Split (1)

train · 16.1M rows

text stringlengths 505 4.3k
▁. ▁Moreover ▁one ▁sees ▁immediately ▁that ▁in ▁region ▁external ▁of ▁the ▁black ▁hole ▁▁ ▁whereas ▁in ▁the ▁internal ▁of ▁the ▁black ▁hole ▁▁▁▁ ▁In ▁these ▁new ▁coordinates ▁the ▁metric ▁of ▁the ▁Sch warz sch ild ▁black ▁hole ▁manifold ▁is ▁given ▁by ▁ ▁written ▁using ▁the ▁( − ▁+ ▁+ ▁+ ) ▁metric ▁signature ▁convention ▁and ▁where ▁the ▁angular ▁component ▁of ▁the ▁metric ▁( the ▁R iem ann ian ▁metric ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 - s phere ) ▁is : ▁. ▁ ▁Express ing ▁the ▁metric ▁in ▁this ▁form ▁shows ▁clearly ▁that ▁radial ▁null ▁ge odes ics ▁i . e . ▁with ▁constant ▁ ▁are ▁parallel ▁to ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁lines ▁ ▁. ▁In ▁the ▁Sch warz sch ild ▁coordinates , ▁the ▁Sch warz sch ild ▁radius ▁ ▁is ▁the ▁radial ▁coordinate ▁of ▁the ▁event ▁horizon ▁. ▁In ▁the ▁Kr usk al - S zek eres ▁coordinates ▁the ▁event ▁horizon ▁is ▁given ▁by ▁. ▁Note ▁that ▁the ▁metric ▁is ▁perfectly ▁well ▁defined ▁and ▁non - sing ular ▁at ▁the ▁event ▁horizon . ▁The ▁curv ature ▁singular ity ▁is ▁located ▁at ▁. ▁ ▁The ▁maxim ally ▁extended ▁Sch warz sch ild ▁solution ▁The ▁transformation ▁between ▁Sch warz sch ild ▁coordinates ▁and ▁Kr usk al – S zek eres ▁coordinates ▁is ▁defined ▁for ▁r ▁> ▁ 2 GM , ▁and ▁− ∞ ▁< ▁t ▁< ▁ ∞ , ▁which ▁is ▁the ▁range ▁for ▁which ▁the ▁Sch warz sch ild ▁coordinates ▁make ▁sense . ▁However ▁in ▁this ▁region , ▁r ▁is ▁an ▁analyt ic ▁function ▁of ▁T
▁and ▁X ▁and ▁can ▁be ▁extended , ▁as ▁an ▁analyt ic ▁function ▁at ▁least ▁to ▁the ▁first ▁singular ity ▁which ▁occurs ▁at ▁. ▁Thus ▁the ▁above ▁metric ▁is ▁a ▁solution ▁of ▁Einstein ' s ▁equations ▁throughout ▁this ▁region . ▁ ▁The ▁allowed ▁values ▁are ▁ ▁Note ▁that ▁this ▁extension ▁assumes ▁that ▁the ▁solution ▁is ▁analyt ic ▁everywhere . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁maxim ally ▁extended ▁solution ▁there ▁are ▁actually ▁two ▁singular ities ▁at ▁r ▁= ▁ 0 , ▁one ▁for ▁positive ▁T ▁and ▁one ▁for ▁negative ▁T . ▁The ▁negative ▁T ▁singular ity ▁is ▁the ▁time - re vers ed ▁black ▁hole , ▁sometimes ▁dub bed ▁a ▁" white ▁hole ". ▁Part icles ▁can ▁escape ▁from ▁a ▁white ▁hole ▁but ▁they ▁can ▁never ▁return . ▁ ▁The ▁maxim ally ▁extended ▁Sch warz sch ild ▁geometry ▁can ▁be ▁divided ▁into ▁ 4 ▁regions ▁each ▁of ▁which ▁can ▁be ▁covered ▁by ▁a ▁suitable ▁set ▁of ▁Sch warz sch ild ▁coordinates . ▁The ▁Kr usk al – S zek eres ▁coordinates , ▁on ▁the ▁other ▁hand , ▁cover ▁the ▁entire ▁sp ac etime ▁manifold . ▁The ▁four ▁regions ▁are ▁separated ▁by ▁event ▁hor iz ons . ▁ ▁The ▁transformation ▁given ▁above ▁between ▁Sch warz sch ild ▁and ▁Kr usk al – S zek eres ▁coordinates ▁applies ▁only ▁in ▁regions ▁I ▁and ▁II . ▁A ▁similar ▁transformation ▁can ▁be ▁written ▁down ▁in ▁the ▁other ▁two ▁regions . ▁ ▁The ▁Sch warz sch ild ▁time ▁coordinate ▁t ▁is ▁given ▁by ▁ ▁In ▁each ▁region ▁it ▁runs ▁from ▁− ∞
▁to ▁+ ∞ ▁with ▁the ▁in fin ities ▁at ▁the ▁event ▁hor iz ons . ▁ ▁Based ▁on ▁the ▁requirements ▁that ▁the ▁quantum ▁process ▁of ▁Haw king ▁radiation ▁is ▁unit ary , ▁' t ▁H oo ft ▁proposed ▁that ▁the ▁regions ▁I ▁and ▁III , ▁and ▁II ▁and ▁IV ▁are ▁just ▁mathematical ▁arte f acts ▁coming ▁from ▁choosing ▁branches ▁for ▁roots ▁rather ▁than ▁parallel ▁univers es ▁and ▁that ▁the ▁equival ence ▁relation ▁▁ ▁should ▁be ▁imposed . ▁If ▁we ▁think ▁of ▁regions ▁III ▁and ▁IV ▁as ▁having ▁spher ical ▁coordinates ▁but ▁with ▁a ▁negative ▁choice ▁for ▁the ▁square ▁root ▁to ▁compute ▁, ▁then ▁we ▁just ▁corresponding ly ▁use ▁opposite ▁points ▁on ▁the ▁sphere ▁to ▁denote ▁the ▁same ▁point ▁in ▁space , ▁so ▁e . g . ▁ ▁, ▁and ▁. ▁Since ▁this ▁is ▁a ▁free ▁action ▁by ▁the ▁group ▁ ▁preserv ing ▁the ▁metric , ▁this ▁gives ▁a ▁well ▁defined ▁L orent z ian ▁manifold . ▁It ▁ident ifies ▁the ▁limit ▁ ▁of ▁the ▁interior ▁region ▁II ▁corresponding ▁to ▁the ▁coordinate ▁line ▁segment ▁ ▁with ▁the ▁limit ▁ ▁of ▁the ▁exterior ▁region ▁I ▁corresponding ▁to ▁. ▁The ▁identification ▁does ▁mean ▁that ▁whereas ▁each ▁pair ▁ ▁correspond ▁to ▁a ▁spatial ▁direction ▁on ▁a ▁sphere , ▁the ▁point ▁ ▁corresponds ▁to ▁a ▁line ▁i . e . ▁a ▁point ▁on ▁the ▁project ive ▁plane ▁ ▁instead , ▁and ▁the ▁top ology ▁of ▁the ▁underlying ▁manifold ▁is ▁no ▁longer ▁. ▁ ▁Qual itative ▁features ▁of ▁the ▁Kr usk al – S zek eres ▁diagram ▁ ▁Kr
usk al – S zek eres ▁coordinates ▁have ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁useful ▁features ▁which ▁make ▁them ▁helpful ▁for ▁building ▁intu itions ▁about ▁the ▁Sch warz sch ild ▁sp ac etime . ▁Chief ▁among ▁these ▁is ▁the ▁fact ▁that ▁all ▁radial ▁light - like ▁ge odes ics ▁( the ▁world ▁lines ▁of ▁light ▁r ays ▁moving ▁in ▁a ▁radial ▁direction ) ▁look ▁like ▁straight ▁lines ▁at ▁a ▁ 4 5 - degree ▁angle ▁when ▁drawn ▁in ▁a ▁Kr usk al – S zek eres ▁diagram ▁( this ▁can ▁be ▁derived ▁from ▁the ▁metric ▁equation ▁given ▁above , ▁which ▁guarante es ▁that ▁if ▁ ▁then ▁the ▁proper ▁time ▁). ▁All ▁tim el ike ▁world ▁lines ▁of ▁slower - than - light ▁objects ▁will ▁at ▁every ▁point ▁have ▁a ▁slope ▁closer ▁to ▁the ▁vertical ▁time ▁axis ▁( the ▁T ▁coordinate ) ▁than ▁ 4 5 ▁degrees . ▁So , ▁a ▁light ▁cone ▁drawn ▁in ▁a ▁Kr usk al – S zek eres ▁diagram ▁will ▁look ▁just ▁the ▁same ▁as ▁a ▁light ▁cone ▁in ▁a ▁M ink owski ▁diagram ▁in ▁special ▁rel ativity . ▁ ▁The ▁event ▁hor iz ons ▁bound ing ▁the ▁black ▁hole ▁and ▁white ▁hole ▁interior ▁regions ▁are ▁also ▁a ▁pair ▁of ▁straight ▁lines ▁at ▁ 4 5 ▁degrees , ▁reflect ing ▁the ▁fact ▁that ▁a ▁light ▁ray ▁em itted ▁at ▁the ▁horizon ▁in ▁a ▁radial ▁direction ▁( aimed ▁out ward ▁in ▁the ▁case ▁of ▁the ▁black ▁hole , ▁in ward ▁in ▁the ▁case ▁of ▁the ▁white ▁hole ) ▁would ▁remain ▁on ▁the ▁horizon
▁forever . ▁Thus ▁the ▁two ▁black ▁hole ▁hor iz ons ▁coinc ide ▁with ▁the ▁boundaries ▁of ▁the ▁future ▁light ▁cone ▁of ▁an ▁event ▁at ▁the ▁center ▁of ▁the ▁diagram ▁( at ▁T = X = 0 ), ▁while ▁the ▁two ▁white ▁hole ▁hor iz ons ▁coinc ide ▁with ▁the ▁boundaries ▁of ▁the ▁past ▁light ▁cone ▁of ▁this ▁same ▁event . ▁Any ▁event ▁inside ▁the ▁black ▁hole ▁interior ▁region ▁will ▁have ▁a ▁future ▁light ▁cone ▁that ▁remains ▁in ▁this ▁region ▁( such ▁that ▁any ▁world ▁line ▁within ▁the ▁event ' s ▁future ▁light ▁cone ▁will ▁eventually ▁hit ▁the ▁black ▁hole ▁singular ity , ▁which ▁appears ▁as ▁a ▁hyper bol a ▁bounded ▁by ▁the ▁two ▁black ▁hole ▁hor iz ons ), ▁and ▁any ▁event ▁inside ▁the ▁white ▁hole ▁interior ▁region ▁will ▁have ▁a ▁past ▁light ▁cone ▁that ▁remains ▁in ▁this ▁region ▁( such ▁that ▁any ▁world ▁line ▁within ▁this ▁past ▁light ▁cone ▁must ▁have ▁origin ated ▁in ▁the ▁white ▁hole ▁singular ity , ▁a ▁hyper bol a ▁bounded ▁by ▁the ▁two ▁white ▁hole ▁hor iz ons ). ▁ ▁Note ▁that ▁although ▁the ▁horizon ▁looks ▁as ▁though ▁it ▁is ▁an ▁out ward ▁expanding ▁cone , ▁the ▁area ▁of ▁this ▁surface , ▁given ▁by ▁r ▁is ▁just ▁, ▁a ▁constant . ▁I . e ., ▁these ▁coordinates ▁can ▁be ▁de cept ive ▁if ▁care ▁is ▁not ▁exerc ised . ▁ ▁It ▁may ▁be ▁instruct ive ▁to ▁consider ▁what ▁curves ▁of ▁constant ▁Sch warz sch ild ▁coordinate ▁would ▁look ▁like ▁when ▁pl otted ▁on ▁a ▁Kr usk al
- S zek eres ▁diagram . ▁It ▁turns ▁out ▁that ▁curves ▁of ▁constant ▁r - coord inate ▁in ▁Sch warz sch ild ▁coordinates ▁always ▁look ▁like ▁hyper bol as ▁bounded ▁by ▁a ▁pair ▁of ▁event ▁hor iz ons ▁at ▁ 4 5 ▁degrees , ▁while ▁lines ▁of ▁constant ▁t - coord inate ▁in ▁Sch warz sch ild ▁coordinates ▁always ▁look ▁like ▁straight ▁lines ▁at ▁various ▁angles ▁passing ▁through ▁the ▁center ▁of ▁the ▁diagram . ▁The ▁black ▁hole ▁event ▁horizon ▁bord ering ▁exterior ▁region ▁I ▁would ▁coinc ide ▁with ▁a ▁Sch warz sch ild ▁t - coord inate ▁of ▁+ ∞ ▁while ▁the ▁white ▁hole ▁event ▁horizon ▁bord ering ▁this ▁region ▁would ▁coinc ide ▁with ▁a ▁Sch warz sch ild ▁t - coord inate ▁of ▁− ∞ , ▁reflect ing ▁the ▁fact ▁that ▁in ▁Sch warz sch ild ▁coordinates ▁an ▁inf alling ▁particle ▁takes ▁an ▁infinite ▁coordinate ▁time ▁to ▁reach ▁the ▁horizon ▁( i . e . ▁the ▁particle ' s ▁distance ▁from ▁the ▁horizon ▁approaches ▁zero ▁as ▁the ▁Sch warz sch ild ▁t - coord inate ▁approaches ▁in finity ), ▁and ▁a ▁particle ▁traveling ▁up ▁away ▁from ▁the ▁horizon ▁must ▁have ▁crossed ▁it ▁an ▁infinite ▁coordinate ▁time ▁in ▁the ▁past . ▁This ▁is ▁just ▁an ▁art ifact ▁of ▁how ▁Sch warz sch ild ▁coordinates ▁are ▁defined ; ▁a ▁free - fall ing ▁particle ▁will ▁only ▁take ▁a ▁finite ▁proper ▁time ▁( time ▁as ▁measured ▁by ▁its ▁own ▁clock ) ▁to ▁pass ▁between ▁an ▁outside ▁observer ▁and ▁an ▁event ▁horizon , ▁and ▁if ▁the
▁particle ' s ▁world ▁line ▁is ▁drawn ▁in ▁the ▁Kr usk al - S zek eres ▁diagram ▁this ▁will ▁also ▁only ▁take ▁a ▁finite ▁coordinate ▁time ▁in ▁Kr usk al – S zek eres ▁coordinates . ▁ ▁The ▁Sch warz sch ild ▁coordinate ▁system ▁can ▁only ▁cover ▁a ▁single ▁exterior ▁region ▁and ▁a ▁single ▁interior ▁region , ▁such ▁as ▁regions ▁I ▁and ▁II ▁in ▁the ▁Kr usk al - S zek eres ▁diagram . ▁The ▁Kr usk al - S zek eres ▁coordinate ▁system , ▁on ▁the ▁other ▁hand , ▁can ▁cover ▁a ▁" max im ally ▁extended " ▁sp ac etime ▁which ▁includes ▁the ▁region ▁covered ▁by ▁Sch warz sch ild ▁coordinates . ▁Here , ▁" max im ally ▁extended " ▁refers ▁to ▁the ▁idea ▁that ▁the ▁sp ac etime ▁should ▁not ▁have ▁any ▁" edges ": ▁any ▁ge odes ic ▁path ▁can ▁be ▁extended ▁arbitr arily ▁far ▁in ▁either ▁direction ▁unless ▁it ▁runs ▁into ▁a ▁grav itational ▁singular ity . ▁Techn ically , ▁this ▁means ▁that ▁a ▁maxim ally ▁extended ▁sp ac etime ▁is ▁either ▁" ge odes ically ▁complete " ▁( mean ing ▁any ▁ge odes ic ▁can ▁be ▁extended ▁to ▁arbitr arily ▁large ▁positive ▁or ▁negative ▁values ▁of ▁its ▁' aff ine ▁parameter ', ▁which ▁in ▁the ▁case ▁of ▁a ▁tim el ike ▁ge odes ic ▁could ▁just ▁be ▁the ▁proper ▁time ), ▁or ▁if ▁any ▁ge odes ics ▁are ▁in complete , ▁it ▁can ▁only ▁be ▁because ▁they ▁end ▁at ▁a ▁singular ity . ▁In ▁order ▁to ▁satisfy
▁this ▁requirement , ▁it ▁was ▁found ▁that ▁in ▁addition ▁to ▁the ▁black ▁hole ▁interior ▁region ▁( region ▁II ) ▁which ▁particles ▁enter ▁when ▁they ▁fall ▁through ▁the ▁event ▁horizon ▁from ▁the ▁exterior ▁( region ▁I ), ▁there ▁has ▁to ▁be ▁a ▁separate ▁white ▁hole ▁interior ▁region ▁( region ▁IV ) ▁which ▁allows ▁us ▁to ▁extend ▁the ▁traject ories ▁of ▁particles ▁which ▁an ▁outside ▁observer ▁sees ▁rising ▁up ▁away ▁from ▁the ▁event ▁horizon , ▁along ▁with ▁a ▁separate ▁exterior ▁region ▁( region ▁III ) ▁which ▁allows ▁us ▁to ▁extend ▁some ▁possible ▁particle ▁traject ories ▁in ▁the ▁two ▁interior ▁regions . ▁There ▁are ▁actually ▁multiple ▁possible ▁ways ▁to ▁extend ▁the ▁exterior ▁Sch warz sch ild ▁solution ▁into ▁a ▁maxim ally ▁extended ▁sp ac etime , ▁but ▁the ▁Kr usk al - S zek eres ▁extension ▁is ▁unique ▁in ▁that ▁it ▁is ▁a ▁maximal , ▁analyt ic , ▁simply ▁connected ▁vacuum ▁solution ▁in ▁which ▁all ▁maxim ally ▁extended ▁ge odes ics ▁are ▁either ▁complete ▁or ▁else ▁the ▁curv ature ▁scalar ▁diver ges ▁along ▁them ▁in ▁finite ▁aff ine ▁time . ▁ ▁Light con e ▁variant ▁In ▁the ▁literature ▁the ▁Kr usk al – S zek eres ▁coordinates ▁sometimes ▁also ▁appear ▁in ▁their ▁light con e ▁variant : ▁▁▁▁ ▁in ▁which ▁the ▁metric ▁is ▁given ▁by ▁ ▁and ▁r ▁is ▁defined ▁implicit ly ▁by ▁the ▁equation ▁ ▁These ▁light con e ▁coordinates ▁have ▁the ▁useful ▁feature ▁that ▁out going ▁null ▁ge odes ics ▁are ▁given ▁by ▁, ▁while ▁ing o ing ▁null ▁ge odes ics ▁are ▁given
▁by ▁. ▁Furthermore , ▁the ▁( future ▁and ▁past ) ▁event ▁horizon ( s ) ▁are ▁given ▁by ▁the ▁equation ▁, ▁and ▁curv ature ▁singular ity ▁is ▁given ▁by ▁the ▁equation ▁. ▁ ▁The ▁light con e ▁coordinates ▁derive ▁closely ▁from ▁Edd ington – F ink el stein ▁coordinates . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁Sch warz sch ild ▁coordinates ▁Edd ington – F ink el stein ▁coordinates ▁Is ot ropic ▁coordinates ▁G ull str and – P ain lev é ▁coordinates ▁ ▁Notes ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁▁▁ ▁Category : Coord inate ▁charts ▁in ▁general ▁rel ativity ▁Category : L orent z ian ▁manif olds <0x0A> </s> ▁Á k os ▁Paul er ▁( 1 8 7 6 – 1 9 3 3 ) ▁was ▁a ▁Hung arian ▁philos opher . ▁ ▁He ▁def ended ▁met aph ys ics ▁against ▁logical ▁posit iv ism . ▁ ▁As ▁part ▁of ▁this ▁defense , ▁he ▁account ed ▁for ▁a ▁method ▁of ▁determining ▁truth s ▁alongside ▁the ▁ded uct ive ▁and ▁in duct ive ▁methods , ▁one ▁which ▁he ▁called ▁re duct ive . ▁ ▁According ▁to ▁Paul er , ▁the ▁re duct ive ▁method , ▁unlike ▁indu ction ▁and ▁ded uction , ▁does ▁not ▁determine ▁what ▁entities ▁there ▁are ▁but ▁rather ▁can ▁determine ▁the ▁conditions ▁of ▁possibility ▁of ▁valid ▁thought ▁itself . ▁He ▁also ▁associ ates ▁the ▁re duct ive ▁method ▁with ▁Pl ato ' s ▁dialect ic , ▁even ▁suggesting ▁that ▁reduction ▁can ▁ultimately ▁lead ▁to ▁knowledge ▁of ▁the ▁Form ▁of ▁the ▁Good . ▁ ▁Re ferences
▁ ▁Kö ves i , ▁J ., ▁" Paul er , ▁Á k os " ▁in ▁Bro ch ert , ▁D . ▁M . ▁( ed .), ▁En cycl op edia ▁of ▁Philosoph y , ▁Second ▁Edition , ▁vol . ▁ 2 ▁( Th om son ▁G ale , ▁ 2 0 0 6 ), ▁p . 1 4 5 . ▁ ▁Simon , ▁A . ▁L ., ▁" Phil osoph y " ▁in ▁Made ▁in ▁Hung ary : ▁Hung arian ▁contributions ▁to ▁universal ▁culture ▁( Sim on ▁Public ations , ▁ 1 9 9 9 ), ▁pp . 1 8 0 – 1 8 3 . ▁ ▁Tam as , ▁G . ▁M ., ▁" H ung arian ▁Philosoph y " ▁in ▁Hon der ich , ▁T . ▁( ed .), ▁The ▁Oxford ▁Compan ion ▁to ▁Philosoph y , ▁New ▁Edition ▁( O x ford ▁University ▁Press , ▁ 2 0 0 5 ), ▁pp . 4 0 7 – 4 0 8 . ▁ ▁Category : 1 8 7 6 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 9 3 3 ▁deaths ▁Category : H ung arian ▁philosoph ers ▁Category : 2 0 th - century ▁Hung arian ▁philosoph ers <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁ 2 0 0 0 ▁Chel ten ham ▁Gold ▁Cup ▁was ▁a ▁horse ▁race ▁which ▁took ▁place ▁at ▁Chel ten ham ▁on ▁Thursday ▁ 1 6 ▁March ▁ 2 0 0 0 . ▁It ▁was ▁the ▁ 7 3 rd ▁running ▁of ▁the ▁Chel ten ham ▁Gold ▁Cup
, ▁and ▁it ▁was ▁won ▁by ▁Looks ▁Like ▁T rou ble . ▁The ▁winner ▁was ▁r idden ▁by ▁Richard ▁Johnson ▁and ▁trained ▁by ▁No el ▁Ch ance . ▁The ▁pre - r ace ▁favourite ▁See ▁More ▁Business ▁finished ▁fourth . ▁ ▁It ▁was ▁the ▁second ▁victory ▁in ▁the ▁Gold ▁Cup ▁for ▁No el ▁Ch ance , ▁who ▁had ▁won ▁the ▁race ▁three ▁years ▁earlier ▁with ▁Mr ▁Mull igan . ▁The ▁winning ▁time ▁of ▁ 6 m 3 0 . 3 s ▁set ▁a ▁new ▁record ▁– ▁the ▁previous ▁best ▁was ▁ 6 m 3 0 . 9 s ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 0 . ▁ ▁Race ▁details ▁ ▁S pon sor : ▁T ote ▁ ▁W inner ' s ▁prize ▁money : ▁£ 1 6 2 , 4 0 0 . 0 0 ▁ ▁Going : ▁Good ▁to ▁F irm ▁ ▁Number ▁of ▁run ners : ▁ 1 2 ▁ ▁W inner ' s ▁time : ▁ 6 m ▁ 3 0 . 3 s ▁( new ▁record ) ▁ ▁Full ▁result ▁ ▁* ▁The ▁distances ▁between ▁the ▁horses ▁are ▁shown ▁in ▁lengths ▁or ▁shorter . ▁n k ▁= ▁neck ; ▁P U ▁= ▁pulled - up ; ▁U R ▁= ▁un se ated ▁r ider . † ▁Tr ainers ▁are ▁based ▁in ▁Great ▁Britain ▁unless ▁indicated . ▁ ▁W inner ' s ▁details ▁Further ▁details ▁of ▁the ▁winner , ▁Looks ▁Like ▁T rou ble : ▁▁ ▁Fo aled : ▁ 7 ▁May ▁ 1 9 9 2 ▁in ▁Ireland
▁ ▁S ire : ▁Z aff aran ; ▁Dam : ▁Lav eng addy ▁( B alg addy ) ▁ ▁Own er : ▁Tim ▁Collins ▁ ▁B reed er : ▁Stephen ▁Re el ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁▁▁ ▁sport ing life . com ▁ ▁b bc . co . uk ▁– ▁" T rou ble ▁sec ures ▁Chel ten ham ▁Gold " ▁– ▁March ▁ 1 6 , ▁ 2 0 0 0 . ▁ ▁Chel ten ham ▁Gold ▁Cup ▁▁ 2 0 0 0 ▁Chel ten ham ▁Gold ▁Cup ▁Chel ten ham ▁Gold ▁Cup ▁Category : 2 0 th ▁century ▁in ▁Gl ou cester shire <0x0A> </s> ▁La ▁Fal da ▁is ▁a ▁town ▁in ▁the ▁province ▁of ▁C ó rd oba , ▁Argentina , ▁located ▁ ▁from ▁C ó rd oba ▁and ▁ 8 0 0 km ▁from ▁Buenos ▁Aires . ▁It ▁had ▁about ▁ 1 5 , 0 0 0 ▁inhabitants ▁at ▁the ▁. ▁ ▁La ▁Fal da ▁lies ▁at ▁the ▁foot ▁of ▁two ▁small ▁mountains ▁( C er ro ▁El ▁Cu adr ado ▁and ▁Cer ro ▁La ▁B ander ita ), ▁and ▁it ▁is ▁part ▁of ▁an ▁important ▁tourist ▁circuit ▁of ▁the ▁province ▁( the ▁Pun illa ▁Valley ). ▁The ▁Pun illa ▁Department ▁includes ▁other ▁tourist ▁sites ▁like ▁Villa ▁Carlos ▁P az , ▁Los ▁C oc os , ▁La ▁C um bre ▁and ▁Cap illa ▁del ▁Monte . ▁ ▁La ▁Fal da ▁is ▁home ▁to ▁the ▁historic ▁" E den ▁Hotel " ▁( now ▁a ▁public ▁part ▁and ▁historic ▁site /
m useum ▁that ▁does ▁not ▁host ▁hotel ▁guests ) ▁which ▁was ▁visited ▁by ▁Albert ▁Einstein . ▁Ad olf ▁Hitler ▁was ▁rum ored ▁to ▁have ▁stayed ▁here ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 8 . ▁▁ ▁The ▁main ▁street ▁and ▁hub ▁of ▁activity ▁for ▁the ▁town ▁is ▁" A venue ▁E den ". ▁ ▁Main ▁s ights ▁At tra ctions ▁in ▁La ▁Fal da ▁include ▁the ▁ 7 ▁C asc ades , ▁a ▁natural ▁park ▁also ▁which ▁hosts ▁a ▁large ▁public ▁swimming ▁pool . ▁ ▁" El ▁Sil enc o " ▁is ▁a ▁colonial ▁castle ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 7 th ▁century ▁featuring ▁ ▁fishing ▁and ▁observation ▁of ▁tr out ; ▁it ▁is ▁situated ▁some ▁ ▁from ▁La ▁Fal da ▁downtown . ▁" T atu ▁Car re ta " ▁is ▁an ▁Ec ological ▁Park ▁and ▁Z oo ▁c . ▁ 8 km ▁from ▁the ▁downtown ▁on ▁the ▁route ▁toward ▁C ó rd oba . ▁ ▁It ▁is ▁a ▁drive ▁th ru ▁" s af ari " ▁style ▁z ool og ical ▁experience ▁with ▁ ▁local ▁and ▁exotic ▁animal ▁species . ▁The ▁area ▁has ▁been ▁used ▁as ▁a ▁special ▁stage ▁for ▁R ally ▁Argentina . ▁ ▁Gallery ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁List ▁of ▁world ' s ▁largest ▁c uck oo ▁cl ocks ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁All ▁About ▁La ▁Fal da ▁▁ ▁Villa ▁Carlos ▁P az ▁and ▁Val le ▁de ▁Pun illa ▁▁ ▁Ec ological ▁Park ▁& ▁Z oo ▁▁ ▁La ▁Fal da ▁T ango ▁Festival ▁Information ▁▁ ▁Category : Pop ulated ▁places ▁in
▁C ó rd oba ▁Province , ▁Argentina ▁Category : T our ism ▁in ▁Argentina ▁Category : R ally ▁Argentina <0x0A> </s> ▁Louise ▁Rev ell ▁is ▁a ▁Roman ▁archae ologist , ▁currently ▁Associ ate ▁Professor ▁in ▁Roman ▁Studies ▁at ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁South ampton . ▁Rev ell ' s ▁research ▁focuses ▁on ▁provincial ▁archae ology ▁of ▁the ▁western ▁Roman ▁empire . ▁ ▁Education ▁ ▁Rev ell ▁obtained ▁a ▁BA ▁in ▁Class ics ▁from ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Cambridge , ▁and ▁a ▁MA ▁in ▁Roman ▁Arch ae ology ▁from ▁Dur ham ▁University . ▁She ▁completed ▁her ▁PhD ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 0 ▁at ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁South ampton , ▁entitled ▁Expl oring ▁Roman ▁Ident ities ▁: ▁Case - stud ies ▁from ▁Spain ▁and ▁Britain ▁in ▁the ▁Second ▁century ▁AD . ▁ ▁Career ▁ ▁Rev ell ' s ▁research ▁focuses ▁on ▁the ▁ ▁inter ▁link ages ▁between ▁identity , ▁ide ology ▁and ▁imperial ism , ▁and ▁their ▁expression ▁through ▁material ▁culture . ▁ ▁Recent ▁research ▁has ▁looked ▁at ▁Roman ▁imperial ism ▁in ▁the ▁Spanish ▁provin ces ▁and ▁Britain . ▁Her ▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁mon ograph ▁Roman ▁Imperial ism ▁and ▁Local ▁Ident ities ▁was ▁described ▁as ▁" ref res hing ▁and ▁theoret ically ▁informed ▁perspective " ▁and ▁an ▁" important ▁step ▁forward ▁for ▁studies ▁of ▁Roman isation ", ▁and ▁was ▁widely ▁reviewed . ▁ ▁Rev ell ' s ▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁mon ograph ▁W ays ▁of ▁Being ▁Roman ▁explored ▁the ▁relationship ▁between ▁Roman ▁ident ities ▁and ▁daily ▁practice ▁as ▁they ▁were ▁experienced ▁through
▁public ▁architecture ▁in ▁the ▁provin ces , ▁described ▁as ▁" a ▁valuable ▁overview ▁of ▁current ▁identity ▁studies ▁as ▁applied ▁to ▁the ▁western ▁Roman ▁provin ces ". ▁ ▁Rev ell ' s ▁research ▁has ▁also ▁explored ▁gender , ▁family ▁and ▁the ▁life - course ▁within ▁the ▁western ▁provin ces . ▁She ▁co - ed ited ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁Oxford ▁Hand book ▁of ▁Roman ▁Britain ▁with ▁Martin ▁M ille tt ▁and ▁Al ison ▁Moore . ▁ ▁Rev ell ▁holds ▁a ▁Get ty ▁Fellow ship ▁as ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁Arts ▁of ▁Rome ' s ▁Prov in ces ▁workshop . ▁She ▁is ▁a ▁trust ee ▁of ▁the ▁Roman ▁Research ▁Trust , ▁and ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁editorial ▁board ▁of ▁Brit ann ia . ▁She ▁has ▁appeared ▁on ▁Time ▁Team . ▁ ▁She ▁delivered ▁the ▁ke yn ote ▁lecture ▁at ▁the ▁Cr asis ▁Annual ▁Meeting ▁at ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁G ron ingen ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 9 . ▁ ▁Se lected ▁publications ▁ ▁Books ▁▁▁ ▁Rev ell , ▁L . ▁( 2 0 0 9 ). ▁Roman ▁Imperial ism ▁and ▁Local ▁Ident ities . ▁Cambridge : ▁Cambridge ▁University ▁Press . ▁ ▁Rev ell , ▁L . ▁( 2 0 1 5 ). ▁W ays ▁of ▁Being ▁Roman : ▁Disc ourses ▁of ▁Identity ▁in ▁the ▁Roman ▁West . ▁Oxford : ▁O xb ow ▁Books . ▁ ▁M ille tt , ▁M ., ▁Rev ell , ▁L ., ▁& ▁Moore , ▁A . ▁( eds ) ▁( 2 0 1 6 ). ▁The ▁Oxford ▁Hand book
▁of ▁Roman ▁Britain . ▁Oxford : ▁Oxford ▁University ▁Press . ▁ ▁Art icles ▁▁▁ ▁Rev ell , ▁L . ▁( 2 0 0 5 ). ▁The ▁Roman ▁life ▁course : ▁a ▁view ▁from ▁the ▁in scriptions . ▁European ▁Journal ▁of ▁Arch ae ology ▁ 8 ( 1 ), ▁ 4 3 - 6 3 . ▁DO I : ▁ 1 0 . 1 1 7 7 / 1 4 6 1 9 5 7 1 0 5 0 5 8 2 0 9 ▁Rev ell , ▁L . ▁( 2 0 0 7 ). ▁Relig ion ▁and ▁ritual ▁in ▁the ▁western ▁provin ces . ▁Greece ▁and ▁Rome ▁ 5 4 , ▁ 2 1 0 - 2 2 8 . ▁Rev ell , ▁L . ▁( 2 0 1 3 ). ▁Code - switch ing ▁and ▁identity ▁in ▁the ▁western ▁provin ces . ▁Her om ▁ 2 ( 1 ), ▁ 1 2 1 - 1 3 9 . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁ ▁Category : Ac adem ics ▁of ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁South ampton ▁Category : Class ical ▁archae ologists ▁Category : Al umn i ▁of ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Cambridge ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : Year ▁of ▁birth ▁missing ▁( l iving ▁people ) ▁Category : Al umn i ▁of ▁Dur ham ▁University <0x0A> </s> ▁Mc X trace ▁is ▁an ▁open ▁source ▁software ▁package ▁for ▁performing ▁Monte ▁Carlo ▁simulations ▁of ▁X - ray ▁scattering ▁experiments . ▁While ▁its ▁chief ▁objective ▁is ▁to ▁aid ▁in ▁the ▁optimization ▁of
▁beam lines ▁at ▁e . g . ▁syn ch ro tr ons , ▁it ▁may ▁also ▁be ▁used ▁for ▁data ▁analysis ▁and ▁at ▁laboratory ▁sources ▁and ▁beam lines . ▁Mc X trace ▁is ▁free ▁software ▁released ▁under ▁the ▁GNU ▁G PL . ▁ ▁Mc X trace ▁was ▁first ▁spun ▁off ▁as ▁a ▁sister ▁project ▁to ▁the ▁well ▁known ▁and ▁proven ▁neut ron ▁ray - tr acing ▁package ▁Mc St as ▁in ▁a ▁project ▁funded ▁joint ly ▁by : ▁ ▁DT U ▁Phys ics ▁at ▁The ▁Technical ▁University ▁of ▁Denmark ▁( DT U ) ▁ ▁The ▁European ▁Syn ch ro tr on ▁Rad iation ▁Fac ility ▁( ES RF ) ▁( http :// www . es rf . eu ) ▁ ▁N iels ▁Boh r ▁Institute ▁at ▁University ▁of ▁C open h agen ▁( K U ) ▁ ▁The ▁Dan ish ▁Strateg ic ▁Research ▁Council ▁under ▁the ▁Na Bi IT ▁program ▁ ▁SA X SL AB ▁Ap S . ▁a ka . ▁J J - XR ay ▁Systems ▁( http :// www . jj x ray . dk ) ▁ ▁Description ▁Mc X trace ▁works ▁in ▁the ▁way ▁that ▁a ▁user ▁describes ▁his / her ▁beam line ▁in ▁a ▁special ▁file . ▁This ▁file ▁is ▁the ▁analyzed ▁by ▁the ▁system ▁and ▁converted ▁into ▁a ▁c - file ▁which ▁may ▁be ▁compiled ▁on ▁the ▁target ▁computing ▁system ▁where ▁the ▁simulation ▁is ▁to ▁be ▁run . ▁The ▁beam line ▁file ▁generally ▁contains ▁relative ▁coordinates ▁of ▁the ▁devices ▁present ▁in ▁the ▁beam line . ▁ ▁Re ferences
▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁ ▁Mc X trace ▁website ▁ ▁Shadow / X OP ▁site ▁at ▁the ▁E SR F ▁ ▁DT U ▁Phys ics ▁▁ ▁N iels ▁Boh r ▁Institute ▁ ▁Category : Free ▁simulation ▁software <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁South ▁F ork ▁W en aha ▁River ▁is ▁a ▁t ribut ary ▁of ▁the ▁W en aha ▁River ▁in ▁the ▁U . S . ▁state ▁of ▁Oregon . ▁The ▁river ▁begins ▁in ▁the ▁Blue ▁Mountains ▁south ▁of ▁ ▁B one ▁Spring ▁in ▁W allow a ▁County ▁near ▁its ▁border ▁with ▁Union ▁County . ▁From ▁there ▁it ▁flows ▁generally ▁nort heast ▁through ▁the ▁W en aha – T uc annon ▁Wild erness ▁of ▁the ▁U mat illa ▁National ▁Forest ▁to ▁meet ▁the ▁North ▁F ork ▁W en aha ▁River . ▁The ▁combined ▁for ks ▁form ▁the ▁main ▁stem ▁W en aha , ▁a ▁t ribut ary ▁of ▁the ▁Grande ▁Ron de ▁River . ▁ ▁N amed ▁t ribut aries ▁of ▁the ▁South ▁F ork ▁W en aha ▁from ▁source ▁to ▁mouth ▁are ▁Mil k ▁and ▁T rapper ▁c ree ks ▁followed ▁by ▁Cou gar ▁C any on . ▁Then ▁come ▁Ja uss ard ▁and ▁El k ▁c ree ks . ▁ ▁Rec reation ▁The ▁main ▁path ▁along ▁the ▁South ▁F ork ▁is ▁the ▁W en aha ▁River ▁Trail , ▁a ▁ ▁route ▁with ▁trail heads ▁at ▁T roy ▁and ▁Tim othy ▁Springs . ▁It ▁runs ▁parallel ▁to ▁the ▁main ▁stem ▁between ▁T roy ▁and ▁W en aha ▁F ork s ▁and ▁roughly ▁parallel ▁to
▁the ▁South ▁F ork ▁up stream ▁of ▁the ▁con flu ence . ▁This ▁trail ▁connect s ▁to ▁other ▁wild erness ▁paths : ▁El k ▁Fl at , ▁H ood oo , ▁and ▁Cross ▁C any on ▁trails . ▁ ▁The ▁trail ▁system ▁is ▁used ▁by ▁h ik ers , ▁backpack ers , ▁and ▁horse ▁r iders . ▁It ▁offers ▁pan or amic ▁views , ▁access ▁to ▁fishing , ▁and ▁suitable ▁spots ▁for ▁dispers ed ▁camp ing . ▁It ▁is ▁also ▁remote , ▁involves ▁significant ▁elev ation ▁changes , ▁can ▁be ▁extremely ▁hot ▁in ▁summer , ▁and ▁is ▁frequ ented ▁by ▁r att les n akes . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁List ▁of ▁rivers ▁of ▁Oregon ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : R ivers ▁of ▁W allow a ▁County , ▁Oregon ▁Category : R ivers ▁of ▁Oregon <0x0A> </s> ▁ İ kin ci ▁A ğ al ı ▁( also , ▁Ag aly ▁V t ory ye ) ▁is ▁a ▁village ▁in ▁the ▁Z ang il an ▁Ray on ▁of ▁A zer ba ij an . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁▁ ▁Category : Pop ulated ▁places ▁in ▁Z ang il an ▁District <0x0A> </s> ▁W alth am ▁is ▁a ▁large ▁village ▁and ▁civil ▁parish ▁in ▁North ▁East ▁Lincoln shire , ▁England . ▁It ▁is ▁ ▁south ▁of ▁Gr ims by ▁close ▁to ▁the ▁sub urb ▁of ▁Sc arth o ▁and ▁to ▁the ▁smaller ▁villages ▁of ▁Br igs ley , ▁Barn old by - le - Be ck , ▁and ▁Hol ton ▁le ▁Clay . ▁Less ▁than
▁ ▁to ▁the ▁east - n orth - east ▁is ▁the ▁village ▁of ▁New ▁W alth am . ▁In ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 1 ▁census , ▁W alth am ▁had ▁a ▁population ▁of ▁ 6 , 4 2 0 , ▁reducing ▁slightly ▁to ▁ 6 , 4 1 3 ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁census . ▁ ▁History ▁ ▁There ▁was ▁a ▁substantial ▁Sax on ▁settlement ▁on ▁the ▁site ▁of ▁the ▁first ▁village , ▁and ▁art ifacts ▁show ▁earlier ▁Roman ▁occupation . ▁The ▁W alth am ▁name ▁is ▁of ▁Sax on ▁origin : ▁Walt ▁refers ▁to ▁wood land ▁or ▁an ▁area ▁of ▁high ▁forest ▁and ▁Ham ▁to ▁either ▁an ▁estate ▁or ▁a ▁village . ▁Sax ons ▁may ▁have ▁changed ▁the ▁name ▁from ▁the ▁Old ▁English ▁' We ald h ant ' ▁which ▁had ▁the ▁same ▁meaning ; ▁the ▁first ▁part ▁Ald , ▁pre fixed ▁by ▁We , ▁meant ▁" set t lement ", ▁and ▁H ant ▁a ▁" wood ed ▁estate ". ▁ ▁Elizabeth ▁Shaw , ▁who ▁is ▁said ▁to ▁have ▁lived ▁to ▁age ▁ 1 1 7 , ▁was ▁born ▁on ▁ 2 2 ▁April ▁ 1 6 8 3 ▁at ▁W alth am . ▁A ▁life ▁portrait ▁of ▁her ▁by ▁R . ▁She ard own ▁was ▁published ▁in ▁ 1 8 0 0 . ▁ ▁Govern ance ▁W alth am ▁is ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁Cle eth or pes ▁parliament ary ▁constitu ency , ▁and ▁has ▁been ▁represented ▁by ▁Martin ▁V ick ers ▁of ▁the ▁Conservative ▁Party ▁since ▁
2 0 1 0 . ▁ ▁W alth am ▁Ward ▁is ▁part ▁of ▁North ▁East ▁Lincoln shire ▁Council , ▁and ▁covers ▁the ▁villages ▁of ▁W alth am , ▁Br igs ley ▁and ▁Ash by - c um - F en by . ▁It ▁is ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁saf est ▁Conservative ▁w ards ▁on ▁the ▁council ▁and ▁has ▁been ▁represented ▁by ▁Conservative ▁coun c ill ors ▁since ▁the ▁ward ' s ▁creation ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 3 . ▁ ▁Current ▁elected ▁coun c ill ors : ▁ ▁C ll r ▁Nick ▁P ett ig rew ▁▁ ▁C ll r ▁Philip ▁Jackson ▁ ▁Land marks ▁ ▁W alth am ' s ▁land marks ▁include ▁W alth am ▁Wind mill , ▁which ▁is ▁used ▁as ▁the ▁symbol ▁for ▁the ▁village ' s ▁Inf ant ▁and ▁Junior ▁schools . ▁The ▁wind mill ▁was ▁originally ▁built ▁in ▁ 1 6 6 6 , ▁but ▁was ▁blown ▁down ▁several ▁times . ▁It ▁was ▁last ▁re - built ▁in ▁ 1 8 7 3 . ▁ ▁The ▁village ▁has ▁three ▁public ▁houses , ▁The ▁Kings ▁Head , ▁the ▁T ilt ed ▁Bar rel ▁and ▁the ▁Te a ▁Gard ens . ▁A ▁branch ▁of ▁the ▁Royal ▁British ▁Leg ion ▁is ▁also ▁based ▁in ▁W alth am . ▁ ▁There ▁is ▁a ▁c en ot aph ▁where ▁a ▁remem br ance ▁service ▁is ▁held ▁each ▁Rem em br ance ▁Sunday . ▁ ▁Near by ▁is ▁the ▁former ▁Second ▁World ▁War ▁bom ber ▁air field ▁R AF ▁Gr ims by , ▁which
▁was ▁originally ▁Gr ims by ▁Municipal ▁Airport . ▁After ▁the ▁start ▁of ▁the ▁Second ▁World ▁War ▁the ▁airport ▁was ▁re - construct ed ▁by ▁the ▁Air ▁Ministry ▁and ▁became ▁home ▁to ▁ 1 4 2 ▁Squadron , ▁and ▁later ▁to ▁ 1 0 0 ▁and ▁ 5 5 0 ▁Squad rons , ▁before ▁closing ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 5 . ▁A ▁museum ▁at ▁the ▁W alth am ▁Wind mill ▁houses ▁a ▁section ▁dedicated ▁to ▁R AF ▁Gr ims by . ▁ ▁There ▁was ▁once ▁a ▁W alth am ▁railway ▁station ▁( act ually ▁in ▁New ▁W alth am ) ▁on ▁the ▁East ▁Lincoln shire ▁Railway ▁line ▁( now ▁closed ) ▁between ▁Gr ims by ▁and ▁L outh . ▁ ▁Not able ▁people ▁ ▁Jo anne ▁Cl if ton , ▁professional ▁d ancer ▁on ▁BBC ▁TV ' s ▁Str ict ly ▁Come ▁D ancing , ▁and ▁her ▁brother ▁and ▁fellow ▁pro ▁Kevin ▁Cl if ton ▁Paul ▁Mo or by ▁O . B . E ., ▁( b . ▁ 1 9 6 4 ) ▁was ▁appointed ▁Officer ▁of ▁the ▁Order ▁of ▁the ▁British ▁Empire ▁on ▁ 2 9 ▁December ▁ 2 0 1 8 ▁for ▁services ▁to ▁promoting ▁the ▁UK ▁Technology ▁S ector ▁Ab road ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁ ▁Category : V ill ages ▁in ▁Lincoln shire ▁Category : B orough ▁of ▁North ▁East ▁Lincoln shire ▁Category : C ivil ▁par ishes ▁in ▁Lincoln shire <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Ur ar ▁mouse - like ▁ham ster ▁or ▁A zer ba
ij ani ▁mouse - like ▁ham ster ▁( Cal omy sc us ▁ur art ensis ) ▁is ▁a ▁medium - sized ▁mouse - like ▁ham ster ▁from ▁N akh iche van , ▁A zer ba ij an ▁and ▁north western ▁Az ar ba ij an ▁Province , ▁Iran . ▁ ▁It ▁is ▁among ▁the ▁better ▁studied ▁representatives ▁of ▁this ▁poorly ▁known ▁genus . ▁ ▁The ▁initial ▁species ▁description ▁was ▁based ▁on ▁a ▁unique ▁chrom os ome ▁number ▁( 2 n = 3 2 ; ▁F Na = 4 2 ) ▁called ▁a ▁k ary otype . ▁ ▁The ▁species ▁status ▁has ▁been ▁confirmed ▁with ▁other ▁chrom os om al ▁studies ▁and ▁morph ometric ▁studies . ▁ ▁The ▁species ▁description ▁by ▁Vor ont s ov ▁et ▁al . ▁and ▁subsequent ▁prompt ed ▁elev ation ▁of ▁several ▁sub spec ies ▁of ▁Cal omy sc us ▁bail ward i ▁to ▁species ▁status . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : Mouse - like ▁ham sters ▁Mouse - like ▁Ham ster , ▁Ur ar ▁Mouse - like ▁Ham ster , ▁Ur ar ▁Mouse - like ▁Ham ster , ▁Ur ar ▁Mouse - like ▁Ham ster , ▁Ur ar ▁Category : M amm als ▁described ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 9 <0x0A> </s> ▁Fel ic ja ▁Bl ument al ▁( 2 8 ▁December ▁ 1 9 0 8 ▁– ▁ 3 1 ▁December ▁ 1 9 9 1 ) ▁was ▁a ▁Polish ▁pian ist ▁and ▁composer . ▁ ▁" She ▁was ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁relatively ▁few ▁women ▁born ▁in
▁the ▁first ▁quarter ▁of ▁the ▁twentieth ▁century ▁to ▁have ▁achieved ▁an ▁important ▁career ▁as ▁a ▁concert ▁pian ist ." ▁ ▁Early ▁life ▁Fel ic ja ▁Bl ument al ▁was ▁born ▁in ▁Wars aw , ▁Poland , ▁into ▁a ▁Jewish ▁musical ▁family , ▁daughter ▁of ▁a ▁viol in ist . ▁She ▁began ▁piano ▁lessons ▁at ▁the ▁age ▁of ▁five , ▁and ▁made ▁her ▁debut ▁at ▁the ▁age ▁of ▁ten . ▁She ▁studied ▁at ▁the ▁National ▁Conserv atory ▁in ▁Wars aw , ▁taking ▁piano ▁lessons ▁from ▁Z b ign iew ▁Dr z ew ieck i ▁( who ▁founded ▁the ▁International ▁Frederick ▁Ch op in ▁P iano ▁Compet ition ) ▁and ▁composition ▁lessons ▁from ▁the ▁composer ▁Kar ol ▁Sz yman owski . ▁She ▁later ▁studied ▁priv ately ▁in ▁Switzerland ▁with ▁J óz ef ▁Tur czy ński , ▁a ▁noted ▁Ch op in ▁inter preter ▁and ▁scholar . ▁ ▁Personal ▁life ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 3 8 , ▁she ▁and ▁her ▁husband ▁Mark us ▁M iz ne ▁moved ▁first ▁to ▁Nice , ▁then ▁to ▁Brazil ▁to ▁escape ▁the ▁growing ▁anti - se mit ism ▁in ▁Europe . ▁She ▁became ▁a ▁Brazil ian ▁citizen , ▁and ▁for ▁the ▁rest ▁of ▁her ▁life ▁champion ed ▁the ▁music ▁and ▁compos ers ▁of ▁her ▁adopted ▁country . ▁Her ▁subsequent ▁career ▁saw ▁her ▁sett ling ▁in ▁Milan ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 2 , ▁then ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 3 ▁in ▁London . ▁ ▁Mus ical ▁career ▁Bl ument al ' s ▁re per toire ▁was ▁wide ▁and ▁advent ur
ous , ▁ranging ▁from ▁the ▁Portuguese ▁bar o que ▁to ▁South ▁American ▁contemporary ▁works . ▁Her ▁numerous ▁record ings ▁also ▁included ▁many ▁forgotten ▁concert os ▁by ▁compos ers ▁such ▁as ▁Carl ▁Cz ern y ▁( P iano ▁Con cer to ▁in ▁A ▁minor , ▁Op . 2 1 4 ), ▁Ferd inand ▁R ies ▁( P iano ▁Con cer to ▁in ▁C - sh arp ▁minor , ▁Op . 5 5 ) ▁and ▁John ▁Field . ▁ ▁He itor ▁Villa - L ob os ▁wrote ▁his ▁P iano ▁Con cer to ▁No . ▁ 5 ▁for ▁her ; ▁she ▁was ▁solo ist ▁at ▁the ▁world ▁premi ere ▁on ▁ 8 ▁May ▁ 1 9 5 5 , ▁at ▁the ▁Royal ▁Festival ▁Hall , ▁London , ▁with ▁the ▁London ▁Phil harm onic ▁Orchestra ▁under ▁Jean ▁Martin on , ▁and ▁she ▁also ▁recorded ▁the ▁concer to ▁in ▁Paris , ▁under ▁the ▁bat on ▁of ▁the ▁composer . ▁Kr z ysz to f ▁P end ere ck i ▁dedicated ▁his ▁Part ita ▁for ▁har ps ich ord ▁and ▁or chestra ▁to ▁her . ▁Her ▁recording ▁of ▁this ▁work ▁won ▁a ▁Grand ▁Prix ▁du ▁Dis que ▁of ▁the ▁Charles ▁C ros ▁Academy ▁of ▁France ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 5 . ▁ ▁Among ▁her ▁record ings ▁was ▁a ▁box ed ▁set ▁of ▁Be eth oven ' s ▁complete ▁works ▁for ▁solo ▁piano ▁and ▁or chestra , ▁including ▁two ▁early ▁works ▁without ▁op us ▁number , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁Be eth oven ' s ▁own ▁arrangement ▁for ▁piano
▁of ▁his ▁viol in ▁concer to . ▁ ▁It ▁is , ▁however , ▁her ▁Ch op in ▁playing ▁for ▁which ▁she ▁will ▁be ▁most ▁remembered . ▁A ▁pian ist ▁of ▁considerable ▁power , ▁despite ▁her ▁dimin ut ive ▁size , ▁her ▁record ings ▁of ▁the ▁Ch op in ▁m az ur k as , ▁in ▁particular , ▁are ▁considered ▁land mark ▁interpret ations . ▁ ▁She ▁died ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 1 ▁in ▁Israel , ▁on ▁one ▁of ▁her ▁many ▁concert ▁tours ▁of ▁the ▁country . ▁She ▁is ▁buried ▁in ▁Tel ▁Av iv ' s ▁Kir y at ▁Sh aul ▁C emetery . ▁Her ▁daughter , ▁the ▁singer ▁An net te ▁C é line , ▁was ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁organiz ers ▁of ▁the ▁annual ▁Fel ic ja ▁Bl ument al ▁International ▁Music ▁festival ▁until ▁her ▁death ▁on ▁ 3 ▁June ▁ 2 0 1 7 . ▁ ▁Many ▁of ▁Bl ument al ' s ▁record ings ▁have ▁been ▁restored ▁on ▁Br ana ▁Records , ▁and ▁all ▁CD ▁covers ▁feature ▁the ▁art ▁prints ▁of ▁her ▁husband ▁Mark us ▁M iz ne . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁Portuguese ▁P iano ▁Music ▁- ▁Cl audio ▁Records ▁Review / Information ▁Br ana ▁Records ▁ ▁Category : B raz il ian ▁classical ▁pian ists ▁Category : B raz il ian ▁female ▁pian ists ▁Category : Pol ish ▁classical ▁pian ists ▁Category : Pol ish ▁women ▁pian ists ▁Category : J ew ish ▁classical ▁pian ists ▁Category : B raz il ian ▁Jews ▁Category :
N at ural ized ▁citizens ▁of ▁Brazil ▁Category : J ew s ▁who ▁em igr ated ▁to ▁escape ▁Naz ism ▁Category : 1 9 0 8 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 9 9 1 ▁deaths ▁Category : Pol ish ▁em igr ants ▁to ▁Brazil ▁Category : 2 0 th - century ▁classical ▁pian ists ▁Category : 2 0 th - century ▁women ▁musicians ▁Category : W omen ▁classical ▁pian ists <0x0A> </s> ▁Holly ▁Walker ▁is ▁an ▁American ▁comed ian , ▁actress , ▁and ▁writer ▁known ▁for ▁her ▁role ▁as ▁a ▁correspond ent ▁and ▁staff ▁writer ▁on ▁The ▁Night ly ▁Show ▁with ▁Larry ▁Wil more . ▁Prior ▁to ▁working ▁on ▁The ▁Night ly ▁Show , ▁she ▁tou red ▁with ▁The ▁Second ▁City ▁comedy ▁group , ▁performing ▁in ▁Los ▁Angeles , ▁Chicago , ▁and ▁Las ▁Vegas . ▁ ▁Walker ▁got ▁her ▁first ▁taste ▁of ▁performing ▁when ▁she ▁was ▁eight ▁years ▁old ▁and ▁was ▁cast ▁in ▁a ▁production ▁called ▁" For ▁Spring ▁is ▁the ▁Season ▁of ▁H app iness ," ▁playing ▁Mother ▁Nature . ▁As ▁an ▁adult , ▁she ▁performed ▁with ▁Bo om ▁Chicago ▁in ▁Amsterdam ▁and ▁The ▁Second ▁City ▁across ▁the ▁United ▁States . ▁ ▁Film ography ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : A fr ican - American ▁comed ians ▁Category : 2 1 st - century ▁American ▁comed ians ▁Category : American ▁women ▁comed ians ▁Category : Year ▁of ▁birth ▁missing ▁( l iving ▁people ) ▁Category : L iving ▁people <0x0A> </s> ▁V la ic u ▁is ▁a ▁Roman ian ▁surn ame .
▁Not able ▁people ▁with ▁the ▁surn ame ▁include : ▁ ▁A ure l ▁V la ic u ▁( 1 8 8 2 – 1 9 1 3 ), ▁Roman ian ▁engineer , ▁invent or ▁and ▁av i ator ▁Flor in ▁V la ic u ▁( born ▁ 1 9 8 6 ), ▁Roman ian ▁rugby ▁union ▁player ▁Sor in ▁V la ic u ▁( born ▁ 1 9 6 5 ), ▁Roman ian ▁football er ▁ ▁as ▁a ▁given ▁name , ▁it ▁may ▁refer ▁to : ▁ ▁V la ic u ▁B â r na ▁( 1 9 1 3 - 1 9 9 9 ), ▁poet ▁ ▁Category : R oman ian - language ▁surn ames <0x0A> </s> ▁Brian ▁S my th ▁( 2 4 ▁March ▁ 1 9 2 4 ▁– ▁ 1 6 ▁March ▁ 2 0 1 6 ) ▁was ▁an ▁Irish ▁G ael ic ▁football er ▁and ▁hur ler ▁who ▁played ▁as ▁a ▁centre - forward ▁for ▁the ▁Me ath ▁senior ▁team . ▁ ▁Born ▁in ▁B atter st own , ▁County ▁Me ath , ▁S my th ▁had ▁his ▁first ▁involvement ▁with ▁G ael ic ▁football ▁and ▁hur ling ▁against ▁Boy ▁Sc outs ▁from ▁Dublin , ▁who ▁used ▁to ▁come ▁to ▁the ▁local ▁area ▁on ▁weekend ▁camps . ▁He ▁field ed ▁with ▁local ▁club ▁B atter st own ▁in ▁both ▁codes ▁but ▁when ▁the ▁club ▁was ▁unable ▁to ▁must er ▁enough ▁players , ▁he ▁lined ▁out ▁with ▁Fl ath ouse ▁with ▁whom ▁he ▁won ▁a ▁junior ▁championship
▁medal ▁in ▁hur ling . ▁He ▁also ▁played ▁both ▁codes ▁with ▁R ato ath ▁before ▁l ining ▁out ▁with ▁Ober st own ▁in ▁hur ling ▁and ▁Sk ry ne ▁in ▁G ael ic ▁football , ▁helping ▁the ▁latter ▁to ▁five ▁championship ▁vict ories . ▁He ▁finished ▁his ▁hur ling ▁career ▁with ▁Dun boy ne . ▁ ▁S my th ▁made ▁his ▁debut ▁on ▁the ▁inter - count y ▁scene ▁when ▁he ▁first ▁linked ▁up ▁with ▁the ▁Me ath ▁junior ▁hur ling ▁team ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 4 . ▁An ▁All - I re land ▁medal ▁winner ▁in ▁this ▁code , ▁he ▁joined ▁the ▁Me ath ▁senior ▁football ▁team ▁for ▁the ▁ 1 9 4 6 ▁championship . ▁S my th ▁went ▁on ▁to ▁play ▁a ▁key ▁role ▁during ▁a ▁hug ely ▁successful ▁era , ▁and ▁won ▁two ▁All - I re land ▁med als , ▁four ▁Le in ster ▁med als ▁and ▁one ▁National ▁League ▁medal . ▁The ▁All - I re land - winning ▁captain ▁of ▁ 1 9 4 9 , ▁S my th ▁was ▁also ▁an ▁All - I re land ▁runner - up ▁on ▁two ▁occasions . ▁ ▁S my th ▁was ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁Le in ster ▁inter - prov inc ial ▁team ▁on ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁occasions , ▁however , ▁he ▁never ▁won ▁a ▁Railway ▁Cup ▁medal . ▁He ▁retired ▁from ▁inter - count y ▁football ▁following ▁the ▁conclusion ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 9 5 7 ▁championship . ▁ ▁In ▁retirement ▁from ▁playing , ▁S
my th ▁became ▁involved ▁in ▁team ▁management ▁and ▁administration . ▁His ▁involvement ▁as ▁a ▁trainer ▁was ▁short - l ived , ▁however , ▁he ▁guided ▁Dr um ree ▁to ▁championship ▁success ▁in ▁the ▁junior ▁grade ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 9 . ▁S my th ▁became ▁involved ▁in ▁administrative ▁affairs ▁as ▁a ▁teenager ▁when ▁he ▁took ▁over ▁as ▁secretary ▁of ▁the ▁B atter st own ▁club . ▁He ▁was ▁secretary ▁of ▁the ▁Me ath ▁Hur ling ▁Board ▁on ▁two ▁occasions , ▁before ▁serving ▁as ▁chairman ▁of ▁the ▁Me ath ▁County ▁Board ▁between ▁ 1 9 7 9 ▁and ▁ 1 9 8 5 . ▁ ▁Hon ours ▁ ▁Sk ry ne ▁Me ath ▁Senior ▁Football ▁Championship ▁( 5 ): ▁ 1 9 4 4 , ▁ 1 9 4 5 , ▁ 1 9 4 7 , ▁ 1 9 4 8 , ▁ 1 9 5 4 ▁ ▁Me ath ▁All - I re land ▁Senior ▁Football ▁Championship ▁( 2 ): ▁ 1 9 4 9 ▁( c ), ▁ 1 9 5 4 ▁Con n acht ▁Senior ▁Football ▁Championship ▁( 4 ): ▁ 1 9 4 9 ▁( c ), ▁ 1 9 5 1 , ▁ 1 9 5 2 , ▁ 1 9 5 4 ▁National ▁Football ▁League ▁( 1 ): ▁ 1 9 5 0 - 5 1 ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 2 4 ▁birth s ▁Category : 2 0 1 6 ▁deaths ▁Category : Sk ry ne ▁G ael ic ▁football ers ▁Category
: Me ath ▁inter - count y ▁G ael ic ▁football ers ▁Category : Le in ster ▁inter - prov inc ial ▁G ael ic ▁football ers ▁Category : People ▁by ▁city ▁or ▁town ▁in ▁County ▁Me ath ▁Category : W inners ▁of ▁two ▁All - I re land ▁med als ▁( G ael ic ▁football ) <0x0A> </s> ▁Samuel ▁Hein ic ke ▁( 1 0 ▁April ▁ 1 7 2 7 ▁– ▁ 3 0 ▁April ▁ 1 7 9 0 ), ▁the ▁origin ator ▁in ▁Germany ▁of ▁systematic ▁education ▁for ▁the ▁de af , ▁was ▁born ▁in ▁N aut sch utz , ▁Germany . ▁ ▁Enter ing ▁the ▁elect oral ▁body guard ▁at ▁D res den , ▁he ▁subsequently ▁supported ▁himself ▁by ▁teaching . ▁Around ▁ 1 7 5 4 , ▁he ▁took ▁his ▁first ▁de af ▁pup il . ▁His ▁success ▁in ▁teaching ▁this ▁pup il ▁was ▁so ▁great ▁that ▁he ▁determined ▁to ▁dev ote ▁himself ▁entirely ▁to ▁this ▁work . ▁Hein ic ke ▁promoted ▁a ▁chief ly ▁oral / a ural ▁method ▁of ▁instruction , ▁though ▁he ▁did ▁use ▁some ▁form ▁of ▁a ▁manual ▁al phabet . ▁He ▁believed ▁a ▁spoken ▁language ▁to ▁be ▁ind isp ens able ▁to ▁a ▁proper ▁education , ▁and ▁that ▁it ▁formed ▁the ▁basis ▁for ▁reasoning ▁and ▁intellectual ▁thought . ▁He ▁died ▁before ▁his ▁contributions ▁to ▁De af ▁education ▁became ▁widespread , ▁but ▁John ▁Bapt ist ▁Gr aser ▁( 1 7 6 6 - 1 8 4 1 ) ▁and ▁Frederick ▁Mar itz ▁Hill
▁( 1 8 0 5 - 1 8 7 4 ) ▁continued ▁to ▁esp ouse ▁the ▁oral ▁method . ▁ ▁The ▁outbreak ▁of ▁the ▁Seven ▁Years ' ▁War ▁upset ▁his ▁plans ▁for ▁a ▁time . ▁T aken ▁prisoner ▁at ▁Pir na , ▁he ▁was ▁brought ▁to ▁D res den , ▁but ▁soon ▁made ▁his ▁escape . ▁In ▁ 1 7 6 8 , ▁when ▁living ▁in ▁Hamburg , ▁he ▁successfully ▁taught ▁a ▁de af ▁boy ▁to ▁talk , ▁following ▁the ▁methods ▁presc ribed ▁by ▁Am man ▁in ▁his ▁book ▁Sur d us ▁lo qu ens , ▁but ▁improving ▁on ▁them . ▁ ▁Rec alled ▁to ▁his ▁own ▁country ▁by ▁the ▁elect or ▁of ▁Sax ony , ▁he ▁opened ▁the ▁first ▁de af ▁institution ▁in ▁Leip zig , ▁Germany , ▁in ▁▁ 1 7 7 8 . ▁He ▁directed ▁this ▁school ▁until ▁his ▁death . ▁He ▁was ▁the ▁author ▁of ▁various ▁books ▁on ▁the ▁instruction ▁of ▁the ▁de af . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : G erman ▁educational ▁the or ists ▁Category : 1 8 th - century ▁German ▁educ ators ▁Category : 1 7 2 7 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 7 9 0 ▁deaths <0x0A> </s> ▁Her iot ▁is ▁a ▁small ▁settlement ▁in ▁West ▁O tag o , ▁in ▁the ▁South ▁Island ▁of ▁New ▁Zealand . ▁It ▁is ▁located ▁ 2 0 ▁kilometres ▁south west ▁of ▁Ra es ▁Jun ction ▁and ▁ 1 5 ▁kilometres ▁north ▁of ▁T apan ui . ▁ ▁The ▁town ship ▁is ▁likely ▁not ▁to ▁have ▁been
▁named ▁after ▁the ▁Scottish ▁border ▁town ▁of ▁Her iot ▁( un like ▁other ▁local ▁towns ▁named ▁after ▁B orders ▁places , ▁such ▁as ▁Kel so ▁and ▁R ox burgh ), ▁but ▁may ▁have ▁been ▁named ▁for ▁from ▁the ▁maid en ▁name ▁of ▁the ▁wife ▁of ▁early ▁sett ler ▁William ▁Pink ert on . ▁ ▁The ▁main ▁economic ▁activities ▁in ▁Her iot ▁are ▁related ▁to ▁liv est ock ▁and ▁forest ry . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : Pop ulated ▁places ▁in ▁O tag o <0x0A> </s> ▁David ▁D uc our ti oux ▁( born ▁ 1 1 ▁April ▁ 1 9 7 8 ) ▁is ▁a ▁French ▁former ▁professional ▁football er ▁who ▁played ▁as ▁a ▁def ender . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 7 8 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : Associ ation ▁football ▁defend ers ▁Category : F rench ▁football ers ▁Category : L igue ▁ 1 ▁players ▁Category : L igue ▁ 2 ▁players ▁Category : T oul ouse ▁FC ▁players ▁Category : SC ▁Bast ia ▁players ▁Category : St ade ▁de ▁Re ims ▁players ▁Category : CS ▁Sed an ▁Ar den nes ▁players ▁Category : Val enc ien nes ▁FC ▁players ▁Category : G az é le c ▁A j acc io ▁players <0x0A> </s> ▁C yan ogen Mod ▁( ▁; ▁CM ) ▁is ▁a ▁dis contin ued ▁open - source ▁operating ▁system ▁for ▁mobile ▁devices , ▁based ▁on ▁the ▁Android ▁mobile ▁platform . ▁It ▁was ▁developed ▁as ▁free ▁and
▁open - source ▁software ▁based ▁on ▁the ▁official ▁releases ▁of ▁Android ▁by ▁Google , ▁with ▁added ▁original ▁and ▁third - party ▁code , ▁and ▁based ▁on ▁a ▁rolling ▁release ▁development ▁model . ▁Although ▁only ▁a ▁subset ▁of ▁total ▁C yan ogen Mod ▁users ▁elected ▁to ▁report ▁their ▁use ▁of ▁the ▁firm ware , ▁on ▁ 2 3 ▁March ▁ 2 0 1 5 , ▁some ▁reports ▁indicated ▁that ▁over ▁ 5 0 ▁million ▁people ▁ran ▁C yan ogen Mod ▁on ▁their ▁phones . ▁It ▁was ▁also ▁frequently ▁used ▁as ▁a ▁starting ▁point ▁by ▁developers ▁of ▁other ▁R OM s . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 3 , ▁the ▁founder , ▁Steve ▁K ond ik ▁( now ▁Ste f anie ▁K ond ik ), ▁obtained ▁venture ▁funding ▁under ▁the ▁name ▁C yan ogen ▁Inc . ▁to ▁allow ▁commercial ization ▁of ▁the ▁project . ▁However , ▁the ▁company ▁did ▁not , ▁in ▁his ▁view , ▁capital ize ▁on ▁the ▁project ' s ▁success , ▁and ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁he ▁left ▁or ▁was ▁forced ▁out ▁as ▁part ▁of ▁a ▁corporate ▁re structure , ▁which ▁involved ▁a ▁change ▁of ▁CEO , ▁closure ▁of ▁offices ▁and ▁projects , ▁and ▁c ess ation ▁of ▁services , ▁and ▁therefore ▁left ▁uncertainty ▁over ▁the ▁future ▁of ▁the ▁company . ▁The ▁code ▁itself , ▁being ▁open ▁source , ▁was ▁later ▁for ked , ▁and ▁its ▁development ▁continues ▁as ▁a ▁community ▁project ▁under ▁the ▁Line age OS ▁name . ▁ ▁C yan ogen Mod ▁offered ▁features ▁and ▁options ▁not
▁found ▁in ▁the ▁official ▁firm ware ▁distributed ▁by ▁mobile ▁device ▁vendors . ▁Features ▁supported ▁by ▁C yan ogen Mod ▁included ▁native ▁theme ▁support , ▁FL AC ▁audio ▁code c ▁support , ▁a ▁large ▁Access ▁Point ▁Name ▁list , ▁Privacy ▁Guard ▁( per - application ▁permission ▁management ▁application ), ▁support ▁for ▁t ether ing ▁over ▁common ▁inter faces , ▁CPU ▁over clock ing ▁and ▁other ▁performance ▁enhance ments , ▁unlock able ▁boot loader ▁and ▁root ▁access , ▁soft ▁buttons , ▁status ▁bar ▁custom isation ▁and ▁other ▁" table t ▁twe aks ", ▁togg les ▁in ▁the ▁notification ▁pull - down ▁( such ▁as ▁Wi - Fi , ▁Bl uetooth ▁and ▁GPS ), ▁and ▁other ▁interface ▁enhance ments . ▁ ▁C yan ogen Mod ▁did ▁not ▁contain ▁spy ware ▁or ▁blo at ware , ▁according ▁to ▁its ▁developers . ▁C yan ogen Mod ▁was ▁also ▁said ▁to ▁increase ▁performance ▁and ▁reli ability ▁compared ▁with ▁official ▁firm ware ▁releases . ▁ ▁The ▁name ▁C yan ogen Mod ▁derived ▁from ▁cy an ogen ▁( the ▁name ▁of ▁a ▁chemical ▁compound ▁adopted ▁as ▁a ▁nick name ▁by ▁K ond ik ) ▁+ ▁Mod ▁( a ▁term ▁for ▁user - develop ed ▁modifications , ▁known ▁as ▁mod ding ). ▁ ▁History ▁and ▁development ▁ ▁Soon ▁after ▁the ▁introduction ▁of ▁HT C ▁Dream ▁( named ▁the ▁" T - Mobile ▁G 1 " ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ) ▁mobile ▁phone ▁in ▁September ▁ 2 0 0 8 , ▁a ▁method ▁was ▁discovered ▁to ▁att ain ▁privile ged ▁control ▁( ter
med ▁" root ▁access ") ▁within ▁Android ' s ▁Linux - based ▁sub system . ▁Having ▁root ▁access , ▁combined ▁with ▁the ▁open - source ▁nature ▁of ▁the ▁Android ▁operating ▁system , ▁allowed ▁the ▁phone ' s ▁stock ▁firm ware ▁to ▁be ▁modified ▁and ▁re - install ed ▁onto ▁the ▁phone . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁following ▁year , ▁modified ▁firm ware ▁for ▁the ▁Dream ▁was ▁developed ▁and ▁distributed ▁by ▁Android ▁enthusi asts . ▁One , ▁maintained ▁by ▁a ▁developer ▁named ▁Jesus F re ke , ▁became ▁popular ▁among ▁Dream ▁owners . ▁After ▁Google ▁issued ▁its ▁Android ▁RC 3 0 ▁over - the - air ▁update ▁in ▁November ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁that ▁fixed ▁the ▁bug ▁that ▁had ▁previously ▁been ▁used ▁for ▁root ▁access , ▁he ▁began ▁offering ▁modified ▁versions ▁that ▁restored ▁root ▁access ▁and ▁gradually ▁expanded ▁them . ▁In ▁August ▁ 2 0 0 9 , ▁Jesus F re ke ▁stopped ▁work ▁on ▁his ▁firm ware ▁and ▁suggested ▁users ▁to ▁switch ▁to ▁a ▁version ▁of ▁his ▁R OM ▁that ▁had ▁been ▁further ▁enhanced ▁by ▁developer ▁C yan ogen ▁( the ▁online ▁name ▁used ▁by ▁Ste f anie ▁K ond ik , ▁a ▁Samsung ▁software ▁engineer ) ▁called ▁" C yan ogen Mod " ▁( user ▁adapt ations ▁being ▁often ▁known ▁as ▁mod ding ). ▁ ▁C yan ogen Mod ▁grew ▁in ▁popularity , ▁and ▁a ▁community ▁of ▁developers , ▁called ▁the ▁C yan ogen Mod ▁Team ▁( and ▁inform ally ▁" Team ▁Dou che ") ▁made ▁contributions . ▁Within ▁a ▁few ▁months
, ▁the ▁number ▁of ▁devices ▁and ▁features ▁supported ▁by ▁C yan ogen Mod ▁bl oss omed , ▁and ▁C yan ogen Mod ▁became ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁popular ▁Android ▁firm ware ▁distributions . ▁ ▁Similar ▁to ▁many ▁open - source ▁projects , ▁C yan ogen Mod ▁was ▁developed ▁using ▁a ▁distributed ▁revision ▁control ▁system ▁with ▁the ▁official ▁re pos itories ▁being ▁hosted ▁on ▁Git Hub . ▁Contribut ors ▁submit ▁new ▁features ▁or ▁bug fix ▁changes ▁using ▁G err it . ▁Contribut ions ▁may ▁be ▁tested ▁by ▁anyone , ▁voted ▁up ▁or ▁down ▁by ▁registered ▁users , ▁and ▁ultimately ▁accepted ▁into ▁the ▁code ▁by ▁one ▁of ▁a ▁handful ▁of ▁C yan ogen Mod ▁developers . ▁ ▁A ▁version ▁of ▁AD W . Launch er , ▁an ▁alternative ▁launch er ▁( home ▁screen ) ▁for ▁the ▁Android ▁operating ▁system , ▁became ▁the ▁default ▁launch er ▁on ▁C yan ogen Mod ▁ 5 . 0 . 8 . ▁The ▁launch er ▁provides ▁additional ▁features ▁not ▁provided ▁by ▁the ▁default ▁Android ▁launch er , ▁including ▁more ▁custom ization ▁abilities ▁( including ▁icon ▁themes , ▁effects , ▁and ▁behavior ), ▁the ▁ability ▁to ▁backup ▁and ▁restore ▁configuration ▁settings , ▁and ▁other ▁features . ▁As ▁of ▁version ▁ 9 , ▁C yan ogen Mod ' s ▁own ▁launch er , ▁Tre bu chet , ▁is ▁included ▁with ▁the ▁firm ware . ▁ ▁Init ially , ▁C yan ogen Mod ▁releases ▁were ▁provided ▁on ▁a ▁night ly , ▁mil estone , ▁and ▁" stable ▁version " ▁schedule ; ▁as ▁of ▁C
yan ogen Mod ▁ 1 1 ▁M 6 , ▁the ▁" stable " ▁label ▁will ▁no ▁longer ▁be ▁used , ▁having ▁been ▁sup pl anted ▁by ▁" mil estone " ▁M - build s ▁that ▁are ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁C yan ogen Mod ' s ▁rolling ▁release ▁development ▁model . ▁ ▁Current ▁C yan ogen Mod ▁version ▁list : ▁ ▁C yan ogen Mod ▁ 7 ▁ ▁C yan ogen Mod ▁ 7 ▁firm ware ▁is ▁based ▁on ▁Android ▁ 2 . 3 ▁G inger bread ▁with ▁additional ▁custom ▁code ▁contributed ▁by ▁the ▁C yan ogen Mod ▁Team . ▁The ▁custom ▁portions ▁of ▁C yan ogen Mod ▁are ▁primarily ▁written ▁by ▁C yan ogen ▁( Ste f anie ▁K ond ik ) ▁but ▁include ▁contributions ▁from ▁the ▁x da - develop ers ▁community ▁( such ▁as ▁an ▁improved ▁launch er ▁tray , ▁dial er , ▁and ▁browser ) ▁and ▁code ▁from ▁established ▁open - source ▁projects ▁( such ▁as ▁Bus y Box ▁in ▁the ▁shell ). ▁ ▁C yan ogen Mod ▁ 7 ▁development ▁began ▁when ▁Google ▁released ▁Android ▁ 2 . 3 ' s ▁source ▁code . ▁On ▁ 1 5 ▁February ▁ 2 0 1 1 , ▁the ▁first ▁release ▁candidates ▁of ▁C yan ogen Mod ▁ 7 ▁were ▁rolled ▁out ▁on ▁several ▁of ▁the ▁supported ▁devices . ▁The ▁fourth ▁release ▁candidate ▁was ▁released ▁on ▁ 3 0 ▁March ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁and ▁brought ▁increased ▁support ▁for ▁the ▁N ook ▁Color ▁and ▁similar ▁devices , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁many
▁bug ▁fix es . ▁On ▁ 1 1 ▁April ▁ 2 0 1 1 , ▁the ▁public ▁version ▁of ▁C yan ogen Mod ▁ 7 . 0 ▁was ▁released , ▁based ▁on ▁Android ▁ 2 . 3 . 3 . ▁C yan ogen Mod ▁ 7 . 1 ▁was ▁released ▁on ▁ 1 0 ▁October ▁ 2 0 1 1 , ▁based ▁on ▁Android ▁ 2 . 3 . 4 . ▁The ▁latest ▁stable ▁version , ▁C yan ogen Mod ▁ 7 . 2 ▁was ▁released ▁on ▁ 1 6 ▁June ▁ 2 0 1 2 , ▁based ▁on ▁Android ▁ 2 . 3 . 7 , ▁bringing ▁a ▁predict ive ▁phone ▁dial er , ▁lock - screen ▁updates , ▁I CS ▁animation ▁back ports ▁and ▁many ▁bug ▁fix es . ▁ ▁C yan ogen Mod ▁ 8 ▁ ▁C yan ogen Mod ▁version ▁ 8 ▁was ▁planned ▁to ▁be ▁based ▁on ▁Android ▁ 3 . x ▁H oney comb . ▁However , ▁as ▁the ▁source ▁code ▁for ▁H oney comb ▁wasn ' t ▁provided ▁by ▁Google ▁until ▁it ▁appeared ▁in ▁the ▁source ▁tree ▁history ▁of ▁its ▁success or , ▁Android ▁ 4 . 0 ▁Ice ▁C ream ▁Sand wich , ▁the ▁release ▁schedule ▁advanced ▁from ▁C yan ogen Mod ▁ 7 ▁( G inger bread ) ▁directly ▁to ▁C yan ogen Mod ▁ 9 ▁( I ce ▁C ream ▁Sand wich ). ▁ ▁C yan ogen Mod ▁ 9 ▁ ▁C yan ogen Mod ▁ 9 ▁is ▁based ▁on ▁Google ' s
▁Android ▁ 4 . 0 ▁Ice ▁C ream ▁Sand wich ▁and ▁is ▁the ▁first ▁version ▁of ▁C yan ogen Mod ▁to ▁use ▁the ▁Tre bu chet ▁launch er . ▁Ste f anie ▁K ond ik ▁and ▁his ▁team ▁have ▁announced ▁that ▁they ▁had ▁begun ▁work ▁on ▁the ▁new ▁release ▁after ▁Google ▁released ▁the ▁source ▁code ▁of ▁Android ▁ 4 . 0 . 1 . ▁Development ▁on ▁this ▁release ▁took ▁longer ▁than ▁with ▁previous ▁releases ▁due ▁to ▁the ▁significance ▁of ▁the ▁changes ▁between ▁Android ▁ 2 . 3 ▁" G inger bread " ▁and ▁ 4 . 0 ▁" I ce ▁C ream ▁Sand wich ", ▁and ▁the ▁team ▁took ▁this ▁opportunity ▁to ▁clar ify ▁their ▁vision ▁for ▁the ▁R OM ▁and ▁re think ▁any ▁modifications ▁which ▁were ▁no ▁longer ▁necessary ▁due ▁to ▁improvements ▁within ▁Android . ▁ ▁By ▁the ▁last ▁days ▁of ▁November ▁ 2 0 1 1 , ▁some ▁alpha ▁versions ▁had ▁been ▁distributed , ▁in ▁particular ▁for ▁the ▁Samsung ▁mobile ▁phones ▁N ex us ▁S ▁and ▁Galaxy ▁S . ▁On ▁ 9 ▁August ▁ 2 0 1 2 , ▁after ▁various ▁bet as ▁and ▁release ▁candidates , ▁C yan ogen Mod ▁released ▁the ▁finished ▁version ▁of ▁C yan ogen Mod ▁ 9 . ▁Given ▁that ▁the ▁next ▁version ▁of ▁Android , ▁ 4 . 1 ▁" J elly ▁Be an ", ▁had ▁already ▁been ▁released ▁by ▁that ▁point , ▁development ▁moved ▁swift ly ▁on ▁to ▁C yan ogen Mod ▁ 1 0 . ▁On ▁ 2 9 ▁August ▁ 2 0
1 2 , ▁C yan ogen Mod ▁released ▁a ▁minor ▁update , ▁version ▁ 9 . 1 . 0 , ▁bringing ▁bug fix es ▁and ▁an ▁app ▁called ▁Simply T app ▁for ▁N FC ▁payments . ▁ ▁On ▁ 4 ▁April ▁ 2 0 1 2 , ▁during ▁development , ▁C yan ogen Mod ▁un ve iled ▁" C id " ▁( pr on ounced ▁), ▁the ▁new ▁C yan ogen Mod ▁m asc ot , ▁which ▁replaced ▁the ▁previous ▁m asc ot , ▁Andy ▁the ▁sk ate board ing ▁" bug d roid ". ▁Des igned ▁by ▁user ▁C iao , ▁C id ▁( C . I . D .) ▁is ▁an ▁ab bre vi ation ▁of ▁" C yan ogen mod ▁ID ". ▁ ▁C yan ogen Mod ▁ 1 0 ▁▁ ▁C yan ogen Mod ▁ 1 0 . 0 ▁ ▁In ▁early ▁July ▁ 2 0 1 2 , ▁the ▁C yan ogen Mod ▁team ▁announced , ▁via ▁its ▁Google + ▁account , ▁that ▁C yan ogen Mod ▁ 1 0 ▁would ▁be ▁based ▁on ▁Android ▁ 4 . 1 ▁J elly ▁Be an . ▁Night ly ▁builds ▁of ▁C yan ogen Mod ▁ 1 0 ▁were ▁made ▁available ▁for ▁many ▁devices ▁supported ▁by ▁C yan ogen Mod ▁ 9 . ▁Starting ▁with ▁the ▁September ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁M 1 ▁build , ▁the ▁C yan ogen Mod ▁team ▁began ▁monthly ▁" M - series " ▁releases . ▁At ▁the ▁beginning ▁of ▁each ▁month , ▁a ▁soft ▁freeze
▁of ▁the ▁C yan ogen Mod ▁code base ▁is ▁put ▁into ▁effect ; ▁once ▁the ▁team ▁de ems ▁a ▁build ▁stable ▁enough ▁for ▁daily ▁use , ▁it ▁is ▁released ▁under ▁the ▁mil estone ▁or ▁" M " ▁series . ▁ ▁On ▁ 1 3 ▁November ▁ 2 0 1 2 , ▁final ▁stable ▁builds ▁were ▁released ▁for ▁several ▁devices . ▁▁ ▁C yan ogen Mod ▁ 1 0 . 1 ▁ ▁C yan ogen Mod ▁ 1 0 . 1 ▁is ▁based ▁on ▁Android ▁ 4 . 2 ▁J elly ▁Be an . ▁Night ly ▁versions ▁are ▁currently ▁being ▁released ▁for ▁an ▁array ▁of ▁devices , ▁along ▁with ▁M ▁Sn ap shots ▁( Month ly ▁Sn ap shots ) ▁which ▁are ▁being ▁released ▁for ▁select ▁devices . ▁ ▁On ▁ 2 4 ▁June ▁ 2 0 1 3 , ▁the ▁C yan ogen Mod ▁ 1 0 . 1 . 0 ▁code base ▁( based ▁on ▁Android ▁version ▁ 4 . 2 . 2 ) ▁was ▁moved ▁to ▁" stable " ▁status , ▁with ▁a ▁majority ▁of ▁currently - supported ▁devices ▁receiving ▁stable ▁builds ▁on ▁the ▁same ▁day . ▁C yan ogen Mod ' s ▁developers ▁have ▁indicated ▁that ▁they ▁will ▁continue ▁the ▁Month ly ▁Sn apshot ▁schedule ▁to ▁incorporate ▁new ▁features ▁until ▁the ▁next ▁C yan ogen mod ▁release . ▁Unfortunately , ▁many ▁devices ▁utilizing ▁Samsung ▁Ex yn os ▁and ▁N vid ia ▁T eg ra ▁ 2 ▁So C ' s ▁were ▁not ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁initial ▁release . ▁▁ ▁C
yan ogen Mod ▁ 1 0 . 2 ▁ ▁The ▁first ▁night ly ▁release ▁of ▁C yan ogen Mod ▁ 1 0 . 2 , ▁which ▁is ▁based ▁on ▁Android ▁ 4 . 3 ▁J elly ▁Be an , ▁began ▁rolling ▁out ▁for ▁a ▁selected ▁number ▁of ▁devices ▁on ▁ 1 4 ▁August ▁ 2 0 1 3 . ▁It ▁brings ▁in ▁some ▁new ▁enhance ments ▁to ▁the ▁system , ▁such ▁as ▁Bl uetooth ▁Low ▁Energy ▁and ▁Open GL ES 3 . 0 ▁support , ▁a ▁renew ed ▁Phone ▁app , ▁ 4 K ▁resolution ▁support , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁many ▁security ▁and ▁stability ▁improvements . ▁ ▁C yan ogen Mod ▁ 1 1 ▁▁ ▁On ▁ 6 ▁November ▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁the ▁C yan ogen Mod ▁team ▁started ▁pushing ▁the ▁code ▁of ▁C yan ogen Mod ▁ 1 1 , ▁based ▁on ▁Android ▁ 4 . 4 ▁Kit K at , ▁to ▁Git Hub . ▁The ▁first ▁night ly ▁release ▁of ▁C yan ogen Mod ▁ 1 1 . 0 ▁began ▁rolling ▁out ▁for ▁a ▁selected ▁number ▁of ▁devices ▁on ▁ 5 ▁December ▁ 2 0 1 3 . ▁Since ▁then , ▁M - build s ▁have ▁been ▁released ▁every ▁month ▁for ▁supported ▁devices , ▁offering ▁a ▁more ▁stable ▁experience ▁than ▁night l ies . ▁With ▁build ▁M 6 ▁it ▁was ▁clar ified ▁that ▁C yan ogen Mod ▁would ▁no ▁longer ▁be ▁releasing ▁final ▁builds ▁spec ially ▁tag ged ▁" stable ", ▁but ▁instead ▁would ▁utilize ▁the ▁rolling
▁release ▁model ▁with ▁M - build s ▁representing ▁a ▁stable ▁channel . ▁ ▁The ▁global ▁One Plus ▁One ▁is ▁shipped ▁with ▁a ▁variant ▁of ▁C yan ogen Mod ▁ 1 1 ▁M 9 ▁known ▁as ▁" C yan ogen Mod ▁ 1 1 S ". ▁The ▁latest ▁version ▁of ▁C yan ogen Mod ▁ 1 1 S ▁for ▁the ▁One ▁is ▁ 1 1 . 0 - X N PH 0 5 Q , ▁based ▁on ▁C yan ogen Mod ▁ 1 1 ▁M 1 1 ▁and ▁Android ▁ 4 . 4 . 4 ▁" Kit K at ", ▁and ▁was ▁released ▁as ▁an ▁over - the - air ▁( OT A ) ▁update ▁in ▁February ▁ 2 0 1 5 . ▁ ▁C yan ogen Mod ▁ 1 2 ▁ ▁The ▁first ▁night ly ▁release ▁of ▁C yan ogen Mod ▁ 1 2 , ▁based ▁on ▁Android ▁ 5 . 0 ▁L oll ip op , ▁began ▁rolling ▁out ▁for ▁a ▁selected ▁number ▁of ▁devices ▁on ▁ 6 ▁January ▁ 2 0 1 5 . ▁A ▁stable ▁snapshot ▁was ▁released ▁on ▁ 2 5 ▁June ▁ 2 0 1 5 , ▁and ▁a ▁security ▁patch ▁snapshot ▁was ▁released ▁on ▁ 1 ▁September ▁ 2 0 1 5 . ▁ ▁C yan ogen ▁OS ▁ 1 2 , ▁a ▁variant ▁of ▁C yan ogen Mod ▁ 1 2 ▁for ▁the ▁One Plus ▁One ▁and ▁Yu ▁Y ure ka ▁was ▁released ▁in ▁April ▁ 2 0 1 5 . ▁Yu ▁Y up hor ia
▁got ▁C yan ogen ▁OS ▁ 1 2 ▁out - of - the - box ▁when ▁it ▁was ▁launched ▁in ▁May ▁ 2 0 1 5 . ▁C yan ogen Mod ▁ 1 2 . 1 ▁The ▁first ▁night ly ▁release ▁of ▁C yan ogen Mod ▁ 1 2 . 1 , ▁based ▁on ▁Android ▁ 5 . 1 , ▁was ▁announced ▁on ▁. ▁A ▁stable ▁snapshot ▁build ▁was ▁released ▁on ▁ 1 ▁September ▁ 2 0 1 5 , ▁but ▁night ly ▁builds ▁continue ▁to ▁roll ▁out ▁every ▁day . ▁ ▁Len ovo ▁Z UK ▁Z 1 , ▁W iley fox ▁Sw ift ▁and ▁Storm ▁got ▁C yan ogen ▁OS ▁ 1 2 . 1 ▁out - of - the - box ▁when ▁it ▁was ▁launched ▁in ▁September ▁ 2 0 1 5 . ▁Y U ' s ▁Y ure ka , ▁Y ure ka ▁Plus , ▁and ▁Y up hor ia ▁got ▁a ▁C yan ogen ▁OS ▁ 1 2 . 1 ▁O TA ▁update . ▁ ▁C yan ogen Mod ▁ 1 3 ▁ ▁The ▁first ▁night ly ▁release ▁of ▁C yan ogen Mod ▁ 1 3 . 0 , ▁based ▁on ▁Android ▁ 6 . 0 , ▁was ▁released ▁on ▁ ▁for ▁a ▁small ▁number ▁of ▁devices , ▁but ▁was ▁gradually ▁developed ▁for ▁other ▁devices . ▁A ▁few ▁weeks ▁after ▁the ▁first ▁night ly ▁release ▁of ▁C yan ogen Mod ▁ 1 3 . 0 ▁for ▁Android ▁ 6 . 0 , ▁C yan ogen Mod ▁was ▁given ▁a
▁minor ▁update ▁and ▁was ▁based ▁on ▁Android ▁ 6 . 0 . 1 . ▁ ▁First ▁stable ▁builds ▁were ▁released ▁on ▁ 2 0 1 6 - 0 3 - 1 5 . ▁ ▁C yan ogen Mod ▁ 1 4 . 0 ▁▁ ▁Due ▁to ▁the ▁early ▁release ▁of ▁Android ▁ 7 . 1 , ▁C yan ogen Mod ▁sk ipped ▁producing ▁night ly ▁builds ▁for ▁C yan ogen Mod ▁ 1 4 . 0 . ▁Code ▁initially ▁written ▁for ▁C yan ogen Mod ▁ 1 4 ▁was ▁ch erry - p icked ▁into ▁the ▁cm - 1 4 . 1 ▁branch . ▁ ▁C yan ogen Mod ▁ 1 4 . 1 ▁▁ ▁The ▁first ▁experimental ▁build ▁of ▁C yan ogen mod ▁ 1 4 . 1 ▁based ▁on ▁Android ▁ 7 . 1 ▁was ▁released ▁for ▁One plus ▁ 3 ▁devices ▁on ▁ 4 ▁November ▁ 2 0 1 6 . ▁On ▁ 8 ▁November ▁ 2 0 1 6 , ▁official ▁night l ies ▁began ▁for ▁ang ler ▁( H ua wei ▁N ex us ▁ 6 P ), ▁bull head ▁( L G ▁N ex us ▁ 5 X ), ▁can cro ▁( X ia omi ▁Mi 3 w / M i 4 ), ▁d 8 5 5 ▁( L G ▁G 3 ), ▁fal con / p ere gr ine / the a / t itan / os pre y ▁( M oto ▁G ▁vari ants ), ▁h 8 1 1 / h 8 1 5 ▁(
L G ▁G 4 ), ▁kl te / k lt ed v / kl tes pr / kl te usc / kl te v zw ▁( S ams ung ▁Galaxy ▁S 5 ), ▁one plus 3 ▁( One Plus ▁ 3 ), ▁Z 0 0 L / Z 0 0 T ▁( Z en F one ▁ 2 ). ▁It ▁is ▁missing ▁some ▁of ▁the ▁signature ▁features ▁of ▁C yan ogen Mod , ▁however , ▁and ▁was ▁considered ▁a ▁" work ▁in ▁progress ". ▁This ▁version ▁will ▁add ▁multi - window ▁support . ▁ ▁This ▁was ▁the ▁final ▁release ▁to ▁use ▁the ▁name ▁" C yan ogen Mod ". ▁ ▁F ork ▁to ▁Line age OS ▁ ▁In ▁December ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁the ▁C yan ogen Mod ▁developer ▁group ▁for ked ▁and ▁re - br anded ▁the ▁C yan ogen Mod ▁code ▁into ▁a ▁new ▁project ▁named ▁Line age OS , ▁which ▁is ▁built ▁on ▁top ▁of ▁C yan ogen Mod ▁versions ▁ 1 3 ▁and ▁ 1 4 . 1 ▁and ▁uses ▁the ▁name ▁Line age OS ▁for ▁subsequent ▁releases . ▁This ▁project ▁is ▁supported ▁by ▁the ▁community - oper ated ▁Line age OS ▁Project . ▁Line age OS ▁version ▁ 1 5 . 1 ▁is ▁the ▁first ▁release ▁fully ▁controlled ▁by ▁the ▁new ▁Line age OS ▁team , ▁although ▁it ▁will ▁continue ▁to ▁include ▁many ▁of ▁the ▁common ▁features ▁previously ▁provided ▁in ▁C yan ogen Mod . ▁ ▁C yan ogen ▁Inc . ▁▁ ▁C yan ogen ▁Inc .
▁was ▁a ▁venture - fund ed ▁company ▁with ▁offices ▁in ▁Seattle ▁and ▁Pal o ▁Al to , ▁California , ▁announced ▁officially ▁in ▁September ▁ 2 0 1 3 , ▁which ▁aimed ▁to ▁commer c ialize ▁C yan ogen Mod . ▁The ▁funding ▁was ▁led ▁by ▁M itch ▁L ask y ▁of ▁Ben ch mark ▁and ▁raised ▁$ 7 ▁million . ▁It ▁began ▁when ▁K irt ▁Mc Master ▁approached ▁Ste f anie ▁K ond ik ▁on ▁Linked In ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 3 , ▁to ▁discuss ▁possible ▁commercial ization ▁of ▁the ▁project . ▁ ▁Commercial ization ▁controversy ▁ ▁Rum ors ▁of ▁plans ▁to ▁commer c ialize ▁C yan ogen Mod , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁the ▁subsequent ▁announcement ▁of ▁C yan ogen ▁Inc ., ▁led ▁to ▁a ▁certain ▁level ▁of ▁disc ord ▁within ▁the ▁C yan ogen Mod ▁community . ▁Several ▁C yan ogen Mod ▁developers ▁raised ▁concerns ▁that ▁developers ▁who ▁had ▁provided ▁their ▁work ▁in ▁the ▁past ▁were ▁not ▁being ▁appropri ately ▁acknowledged ▁or ▁compens ated ▁for ▁their ▁free ▁work ▁on ▁what ▁was ▁now ▁a ▁commercial ▁project , ▁further ▁that ▁the ▁original ▁eth os ▁of ▁the ▁community ▁project ▁was ▁being ▁und erm ined ▁and ▁that ▁these ▁concerns ▁were ▁not ▁being ▁ade qu ately ▁addressed ▁by ▁C yan ogen ▁Inc . ▁Examples ▁include ▁the ▁" F ocal " ▁camera ▁app ▁developer ▁Gu illa ume ▁Les ni ak ▁(" x pl od w ild ") ▁whose ▁app ▁was ▁withd rawn ▁from ▁C yan ogen Mod ▁alleg edly ▁following ▁demands ▁by ▁the ▁new ▁company ▁to ▁adopt
▁closed - source ▁modifications ▁and ▁lic ensing . ▁ ▁In ▁response , ▁Ste f anie ▁K ond ik ▁aff irmed ▁commitment ▁to ▁the ▁community , ▁stating ▁that ▁the ▁majority ▁of ▁C yan ogen Mod ▁histor ically ▁did ▁not ▁use ▁G PL ▁but ▁the ▁Apache ▁lic ence ▁( the ▁same ▁license ▁used ▁by ▁Google ▁for ▁Android ), ▁and ▁dual ▁lic ensing ▁was ▁being ▁proposed ▁in ▁order ▁to ▁offer ▁" a ▁stronger ▁degree ▁of ▁protection ▁for ▁contributors ... ▁while ▁still ▁offering ▁CM ▁some ▁of ▁the ▁freed oms ▁that ▁the ▁Apache ▁license ▁offers ": ▁ ▁Devel oper ▁Ent ropy 5 1 2 ▁also ▁observed ▁that ▁C yan ogen Mod ▁was ▁legally ▁bound ▁by ▁its ▁position ▁to ▁make ▁some ▁of ▁the ▁firm ware ▁changes , ▁because ▁of ▁the ▁Android ▁license ▁and ▁marketing ▁conditions ▁(" CT S ▁terms "), ▁which ▁specify ▁what ▁apps ▁may ▁and ▁may ▁not ▁do , ▁and ▁these ▁were ▁raised ▁in ▁part ▁by ▁Android ▁developers ▁at ▁Google ▁inform ally ▁spec ul atively ▁as ▁a ▁result ▁of ▁per ceptions ▁of ▁C yan ogen Mod ' s ▁high ▁profile ▁in ▁the ▁market . ▁ ▁In ▁his ▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁blog ▁post ▁on ▁C yan ogen ' s ▁funding , ▁venture ▁fund er ▁M itch ▁L ask y ▁stated : ▁ ▁In ▁January ▁ 2 0 1 5 , ▁it ▁was ▁reported ▁that ▁Microsoft ▁had ▁invested ▁in ▁C yan ogen , ▁and ▁that ▁this ▁might ▁be ▁part ▁of ▁a ▁strategy ▁to ▁create ▁an ▁Android ▁version ▁that ▁worked ▁well ▁with ▁Microsoft ▁platforms . ▁In ▁April ▁ 2
0 1 5 , ▁C yan ogen ▁announced ▁a ▁strategic ▁partnership ▁with ▁Microsoft , ▁to ▁integrate ▁Microsoft ▁apps ▁and ▁services ▁into ▁C yan ogen ▁OS . ▁In ▁January ▁ 2 0 1 6 , ▁C yan ogen ▁rolled ▁out ▁an ▁update ▁that ▁started ▁presenting ▁Microsoft ▁applications ▁when ▁a ▁user ▁attempts ▁to ▁open ▁certain ▁file ▁types ▁on ▁C yan ogen ▁OS ▁phones . ▁ ▁Rest ruct ure ▁and ▁c ess ation ▁of ▁services ▁▁ ▁Despite ▁the ▁popularity ▁of ▁C yan ogen Mod ▁as ▁a ▁custom ▁R OM , ▁C yan ogen ▁Inc . ▁failed ▁to ▁persu ade ▁phone ▁companies ▁to ▁use ▁its ▁version ▁of ▁Android . ▁In ▁July ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁it ▁fired ▁around ▁ 3 0 ▁of ▁its ▁ 1 3 6 ▁staff ▁and ▁management , ▁including ▁its ▁product ▁head , ▁and ▁closed ▁its ▁Seattle ▁office ▁( other ▁offices ▁were ▁described ▁as ▁" g utt ed "), ▁as ▁part ▁of ▁a ▁strategic ▁change ▁by ▁the ▁newly ▁employed ▁Chief ▁Oper ating ▁Officer ▁L ior ▁Tal . ▁CEO ▁K irt ▁Mc Master ▁also ▁stepped ▁down ▁from ▁his ▁role ▁in ▁October ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁with ▁Tal ▁becoming ▁CEO ▁at ▁that ▁point , ▁and ▁C yan ogen Mod ▁founder ▁Ste f anie ▁K ond ik ▁was ▁believed ▁to ▁have ▁been ▁removed ▁from ▁the ▁board ▁and ▁left ▁a ▁month ▁later ▁in ▁November ▁ 2 0 1 6 . ▁ ▁Media ▁analysis ▁focused ▁on ▁dub ious ▁management ▁decisions ▁at ▁C yan ogen ▁Inc . ▁as ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁reason ▁for ▁the ▁failure . ▁In ▁
2 0 1 4 ▁the ▁company ▁abruptly ▁not ified ▁its ▁existing ▁partner ▁One Plus ▁– ▁who ▁used ▁C yan ogen Mod ▁for ▁its ▁phones ▁and ▁had ▁just ▁launched ▁models ▁in ▁India ▁– ▁that ▁it ▁had ▁reached ▁an ▁exclusive ▁agreement ▁covering ▁India ▁with ▁another ▁supplier , ▁leading ▁to ▁an ▁ac rim on ious ▁break up ▁of ▁their ▁relationship , ▁which ▁was ▁described ▁in ▁the ▁media ▁as ▁" p ract ically ▁screw ing ▁over " ▁and ▁" bet ray ing " ▁One Plus ▁and ▁a ▁" sur pr ising ly ▁child ish " ▁move ; ▁One Plus ▁was ▁banned ▁from ▁selling ▁in ▁India ▁as ▁a ▁result . ▁Sub sequently , ▁C yan ogen ' s ▁CEO ▁bo asted ▁of ▁their ▁intention ▁to ▁dis place ▁Google ▁in ▁controlling ▁the ▁Android ▁operating ▁system . ▁Un able ▁to ▁gain ▁sufficient ▁u pt ake ▁of ▁its ▁operating ▁system , ▁it ▁then ▁shifted ▁focus ▁and ▁fired ▁its ▁core ▁team ▁and ▁replaced ▁its ▁CEO , ▁before ▁shut ting ▁down ▁its ▁core ▁operating ▁system ▁development ▁operations . ▁ ▁A ▁day ▁after ▁leaving , ▁Ste f anie ▁K ond ik ▁wrote ▁a ▁blog ▁post ▁in ▁which ▁he ▁stated ▁that ▁in ▁hind s ight , ▁he ▁had ▁trusted ▁and ▁hired ▁" the ▁wrong ▁people ", ▁who ▁had ▁not ▁shared ▁a ▁common ▁vision , ▁and ▁that ▁he ▁had ▁ended ▁up ▁unable ▁to ▁prevent ▁the ▁failure ▁of ▁the ▁company ▁and ▁the ▁forming ▁of ▁a ▁" new ▁team " ▁in ▁its ▁place . ▁He ▁drew ▁attention ▁to ▁his ▁own ▁part ▁in ▁the ▁failure , ▁the ▁loss ▁of
▁rights ▁to ▁the ▁" C yan ogen Mod " ▁name ▁by ▁the ▁community , ▁and ▁to ▁the ▁r ift ▁in ▁perception ▁among ▁Android ▁developers ▁(" The ▁rest ▁of ▁the ▁R OM ▁community ▁seems ▁to ▁be ▁highly ▁dependent ▁on ▁us , ▁but ▁simultaneously ▁wants ▁us ▁dead . ▁How ▁on ▁earth ▁do ▁you ▁fix ▁this ?" ). ▁He ▁asked ▁the ▁community ▁to ▁consider ▁for king ▁and ▁re brand ing ▁the ▁source ▁code , ▁possibly ▁with ▁some ▁form ▁of ▁crow df und ing ▁based ▁on ▁the ▁project ' s ▁underlying ▁popularity . ▁ ▁On ▁ 2 3 ▁December ▁ 2 0 1 6 , ▁C yan ogen ▁Inc . ▁announced ▁that ▁it ▁was ▁shut ting ▁down ▁the ▁infrastructure ▁behind ▁C yan ogen Mod . ▁This ▁was ▁shortly ▁followed ▁by ▁news ▁that ▁the ▁main ▁C yan ogen Mod ▁project ▁would ▁migr ate , ▁ren aming ▁itself ▁as ▁" Line age OS ". ▁On ▁ 2 4 ▁December ▁ 2 0 1 6 , ▁Head ▁of ▁Devel oper ▁Rel ations ▁and ▁community ▁forum ▁administr ator ▁Ab h ise k ▁Dev k ota , ▁a ▁C yan ogen ▁" core ▁team " ▁member , ▁wrote ▁that ▁the ▁community ▁had ▁lost ▁its ▁" last ▁remaining ▁advocate " ▁within ▁the ▁company ▁and ▁its ▁voice ▁in ▁C yan ogen ▁Inc . ▁and ▁its ▁software ' s ▁future . ▁He ▁stated ▁that ▁while ▁" that ▁this ▁most ▁recent ▁action ▁from ▁[ C yan ogen ▁Inc .] ▁is ▁definitely ▁a ▁death ▁blow ▁for ▁C yan ogen Mod ", ▁the ▁community ▁had ▁already ▁begun ▁taking
▁the ▁steps ▁needed ▁to ▁fork ▁the ▁project ▁under ▁a ▁new ▁name ▁and ▁aimed ▁to ▁return ▁to ▁its ▁grass ro ots ▁origins ▁while ▁ret aining ▁professional ▁approaches ▁adopted ▁during ▁the ▁C yan ogen ▁Inc . ▁era . ▁Due ▁to ▁the ▁negative ▁con notations ▁attached ▁to ▁C yan ogen ▁Inc ' s ▁conduct , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁the ▁scope ▁for ▁legal ▁dispute , ▁the ▁for ked ▁project ▁decided ▁not ▁to ▁use ▁the ▁existing ▁brand ▁names ▁" C yan ogen " ▁or ▁" C yan ogen Mod ", ▁which ▁in ▁any ▁case ▁belonged ▁to ▁the ▁company . ▁ ▁Industry ▁reaction ▁▁ ▁Early ▁responses ▁of ▁tablet ▁and ▁smart phone ▁manufacturers ▁and ▁mobile ▁car riers ▁were ▁typically ▁un support ive ▁of ▁third - party ▁firm ware ▁development ▁such ▁as ▁C yan ogen Mod . ▁Manufact urers ▁expressed ▁concern ▁about ▁impro per ▁functioning ▁of ▁devices ▁running ▁un off icial ▁software ▁and ▁the ▁related ▁support ▁costs . ▁Moreover , ▁modified ▁firm ware ▁such ▁as ▁C yan ogen Mod ▁sometimes ▁offer ▁features ▁for ▁which ▁car riers ▁would ▁otherwise ▁charge ▁a ▁premium ▁( e . g ., ▁t ether ing ). ▁As ▁a ▁result , ▁technical ▁obst acles ▁including ▁locked ▁boot load ers ▁and ▁restricted ▁access ▁to ▁root ▁permissions ▁were ▁common ▁in ▁many ▁devices . ▁ ▁However , ▁as ▁community - develop ed ▁software ▁has ▁grown ▁more ▁popular ▁and ▁following ▁a ▁statement ▁by ▁the ▁U . S . ▁Library ▁of ▁Congress ▁that ▁perm its ▁" j ail breaking " ▁mobile ▁devices , ▁manufacturers ▁and ▁car riers ▁have ▁soft ened ▁their ▁position ▁regarding
▁C yan ogen Mod ▁and ▁other ▁un off icial ▁firm ware ▁distributions , ▁with ▁some , ▁including ▁HT C , ▁Motor ola , ▁Samsung ▁and ▁Sony ▁Eric sson , ▁providing ▁support ▁and ▁encouraging ▁development . ▁As ▁a ▁result ▁of ▁this , ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁the ▁need ▁to ▁circum vent ▁hardware ▁restrictions ▁to ▁install ▁un off icial ▁firm ware ▁less ened ▁as ▁an ▁increasing ▁number ▁of ▁devices ▁shipped ▁with ▁unlock ed ▁or ▁unlock able ▁boot load ers , ▁similar ▁to ▁the ▁N ex us ▁series ▁of ▁phones . ▁Device ▁manufacturers ▁HT C ▁and ▁Motor ola ▁announced ▁that ▁they ▁would ▁support ▁after market ▁software ▁developers ▁by ▁making ▁the ▁boot load ers ▁of ▁all ▁new ▁devices ▁unlock able , ▁although ▁this ▁still ▁viol ates ▁a ▁device ' s ▁warranty . ▁Samsung ▁sent ▁several ▁Galaxy ▁S ▁II ▁phones ▁to ▁the ▁C yan ogen Mod ▁team ▁with ▁the ▁express ▁purpose ▁of ▁bringing ▁C yan ogen Mod ▁to ▁the ▁device , ▁and ▁mobile ▁carrier ▁T - Mobile ▁US ▁vo iced ▁its ▁support ▁for ▁the ▁C yan ogen Mod ▁project , ▁twe eting ▁" CM 7 ▁is ▁great ! ". ▁ ▁Phone ▁manufacturers ▁have ▁also ▁taken ▁to ▁releasing ▁" develop er ▁ed itions " ▁of ▁phones ▁that ▁are ▁unlock ed . ▁ ▁Lic ensing ▁ ▁Until ▁version ▁ 4 . 1 . 1 1 . 1 , ▁C yan ogen Mod ▁included ▁propriet ary ▁software ▁applications ▁provided ▁by ▁Google , ▁such ▁as ▁G mail , ▁M aps , ▁Android ▁Market ▁( now ▁known ▁as ▁Play ▁Store ),
▁Talk ▁( now ▁H ang outs ), ▁and ▁YouTube , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁propriet ary ▁hardware ▁drivers . ▁These ▁packages ▁were ▁included ▁with ▁the ▁vendor ▁distributions ▁of ▁Android , ▁but ▁not ▁licensed ▁for ▁free ▁distribution . ▁After ▁Google ▁sent ▁a ▁ce ase ▁and ▁des ist ▁letter ▁to ▁C yan ogen Mod ' s ▁chief ▁developer , ▁Ste f anie ▁K ond ik , ▁in ▁late ▁September ▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁demanding ▁he ▁stop ▁distribut ing ▁the ▁a fore ment ioned ▁applications , ▁development ▁ce ased ▁for ▁a ▁few ▁days . ▁The ▁reaction ▁from ▁many ▁C yan ogen Mod ▁users ▁towards ▁Google ▁was ▁hostile , ▁with ▁some ▁claiming ▁that ▁Google ' s ▁legal ▁threats ▁hurt ▁their ▁own ▁interests , ▁viol ated ▁their ▁inform al ▁corporate ▁mot to ▁" Don ' t ▁be ▁evil " ▁and ▁was ▁a ▁challenge ▁to ▁the ▁open - source ▁community ▁Google ▁claimed ▁to ▁embrace . ▁ ▁Following ▁a ▁statement ▁from ▁Google ▁clar ifying ▁its ▁position ▁and ▁a ▁subsequent ▁neg ot iation ▁between ▁Google ▁and ▁C yan ogen , ▁it ▁was ▁resolved ▁that ▁the ▁C yan ogen Mod ▁project ▁would ▁continue , ▁in ▁a ▁form ▁that ▁did ▁not ▁directly ▁bundle ▁in ▁the ▁propriet ary ▁" Google ▁Experience " ▁components . ▁It ▁was ▁determined ▁that ▁the ▁propriet ary ▁Google ▁apps ▁may ▁be ▁backed - up ▁from ▁the ▁Google - sup plied ▁firm ware ▁on ▁the ▁phone ▁and ▁then ▁re - install ed ▁onto ▁C yan ogen Mod ▁releases ▁without ▁inf ring ing ▁copyright . ▁ ▁On ▁ 2 8 ▁September ▁
2 0 0 9 , ▁C yan ogen ▁warned ▁that ▁while ▁issues ▁no ▁longer ▁remain ▁with ▁Google , ▁there ▁were ▁still ▁potential ▁lic ensing ▁problems ▁regarding ▁propriet ary , ▁closed - source ▁device ▁drivers . ▁On ▁ 3 0 ▁September ▁ 2 0 0 9 , ▁C yan ogen ▁posted ▁an ▁update ▁on ▁the ▁matter . ▁K ond ik ▁wrote ▁he ▁was ▁re building ▁the ▁source ▁tree , ▁and ▁that ▁he ▁believed ▁the ▁lic ensing ▁issues ▁with ▁drivers ▁could ▁be ▁worked ▁out . ▁He ▁added ▁that ▁he ▁was ▁also ▁receiving ▁assistance ▁from ▁Google ▁employees . ▁On ▁ 1 6 ▁June ▁ 2 0 1 2 , ▁the ▁C yan ogen Mod ▁ 7 . 2 ▁release ▁announcement ▁stated : ▁" C yan ogen Mod ▁does ▁still ▁include ▁various ▁hardware - specific ▁code , ▁which ▁is ▁also ▁slowly ▁being ▁open - s our ced ▁anyway ." ▁ ▁Re plic ant ▁is ▁a ▁C yan ogen Mod ▁fork ▁that ▁rem oves ▁all ▁propriet ary ▁software ▁and ▁drivers ▁and ▁thus ▁avoid s ▁all ▁a fore ment ioned ▁legal ▁issues . ▁However , ▁Re plic ant ▁does ▁not ▁support ▁devices ▁that ▁depend ▁on ▁propriet ary ▁drivers , ▁which ▁is ▁most ▁phones ▁as ▁of ▁ 2 0 1 6 . ▁ ▁Version ▁history ▁ ▁C yan ogen ▁OS ▁ ▁C yan ogen ▁commer c ially ▁developed ▁operating ▁systems ▁that ▁came ▁pre - install ed ▁on ▁some ▁devices ▁( One Plus ▁One , ▁Y U ▁Y ure ka , ▁Y U ▁Y up hor ia , ▁And rom ax
▁Q , ▁B Q ▁Aqu aris ▁X 5 , ▁Len ovo ▁Z UK ▁Z 1 , ▁W iley fox ▁Sw ift , ▁W iley fox ▁Storm , ▁Al cat el ▁ON ET O U CH ▁P OP ▁Mir age ) ▁based ▁upon ▁the ▁C yan ogen Mod ▁source ▁code . ▁ ▁C yan ogen ▁OS ▁is ▁often ▁distributed ▁with ▁additional ▁bund led ▁propriet ary ▁apps ▁such ▁as ▁the ▁Google ▁Play ▁ecosystem , ▁and ▁a ▁suite ▁of ▁software ▁unique ▁to ▁C yan ogen ▁OS ▁known ▁as ▁C - App s . ▁C yan ogen Mod ▁does ▁not ▁include ▁either ▁by ▁default , ▁but ▁users ▁can ▁obtain ▁them ▁separately ▁if ▁they ▁wish . ▁ ▁Init ially ▁distinguished ▁with ▁the ▁suffix ▁- S ▁( C yan ogen Mod ▁ 1 1 S ), ▁with ▁version ▁ 1 2 ▁C yan ogen ▁re br anded ▁the ▁custom ▁offering ▁as ▁C yan ogen ▁OS . ▁C yan ogen ▁started ▁pushing ▁C yan ogen ▁OS ▁ 1 3 ▁based ▁on ▁Android ▁ 6 . 0 . 1 ▁to ▁One Plus ▁One ▁phones ▁O TA ▁on ▁ 9 ▁April ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁phase ▁wise ▁by ▁the ▁code ▁name ▁Z N H 0 E AS 2 6 M . ▁C yan ogen Mod ▁can ▁be ▁installed ▁on ▁C yan ogen ▁OS ▁devices . ▁ ▁D if ferences ▁between ▁C yan ogen Mod ▁and ▁C yan ogen ▁OS ▁ ▁Support ed ▁devices ▁ ▁C yan ogen Mod ▁officially ▁supported ▁a ▁large ▁number ▁of ▁devices , ▁including ▁most ▁N ex us
▁and ▁Google ▁Play ▁Edition ▁devices . ▁It ▁provided ▁SN AP SH OT ▁( stable ) ▁and ▁N IGHT LY ▁builds ▁for ▁more ▁than ▁ 1 5 0 ▁devices ▁( on ▁the ▁development ▁branch ). ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁▁▁ ▁Android ▁root ing ▁ ▁Compar ison ▁of ▁mobile ▁operating ▁systems ▁ ▁List ▁of ▁custom ▁Android ▁firm ware ▁ ▁List ▁of ▁free ▁and ▁open - source ▁Android ▁applications ▁ ▁Open - source ▁software ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁▁▁▁ ▁() ▁▁▁ ▁Category : Cloud ▁clients ▁Category : Custom ▁Android ▁firm ware ▁Category : Emb ed ded ▁Linux ▁distributions ▁Category : Free ▁mobile ▁software ▁Category : Mobile ▁Linux ▁Category : Sm art phones ▁Category : Android ▁for ks <0x0A> </s> ▁J . ▁Neil ▁C . ▁Gar cia ▁earned ▁his ▁AB ▁Journal ism , ▁mag na ▁cum ▁la ude , ▁from ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Sant o ▁Tom as ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 0 ; ▁MA ▁in ▁Compar ative ▁Liter ature ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 5 , ▁and ▁PhD ▁in ▁English ▁Studies : ▁Creative ▁Writing ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 3 ▁from ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁the ▁Philippines ▁D il iman . ▁He ▁is ▁currently ▁a ▁Professor ▁of ▁English , ▁creative ▁writing ▁and ▁compar ative ▁literature ▁at ▁the ▁College ▁of ▁Arts ▁and ▁Let ters , ▁University ▁of ▁the ▁Philippines ▁D il iman , ▁where ▁he ▁also ▁serves ▁as ▁an ▁Associ ate ▁for ▁Po etry ▁at ▁the ▁L ik ha an : ▁U . P . ▁Institute ▁of ▁Creative ▁Writing . ▁ ▁Gar cia ▁is ▁the ▁author
▁of ▁numerous ▁poetry ▁collections ▁and ▁works ▁in ▁literary ▁and ▁cultural ▁criticism , ▁including ▁Cl os et ▁Qu ivers ▁( 1 9 9 2 ), ▁Our ▁Lady ▁of ▁the ▁Carn ival ▁( 1 9 9 6 ), ▁The ▁Sor rows ▁of ▁Water ▁( 2 0 0 0 ), ▁Kal ulu wa ▁( 2 0 0 1 ), ▁Sl ip / pages : ▁Ess ays ▁in ▁Philipp ine ▁Gay ▁Crit icism ▁( 1 9 9 8 ), ▁Per forming ▁the ▁Self : ▁Occ as ional ▁Pro se ▁( 2 0 0 3 ), ▁The ▁Garden ▁of ▁Word lessness ▁( 2 0 0 5 ), ▁and ▁M ister ios ▁and ▁Other ▁Po ems ▁( 2 0 0 5 ). ▁Gar cia ' s ▁ground breaking ▁study , ▁Philipp ine ▁Gay ▁Culture : ▁The ▁Last ▁Th irty ▁Years ▁( 1 9 9 6 ), ▁was ▁awarded ▁a ▁National ▁Book ▁Award ▁by ▁the ▁Man ila ▁Crit ics ▁Circle ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 6 . ▁An ▁editor ▁of ▁the ▁famous ▁Lad lad ▁series ▁of ▁Filip ino ▁gay ▁writing , ▁Gar cia ▁also ▁edited ▁for ▁the ▁L ik ha an , ▁the ▁following ▁anth ologies : ▁The ▁L ik ha an ▁Book ▁of ▁Philipp ine ▁Crit icism ▁( 1 9 9 2 – 1 9 9 7 ) ▁and ▁The ▁L ik ha an ▁Book ▁of ▁Po etry ▁and ▁F iction ▁( 1 9 9 8 ▁and ▁ 2 0 0 0 ). ▁ ▁Gar cia ' s ▁latest ▁critical ▁work , ▁Post colon ial ism ▁and ▁Filip ino
▁Po etics : ▁Ess ays ▁and ▁Crit iques , ▁is ▁a ▁rev ised ▁version ▁of ▁his ▁very ▁provoc ative ▁Ph . ▁D ▁dis sert ation . ▁The ▁book ▁examined ▁Filip ino ▁poet ics ▁from ▁the ▁perspective ▁of ▁post - colon ial ism ▁consisting ▁of ▁the ▁author ' s ▁own ▁critical ▁and ▁personal ▁ref lections ▁on ▁poetry - both ▁as ▁he ▁" read s " ▁and ▁" writ es " ▁it . ▁Gar cia ▁sought ▁to ▁answer ▁a ▁specific ▁and ▁difficult ▁question : ▁just ▁how ▁do ▁the ▁dominant ▁poet ic ▁theories ▁in ▁the ▁Philippines ▁address ▁the ▁problems ▁and ▁deb ates ▁of ▁post colon ial ism ? ▁This ▁in quiry ▁led ▁Gar cia ▁to ▁confront ▁the ▁issue ▁of ▁Filip ino ▁national ism . ▁Gar cia ▁addressed ▁the ▁assumptions ▁and ▁consequences ▁of ▁Filip ino ▁national ism ▁then ▁engaged ▁with ▁the ▁poet ics ▁of ▁National ▁Artist ▁Vir g ilio ▁Al mar io ▁and ▁em inent ▁poet - crit ic ▁Gem ino ▁Ab ad , ▁whom ▁Gar cia ▁referred ▁to ▁as ▁" the ▁fore most ▁comment ators ▁on ▁Filip ino ▁poet ics ." ▁ ▁Gar cia ▁is ▁currently ▁working ▁on ▁a ▁full - length ▁book , ▁a ▁post - colon ial ▁survey ▁and ▁analysis ▁of ▁Philipp ine ▁poetry ▁in ▁English . ▁Professor ▁Gar cia ▁has ▁won ▁several ▁literary ▁awards ▁including ▁the ▁Pal anca ▁and ▁the ▁National ▁Book ▁Award ▁from ▁the ▁Man ila ▁Crit ics ▁Circle . ▁He ▁has ▁also ▁received ▁grants ▁and ▁fellow ships ▁to ▁deliver ▁lect ures ▁in ▁Tai pe i , ▁Hawaii , ▁Berkeley , ▁Manchester
, ▁Cambridge , ▁Le iden ▁and ▁Bang k ok . ▁ ▁Works ▁ ▁Po etry ▁Cl os et ▁Qu ivers , ▁ 1 9 9 2 ▁Our ▁Lady ▁of ▁the ▁Carn ival , ▁ 1 9 9 6 ▁Sor rows ▁of ▁Water , ▁ 2 0 0 0 ; ▁Kal ulu wa : ▁New ▁and ▁Se lected ▁Po ems , ▁ 2 0 0 1 ▁The ▁Garden ▁of ▁Word lessness , ▁ 2 0 0 5 ▁M ister ios ▁and ▁Other ▁Po ems , ▁ 2 0 0 5 ▁ ▁Cultural ▁Crit icism ▁Philipp ine ▁Gay ▁Culture : ▁The ▁Last ▁Th irty ▁Years , ▁ 1 9 9 6 ▁Sl ip / pages : ▁Ess ays ▁in ▁Philipp ine ▁Gay ▁Crit icism , ▁ 1 9 9 8 ▁Post colon ial ism ▁and ▁Filip ino ▁Po etics : ▁Ess ays ▁and ▁Crit iques , ▁ 2 0 0 4 ▁ ▁Creative ▁Non - F iction ▁Cl os et ▁Que eries , ▁ 1 9 9 7 ▁My th s ▁and ▁Met aph ors , ▁ 2 0 0 2 ▁Per forming ▁the ▁Self : ▁Occ as ional ▁Pro se , ▁ 2 0 0 3 ▁ ▁Anth ologies ▁( as ▁editor ) L ad lad , ▁ 1 9 9 4 ; L ad lad ▁ 2 , ▁ 1 9 9 6 ; The ▁L ik ha an ▁Book ▁of ▁Philipp ine ▁Crit icism , ▁ 1 9 9 2 – 1 9 9 7 The ▁L ik ha an ▁Book ▁of
▁Po etry ▁and ▁F iction , ▁ 1 9 9 8 ▁& ▁ 2 0 0 0 B ong ga ▁Ka ▁' Day : ▁Gay ▁Qu otes ▁to ▁Live ▁by , ▁ 2 0 0 2 L ad lad ▁ 3 ' ', ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁ ▁Hon ors ▁and ▁awards ▁British ▁Council ▁Fellow ship ▁Grant ▁to ▁Cambridge ▁British ▁Academy ▁Fellow ship ▁Tai pe i ▁International ▁Artist - in - Res idence ▁Vis iting ▁I CO PH IL ▁Fellow ▁at ▁the ▁International ▁Institute ▁of ▁Asian ▁Studies , ▁Le iden , ▁the ▁Netherlands ▁Pro cy on ▁Po etry ▁Prize ▁National ▁Book ▁Awards ▁from ▁the ▁Man ila ▁Crit ics ▁Circle ▁Pal anca ▁Awards ▁for ▁Liter ature ▁Philippines ▁Free ▁Press ▁Liter ary ▁Awards ▁for ▁Po etry ▁U . P . ▁G aw ad ▁Ch ancell or ▁for ▁Out standing ▁Liter ary ▁Artist , ▁U . P . ▁G aw ad ▁Ch ancell or ▁for ▁Out standing ▁Liter ary ▁Work , ▁U . P . ▁G aw ad ▁Ch ancell or ▁for ▁Out standing ▁Research ▁U . P . ▁G aw ad ▁Ch ancell or ▁as ▁Artist ▁of ▁the ▁Year ▁Out standing ▁Thomas ian ▁Writ ers ▁Award ▁ 2 9 th ▁National ▁Writ ers ' ▁Work shop , ▁Dum agu ete ▁U . P . ▁National ▁Writ ers ' ▁Work shop ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁ ▁Online ▁Resource ▁Center ▁for ▁Filip ino ▁Writ ers ▁and ▁Read ers : ▁About ▁J . ▁Neil ▁C . ▁Gar cia ▁En cycl op edia ▁of ▁Gay , ▁Les bian
, ▁Bis ex ual , ▁trans gender ▁and ▁Que er ▁Culture ▁F iction ▁for ▁Gay , ▁Bis ex ual , ▁Les bian ▁and ▁Trans g end ered ▁People ▁The ▁Filip ino ▁Book ▁Barn ▁Gay ▁and ▁Les bian ▁Books ▁Online ▁Resource ▁Center ▁for ▁Filip ino ▁Writ ers ▁and ▁Read ers : ▁About ▁J . ▁Neil ▁C . ▁Gar cia ▁Filip ino ▁Writ ings ▁at ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Cambridge : ▁The ▁Garden ▁of ▁Word lessness , ▁ 4 ▁and ▁A ▁Cambridge ▁Journal ▁Arch ip el ago ▁A ▁Crit ical ▁Survey ▁of ▁Philipp ine ▁Liter ature ▁University ▁of ▁the ▁Philippines ▁Press ▁ 1 st ▁International ▁Conference ▁of ▁Que er ▁Studies ▁Caroline ▁Brew er , ▁Bay lan , ▁As og , ▁Trans vest ism , ▁and ▁S od omy : ▁G ender , ▁Sex ual ity ▁and ▁the ▁Sac red ▁in ▁Early ▁Col onial ▁Philippines ▁De ▁la ▁S alle ▁University ▁Press ▁University ▁of ▁California , ▁Berkeley ▁Library ▁Invest ig ating ▁the ▁Philippines : ▁New ▁Appro aches ▁and ▁Eth n ographic ▁Context s , ▁London ▁School ▁of ▁Econom ics ▁Filip ino - American ▁Liter ature ▁Pan it ikan . Com ▁Inter sections : ▁G ender , ▁Culture , ▁History ▁in ▁the ▁Asian ▁Context : ▁Post colon ial ▁Per verse ▁Asia P ac ifi Que er ▁International ▁Conference ▁of ▁Asian ▁Que er ▁Studies ▁International ▁Institute ▁of ▁Asian ▁Studies ▁News letter ▁Cont emporary ▁Liter ary ▁Crit icism ▁in ▁the ▁Philippines : ▁Pre liminary ▁Notes ▁Philipp ine ▁Gay ▁Culture : ▁Bin ab ae ▁to ▁Bak la , ▁Sil ah is ▁to
▁MS M ▁ ▁Category : Fil ip ino ▁non - f iction ▁writers ▁Category : Univers ity ▁of ▁Sant o ▁Tom as ▁al umn i ▁Category : L GBT ▁writers ▁from ▁the ▁Philippines ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : Univers ity ▁of ▁the ▁Philippines ▁D il iman ▁al umn i ▁Category : Year ▁of ▁birth ▁missing ▁( l iving ▁people ) <0x0A> </s> ▁O ma ha ▁S essions ▁is ▁an ▁album ▁released ▁by ▁ 3 1 1 ▁that ▁was ▁sold ▁only ▁through ▁their ▁website ▁in ▁October ▁ 1 9 9 8 . ▁The ▁album ▁contains ▁re - master ings ▁of ▁highlights ▁from ▁their ▁three ▁independent ▁albums : ▁Dam mit ! , ▁H ydro pon ic , ▁and ▁Un ity . ▁ ▁The ▁majority ▁of ▁these ▁songs ▁pre date ▁S . A . ▁Mart ine z ' s ▁full - time ▁membership ▁in ▁the ▁band ; ▁as ▁such , ▁he ▁does ▁not ▁appear ▁as ▁frequently ▁as ▁on ▁later ▁albums . ▁ ▁Track ▁listing ▁ ▁Person nel ▁Nick ▁He x um ▁- ▁guitar , ▁vocals ▁Tim ▁Mah oney ▁- ▁guitar ▁S . A . ▁Mart ine z ▁- ▁vocals ▁P - N ut ▁- ▁bass ▁Ch ad ▁Se xt on ▁- ▁per cussion , ▁drums ▁Jim ▁Watson ▁- ▁guitar ▁on ▁This ▁Too ▁Sh all ▁Pass ▁ ▁Production ▁Produ cer : ▁ ▁Tr acks ▁ 1 - 8 ▁produced ▁by ▁ 3 1 1 ▁& ▁J . E . ▁Van ▁Hor ne ▁Track ▁ 9 ▁produced ▁by ▁ 3 1 1 ▁& ▁Tom ▁L ipp
old ▁Mix ing ▁and ▁Rec ording : ▁Tr acks ▁ 1 - 8 ▁by ▁ 3 1 1 ▁& ▁J . E . ▁Van ▁Hor ne ▁at ▁Rain bow ▁Rec ording ▁Studios , ▁O ma ha , ▁NE ▁www . r ain bow mus ic om aha . com ▁Track ▁ 9 ▁by ▁ 3 1 1 ▁& ▁Tom ▁L ipp old ▁at ▁I EV ▁Studios , ▁O ma ha , ▁NE ▁Tr acks ▁ 1 , ▁ 2 , ▁ 3 , ▁and ▁ 9 ▁re - m ixed ▁by ▁Scot ch ▁R al ston ▁Re - Master ing : ▁Joe ▁Gast w irt ▁at ▁Ocean view ▁Art ▁direction ▁& ▁design : ▁Pa wn ▁Shop ▁Press ▁Phot ography : ▁N ils ▁Anders ▁Er ick son ▁President : R ain bow ▁Rec ording ▁Studios ▁www . r ain bow mus ic om aha . com ▁ ▁Category : 3 1 1 ▁( band ) ▁albums ▁Category : 1 9 9 8 ▁albums <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Machine ▁is ▁a ▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁British ▁science ▁fiction ▁thr iller ▁film ▁directed ▁and ▁written ▁by ▁Car ad og ▁W . ▁James . ▁It ▁stars ▁Ca ity ▁Lot z ▁and ▁T oby ▁Step hens ▁as ▁computer ▁scientists ▁who ▁create ▁an ▁artificial ▁intelligence ▁for ▁the ▁British ▁military . ▁ ▁Plot ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁future , ▁at ▁an ▁underground ▁sub ter r anean ▁base , ▁the ▁United ▁Kingdom ▁only ▁has ▁a ▁couple ▁of ▁weeks ▁before ▁the ▁city ▁of ▁Tai pe i , ▁Taiwan ▁falls ▁to ▁the ▁Chinese .
▁The ▁British ▁need ▁soldiers ▁who ▁are ▁both ▁fl uent ▁in ▁Chinese ▁dialect ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁r uth less ▁kill ers . ▁Scient ists ▁employed ▁by ▁Britain ' s ▁Ministry ▁of ▁Def ence ▁produce ▁a ▁cyber netic ▁impl ant ▁that ▁allows ▁brain - dam aged ▁soldiers ▁to ▁reg ain ▁lost ▁functions . ▁ ▁Scient ist ▁Vincent ▁McC arth y ▁sets ▁up ▁a ▁cognitive ▁test ▁for ▁soldier ▁Paul ▁Daw son , ▁a ▁recipient ▁of ▁the ▁cyber netic ▁impl ant ▁to ▁re habil itate ▁his ▁left ▁hem is phere ct omy . ▁Up set ▁with ▁Daw son ' s ▁in ability ▁to ▁remember ▁anything ▁about ▁his ▁past ▁and ▁apparent ▁lack ▁of ▁em pathy , ▁McC arth y ▁ign ores ▁Daw son ' s ▁requests ▁to ▁see ▁his ▁mother . ▁ ▁Daw son ▁turns ▁hostile , ▁kills ▁a ▁scientist ▁and ▁wounds ▁McC arth y , ▁before ▁apolog izing ▁and ▁being ▁shot . ▁ ▁After wards , ▁Daw son ' s ▁mother ▁regularly ▁stays ▁on ▁the ▁road ▁to ▁the ▁entrance ▁of ▁the ▁secret ▁base , ▁though ▁McC arth y ▁den ies ▁that ▁her ▁son ▁was ▁ever ▁there . ▁ ▁McC arth y ' s ▁research ▁leads ▁to ▁a ▁series ▁of ▁more ▁stable ▁cy borg s . ▁ ▁Although ▁they ▁lose ▁the ▁capability ▁for ▁human ▁speech , ▁the ▁cy borg s ▁develop ▁a ▁highly ▁efficient ▁method ▁of ▁communication ▁that ▁they ▁keep ▁secret . ▁ ▁When ▁research er ▁A va ▁demonstr ates ▁her ▁latest ▁work ▁in ▁artificial ▁intelligence , ▁McC arth y ▁recru its ▁her ▁by ▁promising ▁her ▁un limited
▁funds ▁for ▁her ▁research . ▁ ▁Thom son , ▁the ▁director , ▁is ▁suspicious ▁of ▁A va ' s ▁counter c ultural ▁politics ▁and ▁sympathy ▁for ▁Daw son ' s ▁mother ▁but ▁he ▁rel ents ▁when ▁McC arth y ▁ins ists ▁that ▁she ▁is ▁the ▁only ▁one ▁who ▁can ▁provide ▁the ▁necessary ▁programme ▁for ▁their ▁latest ▁project , ▁a ▁self - aware ▁and ▁conscious ▁android . ▁ ▁McC arth y ▁plans ▁to ▁use ▁this ▁technology ▁to ▁help ▁his ▁daughter ▁Mary , ▁who ▁suff ers ▁from ▁R ett ▁syndrome , ▁a ▁neu rolog ical ▁disorder . ▁ ▁When ▁she ▁finds ▁out , ▁A va ▁volunteers ▁to ▁help ▁and ▁McC arth y ▁maps ▁her ▁brain . ▁ ▁During ▁a ▁demonstr ation ▁of ▁cyber netic ▁arms ▁that ▁provide ▁super human ▁strength , ▁am put ee ▁soldier ▁James ▁whis pers ▁a ▁cry ▁for ▁help ▁to ▁A va , ▁who ▁becomes ▁suspicious ▁of ▁the ▁treatment ▁of ▁the ▁wounded ▁soldiers . ▁ ▁After ▁she ▁goes ▁exploring ▁in ▁the ▁base , ▁McC arth y ▁stern ly ▁warn s ▁her ▁to ▁avoid ▁causing ▁trouble . ▁ ▁The ▁warning ▁comes ▁too ▁late ▁and ▁Thom son ▁arr anges ▁to ▁have ▁her ▁murdered ▁by ▁a ▁Chinese ▁M SS ▁agent , ▁who ▁imp erson ates ▁Daw son ' s ▁mother . ▁ ▁G riev ed ▁by ▁the ▁loss ▁of ▁A va , ▁McC arth y ▁ins ists ▁that ▁they ▁use ▁her ▁brain ▁scan ▁and ▁li ken ess ▁for ▁the ▁new ▁project , ▁whom ▁they ▁dub ▁Machine . ▁Machine ▁turns ▁out ▁to ▁be ▁more ▁human ▁than
▁they ▁expected ▁or ▁even ▁wanted ; ▁she ▁shows ▁regret ▁when ▁she ▁accidentally ▁kills ▁a ▁human ▁and ▁ref uses ▁orders ▁that ▁viol ate ▁her ▁sense ▁of ▁mor ality . ▁ ▁As ▁Thom son ' s ▁demands ▁on ▁her ▁grow ▁more ▁at ▁odds ▁with ▁her ▁mor ality , ▁Machine ▁becomes ▁increasingly ▁dist ressed ▁and ▁asks ▁McC arth y ▁to ▁protect ▁her . ▁ ▁An ▁ant agon ism ▁grows ▁between ▁Thom son ▁and ▁McC arth y ; ▁Thom son ▁promises ▁that ▁he ▁will ▁rel ent ▁if ▁McC arth y ▁can ▁prove ▁that ▁Machine ▁is ▁sent ient . ▁ ▁After ▁Mary ▁dies , ▁Thom son ▁uses ▁her ▁brain ▁sc ans ▁as ▁leverage ▁against ▁McC arth y , ▁threatening ▁to ▁destroy ▁the ▁sc ans , ▁unless ▁McC arth y ▁exc ises ▁Machine ' s ▁consciousness . ▁ ▁Machine , ▁who ▁has ▁come ▁to ▁love ▁McC arth y , ▁offers ▁to ▁sacrifice ▁herself ▁for ▁Mary ▁and ▁he ▁rem oves ▁a ▁chip ▁from ▁Machine ' s ▁head . ▁ ▁Thom son ▁re ne ges ▁on ▁his ▁deal ▁and ▁orders ▁Machine ▁to ▁kill ▁McC arth y . ▁ ▁Although ▁Machine ▁seems ▁at ▁first ▁to ▁obey , ▁a ▁scientist ▁al erts ▁Thom son ▁that ▁the ▁operation ▁was ▁a ▁sh am ▁and ▁it ▁only ▁disabled ▁fail - safe ▁rout ines ▁designed ▁to ▁destroy ▁Machine . ▁ ▁Machine ▁and ▁the ▁cy borg s ▁rebel ▁against ▁the ▁humans ▁and ▁free ▁McC arth y . ▁ ▁From ▁his ▁computer ▁console , ▁Thom son ▁dis ables ▁half ▁the ▁cy borg s ▁but ▁Sur i , ▁his ▁cy
borg ▁a ide , ▁over rides ▁his ▁access ▁before ▁he ▁can ▁kill ▁the ▁rest . ▁ ▁Thom son ▁shoot s ▁and ▁wounds ▁Sur i ▁but ▁Machine ▁corners ▁him ▁in ▁his ▁office ; ▁wounded , ▁he ▁first ▁orders ▁her ▁to ▁obey , ▁then ▁beg s ▁for ▁his ▁life . ▁ ▁Although ▁Machine ▁agrees ▁not ▁to ▁kill ▁him , ▁she ▁lob ot om izes ▁him , ▁as ▁he ▁attempted ▁to ▁do ▁to ▁her . ▁ ▁After ▁leaving ▁Thom son ▁for ▁dead , ▁Machine ▁download s ▁Mary ' s ▁brain ▁scan . ▁ ▁Machine , ▁McC arth y ▁and ▁Sur i ▁escape ▁the ▁base ; ▁outside , ▁McC arth y ▁hands ▁the ▁base ▁records ▁to ▁Daw son ' s ▁mother ▁and ▁leaves ▁to ▁start ▁a ▁new ▁life ▁with ▁Machine . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁final ▁scene , ▁McC arth y ▁talks ▁to ▁a ▁computer ▁virtual isation ▁of ▁his ▁daughter ▁and ▁she ▁requests ▁to ▁play ▁a ▁game ▁with ▁her ▁mother . ▁ ▁McC arth y ▁hands ▁the ▁tablet ▁to ▁Machine , ▁and ▁she ▁is ▁then ▁shown ▁gaz ing ▁altern ately ▁at ▁the ▁device ▁and ▁at ▁a ▁beautiful ▁orange ▁sun set ▁over ▁the ▁Atlantic ▁Ocean . ▁ ▁Cast ▁▁▁ ▁T oby ▁Step hens ▁as ▁Vincent ▁McC arth y ▁ ▁Ca ity ▁Lot z ▁as ▁A va / The ▁Machine ▁ ▁Den is ▁Law son ▁as ▁Thom son ▁ ▁Sam ▁Haz eld ine ▁as ▁James ▁ ▁Po one h ▁H aj im oh amm adi ▁as ▁Sur i ▁ ▁John ▁Paul ▁Mac Le od ▁as ▁Paul ▁Daw son ▁ ▁Helen
▁Griff in ▁as ▁Paul ▁Daw son ' s ▁mother ▁ ▁Si wan ▁Morris ▁as ▁Lucy ▁ ▁Nic ola ▁Reyn olds ▁as ▁Joan ▁ ▁J ade ▁C root ▁as ▁Mary ▁ ▁Production ▁ ▁The ▁budget ▁was ▁less ▁than ▁£ 1 ▁million . ▁ ▁Sh oot ing ▁took ▁place ▁mostly ▁in ▁Wales . ▁ ▁Ca ity ▁Lot z ▁performed ▁her ▁own ▁st unts . ▁ ▁Writer - direct or ▁Car ad og ▁James ▁prepared ▁by ▁reading ▁books ▁on ▁robot ics , ▁AI ▁and ▁quantum ▁mechanics . ▁ ▁He ▁said ▁that ▁he ▁wanted ▁to ▁ground ▁the ▁film ▁in ▁science ▁rather ▁than ▁fantasy . ▁ ▁Release ▁ ▁The ▁Machine ▁premier ed ▁in ▁New ▁York ▁City , ▁New ▁York , ▁at ▁the ▁Trib eca ▁Film ▁Festival ▁on ▁ 2 0 ▁April ▁ 2 0 1 3 . ▁ ▁It ▁was ▁released ▁on ▁ 2 1 ▁March ▁ 2 0 1 4 , ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁Kingdom . ▁X L r ator ▁released ▁it ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁on ▁ 8 ▁April ▁ 2 0 1 4 , ▁on ▁video ▁on ▁demand , ▁and ▁ 2 5 ▁April ▁ 2 0 1 4 , ▁in ▁a ▁limited ▁release . ▁ ▁It ▁gross ed ▁$ 1 8 0 , 8 0 3 ▁in ▁Malaysia ▁and ▁$ 2 4 , 9 1 2 ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁Kingdom . ▁ ▁It ▁was ▁released ▁on ▁home ▁video ▁in ▁the ▁UK ▁on ▁ 3 1 ▁March ▁ 2 0 1 4 , ▁and ▁in ▁the ▁US ▁on ▁ 1 7 ▁June ▁ 2 0
1 4 . ▁ ▁Re ception ▁ ▁Rot ten ▁Tom atoes , ▁a ▁review ▁aggreg ator , ▁reports ▁that ▁ 7 9 % ▁of ▁ 2 8 ▁survey ed ▁critics ▁gave ▁the ▁film ▁a ▁positive ▁review ; ▁the ▁weight ed ▁average ▁rating ▁was ▁ 6 . 2 / 1 0 . ▁ ▁The ▁site ' s ▁consensus ▁reads : ▁" The ▁Machine ▁proves ▁an ▁aud acious ▁debut ▁for ▁writer - direct or ▁Car ad og ▁James ▁and ▁a ▁solid ▁entry ▁in ▁modern ▁British ▁sc i - fi , ▁with ▁them atic ▁he ft ▁to ▁match ▁its ▁genre ▁thr ills ." ▁Met ac rit ic ▁rated ▁it ▁with ▁a ▁score ▁of ▁ 5 2 / 1 0 0 ▁based ▁on ▁ 8 ▁critics , ▁sign ifying ▁" m ixed ▁or ▁average ▁reviews ". ▁ ▁Stephen ▁Dal ton ▁of ▁The ▁Hollywood ▁Rep orter ▁called ▁it ▁a ▁" bro oding , ▁sty lish , ▁highly ▁atm ospher ic ▁future - no ir ▁thr iller ." ▁Matt ▁Glas by ▁of ▁Total ▁Film ▁rated ▁it ▁ 3 / 5 ▁stars ▁and ▁called ▁it ▁un sub tle ▁and ▁derivative . ▁ ▁Anna ▁Smith ▁of ▁Time ▁Out ▁London ▁rated ▁it ▁ 3 / 5 ▁stars ▁and ▁called ▁it ▁" a ▁smart , ▁thought - prov oking ▁little ▁thr iller ". ▁ ▁Kim ▁New man ▁of ▁Empire ▁rated ▁it ▁ 3 / 5 ▁stars ▁and ▁wrote , ▁" B rim ming ▁with ▁ideas ▁and ▁la ud able ▁amb ition , ▁it ' s ▁well ▁worth ▁a ▁look ." ▁ ▁Les lie
▁Fel per in ▁of ▁The ▁Guard ian ▁rated ▁it ▁ 3 / 5 ▁stars ▁and ▁called ▁it ▁predict able ▁but ▁full ▁of ▁ideas . ▁ ▁Dennis ▁Harvey ▁of ▁Var iety ▁wrote ▁that ▁it ▁" works ▁mod estly ▁well " ▁but ▁has ▁trouble ▁appealing ▁to ▁both ▁science ▁fiction ▁and ▁action ▁film ▁fans . ▁Jon ▁Esp ino ▁from ▁The You ng F ol ks . com ▁rated ▁the ▁film ▁ 8 ▁out ▁of ▁ 1 0 ▁stars ▁and ▁wrote ▁that ▁despite ▁some ▁fl aws , ▁it ▁comp ares ▁favor ably ▁with ▁major ▁Hollywood ▁block b usters . ▁ ▁The ▁Machine ▁won ▁three ▁BA FT A ▁C ym ru ▁awards , ▁Best ▁of ▁UK ▁Film ▁Award ▁at ▁Rain d ance ▁Film ▁Festival , ▁and ▁A chie vement ▁Against ▁the ▁O dd s ▁Prize ▁by ▁the ▁British ▁Independent ▁Film ▁Awards . ▁ ▁TV ▁adaptation ▁In ▁September ▁ 2 0 1 6 , ▁Sy fy ▁ordered ▁a ▁TV ▁series ▁based ▁on ▁the ▁movie ▁with ▁Car ad og ▁W . ▁James ▁as ▁executive ▁producer . ▁By ▁mid - 2 0 1 7 , ▁the ▁cast ▁of ▁the ▁pilot ▁was ▁to ▁include ▁An net ▁Ma hend ru ▁( as ▁Y ana ), ▁Br id ger ▁Z ad ina , ▁Ol ly ▁R ix , ▁Mal achi ▁Kir by , ▁Ind ira ▁Var ma , ▁Kate e ▁S ack h off , ▁L ance ▁Henri ks en ▁and ▁Ja eden ▁B ett enc ourt . ▁However , ▁in ▁September ▁that ▁year , ▁it ▁was ▁announced ▁that ▁the ▁project ▁would ▁not ▁be
▁going ▁forward . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁▁ ▁A . I . ▁R ising ▁ ▁Sally – An ne ▁test ▁ ▁T uring ▁test ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁( rating ▁ 2 . 5 / 5 ) ▁ ▁Category : 2 0 1 3 ▁films ▁Category : 2 0 1 0 s ▁science ▁fiction ▁thr iller ▁films ▁Category : Android ▁( ro bot ) ▁films ▁Category : B rit ish ▁films ▁Category : B rit ish ▁science ▁fiction ▁thr iller ▁films ▁Category : C y borg ▁films ▁Category : English - language ▁films ▁Category : Fil ms ▁shot ▁in ▁Wales ▁Category : Fil ms ▁about ▁artificial ▁intelligence ▁Category : Rob ot ▁films <0x0A> </s> ▁Sie g fried ▁Re isch ies ▁( 1 0 ▁July ▁ 1 9 0 9 ▁– ▁ 1 2 ▁December ▁ 1 9 8 2 ) ▁was ▁a ▁German ▁basketball ▁player . ▁He ▁competed ▁in ▁the ▁men ' s ▁tournament ▁at ▁the ▁ 1 9 3 6 ▁Summer ▁Olympics . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 0 9 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 9 8 2 ▁deaths ▁Category : G erman ▁men ' s ▁basketball ▁players ▁Category : O lymp ic ▁basketball ▁players ▁of ▁Germany ▁Category : B asket ball ▁players ▁at ▁the ▁ 1 9 3 6 ▁Summer ▁Olympics ▁Category : People ▁from ▁Kön igs berg <0x0A> </s> ▁Consider ation ▁is ▁an ▁English ▁common ▁law ▁concept ▁within ▁the ▁law ▁of ▁contract , ▁and ▁is ▁a ▁necessity ▁for ▁simple ▁contracts ▁( but ▁not ▁for
▁special ▁contracts ▁by ▁de ed ). ▁The ▁concept ▁of ▁consideration ▁has ▁been ▁adopted ▁by ▁other ▁common ▁law ▁juris dict ions , ▁including ▁the ▁US . ▁ ▁Consider ation ▁can ▁be ▁anything ▁of ▁value ▁( such ▁as ▁an ▁goods , ▁money , ▁services , ▁or ▁promises ▁of ▁any ▁of ▁these ), ▁which ▁each ▁party ▁gives ▁as ▁a ▁qu id ▁pro ▁qu o ▁to ▁support ▁their ▁side ▁of ▁the ▁barg ain . ▁Mut ual ▁promises ▁const itute ▁consideration ▁for ▁each ▁other . ▁If ▁only ▁one ▁party ▁offers ▁consideration , ▁the ▁agreement ▁is ▁a ▁" b are ▁promise " ▁and ▁is ▁un en force able . ▁ ▁Value ▁According ▁to ▁Cur rie ▁v ▁M isa ▁, ▁consideration ▁for ▁a ▁particular ▁promise ▁exists ▁where ▁some ▁right , ▁interest , ▁profit ▁or ▁benefit ▁acc ru es ▁( or ▁will ▁acc r ue ) ▁to ▁the ▁prom is or ▁as ▁a ▁direct ▁result ▁of ▁some ▁for bear ance , ▁det r iment , ▁loss ▁or ▁responsibility ▁that ▁has ▁been ▁given , ▁suffered ▁or ▁undert aken ▁by ▁the ▁promise e . ▁For bear ance ▁to ▁act ▁amounts ▁to ▁consideration ▁only ▁if ▁one ▁is ▁thereby ▁sur rend ering ▁a ▁legal ▁right . ▁▁ ▁" P ast ▁consideration ▁is ▁no ▁consideration ": ▁consideration ▁must ▁be ▁" execut ory " ▁or ▁" execut ed ", ▁but ▁not ▁" p ast "; ▁that ▁is , ▁consideration ▁must ▁be ▁supplied ▁in ▁the ▁present ▁or ▁in ▁the ▁future , ▁but ▁things ▁done ▁before hand ▁cannot ▁be ▁good ▁consideration . ▁ ▁ex ▁n udo ▁p act o
▁act io ▁non ▁or it ur ▁D yer ' s ▁case ▁( 1 4 1 4 ) ▁ 2 ▁Hen . ▁ 5 , ▁ 5 ▁Pl . ▁ 2 6 ▁Lucy ▁v ▁Wal w yn ▁was ▁an ▁early ▁case ▁on ▁the ▁doctrine ▁of ▁consideration , ▁concerning ▁an ▁execut ory ▁contract ▁where ▁the ▁pl aint iff ▁recovered ▁damages ▁for ▁the ▁loss ▁of ▁a ▁barg ain . ▁Thomas ▁v ▁Thomas . ▁was ▁a ▁case ▁where ▁£ 1 ▁was ▁seen ▁to ▁be ▁good ▁consideration ▁for ▁a ▁wid ow ▁to ▁continue ▁to ▁live ▁in ▁her ▁house ▁after ▁her ▁husband ' s ▁death . ▁ ▁White ▁v ▁Bl u ett : ▁Bl u ett , ▁when ▁su ed ▁by ▁his ▁father ’ s ▁execut ors ▁for ▁an ▁outstanding ▁debt ▁to ▁his ▁father , ▁claimed ▁that ▁his ▁father ▁had ▁promised ▁to ▁dis charge ▁him ▁from ▁it ▁in ▁return ▁for ▁him ▁stopping ▁complaining ▁about ▁property ▁distribution . ▁The ▁Court ▁held ▁that ▁the ▁c ess ation ▁of ▁complaints ▁was ▁of ▁no ▁economic ▁value ; ▁thus , ▁Bl u ett ’ s ▁father ▁had ▁received ▁no ▁real ▁consideration ▁for ▁the ▁promise , ▁and ▁the ▁debt ▁was ▁enforce able ▁at ▁law . ▁Cur rie ▁v ▁M isa ▁L ush ▁J . ▁referred ▁to ▁consideration ▁as ▁consisting ▁of ▁a ▁det r iment ▁to ▁the ▁promise e ▁or ▁a ▁benefit ▁to ▁the ▁prom is or : ▁" ... ▁some ▁right , ▁interest , ▁profit ▁or ▁benefit ▁acc ru ing ▁to ▁one ▁party , ▁or ▁some ▁for bear ance , ▁det r iment , ▁loss
▁or ▁responsibility ▁given , ▁suffered ▁or ▁undert aken ▁by ▁the ▁other ." ▁Bol ton ▁v ▁M add en ▁Black burn ▁J , ▁" The ▁general ▁rule ▁is ▁that ▁an ▁execut ory ▁agreement , ▁by ▁which ▁the ▁pl aint iff ▁agrees ▁to ▁do ▁something ▁on ▁the ▁terms ▁that ▁the ▁def endant ▁agrees ▁to ▁do ▁something ▁else , ▁may ▁be ▁en forced ▁if ▁what ▁the ▁pl aint iff ▁has ▁agreed ▁to ▁do ▁is ▁either ▁for ▁the ▁benefit ▁of ▁the ▁def endant ▁or ▁to ▁the ▁trouble ▁or ▁prejud ice ▁of ▁the ▁pl aint iff ." ▁Dun l op ▁P neum atic ▁Ty re ▁Co ▁Ltd ▁v ▁Self ridge ▁& ▁Co ▁Ltd : ▁Lord ▁Dun ed in ▁quotes ▁the ▁definition ▁of ▁Sir ▁Frederick ▁Poll ock , ▁" An ▁act ▁or ▁for bear ance ▁of ▁one ▁party , ▁or ▁the ▁promise ▁there of , ▁is ▁the ▁price ▁for ▁which ▁the ▁promise ▁of ▁the ▁other ▁is ▁bought ▁and ▁the ▁promise ▁thus ▁given ▁for ▁value ▁is ▁enforce able ." ▁ ▁A de qu acy ▁For ▁consideration ▁to ▁be ▁good ▁consideration , ▁it ▁must ▁be ▁of ▁some ▁value , ▁even ▁if ▁it ▁is ▁minimal ▁value . ▁There ▁is ▁no ▁requirement ▁that ▁the ▁consideration ▁be ▁comm ens ur ate ▁in ▁economic ▁terms ▁to ▁the ▁original ▁promise . ▁Nom inal ▁consideration ▁will ▁suff ice ▁as ▁good ▁consideration ▁for ▁a ▁contract , ▁ ▁Cour ts ▁will ▁not ▁measure ▁the ▁ade qu acy ▁of ▁the ▁consideration ▁as ▁it ▁is ▁up ▁to ▁the ▁parties ▁to ▁decide ▁the ▁subject ive ▁worth ▁of ▁each ▁promise . ▁ ▁Ch
app ell ▁& ▁Co ▁Ltd ▁v ▁N est le ▁Co ▁Ltd , ▁Lord ▁Som erv ell , ▁" A ▁contract ing ▁party ▁can ▁st ip ulate ▁for ▁what ▁consideration ▁he ▁cho oses . ▁A ▁pepper c orn ▁does ▁not ▁ce ase ▁to ▁be ▁good ▁consideration ▁if ▁it ▁is ▁established ▁that ▁the ▁prom is or ▁does ▁not ▁like ▁pepper ▁and ▁will ▁throw ▁away ▁the ▁corn ." ▁ ▁Past ▁conduct ▁A ▁promise ▁cannot ▁be ▁based ▁upon ▁consideration ▁that ▁was ▁said , ▁given ▁or ▁done ▁before ▁the ▁promise ▁was ▁performed . ▁Something ▁said ▁afterwards , ▁will ▁not ▁count ▁as ▁consideration . ▁For ▁example , ▁if ▁X ▁promises ▁to ▁reward ▁Y ▁for ▁an ▁act ▁that ▁Y ▁had ▁already ▁performed ▁then ▁while ▁the ▁performance ▁of ▁that ▁act ▁is ▁good ▁consideration , ▁for ▁the ▁promise ▁to ▁be ▁reward ed ▁for ▁it ▁is ▁past ▁consideration ▁and ▁therefore ▁not ▁good ▁consideration . ▁ ▁In ▁East wood ▁v ▁Ken y on ▁the ▁guard ian ▁of ▁a ▁young ▁girl ▁raised ▁a ▁loan ▁to ▁educ ate ▁the ▁girl ▁and ▁to ▁improve ▁her ▁marriage ▁prospects . ▁After ▁her ▁marriage , ▁her ▁husband ▁promised ▁to ▁pay ▁off ▁the ▁loan . ▁It ▁was ▁held ▁that ▁the ▁guard ian ▁could ▁not ▁enforce ▁the ▁promise ▁as ▁taking ▁out ▁the ▁loan ▁to ▁raise ▁and ▁educ ate ▁the ▁girl ▁was ▁past ▁consideration , ▁because ▁it ▁was ▁completed ▁before ▁the ▁husband ▁promised ▁to ▁rep ay ▁it . ▁ ▁Furthermore , ▁where ▁a ▁contract ▁exists ▁between ▁two ▁parties ▁and ▁one ▁party , ▁subsequent ▁to ▁formation , ▁promises ▁to ▁confer ▁an ▁additional ▁benefit ▁on
▁the ▁other ▁party ▁to ▁the ▁contract , ▁that ▁promise ▁is ▁not ▁binding ▁because ▁the ▁promise e ' s ▁consideration , ▁which ▁is ▁his ▁entry ▁into ▁the ▁original ▁contract , ▁had ▁already ▁been ▁completed ▁( or ▁" used ") ▁at ▁the ▁time ▁the ▁next ▁promise ▁is ▁made . ▁ ▁In ▁Ros cor la ▁v ▁Thomas , ▁Ros cor la ▁had ▁contract ed ▁to ▁buy ▁a ▁horse ▁from ▁Thomas ▁for ▁£ 3 0 . ▁After ▁the ▁sale , ▁Thomas ▁promised ▁Ros cor la ▁that ▁the ▁horse ▁was ▁sound ; ▁the ▁horse ▁turned ▁out ▁to ▁be ▁v icious . ▁It ▁was ▁held ▁that ▁Ros cor la ▁could ▁not ▁enforce ▁the ▁promise , ▁as ▁the ▁consideration ▁given ▁for ▁entering ▁into ▁the ▁contract ▁to ▁buy ▁the ▁horse ▁had ▁been ▁completed ▁by ▁the ▁time ▁the ▁promise ▁was ▁made ; ▁in ▁a ▁sense , ▁the ▁consideration ▁was ▁" used ▁up ". ▁ ▁The ▁rule ▁that ▁past ▁consideration ▁is ▁not ▁good ▁consideration ▁is ▁subject ▁to ▁the ▁exception ▁discussed ▁by ▁the ▁Priv y ▁Council ▁in ▁P ao ▁On ▁v ▁Lau ▁Y iu ▁Long . ▁In ▁that ▁case , ▁their ▁Lord ships ▁held ▁that ▁past ▁consideration ▁can ▁be ▁good ▁consideration ▁where : ▁ ▁The ▁promise e ▁performed ▁the ▁original ▁act ▁at ▁the ▁request ▁of ▁the ▁prom is or ; ▁ ▁It ▁was ▁clearly ▁understood ▁or ▁implied ▁between ▁the ▁parties ▁that ▁the ▁promise e ▁would ▁be ▁reward ed ▁for ▁the ▁performance ▁of ▁the ▁act ; ▁ ▁The ▁actual ▁promise ▁made , ▁if ▁made ▁before ▁the ▁promise e ▁provided ▁the ▁consideration , ▁must ▁be ▁capable
▁of ▁being ▁en forced , ▁in ▁other ▁words ▁giving ▁rise ▁to ▁a ▁legally ▁binding ▁contract . ▁ ▁Ill us ory ▁consideration ▁There ▁must ▁be ▁some ▁kind ▁of ▁connection ▁between ▁a ▁promise ▁and ▁the ▁consideration ▁offered ▁to ▁support ▁the ▁promise . ▁It ▁is ▁no ▁consideration ▁to ▁" re fr ain ▁from ▁a ▁course ▁of ▁conduct ▁which ▁it ▁was ▁never ▁intended ▁to ▁pursue ". ▁The ▁consideration ▁must ▁have ▁been ▁at ▁least ▁an ▁indu ce ment ▁to ▁enter ▁into ▁the ▁promise . ▁ ▁For b earing ▁to ▁sue ▁Call isher ▁v ▁B isch off she im , ▁for bear ance ▁to ▁sue ▁in ▁a ▁ground less ▁action ▁still ▁good ▁consideration ; ▁honest ▁mistake . ▁ ▁Priv ity ▁ ▁A ▁promise ▁is ▁enforce able ▁if ▁it ▁is ▁supported ▁by ▁consideration , ▁that ▁is , ▁where ▁consideration ▁has ▁moved ▁from ▁the ▁promise e . ▁For ▁example , ▁in ▁the ▁case ▁of ▁Tw ed d le ▁v ▁At kins on , ▁John ▁Tw ed d le ▁promised ▁William ▁Guy ▁that ▁he ▁would ▁pay ▁a ▁sum ▁of ▁money ▁to ▁the ▁child ▁of ▁William ▁Guy , ▁and ▁likewise ▁William ▁Guy ▁promised ▁John ▁Tw ed d le ▁that ▁he ▁would ▁pay ▁a ▁sum ▁of ▁money ▁to ▁the ▁child ▁of ▁John ▁Tw ed d le , ▁upon ▁the ▁marriage ▁of ▁the ▁two ▁children ▁to ▁each ▁other . ▁However , ▁William ▁Guy ▁failed ▁to ▁pay ▁the ▁son ▁of ▁John ▁Tw ed d le , ▁who ▁then ▁su ed ▁his ▁execut ors ▁for ▁the ▁amount ▁promised . ▁It ▁was ▁held ▁that ▁the ▁son ▁could ▁not
▁enforce ▁the ▁promise ▁made ▁to ▁his ▁father , ▁as ▁he ▁himself ▁had ▁not ▁actually ▁given ▁consideration ▁for ▁it ▁- ▁it ▁was ▁his ▁father ▁who ▁had ▁done ▁so ▁instead . ▁The ▁son ▁didn ' t ▁receive ▁any ▁consideration , ▁so ▁he ▁cannot ▁enforce ▁the ▁promise . ▁This ▁particular ▁rule ▁of ▁consideration ▁forms ▁the ▁basis ▁of ▁the ▁doctrine ▁of ▁priv ity ▁of ▁a ▁contract , ▁that ▁is , ▁only ▁a ▁party ▁to ▁a ▁contract ▁is ▁permitted ▁to ▁sue ▁upon ▁that ▁contract ' s ▁terms . ▁( Note ▁that ▁the ▁doctrine ▁of ▁priv ity ▁has ▁been ▁somewhat ▁altered ▁by ▁the ▁Contract s ▁( R ights ▁of ▁Third ▁Part ies ) ▁Act ▁ 1 9 9 9 .) ▁Therefore , ▁consideration ▁from ▁the ▁promise e ▁was ▁indul gent ▁of ▁the ▁claim . ▁Although ▁consideration ▁must ▁move ▁from ▁the ▁promise e , ▁it ▁does ▁not ▁necessarily ▁have ▁to ▁move ▁to ▁the ▁prom is or . ▁The ▁promise e ▁may ▁provide ▁consideration ▁to ▁a ▁third ▁party , ▁if ▁this ▁is ▁agreed ▁at ▁the ▁time ▁the ▁parties ▁contract ed . ▁ ▁The ▁off eree ▁must ▁provide ▁consideration , ▁although ▁the ▁consideration ▁does ▁not ▁have ▁to ▁flow ▁to ▁the ▁offer or . ▁For ▁example , ▁it ▁is ▁good ▁consideration ▁for ▁person ▁A ▁to ▁pay ▁person ▁C ▁in ▁return ▁for ▁services ▁rendered ▁by ▁person ▁B . ▁If ▁there ▁are ▁joint ▁promise es , ▁then ▁consideration ▁need ▁only ▁to ▁move ▁from ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁promise es . ▁ ▁Pre - existing ▁duties ▁If ▁the ▁promise e ▁provides ▁what ▁he ▁was ▁required ▁by ▁public
▁law ▁to ▁do ▁in ▁any ▁event ▁in ▁return ▁for ▁a ▁promise , ▁promised ▁performance ▁of ▁existing ▁duty ▁is ▁not ▁good ▁consideration . ▁In ▁Collins ▁v ▁G ode f rey ▁G ode f rey ▁promised ▁to ▁pay ▁Collins ▁for ▁his ▁giving ▁of ▁evidence . ▁It ▁was ▁held ▁that ▁Collins ▁could ▁not ▁enforce ▁the ▁promise ▁as ▁he ▁was ▁under ▁a ▁stat ut ory ▁duty ▁to ▁give ▁evidence ▁in ▁any ▁event . ▁ ▁However , ▁if ▁the ▁promise e ▁provides ▁more ▁than ▁what ▁public ▁duty ▁im poses ▁on ▁him , ▁then ▁this ▁is ▁good ▁consideration . ▁In ▁Ward ▁v ▁By ham ▁a ▁mother ▁was ▁under ▁a ▁stat ut ory ▁duty ▁to ▁look ▁after ▁her ▁child . ▁The ▁ex - hus band ▁promised ▁to ▁pay ▁her ▁£ 1 ▁a ▁week ▁if ▁she ▁ens ured ▁that ▁the ▁child ▁was ▁well ▁looked ▁after ▁and ▁happy . ▁It ▁was ▁held ▁that ▁not with standing ▁the ▁stat ut ory ▁duty ▁imposed ▁on ▁the ▁mother , ▁she ▁could ▁enforce ▁the ▁promise ▁since ▁the ▁act ▁of ▁keeping ▁the ▁baby ▁' h appy ' ▁provided ▁additional ▁consideration . ▁ ▁Prom ising ▁to ▁perform ▁a ▁pre - existing ▁duty ▁o wed ▁to ▁one ' s ▁contract ing ▁party ▁also ▁fails ▁to ▁make ▁good ▁consideration . ▁However ▁this ▁rule ▁has ▁been ▁considerably ▁narrow ed ▁by ▁recent ▁case ▁law . ▁The ▁general ▁rule ▁is ▁that ▁if ▁a ▁cred itor ▁promises ▁to ▁dis charge ▁a ▁debt ▁in ▁return ▁for ▁a ▁fraction ▁of ▁payment , ▁in ▁paying ▁the ▁agreed ▁fraction , ▁the ▁promise e ▁is ▁not ▁providing ▁consideration ▁for
▁the ▁promise , ▁as ▁this ▁is ▁merely ▁part ▁performance ▁of ▁a ▁contract ual ▁duty ▁already ▁o wed . ▁Con sequently , ▁the ▁debt or ▁is ▁still ▁li able ▁for ▁the ▁whole ▁amount , ▁as ▁he ▁cannot ▁force ▁the ▁prom is or ▁to ▁accept ▁less . ▁A ▁leading ▁example ▁is ▁in ▁St il k ▁v ▁My rick ▁where ▁St il k , ▁a ▁se aman , ▁agreed ▁with ▁My rick ▁to ▁sail ▁his ▁boat ▁to ▁the ▁Balt ic ▁Sea ▁and ▁back ▁for ▁£ 5 ▁per ▁month . ▁During ▁the ▁voyage , ▁two ▁men ▁desert ed . ▁My rick ▁promised ▁he ▁would ▁increase ▁St il k ' s ▁wages ▁if ▁St il k ▁agreed ▁to ▁honour ▁his ▁contract ▁in ▁light ▁of ▁the ▁desert ions . ▁St il k ▁agreed ▁and ▁on ▁return ▁to ▁port , ▁My rick ▁refused ▁to ▁pay ▁him ▁the ▁extra ▁wages . ▁It ▁was ▁held ▁that ▁My rick ' s ▁fresh ▁promise ▁was ▁not ▁enforce able ▁as ▁the ▁consideration ▁St il k ▁had ▁provided ▁for ▁it , ▁the ▁performance ▁of ▁a ▁duty ▁he ▁already ▁o wed ▁to ▁My rick ▁under ▁contract , ▁was ▁not ▁good ▁consideration ▁for ▁My rick ' s ▁promise ▁to ▁increase ▁his ▁wages . ▁ ▁Init ially , ▁there ▁were ▁only ▁two ▁exceptions ▁to ▁this ▁rule : ▁Hans on ▁v ▁Roy den , ▁the ▁promise e ▁has ▁done , ▁or ▁has ▁promised ▁to ▁do , ▁more ▁than ▁he ▁was ▁oblig ed ▁to ▁do ▁under ▁his ▁contract . ▁Hart ley ▁v ▁P ons on by ▁before ▁the ▁fresh ▁promise ▁was
▁made , ▁circumstances ▁had ▁ar isen ▁which ▁would ▁have ▁entitled ▁the ▁promise e ▁to ▁refuse ▁to ▁carry ▁out ▁his ▁obligations ▁under ▁his ▁contract . ▁ ▁F actual ▁benefits ▁However , ▁the ▁strict ness ▁of ▁this ▁rule ▁was ▁severely ▁limited ▁in ▁Williams ▁v ▁R off ey ▁B ros ▁& ▁Nich oll s ▁( Contract ors ) ▁Ltd . ▁The ▁R off ey ▁Brothers ▁entered ▁into ▁a ▁contract ▁to ▁ref urb ish ▁a ▁block ▁of ▁fl ats ▁for ▁a ▁fixed ▁price ▁of ▁£ 2 0 , 0 0 0 . ▁They ▁sub - contract ed ▁car p entry ▁work ▁to ▁Williams . ▁ ▁It ▁became ▁apparent ▁that ▁Williams ▁was ▁threatened ▁by ▁financial ▁difficulties ▁and ▁would ▁not ▁be ▁able ▁to ▁complete ▁his ▁work ▁on ▁time . ▁ ▁This ▁would ▁have ▁bre ached ▁a ▁term ▁in ▁the ▁main ▁contract , ▁in cur ring ▁a ▁penalty . ▁R off ey ▁Brothers ▁offered ▁to ▁pay ▁Williams ▁an ▁additional ▁£ 5 7 5 ▁for ▁each ▁flat ▁completed . ▁Williams ▁continued ▁to ▁work ▁on ▁this ▁basis , ▁but ▁soon ▁it ▁became ▁apparent ▁that ▁R off ey ▁Brothers ▁were ▁not ▁going ▁to ▁pay ▁the ▁additional ▁money . ▁ ▁He ▁ce ased ▁work ▁and ▁su ed ▁R off ey ▁Brothers ▁for ▁the ▁extra ▁money , ▁for ▁the ▁eight ▁fl ats ▁he ▁had ▁completed ▁after ▁the ▁promise ▁of ▁additional ▁payment . ▁The ▁Court ▁of ▁Appe al ▁held ▁that ▁R off ey ▁Brothers ▁must ▁pay ▁Williams ▁the ▁extra ▁money , ▁as ▁they ▁had ▁enjoyed ▁practical ▁benefits ▁from ▁the ▁promise ▁they ▁had ▁made ▁to ▁Williams .
▁The ▁benefits ▁they ▁received ▁from ▁it ▁include : ▁Having ▁the ▁work ▁completed ▁on ▁time , ▁not ▁having ▁to ▁spend ▁money ▁and ▁time ▁seeking ▁another ▁car p enter ▁and ▁not ▁having ▁to ▁pay ▁the ▁penalty . ▁In ▁the ▁circumstances , ▁these ▁benefits ▁were ▁sufficient ▁to ▁provide ▁consideration ▁for ▁the ▁promise ▁made ▁to ▁Williams ▁of ▁additional ▁payment . ▁It ▁now ▁seems ▁that ▁the ▁performance ▁of ▁an ▁existing ▁duty ▁may ▁const itute ▁consideration ▁for ▁a ▁new ▁promise , ▁in ▁the ▁circumstances ▁where ▁no ▁du ress ▁or ▁fraud ▁are ▁found ▁and ▁where ▁the ▁practical ▁benefits ▁are ▁to ▁the ▁prom is or . ▁The ▁performance ▁of ▁an ▁existing ▁contract ual ▁duty ▁o wed ▁to ▁the ▁prom is or ▁is ▁not ▁good ▁consideration ▁for ▁a ▁fresh ▁promise ▁given ▁by ▁the ▁prom is or . ▁However , ▁performance ▁of ▁an ▁existing ▁contract ual ▁duty ▁o wed ▁to ▁a ▁third ▁party ▁can ▁be ▁good ▁consideration , ▁see ▁further ▁below . ▁ ▁According ▁to ▁the ▁Court ▁of ▁Appe al , ▁it ▁is ▁unlikely ▁that ▁either ▁avoiding ▁a ▁bre ach ▁of ▁contract ▁with ▁a ▁third ▁party , ▁avoiding ▁the ▁trouble ▁and ▁expense ▁of ▁engaging ▁a ▁third ▁party ▁to ▁carry ▁out ▁work ▁or ▁avoiding ▁a ▁penalty ▁clause ▁in ▁a ▁third ▁party ▁contract ▁will ▁be ▁a ▁" p ract ical ▁benefit ". ▁In ▁Simon ▁Container ▁Mach inery ▁Ltd ▁v ▁Emb a ▁Mach inery ▁AB , ▁the ▁practical ▁benefit ▁was ▁held ▁to ▁be ▁the ▁avoiding ▁of ▁a ▁bre ach ▁of ▁contract , ▁which ▁was ▁clearly ▁not ▁an ▁extension ▁of ▁the ▁principle . ▁ ▁This ▁is ▁true
▁unless ▁the ▁debt or ▁provided ▁fresh ▁consideration ▁for ▁the ▁promise . ▁The ▁following , ▁mentioned ▁in ▁P inn el ' s ▁Case , ▁and ▁confirmed ▁by ▁S ib ree ▁v . ▁Tri pp , ▁may ▁amount ▁to ▁fresh ▁consideration : ▁ ▁If ▁the ▁promise e ▁offers ▁part ▁payment ▁earlier ▁than ▁full ▁payment ▁was ▁due , ▁and ▁this ▁is ▁of ▁benefit ▁to ▁the ▁cred itor ; ▁ ▁If ▁the ▁promise e ▁offers ▁part ▁payment ▁at ▁a ▁different ▁place ▁than ▁where ▁full ▁payment ▁was ▁due , ▁and ▁this ▁is ▁of ▁benefit ▁to ▁the ▁cred itor ; ▁or , ▁ ▁If ▁the ▁promise e ▁pays ▁the ▁debt ▁in ▁part ▁by ▁another ▁ch att el ▁( note , ▁however , ▁that ▁part ▁payment ▁by ▁che que , ▁where ▁full ▁payment ▁was ▁due ▁by ▁another ▁means , ▁is ▁not ▁consideration .) ▁ ▁Another ▁exception ▁is ▁that ▁part ▁payment ▁of ▁the ▁debt ▁by ▁a ▁third ▁party ▁as ▁consideration ▁for ▁a ▁promise ▁to ▁dis charge ▁the ▁cred itor ▁from ▁the ▁full ▁sum , ▁prevents ▁the ▁cred itor ▁then ▁su ing ▁the ▁debt or ▁for ▁full ▁payment ▁( see ▁Wel by ▁v ▁D rake ). ▁ ▁The ▁Court ▁of ▁Appe al , ▁in ▁Re ▁Select move ▁Ltd , ▁stated ▁that ▁the ▁practical ▁benefit ▁doctrine , ▁ar ising ▁from ▁Williams ▁v ▁R off ey , ▁cannot ▁be ▁used ▁as ▁an ▁additional ▁exception ▁to ▁the ▁rule . ▁In ▁that ▁case , ▁it ▁was ▁held ▁that ▁the ▁doctrine ▁only ▁applies ▁where ▁the ▁original ▁promise ▁was ▁a ▁promise ▁to ▁pay ▁extra ▁and ▁not ▁to ▁pay
▁less . ▁The ▁Court ▁of ▁Appe al ▁in ▁Re ▁Select move ▁were ▁unable ▁to ▁distinguish ▁Fo akes ▁v ▁Be er ▁( a ▁House ▁of ▁L ords ▁decision ), ▁in ▁order ▁to ▁apply ▁Williams ▁v ▁R off ey ▁( a ▁Court ▁of ▁Appe al ▁decision ). ▁It ▁therefore ▁remains ▁to ▁be ▁seen ▁whether ▁the ▁House ▁of ▁L ords ▁would ▁decide ▁this ▁point ▁differently . ▁In ▁any ▁event , ▁the ▁equ itable ▁principle ▁of ▁prom iss ory ▁est op pel ▁may ▁provide ▁the ▁debt or ▁with ▁relief . ▁ ▁The ▁Court ▁of ▁Appe al ▁in ▁June ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁in ▁M W B ▁v ▁Rock ▁Ad vert ising ▁re vis ited ▁the ▁issue ▁of ▁whether ▁the ▁practical ▁benefit ▁doctrine ▁could ▁be ▁applied ▁to ▁decre asing ▁p acts ▁or ▁agreements ▁to ▁accept ▁less . ▁Ar den ▁L J ▁and ▁K itch in ▁L J ▁both ▁end ors ed ▁this ▁approach ▁indicating ▁that ▁part ▁payment ▁along ▁with ▁practical ▁benefit ▁could ▁be ▁enough ▁to ▁support ▁a ▁promise ▁to ▁accept ▁less . ▁The ▁decision ▁has ▁been ▁critic ised ▁as ▁extending ▁the ▁practical ▁benefit ▁test ▁beyond ▁its ▁limits . ▁ ▁Ex isting ▁duties ▁to ▁third ▁parties ▁Consider ation ▁for ▁a ▁promise ▁can ▁be ▁the ▁performance ▁of ▁a ▁contract ual ▁duty ▁o wed ▁to ▁someone ▁other ▁than ▁the ▁prom is or . ▁In ▁Sh ad well ▁v ▁Sh ad well , ▁C ay ley ▁Sh ad well ▁was ▁under ▁a ▁contract ual ▁duty ▁with ▁a ▁third ▁party ▁to ▁marry . ▁His ▁uncle , ▁Charles ▁Sh ad well ▁promised ▁to
▁pay ▁him ▁£ 1 5 0 ▁per ▁year ▁after ▁he ▁was ▁married . ▁It ▁was ▁held ▁that ▁C ay ley ▁Sh ad well ▁mar rying ▁was ▁good ▁consideration , ▁not with standing ▁that ▁he ▁was ▁oblig ed ▁by ▁a ▁contract ▁with ▁a ▁third ▁party ▁to ▁marry ▁in ▁any ▁event . ▁ ▁A ▁promise ▁to ▁perform ▁a ▁pre - existing ▁contract ual ▁duty ▁o wed ▁to ▁a ▁third ▁party ▁( as ▁opposed ▁to ▁the ▁performance ▁of ▁that ▁duty ) ▁may ▁also ▁amount ▁to ▁consideration . ▁ ▁N Z ▁Sh ipping ▁Co ▁Ltd ▁v ▁A ▁M ▁S atter th wa ite ▁& ▁Co ▁Ltd . ▁ ▁Est op pel ▁ <0x09> ▁Central ▁London ▁Property ▁Trust ▁Ltd ▁v ▁High ▁T rees ▁House ▁Ltd . ▁Hughes ▁v ▁Met ropolitan ▁R ly ▁Co . ▁D ▁& ▁C ▁Build ers ▁v ▁Re es . ▁Og il vy ▁v ▁Hope ▁Dav ies . ▁Com be ▁v ▁Com be . ▁Re ▁Select move ▁Ltd . ▁Coll ier ▁v ▁P & M J ▁Wright ▁( H old ings ) ▁Ltd . ▁Walt ons ▁Sto res ▁( Inter state ▁Ltd ) ▁v ▁Ma her . ▁Cr abb ▁v ▁Ar un ▁District ▁Council . ▁Av on ▁County ▁Council ▁v ▁How lett ▁a ▁person ▁can ▁be ▁est op ped ▁from ▁den ying ▁what ▁he ▁said ▁in ▁a ▁representation . ▁ ▁De eds ▁and ▁form ality ▁Law ▁of ▁Property ▁( M is cell aneous ▁Pro vis ions ) ▁Act ▁ 1 9 8 9 ▁( UK ) ▁section ▁ 1 ▁ ▁Altern atives ▁ ▁Carl ill
▁v ▁Car bol ic ▁Sm oke ▁Ball ▁Co ▁AL ▁Smith ▁L J , ▁I ▁understand ▁that ▁if ▁there ▁is ▁no ▁consideration ▁for ▁a ▁promise , ▁it ▁may ▁be ▁a ▁promise ▁in ▁honour , ▁or ▁a ▁n ud um ▁p act um ; ▁but ▁if ▁anything ▁else ▁is ▁meant , ▁I ▁do ▁not ▁understand ▁it . ▁I ▁do ▁not ▁understand ▁what ▁a ▁barg ain ▁or ▁a ▁promise ▁or ▁an ▁agreement ▁in ▁honour ▁is ▁unless ▁it ▁is ▁one ▁on ▁which ▁an ▁action ▁cannot ▁be ▁brought ▁because ▁it ▁is ▁n ud um ▁p act um . ▁In ▁my ▁judgment , ▁this ▁first ▁point ▁fails , ▁and ▁this ▁was ▁an ▁offer ▁intended ▁to ▁be ▁acted ▁upon , ▁and , ▁when ▁acted ▁upon ▁and ▁the ▁conditions ▁performed , ▁const ituted ▁a ▁promise ▁to ▁pay . ▁Ant ons ▁T raw ling ▁Co ▁Ltd ▁v ▁Smith , ▁Bar ag wan ath ▁J , ▁" The ▁importance ▁of ▁consideration ▁is ▁as ▁a ▁valuable ▁signal ▁that ▁the ▁parties ▁intend ▁to ▁be ▁bound ▁by ▁their ▁agreement , ▁rather ▁than ▁an ▁end ▁in ▁itself . ▁Where ▁the ▁parties ▁who ▁have ▁already ▁made ▁such ▁intention ▁clear ▁by ▁entering ▁legal ▁relations ▁have ▁acted ▁upon ▁an ▁agreement ▁to ▁a ▁variation , ▁in ▁the ▁absence ▁of ▁policy ▁reasons ▁to ▁the ▁contrary , ▁they ▁should ▁be ▁bound ▁by ▁their ▁agreement ." ▁UN ID RO IT ▁Prin ciples ▁( 2 0 0 4 ) ▁Article ▁ 2 . 1 . 2 ▁and ▁ 3 . 2 ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁English ▁contract ▁law ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Further ▁reading ▁ ▁Ex
ternal ▁links ▁ ▁Category : English ▁contract ▁law <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Har lem ▁ri ot ▁of ▁ 1 9 6 4 ▁occurred ▁between ▁July ▁ 1 6 ▁and ▁ 2 2 , ▁ 1 9 6 4 . ▁It ▁began ▁after ▁James ▁Pow ell , ▁a ▁ 1 5 - year - old ▁African ▁American , ▁was ▁shot ▁and ▁killed ▁by ▁police ▁Lieutenant ▁Thomas ▁Gill igan ▁in ▁front ▁of ▁Pow ell ' s ▁friends ▁and ▁about ▁a ▁dozen ▁other ▁witnesses . ▁Im medi ately ▁after ▁the ▁shooting , ▁about ▁ 3 0 0 ▁students ▁from ▁Pow ell ' s ▁school ▁who ▁were ▁informed ▁by ▁the ▁principal ▁r all ied . ▁The ▁shooting ▁set ▁off ▁six ▁consecutive ▁nights ▁of ▁ri oting ▁that ▁affected ▁the ▁New ▁York ▁City ▁neighborhood s ▁of ▁Har lem ▁and ▁Bed ford - St uy ves ant . ▁In ▁total , ▁ 4 , 0 0 0 ▁New ▁York ers ▁participated ▁in ▁the ▁ri ots ▁which ▁led ▁to ▁attacks ▁on ▁the ▁New ▁York ▁City ▁Police ▁Department , ▁v andal ism , ▁and ▁lo oting ▁in ▁stores . ▁Several ▁pro tes ters ▁were ▁severely ▁beaten ▁by ▁NY PD ▁officers . ▁At ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁conflict , ▁reports ▁counted ▁one ▁dead ▁ri oter , ▁ 1 1 8 ▁injured , ▁and ▁ 4 6 5 ▁arrested . ▁ ▁Background ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁early ▁ 1 9 0 0 s ▁appeared ▁the ▁first ▁signs ▁of ▁res urg ence ▁in ▁the ▁north ▁of ▁Manhattan . ▁After ▁the ▁construction ▁of ▁new ▁sub way ▁routes ▁that
▁go ▁as ▁far ▁as ▁ 1 4 5 th ▁street , ▁spec ul ators ▁and ▁real ▁estate ▁agencies ▁took ▁advantage ▁of ▁this ▁opportunity ▁and ▁invested ▁large ▁sum s ▁of ▁money ▁in ▁what ▁is ▁now ▁called ▁Har lem . ▁H ouses ▁were ▁bought ▁and ▁then ▁sold ▁over ▁and ▁over ▁to ▁a ▁much ▁higher ▁price , ▁up b ring ing ▁the ▁neighborhood ▁for ▁high - inc ome ▁households . ▁By ▁the ▁year ▁ 1 9 0 5 , ▁too ▁many ▁habit ations ▁had ▁been ▁constructed ▁and ▁many ▁stayed ▁un in hab ited ▁which ▁led ▁land l ords ▁to ▁compete ▁with ▁each ▁other ▁lower ing ▁rent s . ▁To ▁avoid ▁the ▁upcoming ▁total ▁financial ▁destruction ▁of ▁the ▁area , ▁many ▁housing ▁buildings ▁opened ▁up ▁to ▁Black ▁Americans . ▁The ▁next ▁step ▁to ▁the ▁creation ▁of ▁a ▁black ▁neighborhood ▁was ▁strengthen ed ▁by ▁the ▁ever - in cre asing ▁migration ▁of ▁blacks ▁from ▁southern ▁states ▁which ▁resulted ▁in ▁the ▁founding ▁of ▁the ▁Af ro - American ▁Real ty ▁Company ▁opening ▁more ▁and ▁more ▁homes ▁for ▁the ▁black ▁community . ▁The ▁" Neg ro " ▁churches ▁took ▁over ▁Har lem ' s ▁development ▁after ▁the ▁fall ▁of ▁the ▁Af ro - American ▁Real ty , ▁being ▁the ▁most ▁stable ▁and ▁prosper ous ▁black ▁institutions ▁of ▁the ▁now ▁seg reg ated ▁area . ▁They ▁made ▁their ▁profit ▁by ▁selling ▁properties ▁at ▁high ▁price ▁while ▁rel oc ating ▁the ▁neighborhood ▁u pt own . ▁Con sequently , ▁the ▁Church ▁is ▁the ▁reason ▁why ▁Har lem ▁was ▁so ▁pro l ific
▁in ▁the ▁ 2 0 th ▁century . ▁In ▁the ▁early ▁ 1 9 2 0 s , ▁many ▁black ▁American ▁institution ▁such ▁as ▁NA AC P , ▁O dd ▁F ell ows , ▁and ▁The ▁United ▁Order ▁of ▁True ▁Re form ers ▁started ▁moving ▁their ▁headquarters ▁to ▁Har lem ▁which , ▁with ▁the ▁continuous ▁migration ▁of ▁blacks , ▁received ▁the ▁name ▁of ▁" Gre ater ▁Har lem ". ▁ ▁The ▁cultural ▁aspect ▁of ▁Har lem ▁was ▁pre dom inated ▁by ▁jazz ▁music ▁and ▁a ▁very ▁en vious ▁night life ▁reserved ▁for ▁whites . ▁Duke ▁Ell ington ▁and ▁Louis ▁Arm strong ▁were ▁part ▁of ▁" Gre ater ▁Har lem " ▁at ▁the ▁time . ▁With ▁its ▁sat ur ated ▁concentration ▁of ▁Af ro - American , ▁public ▁figures ▁like ▁Father ▁Div ine , ▁Daddy ▁Grace ▁and ▁Marcus ▁Gar vey ▁started ▁spreading ▁their ▁ideas ▁of ▁salv ation ▁for ▁the ▁neg ro ▁community . ▁After ▁World ▁War ▁II , ▁the ▁rich ▁portion ▁of ▁the ▁" Har lem ▁Negro es " ▁moved ▁to ▁the ▁subur bs . ▁T ension ▁within ▁the ▁neighborhood ▁raised ▁year ▁after ▁year ▁between ▁residents , ▁welfare ▁workers ▁and ▁polic emen . ▁In ▁day light , ▁the ▁neighborhood ▁was ▁quite ▁charming , ▁the ▁architecture ▁added ▁a ▁high - class ▁cache t ▁and ▁children ▁looked ▁joy ful ▁playing ▁in ▁the ▁streets . ▁At ▁night , ▁it ▁was ▁quite ▁the ▁opposite . ▁H omic ides ▁were ▁six ▁times ▁more ▁frequent ▁than ▁the ▁average ▁of ▁New ▁York ▁City . ▁Pro st itution , ▁junk ies ▁and
▁m ug gers ▁were ▁part ▁of ▁Har lem ' s ▁night life . ▁ ▁K illing ▁of ▁James ▁Pow ell ▁ ▁The ▁events ▁of ▁the ▁Har lem ▁ri ot ▁of ▁ 1 9 6 4 ▁were ▁recorded ▁in ▁the ▁writ ings ▁of ▁two ▁newspaper ▁reporters , ▁Fred ▁C . ▁Sh api ro ▁and ▁James ▁W . ▁Sull ivan . ▁They ▁assembled ▁testim on ies ▁from ▁other ▁reporters ▁and ▁from ▁residents ▁of ▁each ▁of ▁the ▁b orough s , ▁and ▁gave ▁testimony ▁of ▁their ▁presence ▁at ▁the ▁ri ots . ▁ ▁Cons ist ently ▁annoy ed ▁by ▁the ▁presence ▁of ▁young ▁students ▁on ▁his ▁sto ops , ▁Patrick ▁Lyn ch , ▁the ▁super int endent ▁of ▁three ▁apartment ▁houses ▁in ▁York ville , ▁at ▁the ▁time ▁a ▁predomin ately ▁working - class ▁white ▁area ▁on ▁the ▁Upper ▁East ▁Side ▁of ▁Manhattan , ▁volunt arily ▁h osed ▁down ▁the ▁black ▁students ▁while ▁insult ing ▁them ▁according ▁to ▁them : ▁“ Dir ty ▁n iggers , ▁I ' ll ▁wash ▁you ▁clean ” ; ▁this ▁statement ▁had ▁been ▁denied ▁by ▁Lyn ch . ▁The ▁angry ▁wet ▁black ▁students ▁started ▁to ▁pick ▁up ▁bottles ▁and ▁garbage - can ▁l ids ▁and ▁threw ▁them ▁at ▁the ▁super int endent . ▁This ▁immediately ▁drew ▁the ▁attention ▁of ▁three ▁Bron x ▁boys , ▁including ▁James ▁Pow ell . ▁Lyn ch ▁then ▁ret reated ▁to ▁the ▁inside ▁of ▁the ▁building ▁purs ued ▁by ▁Pow ell , ▁who ▁according ▁to ▁a ▁witness , ▁" did n ' t ▁stay ▁two ▁minutes ."
▁As ▁Pow ell ▁ex ited ▁the ▁vest ib ule , ▁off - d uty ▁police ▁Lieutenant ▁Thomas ▁Gill igan , ▁who ▁witnessed ▁the ▁scene ▁from ▁a ▁nearby ▁shop , ▁ran ▁to ▁the ▁scene ▁and ▁shot ▁at ▁the ▁ 1 5 - year - old ▁James ▁Pow ell ▁three ▁times . ▁The ▁first ▁round , ▁said ▁to ▁be ▁the ▁warning ▁shot , ▁hit ▁the ▁apartment ' s ▁window . ▁The ▁next ▁shot ▁hit ▁Pow ell ▁in ▁the ▁right ▁fore arm ▁reaching ▁the ▁main ▁ar tery ▁just ▁above ▁the ▁heart . ▁The ▁bullet ▁lod ged ▁in ▁his ▁lungs . ▁Finally , ▁the ▁last ▁one ▁went ▁through ▁his ▁ab dom en ▁and ▁out ▁his ▁back . ▁The ▁aut ops y ▁concluded ▁on ▁the ▁fat ality ▁of ▁the ▁chest ▁wound ▁in ▁almost ▁any ▁circum stance . ▁However , ▁the ▁path ologist ▁said ▁that ▁Pow ell ▁could ▁have ▁been ▁saved ▁suffering ▁only ▁the ▁ab dom inal ▁per for ation ▁with ▁a ▁fast ▁response ▁of ▁the ▁amb ul ance . ▁The ▁sequence ▁of ▁events ▁is ▁still ▁un clear ▁on ▁many ▁aspects ▁such ▁as ▁the ▁sp acing ▁of ▁the ▁shots ▁and , ▁cru c ially , ▁Pow ell ' s ▁possession ▁of ▁a ▁knife . ▁ ▁Lieutenant ▁Gill igan ' s ▁version ▁of ▁the ▁events ▁To ▁the ▁sound ▁of ▁broken ▁glass , ▁Gill igan ▁ran ▁to ▁the ▁apartment ▁building ▁holding ▁his ▁bad ge ▁and ▁gun . ▁He ▁first ▁yelled , ▁" I ' m ▁a ▁police ▁lieutenant . ▁Come ▁out ▁and ▁drop ▁it ." ▁He ▁then ▁fired ▁the ▁warning ▁shot
▁as ▁he ▁saw ▁Pow ell ▁raising ▁the ▁knife . ▁With ▁his ▁gun , ▁Gill igan ▁blocked ▁Pow ell ' s ▁second ▁attack ▁def lect ing ▁the ▁knife ▁to ▁his ▁arm . ▁The ▁apparent ▁attack ▁led ▁Gill igan ▁to ▁fire ▁a ▁third ▁round ▁that ▁killed ▁the ▁young ▁Pow ell . ▁ ▁W itness es ' ▁version ▁of ▁the ▁events ▁In ▁opposition , ▁witnesses ▁saw ▁Pow ell ▁ran ▁into ▁the ▁building ▁not ▁carrying ▁any ▁knife . ▁As ▁he ▁ex ited ▁the ▁vest ib ule , ▁some ▁said ▁he ▁was ▁laughing ▁until ▁the ▁lieutenant ▁shot ▁him . ▁From ▁the ▁point ▁of ▁view ▁of ▁the ▁French ▁class ▁which ▁according ▁to ▁New ▁York ▁Times ▁reporter , ▁Theod ore ▁Jones , ▁" have ▁had ▁the ▁best ▁view ▁of ▁the ▁en su ing ▁tragedy "; ▁when ▁Gill igan ▁pulled ▁his ▁gun , ▁the ▁young ▁Pow ell ▁threw ▁up ▁his ▁right ▁arm , ▁not ▁holding ▁a ▁knife ▁but ▁as ▁a ▁defensive ▁gesture . ▁ ▁The ▁most ▁controversial ▁episode ▁remains ▁the ▁testimony ▁of ▁Cl iff ▁Harris , ▁Pow ell ' s ▁Bron x ▁friend , ▁interviewed ▁the ▁day ▁following ▁the ▁death ▁of ▁James ▁Pow ell . ▁On ▁that ▁morning , ▁they , ▁James ▁Pow ell , ▁Cl iff ▁Harris ▁and ▁Carl ▁D ud ley , ▁left ▁the ▁Bron x ▁around ▁ 7 : 3 0 ▁A . M . ▁Pow ell ▁carried ▁two ▁kn ives ▁on ▁that ▁day ▁which ▁he ▁gave ▁to ▁each ▁of ▁his ▁friends ▁to ▁be ▁held ▁for ▁him . ▁On ▁the ▁scene ▁he ▁asked ▁for ▁the ▁kn ives ▁back
. ▁Upon ▁D ud ley ' s ▁ref usal ▁he ▁asked ▁Cl iff ▁who ▁asked ▁him ▁why ▁he ▁wanted ▁it ▁back ? ▁and ▁then ▁handed ▁it ▁over . ▁ ▁The ▁knife , ▁which ▁was ▁not ▁seen ▁on ▁the ▁crime ▁scene ▁at ▁the ▁moment ▁of ▁the ▁incident , ▁was ▁later ▁found ▁by ▁a ▁teacher , ▁according ▁to ▁school ▁principal ▁Franc ke . ▁The ▁knife ▁was ▁situated ▁in ▁the ▁g utter ▁about ▁eight ▁feet ▁from ▁the ▁body . ▁ ▁People ▁ ▁Lieutenant ▁Thomas ▁Gill igan ▁Lieutenant ▁Thomas ▁Gill igan ▁served ▁sevent een ▁years ▁in ▁the ▁Police ▁Department ▁and ▁had ▁a ▁few ▁notable ▁entries ▁to ▁his ▁record . ▁Before ▁the ▁Pow ell ▁incident , ▁he ▁had ▁shot ▁two ▁other ▁men . ▁One ▁of ▁those ▁men ▁was ▁trying ▁to ▁push ▁him ▁off ▁a ▁roof ▁and ▁the ▁other ▁much ▁younger ▁was ▁lo oting ▁cars ▁in ▁front ▁of ▁his ▁apartment . ▁Cit ations ▁in ▁the ▁New ▁York ▁Daily ▁News ▁reported ▁that ▁Gill igan ▁had ▁dis armed ▁suspect s ▁in ▁the ▁past . ▁In ▁addition , ▁he ▁resc ued ▁women ▁and ▁children ▁from ▁a ▁fire , ▁stopped ▁a ▁man ▁from ▁a ▁su ic idal ▁jump ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁used ▁mouth - to - mouth ▁res usc itation ▁to ▁rev ive ▁a ▁woman ▁who ▁had ▁attempted ▁suicide . ▁Phys ically ▁Gill igan ▁was ▁a ▁man ▁of ▁six ▁feet ▁tall . ▁ ▁James ▁Pow ell ▁James ▁Pow ell ▁was ▁a ▁nin th ▁grad er ▁in ▁the ▁Bron x ▁attending ▁summer ▁school ▁at ▁the ▁Robert ▁F . ▁W agner , ▁Sr ., ▁Junior
▁High ▁School ▁on ▁East ▁ 7 6 th ▁Street . ▁After ▁his ▁father ' s ▁death , ▁neighbors ▁said ▁the ▁young ▁boy ▁had ▁become ▁" a ▁little ▁wild ". ▁He ▁had ▁four ▁minor ▁alter c ations ▁with ▁the ▁law : ▁twice ▁attempted ▁to ▁board ▁a ▁sub way ▁r ▁bus ▁without ▁paying , ▁broke ▁a ▁car ▁window ▁and ▁attempted ▁rob bery ▁from ▁which ▁he ▁was ▁cleared . ▁Phys ically ▁he ▁was ▁five ▁feet , ▁six ▁inches ▁and ▁we ighed ▁ 1 2 2 ▁pounds . ▁ ▁R i oting ▁ ▁Day ▁ 1 : ▁Thursday , ▁July ▁ 1 6 , ▁ 1 9 6 4 ▁Day ▁ 1 ▁of ▁the ▁ri ot ▁had ▁been ▁contained ▁by ▁ 7 5 ▁police ▁officers . ▁B rief ly , ▁it ▁happened ▁right ▁after ▁the ▁shooting ▁of ▁James ▁Pow ell ▁and ▁the ▁Police ▁Department ▁were ▁secur ing ▁the ▁crime ▁scene ▁from ▁approximately ▁ 3 0 0 ▁people , ▁the ▁majority ▁of ▁whom ▁were ▁students . ▁The ▁confront ations ▁between ▁students ▁and ▁polic emen ▁fo resh adow ed ▁on ▁the ▁next ▁morning ▁protest . ▁ ▁Day ▁ 2 : ▁Friday , ▁July ▁ 1 7 , ▁ 1 9 6 4 ▁On ▁the ▁morning ▁after ▁the ▁shooting , ▁the ▁Congress ▁of ▁R ac ial ▁Equ ality ▁( CORE ) ▁showed ▁up ▁at ▁the ▁school ▁nearby ▁the ▁scene . ▁They ▁demanded ▁a ▁civilian ▁review ▁board ▁to ▁discipline ▁the ▁police , ▁but ▁they ▁were ▁greeted ▁by ▁ 5 0 ▁officers ▁holding ▁night st icks . ▁ 2 0 0 ▁pick
ets , ▁mainly ▁whites ▁and ▁Puerto ▁R icans , ▁were ▁situated ▁in ▁front ▁of ▁the ▁school ▁by ▁noon , ▁chant ing ▁“ Stop ▁killer ▁cops ! ”, ▁“ We ▁want ▁legal ▁protection ” ▁and ▁“ End ▁police ▁brut ality .” ▁ ▁Day ▁ 3 : ▁Saturday , ▁July ▁ 1 8 , ▁through ▁early ▁morning ▁Sunday , ▁July ▁ 1 9 , ▁ 1 9 6 4 ▁On ▁July ▁ 1 8 , ▁the ▁temperature ▁went ▁up ▁to ▁ ▁in ▁Central ▁Park ▁and ▁much ▁higher ▁on ▁the ▁p ave ment . ▁ 2 5 0 ▁persons ▁attended ▁James ▁Pow ell ' s ▁funeral ▁under ▁strict ▁super vision ▁of ▁bar ric aded ▁polic emen . ▁At ▁the ▁same ▁time , ▁another ▁patrol ▁was ▁watching ▁over ▁a ▁demonstr ation ▁on ▁the ▁rising ▁crime ▁rate ▁in ▁Har lem . ▁Both ▁events ▁ended ▁peace fully ▁with ▁no ▁incident . ▁The ▁CO RE ▁rally ▁happened ▁rather ▁peace fully ▁until ▁the ▁majority ▁of ▁the ▁press ▁corps ▁had ▁left . ▁Paul ▁L . ▁Mont gomery ▁stayed ▁behind ; ▁except ▁for ▁a ▁U PI ▁summer ▁intern ▁on ▁his ▁first ▁field ▁assignment , ▁Mont gomery ▁worked ▁alone ▁for ▁most ▁of ▁the ▁evening ▁and ▁became ▁the ▁source ▁of ▁information ▁for ▁what ▁is ▁to ▁follow . ▁Re ver end ▁Nelson ▁C . ▁D uk es ▁then ▁called ▁for ▁action ▁leading ▁the ▁march ▁to ▁the ▁ 2 8 th ▁prec inct ▁supported ▁by ▁Black ▁National ist ▁Edward ▁M ills ▁Davis ▁and ▁James ▁Law son . ▁After ▁meeting ▁with ▁In spector ▁P ender g ast ,
▁the ▁committee ▁addressed ▁the ▁crowd , ▁but ▁it ▁was ▁already ▁too ▁late . ▁The ▁crowd ▁began ▁to ▁throw ▁bottles ▁and ▁debris ▁at ▁the ▁police ▁line . ▁Soon ▁the ▁community ▁took ▁over ▁ro oft ops ▁and ▁police ▁shifted ▁their ▁goals ▁to ▁target ▁those ▁on ▁the ▁roof s . ▁E as ily ▁accessible , ▁ro oft ops ▁were ▁in ▁bad ▁shape ▁and ▁br icks , ▁tiles ▁and ▁mort ar ▁were ▁used ▁as ▁weapons . ▁The ▁polic emen ▁rapidly ▁secured ▁the ▁ro oft ops ▁arrest ing ▁CO RE ▁members . ▁A ▁group ▁of ▁ri ot ers ▁threw ▁bottles ▁and ▁one ▁hit ▁Michael ▁Dor is ▁in ▁the ▁face ; ▁the ▁first ▁police ▁officer ▁to ▁be ▁injured ▁during ▁the ▁Har lem ▁ri ot ▁of ▁ 1 9 6 4 . ▁Sub sequently , ▁In spector ▁P ander g ast ▁instruct ed ▁the ▁force ▁to ▁clear ▁the ▁street ▁after ▁decl aring ▁that ▁the ▁crowd ▁had ▁become ▁a ▁disorder ly ▁gathering . ▁By ▁ 1 0 ▁P . M ., ▁a ▁thousand ▁people ▁had ▁assembled ▁at ▁the ▁intersection ▁of ▁the ▁S event h ▁Avenue ▁and ▁ 1 2 5 th ▁Street . ▁" Go ▁home , ▁go ▁home " ▁shouted ▁an ▁officer ▁in ▁a ▁way ▁to ▁dis per se ▁the ▁crowd , ▁but ▁the ▁crowd ▁answered : ▁" We ▁are ▁home , ▁Baby ." ▁ ▁The ▁T act ical ▁Pat rol ▁Force ▁arrived ▁on ▁site ▁and ▁were ▁attacked ▁by ▁br icks ▁flying ▁from ▁ro oft ops . ▁They ▁started ▁to ▁break ▁the ▁crowd ▁into ▁smaller ▁groups ▁which ▁created ▁chaos .
▁One ▁group ▁went ▁down ▁to ▁ 1 2 3 rd ▁Street ▁and ▁the ▁after math ▁could ▁be ▁seen ▁the ▁next ▁morning ▁by ▁its ▁destruction ▁path . ▁Around ▁ 1 0 : 3 0 ▁P . M . ▁( 2 2 : 3 0 ▁ET ), ▁a ▁group ▁of ▁ri ot ers ▁stopped ▁in ▁front ▁of ▁the ▁Ther esa ▁hotel ▁where ▁a ▁Mol ot ov ▁cock tail ▁was ▁thrown ▁on ▁a ▁police ▁car ▁inj uring ▁one ▁officer . ▁Police ▁officers ▁received ▁permission ▁to ▁draw ▁their ▁fire arms ▁and ▁fired ▁into ▁the ▁air ▁to ▁occup y ▁the ▁Har lem ▁area . ▁Later ▁T PF ▁( T act ical ▁Police ▁Force ) ▁found ▁one ▁dead ▁man ▁due ▁to ▁the ▁firing ▁of ▁a ▁. 3 8 ▁cal iber . ▁It ▁was ▁after ▁the ▁first ▁round ▁had ▁been ▁fired ▁that ▁reporters ▁were ▁sent ▁back ▁to ▁Har lem . ▁Short ly ▁after ▁the ▁force ▁started ▁firing , ▁an ▁ord n ance ▁truck ▁from ▁the ▁Bron x ▁was ▁loaded ▁with ▁am mun ition ▁to ▁support ▁the ▁officers . ▁Many ▁Har le mit es , ▁ex iting ▁the ▁sub way ▁and ▁bars , ▁got ▁caught ▁up ▁in ▁the ▁ri ot ▁and ▁later ▁realized ▁that ▁they ▁were ▁being ▁purs ued ▁by ▁the ▁police . ▁The ▁chaos ▁finally ▁ended ▁at ▁ 8 ▁o ' clock ▁( 0 8 : 0 0 ▁ET ) ▁in ▁the ▁morning ▁on ▁Len ox ▁Street , ▁where ▁what ▁was ▁left ▁of ▁the ▁m obs ▁had ▁reg roup ed ▁and ▁then ▁were ▁dispers ed ▁by ▁massive ▁reinforce ment .
▁According ▁to ▁In spector ▁P ander g ast ' s ▁announcement , ▁one ▁ri oter ▁died , ▁ 1 2 ▁polic emen ▁and ▁ 1 9 ▁civ ilians ▁were ▁injured , ▁and ▁ 3 0 ▁were ▁arrested . ▁Over ▁ 2 2 ▁stores ▁had ▁been ▁lo oted . ▁The ▁report ▁of ▁P ander g ast ▁was ▁hot ly ▁cont ested ▁by ▁the ▁hospital ▁that ▁counted ▁ 7 ▁gun shot ▁wounds ▁and ▁ 1 1 0 ▁persons ▁who ▁considered ▁their ▁injuries ▁worth ▁int ensive ▁care . ▁ ▁CO RE ▁rally ▁A ▁scheduled ▁rally ▁organized ▁by ▁the ▁Congress ▁of ▁R ac ial ▁Equ ality ▁( or ▁CO RE ) ▁in ▁the ▁afternoon ▁of ▁Saturday , ▁July ▁ 1 8 ▁changed ▁its ▁focus ▁upon ▁the ▁arrival ▁of ▁Louis ▁Smith , ▁a ▁CO RE ▁field ▁secretary . ▁The ▁rally ▁had ▁for ▁objective ▁to ▁clar ify ▁on ▁the ▁missing ▁of ▁three ▁civil ▁right ▁workers ▁in ▁Mississippi , ▁thus ▁looked ▁over ▁the ▁shooting ▁of ▁James ▁Pow ell ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁pointed ▁out ▁police ▁brut ality ▁as ▁a ▁constant ▁threat ▁upon ▁the ▁Black ▁community . ▁The ▁gathering ▁seemed ▁to ▁end ▁quietly ▁leaving ▁" the ▁crowd ▁excited , ▁but ▁not ▁un ru ly ." ▁After ▁most ▁of ▁the ▁reporters ▁had ▁left , ▁Jud ith ▁How ell , ▁a ▁young ▁high - school ▁student ▁and ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁Bron x ▁chapter ▁of ▁CO RE ▁climbed ▁on ▁a ▁chair ▁and ▁said : ▁" We ▁got ▁a ▁civil ▁rights ▁bill ▁and ▁along ▁with ▁the ▁bill ▁we ▁got ▁Barry ▁Gold water ▁and ▁a ▁dead

Subsets and Splits

No community queries yet

The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.