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▁D ipart imento ▁di ▁Sci enze ▁Agr ar ie , ▁Forest ali ▁e ▁Al iment ari , ▁University ▁of ▁Tor ino ▁ ▁Fac ulty ▁of ▁Agricult ure , ▁University ▁of ▁An con a ▁ ▁Fac ulty ▁of ▁Agricult ure , ▁University ▁of ▁Bas il ic ata ▁ ▁Fac ulty ▁of ▁Agricult ure , ▁University ▁of ▁Florence ▁ ▁Fac ulty ▁of ▁Agricult ure , ▁University ▁of ▁Mol ise ▁ ▁Fac ulty ▁of ▁Agricult ure , ▁University ▁of ▁Pad ua ▁ ▁Fac ulty ▁of ▁Agricult ure , ▁University ▁of ▁Pal ermo ▁ ▁Fac ulty ▁of ▁Agricult ure , ▁University ▁of ▁Reg gio ▁Cal ab ria ▁ ▁Fac ulty ▁of ▁Agricult ure , ▁University ▁of ▁S ass ari ▁ ▁Lat via ▁ ▁Forest ▁Fac ulty , ▁Lat via ▁University ▁of ▁Life ▁Sciences ▁and ▁Techn ologies ▁ ▁L ith u ania ▁ ▁Fac ulty ▁of ▁Forest ry , ▁L ith uan ian ▁University ▁of ▁Agricult ure ▁ ▁Fac ulty ▁of ▁Forest ry ▁and ▁Land scape ▁Planning , ▁Ka un as ▁College ▁of ▁Forest ry ▁and ▁Environmental ▁Engineering ▁ ▁The ▁Netherlands ▁ ▁Forest ▁Ec ology ▁and ▁Forest ▁Management ▁Group , ▁Department ▁of ▁Environmental ▁Sciences , ▁W ag ening en ▁University ▁ ▁T rop ical ▁Forest ry , ▁Department ▁of ▁Environmental ▁Science , ▁Van ▁Hall ▁L aren stein ▁University , ▁Vel p ▁ ▁North ▁M aced onia ▁ ▁Fac ulty ▁of ▁Forest ry , ▁S s . ▁Cyr il ▁and ▁Method ius ▁University ▁of ▁Sk op je ▁ ▁Norway ▁ ▁Fac ulty ▁of ▁Ap plied ▁Ec ology ▁and ▁Agricult
ural ▁Sciences , ▁In land ▁Norway ▁University ▁of ▁Ap plied ▁Sciences ▁ ▁Fac ulty ▁of ▁Society ▁and ▁Nature , ▁Nord - Tr ø nd el ag ▁University ▁College ▁ ▁Norweg ian ▁University ▁College ▁for ▁Agricult ure ▁and ▁R ural ▁Development ▁ ▁Department ▁of ▁Ec ology ▁and ▁Natural ▁Resources , ▁Norweg ian ▁University ▁of ▁Life ▁Sciences ▁ ▁P ulp ▁and ▁Paper ▁Technology ▁Group , ▁Norweg ian ▁University ▁of ▁Science ▁and ▁Technology ▁ ▁Poland ▁ ▁Fac ulty ▁of ▁Forest ry , ▁Agricult ural ▁University ▁of ▁Cr ac ow , ▁Kr ak ów ▁ ▁Fac ulty ▁of ▁Forest ry ▁B ial yst ok ▁Technical ▁University ▁ ▁University ▁of ▁Life ▁Sciences ▁in ▁Poz na ń ▁ ▁Fac ulty ▁of ▁Forest ry ▁ ▁Fac ulty ▁of ▁Wood ▁Technology ▁ ▁Fac ulty ▁of ▁Forest ry , ▁University ▁of ▁W arm ia ▁and ▁Maz ury ▁in ▁O ls z ty n , ▁O ls z ty n ▁ ▁Wars aw ▁University ▁of ▁Life ▁Science ▁ ▁Fac ulty ▁of ▁Forest ry ▁ ▁Fac ulty ▁of ▁Wood ▁Technology ▁ ▁Portugal ▁ ▁Department ▁of ▁Forest ry , ▁Agr arian ▁School ▁of ▁Co im bra ▁ ▁Department ▁of ▁Forest ry , ▁University ▁of ▁É v ora ▁ ▁Forest ry ▁Department , ▁Technical ▁University ▁of ▁Lis bon ▁ ▁Forest ry ▁Department , ▁University ▁of ▁Tr ás - os - Mont es ▁and ▁Al to ▁Dou ro ▁ ▁Wood ▁Engineering ▁Department , ▁School ▁of ▁Technology ▁and ▁Management , ▁Poly techn ic ▁Institute ▁of ▁V ise u , ▁Rep resents ▁ ▁Rom ania ▁ ▁Cole gi ul
▁Sil v ic ▁Theod or ▁Piet rar u , ▁high school ▁in ▁Br an est i , ▁j ude ț ul ▁Il f ov ▁ ▁Department ▁of ▁Forest ry ▁and ▁Agr it our ism , ▁Fac ulty ▁of ▁Natural ▁Sciences , ▁Engineering ▁and ▁Information ▁Science , ▁Vas ile ▁Gold i ş ▁Western ▁University , ▁Ar ad ▁ ▁Department ▁of ▁Sil v icult ure , ▁Fac ulty ▁of ▁H ort icult ure , ▁University ▁of ▁Agricult ural ▁Sciences ▁and ▁Veter inary ▁Medicine , ▁Cl uj - N ap oca ▁ ▁Fac ulty ▁of ▁Sil v icult ure , ▁ Ş te fan ▁cel ▁M are ▁University , ▁Su ce ava ▁ ▁Trans ylvania ▁University , ▁Bra ș ov ▁ ▁Fac ulty ▁of ▁Sil v icult ure ▁and ▁Forest ▁Operations ▁ ▁Fac ulty ▁of ▁Wood ▁Industry ▁ ▁Russia ▁▁ ▁Fac ulty ▁of ▁Forest ry , ▁Ark hang els k ▁State ▁Technical ▁University ▁ ▁Forest ▁Fac ulty , ▁Moscow ▁State ▁Forest ▁University ▁ ▁Research ▁Institute ▁of ▁Forest ▁Gen etics ▁and ▁Plant ▁B reed ing , ▁Vor one zh ▁ ▁Saint ▁Peters burg ▁State ▁Forest ▁Technical ▁University ▁ ▁Saint ▁Peters burg ▁State ▁Techn ological ▁University ▁of ▁Plant ▁Pol ym ers ▁ ▁S iber ian ▁State ▁A eros pace ▁University ▁ ▁S iber ian ▁State ▁Techn ological ▁University ▁ ▁Su k ache v ▁Institute ▁of ▁Forest , ▁Russian ▁Academy ▁of ▁Sciences , ▁Moscow ▁ ▁U ral ▁State ▁Forest ▁Engineering ▁University ▁ ▁Vor one zh ▁State ▁Academy ▁of ▁Forest ry ▁Engineering ▁ ▁Vol ga ▁State ▁University ▁of ▁Technology ▁
▁Forest ▁Research ▁Institute ▁of ▁the ▁K arel ian ▁Research ▁Centre ▁of ▁the ▁Russian ▁Academy ▁of ▁Sciences ▁ ▁Federal ▁State ▁Bud get ary ▁Educ ational ▁Inst itution ▁of ▁Hig her ▁Education ▁“ I z he v sk ▁State ▁Agricult ural ▁Academy ” ▁( FS BE I ▁HE ▁Iz he v sk ▁S AA ) ▁ ▁Institute ▁of ▁Forest ▁Science , ▁R AS ▁ ▁Ser bia ▁ ▁Fac ulty ▁of ▁Forest ry , ▁University ▁of ▁Bel grade ▁ ▁Slov ak ia ▁ ▁Fac ulty ▁of ▁Forest ry , ▁Technical ▁University ▁in ▁Z vol en ▁ ▁Sl oven ia ▁ ▁Fac ulty ▁of ▁Forest ry , ▁University ▁of ▁L j ubl j ana ▁ ▁Spain ▁▁ ▁Poly techn ic ▁University ▁of ▁Val encia ▁ ▁Senior ▁Technical ▁College ▁of ▁Forest ry ▁Engineering ▁( ET SI ▁Mont es ), ▁Technical ▁University ▁of ▁Madrid ▁ ▁Universidad ▁Cat ó lica ▁de ▁Á v ila ▁ ▁Department ▁of ▁Forest ▁Engineering , ▁Tech ▁School ▁of ▁Agr if ood ▁and ▁Forest ry ▁Engineering ▁( ET SI AM ), ▁University ▁of ▁C ó rd oba ▁ ▁Forest ry ▁and ▁Environmental ▁Engineering , ▁Universidad ▁de ▁Ext rem ad ura ▁( Pl as encia ) ▁ ▁Universidad ▁de ▁H uel va , ▁H uel va ▁ ▁Universidad ▁de ▁Le ón ▁( P on fer r ada ) ▁ ▁School ▁of ▁Agr if ood ▁and ▁Forest ry ▁Science ▁and ▁Engineering ▁( ET SE A ), ▁University ▁of ▁L le ida ▁ ▁Universidad ▁de ▁O v ied o , ▁Esc uela ▁polit éc nica ▁de ▁M ier es
, ▁S ist em as ▁Forest ales ▁Atl á nt icos ▁( G IS - Fore st ) ▁ ▁Universidad ▁de ▁Santiago ▁de ▁Com post ela ▁( L ug o ) ▁ ▁Universidad ▁de ▁Vall ad olid ▁( Pal encia ) ▁ ▁Universidad ▁de ▁V igo ▁- ▁Forest ry ▁Fac ulty ▁of ▁P onte ved ra ▁ ▁Sweden ▁ ▁Division ▁of ▁Wood ▁Technology ▁and ▁Process ing , ▁K TH ▁Royal ▁Institute ▁of ▁Technology , ▁Stockholm ▁ ▁Fac ulty ▁of ▁Forest ry , ▁Swedish ▁University ▁of ▁Agricult ural ▁Sciences , ▁U me å ▁and ▁Sk inn sk atte berg ▁ ▁L ule å ▁University ▁of ▁Technology , ▁Sk elle fte å ▁ ▁Switzerland ▁ ▁Department ▁of ▁Environmental ▁Sciences , ▁Swiss ▁Federal ▁Institute ▁of ▁Technology ▁Z ür ich ▁ ▁School ▁of ▁Agricult ural , ▁Forest ▁and ▁Food ▁Sciences ▁HA FL ▁ ▁Turkey ▁ ▁Fac ulty ▁of ▁Forest ry , ▁Art vin ▁ Ç or uh ▁University ▁ ▁Fac ulty ▁of ▁Forest ry , ▁Bart ı n ▁University ▁ ▁Fac ulty ▁of ▁Forest ry , ▁B urs a ▁Technical ▁University ▁ ▁Fac ulty ▁of ▁Forest ry , ▁ Ç ank ı r ı ▁Kar ate kin ▁University ▁▁ ▁Fac ulty ▁of ▁Forest ry , ▁D uz ce ▁University ▁ ▁Fac ulty ▁of ▁Forest ry , ▁I stan bul ▁University - C erra hp asa ▁▁ ▁Fac ulty ▁of ▁Forest ry , ▁Iz mir ▁Kat ip ▁Cele bi ▁University ▁▁ ▁Fac ulty ▁of ▁Forest ry , ▁K ah ram an m ara ş ▁S üt ç ü
▁ İ m am ▁University ▁ ▁Fac ulty ▁of ▁Forest ry , ▁Kar ab uk ▁University ▁ ▁Fac ulty ▁of ▁Forest ry , ▁Kar aden iz ▁Technical ▁University ▁ ▁Fac ulty ▁of ▁Forest ry , ▁K ast amon u ▁University ▁ ▁Fac ulty ▁of ▁Forest ry , ▁Sü le yman ▁Dem ire l ▁University ▁ ▁Ukraine ▁ ▁Fac ulty ▁of ▁Forest ry , ▁National ▁Agricult ure ▁University ▁of ▁Ukraine ▁ ▁National ▁Forest ry ▁University ▁of ▁Ukraine ▁ ▁United ▁Kingdom ▁ ▁Agricult ural ▁Extension ▁and ▁R ural ▁Development ▁Department , ▁University ▁of ▁Reading ▁ ▁Centre ▁for ▁R ural ▁Development ▁and ▁Training , ▁University ▁of ▁W olver ham pton ▁ ▁C rop ▁and ▁Environment ▁Sciences , ▁Harper ▁Adams ▁University ▁ ▁Department ▁of ▁Forest ry , ▁University ▁of ▁Aber de en ▁ ▁National ▁School ▁of ▁Forest ry , ▁University ▁of ▁C umb ria ▁ ▁Oxford ▁Forest ry ▁Institute , ▁Oxford ▁University ▁ ▁School ▁of ▁Forest ry , ▁University ▁of ▁Edinburgh ▁ ▁School ▁of ▁the ▁Environment , ▁Natural ▁Resources ▁and ▁Ge ography ▁( S EN RG ) ▁Bang or ▁University ▁ ▁Scottish ▁School ▁of ▁Forest ry , ▁University ▁of ▁the ▁High lands ▁and ▁Islands ▁ ▁North ▁America ▁ ▁Canada ▁ ▁Fac ulty ▁of ▁Natural ▁Resources ▁Management , ▁Lake head ▁University ▁ ▁Fac ulty ▁of ▁Forest ry , ▁Univers ité ▁de ▁Mon ct on , ▁New ▁Brun sw ick ▁ ▁Fac ulty ▁of ▁Forest ry , ▁Ge ography ▁and ▁Ge om at ics , ▁Univers ité ▁L aval , ▁Quebec ▁City ▁ ▁Fac ulty ▁of ▁Agricult ural ,
▁Life ▁and ▁Environmental ▁Sciences , ▁University ▁of ▁Alber ta ▁ ▁Fac ulty ▁of ▁Forest ry , ▁University ▁of ▁British ▁Columbia ▁ ▁Fac ulty ▁of ▁Forest ry ▁and ▁Environmental ▁Management , ▁University ▁of ▁New ▁Brun sw ick ▁ ▁University ▁of ▁Northern ▁British ▁Columbia ▁ ▁Fac ulty ▁of ▁Natural ▁Resources ▁Management ▁ ▁Fac ulty ▁of ▁Forest ry ▁ ▁Fac ulty ▁of ▁Forest ry , ▁University ▁of ▁Toronto ▁ ▁Mexico ▁ ▁Department ▁of ▁Forest ry , ▁Universidad ▁Aut ón oma ▁Agr aria ▁Antonio ▁Nar ro ▁ ▁Division ▁of ▁Forest ▁Sciences , ▁Universidad ▁Aut ón oma ▁Ch aping o ▁ ▁Fac ult ad ▁de ▁Ag ro bi ología ▁" Pres ident e ▁Ju are z " - ▁Universidad ▁Mich o ac ana ▁de ▁San ▁Nicol as ▁de ▁H idal go ▁ ▁Fac ulty ▁of ▁Agricult ural ▁and ▁Forest ▁Sciences , ▁Universidad ▁Aut ón oma ▁de ▁Ch ih u ah ua ▁ ▁Fac ulty ▁of ▁Forest ▁Sciences , ▁Universidad ▁Aut ón oma ▁de ▁N ue vo ▁Le ón ▁ ▁Fac ulty ▁of ▁Forest ▁Sciences , ▁Universidad ▁Ju á rez ▁del ▁Estado ▁de ▁Dur ango ▁ ▁Fac ulty ▁of ▁Wood ▁Engineering ▁and ▁Technology , ▁Universidad ▁Mich o ac ana ▁de ▁San ▁Nicol ás ▁de ▁H idal go ▁ ▁Forest ry ▁Program , ▁Cole gio ▁de ▁Post grad u ados ▁ ▁Institute ▁of ▁Agricult ural ▁Sciences , ▁Universidad ▁Aut ón oma ▁del ▁Estado ▁de ▁H idal go ▁ ▁Universidad ▁del ▁Mar ▁ ▁University ▁Center ▁of ▁Bi ological ▁and ▁Agricult ural ▁Sciences , ▁Universidad ▁de ▁Gu ad al aj ara ▁
▁United ▁States ▁ ▁Nort heast ▁ ▁College ▁of ▁Natural ▁Sciences , ▁Forest ry ▁and ▁Agricult ure , ▁University ▁of ▁Maine ▁ ▁Department ▁of ▁Forest ▁and ▁Natural ▁Resources ▁Management , ▁S UN Y ▁Environmental ▁Science ▁and ▁Forest ry ▁ ▁Department ▁of ▁Natural ▁Resources ▁and ▁the ▁Environment , ▁University ▁of ▁New ▁Hampshire ▁ ▁Department ▁of ▁Natural ▁Resources ▁Conserv ation , ▁University ▁of ▁Massachusetts ▁Am her st ▁ ▁Department ▁of ▁Plant ▁Science ▁and ▁Land scape ▁Architect ure , ▁University ▁of ▁Maryland ▁ ▁Division ▁of ▁Forest ry , ▁West ▁Virginia ▁University ▁ ▁Park s ▁and ▁Forest ▁Resources , ▁Un ity ▁College ▁( M aine ) ▁ ▁Rub en stein ▁School ▁of ▁Environment ▁and ▁Natural ▁Resources , ▁The ▁University ▁of ▁Verm ont ▁ ▁School ▁of ▁Forest ry ▁and ▁Environmental ▁Studies , ▁Yale ▁University ▁ ▁School ▁of ▁Forest ▁Resources , ▁Pennsylvania ▁State ▁University ▁ ▁School ▁of ▁Natural ▁Resource ▁Management ▁and ▁Ec ology , ▁Paul ▁Smith ' s ▁College ▁ ▁Mid west ▁ ▁College ▁of ▁Natural ▁Resources , ▁University ▁of ▁Wisconsin – Ste vens ▁Point ▁ ▁Department ▁of ▁Forest ▁and ▁Wild life ▁Ec ology , ▁University ▁of ▁Wisconsin – Mad ison ▁ ▁Department ▁of ▁Forest ▁Resources , ▁University ▁of ▁Minnesota ▁ ▁Department ▁of ▁Forest ry , ▁Michigan ▁State ▁University ▁ ▁Department ▁of ▁Forest ry , ▁Southern ▁Illinois ▁University ▁ ▁Department ▁of ▁Forest ry ▁and ▁Natural ▁Resources , ▁P urd ue ▁University ▁ ▁Department ▁of ▁Natural ▁Resource ▁Ec ology ▁and ▁Management , ▁Iowa ▁State ▁University ▁ ▁Department ▁of ▁Natural ▁Resources ▁and ▁Environmental ▁Sciences , ▁University ▁of ▁Illinois ▁at ▁U rb ana
- Ch amp aign ▁ ▁School ▁of ▁Forest ▁Resources ▁& ▁Environmental ▁Science , ▁Michigan ▁Techn ological ▁University ▁ ▁School ▁of ▁Natural ▁Resources , ▁Ohio ▁State ▁University ▁ ▁The ▁School ▁of ▁Natural ▁Resources , ▁University ▁of ▁Missouri ▁ ▁School ▁of ▁Natural ▁Resources ▁& ▁Environment , ▁University ▁of ▁Michigan ▁ ▁South ▁ ▁Arthur ▁Temple ▁College ▁of ▁Forest ry ▁and ▁Agricult ure , ▁Stephen ▁F . ▁Austin ▁State ▁University ▁ ▁Center ▁for ▁Forest ry ▁and ▁Ec ology , ▁Alabama ▁A & M ▁University ▁ ▁College ▁of ▁Forest ▁Resources , ▁Mississippi ▁State ▁University ▁ ▁College ▁of ▁Natural ▁Resources , ▁North ▁Carolina ▁State ▁University ▁ ▁Department ▁of ▁E cosystem ▁Science ▁and ▁Management , ▁Texas ▁A & M ▁University ▁ ▁Department ▁of ▁Forest ▁Resources , ▁Cle ms on ▁University ▁ ▁Department ▁of ▁Forest ▁Resources ▁and ▁Environmental ▁Conserv ation , ▁Virginia ▁Poly techn ic ▁Institute ▁and ▁State ▁University ▁ ▁Department ▁of ▁Forest ry , ▁University ▁of ▁Kentucky ▁ ▁Department ▁of ▁Forest ry , ▁Wild life ▁and ▁Fisher ies , ▁University ▁of ▁Tennessee ▁ ▁Department ▁of ▁Natural ▁Resource ▁Ec ology ▁and ▁Management , ▁Oklahoma ▁State ▁University ▁ ▁Nicholas ▁School ▁of ▁the ▁Environment , ▁Duke ▁University ▁ ▁School ▁of ▁Forest ▁Resources ▁and ▁Conserv ation , ▁University ▁of ▁Florida ▁ ▁School ▁of ▁Forest ry , ▁Louisiana ▁Tech ▁University ▁ ▁School ▁of ▁Forest ry ▁& ▁Natural ▁Resources , ▁University ▁of ▁Arkansas ▁at ▁Mont ic ello ▁ ▁School ▁of ▁Forest ry ▁and ▁Wild life ▁Sciences , ▁Aub urn ▁University ▁ ▁School ▁of ▁Ren ew able ▁Natural ▁Resources , ▁Louisiana ▁State ▁University ▁ ▁W arn ell
▁School ▁of ▁Forest ry ▁and ▁Natural ▁Resources , ▁University ▁of ▁Georgia ▁ ▁West ▁ ▁College ▁of ▁Agricult ure ▁and ▁Environmental ▁Sciences , ▁University ▁of ▁California , ▁Davis ▁ ▁College ▁of ▁Forest ry , ▁Oregon ▁State ▁University ▁ ▁College ▁of ▁Forest ry ▁and ▁Conserv ation , ▁University ▁of ▁Mont ana ▁ ▁College ▁of ▁Natural ▁Resources , ▁University ▁of ▁California , ▁Berkeley ▁ ▁College ▁of ▁Natural ▁Resources , ▁Department ▁of ▁Forest , ▁R angel and , ▁and ▁Fire ▁Sciences , ▁University ▁of ▁Id aho ▁ ▁Department ▁of ▁Forest , ▁R angel and , ▁and ▁Wat ers hed ▁Ste ward ship , ▁Colorado ▁State ▁University ▁ ▁Department ▁of ▁Forest ▁Sciences , ▁University ▁of ▁Alaska ▁Fair b anks ▁ ▁Department ▁of ▁Forest ry ▁and ▁Wild land ▁Resources , ▁H umb old t ▁State ▁University ▁ ▁Department ▁of ▁Natural ▁Resources ▁Management , ▁California ▁Poly techn ic ▁State ▁University ▁ ▁Department ▁of ▁Wild land ▁Resources , ▁Utah ▁State ▁University ▁ ▁School ▁of ▁Environment ▁and ▁Forest ▁Sciences , ▁University ▁of ▁Washington ▁ ▁School ▁of ▁Forest ry , ▁Northern ▁Arizona ▁University ▁ ▁School ▁of ▁the ▁Environment , ▁Washington ▁State ▁University ▁ ▁O ce ania ▁ ▁Australia ▁ ▁College ▁of ▁Medicine , ▁Bi ology ▁and ▁Environment , ▁Australian ▁National ▁University ▁ ▁Department ▁of ▁Forest ▁and ▁E cosystem ▁Science , ▁University ▁of ▁Melbourne ▁ ▁School ▁of ▁Environmental ▁Science ▁and ▁Management , ▁Southern ▁Cross ▁University ▁( L ism ore ) ▁ ▁New ▁Zealand ▁ ▁School ▁of ▁Forest ry , ▁University ▁of ▁Can ter bury ▁( Christ ch urch ) ▁ ▁Tim ber ▁Technology ▁Camp
us , ▁W ai ar iki ▁Institute ▁of ▁Technology ▁ ▁Pap ua ▁New ▁Gu inea ▁ ▁Bul olo ▁Forest ry ▁College ▁ ▁Forest ry ▁Department , ▁Pap ua ▁New ▁Gu inea ▁University ▁of ▁Technology ▁ ▁South ▁America ▁and ▁Caribbean ▁ ▁Argentina ▁ ▁Department ▁of ▁Agr onomy , ▁National ▁University ▁of ▁the ▁South ▁ ▁Fac ulty ▁of ▁Ag ro indust ries , ▁National ▁University ▁of ▁the ▁Ch aco ▁Austral ▁ ▁Fac ulty ▁of ▁Forest ▁Engineering , ▁National ▁University ▁of ▁the ▁Pat agon ia ▁San ▁Juan ▁Bos co ▁ ▁Fac ulty ▁of ▁Forest ▁Sciences , ▁National ▁University ▁of ▁M ision es ▁ ▁Institute ▁of ▁Forest ry , ▁National ▁University ▁of ▁C uy o ▁ ▁National ▁Agricult ural ▁Technology ▁Institute ▁( INT A ) ▁Fac ulty ▁of ▁Agricult ural ▁and ▁Forest ry ▁Science , ▁National ▁University ▁of ▁La ▁Pl ata ▁ ▁Bol ivia ▁ ▁Fac ulty ▁of ▁Agr onomy , ▁Universidad ▁Mayor ▁de ▁San ▁Andr és ▁( U MS A ) ▁ ▁Prof ession ▁of ▁Forest ▁Engineering , ▁Universidad ▁Aut ón oma ▁Gabriel ▁Ren é ▁More no ▁ ▁Prof ession ▁of ▁Forest ▁Engineering , ▁Universidad ▁Aut ón oma ▁Juan ▁Mis ael ▁Sar ach o ▁ ▁Prof ession ▁of ▁Forest ▁Engineering , ▁Universidad ▁T éc nica ▁del ▁Ben i ▁Mar is cal ▁José ▁Ball iv ian ▁ ▁Technical ▁School ▁of ▁Forest ry , ▁Universidad ▁Mayor ▁de ▁San ▁Sim ón ▁ ▁Brazil ▁ ▁Department ▁of ▁Forest ▁Sciences , ▁Federal ▁University ▁of ▁Par an á ▁( U F PR ), ▁Cur it iba , ▁PR ▁ ▁Department ▁of ▁Forest
▁Sciences , ▁Federal ▁University ▁of ▁Santa ▁Maria ▁( U FS M ), ▁Santa ▁Maria , ▁R S ▁ ▁Department ▁of ▁Forest ry ▁and ▁Wood ▁Sciences , ▁Univers idade ▁Federal ▁do ▁Esp ir ito ▁Sant o ▁( U F ES ), ▁A leg re , ▁ES ▁ ▁Department ▁of ▁Forest ry ▁Engineering , ▁Federal ▁University ▁of ▁The ▁Val le ys ▁of ▁J equ it in hon ha ▁and ▁Mu cur i ▁- ▁U F V J M ▁ ▁Department ▁of ▁Forest ry ▁Engineering , ▁University ▁of ▁Bras ília ▁( Un B ), ▁Bras ília , ▁D F ▁ ▁Department ▁of ▁Forest ry ▁Sciences , ▁Federal ▁University ▁of ▁Vi ç osa ▁( U F V ), ▁Vi ç osa , ▁M G ▁ ▁Department ▁of ▁Forest ry ▁Sciences , ▁Federal ▁University ▁of ▁Amazon as , ▁AM ▁ ▁Fac ulty ▁of ▁agricultural ▁sciences ▁( F CA ) ▁- ▁Department ▁of ▁Forest ry ▁Sciences ▁( DC F ), ▁Univers idade ▁Est ad ual ▁Paul ista ▁( UN ES P ), ▁Bot uc atu , ▁SP ▁ ▁Forest ry ▁Engineering ▁Course , ▁Camp us ▁Univers it ário ▁Cur it ib anos , ▁Federal ▁University ▁of ▁Santa ▁C atar ina , ▁U F SC , ▁Cur it ib anos , ▁SC ▁ ▁Forest ry ▁Engineering ▁Course , ▁Federal ▁University ▁of ▁São ▁Carlos ▁( U F SC ar ), ▁Sor oc aba , ▁SP ▁ ▁Forest ry ▁Engineering ▁Course , ▁Federal ▁University ▁of ▁Technology ▁- ▁Par an á ▁( UTF PR ), ▁Do is ▁V iz in hos , ▁PR
▁ ▁Forest ry ▁Engineering ▁Course , ▁Federal ▁University ▁of ▁Lav ras , ▁M G ▁ ▁Forest ry ▁Engineering ▁Course , ▁Forest ry ▁Dep art ament , ▁State ▁University ▁of ▁Mid western ▁Par an á ▁- ▁Par an á ▁( UN IC ENT RO ), ▁Ir ati , ▁PR ▁ ▁Institute ▁of ▁B iod ivers ity ▁and ▁Forest s , ▁Federal ▁University ▁of ▁Western ▁Par á ▁( U F OP A ), ▁Sant ar ém , ▁PA ▁ ▁Forest ry ▁Engineering ▁Course , ▁Univers idade ▁do ▁Estado ▁do ▁Par á ▁( UE PA ) ▁ ▁Forest ry ▁Engineering ▁Course , ▁Univers idade ▁Federal ▁de ▁Ser g ipe ▁( U FS ) ▁ ▁Forest ry ▁Engineering ▁Course , ▁University ▁of ▁São ▁Paulo , ▁SP ▁Super ior ▁School ▁of ▁Agricult ure ▁Lu iz ▁de ▁Que iro z , ▁University ▁of ▁São ▁Paulo , ▁Pir ac ic aba ▁ ▁Forest ry ▁Institute , ▁Un ives idade ▁Federal ▁R ural ▁do ▁Rio ▁de ▁Jane iro ▁( U F RR J ), ▁R J ▁ ▁Institute ▁of ▁Agr arian ▁Sciences , ▁Federal ▁University ▁of ▁Min as ▁Ger ais , ▁M G ▁ ▁School ▁of ▁Agricult ural ▁Sciences , ▁São ▁Paulo ▁State ▁University , ▁Bot uc atu , ▁SP ▁ ▁Forest ry ▁Engineering ▁Course , ▁Federal ▁R ural ▁University ▁of ▁Amazon ▁( U FRA ), ▁Bel ém , ▁Par ag om inas , ▁PA . ▁ ▁Chile ▁ ▁Fac ulty ▁of ▁Forest ▁Sciences , ▁Catholic ▁University ▁of ▁the ▁Mau le ▁ ▁Fac ulty ▁of ▁Forest ry ▁Sciences ▁and ▁Natural ▁Resources
, ▁Universidad ▁Austral ▁de ▁Chile ▁( UA Ch ) ▁ ▁Department ▁of ▁Wood ▁Sciences , ▁University ▁of ▁the ▁B ío ▁B ío ▁ ▁Fac ulty ▁of ▁Forest ▁Sciences , ▁University ▁of ▁Chile ▁ ▁Fac ulty ▁of ▁Forest ry ▁Sciences , ▁University ▁of ▁Con cep ción ▁( U de C ) ▁ ▁Fac ulty ▁of ▁Agricult ural ▁and ▁Forest ▁Sciences , ▁University ▁of ▁La ▁Fr on tera ▁ ▁Fac ulty ▁of ▁Forest ▁Sciences , ▁University ▁of ▁Tal ca ▁ ▁Colombia ▁ ▁National ▁University ▁of ▁Colombia ▁( Med ell ín ) ▁ ▁Universidad ▁del ▁Tol ima ▁( I b agu é ) ▁ ▁Universidad ▁Dist rit al ▁Francisco ▁José ▁de ▁Cal das ▁( In gen ier ía ▁Fore stal , ▁Bog ot á ) ▁ ▁Costa ▁R ica ▁Institut o ▁T ec n ológ ico ▁de ▁Costa ▁R ica ▁( IT CR ) ▁ ▁Regional ▁Program ▁of ▁Sil v icult ural ▁Management ▁for ▁Mes o amer ica ▁and ▁the ▁Caribbean , ▁Universidad ▁Nacional ▁( UN A ) ▁ ▁Environmental ▁Science ▁School , ▁Universidad ▁Nacional ▁( UN A , ▁National ▁University ) ▁( UN A ) ▁ ▁School ▁of ▁Agr onomy , ▁Institut o ▁Nacional ▁de ▁A pre nd iz aje ▁de ▁Costa ▁R ica ▁( IN A ) ▁ ▁E cu ador ▁ ▁Fac ulty ▁of ▁Agr onom ic ▁Sciences , ▁Universidad ▁Nacional ▁de ▁Lo ja ▁ ▁School ▁of ▁Ag ro fore st ry , ▁Esc uela ▁Super ior ▁Pol ité cn ica ▁de ▁Ch im bor az o ▁ ▁School ▁of ▁Agr onom ic
▁and ▁Environmental ▁Sciences , ▁Pont ific ia ▁Universidad ▁Cat ó lica ▁del ▁E cu ador ▁ ▁School ▁of ▁Forest ry ▁Engineering , ▁Universidad ▁T éc nica ▁Est atal ▁de ▁Que ved o ▁ ▁Gu atem ala ▁Cent ro ▁Univers it ario ▁del ▁Pet én ▁( CU DE P ) ▁Esc uela ▁Nacional ▁Central ▁de ▁Agricult ura ▁( ENC AA ) ▁Fac ult ad ▁de ▁Agr onom ía , ▁Universidad ▁de ▁San ▁Carlos ▁( FA US AC ) ▁ ▁H ond uras ▁ ▁Esc uela ▁Nacional ▁de ▁Ci encias ▁Forest ales ▁( ES N AC IF OR ) ▁ ▁Department ▁of ▁Bi ology , ▁National ▁Aut onom ous ▁University ▁of ▁H ond uras ▁ ▁Universidad ▁José ▁Cec ilio ▁del ▁Val le ▁ ▁Nic ar ag ua ▁Universidad ▁de ▁las ▁Reg iones ▁Aut ón omas ▁de ▁la ▁Costa ▁Car ibe ▁Nic ar ag ü ense ▁( UR AC CAN ) ▁Universidad ▁Nacional ▁Agr aria ▁( UN AA ) ▁ ▁Pan ama ▁Fac ulty ▁of ▁Agricult ural ▁Sciences , ▁University ▁of ▁Pan ama ▁ ▁Par agu ay ▁Fac ult ad ▁de ▁Ci encias ▁Agr ari as , ▁National ▁University ▁ ▁Peru ▁Fac ult ad ▁de ▁Ci encias ▁Forest ales , ▁La ▁Mol ina ▁National ▁Agr arian ▁University ▁Fac ult ad ▁de ▁Ci encias ▁Forest ales ▁y ▁Med io ▁Amb ient ales , ▁Universidad ▁de ▁la ▁Amazon ia ▁Peru ana , ▁I qu itos ▁Fac ult ad ▁de ▁Ci encias ▁Forest ales ▁y ▁Med io ▁Amb ient ales , ▁Universidad ▁del ▁Cent ro ▁del ▁Per ú ,
▁Hu anc ay o ▁Fac ult ad ▁de ▁Ci encias ▁Forest ales ▁y ▁Med io ▁Amb ient ales , ▁Universidad ▁Nacional ▁de ▁C aj amar ca ▁Fac ult ad ▁de ▁Ci encias ▁Forest ales ▁y ▁Med io ▁Amb ient ales , ▁Universidad ▁Nacional ▁de ▁Mad re ▁de ▁D ios , ▁Puerto ▁M ald on ado ▁Fac ult ad ▁de ▁In gen ier ía ▁Fore stal , ▁Universidad ▁Nacional ▁de ▁la ▁Amazon ia , ▁P uc all pa ▁Fac ult ad ▁de ▁Rec urs os ▁Natural es , ▁Universidad ▁Nacional ▁Agr aria ▁de ▁la ▁Sel va , ▁T ingo ▁María ▁ ▁Tr in idad ▁and ▁Tob ago ▁Eastern ▁Caribbean ▁Institute ▁of ▁Agricult ure ▁and ▁Forest ry ▁( E CI AF ), ▁University ▁of ▁Tr in idad ▁and ▁Tob ago ▁ ▁U rugu ay ▁ ▁Dep art amento ▁de ▁Produ cción ▁Fore stal ▁y ▁T ec n ología ▁de ▁la ▁Mad era , ▁Universidad ▁de ▁la ▁República ▁ ▁Fac ult ad ▁de ▁Ci encias ▁Agr ari as , ▁Universidad ▁de ▁la ▁Emp resa ▁ ▁Universidad ▁del ▁Tr ab ajo ▁del ▁U rugu ay ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁▁ ▁Forest ▁management ▁ ▁Institute ▁of ▁technology ▁ ▁List ▁of ▁agricultural ▁universities ▁and ▁colleges ▁ ▁List ▁of ▁colleges ▁of ▁natural ▁resources ▁ ▁List ▁of ▁forest ▁research ▁inst itutes ▁ ▁List ▁of ▁historic ▁schools ▁of ▁forest ry ▁ ▁List ▁of ▁tag ged ▁degrees ▁ ▁World ▁Forest ry ▁Congress ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁ ▁Euro ▁Forest ▁Portal , ▁listing ▁of ▁" inst itut ions , ▁fac ult ies
▁and ▁departments ▁that ▁provide ▁forest ry - related ▁higher ▁education ▁in ▁Europe ", ▁European ▁Forest ry ▁Institute ▁▁▁ ▁List ▁of ▁forest ry ▁universities ▁Univers ities ▁and ▁colleges ▁Forest ry ▁Category : List s ▁of ▁universities ▁and ▁colleges ▁▁▁▁ ▁Category : Types ▁of ▁university ▁or ▁college <0x0A> </s> ▁Jo anne ▁We aver ▁[ ″ J olt in ' ▁Jo ″ ] ▁( De cember ▁ 1 9 , ▁ 1 9 3 5 ▁– ▁March ▁ 1 9 , ▁ 2 0 0 0 ) ▁was ▁a ▁right ▁f iel der ▁who ▁played ▁from ▁ ▁through ▁ ▁in ▁the ▁All - American ▁Girls ▁Professional ▁Base ball ▁League . ▁List ed ▁at ▁, ▁ 1 4 2 lb ., ▁she ▁batt ed ▁and ▁threw ▁right - handed . ▁ ▁Over view ▁profile ▁One ▁of ▁the ▁most ▁talented ▁hit ters ▁in ▁A AG P BL ▁history , ▁Jo anne ▁We aver ▁was ▁the ▁youngest ▁of ▁three ▁sisters ▁to ▁play ▁for ▁the ▁Fort ▁Wayne ▁D ais ies ▁in ▁the ▁final ▁years ▁of ▁the ▁league . ▁We aver ▁often ▁out did ▁her ▁renown ed ▁sister , ▁Bet ty ▁We aver ▁F oss , ▁as ▁a ▁power ▁hit ter , ▁winning ▁three ▁consecutive ▁batt ing ▁titles ▁and ▁setting ▁several ▁all - time ▁records . ▁At ▁this ▁point , ▁the ▁We aver - F oss ▁du et ▁led ▁the ▁A AG P BL ▁in ▁most ▁major ▁offensive ▁categories ▁between ▁ 1 9 5 2 ▁and ▁ 1 9 5 4 . ▁A ▁three - time ▁All - Star ,
▁Jo anne ▁earned ▁Player ▁of ▁the ▁Year ▁hon ors ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 4 , ▁when ▁she ▁hit ▁a ▁. 4 2 9 ▁average ▁to ▁set ▁an ▁A AG P BL ▁single - season ▁record . ▁Besides ▁this , ▁her ▁. 4 2 9 ▁mark ▁was ▁the ▁highest ▁Professional ▁American ▁Base ball ▁batt ing ▁average ▁collected ▁by ▁any ▁player ▁in ▁a ▁single ▁season ▁in ▁a ▁minimum ▁of ▁ 3 0 0 ▁at - bat ▁appearances . ▁ ▁Early ▁life ▁A ▁native ▁of ▁Met ropol is , ▁Illinois , ▁Jo anne ▁We aver ▁was ▁the ▁daughter ▁of ▁minor ▁league ▁pitch er ▁Lloyd ▁We aver ▁and ▁Els ie ▁( D um me ier ) ▁We aver . ▁At ▁the ▁age ▁of ▁ 1 1 , ▁she ▁began ▁playing ▁soft ball ▁with ▁her ▁sisters ▁Bet ty ▁and ▁Jean . ▁Their ▁father ▁tried ▁to ▁get ▁them ▁to ▁play ▁on ▁a ▁local ▁boys ' ▁baseball ▁team , ▁with ▁little ▁success , ▁until ▁he ▁managed ▁to ▁insert ▁them ▁into ▁the ▁Magn av ox ▁team ▁of ▁the ▁Chicago ▁industrial ▁league , ▁a ▁successful ▁fast p itch ▁soft ball ▁squad ▁in ▁which ▁they ▁finally ▁started ▁to ▁play ▁regularly . ▁In ▁ 1 9 5 0 , ▁Bet ty ▁rejected ▁a ▁contract ▁offer ▁from ▁the ▁Chicago ▁White ▁S ox ▁minor ▁league ▁system ▁and ▁opt ed ▁to ▁sign ▁with ▁the ▁All - American ▁Girls ▁Professional ▁Base ball ▁League . ▁Bet ty ▁was ▁allocated ▁to ▁the ▁Fort ▁Wayne ▁D ais ies ▁and ▁her ▁sisters ▁joined ▁her ▁on ▁the ▁team ▁a ▁year ▁later .
▁ ▁A AG P BL ▁career ▁Jo anne ▁We aver ▁debut ed ▁at ▁third ▁base ▁with ▁the ▁D ais ies ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 5 1 ▁season . ▁She ▁hit ▁. 2 7 6 ▁in ▁ 5 3 ▁games , ▁showing ▁a ▁smooth , ▁quick ▁swing ▁with ▁good ▁speed ▁and ▁above ▁average ▁base ▁running ▁instinct s . ▁Her ▁field ing ▁was ▁the ▁only ▁skill ▁lacking . ▁Meanwhile , ▁her ▁sister ▁Bet ty ▁won ▁batt ing ▁titles ▁in ▁back - to - back ▁seasons ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 0 ▁and ▁ 1 9 5 1 , ▁helping ▁Fort ▁Wayne ▁to ▁make ▁the ▁play offs ▁in ▁these ▁years . ▁ ▁We aver ' s ▁performance ▁expl oded ▁in ▁her ▁second ▁season . ▁After ▁moving ▁to ▁right ▁field ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 2 , ▁she ▁led ▁all ▁hit ters ▁with ▁a ▁. 3 4 4 ▁average , ▁sur pass ing ▁her ▁sister ▁Bet ty ▁( . 3 3 1 ), ▁who ▁led ▁five ▁offensive ▁categories ▁and ▁earned ▁the ▁Player ▁of ▁the ▁Year ▁Award , ▁while ▁Jo anne ▁did ▁not ▁rank ▁high ▁in ▁any ▁other ▁category . ▁Both ▁sisters ▁were ▁selected ▁for ▁the ▁All - Star ▁Team ▁and ▁helped ▁Fort ▁Wayne ▁advance ▁to ▁the ▁play offs . ▁ ▁We aver ▁improved ▁her ▁field ing ▁considerably ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 3 , ▁when ▁she ▁finished ▁the ▁year ▁with ▁a ▁. 9 5 2 ▁average . ▁Her ▁hitting ▁stayed ▁about ▁the ▁same , ▁which ▁was ▁good ▁enough ▁to ▁win ▁another ▁batt ing ▁title ▁with ▁a
▁. 3 4 6 ▁average , ▁ending ▁second ▁to ▁Bet ty ▁in ▁total ▁bases ▁( 1 8 7 ) ▁and ▁hits ▁( 1 4 2 , ▁two ▁behind ). ▁Jo anne ▁also ▁finished ▁third ▁in ▁runs ▁( 7 9 ), ▁stolen ▁bases ▁( 7 0 ), ▁and ▁runs ▁batt ed ▁in ▁( 7 6 ). ▁Fort ▁Wayne ▁added ▁another ▁play off ▁trip , ▁and ▁she ▁made ▁the ▁All - Star ▁Team ▁again . ▁ ▁During ▁the ▁ 1 9 5 4 ▁mid season ▁the ▁A AG P BL ▁reduced ▁the ▁ball ▁from ▁ 1 0 . 0 0 in ches ▁to ▁the ▁major ▁league ▁size , ▁around ▁ 9 . 0 0 in ches . ▁The ▁league ▁also ▁extended ▁pitch ing ▁distance ▁from ▁ 5 6 ▁feet ▁to ▁ 6 0 ▁feet ▁and ▁base ▁paths ▁from ▁ 7 5 ▁feet ▁to ▁ 8 5 ▁feet . ▁As ▁a ▁result , ▁Jo anne ▁earned ▁the ▁Player ▁of ▁the ▁Year ▁Award ▁and ▁made ▁the ▁All - Star ▁Team ▁for ▁the ▁third ▁consecutive ▁year ▁after ▁setting ▁season - records ▁with ▁ 2 9 ▁home ▁runs ▁and ▁ 2 5 4 ▁total ▁bases , ▁while ▁leading ▁the ▁league ▁in ▁hits ▁( 1 4 3 ), ▁runs ▁( 1 0 9 ) ▁and ▁stolen ▁bases ▁( 7 9 ). ▁ ▁She ▁finished ▁second ▁in ▁dou bles ▁( 1 6 ) ▁and ▁tri ples ▁( 4 ), ▁and ▁joined ▁E lean or ▁Call ow ▁as ▁the ▁only ▁players ▁in ▁the ▁league ' s ▁history ▁to ▁hit ▁
2 0 ▁home ▁runs ▁and ▁steal ▁ 2 0 ▁bases ▁during ▁a ▁regular ▁season . ▁We aver ▁also ▁hit ▁a ▁league - leading ▁. 4 2 9 , ▁which ▁remains ▁the ▁highest ▁professional ▁baseball ▁batt ing ▁average ▁posted ▁in ▁the ▁ 2 0 th ▁century . ▁ ▁The ▁Fort ▁Wayne ▁D ais ies ▁advanced ▁to ▁the ▁best - of - five ▁game ▁Championship ▁Series . ▁Pre viously ▁in ▁the ▁play offs , ▁the ▁Kal amaz oo ▁L ass ies ▁dis pat ched ▁the ▁South ▁B end ▁Blue ▁S ox ▁in ▁three ▁games ▁and ▁Fort ▁Wayne ▁did ▁the ▁same ▁with ▁the ▁Grand ▁Rap ids ▁Ch icks . ▁▁ 1 9 5 4 ▁Championship ▁Title ▁In ▁Game ▁ 1 ▁of ▁the ▁A AG P BL ▁Series , ▁the ▁Kal amaz oo ▁L ass ies ▁defeated ▁the ▁Fort ▁Wayne ▁D ais ies ▁ 1 7 – 9 ▁behind ▁a ▁four - hit , ▁seven ▁strong ▁inn ings ▁from ▁June ▁Pe pp as , ▁who ▁also ▁helped ▁herself ▁by ▁hitting ▁ 2 - for - 4 , ▁including ▁one ▁home ▁run . ▁Her ▁team mates ▁Carol ▁Hab ben ▁and ▁Fern ▁Sh ollen berger ▁also ▁sl ug ged ▁one ▁each , ▁while ▁Chris ▁Ball ing all ▁added ▁a ▁grand ▁sl am . ▁K atie ▁Hor st man ▁connected ▁two ▁home ▁runs ▁for ▁the ▁D ais ies ▁in ▁a ▁lost ▁cause ▁and ▁Jo anne ▁We aver ▁sl ug ged ▁one . ▁P itch ing ▁star ▁Max ine ▁K line , ▁who ▁had ▁posted ▁an ▁ 1 8 – 7
▁record ▁with ▁a ▁ 3 . 2 3 ▁E RA ▁during ▁the ▁regular ▁season , ▁gave ▁up ▁ 1 1 ▁runs ▁in ▁six ▁inn ings ▁and ▁was ▁cred ited ▁with ▁the ▁loss . ▁ ▁The ▁D ais ies ▁even ed ▁the ▁Series ▁against ▁the ▁L ass ies ▁winning ▁Game ▁ 2 , ▁ 1 1 – 4 , ▁after ▁hitting ▁five ▁home ▁runs ▁off ▁two ▁pitch ers . ▁Gl oria ▁Cord es ▁started ▁for ▁Kal amaz oo , ▁but ▁due ▁to ▁a ▁mix - up ▁over ▁the ▁game ' s ▁starting ▁time ▁the ▁u mp ires ▁did ▁not ▁allow ▁her ▁to ▁warm ▁up ▁( supp osed ly ▁there ▁would ▁be ▁a ▁half ▁hour ▁delay ). ▁Starting ▁cold , ▁Cord es ▁allowed ▁five ▁runs ▁before ▁getting ▁a ▁batter ▁out . ▁After ▁a ▁le ado ff ▁walk , ▁Hor st man ▁belt ed ▁a ▁home ▁run ▁for ▁a ▁ 2 – 0 ▁Fort ▁Wayne ▁lead . ▁Then ▁Ruth ▁Richard ▁and ▁Jo anne ▁We aver ▁hit ▁back - to - back ▁singles , ▁and ▁Bet ty ▁We aver ▁F oss ▁hit ▁a ▁three - run ▁hom er ▁for ▁a ▁ 5 – 0 ▁edge . ▁El aine ▁Roth ▁relieved ▁Cord es ▁and ▁completed ▁the ▁game . ▁But ▁the ▁L ass ies ▁hit ▁three ▁more ▁home ▁runs , ▁one ▁each ▁by ▁Jean ▁Ge iss inger ▁and ▁the ▁F oss - We aver ▁sisters . ▁Kal amaz oo ▁discount ed ▁the ▁margin ▁with ▁le ado ff ▁hom ers ▁by ▁Nancy ▁M udge , ▁Pe pp as ▁( play
ing ▁at ▁first ▁base ) ▁and ▁Dor othy ▁Sch ro eder , ▁but ▁the ▁game ' s ▁outcome ▁was ▁never ▁in ▁doubt . ▁ ▁In ▁Game ▁ 3 , ▁the ▁D ais ies ▁won ▁the ▁L ass ies , ▁▁ 8 – 7 , ▁fuel ed ▁again ▁by ▁a ▁heavy ▁hitting ▁by ▁Jo anne ▁We aver , ▁who ▁hit ▁a ▁double , ▁a ▁triple ▁and ▁a ▁three - run ▁home ▁run ▁in ▁five ▁at ▁b ats , ▁driving ▁in ▁four ▁runs . ▁Pe pp as ▁went ▁ 1 - for - 4 ▁to ▁spark ▁a ▁seventh ▁in ning ▁three - run ▁rally , ▁but ▁Fort ▁Wayne ▁came ▁back ▁in ▁the ▁bottom ▁of ▁the ▁in ning ▁with ▁two ▁two ▁runs ▁that ▁marked ▁the ▁difference . ▁Cord es ▁relieved ▁with ▁the ▁bases ▁loaded ▁in ▁the ▁seventh ▁in ning , ▁ ▁but ▁did ▁not ▁allow ▁any ▁damage ▁for ▁the ▁remainder ▁of ▁the ▁game . ▁▁▁▁ ▁In ▁other ▁close ▁score , ▁the ▁L ass ies ▁even ed ▁the ▁Series ▁in ▁Game ▁ 4 ▁with ▁a ▁victory ▁over ▁the ▁D ais ies , ▁ 6 – 5 . ▁Cord es ▁started ▁again ▁with ▁her ▁team ▁against ▁the ▁wall , ▁ 2 - to - 1 . ▁This ▁time ▁properly ▁war med ▁up , ▁she ▁hur led ▁a ▁complete ▁game , ▁allowing ▁five ▁runs ▁on ▁nine ▁hits . ▁Hab ben ▁drove ▁in ▁two ▁runs ▁who ▁marked ▁the ▁difference , ▁while ▁K line ▁suffered ▁her ▁second ▁loss ▁of ▁the ▁Series . ▁Pe pp as ▁contributed ▁with ▁a ▁single , ▁a
▁double ▁and ▁one ▁R BI ▁in ▁four ▁at - b ats . ▁ ▁In ▁decis ive ▁Game ▁ 5 , ▁Pe pp as ▁pit ched ▁a ▁clutch ▁complete ▁game ▁and ▁went ▁ 3 - for - 5 ▁with ▁an ▁R BI ▁against ▁her ▁former ▁D ais ies ▁team , ▁winning ▁by ▁an ▁ 8 – 5 ▁margin ▁to ▁give ▁the ▁L ass ies ▁the ▁Championship ▁title ▁in ▁the ▁A AG P BL ' s ▁last ▁ever ▁game . ▁She ▁received ▁support ▁from ▁B aling all ▁( 3 - for - 4 ) ▁and ▁Sch ro eder , ▁who ▁drove ▁in ▁the ▁winning ▁run ▁in ▁the ▁bottom ▁of ▁the ▁eight . ▁Pe pp as ▁finished ▁with ▁a ▁. 4 5 0 ▁average ▁and ▁collected ▁two ▁of ▁the ▁three ▁L ass ies ▁vict ories , ▁to ▁become ▁the ▁winning ▁pitch er ▁of ▁the ▁last ▁game ▁in ▁the ▁league ' s ▁history . ▁In ▁the ▁end , ▁the ▁inspired ▁L ass ies ▁rose ▁to ▁the ▁challenge ▁and ▁batt ed ▁a ▁. 3 3 7 ▁average ▁as ▁a ▁team . ▁On ▁the ▁other ▁hand , ▁the ▁usually ▁heavy - h itting ▁D ais ies ▁aver aged ▁only ▁. 2 7 5 . ▁ ▁The ▁sisters ▁F oss - We aver ▁were ▁able ▁to ▁win ▁the ▁final ▁five ▁batt ing ▁championship s ▁of ▁the ▁All - American ▁Girls ▁Professional ▁Base ball ▁League ▁and ▁two ▁Player ▁of ▁the ▁Year ▁awards . ▁With ▁Helen ▁Call ag han ▁winning ▁the ▁batt ing ▁title ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 5 , ▁the
▁Fort ▁Wayne ▁D ais ies ▁am ass ed ▁six ▁batt ing ▁crow ns ▁to ▁set ▁a ▁league ▁record . ▁But ▁while ▁Fort ▁Wayne ▁made ▁the ▁play offs ▁in ▁the ▁last ▁seven ▁seasons ▁of ▁the ▁league , ▁the ▁team ▁struggled ▁in ▁the ▁post - season ▁and ▁never ▁won ▁a ▁Championship ▁Title . ▁In ▁ 1 9 5 2 ▁and ▁ 1 9 5 3 , ▁the ▁D ais ies ▁were ▁knocked ▁out ▁in ▁the ▁first ▁round ▁after ▁posting ▁the ▁best ▁regular - season ▁record . ▁ ▁Bill ▁All ington ▁All - St ars ▁Once ▁the ▁league ▁dis band ed ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 4 , ▁Jo anne ▁We aver ▁was ▁one ▁of ▁eleven ▁players ▁selected ▁by ▁former ▁D ais ies ▁manager ▁Bill ▁All ington ▁to ▁play ▁in ▁the ▁national ▁tour ing ▁team ▁known ▁as ▁the ▁All - Amer icans . ▁The ▁All ington ▁All - St ars ▁played ▁ 1 0 0 ▁games ▁between ▁ 1 9 5 4 ▁and ▁ 1 9 5 8 , ▁each ▁book ed ▁in ▁a ▁different ▁town , ▁against ▁male ▁teams , ▁while ▁traveling ▁over ▁ 1 0 , 0 0 0 ▁miles ▁in ▁the ▁manager ' s ▁station ▁wagon ▁and ▁a ▁Ford ▁Country ▁Sed an . ▁Besides ▁We aver , ▁the ▁All - Amer icans ▁included ▁her ▁sister ▁Bet ty ▁F oss , ▁Joan ▁Ber ger , ▁Gl oria ▁Cord es , ▁Jean ie ▁Des com bes , ▁Ger tr ude ▁D unn , ▁Jean ▁Ge iss inger , ▁Mary ▁Fr oning , ▁K atie ▁Hor
st man , ▁Max ine ▁K line , ▁Dol ores ▁Lee , ▁Mag d alen ▁Red man , ▁Ruth ▁Richard , ▁Jean ▁Smith , ▁Dor othy ▁Sch ro eder ▁and ▁D olly ▁V ander l ip , ▁among ▁others . ▁ ▁Life ▁after ▁baseball ▁Following ▁her ▁baseball ▁career , ▁Jo anne ▁We aver ▁lived ▁in ▁Fort ▁Wayne , ▁Indiana ▁for ▁more ▁than ▁ 3 0 ▁years . ▁In ▁November ▁ 1 9 8 8 , ▁the ▁We aver ▁sisters ▁received ▁recognition ▁when ▁the ▁Base ball ▁Hall ▁of ▁Fame ▁and ▁Museum ▁in ▁Cooper st own , ▁New ▁York ▁dedicated ▁a ▁permanent ▁display ▁to ▁the ▁entire ▁league ▁rather ▁than ▁any ▁individual ▁player . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 9 0 ▁Jo anne ▁moved ▁back ▁to ▁her ▁hom et own ▁of ▁Met ropol is , ▁Illinois , ▁to ▁be ▁with ▁her ▁parents . ▁Bet ty ▁returned ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 4 ▁while ▁Jean ▁moved ▁back ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 5 , ▁allowing ▁the ▁three ▁We aver ▁sisters ▁to ▁see ▁each ▁other ▁every ▁day . ▁Bet ty ▁died ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 8 , ▁at ▁the ▁age ▁of ▁ 6 8 , ▁following ▁complic ations ▁related ▁to ▁Amy ot ro ph ic ▁later al ▁s cl er osis ▁( Lou ▁Ge hr ig ' s ▁disease ). ▁Jo anne ▁died ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 0 ▁at ▁age ▁ 6 4 ▁of ▁the ▁same ▁disease ▁that ▁claimed ▁her ▁sister . ▁Eight ▁years ▁later , ▁Jean ▁died ▁at ▁age ▁ 7 4 . ▁ ▁Career
▁statistics ▁B atting ▁▁ ▁Field ing ▁ ▁S ources ▁ ▁Category : All - American ▁Girls ▁Professional ▁Base ball ▁League ▁players ▁Category : Base ball ▁players ▁from ▁Illinois ▁Category : People ▁from ▁Met ropol is , ▁Illinois ▁Category : S ports people ▁from ▁Fort ▁Wayne , ▁Indiana ▁Category : De ath s ▁from ▁motor ▁neur on ▁disease ▁Category : 1 9 3 5 ▁birth s ▁Category : 2 0 0 0 ▁deaths ▁Category : Base ball ▁out field ers ▁Category : F ort ▁Wayne ▁D ais ies ▁players <0x0A> </s> ▁In ▁Polish ▁poetry , ▁the ▁Ukrain ian ▁school ▁were ▁a ▁group ▁of ▁Rom antic ▁po ets ▁of ▁the ▁early ▁ 1 9 th ▁century ▁who ▁h ailed ▁from ▁Ukraine , ▁on ▁the ▁sout he astern ▁f ring es ▁of ▁the ▁Polish - in hab ited ▁lands ▁of ▁the ▁time ▁( this ▁period ▁followed ▁the ▁partition ▁of ▁the ▁Polish – L ith uan ian ▁Commonwealth ). ▁The ▁po ets — Ant oni ▁Mal cz ew ski , ▁J óz ef ▁Boh dan ▁Z ales ki , ▁Tom asz ▁Pad ura ▁and ▁S ew er yn ▁G osz czy ński — produ ced ▁a ▁distinct ▁style ▁of ▁Polish ▁Rom antic ism ▁through ▁the ▁incorpor ation ▁of ▁Ukrain ian ▁life , ▁landsc apes , ▁history , ▁political ▁events , ▁and ▁fol kl ore ▁into ▁their ▁works . ▁They ▁in ▁turn ▁influenced ▁both ▁L ith uan ian ▁and ▁Ukrain ian ▁Rom antic ▁poetry , ▁and , ▁along ▁with ▁other ▁Polish ▁po ets , ▁const ituted ▁a ▁link
▁between ▁the ▁various ▁liter atures ▁of ▁the ▁post - partition ▁Commonwealth . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁ ▁Ukrain ian ▁School ▁in ▁Polish ▁literature ▁at ▁the ▁En cycl op edia ▁of ▁Ukraine ▁ ▁Category : Pol ish ▁poetry ▁Category : 1 9 th ▁century ▁in ▁Poland ▁* ▁Category : Pol and – U kr aine ▁relations ▁Category : King dom ▁of ▁Gal icia ▁and ▁L od om eria ▁Category : Po etry ▁movements ▁Category : Rom antic ▁national ism ▁Category : 1 9 th - century ▁literature <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Pres id ency ▁Council ▁of ▁Iraq ▁was ▁an ▁entity ▁that ▁operated ▁under ▁the ▁aus p ices ▁of ▁the ▁" trans itional ▁provisions " ▁of ▁the ▁Constitution ▁of ▁Iraq ▁and ▁previously ▁under ▁the ▁Trans itional ▁Administr ative ▁Law . ▁ ▁The ▁Pres id ency ▁Council ▁function ed ▁in ▁the ▁role ▁of ▁the ▁President ▁of ▁Iraq ▁until ▁one ▁success ive ▁presidential ▁term ▁after ▁the ▁rat ification ▁of ▁the ▁Constitution ▁and ▁a ▁government ▁was ▁seated . ▁The ▁Pres id ency ▁council ▁consisted ▁of ▁one ▁President ▁and ▁two ▁deput ies , ▁or ▁Vice - Pres idents , ▁and ▁the ▁Pres id ency ▁Council ▁must ▁have ▁made ▁all ▁decisions ▁un anim ously . ▁ ▁The ▁members ▁of ▁the ▁Pres id ency ▁Council ▁were ▁elected ▁with ▁" one ▁list " ▁by ▁a ▁two - third s ▁majority ▁in ▁the ▁Iraq i ▁Council ▁of ▁Represent atives . ▁The ▁Pres id ency ▁Council ▁had ▁the ▁right ▁to ▁v eto ▁legislation ▁passed ▁by ▁the ▁Council ▁of ▁Represent atives ▁which ▁may
▁have ▁over ro de ▁the ▁v eto ▁with ▁a ▁three - fif th s ▁super major ity . ▁Under ▁the ▁T AL ▁the ▁override ▁required ▁a ▁two - third s ▁super major ity . ▁ ▁History ▁▁ ▁The ▁first ▁Pres id ency ▁Council ▁was ▁elected ▁by ▁the ▁National ▁Assembly ▁on ▁ 6 ▁April ▁ 2 0 0 5 , ▁after ▁more ▁than ▁two ▁months ▁of ▁negotiations ▁between ▁the ▁United ▁Iraq i ▁Alliance ▁and ▁Democratic ▁Patri otic ▁Alliance ▁of ▁K urd istan ▁political ▁fa ctions . ▁K urd ish ▁leader ▁J al al ▁Tal ab ani ▁became ▁President , ▁with ▁Sh i ' ite ▁U IA ▁and ▁SC IR I ▁member ▁Ad il ▁Abd ul ▁al - M ah di ▁and ▁out going ▁Sun ni ▁President ▁Gh azi ▁al - Y aw ar ▁as ▁his ▁deput ies . ▁ ▁The ▁second ▁Pres id ency ▁Council , ▁the ▁first ▁under ▁the ▁new ▁Constitution ▁of ▁Iraq , ▁consisted ▁of ▁President ▁J al al ▁Tal ab ani , ▁and ▁Vice ▁Pres idents ▁Ad il ▁Abd ul ▁al - M ah di ▁and ▁T ari q ▁al - Hash imi . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁▁▁ ▁President ▁of ▁Iraq ▁ ▁Category : Pol it ics ▁of ▁Iraq ▁Category : G overn ment ▁of ▁Iraq <0x0A> </s> ▁Ar al do ▁Cap r ili ▁( 1 0 ▁September ▁ 1 9 2 0 ▁– ▁ 9 ▁January ▁ 1 9 8 2 ) ▁was ▁an ▁Italian ▁professional ▁football ▁player . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁Profile
▁at ▁Enc icl oped i adel cal cio . it ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 2 0 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 9 8 2 ▁deaths ▁Category : People ▁from ▁Vi are gg io ▁Category : It al ian ▁football ers ▁Category : Ser ie ▁A ▁players ▁Category : J u vent us ▁F . C . ▁players ▁Category : S . S . D . ▁Lu cc he se ▁ 1 9 0 5 ▁players ▁Category : S pez ia ▁Cal cio ▁players ▁Category : U . S . ▁C itt à ▁di ▁Pont ed era ▁players ▁Category : Associ ation ▁football ▁defend ers <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Mid l oth ian ▁Co alf ield ▁is ▁a ▁co alf ield ▁in ▁sout heast ▁Scotland ▁situated ▁immediately ▁to ▁the ▁east ▁and ▁sout heast ▁of ▁Edinburgh . ▁It ▁is ▁ge ologically ▁continuous ▁with ▁the ▁East ▁F ife ▁Co alf ield ▁beneath ▁the ▁F irth ▁of ▁For th ▁though ▁the ▁under sea ▁coal ▁reserves ▁have ▁only ▁been ▁partly ▁explo ited . ▁There ▁were ▁under sea ▁work ings ▁extending ▁from ▁Prest on links ▁Coll ier y . ▁The ▁sul ph ur ▁content ▁of ▁the ▁majority ▁of ▁Mid l oth ian ▁co als ▁is ▁less ▁than ▁ 1 % ▁making ▁it ▁especially ▁suitable ▁for ▁modern ▁requirements . ▁ ▁Ge ology ▁The ▁following ▁se ams ▁were ▁worked . ▁They ▁are ▁shown ▁in ▁rough ▁strat ig raph ical ▁order ▁thought ▁not ▁all ▁se ams ▁are ▁present ▁throughout ▁the ▁co alf ield . ▁Those ▁shown ▁in ▁bold ▁were ▁worked ▁to ▁the
▁greatest ▁extent : ▁ ▁Within ▁the ▁Scottish ▁Coal ▁Me asures ▁Group ▁( M iddle ▁and ▁Lower ▁Coal ▁Me asures ): ▁ ▁Clay know es ▁Coal ▁ ▁( M uss el burgh ) ▁S pl int ▁Coal ▁ ▁( M uss el burgh ) ▁R ough ▁Coal ▁ ▁Be ef ie ▁Coal ▁ ▁M uss el burgh ▁Jew el ▁Coal ▁ ▁Golden ▁Coal ▁ ▁Little ▁S pl int ▁Coal ▁ ▁Cow p its ▁Five ▁Foot ▁Coal ▁ ▁Glass ▁Coal ▁ ▁Sal ters ▁Coal ▁ ▁M uss el burgh ▁N ine ▁Foot ▁Coal ▁ ▁M uss el burgh ▁Fif teen ▁Foot ▁Coal ▁ ▁Pink ie ▁Six ▁Foot ▁Coal ▁ ▁M uss el burgh ▁Seven ▁Foot ▁Coal ▁ ▁E sk mouth ▁Extra ▁Coal ▁ ▁Within ▁the ▁Upper ▁Lim estone ▁Form ation : ▁ ▁South ▁Par rot ▁Coal ▁ ▁Within ▁the ▁Lim estone ▁Coal ▁Form ation : ▁ ▁Great ▁Se am ▁Coal ▁ ▁G illes pie ▁Coal ▁ ▁Black chap el ▁Coal ▁ ▁K ittle pur se ▁Coal ▁ ▁Pe ac ock ▁Coal ▁ ▁South ▁Bry ans ▁S pl int ▁Coal ▁ ▁St ony ▁Coal ▁ ▁Ball ▁Coal ▁ ▁Lo an head ▁No ▁ 1 ▁Coal ▁ ▁Cor bie ▁Co als ▁ ▁Andrew s ▁Coal ▁ ▁South ▁Coal ▁ ▁North ▁Coal ▁ ▁St air head ▁Coal ▁ ▁Within ▁the ▁Lower ▁Lim estone ▁Form ation ▁ ▁North ▁Gre ens ▁Coal ▁ ▁Within ▁the ▁West ▁L oth ian ▁Oil - Sh ale ▁Form ation ▁ ▁Houston ▁Coal ▁ ▁various ▁oil - sh ale ▁hor iz ons ▁ ▁Mon k
ton hall ▁Coll ier y ▁was ▁abandoned ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 7 ▁and ▁Bl ink bon ny ▁mine ▁ad it ▁was ▁sealed ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 3 ▁so ▁bringing ▁to ▁an ▁end ▁a ▁long ▁history ▁of ▁deep - min ing ▁of ▁coal ▁within ▁the ▁co alf ield . ▁Op enc asting ▁has ▁continued ▁at ▁various ▁sites ▁since ▁then ▁including ▁Bl ink bon ny , ▁Ox en fo ord , ▁G our law ▁and ▁New big ging ▁Farm . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁▁ ▁Category : Co al ▁mining ▁regions ▁in ▁Scotland ▁Category : Ge ography ▁of ▁Mid l oth ian <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁Football ▁League ▁Championship ▁play - off ▁Final ▁was ▁an ▁association ▁football ▁match ▁played ▁at ▁the ▁Mill enn ium ▁Stadium , ▁Card iff ▁on ▁ 2 1 ▁May ▁ 2 0 0 6 . ▁It ▁determined ▁the ▁third ▁and ▁final ▁team ▁in ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 5 – 0 6 ▁football ▁season ▁to ▁be ▁promoted ▁to ▁the ▁Premier ▁League , ▁the ▁highest ▁division ▁in ▁the ▁English ▁football ▁league ▁system . ▁It ▁was ▁the ▁last ▁play - off ▁final ▁to ▁be ▁held ▁at ▁the ▁Mill enn ium ▁Stadium , ▁as ▁the ▁new ▁W em ble y ▁Stadium ▁was ▁completed ▁in ▁time ▁for ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁final . ▁ ▁The ▁final ▁featured ▁Wat ford , ▁who ▁had ▁finished ▁third ▁in ▁the ▁Championship , ▁and ▁Le eds ▁United , ▁who ▁finished ▁fifth . ▁In ▁the ▁semi - fin als , ▁Le eds ▁and ▁Wat
ford ▁defeated ▁Prest on ▁North ▁End ▁and ▁Cry stal ▁Palace ▁respectively . ▁Wat ford ▁won ▁the ▁match ▁ 3 – 0 , ▁with ▁opening ▁goal sc orer ▁Jay ▁De Mer it ▁named ▁man ▁of ▁the ▁match . ▁Le eds ▁goal keeper ▁Neil ▁Sull ivan ▁scored ▁an ▁own ▁goal ▁to ▁make ▁the ▁score ▁ 2 – 0 ▁to ▁Wat ford ▁after ▁ 6 0 ▁minutes , ▁and ▁the ▁final ▁goal ▁was ▁a ▁penalty ▁kick ▁scored ▁by ▁D arius ▁Hend erson ▁which ▁assured ▁Wat ford ▁promotion ▁to ▁the ▁Premier ▁League . ▁ ▁Route ▁to ▁the ▁final ▁ ▁Wat ford ▁finished ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 5 – 0 6 ▁Football ▁League ▁Championship ▁in ▁third ▁place ▁with ▁ 8 1 ▁points , ▁two ▁places ▁and ▁ 3 ▁points ▁above ▁Le eds . ▁In ▁the ▁play - off ▁semi - fin als , ▁Wat ford ▁faced ▁Cry stal ▁Palace , ▁who ▁had ▁finished ▁in ▁sixth ▁position . ▁The ▁first ▁leg ▁was ▁held ▁at ▁Cry stal ▁Palace ' s ▁ground , ▁Sel h urst ▁Park , ▁on ▁ 6 ▁May ▁ 2 0 0 6 . ▁Go als ▁from ▁Wat ford ▁players ▁Mar lon ▁King , ▁Ash ley ▁Young ▁and ▁Matthew ▁Spring ▁gave ▁them ▁a ▁ 3 – 0 ▁win . ▁The ▁second ▁leg ▁at ▁Wat ford ' s ▁Vic ar age ▁Road ▁stadium ▁finished ▁ 0 – 0 , ▁thus ▁giving ▁Wat ford ▁a ▁ 3 – 0 ▁aggregate ▁victory ▁and ▁a ▁place ▁in ▁the ▁final . ▁ ▁Le eds ' ▁semi - final ▁opponents ▁were ▁Prest
on , ▁who ▁had ▁finished ▁the ▁Championship ▁season ▁in ▁fourth ▁position . ▁Le eds ▁hosted ▁the ▁first ▁leg , ▁but ▁it ▁was ▁Prest on ▁who ▁took ▁the ▁lead ▁with ▁a ▁goal ▁from ▁David ▁N ug ent ▁in ▁the ▁ 4 8 th ▁minute . ▁Eddie ▁Lewis ▁equal ised ▁for ▁Le eds ▁in ▁the ▁ 7 4 th ▁minute ▁to ▁salv age ▁a ▁ 1 – 1 ▁draw . ▁In ▁the ▁second ▁leg , ▁at ▁Prest on ' s ▁home ▁Deep dale , ▁Rob ▁H ulse ▁and ▁Fra zer ▁Richard son ▁scored ▁for ▁Le eds , ▁hand ing ▁them ▁a ▁ 2 – 0 ▁win ▁on ▁the ▁day ▁and ▁a ▁ 3 – 1 ▁aggregate ▁victory . ▁ ▁Match ▁ ▁Details ▁ ▁Statistics ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁▁ 1 ▁Category : E FL ▁Championship ▁play - off ▁fin als ▁Play off ▁Final ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁Play off ▁Final ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁play <0x0A> </s> ▁International ▁Indian ▁School , ▁Al - J ub ail ▁( I IS J ▁), ▁formerly ▁known ▁as ▁the ▁Emb assy ▁of ▁India ▁School , ▁is ▁an ▁Indian ▁international ▁school ▁in ▁Al - J ub ail . ▁It ▁was ▁established ▁on ▁ 3 0 ▁November ▁ 1 9 8 7 . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁J ub ail ▁ ▁List ▁of ▁international ▁schools ▁ ▁Indians ▁in ▁Saudi ▁Arabia ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁▁▁ ▁Category : Ind ian ▁international ▁schools ▁in ▁Saudi ▁Arabia <0x0A> </s> ▁P ill box ▁may ▁refer ▁to : ▁▁ ▁P ill ▁organ
izer , ▁a ▁container ▁for ▁medicine ▁ ▁P ill box ▁hat , ▁a ▁woman ' s ▁hat ▁with ▁a ▁flat ▁crown , ▁straight ▁upright ▁sides , ▁and ▁no ▁br im ▁ ▁P ill box ▁( mil itary ), ▁concrete ▁dug - in ▁guard ▁posts ▁ ▁P ill box ▁affair , ▁a ▁ 1 9 3 9 ▁British ▁political ▁and ▁military ▁controversy <0x0A> </s> ▁Em mi ▁is ▁a ▁Finn ish ▁singer - s ong writer ▁who ▁s ings ▁in ▁English . ▁She ▁was ▁born ▁on ▁October ▁ 1 0 , ▁ 1 9 7 9 ▁in ▁Vil pp ula , ▁Finland . ▁She ▁became ▁famous ▁thanks ▁to ▁her ▁single ▁Break able , ▁which ▁was ▁released ▁in ▁February ▁ 2 0 0 1 . ▁In ▁May ▁ 2 0 0 1 ▁her ▁second ▁single ▁Cr ashing ▁Down ▁and ▁her ▁debut ▁album ▁Sol itary ▁Mot ions ▁were ▁released . ▁Two ▁other ▁quite ▁well ▁known ▁songs ▁from ▁that ▁album ▁are ▁Green ▁Car ▁and ▁Sol itary ▁Mot ions . ▁She ▁was ▁nominated ▁as ▁the ▁Best ▁Nord ic ▁Act ▁by ▁M TV ▁Europe ▁Music ▁Awards ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 1 . ▁However , ▁the ▁award ▁was ▁won ▁by ▁the ▁Dan ish ▁band ▁Saf ri ▁Du o . ▁ ▁There ▁are ▁two ▁versions ▁of ▁Em mi ' s ▁second ▁album ▁No ▁Nothing . ▁The ▁first ▁one ▁was ▁released ▁only ▁for ▁Finn ish ▁market ▁in ▁October ▁ 2 0 0 2 . ▁The ▁second ▁one ▁was ▁released ▁for ▁international ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁Finn ish ▁market ▁in ▁early ▁ 2 0
0 3 . ▁The ▁differences ▁between ▁the ▁versions ▁are ▁the ▁order ▁of ▁songs ▁and ▁the ▁fact ▁that ▁the ▁second ▁version ▁contains ▁two ▁tracks ▁that ▁are ▁not ▁contained ▁in ▁the ▁first ▁version , ▁namely ▁Into ▁The ▁World ▁and ▁World ▁Is ▁C razy . ▁Con vers ely , ▁the ▁song ▁T oss ▁Me ▁Down ▁is ▁contained ▁in ▁the ▁first ▁version ▁but ▁not ▁in ▁the ▁second ▁one . ▁ ▁The ▁single ▁E ile en ▁was ▁released ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 5 . ▁On ▁October ▁ 5 , ▁ 2 0 0 5 , ▁Em mi ' s ▁third ▁album ▁Can ▁Full ▁of ▁Joy ▁was ▁released . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁ ▁The ▁official ▁site ▁of ▁Em mi ▁( in ▁Finn ish ▁only ) ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 7 9 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : People ▁from ▁M ä nt t ä - V il pp ula ▁Category : F inn ish ▁female ▁sing ers ▁Category : F inn ish ▁pop ▁sing ers ▁Category : F inn ish ▁song writ ers ▁Category : 2 1 st - century ▁Finn ish ▁sing ers ▁Category : 2 1 st - century ▁women ▁sing ers <0x0A> </s> ▁John ▁Harvey ▁was ▁a ▁Corn ish man ▁whose ▁career ▁started ▁as ▁a ▁black smith ▁and ▁engineer ▁at ▁Carn hell ▁Green ▁near ▁Hay le , ▁in ▁west ▁Corn wall . ▁In ▁ 1 7 7 9 ▁he ▁established ▁a ▁found ry ▁and ▁engineering ▁works ▁at ▁Hay le ▁called ▁Harvey ▁& ▁Co . ▁By ▁ 1
8 0 0 ▁the ▁company ▁employed ▁more ▁than ▁ 5 0 ▁people ▁and ▁continued ▁to ▁grow ▁as ▁Harvey ▁worked ▁with ▁many ▁of ▁the ▁great ▁Corn ish ▁engineers ▁and ▁entrepre neurs ▁of ▁the ▁day . ▁These ▁included ▁Richard ▁T rev ith ick , ▁William ▁West , ▁and , ▁more ▁importantly , ▁Arthur ▁W ool f . ▁In ▁ 1 7 9 7 , ▁Harvey ' s ▁daughter , ▁Jane , ▁married ▁Richard ▁T rev ith ick . ▁ ▁Harvey ▁& ▁Co . ▁built ▁up ▁a ▁reputation ▁for ▁world ▁class ▁station ary ▁beam ▁engines ▁designed ▁to ▁pump ▁water ▁out ▁of ▁the ▁deep ▁Corn ish ▁tin ▁and ▁copper ▁mines . ▁The ▁Corn ish ▁beam ▁engine ▁became ▁world - f amous ▁and ▁was ▁export ed ▁overseas , ▁and ▁remains ▁the ▁largest ▁type ▁of ▁beam ▁engine ▁ever ▁constructed ; ▁the ▁largest ▁of ▁all , ▁with ▁a ▁ ▁cyl inder ▁which ▁powered ▁eight ▁separate ▁be ams , ▁was ▁used ▁to ▁drain ▁the ▁Ha ar lem mer me er ▁in ▁the ▁Netherlands — it ▁is ▁preserved ▁in ▁the ▁Museum ▁De ▁Cru qu ius . ▁ ▁Harvey ' s ▁also ▁produced ▁a ▁range ▁of ▁products , ▁from ▁hand ▁tools ▁to ▁ocean - going ▁ships ▁including ▁the ▁. ▁The ▁company ▁was ▁expanded ▁by ▁John ' s ▁son , ▁Henry , ▁in ▁collaboration ▁with ▁Arthur ▁W ool f , ▁who ▁was ▁the ▁chief ▁engineer . ▁At ▁that ▁time ▁it ▁was ▁the ▁main ▁mining ▁engine ▁found ry ▁in ▁the ▁world , ▁with ▁an ▁international ▁market ▁served ▁through ▁their ▁own ▁port ▁at ▁Found ry ▁Town
, ▁Hay le . ▁ ▁Harvey ' s ▁of ▁Hay le ▁reached ▁their ▁peak ▁in ▁the ▁early - ▁to ▁mid - 1 9 th ▁century ▁and ▁then , ▁along ▁with ▁the ▁Corn ish ▁mining ▁industry ▁in ▁general , ▁suffered ▁a ▁grad ual ▁and ▁slow ▁decline . ▁Harvey ' s ▁acquired ▁the ▁Corn ish ▁Cop per ▁Company ▁in ▁ 1 8 7 5 . ▁The ▁engineering ▁works ▁and ▁found ry ▁were ▁closed ▁in ▁ 1 9 0 3 , ▁although ▁the ▁company ▁continued ▁to ▁trade ▁as ▁a ▁general ▁and ▁build ers ▁merchant , ▁eventually ▁mer ging ▁with ▁U BM ▁to ▁become ▁Harvey - UB M ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 9 . ▁ ▁List ▁of ▁ships ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁Min ing ▁in ▁Corn wall ▁and ▁Dev on ▁Hay le ▁and ▁Brist ol ▁Steam ▁P acket ▁Company ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ed mund ▁V ale ▁The ▁Har ve ys ▁of ▁Hay le . ▁Tru ro : ▁D . ▁B . ▁Bart on , ▁ 1 9 6 6 ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁Harvey ' s ▁of ▁Hay le ▁ ▁Category : 1 7 3 0 ▁birth s ▁Category : C orn ish ▁invent ors ▁Category : C orn ish ▁engineers ▁Category : People ▁from ▁Hay le ▁Category : Year ▁of ▁death ▁unknown ▁Category : Year ▁of ▁birth ▁unknown <0x0A> </s> ▁List ▁of ▁Cons uls ▁in ▁Jerusalem , ▁J aff a , ▁Ha ifa ▁and ▁E il at ▁from ▁German ▁states . ▁Pr ussia , ▁the ▁North ▁German ▁Confeder acy ▁and ▁there after ▁Germany ▁maintained
▁diplom atic ▁missions ▁in ▁the ▁Holy ▁Land . ▁The ▁Jerusalem ▁cons ulate ▁was ▁based ▁on ▁ 5 7 ▁Street ▁of ▁the ▁Prop he ts ▁at ▁the ▁corner ▁with ▁Wall en berg ▁Street , ▁Jerusalem . ▁The ▁Cons ulate ▁also ▁had ▁affili ated ▁vice - cons ulates ▁in ▁J aff a ▁and ▁Ha ifa . ▁The ▁aim ▁of ▁the ▁cons ulates ▁was ▁to ▁represent ▁the ▁respective ▁German ▁states ▁in ▁the ▁Holy ▁Land ▁or ▁parts ▁there of . ▁After ▁Nazi ▁Germany ▁started ▁the ▁Second ▁World ▁War ▁the ▁cons ulates ▁closed . ▁In ▁ 1 9 6 5 ▁official ▁diplom atic ▁relations ▁were ▁established ▁between ▁the ▁ 1 9 4 8 ▁founded ▁Israel ▁and ▁the ▁ 1 9 4 9 ▁founded ▁West ▁Germany . ▁Since ▁there ▁is ▁a ▁German ▁emb assy ▁in ▁Tel ▁Av iv , ▁and ▁later , ▁as ▁its ▁affiliates , ▁honor ary ▁cons ulates ▁opened ▁in ▁Ha ifa ▁and ▁E il at . ▁ ▁List ▁of ▁cons uls ▁in ▁Jerusalem ▁as ▁of ▁ 1 8 4 2 ▁ ▁Pr ussian ▁cons uls ▁Before ▁being ▁elev ated ▁to ▁a ▁cons ulate ▁of ▁its ▁own ▁in ▁ 1 8 4 5 , ▁the ▁Pr ussian ▁diplom atic ▁mission ▁in ▁Jerusalem ▁was ▁a ▁vice - cons ulate ▁affili ated ▁to ▁the ▁Pr ussian ▁cons ulate ▁in ▁Ott oman ▁Be ir ut . ▁Occ asion ally ▁cons uls ▁were ▁personally ▁ranked ▁as ▁cons ul ▁general . ▁▁▁ 1 8 4 2 – 1 8 4 5 : ▁▁▁ 1 8 4 5 – 1 8 5 1
: ▁ ▁as ▁cons ul ▁of ▁Jerusalem ▁▁ 1 8 5 2 – 1 8 6 7 : ▁Dr . ▁Georg ▁Rosen ▁▁ 1 8 6 7 – 1 8 6 9 : ▁Prof . ▁Jul ius ▁Pet erm ann ▁ ▁North ▁German ▁cons ul ▁In ▁ 1 8 6 9 ▁the ▁Pr ussian ▁cons ulate ▁was ▁taken ▁over ▁by ▁the ▁newly ▁founded ▁North ▁German ▁Confeder acy . ▁▁▁ 1 8 6 9 – 1 8 7 1 : ▁ ▁( t ill ▁ 2 1 ▁June ▁ 1 8 7 1 ▁for ▁the ▁North ▁German ▁Confeder acy ), ▁personally ▁ranked ▁cons ul ▁general ▁ ▁German ▁cons uls ▁and ▁cons uls ▁general ▁On ▁ 2 2 ▁June ▁ 1 8 7 1 ▁the ▁North ▁German ▁cons ulate ▁was ▁taken ▁over ▁by ▁the ▁newly ▁founded ▁Germany . ▁In ▁ 1 8 7 2 ▁the ▁cons ular ▁ambit ▁compr ised ▁the ▁Ott oman ▁districts ▁of ▁Ak ka , ▁Bal qa - N abl us ▁and ▁Jerusalem . ▁Cons uls ▁were ▁occasionally ▁personally ▁ranked ▁as ▁cons ul ▁general , ▁however , ▁only ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 3 ▁the ▁Jerusalem ▁cons ulate ▁was ▁elev ated ▁to ▁cons ulate ▁general .< ref ▁name =" L öff ler ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁ 1 2 7 "> R ol and ▁L öff ler , ▁Protest anten ▁in ▁Pal äst ina : ▁Relig ions polit ik , ▁so zial er ▁Protest ant ismus ▁und ▁Mission ▁in ▁den ▁deutschen ▁evangel ischen ▁und ▁angl ikan ischen ▁Inst itution en ▁des
▁He il igen ▁Landes ▁ 1 9 1 7 - 1 9 3 9 , ▁( = K on f ession ▁und ▁Ges ellschaft ; ▁vol . ▁ 3 7 ), ▁St utt gart : ▁K ohl ham mer , ▁ 2 0 0 8 , ▁p . ▁ 1 2 7 . ▁</ ref > ▁After ▁the ▁British ▁con quest ▁of ▁Jerusalem ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 7 ▁and ▁the ▁German ▁defeat ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 8 ▁only ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 6 ▁the ▁cons ulate ▁general ▁re op ened . ▁▁▁ 1 8 7 1 – 1 8 7 3 : ▁ ▁Georg ▁Friedrich ▁August ▁von ▁Al ten ▁( since ▁ 2 2 ▁June ▁ 1 8 7 1 ▁for ▁Germany ), ▁personally ▁ranked ▁cons ul ▁general ▁▁ 1 8 7 3 – 1 8 7 4 : ▁Ch ancell or ▁Otto ▁Ker sten , ▁per ▁pro ▁▁▁ 1 8 7 4 – 1 8 8 1 : ▁ ▁( 1 8 3 5 – 1 9 0 9 ) ▁▁ 1 8 8 1 – 1 8 8 5 : ▁Dr . ▁Jul ius ▁Re itz ▁▁▁ 1 8 8 6 – 1 8 9 9 : ▁Dr . ▁Paul ▁Andre as ▁von ▁T ische nd orf ▁( 1 8 4 7 – 1 9 1 4 ), ▁as ▁of ▁ 1 8 9 8 ▁personally ▁ranked ▁cons ul ▁general ▁▁ 1 8 9 9 – 1 9 0 0 : ▁Dr . ▁Friedrich ▁Rosen ▁▁ 1 9
0 1 – 1 9 1 6 : ▁Ed mund ▁Sch midt ▁( 1 8 5 5 – 1 9 1 6 ), ▁as ▁cons ul ▁general ▁since ▁ 1 9 1 4 ▁▁ 1 9 1 6 – 1 9 1 7 : ▁Dr . ▁Johann ▁Wilhelm ▁Heinrich ▁Bro de ▁( 1 8 7 4 - 1 9 3 6 ) ▁as ▁cons ul ▁general ▁▁▁▁ 1 9 1 7 – 1 9 2 6 : ▁The ▁Spanish ▁cons ulate ▁took ▁care ▁of ▁the ▁German ▁citizens ▁▁ 1 9 2 1 – 1 9 2 5 : ▁Karl ▁K app ▁( 1 8 8 9 - 1 9 4 7 ) ▁as ▁German ▁vice - cons ul ▁attached ▁to ▁the ▁Spanish ▁cons ulate , ▁ 1 9 3 6 - 1 9 4 1 ▁cons ul ▁in ▁Cleveland ▁▁▁ 1 9 2 5 – 1 9 3 2 : ▁Dr . ▁Er ich ▁August ▁Karl ▁Nord ▁( 1 8 8 9 - 1 9 3 5 ) ▁as ▁cons ul ▁general ▁▁▁ 1 9 3 3 – 1 9 3 5 : ▁▁▁ 1 9 3 6 – 1 9 3 9 : ▁ ▁( 1 8 8 4 - 1 9 4 5 ), ▁as ▁cons ul ▁general ▁▁ 1 9 3 9 – 1 9 4 5 : ▁The ▁Swiss ▁cons ulate ▁took ▁care ▁of ▁the ▁German ▁citizens ▁▁ ▁List ▁of ▁cons uls ▁in ▁J aff a ▁as ▁of ▁ 1 8 7 2 ▁Before ▁the ▁formal ▁establishment ▁of ▁a
▁vice - cons ulate , ▁affili ated ▁to ▁the ▁Jerusalem ▁cons ulate , ▁there ▁were ▁cons ular ▁agents , ▁affili ated ▁to ▁the ▁cons ulate ▁in ▁Be ir ut . ▁In ▁ 1 8 7 2 ▁the ▁mission ▁in ▁J aff a ▁was ▁elev ated ▁to ▁a ▁vice - cons ulate , ▁adv ancing ▁again ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 4 ▁to ▁cons ulate , ▁remaining ▁throughout ▁affili ated ▁to ▁the ▁Jerusalem ▁cons ulate ▁( general ; ▁as ▁of ▁ 1 9 1 3 ). ▁With ▁the ▁British ▁con quest ▁of ▁J aff a ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 7 ▁the ▁cons ulate ▁closed . ▁The ▁London ▁Gaz ette ▁of ▁ 2 3 ▁December ▁ 1 9 3 2 ▁circum scrib es ▁the ▁cons ular ▁ambit ▁as ▁follows : ▁Tel ▁Av iv , ▁J aff a ▁and ▁the ▁coast ▁south ▁there of ▁incl . ▁Gh azz ah ▁with ▁the ▁h inter land ▁also ▁compr ising ▁Ly dd a , ▁Ram le h , ▁Sar ona , ▁T ul k arm ▁und ▁Wil hel ma . ▁▁▁▁ 1 8 7 2 – 1 8 9 7 : ▁S ime on ▁Mur ad ▁▁ 1 8 9 7 – 1 9 0 1 : ▁Ed mund ▁Sch midt ▁▁▁ 1 9 0 1 – 1 9 0 5 : ▁Dr . ▁Eug en ▁B ü ge ▁( 1 8 5 9 – 1 9 3 6 ) ▁▁ 1 9 0 5 – 1 9 0 8 : ▁▁▁ 1 9 0 8 – 1
9 1 0 : ▁vac ancy ? ▁▁ 1 9 1 0 – 1 9 1 6 : ▁Dr . ▁Johann ▁Wilhelm ▁Heinrich ▁Bro de ▁( 1 8 7 4 - 1 9 3 6 ), ▁till ▁ 1 9 1 1 ▁only ▁per ▁pro , ▁as ▁of ▁ 1 9 1 1 ▁as ▁vice - cons ul , ▁as ▁of ▁ 1 9 1 4 ▁as ▁cons ul ▁▁ 1 9 1 6 – 1 9 1 7 : ▁▁▁ 1 9 1 7 - 1 9 2 6 : ▁The ▁German ▁cons ulate ▁in ▁J aff a ▁remained ▁closed ▁▁ 1 9 2 6 - 1 9 3 2 : ▁? ▁▁ 1 9 3 2 - 1 9 3 9 : ▁Tim othe us ▁W urst ▁( 1 8 7 4 - 1 9 6 1 ) ▁▁ ▁List ▁of ▁cons uls ▁in ▁Ha ifa ▁as ▁of ▁ 1 8 7 7 ▁Origin ally ▁a ▁vice - cons ulate , ▁the ▁Ha ifa ▁mission ▁was ▁affili ated ▁to ▁the ▁Jerusalem ▁cons ulate . ▁After ▁the ▁Jerusalem ▁mission ▁had ▁been ▁elev ated ▁to ▁cons ulate ▁general ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 3 , ▁the ▁Ha ifa ▁mission ▁became ▁a ▁cons ulate ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 4 . ▁The ▁London ▁Gaz ette '' ▁of ▁ 2 5 ▁March ▁ 1 9 3 8 ▁circum scrib es ▁the ▁Ha ifa ▁cons ular ▁ambit ▁as ▁follows : ▁Ha ifa ▁and ▁her ▁h inter land ▁including ▁A cre , ▁Bos ra , ▁Jen in
, ▁Naz are th , ▁Saf ed ▁and ▁T iber ias . ▁The ▁Ha ifa ▁cons ulate ▁closed ▁with ▁the ▁British ▁con quest ▁of ▁Ha ifa ▁on ▁ 2 3 ▁September ▁ 1 9 1 8 ▁till ▁ 1 9 2 6 ▁and ▁again ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 9 . ▁An ▁honor ary ▁cons ulate - general ▁was ▁opened ▁after ▁ 1 9 8 9 . ▁▁▁ 1 8 7 7 – 1 8 7 8 : ▁▁▁ 1 8 7 8 – 1 9 0 8 : ▁ ▁( 1 8 3 8 - 1 9 1 3 ) ▁▁▁ 1 9 0 9 : ▁Theod or ▁Georg ▁We ber ▁▁ 1 9 0 9 – 1 9 1 5 : ▁▁▁ 1 9 1 5 – 1 9 1 8 : ▁▁▁ 1 9 1 5 – 1 9 1 7 : ▁vac ancy ▁▁ 1 9 1 7 , ▁ 1 0 ▁May ▁to ▁ 1 0 ▁August : ▁, ▁per ▁pro ▁▁▁ 1 0 ▁August ▁ 1 9 1 7 ▁to ▁ 2 ▁April ▁ 1 9 1 8 : ▁Friedrich ▁Wer ner ▁von ▁der ▁Schul enburg , ▁per ▁pro ▁▁ 1 9 1 8 , ▁ 2 ▁April ▁to ▁ 2 0 ▁June : ▁Dr . ▁Kurt ▁Max ▁Paul ▁Z iem ke ▁▁ 1 9 1 8 – 1 9 2 6 : ▁no ▁German ▁mission ▁in ▁Ha ifa ▁▁ 1 9 2 6 – 1 9 3 7 : ▁? ▁▁ 1 9 3 7 –
1 9 3 9 : ▁▁▁▁ 1 9 3 9 – 1 9 8 9 : ▁no ▁German ▁mission ▁in ▁Ha ifa ▁▁ 1 9 8 9 ▁to ▁present : ▁Michael ▁P appe , ▁honor ary ▁cons ul ▁general ▁ ▁List ▁of ▁cons uls ▁in ▁E il at ▁An ▁honor ary ▁cons ulate ▁was ▁opened ▁after ▁ 1 9 6 5 . ▁▁▁ 2 0 0 5 ▁to ▁present : ▁Barbara ▁P fe ff er ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁▁ ▁Cons uls ▁Germany ▁Cons uls ▁Germany ▁Cons uls ▁Germany ▁Jerusalem ▁Cons uls ▁Cons uls ▁of ▁Germany ▁Cons uls ▁of ▁Germany ▁ ▁Cons uls ▁Cons uls ▁Jerusalem <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁D ud ley ▁Southern ▁By - Pass ▁is ▁a ▁major ▁road ▁located ▁in ▁D ud ley , ▁a ▁large ▁town ▁in ▁the ▁West ▁Mid lands ▁of ▁England . ▁ ▁It ▁was ▁first ▁proposed ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 7 ▁due ▁to ▁growing ▁traffic ▁con gest ion ▁in ▁D ud ley ▁town ▁centre , ▁but ▁the ▁go - a head ▁was ▁not ▁given ▁until ▁ 1 9 9 3 , ▁with ▁pre liminary ▁work ▁beginning ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 4 ▁with ▁the ▁clear ance ▁of ▁land ▁to ▁make ▁way ▁for ▁the ▁new ▁road , ▁with ▁a ▁targeted ▁completion ▁date ▁of ▁ 1 9 9 8 . ▁ ▁The ▁clear ance ▁scheme ▁to ▁make ▁way ▁for ▁the ▁by - pass ▁saw ▁the ▁demol ition ▁of ▁two ▁houses ▁and ▁the ▁bus ▁garage ▁on ▁Birmingham ▁Road , ▁a ▁public ▁house ▁on ▁Hall ▁Street , ▁Good year ' s
▁factory ▁on ▁O ake y well ▁Street , ▁and ▁two ▁houses ▁on ▁St our bridge ▁Road . ▁ ▁The ▁D ud ley ▁Southern ▁By - Pass ▁was ▁opened ▁on ▁ 1 5 ▁October ▁ 1 9 9 9 . ▁It ▁runs ▁from ▁Castle ▁Gate ▁island ▁to ▁St our bridge ▁Road ▁in ▁the ▁Holly ▁Hall ▁area ▁of ▁the ▁town , ▁and ▁forms ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁A 4 6 1 ▁road ▁between ▁St our bridge ▁and ▁L ich field . ▁ ▁The ▁road ▁became ▁Duncan ▁Edwards ▁Way ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 8 , ▁in ▁memory ▁of ▁the ▁local ▁football ▁legend ▁who ▁died ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 8 ▁as ▁a ▁result ▁of ▁injuries ▁sustained ▁in ▁the ▁Mun ich ▁air ▁disaster . ▁ ▁Category : Transport ▁in ▁D ud ley ▁Category : R oad s ▁in ▁the ▁West ▁Mid lands ▁( count y ) <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁South ▁Texas ▁Building ▁is ▁a ▁twelve - story ▁building ▁in ▁San ▁Antonio , ▁Texas , ▁United ▁States . ▁It ▁was ▁built ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 9 . ▁At ▁that ▁time ▁it ▁was ▁the ▁tall est ▁building ▁in ▁San ▁Antonio . ▁ ▁Category : Build ings ▁and ▁structures ▁in ▁San ▁Antonio <0x0A> </s> ▁Fox ▁Har bour ▁may ▁refer ▁to ▁several ▁different ▁things : ▁ ▁Canada ▁ ▁New found land ▁and ▁Lab rad or ▁ ▁Fox ▁Har bour , ▁New found land ▁and ▁Lab rad or ▁ ▁Fox ▁Har bour ▁( L ab rad or ), ▁New found land ▁and ▁Lab rad or ▁ ▁Nova ▁Scot ia ▁ ▁Fox
▁Har bour , ▁Nova ▁Scot ia ▁ ▁Fox ▁Har bour ▁Airport <0x0A> </s> ▁Art anes ▁can ▁refer ▁to ▁more ▁than ▁one ▁article : ▁ ▁Art anes ▁( B ith yn ia ), ▁a ▁town ▁of ▁ancient ▁B ith yn ia ▁ ▁Anc ient ▁city ▁of ▁Art anes , ▁modern ▁L om , ▁Bulgar ia ▁ ▁Art anes ▁dyn asty , ▁a ▁dyn asty ▁of ▁the ▁ancient ▁Kingdom ▁of ▁S op he ne <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁ 2 0 1 7 ▁Chall enger ▁Ban que ▁Nation ale ▁de ▁G at ine au ▁was ▁a ▁professional ▁tennis ▁tournament ▁played ▁on ▁outdoor ▁hard ▁courts . ▁It ▁was ▁the ▁ 2 nd ▁edition ▁of ▁the ▁tournament ▁for ▁men ▁and ▁the ▁ 4 th ▁for ▁women , ▁and ▁it ▁was ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 7 ▁A TP ▁Chall enger ▁Tour ▁and ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 7 ▁IT F ▁Women ' s ▁Circ uit , ▁offering ▁tot als ▁of ▁$ 7 5 , 0 0 0 ▁for ▁men ▁and ▁$ 2 5 , 0 0 0 ▁for ▁women ▁in ▁prize ▁money . ▁It ▁took ▁place ▁in ▁G at ine au , ▁Canada ▁between ▁July ▁ 1 7 ▁and ▁ 2 3 , ▁ 2 0 1 7 . ▁ ▁Men ' s ▁singles ▁main ▁draw ▁entr ants ▁ ▁Se eds ▁▁ 1 ▁Rank ings ▁are ▁as ▁of ▁July ▁ 3 , ▁ 2 0 1 7 ▁ ▁Other ▁En tr ants ▁The ▁following ▁players ▁received ▁wild cards ▁into ▁the ▁singles ▁main ▁draw : ▁ ▁Philip
▁B ester ▁ ▁L iam ▁Bro ady ▁ ▁Filip ▁Pel i wo ▁ ▁Benjamin ▁Sig ou in ▁ ▁The ▁following ▁player ▁received ▁entry ▁into ▁the ▁singles ▁main ▁draw ▁using ▁a ▁protected ▁ranking : ▁ ▁Brad ley ▁Kl ahn ▁ ▁The ▁following ▁players ▁received ▁entry ▁into ▁the ▁singles ▁main ▁draw ▁as ▁altern ates : ▁ ▁Daniel ▁N gu y en ▁ ▁Max ▁Pur cell ▁ ▁The ▁following ▁players ▁received ▁entry ▁from ▁the ▁qual ifying ▁draw : ▁ ▁J C ▁Ar ag one ▁ ▁S ek ou ▁Bang our a ▁ ▁Mar cos ▁G iron ▁ ▁Mik ael ▁Tor pe ga ard ▁ ▁Women ' s ▁singles ▁main ▁draw ▁entr ants ▁ ▁Se eds ▁▁ 1 ▁Rank ings ▁are ▁as ▁of ▁July ▁ 3 , ▁ 2 0 1 7 ▁ ▁Other ▁En tr ants ▁The ▁following ▁players ▁received ▁wild cards ▁into ▁the ▁singles ▁main ▁draw : ▁ ▁Cars on ▁Br anst ine ▁ ▁An ca ▁Cr aci un ▁ ▁Le yl ah ▁Annie ▁Fern ande z ▁ ▁Lay ne ▁S le eth ▁ ▁The ▁following ▁player ▁entered ▁the ▁singles ▁main ▁draw ▁with ▁a ▁protected ▁ranking : ▁ ▁Kim ber ly ▁Bir rell ▁ ▁The ▁following ▁players ▁received ▁entry ▁from ▁the ▁qual ifying ▁draw : ▁ ▁El ena ▁B ov ina ▁ ▁Alex a ▁Gu ar achi ▁ ▁N ika ▁K uk h arch uk ▁ ▁Sam anth a ▁Murray ▁ ▁Ellen ▁Pere z ▁ ▁Emily ▁We ble y - Sm ith ▁ ▁Marcel a ▁Z ac ar ías ▁ ▁Amy ▁Z hu ▁ ▁Champions
▁ ▁Men ' s ▁singles ▁▁ ▁Den is ▁Sh ap oval ov ▁def . ▁ ▁Peter ▁Pol ans ky , ▁ 6 – 1 , ▁ 3 – 6 , ▁ 6 – 3 ▁ ▁Women ' s ▁singles ▁▁ ▁Aleks andra ▁W oz ni ak ▁def . ▁ ▁Ellen ▁Pere z , ▁ 7 – 6 ( 7 – 4 ), ▁ 6 – 4 ▁ ▁Men ' s ▁dou bles ▁▁ ▁Brad ley ▁Kl ahn ▁/ ▁ ▁Jackson ▁With row ▁def . ▁ ▁Hans ▁H ach ▁Ver du go ▁/ ▁ ▁Vincent ▁Mill ot , ▁ 6 – 2 , ▁ 6 – 3 ▁ ▁Women ' s ▁dou bles ▁▁ ▁H iro ko ▁K uw ata ▁/ ▁ ▁Val eria ▁Sav iny kh ▁def . ▁ ▁Kim ber ly ▁Bir rell ▁/ ▁ ▁Emily ▁We ble y - Sm ith , ▁ 4 – 6 , ▁ 6 – 3 , ▁[ 1 0 – 5 ] ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁Official ▁website ▁ ▁Chall enger ▁Ban que ▁Nation ale ▁de ▁G at ine au ▁Chall enger ▁Ban que ▁Nation ale ▁de ▁G at ine au ▁Category : Ch all enger ▁de ▁G at ine au ▁Chall enger ▁Ban que ▁Nation ale ▁de ▁G at ine au <0x0A> </s> ▁Ka fr ▁A zz ay at ▁Second ary ▁School ▁For ▁Boys ▁is ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁biggest ▁high ▁schools ▁in ▁El - G har bia ▁Governor ate ▁in ▁Egypt . ▁ ▁Category : Sch ools ▁in ▁Egypt <0x0A> </s> ▁Patri arch ▁Jo
ach im ▁II ▁may ▁refer ▁to : ▁▁ ▁Jo ach im ▁II ▁of ▁Bulgar ia , ▁Patri arch ▁of ▁Bulgar ia ▁c . ▁ 1 2 6 3 – 1 2 7 2 ▁ ▁Jo ach im ▁II ▁of ▁Constant in ople , ▁Patri arch ▁of ▁Constant in ople ▁in ▁ 1 8 6 0 – 1 8 6 3 ▁and ▁ 1 8 7 3 – 1 8 7 8 <0x0A> </s> ▁Bruce ▁Wayne ▁T uck man ▁( N ovember ▁ 2 4 , ▁ 1 9 3 8 ▁– ▁March ▁ 1 3 , ▁ 2 0 1 6 ) ▁was ▁an ▁American ▁Psych ological ▁Research er ▁who ▁carried ▁out ▁his ▁research ▁into ▁the ▁theory ▁of ▁group ▁dynamics . ▁In ▁ 1 9 6 5 , ▁he ▁published ▁a ▁theory ▁known ▁as ▁" T uck man ' s ▁stages ▁of ▁group ▁development ". ▁▁ ▁According ▁to ▁this ▁theory , ▁there ▁are ▁four ▁phases ▁of ▁group ▁development : ▁Form ing , ▁Storm ing , ▁Norm ing , ▁Per forming . ▁In ▁ 1 9 7 7 , ▁he ▁added ▁a ▁fifth ▁stage , ▁named ▁Ad jour ning . ▁ ▁T uck man ▁was ▁also ▁known ▁for ▁his ▁research ▁on ▁college ▁students ' ▁pro cr ast ination ▁and ▁development ▁of ▁the ▁T uck man ▁Pro cr ast ination ▁Sc ale ▁( 1 9 9 1 ). ▁ ▁He ▁served ▁as ▁professor ▁of ▁educational ▁psychology ▁at ▁The ▁Ohio ▁State ▁University , ▁where ▁he ▁founded ▁and ▁directed ▁the ▁Walter ▁E . ▁Dennis ▁Learning ▁Center ▁with
▁the ▁mission ▁of ▁providing ▁students ▁of ▁all ▁background s ▁with ▁strategies ▁for ▁college ▁success ▁that ▁enabled ▁them ▁to ▁enter , ▁exc el ▁in , ▁and ▁complete ▁programs ▁of ▁post - secondary ▁education . ▁▁ ▁To ▁teach ▁students ▁strategies ▁for ▁succeed ing ▁in ▁college , ▁he ▁co - auth ored ▁the ▁text book , ▁Learning ▁and ▁Mot iv ation ▁Strateg ies : ▁Your ▁Guide ▁to ▁Success , ▁with ▁Dennis ▁A . ▁Ab ry ▁and ▁Dennis ▁R . ▁Smith . ▁ ▁Educ ational ▁background ▁R ens sel a er ▁Poly techn ic ▁Institute : ▁ 1 9 6 0 ▁graduated ▁with ▁B . S . ▁Psych ology . ▁Born ▁in ▁Sur rey . ▁Pr inceton ▁University : ▁ 1 9 6 2 ▁graduated ▁with ▁M . A . ▁Psych ology ▁Pr inceton ▁University : ▁ 1 9 6 3 ▁graduated ▁with ▁Ph . D . ▁Psych ology ▁In ▁ 1 9 9 1 ▁T uck man ▁re se ar ched ▁and ▁developed ▁a ▁ 3 2 - item ▁Pro cr ast ination ▁Sc ale ▁that ▁measured ▁the ▁degree ▁to ▁which ▁a ▁person ▁pro cr ast inated . ▁Professor ▁T uck man ▁was ▁also ▁an ▁av id ▁runner ▁who ▁wrote ▁the ▁novel ▁Long ▁Road ▁to ▁Boston ▁( 1 9 9 8 ). ▁ ▁Bibli ography ▁ ▁T uck man , ▁Bruce ▁W . ▁( 1 9 6 5 ) ▁‘ D evel op ment al ▁sequence ▁in ▁small ▁groups ’, ▁Psych ological ▁Bul let in , ▁ 6 3 , ▁ 3 8 4 – 3
9 9 . ▁ ▁T uck man , ▁Bruce ▁W . ▁and ▁J ensen , ▁Mary ▁Ann ▁C . ▁( 1 9 7 7 ) ▁‘ St ages ▁of ▁Small - Group ▁Development ▁Rev is ited ’, ▁Group ▁& ▁Organization ▁Studies , ▁ 2 ( 4 ), 4 1 9 – 4 2 7 . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁▁ ▁Smith , ▁M . ▁K . ▁( 2 0 0 5 ). ▁‘ B ru ce ▁W . ▁T uck man ▁– ▁forming , ▁storm ing , ▁norm ing ▁and ▁performing ▁in ▁groups , ▁the ▁enc ycl op a edia ▁of ▁inform al ▁education . ▁Ret riev ed : ▁ 2 0 1 4 - 0 7 - 2 5 . ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁Bruce ▁W . ▁T uck man ▁D LC : ▁Found ing ▁Director ▁ ▁Category : S ocial ▁psych ologists ▁Category : Group ▁processes ▁Category : S ocial ▁groups ▁Category : 1 9 3 8 ▁birth s ▁Category : 2 0 1 6 ▁deaths ▁ ▁Category : American ▁psych ologists <0x0A> </s> ▁Thomas ▁Michael ▁Re illy ▁III ▁( born ▁June ▁ 1 8 , ▁ 1 9 5 9 ▁in ▁Fort ▁R iley ▁North , ▁Kansas ) ▁is ▁an ▁American ▁actor , ▁known ▁for ▁his ▁role ▁as ▁Officer ▁Bobby ▁" Hot ▁Dog " ▁Nelson ▁in ▁CH i Ps , ▁a ▁television ▁series ▁about ▁the ▁motor cycle ▁officers ▁of ▁the ▁California ▁Highway ▁Pat rol . ▁ ▁Prior ▁to ▁his ▁acting ▁career , ▁he ▁was ▁a ▁star ▁football ▁player ▁at ▁Mont cl
air ▁State ▁College ▁( now ▁Mont cl air ▁State ▁University ) ▁in ▁Upper ▁Mont cl air , ▁New ▁Jersey ▁but ▁eventually ▁dropped ▁out . ▁ ▁On ▁June ▁ 1 8 , ▁ 1 9 8 2 , ▁he ▁went ▁into ▁NBC ▁stud ios ▁for ▁a ▁screen ▁test . ▁His ▁first ▁role ▁on ▁CH i Ps ▁was ▁Officer ▁Rick ▁Nich ols ▁in ▁the ▁May ▁ 2 3 , ▁ 1 9 8 2 ▁episode ▁" Force ▁Seven ," ▁a ▁rejected ▁pilot ▁for ▁a ▁new ▁series . ▁After ▁the ▁departure ▁of ▁Larry ▁Wil co x , ▁Tom ▁returned ▁in ▁the ▁role ▁of ▁Officer ▁Bobby ▁Nelson , ▁the ▁new ▁partner ▁of ▁P on ch ▁( E rik ▁E str ada ). ▁His ▁role ▁of ▁Officer ▁Bobby ▁Nelson ▁was ▁featured ▁somewhat ▁less ▁prom in ently ▁in ▁the ▁final ▁episodes , ▁with ▁Officer ▁Bruce ▁Nelson ▁( B ru ce ▁Pen hall ), ▁his ▁younger ▁brother , ▁eventually ▁becoming ▁P on ch ' s ▁partner ▁in ▁the ▁episode ▁" Fast ▁Company ." ▁CH i Ps ▁was ▁eventually ▁cancelled ▁by ▁the ▁spring ▁of ▁ 1 9 8 3 . ▁Bobby ▁Nelson ▁did ▁not ▁return ▁in ▁the ▁re union ▁film , ▁CH i Ps ▁' 9 9 . ▁ ▁He ▁stopped ▁acting ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 7 . ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 5 , ▁he ▁worked ▁at ▁the ▁Or co ▁Construction ▁Supp ly ▁in ▁Sal inas , ▁California . ▁He ▁lives ▁in ▁the ▁Mon ter ey ▁Pen insula ▁with ▁his ▁wife ▁and ▁two ▁children . ▁ ▁Appe ar ances
▁Tom ▁made ▁appearances ▁on ▁the ▁following ▁shows : ▁ ▁Paper ▁D oll s ▁( 1 9 8 2 ) ▁( TV ) ▁CH i Ps ▁( 1 9 8 2 / 1 9 8 3 ) .... ▁Officer ▁Rick ▁Nich ols / Off icer ▁Bobby ▁' Hot ▁Dog ' ▁Nelson ▁$ 2 5 , 0 0 0 ▁Py ram id ▁( De cember ▁ 5 – 9 , ▁ 1 9 8 2 ) ▁( TV ) ▁Young ▁War riors ▁( 1 9 8 3 ) ▁ .... ▁Scott ▁ ▁Sl aughter house ▁Rock ▁( 1 9 8 8 ) ▁ .... ▁Richard ▁Gard ner ▁ ▁Kiss ▁and ▁Be ▁K illed ▁( 1 9 9 1 ) ▁ .... ▁Phil ▁ ▁Mar ried ... ▁with ▁Children ▁( Just ▁Sh oe ▁It )( 1 9 9 2 ) ▁TV ▁episode ▁ .... ▁C ater er ▁Animal ▁Inst inct s ▁( 1 9 9 2 ) ▁ .... ▁Ken ▁ ▁Mir ror ▁Images ▁II ▁( 1 9 9 4 ) ▁( TV ) ▁ .... ▁Jake ▁Sw orn ▁to ▁V enge ance ▁( 1 9 9 3 ) ▁( TV ) ▁ ▁Animal ▁Inst inct s ▁ 2 ▁( 1 9 9 4 ) ▁ .... ▁Man ▁with ▁Lo ose ▁T ie ▁ ▁" Val ley ▁of ▁the ▁D oll s " ▁( 1 9 9 4 ) ▁ .... ▁Peter ▁D ' All es io ▁C aged ▁He arts ▁( 1 9 9 5 ) ▁ .... ▁Fore man ▁# 1 ▁ ▁Ice ▁C
ream ▁Man ▁( 1 9 9 5 ) ▁ .... ▁Char ley ▁ ▁Deep ▁Cover ▁( 1 9 9 6 ) ▁ ▁Sh ades ▁of ▁Gray ▁( 1 9 9 7 / I ) ▁ .... ▁Frank ▁Max well ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 5 9 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : Mont cl air ▁State ▁University ▁al umn i ▁Category : People ▁from ▁Ber gen field , ▁New ▁Jersey ▁Category : M ale ▁actors ▁from ▁Kansas ▁Category : American ▁male ▁television ▁actors ▁Category : American ▁male ▁film ▁actors <0x0A> </s> ▁C orm ac ▁O ’ R a ife arta igh ▁( C orm ac ▁O ’ R aff er ty ) ▁is ▁an ▁Irish ▁phys ic ist ▁based ▁at ▁Water ford ▁Institute ▁of ▁Technology ▁in ▁Ireland . ▁A ▁solid - state ▁phys ic ist ▁by ▁training , ▁he ▁is ▁best ▁known ▁for ▁several ▁contributions ▁to ▁the ▁study ▁of ▁the ▁history ▁and ▁philosophy ▁of ▁ 2 0 th ▁century ▁science , ▁including ▁the ▁discovery ▁that ▁Albert ▁Einstein ▁once ▁attempted ▁a ▁steady - state ▁model ▁of ▁the ▁expanding ▁universe , ▁many ▁years ▁before ▁Fred ▁H oyle . ▁ ▁O ’ R a ife arta igh ▁is ▁known ▁to ▁the ▁public ▁as ▁the ▁author ▁of ▁the ▁science ▁blog ▁Ant im atter ▁and ▁a ▁monthly ▁science ▁column ▁in ▁The ▁Irish ▁Times . ▁As ▁a ▁science ▁amb assador ▁for ▁ ▁Dis cover ▁Science ▁& ▁Engineering ▁Ireland , ▁he ▁is ▁a ▁frequent ▁participant ▁in ▁scientific ▁deb ates ▁in
▁the ▁Irish ▁media . ▁ ▁O ’ R a ife arta igh ▁graduated ▁from ▁University ▁College ▁Dublin ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 8 ▁with ▁a ▁B Sc ▁H ons ▁in ▁experimental ▁physics . ▁A ▁PhD ▁in ▁solid - state ▁physics ▁from ▁Tr inity ▁College ▁Dublin ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 4 ▁was ▁followed ▁by ▁Marie ▁Cur ie ▁Research ▁Fellow ships ▁at ▁A ar hus ▁University , ▁Denmark ▁and ▁Tr inity ▁College ▁Dublin . ▁He ▁currently ▁lect ures ▁in ▁physics ▁at ▁Water ford ▁Institute ▁of ▁Technology ▁and ▁is ▁a ▁Vis iting ▁Associ ate ▁Professor ▁at ▁the ▁School ▁of ▁Phys ics ▁at ▁University ▁College ▁Dublin . ▁ ▁O ' R a ife arta igh ▁was ▁elected ▁a ▁Fellow ▁of ▁the ▁Royal ▁Astr onom ical ▁Society ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁and ▁a ▁Fellow ▁of ▁the ▁Institute ▁of ▁Phys ics ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 6 . ▁He ▁is ▁a ▁Research ▁Associ ate ▁at ▁the ▁School ▁of ▁The oret ical ▁Phys ics ▁of ▁the ▁Dublin ▁Institute ▁for ▁Advanced ▁Studies ▁and ▁was ▁a ▁Research ▁Fellow ▁at ▁the ▁Science , ▁Technology ▁and ▁Society ▁Program ▁at ▁Harvard ▁University ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 0 - 2 0 1 1 . ▁ ▁C orm ac ▁is ▁the ▁youngest ▁son ▁of ▁the ▁late ▁L och l ain n ▁O ' R a ife arta igh , ▁an ▁Irish ▁theoretical ▁particle ▁phys ic ist . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : 2 0 th - century ▁Irish ▁people ▁Category : 2 1 st - century ▁Irish
▁people ▁Category : Al umn i ▁of ▁University ▁College ▁Dublin ▁Category : Year ▁of ▁birth ▁missing ▁( l iving ▁people ) ▁Category : Al umn i ▁of ▁Tr inity ▁College ▁Dublin ▁Category : Place ▁of ▁birth ▁missing ▁( l iving ▁people ) ▁Category : Ir ish ▁phys ic ists ▁Category : Ir ish ▁scholars ▁and ▁academ ics ▁Category : People ▁associated ▁with ▁Water ford ▁Institute ▁of ▁Technology <0x0A> </s> ▁During ▁the ▁ 1 9 6 0 – 6 1 ▁season ▁H iber n ian , ▁a ▁football ▁club ▁based ▁in ▁Edinburgh , ▁came ▁e ighth ▁out ▁of ▁ 1 8 ▁clubs ▁in ▁the ▁Scottish ▁First ▁Division . ▁ ▁Scottish ▁First ▁Division ▁ ▁Final ▁League ▁table ▁ ▁Scottish ▁League ▁Cup ▁ ▁Group ▁Stage ▁ ▁Group ▁ 3 ▁final ▁table ▁ ▁Scottish ▁Cup ▁ ▁Inter - C ities ▁F airs ▁Cup ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁List ▁of ▁H iber n ian ▁F . C . ▁seasons ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁H iber n ian ▁ 1 9 6 0 / 1 9 6 1 ▁results ▁and ▁fi xtures , ▁Soc cer base ▁ ▁Category : H iber n ian ▁F . C . ▁seasons ▁H iber n ian <0x0A> </s> ▁Ar sl an bek ovo ▁() ▁is ▁a ▁rural ▁local ity ▁( a ▁village ) ▁in ▁Bur ay ev sky ▁District , ▁B ash k ort ost an , ▁Russia . ▁The ▁population ▁was ▁ 8 3 ▁as ▁of ▁ 2 0 1 0 . ▁There ▁is ▁ 1 ▁street . ▁ ▁Re
ferences ▁▁ ▁Category : R ural ▁local ities ▁in ▁B ash k ort ost an ▁Category : R ural ▁local ities ▁in ▁Bur ay ev sky ▁District <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁A ero ▁Club ▁Argent ino ▁was ▁founded ▁in ▁ 1 9 0 8 ▁by ▁Jorge ▁New bery , ▁Aaron ▁de ▁An ch ore na , ▁Art uro ▁Lu ison i , ▁Hor acio ▁An as ag ast i , ▁Alberto ▁Mas cias , ▁Antonio ▁de ▁March i , ▁and ▁Carlos ▁Him she . ▁Init ially ▁the ▁club ▁was ▁dedicated ▁to ▁promoting ▁the ▁spirit ▁of ▁av iation ▁spons oring ▁early ▁experiences ▁with ▁aer ost atic ▁ball oons . ▁ ▁It ▁was ▁located ▁on ▁the ▁Villa ▁Los ▁O mb u és ▁estate ▁in ▁Barr anc as ▁de ▁Bel gr ano , ▁Buenos ▁Aires , ▁then ▁belonging ▁to ▁local ▁business ▁ty co on ▁Ern esto ▁T orn qu ist ▁and ▁since ▁demol ished ▁and ▁now ▁the ▁location ▁of ▁the ▁Emb assy ▁of ▁the ▁German ▁Federal ▁Republic . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁references ▁ ▁A ero ▁Club ▁Argent ino ▁ ▁Par que ▁A er ost át ico ▁del ▁A ero ▁Club ▁Argent ino ▁en ▁Bel gr ano ▁ ▁Category : A vi ation ▁in ▁Argentina ▁Category : F lying ▁clubs <0x0A> </s> ▁O len ▁may ▁refer ▁to : ▁ ▁Pl aces ▁O len , ▁Belgium , ▁a ▁municip ality ▁in ▁the ▁province ▁of ▁Ant werp , ▁Belgium ▁O len , ▁Russia , ▁a ▁village ▁in ▁T ula ▁O bl ast , ▁Russia
▁ Ø len , ▁a ▁former ▁municip ality ▁in ▁the ▁county ▁of ▁Rog aland , ▁Norway ▁ ▁People ▁O len ▁( po et ), ▁an ▁ancient ▁Greek ▁poet ▁from ▁Ly cia ▁O len ▁Stein h auer ▁( b . 1 9 7 0 ), ▁a ▁US ▁novel ist ▁O len ▁Under wood , ▁an ▁American ▁football ▁player <0x0A> </s> ▁Charles ▁N her era ▁is ▁a ▁Z imb ab we an ▁educational ist . ▁He ▁was ▁founding ▁Vice – Ch ancell or ▁of ▁Ch in h oy i ▁University ▁of ▁Technology ▁and ▁chairman ▁of ▁the ▁par ast atal ▁Z imb ab we ▁United ▁Pass enger ▁Company ▁( Z UP CO ). ▁He ▁was ▁arrested ▁for ▁corruption , ▁in ▁connection ▁with ▁the ▁latter ▁post , ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁and ▁j ailed . ▁ ▁The ▁charges ▁were ▁later ▁qu ashed ▁by ▁the ▁High ▁Court . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁▁▁ ▁http :// alla frica . com / st ories / 2 0 0 9 1 1 2 0 0 0 3 0 . html ▁ ▁Category : Z imb ab we an ▁academ ics ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : Year ▁of ▁birth ▁missing ▁( l iving ▁people ) <0x0A> </s> ▁Lieutenant - Col onel ▁Thomas ▁Her on ▁Jones , ▁ 7 th ▁Vis count ▁R anel agh , ▁ ▁( 9 ▁January ▁ 1 8 1 2 ▁– ▁ 1 3 ▁November ▁ 1 8 8 5 ) ▁was ▁known ▁for ▁his ▁involvement ▁in ▁the ▁volunteer ▁movement ▁to ▁recruit ▁amateur ▁soldiers
▁for ▁the ▁defence ▁of ▁Britain , ▁and ▁for ▁his ▁links ▁to ▁gl am orous ▁women , ▁notably ▁the ▁Pre - R aph ael ite ▁model ▁Annie ▁Miller ▁and ▁the ▁actress ▁L ill ie ▁Lang try . ▁▁ ▁Her on ▁Jones ▁succeeded ▁to ▁the ▁bar on et cy ▁becoming ▁Vis count ▁R anel agh ▁and ▁Baron ▁Jones ▁of ▁Nav an ▁in ▁ 1 8 2 0 ▁on ▁the ▁death ▁of ▁his ▁father . ▁ ▁Vol unte er ▁movement ▁R anel agh ▁was ▁an ▁enthusi astic ▁supp orter ▁of ▁the ▁movement ▁to ▁create ▁a ▁volunteer ▁army , ▁which ▁had ▁ar isen ▁from ▁fears ▁of ▁a ▁French ▁invasion . ▁He ▁created ▁and ▁commanded ▁the ▁ 2 nd ▁South ▁M idd les ex ▁R if le ▁Vol unte ers ▁in ▁ 1 8 5 9 , ▁the ▁nucle us ▁of ▁which ▁was ▁formed ▁from ▁members ▁of ▁the ▁R anel agh ▁Y acht ▁Club . ▁R anel agh ▁became ▁a ▁de ▁fact o ▁leader ▁of ▁the ▁Vol unte er ▁movement ▁and ▁was ▁introduced ▁as ▁such ▁to ▁the ▁French ▁emperor ▁Napoleon ▁III . ▁In ▁ 1 8 6 3 ▁R anel agh ▁helped ▁to ▁organ ise ▁a ▁show ▁of ▁force ▁in ▁Bright on ▁at ▁which ▁he ▁gave ▁a ▁speech ▁defending ▁the ▁movement ▁from ▁attempts ▁by ▁the ▁government ▁to ▁take ▁control ▁of ▁it . ▁He ▁insisted ▁that ▁an ▁independent ▁volunteer ▁milit ia ▁was ▁both ▁cheaper ▁and ▁more ▁effective ▁for ▁the ▁country ▁than ▁a ▁cent r ally ▁organ ised ▁force . ▁He ▁assert ed ▁that ▁the ▁English ▁character ▁pre fers ▁independence
▁and ▁dist rust s ▁" organ isation ", ▁claiming ▁that ▁" we ▁trust ▁to ▁our ▁own ▁pl uck , ▁that ▁ind om itable ▁pl uck ▁that ▁all ▁English men ▁possess ". ▁At ▁this ▁period ▁R anel agh ▁was ▁calling ▁for ▁a ▁volunteer ▁" people ' s ▁army ", ▁an ▁asp iration ▁supported ▁by ▁a ▁section ▁of ▁the ▁press ▁at ▁the ▁time . ▁He ▁continued ▁to ▁command ▁the ▁Vol unte ers ▁until ▁his ▁death ▁in ▁ 1 8 8 5 . ▁ ▁Rel ationship s ▁R anel agh ▁started ▁a ▁relationship ▁with ▁Annie ▁Miller ▁when ▁her ▁f ian cé ▁William ▁Hol man ▁Hunt ▁was ▁away ▁in ▁the ▁Middle ▁East . ▁He ▁was ▁described ▁in ▁the ▁letters ▁of ▁Hunt ▁and ▁his ▁friends ▁as ▁a ▁" not orious ▁r ake " ▁because ▁of ▁his ▁woman ising . ▁When ▁Hunt ▁learned ▁of ▁the ▁relationship ▁he ▁broke ▁off ▁the ▁engagement , ▁leading ▁to ▁a ▁meeting ▁between ▁Annie ▁and ▁R anel agh ▁in ▁which ▁he ▁suggested ▁that ▁she ▁should ▁sue ▁Hunt ▁for ▁bre ach ▁of ▁promise . ▁In ▁the ▁end , ▁she ▁married ▁R anel agh ' s ▁cousin . ▁ ▁R anel agh ▁was ▁also ▁responsible ▁for ▁introducing ▁L ill ie ▁Lang try ▁to ▁London ▁high ▁society . ▁According ▁to ▁Lang try ▁herself ▁" he ▁completely ▁changed ▁the ▁current ▁of ▁my ▁life ". ▁She ▁became ▁the ▁centre ▁of ▁attention ▁at ▁a ▁party ▁to ▁which ▁he ▁invited ▁her , ▁and ▁was ▁asked ▁by ▁both ▁John ▁Ever ett ▁Mill ais ▁and ▁Frank ▁Miles ▁to ▁sit ▁for ▁a ▁portrait . ▁▁▁
▁With ▁his ▁partner , ▁R anel agh ▁had ▁two ▁daughters ▁and ▁a ▁son ▁Arthur ▁Jones ▁who ▁inherited ▁his ▁estate ▁but ▁being ▁il leg it imate ▁could ▁not ▁inherit ▁his ▁f athers ▁titles . ▁The ▁titles ▁of ▁Vis count ▁R anel agh ▁and ▁Baron ▁Jones ▁of ▁Nav an ▁became ▁ext inct ▁upon ▁his ▁death ▁in ▁ 1 8 8 5 . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁Jones ▁had ▁two ▁prominent ▁relatives ▁from ▁his ▁mater nal ▁grandmother : ▁ ▁American ▁Revolution ary ▁War ▁hero ▁and ▁former ▁British ▁Army ▁officer ▁Major ▁General ▁Richard ▁Mont gomery ▁ ▁Colonel ▁Alexander ▁Mont gomery , ▁M . P . ▁for ▁County ▁D one gal ▁in ▁ 1 7 6 8 ▁and ▁British ▁Army ▁officer ▁ ▁His ▁sister ▁Barbara ▁married ▁Count ▁von ▁Re ch berg ▁( 1 8 0 6 - 1 8 9 9 ), ▁Foreign ▁Minister ▁of ▁Austria , ▁ 1 8 5 9 - 1 8 6 4 . ▁ ▁Notes ▁ ▁Category : 1 8 1 2 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 8 8 5 ▁deaths ▁Category : K n ights ▁Commander ▁of ▁the ▁Order ▁of ▁the ▁Bath ▁Category : M idd les ex ▁R if le ▁Vol unte ers ▁officers ▁Category : People ▁associated ▁with ▁the ▁Pre - R aph ael ite ▁Brother hood ▁Category : Vis count s ▁in ▁the ▁Pe er age ▁of ▁Ireland ▁Category : Place ▁of ▁birth ▁missing <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁ 3 8 th ▁Annual ▁American ▁Music ▁Awards ▁were ▁held ▁November ▁ 2 1 , ▁ 2 0 1 0 , ▁at ▁the
▁N ok ia ▁Theatre ▁L . A . ▁Live ▁in ▁Los ▁Angeles , ▁California . ▁The ▁awards ▁recognized ▁the ▁most ▁popular ▁artists ▁and ▁albums ▁from ▁ 2 0 1 0 ' s ▁music ▁list . ▁Nom ine es ▁were ▁announced ▁on ▁October ▁ 1 2 , ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁by ▁Dem i ▁Lov ato ▁and ▁Ta io ▁Cruz . ▁Justin ▁B ie ber ▁was ▁nominated ▁for , ▁and ▁won , ▁four ▁awards , ▁including ▁Artist ▁of ▁the ▁Year . ▁Us her ▁and ▁E min em ▁both ▁won ▁two ▁awards ; ▁the ▁former ▁was ▁nominated ▁for ▁three ▁and ▁the ▁latter , ▁five . ▁ ▁Per form ers ▁ ▁Present ers ▁ ▁He idi ▁Kl um ▁Jenny ▁McC arth y ▁John ▁Legend ▁Eric ▁St on est re et ▁Rico ▁Rodr igue z ▁II ▁Jessica ▁Al ba ▁Ag nez ▁Mo ▁Samuel ▁L . ▁Jackson ▁Christ ina ▁Mil ian ▁Johnny ▁We ir ▁Ta io ▁Cruz ▁ ▁Nick i ▁Min aj ▁T rey ▁Song z ▁Will ow ▁Smith ▁M andy ▁Moore ▁Sher yl ▁Crow ▁Nat asha ▁Bed ing field ▁Kelly ▁O sb our ne ▁Julian ne ▁H ough ▁Ker i ▁Hil son ▁Nathan ▁F illion ▁St ana ▁K atic ▁ ▁Mike ▁Pos ner ▁Av ril ▁Lav igne ▁The ▁Band ▁Perry ▁Michael ▁Ch ik l is ▁Julie ▁Ben z ▁Lady ▁An te bell um ▁Ryan ▁Se ac rest ▁Christ ina ▁A gu il era ▁Se al ▁ ▁Nom ine es ▁and ▁winners ▁ ▁Rat ings ▁The ▁ceremony ▁was ▁watched ▁by ▁ 1 1 . 6 ▁million ▁viewers
▁and ▁received ▁a ▁ 4 . 3 ▁pre liminary ▁rating ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 8 – 4 9 ▁dem ographic . ▁This ▁marked ▁the ▁lowest - ever ▁ratings ▁for ▁the ▁ceremony , ▁with ▁competition ▁coming ▁from ▁NBC ▁Sunday ▁Night ▁Football . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁Category : 2 0 1 0 ▁music ▁awards ▁Category : 2 0 1 0 ▁awards ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Category : 2 0 1 0 ▁in ▁Los ▁Angeles <0x0A> </s> ▁William ▁Spe irs ▁Bruce ▁ ▁( 1 ▁August ▁ 1 8 6 7 ▁– ▁ 2 8 ▁October ▁ 1 9 2 1 ) ▁was ▁a ▁British ▁natural ist , ▁polar ▁scientist ▁and ▁ocean ographer ▁who ▁organized ▁and ▁led ▁the ▁Scottish ▁National ▁Ant ar ctic ▁Ex ped ition ▁( S NA E , ▁ 1 9 0 2 – 0 4 ) ▁to ▁the ▁South ▁Or k ney ▁Islands ▁and ▁the ▁Wed d ell ▁Sea . ▁Among ▁other ▁achievements , ▁the ▁expedition ▁established ▁the ▁first ▁permanent ▁weather ▁station ▁in ▁Ant ar ct ica . ▁Bruce ▁later ▁founded ▁the ▁Scottish ▁Ocean ographical ▁Labor atory ▁in ▁Edinburgh , ▁but ▁his ▁plans ▁for ▁a ▁trans contin ental ▁Ant ar ctic ▁march ▁via ▁the ▁South ▁P ole ▁were ▁abandoned ▁because ▁of ▁lack ▁of ▁public ▁and ▁financial ▁support . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 8 9 2 ▁Bruce ▁gave ▁up ▁his ▁medical ▁studies ▁at ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Edinburgh ▁and ▁joined ▁the ▁D und ee ▁Wh aling ▁Ex ped ition ▁to ▁Ant ar ct ica ▁as ▁a
▁scientific ▁assistant . ▁This ▁was ▁followed ▁by ▁Ar ctic ▁voy ages ▁to ▁Nov aya ▁Z em ly a , ▁Sp its ber gen ▁and ▁Franz ▁Josef ▁Land . ▁In ▁ 1 8 9 9 ▁Bruce , ▁by ▁then ▁Britain ' s ▁most ▁experienced ▁polar ▁scientist , ▁applied ▁for ▁a ▁post ▁on ▁Robert ▁Fal con ▁Scott ' s ▁Dis covery ▁Ex ped ition , ▁but ▁del ays ▁over ▁this ▁appointment ▁and ▁cl ashes ▁with ▁Royal ▁Ge ographical ▁Society ▁( R GS ) ▁president ▁Sir ▁C lement s ▁Mark ham ▁led ▁him ▁instead ▁to ▁organ ise ▁his ▁own ▁expedition , ▁and ▁earned ▁him ▁the ▁permanent ▁en m ity ▁of ▁the ▁ge ographical ▁establishment ▁in ▁London . ▁Although ▁Bruce ▁received ▁various ▁awards ▁for ▁his ▁polar ▁work , ▁including ▁an ▁honor ary ▁doctor ate ▁from ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Aber de en , ▁neither ▁he ▁nor ▁any ▁of ▁his ▁S NA E ▁colleagues ▁were ▁recommended ▁by ▁the ▁R GS ▁for ▁the ▁prest igious ▁Pol ar ▁Medal . ▁ ▁Between ▁ 1 9 0 7 ▁and ▁ 1 9 2 0 ▁Bruce ▁made ▁many ▁jour neys ▁to ▁the ▁Ar ctic ▁regions , ▁both ▁for ▁scientific ▁and ▁for ▁commercial ▁purposes . ▁His ▁failure ▁to ▁mount ▁any ▁major ▁exploration ▁vent ures ▁after ▁the ▁S NA E ▁is ▁usually ▁attributed ▁to ▁his ▁lack ▁of ▁public ▁relations ▁skills , ▁powerful ▁enemies , ▁and ▁his ▁Scottish ▁national ism . ▁By ▁ 1 9 1 9 ▁his ▁health ▁was ▁failing , ▁and ▁he ▁experienced ▁several ▁sp ells ▁in ▁hospital ▁before ▁his ▁death ▁in ▁ 1
9 2 1 , ▁after ▁which ▁he ▁was ▁almost ▁totally ▁forgotten . ▁In ▁recent ▁years , ▁following ▁the ▁cent en ary ▁of ▁the ▁Scottish ▁Ex ped ition , ▁efforts ▁have ▁been ▁made ▁to ▁give ▁full er ▁recognition ▁to ▁his ▁role ▁in ▁the ▁history ▁of ▁scientific ▁polar ▁exploration . ▁ ▁Early ▁life ▁ ▁Home ▁and ▁school ▁▁ ▁William ▁Spe irs ▁Bruce ▁was ▁born ▁at ▁ 4 3 ▁K ens ington ▁Gard ens ▁Square ▁ ▁in ▁London , ▁the ▁fourth ▁child ▁of ▁Samuel ▁Nob le ▁Bruce , ▁a ▁Scottish ▁physician , ▁and ▁his ▁Wel sh ▁wife ▁Mary , ▁n ée ▁Lloyd . ▁His ▁middle ▁name ▁came ▁from ▁another ▁branch ▁of ▁the ▁family ; ▁its ▁unusual ▁sp elling , ▁as ▁distinct ▁from ▁the ▁more ▁common ▁" S pi ers ", ▁t ended ▁to ▁cause ▁problems ▁for ▁reporters , ▁review ers ▁and ▁bi ograph ers . ▁William ▁passed ▁his ▁early ▁childhood ▁in ▁the ▁family ' s ▁London ▁home ▁at ▁ 1 8 ▁Royal ▁C res cent , ▁Holland ▁Park , ▁under ▁the ▁tut el age ▁of ▁his ▁grandfather , ▁the ▁Rev d ▁William ▁Bruce . ▁There ▁were ▁regular ▁visits ▁to ▁nearby ▁K ens ington ▁Gard ens , ▁and ▁sometimes ▁to ▁the ▁Natural ▁History ▁Museum ; ▁according ▁to ▁Samuel ▁Bruce ▁these ▁out ings ▁first ▁ign ited ▁young ▁William ' s ▁interest ▁in ▁life ▁and ▁nature . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 8 7 9 , ▁at ▁the ▁age ▁of ▁ 1 2 , ▁William ▁was ▁sent ▁to ▁a ▁progressive ▁board ing ▁school , ▁Nor folk ▁County ▁School ▁( l
ater ▁W atts ▁Naval ▁School ) ▁in ▁the ▁village ▁of ▁North ▁El m ham , ▁Nor folk . ▁He ▁remained ▁there ▁until ▁ 1 8 8 5 , ▁and ▁then ▁spent ▁two ▁further ▁years ▁at ▁University ▁College ▁School , ▁H amp stead , ▁preparing ▁for ▁the ▁mat ric ulation ▁examination ▁that ▁would ▁admit ▁him ▁to ▁the ▁medical ▁school ▁at ▁University ▁College ▁London ▁( U CL ). ▁He ▁succeeded ▁at ▁his ▁third ▁attempt , ▁and ▁was ▁ready ▁to ▁start ▁his ▁medical ▁studies ▁in ▁the ▁autumn ▁of ▁ 1 8 8 7 . ▁ ▁Edinburgh ▁▁ ▁During ▁mid - 1 8 8 7 , ▁Bruce ▁trav elled ▁north ▁to ▁Edinburgh ▁to ▁attend ▁a ▁pair ▁of ▁vacation ▁courses ▁in ▁natural ▁sciences . ▁The ▁six - week ▁courses , ▁at ▁the ▁recently ▁established ▁Scottish ▁Marine ▁Station ▁at ▁Grant on ▁on ▁the ▁F irth ▁of ▁For th , ▁were ▁under ▁the ▁direction ▁of ▁Patrick ▁G ed des ▁and ▁John ▁Arthur ▁Thom son , ▁and ▁included ▁sections ▁on ▁bot any ▁and ▁practical ▁z ool ogy . ▁The ▁experience ▁of ▁Grant on , ▁and ▁the ▁contact ▁with ▁some ▁of ▁the ▁fore most ▁contemporary ▁natural ▁scientists , ▁convinced ▁Bruce ▁to ▁stay ▁in ▁Scotland . ▁He ▁abandoned ▁his ▁place ▁at ▁U CL , ▁and ▁en rolled ▁instead ▁in ▁the ▁medical ▁school ▁at ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Edinburgh . ▁This ▁enabled ▁him ▁to ▁maintain ▁contact ▁with ▁ment ors ▁such ▁as ▁G ed des ▁and ▁Thom son , ▁and ▁also ▁gave ▁him ▁the ▁opportunity ▁to ▁work ▁during ▁his ▁free ▁time ▁in ▁the ▁Edinburgh ▁labor ator
ies ▁where ▁spec im ens ▁brought ▁back ▁from ▁the ▁Chall enger ▁expedition ▁were ▁being ▁examined ▁and ▁classified . ▁Here ▁he ▁worked ▁under ▁Dr ▁John ▁Murray ▁and ▁his ▁assistant ▁John ▁Young ▁Buch an an , ▁and ▁gained ▁a ▁deeper ▁understanding ▁of ▁ocean ography ▁and ▁in val uable ▁experience ▁in ▁the ▁principles ▁of ▁scientific ▁investigation . ▁ ▁First ▁voy ages ▁ ▁D und ee ▁Wh aling ▁Ex ped ition ▁▁ ▁The ▁D und ee ▁Wh aling ▁Ex ped ition , ▁ 1 8 9 2 – 9 3 , ▁was ▁an ▁attempt ▁to ▁investigate ▁the ▁commercial ▁possibilities ▁of ▁wh aling ▁in ▁Ant ar ctic ▁waters ▁by ▁loc ating ▁a ▁source ▁of ▁right ▁wh ales ▁in ▁the ▁region . ▁Scient ific ▁observations ▁and ▁ocean ographic ▁research ▁would ▁also ▁be ▁carried ▁out ▁in ▁the ▁four ▁wh aling ▁ships : ▁B ala ena , ▁Active , ▁Diana ▁and ▁Pol ar ▁Star . ▁Bruce ▁was ▁recommended ▁to ▁the ▁expedition ▁by ▁Hugh ▁Robert ▁Mill , ▁an ▁acqu aint ance ▁from ▁Grant on ▁who ▁was ▁now ▁l ibr arian ▁to ▁the ▁Royal ▁Ge ographical ▁Society ▁in ▁London . ▁Although ▁it ▁would ▁finally ▁cur tail ▁his ▁medical ▁studies , ▁Bruce ▁did ▁not ▁hes itate ; ▁▁ ▁with ▁William ▁Gordon ▁Burn ▁Mur do ch ▁as ▁an ▁assistant ▁he ▁took ▁up ▁his ▁duties ▁on ▁B ala ena ▁under ▁Capt . ▁Alexander ▁Fair we ather . ▁The ▁four ▁ships ▁s ailed ▁from ▁D und ee ▁on ▁ 6 ▁September ▁ 1 8 9 2 . ▁ ▁The ▁relatively ▁short ▁expedition — B ru ce ▁was
▁back ▁in ▁Scotland ▁in ▁May ▁ 1 8 9 3 — failed ▁in ▁its ▁main ▁purpose , ▁and ▁gave ▁only ▁limited ▁opportunities ▁for ▁scientific ▁work . ▁No ▁right ▁wh ales ▁were ▁found , ▁and ▁to ▁cut ▁the ▁expedition ' s ▁losses ▁a ▁mass ▁slaughter ▁of ▁se als ▁was ▁ordered , ▁to ▁secure ▁sk ins , ▁oil ▁and ▁bl ub ber . ▁Bruce ▁found ▁this ▁dist aste ful , ▁especially ▁as ▁he ▁was ▁expected ▁to ▁share ▁in ▁the ▁killing . ▁The ▁scientific ▁output ▁from ▁the ▁voyage ▁was , ▁in ▁Bruce ' s ▁words ▁" a ▁miserable ▁show ". ▁In ▁a ▁letter ▁to ▁the ▁Royal ▁Ge ographical ▁Society ▁he ▁wrote : ▁" The ▁general ▁bearing ▁of ▁the ▁master ▁( Capt ain ▁Fair we ather ) ▁was ▁far ▁from ▁being ▁favour able ▁to ▁scientific ▁work ". ▁Bruce ▁was ▁denied ▁access ▁to ▁charts , ▁so ▁was ▁unable ▁to ▁establish ▁the ▁accurate ▁location ▁of ▁phen omena . ▁He ▁was ▁required ▁to ▁work ▁" in ▁the ▁boats " ▁when ▁he ▁should ▁have ▁been ▁making ▁met e or ological ▁and ▁other ▁observations , ▁and ▁no ▁facilities ▁were ▁allowed ▁him ▁for ▁the ▁preparation ▁of ▁spec im ens , ▁many ▁of ▁which ▁were ▁lost ▁through ▁care less ▁handling ▁by ▁the ▁crew . ▁Nevertheless , ▁his ▁letter ▁to ▁the ▁R GS ▁ends : ▁" I ▁have ▁to ▁thank ▁the ▁Society ▁for ▁assist ing ▁me ▁in ▁what ▁has ▁been , ▁despite ▁all ▁draw backs , ▁an ▁instruct ive ▁and ▁delight ful ▁experience ." ▁In ▁a ▁further ▁letter ▁to ▁Mill ▁he ▁outlined ▁his ▁wishes ▁to
▁go ▁South ▁again , ▁adding : ▁" the ▁taste ▁I ▁have ▁had ▁has ▁made ▁me ▁r aven ous ". ▁ ▁Within ▁months ▁he ▁was ▁making ▁proposals ▁for ▁a ▁scientific ▁expedition ▁to ▁South ▁Georgia , ▁but ▁the ▁R GS ▁would ▁not ▁support ▁his ▁plans . ▁In ▁early ▁ 1 8 9 6 ▁he ▁considered ▁collaboration ▁with ▁the ▁Norweg ians ▁Henry k ▁Bull ▁and ▁Car sten ▁Bor chg rev ink ▁in ▁an ▁attempt ▁to ▁reach ▁the ▁South ▁Mag netic ▁P ole . ▁This , ▁too , ▁failed ▁to ▁material ise . ▁ ▁Jackson – H arms worth ▁Ex ped ition ▁▁ ▁From ▁September ▁ 1 8 9 5 ▁to ▁June ▁ 1 8 9 6 ▁Bruce ▁worked ▁at ▁the ▁Ben ▁Nev is ▁summit ▁met e or ological ▁station , ▁where ▁he ▁gained ▁further ▁experience ▁in ▁scientific ▁procedures ▁and ▁with ▁met e or ological ▁instruments . ▁In ▁June ▁ 1 8 9 6 , ▁again ▁on ▁the ▁recommendation ▁of ▁Mill , ▁he ▁left ▁this ▁post ▁to ▁join ▁the ▁Jackson – H arms worth ▁Ex ped ition , ▁then ▁in ▁its ▁third ▁year ▁in ▁the ▁Ar ctic ▁on ▁Franz ▁Josef ▁Land . ▁This ▁expedition , ▁led ▁by ▁Frederick ▁George ▁Jackson ▁and ▁fin anced ▁by ▁newspaper ▁magn ate ▁Alfred ▁Har ms worth , ▁had ▁left ▁London ▁in ▁ 1 8 9 4 . ▁It ▁was ▁engaged ▁in ▁a ▁detailed ▁survey ▁of ▁the ▁Franz ▁Josef ▁arch ip el ago , ▁which ▁had ▁been ▁discovered , ▁though ▁not ▁properly ▁mapped , ▁during ▁an ▁Aust rian ▁expedition ▁ 2 0
year s ▁earlier . ▁Jackson ' s ▁party ▁was ▁based ▁at ▁Cape ▁Fl ora ▁on ▁North bro ok ▁Island , ▁the ▁southern most ▁island ▁of ▁the ▁arch ip el ago . ▁It ▁was ▁supplied ▁through ▁regular ▁visits ▁from ▁its ▁expedition ▁ship ▁Wind ward , ▁on ▁which ▁Bruce ▁s ailed ▁from ▁London ▁on ▁ 9 ▁June ▁ 1 8 9 6 . ▁ ▁Wind ward ▁arrived ▁at ▁Cape ▁Fl ora ▁on ▁ 2 5 ▁July ▁where ▁Bruce ▁ ▁found ▁that ▁Jackson ' s ▁expedition ▁party ▁had ▁been ▁joined ▁by ▁Fr id t j of ▁N ans en ▁and ▁his ▁companion ▁H jal mar ▁Joh ans en . ▁The ▁two ▁Norweg ians ▁had ▁been ▁living ▁on ▁the ▁ice ▁for ▁more ▁than ▁a ▁year ▁since ▁leaving ▁their ▁ship ▁Fr am ▁for ▁a ▁dash ▁to ▁the ▁North ▁P ole , ▁and ▁it ▁was ▁pure ▁chance ▁that ▁had ▁brought ▁them ▁to ▁the ▁one ▁inhab ited ▁spot ▁among ▁thousands ▁of ▁square ▁miles ▁of ▁Ar ctic ▁was tes . ▁Bruce ▁ment ions ▁meeting ▁N ans en ▁in ▁a ▁letter ▁to ▁Mill , ▁and ▁his ▁acqu aint ance ▁with ▁the ▁celebrated ▁Norweg ian ▁would ▁be ▁a ▁future ▁source ▁of ▁much ▁advice ▁and ▁encour agement . ▁ ▁During ▁his ▁year ▁at ▁Cape ▁Fl ora ▁Bruce ▁collected ▁around ▁ 7 0 0 ▁z ool og ical ▁spec im ens , ▁in ▁often ▁very ▁disagree able ▁conditions . ▁According ▁to ▁Jackson : ▁" It ▁is ▁no ▁pleasant ▁job ▁to ▁d ab ble ▁in ▁ icy - c old ▁water , ▁with ▁the ▁therm ometer
▁some ▁degrees ▁below ▁zero , ▁or ▁to ▁pl od ▁in ▁the ▁summer ▁through ▁snow , ▁sl ush ▁and ▁mud ▁many ▁miles ▁in ▁search ▁of ▁animal ▁life , ▁as ▁I ▁have ▁known ▁Mr ▁Bruce ▁frequently ▁to ▁do ". ▁Jackson ▁named ▁Cape ▁Bruce ▁after ▁him , ▁on ▁the ▁northern ▁edge ▁of ▁North bro ok ▁Island , ▁at ▁ 8 0 ° 5 5 ′ N . ▁Jackson ▁was ▁less ▁pleased ▁with ▁Bruce ' s ▁propriet orial ▁attitude ▁to ▁his ▁personal ▁spec im ens , ▁which ▁he ▁refused ▁to ▁entr ust ▁to ▁the ▁British ▁Museum ▁with ▁the ▁expedition ' s ▁other ▁finds . ▁This ▁" t end ency ▁towards ▁scientific ▁conce it ", ▁and ▁lack ▁of ▁tact ▁in ▁inter personal ▁deal ings , ▁were ▁early ▁demonstr ations ▁of ▁character ▁fl aws ▁that ▁in ▁later ▁life ▁would ▁be ▁held ▁against ▁him . ▁ ▁Ar ctic ▁voy ages ▁▁ ▁On ▁his ▁return ▁from ▁Franz ▁Josef ▁Land ▁in ▁ 1 8 9 7 , ▁Bruce ▁worked ▁in ▁Edinburgh ▁as ▁an ▁assistant ▁to ▁his ▁former ▁ment or ▁John ▁Arthur ▁Thom son , ▁and ▁res umed ▁his ▁duties ▁at ▁the ▁Ben ▁Nev is ▁observ atory . ▁In ▁March ▁ 1 8 9 8 ▁he ▁received ▁an ▁offer ▁to ▁join ▁Major ▁Andrew ▁Co ats ▁on ▁a ▁hunting ▁voyage ▁to ▁the ▁Ar ctic ▁waters ▁around ▁Nov aya ▁Z em ly a ▁and ▁Sp its ber gen , ▁in ▁the ▁private ▁y acht ▁Bl enc ath ra . ▁This ▁offer ▁had ▁originally ▁been ▁made ▁to ▁Mill , ▁who ▁was ▁unable ▁to ▁obtain ▁leave ▁from
▁the ▁Royal ▁Ge ographical ▁Society , ▁and ▁once ▁again ▁suggested ▁Bruce ▁as ▁a ▁replacement . ▁Andrew ▁Co ats ▁was ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁prosper ous ▁Co ats ▁family ▁of ▁thread ▁manufacturers , ▁who ▁had ▁founded ▁the ▁Co ats ▁Observ atory ▁at ▁P ais ley . ▁Bruce ▁joined ▁Bl enc ath ra ▁at ▁T rom s ø , ▁Norway ▁in ▁May ▁ 1 8 9 8 , ▁for ▁a ▁cruise ▁which ▁explored ▁the ▁B arent s ▁Sea , ▁the ▁dual ▁islands ▁of ▁Nov aya ▁Z em ly a , ▁and ▁the ▁island ▁of ▁Kol gu y ev , ▁before ▁a ▁retreat ▁to ▁V ard ø ▁in ▁north - e astern ▁Norway ▁to ▁re - pro vision ▁for ▁the ▁voyage ▁to ▁Sp its ber gen . ▁In ▁a ▁letter ▁to ▁Mill , ▁Bruce ▁reported : ▁" This ▁is ▁a ▁pure ▁y acht ing ▁cruise ▁and ▁life ▁is ▁lux urious ". ▁But ▁his ▁scientific ▁work ▁was ▁un ab ated : ▁" I ▁have ▁been ▁taking ▁ 4 - hour ly ▁observations ▁in ▁met e or ology ▁and ▁temperature ▁of ▁the ▁sea ▁surface ▁[...] ▁have ▁tested ▁sal inity ▁with ▁Buch an an ' s ▁hyd rom eter ; ▁my ▁tow - n ets ▁[...] ▁have ▁been ▁going ▁almost ▁constantly ". ▁ ▁Bl enc ath ra ▁s ailed ▁for ▁Sp its ber gen , ▁but ▁was ▁stopped ▁by ▁ice , ▁so ▁she ▁returned ▁to ▁T rom s ø . ▁Here ▁she ▁encountered ▁the ▁research ▁ship ▁Prin ces se ▁Alice , ▁purpose - built ▁for ▁Prince ▁Albert ▁I ▁of
▁Mon aco , ▁a ▁leading ▁ocean ographer . ▁Bruce ▁was ▁delighted ▁when ▁the ▁Prince ▁invited ▁him ▁to ▁join ▁Prin ces se ▁Alice ▁on ▁a ▁hydro graph ic ▁survey ▁around ▁Sp its ber gen . ▁The ▁ship ▁s ailed ▁up ▁the ▁west ▁coast ▁of ▁the ▁main ▁island ▁of ▁the ▁Sp its ber gen ▁group , ▁and ▁visited ▁Advent f j orden ▁and ▁S me eren burg ▁in ▁the ▁north . ▁During ▁the ▁latter ▁stages ▁of ▁the ▁voyage ▁Bruce ▁was ▁placed ▁in ▁charge ▁of ▁the ▁voyage ' s ▁scientific ▁observations . ▁ ▁The ▁following ▁year ▁Bruce ▁was ▁invited ▁to ▁join ▁Prince ▁Albert ▁on ▁another ▁ocean ographic ▁cruise ▁to ▁Sp its ber gen . ▁At ▁Red ▁Bay , ▁lat itude ▁ 8 0 ° N , ▁Bruce ▁asc ended ▁the ▁highest ▁peak ▁in ▁the ▁area , ▁which ▁the ▁prince ▁named ▁" Ben ▁Nev is " ▁in ▁his ▁honour . ▁When ▁Prin ces se ▁Alice ▁ran ▁ag round ▁on ▁a ▁sub mer ged ▁rock ▁and ▁appeared ▁str anded , ▁Prince ▁Albert ▁instruct ed ▁Bruce ▁to ▁begin ▁prepar ations ▁for ▁a ▁winter ▁camp , ▁in ▁the ▁belief ▁that ▁it ▁might ▁be ▁impossible ▁for ▁the ▁ship ▁to ▁escape . ▁Fortunately ▁she ▁flo ated ▁free , ▁and ▁was ▁able ▁to ▁return ▁to ▁T rom s ø ▁for ▁repairs . ▁ ▁Mar riage ▁and ▁family ▁life ▁▁ ▁It ▁is ▁uncertain ▁how ▁Bruce ▁was ▁employed ▁after ▁his ▁return ▁from ▁Sp its ber gen ▁in ▁late ▁ 1 8 9 9 . ▁In ▁his ▁whole ▁life ▁he ▁rarely ▁had ▁settled ▁sal ar ied
▁work , ▁and ▁usually ▁rel ied ▁on ▁patron age ▁or ▁on ▁influential ▁acqu aint ances ▁to ▁find ▁him ▁temporary ▁posts . ▁Early ▁in ▁ 1 9 0 1 ▁he ▁evident ly ▁felt ▁sufficiently ▁confident ▁of ▁his ▁prospects ▁to ▁get ▁married . ▁His ▁bride ▁was ▁Jess ie ▁Mack enz ie , ▁who ▁had ▁worked ▁as ▁a ▁nurse ▁in ▁Samuel ▁Bruce ' s ▁London ▁surgery . ▁Bruce ' s ▁marriage ▁took ▁place ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁Free ▁Church ▁of ▁Scotland , ▁in ▁Chap el hill ▁within ▁the ▁Par ish ▁of ▁N igg ▁on ▁ 2 0 ▁January ▁ 1 9 0 1 , ▁being ▁attended ▁and ▁witnessed ▁by ▁their ▁parents . ▁Perhaps , ▁due ▁to ▁Bruce ' s ▁secret ive ▁nature ▁presenting ▁limited ▁details ▁even ▁among ▁his ▁circle ▁of ▁close ▁friends ▁and ▁colleagues , ▁little ▁information ▁about ▁the ▁wedding ▁has ▁been ▁recorded ▁by ▁his ▁bi ograph ers . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 0 7 ▁the ▁Bru ces ▁settled ▁in ▁a ▁house ▁at ▁South ▁Mort on ▁Street ▁in ▁J op pa ▁near ▁the ▁coastal ▁Edinburgh ▁sub urb ▁of ▁Port ob ello , ▁in ▁the ▁first ▁of ▁a ▁series ▁of ▁addresses ▁in ▁that ▁area . ▁They ▁named ▁their ▁house ▁" Ant ar ct ica ". ▁A ▁son , ▁E ill ium ▁Al ast air , ▁was ▁born ▁in ▁April ▁ 1 9 0 2 , ▁and ▁a ▁daughter , ▁She ila ▁Mack enz ie , ▁was ▁born ▁seven ▁years ▁later . ▁During ▁these ▁years ▁Bruce ▁founded ▁the ▁Scottish ▁S ki ▁Club ▁and ▁became ▁its ▁first ▁president .
▁He ▁was ▁also ▁a ▁co - found er ▁of ▁Edinburgh ▁Z oo . ▁ ▁Bruce ' s ▁chosen ▁life ▁as ▁an ▁expl orer , ▁his ▁unre li able ▁sources ▁of ▁income ▁and ▁his ▁frequent ▁extended ▁abs ences , ▁all ▁placed ▁severe ▁str ains ▁on ▁the ▁marriage , ▁and ▁the ▁couple ▁became ▁est r anged ▁around ▁ 1 9 1 6 . ▁They ▁continued ▁to ▁live ▁in ▁the ▁same ▁house ▁until ▁Bruce ' s ▁death . ▁E ill ium ▁became ▁a ▁Mer chant ▁Navy ▁officer , ▁eventually ▁capt aining ▁a ▁Fisher ies ▁Research ▁Ship ▁which , ▁by ▁chance , ▁bore ▁the ▁name ▁Scot ia . ▁ ▁Scottish ▁National ▁Ant ar ctic ▁Ex ped ition ▁ ▁Dis pute ▁with ▁Mark ham ▁▁ ▁On ▁ 1 5 ▁March ▁ 1 8 9 9 ▁Bruce ▁wrote ▁to ▁Sir ▁C lement s ▁Mark ham ▁at ▁the ▁R GS , ▁offering ▁himself ▁for ▁the ▁scientific ▁staff ▁of ▁the ▁National ▁Ant ar ctic ▁Ex ped ition , ▁then ▁in ▁its ▁early ▁planning ▁stages . ▁Mark ham ' s ▁reply ▁was ▁a ▁non - comm itt al ▁one - line ▁acknowled g ement , ▁after ▁which ▁Bruce ▁heard ▁nothing ▁for ▁a ▁year . ▁He ▁was ▁then ▁told , ▁indirect ly , ▁to ▁apply ▁for ▁a ▁scientific ▁assistant ' s ▁post . ▁ ▁On ▁ 2 1 ▁March ▁ 1 9 0 0 ▁Bruce ▁reminded ▁Mark ham ▁that ▁he ▁had ▁applied ▁a ▁year ▁earlier , ▁and ▁went ▁on ▁to ▁reveal ▁that ▁he ▁" was ▁not ▁without ▁hopes ▁of ▁being ▁able ▁to ▁raise
▁sufficient ▁capital ▁where by ▁I ▁could ▁take ▁out ▁a ▁second ▁British ▁ship ". ▁He ▁followed ▁this ▁up ▁a ▁few ▁days ▁later , ▁and ▁reported ▁that ▁the ▁funding ▁for ▁a ▁second ▁ship ▁was ▁now ▁assured , ▁making ▁his ▁first ▁explicit ▁references ▁to ▁a ▁" Sc ott ish ▁Ex ped ition ". ▁This ▁al armed ▁Mark ham , ▁who ▁replied ▁with ▁some ▁anger : ▁" Such ▁a ▁course ▁will ▁be ▁most ▁prejud icial ▁to ▁the ▁Ex ped ition [ ... ] ▁A ▁second ▁ship ▁is ▁not ▁in ▁the ▁least ▁required [ ... ] ▁I ▁do ▁not ▁know ▁why ▁this ▁m isch iev ous ▁rival ry ▁should ▁have ▁been ▁started ". ▁ ▁Bruce ▁replied ▁by ▁return , ▁den ying ▁rival ry , ▁and ▁assert ing : ▁" If ▁my ▁friends ▁are ▁prepared ▁to ▁give ▁me ▁money ▁to ▁carry ▁out ▁my ▁plans ▁I ▁do ▁not ▁see ▁why ▁I ▁should ▁not ▁accept ▁it ▁[...] ▁there ▁are ▁several ▁who ▁maintain ▁that ▁a ▁second ▁ship ▁is ▁highly ▁des irable ". ▁Un appe ased , ▁Mark ham ▁wrote ▁back : ▁" As ▁I ▁was ▁doing ▁my ▁best ▁to ▁get ▁you ▁appointed ▁( to ▁the ▁National ▁Ant ar ctic ▁Ex ped ition ) ▁I ▁had ▁a ▁right ▁to ▁think ▁you ▁would ▁not ▁take ▁such ▁a ▁step [ ... ] ▁without ▁at ▁least ▁consulting ▁me ". ▁He ▁continued : ▁" You ▁will ▁cri pp le ▁the ▁National ▁Ex ped ition ▁[...] ▁in ▁order ▁to ▁get ▁up ▁a ▁scheme ▁for ▁yourself ". ▁ ▁Bruce ▁replied ▁formally , ▁saying ▁that ▁the ▁funds
▁he ▁had ▁raised ▁in ▁Scotland ▁would ▁not ▁have ▁been ▁forth coming ▁for ▁any ▁other ▁project . ▁There ▁was ▁no ▁further ▁correspondence ▁between ▁the ▁two , ▁beyond ▁a ▁short ▁conc ili atory ▁note ▁from ▁Mark ham , ▁in ▁February ▁ 1 9 0 1 , ▁which ▁read ▁" I ▁can ▁now ▁see ▁things ▁from ▁your ▁point ▁of ▁view , ▁and ▁wish ▁you ▁success "— a ▁sentiment ▁apparently ▁not ▁reflected ▁in ▁Mark ham ' s ▁subsequent ▁attitude ▁towards ▁the ▁Scottish ▁expedition . ▁ ▁V oy age ▁of ▁the ▁Scot ia ▁▁ ▁With ▁financial ▁support ▁from ▁the ▁Co ats ▁family , ▁Bruce ▁had ▁acquired ▁a ▁Norweg ian ▁wh aler , ▁, ▁which ▁he ▁transformed ▁into ▁a ▁fully ▁equipped ▁Ant ar ctic ▁research ▁ship , ▁renamed ▁Scot ia . ▁He ▁then ▁appointed ▁an ▁all - Sc ott ish ▁crew ▁and ▁scientific ▁team . ▁Scot ia ▁left ▁Tro on ▁on ▁ 2 ▁November ▁ 1 9 0 2 , ▁and ▁headed ▁south ▁towards ▁Ant ar ct ica , ▁where ▁Bruce ▁intended ▁to ▁set ▁up ▁winter ▁quarters ▁in ▁the ▁Wed d ell ▁Sea ▁quad rant , ▁" as ▁near ▁to ▁the ▁South ▁P ole ▁as ▁is ▁pract ic able ". ▁On ▁ 2 2 ▁February ▁the ▁ship ▁reached ▁ 7 0 ° 2 5 ′ S , ▁but ▁could ▁proceed ▁no ▁further ▁because ▁of ▁heavy ▁ice . ▁She ▁ret reated ▁to ▁La ur ie ▁Island ▁in ▁the ▁South ▁Or k neys ▁chain , ▁and ▁winter ed ▁there ▁in ▁a ▁bay ▁he ▁named ▁Scot ia ▁Bay . ▁A ▁met e
or ological ▁station , ▁O mond ▁House ▁( named ▁after ▁Robert ▁Tra ill ▁O mond ), ▁was ▁established ▁as ▁part ▁of ▁a ▁full ▁programme ▁of ▁scientific ▁work . ▁ ▁In ▁November ▁ 1 9 0 3 ▁Scot ia ▁ret reated ▁to ▁Buenos ▁Aires ▁for ▁repair ▁and ▁re pro vision ing . ▁While ▁in ▁Argentina , ▁Bruce ▁negoti ated ▁an ▁agreement ▁with ▁the ▁government ▁where by ▁O mond ▁House ▁became ▁a ▁permanent ▁weather ▁station , ▁under ▁Argent inian ▁control . ▁Ren amed ▁Or c adas ▁Base , ▁the ▁site ▁has ▁been ▁continuously ▁in ▁operation ▁since ▁then , ▁and ▁provides ▁the ▁longest ▁historical ▁met e or ological ▁series ▁of ▁Ant ar ct ica . ▁In ▁January ▁ 1 9 0 4 ▁Scot ia ▁s ailed ▁south ▁again , ▁to ▁explore ▁the ▁Wed d ell ▁Sea . ▁On ▁ 6 ▁March , ▁new ▁land ▁was ▁sight ed , ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁sea ' s ▁eastern ▁boundary ; ▁Bruce ▁named ▁this ▁Co ats ▁Land ▁after ▁the ▁expedition ' s ▁chief ▁back ers . ▁On ▁ 1 4 ▁March , ▁at ▁ 7 4 ° 0 1 ′ S ▁and ▁in ▁danger ▁of ▁becoming ▁ice bound , ▁Scot ia ▁turned ▁north . ▁The ▁long ▁voyage ▁back ▁to ▁Scotland , ▁via ▁Cape ▁Town , ▁was ▁completed ▁on ▁ 2 1 ▁July ▁ 1 9 0 4 . ▁ ▁This ▁expedition ▁assembled ▁a ▁large ▁collection ▁of ▁animal , ▁marine ▁and ▁plant ▁spec im ens , ▁and ▁carried ▁out ▁extensive ▁hydro graph ic , ▁magnetic ▁and ▁met e or ological ▁observations
. ▁One ▁hundred ▁years ▁later ▁it ▁was ▁recognised ▁that ▁the ▁expedition ' s ▁work ▁had ▁" la id ▁the ▁foundation ▁of ▁modern ▁climate ▁change ▁studies ", ▁and ▁that ▁its ▁experimental ▁work ▁had ▁showed ▁this ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁globe ▁to ▁be ▁cru c ially ▁important ▁to ▁the ▁world ' s ▁climate . ▁According ▁to ▁the ▁ocean ographer ▁Tony ▁Rice , ▁it ▁ful filled ▁a ▁more ▁comprehensive ▁programme ▁than ▁any ▁other ▁Ant ar ctic ▁expedition ▁of ▁its ▁day . ▁At ▁the ▁time ▁its ▁reception ▁in ▁Britain ▁was ▁relatively ▁mut ed ; ▁although ▁its ▁work ▁was ▁highly ▁praised ▁within ▁sections ▁of ▁the ▁scientific ▁community , ▁Bruce ▁struggled ▁to ▁raise ▁the ▁funding ▁to ▁publish ▁his ▁scientific ▁results , ▁and ▁bl amed ▁Mark ham ▁for ▁the ▁lack ▁of ▁national ▁recognition . ▁ ▁Post - ex ped ition ▁years ▁ ▁Scottish ▁Ocean ographical ▁Labor atory ▁▁ ▁Bruce ' s ▁collection ▁of ▁spec im ens , ▁gathered ▁from ▁more ▁than ▁a ▁decade ▁of ▁Ar ctic ▁and ▁Ant ar ctic ▁travel , ▁required ▁a ▁permanent ▁home . ▁Bruce ▁himself ▁needed ▁a ▁base ▁from ▁which ▁the ▁detailed ▁scientific ▁reports ▁of ▁the ▁Scot ia ▁voyage ▁could ▁be ▁prepared ▁for ▁publication . ▁He ▁obtained ▁prem ises ▁in ▁Nicol son ▁Street , ▁Edinburgh , ▁in ▁which ▁he ▁established ▁a ▁laboratory ▁and ▁museum , ▁n aming ▁it ▁the ▁Scottish ▁Ocean ographical ▁Labor atory , ▁with ▁the ▁ultimate ▁amb ition ▁that ▁it ▁should ▁become ▁the ▁Scottish ▁National ▁Ocean ographic ▁Institute . ▁It ▁was ▁officially ▁opened ▁by ▁Prince ▁Albert ▁of ▁Mon aco ▁in ▁ 1 9 0 6
. ▁ ▁Within ▁these ▁prem ises ▁Bruce ▁hous ed ▁his ▁met e or ological ▁and ▁ocean ographic ▁equipment , ▁in ▁preparation ▁for ▁future ▁exped itions . ▁He ▁also ▁met ▁there ▁with ▁fellow - expl or ers , ▁including ▁N ans en , ▁Sh ack leton , ▁and ▁Ro ald ▁Am und sen . ▁His ▁main ▁task ▁was ▁master m inding ▁the ▁preparation ▁of ▁the ▁S NA E ▁scientific ▁reports . ▁These , ▁at ▁considerable ▁cost ▁and ▁much ▁delay , ▁were ▁published ▁between ▁ 1 9 0 7 ▁and ▁ 1 9 2 0 , ▁except ▁for ▁one ▁volume — B ru ce ' s ▁own ▁log — that ▁remained ▁un published ▁until ▁ 1 9 9 2 , ▁after ▁its ▁re dis covery . ▁Bruce ▁maintained ▁a ▁wide ▁correspondence ▁with ▁experts , ▁including ▁Sir ▁Joseph ▁Hook er , ▁who ▁had ▁trav elled ▁to ▁the ▁Ant ar ctic ▁with ▁James ▁Clark ▁Ross ▁in ▁ 1 8 3 9 – 4 3 , ▁and ▁to ▁whom ▁Bruce ▁dedicated ▁his ▁short ▁book ▁Pol ar ▁Expl oration . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 1 4 ▁discussions ▁began ▁toward ▁finding ▁more ▁permanent ▁homes , ▁both ▁for ▁Bruce ' s ▁collection ▁and , ▁following ▁the ▁death ▁that ▁year ▁of ▁ocean ographer ▁Sir ▁John ▁Murray , ▁for ▁the ▁spec im ens ▁and ▁library ▁of ▁the ▁Chall enger ▁expedition . ▁Bruce ▁proposed ▁that ▁a ▁new ▁centre ▁should ▁be ▁created ▁as ▁a ▁memorial ▁to ▁Murray . ▁There ▁was ▁un anim ous ▁agreement ▁to ▁proceed , ▁but ▁the ▁project ▁was ▁curt ailed ▁by
▁the ▁outbreak ▁of ▁war , ▁and ▁not ▁rev ived . ▁The ▁Scottish ▁Ocean ographical ▁Labor atory ▁continued ▁until ▁ 1 9 1 9 , ▁when ▁Bruce , ▁in ▁poor ▁health , ▁was ▁forced ▁to ▁close ▁it , ▁dispers ing ▁its ▁contents ▁to ▁the ▁Royal ▁Scottish ▁Museum , ▁the ▁Royal ▁Scottish ▁Ge ographical ▁Society ▁( RS GS ), ▁and ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Edinburgh . ▁ ▁Further ▁Ant ar ctic ▁plans ▁▁ ▁On ▁ 1 7 ▁March ▁ 1 9 1 0 ▁Bruce ▁presented ▁proposals ▁to ▁the ▁Royal ▁Scottish ▁Ge ographical ▁Society ▁( RS GS ) ▁for ▁a ▁new ▁Scottish ▁Ant ar ctic ▁expedition . ▁His ▁plan ▁env is aged ▁a ▁party ▁winter ing ▁in ▁or ▁near ▁Co ats ▁Land , ▁while ▁the ▁ship ▁took ▁another ▁group ▁to ▁the ▁Ross ▁Sea , ▁on ▁the ▁opposite ▁side ▁of ▁the ▁continent . ▁During ▁the ▁second ▁season ▁the ▁Co ats ▁Land ▁party ▁would ▁cross ▁the ▁continent ▁on ▁foot , ▁via ▁the ▁South ▁P ole , ▁while ▁the ▁Ross ▁Sea ▁party ▁pushed ▁south ▁to ▁meet ▁them ▁and ▁assist ▁them ▁home . ▁The ▁expedition ▁would ▁also ▁carry ▁out ▁extensive ▁ocean ographical ▁and ▁other ▁scientific ▁work . ▁Bruce ▁estimated ▁that ▁the ▁total ▁cost ▁would ▁be ▁about ▁£ 5 0 , 0 0 0 ▁( ▁value ▁about ▁£ ). ▁ ▁The ▁R S GS ▁supported ▁these ▁proposals , ▁as ▁did ▁the ▁Royal ▁Society ▁of ▁Edinburgh , ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Edinburgh , ▁and ▁other ▁Scottish ▁organisations , ▁but ▁the ▁timing ▁was ▁wrong ; ▁the ▁Royal ▁Ge ographical ▁Society ▁in ▁London ▁was ▁fully ▁occupied
▁with ▁Robert ▁Scott ' s ▁Ter ra ▁Nova ▁Ex ped ition , ▁and ▁showed ▁no ▁interest ▁in ▁Bruce ' s ▁plans . ▁No ▁rich ▁private ▁benef act ors ▁came ▁forward , ▁and ▁persistent ▁and ▁int ensive ▁lobby ing ▁of ▁the ▁government ▁for ▁financial ▁backing ▁failed . ▁Bruce ▁suspected ▁that ▁his ▁efforts ▁were , ▁as ▁usual , ▁being ▁und erm ined ▁by ▁the ▁aged ▁but ▁still ▁influential ▁Mark ham . ▁Finally ▁accepting ▁that ▁his ▁venture ▁would ▁not ▁take ▁place , ▁he ▁gave ▁generous ▁support ▁and ▁advice ▁to ▁Ernest ▁Sh ack leton , ▁who ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 3 ▁announced ▁plans , ▁similar ▁to ▁Bruce ' s , ▁for ▁his ▁Imperial ▁Trans - Ant ar ctic ▁Ex ped ition . ▁Sh ack leton ▁not ▁only ▁received ▁£ 1 0 , 0 0 0 ▁from ▁the ▁government , ▁but ▁raised ▁large ▁sum s ▁from ▁private ▁sources , ▁including ▁£ 2 4 , 0 0 0 ▁from ▁Scottish ▁industrial ist ▁Sir ▁James ▁C air d ▁of ▁D und ee . ▁ ▁Sh ack leton ' s ▁expedition ▁was ▁an ▁epic ▁adventure , ▁but ▁failed ▁completely ▁in ▁its ▁main ▁ende av our ▁of ▁a ▁trans contin ental ▁crossing . ▁Bruce ▁was ▁not ▁consult ed ▁by ▁the ▁Sh ack leton ▁relief ▁committee ▁about ▁that ▁expedition ' s ▁rescue , ▁when ▁the ▁need ▁a rose ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 6 . ▁" M ys elf , ▁I ▁suppose ," ▁he ▁wrote , ▁" because ▁of ▁being ▁north ▁of ▁the ▁T we ed , ▁they ▁think ▁dead ". ▁
▁Scottish ▁Sp its ber gen ▁synd icate ▁▁ ▁During ▁his ▁Sp its ber gen ▁visits ▁with ▁Prince ▁Albert ▁in ▁ 1 8 9 8 ▁and ▁ 1 8 9 9 , ▁Bruce ▁had ▁detected ▁the ▁presence ▁of ▁coal , ▁gy ps um ▁and ▁possibly ▁oil . ▁In ▁the ▁sum mers ▁of ▁ 1 9 0 6 ▁and ▁ 1 9 0 7 ▁he ▁again ▁accompanied ▁the ▁Prince ▁to ▁the ▁arch ip el ago , ▁with ▁the ▁primary ▁purpose ▁of ▁surve ying ▁and ▁mapping ▁Prince ▁Charles ▁Fore land , ▁an ▁island ▁un vis ited ▁during ▁the ▁earlier ▁voy ages . ▁Here ▁Bruce ▁found ▁further ▁depos its ▁of ▁coal , ▁and ▁indic ations ▁of ▁iron . ▁On ▁the ▁basis ▁of ▁these ▁finds , ▁Bruce ▁set ▁up ▁a ▁mineral ▁prospect ing ▁company , ▁the ▁Scottish ▁Sp its ber gen ▁Sy nd icate , ▁in ▁July ▁ 1 9 0 9 . ▁ ▁At ▁that ▁time , ▁in ▁international ▁law ▁Sp its ber gen ▁was ▁regarded ▁as ▁terra ▁null ius — right s ▁to ▁mine ▁and ▁extract ▁could ▁be ▁established ▁simply ▁by ▁register ing ▁a ▁claim . ▁Bruce ' s ▁synd icate ▁registered ▁claims ▁on ▁Prince ▁Charles ▁Fore land ▁and ▁on ▁the ▁islands ▁of ▁B arent s ø ya ▁and ▁Edge ø ya , ▁among ▁other ▁areas . ▁A ▁sum ▁of ▁£ 4 , 0 0 0 ▁( out ▁of ▁a ▁target ▁of ▁£ 6 , 0 0 0 ) ▁was ▁sub scribed ▁to ▁finance ▁the ▁costs ▁of ▁a ▁detailed ▁prospect ing ▁expedition ▁in ▁ 1 9
0 9 , ▁in ▁a ▁char tered ▁vessel ▁with ▁a ▁full ▁scientific ▁team . ▁The ▁results ▁were ▁" dis appoint ing ", ▁and ▁the ▁voyage ▁absorbed ▁almost ▁all ▁of ▁the ▁synd icate ' s ▁funds . ▁ ▁Bruce ▁paid ▁two ▁further ▁visits ▁to ▁Sp its ber gen , ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 2 ▁and ▁ 1 9 1 4 , ▁but ▁the ▁outbreak ▁of ▁war ▁prevented ▁further ▁immediate ▁developments . ▁Early ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 9 ▁the ▁old ▁synd icate ▁was ▁replaced ▁by ▁a ▁larger ▁and ▁better - fin anced ▁company . ▁Bruce ▁had ▁now ▁fixed ▁his ▁main ▁hopes ▁on ▁the ▁discovery ▁of ▁oil , ▁but ▁scientific ▁exped itions ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 9 ▁and ▁ 1 9 2 0 ▁failed ▁to ▁provide ▁evidence ▁of ▁its ▁presence ; ▁substantial ▁new ▁depos its ▁of ▁coal ▁and ▁iron ▁ore ▁were ▁discovered . ▁There after ▁Bruce ▁was ▁too ▁ill ▁to ▁continue ▁with ▁his ▁involvement . ▁The ▁new ▁company ▁had ▁expend ed ▁most ▁of ▁its ▁capital ▁on ▁these ▁prospect ing ▁vent ures , ▁and ▁although ▁it ▁continued ▁to ▁exist , ▁under ▁various ▁ownership s , ▁until ▁ 1 9 5 2 , ▁there ▁is ▁no ▁record ▁of ▁profitable ▁extr action . ▁Its ▁assets ▁and ▁claims ▁were ▁finally ▁acquired ▁by ▁a ▁rival ▁concern . ▁ ▁Later ▁life ▁ ▁Pol ar ▁Med als ▁with held ▁▁ ▁During ▁his ▁lifetime ▁Bruce ▁received ▁many ▁awards : ▁the ▁Gold ▁Medal ▁of ▁the ▁Royal ▁Scottish ▁Ge ographical ▁Society ▁in ▁ 1 9 0 4 ; ▁the ▁Pat ron ' s
▁Medal ▁of ▁the ▁Royal ▁Ge ographical ▁Society ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 0 ; ▁the ▁Ne ill ▁prize ▁and ▁Medal ▁of ▁the ▁Royal ▁Society ▁of ▁Edinburgh ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 3 , ▁and ▁the ▁Living stone ▁Medal ▁of ▁the ▁American ▁Ge ographical ▁Society ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 0 . ▁He ▁also ▁received ▁an ▁honor ary ▁L LD ▁degree ▁from ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Aber de en . ▁The ▁honour ▁that ▁el uded ▁him ▁was ▁the ▁Pol ar ▁Medal , ▁awarded ▁by ▁the ▁S over e ign ▁on ▁the ▁recommendation ▁of ▁the ▁Royal ▁Ge ographical ▁Society . ▁The ▁Medal ▁was ▁awarded ▁to ▁the ▁members ▁of ▁every ▁other ▁British ▁or ▁Commonwealth ▁Ant ar ctic ▁expedition ▁during ▁the ▁early ▁ 2 0 th ▁century , ▁but ▁the ▁S NA E ▁was ▁the ▁exception ; ▁the ▁medal ▁was ▁with held . ▁ ▁Bruce , ▁and ▁those ▁close ▁to ▁him , ▁bl amed ▁Mark ham ▁for ▁this ▁om ission . ▁The ▁matter ▁was ▁raised , ▁repeatedly , ▁with ▁anyone ▁thought ▁to ▁have ▁influence . ▁Robert ▁Rud m ose ▁Brown , ▁chronic ler ▁of ▁the ▁Scot ia ▁voyage ▁and ▁later ▁Bruce ' s ▁first ▁bi ographer , ▁wrote ▁in ▁a ▁ 1 9 1 3 ▁letter ▁to ▁the ▁President ▁of ▁the ▁Royal ▁Scottish ▁Ge ographical ▁Society ▁that ▁this ▁neglect ▁was ▁" a ▁slight ▁to ▁Scotland ▁and ▁to ▁Scottish ▁ende av our ". ▁Bruce ▁wrote ▁in ▁March ▁ 1 9 1 5 ▁to ▁the ▁President ▁of ▁the ▁Royal ▁Society ▁of ▁Edinburgh , ▁who ▁agreed ▁in ▁his ▁reply ▁that ▁"
Mark ham ▁had ▁much ▁to ▁answer ▁for ". ▁After ▁Mark ham ' s ▁death ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 6 ▁Bruce ▁sent ▁a ▁long ▁letter ▁to ▁his ▁Member ▁of ▁Parliament , ▁Charles ▁Price , ▁detail ing ▁Sir ▁C lement s ' s ▁mal ice ▁towards ▁him ▁and ▁the ▁Scottish ▁expedition , ▁ending ▁with ▁a ▁heart f elt ▁cry ▁on ▁behalf ▁of ▁his ▁old ▁com r ades : ▁" R ober ts on ▁is ▁dying ▁without ▁his ▁well ▁won ▁white ▁rib bon ! ▁The ▁M ate ▁is ▁dead !! ▁The ▁Chief ▁Engine er ▁is ▁dead !!! ▁Everyone ▁as ▁good ▁men ▁as ▁have ▁ever ▁served ▁on ▁any ▁Pol ar ▁Ex ped ition , ▁yet ▁they ▁did ▁not ▁receive ▁the ▁white ▁rib bon ." ▁No ▁action ▁followed ▁this ▁ple a . ▁ ▁No ▁award ▁had ▁been ▁made ▁nearly ▁a ▁century ▁later , ▁when ▁the ▁matter ▁was ▁raised ▁in ▁the ▁Scottish ▁Parliament . ▁On ▁ 4 ▁November ▁ 2 0 0 2 ▁M SP ▁Michael ▁Russell ▁t abled ▁a ▁motion ▁relating ▁to ▁the ▁S NA E ▁cent en ary , ▁which ▁concluded : ▁" The ▁Pol ar ▁Medal ▁Advis ory ▁Committee ▁should ▁recommend ▁the ▁post hum ous ▁award ▁of ▁the ▁Pol ar ▁Medal ▁to ▁Dr ▁William ▁Spe irs ▁Bruce , ▁in ▁recognition ▁of ▁his ▁status ▁as ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁key ▁figures ▁in ▁early ▁ 2 0 th ▁century ▁polar ▁scientific ▁exploration ". ▁ ▁Last ▁years ▁ ▁After ▁the ▁outbreak ▁of ▁war ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 4 , ▁Bruce ' s ▁prospect ing ▁vent ures ▁were ▁on
▁hold . ▁He ▁offered ▁his ▁services ▁to ▁the ▁Admiral ty , ▁but ▁failed ▁to ▁obtain ▁an ▁appointment . ▁In ▁ 1 9 1 5 ▁he ▁accepted ▁a ▁post ▁as ▁director ▁and ▁manager ▁of ▁a ▁wh aling ▁company ▁based ▁in ▁the ▁Se y chell es , ▁and ▁spent ▁four ▁months ▁there , ▁but ▁the ▁venture ▁failed . ▁On ▁his ▁return ▁to ▁Britain ▁he ▁finally ▁secured ▁a ▁minor ▁post ▁at ▁the ▁Admiral ty . ▁ ▁Bruce ▁continued ▁to ▁lobby ▁for ▁recognition , ▁highlight ing ▁the ▁dist in ctions ▁between ▁the ▁treatment ▁of ▁S NA E ▁and ▁that ▁of ▁English ▁exped itions . ▁When ▁the ▁war ▁finished ▁he ▁attempted ▁to ▁rev ive ▁his ▁various ▁interests , ▁but ▁his ▁health ▁was ▁failing , ▁forcing ▁him ▁to ▁close ▁his ▁laboratory . ▁On ▁the ▁ 1 9 2 0 ▁voyage ▁to ▁Sp its ber gen ▁he ▁trav elled ▁in ▁an ▁advis ory ▁role , ▁unable ▁to ▁participate ▁in ▁the ▁detailed ▁work . ▁On ▁return , ▁he ▁was ▁conf ined ▁in ▁the ▁Edinburgh ▁Royal ▁Inf ir mary ▁and ▁later ▁in ▁the ▁Liber ton ▁Hospital , ▁Edinburgh , ▁where ▁he ▁died ▁on ▁ 2 8 ▁October ▁ 1 9 2 1 . ▁In ▁accordance ▁with ▁his ▁wishes ▁he ▁was ▁cre m ated , ▁and ▁the ▁as hes ▁taken ▁to ▁South ▁Georgia ▁to ▁be ▁scattered ▁on ▁the ▁southern ▁sea . ▁Despite ▁his ▁ir regular ▁income ▁and ▁general ▁lack ▁of ▁funds , ▁his ▁estate ▁realised ▁£ 7 , 0 0 0 ▁( ▁value ▁about ▁£ ). ▁ ▁Ass essment ▁▁ ▁After ▁Bruce '
s ▁death ▁his ▁long - time ▁friend ▁and ▁colle ague ▁Robert ▁Rud m ose ▁Brown ▁wrote , ▁in ▁a ▁letter ▁to ▁Bruce ' s ▁father : ▁" His ▁name ▁is ▁imper ish ably ▁en rolled ▁among ▁the ▁world ' s ▁great ▁expl or ers , ▁and ▁the ▁mart yr s ▁to ▁un self ish ▁scientific ▁dev otion ." ▁Rud m ose ▁Brown ' s ▁bi ography ▁was ▁published ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 3 , ▁and ▁in ▁the ▁same ▁year ▁a ▁joint ▁committee ▁of ▁Edinburgh ' s ▁learned ▁societies ▁institut ed ▁the ▁Bruce ▁Memorial ▁Prize , ▁an ▁award ▁for ▁young ▁polar ▁scientists . ▁There after ▁his ▁name ▁continued ▁to ▁be ▁respected ▁in ▁scientific ▁circles , ▁but ▁Bruce ▁and ▁his ▁achievements ▁were ▁forgotten ▁by ▁the ▁general ▁public . ▁Occ as ional ▁ment ions ▁of ▁him , ▁in ▁polar ▁hist ories ▁and ▁bi ograph ies ▁of ▁major ▁figures ▁such ▁as ▁Scott ▁and ▁Sh ack leton , ▁t ended ▁to ▁be ▁dismiss ive ▁and ▁in accur ate . ▁ ▁The ▁early ▁years ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 1 st ▁century ▁have ▁seen ▁a ▁reass essment ▁of ▁Bruce ' s ▁work . ▁Contribut ory ▁factors ▁have ▁been ▁the ▁S NA E ▁cent en ary , ▁and ▁Scotland ' s ▁renew ed ▁sense ▁of ▁national ▁identity . ▁A ▁ 2 0 0 3 ▁expedition , ▁in ▁a ▁modern ▁research ▁ship ▁" Sc ot ia ", ▁used ▁information ▁collected ▁by ▁Bruce ▁as ▁a ▁basis ▁for ▁exam ining ▁climate ▁change ▁in ▁South ▁Georgia . ▁This ▁expedition ▁predicted ▁" dr am atic
▁conclusions " ▁relating ▁to ▁global ▁war ming ▁from ▁its ▁research , ▁and ▁saw ▁this ▁contribution ▁as ▁a ▁" f itting ▁t ribute ▁to ▁Britain ' s ▁forgotten ▁polar ▁hero , ▁William ▁Spe irs ▁Bruce ". ▁ ▁An ▁hour - long ▁BBC ▁television ▁documentary ▁on ▁Bruce ▁presented ▁by ▁Neil ▁Oliver ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁contrast ed ▁his ▁met ic ulous ▁science ▁with ▁his ▁riv als ' ▁aim ▁of ▁enh ancing ▁imperial ▁prest ige . ▁A ▁new ▁bi ographer , ▁Peter ▁Spe ak ▁( 2 0 0 3 ), ▁claims ▁that ▁the ▁S NA E ▁was ▁" by ▁far ▁the ▁most ▁cost - effective ▁and ▁carefully ▁planned ▁scientific ▁expedition ▁of ▁the ▁Hero ic ▁Age ". ▁ ▁The ▁same ▁author ▁considers ▁reasons ▁why ▁Bruce ' s ▁efforts ▁to ▁capital ise ▁on ▁this ▁success ▁met ▁with ▁failure , ▁and ▁suggests ▁a ▁combination ▁of ▁his ▁shy , ▁sol itary , ▁un char ism atic ▁nature ▁and ▁his ▁" fer vent " ▁Scottish ▁national ism . ▁Bruce ▁seemingly ▁lack ed ▁public ▁relations ▁skills ▁and ▁the ▁ability ▁to ▁promote ▁his ▁work , ▁after ▁the ▁fashion ▁of ▁Scott ▁and ▁Sh ack leton ; ▁a ▁lif el ong ▁friend ▁described ▁him ▁as ▁being ▁" as ▁pr ick ly ▁as ▁the ▁Scottish ▁th ist le ▁itself ". ▁On ▁occasion ▁he ▁beh aved ▁tact lessly , ▁as ▁with ▁Jackson ▁over ▁the ▁question ▁of ▁the ▁spec im ens ▁brought ▁back ▁from ▁Franz ▁Josef ▁Land , ▁and ▁on ▁another ▁occasion ▁with ▁the ▁Royal ▁Ge ographical ▁Society , ▁over ▁the ▁question ▁of ▁a ▁minor ▁expense
▁claim . ▁ ▁As ▁to ▁his ▁national ism , ▁he ▁wished ▁to ▁see ▁Scotland ▁on ▁an ▁equal ▁foot ing ▁with ▁other ▁nations . ▁His ▁national ▁pride ▁was ▁intense ; ▁in ▁a ▁Pre par atory ▁Note ▁to ▁The ▁V oy age ▁of ▁the ▁Scot ia ▁he ▁wrote : ▁" While ▁' S ci ence ' ▁was ▁the ▁tal is man ▁of ▁the ▁Ex ped ition , ▁' Sc ot land ' ▁was ▁em bl az oned ▁on ▁its ▁flag ". ▁This ▁ins istence ▁on ▁emphas ising ▁the ▁Scottish ▁character ▁of ▁his ▁enter prises ▁could ▁be ▁ir ks ome ▁to ▁those ▁who ▁did ▁not ▁share ▁his ▁passion . ▁He ▁retained ▁the ▁respect ▁and ▁dev otion ▁of ▁those ▁whom ▁he ▁led , ▁and ▁of ▁those ▁who ▁had ▁known ▁him ▁longest . ▁John ▁Arthur ▁Thom son , ▁who ▁had ▁known ▁Bruce ▁since ▁Grant on , ▁wrote ▁of ▁him ▁when ▁review ing ▁Rud m ose ▁Brown ' s ▁ 1 9 2 3 ▁bi ography : ▁" We ▁never ▁heard ▁him ▁once ▁gr umble ▁about ▁himself , ▁though ▁he ▁was ▁neither ▁to ▁hold ▁or ▁bend ▁when ▁he ▁thought ▁some ▁in just ice ▁was ▁being ▁done ▁to , ▁or ▁slight ▁cast ▁on , ▁his ▁men , ▁on ▁his ▁colleagues , ▁on ▁his ▁laboratory , ▁on ▁his ▁Scotland . ▁Then ▁one ▁got ▁gl im ps es ▁of ▁the ▁vol c ano ▁which ▁his ▁gentle ▁spirit ▁usually ▁kept ▁sleeping ." ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁List ▁of ▁recip ients ▁of ▁the ▁W . ▁S . ▁Bruce ▁Medal ▁ ▁Notes ▁and ▁references ▁▁ ▁Cit
ations ▁ ▁S ources ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁▁▁▁▁ ▁Online ▁sources ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁William ▁Spe irs ▁Bruce ▁Collection ▁at ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Edinburgh . ▁Ret riev ed ▁ 2 0 1 7 - 0 9 - 1 1 ▁ ▁Category : 1 8 6 7 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 9 2 1 ▁deaths ▁Category : 1 9 th - century ▁bi ologists ▁Category : 1 9 th - century ▁expl or ers ▁Category : 1 9 th - century ▁Scottish ▁people ▁Category : Ac adem ics ▁of ▁Her iot - W att ▁University ▁Category : Al umn i ▁of ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Edinburgh ▁Category : Sc ott ish ▁people ▁of ▁Wel sh ▁descent ▁Category : Ex pl or ers ▁of ▁Ant ar ct ica ▁Category : F ell ows ▁of ▁the ▁Royal ▁Society ▁of ▁Edinburgh ▁Category : People ▁educated ▁at ▁University ▁College ▁School ▁Category : People ▁from ▁K ens ington ▁Category : Sc ott ish ▁polar ▁expl or ers ▁Category : Sc ott ish ▁marine ▁bi ologists ▁Category : Sc ott ish ▁national ists ▁Category : Sc ott ish ▁natural ists ▁Category : Sc ott ish ▁ocean ograph ers ▁Category : South ▁Or k ney ▁Islands ▁Category : People ▁educated ▁at ▁W atts ▁Naval ▁School <0x0A> </s> ▁Apr iona ▁mult igr an ula ▁is ▁a ▁species ▁of ▁be et le ▁in ▁the ▁family ▁Cer amb yc idae . ▁It ▁was ▁described ▁by ▁Thom son ▁in ▁ 1 8 7 8 . ▁It ▁is ▁known ▁from ▁the ▁Philippines . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁
▁Category : B at oc er ini ▁Category : Be et les ▁described ▁in ▁ 1 8 7 8 <0x0A> </s> ▁Tun ari ▁may ▁refer ▁to ▁several ▁places ▁in ▁Rom ania : ▁ ▁Tun ari , ▁a ▁commune ▁in ▁Il f ov ▁County ▁Tun ari , ▁a ▁village ▁in ▁Bez dead ▁Comm une , ▁D â mb ovi ța ▁County ▁Tun ari , ▁a ▁village ▁in ▁Bot oro aga ▁Comm une , ▁Tele orm an ▁County ▁Tun ari i ▁No i ▁and ▁Tun ari i ▁Ve chi , ▁villages ▁in ▁Po iana ▁M are ▁Comm une , ▁Dol j ▁County ▁ ▁and ▁to : ▁ ▁Tun ari ▁( B ol ivia ) <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Boston ▁Cour ant ▁was ▁a ▁weekly ▁newspaper ▁in ▁Boston , ▁whose ▁coverage ▁focused ▁on ▁issues ▁of ▁local ▁interest ▁to ▁the ▁Back ▁Bay , ▁Be acon ▁Hill , ▁Dow nt own , ▁Fen way , ▁South ▁End , ▁and ▁Water front ▁neighborhood s . ▁It ▁had ▁a ▁circulation ▁of ▁over ▁ 4 0 , 0 0 0 . ▁ ▁The ▁Boston ▁Cour ant ▁announced ▁its ▁closure ▁in ▁February ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁after ▁losing ▁a ▁wrong ful ▁term ination ▁lawsuit . ▁In ▁April ▁ 2 0 1 6 , ▁the ▁former ▁publisher ▁debut ed ▁the ▁Boston ▁Guard ian , ▁with ▁similar ▁editorial ▁content ▁and ▁neighborhood ▁coverage . ▁ ▁An ▁African - American ▁newspaper ▁by ▁the ▁same ▁name ▁was ▁founded ▁by ▁George ▁Washington ▁For bes ▁in ▁ 1 8 9 0 ▁and ▁dis contin ued ▁in ▁ 1 8
9 5 . ▁ ▁Est ablish ment ▁Pub lisher ▁David ▁Jac obs ▁created ▁the ▁Boston ▁Cour ant ▁( as ▁the ▁Back ▁Bay ▁Cour ant — the ▁newspaper ▁later ▁expanded ▁its ▁coverage ▁to ▁include ▁the ▁South ▁End , ▁Bay ▁Village , ▁Fen way , ▁and ▁Be acon ▁Hill ) ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 5 , ▁with ▁his ▁wife ▁Gen ev ieve ▁Tr acy ▁as ▁Associ ate ▁Editor . ▁In ▁a ▁Boston ▁Gl obe ▁article , ▁Jac obs ▁stated ▁that ▁the ▁Cour ant ▁experienced ▁double - dig it ▁growth ▁from ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁to ▁ 2 0 0 9 . ▁ ▁Se ctions ▁The ▁paper ▁introduced ▁a ▁real ▁estate ▁section ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 8 , ▁named ▁" Open ▁House ". ▁Later ▁renamed ▁the ▁" Real ▁Estate ▁Guide ", ▁the ▁section ▁featured ▁editorial ▁copy ▁and ▁advertis ements ▁from ▁Boston ▁real ▁estate ▁agents ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁maps ▁of ▁upcoming ▁open ▁houses . ▁ ▁Online ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 4 , ▁the ▁publisher , ▁David ▁Jac obs , ▁paid ▁a ▁web ▁designer ▁$ 5 0 , 0 0 0 ▁to ▁put ▁the ▁newspaper ▁online , ▁but ▁the ▁site ▁never ▁launched ▁due ▁to ▁the ▁lack ▁of ▁a ▁profitable ▁business ▁plan . ▁Jac obs ▁believed ▁that ▁if ▁the ▁Cour ant ▁had ▁a ▁website ▁some ▁of ▁the ▁readers ▁would ▁abandon ▁the ▁print ▁format , ▁c rip pling ▁profitable ▁advertising ▁sales . ▁ ▁Success or ▁publication ▁In ▁April ▁ 2 0 1 6 , ▁the ▁previous ▁publisher ▁of ▁the ▁def unct ▁Boston ▁Cour ant ▁debut ed
▁a ▁re born ▁publication ▁under ▁the ▁new ▁b anner ▁of ▁the ▁Boston ▁Guard ian , ▁serving ▁the ▁Back ▁Bay , ▁Be acon ▁Hill , ▁Dow nt own , ▁Fen way , ▁South ▁End , ▁and ▁North ▁End / Water front ▁districts ▁of ▁Boston . ▁The ▁new ▁publication ' s ▁title ▁stir red ▁up ▁some ▁controversy ▁over ▁the ▁alleged ▁appropri ation ▁of ▁a ▁historic ▁journal istic ▁name . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Further ▁reading ▁ ▁Whit ters , ▁James , ▁" A ▁newspaper ▁rival ry ▁unf olds : ▁Boston ▁Cour ant ▁inv ading ▁tur f ▁of ▁South ▁End ▁News ", ▁The ▁Boston ▁Gl obe , ▁April ▁ 9 , ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁( Ret riev ed ▁on ▁April ▁ 1 3 , ▁ 2 0 0 9 ). ▁Information ▁about ▁the ▁original ▁name ▁of ▁the ▁newspaper ▁and ▁about ▁its ▁increase ▁in ▁scope ▁can ▁be ▁found ▁here . ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁▁ ▁Twitter : ▁Boston ▁Cour ant ▁ ▁Category : New sp apers ▁published ▁in ▁Boston ▁Category : Public ations ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 5 ▁Category : Week ly ▁newspapers ▁published ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Category : Def unct ▁newspapers ▁of ▁Massachusetts ▁Category : Public ations ▁dis est ab lished ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 6 <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Wood p ile ▁is ▁a ▁historic ▁family ▁estate ▁and ▁national ▁historic ▁district ▁located ▁at ▁Bed ford , ▁West chester ▁County , ▁New ▁York . ▁The ▁district ▁contains ▁ 1 7 ▁contributing ▁buildings , ▁four ▁contributing ▁sites , ▁and ▁nine ▁contributing ▁structures
. ▁ ▁The ▁three ▁primary ▁resid ences ▁are ▁set ▁on ▁the ▁east ▁side ▁of ▁Cro ton ▁Lake ▁Road , ▁one ▁north ▁of ▁its ▁jun ction ▁with ▁Wood ▁Road ▁and ▁two ▁south . ▁ ▁All ▁three ▁look ▁over ▁a ▁designed ▁landscape ▁on ▁the ▁west ▁side ▁of ▁Cro ton ▁Lake ▁Road , ▁which ▁is ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁historic ▁district . ▁ ▁The ▁oldest ▁residence , ▁known ▁as ▁Br am ble worth , ▁is ▁a ▁stone ▁G oth ic ▁Rev ival ▁cottage ▁designed ▁by ▁Andrew ▁Jackson ▁Down ing ▁( 1 8 1 5 - 1 8 5 2 ) ▁and ▁completed ▁in ▁ 1 8 4 7 . ▁ ▁The ▁middle ▁residence , ▁known ▁as ▁Ever green ▁La wn , ▁was ▁built ▁in ▁ 1 8 5 6 ▁and ▁is ▁in ▁the ▁Italian ▁Villa ▁style . ▁ ▁The ▁third ▁residence , ▁known ▁as ▁Bra ew old , ▁was ▁designed ▁by ▁architect ▁Add ison ▁H utton ▁( 1 8 3 4 – 1 9 1 6 ) ▁and ▁is ▁a ▁stone ▁Second ▁Empire ▁style ▁building ▁built ▁in ▁ 1 8 7 0 . ▁ ▁The ▁district ▁was ▁added ▁to ▁the ▁National ▁Register ▁of ▁Historic ▁Pl aces ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 2 . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁National ▁Register ▁of ▁Historic ▁Pl aces ▁list ings ▁in ▁northern ▁West chester ▁County , ▁New ▁York ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : H ouses ▁on ▁the ▁National ▁Register ▁of ▁Historic ▁Pl aces ▁in ▁New ▁York ▁( state ) ▁Category : Hist oric ▁districts ▁on ▁the ▁National ▁Register ▁of ▁Historic ▁Pl aces
▁in ▁New ▁York ▁( state ) ▁Category : Second ▁Empire ▁architecture ▁in ▁New ▁York ▁( state ) ▁Category : G oth ic ▁Rev ival ▁architecture ▁in ▁New ▁York ▁( state ) ▁Category : H ouses ▁completed ▁in ▁ 1 8 4 7 ▁Category : Hist oric ▁districts ▁in ▁West chester ▁County , ▁New ▁York ▁Category : 1 8 4 7 ▁establish ments ▁in ▁New ▁York ▁( state ) ▁Category : National ▁Register ▁of ▁Historic ▁Pl aces ▁in ▁West chester ▁County , ▁New ▁York <0x0A> </s> ▁Nancy ▁Hay field ▁is ▁an ▁author , ▁editor , ▁and ▁publisher . ▁In ▁ 1 9 7 9 , ▁she ▁graduated ▁sum ma ▁cum ▁la ude ▁from ▁Pr inceton ▁University . ▁Nancy ▁Hay field ' s ▁first ▁novel ▁Clean ing ▁House ▁was ▁published ▁by ▁F arr ar , ▁Str aus ▁and ▁Gir oux ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 0 . ▁In ▁ 1 9 8 5 , ▁writing ▁under ▁her ▁married ▁name ▁of ▁Nancy ▁Bir nes , ▁Hay field ▁published ▁Che aper ▁and ▁Better ▁at ▁Harper ▁& ▁Row ▁( now ▁Harper Coll ins ) ▁and ▁was ▁the ▁host ▁of ▁a ▁P BS ▁show ▁called ▁Living ▁Che aper ▁and ▁Better . ▁In ▁ 1 9 9 0 , ▁she ▁published ▁Z ap ▁Craft s ▁at ▁Ten ▁Speed ▁Press , ▁described ▁in ▁the ▁Chicago ▁Trib une ▁as ▁a ▁" book ▁of ▁rec re ational ▁fun " -- " one ▁of ▁those ▁odd ities ▁that ▁is ▁fun ▁to ▁thumb ▁through ." ▁She ▁was ▁the ▁editor ▁of ▁the ▁McG raw - H
ill ▁Personal ▁Computer ▁Program ming ▁En cycl op edia ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 6 ▁and ▁ 1 9 8 9 , ▁the ▁U FO ▁Magazine ▁U FO ▁En cycl op edia ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 2 . ▁She ▁was ▁also ▁the ▁last ▁editor - in - ch ief ▁of ▁U FO ▁Magazine ▁when ▁that ▁publication ▁ce ased ▁publication . ▁She ▁is ▁currently ▁the ▁editor - in - ch ief ▁of ▁Fil ament ▁Books . ▁ ▁Clean ing ▁House ▁ ▁Her ▁first ▁novel ▁Clean ing ▁House ▁( 1 9 8 0 ) ▁was ▁widely ▁reviewed . ▁One ▁of ▁the ▁two ▁reviews ▁in ▁the ▁New ▁York ▁Times ▁called ▁it ▁" w ild ly ▁funny ." ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁ ▁Category : 2 0 th - century ▁American ▁novel ists ▁Category : American ▁women ▁novel ists ▁Category : Pr inceton ▁University ▁al umn i ▁Category : Year ▁of ▁birth ▁missing ▁( l iving ▁people ) ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : American ▁ed itors ▁Category : American ▁publish ers ▁( people ) ▁Category : 2 0 th - century ▁American ▁women ▁writers <0x0A> </s> ▁Ph yll omed usa ▁distinct a ▁is ▁a ▁species ▁of ▁fro g ▁in ▁the ▁family ▁Ph yll omed us idae , ▁end emic ▁to ▁Brazil . ▁Its ▁natural ▁habit ats ▁are ▁sub t rop ical ▁or ▁tropical ▁moist ▁low land ▁forests ▁and ▁fresh water ▁mars hes . ▁It ▁is ▁threatened ▁by ▁habitat ▁loss . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Gar cia , ▁P . ▁& ▁K
w et , ▁A . ▁ 2 0 0 4 . ▁ ▁Ph yll omed usa ▁distinct a . ▁▁▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁I U CN ▁Red ▁List ▁of ▁Th reat ened ▁Spec ies . ▁▁ ▁Down loaded ▁on ▁ 2 1 ▁July ▁ 2 0 0 7 . ▁ ▁Category : Ph yll omed usa ▁Category : End emic ▁fa una ▁of ▁Brazil ▁Category : Am ph ib ians ▁described ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 0 ▁Category : Tax onomy ▁articles ▁created ▁by ▁Pol bot <0x0A> </s> ▁T ats uk uma ▁U sh ij ima ▁( 牛島 <0xE8> <0xBE> <0xB0> <0xE7> <0x86> <0x8A> , ▁March ▁ 1 0 , ▁ 1 9 0 4 ▁– ▁May ▁ 2 6 , ▁ 1 9 8 5 ) ▁was ▁a ▁Japanese ▁jud oka ▁and ▁former ▁All - J apan ▁jud o ▁champion , ▁who ▁was ▁also ▁known ▁as ▁a ▁teacher ▁of ▁Mas ah iko ▁Kim ura , ▁a ▁famous ▁jud oka . ▁His ▁nick name ▁was ▁" The ▁Dem on ▁U sh ij ima ". ▁ ▁Biography ▁He ▁was ▁born ▁in ▁Kum am oto , ▁Kum am oto ▁P ref ect ure , ▁Japan , ▁a ▁son ▁of ▁ref in ers ▁family . ▁He ▁began ▁jud o ▁at ▁the ▁age ▁of ▁ 1 5 . ▁U sh ij ima ▁won ▁both ▁the ▁second ▁and ▁third ▁All - J apan ▁jud o ▁championship s . ▁In ▁ 1 9 4 4 , ▁he ▁attempted ▁to ▁assass inate ▁H ide ki ▁To jo ,

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