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3 5 ▁ ▁| - bg color =" FFFF FF " ▁| 9 || align =" left " | PK C ▁' 8 3 || ▁▁ 2 6 ▁ <0x09> || 1 1 ▁ <0x09> || 0 ▁ <0x09> || 1 5 ▁ <0x09> || 5 0 ▁ <0x09> || 5 2 ▁ <0x09> || - 2 ▁ <0x09> || 3 3 ▁ ▁| - bg color =" FFFF FF " ▁| 1 0 || align =" left " | B erk um || ▁ 2 6 ▁ <0x09> || 9 ▁ <0x09> || 4 ▁ <0x09> || 1 3 ▁ <0x09> || 4 4 ▁ <0x09> || 4 6 ▁ <0x09> || - 2 ▁ <0x09> || 3 1 ▁ ▁| - bg color =" FFFF FF " ▁| 1 1 || align =" left " | St aphor st ▁|| 2 6 ▁|| <0x09> 7 ▁ <0x09> || 1 0 ▁ <0x09> || 9 ▁ <0x09> || 3 0 ▁ <0x09> || 3 4 ▁ <0x09> || - 4 ▁ <0x09> || 3 1 ▁ ▁| - bg color =" FFFF FF " ▁| 1 2 || align =" left " | N uns pe et || ▁▁ 2 6 ▁ <0x09> || 8 ▁ <0x09> || 6 ▁ <0x09> || 1 2 ▁ <0x09> || 3 6 ▁ <0x09> || 5 3 ▁ <0x09> || - 1 7 ▁ <0x09> || 3 0 ▁ ▁| - ▁style =" background : # FF CC CC " ▁| 1 3 || align
=" left " | Be ▁Quick ▁' 2 8 ▁|| ▁ 2 6 ▁|| 7 ▁ <0x09> || 8 ▁ <0x09> || 1 1 ▁ <0x09> || 3 9 ▁ <0x09> || 4 7 ▁ <0x09> || - 8 ▁ <0x09> || 2 9 ▁| - ▁style =" background : # FF 8 8 8 8 " ▁| 1 4 || align =" left " | Go ▁A head ▁Kamp en ▁|| ▁ 2 6 ▁ <0x09> || 4 ▁ <0x09> || 3 ▁ <0x09> || 1 9 ▁ <0x09> || 3 0 ▁ <0x09> || 7 2 ▁ <0x09> || - 4 2 ▁ <0x09> || 1 5 ▁| } ▁ ▁Sunday ▁A ▁ ▁| - bg color =" 9 0 EE 9 0 " ▁| 1 || align =" left " | A FC || ▁ 2 6 <0x09> || 1 8 <0x09> || 3 <0x09> || 5 <0x09> || 6 4 <0x09> || 2 9 <0x09> || + 3 5 <0x09> || 5 7 ▁| - ▁style =" background : # 9 0 EE 9 0 ;" ▁| 2 || align =" left " | Arg on || ▁ 2 6 <0x09> || 1 4 <0x09> || 6 <0x09> || 6 <0x09> || 4 2 <0x09> || 2 8 <0x09> || + 1 4 <0x09> || 4 8 ▁| - ▁style =" background : # 9 0 EE 9 0 ;" ▁| 3 || align =" left " | H il vers um || ▁ 2 6 <0x09> || 1
4 <0x09> || 4 <0x09> || 8 <0x09> || 4 2 <0x09> || 3 4 <0x09> || + 8 <0x09> || 4 6 ▁| - bg color =" 9 0 EE 9 0 " ▁| 4 || align =" left " | Ha ag land ia || ▁ 2 6 <0x09> || 1 3 <0x09> || 5 <0x09> || 8 <0x09> || 4 3 <0x09> || 3 7 <0x09> || + 6 <0x09> || 4 4 ▁| - bg color =" FFFF 9 9 " ▁| 5 || align =" left " | V V SB || ▁ 2 6 <0x09> || 1 1 <0x09> || 5 <0x09> || 1 0 <0x09> || 3 7 <0x09> || 3 2 <0x09> || + 5 <0x09> || 3 8 ▁| - bg color =" FFFF 9 9 " ▁| 6 || align =" left " | H oll and ia || ▁ <0x09> 2 6 <0x09> || 9 <0x09> || 9 <0x09> || 8 <0x09> || 3 9 <0x09> || 4 1 <0x09> || - 2 <0x09> || 3 6 ▁| - bg color =" FFFF FF " ▁| 7 || align =" left " | H BS ▁Cra ey enh out || ▁ 2 6 <0x09> || 1 0 <0x09> || 6 <0x09> || 1 0 <0x09> || 3 6 <0x09> || 3 9 <0x09> || - 3 <0x09> || 3 6 ▁| - bg color =" FFFF FF " ▁| 8 || align =" left " | AD O ▁' 2 0 ||
▁ 2 6 <0x09> || 9 <0x09> || 8 <0x09> || 9 <0x09> || 3 3 <0x09> || 3 0 <0x09> || + 3 <0x09> || 3 5 ▁| - bg color =" FFFF FF " ▁| 9 || align =" left " | E link w ijk || ▁ 2 6 <0x09> || 8 <0x09> || 7 <0x09> || 1 1 <0x09> || 4 0 <0x09> || 3 9 <0x09> || + 1 <0x09> || 3 1 ▁| - bg color =" FFFF FF " ▁| 1 0 || align =" left " | Ch ab ab || ▁ <0x09> 2 6 <0x09> || 7 <0x09> || 9 <0x09> || 1 0 <0x09> || 3 2 <0x09> || 3 2 <0x09> || + 0 <0x09> || 3 0 ▁| - bg color =" FFFF FF " ▁| 1 1 || align =" left " | SC ▁F ey eno ord || ▁ 2 6 <0x09> || 8 <0x09> || 5 <0x09> || 1 3 <0x09> || 3 3 <0x09> || 4 5 <0x09> || - 1 2 <0x09> || 2 9 ▁| - bg color =" FFFF FF " ▁| 1 2 || align =" left " | West land ia || ▁ 2 6 <0x09> || 7 <0x09> || 7 <0x09> || 1 2 <0x09> || 3 4 <0x09> || 4 3 <0x09> || - 9 <0x09> || 2 8 ▁| - ▁style =" background : # FF CC CC " ▁| 1 3 || align =" left " | T
ONE G ID O || ▁ 2 6 <0x09> || 7 <0x09> || 6 <0x09> || 1 3 <0x09> || 3 8 <0x09> || 5 9 <0x09> || - 2 1 <0x09> || 2 7 ▁| - ▁style =" background : # FF 8 8 8 8 " ▁| 1 4 || align =" left " | Om ni world ▁( am ateurs ) || ▁ 2 6 <0x09> || 6 <0x09> || 2 <0x09> || 1 8 <0x09> || 2 4 <0x09> || 4 9 <0x09> || - 2 5 <0x09> || 2 0 ▁| } ▁ ▁Sunday ▁B ▁ ▁| - bg color =" 9 0 EE 9 0 " ▁| 1 || align =" left " | G em ert || ▁ 2 6 <0x09> || 1 7 <0x09> || 3 <0x09> || 6 <0x09> || 4 8 <0x09> || 2 7 <0x09> || + 2 1 <0x09> || 5 4 ▁| - ▁style =" background : # 9 0 EE 9 0 ;" ▁| 2 || align =" left " | B aron ie || ▁ 2 6 || <0x09> 1 5 <0x09> || 7 <0x09> || 4 <0x09> || 4 2 <0x09> || 1 9 <0x09> || + 2 3 <0x09> || 5 2 ▁| - ▁style =" background : # 9 0 EE 9 0 ;" ▁| 3 || align =" left " | EV V || ▁ 2 6 <0x09> || 1 3 <0x09> || 7 <0x09> || 6 <0x09> || 4 3 <0x09> || 3
3 <0x09> || + 1 0 <0x09> || 4 6 ▁| - bg color =" 9 0 EE 9 0 " ▁| 4 || align =" left " | J VC ▁Cu ijk || ▁ 2 6 <0x09> || 1 2 <0x09> || 9 <0x09> || 5 <0x09> || 5 3 <0x09> || 3 6 <0x09> || + 1 7 <0x09> || 4 5 ▁| - bg color =" FFFF 9 9 " ▁| 5 || align =" left " | D ijk se ▁Boys || ▁ 2 6 <0x09> || 1 2 <0x09> || 7 <0x09> || 7 <0x09> || 5 3 <0x09> || 4 0 <0x09> || + 1 3 <0x09> || 4 3 ▁| - bg color =" FFFF 9 9 " ▁| 6 || align =" left " | V en ray || ▁ 2 6 <0x09> || 1 2 <0x09> || 5 <0x09> || 9 <0x09> || 5 9 <0x09> || 4 0 <0x09> || + 1 9 <0x09> || 4 1 ▁| - bg color =" FFFF FF " ▁| 7 || align =" left " | UN A || ▁ 2 6 <0x09> || 1 0 <0x09> || 7 <0x09> || 9 <0x09> || 4 5 <0x09> || 3 8 <0x09> || + 7 <0x09> || 3 7 ▁| - bg color =" FFFF FF " ▁| 8 || align =" left " | Me ers sen || ▁ 2 6 <0x09> || 9 <0x09> || 4 <0x09> || 1 3 <0x09> || 3 8 <0x09>
|| 5 1 <0x09> || - 1 3 <0x09> || 3 1 ▁| - bg color =" FFFF FF " ▁| 9 || align =" left " | U DI ▁' 1 9 || ▁ 2 6 <0x09> || 9 <0x09> || 3 <0x09> || 1 4 <0x09> || 3 7 <0x09> || 4 4 <0x09> || - 7 <0x09> || 3 0 ▁| - bg color =" FFFF FF " ▁| 1 0 || align =" left " | O J C ▁Ros mal en || 2 6 <0x09> || 9 <0x09> || 3 <0x09> || 1 4 <0x09> || 3 4 <0x09> || 4 4 <0x09> || - 1 0 <0x09> || 3 0 ▁| - bg color =" FFFF FF " ▁| 1 1 || align =" left " | P ap end recht || 2 6 <0x09> || 8 <0x09> || 6 <0x09> || 1 2 <0x09> || 4 0 <0x09> || 5 9 <0x09> || - 1 9 <0x09> || 3 0 ▁| - bg color =" FFFF FF " ▁| 1 2 || align =" left " | ▁Sch ij nd el || ▁ <0x09> 2 6 <0x09> || 7 <0x09> || 7 <0x09> || 1 2 <0x09> || 3 5 <0x09> || 4 0 <0x09> || - 5 <0x09> || 2 8 ▁| - ▁style =" background : # FF CC CC " ▁| 1 3 || align =" left " | ▁DES K || ▁ <0x09> 2 6 <0x09> || 6 <0x09> || 8 <0x09>
|| 1 2 <0x09> || 3 3 <0x09> || 6 1 <0x09> || - 2 8 <0x09> || 2 6 ▁| - ▁style =" background : # FF 8 8 8 8 " ▁| 1 4 || align =" left " | O SS ▁' 2 0 || ▁ 2 6 <0x09> || 3 <0x09> || 4 <0x09> || 1 9 <0x09> || 2 7 <0x09> || 5 5 <0x09> || - 2 8 <0x09> || 1 3 ▁| } ▁ ▁Sunday ▁C ▁ ▁| - bg color =" 9 0 EE 9 0 " ▁| 1 || align =" left " | ▁De ▁Tre ff ers || <0x09> 2 6 || <0x09> 1 5 <0x09> || 1 0 <0x09> || 1 <0x09> || 5 5 <0x09> || 1 5 <0x09> || + 4 0 <0x09> || 5 5 ▁| - ▁style =" background : # 9 0 EE 9 0 ;" ▁| 2 || align =" left " | Li enden || 2 6 <0x09> || 1 5 <0x09> || 7 <0x09> || 4 <0x09> || 4 8 <0x09> || 2 4 <0x09> || + 2 4 <0x09> || 5 2 ▁| - ▁style =" background : # 9 0 EE 9 0 ;" ▁| 3 || align =" left " | ▁Quick ▁' 2 0 || 2 6 <0x09> || 1 4 <0x09> || 6 <0x09> || 6 <0x09> || 5 5 <0x09> || 2 6 <0x09> || + 2 9 <0x09> || 4 8 ▁| - bg color =" 9
0 EE 9 0 " ▁| 4 || align =" left " | ▁Ach illes ▁' 2 9 || ▁ 2 6 <0x09> || 1 5 <0x09> || 3 <0x09> || 8 <0x09> || 5 3 <0x09> || 3 4 <0x09> || + 1 9 <0x09> || 4 8 ▁| - bg color =" FFFF 9 9 " ▁| 5 || align =" left " | W KE || ▁ 2 6 <0x09> || 1 2 <0x09> || 6 <0x09> || 8 <0x09> || 4 3 <0x09> || 3 3 <0x09> || + 1 0 <0x09> || 4 2 ▁| - bg color =" FFFF 9 9 " ▁| 6 || align =" left " | Be ▁Quick ▁ 1 8 8 7 || <0x09> 2 6 <0x09> || 1 2 <0x09> || 5 <0x09> || 9 <0x09> || 5 2 <0x09> || 3 4 <0x09> || + 1 8 <0x09> || 4 1 ▁| - bg color =" FFFF FF " ▁| 7 || align =" left " | ▁Jul iana ▁' 3 1 ▁|| <0x09> 2 6 <0x09> || 1 2 <0x09> || 3 <0x09> || 1 1 <0x09> || 5 0 <0x09> || 4 0 <0x09> || + 1 0 <0x09> || 3 9 ▁| - bg color =" FFFF FF " ▁| 8 || align =" left " | RO H DA ▁Ra al te || 2 6 <0x09> || 9 <0x09> || 9 <0x09> || 8 <0x09> || 3 5 <0x09> || 4 0 <0x09> || - 5
<0x09> || 3 6 ▁| - bg color =" FFFF FF " ▁| 9 || align =" left " | H SC ▁' 2 1 || 2 6 <0x09> || 9 <0x09> || 8 <0x09> || 9 <0x09> || 4 0 <0x09> || 3 0 <0x09> || + 1 0 <0x09> || 3 5 ▁| - bg color =" FFFF FF " ▁| 1 0 || align =" left " | Al c ides ▁|| 2 6 <0x09> || 9 <0x09> || 5 <0x09> || 1 2 <0x09> || 3 3 <0x09> || 4 5 <0x09> || - 1 2 <0x09> || 3 2 ▁| - bg color =" FFFF FF " ▁| 1 1 || align =" left " | S ne ek ▁W it ▁Z wart || 2 6 <0x09> || 6 <0x09> || 1 0 <0x09> || 1 0 <0x09> || 3 2 <0x09> || 4 8 <0x09> || - 1 6 <0x09> || 2 8 ▁| - bg color =" FFFF FF " ▁| 1 2 || align =" left " | B ab ber ich || 2 6 <0x09> || 4 <0x09> || 8 <0x09> || 1 4 <0x09> || 3 3 <0x09> || 5 3 <0x09> || - 2 0 <0x09> || 2 0 ▁| - ▁style =" background : # FF CC CC " ▁| 1 3 || align =" left " | N ie uw ▁Bu inen || 2 6 <0x09> || 3 <0x09> || 9 <0x09> || 1 4 <0x09> || 3 3 <0x09>
|| 6 6 <0x09> || - 3 3 <0x09> || 1 8 ▁| - ▁style =" background : # FF 8 8 8 8 " ▁| 1 4 || align =" left " | J ou re || 2 6 <0x09> || 1 <0x09> || 3 <0x09> || 2 2 <0x09> || 1 4 <0x09> || 8 8 <0x09> || - 7 4 <0x09> || 6 ▁| } ▁ ▁Championship ▁ ▁Saturday ▁championship ▁ ▁| - ▁style =" background : # 9 0 EE 9 0 ;" ▁| ▁ 1 ▁|| align = left | I J ss el me erv og els ▁|| ▁ 4 ▁|| ▁ 3 ▁|| ▁ 1 ▁|| ▁ 0 ▁|| ▁ 7 ▁|| ▁ 1 ▁|| ▁+ 6 || ▁ 1 0 ▁ ▁| - ▁| ▁ 2 ▁|| align = left | B are nd recht ▁|| ▁ 4 ▁|| ▁ 1 ▁|| ▁ 2 ▁|| ▁ 1 ▁|| ▁ 4 ▁|| ▁ 6 ▁|| ▁- 2 || ▁ 5 ▁ ▁| - ▁| ▁ 3 ▁|| align = left | Ex c els ior ▁' 3 1 ▁|| ▁ 4 ▁|| ▁ 1 ▁|| ▁ 0 ▁|| ▁ 3 ▁|| ▁ 3 ▁|| ▁ 7 ▁|| ▁- 4 || ▁ 3 ▁ ▁| - ▁| } ▁ ▁Sunday ▁championship ▁ ▁| - ▁style =" background : # 9 0 EE 9 0 ;" ▁| ▁ 1 ▁|| align = left | G em ert ▁|| ▁ 4 ▁|| ▁ 2 ▁|| ▁ 2 ▁|| ▁
0 ▁|| ▁ 6 ▁|| ▁ 3 ▁|| ▁+ 3 || ▁ 8 ▁ ▁| - ▁| ▁ 2 ▁|| align = left | De ▁Tre ff ers ▁|| ▁ 4 ▁|| ▁ 1 ▁|| ▁ 2 ▁|| ▁ 1 ▁|| ▁ 8 ▁|| ▁ 7 ▁|| ▁+ 1 || ▁ 5 ▁ ▁| - ▁| ▁ 3 ▁|| align = left | A FC ▁|| ▁ 4 ▁|| ▁ 0 ▁|| ▁ 2 ▁|| ▁ 2 ▁|| ▁ 2 ▁|| ▁ 6 ▁|| ▁- 4 || ▁ 2 ''' ▁ ▁| } ▁ ▁Key ▁ ▁Final ▁ ▁Top kl asse ▁Play offs ▁ ▁Round ▁ 1 ▁ ▁For ▁promotion ▁to ▁Top kl asse ▁Saturday ▁ ▁For ▁promotion ▁to ▁Top kl asse ▁Sunday ▁ ▁Round ▁ 2 ▁ ▁Group ▁ 1 ▁ ▁| - ▁style =" background : # 9 0 EE 9 0 ;" ▁| ▁ 1 ▁|| <0x09> AR C ▁|| <0x09> 2 ▁|| <0x09> 2 ▁|| <0x09> 0 ▁|| <0x09> 0 ▁|| <0x09> 6 ▁|| <0x09> 2 ▁|| <0x09> + 4 ▁|| <0x09> 6 ▁ <0x09> ▁| - ▁| 2 ▁|| <0x09> G V V V ▁|| <0x09> 2 ▁|| <0x09> 1 ▁|| <0x09> 0 ▁|| <0x09> 1 ▁|| <0x09> 7 ▁|| <0x09> 4 ▁|| <0x09> + 3 ▁|| <0x09> 3 ▁ ▁| - ▁| 3 ▁|| <0x09> Z w alu wen ▁' 3 0 ▁|| <0x09> 2 ▁|| <0x09> 0 ▁|| <0x09> 0 ▁|| <0x09> 2 ▁|| <0x09> 2 ▁|| <0x09> 9 ▁|| <0x09> - 7 ▁|| 0 <0x09>
▁| } ▁ ▁Group ▁ 2 ▁ ▁| - ▁style =" background : # 9 0 EE 9 0 ;" ▁| ▁ 1 ▁ <0x09> || <0x09> Be ▁Quick ▁ 1 8 8 7 ▁|| <0x09> 2 ▁|| <0x09> 1 ▁|| <0x09> 1 ▁|| <0x09> 0 ▁|| <0x09> 6 ▁|| <0x09> 2 ▁|| <0x09> + 4 ▁|| <0x09> 4 ▁ <0x09> ▁| - ▁| 2 ▁ <0x09> || <0x09> V en ray ▁|| <0x09> 2 ▁|| <0x09> 1 ▁|| <0x09> 1 ▁|| <0x09> 0 ▁|| <0x09> 4 ▁|| <0x09> 1 ▁|| <0x09> + 3 ▁|| <0x09> 4 <0x09> ▁| - ▁| 3 ▁ <0x09> || <0x09> W KE ▁|| <0x09> 2 ▁|| <0x09> 0 ▁|| <0x09> 0 ▁|| <0x09> 2 ▁|| <0x09> 1 ▁|| <0x09> 8 ▁|| <0x09> - 7 ▁|| <0x09> 0 ▁| } ▁ ▁Round ▁ 3 ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁▁ ▁soccer way . com ▁ ▁www . kn vb . nl ▁ ▁Category : H o of d kl asse ▁seasons ▁N eth ▁ 4 <0x0A> </s> ▁Do ğ an ▁Can ▁G öl pe k ▁( born ▁ 2 7 ▁November ▁ 1 9 9 4 ) ▁is ▁a ▁Dutch ▁football ▁player ▁of ▁Turkish ▁descent ▁who ▁currently ▁plays ▁for ▁ 1 9 2 2 ▁K ony as por . ▁ ▁Club ▁career ▁He ▁made ▁his ▁E er ste ▁Div is ie ▁debut ▁for ▁M V V ▁Ma astr icht ▁on ▁ 1 8 ▁August ▁ 2 0 1 7 ▁in ▁a ▁game ▁against ▁Go ▁A head ▁E agles . ▁
▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁▁▁▁▁ ▁Category : 1 9 9 4 ▁birth s ▁Category : People ▁from ▁Ber gen ▁op ▁Z oom ▁Category : D utch ▁people ▁of ▁Turkish ▁descent ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : D utch ▁football ers ▁Category : SV ▁Me ers sen ▁players ▁Category : M V V ▁Ma astr icht ▁players ▁Category : E er ste ▁Div is ie ▁players ▁Category : Associ ation ▁football ▁for wards <0x0A> </s> ▁Sister ▁S par row ▁& ▁the ▁D irty ▁Bird s ▁was ▁Sister ▁S par row ▁& ▁the ▁D irty ▁Bird s ' s ▁debut ▁album , ▁released ▁on ▁November ▁ 2 2 , ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁on ▁Modern ▁V intage ▁Record ings . ▁It ▁was ▁recorded ▁almost ▁completely ▁live ▁in ▁just ▁one ▁night ▁at ▁Av atar ▁Studios ▁in ▁New ▁York ▁City , ▁capt uring ▁the ▁uniqu ely ▁tight - y et - lo ose ▁live ▁sound ▁they ▁had ▁hon ed ▁over ▁so ▁many ▁hot ▁city ▁nights . ▁The ▁album ▁was ▁listed ▁as ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁top ▁Non - J azz ▁F avor ites ▁for ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁by ▁All ▁About ▁Jazz . ▁Independent ▁Media ▁Magazine ▁awarded ▁it ▁the ▁" Best ▁album ▁you ▁probably ▁didn ' t ▁hear ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 0 " ▁in ▁its ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁I MM ▁Music ▁Awards . ▁ ▁Track ▁list ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : 2 0 1 0 ▁debut ▁albums ▁Category : S ister ▁S par row ▁& ▁the ▁D irty
▁Bird s ▁albums <0x0A> </s> ▁Na Na Na ▁Summer ▁Girl ▁( Na Na Na ▁ サ マ ー ガ ー ル ) ▁is ▁the ▁eight eenth ▁single ▁by ▁the ▁Japanese ▁Pop - rock ▁band ▁P orno ▁Gra ff itt i . ▁It ▁was ▁released ▁on ▁August ▁ 3 , ▁ 2 0 0 5 .   S ew ▁the ▁interval ▁of ▁the ▁ 7 th ▁live ▁circuit , ▁which ▁was ▁held ▁from ▁May ▁ 7 , ▁ 2 0 0 5 ▁to ▁December ▁ 1 8 , ▁" SW IT CH " ▁was ▁released . ▁ ▁Track ▁listing ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : 2 0 0 5 ▁singles ▁Category : P orno ▁Gra ff itt i ▁songs ▁Category : 2 0 0 5 ▁songs ▁Category : S ony ▁Music ▁singles <0x0A> </s> ▁Meg aby z us ▁( , ▁a ▁folk - et ym ological ▁alter ation ▁of ▁Old ▁Pers ian ▁Bag ab ux š a , ▁meaning ▁" God ▁saved ") ▁was ▁an ▁A cha emen id ▁Pers ian ▁general , ▁son ▁of ▁Z opy rus , ▁sat rap ▁of ▁Bab yl onia , ▁and ▁grand son ▁of ▁Meg aby z us ▁I , ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁seven ▁conspir ators ▁who ▁had ▁put ▁D arius ▁I ▁on ▁the ▁throne . ▁His ▁father ▁was ▁killed ▁when ▁the ▁sat rap y ▁reb elled ▁in ▁ 4 8 2 ▁B CE , ▁and ▁Meg aby z us ▁led ▁the ▁forces ▁that ▁rec apt ured ▁the ▁city , ▁after ▁which ▁the ▁statue ▁of ▁the ▁god ▁M
ard uk ▁was ▁destroyed ▁to ▁prevent ▁future ▁revol ts . ▁ ▁Meg aby z us ▁subsequently ▁took ▁part ▁in ▁the ▁Second ▁Pers ian ▁invasion ▁of ▁Greece ▁( 4 8 0 - 4 7 9 ▁B CE ). ▁ ▁Her odot us ▁claims ▁that ▁he ▁refused ▁to ▁act ▁on ▁orders ▁to ▁pill age ▁Del phi , ▁but ▁it ▁is ▁doubt ful ▁such ▁orders ▁were ▁ever ▁given . ▁ ▁Rev olt ▁According ▁to ▁C tes ias , ▁who ▁is ▁not ▁especially ▁reliable ▁but ▁is ▁often ▁our ▁only ▁source , ▁Amy t is , ▁wife ▁of ▁Meg aby z us ▁and ▁daughter ▁of ▁X er x es , ▁was ▁accused ▁of ▁ad ul tery ▁shortly ▁afterwards . ▁ ▁As ▁such , ▁Meg aby z us ▁took ▁part ▁in ▁the ▁conspiracy ▁of ▁Art aban us ▁to ▁assass inate ▁the ▁emperor , ▁but ▁bet rayed ▁him ▁before ▁he ▁could ▁kill ▁the ▁new ▁emperor ▁Art ax er x es ▁as ▁well . ▁ ▁In ▁a ▁battle , ▁Art aban us ' ▁sons ▁were ▁killed ▁and ▁Meg aby z us ▁was ▁wounded , ▁but ▁Amy t is ▁inter ced ed ▁on ▁his ▁behalf ▁and ▁he ▁was ▁c ured . ▁ ▁Egyptian ▁campaign ▁ ▁After ▁this ▁Meg aby z us ▁became ▁sat rap ▁of ▁Syria . ▁ ▁Together ▁with ▁Art ab az us , ▁sat rap ▁of ▁Ph ry g ia , ▁he ▁had ▁command ▁of ▁the ▁Pers ian ▁arm ies ▁sent ▁to ▁put ▁down ▁the ▁revol t ▁of ▁In ar us ▁in ▁Egypt . ▁ ▁They ▁arrived ▁in ▁ 4
5 6 ▁BC , ▁and ▁within ▁two ▁years ▁had ▁put ▁down ▁the ▁revol t , ▁capt uring ▁In ar us ▁and ▁various ▁At hen ians ▁supporting ▁him . ▁ ▁Origin ▁of ▁the ▁Egyptian ▁campaign ▁When ▁X er x es ▁I ▁was ▁assass inated ▁in ▁ 4 6 5 ▁B CE , ▁he ▁was ▁succeeded ▁by ▁his ▁son ▁Art ax er x es ▁I , ▁but ▁several ▁parts ▁of ▁the ▁A cha emen id ▁empire ▁soon ▁revol ted , ▁fore most ▁of ▁which ▁were ▁B act ria ▁and ▁Egypt . ▁The ▁Egyptian ▁In ar us ▁defeated ▁the ▁Pers ian ▁sat rap ▁of ▁Egypt ▁A cha emen es , ▁a ▁brother ▁of ▁Art ax er x es , ▁and ▁took ▁control ▁of ▁Lower ▁Egypt . ▁He ▁contacted ▁the ▁Gree ks , ▁who ▁were ▁also ▁officially ▁still ▁at ▁war ▁with ▁Pers ia , ▁and ▁in ▁ 4 6 0 ▁B CE , ▁At hens ▁sent ▁an ▁expedition ary ▁force ▁of ▁ 2 0 0 ▁ships ▁and ▁ 6 0 0 0 ▁heavy ▁inf antry ▁to ▁support ▁In ar us . ▁The ▁Egyptian ▁and ▁At hen ian ▁troops ▁defeated ▁the ▁local ▁Pers ian ▁troops ▁of ▁Egypt , ▁and ▁captured ▁the ▁city ▁of ▁Mem ph is , ▁except ▁for ▁the ▁Pers ian ▁cit adel ▁which ▁they ▁bes ie ged ▁for ▁several ▁years . ▁ ▁Sie ge ▁of ▁Mem ph is ▁( 4 5 9 - 4 5 5 ▁B CE ) ▁The ▁At hen ians ▁and ▁Egypt ians ▁had ▁settled ▁down ▁to ▁bes ie ge ▁the ▁local ▁Pers
ian ▁troops ▁in ▁Egypt , ▁at ▁the ▁White ▁Castle . ▁The ▁sie ge ▁evident ly ▁did ▁not ▁progress ▁well , ▁and ▁probably ▁lasted ▁for ▁at ▁least ▁four ▁years , ▁since ▁Th uc yd ides ▁says ▁that ▁their ▁whole ▁expedition ▁lasted ▁ 6 ▁years , ▁and ▁of ▁this ▁time ▁the ▁final ▁ 1 8 ▁months ▁was ▁occupied ▁with ▁the ▁Sie ge ▁of ▁Pro s opt is . ▁ ▁According ▁to ▁Th uc yd ides , ▁at ▁first ▁Art ax er x es ▁sent ▁Meg ab az us ▁to ▁try ▁and ▁b ribe ▁the ▁Sp art ans ▁into ▁inv ading ▁Att ica , ▁to ▁draw ▁off ▁the ▁At hen ian ▁forces ▁from ▁Egypt . ▁When ▁this ▁failed , ▁he ▁instead ▁assembled ▁a ▁large ▁army ▁under ▁Meg aby z us , ▁and ▁dis pat ched ▁it ▁to ▁Egypt . ▁D iod orus ▁has ▁more ▁or ▁less ▁the ▁same ▁story , ▁with ▁more ▁detail ; ▁after ▁the ▁attempt ▁at ▁b ri bery ▁failed , ▁Art ax er x es ▁put ▁Meg aby z us ▁and ▁Art ab az us ▁in ▁charge ▁of ▁ 3 0 0 , 0 0 0 ▁men , ▁with ▁instructions ▁to ▁qu ell ▁the ▁revol t . ▁ ▁They ▁went ▁first ▁from ▁Pers ia ▁to ▁C il icia ▁and ▁gathered ▁a ▁fleet ▁of ▁ 3 0 0 ▁tri rem es ▁from ▁the ▁C il icians , ▁Ph oen icians ▁and ▁C yp ri ots , ▁and ▁spent ▁a ▁year ▁training ▁their ▁men . ▁Then ▁they ▁finally ▁headed ▁to ▁Egypt . ▁Modern ▁estimates ,
▁however , ▁place ▁the ▁number ▁of ▁Pers ian ▁troops ▁at ▁the ▁considerably ▁lower ▁figure ▁of ▁ 2 5 , 0 0 0 ▁men ▁given ▁that ▁it ▁would ▁have ▁been ▁highly ▁imp ract ical ▁to ▁dep rive ▁the ▁already ▁str ained ▁sat rap ies ▁of ▁any ▁more ▁man ▁power ▁than ▁that . ▁Th uc yd ides ▁does ▁not ▁mention ▁Art ab az us , ▁who ▁is ▁reported ▁by ▁Her odot us ▁to ▁have ▁taken ▁part ▁in ▁the ▁second ▁Pers ian ▁invasion ; ▁D iod orus ▁may ▁be ▁mistaken ▁about ▁his ▁presence ▁in ▁this ▁campaign . ▁It ▁is ▁clearly ▁possible ▁that ▁the ▁Pers ian ▁forces ▁did ▁spend ▁some ▁prolong ed ▁time ▁in ▁training , ▁since ▁it ▁took ▁four ▁years ▁for ▁them ▁to ▁respond ▁to ▁the ▁Egyptian ▁victory ▁at ▁P amp rem is . ▁Although ▁neither ▁author ▁gives ▁many ▁details , ▁it ▁is ▁clear ▁that ▁when ▁Meg aby z us ▁finally ▁arrived ▁in ▁Egypt , ▁he ▁was ▁able ▁to ▁quickly ▁lift ▁the ▁Sie ge ▁of ▁Mem ph is , ▁defe ating ▁the ▁Egypt ians ▁in ▁battle , ▁and ▁driving ▁the ▁At hen ians ▁from ▁Mem ph is . ▁ ▁Sie ge ▁of ▁Pro s op itis ▁( 4 5 5 ▁B CE ) ▁The ▁At hen ians ▁now ▁fell ▁back ▁to ▁the ▁island ▁of ▁Pro s op itis ▁in ▁the ▁N ile ▁delta , ▁where ▁their ▁ships ▁were ▁mo ored . ▁There , ▁Meg aby z us ▁laid ▁sie ge ▁to ▁them ▁for ▁ 1 8 ▁months , ▁until ▁finally ▁he ▁was ▁able ▁to ▁drain ▁the
▁river ▁from ▁around ▁the ▁island ▁by ▁digging ▁can als , ▁thus ▁" join ing ▁the ▁island ▁to ▁the ▁main land ". ▁In ▁Th uc yd ides ' s ▁account ▁the ▁Pers ians ▁then ▁crossed ▁over ▁to ▁the ▁former ▁island , ▁and ▁captured ▁it . ▁Only ▁a ▁few ▁of ▁the ▁At hen ian ▁force , ▁march ing ▁through ▁Lib ya ▁to ▁Cy re ne ▁survived ▁to ▁return ▁to ▁At hens . ▁In ▁D iod orus ' s ▁version , ▁however , ▁the ▁dr aining ▁of ▁the ▁river ▁prompt ed ▁the ▁Egypt ians ▁( wh om ▁Th uc yd ides ▁does ▁not ▁mention ) ▁to ▁defect ▁and ▁surrender ▁to ▁the ▁Pers ians . ▁The ▁Pers ians , ▁not ▁wanting ▁to ▁sustain ▁heavy ▁casual ties ▁in ▁attacking ▁the ▁At hen ians , ▁instead ▁allowed ▁them ▁to ▁depart ▁freely ▁to ▁Cy re ne , ▁when ce ▁they ▁returned ▁to ▁At hens . ▁Since ▁the ▁defeat ▁of ▁the ▁Egyptian ▁expedition ▁caused ▁a ▁genuine ▁panic ▁in ▁At hens , ▁including ▁the ▁rel ocation ▁of ▁the ▁Del ian ▁tre asury ▁to ▁At hens , ▁Th uc yd ides ' s ▁version ▁is ▁probably ▁more ▁likely ▁to ▁be ▁correct . ▁ ▁Cy pr us ▁campaign ▁They ▁then ▁turned ▁their ▁attention ▁to ▁Cy pr us , ▁which ▁was ▁under ▁attack ▁by ▁the ▁At hen ians , ▁led ▁by ▁C im on . ▁ ▁Short ly ▁afterwards ▁host ilities ▁between ▁Pers ia ▁and ▁At hens ▁ce ased , ▁called ▁the ▁peace ▁of ▁Call ias . ▁ ▁Rev olt ▁Some ▁time ▁later ▁Meg aby
z us ▁himself ▁revol ted . ▁ ▁C tes ias ▁tells ▁us ▁the ▁reason ▁was ▁that ▁Am est ris ▁ ▁had ▁the ▁capt ives ▁from ▁the ▁Egyptian ▁revol t ▁executed , ▁though ▁Meg aby z us ▁had ▁given ▁his ▁word ▁that ▁they ▁would ▁not ▁be ▁har med . ▁ ▁Arm ies ▁under ▁Us ir is ▁of ▁Egypt ▁and ▁then ▁prince ▁Men ost anes , ▁a ▁nep hew ▁of ▁the ▁king , ▁were ▁sent ▁against ▁him , ▁both ▁fore going ▁battle ▁for ▁( non - f atal ) ▁du els ▁between ▁the ▁gener als , ▁and ▁in ▁both ▁cases ▁Meg aby z us ▁was ▁vict orious . ▁The ▁king ▁resolved ▁to ▁send ▁his ▁brother ▁Art arius , ▁the ▁e un uch ▁Ar to x ares ▁and ▁Amy t is ▁in ▁a ▁peace ▁emb assy . ▁His ▁honour ▁restored , ▁Meg aby z us ▁agreed ▁to ▁surrender ▁and ▁was ▁p ard oned , ▁ret aining ▁his ▁position . ▁ ▁Some ▁time ▁later , ▁Meg aby z us ▁saved ▁Art ax er x es ▁from ▁a ▁lion ▁in ▁a ▁hunt ▁and ▁was ▁subsequently ▁ex iled ▁to ▁Cyr ta e ▁for ▁viol ating ▁the ▁royal ▁pr er og ative ▁to ▁make ▁the ▁first ▁kill , ▁but ▁he ▁returned ▁to ▁Sus a ▁by ▁pret ending ▁to ▁be ▁a ▁le per ▁and ▁was ▁p ard oned . ▁ ▁Meg aby z us ▁died ▁shortly ▁afterwards , ▁at ▁age ▁ 7 6 . ▁ ▁His ▁son ▁Z opy rus ▁II ▁is ▁known ▁to ▁have ▁lived ▁as ▁an ▁ex ile ▁in
▁At hens , ▁and ▁a ided ▁in ▁its ▁assault ▁on ▁Ca un us ▁during ▁his ▁father ' s ▁ex ile , ▁where ▁he ▁was ▁killed ▁by ▁a ▁rock . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁J ona ▁L end ering ▁- ▁Meg aby z us ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁Meg ab az us ▁ ▁Meg ab ates ▁ ▁Category : 5 th - century ▁BC ▁deaths ▁Category : Pers ian ▁people ▁of ▁the ▁Gre co - Pers ian ▁Wars ▁Category : Mil itary ▁leaders ▁of ▁the ▁A cha emen id ▁Empire ▁Category : Year ▁of ▁birth ▁unknown ▁Category : 5 th - century ▁BC ▁Iran ian ▁people <0x0A> </s> ▁Ad et us ▁post ilen atus ▁is ▁a ▁species ▁of ▁be et le ▁in ▁the ▁family ▁Cer amb yc idae . ▁It ▁was ▁described ▁by ▁Henry ▁Walter ▁B ates ▁in ▁ 1 8 8 5 . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : Ad et us ▁Category : Be et les ▁described ▁in ▁ 1 8 8 5 <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Ak é ▁Arts ▁and ▁Book ▁Festival ▁is ▁an ▁annual ▁literary , ▁cultural ▁and ▁arts ▁event ▁that ▁was ▁founded ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁by ▁the ▁Niger ian ▁writer ▁L ola ▁Sh oney in , ▁taking ▁place ▁in ▁A be ok uta , ▁Nigeria . ▁Although ▁it ▁has ▁featured ▁new ▁and ▁established ▁writers ▁from ▁across ▁the ▁world , ▁its ▁focus ▁has ▁been ▁to ▁promote , ▁develop ▁and ▁celebrate ▁creativity ▁on ▁the ▁African ▁continent ▁in ▁diverse ▁gen res . ▁In ▁ 2 0 1
8 ▁the ▁festival ▁was ▁held ▁for ▁the ▁first ▁time ▁in ▁Lag os , ▁from ▁ 2 4 ▁October ▁to ▁ 2 7 ▁October , ▁with ▁the ▁theme ▁being ▁" F ant ast ical ▁Fut ures ". ▁The ▁Ak é ▁Arts ▁and ▁Book ▁Festival ▁has ▁been ▁described ▁as ▁the ▁African ▁continent ' s ▁biggest ▁annual ▁gathering ▁of ▁literary ▁writers , ▁ed itors , ▁critics ▁and ▁readers . ▁ ▁Found ing ▁Sh oney in ▁started ▁the ▁festival ▁because , ▁according ▁to ▁her , ▁she ▁" w anted ▁a ▁place ▁where ▁intellect uals ▁and ▁think ers ▁can ▁come ▁together ▁and ▁talk ▁about ▁African ▁issues ▁on ▁African ▁soil ." ▁ ▁The ▁festival ▁is ▁named ▁after ▁Ak é , ▁a ▁town ▁in ▁A be ok uta , ▁O gun ▁State , ▁where ▁Africa ' s ▁first ▁Nob el ▁La ure ate ▁in ▁Liter ature , ▁W ole ▁S oy ink a , ▁was ▁born ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 4 . ▁ ▁First ▁edition ▁( 2 0 1 3 ) ▁The ▁first ▁edition ▁was ▁held ▁at ▁the ▁Cultural ▁Centre , ▁K uto , ▁A be ok uta , ▁from ▁ 1 9 ▁to ▁ 2 4 ▁November ▁ 2 0 1 3 . ▁The ▁theme ▁of ▁the ▁festival ▁was ▁" The ▁Shadow ▁of ▁Memory ". ▁One ▁of ▁its ▁major ▁highlights ▁was ▁an ▁event ▁titled ▁" The ▁Shadow ▁of ▁Memory ", ▁where ▁four ▁young ▁Niger ians , ▁under ▁the ▁age ▁of ▁ 2 1 , ▁had ▁the ▁opportunity ▁to ▁qu iz ▁the ▁Nob el ▁La ure ate ▁W ole
▁S oy ink a ▁on ▁his ▁life ▁and ▁times . ▁ ▁Gu ests ▁were ▁A . ▁I g oni ▁Bar rett , ▁Abraham ▁O sh oko , ▁Ab ub ak ar ▁Adam ▁I bra him , ▁A de per o ▁O du ye , ▁A ita ▁I gh od aro , ▁Ak we ake ▁Z ara ▁E me zi , ▁A yes ha ▁P ande , ▁Alan ▁B isset , ▁Ay isha ▁O sor i , ▁Ay ode le ▁Mor oc co - Cl ar ke , ▁Ay ode le ▁O lo f int u ade , ▁A yo ▁O be , ▁B iny av anga ▁W ain ain a , ▁B ola ▁Edwards , ▁Charles ▁Nov ia , ▁Ch ib und u ▁On uz o , ▁Christ ie ▁Watson , ▁Ch uma ▁N w ok olo , ▁D ore en ▁Ba ing ana , ▁E fe ▁Paul ▁Az ino , ▁E gh osa ▁Im as uen , ▁Er in ▁Han ey , ▁F emi ▁El uf ow oj u ▁Jr , ▁If e any i ▁A ja eg bo , ▁Fun mi ▁I y anda , ▁God win ▁Al abi ▁Is ama , ▁I k hide ▁I k he lo a , ▁I qu o ▁B asse y , ▁K aine ▁Ag ary , ▁Kay ode ▁F ay emi , ▁Ken ▁Wi wa , ▁K un le ▁A j ib ade , ▁Line ▁H oven , ▁Lisa ▁Te as ley , ▁Lol ade ▁Si y on bol a , ▁Mam le ▁Kab
u , ▁Mar lon ▁James , ▁Miche la ▁Wr ong , ▁Mol ara ▁Wood , ▁Mon ica ▁Ar ac ▁de ▁Ny ek o , ▁M uth oni ▁Gar land , ▁Natal ia ▁M ole b ats i , ▁N omb on iso ▁G asa , ▁O la ok un ▁S oy ink a , ▁Ol ak un le ▁Kas un mu , ▁Patrick ▁Ok ig bo , ▁Paul a ▁Sof ow ora , ▁Peter ▁A kin l abi , ▁P ius ▁Ad es an mi , ▁Rem i ▁Raj i , ▁Richard ▁Ali , ▁Rot imi ▁Bab at unde , ▁Seg un ▁A den iy i , ▁S it awa ▁Nam wal ie , ▁S yl ▁Che ney - C oker , ▁Te ju ▁Cole , ▁Tem it ay o ▁O gun bi y i , ▁T oni ▁Kan , ▁To pe ▁F olar in , ▁Tol u ▁O gun les i , ▁Victor ▁D lam ini , ▁Victor ▁E h ik ham en or , ▁W ale ▁A de ban wi , ▁W ana ▁U d ob ang , ▁W ole ▁S oy ink a , ▁Y aba ▁B ado e ▁and ▁Y ew ande ▁O mot oso . ▁ ▁Second ▁edition ▁( 2 0 1 4 ) ▁The ▁second ▁edition ▁was ▁held ▁from ▁ 1 8 ▁to ▁ 2 2 ▁November ▁ 2 0 1 4 . ▁The ▁theme ▁was ▁" B rid ges ▁and ▁Path ways ". ▁ ▁Inv ited ▁guests ▁were ▁Ab ub ak ar ▁Adam ▁I bra him
, ▁Ay isha ▁O sor i , ▁ ▁Ay ode le ▁Mor oc co - Cl ar ke , ▁Ay ode le ▁O lo f int u ade , ▁A yo ▁S og un ro , ▁Barn aby ▁Phillips , ▁B asse y ▁I k pi , ▁Ben ▁Aaron ov itch , ▁Bever ley ▁N amb oz o , ▁B iny av anga ▁W ain ain a , ▁B isi ▁A de ley e ▁F ay emi , ▁Bry ony ▁Rhe am , ▁B w es ig ye ▁M w es ig ire , ▁Ch in elo ▁On w ual u , ▁Ch ij io ke ▁A mu - N n adi , ▁Cl if ton ▁G ach ag ua , ▁Ch ude ▁J ide on wo , ▁D ami ▁A j ay i , ▁E . ▁E . ▁S ule , ▁E fe ▁Paul ▁Az ino , ▁Ed w ige ▁D ro , ▁E gh osa ▁Im as uen , ▁Em man ulle ▁M ou g ne , ▁F emi ▁El uf ow oj u ▁Jr , ▁G . ▁O . ▁O gb owe i , ▁J ek u ▁O zo em ene , ▁J um oke ▁Ver iss imo , ▁Jer ome ▁Ok olo , ▁H awa ▁J ande ▁Gol ak ai , ▁I he oma ▁Ob ib i , ▁Ke i ▁Miller , ▁K aine ▁Ag ary , ▁K ele chi ▁N j ok w u , ▁K ola ▁T ub os un , ▁K un le ▁A fol ay
an , ▁Liz zy ▁Att ree , ▁Marcus ▁B oni ▁Te iga , ▁Michael ▁Pe el , ▁Mol ara ▁Wood , ▁M uk oma ▁Wa ▁Ng ug i , ▁N ike ▁Campbell - Fat oki , ▁N an ama ▁A che amp ong , ▁N ze ▁S yl va ▁If ed ig bo , ▁N ned i ▁Ok ora for , ▁O key ▁N d ibe , ▁Ol uf emi ▁Terry , ▁Ol use gun ▁Ob as an jo , ▁Patrick ▁Ok ig bo , ▁Q ud us ▁On ike ku , ▁Rem i ▁Raj i , ▁Rot imi ▁A ma e chi , ▁Rot imi ▁Bab at unde , ▁Tay o ▁Al uk o , ▁St ella ▁D uffy , ▁T oni ▁Kan , ▁U che ▁U me z ▁Peter , ▁W ale ▁Ok ed ir an , ▁W ole ▁S oy ink a , ▁Y ej ide ▁Kil ank o , ▁Y ona ▁O y eg un ▁Mas ade , ▁V era ▁Bot ters but ch , ▁Z uk is wa ▁W anner , ▁U k am aka ▁Ol is ak we , ▁F ub ara ib i ▁Ben st owe ▁and ▁Samuel ▁K ola wo le . ▁ ▁Third ▁edition ▁( 2 0 1 5 ) ▁ ▁The ▁ 2 0 1 5 ▁edition , ▁them ed ▁" Eng aging ▁the ▁F ringe ", ▁was ▁held ▁between ▁ 1 7 ▁and ▁ 2 1 ▁November . ▁ ▁It ▁had ▁in ▁attendance ▁more ▁than ▁ 8 0 ▁world - ren owned
▁writers , ▁visual ▁and ▁performing ▁artist es , ▁researchers ▁and ▁scholars . ▁The ▁official ▁opening ▁ceremony ▁was ▁held ▁on ▁Wednesday , ▁ 1 8 ▁November ▁ 2 0 1 6 , ▁and ▁it ▁featured ▁spe e ches ▁from ▁the ▁Executive ▁Governor ▁of ▁O gun ▁State , ▁I b ik un le ▁Am os un , ▁the ▁European ▁Union ▁Amb assador ▁to ▁Nigeria ▁and ▁E CO W AS ▁Michel ▁Arr ion , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁the ▁Director ▁of ▁Marine ▁Platform s , ▁B aj i ▁Ny am . ▁The ▁festival ▁was ▁head lined ▁by ▁the ▁poet ▁N iy i ▁Os und are , ▁who ▁was ▁also ▁on ▁the ▁cover ▁of ▁the ▁festival ▁magazine ▁Ak é ▁Review . ▁Other ▁notable ▁writers ▁present ▁included ▁Hel on ▁Hab ila , ▁B iny av anga ▁W ain ain a , ▁Mon a ▁El th ah aw y , ▁Chris ▁Ab ani , ▁V é ron ique ▁T ad jo , ▁Pierre ▁Cher ru au , ▁E . ▁C . ▁O son du , ▁Tai ye ▁Sel asi , ▁Nov uy o ▁Rosa ▁T sh uma ▁and ▁N ned i ▁Ok ora for . ▁ ▁The ▁edition ▁featured ▁exhib itions ▁of ▁photographs ▁titled ▁Marg ins ▁and ▁Marg inal isation ▁by ▁Andrew ▁Es ie bo ▁and ▁Sh adows ▁and ▁Dream s ▁by ▁T yna ▁A de bow ale . ▁H ear ▁Word , ▁a ▁play ▁directed ▁by ▁If e oma ▁Fa fun wa , ▁was ▁st aged ▁at ▁the ▁event . ▁ ▁Gu ests ▁were ▁A . ▁I g oni
▁Bar rett , ▁Ab ub ak ar ▁Adam ▁I bra him , ▁A de ek o ▁I b uk un , ▁A de ola ▁F ay eh un , ▁A de ola ▁O pe y emi , ▁A ine hi ▁Ed oro ▁( of ▁Br ittle ▁Paper ), ▁A ye - O la ▁M abi aku , ▁Ay ode le ▁Mor oc co - Cl ar ke , ▁ ▁A yo ▁S og un ro , ▁Chi ag oz ie ▁Fred ▁N won w u , ▁Ch ij io ke ▁A mu ▁N n adi , ▁Chris ▁Ab ani , ▁D ami ▁A j ay i , ▁Die k oy e ▁O y ey ink a , ▁D il man ▁D ila , ▁E . ▁C . ▁O son du , ▁E fe ▁Paul ▁Az ino , ▁E gh osa ▁Im as uen , ▁E kow ▁D uk er , ▁Elizabeth ▁A de olu , ▁Emma ▁Sher cl iff , ▁Em manuel ▁Id uma , ▁Florence ▁Kay em ba , ▁Fl orent ▁Cou ao - Z otti , ▁Frank ie ▁E do z ien , ▁Freedom ▁On u oh a , ▁Fun to ▁Bor off ice , ▁Hel on ▁Hab ila , ▁Howard ▁French , ▁In ua ▁Ell ams , ▁I ren osen ▁O ko j ie , ▁Jane ▁K alu , ▁J ude ▁D ib ia , ▁J um oke ▁Ver iss imo , ▁K ad aria ▁Ah med , ▁Kate ▁H aines , ▁Kin na ▁L ik im ani , ▁K
ola ▁T ub os un , ▁Kol ade ▁A rog und ade , ▁K un le ▁A j ib ade , ▁Ma aza ▁M eng iste , ▁Me h ul ▁G oh il , ▁Mol ara ▁Wood , ▁Mon a ▁El t ah aw y , ▁N ir an ▁O ke wo le , ▁N iy i ▁Os und are , ▁N ned i ▁Ok ora for , ▁N nim mo ▁B asse y , ▁Nov uy o ▁Rosa ▁T sh uma , ▁Ob in na ▁U den we , ▁O la ok un ▁S oy ink a , ▁O mit on ade ▁If aw em imo , ▁Patrick ▁Ok ig bo , ▁P emi ▁Ag uda , ▁K ag ay i ▁Peter , ▁Pierre ▁Cher ru au , ▁P ius ▁Ad es an mi , ▁Rem i ▁Raj i , ▁S ip hi wo ▁Mah ala , ▁Tai ye ▁Sel asi , ▁Tit il ope ▁Son uga , ▁T oni ▁Kan , ▁U z or ▁Max im ▁U zo atu , ▁V amba ▁Sher if , ▁V é ron ique ▁T ad jo , ▁Victor ▁E h ik ham en or , ▁W ana ▁U d ob ang , ▁X avier ▁M oy et , ▁Z ah rah ▁N es b itt - Ah med , ▁Z uk is wa ▁W anner , ▁T yna ▁A de bow ale , ▁Andrew ▁Es ie bo , ▁B ib i ▁Bak are - Y us uf , ▁Co lette ▁Bra e ck man ,
▁Im anni ▁Da ▁Silva , ▁Th ier ry ▁Michel , ▁Rachel ▁Z ad ok ▁and ▁B isi ▁Al imi . ▁ ▁Fourth ▁edition ▁( 2 0 1 6 ) ▁ ▁The ▁theme ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁edition ▁was ▁" B eneath ▁this ▁Sk in ", ▁and ▁it ▁was ▁held ▁from ▁ 1 5 ▁and ▁ 1 9 ▁November . ▁It ▁was ▁head lined ▁by ▁the ▁Ken yan ▁writer ▁Ng ũ g ĩ ▁wa ▁Th ion g ' o . ▁ ▁It ▁featured ▁art ▁exhib itions , ▁" C ultural ▁D ys m orph ia " ▁by ▁Ay ob ola ▁K ek ere ▁Ek un ▁and ▁" Bits ▁of ▁B orno " ▁by ▁Fat ima ▁Ab ub ak ar . ▁It ▁also ▁featured ▁a ▁play , ▁I yal ode ▁of ▁E ti , ▁adapted ▁for ▁the ▁stage ▁by ▁Deb o ▁Ol uw at umin u ▁and ▁directed ▁by ▁Mo ji ▁K are em ▁and ▁F emi ▁El uf ow oj u , ▁j r . ▁The ▁play ▁was ▁inspired ▁by ▁John ▁Web ster ’ s ▁master piece ▁The ▁Du che ss ▁of ▁M alf i . ▁ ▁The ▁Festival ▁Film ▁was ▁H iss ene ▁Hab re , ▁a ▁Ch ad ian ▁tragedy ▁by ▁Mah am at ▁Sale h ▁Har oun , ▁its ▁screening ▁followed ▁by ▁an ▁interview ▁with ▁C lement ▁Ab a if out a , ▁president ▁of ▁the ▁Ch ad ian ▁Vict im ' s ▁Association , ▁which ▁fought ▁to ▁bring ▁H iss ene ▁Hab re ▁to ▁justice . ▁Ab
a if out a ▁was ▁himself ▁arrested ▁in ▁July ▁ 1 9 8 5 ▁by ▁Hab re ' s ▁not orious ▁political ▁police ▁because ▁he ▁was ▁suspected ▁of ▁having ▁links ▁to ▁the ▁opposition . ▁ ▁Inv ited ▁guests ▁at ▁the ▁festival ▁were ▁P emi ▁Ag uda , ▁A de bol a ▁Ray o , ▁Ad un ni ▁and ▁N ef ret iti , ▁Al ain ▁M aban ck ou , ▁Andrew ▁Walker , ▁An ote ▁A jel our ou , ▁Ay isha ▁O sor i , ▁Ay ob ola ▁K ek ere - E k un , ▁Ay ode le ▁Mor oc co - Cl ar ke , ▁Bry mo , ▁Ch in elo ▁Ok par anta , ▁Ch in elo ▁On w alu , ▁Ch it ra ▁Nag ar aj an , ▁C lement ▁Ab a if out a , ▁D ami ▁A j ay i , ▁D ike ▁Ch uk w umer ij ie , ▁Emma ▁Sher cl iff , ▁Fal ana , ▁F ati ▁Ab ub ak ar , ▁F emi ▁El uf ow oj u ▁Jr ., ▁Geoff ▁R yman , ▁Hel on ▁Hab ila , ▁James ▁Mur ua , ▁Jennifer ▁Mak umb i , ▁J ow hor ▁I le , ▁K ad aria ▁Ah med , ▁Kings ley ▁M og h alu , ▁Kin na ▁L ik im ani , ▁Kir u ▁Tay e , ▁K ola ▁T ub os un , ▁Kol ade ▁A rog und ade , ▁L ail a ▁L al ami , ▁Leb o
▁M ash ile , ▁Le ye ▁A den le , ▁L id ud um aling ani ▁M q omb oth i , ▁Marg uer ite ▁Ab ou et , ▁Michael ▁K elle her , ▁Mol ara ▁Wood , ▁N ana ▁Dark oa , ▁Ng ũ g ĩ ▁wa ▁Th ion g ' o , ▁No V iolet ▁Bul away o , ▁O da fe ▁At og un , ▁Og aga ▁If ow odo , ▁O key ▁N d ibe , ▁O la ok un ▁S oy ink a , ▁Or is ▁A ig b ok ha ev bol o , ▁Pan as he ▁Ch ig um ad zi , ▁Patrick ▁Ok ig bo , ▁Pierre ▁Cher ru au , ▁Rank a ▁Prim or ac , ▁Rem i ▁Raj i , ▁Richard ▁Bour ne , ▁S ade ▁A den ir an , ▁Sarah ▁Lad ip o ▁Many ika , ▁Sebastian ▁Lo ers cher , ▁Sh ad reck ▁Ch ik oti , ▁Te ju ▁Cole , ▁T end ai ▁H uch u , ▁Tit il ope ▁Son uga , ▁T oni ▁Kan , ▁U mar ▁Tur aki , ▁ ▁Y ew ande ▁O mot oso ▁and ▁Z uk is wa ▁W anner . ▁ ▁There ▁was ▁also ▁a ▁concert ▁with ▁Bry mo , ▁Fal ana ▁and ▁Ad un ni ▁and ▁N ef ret iti . ▁ ▁Fifth ▁edition ▁( 2 0 1 7 ) ▁ ▁The ▁theme ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 7 ▁edition ▁was ▁" This ▁F - Word ". ▁It ▁was ▁held
▁from ▁ 1 4 ▁November ▁to ▁ 1 8 ▁November ▁ 2 0 1 7 . ▁The ▁head lin er ▁was ▁the ▁Gh ana ian ▁novel ist ▁and ▁poet ▁A ma ▁A ta ▁A ido o . ▁ ▁Other ▁invited ▁guests ▁include ▁A de bol a ▁Ray o , ▁A de ola ▁Ol ag un ju , ▁A du ke ▁G ome z , ▁Ad un ni ▁& ▁N ef ret iti , ▁Alex is ▁O ke owo , ▁Am ara ▁Nicole ▁Ok olo , ▁Ar am ide , ▁A rit ▁Ok po , ▁Ay isha ▁O sor i , ▁Ay ọ ̀ b á mi ▁Ad é b á y ọ ̀ , ▁Ay ode le ▁Mor oc co - Cl ar ke , ▁B im ▁A de w un mi , ▁B isi ▁A de ley e - F ay emi , ▁Cel este , ▁Ch arm aine ▁Pere ira , ▁Chi oma ▁Og w ue g bu , ▁C yn th ia ▁N w u ka , ▁D ami ▁A j ay i , ▁Day o ▁Ol op ade , ▁D iane ▁A wer b uck , ▁Die k ara ▁O lor unto ba , ▁Em manuel ▁Id uma , ▁Est her ▁Ar ma h , ▁F emi ▁O y eb ode , ▁Florida ▁U zo aru , ▁Geoff ▁R yman , ▁G iles ▁F oden , ▁Had iza ▁Is ma ▁El - R uf ai , ▁H ane ef ah ▁Adam , ▁Hannah ▁Az ieb ▁Pool , ▁If e
oma ▁Ch uk w u ogo , ▁I he oma ▁Ob ib i , ▁Is ab ella ▁A kin se ye , ▁I sh ma el ▁Be ah , ▁J ade ▁Os iber u , ▁Je ke in ▁L ato - Un ah , ▁J ery l ▁Pres cott ▁Sales , ▁Jessica ▁Horn , ▁Joy ▁Bew aj i , ▁Joy ce ▁O long , ▁J ude ▁Kelly , ▁K ad aria ▁Ah med , ▁K ikel omo ▁W ole os ho , ▁Kin na ▁L ik im ani , ▁K ob ina ▁Graham , ▁K ole ka ▁Put uma , ▁K ola ▁T ub os un , ▁Lam ide ▁Ak int obi , ▁La ure ▁Be au fil s , ▁Le y la ▁Hus se in , ▁Ma ï m oun a ▁J allow , ▁Mar a ▁M enz ies , ▁Mar iam ▁S ▁O ya wo ye , ▁Mart a ▁Cel est ino , ▁Mar v ell ous ▁Miche al , ▁Mary am ▁Aw ais u , ▁Mary am ▁B uk ar ▁Hass an , ▁Mod é ▁A der in ok un , ▁Moh ale ▁M ash igo , ▁Mol ara ▁Wood , ▁Mon a ▁El t ah aw y , ▁Nad ine ▁I bra him , ▁N ned i ▁Ok ora for , ▁N ne ka ▁I je oma , ▁O j oma ▁O ch ai , ▁O la ok un ▁S oy ink a , ▁Ol um ide ▁Pop ool a , ▁Ol u Time hin ▁A deg be ye
, ▁Po et ra ▁As ante wa , ▁P um la ▁D ine o ▁G q ola , ▁Ro q e eb ah ▁O la oni ye , ▁Sal awa ▁Ab eni , ▁Sam ira ▁San us i , ▁Sara ▁B le cher , ▁Sh aron ▁I ke azor , ▁To ke ▁Mak in wa , ▁Tom ▁Il ube , ▁T oni ▁Kan , ▁To pe ▁O sh in , ▁Y ol anda ▁Mer cy , ▁Y v onne ▁O w u or , ▁Z in zi ▁C lem mons ▁and ▁Z uk is wa ▁W anner . ▁ ▁The ▁fifth ▁edition ▁had ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁other ▁events , ▁including ▁the ▁launch ▁of ▁Sar aba ▁magazine ' s ▁inaug ural ▁print ▁issue ▁and ▁the ▁presentation ▁of ▁pri zes ▁for ▁the ▁Nom mo ▁Awards . ▁ ▁Six th ▁edition ▁( 2 0 1 8 ) ▁ ▁The ▁theme ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 8 ▁edition ▁was ▁" F ant ast ical ▁Fut ures ". ▁For ▁the ▁first ▁time ▁since ▁its ▁maid en ▁edition ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 3 , ▁A ke ▁Festival ▁was ▁held ▁in ▁Lag os ▁from ▁ 2 5 - 2 8 ▁October ▁ 2 0 1 8 , ▁at ▁the ▁Rad isson ▁Bl u ▁Hotel , ▁I ke ja ▁Lag os . ▁The ▁theme ▁" F ant ast ical ▁Fut ures " ▁focused ▁on ▁events ▁and ▁conversations ▁on ▁the ▁ideal ▁future ▁of ▁Africa . ▁The ▁ 2 0 1 8 ▁A ke ▁Festival ▁celebrated ▁Africa ' s ▁art ▁in
▁photography ▁and ▁art ▁exhib itions ▁of ▁young ▁African ▁artists ▁like ▁Abd ul k are em ▁B aba , ▁E log h osa ▁Os unde , ▁Is ma ’ il ▁Sh om ala , ▁and ▁Roy e ▁O ku pe . ▁ ▁The ▁poetry ▁evening ▁session ▁featured ▁season ▁African ▁po ets ▁like ▁Nick ▁Mak oh a , ▁Logan ▁February , ▁S add iq ▁D z uk og i , ▁In ua ▁El ams , ▁I sh ion ▁H utch inson , ▁W ana ▁U d ob ang , ▁N ast io ▁Mos qu ito ▁and ▁Ther esa ▁L ola . ▁ ▁Att ende es ▁were ▁also ▁treated ▁to ▁a ▁drama ▁adapted ▁from ▁the ▁book ▁" Secret ▁L ives ▁of ▁B aba ▁Seg i ' s ▁W ives " ▁auth ored ▁by ▁Niger ian ▁author ▁and ▁founder ▁of ▁the ▁festival , ▁L ola ▁S oney in . ▁The ▁ 2 0 1 8 ▁Festival ▁films ▁featured ▁plays ▁like ▁Raf iki ; ▁a ▁Ken yan ▁drama ▁film ▁directed ▁by ▁[ K ah ui ], ▁Her ▁Bro ken ▁Shadow ▁by ▁D il man ▁D ila ▁amongst ▁a ▁host ▁of ▁other ▁interesting ▁films . ▁ ▁One ▁of ▁the ▁interesting ▁sessions ▁of ▁the ▁festival ▁was ▁writing ▁workshop ▁titled ▁" Get ting ▁Start ed ▁on ▁that ▁Nov el " ▁by ▁author ▁and ▁screen writer ▁Ben ▁Aaron ov itch , ▁who ▁gave ▁emerging ▁African ▁writers ▁useful ▁tips ▁on ▁how ▁to ▁write ▁the ▁best ▁fict ional ▁novel . ▁ ▁Other ▁events ▁like ▁panel ▁discussions ▁and ▁memory ▁room ▁titled ▁" West ▁Africa :
▁Word , ▁Symbol , ▁Song " ▁which ▁was ▁h ailed ▁as ▁a ▁‘ land mark ▁exhibition ’ ▁which ▁‘ expl oded ▁the ▁myth ▁of ▁the ▁dark ▁continent ’ ▁light ed ▁the ▁festival ▁with ▁its ▁peak ▁during ▁festival ' s ▁concert ▁by ▁per ennial ▁guest ▁artists ▁in ▁Sal awa ▁Ab eni ▁and ▁Bry mo . ▁ ▁Other ▁invited ▁guests ▁include ; ▁Mun oy edi ▁Og bol um ani , ▁Ch uk w ub ud ike ▁U gb aja , ▁El oka ▁U me h , ▁T unde ▁Kel ani , ▁T unde ▁A deg bol a , ▁Day o ▁Ol ag un ju , ▁N ned i ▁Ok ora for , ▁Roy e ▁O ku pe , ▁K ola wo le ▁Ol an rew aju , ▁Ch udi ▁Off od ile , ▁Paul ▁Tar fa , ▁Elizabeth ▁Bird , ▁W ole ▁Tal abi , ▁To chi ▁On y eb uch i , ▁T os in ▁O sh in owo , ▁Geoff ▁R yman , ▁Elizabeth ▁U v ie bin ene , ▁Y omi ▁A de go ke , ▁Mon a ▁El t ah aw y , ▁Y omi ▁J em ib ew on , ▁Bob o ▁O mot ay o , ▁M isan ▁R ew ane , ▁F ey i ▁Ol ub od un , ▁Tay o ▁O v ios u , ▁Victor ▁K gom oes w ana , ▁Roy e ▁O ku pe , ▁J ide ▁Martin , ▁Y adi ▁U k oh a ▁K alu , ▁Ari y ike ▁A kin b
ob ola , ▁Y ej ide ▁Kil ank o , ▁A yo ▁O y ek u , ▁Ther esa ▁L ola , ▁In ua ▁Ell ams , ▁Logan ▁February , ▁I sh ion ▁H utch inson , ▁No o ▁Sar o - W i wa , ▁Z uk is wa ▁W anner , ▁Fun mi ▁O y at og un , ▁N ir an ▁Ad ed ok un , ▁F olar in ▁Ban ig be , ▁Bay o ▁Ol up oh unda , ▁Ol as up o ▁Sh as ore , ▁N ze ▁S yl va , ▁Ch ib und u ▁On uz o ▁amongst ▁others . ▁ ▁S event h ▁edition ▁( 2 0 1 9 ) ▁ ▁The ▁seventh ▁edition ▁featured ▁ 1 2 0 ▁guests , ▁over ▁ 5 0 0 ▁att ende es , ▁ 1 7 ▁Panel ▁Dis cuss ions , ▁ 1 2 ▁Book ▁ch ats , ▁ 3 ▁Work shops , ▁one ▁Inter active ▁Session , ▁Art ▁Exhib ition , ▁E at ▁The ▁Book ▁and ▁a ▁La unch ▁of ▁Water bird s ▁On ▁The ▁L akes h ore ▁( Af ro ▁Young ▁Adult ▁Anth ology ▁by ▁Go ethe ▁Institut , ▁published ▁by ▁O u ida ▁Books ). ▁ ▁The ▁ 2 0 1 9 ▁A ke ▁Festival ▁celebrated ▁Africa ' s ▁art ▁in ▁a ▁precisely ▁cur ated ▁art ▁exhib itions ▁of ▁young ▁African ▁artists ▁like ▁H ake em ▁Sal am , ▁N iy i ▁O ke owo , ▁Hal ima ▁Ab ub ak ar ▁and ▁an
▁interactive ▁piece ▁by ▁the ▁Artist ▁in ▁Res idence , ▁Say o ▁A jet un m obi . ▁ ▁The ▁poetry ▁evening ▁session ▁featured ▁season ed ▁African ▁po ets ▁like ▁Logan ▁February , ▁D ' bi ▁Young ▁An it af rika , ▁W ana ▁U d ob ang , ▁T anya ▁Ev anson , ▁T J ▁Dem a ▁and ▁On ias ▁Land vel d . ▁A ▁solo ▁performance ▁by ▁To pe ▁Ted ela ▁was ▁also ▁featured ▁at ▁the ▁festival . ▁ ▁The ▁ 2 0 1 9 ▁Festival ▁films ▁featured ▁a ▁film ▁by ▁Nad ine ▁I bra him ▁titled ▁Mark ed ; ▁a ▁documentary ▁about ▁trib al ▁marks ▁in ▁Nigeria , ▁Mal a ika ; ▁an ▁animated ▁film ▁by ▁Roy e ▁O ku pe ▁and ▁T oni ▁Mor r ison ' s ▁The ▁P ie ces ▁I ▁Am . ▁ ▁Three ▁writing ▁workshops ▁took ▁place ▁simultaneously ▁during ▁the ▁festival , ▁titled ▁" F iction - Writ ing ", ▁" St ory t elling ▁With ▁Film " ▁and ▁" Culture ▁Journal ism " ▁with ▁brilliant ▁facil it ators ▁like ▁Nicole ▁Dennis - B enn , ▁Jennifer ▁Mak umb i ▁and ▁Sul aim an ▁Add onia ▁- ▁for ▁F iction - Writ ing , ▁A de per o ▁O du ye , ▁Nad ine ▁I bra him ▁and ▁Tol u ▁A j ay i ▁- ▁For ▁Story t elling ▁With ▁Film ▁and ▁Gary ▁You n ge , ▁Ad rian ▁H are wood ▁and ▁Nic hel le ▁Smith ▁- ▁For ▁Culture ▁Journal ism . ▁ ▁In ▁attendance
▁were ▁a ▁wide ▁array ▁of ▁guests ▁including ▁Ay ob ami ▁A de b ay o , ▁N ned i ▁Ok ora for , ▁Mon a ▁El t ah aw y , ▁Ts its i ▁D ang are mb ga ▁( the ▁head lin er ), ▁To pe ▁F olar in , ▁Z uk is wa ▁W anner , ▁K ola ▁T ub os un , ▁Fred ▁Kh um alo , ▁Way et u ▁Moore , ▁J ibr in ▁I bra him , ▁Y ol ande ▁M uk ag as ana , ▁Tol u ▁Daniel , ▁Tem i ▁Oh , ▁Dak ore ▁Eg bus on - A k ande , ▁F ak hr ri yy ah ▁Hash im , ▁A rit ▁Ok po , ▁Ay ode ji ▁Os ow obi , ▁Howard ▁Max im us , ▁Abd our ah man ▁W ab eri , ▁Mol ara ▁Wood , ▁Sylv ia ▁O fil i , ▁G av in ▁Evans , ▁Ren i ▁Edd o - L odge , ▁H ak im ▁Ad i ▁amongst ▁others . ▁ ▁E ighth ▁edition ▁( 2 0 2 0 ) ▁ ▁The ▁e ighth ▁edition ▁of ▁the ▁festival , ▁them ed ▁“ Black ▁Magic ,” ▁which ▁was ▁earlier ▁announced ▁to ▁be ▁scheduled ▁for ▁Lag os , ▁from ▁ 2 2 ▁to ▁ 2 5 ▁October ▁ 2 0 2 0 ▁was ▁moved ▁online ▁as ▁a ▁result ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 9 – 2 0 ▁coron avirus ▁pandemic . ▁ ▁Ak é ▁Review ▁The ▁Ak é ▁Review ▁is
▁the ▁official ▁publication ▁of ▁the ▁festival . ▁It ▁is ▁published ▁in ▁English , ▁Y or ù b á ▁and ▁French . ▁ ▁The ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁edition ▁was ▁co - ed ited ▁by ▁O y eb ade ▁D os un mu ▁and ▁L ola ▁Sh oney in . ▁ ▁The ▁ 2 0 1 5 ▁edition ▁was ▁co - ed ited ▁by ▁K ola ▁T ub os un ▁and ▁Kol ade ▁A rog und ade . ▁Each ▁edition ▁features ▁a ▁series ▁of ▁" 1 0 ▁Questions ", ▁answered ▁by ▁A ke ▁Festival ▁guests . ▁In ▁addition , ▁the ▁publication ▁has ▁longer ▁interviews , ▁short ▁fiction , ▁poetry , ▁photography ▁and ▁art . ▁In ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 5 ▁edition ▁of ▁Ak é ▁Review , ▁there ▁was ▁an ▁in - depth ▁interview ▁with ▁the ▁poet ▁and ▁teacher ▁N iy i ▁Os und are , ▁who ▁also ▁appeared ▁on ▁the ▁cover , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁an ▁interview ▁with ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 5 ▁C aine ▁Prize - w inner ▁Nam w ali ▁Ser p ell . ▁ ▁The ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁edition ▁of ▁the ▁Review ▁was ▁edited ▁by ▁Mol ara ▁Wood . ▁It ▁has ▁on ▁its ▁cover ▁the ▁famous ▁Ken yan ▁writer ▁Ng ũ g ĩ ▁wa ▁Th ion g ' o , ▁who ▁was ▁also ▁a ▁head lin er ▁at ▁the ▁festival . ▁It ▁included ▁interviews ▁with ▁Ng ug i ▁( con du cted ▁by ▁M ọ l ara ▁Wood ), ▁with ▁Mah am at ▁Sale h ▁Har
oun ▁and ▁with ▁O da fe ▁At og un ▁( both ▁conducted ▁by ▁L ola ▁Sh oney in ). ▁ ▁The ▁ 2 0 1 7 ▁edition ▁was ▁edited ▁by ▁Mol ara ▁Wood , ▁with ▁the ▁head lin er ▁of ▁the ▁year ' s ▁event ▁A ma ▁A ta ▁A ido o ▁on ▁the ▁cover . ▁It ▁included ▁three ▁interviews : ▁D iane ▁A wer b uck ▁was ▁interviewed ▁by ▁Geoff ▁R yman , ▁A ma ▁A ta ▁A ido o ▁was ▁interviewed ▁by ▁Mol ara ▁Wood ] ▁and ▁Ay ob ami ▁A de b ay o ▁was ▁interviewed ▁by ▁K ola ▁T ub os un . ▁There ▁was ▁also ▁an ▁unc red ited ▁interview ▁with ▁J ude ▁Kelly , ▁artistic ▁director ▁of ▁London ' s ▁South bank ▁Centre , ▁and ▁a ▁founder ▁of ▁the ▁Women ▁of ▁the ▁World ▁Festival ▁( WO W ). ▁ ▁The ▁ 2 0 1 8 ▁edition ▁of ▁the ▁A ke ▁Review ▁was ▁edited ▁by ▁Mol ara ▁Wood . ▁It ▁has ▁the ▁year ' s ▁head lin er ▁Nur udd in ▁Far ah ▁on ▁the ▁cover . ▁▁ ▁The ▁ 2 0 1 9 ▁edition , ▁edited ▁by ▁Mol ara ▁Wood , ▁had ▁Ts its i ▁D ang are mb ga ▁on ▁the ▁cover . ▁It ▁also ▁includes ▁an ▁interview ▁with ▁Ts its i ▁D ang are mb ga ▁who ▁was ▁the ▁head lin er ▁that ▁year . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁ ▁Ak é ▁Festival ▁website ▁ ▁Ak é ▁Review ▁web ▁page ▁ ▁Category
: C ultural ▁fest ivals ▁in ▁Nigeria ▁Category : F est ivals ▁in ▁Nigeria ▁Category : L iter ary ▁fest ivals ▁in ▁Nigeria ▁Category : Ann ual ▁events ▁in ▁Nigeria ▁Category : T our ist ▁attra ctions ▁in ▁A be ok uta ▁Category : F est ivals ▁established ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁Category : 2 0 1 3 ▁establish ments ▁in ▁Nigeria <0x0A> </s> ▁Richard ▁W . ▁Johnson ▁( 1 9 2 9 ▁in ▁El ▁C aj on , ▁California ▁– ▁January ▁ 1 1 , ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁) ▁was ▁an ▁American ▁ocean ographer . ▁ ▁He ▁worked ▁at ▁S cri pp s ▁Inst itution ▁of ▁Ocean ography ▁in ▁San ▁Diego , ▁California ▁for ▁over ▁ 5 0 ▁years , ▁beginning ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 6 . ▁He ▁was ▁a ▁Pr incipal ▁Development ▁Engine er ▁at ▁S cri pp s ▁Inst itution ▁of ▁Ocean ography ▁Vis ibility ▁Lab ▁and ▁Marine ▁Physical ▁Lab . ▁In ▁this ▁position , ▁he ▁was ▁the ▁head ▁of ▁M PL ' s ▁At m ospher ic ▁Opt ics ▁Group , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁the ▁PI ▁for ▁the ▁group ▁for ▁many ▁years . ▁▁▁ ▁He ▁was ▁born ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 9 ▁in ▁El ▁C aj on , ▁California . ▁He ▁served ▁in ▁the ▁Army ▁during ▁the ▁Korean ▁War , ▁from ▁ 1 9 5 0 ▁to ▁ 1 9 5 4 , ▁working ▁on ▁an ▁island ▁in ▁the ▁Ale ut ian ▁Chain ▁to ▁open ▁up ▁an ▁a irst rip . ▁Soon ▁after
▁his ▁release , ▁he ▁joined ▁S IO ' s ▁Vis ibility ▁Lab ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 6 ▁as ▁a ▁young ▁engineer . ▁He ▁worked ▁in ▁the ▁At m ospher ic ▁Opt ics ▁Group ▁( A OG ), ▁helping ▁acquire ▁air borne ▁radi ometric ▁measurements ▁in ▁areas ▁as ▁far ▁reached ▁as ▁Australia ▁( in ▁support ▁of ▁NASA ’ s ▁Gem ini ▁program ) ▁and ▁Thailand . ▁He ▁became ▁head ▁of ▁the ▁A OG ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 2 , ▁serving ▁as ▁PI ▁on ▁many ▁projects , ▁and ▁was ▁also ▁named ▁As st . ▁Director ▁of ▁the ▁Vis ibility ▁Lab . ▁His ▁favorite ▁project ▁involved ▁an ▁instrument ed ▁C - 1 3 0 ▁aircraft , ▁on ▁which ▁our ▁group ▁mounted ▁radi ometric ▁and ▁met e or ological ▁instrument ation ▁mostly ▁developed ▁at ▁the ▁Vis ▁Lab . ▁He ▁managed ▁and ▁flew ▁deploy ments ▁all ▁over ▁the ▁US ▁and ▁in ▁several ▁European ▁countries . ▁▁ ▁When ▁the ▁Vis ibility ▁Lab ▁closed ▁in ▁the ▁mid - 1 9 8 0 s , ▁the ▁A OG ▁joined ▁S IO ’ s ▁Marine ▁Physical ▁Labor atory ▁( MP L ), ▁where ▁he ▁continued ▁leading ▁the ▁A OG . ▁This ▁was ▁about ▁the ▁time ▁that ▁he ▁developed ▁the ▁concept ▁of ▁the ▁first ▁digital ▁Wh ole ▁Sky ▁Im ager , ▁which ▁eventually ▁was ▁able ▁to ▁measure ▁and ▁detect ▁cloud ▁distributions ▁day ▁and ▁night . ▁He ▁retired ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 1 , ▁but ▁continued ▁working ▁part - time ▁for ▁several ▁years ▁and ▁then ▁volunte ered ▁with ▁the ▁group ▁until
▁ 2 0 1 2 . ▁During ▁this ▁time ▁he ▁developed ▁a ▁concept ▁for ▁a ▁zoom ing ▁fis he ye ▁capability , ▁ ▁which ▁was ▁pat ented ▁by ▁University ▁of ▁California ▁San ▁Diego . ▁ ▁Se lected ▁publications ▁ ▁Johnson , ▁Richard ▁W . ▁" Day time ▁visibility ▁and ▁nep hel ometer ▁measurements ▁related ▁to ▁its ▁determination ." ▁At m ospher ic ▁Environment ▁( 1 9 6 7 ) ▁ 1 5 . 1 0 ▁( 1 9 8 1 ): ▁ 1 8 3 5 – 1 8 4 5 . ▁ ▁Johnson , ▁Richard ▁W ., ▁Wayne ▁S . ▁H ering , ▁and ▁Jan et ▁E . ▁Sh ield s . ▁Autom ated ▁Vis ibility ▁& ▁Cloud ▁Cover ▁Me asure ments ▁with ▁a ▁Sol id ▁State ▁Im aging ▁System . ▁No . ▁M PL - U - 2 6 / 8 9 . ▁S CR IP PS ▁IN ST IT UT ION ▁OF ▁O CE AN O GR AP HY ▁S AN ▁D IE GO ▁CA ▁M AR INE ▁PH Y S ICAL ▁L AB , ▁ 1 9 8 9 . ▁ ▁D unt ley , ▁Se iber t ▁Q ., ▁Richard ▁W . ▁Johnson , ▁and ▁Jac qu eline ▁I . ▁Gordon . ▁" Air borne ▁measurements ▁of ▁optical ▁atm ospher ic ▁properties , ▁summary ▁and ▁review , ▁ 2 ." ▁Final ▁Report , ▁ 1 ▁Sep . ▁ 1 9 7 2 - 3 1 ▁Jul . ▁ 1 9 7 5 ▁S cri pp s ▁Inst itution
▁of ▁Ocean ography , ▁San ▁Diego , ▁CA . ▁Vis ibility ▁Lab . ▁ 1 ▁( 1 9 7 5 ). ▁ ▁D unt ley , ▁Se iber t ▁Q ., ▁Richard ▁W . ▁Johnson , ▁and ▁Jac qu eline ▁I . ▁Gordon . ▁" Air borne ▁measurements ▁of ▁atm ospher ic ▁volume ▁scattering ▁coefficients ▁in ▁northern ▁Europe , ▁fall ▁ 1 9 7 6 ." ▁Inter im ▁Report ▁S cri pp s ▁Inst itution ▁of ▁Ocean ography , ▁San ▁Diego , ▁CA . ▁Vis ibility ▁Lab . ▁ 1 ▁( 1 9 7 8 ). ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 2 9 ▁birth s ▁Category : American ▁ocean ograph ers ▁Category : S cri pp s ▁Inst itution ▁of ▁Ocean ography ▁faculty ▁Category : 2 0 1 6 ▁deaths <0x0A> </s> ▁Soft ball ▁is ▁a ▁game ▁similar ▁to ▁baseball ▁played ▁with ▁a ▁larger ▁ball ▁( 1 1 ▁to ▁ 1 2 ▁in . ▁circum ference ) ▁on ▁a ▁field ▁that ▁has ▁base ▁lengths ▁of ▁ 6 0 ▁feet , ▁a ▁pitch er ' s ▁m ound ▁that ▁ranges ▁from ▁ 4 3 – 5 0 ▁feet ▁away ▁from ▁home ▁plate , ▁and ▁a ▁home ▁run ▁fence ▁that ▁is ▁ 2 2 0 – 3 0 0 ▁feet ▁away ▁from ▁home ▁plate , ▁depending ▁on ▁the ▁type ▁of ▁soft ball ▁being ▁played . ▁ ▁It ▁was ▁invented ▁in ▁ 1 8 8 7 ▁in ▁Chicago , ▁Illinois , ▁United ▁States ▁as ▁an ▁indoor ▁game . ▁The ▁game ▁moves ▁at ▁a
▁faster ▁pace ▁than ▁traditional ▁baseball . ▁There ▁is ▁less ▁time ▁for ▁the ▁base ▁runner ▁to ▁get ▁to ▁first ▁while ▁the ▁opponent ▁fields ▁the ▁ball ; ▁yet , ▁the ▁f iel der ▁has ▁less ▁time ▁to ▁field ▁the ▁ball ▁while ▁the ▁opponent ▁is ▁running ▁down ▁to ▁first ▁base . ▁The ▁name ▁" soft ball " ▁was ▁given ▁to ▁the ▁game ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 6 , ▁because ▁the ▁ball ▁used ▁to ▁be ▁soft ; ▁however , ▁in ▁modern - day ▁usage , ▁the ▁balls ▁are ▁hard . ▁ ▁A ▁tournament ▁held ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 3 ▁at ▁the ▁Chicago ▁World ' s ▁Fair ▁sp ur red ▁interest ▁in ▁the ▁game . ▁The ▁Am ateur ▁Soft ball ▁Association ▁( AS A ) ▁of ▁America ▁( found ed ▁ 1 9 3 3 ) ▁is ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁largest ▁governing ▁bodies ▁for ▁the ▁game ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁and ▁spons ors ▁annual ▁section al ▁and ▁World ▁Series ▁championship s . ▁Other ▁national ▁and ▁regional ▁governing ▁bodies ▁also ▁exist , ▁including ▁the ▁USS SA . ▁The ▁World ▁Base ball ▁Soft ball ▁Confeder ation ▁( W B SC ) ▁regul ates ▁rules ▁of ▁play ▁in ▁more ▁than ▁ 1 1 0 ▁countries , ▁including ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁and ▁Canada ; ▁before ▁the ▁W B SC ▁was ▁formed ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 3 , ▁the ▁International ▁Soft ball ▁Federation ▁filled ▁this ▁role . ▁Women ' s ▁fast ▁pitch ▁soft ball ▁became ▁a ▁Summer ▁Olympic ▁sport ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 6 , ▁but ▁it ▁and ▁baseball
▁were ▁dropped ▁from ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁program ; ▁they ▁are ▁to ▁be ▁re inst ated ▁in ▁ 2 0 2 0 . ▁ ▁There ▁are ▁two ▁rules ▁codes ▁for ▁soft ball ▁generally . ▁In ▁the ▁most ▁common ▁type , ▁slow - p itch ▁soft ball , ▁the ▁ball , ▁which ▁can ▁measure ▁either ▁ 1 1 ▁inches , ▁for ▁a ▁women ' s ▁league , ▁or ▁ 1 2 ▁inches , ▁for ▁a ▁men ' s ▁league , ▁in ▁circum ference , ▁must ▁arch ▁on ▁its ▁path ▁to ▁the ▁batter , ▁and ▁there ▁are ▁ 1 0 ▁players ▁on ▁the ▁field ▁at ▁once . ▁ ▁B unting ▁and ▁ste aling ▁bases ▁are ▁not ▁permitted . ▁In ▁fast ▁pitch ▁soft ball , ▁the ▁pitch ▁is ▁fast , ▁there ▁are ▁nine ▁players ▁on ▁the ▁field ▁at ▁one ▁time , ▁and ▁while ▁b unting ▁and ▁ste aling ▁bases ▁are ▁permitted , ▁leading ▁off ▁is ▁not . ▁Fast ▁pitch ▁being ▁the ▁most ▁common ▁in ▁some ▁states , ▁such ▁as ▁Virginia , ▁where ▁fast ▁pitch ▁is ▁the ▁most ▁common ▁type ▁of ▁soft ball ▁in ▁high ▁schools ▁across ▁the ▁state . ▁The ▁Olympics ▁features ▁women ' s ▁fast ▁pitch ▁soft ball . ▁Soft ball ▁rules ▁vary ▁somewhat ▁from ▁those ▁of ▁baseball . ▁Two ▁major ▁differences ▁are ▁that ▁the ▁ball ▁must ▁be ▁pit ched ▁under hand — from ▁ 5 0   ft ▁( 1 5 . 2 ▁m ) ▁in ▁slow ▁pitch , ▁or ▁ 4 6 / 4 3   ft ▁( 1 4 /
1 3 . 1   m ) ▁for ▁men / w omen ▁in ▁fast ▁pitch ▁as ▁compared ▁with ▁ 6 0 . 5   ft ▁( 1 8 . 4   m ) ▁in ▁baseball — and ▁that ▁seven ▁inn ings , ▁or ▁ 1 - 2 ▁hours ▁depending ▁on ▁the ▁league , ▁const itute ▁a ▁regulation ▁game ▁compared ▁with ▁nine ▁inn ings ▁in ▁baseball . ▁ ▁Despite ▁the ▁name , ▁the ▁ball ▁used ▁in ▁soft ball ▁is ▁not ▁soft , ▁unless ▁using ▁a ▁foam ▁practice ▁soft ball . ▁It ▁is ▁about ▁ 1 2 ▁in ▁( about ▁ 3 0   cm ) ▁in ▁circum ference ▁( 1 1 ▁or ▁ 1 2 ▁in ▁for ▁slow - p itch ), ▁which ▁is ▁ 3 ▁in ▁( 8   cm ) ▁larger ▁than ▁a ▁baseball . ▁Soft ball ▁rec re ational ▁le agues ▁for ▁children ▁use ▁ 1 1 - inch ▁balls ▁until ▁around ▁age ▁ 1 3 . ▁The ▁in field ▁in ▁soft ball ▁is ▁smaller ▁than ▁on ▁an ▁adult ▁or ▁high ▁school ▁baseball ▁diamond ▁but ▁identical ▁to ▁that ▁used ▁by ▁Little ▁League ▁Base ball ; ▁each ▁base ▁is ▁ 6 0   ft ▁( 1 8   m ) ▁from ▁the ▁next , ▁as ▁opposed ▁to ▁baseball ' s ▁ 9 0   ft ▁( 2 7   m ). ▁In ▁fast ▁pitch ▁soft ball ▁the ▁entire ▁in field ▁is ▁dirt , ▁whereas ▁the ▁in field ▁in ▁baseball ▁is ▁grass ▁except ▁at ▁the ▁bases ▁and ▁on ▁the ▁pitch er ' s
▁m ound ▁which ▁are ▁dirt . ▁Soft ball ▁m ounds ▁are ▁also ▁flat , ▁while ▁baseball ▁m ounds ▁are ▁a ▁small ▁hill . ▁Soft ball s ▁are ▁pit ched ▁under hand , ▁but ▁baseball s ▁are ▁pit ched ▁over hand . ▁This ▁changes ▁the ▁arc ▁of ▁the ▁ball ▁when ▁approaching ▁the ▁plate . ▁For ▁example , ▁depending ▁if ▁the ▁pitch er ▁pit ches ▁a ▁fast ball , ▁in ▁soft ball ▁the ▁ball ▁would ▁most ▁likely ▁rise ▁while ▁in ▁baseball ▁because ▁the ▁pitch er ▁is ▁on ▁a ▁hill , ▁the ▁ball ▁would ▁drop . ▁ ▁History ▁ ▁The ▁earliest ▁known ▁soft ball ▁game ▁was ▁played ▁in ▁Chicago , ▁Illinois ▁on ▁Thank sg iving ▁Day , ▁ 1 8 8 7 . ▁It ▁took ▁place ▁at ▁the ▁F arr ag ut ▁Bo at ▁Club ▁at ▁a ▁gathering ▁to ▁hear ▁the ▁outcome ▁of ▁the ▁Yale ▁University ▁and ▁Harvard ▁University ▁football ▁game . ▁When ▁the ▁score ▁was ▁announced ▁and ▁bet s ▁were ▁settled , ▁a ▁Yale ▁al umn us ▁threw ▁a ▁box ing ▁glo ve ▁at ▁a ▁Harvard ▁supp orter . ▁The ▁Harvard ▁fan ▁grabbed ▁a ▁stick ▁and ▁swung ▁at ▁the ▁rolled ▁up ▁glo ve . ▁George ▁H anc ock , ▁a ▁reporter ▁there , ▁called ▁out ▁" Play ▁ball !" ▁and ▁the ▁game ▁began , ▁with ▁the ▁box ing ▁glo ve ▁tight ened ▁into ▁a ▁ball , ▁a ▁bro om ▁handle ▁serving ▁as ▁a ▁bat . ▁This ▁first ▁contest ▁ended ▁with ▁a ▁score ▁of ▁ 4 1 – 4 0 . ▁The ▁ball , ▁being ▁soft
, ▁was ▁field ed ▁bare handed . ▁ ▁George ▁H anc ock ▁is ▁cred ited ▁as ▁the ▁game ' s ▁invent or ▁for ▁his ▁development ▁of ▁a ▁ 1 7 " ▁ball ▁and ▁an ▁unders ized ▁bat ▁in ▁the ▁next ▁week . ▁The ▁F arr ag ut ▁Club ▁soon ▁set ▁rules ▁for ▁the ▁game , ▁which ▁spread ▁quickly ▁to ▁outs iders . ▁En vision ed ▁as ▁a ▁way ▁for ▁baseball ▁players ▁to ▁maintain ▁their ▁skills ▁during ▁the ▁winter , ▁the ▁sport ▁was ▁called ▁" Ind oor ▁Base ball ". ▁Under ▁the ▁name ▁of ▁" Ind oor - Out door ", ▁the ▁game ▁moved ▁outside ▁in ▁the ▁next ▁year , ▁and ▁the ▁first ▁rules ▁were ▁published ▁in ▁ 1 8 8 9 . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 8 9 5 ▁Lewis ▁Rober , ▁Sr . ▁of ▁Min ne apolis ▁organized ▁outdoor ▁games ▁as ▁exercise ▁for ▁fire fig h ters ; ▁this ▁game ▁was ▁known ▁as ▁k itten ▁ball ▁( after ▁the ▁first ▁team ▁to ▁play ▁it ), ▁lemon ▁ball , ▁or ▁diamond ▁ball . ▁ ▁Rober ' s ▁version ▁of ▁the ▁game ▁used ▁a ▁ball ▁ ▁in ▁circum ference , ▁rather ▁than ▁the ▁ ▁ball ▁used ▁by ▁the ▁F arr ag ut ▁club , ▁and ▁eventually ▁the ▁Min ne apolis ▁ball ▁prev ailed , ▁although ▁the ▁dimensions ▁of ▁the ▁Min ne apolis ▁diamond ▁were ▁passed ▁over ▁in ▁favor ▁of ▁the ▁dimensions ▁of ▁the ▁Chicago ▁one . ▁Rober ▁may ▁not ▁have ▁been ▁familiar ▁with ▁the ▁F arr ag ut ▁Club ▁rules . ▁Fire ▁Station ▁No
. ▁ 1 9 ▁in ▁Min ne apolis , ▁Rober ' s ▁post ▁from ▁ 1 8 9 6 ▁to ▁ 1 9 0 6 , ▁was ▁listed ▁on ▁the ▁National ▁Register ▁of ▁Historic ▁Pl aces ▁in ▁part ▁for ▁its ▁association ▁with ▁the ▁sport ' s ▁development . ▁The ▁first ▁soft ball ▁league ▁outside ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁was ▁organized ▁in ▁Toronto ▁in ▁ 1 8 9 7 . ▁ ▁The ▁name ▁" soft ball " ▁dates ▁back ▁to ▁ 1 9 2 6 . ▁The ▁name ▁was ▁co ined ▁by ▁Walter ▁H ak anson ▁of ▁the ▁Y M CA ▁at ▁a ▁meeting ▁of ▁the ▁National ▁Rec reation ▁Congress . ▁( In ▁addition ▁to ▁" ind oor ▁baseball ", ▁" k itten ▁ball ", ▁and ▁" d iam ond ▁ball ", ▁names ▁for ▁the ▁game ▁included ▁" m ush ▁ball ", ▁and ▁" p ump kin ▁ball ". ) ▁The ▁name ▁soft ball ▁had ▁spread ▁across ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁by ▁ 1 9 3 0 . ▁By ▁the ▁ 1 9 3 0 s , ▁similar ▁sports ▁with ▁different ▁rules ▁and ▁names ▁were ▁being ▁played ▁all ▁over ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁and ▁Canada . ▁ ▁By ▁ 1 9 3 6 , ▁the ▁J oint ▁Rules ▁Committee ▁on ▁Soft ball ▁had ▁standard ized ▁the ▁rules ▁and ▁n aming ▁throughout ▁the ▁United ▁States . ▁ ▁Six teen - inch ▁soft ball , ▁also ▁sometimes ▁referred ▁to ▁as ▁" m ush ▁ball " ▁or ▁" super - sl ow ▁pitch " ▁( although ▁the ▁ball ▁is ▁not
▁soft ▁at ▁all ), ▁is ▁a ▁direct ▁desc endant ▁of ▁H anc ock ' s ▁original ▁game . ▁Def ensive ▁players ▁are ▁not ▁allowed ▁to ▁wear ▁field ing ▁gloves . ▁Six teen - inch ▁soft ball ▁is ▁played ▁extens ively ▁in ▁Chicago , ▁where ▁dev ote es ▁such ▁as ▁the ▁late ▁Mike ▁Roy ko ▁consider ▁it ▁the ▁" real " ▁game , ▁and ▁New ▁Orleans . ▁In ▁New ▁Orleans , ▁sixteen - inch ▁soft ball ▁is ▁called ▁" C abb age ▁Ball " ▁and ▁is ▁a ▁popular ▁team ▁sport ▁in ▁area ▁elementary ▁and ▁high ▁schools . ▁ ▁By ▁the ▁ 1 9 4 0 s , ▁fast ▁pitch ▁began ▁to ▁dom inate ▁the ▁game . ▁Although ▁slow ▁pitch ▁was ▁present ▁at ▁the ▁ 1 9 3 3 ▁World ' s ▁Fair , ▁the ▁main ▁course ▁of ▁action ▁taken ▁was ▁to ▁l eng then ▁the ▁pitch ing ▁distance . ▁Slow ▁pitch ▁achieved ▁formal ▁recognition ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 3 ▁when ▁it ▁was ▁added ▁to ▁the ▁program ▁of ▁the ▁Am ateur ▁Soft ball ▁Association , ▁and ▁within ▁a ▁decade ▁had ▁sur pass ed ▁fast ▁pitch ▁in ▁popularity . ▁ ▁The ▁first ▁British ▁women ' s ▁soft ball ▁league ▁was ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 3 . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 9 1 , ▁women ' s ▁fast ▁pitch ▁soft ball ▁was ▁selected ▁to ▁debut ▁at ▁the ▁ 1 9 9 6 ▁Summer ▁Olympics . ▁The ▁ 1 9 9 6 ▁Olympics ▁also ▁marked ▁a ▁key ▁era ▁in ▁the ▁introduction ▁of ▁technology ▁in
▁soft ball . ▁The ▁IO C ▁funded ▁a ▁land mark ▁bi ome chan ical ▁study ▁on ▁pitch ing ▁during ▁the ▁games . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 2 , ▁sixteen - inch ▁slow ▁pitch ▁was ▁written ▁out ▁of ▁the ▁IS F ▁official ▁rules , ▁although ▁it ▁is ▁still ▁played ▁extens ively ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁under ▁The ▁Am ateur ▁Soft ball ▁Association ▁of ▁America , ▁or ▁A SA ▁rules . ▁ ▁The ▁ 1 1 7 th ▁meeting ▁of ▁the ▁International ▁Olympic ▁Committee , ▁held ▁in ▁Singapore ▁in ▁July ▁ 2 0 0 5 , ▁voted ▁to ▁drop ▁soft ball ▁and ▁baseball ▁as ▁Olympic ▁sports ▁for ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁Summer ▁Olympics , ▁but ▁will ▁be ▁back ▁in ▁the ▁ 2 0 2 1 ▁Summer ▁Olympics ▁in ▁Tokyo . ▁ ▁Other ▁san ction ing ▁bodies ▁of ▁soft ball ▁are ▁A AU , ▁N SA , ▁P ON Y , ▁A SA , ▁I SC , ▁USS SA ▁and ▁Tri ple ▁Crown . ▁ ▁Over view ▁ ▁Fast ▁pitch ▁soft ball ▁is ▁played ▁between ▁two ▁teams ▁on ▁a ▁large ▁field , ▁with ▁nine ▁players ▁from ▁one ▁team ▁on ▁the ▁field ▁at ▁a ▁time . ▁Slow - p itch ▁soft ball ▁is ▁played ▁with ▁ten ▁field ers ▁but ▁can ▁be ▁played ▁with ▁nine ▁if ▁needed . ▁The ▁field ▁is ▁usually ▁composed ▁of ▁a ▁dirt ▁or ▁brick - d ust ▁( col lo qu ially ▁called ▁" s and ") ▁in field ▁that ▁contains ▁the ▁shape ▁and ▁running ▁areas ▁of ▁a ▁diamond ▁and
▁a ▁grass ▁out field . ▁However , ▁the ▁field ▁can ▁consist ▁of ▁other ▁solid ▁and ▁dry ▁surfaces ▁such ▁as ▁artificial ▁tur f ▁or ▁as ph alt . ▁There ▁are ▁four ▁bases ▁on ▁the ▁in field : ▁First ▁base , ▁second ▁base , ▁third ▁base , ▁and ▁home ▁plate . ▁The ▁bases ▁are ▁arranged ▁in ▁a ▁square ▁and ▁are ▁typically ▁ ▁apart . ▁Near ▁the ▁center ▁of ▁this ▁square ▁is ▁the ▁pitch er ' s ▁m ound , ▁and ▁within ▁the ▁circle ▁is ▁the ▁" rub ber ", ▁a ▁small ▁flat ▁rect angular ▁piece ▁of ▁rubber ▁about ▁a ▁foot ▁and ▁a ▁half ▁in ▁length . ▁The ▁rubber ▁can ▁be ▁ 4 0 ▁or ▁ 4 3 ▁feet ▁away ▁in ▁fast ▁pitch , ▁or ▁ 4 3 , ▁ 4 6 ▁or ▁ 5 0 ▁feet ▁in ▁slow ▁pitch , ▁from ▁home ▁plate , ▁depending ▁on ▁age ▁level ▁and ▁the ▁league ▁one ▁is ▁playing ▁in . ▁ ▁The ▁object ▁of ▁the ▁game ▁is ▁to ▁score ▁more ▁runs ▁( points ) ▁than ▁the ▁other ▁team ▁by ▁batt ing ▁( h itting ) ▁a ▁ball ▁into ▁play ▁and ▁running ▁around ▁the ▁bases , ▁touching ▁each ▁one ▁in ▁success ion . ▁The ▁ball ▁is ▁a ▁sphere ▁of ▁light ▁material , ▁covered ▁with ▁leather ▁or ▁synthetic ▁material . ▁It ▁is ▁ ▁( or , ▁rarely , ▁) ▁in ▁circum ference . ▁The ▁game ▁is ▁off ici ated ▁by ▁one ▁or ▁more ▁neutral ▁u mp ires . ▁Players ▁and ▁u mp ires ▁are ▁generally ▁free ▁to ▁ask ▁for ▁a ▁brief
▁stop page ▁at ▁any ▁time ▁when ▁the ▁ball ▁is ▁not ▁in ▁play ▁( called ▁a ▁time ▁out ), ▁or ▁immediately ▁following ▁a ▁play ▁once ▁its ▁outcome ▁is ▁clear . ▁ ▁The ▁game ▁is ▁played ▁in ▁usually ▁seven ▁inn ings . ▁Each ▁in ning ▁is ▁divided ▁into ▁a ▁top ▁half , ▁in ▁which ▁the ▁away ▁team ▁b ats ▁and ▁tries ▁to ▁score ▁runs , ▁while ▁the ▁home ▁team ▁occup ies ▁the ▁field ▁and ▁tries ▁to ▁record ▁three ▁outs ; ▁then ▁a ▁bottom ▁half , ▁when ▁the ▁teams ' ▁roles ▁are ▁revers ed . ▁Some ▁le agues ▁play ▁with ▁a ▁reduced ▁number ▁of ▁inn ings ▁or ▁with ▁a ▁time ▁limit , ▁rather ▁than ▁the ▁traditional ▁seven ▁inn ings . ▁ ▁To ▁start ▁play , ▁the ▁offense ▁sends ▁a ▁batter ▁to ▁home ▁plate . ▁The ▁batt ing ▁order ▁must ▁be ▁fixed ▁at ▁the ▁start ▁of ▁the ▁game , ▁and ▁players ▁may ▁not ▁bat ▁out ▁of ▁turn . ▁The ▁defense ' s ▁pitch er ▁stands ▁at op ▁the ▁rubber ▁and ▁pit ches ▁the ▁ball ▁towards ▁home ▁plate ▁using ▁an ▁under hand ▁motion . ▁In ▁fast ▁pitch , ▁the ▁pitch er ▁is ▁allowed ▁to ▁take ▁one ▁step ▁back ▁prior ▁to ▁releasing ▁the ▁ball ▁during ▁the ▁forward ▁movement . ▁The ▁batter ▁attempts ▁to ▁hit ▁the ▁pit ched ▁ball ▁with ▁a ▁bat , ▁a ▁long , ▁round , ▁smooth ▁stick ▁made ▁of ▁wood , ▁metal ▁or ▁composite . ▁If ▁the ▁pitch er ▁throws ▁three ▁strikes ▁against ▁a ▁batter , ▁then ▁the ▁batter ▁is ▁out ▁and ▁the ▁next ▁batter ▁in ▁the
▁order ▁comes ▁up ▁to ▁bat . ▁A ▁strike ▁is ▁recorded ▁any ▁time ▁a ▁batter ▁sw ings ▁at ▁and ▁miss es ▁a ▁pitch ▁or ▁when ▁a ▁batter ▁hits ▁a ▁ball ▁foul ▁( out ▁of ▁play ). ▁A ▁strike ▁is ▁also ▁recorded ▁any ▁time ▁the ▁batter ▁does ▁not ▁swing ▁at ▁a ▁pitch ▁that ▁cross es ▁home ▁plate ▁within ▁an ▁area ▁known ▁as ▁the ▁strike ▁zone . ▁In ▁fast ▁pitch , ▁to ▁be ▁within ▁the ▁strike ▁zone , ▁the ▁pitch ▁must ▁cross ▁over ▁home ▁plate , ▁and ▁as ▁it ▁cross es ▁it ▁must ▁be ▁above ▁the ▁knees ▁and ▁slightly ▁below ▁the ▁shoulders ▁( rough ly ▁the ▁ar mp it ▁or ▁the ▁shirt ▁logo ). ▁The ▁strike ▁zone ▁therefore ▁varies ▁from ▁batter ▁to ▁batter . ▁In ▁slow ▁pitch , ▁the ▁ball ▁must ▁land ▁on ▁a ▁carpet ▁or ▁marked ▁area ▁behind ▁the ▁plate , ▁therefore ▁standard izing ▁the ▁strike ▁zone . ▁A ▁pitch ▁outside ▁the ▁strike ▁zone ▁is ▁a ▁ball . ▁If ▁the ▁batter ▁reaches ▁four ▁balls , ▁the ▁batter ▁is ▁awarded ▁the ▁first ▁base ▁in ▁what ▁is ▁known ▁as ▁a ▁" walk ". ▁The ▁u mp ire ▁behind ▁home ▁plate ▁is ▁the ▁sole ▁ar b iter ▁of ▁balls ▁and ▁strikes . ▁A ▁foul ▁ball ▁may ▁or ▁may ▁not ▁result ▁in ▁a ▁strike out ▁dependent ▁upon ▁what ▁association ▁and ▁local ▁league ▁rules . ▁However , ▁b unting ▁a ▁foul ▁ball ▁does ▁result ▁in ▁a ▁strike out . ▁In ▁some ▁associations ▁and ▁le agues , ▁b unting ▁is ▁not ▁allowed ▁and ▁results ▁in ▁an ▁out . ▁Also , ▁if
▁a ▁player ▁has ▁two ▁strikes , ▁swing ing ▁and ▁partially ▁hitting ▁the ▁ball ▁can ▁result ▁in ▁an ▁out ▁if ▁the ▁catch er ▁man ages ▁to ▁catch ▁the ▁t ipped ▁ball . ▁ ▁The ▁batter ▁attempts ▁to ▁swing ▁the ▁bat ▁and ▁hit ▁the ▁ball ▁fair ▁( into ▁the ▁field ▁of ▁play ). ▁After ▁a ▁successful ▁hit ▁the ▁batter ▁becomes ▁a ▁base ▁runner ▁( or ▁runner ) ▁and ▁must ▁run ▁to ▁first ▁base . ▁The ▁defense ▁attempts ▁to ▁field ▁the ▁ball ▁and ▁may ▁throw ▁the ▁ball ▁freely ▁between ▁players , ▁so ▁one ▁player ▁can ▁field ▁the ▁ball ▁while ▁another ▁moves ▁to ▁a ▁position ▁to ▁put ▁out ▁the ▁runner . ▁The ▁defense ▁can ▁tag ▁the ▁runner , ▁by ▁touching ▁the ▁runner ▁with ▁the ▁ball ▁while ▁the ▁runner ▁is ▁not ▁on ▁a ▁base . ▁The ▁defense ▁can ▁also ▁touch ▁first ▁base ▁while ▁in ▁possession ▁of ▁the ▁ball ; ▁in ▁this ▁case ▁it ▁is ▁sufficient ▁to ▁beat ▁the ▁batter ▁to ▁first ▁base ▁and ▁an ▁actual ▁tag ▁of ▁the ▁batter ▁is ▁unnecessary . ▁A ▁runner ▁is ▁said ▁to ▁be ▁" th rown ▁out " ▁when ▁the ▁play ▁involves ▁two ▁or ▁more ▁defensive ▁players . ▁R unn ers ▁generally ▁cannot ▁be ▁put ▁out ▁when ▁touching ▁a ▁base , ▁but ▁only ▁one ▁runner ▁may ▁occup y ▁a ▁base ▁at ▁any ▁time ▁and ▁run ners ▁may ▁not ▁pass ▁each ▁other . ▁When ▁a ▁ball ▁is ▁batt ed ▁into ▁play , ▁run ners ▁generally ▁must ▁attempt ▁to ▁advance ▁if ▁there ▁are ▁no ▁open ▁bases ▁behind ▁them ; ▁for ▁example , ▁a ▁runner ▁on
▁first ▁base ▁must ▁run ▁to ▁second ▁base ▁if ▁the ▁batter ▁puts ▁the ▁ball ▁in ▁play . ▁In ▁such ▁a ▁situation , ▁the ▁defense ▁can ▁throw ▁to ▁the ▁base ▁that ▁the ▁lead ▁runner ▁is ▁attempting ▁to ▁take ▁( a ▁force ▁out ), ▁and ▁the ▁defense ▁can ▁then ▁also ▁throw ▁to ▁the ▁previous ▁base . ▁This ▁can ▁result ▁in ▁a ▁multiple - out ▁play : ▁a ▁double ▁play ▁is ▁two ▁outs , ▁while ▁a ▁triple ▁play , ▁a ▁very ▁rare ▁occur rence , ▁is ▁three ▁outs . ▁R unn ers ▁with ▁an ▁open ▁base ▁behind ▁them ▁are ▁not ▁forced ▁to ▁advance ▁and ▁do ▁so ▁at ▁their ▁own ▁risk ; ▁the ▁defense ▁must ▁tag ▁such ▁run ners ▁directly ▁to ▁put ▁them ▁out ▁rather ▁than ▁tag ging ▁the ▁base . ▁ ▁A ▁ball ▁hit ▁in ▁the ▁air ▁and ▁caught ▁before ▁hitting ▁the ▁ground , ▁in ▁fair ▁or ▁foul ▁territory , ▁puts ▁the ▁batter ▁out . ▁A ▁fly ▁ball ▁is ▁a ▁ball ▁hit ▁high ▁and ▁deep , ▁a ▁pop ▁fly ▁is ▁a ▁ball ▁hit ▁high ▁but ▁short , ▁and ▁a ▁line ▁drive ▁is ▁a ▁ball ▁hit ▁close ▁to ▁the ▁horizontal . ▁After ▁the ▁catch , ▁run ners ▁must ▁return ▁to ▁their ▁original ▁bases ; ▁if ▁the ▁defense ▁throws ▁the ▁ball ▁to ▁that ▁base ▁before ▁the ▁runner ▁returns , ▁the ▁runner ▁is ▁out ▁as ▁well , ▁resulting ▁in ▁a ▁double ▁play . ▁A ▁runner ▁who ▁remains ▁on ▁the ▁base ▁until ▁the ▁ball ▁is ▁touched , ▁or ▁returns ▁to ▁the ▁base ▁( tags ▁up ) ▁after ▁the ▁catch , ▁may
▁try ▁to ▁advance ▁to ▁the ▁next ▁base , ▁at ▁the ▁risk ▁of ▁being ▁tag ged ▁out ▁between ▁bases . ▁As ▁in ▁baseball , ▁the ▁in field ▁fly ▁rule ▁applies ▁in ▁some ▁game ▁situations ▁to ▁prevent ▁the ▁defense ▁from ▁recording ▁multiple ▁force ▁outs ▁by ▁deliberately ▁dropping ▁an ▁easy ▁catch . ▁ ▁Off ensive ▁strategy ▁is ▁mostly ▁just ▁to ▁hit ▁the ▁ball ▁skill fully ▁to ▁let ▁the ▁batter ▁reach ▁base ▁and ▁advance ▁other ▁run ners ▁around ▁the ▁bases ▁to ▁score ▁runs . ▁The ▁count ▁of ▁balls ▁and ▁strikes ▁indicates ▁how ▁aggressive ▁the ▁batter ▁should ▁be . ▁The ▁offense ▁may ▁try ▁to ▁sacrifice , ▁with ▁the ▁batter ▁deliberately ▁making ▁an ▁out ▁in ▁order ▁to ▁advance ▁run ners . ▁Def ensive ▁strategy ▁is ▁more ▁complex , ▁as ▁particular ▁situations ▁( number ▁of ▁outs ▁and ▁positions ▁of ▁base - run ners ) ▁and ▁particular ▁bat ters ▁call ▁for ▁different ▁position ing ▁of ▁field ers ▁and ▁different ▁tact ical ▁decisions . ▁The ▁defense ▁may ▁decide ▁to ▁allow ▁a ▁run ▁if ▁it ▁can ▁achieve ▁one ▁or ▁multiple ▁outs . ▁ ▁Play ing ▁field ▁ ▁The ▁playing ▁field ▁is ▁divided ▁into ▁' f air ▁territory ' ▁and ▁' f oul ▁territory '. ▁Fair ▁territory ▁is ▁further ▁divided ▁into ▁the ▁' in field ', ▁and ▁the ▁' out field ', ▁and ▁the ▁territory ▁beyond ▁the ▁out field ▁fence . ▁ ▁The ▁field ▁is ▁defined ▁by ▁' f oul ▁lines ' ▁that ▁meet ▁at ▁a ▁right ▁angle ▁at ▁' home ▁plate '. ▁The ▁minimum ▁length ▁of ▁the ▁bas elines ▁varies ▁classification ▁of ▁play
▁( see ▁below ▁for ▁official ▁measurements ). ▁A ▁fence ▁running ▁between ▁the ▁bas elines ▁defines ▁the ▁limits ▁of ▁the ▁field ; ▁distance ▁from ▁home ▁plate ▁to ▁the ▁fence ▁varies ▁by ▁field . ▁ ▁Behind ▁home ▁plate ▁is ▁a ▁' back stop '. ▁It ▁must ▁be ▁between ▁ 2 5 ▁and ▁ 3 0 ▁feet ▁( 7 . 6 2 ▁and ▁ 9 . 1 4 ▁meters ) ▁behind ▁home ▁plate ▁depending ▁on ▁the ▁type ▁of ▁division ▁that ▁is ▁playing . ▁ ▁' Home ▁Pl ate ' ▁is ▁one ▁corner ▁of ▁a ▁diamond ▁with ▁' b ases ' ▁at ▁each ▁corner . ▁The ▁bases ▁other ▁than ▁home ▁plate ▁are ▁ 1 5 ▁in ▁( 3 8   cm ) ▁square , ▁of ▁canvas ▁or ▁a ▁similar ▁material , ▁and ▁not ▁more ▁than ▁ 5 ▁in ▁( 1 3   cm ) ▁thick . ▁The ▁bases ▁are ▁usually ▁secure ly ▁fast ened ▁to ▁the ▁ground . ▁The ▁bases ▁are ▁number ed ▁counter ▁clock wise ▁as ▁first ▁base , ▁second ▁base , ▁and ▁third ▁base . ▁Often , ▁but ▁not ▁always , ▁outside ▁first ▁base ▁( that ▁is , ▁in ▁foul ▁territory ) ▁and ▁adjacent ▁and ▁connected ▁to ▁it , ▁there ▁is ▁a ▁contrast - colored ▁" double ▁base " ▁or ▁" s af ety ▁base ". ▁It ▁is ▁intended ▁to ▁prevent ▁coll isions ▁between ▁the ▁first ▁bas eman ▁and ▁the ▁runner . ▁The ▁runner ▁runs ▁for ▁the ▁foul ▁portion ▁of ▁the ▁double ▁base ▁after ▁hitting ▁the ▁ball ▁while ▁the ▁field ing ▁team ▁tries ▁to ▁throw
▁the ▁ball ▁to ▁the ▁regular ▁first ▁base ▁before ▁the ▁runner ▁reaches ▁the ▁safety ▁base . ▁However , ▁not ▁all ▁soft ball ▁diam onds ▁have ▁these ▁safety ▁bases ▁and ▁they ▁are ▁much ▁more ▁common ▁in ▁women ' s ▁soft ball ▁than ▁in ▁men ' s . ▁The ▁double ▁base ▁is ▁required ▁in ▁IS F ▁championship s . ▁ ▁The ▁in field ▁consists ▁of ▁the ▁diamond ▁and ▁the ▁adjacent ▁space ▁in ▁which ▁the ▁in field ers ▁( see ▁below ) ▁normally ▁play . ▁The ▁out field ▁is ▁the ▁remaining ▁space ▁between ▁the ▁bas elines ▁and ▁between ▁the ▁out field ▁fence ▁and ▁the ▁in field . ▁The ▁in field ▁is ▁usually ▁" sk inned " ▁( d irt ), ▁while ▁the ▁out field ▁has ▁grass ▁in ▁regulation ▁compet itions . ▁ ▁Near ▁the ▁center ▁of ▁the ▁diamond ▁is ▁the ▁pitch ing ▁plate , ▁or ▁col lo qu ially ▁" rub ber ". ▁In ▁fast ▁pitch , ▁a ▁sk inned ▁circle ▁ 1 6 ▁feet ▁( 4 . 8 8 ▁meters ) ▁in ▁diameter ▁known ▁as ▁the ▁pitch ing ▁circle ▁is ▁around ▁the ▁pitch ing ▁plate . ▁ ▁A ▁field ▁is ▁officially ▁required ▁to ▁have ▁a ▁warning ▁track ▁between ▁ 1 5 ▁and ▁ 1 2 ▁feet ▁( 5 ▁and ▁ 4 ▁meters ) ▁from ▁the ▁out field ▁fence . ▁However , ▁if ▁the ▁game ▁is ▁being ▁played ▁on ▁a ▁field ▁larger ▁than ▁required , ▁no ▁warning ▁track ▁is ▁required ▁before ▁the ▁temporary ▁out field ▁f encing . ▁ ▁Loc ated ▁in ▁foul ▁territory ▁outside ▁both ▁bas
elines ▁are ▁two ▁coach ' s ▁boxes . ▁Each ▁box ▁is ▁behind ▁a ▁line ▁ 1 5 ▁feet ▁( 5 ▁meters ) ▁long ▁located ▁ 1 2 ▁feet ▁( 3 ▁meters ) ▁from ▁each ▁baseline . ▁ ▁Official ▁baseline ▁dimensions ▁ ▁Fast ▁pitch ▁pitch ing ▁distances ▁ ▁Slow ▁pitch ▁pitch ing ▁distances ▁ ▁Equipment ▁Equipment ▁required ▁in ▁soft ball ▁includes ▁a ▁ball , ▁a ▁bat ▁( com posite , ▁metal ▁or ▁wooden ), ▁gloves , ▁uniform s ▁and ▁protective ▁gear . ▁For ▁example , ▁hel m ets ▁for ▁the ▁offensive ▁team ▁and ▁a ▁helmet ▁and ▁chest ▁prote ctor ▁for ▁the ▁defensive ▁catch er . ▁Also ▁cle ats , ▁sliding ▁shorts , ▁face ▁masks ▁and ▁knee ▁sl iders ▁may ▁be ▁worn ▁for ▁soft ball . ▁ ▁Ball ▁Despite ▁the ▁sport ' s ▁name , ▁the ▁ball ▁is ▁not ▁soft ▁at ▁all . ▁The ▁size ▁of ▁the ▁ball ▁varies ▁according ▁to ▁the ▁classification ▁of ▁play ; ▁the ▁permitted ▁circum ferences ▁in ▁international ▁play ▁are ▁ ▁( ), ▁in ▁mass ▁between ▁ ▁in ▁fast ▁pitch ▁and ▁adults ▁and ▁males ▁ 1 3 ▁and ▁older ▁for ▁slow ▁pitch , ▁ ▁( ), ▁mass ▁between ▁ ▁in ▁slow ▁pitch ▁for ▁females ▁ 1 8 ▁and ▁younger , ▁and ▁kids ▁ 1 2 ▁and ▁younger . ▁For ▁comparison , ▁under ▁the ▁current ▁rules ▁of ▁Major ▁League ▁Base ball , ▁a ▁baseball ▁has ▁a ▁mass ▁between ▁, ▁and ▁is ▁ ▁in ▁circum ference ▁( ▁in ▁diameter ). ▁A ▁ 1 2 - inch ▁circum ference ▁ball ▁is ▁generally ▁used ▁in
▁slow ▁pitch , ▁although ▁in ▁rare ▁cases ▁some ▁le agues ▁( especially ▁rec re ational ▁le agues ) ▁do ▁use ▁a ▁ 1 4 - inch ▁circum ference ▁ball . ▁Some ▁balls ▁have ▁a ▁raised ▁seam , ▁and ▁others ▁do ▁not . ▁The ▁ball ▁is ▁most ▁often ▁covered ▁in ▁white ▁or ▁yellow ▁leather ▁in ▁two ▁pieces ▁roughly ▁the ▁shape ▁of ▁a ▁figure - 8 ▁and ▁se wn ▁together ▁with ▁red ▁thread , ▁although ▁other ▁cover ings ▁are ▁permitted . ▁The ▁core ▁of ▁the ▁ball ▁may ▁be ▁made ▁of ▁long ▁fiber ▁kap ok , ▁or ▁a ▁mixture ▁of ▁c ork ▁and ▁rubber , ▁or ▁a ▁poly ure th ane ▁mixture , ▁or ▁another ▁approved ▁material . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 4 , ▁high - vis ibility ▁yellow ▁" opt ic " ▁covering , ▁long - used ▁for ▁restricted ▁flight ▁balls ▁in ▁co - ed ▁rec re ational ▁le agues , ▁became ▁standard ▁for ▁competitive ▁play . ▁Yellow ▁is ▁the ▁color ▁of ▁official ▁NC AA ▁and ▁NA IA ▁soft ball s . ▁Yellow ▁soft ball s ▁are ▁fast ▁becoming ▁the ▁standard ▁for ▁all ▁levels ▁of ▁play ▁for ▁girls ' ▁and ▁women ' s ▁play ▁in ▁particular . ▁White ▁balls ▁are ▁also ▁allowed , ▁but ▁are ▁very ▁un common ▁in ▁slow ▁pitch ▁and ▁fast ▁pitch . ▁ ▁In ▁Chicago , ▁where ▁soft ball ▁was ▁invented , ▁it ▁remains ▁traditional ▁to ▁play ▁with ▁a ▁ball ▁ ▁in ▁circum ference . ▁The ▁field ers ▁do ▁not ▁wear ▁gloves ▁or ▁mitt s . ▁A ▁ 1 6
" ▁soft ball ▁when ▁new ▁is ▁rough ▁and ▁hard , ▁with ▁hand ▁and ▁finger ▁injuries ▁to ▁field ers ▁frequent ▁if ▁they ▁do ▁not ▁" g ive " ▁when ▁receiving ▁a ▁ball , ▁but ▁the ▁ball ▁" break s ▁in " ▁slightly ▁during ▁a ▁game ▁and ▁continues ▁to ▁soft en ▁over ▁time ▁with ▁continued ▁play . ▁A ▁well - bro ken - in ▁ball ▁is ▁called ▁a ▁mush ▁ball ▁and ▁is ▁fav ored ▁for ▁inform al ▁" pick - up " ▁games ▁and ▁when ▁playing ▁in ▁limited ▁space , ▁such ▁as ▁a ▁city ▁street ▁( because ▁the ▁ball ▁does ▁not ▁go ▁as ▁far ). ▁A ▁ 1 6 - inch ▁ball ▁is ▁also ▁used ▁for ▁wheel chair ▁soft ball . ▁ ▁Bat ▁The ▁bat ▁used ▁by ▁the ▁batter ▁can ▁be ▁made ▁of ▁wood , ▁alumin um , ▁or ▁composite ▁materials ▁such ▁as ▁carbon ▁fiber . ▁S izes ▁may ▁vary ▁but ▁they ▁may ▁be ▁no ▁more ▁than ▁ ▁long , ▁ ▁in ▁diameter , ▁or ▁ ▁in ▁mass . ▁The ▁standard ▁bat ▁barrel ▁diameter ▁for ▁both ▁slow ▁pitch ▁and ▁fast ▁pitch ▁soft ball ▁is ▁ 2   in ches . ▁Many ▁players ▁prefer ▁a ▁smaller ▁barrel , ▁which ▁reduces ▁mass ▁and ▁allows ▁higher ▁swing ▁speed . ▁Although ▁there ▁are ▁a ▁variety ▁of ▁b ats ▁used , ▁there ▁are ▁several ▁that ▁are ▁banned ▁due ▁to ▁performance ▁enhancement . ▁These ▁b ats ▁are ▁determined ▁to ▁be ▁illegal ▁by ▁the ▁Am ateur ▁Soft ball ▁Association ▁of ▁America . ▁For ▁example , ▁with ▁a ▁th inner ▁wall , ▁players
▁are ▁able ▁to ▁swing ▁the ▁bat ▁faster , ▁which ▁allows ▁the ▁ball ▁to ▁go ▁faster , ▁harder , ▁and ▁further . ▁Major ▁League ▁Soft ball , ▁played ▁at ▁Rec re ational ▁Park s , ▁include ▁a ▁variety ▁of ▁teams ; ▁Men ' s , ▁Women ' s , ▁Co - Ed . ▁Each ▁League ▁has ▁its ▁own ▁specific ▁regulations ▁with ▁b ats , ▁but ▁most ▁must ▁be ▁approved ▁by ▁the ▁Am ateur ▁Soft ball ▁Association . ▁Many ▁b ats ▁may ▁be ▁" do ct ored " ▁or ▁" ju iced " ▁in ▁a ▁sense ▁that ▁they ▁are ▁end ▁loaded , ▁sh aved ▁and ▁or ▁painted . ▁End ▁loading ▁of ▁a ▁cap ▁refers ▁to ▁the ▁addition ▁of ▁weight ▁manually ▁placed ▁at ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁barrel ▁to ▁distribute ▁more ▁weight ▁at ▁the ▁tip . ▁Sh aving ▁b ats ▁require ▁machine ▁use ▁in ▁order ▁to ▁remove ▁the ▁inner ▁walls ▁of ▁the ▁bat ▁to ▁improve ▁el astic ity . ▁Last ly , ▁painting ▁b ats ▁is ▁done ▁because ▁competitors ▁purchase ▁" il legal " ▁b ats ▁that ▁are ▁dangerous ▁and ▁haz ard ous ▁to ▁the ▁oppos ing ▁team . ▁These ▁three ▁" do ct ored " ▁and ▁" ju iced " ▁techniques ▁are ▁banned ▁from ▁Le agues , ▁but ▁are ▁still ▁done ▁today . ▁ ▁Gl oves ▁All ▁defensive ▁players ▁wear ▁field ing ▁gloves , ▁made ▁of ▁leather ▁or ▁similar ▁material . ▁Gl oves ▁have ▁we bbing ▁between ▁the ▁thumb ▁and ▁fore f inger , ▁known ▁as ▁the ▁" p ocket ". ▁No ▁part ▁of ▁the
▁glo ve ▁is ▁allowed ▁to ▁be ▁the ▁same ▁color ▁as ▁that ▁of ▁the ▁ball , ▁including ▁that ▁of ▁its ▁se ams . ▁P itch ers ▁are ▁also ▁not ▁allowed ▁to ▁have ▁any ▁white ▁on ▁their ▁gloves ▁including ▁the ▁se ams . ▁It ▁is ▁up ▁to ▁the ▁u mp ire ' s ▁discret ion ▁if ▁he ▁or ▁she ▁believes ▁that ▁any ▁color ing ▁on ▁the ▁glo ve ▁inter fer es ▁with ▁or ▁hind ers ▁the ▁batter ▁from ▁seeing ▁the ▁ball ▁clearly . ▁Gl oves ▁used ▁in ▁soft ball ▁are ▁larger ▁than ▁the ▁ones ▁used ▁in ▁baseball . ▁No ▁glo ve ▁larger ▁than ▁ ▁can ▁be ▁used ▁in ▁A SA ▁( American ▁Soft ball ▁Association ) ▁san ction ed ▁play . ▁▁ ▁While ▁extremely ▁rare ▁in ▁rec re ational ▁play , ▁there ▁are ▁sometimes ▁different ▁size ▁gloves ▁for ▁different ▁positions ▁on ▁the ▁field . ▁C atch ers ▁and ▁ 1 st ▁bas eman ▁have ▁what ▁is ▁called ▁a ▁mitt , ▁whose ▁pockets ▁are ▁larger ▁than ▁other ▁gloves . ▁These ▁are ▁more ▁p added . ▁ ▁An ▁out f iel der ' s ▁glo ve ▁is ▁smaller ▁than ▁the ▁catch er ' s , ▁typically ▁ 1 2 ▁inches ▁to ▁ 1 3 ▁inches ▁for ▁fast ▁pitch ▁soft ball ▁or ▁ 1 2 ▁to ▁ 1 5 ▁inches ▁for ▁slow ▁pitch . ▁An ▁inf iel der ' s ▁glo ve ▁is ▁the ▁smallest , ▁typically ▁from ▁ 1 1 . 5 ▁inches ▁to ▁ 1 3 ▁inches . ▁A ▁pitch er ' s ▁glo ve ▁is
▁typically ▁ 1 1 . 5 ▁to ▁ 1 2 . 5 ▁inches ▁for ▁fast ▁pitch ▁or ▁ 1 1 . 5 ▁to ▁ 1 3 ▁inches ▁for ▁slow ▁pitch . ▁However , ▁in ▁rec re ational ▁and ▁church ▁le agues , ▁these ▁s izing ▁rules ▁ ▁do ▁not ▁apply , ▁and ▁everyone ▁we ars ▁their ▁own ▁glo ve ▁at ▁a ▁size ▁that ▁fits ▁their ▁hand . ▁ ▁Un iform ▁Each ▁team ▁we ars ▁a ▁distinctive ▁uniform . ▁The ▁uniform ▁may ▁include ▁a ▁cap , ▁a ▁shirt ▁display ing ▁team ▁colors ▁and ▁the ▁players ' ▁number , ▁sliding ▁unders h orts / com pression ▁shorts ▁( optional ), ▁socks , ▁and ▁pants / ath let ic ▁shorts . ▁ ▁The ▁team ▁is ▁required ▁to ▁have ▁all ▁of ▁its ▁members ▁wear ▁the ▁same ▁uniform . ▁ ▁C aps , ▁vis ors , ▁and ▁head bands ▁are ▁optional ▁for ▁female ▁players , ▁and ▁have ▁to ▁be ▁the ▁same ▁color . ▁C aps ▁are ▁mandatory ▁for ▁male ▁players . ▁A ▁f iel der ▁who ▁cho oses ▁to ▁wear ▁a ▁helmet ▁or ▁face ▁mask ▁is ▁not ▁required ▁to ▁wear ▁a ▁cap . ▁ ▁Many ▁players ▁use ▁" sl iding ▁shorts ", ▁otherwise ▁known ▁as ▁compression ▁shorts ▁in ▁other ▁sports . ▁These ▁can ▁be ▁out f itted ▁with ▁a ▁p ouch ▁for ▁fitting ▁a ▁protective ▁cup ▁for ▁male ▁players . ▁These ▁shorts ▁also ▁help ▁to ▁protect ▁the ▁upper ▁thigh ▁when ▁sliding ▁into ▁a ▁base . ▁" Sl iders " ▁may ▁also ▁be ▁worn ▁for ▁similar ▁protection . ▁These
▁are ▁somewhat ▁p added ▁sh ingu ards ▁that ▁extend ▁usually ▁from ▁the ▁an kle ▁to ▁the ▁knee ▁of ▁the ▁wear er ▁and ▁wrap ▁all ▁the ▁way ▁around ▁the ▁leg ( s ). ▁They ▁protect ▁the ▁sh in , ▁c alf , ▁etc . ▁from ▁getting ▁bru ised ▁or ▁damaged ▁while ▁sliding ▁into ▁home ▁plate ▁and ▁make ▁it ▁much ▁more ▁comfortable ▁to ▁slide ▁into ▁the ▁plate . ▁Some ▁male ▁players ▁use ▁long , ▁baseball - style ▁pants . ▁However , ▁some ▁female ▁players ▁now ▁wear ▁a ▁shorter ▁version ▁of ▁baseball ▁pants . ▁ ▁At ▁the ▁back ▁of ▁the ▁uniform , ▁an ▁Arab ic ▁numer al ▁from ▁numbers ▁ 0 ▁through ▁ 9 9 ▁must ▁be ▁visible . ▁Num bers ▁such ▁as ▁ 0 2 ▁and ▁ 2 ▁are ▁considered ▁identical . ▁Also , ▁on ▁the ▁back ▁of ▁the ▁uniform s ▁players ' ▁names ▁are ▁optional . ▁ ▁All ▁players ▁are ▁required ▁to ▁wear ▁shoes . ▁They ▁may ▁have ▁cle ats ▁or ▁sp ikes . ▁The ▁sp ikes ▁must ▁extend ▁less ▁than ▁ ▁away ▁from ▁the ▁sole . ▁Round ed ▁metal ▁sp ikes ▁are ▁illegal , ▁as ▁are ▁ones ▁made ▁from ▁hard ▁plastic ▁or ▁other ▁synthetic ▁materials . ▁High ▁school ▁athletes ▁are ▁sometimes ▁permitted ▁to ▁wear ▁metal ▁cle ats , ▁such ▁as ▁in ▁Ohio . ▁ ▁Many ▁rec re ational ▁le agues ▁prohib it ▁the ▁use ▁of ▁metal ▁cle ats ▁or ▁sp ikes ▁to ▁reduce ▁the ▁possible ▁sever ity ▁of ▁injuries ▁when ▁a ▁runner ▁slides ▁feet - first ▁into ▁a ▁f iel der . ▁At
▁all ▁youth ▁( under ▁ 1 5 ) ▁levels , ▁in ▁co - ed ▁( the ▁official ▁termin ology ▁for ▁mixed ▁teams ) ▁slow ▁pitch , ▁and ▁in ▁modified ▁pitch , ▁metal ▁sp ikes ▁are ▁usually ▁not ▁allowed . ▁ ▁Prote ct ive ▁equipment ▁( th ings ▁to ▁protect ▁yourself ▁from ▁the ▁ball ) ▁A ▁helmet ▁must ▁have ▁two ▁ear ▁fl aps , ▁one ▁on ▁each ▁side . ▁Hel m ets ▁and ▁c ages ▁that ▁are ▁damaged ▁or ▁altered ▁are ▁for bidden . ▁Hel m ets ▁must ▁be ▁worn ▁by ▁bat ters ▁and ▁run ners . ▁In ▁NC AA ▁fast ▁pitch ▁soft ball ▁you ▁have ▁the ▁option ▁to ▁wear ▁a ▁helmet ▁with ▁or ▁without ▁a ▁face ▁mask . ▁Most ▁female ▁travel ▁ball ▁teams ▁for ▁fast ▁pitch ▁soft ball ▁require ▁the ▁batter ▁to ▁wear ▁a ▁helmet ▁with ▁a ▁face ▁mask . ▁In ▁male ▁fast ▁pitch ▁masks ▁are ▁generally ▁only ▁used ▁for ▁medical ▁reasons . ▁In ▁fast ▁pitch , ▁the ▁catch er ▁must ▁wear ▁a ▁protective ▁helmet ▁with ▁a ▁face - mask ▁and ▁throat ▁prote ctor , ▁sh in ▁guards ▁and ▁body ▁prote ctor . ▁Sh in ▁guards ▁also ▁protect ▁the ▁kne ec ap . ▁ ▁In ▁slow ▁pitch , ▁the ▁catch er ▁must ▁wear ▁a ▁helmet , ▁chest ▁prote ctor ▁and ▁mask ▁at ▁youth ▁levels . ▁At ▁adult ▁levels , ▁there ▁is ▁no ▁formal ▁requirement ▁for ▁the ▁catch er ▁to ▁wear ▁a ▁mask , ▁although ▁the ▁official ▁rules ▁recommend ▁it . ▁A ▁catch er ▁may ▁option ally ▁wear ▁a ▁body ▁prote ctor ▁in ▁adult
▁slow ▁pitch . ▁ ▁While ▁mandatory ▁for ▁the ▁pitch er ▁in ▁some ▁slow ▁pitch ▁le agues , ▁there ▁is ▁an ▁option ▁to ▁wear ▁a ▁face ▁mask ▁on ▁the ▁field . ▁It ▁is ▁recommended ▁in ▁lower ▁age ▁groups . ▁It ▁must ▁be ▁in ▁proper ▁condition ▁and ▁not ▁damaged , ▁altered , ▁or ▁the ▁like . ▁This ▁is ▁intended ▁to ▁prevent ▁facial ▁injuries . ▁" Base ball ▁and ▁soft ball ▁are ▁the ▁primary ▁causes ▁of ▁severe ▁sports - related ▁eye ▁injury ▁in ▁Indiana ▁and ▁in ▁most ▁over ▁state ." ▁( R on ald ▁Davis , ▁M . D ., ▁professor ▁of ▁o ph thal m ology ▁at ▁Indiana ▁University ) ▁ ▁U mp ires ▁ ▁Dec isions ▁about ▁plays ▁are ▁made ▁by ▁u mp ires , ▁similar ▁to ▁a ▁ref eree ▁in ▁American ▁football . ▁The ▁number ▁of ▁u mp ires ▁on ▁a ▁given ▁game ▁can ▁range ▁from ▁a ▁minimum ▁of ▁one ▁to ▁a ▁maximum ▁of ▁seven . ▁There ▁is ▁never ▁more ▁than ▁one ▁" pl ate ▁u mp ire "; ▁there ▁can ▁be ▁up ▁to ▁three ▁" base ▁u mp ires ", ▁and ▁up ▁to ▁a ▁further ▁three ▁u mp ires ▁positioned ▁in ▁the ▁out field . ▁Most ▁fast p itch ▁games ▁use ▁a ▁crew ▁of ▁two ▁u mp ires ▁( one ▁plate ▁u mp ire , ▁one ▁base ▁u mp ire ). ▁ ▁Official ▁u mp ires ▁are ▁often ▁nick named ▁" blue ", ▁because ▁of ▁their ▁uniform s ▁– ▁in ▁many ▁juris dict ions , ▁most ▁significantly ▁IS F , ▁NC AA
▁and ▁A SA ▁games , ▁u mp ires ▁wear ▁navy ▁blue ▁sl acks , ▁a ▁light ▁powder ▁blue ▁shirt , ▁and ▁a ▁navy ▁baseball ▁cap . ▁Some ▁u mp ires ▁wear ▁a ▁variant ▁of ▁the ▁uniform : ▁some ▁u mp ires ▁in ▁A SA ▁wear ▁he ather ▁gray ▁sl acks ▁and ▁may ▁also ▁wear ▁a ▁navy ▁blue ▁shirt ; ▁u mp ires ▁from ▁the ▁USS SA ▁wear ▁red ▁sh irts ▁with ▁grey ▁sl acks ; ▁National ▁Soft ball ▁Association ▁( N SA ) ▁u mp ires ▁wear ▁an ▁official ▁N SA ▁white - colored ▁u mp ire ▁shirt ▁with ▁black ▁pants ▁or ▁black ▁shorts ; ▁N SA ▁fast p itch ▁u mp ires ▁wear ▁the ▁white ▁N SA ▁u mp ires ▁shirt ▁and ▁he ather ▁gray ▁sl acks . ▁ ▁Dec isions ▁are ▁usually ▁indicated ▁by ▁both ▁the ▁use ▁of ▁hand ▁signals , ▁and ▁by ▁vocal izing ▁the ▁call . ▁Safe ▁calls ▁are ▁made ▁by ▁sign aling ▁with ▁flat ▁hands ▁facing ▁down ▁moving ▁away ▁from ▁each ▁other , ▁and ▁a ▁ver bal ▁call ▁of ▁" safe ". ▁Out ▁calls ▁are ▁made ▁by ▁raising ▁the ▁right ▁hand ▁in ▁a ▁cl en ched ▁fist , ▁with ▁a ▁ver bal ▁call ▁of ▁" out ". ▁St rik es ▁are ▁called ▁by ▁the ▁plate ▁u mp ire , ▁who ▁uses ▁the ▁same ▁motion ▁as ▁the ▁out ▁call ▁with ▁a ▁ver bal ▁call ▁of ▁" st rike ". ▁B alls ▁are ▁only ▁called ▁verb ally , ▁with ▁no ▁hand ▁gesture . ▁The ▁u mp ire ▁also ▁has ▁the
▁option ▁of ▁not ▁saying ▁anything ▁on ▁a ▁ball . ▁It ▁is ▁understood ▁that ▁when ▁he ▁stands ▁up , ▁the ▁pitch ▁was ▁not ▁a ▁strike . ▁F oul ▁balls ▁are ▁called ▁by ▁extending ▁both ▁arms ▁up ▁in ▁the ▁air ▁with ▁a ▁ver bal ▁call ▁of ▁" f oul ▁ball ", ▁while ▁fair ▁balls ▁are ▁indicated ▁only ▁by ▁pointing ▁towards ▁fair ▁territory ▁with ▁no ▁ver bal ▁call . ▁No ▁signal ▁is ▁given ▁for ▁balls ▁that ▁are ▁obviously ▁foul ▁and ▁for ▁closer ▁calls ▁that ▁are ▁not ▁border line ; ▁a ▁mere ▁acknowled g ement ▁signal ▁is ▁given . ▁ ▁All ▁decisions ▁made ▁by ▁the ▁u mp ire ( s ) ▁are ▁considered ▁to ▁be ▁final . ▁Only ▁decisions ▁where ▁a ▁rule ▁might ▁have ▁been ▁mis interpret ed ▁are ▁considered ▁to ▁be ▁protest able . ▁At ▁some ▁tour naments ▁there ▁might ▁be ▁a ▁rules ▁inter preter ▁or ▁Tour nament ▁Chief ▁U mp ire ▁( TC U ) ▁( also ▁known ▁as ▁the ▁U mp ire ▁In ▁Chief , ▁or ▁U IC ) ▁available ▁to ▁pass ▁judgment ▁on ▁such ▁protests , ▁but ▁it ▁is ▁usually ▁up ▁to ▁the ▁league ▁or ▁association ▁involved ▁to ▁decide ▁if ▁the ▁protest ▁would ▁be ▁up held . ▁Pro tests ▁are ▁never ▁allowed ▁on ▁what ▁are ▁considered ▁" jud g ment ▁calls " ▁– ▁balls , ▁strikes , ▁and ▁foul s . ▁ ▁Game play ▁A ▁soft ball ▁game ▁can ▁last ▁anywhere ▁from ▁ 3 ▁to ▁ 7 ▁inn ings , ▁or ▁ 1 – 2 ▁hours ▁depending ▁on ▁the ▁league , ▁rules ,
▁and ▁type ▁of ▁soft ball . ▁The ▁teams ▁take ▁turns ▁batt ing . ▁Off ic ially , ▁which ▁team ▁b ats ▁first ▁is ▁decided ▁by ▁a ▁coin ▁toss , ▁although ▁a ▁league ▁may ▁decide ▁otherwise ▁at ▁its ▁discret ion . ▁The ▁most ▁common ▁rule ▁is ▁that ▁the ▁home ▁team ▁b ats ▁second . ▁B atting ▁second ▁is ▁also ▁called ▁" last ▁at - bat ". ▁Many ▁soft ball ▁players ▁prefer ▁to ▁bat ▁second ▁because ▁they ▁feel ▁they ▁have ▁more ▁control ▁in ▁the ▁last ▁in ning , ▁since ▁they ▁have ▁the ▁last ▁at - bat . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁event ▁of ▁a ▁tie , ▁extra ▁inn ings ▁are ▁usually ▁played ▁until ▁the ▁tie ▁is ▁broken ▁except ▁in ▁certain ▁tour naments ▁and ▁championship s . ▁If ▁the ▁home ▁team ▁is ▁leading ▁and ▁the ▁road ▁team ▁has ▁just ▁finished ▁its ▁half ▁of ▁the ▁seventh ▁in ning , ▁the ▁game ▁ends ▁because ▁it ▁is ▁not ▁necessary ▁for ▁the ▁home ▁team ▁to ▁bat ▁again . ▁In ▁all ▁forms ▁of ▁soft ball , ▁the ▁defensive ▁team ▁is ▁the ▁field ing ▁team ; ▁the ▁offensive ▁team ▁is ▁at ▁bat ▁or ▁batt ing ▁and ▁is ▁trying ▁to ▁score ▁runs . ▁ ▁P itch ing ▁Play ▁often , ▁but ▁not ▁always , ▁begins ▁with ▁the ▁u mp ire ▁saying ▁" Play ▁Ball ". ▁After ▁the ▁batter ▁is ▁ready ▁and ▁all ▁field ers ▁( except ▁the ▁catch er ) ▁are ▁in ▁fair ▁territory ▁at ▁their ▁respective ▁positions , ▁the ▁pitch er ▁stands ▁at ▁the ▁pitch ing ▁plate ▁and ▁attempts ▁to ▁throw ▁the ▁ball
▁past ▁the ▁batter ▁to ▁the ▁catch er ▁behind ▁home ▁plate . ▁The ▁throw , ▁or ▁pitch , ▁must ▁be ▁made ▁with ▁an ▁under hand ▁motion . ▁ ▁The ▁pitch er ▁throws ▁the ▁ball ▁in ▁or ▁around ▁the ▁" st rike ▁zone ". ▁However , ▁in ▁advanced ▁play ▁pitch er ▁and ▁catch er ▁play ▁a ▁psychological ▁game ▁trying ▁to ▁get ▁the ▁batter ▁to ▁guess ▁where ▁the ▁next ▁pitch ▁is ▁going ▁and ▁if ▁it ▁will ▁be ▁a ▁strike . ▁In ▁other ▁instances , ▁such ▁as ▁when ▁an ▁extremely ▁powerful ▁hit ter ▁comes ▁up ▁to ▁bat ▁and ▁they ▁are ▁followed ▁by ▁a ▁we aker ▁hit ter , ▁a ▁pitch er ▁may ▁deliberately ▁walk ▁the ▁first ▁batter ▁based ▁on ▁the ▁calculation ▁that ▁the ▁next ▁batter ▁will ▁be ▁an ▁easy ▁out . ▁The ▁strike ▁zone ▁is ▁slightly ▁different ▁in ▁different ▁forms ▁of ▁soft ball . ▁A ▁pitch ▁that ▁passes ▁through ▁that ▁zone ▁is ▁a ▁" st rike ". ▁A ▁pitch ▁that ▁the ▁batter ▁sw ings ▁at ▁is ▁also ▁a ▁strike , ▁as ▁is ▁any ▁hit ▁ball ▁that ▁lands ▁in ▁foul ▁territory ▁that ▁is ▁not ▁caught ▁out . ▁ ▁A ▁pitch ▁which ▁is ▁not ▁a ▁strike ▁and ▁which ▁the ▁batter ▁does ▁not ▁swing ▁at ▁is ▁known ▁as ▁a ▁" ball ". ▁The ▁number ▁of ▁balls ▁and ▁strikes ▁is ▁called ▁the ▁" count ". ▁The ▁number ▁of ▁balls ▁is ▁always ▁given ▁first , ▁as ▁ 2 ▁and ▁ 1 , ▁ 2 ▁and ▁ 2 , ▁and ▁so ▁on . ▁A ▁count ▁of ▁ 3 ▁and ▁ 2 ▁is ▁a
▁" full ▁count ", ▁since ▁the ▁next ▁ball ▁or ▁strike ▁will ▁end ▁the ▁batter ' s ▁turn ▁at ▁the ▁plate , ▁unless ▁the ▁ball ▁goes ▁foul . ▁ ▁Slow ▁pitch ▁and ▁ 1 6 ▁inch ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 6 - inch ▁soft ball , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁varieties ▁of ▁slow ▁pitch , ▁the ▁pitch ▁is ▁lob bed ▁so ▁that ▁the ▁ball ▁r ises ▁above ▁the ▁batter ' s ▁head ▁and ▁lands ▁on ▁a ▁small ▁rect angular ▁area ▁on ▁the ▁ground ▁behind ▁the ▁plate . ▁These ▁restrictions ▁make ▁it ▁much ▁easier ▁to ▁put ▁the ▁ball ▁into ▁play ▁and ▁extremely ▁difficult ▁to ▁use ▁pitch ing ▁as ▁a ▁defensive ▁strategy , ▁as ▁the ▁physics ▁of ▁project ile ▁motion ▁limit ▁how ▁fast ▁a ▁ball ▁can ▁be ▁thrown ▁under ▁such ▁conditions ▁and ▁still ▁be ▁called ▁a ▁strike ▁to ▁a ▁speed ▁much ▁slower ▁than ▁a ▁tradition ally ▁thrown ▁ball . ▁U mp ires ▁will ▁make ▁calls ▁based ▁on ▁where ▁the ▁ball ▁lands ▁behind ▁the ▁plate . ▁A ▁pitch ▁in ▁" the ▁well " ▁( p ict ured ) ▁is ▁considered ▁a ▁perfect ▁pitch . ▁In ▁other ▁varieties ▁of ▁slow ▁pitch ▁( s ometimes ▁known ▁as ▁" modified "), ▁the ▁only ▁restriction ▁is ▁that ▁the ▁wind mill ▁cannot ▁be ▁used ; ▁thus ▁the ▁pitch ing ▁arm ▁cannot ▁be ▁raised ▁above ▁the ▁shoulder ▁and ▁both ▁the ▁wind - up ▁and ▁the ▁release ▁must ▁be ▁under hand , ▁still ▁allowing ▁for ▁moderate ▁speed ▁and ▁control ▁in ▁pitch ing . ▁ ▁Fast ▁pitch ▁ ▁For ▁fast ▁pitch ▁soft ball
, ▁the ▁traditional ▁pitch ing ▁style ▁is ▁a ▁" wind mill " ▁motion , ▁extending ▁the ▁arm ▁over ▁the ▁body ▁and ▁releasing ▁the ▁ball ▁at ▁about ▁hip ▁level ▁at ▁maximum ▁speeds . ▁Stre ngth ▁acquired ▁in ▁the ▁under hand ▁wind mill ▁motion ▁is ▁based ▁from ▁the ▁open ▁to ▁close ▁hip ▁motion . ▁Without ▁correct ▁form ▁and ▁hip ▁movement , ▁pit ches ▁can ▁be ▁in accur ate ▁and ▁can ▁lose ▁strength ▁and ▁speed . ▁In ▁girls ' ▁fast ▁pitch , ▁ 1 2 U ▁up ▁to ▁ 1 8 U ▁level ▁can ▁throw ▁between ▁ 3 0   m ph ▁and ▁ 6 5   m ph , ▁or ▁more . ▁Speed ▁is ▁not ▁always ▁the ▁most ▁important ▁factor ▁in ▁fast ▁pitch ▁soft ball . ▁P itch ers ▁can ▁throw ▁balls ▁that ▁curve ▁in wards ▁( sc rew ball ) ▁and ▁out wards ▁( cur ve ball ) ▁on ▁right - handed ▁bat ters . ▁Cur ves ▁may ▁be ▁thrown ▁on ▁the ▁outside ▁or ▁off ▁of ▁the ▁plate ▁or ▁inside ▁off ▁the ▁plate ▁moving ▁into ▁the ▁strike ▁zone . ▁There ▁are ▁also ▁rise ball s ▁that ▁break ▁up wards ▁frequently ▁starting ▁in ▁the ▁strike ▁zone ▁and ▁ending ▁above ▁it . ▁R ise ball s ▁may ▁be ▁thrown ▁low ▁in ▁the ▁zone ▁and ▁move ▁higher ▁in ▁the ▁zone ▁or ▁even ▁below ▁the ▁zone ▁and ▁move ▁into ▁it . ▁Drop ▁balls ▁and ▁drop ▁curves ▁( to ▁cause ▁the ▁batter ▁to ▁miss ▁or ▁hit ▁ground ball s ; ▁this ▁is ▁important ▁at ▁the ▁higher ▁levels ▁where ▁strike
outs ▁occur ▁less ▁often ). ▁The ▁other ▁common ▁pit ches ▁are ▁change - up ▁and ▁fast ball s . ▁A ▁change ▁of ▁pace ▁( off - speed ) ▁is ▁also ▁very ▁important , ▁good ▁pitch ers ▁will ▁be ▁able ▁to ▁throw ▁all ▁their ▁pit ches ▁at ▁varying ▁speeds ▁and ▁possibly ▁even ▁different ▁pitch ing ▁mot ions . ▁P itch ers ▁use ▁de ception ▁as ▁a ▁primary ▁tact ic ▁for ▁getting ▁bat ters ▁out ▁as ▁the ▁reaction ▁times ▁are ▁approximately ▁half ▁a ▁second ▁or ▁less . ▁ ▁There ▁is ▁also ▁an ▁illegal ▁form ▁of ▁pitch ing ▁known ▁as ▁" c row - hop ping ". ▁A ▁" c row ▁hop " ▁occurs ▁when ▁the ▁pitch er ▁p ushes ▁with ▁the ▁p ivot ▁foot ▁from ▁somewhere ▁other ▁than ▁the ▁pitch ing ▁plate . ▁This ▁often ▁involves ▁jumping ▁from ▁the ▁pitch ing ▁plate ▁and ▁repl ant ing ▁somewhere ▁in ▁front ▁of ▁the ▁pitch ing ▁plate . ▁The ▁u mp ire ▁sticks ▁his ▁left ▁arm ▁out ▁straight ▁to ▁the ▁side ▁and ▁cl en ches ▁his ▁fist . ▁This ▁results ▁in ▁a ▁ball ▁being ▁awarded ▁to ▁the ▁batter , ▁and ▁any ▁run ners ▁on ▁base ▁adv ancing ▁to ▁the ▁next ▁base . ▁If ▁the ▁batter ▁sw ings ▁at ▁the ▁pitch ▁that ▁is ▁deemed ▁illegal ▁and ▁puts ▁the ▁ball ▁in ▁play , ▁the ▁defense ▁is ▁given ▁the ▁option ▁to ▁accept ▁the ▁results ▁of ▁the ▁play ▁or ▁accept ▁the ▁penalty ▁listed ▁previously . ▁Image ▁to ▁the ▁right ▁demonstr ates ▁a ▁legal ▁pitch ▁as ▁the ▁push - off ▁foot ▁has ▁not
▁left ▁the ▁ground . ▁The ▁ball ▁must ▁be ▁released ▁simultaneously ▁with ▁the ▁lead ▁leg ▁step . ▁ ▁At ▁higher ▁levels ▁of ▁play , ▁pitch ers ▁aim ▁for ▁the ▁inner ▁and ▁outer ▁corners ▁of ▁the ▁plate ▁when ▁throwing ▁fast ball s ▁and ▁moving ▁pit ches . ▁P itch ers ▁also ▁vary ▁the ▁location ▁of ▁the ▁pitch ▁by ▁height ▁to ▁make ▁hitting ▁the ▁ball ▁even ▁harder ▁for ▁the ▁individual ▁up ▁at ▁bat . ▁Similarly , ▁both ▁the ▁drop ball ▁and ▁the ▁rise ball ▁are ▁pit ches ▁that ▁change ▁he ights . ▁To ▁the ▁batter , ▁the ▁drop ball ▁appears ▁to ▁be ▁coming ▁in ▁level ▁but ▁then ▁as ▁the ▁ball ▁reaches ▁the ▁plate , ▁the ▁pitch ▁drops , ▁trying ▁to ▁force ▁the ▁batter ▁to ▁hit ▁the ▁top ▁of ▁the ▁ball . ▁This ▁should ▁result ▁in ▁the ▁batter ▁missing ▁or ▁hitting ▁a ▁ground ball . ▁When ▁pitch ers ▁throw ▁rise ball s , ▁bat ters ▁see ▁the ▁ball ▁coming ▁in ▁straight , ▁but ▁as ▁the ▁ball ▁approaches ▁the ▁plate , ▁it ▁r ises . ▁F requ ently ▁the ▁purpose ▁of ▁the ▁rise ball ▁is ▁to ▁have ▁the ▁batter ▁attempt ▁to ▁chase ▁a ▁ball ▁which ▁ends ▁up ▁out ▁of ▁the ▁strike ▁zone ▁and ▁is ▁either ▁missed ▁entirely ▁or ▁hit ▁as ▁an ▁easy ▁pop - fly . ▁ ▁Another ▁pitch ▁that ▁breaks ▁at ▁the ▁last ▁minute ▁is ▁the ▁curve ball . ▁When ▁pitch ers ▁throw ▁curve ball s ▁they ▁snap ▁their ▁wrist ▁and ▁follow ▁their ▁arm ▁across ▁their ▁body , ▁making ▁the ▁ball ▁curve ▁to ▁the ▁outside ▁of ▁the
▁plate . ▁There ▁is ▁also ▁something ▁called ▁the ▁inside ▁curve ▁where ▁ball ▁start ▁off ▁the ▁plate ▁on ▁the ▁inside ▁and ▁curves ▁into ▁the ▁strike ▁zone . ▁The ▁inside ▁curve ▁is ▁frequently ▁thrown ▁at ▁the ▁bat ters ▁hands ▁so ▁as ▁to ▁jam ▁them ▁forcing ▁a ▁foul ▁hit . ▁P itch ers ▁can ▁also ▁make ▁the ▁ball ▁curve ▁or ▁screw ▁to ▁the ▁inside ▁of ▁the ▁plate . ▁The ▁one ▁pitch ▁that ▁dr astically ▁changes ▁speed ▁is ▁the ▁change ▁up , ▁disrupt ing ▁the ▁batter ' s ▁timing . ▁P itch ers ▁also ▁throw ▁kn uck le ▁balls ▁which ▁are ▁generally ▁slower ▁and ▁move ▁err atically . ▁ ▁P itches ▁may ▁reach ▁high ▁speeds : ▁At ▁the ▁ 1 9 9 6 ▁Summer ▁Olympics ▁one ▁pitch ▁reached ▁. ▁Male ▁pitch ing ▁can ▁reach ▁speeds ▁around ▁. ▁To ▁compare , ▁ML B ▁players ▁average ▁around ▁ 9 0   m ph ▁but ▁can ▁reach ▁speeds ▁up ▁to ▁ 1 0 0   m ph . ▁ ▁There ▁are ▁various ▁types ▁of ▁pit ches . ▁Some ▁are : ▁the ▁fast ball , ▁change up , ▁drop ball , ▁rise ball , ▁screw ball , ▁curve ball , ▁drop cur ve , ▁drop change . ▁ ▁Bat ters ▁ ▁The ▁offensive ▁team ▁sends ▁one ▁" b atter " ▁at ▁a ▁time ▁to ▁home ▁plate ▁to ▁use ▁the ▁bat ▁to ▁try ▁to ▁hit ▁the ▁pitch ▁forward ▁into ▁fair ▁territory . ▁The ▁order ▁the ▁players ▁bat ▁in , ▁known ▁as ▁the ▁" b atting ▁order ", ▁must ▁stay ▁the ▁same ▁throughout
▁the ▁game . ▁Sub st itutes ▁and ▁repl ac ements ▁must ▁bat ▁in ▁the ▁same ▁position ▁as ▁the ▁player ▁they ▁are ▁replacing . ▁In ▁co - ed , ▁male ▁and ▁female ▁bat ters ▁must ▁alternate . ▁ ▁The ▁batter ▁stands ▁facing ▁the ▁pitch er ▁inside ▁a ▁" b atter ' s ▁box " ▁( there ▁is ▁one ▁on ▁each ▁side ▁of ▁the ▁plate ▁to ▁compens ate ▁for ▁either ▁right ▁or ▁left ▁handed ▁bat ters ). ▁The ▁bat ▁is ▁held ▁with ▁both ▁hands , ▁over ▁the ▁shoulder , ▁and ▁away ▁from ▁the ▁pitch er ▁( 9 0 ▁degree ▁angle ). ▁The ▁ball ▁is ▁usually ▁hit ▁with ▁a ▁full ▁swing ing ▁motion ▁in ▁which ▁the ▁bat ▁may ▁move ▁through ▁more ▁than ▁ 3 6 0 ▁degrees . ▁The ▁batter ▁usually ▁steps ▁forward ▁with ▁the ▁front ▁foot , ▁the ▁body ▁weight ▁shifts ▁forward , ▁as ▁the ▁batter ▁simultaneously ▁sw ings ▁the ▁bat . ▁A ▁b unt ▁is ▁another ▁form ▁of ▁batt ing . ▁There ▁are ▁different ▁types , ▁including ▁a ▁sacrifice ▁b unt , ▁or ▁sl ap ▁b unt . ▁There ▁is ▁also ▁regular ▁sl apping ▁in ▁which ▁a ▁batter ▁takes ▁position ▁on ▁the ▁left ▁side ▁of ▁the ▁plate ▁and ▁usually ▁stands ▁in ▁the ▁back ▁of ▁the ▁box , ▁but ▁it ▁is ▁possible ▁form ▁anywhere . ▁The ▁batter ▁takes ▁a ▁step ▁back ▁with ▁their ▁leading ▁foot ▁as ▁the ▁pitch er ▁is ▁in ▁the ▁middle ▁of ▁the ▁wind up , ▁cross es ▁over ▁with ▁their ▁back ▁foot ▁and ▁runs ▁toward ▁first ▁base ▁while ▁they ▁swing . ▁There
▁are ▁many ▁different ▁types ▁of ▁sl apping ▁and ▁they ▁all ▁vary ▁depending ▁on ▁the ▁batter ▁and ▁their ▁strengths . ▁There ▁are ▁half ▁swing ▁sl aps , ▁fake ▁sl aps , ▁and ▁full ▁swing ▁sl aps . ▁Each ▁type ▁of ▁sl ap ▁has ▁a ▁different ▁purpose ▁or ▁goal . ▁No ▁matter ▁what ▁way ▁the ▁batter ▁hits ▁the ▁ball , ▁they ▁must ▁be ▁inside ▁the ▁batter ' s ▁box ▁when ▁the ▁bat ▁makes ▁contact ▁with ▁the ▁ball . ▁If ▁the ▁batter ▁steps ▁out ▁of ▁the ▁box ▁while ▁swing ing , ▁the ▁batter ▁is ▁out . ▁ ▁Once ▁the ▁ball ▁is ▁hit ▁into ▁fair ▁territory ▁the ▁runner ▁must ▁try ▁to ▁advance ▁to ▁first ▁base ▁or ▁beyond . ▁While ▁running ▁to ▁first ▁base , ▁the ▁batter ▁is ▁a ▁" b atter - runner ". ▁When ▁she ▁safely ▁reaches ▁first ▁( see ▁below ) ▁she ▁becomes ▁a ▁" base - runner " ▁or ▁" runner ". ▁ ▁A ▁batt ed ▁ball ▁hit ▁high ▁in ▁the ▁air ▁is ▁a ▁" fly ▁ball ". ▁A ▁fly ▁ball ▁hit ▁upward ▁at ▁an ▁angle ▁greater ▁than ▁ 4 5 ▁degrees ▁is ▁a ▁" pop ▁fly ". ▁A ▁batt ed ▁ball ▁driven ▁in ▁the ▁air ▁through ▁the ▁in field ▁at ▁a ▁height ▁at ▁which ▁an ▁inf iel der ▁could ▁play ▁it ▁if ▁in ▁the ▁right ▁position ▁is ▁a ▁" line ▁drive ". ▁A ▁batt ed ▁ball ▁which ▁hits ▁the ▁ground ▁within ▁the ▁diamond ▁is ▁a ▁" ground ▁ball ". ▁If ▁a ▁batt ed ▁ball ▁hits ▁a ▁player ▁or ▁a ▁base , ▁it ▁is
▁considered ▁to ▁have ▁hit ▁the ▁ground . ▁ ▁A ▁batter ▁can ▁also ▁advance ▁to ▁first ▁if ▁hit ▁by ▁the ▁pitch . ▁If ▁a ▁batter ▁is ▁hit ▁by ▁the ▁pitch ▁it ▁is ▁a ▁dead ▁ball ▁and ▁she ▁is ▁reward ed ▁first ▁base . ▁She ▁must ▁make ▁an ▁attempt ▁to ▁get ▁out ▁of ▁the ▁way ▁and ▁it ▁is ▁the ▁u mp ire ' s ▁judgment al ▁call ▁whether ▁the ▁batter ▁attempted ▁to ▁move . ▁If ▁he ▁feels ▁the ▁batter ▁could ▁have ▁moved ▁and ▁avoided ▁getting ▁hit ▁he ▁or ▁she ▁will ▁not ▁reward ▁the ▁batter ▁first ▁base ▁and ▁the ▁pitch ▁will ▁be ▁recorded ▁as ▁a ▁ball . ▁ ▁Getting ▁the ▁batter ▁out ▁ ▁The ▁batter ▁is ▁out ▁if : ▁three ▁strikes ▁are ▁called ▁( a ▁" st rike out "); ▁a ▁ball ▁hit ▁by ▁the ▁batter ▁is ▁caught ▁before ▁touching ▁the ▁ground ▁( a ▁" fly out "); ▁the ▁batter ▁goes ▁to ▁a ▁base ▁that ▁is ▁already ▁tag ged ▁(" tag ged " ▁or ▁" tag ▁play "); ▁a ▁f iel der ▁holding ▁the ▁ball ▁touches ▁a ▁base ▁which ▁is ▁the ▁only ▁base ▁towards ▁which ▁the ▁batter ▁may ▁run ▁before ▁the ▁batter ▁arrives ▁there ▁( a ▁" force ▁out " ▁or ▁" force ▁play "); ▁or ▁in ▁certain ▁special ▁circumstances . ▁There ▁is ▁also ▁a ▁not ▁so ▁common ▁occur rence ▁when ▁the ▁batter ▁has ▁ 2 ▁strikes ▁and ▁sw ings ▁at ▁strike ▁three . ▁If ▁the ▁catch er ▁doesn ' t ▁catch ▁the ▁ball , ▁the ▁batter ▁has ▁the ▁chance ▁to ▁run ▁to ▁first ▁base ▁and
▁the ▁catch er ▁can ▁throw ▁the ▁batter ▁out ▁at ▁first ▁base . ▁ ▁Adv ancing ▁around ▁the ▁bases ▁ ▁If ▁the ▁player ▁hits ▁the ▁ball ▁and ▁advances ▁to ▁a ▁base ▁without ▁a ▁field ing ▁error ▁or ▁an ▁out ▁being ▁recorded , ▁then ▁that ▁is ▁called ▁a ▁" base ▁hit ". ▁The ▁bases ▁must ▁be ▁reached ▁in ▁order ▁counter clock wise , ▁starting ▁with ▁first ▁base . ▁After ▁hitting ▁the ▁ball ▁the ▁batter ▁may ▁advance ▁as ▁many ▁bases ▁as ▁possible . ▁An ▁advance ▁to ▁first ▁base ▁on ▁the ▁one ▁hit ▁is ▁a ▁" single ", ▁to ▁second ▁base ▁is ▁a ▁" double ", ▁to ▁third ▁base ▁is ▁a ▁" tri ple ", ▁and ▁to ▁home ▁plate ▁is ▁a ▁" home ▁run ". ▁Home ▁runs ▁are ▁usually ▁scored ▁by ▁hitting ▁the ▁ball ▁over ▁the ▁out field ▁fence , ▁but ▁may ▁be ▁scored ▁on ▁a ▁hit ▁which ▁does ▁not ▁go ▁over ▁the ▁fence . ▁A ▁home ▁run ▁includes ▁any ▁ball ▁that ▁b oun ces ▁off ▁a ▁f iel der ▁and ▁goes ▁over ▁the ▁fence ▁in ▁fair - ter rit ory ▁( depend ing ▁upon ▁association ▁and ▁local ▁league ▁rules ) ▁or ▁that ▁hits ▁the ▁foul ▁pole . ▁If ▁a ▁batt ed ▁ball ▁b oun ces ▁off ▁a ▁f iel der ▁( in ▁fair ▁territory ) ▁and ▁goes ▁over ▁the ▁fence ▁in ▁foul ▁territory , ▁or ▁if ▁it ▁goes ▁over ▁the ▁fence ▁at ▁a ▁location ▁that ▁is ▁closer ▁than ▁the ▁official ▁distance , ▁the ▁batter ▁is ▁awarded ▁a ▁double ▁instead . ▁ ▁If ▁a ▁runner ▁becomes ▁entitled
▁to ▁the ▁base ▁where ▁another ▁runner ▁is ▁standing , ▁the ▁latter ▁runner ▁must ▁advance ▁to ▁the ▁next ▁base . ▁For ▁example , ▁if ▁a ▁player ▁hits ▁the ▁ball ▁and ▁there ▁is ▁a ▁runner ▁on ▁first , ▁the ▁runner ▁on ▁first ▁must ▁try ▁to ▁advance ▁to ▁second ▁because ▁the ▁batter - runner ▁is ▁entitled ▁to ▁first ▁base . ▁If ▁the ▁batter ▁reaches ▁first ▁base ▁without ▁being ▁put ▁out , ▁then ▁that ▁player ▁can ▁then ▁be ▁forced ▁to ▁run ▁towards ▁second ▁base ▁the ▁next ▁time ▁a ▁ball ▁is ▁driven ▁into ▁fair ▁territory . ▁That ▁is ▁because ▁the ▁player ▁must ▁vac ate ▁first ▁base ▁to ▁allow ▁the ▁next ▁batter ▁to ▁reach ▁it , ▁and ▁consequ ently ▁can ▁only ▁go ▁to ▁second ▁base , ▁where ▁a ▁force ▁out ▁may ▁be ▁recorded . ▁ ▁R unn ers ▁may ▁advance ▁at ▁risk ▁to ▁be ▁put ▁out : ▁on ▁a ▁hit ▁by ▁another ▁player ; ▁after ▁a ▁fly ▁ball ▁has ▁been ▁caught , ▁provided ▁the ▁player ▁was ▁touching ▁a ▁base ▁at ▁the ▁time ▁the ▁ball ▁was ▁first ▁touched ▁or ▁after ; ▁or ▁( in ▁fast p itch ) ▁automatically , ▁when ▁a ▁pitch ▁is ▁delivered ▁il leg ally . ▁ ▁R unn ers ▁advance ▁without ▁liability ▁to ▁be ▁put ▁out : ▁when ▁a ▁walk ▁advances ▁another ▁player ▁to ▁the ▁runner ' s ▁current ▁base ; ▁or ▁automatically ▁in ▁certain ▁special ▁circumstances ▁described ▁below . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁recent ▁years , ▁the ▁NC AA ▁rules ▁changed ▁when ▁concerning ▁the ▁bat ters ▁feet ▁while ▁in ▁the ▁box . ▁The ▁rule ▁now ▁states
▁that ▁as ▁long ▁as ▁any ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁batter ' s ▁foot ▁is ▁in ▁the ▁box ▁the ▁ball ▁will ▁stay ▁live . ▁It ▁is ▁not ▁until ▁the ▁batter ' s ▁entire ▁foot ▁is ▁out ▁of ▁the ▁box , ▁that ▁the ▁play ▁will ▁be ▁declared ▁dead ▁and ▁the ▁batter ▁called ▁out . ▁The ▁SEC ▁( col lege ▁ball ), ▁however , ▁claims ▁that ▁if ▁any ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁batter ' s ▁foot ▁is ▁out ▁of ▁the ▁box ▁when ▁she ▁makes ▁contact , ▁she ▁is ▁out ▁and ▁the ▁play ▁is ▁dead . ▁ ▁Special ▁circumstances ▁If ▁there ▁is ▁a ▁" w ild ▁throw " ▁( or ▁" over throw ") ▁in ▁which ▁the ▁ball ▁goes ▁out ▁of ▁the ▁designated ▁play ▁area , ▁each ▁runner ▁is ▁awarded ▁two ▁bases ▁from ▁the ▁last ▁base ▁touched ▁at ▁the ▁time ▁of ▁the ▁throw . ▁Ret reat ing ▁past ▁a ▁made ▁base , ▁neg ates ▁the ▁advance ▁to ▁that ▁base . ▁If ▁a ▁f iel der ▁intention ally ▁carries ▁a ▁ball ▁out ▁of ▁play , ▁two ▁bases ▁are ▁awarded ▁from ▁the ▁time ▁the ▁ball ▁leaves ▁the ▁field ▁of ▁play . ▁If ▁this ▁is ▁un intent ional ▁( f iel der ' s ▁momentum ), ▁the ▁award ▁is ▁one ▁base . ▁If ▁on ▁a ▁tag ▁play , ▁the ▁f iel der ▁los es ▁control ▁( after ▁establishing ▁control ) ▁of ▁the ▁ball ▁and ▁it ▁leaves ▁the ▁field ▁of ▁play , ▁one ▁base ▁is ▁awarded . ▁ ▁If ▁there ▁is ▁a ▁" w ild ▁pitch " ▁in ▁which ▁the ▁ball ▁goes ▁out
▁of ▁the ▁designated ▁play ▁area , ▁each ▁runner ▁is ▁awarded ▁one ▁base ▁from ▁the ▁base ▁occupied ▁at ▁the ▁time ▁of ▁the ▁pitch . ▁ ▁In ▁fast p itch , ▁run ners ▁may ▁try ▁to ▁steal ▁bases ▁by ▁running ▁to ▁the ▁next ▁base ▁on ▁the ▁pitch ▁and ▁reaching ▁it ▁before ▁being ▁tag ged ▁with ▁the ▁ball . ▁The ▁point ▁at ▁which ▁a ▁runner ▁can ▁steal ▁a ▁base ▁varies . ▁In ▁fast p itch , ▁the ▁runner ▁is ▁allowed ▁to ▁begin ▁ste aling ▁a ▁base ▁when ▁the ▁ball ▁is ▁released ▁from ▁the ▁" wind mill " ▁pitch ing ▁motion , ▁but ▁until ▁recently , ▁ste aling ▁was ▁for bidden ▁in ▁slow ▁pitch ▁because ▁a ▁runner ▁has ▁the ▁opportunity ▁to ▁get ▁a ▁larger ▁head ▁start ▁while ▁the ▁slow ▁pitch ▁is ▁making ▁its ▁way ▁to ▁the ▁batter . ▁As ▁a ▁result ▁of ▁rule ▁changes ▁initiated ▁by ▁the ▁Independent ▁Soft ball ▁Association ▁which ▁later ▁made ▁its ▁way ▁to ▁the ▁Am ateur ▁Soft ball ▁Association ▁and ▁the ▁International ▁Soft ball ▁Federation ▁in ▁the ▁ 2 1 st ▁century , ▁most ▁levels ▁of ▁slow ▁pitch ▁permit ▁ste aling ▁bases , ▁provided ▁the ▁runner ▁starts ▁when ▁the ▁ball ▁either ▁touches ▁the ▁ground ▁or ▁cross es ▁the ▁plate . ▁This ▁rule ▁encour ages ▁pitch ers ▁to ▁be ▁more ▁responsible ▁with ▁the ▁pitch ▁and ▁catch ers ▁to ▁play ▁defense , ▁as ▁balls ▁which ▁miss ▁the ▁catch er ▁are ▁now ▁grounds ▁to ▁have ▁stolen ▁bases . ▁ ▁No ▁matter ▁what ▁level ▁of ▁play , ▁all ▁bas er unn ers ▁must ▁keep ▁one ▁foot ▁on
▁a ▁base ▁until ▁the ▁pitch er ▁throws ▁the ▁ball ▁or ▁until ▁the ▁ball ▁cross es ▁the ▁front ▁edge ▁of ▁home ▁plate ▁( depend s ▁on ▁association ). ▁ ▁In ▁fast p itch , ▁if ▁the ▁catch er ▁drops ▁strike ▁three ▁( a ▁" pass ed ▁ball ") ▁with ▁less ▁than ▁two ▁outs , ▁the ▁batter ▁can ▁attempt ▁to ▁run ▁to ▁first ▁base ▁if ▁first ▁base ▁is ▁un occup ied . ▁The ▁catch er ▁must ▁then ▁attempt ▁to ▁throw ▁the ▁ball ▁to ▁first ▁base ▁ahead ▁of ▁the ▁runner . ▁If ▁he ▁or ▁she ▁cannot , ▁the ▁runner ▁is ▁safe . ▁With ▁two ▁outs , ▁the ▁batter ▁can ▁attempt ▁to ▁run ▁to ▁first ▁whether ▁or ▁not ▁it ▁is ▁already ▁occupied . ▁ ▁Dep ending ▁on ▁the ▁league ▁in ▁slow ▁pitch ▁only ▁a ▁foul ▁ball ▁with ▁two ▁strikes ▁on ▁the ▁batter ▁means ▁the ▁batter ▁is ▁out . ▁Ste aling ▁in ▁ 1 6 - inch ▁soft ball ▁is ▁severely ▁restricted , ▁as ▁a ▁runner ▁may ▁only ▁steal ▁the ▁base ▁in ▁front ▁of ▁them ▁if ▁it ▁is ▁open , ▁and ▁if ▁they ▁are ▁thrown ▁at , ▁à ▁la ▁pick off ▁move ▁or ▁snap ▁throw . ▁This ▁results ▁in ▁many ▁in exper i enced ▁players ▁being ▁thrown ▁or ▁dou bled ▁off ▁when ▁they ▁attempt ▁to ▁advance ▁on ▁a ▁wild ▁pick off ▁at ▁another ▁bas er un ner . ▁ ▁Sc oring ▁runs ▁A ▁" run " ▁is ▁scored ▁when ▁a ▁player ▁has ▁touched ▁all ▁four ▁bases ▁in ▁order , ▁proceed ing ▁counter clock wise ▁around ▁them . ▁They
▁need ▁not ▁be ▁touched ▁on ▁the ▁same ▁play ; ▁a ▁batter ▁may ▁remain ▁safely ▁on ▁a ▁base ▁while ▁play ▁proceed s ▁and ▁attempt ▁to ▁advance ▁on ▁a ▁later ▁play . ▁ ▁A ▁run ▁is ▁not ▁scored ▁if ▁the ▁last ▁out ▁is ▁a ▁force ▁out ▁or ▁occurs ▁during ▁the ▁same ▁play ▁that ▁the ▁runner ▁cross es ▁home ▁plate . ▁For ▁instance , ▁if ▁a ▁runner ▁is ▁on ▁third ▁base ▁prior ▁to ▁a ▁hit , ▁and ▁he ▁or ▁she ▁cross es ▁home ▁plate ▁after ▁an ▁out ▁is ▁made , ▁either ▁on ▁the ▁batter ▁or ▁another ▁runner , ▁the ▁run ▁is ▁not ▁counted . ▁ ▁End ing ▁the ▁game ▁The ▁team ▁with ▁the ▁most ▁runs ▁after ▁seven ▁inn ings ▁wins ▁the ▁game . ▁The ▁last ▁( bottom ) ▁half ▁of ▁the ▁seventh ▁in ning ▁or ▁any ▁remaining ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁seventh ▁in ning ▁is ▁not ▁played ▁if ▁the ▁team ▁batt ing ▁second ▁is ▁leading . ▁ ▁If ▁the ▁game ▁is ▁tied , ▁play ▁usually ▁continues ▁until ▁a ▁decision ▁is ▁reached , ▁by ▁using ▁the ▁international ▁tie - break er ▁rule ▁or ▁if ▁time ▁is ▁exp ired ▁the ▁score ▁would ▁be ▁just ▁tied . ▁Starting ▁in ▁the ▁top ▁of ▁the ▁last ▁in ning , ▁the ▁batt ing ▁team ▁starts ▁with ▁a ▁base - runner ▁on ▁second ▁base , ▁which ▁is ▁the ▁player ▁who ▁is ▁the ▁last ▁available ▁to ▁bat ▁( in ▁other ▁words , ▁the ▁batter ▁who ▁last ▁took ▁their ▁position ▁in ▁the ▁batter ' s ▁box ; ▁regardless ▁whether ▁they ▁were ▁the ▁last ▁out ▁or ▁another
▁runner ▁was ▁put ▁out ). ▁ ▁In ▁games ▁where ▁one ▁team ▁leads ▁by ▁a ▁large ▁margin , ▁the ▁run ▁ahead ▁rule ▁may ▁come ▁into ▁play ▁in ▁order ▁to ▁reduce ▁any ▁potential ▁embarrass ment ▁of ▁we aker ▁teams . ▁In ▁fast p itch ▁and ▁modified ▁pitch , ▁a ▁margin ▁of ▁ 1 5 ▁runs ▁after ▁ 3 ▁inn ings , ▁ 1 0 ▁after ▁ 4 , ▁or ▁ 7 ▁after ▁ 5 ▁is ▁sufficient ▁for ▁the ▁leading ▁team ▁to ▁be ▁declared ▁the ▁winner . ▁In ▁slow ▁pitch , ▁the ▁margin ▁is ▁ 2 0 ▁runs ▁after ▁ 4 ▁inn ings ▁or ▁ 1 5 ▁after ▁ 5 ▁inn ings . ▁In ▁the ▁NC AA , ▁the ▁required ▁margin ▁after ▁ 5 ▁inn ings ▁is ▁ 8 ▁runs . ▁The ▁mercy ▁rule ▁takes ▁effect ▁at ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁an ▁in ning . ▁Thus , ▁if ▁the ▁team ▁batt ing ▁first ▁is ▁ahead ▁by ▁enough ▁runs ▁for ▁the ▁rule ▁to ▁come ▁into ▁effect , ▁the ▁team ▁batt ing ▁second ▁has ▁their ▁half ▁of ▁the ▁in ning ▁to ▁narrow ▁the ▁margin . ▁ ▁A ▁game ▁may ▁be ▁lost ▁due ▁to ▁a ▁" for fe it ". ▁A ▁score ▁of ▁ 7 – 0 ▁for ▁the ▁team ▁not ▁at ▁fault ▁is ▁recorded ▁( gener ally ▁one ▁run ▁is ▁awarded ▁for ▁each ▁in ning ▁that ▁would ▁have ▁been ▁played ). ▁A ▁for fe it ▁may ▁be ▁called ▁due ▁to ▁any ▁of ▁these ▁circumstances : ▁if ▁a ▁team ▁does ▁not ▁show ▁up ▁to ▁play ; ▁if ▁one ▁side ▁ref
uses ▁to ▁continue ▁play ; ▁if ▁a ▁team ▁fails ▁to ▁resume ▁play ▁after ▁a ▁suspension ▁of ▁play ▁ends ; ▁if ▁a ▁team ▁uses ▁tactics ▁intended ▁to ▁unfair ly ▁delay ▁or ▁hast en ▁the ▁game ; ▁if ▁a ▁player ▁removed ▁from ▁the ▁game ▁does ▁not ▁leave ▁within ▁one ▁minute ▁of ▁being ▁instruct ed ▁to ▁do ▁so ; ▁if ▁a ▁player ▁that ▁cannot ▁play ▁enters ▁the ▁game ▁and ▁one ▁pitch ▁has ▁been ▁thrown ; ▁if ▁a ▁team ▁does ▁not ▁have , ▁for ▁whatever ▁reason , ▁enough ▁players ▁to ▁continue ; ▁or ▁if ▁after ▁warning ▁by ▁the ▁u mp ire , ▁a ▁player ▁continues ▁to ▁intention ally ▁break ▁the ▁rules ▁of ▁the ▁game . ▁This ▁last ▁rule ▁is ▁rarely ▁en forced ▁as ▁players ▁who ▁break ▁rules ▁after ▁being ▁warned ▁are ▁usually ▁removed . ▁ ▁The ▁plate ▁u mp ire ▁may ▁suspend ▁play ▁because ▁of ▁darkness ▁or ▁anything ▁that ▁puts ▁players ▁or ▁spect ators ▁in ▁danger . ▁If ▁five ▁inn ings ▁have ▁been ▁played , ▁the ▁game ▁is ▁recorded ▁as ▁it ▁stands . ▁This ▁includes ▁ties . ▁If ▁fewer ▁than ▁four ▁inn ings ▁have ▁been ▁played , ▁the ▁game ▁is ▁not ▁considered ▁a ▁" reg ulation " ▁game . ▁ ▁Games ▁that ▁are ▁not ▁regulation ▁or ▁are ▁regulation ▁ties ▁are ▁res umed ▁from ▁the ▁point ▁of ▁suspension . ▁If ▁it ▁is ▁a ▁championship ▁game , ▁it ▁is ▁re play ed ▁from ▁the ▁beginning . ▁Team ▁ro sters ▁may ▁be ▁changed . ▁ ▁Pos itions ▁There ▁are ▁nine ▁players ▁out ▁on ▁the ▁field ▁at ▁one ▁time ▁in ▁fast
p itch ▁soft ball ▁and ▁ 1 0 ▁players ▁in ▁slow - p itch ▁soft ball . ▁Although ▁the ▁pitch er ▁and ▁catch er ▁have ▁the ▁ball ▁the ▁most , ▁each ▁person ▁has ▁a ▁specific ▁job . ▁In ▁the ▁in field ▁there ▁is ▁the ▁pitch er , ▁catch er , ▁first ▁bas eman , ▁second ▁bas eman , ▁short stop , ▁and ▁third ▁bas eman . ▁In ▁the ▁out field ▁there ▁is ▁a ▁left ▁f iel der , ▁center ▁f iel der , ▁and ▁right ▁f iel der . ▁In ▁slow - p itch ▁soft ball ▁there ▁is ▁an ▁extra ▁out f iel der ▁in ▁the ▁out field , ▁who ▁is ▁specified ▁as ▁a ▁ro amer ▁or ▁ro ver . ▁Norm ally , ▁the ▁defensive ▁team ▁will ▁play ▁with ▁four ▁out field ers , ▁meaning ▁there ▁is ▁a ▁left ▁f iel der , ▁left - center ▁f iel der , ▁right - center ▁f iel der , ▁and ▁right ▁f iel der . ▁The ▁recent ▁trend ▁with ▁tournament ▁and ▁league ▁slow ▁pitch ▁soft ball ▁play ▁is ▁to ▁field ▁ 5 ▁in field ers ▁instead ▁of ▁ 4 ▁out field ers . ▁The ▁extra ▁inf iel der ▁is ▁commonly ▁placed ▁behind ▁the ▁pitch er ▁on ▁either ▁side ▁of ▁ 2 nd ▁base . ▁ ▁Design ated ▁player ▁ ▁In ▁fast p itch ▁soft ball , ▁it ▁is ▁common ▁for ▁teams ▁to ▁use ▁a ▁designated ▁player ▁in ▁the ▁line up ; ▁this ▁player , ▁which ▁functions ▁like ▁the ▁designated ▁hit ter ▁in ▁baseball , ▁hits
▁in ▁place ▁of ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁position ▁players ▁but ▁does ▁not ▁play ▁defense . ▁ ▁Unlike ▁a ▁designated ▁hit ter , ▁a ▁designated ▁player ▁can ▁also ▁become ▁a ▁temporary ▁defensive ▁substitute , ▁and ▁the ▁player ▁subst ituted ▁by ▁the ▁designated ▁player ▁can ▁return ▁to ▁their ▁original ▁position ▁at ▁a ▁later ▁point ▁in ▁the ▁game . ▁However , ▁the ▁only ▁player ▁that ▁can ▁be ▁subst ituted ▁as ▁an ▁offensive ▁replacement ▁( pin ch ▁runner ▁or ▁pin ch ▁hit ter ) ▁is ▁the ▁defensive ▁player ▁the ▁designated ▁player ▁originally ▁replaced , ▁known ▁as ▁the ▁" flex ". ▁ ▁At ▁any ▁time , ▁the ▁designated ▁player ▁can ▁be ▁subst ituted ▁back ▁into ▁the ▁line up ▁in ▁the ▁place ▁of ▁the ▁flex ▁player , ▁but ▁once ▁taken ▁out , ▁the ▁designated ▁player ▁cannot ▁take ▁the ▁place ▁of ▁any ▁other ▁player ▁in ▁the ▁line up . ▁ ▁P itch er ▁The ▁pitch er ▁is ▁the ▁individual ▁who ▁throws ▁the ▁ball ▁from ▁the ▁middle ▁of ▁the ▁diamond . ▁As ▁in ▁baseball , ▁fast p itch ▁soft ball ▁has ▁a ▁rubber ▁used ▁to ▁control ▁the ▁pitch ers ▁delivery . ▁A ▁pitch er ▁must ▁have ▁both ▁feet ▁on ▁the ▁rubber ▁at ▁the ▁start ▁of ▁their ▁delivery ▁but ▁neither ▁foot ▁is ▁on ▁the ▁rubber ▁when ▁the ▁ball ▁is ▁released . ▁In ▁baseball , ▁the ▁rubber ▁is ▁on ▁a ▁m ound ▁of ▁dirt ▁as ▁gravity ▁is ▁used ▁to ▁generate ▁speed . ▁In ▁soft ball , ▁the ▁pitch ers ▁throw ▁from ▁within ▁a ▁circle ▁and ▁the ▁rubber ▁in ▁the ▁circle ▁is ▁not ▁elev ated
. ▁The ▁circle ▁is ▁also ▁used ▁to ▁control ▁base ▁run ners . ▁When ▁the ▁pitch er ▁is ▁in ▁possession ▁of ▁the ▁ball ▁in ▁the ▁circle , ▁a ▁runner ▁who ▁has ▁passed ▁a ▁base ▁must ▁either ▁advance ▁or ▁return ▁to ▁the ▁base . ▁They ▁cannot ▁" b ait " ▁the ▁pitch er ▁to ▁throw ▁or ▁they ▁will ▁be ▁called ▁out . ▁The ▁pitch er ▁tries ▁to ▁throw ▁the ▁ball ▁in ▁the ▁strike ▁zone . ▁In ▁order ▁to ▁do ▁that , ▁they ▁start ▁while ▁having ▁the ▁ball ▁in ▁their ▁glo ve , ▁they ▁throw ▁their ▁arms ▁behind ▁their ▁hips , ▁they ▁shoot ▁for wards ▁with ▁their ▁leg , ▁which ▁is ▁on ▁the ▁same ▁side ▁as ▁their ▁glo ve , ▁and ▁leave ▁their ▁glo ve ▁hand ▁there ▁and ▁the ▁other ▁arm ▁goes ▁around ▁the ▁shoulder , ▁b ends ▁the ▁elbow , ▁and ▁turns ▁their ▁wrist ▁toward ▁the ▁ 3 rd ▁bas eman , ▁and ▁brings ▁their ▁arm ▁through ▁at ▁the ▁end , ▁f lic ks ▁their ▁wrist , ▁and ▁brings ▁the ▁arm ▁up , ▁with ▁the ▁hand ▁by ▁their ▁shoulder . ▁They ▁follow ▁through ▁with ▁their ▁legs ▁turning ▁their ▁pitch ing ▁stance ▁into ▁a ▁field ing ▁stance . ▁They ▁try ▁to ▁release ▁the ▁ball ▁when ▁they ▁go ▁past ▁their ▁hips . ▁ ▁In ▁soft ball , ▁the ▁pitch er ▁uses ▁an ▁under arm ▁motion ▁to ▁pitch ▁the ▁ball ▁towards ▁the ▁strike ▁zone . ▁As ▁soon ▁as ▁the ▁pitch er ▁makes ▁a ▁throw , ▁the ▁field ers ▁are ▁ready ▁to ▁field ▁balls ▁that ▁are ▁hit ▁in ▁the
▁middle ▁of ▁the ▁diamond . ▁P itch ers ▁usually ▁tend ▁to ▁be ▁tall , ▁very ▁flexible ▁and ▁have ▁good ▁upper ▁body ▁strength . ▁P itch ers ▁can ▁be ▁r ighth anded ▁or ▁le f th anded . ▁The ▁soft ball ▁pitch er ▁makes ▁a ▁wind mill ▁motion ▁while ▁throwing ▁under hand , ▁unlike ▁baseball ▁pitch ers ▁who ▁throw ▁over hand . ▁ ▁C atch er ▁The ▁catch er ▁is ▁normally ▁behind ▁home ▁plate ▁in ▁a ▁squ atted ▁position ▁( some ▁plays ▁may ▁require ▁the ▁catch er ▁to ▁stand ▁at ▁an ▁angle ▁for ▁intent ional ▁walks ). ▁At ▁the ▁plate ▁the ▁catch er ▁is ▁responsible ▁for ▁catching ▁pit ches , ▁keeping ▁mis p itched ▁balls ▁in ▁front ▁of ▁the ▁plate , ▁calling ▁pit ches ▁that ▁are ▁normally ▁done ▁through ▁hand ▁signals , ▁picking ▁off ▁run ners , ▁and ▁they ▁are ▁considered ▁the ▁leaders ▁of ▁the ▁field . ▁C atch ers ▁must ▁know ▁how ▁many ▁outs ▁there ▁are , ▁the ▁number ▁of ▁strikes ▁and ▁balls ▁on ▁the ▁batter ▁so ▁they ▁can ▁relay ▁that ▁to ▁their ▁team mates . ▁They ▁must ▁also ▁know ▁how ▁many ▁run ners ▁are ▁on ▁base ▁and ▁where ▁the ▁ball ▁should ▁be ▁thrown ▁next ▁in ▁the ▁following ▁play . ▁C atch ers ▁are ▁strong , ▁need ▁to ▁be ▁smart ▁and ▁quick ▁on ▁their ▁feet , ▁and ▁have ▁accurate ▁throws ▁so ▁they ▁can ▁pick ▁run ners ▁off ▁at ▁each ▁base . ▁ ▁C atch ers ▁should ▁be ▁able ▁to ▁have ▁strong ▁and ▁mus cular ▁legs ▁to ▁squ at ▁for ▁a ▁long ▁period ▁of
▁time . ▁ ▁The ▁gear ▁worn ▁by ▁a ▁catch er ▁protect s ▁them ▁from ▁balls ▁thrown ▁in ▁the ▁dirt ▁or ▁wild ▁pit ches . ▁The ▁catch er ▁is ▁allowed ▁to ▁take ▁off ▁his / her ▁mask ▁to ▁catch ▁a ▁pop ▁fly ▁or ▁to ▁watch ▁the ▁play . ▁ ▁First ▁bas eman ▁The ▁first ▁bas eman ▁is ▁the ▁position ▁to ▁the ▁left ▁side ▁of ▁the ▁diamond ▁when ▁facing ▁home ▁plate . ▁The ▁major ▁role ▁of ▁the ▁first ▁bas eman ▁is ▁to ▁receive ▁throws ▁from ▁other ▁defensive ▁players ▁in ▁order ▁to ▁get ▁a ▁force ▁play ▁at ▁first ▁base . ▁Another ▁role ▁they ▁play ▁is ▁to ▁make ▁field ing ▁plays ▁on ▁all ▁balls ▁hit ▁towards ▁first ▁base . ▁The ▁first ▁bas eman ▁is ▁usually ▁involved ▁in ▁every ▁play ▁that ▁occurs ▁on ▁the ▁field . ▁Individ uals ▁at ▁first ▁base ▁have ▁quick ▁hands ▁and ▁good ▁reach , ▁and ▁are ▁always ▁on ▁the ▁look out ▁to ▁catch ▁the ▁player ▁off ▁base . ▁They ▁are ▁also ▁generally ▁t aller ▁and ▁left - handed ▁throwing , ▁which ▁ ▁gives ▁them ▁an ▁extended ▁reach . ▁First ▁bas emen ▁however , ▁can ▁be ▁both ▁left ▁and ▁right ▁handed . ▁Just ▁like ▁the ▁catch er , ▁first ▁bas emen ▁may ▁wear ▁specific ▁first ▁base ▁mitt s , ▁usually ▁having ▁a ▁longer ▁web ▁allowing ▁them ▁to ▁reach ▁the ▁t aller ▁throws ▁over ▁their ▁head . ▁ ▁Second ▁bas eman ▁The ▁second ▁bas eman ▁plays ▁in ▁between ▁the ▁first ▁bas eman ▁and ▁second ▁base ▁itself , ▁usually ▁closer ▁to ▁second ▁base . ▁If ▁the ▁ball
▁is ▁hit ▁to ▁the ▁left ▁side ▁of ▁the ▁field , ▁the ▁second ▁bas eman ▁covers ▁second ▁base . ▁If ▁the ▁ball ▁is ▁hit ▁to ▁right - field ▁or ▁center ▁field , ▁they ▁become ▁the ▁cut - off ▁for ▁the ▁center ▁f iel der ▁or ▁the ▁right ▁f iel der ▁depending ▁who ▁the ▁ball ▁was ▁hit ▁to . ▁If ▁the ▁ball ▁is ▁hit ▁to ▁the ▁first ▁bas eman , ▁the ▁second ▁bas eman ▁then ▁is ▁responsible ▁for ▁covering ▁first . ▁If ▁the ▁ball ▁is ▁hit ▁to ▁the ▁second ▁bas eman , ▁they ▁either ▁throw ▁the ▁ball ▁to ▁second ▁if ▁there ▁was ▁already ▁a ▁player ▁on ▁first , ▁or ▁they ▁throw ▁to ▁first ▁if ▁there ▁was ▁nobody ▁on . ▁If ▁there ▁is ▁a ▁runner ▁on ▁first ▁and ▁the ▁person ▁up ▁to ▁bat ▁hits ▁the ▁ball ▁to ▁the ▁short stop ▁or ▁the ▁third ▁bas eman , ▁the ▁second ▁bas eman ▁is ▁in ▁charge ▁of ▁covering ▁second ▁to ▁receive ▁the ▁throw ▁from ▁the ▁short stop ▁or ▁third ▁bas eman . ▁Then , ▁depending ▁where ▁the ▁runner ▁is ▁between ▁home ▁and ▁first , ▁the ▁second ▁bas eman ▁makes ▁the ▁decision ▁to ▁throw ▁the ▁ball ▁to ▁first ▁or ▁to ▁hold ▁the ▁ball . ▁Also , ▁in ▁the ▁case ▁of ▁a ▁b unt , ▁the ▁second ▁bas eman ▁must ▁cover ▁first ▁as ▁the ▁first ▁bas eman ▁runs ▁to ▁get ▁the ▁ball ▁from ▁the ▁b unt , ▁then ▁it ▁is ▁often ▁thrown ▁back ▁to ▁first ▁base . ▁ ▁Short stop ▁The ▁short stop ▁fields ▁all ▁balls ▁hit ▁to ▁the ▁in field
▁between ▁the ▁second ▁and ▁third ▁bases . ▁This ▁individual ▁also ▁helps ▁cover ▁second ▁and ▁third ▁bases , ▁is ▁frequently ▁involved ▁in ▁force ▁plays ▁and ▁double ▁plays , ▁and ▁often ▁throws ▁the ▁ball ▁to ▁the ▁catch er ▁to ▁throw ▁out ▁run ners ▁at ▁home ▁plate . ▁On ▁ste als ▁to ▁second ▁base ▁( when ▁the ▁runner ▁from ▁first ▁is ▁adv ancing ▁to ▁second ▁on ▁the ▁pitch ) ▁the ▁short stop ▁usually ▁covers . ▁The ▁short stop ▁doesn ' t ▁cover ▁second ▁base ▁only ▁when ▁a ▁right ▁handed ▁batter ▁is ▁up . ▁In ▁this ▁case , ▁the ▁second ▁bas eman ▁covers ▁the ▁steal . ▁Most ▁short ▁stops ▁are ▁very ▁quick , ▁ag ile ▁and ▁think ▁fast . ▁Short st ops ▁may ▁play ▁in ▁a ▁restricted ▁zone ▁but ▁are ▁faced ▁with ▁many ▁types ▁of ▁hits ▁and ▁interact ▁closely ▁with ▁the ▁ 2 nd ▁base , ▁ 3 rd ▁base ▁and ▁home ▁plate . ▁Often ▁double ▁plays ▁are ▁due ▁to ▁quick ▁thinking / re action ▁by ▁the ▁short ▁stop . ▁When ▁a ▁ball ▁is ▁hit ▁up ▁the ▁middle ▁and ▁the ▁short stop ▁cat ches ▁it , ▁they ▁will ▁flip ▁the ▁ball ▁to ▁the ▁second ▁bas eman ▁for ▁the ▁best ▁result . ▁Short stop ▁also ▁takes ▁the ▁cut ▁off ▁for ▁the ▁left ▁field ▁when ▁the ▁play ▁is ▁at ▁second ▁base . ▁When ▁the ▁ball ▁is ▁hit ▁to ▁the ▁right ▁side ▁of ▁the ▁out field , ▁the ▁short ▁stop ▁then ▁covers ▁second ▁base . ▁If ▁there ▁is ▁a ▁runner ▁on ▁first ▁base ▁and ▁there ▁is ▁a ▁hit ▁down ▁the
▁line ▁or ▁in ▁the ▁gap ▁to ▁right ▁field , ▁the ▁short stop ▁will ▁then ▁go ▁for ▁the ▁cut ▁to ▁third . ▁Mean ing ▁the ▁runner ▁that ▁is ▁going ▁from ▁first ▁to ▁second ▁will ▁most ▁likely ▁be ▁adv ancing ▁to ▁third , ▁and ▁in ▁that ▁case , ▁the ▁short stop ▁will ▁be ▁the ▁cut ▁off ▁for ▁the ▁throw ▁from ▁right ▁field ▁to ▁third ▁base . ▁Short stop ▁can ▁be ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁most ▁difficult ▁positions ▁to ▁play ▁due ▁to ▁the ▁number ▁of ▁balls ▁being ▁hit ▁in ▁that ▁direction . ▁ ▁Third ▁bas eman ▁The ▁third ▁bas eman ▁is ▁the ▁position ▁on ▁the ▁right ▁side ▁of ▁the ▁diamond ▁when ▁you ▁are ▁facing ▁home ▁plate . ▁They ▁are ▁responsible ▁for ▁field ing ▁all ▁balls ▁hit ▁their ▁way ▁including ▁b unts . ▁In ▁fact , ▁the ▁third ▁bas eman ▁fields ▁more ▁b unts ▁than ▁a ▁pitch er ▁and ▁first ▁bas eman ▁do . ▁Third ▁base ▁is ▁also ▁called ▁the ▁" Hot ▁Cor ner " ▁because ▁the ▁ball ▁can ▁pop ▁off ▁the ▁bat ▁at ▁the ▁f iel der ▁very ▁fast . ▁Third ▁bas eman ▁must ▁have ▁great ▁ref lex es ▁and ▁be ▁very ▁quick ▁on ▁their ▁feet ▁because ▁not ▁only ▁to ▁they ▁need ▁to ▁be ▁quick ▁to ▁field ▁a ▁b unt ▁but ▁also ▁if ▁they ▁are ▁unable ▁to ▁predict ▁whether ▁the ▁batter ▁will ▁b unt ▁or ▁hit , ▁a ▁ball ▁that ▁is ▁hit ▁may ▁be ▁a ▁line ▁drive ▁to ▁the ▁face . ▁It ▁also ▁helps ▁if ▁they ▁can ▁run ▁fast ▁but ▁it ▁isn ' t ▁a ▁requirement .