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▁and ▁S asha ▁from ▁Berlin ▁at ▁Tre pt ower ▁Park , ▁before ▁Co aver ▁had ▁stopped ▁him . ▁El ena ▁then ▁asks ▁Harry ▁to ▁kiss ▁her ▁to ▁which ▁he ▁ref uses . ▁ ▁Later ▁Harry ▁meets ▁Ruth , ▁they ▁discuss ▁Jim ▁Co aver ' s ▁death ▁and ▁Harry ▁explains ▁to ▁her ▁that ▁he ▁does ▁not ▁feel ▁love ▁for ▁El ena ▁but ▁instead ▁feels ▁guilt . ▁He ▁warn s ▁Ruth ▁guilt ▁can ▁look ▁like ▁love ▁which ▁later ▁leads ▁to ▁her ▁questioning ▁him ▁if ▁all ▁he ▁feels ▁for ▁her ▁is ▁guilt ▁as ▁well , ▁but ▁makes ▁it ▁clear ▁that ▁he ▁is ▁no ▁longer ▁in ▁love ▁with ▁El ena . ▁He ▁also ▁explains ▁that ▁he ▁tried ▁to ▁extract ▁El ena ▁and ▁S asha ▁from ▁Berlin ▁and ▁he ▁feels ▁guilty ▁mostly ▁towards ▁S asha . ▁Harry ▁then ▁adm its ▁the ▁reason ▁he ▁didn ' t ▁tell ▁Ruth ▁about ▁El ena ▁was ▁through ▁shame ▁of ▁his ▁own ▁cow ard ice ▁and ▁Ruth ▁indirect ly ▁adm its ▁in ▁return ▁that ▁she ▁was ▁jealous ▁of ▁his ▁relationship ▁with ▁El ena . ▁ ▁By ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁episode ▁Harry ▁is ▁suspected ▁of ▁being ▁involved ▁in ▁the ▁killing ▁of ▁Jim ▁Co aver ▁and ▁is ▁handed ▁over ▁to ▁CIA ▁due ▁to ▁his ▁role ▁in ▁Co aver ' s ▁death , ▁Tow ers ▁and ▁Ruth ▁meet ▁him ▁on ▁the ▁South ▁Bank . ▁Harry ▁accepts ▁the ▁terms ▁of ▁the ▁CIA ▁and ▁pre pa res ▁to ▁be ▁extr ad ited ▁but ▁will ▁leave ▁on ▁the ▁condition ▁that ▁the ▁deal ▁with ▁Russia ▁be ▁brought ▁forward ▁to
▁that ▁afternoon ▁to ▁avoid ▁more ▁deaths . ▁Tow ers ▁agrees ▁and ▁then ▁leaves ▁Harry ▁and ▁Ruth ▁alone . ▁ ▁Ruth ▁tells ▁him ▁that ▁she ▁has ▁put ▁in ▁an ▁offer ▁on ▁a ▁house ▁in ▁S uff olk ▁but ▁that ▁she ▁can ' t ▁actually ▁picture ▁herself ▁living ▁there . ▁Harry ▁encour ages ▁her ▁that ▁she ' ll ▁keep ▁trying ▁and ▁to ▁do ▁as ▁much ▁as ▁she ▁can ▁to ▁cl ing ▁on ▁to ▁the ▁idea ▁of ▁a ▁normal ▁life . ▁He ▁then ▁kiss es ▁her ▁good bye , ▁but ▁she ▁is ▁reluct ant ▁to ▁let ▁him ▁go . ▁He ▁says ▁her ▁that ▁they ▁can ▁pretend ▁this ▁isn ' t ▁the ▁end ▁for ▁them . ▁ ▁A ▁tear ful ▁Ruth ▁is ▁then ▁left ▁standing ▁on ▁the ▁beach ▁alone . ▁ ▁In ▁episode ▁ 6 ▁Harry ▁is ▁still ▁in ▁the ▁custody ▁of ▁the ▁CIA ▁when ▁El ena ▁G av rik ▁inform s ▁Ruth ▁she ▁has ▁intel ▁about ▁an ▁attack ▁planned ▁on ▁the ▁UK . ▁Ruth ▁asks ▁for ▁the ▁help ▁of ▁her ▁former ▁colleagues ▁in ▁Section ▁D ▁who ▁break ▁Harry ▁out ▁of ▁being ▁extr ad ited ▁to ▁the ▁US . ▁Harry ▁questions ▁El ena ▁who ▁reveals ▁someone ▁is ▁en ▁route ▁from ▁Russia ▁on ▁a ▁suicide ▁mission . ▁ ▁El ena ▁then ▁also ▁reveals ▁that ▁she ▁had ▁been ▁a ▁double ▁agent ▁all ▁along ▁for ▁the ▁Russians , ▁recru ited ▁by ▁a ▁f action ▁within ▁the ▁K GB ▁( The ▁Russian ▁Secret ▁Service ) ▁and ▁that ▁she ▁had ▁attempted ▁to ▁turn ▁Harry ▁but ▁he ▁was ▁deemed ▁too ▁good . ▁When
▁Harry ▁asks ▁she ▁also ▁tells ▁him ▁that ▁she ▁lied ▁to ▁him ▁and ▁that ▁S asha ▁is ▁not ▁his ▁son ▁but ▁is ▁I ly a ▁G av ri ks . ▁ ▁Ruth ▁also ▁questions ▁El ena ▁about ▁her ▁true ▁mot ives , ▁not ▁entirely ▁convinced ▁that ▁she ▁is ▁telling ▁the ▁truth . ▁Harry ▁p ushes ▁El ena ▁to ▁break ▁when ▁he ▁attacks ▁S asha , ▁and ▁El ena ▁is ▁left ▁to ▁make ▁a ▁choice ▁between ▁her ▁son ▁and ▁her ▁country . ▁Eventually ▁they ▁find ▁out ▁that ▁El ena ▁had ▁been ▁lying ▁to ▁them ▁all ▁along ▁and ▁that ▁she ▁had ▁wanted ▁the ▁UK ▁to ▁fire ▁at ▁a ▁Pl ane ▁of ▁innocent ▁people , ▁which ▁would ▁cause ▁a ▁destruct ive ▁event , ▁enough ▁for ▁the ▁partnership ▁deal ▁to ▁be ▁deemed ▁worth less ▁and ▁start ▁conflict ▁between ▁Britain ▁and ▁Russia . ▁ ▁Later ▁I ly a ▁G av rik ▁asks ▁Ruth ▁to ▁give ▁him ▁the ▁key ▁to ▁El ena ' s ▁cell , ▁he ▁then ▁kills ▁her ▁to ▁which ▁S asha ▁witnesses ▁and ▁attempts ▁to ▁stop , ▁but ▁before ▁he ▁can ▁get ▁to ▁his ▁mother ▁she ▁is ▁str angled . ▁ ▁S asha ▁out ▁of ▁revenge , ▁goes ▁out ▁after ▁Ruth ▁and ▁Harry ▁real ising ▁that ▁one ▁of ▁them ▁had ▁given ▁I ly a ▁the ▁key . ▁ ▁The ▁threat ▁is ▁over , ▁the ▁plane ▁is ▁safe ▁and ▁Ruth ▁meets ▁Harry ▁outside . ▁Going ▁back ▁on ▁her ▁words ▁in ▁episodes ▁ 4 ▁and ▁ 5 , ▁she ▁tells ▁him ▁they ▁are ▁made ▁of ▁secrets ▁and ▁then ▁asks
▁him ▁to ▁leave ▁the ▁Service ▁with ▁her ▁and ▁he ▁agrees . ▁ ▁S asha ▁then ▁appears ▁with ▁a ▁sh ard ▁of ▁glass ▁( Se en ▁earlier ▁after ▁I ly a ▁had ▁str angled ▁El ena ) ▁Harry ▁tells ▁Ruth ▁to ▁move ▁aside ▁and ▁return ▁to ▁the ▁bunk er . ▁ ▁She ▁ref uses ▁and ▁instead ▁stands ▁in ▁front ▁of ▁him ▁to ▁protect ▁him ▁trying ▁to ▁convince ▁S asha ▁that ▁it ▁was ▁her ▁who ▁gave ▁I ly a ▁the ▁key ▁to ▁El ena ' s ▁cell . ▁But ▁as ▁she ▁tries ▁to ▁stop ▁S asha ▁adv ancing ▁towards ▁Harry , ▁he ▁accidentally ▁st abs ▁her ▁with ▁the ▁glass ▁sh ard ▁before ▁D imit ri ▁shoot s ▁him ▁in ▁the ▁leg . ▁Ruth ▁coll aps es ▁in ▁Harry ' s ▁arms . ▁ ▁Harry ▁tells ▁his ▁team ▁to ▁get ▁help ▁while ▁he ▁is ▁left ▁with ▁Ruth ▁dying ▁in ▁his ▁arms . ▁Both ▁Harry ▁and ▁Er in ▁try ▁to ▁calm ▁Ruth ▁out ▁of ▁shock ▁and ▁insist ▁that ▁Harry ▁keep ▁her ▁talking . ▁She ▁tells ▁him ▁she ▁couldn ' t ▁imagine ▁living ▁in ▁S uff olk ▁alone , ▁but ▁only ▁ever ▁living ▁there ▁with ▁him . ▁He ▁tries ▁to ▁comfort ▁her , ▁telling ▁her ▁they ▁will ▁have ▁a ▁life ▁there ▁but ▁before ▁D imit ri , ▁Er in ▁and ▁Cal um ▁can ▁to ▁her ▁she ' s ▁already ▁gone , ▁ ▁D imit ri ▁tries ▁to ▁save ▁her ▁but ▁it ' s ▁too ▁late . ▁Cal um ▁asks ▁D imit ri ▁and ▁Er in ▁allow ▁Harry ▁to
▁be ▁alone ▁with ▁Ruth ▁leaving ▁Harry ▁g riev ing , ▁holding ▁her . ▁Before ▁he ▁leaves ▁he ▁kiss es ▁her ▁good bye . ▁ ▁At ▁the ▁very ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁episode ▁Harry ▁visits ▁the ▁memorial ▁n aming ▁every ▁MI 5 ▁officer ▁he ▁has ▁lost ▁which ▁now ▁includes ▁Ruth ' s ▁name . ▁He ▁then ▁returns ▁to ▁MI 5 ▁to ▁work ▁and ▁Section ▁D ▁continues . ▁ ▁Hon ours ▁In ▁Series ▁ 6 , ▁Episode ▁ 3 , ▁Harry ▁receives ▁a ▁letter ▁from ▁ 1 0 ▁Down ing ▁Street , ▁inform ing ▁him ▁that ▁The ▁Queen ▁wished ▁to ▁best ow ▁a ▁kn ighth ood ▁upon ▁him . ▁ ▁He ▁already ▁held ▁a ▁C BE , ▁the ▁honour ▁immediately ▁below ▁that ▁of ▁the ▁Knight ▁Commander ▁of ▁the ▁Order ▁of ▁the ▁British ▁Empire ▁he ▁now ▁holds . ▁ ▁Re ception ▁This ▁character ▁is ▁considered ▁by ▁many ▁fans ▁to ▁be ▁the ▁pill ar ▁of ▁the ▁show , ▁providing ▁both ▁a ▁back bone ▁to ▁the ▁team ▁and ▁is ▁often ▁the ▁cause ▁of ▁many ▁of ▁the ▁comic ▁relief ▁situations ▁present ▁in ▁the ▁series , ▁most ▁notably ▁in ▁his ▁ex changes ▁during ▁series ▁ 1 ▁with ▁J ools ▁S iv iter , ▁played ▁by ▁Hugh ▁La ur ie . ▁Another ▁comic ▁theme ▁includes ▁Harry ▁getting ▁annoy ed ▁every ▁time ▁someone ▁would ▁enter ▁his ▁office ▁without ▁knock ing . ▁This ▁grew ▁so ▁much ▁that ▁in ▁the ▁series ▁three ▁finale , ▁when ▁Ruth ▁came ▁to ▁warn ▁him ▁that ▁something ▁was ▁wrong , ▁Harry ▁guessed ▁it ▁because ▁she ▁had ▁knocked . ▁He ▁is
▁well ▁respected ▁by ▁his ▁colleagues . ▁ ▁He ▁has ▁thus ▁far ▁survived ▁four ▁cl iff h angers ▁where ▁it ▁appears ▁he ▁is ▁about ▁to ▁be ▁killed ▁( series ▁ 2 , ▁series ▁ 4 , ▁series ▁ 7 ▁and ▁series ▁ 9 ) ▁and ▁the ▁t enth ▁series ▁is ▁a ▁plot line ▁that ▁revol ves ▁around ▁Harry ; ▁his ▁past ▁and ▁his ▁relationship ▁with ▁Ruth . ▁ ▁He ▁is ▁the ▁only ▁character ▁to ▁have ▁appeared ▁in ▁every ▁single ▁episode ▁in ▁the ▁show . ▁ ▁Ben ji ▁Wilson ▁of ▁The ▁Daily ▁Tele graph ▁in ▁describing ▁Harry ▁and ▁Ruth ' s ▁relationship ▁commented ▁that ▁"( R uth ' s ) ▁scenes ▁with ▁Peter ▁F irth , ▁another ▁fine ▁player , ▁have ▁become ▁self - cont ained ▁little ▁bub bles ▁of ▁wel ts ch mer z ▁within ▁every ▁recent ▁episode ". ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : Tele vision ▁characters ▁introduced ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 2 ▁Category : Sp ook s ▁characters ▁Category : F ict ional ▁secret ▁agents ▁and ▁sp ies ▁Category : F ict ional ▁kn ights ▁Category : F ict ional ▁British ▁people ▁Category : F ict ional ▁English ▁people <0x0A> </s> ▁ 7 5 – 3 0 0 mm ▁is ▁a ▁common ▁f ocal ▁length ▁for ▁camera ▁l enses . ▁ ▁Mult iple ▁articles ▁exist ▁about ▁such ▁l enses : ▁▁▁ ▁Can on ▁E F ▁ 7 5 – 3 0 0 mm ▁lens ▁ ▁Min ol ta ▁AF ▁ 7 5 - 3 0 0 mm ▁f / 4 .
5 - 5 . 6 ▁lens <0x0A> </s> ▁Joe ▁Pal ook a ▁in ▁the ▁Coun ter p unch ▁is ▁a ▁ 1 9 4 9 ▁American ▁film ▁directed ▁by ▁R egin ald ▁Le ▁B org . ▁It ▁was ▁one ▁in ▁the ▁series ▁of ▁Joe ▁Pal ook a ▁films ▁for ▁Mon ogram ▁star ring ▁Leon ▁Er rol . ▁ ▁It ▁was ▁co - written ▁by ▁Cy ▁End field . ▁ ▁Cast ▁▁ ▁Leon ▁Er rol ▁as ▁Kn obby ▁Wal sh ▁▁▁ ▁Joe ▁Kirk wood , ▁Jr . ▁as ▁Joe ▁Pal ook a ▁▁▁ ▁E ly se ▁Kn ox ▁as ▁Anne ▁How e ▁▁▁ ▁Marcel ▁Jour net ▁as ▁Anton ▁Kind el ▁ ▁She ila ▁Ryan ▁as ▁My ra ▁Madison ▁▁ ▁Frank ▁Sul ly ▁as ▁L oo ie ▁ ▁Ian ▁Wol fe ▁as ▁Prof . ▁L ill iqu ist ▁▁ ▁Walter ▁S ande ▁as ▁Austin ▁ ▁Dou glass ▁Dum br ille ▁as ▁Capt . ▁L ance ▁ ▁Douglas ▁F ow ley ▁as ▁Th ur ston ▁ ▁Eddie ▁G rib bon ▁as ▁Can vas back ▁ ▁Ralph ▁Gr aves ▁as ▁Dr . ▁Col man = ▁ ▁Roland ▁D up ree ▁as ▁Bell boy ▁ ▁Ger tr ude ▁Mess inger ▁as ▁Nur se ▁ ▁Pedro ▁de ▁Cord oba ▁as ▁Museum ▁Care t aker ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁Joe ▁Pal ook a ▁in ▁the ▁Coun ter p unch ▁at ▁I MD b ▁Joe ▁Pal ook a ▁in ▁the ▁Coun ter p unch ▁at ▁T CM DB ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 4 9 ▁films ▁Category : 1 9 4
0 s ▁sports ▁films ▁Category : American ▁black - and - white ▁films ▁Category : American ▁films ▁Category : American ▁box ing ▁films ▁Category : Fil ms ▁directed ▁by ▁R egin ald ▁Le ▁B org ▁Category : Mon ogram ▁Pictures ▁films ▁Category : Fil ms ▁based ▁on ▁American ▁com ics <0x0A> </s> ▁Martin ▁Shaw ▁( born ▁ 2 1 ▁January ▁ 1 9 4 5 ) ▁is ▁an ▁English ▁actor . ▁He ▁is ▁known ▁for ▁his ▁roles ▁in ▁the ▁television ▁series ▁The ▁Prof ession als , ▁The ▁Chief , ▁Judge ▁John ▁De ed ▁and ▁In spector ▁George ▁G ently . ▁He ▁has ▁also ▁acted ▁on ▁stage ▁and ▁in ▁film , ▁and ▁has ▁narr ated ▁numerous ▁aud i ob ook s ▁and ▁presented ▁various ▁television ▁series , ▁including ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁series ▁Martin ▁Shaw : ▁A vi ators . ▁ ▁Early ▁life ▁Shaw ▁was ▁born ▁in ▁Birmingham . ▁His ▁childhood ▁was ▁spent ▁in ▁Al ley ne ▁Gro ve ▁in ▁Er ding ton ▁and ▁S utton ▁Cold field . ▁Shaw ▁attended ▁Great ▁Barr ▁School , ▁where ▁he ▁exc elled ▁in ▁English ▁literature ▁and ▁drama ▁lessons . ▁ ▁At ▁sixteen , ▁he ▁was ▁offered ▁a ▁scholarship ▁to ▁a ▁Birmingham ▁drama ▁school ▁but ▁declined . ▁▁ ▁In ▁his ▁youth , ▁Shaw ▁was ▁involved ▁in ▁a ▁drunk en ▁b raw l ▁with ▁a ▁friend , ▁suffering ▁broken ▁teeth , ▁injuries ▁to ▁his ▁face ▁and ▁a ▁fract ured ▁skull , ▁and ▁needed ▁cheek bone ▁surgery . ▁▁▁ ▁At ▁age ▁eighteen , ▁Shaw ▁moved ▁to ▁London ▁to
▁attend ▁the ▁London ▁Academy ▁of ▁Music ▁and ▁Dr am atic ▁Art . ▁ ▁He ▁served ▁his ▁app rent ices hip ▁in ▁re pert ory ▁as ▁an ▁assistant ▁stage ▁manager ▁at ▁the ▁Queen ' s ▁Theatre , ▁Horn ch urch ▁and ▁the ▁Brist ol ▁Old ▁Vic . ▁ ▁Stage ▁Shaw ▁took ▁key ▁roles ▁in ▁the ▁first ▁rev ival ▁of ▁Look ▁Back ▁in ▁Ang er ▁( R oyal ▁Court / Criterion , ▁ 1 9 6 8 ); ▁in ▁the ▁National ▁Theatre ' s ▁Saturday , ▁Sunday , ▁Monday ▁opposite ▁Lauren ce ▁Ol iv ier ▁( 1 9 7 3 ); ▁and ▁in ▁A ▁Street car ▁N amed ▁Des ire ▁presented ▁by ▁the ▁Pic c ad illy ▁Theatre ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 4 . ▁He ▁later ▁acknowledged ▁the ▁role ▁of ▁Stanley ▁K ow als ki ▁in ▁' St re et car ' ▁as ▁a ▁point ▁of ▁break through ▁in ▁his ▁career . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 8 5 , ▁Shaw ▁played ▁El vis ▁Pres ley ▁in ▁Alan ▁B le as dale ' s ▁crit ically ▁ac claimed ▁Are ▁You ▁L ones ome ▁Ton ight ?. ▁It ▁told ▁the ▁story ▁of ▁Pres ley ' s ▁last ▁few ▁hours . ▁After ▁a ▁long ▁run ▁in ▁London , ▁the ▁production ▁visited ▁Sydney , ▁Melbourne ▁and ▁Ad ela ide ▁in ▁Australia . ▁▁▁ ▁Shaw ' s ▁port ray al ▁of ▁Lord ▁G oring ▁in ▁An ▁Ide al ▁Hus band ▁on ▁Broadway ▁earned ▁him ▁a ▁Tony ▁Award ▁nom ination ▁and ▁a ▁Dr ama ▁Des k ▁award . ▁▁
▁After ▁film ing ▁finished ▁on ▁the ▁TV ▁series ▁Judge ▁John ▁De ed , ▁Shaw ▁took ▁the ▁role ▁of ▁Thomas ▁More ▁in ▁Robert ▁B olt ' s ▁play ▁A ▁Man ▁for ▁All ▁Se asons . ▁Shaw ' s ▁daughter , ▁Sophie , ▁played ▁opposite ▁him ▁as ▁More ' s ▁daughter , ▁Margaret . ▁The ▁production ▁tou red ▁Britain ' s ▁cities ▁before ▁a ▁run ▁in ▁London ▁at ▁the ▁Theatre ▁Royal ▁Hay market . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁a ▁new ▁production ▁of ▁the ▁classic ▁play ▁Tw elve ▁Ang ry ▁Men ▁at ▁the ▁G arr ick ▁Theatre ▁London , ▁Shaw ▁played ▁the ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁diss ent ing ▁jur or ▁( ident ified ▁as ▁jur or ▁number ▁ 8 .) ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁Shaw ▁tou red ▁and ▁hit ▁the ▁West ▁End ▁again ▁with ▁a ▁l ively ▁production ▁of ▁Hob son ' s ▁Choice ▁at ▁the ▁V au dev ille . ▁After ▁completing ▁film ing ▁the ▁final ▁episode ▁of ▁George ▁G ently , ▁Shaw ▁again ▁tou red ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 7 ▁with ▁the ▁U . K . ▁premier ▁of ▁G ore ▁V idal ' s ▁ 1 9 6 0 ▁political ▁piece : ▁The ▁Best ▁Man . ▁Shaw ▁played ▁the ▁part ▁of ▁William ▁Russell , ▁former ▁US ▁Secretary ▁of ▁State . ▁ ▁Television ▁Shaw ▁began ▁television ▁work ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 7 . ▁Part s ▁in ▁one - off ▁plays ▁for ▁Gran ada ▁Television ▁led ▁to ▁his ▁playing ▁hip py ▁student ▁Robert ▁Cro ft , ▁Luc ile
▁He w itt ' s ▁boyfriend , ▁in ▁Cor on ation ▁Street . ▁Another ▁early ▁role ▁was ▁bo o ze ▁and ▁football - l oving ▁Wel sh ▁medical ▁student ▁H uw ▁Evans ▁in ▁the ▁television ▁comedy ▁series ▁Doctor ▁in ▁the ▁House . ▁He ▁later ▁guest - star red , ▁playing ▁the ▁same ▁role , ▁in ▁the ▁follow - up ▁series ▁Doctor ▁at ▁Large , ▁now ▁a ▁nervous ▁expect ant ▁father ▁in ▁the ▁episode ▁" M other ▁and ▁Father ▁Do ing ▁Well ". ▁▁ ▁Shaw ▁appeared ▁with ▁future ▁co - star ▁Lewis ▁Collins ▁in ▁an ▁episode ▁of ▁The ▁New ▁Av engers . ▁Both ▁played ▁the ▁roles ▁of ▁terror ists . ▁Shaw ▁port rayed ▁Ray ▁D oyle ▁(" Agent ▁ 4 – 5 ") ▁in ▁the ▁British ▁television ▁series ▁The ▁Prof ession als ▁( 1 9 7 7 – 1 9 8 1 ), ▁opposite ▁Collins . ▁Shaw ▁played ▁another ▁law - en force ment ▁role ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 9 0 s ▁IT V ▁production ▁The ▁Chief . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 8 3 , ▁Shaw ▁played ▁Robert ▁Fal con ▁Scott ▁in ▁The ▁Last ▁Place ▁on ▁Earth . ▁The ▁series ▁was ▁fil med ▁at ▁F rob isher ▁Bay ▁near ▁the ▁city ▁of ▁I q al uit ▁on ▁B aff in ▁Island , ▁Canada . ▁In ▁interview ▁at ▁the ▁time , ▁Shaw ▁commented ▁that ▁he ▁generally ▁responded ▁well ▁to ▁the ▁testing ▁physical ▁conditions , ▁particularly ▁when ▁they ▁enhanced ▁the ▁reality ▁of ▁the ▁scene . ▁In ▁the ▁same ▁year ▁he ▁played ▁Sir ▁Henry ▁B
ask erv ille ▁in ▁The ▁H ound ▁of ▁the ▁B ask erv illes , ▁an ▁adaptation ▁of ▁the ▁novel ▁by ▁Sir ▁Arthur ▁Con an ▁D oyle . ▁He ▁acted ▁opposite ▁Ian ▁Richard son ' s ▁Sher lock ▁Holmes ▁and ▁Donald ▁Churchill ' s ▁Dr . ▁Watson . ▁ ▁He ▁played ▁Cec il ▁Rh odes ▁in ▁Rh odes , ▁an ▁eight - part ▁serial ▁that ▁a ired ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 6 ▁and ▁was ▁fil med ▁on ▁location ▁in ▁South ▁Africa . ▁Shaw ' s ▁younger ▁son , ▁Joe , ▁took ▁early ▁leave ▁of ▁his ▁drama ▁school ▁course ▁to ▁play ▁the ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁youth ful ▁Rh odes . ▁▁▁ ▁Another ▁television ▁acting ▁credit ▁includes ▁Dr ▁Robert ▁King ston ▁in ▁Always ▁and ▁Everyone ▁( 1 9 9 9 – 2 0 0 2 ), ▁a ▁British ▁accident ▁and ▁emergency ▁medical ▁series ▁alongside ▁N iam h ▁C us ack . ▁▁▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 1 , ▁he ▁took ▁the ▁title ▁role ▁in ▁the ▁BBC ▁drama ▁Judge ▁John ▁De ed . ▁The ▁character ▁gave ▁an ▁editorial ▁voice ▁to ▁the ▁television ▁writer ▁and ▁producer ▁G . F . ▁New man ' s ▁ideas ▁about ▁lifestyle ▁choices ▁such ▁as ▁veget arian ism ▁and ▁alternative ▁medicine ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁issues ▁of ▁social ▁justice . ▁One ▁episode ▁about ▁the ▁safety ▁of ▁the ▁M MR ▁vaccine ▁was ▁banned . ▁ ▁Between ▁seasons ▁of ▁Judge ▁John ▁De ed , ▁Shaw ▁took ▁the ▁role ▁of ▁poet ic ▁bes pect ac led ▁fore ns ic ▁detective ▁Adam ▁Dal gl ies h
▁in ▁P . D . ▁James ' s ▁Death ▁in ▁Holy ▁Or ders ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 3 ▁and ▁The ▁Mur der ▁Room ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 5 . ▁After ▁the ▁sixth ▁season ▁of ▁Judge ▁John ▁De ed ▁had ▁been ▁fil med , ▁Shaw ▁appeared ▁in ▁the ▁series ▁App ar itions , ▁broadcast ▁by ▁the ▁BBC ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 8 . ▁This ▁was ▁Shaw ' s ▁first ▁project ▁as ▁executive ▁director . ▁ ▁From ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁until ▁ 2 0 1 7 ▁he ▁played ▁the ▁title ▁role ▁in ▁the ▁BBC ▁TV ▁series ▁In spector ▁George ▁G ently ▁alongside ▁co - star ▁Lee ▁In gle by . ▁On ▁ 9 ▁May ▁ 2 0 1 5 ▁Shaw ▁rec ited ▁" For ▁the ▁Fall en " ▁at ▁V E ▁Day ▁ 7 0 : ▁A ▁Party ▁to ▁Remember ▁in ▁Horse ▁Gu ards ▁Par ade , ▁London ▁which ▁was ▁broadcast ▁on ▁BBC ▁ 1 . ▁ ▁Film ▁Although ▁Shaw ▁is ▁not ▁classified ▁as ▁a ▁film ▁actor ▁he ▁has ▁had ▁several ▁roles ▁over ▁the ▁years . ▁His ▁first ▁film ▁role ▁was ▁an ▁Irish ▁commun ist ▁in ▁Love ▁on ▁the ▁D ole ▁( 1 9 6 6 ). ▁Better ▁known ▁is ▁his ▁' 7 0 s ▁role ▁of ▁Ban qu o ▁in ▁Roman ▁Pol ans ki ' s ▁Mac b eth . ▁He ▁has ▁also ▁been ▁seen ▁as ▁an ▁under cover ▁Second ▁World ▁War ▁oper ative ▁in ▁Operation ▁Day break ; ▁a ▁singing ▁and ▁dancing ▁fut ur istic ▁mag ician ▁"
Z ax " ▁in ▁Fac el ift ; ▁the ▁role ▁of ▁R ach id ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 7 3 ▁film ▁The ▁Golden ▁V oy age ▁of ▁Sin bad , ▁and ▁a ▁wanted ▁vill ain ▁leading ▁a ▁life ▁on ▁the ▁run ▁in ▁a ▁circ us ▁tro op ▁in ▁Lad der ▁of ▁S words . ▁ ▁N arr ation ▁and ▁document aries ▁Shaw ▁has ▁narr ated ▁many ▁aud i ob ook s , ▁including ▁Tol k ien ' s ▁The ▁Hob bit ▁and ▁The ▁Sil mar illion ; ▁Sw ift ' s ▁G ull iver ' s ▁Tr av els ; ▁and ▁Emily ▁Br ont ë ' s ▁W uther ing ▁He ights . ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 6 , ▁Shaw ▁narr ated ▁and ▁appeared ▁in ▁a ▁DVD ▁chronic ling ▁the ▁" Mer l ins ▁over ▁Mal ta " ▁project . ▁This ▁featured ▁the ▁return ▁of ▁a ▁Second ▁World ▁War ▁Super mar ine ▁Sp it fire ▁and ▁Haw ker ▁Hur ricane ▁from ▁Britain ▁to ▁Mal ta ▁for ▁the ▁first ▁time ▁in ▁fifty ▁years . ▁ ▁In ▁December ▁ 2 0 0 6 , ▁Shaw ▁presented ▁the ▁six - part ▁Dis covery ▁Channel ▁Real ▁Time ▁TV ▁series ▁Martin ▁Shaw : ▁A vi ators , ▁produced ▁by ▁Two four , ▁which ▁followed ▁the ▁two - year ▁restoration ▁of ▁his ▁Bo eing ▁Ste ar man ▁bi plane ▁after ▁it ▁was ▁crashed ▁by ▁another ▁pilot ▁at ▁Old ▁Buck en ham ▁air field ▁in ▁Nor folk . ▁Shaw ▁ful filled ▁a ▁lifetime ▁amb ition ▁to ▁take ▁the
▁controls ▁of ▁a ▁Sp it fire ▁( owned ▁by ▁Maurice ▁Bay l iss ) ▁and , ▁though ▁take - off ▁was ▁not ▁permitted , ▁he ▁also ▁powered ▁an ▁English ▁Electric ▁Light ning ▁( owned ▁by ▁Russell ▁Car p enter ) ▁to ▁ 1 5 0 m ph ▁in ▁three ▁seconds ▁along ▁the ▁run way ▁at ▁Cr an field ▁Airport . ▁Shaw ▁also ▁compared ▁notes ▁with ▁the ▁non agen arian ▁builder ▁and ▁developer ▁of ▁the ▁modern ▁aut ogy ro , ▁Wing ▁C dr . ▁Ken ▁Wall is . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁he ▁presented ▁a ▁documentary ▁for ▁the ▁BBC ▁titled ▁D amb usters ▁De class ified ▁in ▁which ▁he ▁investigated ▁and ▁deb unk ed ▁some ▁of ▁the ▁myth s ▁of ▁the ▁d amb usters ▁raid ▁known ▁as ▁Operation ▁Ch ast ise ▁story ▁which ▁had ▁been ▁port rayed ▁in ▁the ▁books ▁En emy ▁Coast ▁A head ▁and ▁The ▁D amb usters , ▁and ▁the ▁film ▁The ▁Dam ▁B usters . ▁ ▁Ad vert is ements ▁Among ▁several ▁voice o vers ▁and ▁appearances , ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 4 , ▁Shaw ▁star red ▁in ▁a ▁three - minute ▁advertis ement ▁for ▁the ▁M k ▁II ▁Ford ▁Cap ri ▁and ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 7 , ▁a ▁TV ▁advert ▁for ▁the ▁V aux hall ▁C aval ier . ▁ ▁Activ ism ▁and ▁charity ▁work ▁Shaw ▁is ▁a ▁celebr ity ▁activ ist ▁for ▁animal ▁rights ▁and ▁animal ▁welfare . ▁He ▁is ▁the ▁patron ▁of ▁the ▁Hill side ▁Animal ▁San ct uary ▁in
▁Fre tt en ham ▁in ▁Nor folk , ▁a ▁charity ▁organisation ▁which ▁provides ▁a ▁safe ▁home ▁for ▁neg lected ▁and ▁ab used ▁animals . ▁He ▁also ▁supports ▁V iva ! ▁and ▁Dr ▁Had wen ▁Trust . ▁ ▁In ▁March ▁ 2 0 1 2 , ▁he ▁also ▁announced ▁that ▁he ▁would ▁become ▁the ▁official ▁patron ▁to ▁the ▁community ▁organisation ▁Stop ▁Nor wich ▁Ur B an isation ▁or ▁S NU B , ▁whose ▁aim ▁is ▁to ▁protect ▁Nor folk ' s ▁countryside ▁from ▁over develop ment ▁and ▁excessive ▁urban isation . ▁In ▁the ▁press ▁release , ▁he ▁stated ▁that ▁he ▁was ▁" sim ply ▁fur ious ▁and ▁upset ▁by ▁your ▁pl ight ▁and ▁that ▁of ▁all ▁of ▁us ▁who ▁wish ▁to ▁live ▁in ▁quiet ▁and ▁peace . ▁I ▁will ▁be ▁your ▁Pat ron ▁and ▁keep ▁fighting ". ▁ ▁Personal ▁life ▁In ▁ 1 9 7 1 , ▁Shaw ▁became ▁a ▁f oll ower ▁of ▁Char an ▁Singh , ▁of ▁the ▁Sant ▁Mat ▁religion . ▁▁ ▁Shaw ▁lives ▁in ▁H ingham ▁in ▁Nor folk . ▁ ▁On ▁ 1 8 ▁August ▁ 2 0 1 0 , ▁Shaw ▁collapsed ▁during ▁the ▁first ▁act ▁of ▁the ▁mat ine e ▁showing ▁of ▁A ▁Country ▁Girl ▁at ▁Sh rew sb ury ' s ▁Theatre ▁Sever n . ▁His ▁agent , ▁Roger ▁Ch arter is , ▁said ▁he ▁had ▁been ▁suffering ▁from ▁cracked ▁rib s ▁and ▁was ▁taking ▁antib iot ics ▁for ▁a ▁severe ▁chest ▁infection . ▁An ▁under stud y ▁went ▁on ▁in ▁his ▁place . ▁ ▁Awards
▁and ▁nom inations ▁Shaw ▁won ▁two ▁awards ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 6 ▁for ▁his ▁performance ▁as ▁Lord ▁G oring ▁in ▁the ▁Broadway ▁production ▁of ▁An ▁Ide al ▁Hus band ▁and ▁was ▁nominated ▁for ▁a ▁third : ▁ ▁W inner ▁of ▁the ▁Dr ama ▁Des k ▁Award ▁for ▁Out standing ▁Feature d ▁A ctor ▁in ▁a ▁Play ▁ ▁W inner ▁of ▁the ▁Theatre ▁World ▁Special ▁Award ▁for ▁En semble ▁Performance ▁ ▁Nom inated ▁for ▁the ▁Tony ▁Award ▁for ▁Best ▁A ctor ▁in ▁a ▁Play ▁ ▁Appe ar ances ▁ ▁Television ▁▁ ▁Cor on ation ▁Street ▁as ▁Robert ▁Cro ft ▁ ▁On ▁the ▁Move ▁( 1 9 7 5 – 1 9 7 6 ) ▁as ▁Martin ▁ ▁Helen : ▁A ▁Woman ▁of ▁Today ▁( 1 9 7 3 ) ▁as ▁Frank ▁T ully ▁ ▁The ▁Du che ss ▁of ▁Duke ▁Street ▁" Family ▁Mat ters " ▁( 1 9 7 6 ) ▁as ▁Arthur ▁ ▁The ▁Prof ession als ▁( 1 9 7 7 – 1 9 8 1 ) ▁as ▁Ray ▁D oyle ▁ ▁Doctor ▁at ▁Large ▁( 1 9 7 1 ) ▁as ▁H uw ▁Evans ▁( 1 1 ▁episodes ) ▁ ▁C ream ▁in ▁My ▁Coffee ▁( by ▁Dennis ▁Pot ter ) ▁( 1 9 8 0 ) ▁as ▁Jack ▁But cher ▁ ▁East ▁Lyn ne ▁( 1 9 8 2 ) ▁as ▁Arch ib ald ▁C arly le ▁ ▁The ▁H ound ▁of ▁the ▁B ask erv illes ▁( 1 9 8 3 ) ▁as ▁Sir ▁Henry ▁B ask
erv ille ▁ ▁The ▁Last ▁Place ▁on ▁Earth ▁( 1 9 8 5 ) ▁as ▁Robert ▁Fal con ▁Scott ▁ ▁The ▁Chief ▁( 1 9 9 3 – 1 9 9 5 ) ▁as ▁Chief ▁Const able ▁Alan ▁C ade ▁ ▁Rh odes ▁( 1 9 9 6 ) ▁as ▁Cec il ▁Rh odes ▁ ▁The ▁Scar let ▁P imper nel ▁( 1 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 0 ) ▁as ▁Ch au vel in ▁ ▁A & E ▁( 1 9 9 9 – 2 0 0 2 ) ▁as ▁Robert ▁Kings ford ▁ ▁Death ▁in ▁Holy ▁Or ders ▁( 2 0 0 3 ) ▁as ▁Adam ▁Dal gl ies h ▁ ▁The ▁Mur der ▁Room ▁( 2 0 0 4 ) ▁as ▁Adam ▁Dal gl ies h . ▁ ▁Judge ▁John ▁De ed ▁( 2 0 0 1 – 2 0 0 7 ) ▁as ▁Judge ▁John ▁De ed ▁ ▁Martin ▁Shaw : ▁A vi ators . ▁ ▁Cr an ford ▁( 2 0 0 7 ) ▁as ▁Peter ▁Jen k yn s ▁ ▁In spector ▁George ▁G ently ▁( 2 0 0 7 – 2 0 1 7 ) ▁as ▁George ▁G ently ▁ ▁Lem ur ▁Street ▁( 2 0 0 7 ) ▁ ▁App ar itions ▁( 2 0 0 8 ) ▁as ▁Father ▁Jacob ▁ ▁Ag ath a ▁Christ ie ' s ▁P oi rot ▁Three ▁Act ▁Tr aged y ▁( 2 0 1 0 ) ▁as ▁Charles ▁Cart wright ▁ ▁D amb usters ▁De class
ified ▁( 2 0 1 0 ) ▁as ▁present er ▁ ▁Theatre ▁▁ ▁Look ▁Back ▁in ▁Ang er ▁( R oyal ▁Court ▁transfer ring ▁to ▁the ▁C riterion ▁Theatre , ▁ 1 9 6 8 ) ▁as ▁" Cl iff ▁Lewis ". ▁ ▁The ▁Contract or ▁( R oyal ▁Court , ▁ 1 9 6 9 ; ▁transfer ring ▁to ▁the ▁Fort une ▁Theatre , ▁ 1 9 7 0 ) ▁as ▁" Paul ". ▁ ▁The ▁Battle ▁of ▁Sh riv ings ▁( L y ric ▁Theatre , ▁ 1 9 7 0 ) ▁as ▁" David ". ▁ ▁Cancer ▁( in ▁the ▁United ▁States , ▁Moon ▁Children ; ▁Royal ▁Court , ▁ 1 9 7 0 ) ▁as ▁" B ob ". ▁ ▁The ▁B ac ch ae ▁( National ▁Theatre ▁at ▁the ▁Old ▁Vic , ▁ 1 9 7 3 ) ▁as ▁" D ion ys us ". ▁ ▁Saturday , ▁Sunday , ▁Monday ▁( National ▁Theatre ▁at ▁the ▁Old ▁Vic , ▁ 1 9 7 3 ) ▁as ▁" Att ilio " ▁opposite ▁Lauren ce ▁Ol iv ier . ▁ ▁A ▁Street car ▁N amed ▁Des ire ▁( P icc ad illy ▁Theatre , ▁ 1 9 7 4 ) ▁as ▁" St an ley ▁K ow als ki ". ▁ ▁Miss ▁Julie ▁( Green wich ▁Theatre , ▁ 1 9 7 5 ) ▁as ▁" Je an ". ▁ ▁Te eth ▁' n ' ▁Sm iles ▁( W y nd ham ' s ▁Theatre , ▁ 1 9 7
6 ) ▁as ▁" Ar thur ". ▁ ▁They ' re ▁Play ing ▁Our ▁Song ▁( Sh aft es bury ▁Theatre , ▁ 1 9 8 1 ) ▁as ▁" V ern on ▁G ers ch ". ▁ ▁The ▁Country ▁Girl ▁( A pol lo ▁Theatre , ▁ 1 9 8 3 ). ▁ ▁Are ▁You ▁L ones ome ▁Ton ight ? ▁( P ho en ix ▁Theatre , ▁ 1 9 8 5 ) ▁as ▁' The ▁Old er ▁El vis ▁Pres ley ' ▁( also ▁Sydney , ▁New ▁South ▁Wales , ▁Australia ) ▁ ▁The ▁Big ▁Kn ife ▁( Al bery ▁Theatre , ▁ 1 9 8 7 ) ▁as ▁Charles ▁Castle ▁ ▁Other ▁People ' s ▁Money ▁( L y ric ▁Theatre , ▁ 1 9 9 0 ) ▁as ▁" G ar f ink el ". ▁ ▁Bet ray al ▁( Al me ida ▁Theatre , ▁ 1 9 9 1 ) ▁as ▁" R ober t ". ▁ ▁S ien na ▁Red , ▁by ▁Stephen ▁Pol i ak off ▁and ▁co - star ring ▁Frances ca ▁Ann is ▁( Rich mond ▁Theatre , ▁May ▁ 1 9 9 2 ). ▁ ▁An ▁Ide al ▁Hus band ▁( Gl obe ▁Theatre , ▁ 1 9 9 2 ) ▁as ▁" L ord ▁G oring ". ▁ ▁R ough ▁Justice ▁by ▁Ter ence ▁Fr is by ▁( A pol lo ▁Theatre , ▁ 1 9 9 4 ) ▁as ▁" J ames ▁High wood ". ▁ ▁An ▁Ide al ▁Hus
band ▁( H ay market ▁Theatre ▁transfer ring ▁to ▁the ▁Old ▁Vic , ▁ 1 9 9 6 ; ▁rev ived ▁at ▁the ▁Hay market ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 7 ▁then ▁transferred ▁to ▁the ▁G iel g ud ▁Theatre ). ▁ ▁Vert igo ▁( The atre ▁Royal ▁Wind sor , ▁October ▁ 1 9 9 8 ) ▁as ▁" R og er ▁Fl avia res " ▁alongside ▁his ▁subsequent ▁co - star ▁Jenny ▁Se ag ro ve ▁in ▁Judge ▁John ▁De ed . ▁ ▁A ▁Man ▁For ▁All ▁Se asons ▁( H ay market , ▁ 2 0 0 5 / 6 ) ▁as ▁Sir ▁Thomas ▁More . ▁ ▁The ▁Country ▁Girl ▁( A pol lo ▁Theatre , ▁October ▁ 2 0 1 0 ) ▁co - star ring ▁Jenny ▁Se ag ro ve , ▁following ▁a ▁tour . ▁ ▁Hob son ' s ▁Choice , ▁( V au dev ille ▁Theatre , ▁ 2 0 1 6 ) ▁as ▁Henry ▁Hob son . ▁ ▁Film ▁ ▁Mac b eth ▁( 1 9 7 1 ) ▁as ▁Ban qu o . ▁ ▁The ▁Golden ▁V oy age ▁of ▁Sin bad ▁( 1 9 7 3 ) ▁as ▁R ach id . ▁ ▁Operation ▁Day break ▁( 1 9 7 5 ) ▁as ▁Sergeant ▁K arel ▁Č ur da . ▁ ▁Fac el ift ▁( 1 9 8 4 ) ▁as ▁Z ax . ▁ ▁In tr igue ▁( 1 9 8 8 ) ▁As ▁Ros kov ▁ ▁Lad der ▁of ▁S words
▁( 1 9 8 9 ). ▁ ▁Oil man ▁( short ▁film ). ▁ ▁Notes ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁Category : 1 9 4 5 ▁birth s ▁Category : 2 0 th - century ▁English ▁male ▁actors ▁Category : 2 1 st - century ▁English ▁male ▁actors ▁Category : M ale ▁actors ▁from ▁Birmingham , ▁West ▁Mid lands ▁Category : Al umn i ▁of ▁the ▁London ▁Academy ▁of ▁Music ▁and ▁Dr am atic ▁Art ▁Category : Dr ama ▁Des k ▁Award ▁winners ▁Category : English ▁av i ators ▁Category : English ▁male ▁film ▁actors ▁Category : English ▁male ▁soap ▁opera ▁actors ▁Category : English ▁male ▁stage ▁actors ▁Category : English ▁male ▁voice ▁actors ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : People ▁from ▁H ingham , ▁Nor folk <0x0A> </s> ▁This ▁list ▁of ▁public ▁administration ▁scholars ▁includes ▁notable ▁the or ists , ▁academ ics , ▁and ▁researchers ▁from ▁public ▁administration , ▁public ▁policy , ▁and ▁related ▁fields ▁such ▁as ▁economics , ▁political ▁science , ▁management , ▁administrative ▁law . ▁All ▁of ▁the ▁individuals ▁in ▁this ▁list ▁have ▁made ▁a ▁notable ▁contribution ▁to ▁the ▁field ▁of ▁public ▁administration . ▁▁ ▁O . ▁P . ▁D w ived i ▁ ▁Graham ▁T . ▁All ison ▁ ▁Paul ▁Apple by ▁ ▁Walter ▁B age hot ▁ ▁Che ster ▁Barn ard ▁ ▁Rein hard ▁B end ix ▁ ▁James ▁M . ▁Buch an an ▁ ▁Ly nt on ▁K . ▁Cal d well ▁ ▁Michel ▁Cro z ier ▁ ▁Robert ▁A . ▁D ahl
▁ ▁A . V . ▁D ice y ▁ ▁Anthony ▁Down s ▁- ▁Had ▁a ▁major ▁influence ▁on ▁the ▁public ▁choice ▁school ▁of ▁political ▁economy . ▁ ▁Peter ▁Dru cker ▁ ▁Patrick ▁Dun le avy ▁- ▁Or ig inated ▁the ▁bureau - sh aping ▁model ▁of ▁bureau cr acy . ▁ ▁D orm an ▁Br id g man ▁E aton ▁ ▁David ▁John ▁Far mer ▁- ▁Author ▁of ▁The ▁Language ▁of ▁Public ▁Administration , ▁listed ▁as ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁candidate ▁books ▁for ▁“ g reat ▁books ▁of ▁public ▁administration , ▁ 1 9 9 0 - 2 0 1 0 ” ▁( Me ier ▁& ▁O ’ To ole , ▁ 2 0 1 2 , ▁p . 8 9 0 ). ▁ ▁Henri ▁F ay ol ▁ ▁James ▁W . ▁F es ler ▁ ▁Mary ▁Parker ▁Fol lett ▁ ▁H . ▁George ▁Frederick son ▁ ▁Louis ▁C . ▁G aw th rop ▁ ▁Robert ▁T . ▁G ole mb iew ski ▁ ▁Frank ▁J . ▁Good now ▁- ▁Father ▁of ▁American ▁Public ▁Administration . ▁ ▁Charles ▁Good s ell ▁ ▁Luther ▁G ul ick ▁ ▁Friedrich ▁Hay ek ▁- ▁Thought ▁that ▁social ism ▁required ▁central ▁economic ▁planning ▁and ▁that ▁such ▁planning ▁in ▁turn ▁had ▁a ▁risk ▁of ▁leading ▁towards ▁total itarian ism . ▁ ▁Hugh ▁He cl o ▁ ▁E . ▁P end leton ▁Herr ing ▁ ▁Otto ▁H int ze ▁ ▁Marc ▁Hol zer ▁- ▁Found ing ▁Dean ▁School ▁of ▁Public ▁Affairs ▁and ▁Administration , ▁R ut gers ▁University -
New ark , ▁New ▁Jersey . ▁Board ▁of ▁Govern ors ▁Dist ingu ished ▁Professor ▁ ▁Ralph ▁P . ▁Hum mel ▁ ▁Pat ric ia ▁Ing raham ▁ ▁Barry ▁Dean ▁Karl ▁ ▁V . O . ▁Key , ▁Jr . ▁ ▁Gy ula ▁K oi ▁ ▁Harold ▁L ask i ▁ ▁Harold ▁L ass well ▁ ▁Charles ▁E . ▁Lind bl om ▁- ▁One ▁of ▁the ▁early ▁developers ▁and ▁advoc ates ▁of ▁the ▁theory ▁of ▁increment al ism ▁in ▁policy ▁and ▁decision - making . ▁ ▁Michael ▁Lip sky ▁- ▁Did ▁research ▁on ▁the ▁phenomenon ▁of ▁street - level ▁bureau cr acy . ▁ ▁Nort on ▁E . ▁Long ▁ ▁Theod ore ▁J . ▁Low i ▁ ▁Nik las ▁Lu h mann ▁ ▁James ▁March ▁- ▁One ▁of ▁the ▁developers ▁of ▁the ▁system ic - an arch ic ▁perspective ▁of ▁organiz ational ▁decision ▁making ▁known ▁as ▁the ▁Gar bage ▁Can ▁Model . ▁ ▁Ros co e ▁C . ▁Martin ▁ ▁Karl ▁Marx ▁- ▁Bel ie ved ▁that ▁government ▁is ▁controlled ▁by ▁those ▁with ▁the ▁most ▁influence ▁on ▁the ▁economy . ▁ ▁Ren ate ▁May nt z ▁▁ ▁Howard ▁E . ▁Mc Cur dy ▁ ▁Kenn eth ▁J . ▁Me ier ▁ ▁Robert ▁K . ▁M ert on ▁ ▁Henry ▁M int z berg ▁ ▁Mark ▁H . ▁Moore ▁ ▁Frederick ▁C . ▁Mos her ▁ ▁R . ▁E . ▁Ne ust adt ▁ ▁Felix ▁A . ▁N ig ro ▁ ▁W . ▁A . ▁N isk an en ▁- ▁Found ed ▁the ▁rational ▁choice
▁stream ▁of ▁analys ing ▁bureau cr acy . ▁Rose mary ▁O ' Le ary ▁▁ ▁Joh an ▁O ls en ▁- ▁One ▁of ▁the ▁developers ▁of ▁the ▁system ic - an arch ic ▁perspective ▁of ▁organiz ational ▁decision ▁making ▁known ▁as ▁the ▁Gar bage ▁Can ▁Model . ▁ ▁El in or ▁Ost rom ▁ ▁C . ▁North c ote ▁Park inson ▁- ▁Author ▁of ▁Park inson ' s ▁Law , ▁a ▁book ▁that ▁sat ir izes ▁government ▁bureau cr acies ▁and ▁explains ▁the ▁inev it ability ▁of ▁bureau cr atic ▁expansion . ▁ ▁James ▁L . ▁Perry ▁ ▁G err it ▁van ▁Po el je ▁- ▁Found er ▁of ▁the ▁science ▁of ▁public ▁administration ▁in ▁the ▁Netherlands . ▁ ▁Jack ▁Rab in ▁ ▁Hal ▁G . ▁Rain ey ▁ ▁Ken ▁R asm ussen ▁ ▁Em met te ▁Red ford ▁ ▁R . ▁A . ▁W . ▁Rh odes ▁ ▁Norm a ▁M . ▁Ric cu cc i ▁ ▁John ▁A . ▁Roh r ▁ ▁David ▁H . ▁Rosen blo om ▁ ▁Philip ▁James ▁R ut ledge ▁ ▁S . N . ▁S adas ivan ▁ ▁Allen ▁Sch ick ▁ ▁Philip ▁Sel zn ick ▁ ▁Pat ric ia ▁M . ▁Sh ield s ▁ ▁Herbert ▁A . ▁Simon ▁ ▁The da ▁Sk oc pol ▁ ▁Stephen ▁Sk ow r one k ▁ ▁Loren z ▁von ▁Stein ▁- ▁Found er ▁of ▁the ▁science ▁of ▁public ▁administration ▁in ▁Europe . ▁ ▁Richard ▁J . ▁Still man ▁II ▁ ▁Cam illa ▁St ivers ▁ ▁Joseph ▁R .
▁Str ayer ▁ ▁Frederick ▁W . ▁Taylor ▁ ▁Al ain ▁Tour aine ▁ ▁Thomas ▁Frederick ▁T out ▁ ▁Paul ▁P . ▁Van ▁R iper ▁ ▁David ▁M . ▁Van ▁S ly ke ▁ ▁D w ight ▁Wal do ▁ ▁Gary ▁W ams ley ▁ ▁Kenn eth ▁F . ▁Warren ▁ ▁Max ▁We ber ▁- ▁Did ▁research ▁on ▁bureau cr acy . ▁ ▁Leonard ▁D . ▁White ▁ ▁Aaron ▁Wild av sky ▁ ▁William ▁F . ▁Will ough by ▁ ▁James ▁Q . ▁Wilson ▁ ▁Wood row ▁Wilson ▁- ▁Found er ▁of ▁the ▁science ▁of ▁public ▁administration ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States . ▁ ▁De il ▁S . ▁Wright ▁ ▁S uggest ed ▁reading ▁Smith , ▁ ▁Kevin ▁B . ▁and ▁Lic ari , ▁Michael ▁J . ▁Public ▁Administration ▁— ▁Power ▁and ▁Politics ▁in ▁the ▁Fourth ▁Branch ▁of ▁Government , ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : List s ▁of ▁scholars ▁and ▁academ ics ▁Category : Public ▁administration ▁. <0x0A> </s> ▁Company ▁of ▁Hero es : ▁Opp osing ▁Front s ▁( ab bre vi ated ▁Co H : OF ) ▁is ▁the ▁stand ▁alone ▁expansion ▁pack ▁to ▁Company ▁of ▁Hero es , ▁a ▁real - time ▁strategy ▁game ▁for ▁computers ▁running ▁the ▁Windows ▁operating ▁system . ▁It ▁was ▁announced ▁on ▁April ▁ 5 , ▁ 2 0 0 7 . ▁Opp osing ▁Front s ▁was ▁developed ▁by ▁Canadian - based ▁R TS ▁developer ▁Rel ic ▁Entertainment , ▁and ▁published ▁by ▁TH Q . ▁The ▁game ▁was ▁released ▁on ▁September ▁ 2 5 , ▁ 2 0
0 7 ▁in ▁the ▁US ▁and ▁September ▁ 2 8 ▁in ▁Europe . ▁Another ▁stand alone ▁expansion ▁to ▁the ▁Co H ▁series , ▁T ales ▁of ▁Val or , ▁was ▁released ▁in ▁April ▁ 2 0 0 9 . ▁ ▁Game play ▁ ▁D ynamic ▁Environmental ▁Effect s ▁System ▁Opp osing ▁Front s ▁implements ▁a ▁D ynamic ▁We ather ▁Effect s ▁system ▁consisting ▁of ▁real ▁time ▁weather ▁effects ▁and ▁day - to - night ▁time ▁transitions . ▁In ▁addition ▁to ▁these ▁enhance ments , ▁particular ▁birds ▁sing ▁at ▁various ▁times ▁of ▁the ▁day ▁and ▁during ▁specific ▁weather ▁patterns . ▁Although ▁Rel ic ▁had ▁initially ▁indicated ▁otherwise , ▁the ▁D ynamic ▁We ather ▁Effect s ▁system ▁has ▁no ▁tact ical ▁impact ▁on ▁the ▁battle field . ▁ ▁New ▁Single - Player ▁Campaign s ▁Opp osing ▁Front s ▁introdu ces ▁two ▁new ▁single ▁player ▁campaigns . ▁The ▁campaigns ▁feature ▁game play ▁from ▁the ▁British ▁perspective ▁and ▁the ▁German ▁perspective . ▁The ▁British ▁campaign ▁is ▁based ▁on ▁the ▁Liber ation ▁of ▁Ca en . ▁It ▁features ▁nine ▁missions ▁focusing ▁on ▁the ▁attack ▁by ▁British ▁and ▁Canadian ▁forces ▁from ▁S word , ▁Gold , ▁and ▁Jun o ▁Be aches ▁to ▁the ▁city ▁of ▁Ca en . ▁The ▁German ▁Pan zer ▁El ite ' s ▁campaign ▁is ▁based ▁on ▁driving ▁back ▁All ied ▁forces ▁during ▁Operation ▁Market ▁Garden . ▁It ▁features ▁eight ▁play able ▁missions ▁following ▁a ▁Pan zer ▁El ite ▁Kamp fg ruppe ▁in ▁occupied ▁Netherlands ▁that ▁is ▁br acing ▁itself ▁for ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁largest ▁air
borne ▁invas ions ▁in ▁history . ▁ ▁Com pat ibility ▁Company ▁of ▁Hero es ▁players ▁are ▁able ▁to ▁play ▁against ▁Company ▁of ▁Hero es : ▁Opp osing ▁Front s ▁users . ▁Those ▁who ▁own ▁both ▁games ▁can ▁either ▁play ▁as ▁the ▁Americans ▁or ▁the ▁British ▁against ▁the ▁We h rm acht ▁or ▁the ▁Pan zer ▁El ite . ▁Those ▁who ▁own ▁only ▁Company ▁of ▁Hero es ▁can ▁play ▁only ▁as ▁the ▁American ▁or ▁We h rm acht ▁arm ies . ▁ ▁F actions ▁ ▁British ▁ 2 nd ▁Army ▁The ▁British ▁are ▁the ▁new ▁All ied ▁army ▁in ▁the ▁series . ▁Their ▁primary ▁advantages ▁are ▁defensive . ▁A ▁greater ▁number ▁of ▁static ▁def ences ▁can ▁be ▁built , ▁such ▁as ▁sl it ▁tren ches ▁and ▁anti - t ank ▁em plac ements . ▁These ▁em plac ements ▁have ▁an ▁associated ▁population ▁and ▁man power ▁cost ▁to ▁prevent ▁the ▁map ▁being ▁over run ▁with ▁def ences . ▁Their ▁standard ▁unit , ▁the ▁Infan try ▁Section , ▁has ▁st ances ▁that ▁al ters ▁their ▁speed ▁and ▁reactions . ▁Though ▁more ▁effective ▁than ▁their ▁American ▁counter parts , ▁most ▁British ▁inf antry ▁move ▁slower ▁in ▁neutral ▁or ▁hostile ▁territory ▁unless ▁led ▁by ▁a ▁Lieutenant ▁or ▁Captain , ▁which ▁are ▁extremely ▁expensive . ▁The ▁British ▁mainly ▁rely ▁on ▁officers , ▁such ▁as ▁the ▁Captain , ▁Lieutenant ▁and ▁the ▁C rom well ▁Command ▁T ank , ▁to ▁improve ▁effectiveness . ▁British ▁bases ▁can ▁be ▁packed ▁up ▁and ▁rede ployed ▁at ▁different ▁positions , ▁but ▁at ▁the ▁cost ▁of
▁free zing ▁resource ▁income ▁during ▁the ▁move . ▁Veter ancy ▁for ▁the ▁British ▁is ▁also ▁unique . ▁Only ▁officers ▁can ▁become ▁veterans . ▁As ▁they ▁gain ▁rank , ▁they ▁gain ▁new ▁abilities ▁and ▁benefits ▁for ▁their ▁soldiers . ▁Infan try ▁units ▁can ▁become ▁more ▁mobile ▁if ▁mounted ▁in ▁the ▁Bren ▁Gun ▁Car rier , ▁and ▁engineers ▁get ▁support ▁from ▁the ▁fast ▁moving ▁Stuart ▁tank ▁early ▁in ▁the ▁game . ▁ ▁The ▁command ▁trees ▁for ▁the ▁British ▁army ▁in ▁the ▁game ▁are ▁based ▁on ▁famous ▁branches ▁of ▁British ▁and ▁Commonwealth ▁armed ▁forces . ▁The ▁three ▁trees ▁are : ▁ ▁Royal ▁Canadian ▁Art illery : ▁this ▁heavy - art illery ▁based ▁reg iment ▁allows ▁the ▁player ▁to ▁use ▁cre eping ▁barr age , ▁counter - b attery ▁fire , ▁over watch , ▁and ▁allows ▁the ▁player ▁to ▁deploy ▁Pri est ▁Self ▁Prop elled ▁Gun ▁and ▁super charge ▁artillery ▁shots . ▁ ▁Royal ▁Command os : ▁players ▁who ▁choose ▁this ▁reg iment ▁can ▁deploy ▁command os , ▁who ▁are ▁ade pt ▁at ▁harass ing ▁enemy ▁inf antry , ▁and ▁the ▁light ▁T etr arch ▁tank ▁via ▁a ▁Ham il car ▁Gl ider . ▁As ▁long ▁as ▁the ▁gl ider ▁remains ▁on ▁the ▁field , ▁it ▁is ▁capable ▁of ▁producing ▁specific ▁units ▁( depend ing ▁on ▁which ▁gl ider ▁was ▁called ▁in ), ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁in ▁certain ▁cases ▁rein for cing ▁nearby ▁units , ▁although ▁all ▁gl iders ▁apart ▁from ▁the ▁H Q ▁gl ider ▁must ▁be ▁in ▁connected ▁territory ▁to ▁produce ▁more ▁units . ▁Other
▁abilities ▁include ▁tracing ▁enemy ▁tro op ▁movements , ▁inter cept ing ▁A xis ▁messages , ▁and ▁plant ing ▁dec oy ▁fl ares . ▁This ▁reg iment ▁is ▁inspired ▁from ▁the ▁Par ach ute ▁Regiment , ▁S AS ▁and ▁the ▁ 6 th ▁Air borne ▁Division ▁which ▁saw ▁action ▁during ▁the ▁Norm andy ▁campaign . ▁ ▁Royal ▁Engine ers : ▁this ▁reg iment ▁gives ▁players ▁access ▁to ▁three ▁variations ▁of ▁the ▁Churchill ▁tank ▁( M k IV , ▁AV RE ▁and ▁Cro cod ile ), ▁impro ves ▁ent rench ments ▁and ▁the ▁mobile ▁H . Q , ▁and ▁allows ▁tanks ▁to ▁ent rench ▁themselves . ▁ ▁German ▁Pan zer ▁El ite ▁ ▁The ▁Pan zer ▁El ite , ▁also ▁called ▁the ▁Kamp fg ruppe ▁Le hr ▁is ▁a ▁f action ▁designed ▁by ▁the ▁game ▁developers ▁who ▁draw ▁their ▁inspiration ▁from ▁the ▁Pan zer ▁Le hr ▁Division ▁and ▁an ▁am alg am ▁of ▁German ▁units ▁from ▁Operation ▁Market ▁Garden , ▁including ▁the ▁ 2 nd ▁SS ▁Pan zer ▁Corps ▁and ▁Luft w affe ▁par atro op ers . ▁ ▁The ▁Pan zer ▁El ite ▁mainly ▁focuses ▁on ▁speed ▁and ▁vehicles . ▁They ▁cannot ▁build ▁static ▁def enses ▁apart ▁from ▁a ▁few ▁doctrine - specific ▁heavy ▁weapons . ▁They ▁rely ▁instead ▁on ▁the ▁use ▁of ▁half tr acks ▁and ▁similar ▁light ▁vehicles ▁to ▁hold ▁territory ▁and ▁increase ▁resource ▁income . ▁They ▁also ▁don ' t ▁use ▁support ▁weapon ▁cre ws , ▁instead ▁they ▁use ▁support ▁half tr acks , ▁for ▁example , ▁instead ▁of ▁an ▁anti
- t ank ▁gun , ▁they ▁have ▁an ▁anti - t ank ▁half track . ▁Unlike ▁other ▁players ' ▁half tr acks , ▁Pan zer gren ad iers ▁( the ▁standard ▁Pan zer ▁El ite ▁inf antry ) ▁can ▁fire ▁heavy ▁weapons , ▁such ▁as ▁P anz ers ch re cks , ▁St G 4 4 ▁automatic ▁rif les , ▁or ▁mort ars , ▁from ▁inside ▁the ▁vehicle . ▁They ▁can ▁also ▁repair ▁vehicles , ▁but ▁at ▁a ▁slower ▁pace ▁than ▁standard ▁engineer ▁units . ▁At ▁the ▁same ▁time , ▁the ▁Pan zer ▁El ite ▁has ▁K et ten k rad s ▁and ▁Ber get iger ▁repair ▁units . ▁ ▁The ▁three ▁do ctr ines ▁for ▁the ▁Pan zer ▁El ite ▁are : ▁ ▁Sc or ched ▁Earth ▁T act ics : ▁All ows ▁the ▁player ▁to ▁construct ▁environmental ▁def enses ▁( i . e ., ▁blocking ▁a ▁road , ▁or ▁sector ▁artillery ). ▁Players ▁can ▁also ▁completely ▁disable ▁or ▁bo oby ▁trap ▁strategic ▁points ▁or ▁buildings ▁and ▁use ▁the ▁Hum mel ▁Mobile ▁Art illery ▁Platform . ▁Luft w affe ▁T act ics : ▁All ows ▁the ▁player ▁to ▁deploy ▁W ir bel wind ▁fl ak pan z ers , ▁H ens chel ▁H s ▁ 1 2 9 ▁ground ▁attack ▁aircraft ▁and ▁Fall sch irm j äger . ▁Luft w affe ▁ground ▁forces ▁install ▁Fl ak vier ling ▁and ▁F la K ▁ 8 8 ▁tur rets , ▁and ▁can ▁blanket ▁areas ▁with ▁Butter fly ▁B om bs ▁( with ▁Type ▁
7 0 ▁f uses ). ▁Players ▁using ▁this ▁doctrine ▁also ▁receive ▁advanced ▁repair ▁even ▁if ▁the ▁player ▁has ▁not ▁re se ar ched ▁the ▁skill ▁yet . ▁This ▁allows ▁them ▁to ▁repair ▁vehicles ▁far ▁faster ▁than ▁the ▁standard ▁Pan zer gren ad iers . ▁T ank ▁Dest roy er ▁T act ics : ▁All ows ▁the ▁player ▁to ▁deploy ▁Jag d pan ther ▁and ▁Het zer ▁tank ▁destroy ers , ▁while ▁the ▁inf antry ▁has ▁improved ▁ability ▁to ▁detect ▁and ▁engage ▁enemy ▁tanks . ▁Pan zer gren ad iers ▁also ▁gain ▁access ▁to ▁Tell erm ines ▁and ▁squad s ▁are ▁issued ▁a ▁double ▁number ▁of ▁P anz ers ch re cks ▁and ▁anti - t ank ▁gren ades . ▁ ▁Plot ▁ ▁D - Day ▁+ 1 ▁The ▁campaign ▁starts ▁off ▁with ▁the ▁British ▁ 3 rd ▁Batt alion ▁( aka ▁B oud ica ' s ▁Boys ), ▁as ▁they ▁advance ▁along ▁a ▁road ▁towards ▁the ▁town ▁of ▁Auth ie . ▁They ▁are ▁amb ushed ▁by ▁units ▁of ▁the ▁German ▁II ▁SS ▁Pan zer ▁Kor ps , ▁forcing ▁the ▁batt alion ▁command ers , ▁Major ▁Black more ▁and ▁Captain ▁Cut ting , ▁to ▁pull ▁the ▁batt alion ▁back . ▁After ▁taking ▁out ▁the ▁attacking ▁force , ▁the ▁batt alion ▁bomb ards ▁the ▁town , ▁taking ▁it ▁after ▁dealing ▁with ▁the ▁remaining ▁German ▁forces . ▁ ▁Operation ▁E ps om ▁In ▁Operation ▁E ps om , ▁British ▁forces ▁rem obil ize ▁to ▁take ▁Ca en , ▁after ▁the ▁failed ▁D - Day ▁attack .
▁The ▁ 3 rd ▁Batt alion ▁and ▁the ▁Royal ▁Scottish ▁Engine ers ▁Regiment ▁are ▁task ed ▁with ▁taking ▁the ▁br idges ▁over ▁the ▁O don ▁and ▁taking ▁Hill ▁ 1 1 2 . ▁Under ▁the ▁cover ▁of ▁a ▁cre eping ▁barr age , ▁they ▁take ▁the ▁hill , ▁and ▁the ▁Royal ▁Sc ots ▁stay ▁behind ▁to ▁fort ify . ▁ ▁Operation ▁Wind sor ▁In ▁Operation ▁Wind sor , ▁the ▁air field ▁at ▁Car pi quet ▁was ▁the ▁next ▁objective ▁of ▁ 3 rd ▁Batt alion . ▁Under ▁the ▁cover ▁of ▁night , ▁a ▁British ▁Comm ando ▁reg iment ▁lands ▁outside ▁the ▁air field ▁while ▁Royal ▁Canadian ▁R if les ▁assault ▁the ▁air field ▁with ▁light ▁tanks ▁and ▁inf antry , ▁as ▁it ▁is ▁bomb arded ▁by ▁the ▁Royal ▁Sc ots ▁Engine ers . ▁The ▁command os ▁destroy ▁German ▁H . Q . s ▁in ▁the ▁area , ▁and ▁move ▁to ▁secure ▁the ▁German ▁def enses ▁surrounding ▁the ▁air field . ▁However , ▁it ▁is ▁discovered ▁that ▁the ▁air field ▁is ▁still ▁operational . ▁ ▁The ▁next ▁morning , ▁the ▁Germans ▁launch ▁a ▁counter att ack ▁on ▁the ▁Canad ians , ▁but ▁fail . ▁The ▁Canad ians ▁push ▁to ▁the ▁air field , ▁and ▁secure ▁it ▁after ▁clearing ▁the ▁hang ars . ▁As ▁Cut ting ▁rad ios ▁the ▁Royal ▁Sc ots , ▁he ▁and ▁Major ▁Black more ▁find ▁that ▁Hill ▁ 1 1 2 ▁is ▁under ▁attack . ▁ ▁Operation ▁J upiter ▁In ▁Operation ▁J upiter , ▁German ▁forces ▁attempt ▁to ▁take ▁Hill ▁
1 1 2 ▁from ▁the ▁Royal ▁Sc ots . ▁At ▁night , ▁they ▁attack ▁with ▁heavy ▁P anz ers ▁and ▁Storm t ro op ers , ▁trying ▁to ▁overwhel m ▁the ▁Regiment . ▁With ▁arm our ▁support ▁from ▁ 3 rd ▁Batt alion , ▁the ▁Sc ots ▁retain ▁control ▁of ▁the ▁hill . ▁ ▁Operation ▁Ch arn wood ▁In ▁Operation ▁Ch arn wood , ▁ 3 rd ▁Batt alion , ▁along ▁with ▁C ▁company , ▁enter ▁the ▁city ▁of ▁Ca en ▁after ▁it ▁had ▁been ▁carpet ▁bom bed ▁the ▁night ▁before . ▁Instead ▁of ▁destroying ▁the ▁German ▁forces , ▁it ▁causes ▁them ▁to ▁dig ▁in ▁deeper . ▁B oud ica ' s ▁Boys ▁push ▁in wards ▁and ▁secure ▁part ▁of ▁Ca en , ▁believing ▁that ▁the ▁Germans ▁have ▁ret reated . ▁ ▁However , ▁a ▁recon ▁force ▁shows ▁that ▁the ▁Germans ▁have ▁left ▁behind ▁a ▁rear ▁guard , ▁and ▁have ▁placed ▁mines , ▁sn ip ers ▁and ▁machine ▁guns ▁everywhere . ▁The ▁Batt alion , ▁along ▁with ▁the ▁Royal ▁Sc ots , ▁move ▁in ▁and ▁se ize ▁Ca en , ▁m op ping ▁up ▁all ▁remaining ▁defend ers . ▁ ▁That ▁night , ▁the ▁Batt alion ▁dig s ▁in , ▁and ▁def ends ▁against ▁an ▁aggressive ▁German ▁counter - att ack ▁by ▁heavy ▁P anz ers , ▁King ▁Tig ers , ▁and ▁elite ▁inf antry . ▁ ▁Operation ▁Good wood ▁In ▁Operation ▁Good wood , ▁with ▁Ca en ▁in ▁All ied ▁hands , ▁ 3 rd ▁Batt alion ▁mobil izes ▁south ▁of ▁Ca
en . ▁It ▁arrives ▁at ▁Bour gue bus ▁with ▁B ▁Company , ▁and ▁after ▁destroying ▁Fl ak ▁ 8 8 s ▁looking ▁over ▁their ▁line ▁of ▁advance , ▁destro ys ▁the ▁rem n ants ▁of ▁the ▁I ▁SS ▁Pan zer ▁Corps . ▁ 3 rd ▁Batt alion , ▁having ▁done ▁the ▁British ▁Army ▁a ▁great ▁favour , ▁are ▁allowed ▁to ▁rest ▁as ▁ 2 nd ▁Batt alion ▁continues ▁the ▁advance . ▁ ▁Pan zer ▁El ite ▁Campaign : ▁Operation ▁Market ▁Garden ▁ ▁Wolf he ze ▁The ▁campaign ▁begins ▁with ▁Kamp fg ruppe ▁Le hr ▁training ▁in ▁Wolf he ze , ▁only ▁to ▁be ▁interrupted ▁as ▁British ▁par atro op ers ▁descend ▁from ▁the ▁sk ies . ▁The ▁Kamp fg ruppe ▁use ▁whatever ▁men ▁and ▁forces ▁they ▁have ▁to ▁rep el ▁the ▁invasion . ▁After ▁the ▁attack , ▁the ▁Kamp fg ruppe ▁command ers , ▁Major ▁General ▁V oss ▁and ▁Ber ger ▁brothers ▁Ald rich ▁and ▁Wol fg ang , ▁find ▁plans ▁for ▁the ▁entire ▁operation ▁in ▁a ▁down ed ▁British ▁gl ider . ▁ ▁O oster be ek ▁As ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁' Mark et ' ▁phase , ▁the ▁British ▁ 1 st ▁Air borne ▁Division ▁attempts ▁to ▁capture ▁br idges ▁across ▁the ▁Rh ine ▁in ▁O oster be ek ▁and ▁Arn hem . ▁Kamp fg ruppe ▁Le hr ▁is ▁task ed ▁with ▁inter cept ing ▁the ▁British ▁par atro op ers ▁before ▁they ▁reach ▁Arn hem ▁by ▁destroying ▁the ▁bridge ▁at ▁O oster be ek ▁and ▁defending ▁against ▁an ▁All ied ▁attack
. ▁ ▁Hell ' s ▁Highway ▁Crit ical ▁to ▁Operation ▁Market ▁Garden , ▁the ▁British ▁XXX ▁Corps ▁advance ▁along ▁Highway ▁ 6 9 , ▁known ▁as ▁' H ell ' s ▁Highway ', ▁to ▁relie ve ▁the ▁par atro op ers . ▁Kamp fg ruppe ▁Le hr ▁is ▁mobil ized ▁near ▁V alk ens wa ard ▁and ▁their ▁objective ▁is ▁to ▁occup y ▁the ▁town ▁and ▁delay ▁XXX ▁Corps . ▁ ▁Clean ing ▁up ▁After ▁successfully ▁th wart ing ▁the ▁British ▁XXX ▁Corps ▁at ▁V alk ens wa ard ▁and ▁at ▁Best , ▁Kamp fg ruppe ▁Le hr ▁needs ▁to ▁remove ▁all ▁enemy ▁forces ▁inside ▁the ▁Netherlands . ▁First , ▁they ▁move ▁to ▁secure ▁Arn hem ▁and ▁rec apture ▁the ▁bridge , ▁the ▁last ▁bridge ▁that ▁the ▁All ies ▁need ▁in ▁order ▁to ▁start ▁pour ing ▁into ▁Germany . ▁ ▁Having ▁rout ed ▁the ▁ 1 st ▁Air borne ' s ▁ 2 nd ▁Batt alion ▁in ▁Arn hem , ▁the ▁Kamp fg ruppe ▁rec apt ures ▁V alk ens wa ard ▁from ▁the ▁British ▁XXX ▁Corps , ▁and ▁finally ▁remove ▁the ▁last ▁par atro op ers ▁from ▁O oster be ek ▁in ▁the ▁campaign ' s ▁final ▁mission . ▁Of ▁the ▁two ▁brothers , ▁Ald rich ▁dies ▁in ▁the ▁battle , ▁determined ▁by ▁how ▁the ▁mission ▁is ▁played . ▁Ald rich ▁is ▁placed ▁with ▁a ▁random ▁inf antry ▁squad ▁or ▁vehicle ▁and ▁if ▁that ▁unit ▁dies , ▁a ▁soldier ▁will ▁tell ▁the ▁player ▁that ▁Ald rich ▁has ▁been ▁killed , ▁or ▁revealed
▁dead ▁in ▁the ▁ending ▁cut scene ▁with ▁his ▁older ▁brother ▁acqu iring ▁his ▁belief ▁that ▁the ▁war ▁is ▁over ▁and ▁his ▁doubts ▁about ▁what ' s ▁he ' s ▁really ▁fighting ▁for . ▁ ▁The ▁ep il ogue ▁reveals ▁that ▁Wol fg ang ▁survived ▁the ▁war ▁and ▁lived ▁on ▁in ▁the ▁re built ▁Ber ger ▁family ▁estate ▁until ▁his ▁death ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 9 ▁and ▁is ▁buried ▁in ▁the ▁family ▁grave yard . ▁Extra ▁Content ▁revealed ▁in ▁the ▁guide book ▁stated ▁that ▁he ▁had ▁a ▁couple ▁of ▁sons , ▁one ▁named ▁Ald rich ▁for ▁his ▁fallen ▁brother . ▁ ▁Inter play ability ▁Opp osing ▁Front s ▁is ▁not ▁a ▁classic ▁expansion ▁in ▁that ▁it ▁does ▁not ▁require ▁the ▁original ▁game . ▁By ▁itself , ▁it ▁allows ▁partial ▁access ▁to ▁the ▁original ▁game ' s ▁assets ▁in ▁multi player ▁mode . ▁This ▁allows ▁players ▁of ▁the ▁original ▁game ▁to ▁play ▁with ▁those ▁who ▁have ▁Opp osing ▁Front s , ▁even ▁if ▁only ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁players ▁owns ▁the ▁expansion . ▁In ▁the ▁same ▁way , ▁players ▁who ▁own ▁both ▁games ▁can ▁play ▁as ▁and ▁against ▁any ▁f action . ▁However , ▁Opp osing ▁Front s ▁players ▁also ▁have ▁the ▁option ▁to ▁play ▁with ▁only ▁those ▁who ▁own ▁the ▁expansion . ▁ ▁This ▁stand - alone ▁setup ▁is ▁similar ▁to ▁War ham mer ▁ 4 0 , 0 0 0 : ▁Da wn ▁of ▁War , ▁another ▁Rel ic ▁title , ▁and ▁its ▁subsequent ▁expans ions . ▁ ▁Opp osing ▁Front s ▁requires
▁customers ▁to ▁create ▁an ▁online ▁account ▁for ▁multi player . ▁In ▁an ▁effort ▁by ▁Rel ic ▁to ▁counter ▁pir acy , ▁the ▁game ▁requests ▁account ▁authentication ▁if ▁Internet ▁access ▁is ▁detected . ▁Otherwise , ▁a ▁standard ▁DVD ▁check ▁is ▁used . ▁ ▁Re ception ▁ ▁Company ▁of ▁Hero es : ▁Opp osing ▁Front s ▁was ▁generally ▁very ▁well ▁received . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁ ▁Official ▁Site ▁ ▁Category : 2 0 0 7 ▁video ▁games ▁Category : Company ▁of ▁Hero es ▁Category : G ames ▁for ▁Windows ▁certified ▁games ▁Category : Mac OS ▁games ▁Category : Multi player ▁and ▁single - player ▁video ▁games ▁Category : Real - time ▁strategy ▁video ▁games ▁Category : TH Q ▁games ▁Category : Video ▁game ▁expansion ▁pack s ▁Category : Video ▁games ▁scored ▁by ▁Jeremy ▁Sou le ▁Category : Video ▁games ▁developed ▁in ▁Canada ▁Category : Video ▁games ▁set ▁in ▁France ▁Category : Video ▁games ▁set ▁in ▁the ▁Netherlands ▁Category : Windows ▁games ▁Category : World ▁War ▁II ▁video ▁games ▁Category : Rel ic ▁Entertainment ▁games ▁Category : Video ▁games ▁using ▁Hav ok <0x0A> </s> ▁Cam ila ▁Car val ho ▁( born ▁ 3 0 ▁May ▁ 1 9 8 1 ) ▁is ▁a ▁Brazil ian ▁row er . ▁She ▁competed ▁in ▁the ▁women ' s ▁light weight ▁double ▁sc ull s ▁event ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁Summer ▁Olympics . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 8 1 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : B
raz il ian ▁female ▁row ers ▁Category : O lymp ic ▁row ers ▁of ▁Brazil ▁Category : Row ers ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁Summer ▁Olympics ▁Category : S ports people ▁from ▁Bras ília <0x0A> </s> ▁Sh annon ▁Roberts ▁may ▁refer ▁to : ▁ ▁Sh annon ▁Roberts ▁( mus ician ), ▁professor ▁of ▁music ▁theory ▁at ▁D ix ie ▁State ▁College ▁in ▁St . ▁George , ▁Utah ▁ ▁Sh annon ▁Roberts ▁( polit ician ), ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁democratic ▁candidate ▁for ▁Florida ' s ▁District ▁ 1 5 ▁seat ▁in ▁the ▁U . S . ▁House ▁of ▁Represent atives <0x0A> </s> ▁Ko it jär ve ▁is ▁a ▁village ▁in ▁Ku us alu ▁Par ish , ▁Har ju ▁County ▁in ▁northern ▁Est onia . ▁ ▁Category : V ill ages ▁in ▁Har ju ▁County <0x0A> </s> ▁L op ra ▁() ▁is ▁a ▁village ▁on ▁the ▁island ▁of ▁Su ð uro y ▁in ▁the ▁Far oe ▁Islands , ▁with ▁the ▁post al ▁code ▁FO ▁ 9 2 6 . ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁its ▁population ▁was ▁ 9 6 . ▁ ▁It ▁is ▁located ▁in ▁the ▁Municip ality ▁of ▁S umb a ▁along ▁with ▁the ▁villages ▁of ▁A kr ar , ▁S umb a ▁and ▁V í kar by r gi ▁( now ▁desert ed ), ▁const itut ing ▁the ▁southern most ▁settlement s ▁in ▁the ▁Far oe ▁Islands . ▁The ▁name ▁L op ra ▁may ▁have ▁its ▁origin ▁in ▁the ▁g ael ic ▁word ▁" l ob
ar " ▁which ▁transl ates ▁into ▁English ▁as ▁le pro sy , ▁and ▁L op ra ▁may ▁be ▁a ▁pre - N orse ▁settlement ▁of ▁G ael ic ▁her m its ▁from ▁c . ▁ 6 th ▁to ▁c . ▁ 8 th ▁century ▁AD . ▁ ▁During ▁the ▁ 1 9 8 0 s ▁and ▁ 1 9 9 0 s ▁there ▁were ▁attempts ▁at ▁dr illing ▁for ▁oil ▁and ▁gas ▁in ▁L op ra , ▁without ▁success . ▁ ▁L op ran se i ð i ▁and ▁L op r ans holm ur ▁▁ ▁L op ran se i ð i ▁and ▁L op r ans holm ur ▁are ▁beautiful ▁s ights ▁near ▁L op ra . ▁Turn ▁left ▁just ▁before ▁you ▁enter ▁the ▁village , ▁if ▁you ▁come ▁from ▁V ág ur , ▁and ▁go ▁by ▁foot ▁towards ▁west . ▁Be ▁careful ▁not ▁to ▁fall ▁over ▁the ▁edge , ▁when ▁you ▁come ▁to ▁L op r ans ▁E i ð i . ▁From ▁L op ran se i ð i ▁you ▁can ▁see ▁Be inis v ør ð ▁towards ▁south ▁and ▁almost ▁half ▁of ▁the ▁west ▁coast ▁of ▁Su ð uro y . ▁ ▁W ester be ek ▁went ▁ship w reck ▁south ▁of ▁L op ran se i ð i ▁▁ ▁A ▁Dutch ▁ship ▁named ▁SS ▁W ester be ek ▁was ▁ship w reck ed ▁near ▁L op ran se i ð i ▁on ▁ 2 ▁September ▁ 1 7 4 2 . ▁ 8 0 ▁men ▁survived ▁the
▁accident , ▁one ▁died ▁in ▁the ▁attempt ▁to ▁climb ▁the ▁steep ▁cl iff ▁of ▁L op ran se i ð i , ▁ 1 0 ▁men ▁lost ▁their ▁lives ▁while ▁still ▁on ▁board , ▁they ▁were ▁ill ▁and ▁stayed ▁in ▁bed ▁when ▁the ▁accident ▁took ▁place . ▁Three ▁of ▁the ▁survivors ▁were ▁allowed ▁to ▁leave ▁the ▁Far oe ▁Islands ▁a ▁short ▁time ▁after ▁the ▁accident , ▁with ▁Dan ish ▁ships ▁which ▁were ▁in ▁T ór sh av n ▁at ▁that ▁time . ▁But ▁the ▁capt ains ▁of ▁these ▁two ▁ships ▁refused ▁to ▁take ▁all ▁ 8 0 ▁men ▁with ▁them ▁to ▁Denmark . ▁So ▁ 7 7 ▁of ▁the ▁survivors ▁had ▁to ▁live ▁in ▁the ▁Far oe ▁Islands ▁for ▁ 9 ▁months , ▁before ▁they ▁could ▁go ▁back ▁to ▁the ▁Netherlands ▁and ▁to ▁the ▁other ▁countries ▁where ▁they ▁came ▁from . ▁ ▁The ▁Wh aling ▁Station ▁in ▁L op ra ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 0 1 ▁the ▁company ▁Sud er ø , ▁founded ▁by ▁the ▁Norweg ian ▁P eder ▁O ls en ▁B ogen , ▁built ▁a ▁wh aling ▁station ▁in ▁L op ra , ▁this ▁station , ▁like ▁so ▁many ▁others ▁had ▁been ▁located ▁in ▁Finn mark en , ▁Norway ▁before ▁being ▁dis m ant led ▁and ▁transport ed ▁across ▁the ▁sea . ▁After ▁ten ▁years , ▁Sud er ø ▁would ▁become ▁probably ▁the ▁largest ▁wh aling ▁company ▁in ▁the ▁country . ▁ ▁B ogen ▁was ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁great ▁influences ▁on ▁commercial ▁wh aling ▁in ▁Norway , ▁Far oe ▁Islands
▁and ▁the ▁great ▁seas , ▁before ▁he ▁died ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 4 ▁( born ▁ 1 8 6 1 ) ▁he ▁had ▁founded ▁seven ▁wh aling ▁companies , ▁and ▁was ▁director ▁of ▁five ▁land ▁based ▁wh aling ▁stations , ▁four ▁factory ▁ships , ▁three ▁cargo ▁ships ▁and ▁ 1 8 ▁wh aling ▁boats . ▁And ▁was ▁a ▁kn ight ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 st ▁order , ▁of ▁St . ▁Ol av . ▁ ▁Sud er ø , ▁previously ▁named ▁The k la ▁in ▁Norway , ▁had ▁one ▁wh aling ▁boat ▁The k la ▁which ▁was ▁included ▁in ▁the ▁transfer ▁to ▁the ▁Far oes , ▁in ▁ 1 9 0 2 ▁the ▁company ▁built ▁a ▁new ▁boat ▁named ▁Sud er ø , ▁and ▁almost ▁every ▁year ▁until ▁ 1 9 1 6 ▁the ▁station ▁was ▁the ▁most ▁productive ▁of ▁the ▁stations ▁in ▁the ▁country , ▁best ▁results ▁were ▁in ▁ 1 9 0 9 ▁and ▁ 1 9 1 5 , ▁with ▁ 3 1 0 0 ▁and ▁ 4 2 3 0 ▁barrel s ▁of ▁wh ale ▁oil . ▁The ▁result ▁for ▁the ▁individual ▁boat ▁however , ▁never ▁reached ▁the ▁levels ▁that ▁the ▁stations ▁at ▁G j án oy ri ▁and ▁Nor ð dep il ▁got ▁in ▁ 1 9 0 0 . ▁ ▁The ▁station ▁at ▁L op ra ▁became ▁the ▁most ▁productive , ▁due ▁to ▁its ▁location , ▁with ▁easy ▁access ▁both ▁east , ▁south ▁and ▁west ▁where ▁migr ating ▁wh ales ▁passed . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9
0 4 , ▁L op ra ▁processed ▁ 1 3 5 ▁wh ales ▁with ▁two ▁boats , ▁which ▁gave ▁ 2 8 0 0 ▁barrel s ▁of ▁wh ale ▁oil . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 0 8 ▁the ▁station ▁had ▁three ▁boats , ▁but ▁the ▁results ▁that ▁year ▁were ▁bad ▁for ▁all ▁stations . ▁With ▁an ▁average ▁of ▁ 5 0 ▁wh ales ▁for ▁each ▁boat ▁however , ▁L op ra ▁managed ▁better ▁than ▁the ▁others ▁this ▁year . ▁ ▁The ▁year ▁ 1 9 0 9 ▁was ▁the ▁best ▁year ▁overall ▁for ▁all ▁stations ▁with ▁ 1 3 . 8 5 0 ▁barrel s ▁produced ▁in ▁total . ▁This ▁year ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁boats ▁in ▁L op ra ▁shot ▁a ▁blue ▁wh ale , ▁which ▁is ▁probably ▁the ▁largest ▁shot ▁in ▁the ▁Far oes , ▁it ▁gave ▁ 1 2 0 ▁barrel s ▁of ▁oil . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 0 6 ▁Sud er ø ▁founded ▁together ▁with ▁Nor r ø na ▁in ▁She t land ▁and ▁a ▁new ▁Norweg ian ▁company , ▁the ▁company ▁Sand ef j ords ▁H val f angers els kap ▁and ▁were ▁thus ▁the ▁second ▁company ▁to ▁commence ▁wh aling ▁in ▁ant ar ctic ▁waters . ▁Bo ats ▁from ▁Sud er ø ▁were ▁the ▁first ▁to ▁shoot ▁wh ales ▁year ▁round , ▁sail ing ▁back ▁and ▁for ▁between ▁the ▁two ▁hem isp her es ▁between ▁seasons . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁years ▁ 1 9 1 3 ▁and ▁ 1 9 1 5 ▁L op ra
▁was ▁the ▁only ▁station ▁active ▁together ▁with ▁Emma ▁in ▁F unn ings f ir ð i . ▁ 1 9 1 5 ▁was ▁a ▁really ▁good ▁year ▁for ▁L op ra , ▁as ▁no ▁other ▁nations ▁wh aled ▁due ▁to ▁World ▁War ▁I ▁there ▁were ▁plenty ▁of ▁blue ▁and ▁fin ▁wh ales ▁which ▁came ▁unm ol ested ▁to ▁the ▁Far oes . ▁This ▁year ▁L op ra ▁processed ▁ 1 7 9 ▁wh ales , ▁which ▁gave ▁ 4 4 0 0 ▁barrel s ▁of ▁wh ale ▁oil , ▁and ▁about ▁ 5 0 0 0 ▁ 2 0 0 - lb ▁bags ▁of ▁bone ▁meal . ▁▁ 1 9 1 6 ▁was ▁a ▁worse ▁season , ▁and ▁only ▁ 1 9 8 ▁wh ales ▁were ▁shot ▁by ▁all ▁companies , ▁however ▁the ▁war ▁affected ▁prices ▁for ▁oil ▁and ▁meal ▁so ▁that ▁financ ially ▁it ▁was ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁better ▁seasons . ▁ ▁No ▁wh ales ▁were ▁shot ▁in ▁ ▁the ▁years ▁ 1 9 1 7 - 1 9 2 0 ▁in ▁the ▁Far oes . ▁With ▁the ▁season ▁ 1 9 2 0 ▁a ▁huge ▁disappointment , ▁no ▁activity ▁was ▁at ▁L op ra ▁until ▁the ▁seasons ▁ 1 9 2 3 / 2 4 , ▁ 1 9 2 5 ▁and ▁ 2 6 ▁were ▁huge ▁disappoint ments ▁and ▁the ▁station ▁closed ▁down ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 8 ▁at ▁large ▁financial ▁cost ▁to ▁share holders . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 3 3 ▁N . ▁J . ▁Mort ensen
▁bought ▁the ▁station , ▁and ▁ran ▁it ▁until ▁ 1 9 4 8 , ▁along ▁the ▁way ▁making ▁various ▁improvements ▁to ▁the ▁station . ▁During ▁World ▁War ▁II , ▁all ▁wh aling ▁ce ased . ▁ ▁From ▁ 1 9 4 8 ▁to ▁ 1 9 5 3 ▁various ▁owners ▁tried ▁their ▁hands ▁at ▁wh aling , ▁but ▁without ▁great ▁success , ▁and ▁the ▁last ▁season ▁only ▁ 7 8 ▁wh ales ▁were ▁shot ▁which ▁resulted ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 0 ▁barrel s ▁of ▁wh ale ▁oil . ▁Since ▁then ▁there ▁been ▁no ▁wh aling ▁activity ▁at ▁L op ra . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁▁▁ ▁Portal . fo ▁ ▁Book : ▁Math ias ▁L assen , ▁W ester be ek , ▁ 2 8 8 ▁pages , ▁▁ ▁Vis its ud uro y . fo ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁F lick r . com , ▁photos ▁from ▁L op ra , ▁all ▁users . ▁Su ð uro y ▁Tour ist ▁Information ▁about ▁L op ra ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁List ▁of ▁towns ▁in ▁the ▁Far oe ▁Islands ▁ ▁Category : Pop ulated ▁places ▁in ▁the ▁Far oe ▁Islands ▁Category : Pop ulated ▁coastal ▁places ▁in ▁the ▁Far oe ▁Islands ▁Category : Su ð uro y ▁Category : Wh aling ▁stations ▁of ▁the ▁Far oe ▁Islands ▁Category : Wh aling ▁in ▁the ▁Far oe ▁Islands <0x0A> </s> ▁William ▁Douglas ▁Mc H ugh ▁( Se ptember ▁ 1 0 , ▁ 1 8 5 9 ▁– ▁December ▁ 2 6 , ▁ 1 9
2 3 ) ▁was ▁a ▁United ▁States ▁District ▁Judge ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁District ▁Court ▁for ▁the ▁District ▁of ▁Neb r aska . ▁ ▁Education ▁and ▁career ▁ ▁Born ▁in ▁Gal ena , ▁Illinois , ▁Mc H ugh ▁read ▁law ▁in ▁ 1 8 8 3 ▁and ▁was ▁in ▁private ▁practice ▁in ▁Gal ena ▁from ▁ 1 8 8 3 ▁to ▁ 1 8 8 8 , ▁and ▁in ▁O ma ha , ▁Neb r aska ▁from ▁ 1 8 8 8 ▁to ▁ 1 8 9 6 . ▁ ▁Federal ▁jud icial ▁service ▁ ▁Mc H ugh ▁received ▁a ▁rec ess ▁appointment ▁from ▁President ▁Gro ver ▁Cleveland ▁on ▁November ▁ 2 0 , ▁ 1 8 9 6 , ▁to ▁a ▁seat ▁on ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁District ▁Court ▁for ▁the ▁District ▁of ▁Neb r aska ▁vac ated ▁by ▁Judge ▁El mer ▁Sc ip io ▁D und y . ▁He ▁was ▁nominated ▁to ▁the ▁same ▁position ▁by ▁President ▁Cleveland ▁on ▁December ▁ 8 , ▁ 1 8 9 6 , ▁who ▁subsequently ▁withd rew ▁the ▁nom ination ▁on ▁February ▁ 1 , ▁ 1 8 9 7 . ▁Mc H ugh ' s ▁service ▁term inated ▁on ▁March ▁ 3 , ▁ 1 8 9 7 , ▁with ▁the ▁s ine ▁die ▁adj our n ment ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Senate ▁of ▁the ▁ 5 4 th ▁United ▁States ▁Congress ▁and ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁Cleveland ' s ▁Pres id ency . ▁ ▁Later ▁career ▁and ▁death ▁ ▁Following ▁his ▁departure ▁from ▁the ▁federal
▁bench , ▁Mc H ugh ▁res umed ▁private ▁practice ▁in ▁O ma ha ▁from ▁ 1 8 9 7 ▁to ▁ 1 9 2 0 . ▁He ▁was ▁general ▁counsel ▁to ▁the ▁International ▁Har ves ter ▁Corporation ▁in ▁Chicago , ▁Illinois ▁from ▁ 1 9 2 0 ▁to ▁ 1 9 2 3 . ▁He ▁died ▁on ▁December ▁ 2 6 , ▁ 1 9 2 3 , ▁in ▁Chicago . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁S ources ▁▁▁ ▁Category : 1 8 5 9 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 9 2 3 ▁deaths ▁Category : People ▁from ▁Gal ena , ▁Illinois ▁Category : Ill inois ▁lawyers ▁Category : L aw yers ▁from ▁O ma ha , ▁Neb r aska ▁Category : J ud ges ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁District ▁Court ▁for ▁the ▁District ▁of ▁Neb r aska ▁Category : Un successful ▁rec ess ▁appoint ments ▁to ▁United ▁States ▁federal ▁courts ▁Category : Un ited ▁States ▁federal ▁judges ▁appointed ▁by ▁Gro ver ▁Cleveland ▁Category : 1 9 th - century ▁American ▁judges ▁Category : Un ited ▁States ▁federal ▁judges ▁admitted ▁to ▁the ▁practice ▁of ▁law ▁by ▁reading ▁law <0x0A> </s> ▁Hen ic j apy x ▁is ▁a ▁genus ▁of ▁di pl ur ans ▁in ▁the ▁family ▁J apy g idae . ▁ ▁Spec ies ▁ ▁Hen ic j apy x ▁ind os in ensis ▁Sil vest ri , ▁ 1 9 4 8 ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : Di pl ura <0x0A> </s> ▁A ▁computer ▁mouse ▁( pl ural ▁m ice ▁or ▁m
ouses ) ▁is ▁a ▁hand - held ▁pointing ▁device ▁that ▁detect s ▁two - dimensional ▁motion ▁relative ▁to ▁a ▁surface . ▁This ▁motion ▁is ▁typically ▁translated ▁into ▁the ▁motion ▁of ▁a ▁pointer ▁on ▁a ▁display , ▁which ▁allows ▁a ▁smooth ▁control ▁of ▁the ▁graph ical ▁user ▁interface ▁of ▁a ▁computer . ▁ ▁The ▁first ▁public ▁demonstr ation ▁of ▁a ▁mouse ▁controlling ▁a ▁computer ▁system ▁was ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 8 . ▁M ice ▁originally ▁used ▁a ▁ball ▁rolling ▁on ▁a ▁surface ▁to ▁detect ▁motion , ▁but ▁modern ▁m ice ▁often ▁have ▁optical ▁sensors ▁that ▁have ▁no ▁moving ▁parts . ▁Origin ally ▁w ired ▁to ▁a ▁computer , ▁many ▁modern ▁m ice ▁are ▁cord less , ▁re lying ▁on ▁short - range ▁radio ▁communication ▁with ▁the ▁connected ▁system . ▁ ▁In ▁addition ▁to ▁moving ▁a ▁cursor , ▁computer ▁m ice ▁have ▁one ▁or ▁more ▁buttons ▁to ▁allow ▁operations ▁such ▁as ▁selection ▁of ▁a ▁menu ▁item ▁on ▁a ▁display . ▁M ice ▁often ▁also ▁feature ▁other ▁elements , ▁such ▁as ▁touch ▁surfaces ▁and ▁scroll ▁wheels , ▁which ▁enable ▁additional ▁control ▁and ▁dimensional ▁input . ▁ ▁N aming ▁▁ ▁The ▁earliest ▁known ▁publication ▁of ▁the ▁term ▁mouse ▁as ▁referring ▁to ▁a ▁computer ▁pointing ▁device ▁is ▁in ▁Bill ▁English ' s ▁July ▁ 1 9 6 5 ▁publication , ▁" Comput er - A ided ▁Display ▁Control " ▁likely ▁origin ating ▁from ▁its ▁re sembl ance ▁to ▁the ▁shape ▁and ▁size ▁of ▁a ▁mouse , ▁a ▁rod ent , ▁with ▁the ▁cord ▁re sem bling ▁its
▁tail . ▁ ▁The ▁plural ▁for ▁the ▁small ▁rod ent ▁is ▁always ▁" m ice " ▁in ▁modern ▁usage . ▁The ▁plural ▁of ▁a ▁computer ▁mouse ▁is ▁either ▁" m ouses " ▁or ▁" m ice " ▁according ▁to ▁most ▁d iction aries , ▁with ▁" m ice " ▁being ▁more ▁common . ▁The ▁first ▁recorded ▁plural ▁usage ▁is ▁" m ice "; ▁ ▁the ▁online ▁Oxford ▁D iction aries ▁c ites ▁a ▁ 1 9 8 4 ▁use , ▁and ▁earlier ▁uses ▁include ▁J . ▁C . ▁R . ▁L ick l ider ' s ▁" The ▁Computer ▁as ▁a ▁Commun ication ▁Device " ▁of ▁ 1 9 6 8 . ▁The ▁term ▁computer ▁m ouses ▁may ▁be ▁used ▁inform ally ▁in ▁some ▁cases . ▁Although ▁the ▁plural ▁of ▁a ▁mouse ▁( small ▁rod ent ) ▁is ▁m ice , ▁the ▁two ▁words ▁have ▁under g one ▁a ▁different iation ▁through ▁usage . ▁ ▁History ▁▁ ▁The ▁track ball , ▁a ▁related ▁pointing ▁device , ▁was ▁invented ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 6 ▁by ▁Ralph ▁Benjamin ▁as ▁part ▁of ▁a ▁post - World ▁War ▁II - era ▁fire - control ▁radar ▁plot ting ▁system ▁called ▁Com pre hens ive ▁Display ▁System ▁( CD S ). ▁Benjamin ▁was ▁then ▁working ▁for ▁the ▁British ▁Royal ▁Navy ▁Scient ific ▁Service . ▁Benjamin ' s ▁project ▁used ▁analog ▁computers ▁to ▁calculate ▁the ▁future ▁position ▁of ▁target ▁aircraft ▁based ▁on ▁several ▁initial ▁input ▁points ▁provided ▁by ▁a ▁user ▁with ▁a ▁jo yst ick . ▁Benjamin ▁felt ▁that
▁a ▁more ▁elegant ▁input ▁device ▁was ▁needed ▁and ▁invented ▁what ▁they ▁called ▁a ▁" roller ▁ball " ▁for ▁this ▁purpose . ▁ ▁The ▁device ▁was ▁pat ented ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 7 , ▁but ▁only ▁a ▁prototype ▁using ▁a ▁metal ▁ball ▁rolling ▁on ▁two ▁rubber - co ated ▁wheels ▁was ▁ever ▁built , ▁and ▁the ▁device ▁was ▁kept ▁as ▁a ▁military ▁secret . ▁ ▁Another ▁early ▁track ball ▁was ▁built ▁by ▁Ken y on ▁Taylor , ▁a ▁British ▁electrical ▁engineer ▁working ▁in ▁collaboration ▁with ▁Tom ▁Cr an ston ▁and ▁Fred ▁Long staff . ▁Taylor ▁was ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁original ▁Ferr anti ▁Canada , ▁working ▁on ▁the ▁Royal ▁Canadian ▁Navy ' s ▁D AT AR ▁( Dig ital ▁Autom ated ▁Track ing ▁and ▁Res olving ) ▁system ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 2 . ▁ ▁D AT AR ▁was ▁similar ▁in ▁concept ▁to ▁Benjamin ' s ▁display . ▁The ▁track ball ▁used ▁four ▁dis ks ▁to ▁pick ▁up ▁motion , ▁two ▁each ▁for ▁the ▁X ▁and ▁Y ▁directions . ▁Several ▁roll ers ▁provided ▁mechanical ▁support . ▁When ▁the ▁ball ▁was ▁rolled , ▁the ▁pick up ▁disc s ▁spun ▁and ▁contacts ▁on ▁their ▁outer ▁rim ▁made ▁periodic ▁contact ▁with ▁w ires , ▁producing ▁pul ses ▁of ▁output ▁with ▁each ▁movement ▁of ▁the ▁ball . ▁By ▁counting ▁the ▁pul ses , ▁the ▁physical ▁movement ▁of ▁the ▁ball ▁could ▁be ▁determined . ▁A ▁digital ▁computer ▁calculated ▁the ▁tracks ▁and ▁sent ▁the ▁resulting ▁data ▁to ▁other ▁ships ▁in ▁a ▁task ▁force ▁using ▁pulse - code ▁mod ulation
▁radio ▁signals . ▁This ▁track ball ▁used ▁a ▁standard ▁Canadian ▁five - pin ▁bow ling ▁ball . ▁It ▁was ▁not ▁pat ented , ▁since ▁it ▁was ▁a ▁secret ▁military ▁project . ▁ ▁Douglas ▁Eng el b art ▁of ▁the ▁Stanford ▁Research ▁Institute ▁( now ▁S RI ▁International ) ▁has ▁been ▁cred ited ▁in ▁published ▁books ▁by ▁Th ier ry ▁B ard ini , ▁Paul ▁Cer uz zi , ▁Howard ▁Rhe ing old , ▁and ▁several ▁others ▁as ▁the ▁invent or ▁of ▁the ▁computer ▁mouse . ▁Eng el b art ▁was ▁also ▁recognized ▁as ▁such ▁in ▁various ▁ob it uary ▁titles ▁after ▁his ▁death ▁in ▁July ▁ 2 0 1 3 . ▁ ▁By ▁ 1 9 6 3 , ▁Eng el b art ▁had ▁already ▁established ▁a ▁research ▁lab ▁at ▁S RI , ▁the ▁Aug ment ation ▁Research ▁Center ▁( AR C ), ▁to ▁pursue ▁his ▁objective ▁of ▁developing ▁both ▁hardware ▁and ▁software ▁computer ▁technology ▁to ▁" aug ment " ▁human ▁intelligence . ▁That ▁November , ▁while ▁attending ▁a ▁conference ▁on ▁computer ▁graphics ▁in ▁Ren o , ▁Nevada , ▁Eng el b art ▁began ▁to ▁p onder ▁how ▁to ▁adapt ▁the ▁underlying ▁principles ▁of ▁the ▁plan imeter ▁to ▁input ting ▁X - ▁and ▁Y - coord inate ▁data . ▁On ▁November ▁ 1 4 , ▁ 1 9 6 3 , ▁he ▁first ▁recorded ▁his ▁thoughts ▁in ▁his ▁personal ▁notebook ▁about ▁something ▁he ▁initially ▁called ▁a ▁" bug ," ▁which ▁in ▁a ▁" 3 - point " ▁form ▁could ▁have ▁a ▁" drop
▁point ▁and ▁ 2 ▁orth og onal ▁wheels ." ▁He ▁wrote ▁that ▁the ▁" bug " ▁would ▁be ▁" e as ier " ▁and ▁" more ▁natural " ▁to ▁use , ▁and ▁unlike ▁a ▁st yl us , ▁it ▁would ▁stay ▁still ▁when ▁let ▁go , ▁which ▁meant ▁it ▁would ▁be ▁" m uch ▁better ▁for ▁coord ination ▁with ▁the ▁keyboard ." ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 6 4 , ▁Bill ▁English ▁joined ▁AR C , ▁where ▁he ▁helped ▁Eng el b art ▁build ▁the ▁first ▁mouse ▁prototype . ▁They ▁christ ened ▁the ▁device ▁the ▁mouse ▁as ▁early ▁models ▁had ▁a ▁cord ▁attached ▁to ▁the ▁rear ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁device ▁which ▁looked ▁like ▁a ▁tail , ▁and ▁in ▁turn ▁re sembled ▁the ▁common ▁mouse . ▁As ▁noted ▁above , ▁this ▁" mouse " ▁was ▁first ▁mentioned ▁in ▁print ▁in ▁a ▁July ▁ 1 9 6 5 ▁report , ▁on ▁which ▁English ▁was ▁the ▁lead ▁author . ▁On ▁ 9 ▁December ▁ 1 9 6 8 , ▁Eng el b art ▁publicly ▁demonstrated ▁the ▁mouse ▁at ▁what ▁would ▁come ▁to ▁be ▁known ▁as ▁The ▁Mother ▁of ▁All ▁Dem os . ▁Eng el b art ▁never ▁received ▁any ▁ro y alties ▁for ▁it , ▁as ▁his ▁employer ▁S RI ▁held ▁the ▁patent , ▁which ▁exp ired ▁before ▁the ▁mouse ▁became ▁widely ▁used ▁in ▁personal ▁computers . ▁In ▁any ▁event , ▁the ▁invention ▁of ▁the ▁mouse ▁was ▁just ▁a ▁small ▁part ▁of ▁Eng el b art ' s ▁much ▁larger ▁project ▁of ▁augment ing ▁human ▁intellect
. ▁ ▁Several ▁other ▁experimental ▁pointing - devices ▁developed ▁for ▁Eng el b art ' s ▁o N - Line ▁System ▁( N LS ) ▁explo ited ▁different ▁body ▁movements ▁– for ▁example , ▁head - mount ed ▁devices ▁attached ▁to ▁the ▁chin ▁or ▁nose – ▁but ▁ultimately ▁the ▁mouse ▁won ▁out ▁because ▁of ▁its ▁speed ▁and ▁convenience . ▁The ▁first ▁mouse , ▁a ▁bul ky ▁device ▁( p ict ured ) ▁used ▁two ▁pot enti om eters ▁per pend icular ▁to ▁each ▁other ▁and ▁connected ▁to ▁wheels : ▁the ▁rotation ▁of ▁each ▁wheel ▁translated ▁into ▁motion ▁along ▁one ▁axis . ▁At ▁the ▁time ▁of ▁the ▁" M other ▁of ▁All ▁Dem os ", ▁Eng el b art ' s ▁group ▁had ▁been ▁using ▁their ▁second ▁generation , ▁ 3 - button ▁mouse ▁for ▁about ▁a ▁year . ▁ ▁On ▁October ▁ 2 , ▁ 1 9 6 8 , ▁a ▁mouse ▁device ▁named ▁ ▁( G erman ▁for ▁" rolling ▁ball ") ▁was ▁described ▁as ▁an ▁optional ▁device ▁for ▁its ▁SIG - 1 0 0 ▁terminal ▁was ▁developed ▁by ▁the ▁German ▁company ▁Tele fun ken . ▁As ▁the ▁name ▁suggests ▁and ▁unlike ▁Eng el b art ' s ▁mouse , ▁the ▁Tele fun ken ▁model ▁already ▁had ▁a ▁ball . ▁It ▁was ▁based ▁on ▁an ▁earlier ▁track ball - like ▁device ▁( also ▁named ▁) ▁that ▁was ▁embedded ▁into ▁radar ▁flight ▁control ▁des ks . ▁This ▁track ball ▁had ▁been ▁developed ▁by ▁a ▁team ▁led ▁by ▁R ainer ▁Mal le
bre in ▁at ▁Tele fun ken ▁ ▁for ▁the ▁German ▁Bundes anst alt ▁für ▁Fl ugs icher ung ▁( F ederal ▁Air ▁Tra ffic ▁Control ) ▁as ▁part ▁of ▁their ▁TR 8 6 ▁process ▁computer ▁system ▁with ▁its ▁SIG 1 0 0 - 8 6 ▁vector ▁graphics ▁terminal . ▁ ▁When ▁the ▁development ▁for ▁the ▁Tele fun ken ▁main ▁frame ▁ ▁began ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 5 , ▁Mal le bre in ▁and ▁his ▁team ▁came ▁up ▁with ▁the ▁idea ▁of ▁" re vers ing " ▁the ▁existing ▁ ▁into ▁a ▁move able ▁mouse - like ▁device , ▁so ▁that ▁customers ▁did ▁not ▁have ▁to ▁be ▁bothered ▁with ▁mount ing ▁holes ▁for ▁the ▁earlier ▁track ball ▁device . ▁Together ▁with ▁light ▁pens ▁and ▁track ball s , ▁it ▁was ▁offered ▁as ▁an ▁optional ▁input ▁device ▁for ▁their ▁system ▁since ▁ 1 9 6 8 . ▁Some ▁Roll k ug el ▁m ouses ▁installed ▁at ▁the ▁ ▁in ▁Mun ich ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 2 ▁are ▁well ▁preserved ▁in ▁a ▁museum . ▁Tele fun ken ▁considered ▁the ▁invention ▁too ▁un important ▁to ▁apply ▁for ▁a ▁patent ▁on ▁it . ▁ ▁The ▁X er ox ▁Al to ▁was ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁first ▁computers ▁designed ▁for ▁individual ▁use ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 3 ▁and ▁is ▁regarded ▁as ▁the ▁first ▁modern ▁computer ▁to ▁utilize ▁a ▁mouse . ▁Insp ired ▁by ▁PAR C ' s ▁Al to , ▁the ▁Lil ith , ▁a ▁computer ▁which ▁had ▁been ▁developed ▁by ▁a ▁team ▁around ▁
▁at ▁E TH ▁Z ür ich ▁between ▁ 1 9 7 8 ▁and ▁ 1 9 8 0 , ▁provided ▁a ▁mouse ▁as ▁well . ▁The ▁third ▁market ed ▁version ▁of ▁an ▁integrated ▁mouse ▁shipped ▁as ▁a ▁part ▁of ▁a ▁computer ▁and ▁intended ▁for ▁personal ▁computer ▁navigation ▁came ▁with ▁the ▁X er ox ▁ 8 0 1 0 ▁Star ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 1 . ▁ ▁By ▁ 1 9 8 2 , ▁the ▁X er ox ▁ 8 0 1 0 ▁was ▁probably ▁the ▁best - known ▁computer ▁with ▁a ▁mouse . ▁The ▁Sun - 1 ▁also ▁came ▁with ▁a ▁mouse , ▁and ▁the ▁forth coming ▁Apple ▁Lisa ▁was ▁rum ored ▁to ▁use ▁one , ▁but ▁the ▁peripher al ▁remained ▁obsc ure ; ▁Jack ▁Haw ley ▁of ▁The ▁Mouse ▁House ▁reported ▁that ▁one ▁buyer ▁for ▁a ▁large ▁organization ▁believed ▁at ▁first ▁that ▁his ▁company ▁sold ▁lab ▁m ice . ▁Haw ley , ▁who ▁manufactured ▁m ice ▁for ▁X er ox , ▁stated ▁that ▁" P ract ically , ▁I ▁have ▁the ▁market ▁all ▁to ▁myself ▁right ▁now "; ▁a ▁Haw ley ▁mouse ▁cost ▁$ 4 1 5 . ▁In ▁ 1 9 8 2 , ▁Log ite ch ▁introduced ▁the ▁P 4 ▁Mouse ▁at ▁the ▁Com dex ▁trade ▁show ▁in ▁Las ▁Vegas , ▁its ▁first ▁hardware ▁mouse . ▁That ▁same ▁year ▁Microsoft ▁made ▁the ▁decision ▁to ▁make ▁the ▁MS - D OS ▁program ▁Microsoft ▁Word ▁mouse - compatible , ▁and ▁developed ▁the ▁first ▁PC - compatible ▁mouse . ▁Microsoft ' s
▁mouse ▁shipped ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 3 , ▁thus ▁beginning ▁the ▁Microsoft ▁Hard ware ▁division ▁of ▁the ▁company . ▁However , ▁the ▁mouse ▁remained ▁relatively ▁obsc ure ▁until ▁the ▁appearance ▁of ▁the ▁Mac int osh ▁ 1 2 8 K ▁( which ▁included ▁an ▁updated ▁version ▁of ▁the ▁single - button ▁Lisa ▁Mouse ) ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 4 , ▁and ▁of ▁the ▁Am iga ▁ 1 0 0 0 ▁and ▁the ▁At ari ▁ST ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 5 . ▁ ▁Operation ▁▁ ▁A ▁mouse ▁typically ▁controls ▁the ▁motion ▁of ▁a ▁pointer ▁in ▁two ▁dimensions ▁in ▁a ▁graph ical ▁user ▁interface ▁( GUI ). ▁The ▁mouse ▁turns ▁movements ▁of ▁the ▁hand ▁backward ▁and ▁forward , ▁left ▁and ▁right ▁into ▁equivalent ▁electronic ▁signals ▁that ▁in ▁turn ▁are ▁used ▁to ▁move ▁the ▁pointer . ▁ ▁The ▁relative ▁movements ▁of ▁the ▁mouse ▁on ▁the ▁surface ▁are ▁applied ▁to ▁the ▁position ▁of ▁the ▁pointer ▁on ▁the ▁screen , ▁which ▁signals ▁the ▁point ▁where ▁actions ▁of ▁the ▁user ▁take ▁place , ▁so ▁hand ▁movements ▁are ▁re plicated ▁by ▁the ▁pointer . ▁Click ing ▁or ▁hover ing ▁( stop ping ▁movement ▁while ▁the ▁cursor ▁is ▁within ▁the ▁bounds ▁of ▁an ▁area ) ▁can ▁select ▁files , ▁programs ▁or ▁actions ▁from ▁a ▁list ▁of ▁names , ▁or ▁( in ▁graph ical ▁inter faces ) ▁through ▁small ▁images ▁called ▁" icons " ▁and ▁other ▁elements . ▁For ▁example , ▁a ▁text ▁file ▁might ▁be ▁represented ▁by ▁a ▁picture ▁of ▁a ▁paper ▁notebook ▁and ▁clicking ▁while ▁the ▁cursor
▁ho vers ▁this ▁icon ▁might ▁cause ▁a ▁text ▁editing ▁program ▁to ▁open ▁the ▁file ▁in ▁a ▁window . ▁ ▁Different ▁ways ▁of ▁operating ▁the ▁mouse ▁cause ▁specific ▁things ▁to ▁happen ▁in ▁the ▁G UI : ▁ ▁Click : ▁pressing ▁and ▁releasing ▁a ▁button . ▁ ▁( left ) ▁Single - click : ▁clicking ▁the ▁main ▁button . ▁ ▁( left ) ▁Double - click : ▁clicking ▁the ▁button ▁two ▁times ▁in ▁quick ▁success ion ▁counts ▁as ▁a ▁different ▁gesture ▁than ▁two ▁separate ▁single ▁cl icks . ▁ ▁( left ) ▁Tri ple - click : ▁clicking ▁the ▁button ▁three ▁times ▁in ▁quick ▁success ion ▁counts ▁as ▁a ▁different ▁gesture ▁than ▁three ▁separate ▁single ▁cl icks . ▁Tri ple ▁cl icks ▁are ▁far ▁less ▁common ▁in ▁traditional ▁navigation . ▁ ▁Right - click : ▁clicking ▁the ▁secondary ▁button , ▁or ▁clicking ▁with ▁two ▁fingers . ▁( This ▁brings ▁a ▁menu ▁with ▁different ▁options ▁depending ▁on ▁the ▁software ) ▁ ▁Middle - click : ▁clicking ▁the ▁t ert i ary ▁button . ▁ ▁Drag ▁and ▁drop : ▁pressing ▁and ▁holding ▁a ▁button , ▁then ▁moving ▁the ▁mouse ▁without ▁releasing . ▁( Using ▁the ▁command ▁" drag ▁with ▁the ▁right ▁mouse ▁button " ▁instead ▁of ▁just ▁" drag " ▁when ▁one ▁instruct s ▁a ▁user ▁to ▁drag ▁an ▁object ▁while ▁holding ▁the ▁right ▁mouse ▁button ▁down ▁instead ▁of ▁the ▁more ▁commonly ▁used ▁left ▁mouse ▁button .) ▁ ▁Mouse ▁button ▁ch ording ▁( a . k . a . ▁Rock er ▁navigation ). ▁ ▁Comb ination ▁of
▁right - click ▁then ▁left - click . ▁ ▁Comb ination ▁of ▁left - click ▁then ▁right - click ▁or ▁keyboard ▁letter . ▁ ▁Comb ination ▁of ▁left ▁or ▁right - click ▁and ▁the ▁mouse ▁wheel . ▁ ▁Click ing ▁while ▁holding ▁down ▁a ▁mod ifier ▁key . ▁ ▁M oving ▁the ▁pointer ▁a ▁long ▁distance : ▁When ▁a ▁practical ▁limit ▁of ▁mouse ▁movement ▁is ▁reached , ▁one ▁lif ts ▁up ▁the ▁mouse , ▁brings ▁it ▁to ▁the ▁opposite ▁edge ▁of ▁the ▁working ▁area ▁while ▁it ▁is ▁held ▁above ▁the ▁surface , ▁and ▁then ▁repl aces ▁it ▁down ▁onto ▁the ▁working ▁surface . ▁This ▁is ▁often ▁not ▁necessary , ▁because ▁acceler ation ▁software ▁detect s ▁fast ▁movement , ▁and ▁moves ▁the ▁pointer ▁significantly ▁faster ▁in ▁proportion ▁than ▁for ▁slow ▁mouse ▁motion . ▁ ▁Multi - touch : ▁this ▁method ▁is ▁similar ▁to ▁a ▁multi - touch ▁track pad ▁on ▁a ▁laptop ▁with ▁support ▁for ▁tap ▁input ▁for ▁multiple ▁fingers , ▁the ▁most ▁famous ▁example ▁being ▁the ▁Apple ▁Magic ▁Mouse . ▁ ▁Gest ures ▁▁ ▁Users ▁can ▁also ▁employ ▁m ice ▁gest ur ally ; ▁meaning ▁that ▁a ▁st yl ized ▁motion ▁of ▁the ▁mouse ▁cursor ▁itself , ▁called ▁a ▁" gest ure ", ▁can ▁issue ▁a ▁command ▁or ▁map ▁to ▁a ▁specific ▁action . ▁For ▁example , ▁in ▁a ▁drawing ▁program , ▁moving ▁the ▁mouse ▁in ▁a ▁rapid ▁" x " ▁motion ▁over ▁a ▁shape ▁might ▁delete ▁the ▁shape . ▁ ▁Gest ural ▁inter faces ▁occur ▁more ▁rarely ▁than ▁plain ▁pointing - and
- click ing ; ▁and ▁people ▁often ▁find ▁them ▁more ▁difficult ▁to ▁use , ▁because ▁they ▁require ▁fin er ▁motor ▁control ▁from ▁the ▁user . ▁However , ▁a ▁few ▁gest ural ▁convent ions ▁have ▁become ▁widespread , ▁including ▁the ▁drag ▁and ▁drop ▁gesture , ▁in ▁which : ▁▁ ▁The ▁user ▁press es ▁the ▁mouse ▁button ▁while ▁the ▁mouse ▁cursor ▁ho vers ▁over ▁an ▁interface ▁object ▁ ▁The ▁user ▁moves ▁the ▁cursor ▁to ▁a ▁different ▁location ▁while ▁holding ▁the ▁button ▁down ▁ ▁The ▁user ▁releases ▁the ▁mouse ▁button ▁ ▁For ▁example , ▁a ▁user ▁might ▁drag - and - drop ▁a ▁picture ▁representing ▁a ▁file ▁onto ▁a ▁picture ▁of ▁a ▁trash ▁can , ▁thus ▁instruct ing ▁the ▁system ▁to ▁delete ▁the ▁file . ▁ ▁Standard ▁sem antic ▁gest ures ▁include : ▁ ▁Cross ing - based ▁goal ▁ ▁Drag ▁and ▁drop ▁ ▁Menu ▁travers al ▁ ▁Point ing ▁ ▁Rol lo ver ▁( Mouse over ) ▁ ▁Selection ▁ ▁Specific ▁uses ▁ ▁Other ▁uses ▁of ▁the ▁mouse ' s ▁input ▁occur ▁commonly ▁in ▁special ▁application - dom ains . ▁In ▁interactive ▁three - dimensional ▁graphics , ▁the ▁mouse ' s ▁motion ▁often ▁transl ates ▁directly ▁into ▁changes ▁in ▁the ▁virtual ▁objects ' ▁or ▁camera ' s ▁orientation . ▁For ▁example , ▁in ▁the ▁first - person ▁shoot er ▁genre ▁of ▁games ▁( see ▁below ), ▁players ▁usually ▁employ ▁the ▁mouse ▁to ▁control ▁the ▁direction ▁in ▁which ▁the ▁virtual ▁player ' s ▁" head " ▁faces : ▁moving ▁the ▁mouse ▁up ▁will ▁cause ▁the ▁player
▁to ▁look ▁up , ▁revealing ▁the ▁view ▁above ▁the ▁player ' s ▁head . ▁A ▁related ▁function ▁makes ▁an ▁image ▁of ▁an ▁object ▁rot ate , ▁so ▁that ▁all ▁sides ▁can ▁be ▁examined . ▁ 3 D ▁design ▁and ▁animation ▁software ▁often ▁mod ally ▁ch ords ▁many ▁different ▁combinations ▁to ▁allow ▁objects ▁and ▁cameras ▁to ▁be ▁rot ated ▁and ▁moved ▁through ▁space ▁with ▁the ▁few ▁ax es ▁of ▁movement ▁m ice ▁can ▁detect . ▁ ▁When ▁m ice ▁have ▁more ▁than ▁one ▁button , ▁the ▁software ▁may ▁assign ▁different ▁functions ▁to ▁each ▁button . ▁Often , ▁the ▁primary ▁( left most ▁in ▁a ▁right - handed ▁configuration ) ▁button ▁on ▁the ▁mouse ▁will ▁select ▁items , ▁and ▁the ▁secondary ▁( right most ▁in ▁a ▁right - handed ) ▁button ▁will ▁bring ▁up ▁a ▁menu ▁of ▁alternative ▁actions ▁applicable ▁to ▁that ▁item . ▁For ▁example , ▁on ▁platforms ▁with ▁more ▁than ▁one ▁button , ▁the ▁Moz illa ▁web ▁browser ▁will ▁follow ▁a ▁link ▁in ▁response ▁to ▁a ▁primary ▁button ▁click , ▁will ▁bring ▁up ▁a ▁context ual ▁menu ▁of ▁alternative ▁actions ▁for ▁that ▁link ▁in ▁response ▁to ▁a ▁secondary - button ▁click , ▁and ▁will ▁often ▁open ▁the ▁link ▁in ▁a ▁new ▁tab ▁or ▁window ▁in ▁response ▁to ▁a ▁click ▁with ▁the ▁t ert i ary ▁( middle ) ▁mouse ▁button . ▁ ▁Types ▁ ▁Mechan ical ▁m ice ▁▁ ▁The ▁German ▁company ▁Tele fun ken ▁published ▁on ▁their ▁early ▁ball ▁mouse ▁on ▁ 2 ▁October ▁ 1 9 6 8 . ▁Tele fun
ken ' s ▁mouse ▁was ▁sold ▁as ▁optional ▁equipment ▁for ▁their ▁computer ▁systems . ▁Bill ▁English , ▁builder ▁of ▁Eng el b art ' s ▁original ▁mouse , ▁created ▁a ▁ball ▁mouse ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 2 ▁while ▁working ▁for ▁X er ox ▁PAR C . ▁ ▁The ▁ball ▁mouse ▁replaced ▁the ▁external ▁wheels ▁with ▁a ▁single ▁ball ▁that ▁could ▁rot ate ▁in ▁any ▁direction . ▁It ▁came ▁as ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁hardware ▁package ▁of ▁the ▁X er ox ▁Al to ▁computer . ▁Per pend icular ▁chop per ▁wheels ▁hous ed ▁inside ▁the ▁mouse ' s ▁body ▁chopped ▁be ams ▁of ▁light ▁on ▁the ▁way ▁to ▁light ▁sensors , ▁thus ▁detect ing ▁in ▁their ▁turn ▁the ▁motion ▁of ▁the ▁ball . ▁This ▁variant ▁of ▁the ▁mouse ▁re sembled ▁an ▁in verted ▁track ball ▁and ▁became ▁the ▁predomin ant ▁form ▁used ▁with ▁personal ▁computers ▁throughout ▁the ▁ 1 9 8 0 s ▁and ▁ 1 9 9 0 s . ▁The ▁X er ox ▁PAR C ▁group ▁also ▁settled ▁on ▁the ▁modern ▁technique ▁of ▁using ▁both ▁hands ▁to ▁type ▁on ▁a ▁full - size ▁keyboard ▁and ▁grab bing ▁the ▁mouse ▁when ▁required . ▁ ▁The ▁ball ▁mouse ▁has ▁two ▁freely ▁rot ating ▁roll ers . ▁These ▁are ▁located ▁ 9 0 ▁degrees ▁apart . ▁One ▁roll er ▁detect s ▁the ▁forward – back ward ▁motion ▁of ▁the ▁mouse ▁and ▁other ▁the ▁left – right ▁motion . ▁Opp os ite ▁the ▁two ▁roll ers ▁is ▁a ▁third ▁one ▁( white , ▁in ▁the ▁photo
, ▁at ▁ 4 5 ▁degrees ) ▁that ▁is ▁spring - loaded ▁to ▁push ▁the ▁ball ▁against ▁the ▁other ▁two ▁roll ers . ▁Each ▁roll er ▁is ▁on ▁the ▁same ▁shaft ▁as ▁an ▁enc oder ▁wheel ▁that ▁has ▁sl otted ▁edges ; ▁the ▁slots ▁interrupt ▁in fr ared ▁light ▁be ams ▁to ▁generate ▁electrical ▁pul ses ▁that ▁represent ▁wheel ▁movement . ▁Each ▁wheel ' s ▁disc ▁has ▁a ▁pair ▁of ▁light ▁be ams , ▁located ▁so ▁that ▁a ▁given ▁beam ▁becomes ▁interrupted ▁or ▁again ▁starts ▁to ▁pass ▁light ▁freely ▁when ▁the ▁other ▁beam ▁of ▁the ▁pair ▁is ▁about ▁halfway ▁between ▁changes . ▁ ▁Simple ▁logic ▁circ uits ▁interpret ▁the ▁relative ▁timing ▁to ▁indicate ▁which ▁direction ▁the ▁wheel ▁is ▁rot ating . ▁This ▁increment al ▁rot ary ▁enc oder ▁scheme ▁is ▁sometimes ▁called ▁quadr ature ▁encoding ▁of ▁the ▁wheel ▁rotation , ▁as ▁the ▁two ▁optical ▁sensors ▁produce ▁signals ▁that ▁are ▁in ▁approximately ▁quadr ature ▁phase . ▁The ▁mouse ▁sends ▁these ▁signals ▁to ▁the ▁computer ▁system ▁via ▁the ▁mouse ▁cable , ▁directly ▁as ▁logic ▁signals ▁in ▁very ▁old ▁m ice ▁such ▁as ▁the ▁X er ox ▁m ice , ▁and ▁via ▁a ▁data - form atting ▁IC ▁in ▁modern ▁m ice . ▁The ▁driver ▁software ▁in ▁the ▁system ▁conver ts ▁the ▁signals ▁into ▁motion ▁of ▁the ▁mouse ▁cursor ▁along ▁X ▁and ▁Y ▁ax es ▁on ▁the ▁computer ▁screen . ▁ ▁The ▁ball ▁is ▁mostly ▁steel , ▁with ▁a ▁precision ▁spher ical ▁rubber ▁surface . ▁The ▁weight ▁of ▁the ▁ball , ▁given ▁an ▁appropriate ▁working ▁surface
▁under ▁the ▁mouse , ▁provides ▁a ▁reliable ▁grip ▁so ▁the ▁mouse ' s ▁movement ▁is ▁trans mitted ▁accurately . ▁Ball ▁m ice ▁and ▁wheel ▁m ice ▁were ▁manufactured ▁for ▁X er ox ▁by ▁Jack ▁Haw ley , ▁doing ▁business ▁as ▁The ▁Mouse ▁House ▁in ▁Berkeley , ▁California , ▁starting ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 5 . ▁Based ▁on ▁another ▁invention ▁by ▁Jack ▁Haw ley , ▁propriet or ▁of ▁the ▁Mouse ▁House , ▁H oney well ▁produced ▁another ▁type ▁of ▁mechanical ▁mouse . ▁Instead ▁of ▁a ▁ball , ▁it ▁had ▁two ▁wheels ▁rot ating ▁at ▁off ▁ax es . ▁Key ▁Tr onic ▁later ▁produced ▁a ▁similar ▁product . ▁ ▁Modern ▁computer ▁m ice ▁took ▁form ▁at ▁the ▁É cole ▁Poly techn ique ▁F éd ér ale ▁de ▁La us anne ▁( EP FL ) ▁under ▁the ▁inspiration ▁of ▁Professor ▁Jean - Dan iel ▁Nic oud ▁and ▁at ▁the ▁hands ▁of ▁engineer ▁and ▁watch maker ▁André ▁Gu ign ard . ▁This ▁new ▁design ▁incorporated ▁a ▁single ▁hard ▁rubber ▁mouse ball ▁and ▁three ▁buttons , ▁and ▁remained ▁a ▁common ▁design ▁until ▁the ▁mainstream ▁adoption ▁of ▁the ▁scroll - wheel ▁mouse ▁during ▁the ▁ 1 9 9 0 s . ▁In ▁ 1 9 8 5 , ▁Ren é ▁Som mer ▁added ▁a ▁micro processor ▁to ▁Nic oud ' s ▁and ▁Gu ign ard ' s ▁design . ▁Through ▁this ▁innovation , ▁Som mer ▁is ▁cred ited ▁with ▁invent ing ▁a ▁significant ▁component ▁of ▁the ▁mouse , ▁which ▁made ▁it ▁more ▁" int ellig ent "; ▁though
▁optical ▁m ice ▁from ▁Mouse ▁Systems ▁had ▁incorporated ▁micro process ors ▁by ▁ 1 9 8 4 . ▁ ▁Another ▁type ▁of ▁mechanical ▁mouse , ▁the ▁" anal og ▁mouse " ▁( now ▁generally ▁regarded ▁as ▁ob solete ), ▁uses ▁pot enti om eters ▁rather ▁than ▁enc oder ▁wheels , ▁and ▁is ▁typically ▁designed ▁to ▁be ▁plug ▁compatible ▁with ▁an ▁analog ▁jo yst ick . ▁The ▁" Color ▁Mouse ", ▁originally ▁market ed ▁by ▁Radio Sh ack ▁for ▁their ▁Color ▁Computer ▁( but ▁also ▁us able ▁on ▁MS - D OS ▁machines ▁equipped ▁with ▁analog ▁jo yst ick ▁ports , ▁provided ▁the ▁software ▁accepted ▁jo yst ick ▁input ) ▁was ▁the ▁best - known ▁example . ▁ ▁Opt ical ▁and ▁laser ▁m ice ▁▁ ▁Opt ical ▁m ice ▁rely ▁entirely ▁on ▁one ▁or ▁more ▁light - em itting ▁di odes ▁( LED s ) ▁and ▁an ▁imag ing ▁array ▁of ▁phot od iod es ▁to ▁detect ▁movement ▁relative ▁to ▁the ▁underlying ▁surface , ▁es che wing ▁the ▁internal ▁moving ▁parts ▁a ▁mechanical ▁mouse ▁uses ▁in ▁addition ▁to ▁its ▁opt ics . ▁A ▁laser ▁mouse ▁is ▁an ▁optical ▁mouse ▁that ▁uses ▁co herent ▁( las er ) ▁light . ▁ ▁The ▁earliest ▁optical ▁m ice ▁detected ▁movement ▁on ▁pre - print ed ▁mouse pad ▁surfaces , ▁whereas ▁the ▁modern ▁LED ▁optical ▁mouse ▁works ▁on ▁most ▁op aque ▁diff use ▁surfaces ; ▁it ▁is ▁usually ▁unable ▁to ▁detect ▁movement ▁on ▁spec ular ▁surfaces ▁like ▁pol ished ▁stone . ▁Las er ▁di odes ▁are ▁also ▁used
▁for ▁better ▁resolution ▁and ▁precision , ▁improving ▁performance ▁on ▁op aque ▁spec ular ▁surfaces . ▁B attery ▁powered , ▁wireless ▁optical ▁m ice ▁flash ▁the ▁LED ▁inter mitt ently ▁to ▁save ▁power , ▁and ▁only ▁glow ▁stead ily ▁when ▁movement ▁is ▁detected . ▁ ▁In ert ial ▁and ▁gy ro sc opic ▁m ice ▁ ▁Often ▁called ▁" air ▁m ice " ▁since ▁they ▁do ▁not ▁require ▁a ▁surface ▁to ▁operate , ▁in ert ial ▁m ice ▁use ▁a ▁tun ing ▁fork ▁or ▁other ▁acceler ometer ▁( US ▁Pat ent ▁ 4 7 8 7 0 5 1 ) ▁to ▁detect ▁rot ary ▁movement ▁for ▁every ▁axis ▁supported . ▁The ▁most ▁common ▁models ▁( man ufact ured ▁by ▁Log ite ch ▁and ▁G yr ation ) ▁work ▁using ▁ 2 ▁degrees ▁of ▁rot ational ▁freedom ▁and ▁are ▁ins ensitive ▁to ▁spatial ▁translation . ▁The ▁user ▁requires ▁only ▁small ▁wrist ▁rot ations ▁to ▁move ▁the ▁cursor , ▁reducing ▁user ▁fat igue ▁or ▁" gor illa ▁arm ". ▁ ▁Usually ▁cord less , ▁they ▁often ▁have ▁a ▁switch ▁to ▁de activate ▁the ▁movement ▁circuit ry ▁between ▁use , ▁allowing ▁the ▁user ▁freedom ▁of ▁movement ▁without ▁affecting ▁the ▁cursor ▁position . ▁A ▁patent ▁for ▁an ▁in ert ial ▁mouse ▁claims ▁that ▁such ▁m ice ▁consume ▁less ▁power ▁than ▁opt ically ▁based ▁m ice , ▁and ▁offer ▁increased ▁sensitivity , ▁reduced ▁weight ▁and ▁increased ▁ease - of - use . ▁In ▁combination ▁with ▁a ▁wireless ▁keyboard ▁an ▁in ert ial ▁mouse ▁can ▁offer ▁alternative ▁er g onom
ic ▁arrangements ▁which ▁do ▁not ▁require ▁a ▁flat ▁work ▁surface , ▁potentially ▁al lev i ating ▁some ▁types ▁of ▁repet itive ▁motion ▁injuries ▁related ▁to ▁work station ▁post ure . ▁▁ 3 D ▁m ice ▁▁ ▁Also ▁known ▁as ▁b ats , ▁flying ▁m ice , ▁or ▁w ands , ▁these ▁devices ▁generally ▁function ▁through ▁ul tras ound ▁and ▁provide ▁at ▁least ▁three ▁degrees ▁of ▁freedom . ▁Probably ▁the ▁best ▁known ▁example ▁would ▁be ▁ 3 D conne x ion ▁(" Log ite ch ' s ▁Space Mouse ") ▁from ▁the ▁early ▁ 1 9 9 0 s . ▁In ▁the ▁late ▁ 1 9 9 0 s ▁K ante k ▁introduced ▁the ▁ 3 D ▁Ring Mouse . ▁This ▁wireless ▁mouse ▁was ▁worn ▁on ▁a ▁ring ▁around ▁a ▁finger , ▁which ▁enabled ▁the ▁thumb ▁to ▁access ▁three ▁buttons . ▁The ▁mouse ▁was ▁track ed ▁in ▁three ▁dimensions ▁by ▁a ▁base ▁station . ▁Despite ▁a ▁certain ▁appeal , ▁it ▁was ▁finally ▁dis contin ued ▁because ▁it ▁did ▁not ▁provide ▁sufficient ▁resolution . ▁ ▁One ▁example ▁of ▁a ▁ 2 0 0 0 s ▁consumer ▁ 3 D ▁pointing ▁device ▁is ▁the ▁W ii ▁Remote . ▁While ▁primarily ▁a ▁motion - s ensing ▁device ▁( that ▁is , ▁it ▁can ▁determine ▁its ▁orientation ▁and ▁direction ▁of ▁movement ), ▁W ii ▁Remote ▁can ▁also ▁detect ▁its ▁spatial ▁position ▁by ▁comparing ▁the ▁distance ▁and ▁position ▁of ▁the ▁lights ▁from ▁the ▁IR ▁em itter ▁using ▁its ▁integrated ▁IR ▁camera ▁( since ▁the ▁n unch uk ▁access ory
▁lack s ▁a ▁camera , ▁it ▁can ▁only ▁tell ▁its ▁current ▁heading ▁and ▁orientation ). ▁The ▁obvious ▁draw back ▁to ▁this ▁approach ▁is ▁that ▁it ▁can ▁only ▁produce ▁spatial ▁coordinates ▁while ▁its ▁camera ▁can ▁see ▁the ▁sensor ▁bar . ▁More ▁accurate ▁consumer ▁devices ▁have ▁since ▁been ▁released , ▁including ▁the ▁Play Station ▁Move , ▁the ▁R az er ▁H yd ra ▁and ▁the ▁cont rollers ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁HT C ▁V ive ▁virtual ▁reality ▁system . ▁All ▁of ▁these ▁devices ▁can ▁accurately ▁detect ▁position ▁and ▁orientation ▁in ▁ 3 D ▁space ▁regardless ▁of ▁angle ▁relative ▁to ▁the ▁sensor ▁station . ▁ ▁A ▁mouse - related ▁controller ▁called ▁the ▁Space B all ▁has ▁a ▁ball ▁placed ▁above ▁the ▁work ▁surface ▁that ▁can ▁easily ▁be ▁gri pped . ▁With ▁spring - loaded ▁cent ering , ▁it ▁sends ▁both ▁transl ational ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁angular ▁displ ac ements ▁on ▁all ▁six ▁ax es , ▁in ▁both ▁directions ▁for ▁each . ▁In ▁November ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁a ▁German ▁Company ▁called ▁A xs otic ▁introduced ▁a ▁new ▁concept ▁of ▁ 3 D ▁mouse ▁called ▁ 3 D ▁Sp her ic ▁Mouse . ▁This ▁new ▁concept ▁of ▁a ▁true ▁six ▁degree - of - f reedom ▁input ▁device ▁uses ▁a ▁ball ▁to ▁rot ate ▁in ▁ 3 ▁ax es ▁without ▁any ▁limitations . ▁ ▁T act ile ▁m ice ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 0 , ▁Log ite ch ▁introduced ▁a ▁" t act ile ▁mouse " ▁that ▁contained ▁a ▁small ▁act u ator ▁to ▁make
▁the ▁mouse ▁vibr ate . ▁Such ▁a ▁mouse ▁can ▁augment ▁user - inter faces ▁with ▁h apt ic ▁feedback , ▁such ▁as ▁giving ▁feedback ▁when ▁crossing ▁a ▁window ▁boundary . ▁To ▁surf ▁by ▁touch ▁requires ▁the ▁user ▁to ▁be ▁able ▁to ▁feel ▁depth ▁or ▁hard ness ; ▁this ▁ability ▁was ▁realized ▁with ▁the ▁first ▁elect ror he ological ▁tact ile ▁m ice ▁but ▁never ▁market ed . ▁ ▁P ucks ▁ ▁Table t ▁digit izers ▁are ▁sometimes ▁used ▁with ▁accessories ▁called ▁p ucks , ▁devices ▁which ▁rely ▁on ▁absolute ▁position ing , ▁but ▁can ▁be ▁configured ▁for ▁sufficiently ▁mouse - like ▁relative ▁tracking ▁that ▁they ▁are ▁sometimes ▁market ed ▁as ▁m ice . ▁ ▁Er g onom ic ▁m ice ▁▁ ▁As ▁the ▁name ▁suggests , ▁this ▁type ▁of ▁mouse ▁is ▁intended ▁to ▁provide ▁opt imum ▁comfort ▁and ▁avoid ▁injuries ▁such ▁as ▁car pal ▁tunnel ▁syndrome , ▁ar th rit is ▁and ▁other ▁repet itive ▁strain ▁injuries . ▁It ▁is ▁designed ▁to ▁fit ▁natural ▁hand ▁position ▁and ▁movements , ▁to ▁reduce ▁dis comfort . ▁ ▁When ▁holding ▁a ▁typical ▁mouse , ▁ul na ▁and ▁radius ▁bones ▁on ▁the ▁arm ▁are ▁crossed . ▁Some ▁designs ▁attempt ▁to ▁place ▁the ▁palm ▁more ▁vert ically , ▁so ▁the ▁bones ▁take ▁more ▁natural ▁parallel ▁position . ▁Some ▁limit ▁wrist ▁movement , ▁encouraging ▁arm ▁movement ▁instead , ▁that ▁may ▁be ▁less ▁precise ▁but ▁more ▁optimal ▁from ▁the ▁health ▁point ▁of ▁view . ▁A ▁mouse ▁may ▁be ▁ang led ▁from ▁the ▁thumb ▁down ward ▁to ▁the ▁opposite ▁side ▁–
▁this ▁is ▁known ▁to ▁reduce ▁wrist ▁pron ation . ▁However ▁such ▁optim izations ▁make ▁the ▁mouse ▁right ▁or ▁left ▁hand ▁specific , ▁making ▁more ▁problem atic ▁to ▁change ▁the ▁tired ▁hand . ▁Time ▁magazine ▁has ▁critic ized ▁manufacturers ▁for ▁offering ▁few ▁or ▁no ▁left - handed ▁er g onom ic ▁m ice : ▁" O ft ent imes ▁I ▁felt ▁like ▁I ▁was ▁dealing ▁with ▁someone ▁who ’ d ▁never ▁actually ▁met ▁a ▁left - handed ▁person ▁before ." ▁ ▁Another ▁solution ▁is ▁a ▁pointing ▁bar ▁device . ▁The ▁so - called ▁roll er ▁bar ▁mouse ▁is ▁positioned ▁sn ug ly ▁in ▁front ▁of ▁the ▁keyboard , ▁thus ▁allowing ▁bi - man ual ▁access ibility . ▁ ▁G aming ▁m ice ▁ ▁These ▁m ice ▁are ▁specifically ▁designed ▁for ▁use ▁in ▁computer ▁games . ▁They ▁typically ▁employ ▁a ▁wide ▁array ▁of ▁controls ▁and ▁buttons ▁and ▁have ▁designs ▁that ▁differ ▁rad ically ▁from ▁traditional ▁m ice . ▁They ▁may ▁also ▁have ▁decor ative ▁mon och rome ▁or ▁program m able ▁R GB ▁LED ▁lighting . ▁The ▁additional ▁buttons ▁can ▁often ▁be ▁used ▁for ▁changing ▁the ▁sensitivity ▁of ▁the ▁mouse ▁or ▁they ▁can ▁be ▁assigned ▁to ▁mac ros ▁( i . e ., ▁for ▁opening ▁a ▁program ▁or ▁for ▁use ▁instead ▁of ▁a ▁key ▁combination ) ▁It ▁is ▁also ▁common ▁for ▁gaming ▁m ice , ▁especially ▁those ▁designed ▁for ▁use ▁in ▁real - time ▁strategy ▁games ▁such ▁as ▁Star C raft , ▁or ▁in ▁multi player ▁online ▁battle ▁arena ▁games ▁such ▁as ▁D ota ▁
2 ▁to ▁have ▁a ▁relatively ▁high ▁sensitivity , ▁measured ▁in ▁d ots ▁per ▁inch ▁( D PI ). ▁Some ▁advanced ▁m ice ▁from ▁gaming ▁manufacturers ▁also ▁allow ▁users ▁to ▁custom ize ▁the ▁weight ▁of ▁the ▁mouse ▁by ▁adding ▁or ▁sub tract ing ▁weights ▁to ▁allow ▁for ▁easier ▁control . ▁Er g onom ic ▁quality ▁is ▁also ▁an ▁important ▁factor ▁in ▁gaming ▁m ice , ▁as ▁extended ▁game play ▁times ▁may ▁render ▁further ▁use ▁of ▁the ▁mouse ▁to ▁be ▁uncomfortable . ▁Some ▁m ice ▁have ▁been ▁designed ▁to ▁have ▁adjust able ▁features ▁such ▁as ▁rem ov able ▁and / or ▁el ong ated ▁palm ▁rest s , ▁hor izont ally ▁adjust able ▁thumb ▁rest s ▁and ▁pink y ▁rest s . ▁Some ▁m ice ▁may ▁include ▁several ▁different ▁rest s ▁with ▁their ▁products ▁to ▁ensure ▁comfort ▁for ▁a ▁wider ▁range ▁of ▁target ▁consumers . ▁G aming ▁m ice ▁are ▁held ▁by ▁gam ers ▁in ▁three ▁styles ▁of ▁grip : ▁ ▁Palm ▁G rip : ▁the ▁hand ▁rest s ▁on ▁the ▁mouse , ▁with ▁extended ▁fingers . ▁ ▁Cl aw ▁G rip : ▁palm ▁rest s ▁on ▁the ▁mouse , ▁bent ▁fingers . ▁ ▁F inger - Tip ▁G rip : ▁bent ▁fingers , ▁palm ▁doesn ' t ▁touch ▁the ▁mouse . ▁ ▁Connect ivity ▁and ▁communication ▁protocol s ▁▁ ▁To ▁transmit ▁their ▁input , ▁typical ▁c abled ▁m ice ▁use ▁a ▁thin ▁electrical ▁cord ▁term inating ▁in ▁a ▁standard ▁conne ctor , ▁such ▁as ▁R S - 2 3 2 C , ▁PS /
2 , ▁A DB ▁or ▁USB . ▁Cord less ▁m ice ▁instead ▁transmit ▁data ▁via ▁in fr ared ▁radiation ▁( see ▁Ir DA ) ▁or ▁radio ▁( including ▁Bl uetooth ), ▁although ▁many ▁such ▁cord less ▁inter faces ▁are ▁themselves ▁connected ▁through ▁the ▁a fore ment ioned ▁w ired ▁serial ▁bus es . ▁ ▁While ▁the ▁electrical ▁interface ▁and ▁the ▁format ▁of ▁the ▁data ▁trans mitted ▁by ▁commonly ▁available ▁m ice ▁is ▁currently ▁standard ized ▁on ▁USB , ▁in ▁the ▁past ▁it ▁varied ▁between ▁different ▁manufacturers . ▁A ▁bus ▁mouse ▁used ▁a ▁dedicated ▁interface ▁card ▁for ▁connection ▁to ▁an ▁IBM ▁PC ▁or ▁compatible ▁computer . ▁ ▁Mouse ▁use ▁in ▁D OS ▁applications ▁became ▁more ▁common ▁after ▁the ▁introduction ▁of ▁the ▁Microsoft ▁Mouse , ▁largely ▁because ▁Microsoft ▁provided ▁an ▁open ▁standard ▁for ▁communication ▁between ▁applications ▁and ▁mouse ▁driver ▁software . ▁Thus , ▁any ▁application ▁written ▁to ▁use ▁the ▁Microsoft ▁standard ▁could ▁use ▁a ▁mouse ▁with ▁a ▁driver ▁that ▁implements ▁the ▁same ▁API , ▁even ▁if ▁the ▁mouse ▁hardware ▁itself ▁was ▁in compatible ▁with ▁Microsoft ' s . ▁This ▁driver ▁provides ▁the ▁state ▁of ▁the ▁buttons ▁and ▁the ▁distance ▁the ▁mouse ▁has ▁moved ▁in ▁units ▁that ▁its ▁documentation ▁calls ▁" mic keys ", ▁as ▁does ▁the ▁Al leg ro ▁library . ▁ ▁Early ▁m ice ▁▁ ▁In ▁the ▁ 1 9 7 0 s , ▁the ▁X er ox ▁Al to ▁mouse , ▁and ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 8 0 s ▁the ▁X er ox ▁optical ▁mouse , ▁used ▁a ▁quadr ature - encoded
▁X ▁and ▁Y ▁interface . ▁ ▁This ▁two - bit ▁encoding ▁per ▁dimension ▁had ▁the ▁property ▁that ▁only ▁one ▁bit ▁of ▁the ▁two ▁would ▁change ▁at ▁a ▁time , ▁like ▁a ▁Gray ▁code ▁or ▁Johnson ▁counter , ▁so ▁that ▁the ▁transitions ▁would ▁not ▁be ▁mis interpret ed ▁when ▁as ynchron ously ▁sam pled . ▁ ▁The ▁earliest ▁mass - market ▁m ice , ▁such ▁as ▁on ▁the ▁original ▁Mac int osh , ▁Am iga , ▁and ▁At ari ▁ST ▁m ice ▁used ▁a ▁D - sub min i ature ▁ 9 - pin ▁conne ctor ▁to ▁send ▁the ▁quadr ature - encoded ▁X ▁and ▁Y ▁axis ▁signals ▁directly , ▁plus ▁one ▁pin ▁per ▁mouse ▁button . ▁ ▁The ▁mouse ▁was ▁a ▁simple ▁opt ome chan ical ▁device , ▁and ▁the ▁dec oding ▁circuit ry ▁was ▁all ▁in ▁the ▁main ▁computer . ▁ ▁The ▁DE - 9 ▁connect ors ▁were ▁designed ▁to ▁be ▁electric ally ▁compatible ▁with ▁the ▁jo yst icks ▁popular ▁on ▁numerous ▁ 8 - bit ▁systems , ▁such ▁as ▁the ▁Com mod ore ▁ 6 4 ▁and ▁the ▁At ari ▁ 2 6 0 0 . ▁ ▁Although ▁the ▁ports ▁could ▁be ▁used ▁for ▁both ▁purposes , ▁the ▁signals ▁must ▁be ▁interpreted ▁differently . ▁ ▁As ▁a ▁result , ▁plug ging ▁a ▁mouse ▁into ▁a ▁jo yst ick ▁port ▁causes ▁the ▁" jo yst ick " ▁to ▁continuously ▁move ▁in ▁some ▁direction , ▁even ▁if ▁the ▁mouse ▁stays ▁still , ▁whereas ▁plug ging ▁a ▁jo yst ick ▁into ▁a ▁mouse ▁port
▁causes ▁the ▁" mouse " ▁to ▁only ▁be ▁able ▁to ▁move ▁a ▁single ▁pixel ▁in ▁each ▁direction . ▁ ▁Serial ▁interface ▁and ▁protocol ▁▁ ▁Because ▁the ▁IBM ▁PC ▁did ▁not ▁have ▁a ▁quadr ature ▁dec oder ▁built ▁in , ▁early ▁PC ▁m ice ▁used ▁the ▁R S - 2 3 2 C ▁serial ▁port ▁to ▁communicate ▁encoded ▁mouse ▁movements , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁provide ▁power ▁to ▁the ▁mouse ' s ▁circ uits . ▁The ▁Mouse ▁Systems ▁Corporation ▁version ▁used ▁a ▁five - byte ▁protocol ▁and ▁supported ▁three ▁buttons . ▁The ▁Microsoft ▁version ▁used ▁a ▁three - byte ▁protocol ▁and ▁supported ▁two ▁buttons . ▁Due ▁to ▁the ▁in compat ibility ▁between ▁the ▁two ▁protocol s , ▁some ▁manufacturers ▁sold ▁serial ▁m ice ▁with ▁a ▁mode ▁switch : ▁" PC " ▁for ▁M SC ▁mode , ▁" MS " ▁for ▁Microsoft ▁mode . ▁ ▁Apple ▁Des ktop ▁Bus ▁▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 8 6 ▁Apple ▁first ▁implemented ▁the ▁Apple ▁Des ktop ▁Bus ▁allowing ▁the ▁d ais y - ch aining ▁( link ing ▁together ▁in ▁series , ▁ie . ▁end ▁to ▁end ) ▁of ▁up ▁to ▁ 1 6 ▁devices , ▁including ▁m ice ▁and ▁other ▁devices ▁on ▁the ▁same ▁bus ▁with ▁no ▁configuration ▁what so ever . ▁Fe at uring ▁only ▁a ▁single ▁data ▁pin , ▁the ▁bus ▁used ▁a ▁purely ▁poll ed ▁approach ▁to ▁computer / device ▁communications ▁and ▁survived ▁as ▁the ▁standard ▁on ▁mainstream ▁models ▁( including ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁non - App le ▁work st ations ) ▁until ▁ 1
9 9 8 ▁when ▁Apple ' s ▁i Mac ▁line ▁of ▁computers ▁joined ▁the ▁industry - wide ▁switch ▁to ▁using ▁USB . ▁Begin ning ▁with ▁the ▁Bron ze ▁Key board ▁Power Book ▁G 3 ▁in ▁May ▁ 1 9 9 9 , ▁Apple ▁dropped ▁the ▁external ▁A DB ▁port ▁in ▁favor ▁of ▁USB , ▁but ▁retained ▁an ▁internal ▁A DB ▁connection ▁in ▁the ▁Power Book ▁G 4 ▁for ▁communication ▁with ▁its ▁built - in ▁keyboard ▁and ▁track pad ▁until ▁early ▁ 2 0 0 5 . ▁ ▁PS / 2 ▁interface ▁and ▁protocol ▁▁ ▁With ▁the ▁arrival ▁of ▁the ▁IBM ▁PS / 2 ▁personal - comput er ▁series ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 7 , ▁IBM ▁introduced ▁the ▁e pon ym ous ▁PS / 2 ▁interface ▁for ▁m ice ▁and ▁key boards , ▁which ▁other ▁manufacturers ▁rapidly ▁adopted . ▁The ▁most ▁visible ▁change ▁was ▁the ▁use ▁of ▁a ▁round ▁ 6 - pin ▁mini - D IN , ▁in ▁lieu ▁of ▁the ▁former ▁ 5 - pin ▁M ID I ▁style ▁full ▁s ized ▁D IN ▁ 4 1 5 2 4 ▁conne ctor . ▁In ▁default ▁mode ▁( called ▁stream ▁mode ) ▁a ▁PS / 2 ▁mouse ▁commun icates ▁motion , ▁and ▁the ▁state ▁of ▁each ▁button , ▁by ▁means ▁of ▁ 3 - byte ▁packets . ▁For ▁any ▁motion , ▁button ▁press ▁or ▁button ▁release ▁event , ▁a ▁PS / 2 ▁mouse ▁sends , ▁over ▁a ▁bi - direction al ▁serial ▁port , ▁a ▁sequence ▁of ▁three ▁bytes , ▁with ▁the
▁following ▁format : ▁ ▁Here , ▁X S ▁and ▁Y S ▁represent ▁the ▁sign ▁bits ▁of ▁the ▁movement ▁vectors , ▁XV ▁and ▁Y V ▁indicate ▁an ▁overflow ▁in ▁the ▁respective ▁vector ▁component , ▁and ▁L B , ▁MB ▁and ▁R B ▁indicate ▁the ▁status ▁of ▁the ▁left , ▁middle ▁and ▁right ▁mouse ▁buttons ▁( 1 ▁= ▁pressed ). ▁PS / 2 ▁m ice ▁also ▁understand ▁several ▁commands ▁for ▁reset ▁and ▁self - test , ▁switching ▁between ▁different ▁operating ▁modes , ▁and ▁changing ▁the ▁resolution ▁of ▁the ▁reported ▁motion ▁vectors . ▁ ▁A ▁Microsoft ▁Int elli Mouse ▁rel ies ▁on ▁an ▁extension ▁of ▁the ▁PS / 2 ▁protocol : ▁the ▁Im PS / 2 ▁or ▁IMP S / 2 ▁protocol ▁( the ▁ab bre vi ation ▁comb ines ▁the ▁concepts ▁of ▁" Int elli Mouse " ▁and ▁" PS / 2 "). ▁It ▁initially ▁operates ▁in ▁standard ▁PS / 2 ▁format , ▁for ▁backwards ▁compatibility . ▁After ▁the ▁host ▁sends ▁a ▁special ▁command ▁sequence , ▁it ▁sw itches ▁to ▁an ▁extended ▁format ▁in ▁which ▁a ▁fourth ▁byte ▁carries ▁information ▁about ▁wheel ▁movements . ▁The ▁Int elli Mouse ▁Expl orer ▁works ▁analog ously , ▁with ▁the ▁difference ▁that ▁its ▁ 4 - byte ▁packets ▁also ▁allow ▁for ▁two ▁additional ▁buttons ▁( for ▁a ▁total ▁of ▁five ). ▁ ▁Mouse ▁vendors ▁also ▁use ▁other ▁extended ▁formats , ▁often ▁without ▁providing ▁public ▁documentation . ▁The ▁Ty ph oon ▁mouse ▁uses ▁ 6 - byte ▁packets ▁which ▁can ▁appear ▁as ▁a ▁sequence ▁of ▁two ▁standard ▁ 3 -
byte ▁packets , ▁such ▁that ▁an ▁ordinary ▁PS / 2 ▁driver ▁can ▁handle ▁them . ▁For ▁ 3 - D ▁( or ▁ 6 - degree - of - f reedom ) ▁input , ▁vendors ▁have ▁made ▁many ▁extensions ▁both ▁to ▁the ▁hardware ▁and ▁to ▁software . ▁In ▁the ▁late ▁ 1 9 9 0 s , ▁Log ite ch ▁created ▁ul tras ound ▁based ▁tracking ▁which ▁gave ▁ 3 D ▁input ▁to ▁a ▁few ▁mill im eters ▁accuracy , ▁which ▁worked ▁well ▁as ▁an ▁input ▁device ▁but ▁failed ▁as ▁a ▁profitable ▁product . ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 8 , ▁M otion 4 U ▁introduced ▁its ▁" Opt i B urst " ▁system ▁using ▁IR ▁tracking ▁for ▁use ▁as ▁a ▁May a ▁( graphics ▁software ) ▁plugin . ▁ ▁USB ▁▁ ▁The ▁industry - standard ▁USB ▁( Univers al ▁Serial ▁Bus ) ▁protocol ▁and ▁its ▁conne ctor ▁have ▁become ▁widely ▁used ▁for ▁m ice ; ▁it ▁is ▁among ▁the ▁most ▁popular ▁types . ▁ ▁Cord less ▁or ▁wireless ▁ ▁Cord less ▁or ▁wireless ▁m ice ▁transmit ▁data ▁via ▁in fr ared ▁radiation ▁( see ▁Ir DA ) ▁or ▁radio ▁( including ▁Bl uetooth ▁and ▁Wi - Fi ). ▁The ▁receiver ▁is ▁connected ▁to ▁the ▁computer ▁through ▁a ▁serial ▁or ▁USB ▁port , ▁or ▁can ▁be ▁built ▁in ▁( as ▁is ▁sometimes ▁the ▁case ▁with ▁Bl uetooth ▁and ▁Wi Fi ). ▁Modern ▁non - Bl uetooth ▁and ▁non - W i Fi ▁wireless ▁m ice ▁use ▁USB ▁rece ivers . ▁Some ▁of ▁these
▁can ▁be ▁stored ▁inside ▁the ▁mouse ▁for ▁safe ▁transport ▁while ▁not ▁in ▁use , ▁while ▁other , ▁newer ▁m ice ▁use ▁newer ▁" n ano " ▁rece ivers , ▁designed ▁to ▁be ▁small ▁enough ▁to ▁remain ▁plug ged ▁into ▁a ▁laptop ▁during ▁transport , ▁while ▁still ▁being ▁large ▁enough ▁to ▁easily ▁remove . ▁ ▁Mult iple - mouse ▁systems ▁ ▁Some ▁systems ▁allow ▁two ▁or ▁more ▁m ice ▁to ▁be ▁used ▁at ▁once ▁as ▁input ▁devices . ▁Late - 1 9 8 0 s ▁era ▁home ▁computers ▁such ▁as ▁the ▁Am iga ▁used ▁this ▁to ▁allow ▁computer ▁games ▁with ▁two ▁players ▁interact ing ▁on ▁the ▁same ▁computer ▁( L em m ings ▁and ▁The ▁S ett lers ▁for ▁example ). ▁The ▁same ▁idea ▁is ▁sometimes ▁used ▁in ▁collabor ative ▁software , ▁e . g . ▁to ▁sim ulate ▁a ▁white board ▁that ▁multiple ▁users ▁can ▁draw ▁on ▁without ▁passing ▁a ▁single ▁mouse ▁around . ▁ ▁Microsoft ▁Windows , ▁since ▁Windows ▁ 9 8 , ▁has ▁supported ▁multiple ▁simultane ous ▁pointing ▁devices . ▁Because ▁Windows ▁only ▁provides ▁a ▁single ▁screen ▁cursor , ▁using ▁more ▁than ▁one ▁device ▁at ▁the ▁same ▁time ▁requires ▁cooperation ▁of ▁users ▁or ▁applications ▁designed ▁for ▁multiple ▁input ▁devices . ▁ ▁Mult iple ▁m ice ▁are ▁often ▁used ▁in ▁multi - user ▁gaming ▁in ▁addition ▁to ▁spec ially ▁designed ▁devices ▁that ▁provide ▁several ▁input ▁inter faces . ▁ ▁Windows ▁also ▁has ▁full ▁support ▁for ▁multiple ▁input / mouse ▁configurations ▁for ▁multi - user ▁environments . ▁ ▁Starting ▁with ▁Windows ▁X P
, ▁Microsoft ▁introduced ▁an ▁SD K ▁for ▁developing ▁applications ▁that ▁allow ▁multiple ▁input ▁devices ▁to ▁be ▁used ▁at ▁the ▁same ▁time ▁with ▁independent ▁cur s ors ▁and ▁independent ▁input ▁points . ▁However , ▁it ▁no ▁longer ▁appears ▁to ▁be ▁available . ▁ ▁The ▁introduction ▁of ▁V ista ▁and ▁Microsoft ▁Sur face ▁( now ▁known ▁as ▁Microsoft ▁P ixel S ense ) ▁introduced ▁a ▁new ▁set ▁of ▁input ▁AP Is ▁that ▁were ▁adopted ▁into ▁Windows ▁ 7 , ▁allowing ▁for ▁ 5 0 ▁points / curs ors , ▁all ▁controlled ▁by ▁independent ▁users . ▁The ▁new ▁input ▁points ▁provide ▁traditional ▁mouse ▁input ; ▁however , ▁they ▁were ▁designed ▁with ▁other ▁input ▁technologies ▁like ▁touch ▁and ▁image ▁in ▁mind . ▁They ▁inher ently ▁offer ▁ 3 D ▁coordinates ▁along ▁with ▁pressure , ▁size , ▁tilt , ▁angle , ▁mask , ▁and ▁even ▁an ▁image ▁bitmap ▁to ▁see ▁and ▁recognize ▁the ▁input ▁point / object ▁on ▁the ▁screen . ▁ ▁As ▁of ▁ 2 0 0 9 , ▁Linux ▁distributions ▁and ▁other ▁operating ▁systems ▁that ▁use ▁X . Or g , ▁such ▁as ▁Open S olar is ▁and ▁Free B SD , ▁support ▁ 2 5 5 ▁cur s ors / input ▁points ▁through ▁Multi - Pointer ▁X . ▁However , ▁currently ▁no ▁window ▁managers ▁support ▁Multi - Pointer ▁X ▁leaving ▁it ▁re leg ated ▁to ▁custom ▁software ▁usage . ▁ ▁There ▁have ▁also ▁been ▁propos itions ▁of ▁having ▁a ▁single ▁operator ▁use ▁two ▁m ice ▁simultaneously ▁as ▁a ▁more ▁sophisticated ▁means ▁of ▁controlling ▁various ▁graphics
▁and ▁mult imedia ▁applications . ▁ ▁But tons ▁▁ ▁Mouse ▁buttons ▁are ▁micro sw itches ▁which ▁can ▁be ▁pressed ▁to ▁select ▁or ▁interact ▁with ▁an ▁element ▁of ▁a ▁graph ical ▁user ▁interface , ▁producing ▁a ▁distinctive ▁clicking ▁sound . ▁ ▁Since ▁around ▁the ▁late ▁ 1 9 9 0 s , ▁the ▁three - button ▁scroll mouse ▁has ▁become ▁the ▁de ▁fact o ▁standard . ▁Users ▁most ▁commonly ▁employ ▁the ▁second ▁button ▁to ▁invoke ▁a ▁context ual ▁menu ▁in ▁the ▁computer ' s ▁software ▁user ▁interface , ▁which ▁contains ▁options ▁specifically ▁tail ored ▁to ▁the ▁interface ▁element ▁over ▁which ▁the ▁mouse ▁cursor ▁currently ▁sits . ▁By ▁default , ▁the ▁primary ▁mouse ▁button ▁sits ▁located ▁on ▁the ▁left - hand ▁side ▁of ▁the ▁mouse , ▁for ▁the ▁benefit ▁of ▁right - handed ▁users ; ▁left - handed ▁users ▁can ▁usually ▁reverse ▁this ▁configuration ▁via ▁software . ▁ ▁Sc rolling ▁▁ ▁Near ly ▁all ▁m ice ▁now ▁have ▁an ▁integrated ▁input ▁primarily ▁intended ▁for ▁scroll ing ▁on ▁top , ▁usually ▁a ▁single - axis ▁digital ▁wheel ▁or ▁rock er ▁switch ▁which ▁can ▁also ▁be ▁depressed ▁to ▁act ▁as ▁a ▁third ▁button . ▁Though ▁less ▁common , ▁many ▁m ice ▁instead ▁have ▁two - axis ▁inputs ▁such ▁as ▁a ▁tilt able ▁wheel , ▁track ball , ▁or ▁touch pad . ▁ ▁Speed ▁ ▁Mic keys ▁per ▁second ▁is ▁a ▁unit ▁of ▁measurement ▁for ▁the ▁speed ▁and ▁movement ▁direction ▁of ▁a ▁computer ▁mouse , ▁where ▁direction ▁is ▁often ▁expressed ▁as ▁" horizontal " ▁versus ▁" vertical "
▁mic key ▁count . ▁However , ▁speed ▁can ▁also ▁refer ▁to ▁the ▁ratio ▁between ▁how ▁many ▁pixels ▁the ▁cursor ▁moves ▁on ▁the ▁screen ▁and ▁how ▁far ▁the ▁mouse ▁moves ▁on ▁the ▁mouse ▁pad , ▁which ▁may ▁be ▁expressed ▁as ▁pixels ▁per ▁mic key , ▁pixels ▁per ▁inch , ▁or ▁pixels ▁per ▁cent imeter . ▁ ▁The ▁computer ▁industry ▁often ▁measures ▁mouse ▁sensitivity ▁in ▁terms ▁of ▁counts ▁per ▁inch ▁( C PI ), ▁commonly ▁expressed ▁as ▁d ots ▁per ▁inch ▁( D PI ) the ▁number ▁of ▁steps ▁the ▁mouse ▁will ▁report ▁when ▁it ▁moves ▁one ▁inch . ▁In ▁early ▁m ice , ▁this ▁spec ification ▁was ▁called ▁pul ses ▁per ▁inch ▁( pp i ). ▁The ▁Mic key ▁originally ▁referred ▁to ▁one ▁of ▁these ▁counts , ▁or ▁one ▁res olv able ▁step ▁of ▁motion . ▁If ▁the ▁default ▁mouse - track ing ▁condition ▁involves ▁moving ▁the ▁cursor ▁by ▁one ▁screen - pixel ▁or ▁dot ▁on - screen ▁per ▁reported ▁step , ▁then ▁the ▁C PI ▁does ▁equ ate ▁to ▁D PI : ▁d ots ▁of ▁cursor ▁motion ▁per ▁inch ▁of ▁mouse ▁motion . ▁The ▁C PI ▁or ▁D PI ▁as ▁reported ▁by ▁manufacturers ▁depends ▁on ▁how ▁they ▁make ▁the ▁mouse ; ▁the ▁higher ▁the ▁C PI , ▁the ▁faster ▁the ▁cursor ▁moves ▁with ▁mouse ▁movement . ▁However , ▁software ▁can ▁adjust ▁the ▁mouse ▁sensitivity , ▁making ▁the ▁cursor ▁move ▁faster ▁or ▁slower ▁than ▁its ▁C PI . ▁ ▁software ▁can ▁change ▁the ▁speed ▁of ▁the ▁cursor ▁dynam ically , ▁taking ▁into ▁account ▁the
▁mouse ' s ▁absolute ▁speed ▁and ▁the ▁movement ▁from ▁the ▁last ▁stop - point . ▁In ▁most ▁software , ▁an ▁example ▁being ▁the ▁Windows ▁platforms , ▁this ▁setting ▁is ▁named ▁" speed ," ▁referring ▁to ▁" cursor ▁precision ". ▁However , ▁some ▁operating ▁systems ▁name ▁this ▁setting ▁" ac cel er ation ", ▁the ▁typical ▁Apple ▁OS ▁design ation . ▁This ▁term ▁is ▁incorrect . ▁Mouse ▁acceler ation ▁in ▁most ▁mouse ▁software ▁refers ▁to ▁the ▁change ▁in ▁speed ▁of ▁the ▁cursor ▁over ▁time ▁while ▁the ▁mouse ▁movement ▁is ▁constant . ▁ ▁For ▁simple ▁software , ▁when ▁the ▁mouse ▁starts ▁to ▁move , ▁the ▁software ▁will ▁count ▁the ▁number ▁of ▁" count s " ▁or ▁" mic keys " ▁received ▁from ▁the ▁mouse ▁and ▁will ▁move ▁the ▁cursor ▁across ▁the ▁screen ▁by ▁that ▁number ▁of ▁pixels ▁( or ▁multi plied ▁by ▁a ▁rate ▁factor , ▁typically ▁less ▁than ▁ 1 ). ▁The ▁cursor ▁will ▁move ▁slowly ▁on ▁the ▁screen , ▁with ▁good ▁precision . ▁When ▁the ▁movement ▁of ▁the ▁mouse ▁passes ▁the ▁value ▁set ▁for ▁some ▁threshold , ▁the ▁software ▁will ▁start ▁to ▁move ▁the ▁cursor ▁faster , ▁with ▁a ▁greater ▁rate ▁factor . ▁Usually , ▁the ▁user ▁can ▁set ▁the ▁value ▁of ▁the ▁second ▁rate ▁factor ▁by ▁changing ▁the ▁" ac cel er ation " ▁setting . ▁ ▁Oper ating ▁systems ▁sometimes ▁apply ▁acceler ation , ▁referred ▁to ▁as ▁" ball istics ", ▁to ▁the ▁motion ▁reported ▁by ▁the ▁mouse . ▁For ▁example , ▁versions ▁of ▁Windows ▁prior ▁to ▁Windows ▁X P ▁dou
bled ▁reported ▁values ▁above ▁a ▁config urable ▁threshold , ▁and ▁then ▁option ally ▁dou bled ▁them ▁again ▁above ▁a ▁second ▁config urable ▁threshold . ▁These ▁dou bl ings ▁applied ▁separately ▁in ▁the ▁X ▁and ▁Y ▁directions , ▁resulting ▁in ▁very ▁non linear ▁response . ▁ ▁Mouse p ads ▁▁ ▁Eng el b art ' s ▁original ▁mouse ▁did ▁not ▁require ▁a ▁mouse pad ; ▁the ▁mouse ▁had ▁two ▁large ▁wheels ▁which ▁could ▁roll ▁on ▁virtually ▁any ▁surface . ▁However , ▁most ▁subsequent ▁mechanical ▁m ice ▁starting ▁with ▁the ▁steel ▁roll er ▁ball ▁mouse ▁have ▁required ▁a ▁mouse pad ▁for ▁optimal ▁performance . ▁ ▁The ▁mouse pad , ▁the ▁most ▁common ▁mouse ▁access ory , ▁appears ▁most ▁commonly ▁in ▁conj unction ▁with ▁mechanical ▁m ice , ▁because ▁to ▁roll ▁smoothly ▁the ▁ball ▁requires ▁more ▁fr iction ▁than ▁common ▁desk ▁surfaces ▁usually ▁provide . ▁So - called ▁" hard ▁mouse p ads " ▁for ▁gam ers ▁or ▁optical / las er ▁m ice ▁also ▁exist . ▁ ▁Most ▁optical ▁and ▁laser ▁m ice ▁do ▁not ▁require ▁a ▁pad , ▁the ▁notable ▁exception ▁being ▁early ▁optical ▁m ice ▁which ▁rel ied ▁on ▁a ▁grid ▁on ▁the ▁pad ▁to ▁detect ▁movement ▁( e . g . ▁Mouse ▁Systems ). ▁Whether ▁to ▁use ▁a ▁hard ▁or ▁soft ▁mouse pad ▁with ▁an ▁optical ▁mouse ▁is ▁largely ▁a ▁matter ▁of ▁personal ▁preference . ▁One ▁exception ▁occurs ▁when ▁the ▁desk ▁surface ▁creates ▁problems ▁for ▁the ▁optical ▁or ▁laser ▁tracking , ▁for ▁example , ▁a ▁transparent ▁or ▁reflect ive ▁surface , ▁such
▁as ▁glass . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁market place ▁▁ ▁Around ▁ 1 9 8 1 , ▁X er ox ▁included ▁m ice ▁with ▁its ▁X er ox ▁Star , ▁based ▁on ▁the ▁mouse ▁used ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 7 0 s ▁on ▁the ▁Al to ▁computer ▁at ▁X er ox ▁PAR C . ▁Sun ▁Mic ros ystem s , ▁Symbol ics , ▁L isp ▁Mach ines ▁Inc ., ▁and ▁T ek tr on ix ▁also ▁shipped ▁work st ations ▁with ▁m ice , ▁starting ▁in ▁about ▁ 1 9 8 1 . ▁Later , ▁inspired ▁by ▁the ▁Star , ▁Apple ▁Computer ▁released ▁the ▁Apple ▁Lisa , ▁which ▁also ▁used ▁a ▁mouse . ▁However , ▁none ▁of ▁these ▁products ▁achieved ▁large - scale ▁success . ▁Only ▁with ▁the ▁release ▁of ▁the ▁Apple ▁Mac int osh ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 4 ▁did ▁the ▁mouse ▁see ▁widespread ▁use . ▁ ▁The ▁Mac int osh ▁design , ▁commer c ially ▁successful ▁and ▁technically ▁influential , ▁led ▁many ▁other ▁vendors ▁to ▁begin ▁producing ▁m ice ▁or ▁including ▁them ▁with ▁their ▁other ▁computer ▁products ▁( by ▁ 1 9 8 6 , ▁At ari ▁ST , ▁Am iga , ▁Windows ▁ 1 . 0 , ▁G E OS ▁for ▁the ▁Com mod ore ▁ 6 4 , ▁and ▁the ▁Apple ▁I IG S ). ▁ ▁The ▁widespread ▁adoption ▁of ▁graph ical ▁user ▁inter faces ▁in ▁the ▁software ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 9 8 0 s ▁and ▁ 1 9 9 0 s ▁made ▁m ice ▁all ▁but
▁ind isp ens able ▁for ▁controlling ▁computers . ▁In ▁November ▁ 2 0 0 8 , ▁Log ite ch ▁built ▁their ▁billion th ▁mouse . ▁ ▁Use ▁in ▁games ▁▁ ▁The ▁Classic ▁Mac ▁OS ▁Des k ▁Access ory ▁P uzz le ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 4 ▁was ▁the ▁first ▁game ▁designed ▁specifically ▁for ▁a ▁mouse . ▁The ▁device ▁often ▁functions ▁as ▁an ▁interface ▁for ▁PC - based ▁computer ▁games ▁and ▁sometimes ▁for ▁video ▁game ▁cons oles . ▁ ▁First - person ▁shoot ers ▁▁ ▁F PS s ▁naturally ▁l end ▁themselves ▁to ▁separate ▁and ▁simultane ous ▁control ▁of ▁the ▁player ' s ▁movement ▁and ▁aim , ▁and ▁on ▁computers ▁this ▁has ▁tradition ally ▁been ▁achieved ▁with ▁a ▁combination ▁of ▁keyboard ▁and ▁mouse . ▁Players ▁use ▁the ▁X - axis ▁of ▁the ▁mouse ▁for ▁looking ▁( or ▁turning ) ▁left ▁and ▁right , ▁and ▁the ▁Y - axis ▁for ▁looking ▁up ▁and ▁down ; ▁the ▁keyboard ▁is ▁used ▁for ▁movement ▁and ▁supplement al ▁inputs . ▁ ▁Many ▁shooting ▁genre ▁players ▁prefer ▁a ▁mouse ▁over ▁a ▁game pad ▁analog ▁stick ▁because ▁the ▁wide ▁range ▁of ▁motion ▁offered ▁by ▁a ▁mouse ▁allows ▁for ▁faster ▁and ▁more ▁varied ▁control . ▁Although ▁an ▁analog ▁stick ▁allows ▁the ▁player ▁more ▁gran ular ▁control , ▁it ▁is ▁poor ▁for ▁certain ▁movements , ▁as ▁the ▁player ' s ▁input ▁is ▁relay ed ▁based ▁on ▁a ▁vector ▁of ▁both ▁the ▁stick ▁s ▁direction ▁and ▁magnitude . ▁Thus , ▁a ▁small ▁but ▁fast ▁movement ▁( known ▁as ▁" f lick - shot
ting ") ▁using ▁a ▁game pad ▁requires ▁the ▁player ▁to ▁quickly ▁move ▁the ▁stick ▁from ▁its ▁rest ▁position ▁to ▁the ▁edge ▁and ▁back ▁again ▁in ▁quick ▁success ion , ▁a ▁difficult ▁man eu ver . ▁In ▁addition ▁the ▁stick ▁also ▁has ▁a ▁finite ▁magnitude ; ▁if ▁the ▁player ▁is ▁currently ▁using ▁the ▁stick ▁to ▁move ▁at ▁a ▁non - zero ▁velocity ▁their ▁ability ▁to ▁increase ▁the ▁rate ▁of ▁movement ▁of ▁the ▁camera ▁is ▁further ▁limited ▁based ▁on ▁the ▁position ▁their ▁displ aced ▁stick ▁was ▁already ▁at ▁before ▁execut ing ▁the ▁man eu ver . ▁The ▁effect ▁of ▁this ▁is ▁that ▁a ▁mouse ▁is ▁well ▁suited ▁not ▁only ▁to ▁small , ▁precise ▁movements ▁but ▁also ▁to ▁large , ▁quick ▁movements ▁and ▁immediate , ▁respons ive ▁movements ; ▁all ▁of ▁which ▁are ▁important ▁in ▁shoot er ▁gaming . ▁This ▁advantage ▁also ▁extends ▁in ▁varying ▁degrees ▁to ▁similar ▁game ▁styles ▁such ▁as ▁third - person ▁shoot ers . ▁ ▁Some ▁incorrect ly ▁port ed ▁games ▁or ▁game ▁engines ▁have ▁acceler ation ▁and ▁inter polation ▁curves ▁which ▁un int ention ally ▁produce ▁excessive , ▁ir regular , ▁or ▁even ▁negative ▁acceler ation ▁when ▁used ▁with ▁a ▁mouse ▁instead ▁of ▁their ▁native ▁platform ' s ▁non - mouse ▁default ▁input ▁device . ▁Dep ending ▁on ▁how ▁deeply ▁hard c oded ▁this ▁mis be havior ▁is , ▁internal ▁user ▁patches ▁or ▁external ▁ 3 rd - party ▁software ▁may ▁be ▁able ▁to ▁fix ▁it . ▁ ▁Due ▁to ▁their ▁similar ity ▁to ▁the ▁W IMP ▁desktop ▁met aphor ▁interface
▁for ▁which ▁m ice ▁were ▁originally ▁designed , ▁and ▁to ▁their ▁own ▁table top ▁game ▁origins , ▁computer ▁strategy ▁games ▁are ▁most ▁commonly ▁played ▁with ▁m ice . ▁In ▁particular , ▁real - time ▁strategy ▁and ▁MO BA ▁games ▁usually ▁require ▁the ▁use ▁of ▁a ▁mouse . ▁ ▁The ▁left ▁button ▁usually ▁controls ▁primary ▁fire . ▁If ▁the ▁game ▁supports ▁multiple ▁fire ▁modes , ▁the ▁right ▁button ▁often ▁provides ▁secondary ▁fire ▁from ▁the ▁selected ▁weapon . ▁Games ▁with ▁only ▁a ▁single ▁fire ▁mode ▁will ▁generally ▁map ▁secondary ▁fire ▁to ▁A DS . ▁In ▁some ▁games , ▁the ▁right ▁button ▁may ▁also ▁invoke ▁accessories ▁for ▁a ▁particular ▁weapon , ▁such ▁as ▁allowing ▁access ▁to ▁the ▁scope ▁of ▁a ▁sn iper ▁rifle ▁or ▁allowing ▁the ▁mount ing ▁of ▁a ▁bay on et ▁or ▁sil encer . ▁ ▁Gam ers ▁can ▁use ▁a ▁scroll ▁wheel ▁for ▁changing ▁weapons ▁( or ▁for ▁controlling ▁scope - zoom ▁magn ification , ▁in ▁older ▁games ). ▁On ▁most ▁first ▁person ▁shoot er ▁games , ▁programming ▁may ▁also ▁assign ▁more ▁functions ▁to ▁additional ▁buttons ▁on ▁m ice ▁with ▁more ▁than ▁three ▁controls . ▁A ▁keyboard ▁usually ▁controls ▁movement ▁( for ▁example , ▁W AS D ▁for ▁moving ▁forward , ▁left , ▁backward ▁and ▁right , ▁respectively ) ▁and ▁other ▁functions ▁such ▁as ▁changing ▁post ure . ▁Since ▁the ▁mouse ▁serves ▁for ▁aim ing , ▁a ▁mouse ▁that ▁tracks ▁movement ▁accurately ▁and ▁with ▁less ▁lag ▁( lat ency ) ▁will ▁give ▁a ▁player ▁an ▁advantage ▁over ▁players ▁with ▁less ▁accurate ▁or ▁slower
▁m ice . ▁In ▁some ▁cases ▁the ▁right ▁mouse ▁button ▁may ▁be ▁used ▁to ▁move ▁the ▁player ▁forward , ▁either ▁in ▁lieu ▁of , ▁or ▁in ▁conj unction ▁with ▁the ▁typical ▁W AS D ▁configuration . ▁ ▁Many ▁games ▁provide ▁players ▁with ▁the ▁option ▁of ▁mapping ▁their ▁own ▁choice ▁of ▁a ▁key ▁or ▁button ▁to ▁a ▁certain ▁control . ▁An ▁early ▁technique ▁of ▁players , ▁circle ▁st raf ing , ▁saw ▁a ▁player ▁continuously ▁st raf ing ▁while ▁aim ing ▁and ▁shooting ▁at ▁an ▁opponent ▁by ▁walking ▁in ▁circle ▁around ▁the ▁opponent ▁with ▁the ▁opponent ▁at ▁the ▁center ▁of ▁the ▁circle . ▁Players ▁could ▁achieve ▁this ▁by ▁holding ▁down ▁a ▁key ▁for ▁st raf ing ▁while ▁continuously ▁aim ing ▁the ▁mouse ▁towards ▁the ▁opponent . ▁ ▁Games ▁using ▁m ice ▁for ▁input ▁are ▁so ▁popular ▁that ▁many ▁manufacturers ▁make ▁m ice ▁specifically ▁for ▁gaming . ▁Such ▁m ice ▁may ▁feature ▁adjust able ▁weights , ▁high - res olution ▁optical ▁or ▁laser ▁components , ▁additional ▁buttons , ▁er g onom ic ▁shape , ▁and ▁other ▁features ▁such ▁as ▁adjust able ▁C PI . ▁Mouse ▁B unge es ▁are ▁typically ▁used ▁with ▁gaming ▁m ice ▁because ▁it ▁elim inates ▁the ▁annoy ance ▁of ▁the ▁cable . ▁ ▁Many ▁games , ▁such ▁as ▁first - ▁or ▁third - person ▁shoot ers , ▁have ▁a ▁setting ▁named ▁" in vert ▁mouse " ▁or ▁similar ▁( not ▁to ▁be ▁confused ▁with ▁" button ▁in version ", ▁sometimes ▁performed ▁by ▁left - handed ▁users ) ▁which ▁allows ▁the ▁user
▁to ▁look ▁down ward ▁by ▁moving ▁the ▁mouse ▁forward ▁and ▁upward ▁by ▁moving ▁the ▁mouse ▁backward ▁( the ▁opposite ▁of ▁non - in verted ▁movement ). ▁This ▁control ▁system ▁re semb les ▁that ▁of ▁aircraft ▁control ▁sticks , ▁where ▁pulling ▁back ▁causes ▁pitch ▁up ▁and ▁pushing ▁forward ▁causes ▁pitch ▁down ; ▁computer ▁jo yst icks ▁also ▁typically ▁em ulate ▁this ▁control - configuration . ▁ ▁After ▁id ▁Software ' s ▁commercial ▁hit ▁of ▁Do om , ▁which ▁did ▁not ▁support ▁vertical ▁aim ing , ▁compet itor ▁B ung ie ' s ▁Mar athon ▁became ▁the ▁first ▁first - person ▁shoot er ▁to ▁support ▁using ▁the ▁mouse ▁to ▁aim ▁up ▁and ▁down . ▁Games ▁using ▁the ▁Build ▁engine ▁had ▁an ▁option ▁to ▁in vert ▁the ▁Y - axis . ▁The ▁" in vert " ▁feature ▁actually ▁made ▁the ▁mouse ▁behave ▁in ▁a ▁manner ▁that ▁users ▁ ▁regard ▁as ▁non - in verted ▁( by ▁default , ▁moving ▁mouse ▁forward ▁resulted ▁in ▁looking ▁down ). ▁Soon ▁after , ▁id ▁Software ▁released ▁Qu ake , ▁which ▁introduced ▁the ▁in vert ▁feature ▁as ▁users ▁ ▁know ▁it . ▁ ▁Home ▁cons oles ▁▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 8 8 , ▁the ▁VT ech ▁S ocr ates ▁educational ▁video ▁game ▁console ▁featured ▁a ▁wireless ▁mouse ▁with ▁an ▁attached ▁mouse ▁pad ▁as ▁an ▁optional ▁controller ▁used ▁for ▁some ▁games . ▁In ▁the ▁early ▁ 1 9 9 0 s , ▁the ▁Super ▁Nintendo ▁Entertainment ▁System ▁video ▁game ▁system ▁featured ▁a ▁mouse ▁in ▁addition ▁to ▁its ▁cont rollers . ▁The
▁Mario ▁P aint ▁game ▁in ▁particular ▁used ▁the ▁mouse ' s ▁capabilities ▁as ▁did ▁its ▁success or ▁on ▁the ▁N 6 4 . ▁S ega ▁released ▁official ▁m ice ▁for ▁their ▁Gen esis / M ega ▁Drive , ▁Sat urn ▁and ▁Dream cast ▁cons oles . ▁N EC ▁sold ▁official ▁m ice ▁for ▁its ▁PC ▁Engine ▁and ▁PC - FX ▁cons oles . ▁Sony ▁released ▁an ▁official ▁mouse ▁product ▁for ▁the ▁Play Station ▁console , ▁included ▁one ▁along ▁with ▁the ▁Linux ▁for ▁Play Station ▁ 2 ▁kit , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁allowing ▁owners ▁to ▁use ▁virtually ▁any ▁USB ▁mouse ▁with ▁the ▁PS 2 , ▁PS 3 , ▁and ▁PS 4 . ▁Nintendo ' s ▁W ii ▁also ▁had ▁this ▁added ▁on ▁in ▁a ▁later ▁software ▁update , ▁retained ▁on ▁the ▁W ii ▁U . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁▁▁ ▁Computer ▁access ibility ▁ ▁Foot mouse ▁ ▁Graph ics ▁tablet ▁ ▁Gest ure ▁recognition ▁ ▁Human – comput er ▁interaction ▁( H CI ) ▁ ▁List ▁of ▁wireless ▁m ice ▁with ▁n ano ▁rece ivers ▁ ▁Mouse ▁keys ▁ ▁Mouse ▁tracking ▁ ▁Point ing ▁stick ▁ ▁Rot ational ▁mouse ▁ ▁Computer ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Further ▁reading ▁▁ ▁P ang , ▁Alex ▁So oj ung - K im , ▁" M ight y ▁Mouse : ▁In ▁ 1 9 8 0 , ▁Apple ▁Computer ▁asked ▁a ▁group ▁of ▁guys ▁fresh ▁from ▁Stanford ' s ▁product ▁design ▁program ▁to ▁take ▁a ▁$ 4 0 0 ▁device ▁and ▁make ▁it ▁mass - pro duc ible , ▁reliable
▁and ▁cheap . ▁Their ▁work ▁transformed ▁personal ▁computing ", ▁Stanford ▁University ▁Al umn i ▁Magazine , ▁March / Apr il ▁ 2 0 0 2 . ▁ ▁Stanford ▁University ▁Mouse Site ▁with ▁stories ▁and ▁an not ated ▁arch ives ▁from ▁Doug ▁Eng el b art ' s ▁work ▁ ▁Doug ▁Eng el b art ▁Institute ▁mouse ▁resources ▁page ▁includes ▁stories ▁and ▁links ▁ ▁Fire - Control ▁and ▁Human - Comput er ▁Inter action : ▁Tow ards ▁a ▁History ▁of ▁the ▁Computer ▁Mouse ▁( 1 9 4 0 – 1 9 6 5 ), ▁by ▁Ax el ▁R och ▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁( N B . ▁Cont ains ▁some ▁historical ▁photos .) ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁▁▁ ▁The ▁video ▁segment ▁of ▁The ▁Mother ▁of ▁All ▁Dem os ▁with ▁Doug ▁Eng el b art ▁showing ▁the ▁device ▁from ▁ 1 9 6 8 ▁ ▁Category : American ▁invent ions ▁Category : Comput er ▁m ice ▁Category : History ▁of ▁human – comput er ▁interaction ▁Category : Point ing ▁devices ▁Category : Video ▁game ▁control ▁methods ▁Category : Comput er - related ▁introdu ctions ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 4 ▁Category : Comput ing ▁input ▁devices <0x0A> </s> ▁Des ▁Al lem ands ▁is ▁an ▁un inc or por ated ▁community ▁and ▁census - design ated ▁place ▁( CD P ) ▁in ▁La four che ▁and ▁St . ▁Charles ▁par ishes ▁in ▁the ▁sout he astern ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁U . S . ▁state ▁of ▁Louisiana . ▁The ▁population ▁was ▁ 2 , 5 0 5 ▁at ▁the ▁
2 0 1 0 ▁census . ▁The ▁town , ▁known ▁as ▁the ▁" Cat fish ▁Capital ▁of ▁the ▁Universe ", ▁is ▁along ▁the ▁Bay ou ▁des ▁Al lem ands , ▁which ▁is ▁the ▁boundary ▁of ▁La four che ▁and ▁St . ▁Charles ▁par ishes . ▁Lac ▁des ▁Al lem ands ▁is ▁located ▁north west ▁of ▁the ▁town . ▁The ▁Z IP ▁code ▁for ▁Des ▁Al lem ands ▁is ▁ 7 0 0 3 0 . ▁ ▁The ▁St . ▁Charles ▁Par ish ▁portion ▁of ▁Des ▁Al lem ands ▁is ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁New ▁Orleans ▁Met ropolitan ▁Stat ist ical ▁Area , ▁while ▁the ▁La four che ▁Par ish ▁portion ▁is ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁Hou ma – Bay ou ▁C ane – Th ib od aux ▁Met ropolitan ▁Stat ist ical ▁Area . ▁ ▁History ▁▁ ▁Des ▁Al lem ands ▁was ▁settled ▁in ▁ 1 7 2 1 ▁by ▁immigrants ▁to ▁the ▁colony ▁of ▁Louisiana ▁from ▁Als ace ▁and ▁L orr aine ▁under ▁the ▁control ▁of ▁John ▁Law ▁and ▁the ▁Company ▁of ▁the ▁Ind ies . ▁Des ▁Al lem ands ▁means ▁" of ▁the ▁Germans " ▁( part itive ▁case ) ▁in ▁French . ▁ ▁The ▁German ▁Louisiana ▁colony ▁was ▁originally ▁up ▁the ▁Mississippi ▁River ▁at ▁the ▁Arkansas ▁Post . ▁But ▁they ▁experienced ▁host ility ▁from ▁the ▁Native ▁Americans ▁in ▁that ▁area , ▁and ▁moved ▁to ▁a ▁location ▁much ▁closer ▁to ▁the ▁colonial ▁capital ▁of ▁New ▁Orleans . ▁ ▁Ge ography ▁Des ▁Al lem ands ▁is ▁located ▁in ▁southern ▁St . ▁Charles ▁Par ish
▁and ▁nort he astern ▁La four che ▁Par ish ▁at ▁ ▁( 2 9 . 8 2 5 5 7 0 , ▁- 9 0 . 4 6 9 1 6 3 ). ▁It ▁is ▁b ordered ▁to ▁the ▁north ▁by ▁the ▁Parad is ▁CD P ▁and ▁to ▁the ▁sout heast ▁by ▁the ▁Bay ou ▁G au che ▁CD P . ▁ ▁U . S . ▁Route ▁ 9 0 ▁cross es ▁Bay ou ▁des ▁Al lem ands ▁at ▁this ▁point ; ▁the ▁four - lane ▁highway ▁leads ▁nort heast ▁ ▁to ▁New ▁Orleans ▁and ▁west ▁ ▁to ▁Morgan ▁City . ▁Bay ou ▁Des ▁Al lem ands ▁runs ▁north west ▁ ▁to ▁Lac ▁des ▁Al lem ands ▁and ▁sout heast ▁ ▁to ▁Lake ▁Salvador . ▁ ▁According ▁to ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Census ▁Bureau , ▁the ▁Des ▁Al lem ands ▁CD P ▁has ▁a ▁total ▁area ▁of ▁, ▁of ▁which ▁ ▁are ▁land ▁and ▁, ▁or ▁ 1 8 . 6 8 %, ▁are ▁water . ▁ ▁Dem ograph ics ▁As ▁of ▁the ▁census ▁of ▁ 2 0 0 0 , ▁there ▁were ▁ 2 , 5 0 0 ▁people , ▁ 9 4 3 ▁households , ▁and ▁ 7 1 4 ▁families ▁res iding ▁in ▁the ▁CD P . ▁The ▁population ▁density ▁was ▁ 2 8 7 . 6 ▁people ▁per ▁square ▁mile ▁( 1 1 1 . 1 / km ² ). ▁There ▁were ▁ 1 , 0 2 0 ▁housing ▁units ▁at ▁an ▁average ▁density ▁of ▁ 1 1 7 .
3 ▁per ▁square ▁mile ▁( 4 5 . 3 / km ² ). ▁The ▁racial ▁makeup ▁of ▁the ▁CD P ▁was ▁ 8 6 . 8 8 % ▁White , ▁ 1 0 . 4 4 % ▁African ▁American , ▁ 0 . 2 8 % ▁Native ▁American , ▁ 0 . 1 6 % ▁Asian , ▁ 0 . 0 4 % ▁Pacific ▁Island er , ▁ 0 . 8 4 % ▁from ▁other ▁races , ▁and ▁ 1 . 3 6 % ▁from ▁two ▁or ▁more ▁races . ▁His panic ▁or ▁Lat ino ▁of ▁any ▁race ▁were ▁ 2 . 4 8 % ▁of ▁the ▁population . ▁ ▁There ▁were ▁ 9 4 3 ▁households ▁out ▁of ▁which ▁ 3 2 . 4 % ▁had ▁children ▁under ▁the ▁age ▁of ▁ 1 8 ▁living ▁with ▁them , ▁ 5 8 . 4 % ▁were ▁married ▁couples ▁living ▁together , ▁ 1 1 . 1 % ▁had ▁a ▁female ▁house holder ▁with ▁no ▁husband ▁present , ▁and ▁ 2 4 . 2 % ▁were ▁non - f amil ies . ▁ 2 0 . 1 % ▁of ▁all ▁households ▁were ▁made ▁up ▁of ▁individuals ▁and ▁ 8 . 5 % ▁had ▁someone ▁living ▁alone ▁who ▁was ▁ 6 5 ▁years ▁of ▁age ▁or ▁older . ▁The ▁average ▁household ▁size ▁was ▁ 2 . 6 5 ▁and ▁the ▁average ▁family ▁size ▁was ▁ 3 . 0 3 . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁CD P , ▁the ▁population ▁was ▁spread ▁out ▁with ▁ 2 6
. 0 % ▁under ▁the ▁age ▁of ▁ 1 8 , ▁ 8 . 6 % ▁from ▁ 1 8 ▁to ▁ 2 4 , ▁ 2 8 . 4 % ▁from ▁ 2 5 ▁to ▁ 4 4 , ▁ 2 3 . 8 % ▁from ▁ 4 5 ▁to ▁ 6 4 , ▁and ▁ 1 3 . 2 % ▁who ▁were ▁ 6 5 ▁years ▁of ▁age ▁or ▁older . ▁The ▁median ▁age ▁was ▁ 3 6 ▁years . ▁For ▁every ▁ 1 0 0 ▁females , ▁there ▁were ▁ 9 5 . 2 ▁males . ▁For ▁every ▁ 1 0 0 ▁females ▁age ▁ 1 8 ▁and ▁over , ▁there ▁were ▁ 9 4 . 0 ▁males . ▁ ▁The ▁median ▁income ▁for ▁a ▁household ▁in ▁the ▁CD P ▁was ▁$ 2 7 , 9 0 8 , ▁and ▁the ▁median ▁income ▁for ▁a ▁family ▁was ▁$ 3 2 , 9 4 6 . ▁M ales ▁had ▁a ▁median ▁income ▁of ▁$ 3 3 , 1 2 5 ▁versus ▁$ 2 1 , 4 3 3 ▁for ▁females . ▁The ▁per ▁cap ita ▁income ▁for ▁the ▁CD P ▁was ▁$ 1 5 , 3 0 6 . ▁About ▁ 1 6 . 2 % ▁of ▁families ▁and ▁ 2 1 . 4 % ▁of ▁the ▁population ▁were ▁below ▁the ▁poverty ▁line , ▁including ▁ 3 1 . 3 % ▁of ▁those ▁under ▁age ▁ 1 8 ▁and ▁ 2 1 . 9 % ▁of ▁those ▁age ▁ 6 5
▁or ▁over . ▁ ▁Education ▁St . ▁Charles ▁Par ish ▁Public ▁School ▁System ▁serves ▁parts ▁of ▁Des ▁Al lem ands ▁east ▁of ▁Bay ou ▁Des ▁Al lem ands . ▁Al lem ands ▁Element ary ▁School ▁in ▁Des ▁Al lem ands ▁serves ▁grades ▁PK - 2 , ▁while ▁R . J . ▁V ial ▁Element ary ▁School ▁in ▁Parad is ▁serves ▁grades ▁ 3 - 5 ; ▁V ial ▁opened ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 5 . ▁J . ▁B . ▁Martin ▁Middle ▁School ▁in ▁Parad is ▁serves ▁grades ▁ 6 - 8 , ▁and ▁H ahn ville ▁High ▁School ▁in ▁B out te ▁serves ▁ 9 - 1 2 . ▁ ▁Res idents ▁of ▁Des ▁Al lem ands ▁west ▁of ▁Bay ou ▁Des ▁Al lem ands ▁attend ▁La four che ▁Par ish ▁Public ▁Schools . ▁People ▁in ▁the ▁Bay ou ▁Des ▁Al lem ands ▁area ▁of ▁La four che ▁Par ish ▁are ▁z oned ▁to ▁R ac eland ▁Lower ▁Element ary ▁School , ▁R ac eland ▁Upper ▁Element ary ▁School , ▁R ac eland ▁Middle ▁School ▁( all ▁in ▁R ac eland ), ▁and ▁Central ▁La four che ▁High ▁School ▁in ▁Mat he ws . ▁ ▁Fest ivals ▁ ▁Host s ▁the ▁Louisiana ▁Cat fish ▁Festival ▁on ▁the ▁third ▁weekend ▁in ▁June . ▁ ▁Host s ▁a ▁small ▁par ade ▁in ▁conj unction ▁with ▁M ardi ▁Gr as ▁season . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁German ▁Coast ▁ ▁Live ▁and ▁Let ▁Die : ▁The ▁motor ▁boat ▁chase ▁scene ▁in ▁Roger ▁Moore ' s ▁debut ▁James
▁Bond ▁movie ▁was ▁fil med ▁in ▁Bay ou ▁Des ▁Al lem ands . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁ ▁Al lem ands ▁Element ary ▁School ▁ ▁Category : C ensus - design ated ▁places ▁in ▁La four che ▁Par ish , ▁Louisiana ▁Category : C ensus - design ated ▁places ▁in ▁Louisiana ▁Category : C ensus - design ated ▁places ▁in ▁St . ▁Charles ▁Par ish , ▁Louisiana ▁Category : G erman - American ▁culture ▁in ▁Louisiana ▁Category : G erman - American ▁history ▁Category : C ensus - design ated ▁places ▁in ▁Hou ma ▁– ▁Th ib od aux ▁met ropolitan ▁area ▁Category : C ensus - design ated ▁places ▁in ▁New ▁Orleans ▁met ropolitan ▁area <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Water berg ▁d warf ▁ge ck o ▁( L yg od act yl us ▁water berg ensis ) ▁is ▁a ▁species ▁of ▁ge ck o ▁end emic ▁to ▁Lim pop o ▁in ▁South ▁Africa . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : L yg od act yl us ▁Category : Re pt iles ▁described ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 2 <0x0A> </s> ▁Gre ene ▁is ▁an ▁un inc or por ated ▁community ▁in ▁R env ille ▁County ▁in ▁the ▁U . S . ▁state ▁of ▁North ▁Dakota . ▁Gre ene ▁was ▁a ▁stop ▁on ▁the ▁Min ne apolis , ▁St . ▁Paul ▁and ▁S ault ▁Ste . ▁Marie ▁Rail road , ▁but ▁now ▁the ▁line ▁is ▁operated ▁by ▁the ▁Northern ▁Pl ains ▁Rail road . ▁The ▁town ▁was ▁once ▁bo oming ,
▁with ▁many ▁homes , ▁and ▁possibly ▁even ▁a ▁hotel . ▁As ▁of ▁ 2 0 1 6 , ▁however , ▁only ▁a ▁single ▁grain ▁elevator , ▁and ▁a ▁few ▁occupied ▁homes ▁remained . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : Un inc or por ated ▁communities ▁in ▁North ▁Dakota ▁Category : R env ille ▁County , ▁North ▁Dakota <0x0A> </s> ▁C iss ▁is ▁a ▁surn ame . ▁Not able ▁people ▁with ▁the ▁surn ame ▁include : ▁Am ad ou ▁C iss ▁( born ▁ 1 9 9 9 ), ▁Sen eg ales e ▁football er ▁who ▁plays ▁for ▁Fort una ▁S itt ard ▁El had ji ▁C iss ▁( born ▁ 1 9 9 4 ), ▁Sen eg ales e ▁football er ▁who ▁plays ▁for ▁S ion ▁Kh ad ija ▁C iss ▁( born ▁ 1 9 8 3 ), ▁Sen eg ales e ▁swim mer ▁S ali ou ▁C iss ▁( born ▁ 1 9 8 9 ), ▁Sen eg ales e ▁football ▁player ▁who ▁plays ▁for ▁Val enc ien nes <0x0A> </s> ▁Olympic ▁Stadium , ▁also ▁known ▁as ▁Open ing ▁Stadium , ▁was ▁a ▁temporary ▁stadium ▁in ▁Gren ob le , ▁France . ▁ ▁Built ▁to ▁only ▁host ▁the ▁opening ▁ceremon ies ▁for ▁the ▁ 1 9 6 8 ▁Winter ▁Olympics , ▁the ▁stadium ▁was ▁immediately ▁dis assemb led ▁following ▁the ▁games . ▁ ▁The ▁stadium ▁held ▁ 6 0 , 0 0 0 ▁spect ators . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ 1 9 6 8 ▁Winter ▁Olympics ▁official ▁report . ▁pp .
8 6 – 7 . ▁ ▁Further ▁information ▁on ▁stadium ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁I . N . A .: ▁Video ▁in ▁techn icol or ▁of ▁opening ▁ceremony , ▁Gren ob le , ▁ 1 9 6 8 ▁( f rench ) ▁Life : ▁Images ▁from ▁ 1 9 6 8 ▁Open ing ▁Cer emony ▁ ▁Category : V en ues ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 9 6 8 ▁Winter ▁Olympics ▁Category : S ports ▁ven ues ▁in ▁Gren ob le ▁Category : O lymp ic ▁stadium s ▁Category : Def unct ▁sports ▁ven ues ▁in ▁France ▁Category : S ports ▁ven ues ▁completed ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 8 ▁Category : S ports ▁ven ues ▁demol ished ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 8 ▁Category : Dem ol ished ▁buildings ▁and ▁structures ▁in ▁France <0x0A> </s> ▁Container ▁Corporation ▁of ▁America ▁( CC A ) ▁was ▁founded ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 6 ▁and ▁manufactured ▁cor rug ated ▁boxes . ▁In ▁ 1 9 6 8 ▁C CA ▁merged ▁with ▁Mont gomery ▁Ward ▁& ▁Company , ▁Inc ., ▁becoming ▁M AR C OR . ▁M AR C OR ▁maintained ▁separate ▁management ▁for ▁the ▁operations ▁of ▁each ▁company , ▁but ▁had ▁a ▁joint ▁board ▁of ▁directors . ▁In ▁ 1 9 8 6 , ▁M obil ▁Corporation , ▁which ▁had ▁bought ▁M AR C OR ▁in ▁the ▁early ▁ 1 9 7 0 s , ▁sold ▁the ▁C CA ▁company ▁to ▁the ▁Jefferson ▁Sm ur fit ▁Corporation , ▁which ▁merged ▁with ▁the ▁Stone ▁Container ▁Corporation
▁in ▁ 1 9 9 8 ▁to ▁become ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁Sm ur fit - St one ▁Container ▁Corporation . ▁▁ ▁Under ▁the ▁leadership ▁of ▁Walter ▁Pa ep cke , ▁C CA ▁was ▁a ▁patron ▁of ▁graphic ▁arts ▁and ▁design . ▁The ▁company ▁am ass ed ▁a ▁collection ▁of ▁art ▁works ▁which ▁eventually ▁found ▁their ▁way ▁to ▁the ▁National ▁Museum ▁of ▁American ▁Art . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁late ▁ 1 9 4 0 s , ▁C CA ▁commissioned ▁Herbert ▁B ayer ▁to ▁create ▁a ▁World ▁Ge o - Graph ic ▁Atl as ▁which ▁was ▁distributed ▁free ▁to ▁more ▁than ▁ 1 5 0 ▁colleges ▁and ▁universities . ▁A ▁review ▁described ▁it ▁as ▁the ▁" h ands om est ▁and ▁best ▁at las ▁ever ▁published ▁in ▁America ." ▁ ▁The ▁Container ▁Corporation ▁of ▁America ▁headquarters ▁were ▁located ▁in ▁Chicago , ▁Illinois , ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁ 1 9 9 5 ▁Super fund ▁penalty ▁( U . S . ▁Department ▁of ▁Justice ) ▁TIME ▁magazine ▁article , ▁ 1 9 6 1 ▁ ▁Category : Man ufact uring ▁companies ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 6 ▁Category : American ▁companies ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 6 ▁Category : Man ufact uring ▁companies ▁based ▁in ▁St . ▁Louis ▁Category : Priv ately ▁held ▁companies ▁based ▁in ▁Missouri ▁Category : Pack aging ▁companies ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Category : 1 9 9 8 ▁mer gers ▁and ▁acquis itions <0x0A> </s> ▁Francis ▁Ari io eh au ▁San ford
▁( May ▁ 1 1 , ▁ 1 9 1 2 ▁– ▁December ▁ 2 1 , ▁ 1 9 9 6 ) ▁was ▁a ▁French ▁Pol yn esian ▁politician . ▁He ▁served ▁as ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁French ▁National ▁Assembly ▁from ▁ 1 9 6 7 ▁until ▁ 1 9 7 8 . ▁ ▁Early ▁life ▁San ford ▁was ▁born ▁in ▁P ape ete ▁and ▁had ▁an ▁American ▁grandfather . ▁He ▁initially ▁worked ▁in ▁the ▁d ocks , ▁before ▁becoming ▁a ▁wait er ▁and ▁then ▁a ▁teacher . ▁After ▁ 1 9 3 2 , ▁he ▁became ▁a ▁civil ▁servant , ▁becoming ▁Station ▁chief ▁in ▁the ▁G amb ier ▁Islands . ▁In ▁ 1 9 3 9 ▁he ▁married ▁El isa ▁Snow , ▁with ▁whom ▁he ▁had ▁five ▁children . ▁During ▁World ▁War ▁II ▁he ▁r all ied ▁the ▁" Free ▁French " ▁and ▁acted ▁as ▁l ia ison ▁officer ▁to ▁the ▁Americans ▁in ▁ ▁B ora ▁B ora . ▁After ▁the ▁war ▁he ▁returned ▁to ▁education , ▁working ▁as ▁a ▁teacher ▁in ▁B ora ▁B ora . ▁In ▁ 1 9 5 6 ▁he ▁was ▁appointed ▁Director ▁of ▁Primary ▁Education ▁in ▁the ▁French ▁Pol yn esian ▁government . ▁ ▁Political ▁career ▁In ▁ 1 9 6 5 ▁San ford ▁was ▁elected ▁mayor ▁of ▁F aa ' a . ▁In ▁the ▁ 1 9 6 7 ▁elections ▁to ▁the ▁French ▁National ▁Assembly , ▁he ▁was ▁elected ▁as ▁the ▁French ▁Pol yn esian ▁deputy , ▁defe ating ▁inc umb ent ▁MP ▁John ▁T

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