the ▁car " ▁and ▁that ▁with ▁ste ering ▁from ▁the ▁left , ▁the ▁driver ▁" is ▁able ▁to ▁see ▁even ▁the ▁wheels ▁of ▁the ▁other ▁car ▁and ▁easily ▁avoid s ▁danger ." ▁By ▁ 1 9 1 5 ▁other ▁manufacturers ▁followed ▁Ford ' s ▁lead , ▁due ▁to ▁the ▁popularity ▁of ▁the ▁Model ▁T . ▁ ▁In ▁special ised ▁cases , ▁the ▁driver ▁will ▁sit ▁on ▁the ▁ne ars ide , ▁or ▁ker bs ide . ▁Examples ▁include : ▁Where ▁the ▁driver ▁needs ▁a ▁good ▁view ▁of ▁the ▁ne ars ide , ▁e . g . ▁street ▁sweep ers , ▁or ▁vehicles ▁driven ▁along ▁un stable ▁road ▁edges . ▁Where ▁it ▁is ▁more ▁convenient ▁for ▁the ▁driver ▁to ▁be ▁on ▁the ▁ne ars ide , ▁e . g . ▁delivery ▁vehicles . ▁The ▁Gr um man ▁LL V ▁post al ▁delivery ▁truck ▁is ▁widely ▁used ▁with ▁R HD ▁configurations ▁in ▁R HT ▁North ▁America . ▁Some ▁Un im ogs ▁are ▁designed ▁to ▁switch ▁between ▁L HD ▁and ▁R HD ▁to ▁permit ▁operators ▁to ▁work ▁on ▁the ▁more ▁convenient ▁side ▁of ▁the ▁truck . ▁ ▁Gener ally , ▁the ▁convention ▁is ▁to ▁mount ▁a ▁motor cycle ▁on ▁the ▁left , ▁and ▁kick stand s ▁are ▁usually ▁on ▁the ▁left ▁which ▁makes ▁it ▁more ▁convenient ▁to ▁mount ▁on ▁the ▁safer ▁ker bs ide ▁as ▁is ▁the ▁case ▁in ▁L HT . ▁Some ▁juris dict ions ▁prohib it ▁fitting
▁a ▁side car ▁to ▁a ▁motor cycle ' s ▁off side . ▁ ▁Head lam ps ▁and ▁other ▁lighting ▁equipment ▁ ▁Most ▁low - be am ▁head lam ps ▁produce ▁an ▁asym met rical ▁light ▁suitable ▁for ▁use ▁on ▁only ▁one ▁side ▁of ▁the ▁road . ▁Low ▁beam ▁head lam ps ▁in ▁L HT ▁juris dict ions ▁throw ▁most ▁of ▁their ▁light ▁forward - left ward ; ▁those ▁for ▁R HT ▁throw ▁most ▁of ▁their ▁light ▁forward - right ward , ▁thus ▁ill umin ating ▁obst acles ▁and ▁road ▁signs ▁while ▁minim ising ▁gl are ▁for ▁on coming ▁traffic . ▁ ▁In ▁Europe , ▁head lam ps ▁approved ▁for ▁use ▁on ▁one ▁side ▁of ▁the ▁road ▁must ▁be ▁adapt able ▁to ▁produce ▁adequate ▁ill um ination ▁with ▁controlled ▁gl are ▁for ▁temporarily ▁driving ▁on ▁the ▁other ▁side ▁of ▁the ▁road ,. ▁This ▁may ▁be ▁achieved ▁by ▁aff ix ing ▁mask ing ▁stri ps ▁or ▁pr ism atic ▁l enses ▁to ▁a ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁lens ▁or ▁by ▁moving ▁all ▁or ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁head l amp ▁opt ic ▁so ▁all ▁or ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁beam ▁is ▁shifted ▁or ▁the ▁asym met rical ▁portion ▁is ▁oc cluded . ▁Some ▁varieties ▁of ▁the ▁project or - type ▁head l amp ▁can ▁be ▁fully ▁adjusted ▁to ▁produce ▁a ▁proper ▁L HT ▁or ▁R HT ▁beam ▁by ▁shifting ▁a ▁lever ▁or ▁other ▁mov able ▁element ▁in ▁or ▁on ▁the ▁lamp ▁assembly . ▁Some ▁vehicles ▁adjust ▁the ▁head lam ps ▁automatically ▁when ▁the ▁car ' s ▁GPS ▁detect
s ▁that ▁the ▁vehicle ▁has ▁moved ▁from ▁L HT ▁to ▁R HT ▁and ▁vice ▁vers a . ▁ ▁R ear ▁fog ▁l amps ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁European ▁Union , ▁vehicles ▁must ▁be ▁equipped ▁with ▁one ▁or ▁two ▁red ▁rear ▁fog ▁l amps . ▁A ▁single ▁rear ▁fog ▁lamp ▁must ▁be ▁located ▁between ▁the ▁vehicle ' s ▁longitud inal ▁centre line ▁and ▁the ▁outer ▁extent ▁of ▁the ▁driver ' s ▁side ▁of ▁the ▁vehicle . ▁ ▁Cr ash ▁testing ▁differences ▁An ▁Australian ▁news ▁source ▁reports ▁that ▁some ▁R HD ▁cars ▁imported ▁to ▁that ▁country ▁did ▁not ▁perform ▁as ▁well ▁on ▁crash ▁tests ▁as ▁the ▁L HD ▁versions , ▁although ▁the ▁cause ▁is ▁unknown , ▁and ▁may ▁be ▁due ▁to ▁differences ▁in ▁testing ▁method ology . ▁ ▁Rail ▁traffic ▁ ▁In ▁most ▁countries , ▁rail ▁traffic ▁travels ▁on ▁the ▁same ▁side ▁as ▁road ▁traffic . ▁However , ▁in ▁many ▁cases , ▁rail ways ▁were ▁built ▁using ▁L HT ▁British ▁technology ▁and , ▁while ▁road ▁traffic ▁switched ▁to ▁R HT , ▁rail ▁remained ▁L HT . ▁Examples ▁include : ▁Argentina , ▁Belgium , ▁Bol ivia , ▁Camb od ia , ▁Chile , ▁Egypt , ▁France , ▁Iraq , ▁Israel , ▁Italy , ▁La os , ▁Mon aco , ▁My an mar , ▁Nigeria , ▁Peru , ▁Portugal , ▁Sen eg al , ▁Sl oven ia , ▁Sweden , ▁Switzerland , ▁Taiwan , ▁Tun is ia , ▁Venezuela , ▁and ▁Y emen . ▁In ▁Indonesia ▁it ▁is ▁the ▁reverse ▁( R HT ▁for ▁r ails ▁( even

Subsets and Splits

No community queries yet

The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.