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▁the ▁story , ▁the ▁pom p ous ▁politician ▁Cl iff ord ▁Gand le ▁exagger ates ▁the ▁neutral ▁v ow el ▁which ▁has ▁replaced ▁r ▁at ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁words ▁such ▁as ▁" des ire ", ▁" here ", ▁and ▁" there " ▁in ▁south - east ▁British ▁English . ▁It ▁is ▁made ▁into ▁a ▁separate ▁sy ll able , ▁which ▁W ode house ▁represents ▁with ▁the ▁spell ings ▁" des i - ah ", ▁" he e - y ah ", ▁and ▁" they - ah " ▁respectively . ▁Gand le ' s ▁exagger ated ▁pron unci ation ▁of ▁the ▁final ▁v ow el ▁in ▁the ▁words ▁" N ature " ▁and ▁" raz or " ▁is ▁shown ▁by ▁the ▁spell ings ▁" Na - ch ah " ▁and ▁" ra - z ah ". ▁Some ▁of ▁these ▁changes ▁also ▁occur ▁in ▁the ▁speech ▁of ▁other ▁W ode house ▁characters , ▁such ▁as ▁Lav ender ▁Brig gs ▁in ▁Service ▁with ▁a ▁Sm ile . ▁Per cy ▁Gor ringe ▁similarly ▁refers ▁to ▁his ▁mother ▁as ▁" M oth - aw " ▁in ▁Je eves ▁and ▁the ▁Fe ud al ▁Spirit . ▁ ▁Public ation ▁history ▁ ▁The ▁story ▁was ▁published ▁with ▁illustr ations ▁by ▁Wallace ▁Morgan ▁in ▁Liberty . ▁It ▁was ▁illustrated ▁by ▁Charles ▁C rom bie ▁in ▁the ▁Str and . ▁" The ▁Rest ▁C ure " ▁was ▁published ▁in ▁the ▁Family ▁Her ald ▁and ▁Week ly ▁Star ▁magazine ▁( Mont real , ▁Canada ) ▁on ▁ 8 ▁May ▁ 1 9 3
5 . ▁It ▁was ▁published ▁in ▁the ▁Toronto ▁Star ▁Week ly ▁on ▁ 1 1 ▁May ▁ 1 9 3 5 . ▁The ▁story ▁was ▁translated ▁into ▁Swedish ▁by ▁Bir g itta ▁Ham mar ▁and ▁published ▁in ▁the ▁Stockholm ▁magazine ▁B ö ck ern as ▁v är ld ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 1 , ▁with ▁illustr ations ▁by ▁G unn ar ▁Bru se w itz . ▁ ▁Ad apt ations ▁The ▁story ▁was ▁adapted ▁as ▁an ▁episode ▁of ▁W ode house ▁Play house . ▁The ▁episode , ▁titled ▁" Mr . ▁Pot ter ▁T akes ▁a ▁Rest ▁C ure ", ▁first ▁a ired ▁on ▁ 2 ▁April ▁ 1 9 7 6 . ▁The ▁cast ▁included ▁Alan ▁Mac N aught an ▁as ▁John ▁Hamilton ▁Pot ter , ▁John ▁Ald ert on ▁as ▁Cl iff ord ▁Gand le , ▁Paul ine ▁Collins ▁as ▁Bob bie ▁W ick ham , ▁Margaret ▁Cour ten ay ▁as ▁Lady ▁W ick ham , ▁and ▁Tim othy ▁Carl ton ▁as ▁Al gy ▁Cru ft s . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁▁ ▁List ▁of ▁short ▁stories ▁by ▁P . ▁G . ▁W ode house ▁ ▁Complete ▁list ▁of ▁the ▁B land ings ▁stories ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁Notes ▁ ▁S ources ▁▁▁▁▁ ▁Category : 1 9 2 6 ▁short ▁stories ▁Category : Short ▁stories ▁by ▁P . ▁G . ▁W ode house ▁Category : Work s ▁originally ▁published ▁in ▁Liberty ▁( general ▁interest ▁magazine ) <0x0A> </s> ▁Iron ▁is ▁a ▁commune ▁in ▁the ▁A is ne ▁department ▁in ▁H aut s
- de - Fr ance ▁in ▁northern ▁France . ▁ ▁Pop ulation ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁Commun es ▁of ▁the ▁A is ne ▁department ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁IN SEE ▁ ▁Category : Comm unes ▁of ▁A is ne ▁Category : A is ne ▁communes ▁articles ▁needing ▁translation ▁from ▁French ▁Wikipedia <0x0A> </s> ▁Est ab lished ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 1 , ▁the ▁Cath ar ine ▁Clark ▁Gallery ▁presents ▁the ▁work ▁of ▁contemporary , ▁living ▁artists ▁using ▁a ▁variety ▁of ▁media . ▁The ▁gallery ▁is ▁located ▁in ▁San ▁Francisco ’ s ▁Pot r ero ▁Hill ▁Ne ighbor hood , ▁at ▁ 2 4 8 ▁Utah ▁Street . ▁The ▁Cath ar ine ▁Clark ▁gallery ▁is ▁the ▁only ▁commercial ▁gallery ▁in ▁San ▁Francisco ▁with ▁an ▁entire ▁room ▁dedicated ▁to ▁show c asing ▁video ▁projects . ▁ ▁History ▁The ▁Cath ar ine ▁Clark ▁Gallery ▁opened ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 1 ▁with ▁a ▁location ▁in ▁the ▁Hay es ▁Valley ▁district ▁of ▁San ▁Francisco . ▁In ▁ 1 9 9 5 , ▁the ▁gallery ▁moved ▁from ▁its ▁original ▁" hole ▁in ▁the ▁wall " ▁to ▁a ▁space ▁at ▁ 4 9 ▁Ge ary . ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 7 , ▁the ▁gallery ▁was ▁moved ▁to ▁a ▁location ▁on ▁nearby ▁Min na ▁Street . ▁The ▁new ▁location ▁placed ▁the ▁gallery ▁close ▁to ▁the ▁San ▁Francisco ▁Museum ▁of ▁Modern ▁Art ▁and ▁the ▁Museum ▁of ▁the ▁African ▁D ias por a . ▁The ▁move ▁from ▁Ge ary ▁to ▁Min na ▁brought ▁the ▁gallery ▁a ▁larger ▁and ▁more ▁consistent ▁audience ,
▁as ▁the ▁gallery ' s ▁change ▁in ▁location ▁gave ▁it ▁greater ▁independence ▁from ▁the ▁numerous ▁g aller ies ▁at ▁ 4 9 ▁Ge ary . ▁With ▁the ▁demol ition ▁and ▁on - going ▁construction ▁going ▁on ▁at ▁the ▁San ▁Francisco ▁Mo Ma ▁next ▁door , ▁Clark ▁decided ▁to ▁move ▁her ▁gallery ▁once ▁more , ▁this ▁time ▁to ▁ 2 4 8 ▁Utah ▁Street ▁in ▁the ▁Pot r ero ▁Hill ▁region ▁of ▁San ▁Francisco . ▁On ▁September ▁ 7 , ▁ 2 0 1 3 , ▁the ▁gallery ▁opened ▁its ▁new ▁location ▁with ▁an ▁exhibition ▁titled ▁" This ▁is ▁the ▁Sound ▁of ▁Someone ▁Los ing ▁the ▁Plot " ▁cur ated ▁by ▁Anthony ▁Disc enza . ▁ ▁Exhib itions ▁Exhib itions ▁at ▁the ▁Cath ar ine ▁Clark ▁Gallery ▁generally ▁last ▁six ▁weeks ▁and ▁feature ▁one ▁or ▁two ▁individual ▁artists ' ▁work ▁in ▁addition ▁to ▁work ▁that ▁is ▁being ▁shown ▁in ▁their ▁dedicated ▁media ▁room . ▁The ▁gallery ▁program ▁has ▁gar ner ed ▁critical ▁attention ▁from ▁numerous ▁publications , ▁including ▁The ▁Guard ian , ▁The ▁New ▁York ▁Times , ▁the ▁San ▁Francisco ▁Chron icle , ▁and ▁Art for um ▁ ▁The ▁Cath ar ine ▁Clark ▁Gallery ' s ▁artists ▁have ▁been ▁featured ▁by ▁numerous ▁different ▁g aller ies ▁and ▁museum s ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁and ▁abroad . ▁Institut ions ▁that ▁have ▁hosted ▁their ▁artists ▁include : ▁the ▁Museum ▁of ▁Modern ▁Art , ▁the ▁Whit ney ▁Museum ▁of ▁American ▁Art , ▁the ▁San ▁Francisco ▁Museum ▁of ▁Modern ▁Art , ▁the ▁de ▁Young ▁Museum , ▁the ▁Ser
pent ine ▁Gallery , ▁the ▁Smith son ian ▁American ▁Art ▁Museum , ▁the ▁Queensland ▁Art ▁Gallery , ▁and ▁the ▁Cont emporary ▁Arts ▁Museum ▁Houston . ▁ ▁Loc ations ▁The ▁Cath ar ine ▁Clark ▁Gallery ▁currently ▁has ▁two ▁locations ; ▁the ▁main ▁gallery ▁is ▁located ▁in ▁San ▁Francisco ▁while ▁a ▁smaller ▁sal on ▁space ▁is ▁located ▁in ▁Chelsea , ▁Manhattan ▁in ▁New ▁York ▁City ▁and ▁is ▁open ▁only ▁by ▁appointment . ▁ ▁Se lected ▁represented ▁artists ▁▁ ▁Sand ow ▁B irk ▁ ▁Adam ▁Chap man ▁ ▁Chris ▁D oyle ▁ ▁Ken ▁Gold berg ▁ ▁Scott ▁Gre ene ▁ ▁Julie ▁He ff ern an ▁ ▁Nina ▁K atch ad ou rian ▁ ▁Ellen ▁K oo i ▁ ▁L ig or ano Re ese ▁ ▁K ara ▁Maria ▁ ▁Steph anie ▁Sy ju co ▁ ▁Mas ami ▁T era oka ▁ ▁Kal ▁Sp el let ich ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : Ar ts ▁organizations ▁based ▁in ▁the ▁San ▁Francisco ▁Bay ▁Area ▁Category : Art ▁g aller ies ▁in ▁San ▁Francisco ▁Category : Art ▁g aller ies ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 1 ▁Category : 1 9 9 1 ▁establish ments ▁in ▁California ▁Category : South ▁of ▁Market , ▁San ▁Francisco <0x0A> </s> ▁Luke ▁N uss ba umer ▁( born ▁ 1 2 ▁February ▁ 1 9 8 9 ) ▁is ▁a ▁professional ▁cr ick eter ▁who ▁plays ▁for ▁Gu ern sey . ▁He ▁played ▁in ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁I CC ▁World ▁Cr icket ▁League ▁Division ▁Five ▁tournament , ▁taking ▁ 8
▁w ickets ▁in ▁ 3 ▁matches . ▁In ▁May ▁ 2 0 1 9 , ▁he ▁was ▁named ▁in ▁Gu ern sey ' s ▁squad ▁for ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 9 ▁T 2 0 ▁Inter - Ins ular ▁Cup . ▁He ▁made ▁his ▁Twenty 2 0 ▁International ▁( T 2 0 I ) ▁debut ▁for ▁Gu ern sey ▁against ▁Jersey ▁on ▁ 1 ▁June ▁ 2 0 1 9 . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁▁▁ ▁Category : 1 9 8 9 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : Gu ern sey ▁cr ick eters ▁Category : Gu ern sey ▁Twenty 2 0 ▁International ▁cr ick eters ▁Category : Place ▁of ▁birth ▁missing ▁( l iving ▁people ) <0x0A> </s> ▁Bruno ▁T iago ▁Fern and es ▁And rade ▁( born ▁ 1 ▁April ▁ 1 9 8 1 ), ▁known ▁as ▁Bruno ▁T iago , ▁is ▁a ▁Portuguese ▁retired ▁football er ▁who ▁played ▁as ▁a ▁mid f iel der . ▁ ▁After ▁very ▁brief ▁sp ells ▁in ▁the ▁Prime ira ▁Liga ▁and ▁un ass uming ▁st int s ▁in ▁Spain , ▁he ▁was ▁forced ▁to ▁retire ▁still ▁in ▁his ▁ 2 0 s ▁due ▁to ▁injury . ▁ ▁Club ▁career ▁Bruno ▁T iago ▁was ▁born ▁in ▁Sant o ▁T ir so , ▁Port o ▁District . ▁Having ▁grown ▁through ▁the ▁ranks ▁of ▁Min ho ' s ▁Vit ória ▁S . C . ▁he ▁moved ▁to ▁Spain ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 0 – 0 1 , ▁joining ▁second
▁division ▁club ▁U D ▁Sal am anca ▁where ▁he ▁would ▁remain ▁two ▁and ▁a ▁half ▁seasons ▁( with ▁a ▁loan ▁to ▁low ly ▁Real ▁Á v ila ▁CF ▁in ▁between ), ▁without ▁any ▁impact . ▁ ▁Bruno ▁T iago ▁returned ▁to ▁Portugal ▁in ▁January ▁ 2 0 0 3 ▁where , ▁after ▁a ▁spell ▁with ▁Sport ▁Cl ube ▁Drag ões ▁Sand in enses , ▁he ▁signed ▁with ▁Gil ▁Vic ente ▁F . C . ▁for ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 4 – 0 5 ▁campaign . ▁He ▁made ▁his ▁Prime ira ▁Liga ▁debut ▁on ▁ 2 8 ▁August ▁ 2 0 0 4 ▁in ▁a ▁ 2 – 3 ▁away ▁loss ▁against ▁Sport ing ▁CP , ▁and ▁finished ▁his ▁first ▁year ▁with ▁ 2 5 ▁league ▁appearances . ▁ ▁In ▁July ▁ 2 0 0 7 , ▁Bruno ▁T iago ▁moved ▁to ▁Vit ória ' s ▁neighb ours ▁S . C . ▁Br aga . ▁Only ▁one ▁week ▁into ▁pre - season ▁he ▁seriously ▁broke ▁his ▁leg , ▁being ▁ruled ▁out ▁for ▁the ▁season ' s ▁duration ; ▁following ▁a ▁two - year ▁spell ▁on ▁the ▁s idelines , ▁he ▁was ▁forced ▁to ▁retire ▁from ▁the ▁game ▁at ▁only ▁ 2 8 . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁ ▁National ▁team ▁data ▁▁ ▁Category : 1 9 8 1 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : Port ug uese ▁football ers ▁Category : Associ ation ▁football ▁mid field ers ▁Category : Pr ime ira ▁Liga ▁players ▁Category : L
iga Pro ▁players ▁Category : Port ug uese ▁Second ▁Division ▁players ▁Category : F . C . ▁T irs ense ▁players ▁Category : V it ória ▁S . C . ▁players ▁Category : G il ▁Vic ente ▁F . C . ▁players ▁Category : S . C . ▁Br aga ▁players ▁Category : Seg unda ▁Div isión ▁players ▁Category : Seg unda ▁Div isión ▁B ▁players ▁Category : UD ▁Sal am anca ▁players ▁Category : Port ug al ▁youth ▁international ▁football ers ▁Category : Port ug uese ▁exp atri ate ▁football ers ▁Category : Ex pat ri ate ▁football ers ▁in ▁Spain ▁Category : Port ug uese ▁exp atri ate ▁sports people ▁in ▁Spain <0x0A> </s> ▁Sl án oll , ▁son ▁of ▁O ll om ▁F ot la , ▁was , ▁according ▁to ▁medieval ▁Irish ▁legend ▁and ▁historical ▁tradition , ▁a ▁High ▁King ▁of ▁Ireland . ▁He ▁succeeded ▁to ▁throne ▁on ▁the ▁death ▁of ▁his ▁brother ▁F ín n acht a . ▁It ▁is ▁said ▁that ▁there ▁was ▁no ▁disease ▁during ▁his ▁reign ▁( his ▁name ▁is ▁explained ▁as ▁Old ▁Irish ▁sl án , ▁" wh ole , ▁healthy "; ▁o ll , ▁" g reat , ▁am ple "). ▁After ▁a ▁reign ▁of ▁fifteen , ▁or ▁sevent een , ▁or ▁thirty ▁years , ▁he ▁was ▁found ▁dead ▁of ▁unknown ▁causes ▁in ▁his ▁bed ▁in ▁T ara , ▁and ▁was ▁succeeded ▁by ▁his ▁brother ▁G é de ▁O ll g oth ach . ▁When ▁his ▁body ▁was ▁dug ▁up ▁forty ▁years ▁later ▁by
▁his ▁son ▁A il ill , ▁it ▁showed ▁no ▁sign ▁of ▁decomposition . ▁The ▁chron ology ▁of ▁Geoff rey ▁Ke ating ' s ▁For as ▁Fe asa ▁ar ▁É ir inn ▁dates ▁his ▁reign ▁to ▁ 8 9 5 – 8 8 0 ▁BC , ▁that ▁of ▁the ▁Ann als ▁of ▁the ▁Four ▁Masters ▁to ▁ 1 2 5 7 – 1 2 4 1 ▁BC . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : Leg end ary ▁High ▁Kings ▁of ▁Ireland <0x0A> </s> ▁C aught ▁You ▁is ▁a ▁roots ▁reg ga e ▁album ▁released ▁by ▁Steel ▁P ulse ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 0 . ▁ ▁It ▁is ▁Steel ▁P ulse ' s ▁third ▁studio ▁album . ▁ ▁It ▁was ▁released ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁as ▁Reg ga e ▁F ever . ▁ ▁Track ▁listing ▁All ▁songs ▁written ▁by ▁David ▁Hind s ▁except ▁as ▁shown . ▁" D rug ▁Squad " ▁ ▁– ▁ 3 : 5 3 ▁" Har ass ment " ▁ ▁– ▁ 4 : 1 8 ▁" Reg ga e ▁F ever " ▁ ▁– ▁ 3 : 2 6 ▁" Sh ining " ▁( Al ph onso ▁Martin ) ▁– ▁ 3 : 5 5 ▁" He art ▁of ▁Stone ▁( Ch ant ▁The m )" ▁ ▁– ▁ 5 : 0 0 ▁" R um ours ▁( Not ▁True )" ▁ ▁– ▁ 3 : 5 2 ▁" C aught ▁You ▁D ancing " ▁ ▁– ▁ 3 : 2 5 ▁" B urn ing ▁Fl ame "
▁ ▁– ▁ 3 : 0 9 ▁" H ig her ▁Th an ▁High " ▁( Bas il ▁Gab bid on ) ▁– ▁ 3 : 1 8 ▁" N y ah bing hi ▁V oy age " ▁ ▁– ▁ 5 : 0 0 ▁ ▁Person nel ▁David ▁Hind s ▁- ▁vocals , ▁guitar ▁Bas il ▁Gab bid on ▁- ▁lead ▁guitar ▁Al ph onso ▁Martin , ▁Sel w yn ▁Brown ▁- ▁vocals ▁Ronald ▁" Step per " ▁Mc Que en ▁- ▁bass ▁Steve ▁N es b itt ▁- ▁drums ▁ ▁Category : Ste el ▁P ulse ▁albums ▁Category : 1 9 8 0 ▁albums ▁Category : M ango ▁Records ▁albums ▁Category : Al bum s ▁produced ▁by ▁Del ▁New man <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁City ▁of ▁More land ▁is ▁a ▁local ▁government ▁area ▁in ▁met ropolitan ▁Melbourne , ▁Australia . ▁It ▁compris es ▁the ▁inner ▁northern ▁subur bs ▁between ▁ 4 ▁and ▁ 1 1 ▁kilometres ▁from ▁the ▁Melbourne ▁CBD . ▁ ▁It ▁was ▁created ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 4 ▁during ▁the ▁forced ▁am alg am ations ▁of ▁local ▁governments ▁by ▁the ▁state ▁government , ▁being ▁created ▁from ▁the ▁former ▁local ▁government ▁areas ▁of ▁the ▁City ▁of ▁Brun sw ick , ▁the ▁City ▁of ▁Cob urg ▁and ▁the ▁southern ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁City ▁of ▁Broad m ead ows . ▁The ▁More land ▁Local ▁Government ▁Area ▁covers ▁ 5 1 km ² , ▁and ▁in ▁June ▁ 2 0 1 8 , ▁it ▁had ▁a ▁population ▁of ▁ 1 8 1
, 7 2 5 . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 4 ▁the ▁Victorian ▁E lector al ▁Commission ▁( VE C ), ▁an ▁independent ▁authority ▁created ▁under ▁Victorian ▁state ▁legislation , ▁conducted ▁a ▁representation ▁review ▁of ▁the ▁Council ' s ▁elect oral ▁structure , ▁resulting ▁in ▁a ▁recommendation ▁that ▁the ▁ 1 0 ▁single ▁Coun c ill or ▁w ards ▁be ▁replaced ▁by ▁three ▁multi - c oun c ill or ▁w ards . ▁A ▁consequence ▁of ▁the ▁change ▁from ▁single - C oun c ill or ▁to ▁multi - C oun c ill or ▁w ards ▁was ▁a ▁change ▁in ▁election ▁method ▁from ▁prefer ential ▁voting ▁to ▁proport ional ▁representation . ▁E lections ▁are ▁held ▁every ▁four ▁years , ▁with ▁the ▁last ▁elections ▁held ▁on ▁Saturday ▁ 2 2 ▁October ▁ 2 0 1 6 . ▁ ▁Council ▁services ▁ ▁More land ▁Council ▁runs ▁the ▁Coun ih an ▁Gallery ▁at ▁the ▁Brun sw ick ▁Town ▁Hall , ▁a ▁free ▁public ▁art ▁gallery ▁named ▁after ▁the ▁local ▁artist , ▁No el ▁Coun ih an . ▁Other ▁art ▁events ▁supported ▁by ▁Council ▁include ▁the ▁More Art ▁event , ▁an ▁art ▁in ▁public ▁spaces ▁show ▁located ▁along ▁the ▁Up field ▁transport ▁corridor . ▁The ▁Council ▁also ▁spons ors ▁various ▁street ▁fest ivals ▁around ▁the ▁municip ality , ▁the ▁best ▁known ▁being ▁the ▁Sydney ▁Road ▁Street ▁Party . ▁ ▁One ▁of ▁the ▁highlights ▁of ▁the ▁More land ▁City ▁Council ▁is ▁the ▁public ▁library . ▁More land ▁City ▁L ibraries ▁have ▁five ▁branches . ▁ ▁Other ▁services
▁provided ▁by ▁More land ▁Council ▁include ▁mater nal ▁and ▁child ▁health ▁service , ▁waste ▁and ▁recycl ing ▁collection , ▁parks ▁and ▁open ▁space , ▁youth ▁space ▁called ▁O xygen , ▁services ▁for ▁children , ▁and ▁aged ▁services . ▁ ▁Sub ur bs ▁▁ ▁Brun sw ick ▁ ▁Brun sw ick ▁East ▁ ▁Brun sw ick ▁West ▁ ▁Cob urg ▁ ▁Cob urg ▁North ▁( shared ▁with ▁the ▁City ▁of ▁D are bin ) ▁ ▁F awk ner ▁( shared ▁with ▁the ▁City ▁of ▁H ume ) ▁Fitz roy ▁North ▁( shared ▁with ▁the ▁City ▁of ▁Y ar ra ) ▁ ▁Glen roy ▁ ▁Had field ▁ ▁G ow an bra e ▁ ▁Oak ▁Park ▁ ▁Park ville ▁( shared ▁with ▁the ▁City ▁of ▁Melbourne ) ▁ ▁Pas co e ▁V ale ▁ ▁Pas co e ▁V ale ▁South ▁T ull amar ine ▁( shared ▁with ▁the ▁cities ▁of ▁Br im bank ▁and ▁H ume ) ▁ ▁Council ▁ ▁Current ▁composition ▁ ▁Coun c ill ors ▁are ▁elected ▁from ▁three ▁multi - member ▁w ards , ▁two ▁elect ing ▁four ▁members , ▁and ▁one ▁elect ing ▁three , ▁for ▁a ▁total ▁of ▁eleven ▁coun c ill ors . ▁The ▁current ▁council ▁was ▁elected ▁in ▁October ▁ 2 0 1 6 , ▁and ▁its ▁composition ▁is : ▁ ▁In ▁order ▁of ▁election ▁by ▁ward , ▁is : ▁ ▁Council ▁election ▁results ▁ ▁May ors ▁ ▁The ▁current ▁Mayor ▁is ▁Natal ie ▁Abb oud ▁and ▁the ▁Deputy ▁Mayor ▁is ▁Mark ▁R iley . ▁They ▁were ▁elected
▁by ▁council ▁on ▁ 2 9 ▁October ▁ 2 0 1 8 ▁and ▁will ▁serve ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 9 ▁year . ▁ ▁Sister ▁cities ▁ ▁X ian y ang , ▁Sha an xi , ▁China ▁ ▁Solar ino , ▁Italy ▁ ▁Can ter bury , ▁New ▁South ▁Wales , ▁Australia ▁ ▁A ile u , ▁East ▁Tim or ▁ ▁Mans field , ▁Victoria , ▁Australia ▁ ▁Sp arta , ▁Greece ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁List ▁of ▁Melbourne ▁subur bs ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁Official ▁More land ▁City ▁Council ▁website ▁More land ▁Online ▁Community ▁Direct ory ▁List ▁of ▁More land ' s ▁Friend ship ▁cities ▁More land ▁Community ▁Profile : ▁census ▁information ▁and ▁dem ograph ics ▁Met link ▁local ▁public ▁transport ▁map ▁Link ▁to ▁Land ▁Victoria ▁interactive ▁maps ▁ ▁More land ▁City ▁L ibraries ▁website ▁ ▁Category : Local ▁government ▁areas ▁in ▁Melbourne <0x0A> </s> ▁Bo oster ▁may ▁refer ▁to : ▁ ▁Am usement ▁r ides ▁ ▁Bo oster ▁( F abb ri ▁ride ), ▁a ▁p end ulum ▁ride ▁ ▁Bo oster ▁( H U SS ▁ride ), ▁an ▁evolution ▁of ▁the ▁Break d ance ▁ride ▁ ▁Bo oster ▁( K MG ▁ride ), ▁a ▁p end ulum ▁ride ▁ ▁Arts , ▁entertainment , ▁and ▁media ▁ ▁F ict ional ▁entities ▁Bo oster ▁( m ovie ▁character ), ▁a ▁character ▁in ▁the ▁animated ▁television ▁series ▁B uzz ▁Light year ▁of ▁Star ▁Command ▁Bo oster , ▁the ▁Japanese ▁name ▁for ▁the ▁Pok é mon ▁Fl are on ▁Bo oster
, ▁a ▁character ▁in ▁the ▁video ▁game ▁Super ▁Mario ▁R PG ▁ ▁Other ▁uses ▁in ▁arts , ▁entertainment , ▁and ▁media ▁Bo oster ▁( new sp aper ), ▁a ▁Chicago ▁newspaper ▁Bo oster ▁pack , ▁a ▁pack aged ▁set ▁of ▁collect able ▁game ▁cards ▁or ▁fig ur ines ▁that ▁supplement s ▁the ▁st arter ▁pack s ▁ ▁Science ▁and ▁technology ▁ ▁Bo oster ▁( elect ric ▁power ), ▁a ▁motor - generator ▁set ▁used ▁for ▁voltage ▁regulation ▁in ▁direct ▁current ▁electrical ▁power ▁circ uits ▁ ▁Bo oster ▁( rock etry ), ▁used ▁in ▁space ▁flight ▁to ▁provide ▁or ▁augment ▁the ▁main ▁thrust ▁in ▁the ▁initial ▁phase ▁of ▁the ▁rock et ' s ▁flight ▁ ▁Bo oster , ▁a ▁co - channel ▁repe ater ▁in ▁broadcast ing , ▁used ▁to ▁improve ▁signal ▁strength ▁ ▁Bo oster ▁dose , ▁or ▁bo oster ▁shot , ▁in ▁medicine , ▁a ▁vacc ination ▁given ▁after ▁a ▁previous ▁vacc ination ▁ ▁Bo oster ▁engine , ▁extra ▁cyl ind ers ▁on ▁a ▁steam ▁loc omot ive , ▁driving ▁the ▁trailing ▁truck ▁or ▁a ▁tender ▁truck , ▁to ▁give ▁more ▁power ▁on ▁starting ▁ ▁Bo oster ▁pump , ▁a ▁type ▁of ▁compress or ▁ ▁Expl os ive ▁bo oster , ▁a ▁bridge ▁between ▁a ▁low ▁energy ▁explos ive ▁and ▁a ▁low ▁sensitivity ▁explos ive ▁ ▁La unch ▁vehicle , ▁a ▁satellite - la unch ing ▁rock et , ▁sometimes ▁inform ally ▁referred ▁to ▁as ▁a ▁bo oster ▁▁ ▁Peg as us ▁Bo oster , ▁a ▁powered ▁hang ▁gl ider ▁ ▁V
ac uum ▁serv o ▁or ▁bra ke ▁bo oster , ▁a ▁component ▁in ▁car ▁br aking ▁systems ▁ ▁Other ▁uses ▁Bo oster , ▁someone ▁who ▁is ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁a ▁bo oster ▁club ▁Bo oster , ▁someone ▁who ▁eng ages ▁in ▁bo oster ism ▁ ▁Bo oster , ▁someone ▁who ▁eng ages ▁in ▁theft , ▁specifically ▁to ▁res ell ▁ro bb ed ▁goods ▁Bo oster ▁seat , ▁a ▁type ▁of ▁child ▁car ▁seat ▁designed ▁to ▁properly ▁position ▁the ▁vehicle ' s ▁seat ▁belt ▁F ax e ▁K ond i ▁Bo oster ▁and ▁Bo oster ▁Blue , ▁Dan ish ▁energy ▁drinks ▁ ▁See ▁also <0x0A> </s> ▁Ham sk if te ▁( Dan ish ▁for ▁M oul ting ) ▁is ▁former ▁Blue ▁Foundation ▁singer ▁K irst ine ▁St ub be ▁T eg lb j æ rg ''' s ▁first ▁solo ▁album . ▁ ▁The ▁album ▁is ▁a ▁mix ▁of ▁electronic ▁and ▁ac oustic ▁music . ▁The ▁texts ▁are ▁written ▁and ▁sung ▁in ▁Dan ish ▁as ▁K irst ine ▁wanted ▁to ▁sing ▁in ▁the ▁language ▁of ▁her ▁mother . ▁ ▁The ▁album ▁has ▁been ▁released ▁for ▁vin yl ▁to ▁present ▁the ▁correct ▁sound , ▁but ▁is ▁also ▁dispon ible ▁on ▁CD . ▁ ▁Some ▁former ▁members ▁of ▁Blue ▁Foundation ▁appears ▁on ▁the ▁album ▁such ▁as ▁drum mer ▁Nik ol aj ▁Bund v ig ▁which ▁has ▁played ▁on ▁two ▁tracks . ▁Both ▁bass ists ▁S une ▁Martin ▁and ▁Anders ▁Wall in ▁are ▁also ▁playing ▁on ▁the ▁album . ▁Wall in ▁is ▁the ▁main ▁bass ist ▁of ▁the
▁record . ▁He ▁also ▁added ▁drums . ▁Her ▁brother , ▁David ▁St ub be ▁T eg lb j æ rg ▁also ▁appears ▁on ▁T æ pp et ▁Er ▁F ald et ' '. ▁ ▁Track ▁listing ▁" Dr ø m men es ▁L yd " ▁- ▁ 4 : 1 3 ▁" L ev ende ▁I gen " ▁- ▁ 3 : 4 0 ▁" Bro erne ▁Br æ nder " ▁- ▁ 4 : 5 9 ▁" L ys v æ ld ▁Og ▁Sol " ▁- ▁ 5 : 0 5 ▁" Under ▁Is en " ▁- ▁ 4 : 1 0 ▁" H am sk if te " ▁- ▁ 3 : 1 7 ▁" T ung t ▁Er ▁Mit ▁H år " ▁- ▁ 4 : 2 8 ▁" T æ pp et ▁Er ▁F ald et " ▁- ▁ 3 : 2 5 ▁" Det ▁Lar mer ▁I k ke ▁M ere " ▁- ▁ 2 : 2 0 ▁ ▁Person nel ▁ ▁Mus icians ▁K irst ine ▁St ub be ▁T eg lb j æ rg ▁- ▁V oc als , ▁Gu itar , ▁W ür l itzer , ▁P iano , ▁Sy nt hes izer , ▁Organ ▁P ipes , ▁D af ▁Dr um , ▁Glass , ▁B ott les , ▁G lock ens p iel , ▁B ells , ▁Field ▁Record ings ▁D ode bum ▁- ▁Sy nt hes izer ▁( tr acks : ▁ 1 ▁to ▁ 8 ), ▁program m ation ▁( track :
▁ 1 ), ▁gl ock ens p iel ▁( track : ▁ 6 ) ▁Anders ▁Wall in ▁- ▁bass , ▁bass ▁recording ▁( tr acks : ▁ 2 , ▁ 4 , ▁ 6 , ▁ 7 , ▁ 8 ), ▁drums ▁recording ▁( tr acks : ▁ 3 , ▁ 6 , ▁ 8 ) ▁S une ▁Martin ▁- ▁additional ▁bass , ▁bass ▁recording ▁( track : ▁ 8 ) ▁R une ▁K iels ga ard ▁- ▁drums ▁( tr acks : ▁ 2 , ▁ 6 , ▁ 7 , ▁ 8 ) ▁Nik ol aj ▁Bund v ig ▁- ▁additional ▁drums ▁( tr acks : ▁ 3 , ▁ 8 ) ▁Peter ▁Bru un ▁- ▁drums ▁( track : ▁ 3 ), ▁additional ▁drums ▁( track : ▁ 6 ) ▁David ▁St ub be ▁T eg lb j æ rg ▁- ▁additional ▁vocals ▁( track : ▁ 8 ) ▁Angela ▁- ▁tamb our ine ▁( track : ▁ 8 ) ▁ ▁Techn ique ▁K irst ine ▁St ub be ▁T eg lb j æ rg ▁- ▁Com posing , ▁Writing , ▁Arr anged , ▁Rec ording , ▁Produ cer ▁Dy re ▁G orm sen ▁& ▁Jon ▁Sch um ann ▁- ▁mixing ▁( tr acks : ▁ 1 , ▁ 7 , ▁ 8 ) ▁Adam ▁Co el ▁- ▁assistant ▁mix ▁engineer ▁Geoff ▁P es che ▁- ▁master ing ▁Anders ▁Wall in ▁- ▁drums ▁recording ▁( tr acks : ▁ 3 , ▁ 6 , ▁ 8 ) ▁K aj sa
▁G ull berg ▁- ▁artwork , ▁photography ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : 2 0 1 3 ▁debut ▁albums <0x0A> </s> ▁James ▁E well ▁Brown ▁" J . E . B ." ▁Stuart ▁IV ▁( J uly ▁ 2 3 , ▁ 1 9 3 5 ▁- ▁April ▁ 1 7 , ▁ 2 0 2 0 ) ▁was ▁an ▁American ▁army ▁colon el , ▁financial ▁pl anner , ▁museum ▁chairman , ▁and ▁public ▁speaker ▁who ▁was ▁the ▁great - grand son ▁of ▁Confeder ate ▁Major ▁General ▁J . ▁E . ▁B . ▁Stuart ▁who ▁was ▁known ▁as ▁the ▁master ▁caval ry man ▁during ▁the ▁American ▁Civil ▁War . ▁ ▁Stuart ▁graduated ▁from ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Virginia ▁with ▁a ▁b achelor ' s ▁degree ▁in ▁a eron aut ical ▁engineering . ▁ ▁He ▁also ▁received ▁a ▁master ' s ▁degree ▁in ▁industrial ▁engineering ▁from ▁North ▁Carolina ▁State ▁University ▁and ▁obtained ▁degrees ▁from ▁the ▁Army ▁Command ▁General ▁Staff ▁College ▁and ▁the ▁Army ▁War ▁College . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 5 8 , ▁he ▁was ▁commissioned ▁a ▁second ▁lieutenant ▁in ▁the ▁U . S . ▁Army . ▁ ▁Colonel ▁Stuart ▁served ▁ 2 6 ▁years ▁in ▁the ▁U . S . ▁Army ▁which ▁included ▁two ▁tours ▁of ▁combat ▁in ▁Vietnam . ▁ ▁He ▁also ▁served ▁in ▁the ▁Pan ama ▁Canal ▁Zone ▁and ▁in ▁Te hr an , ▁Iran . ▁ ▁Upon ▁ret iring ▁from ▁the ▁army , ▁Stuart ▁moved ▁to ▁Richmond , ▁Virginia , ▁and ▁worked ▁as ▁a ▁certified ▁financial ▁pl anner . ▁
▁At ▁times ▁he ▁had ▁served ▁as ▁chairman ▁of ▁the ▁board ▁at ▁the ▁Museum ▁of ▁the ▁Confeder acy , ▁president ▁of ▁the ▁General ▁Society ▁of ▁the ▁S ons ▁of ▁the ▁Revolution ▁in ▁Virginia , ▁commander ▁of ▁the ▁Order ▁of ▁the ▁Southern ▁Cross , ▁and ▁president ▁of ▁the ▁S ons ▁of ▁the ▁Revolution ▁in ▁the ▁state ▁of ▁Virginia . ▁ ▁Awards ▁and ▁decor ations ▁▁ ▁Leg ion ▁of ▁Mer it ▁ ▁Bron ze ▁Star ▁Medal ▁with ▁oak ▁leaf ▁cluster ▁ ▁Defense ▁Mer itor ious ▁Service ▁Medal ▁ ▁Army ▁Mer itor ious ▁Service ▁Medal ▁with ▁an ▁oak ▁leaf ▁cluster ▁ ▁Army ▁Comm end ation ▁Medal ▁ ▁Viet names e ▁Honor ▁Medal ▁ 1 st ▁Class ▁( V iet nam ) ▁ ▁Viet names e ▁Air ▁Medal ▁( V iet nam ) ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 3 5 ▁birth s ▁Category : 2 0 2 0 ▁deaths ▁Category : American ▁army ▁personnel ▁of ▁the ▁Vietnam ▁War ▁Category : Un ited ▁States ▁Army ▁soldiers <0x0A> </s> ▁Å ke ▁Anders ▁" A k ka " ▁Anders son ▁( 2 ▁January ▁ 1 9 3 7 ▁– ▁ 1 5 ▁December ▁ 1 9 8 9 ) ▁was ▁a ▁Swedish ▁ice ▁hockey ▁centre ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 5 0 s ▁and ▁ 1 9 6 0 s . ▁ ▁He ▁played ▁ 1 3 2 ▁international ▁games ▁for ▁Sweden , ▁including ▁seven ▁II H F ▁World ▁Championships ▁and ▁two ▁Winter ▁Olympics , ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 0 ▁and ▁ 1 9 6 4 .
▁Anders son ▁played ▁on ▁the ▁famous ▁" M os qu ito ▁Line " ▁with ▁E il ert ▁M ä ätt ä ▁and ▁K alle ▁H ed l und . ▁ ▁In ▁Sweden , ▁Anders son ▁played ▁for ▁Sk elle fte å ▁AI K ▁from ▁ 1 9 5 6 – 6 6 ▁and ▁F är j est ads ▁B K ▁from ▁ 1 9 6 6 – 6 9 . ▁ ▁He ▁is ▁one ▁of ▁only ▁three ▁players ▁to ▁win ▁the ▁Golden ▁P uck ▁as ▁Swedish ▁Player ▁of ▁the ▁Year ▁twice , ▁which ▁he ▁did ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 1 ▁and ▁ 1 9 6 2 . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁Anders ▁Anders son . ▁sports - reference . com ▁Anders ▁Anders son . ▁Swedish ▁Olympic ▁Committee ▁A ▁to ▁Z ▁En cycl op edia ▁of ▁Ice ▁Hockey ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 3 7 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 9 8 9 ▁deaths ▁Category : F är j est ad ▁B K ▁players ▁Category : I ce ▁hockey ▁players ▁at ▁the ▁ 1 9 6 0 ▁Winter ▁Olympics ▁Category : I ce ▁hockey ▁players ▁at ▁the ▁ 1 9 6 4 ▁Winter ▁Olympics ▁Category : Sw edish ▁ice ▁hockey ▁for wards ▁Category : Sk elle fte å ▁AI K ▁players ▁Category : O lymp ic ▁ice ▁hockey ▁players ▁of ▁Sweden ▁Category : O lymp ic ▁medal ists ▁in ▁ice ▁hockey ▁Category : O lymp ic ▁silver ▁medal ists ▁for ▁Sweden ▁Category : Med al ists ▁at ▁the ▁ 1 9 6 4 ▁Winter
▁Olympics ▁Category : People ▁from ▁Sk elle fte å ▁Municip ality <0x0A> </s> ▁Kal ab ond ▁O val ▁is ▁a ▁sport ing ▁o val ▁in ▁K ok op o , ▁East ▁New ▁Britain ▁Province , ▁Pap ua ▁New ▁Gu inea . ▁It ▁is ▁home ▁to ▁rugby ▁league ▁team ▁Ag mark ▁G ur ias ▁and ▁has ▁a ▁capacity ▁of ▁just ▁over ▁ 5 , 0 0 0 ▁spect ators . ▁The ▁stadium ▁sits ▁on ▁the ▁foot ▁of ▁an ▁active ▁vol c ano , ▁T av ur v ur . ▁ ▁History ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 3 , ▁the ▁stadium ▁played ▁host ▁to ▁the ▁P NG ▁vs ▁Australia ▁PM ' s ▁XIII , ▁the ▁stadium ▁will ▁be ▁home ▁to ▁the ▁P NG ▁Hun ters ▁in ▁the ▁Queensland ▁Cup ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 4 . ▁ ▁In ▁October ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁the ▁stadium ▁will ▁host ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁OF C ▁Women ' s ▁Nations ▁Cup . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : R ug by ▁league ▁stadium s ▁in ▁Pap ua ▁New ▁Gu inea ▁Category : P ap ua ▁New ▁Gu inea ▁Hun ters <0x0A> </s> ▁Pow ell ▁Library ▁is ▁the ▁main ▁college ▁under graduate ▁library ▁on ▁the ▁campus ▁of ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁California , ▁Los ▁Angeles ▁( U CL A ). ▁Pow ell ▁Library ▁is ▁also ▁known ▁as ▁the ▁College ▁Library . ▁It ▁was ▁constructed ▁from ▁ 1 9 2 6 ▁to ▁ 1 9 2 9 ▁and ▁was ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁original ▁four ▁buildings ▁that ▁compr ised
▁the ▁U CL A ▁campus ▁in ▁the ▁early ▁period ▁of ▁the ▁university ' s ▁life . ▁Its ▁Roman es que ▁Rev ival ▁architecture ▁design , ▁its ▁historic ▁value ▁and ▁its ▁popularity ▁with ▁students ▁make ▁it ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁defining ▁images ▁of ▁U CL A . ▁ ▁Style ▁Like ▁the ▁building ▁facing ▁it ▁across ▁the ▁quad , ▁Roy ce ▁Hall , ▁the ▁building ' s ▁exterior ▁is ▁model ed ▁after ▁Milan ' s ▁Bas il ica ▁of ▁Sant ' A mb rog io . ▁ ▁The ▁entrance ▁of ▁the ▁library ▁is ▁ad orn ed ▁with ▁several ▁m osa ics , ▁one ▁of ▁which ▁dep icts ▁two ▁men ▁holding ▁a ▁book ▁bearing ▁the ▁phrase , ▁from ▁C ic ero ' s ▁Pro ▁Arch ia ▁Po eta , ▁" Ha ec ▁stud ia ▁ad ules cent iam ▁al unt , ▁sen ect ut em ▁ob lect ant " ▁(" These ▁studies ▁n our ish ▁youth ▁and ▁delight ▁old ▁age "), ▁an ▁appropriate ▁dict um ▁for ▁the ▁vast ▁collection ▁for ▁under graduate ▁students . ▁ ▁There ▁are ▁also ▁Rena issance ▁Prin ters ' ▁Mark s ▁on ▁the ▁ceiling . ▁ ▁History ▁The ▁library ▁is ▁named ▁for ▁Lawrence ▁Clark ▁Pow ell , ▁the ▁University ▁L ibr arian ▁at ▁U CL A ▁from ▁ 1 9 4 4 ▁to ▁ 1 9 6 1 ▁and ▁Dean ▁of ▁the ▁Grad uate ▁School ▁of ▁Library ▁Service ▁from ▁ 1 9 6 0 ▁to ▁ 1 9 6 6 . ▁It ▁is ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁extensive ▁U CL A ▁Library ▁system .
▁ ▁The ▁Grad uate ▁School ▁of ▁Library ▁and ▁Information ▁Science , ▁as ▁G SL S ▁was ▁later ▁known , ▁was ▁hous ed ▁for ▁many ▁years ▁in ▁the ▁south western ▁corner ▁of ▁the ▁top ▁floor . ▁ ▁During ▁this ▁period ▁the ▁building ▁also ▁contained ▁a ▁separate ▁unit ▁of ▁the ▁campus ▁library ▁system ▁devoted ▁to ▁education ▁and ▁psychology , ▁which ▁was ▁later ▁closed ▁and ▁its ▁collection ▁distributed ▁among ▁the ▁other ▁campus ▁libraries . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 5 1 , ▁author ▁Ray ▁Brad bury ▁wrote ▁an ▁early ▁draft ▁of ▁his ▁classic ▁novel ▁F ahren heit ▁ 4 5 1 ▁in ▁Pow ell ▁Library ▁using ▁type writ ers ▁that ▁were ▁then ▁available ▁for ▁rent . ▁ ▁Students ▁at ▁U CL A ▁have ▁affection ately ▁called ▁this ▁library ▁" Cl ub ▁Pow ell " ▁because ▁it ▁has ▁a ▁reputation ▁for ▁being ▁lou der ▁than ▁most ▁libraries . ▁Others ▁explain ▁that ▁it ▁is ▁because ▁this ▁library ▁has ▁a ▁room ▁called ▁Night ▁Pow ell ▁that ▁is ▁open ▁ 2 4 / 7 ▁beginning ▁on ▁third ▁week . ▁Currently , ▁the ▁whole ▁library ▁is ▁open ▁ 2 4 / 7 ▁during ▁t enth ▁and ▁fin als ▁week . ▁The ▁In quiry ▁Des k ▁staff ▁provides ▁fruit ▁and ▁coffee ▁during ▁this ▁stress ful ▁time . ▁Pow ell ▁hosts ▁de - st ress or ▁programs ▁during ▁t enth ▁and ▁fin als ▁week , ▁which ▁include ▁bringing ▁therapy ▁dogs , ▁orig ami ▁stations , ▁and ▁meditation . ▁Loc ated ▁in ▁the ▁second ▁floor ▁Rot unda , ▁this ▁U CL A ▁library ▁often
▁hosts ▁events . ▁Past ▁events ▁include ▁the ▁Ed ible ▁Book ▁Festival , ▁Sil ent ▁Dis co , ▁Video ▁Game ▁Orchestra , ▁and ▁International ▁Games ▁Day . ▁ ▁Services ▁The ▁Ho over ▁Collection ▁is ▁a ▁digital ▁collection ▁of ▁photos ▁from ▁the ▁late ▁ 1 9 2 0 s ▁to ▁ 1 9 5 0 s ▁that ▁features ▁Pow ell ▁Library , ▁Roy ce ▁Hall , ▁and ▁the ▁construction ▁of ▁J ans s ▁Ste ps . ▁ ▁Pow ell ▁Library ▁is ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁" A sk ▁A ▁L ibr arian " ▁service , ▁where ▁people ▁can ▁chat ▁with ▁a ▁University ▁of ▁California ▁l ibr arian ▁ 2 4 / 7 . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁Roy ce ▁Hall ▁U CL A ▁Library ▁Maine ▁East ▁High ▁School ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁ ▁Category : Library ▁buildings ▁completed ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 9 ▁Category : Univers ity ▁and ▁college ▁academic ▁libraries ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Category : Univers ity ▁of ▁California , ▁Los ▁Angeles ▁buildings ▁and ▁structures ▁Category : R oman es que ▁Rev ival ▁architecture ▁in ▁California ▁Category : L ibraries ▁in ▁Los ▁Angeles <0x0A> </s> ▁ 1 3 3 2 ▁Mar con ia , ▁prov is ional ▁design ation ▁, ▁is ▁a ▁dark ▁aster oid ▁and ▁the ▁parent ▁body ▁of ▁the ▁Mar con ia ▁family ▁located ▁in ▁the ▁outer ▁regions ▁of ▁the ▁aster oid ▁belt . ▁It ▁measures ▁approximately ▁ ▁in ▁diameter . ▁The ▁aster oid ▁was ▁discovered ▁on ▁ 9 ▁January ▁ 1 9 3 4 , ▁by ▁Italian ▁astronom
er ▁Lu igi ▁Vol ta ▁at ▁the ▁Observ atory ▁of ▁Tur in ▁in ▁P ino ▁Tor inese , ▁northern ▁Italy . ▁It ▁was ▁named ▁for ▁Italian ▁electrical ▁engineer ▁G ug l iel mo ▁Mar con i . ▁The ▁un common ▁L - type ▁aster oid ▁has ▁a ▁rotation ▁period ▁of ▁ 1 9 . 2 ▁hours . ▁ ▁Or bit ▁and ▁classification ▁▁ ▁Mar con ia ▁is ▁the ▁parent ▁body ▁of ▁the ▁Mar con ia ▁family ▁( ), ▁a ▁tiny ▁aster oid ▁family ▁of ▁less ▁than ▁ 5 0 ▁known ▁members . ▁It ▁or bits ▁the ▁Sun ▁in ▁the ▁outer ▁aster oid ▁belt ▁at ▁a ▁distance ▁of ▁ 2 . 7 – 3 . 5 AU ▁once ▁every ▁ 5 ▁years ▁and ▁ 4 ▁months ▁( 1 , 9 5 8 ▁days ; ▁semi - major ▁axis ▁of ▁ 3 . 0 6 AU ). ▁Its ▁orbit ▁has ▁an ▁ecc entric ity ▁of ▁ 0 . 1 3 ▁and ▁an ▁incl ination ▁of ▁ 2 ° ▁with ▁respect ▁to ▁the ▁e cl ipt ic . ▁ ▁The ▁aster oid ▁was ▁first ▁observed ▁in ▁October ▁ 1 9 0 5 , ▁as ▁ ▁at ▁He idel berg ▁Observ atory , ▁where ▁the ▁body ' s ▁observation ▁arc ▁begins ▁as ▁ ▁in ▁March ▁ 1 9 2 4 , ▁almost ▁ 1 0 ▁years ▁prior ▁to ▁its ▁official ▁discovery ▁observation ▁at ▁P ino ▁Tor inese . ▁ ▁Physical ▁characteristics ▁▁ ▁Mar con ia ▁has ▁been ▁characterized ▁as ▁an ▁L - type ▁aster oid
▁in ▁the ▁Bus – De Me o ▁tax onom ic ▁system , ▁while ▁in ▁the ▁S MA SS ▁classification , ▁it ▁is ▁an ▁L d - sub type ▁that ▁transitions ▁between ▁the ▁L - type ▁and ▁D - type ▁aster oids . ▁The ▁overall ▁spectral ▁type ▁for ▁members ▁of ▁the ▁Mar con ia ▁family ▁is ▁that ▁of ▁a ▁carbon ace ous ▁C - type ▁and ▁X - type . ▁ ▁Rot ation ▁period ▁and ▁pol es ▁▁ ▁In ▁September ▁ 2 0 1 2 , ▁a ▁first ▁rot ational ▁light cur ve ▁of ▁Mar con ia ▁was ▁obtained ▁from ▁phot ometric ▁observations ▁by ▁Robert ▁Step hens ▁at ▁his ▁Sant ana ▁Observ atory ▁ ▁in ▁California . ▁Light cur ve ▁analysis ▁gave ▁a ▁well - defined ▁rotation ▁period ▁of ▁ 1 9 . 1 6 ▁hours ▁with ▁a ▁bright ness ▁variation ▁of ▁ 0 . 3 0 ▁magnitude ▁( ). ▁ ▁A ▁ 2 0 1 6 - published ▁light cur ve , ▁using ▁model ed ▁phot ometric ▁data ▁from ▁the ▁Low ell ▁Phot ometric ▁Database , ▁gave ▁a ▁con cur ring ▁sid ere al ▁period ▁of ▁ 1 9 . 2 2 6 4 ▁hours , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁a ▁spin ▁ax es ▁of ▁( 3 7 . 0 ° , ▁ 3 1 . 0 ° ) ▁and ▁( 2 2 0 . 0 ° , ▁ 3 1 . 0 ° ) ▁in ▁e cl ipt ic ▁coordinates ▁( λ , β ). ▁Con vers ely , ▁another ▁light cur
ve ▁in version ▁study ▁by ▁an ▁international ▁collaboration ▁gave ▁a ▁longer ▁spin ▁rate ▁of ▁ 3 2 . 1 2 0 1 ▁hours . ▁ ▁Diam eter ▁and ▁al bed o ▁▁ ▁According ▁to ▁the ▁surveys ▁carried ▁out ▁by ▁the ▁Japanese ▁Ak ari ▁satellite ▁and ▁the ▁N EO WISE ▁mission ▁of ▁NASA ' s ▁W ide - field ▁In fr ared ▁Survey ▁Expl orer , ▁Mar con ia ▁measures ▁between ▁ 4 4 . 9 3 ▁and ▁ 5 2 . 0 0 9 ▁kilom eters ▁in ▁diameter ▁and ▁its ▁surface ▁has ▁an ▁al bed o ▁between ▁ 0 . 0 4 ▁and ▁ 0 . 0 6 3 . ▁ ▁The ▁Coll abor ative ▁A ster oid ▁Light cur ve ▁Link ▁der ives ▁an ▁al bed o ▁of ▁ 0 . 0 5 2 7 ▁and ▁a ▁diameter ▁of ▁ 4 3 . 9 0 ▁kilom eters ▁based ▁on ▁an ▁absolute ▁magnitude ▁of ▁ 1 0 . 6 . ▁ ▁N aming ▁▁ ▁This ▁minor ▁planet ▁was ▁named ▁after ▁G ug l iel mo ▁Mar con i ▁( 1 8 7 4 – 1 9 3 7 ), ▁an ▁Italian ▁electrical ▁engineer , ▁pione er ▁and ▁invent or ▁of ▁radio . ▁In ▁ 1 9 0 9 , ▁he ▁received ▁the ▁Nob el ▁Prize ▁in ▁Phys ics ▁together ▁with ▁Karl ▁Ferd inand ▁Bra un ▁( also ▁see ▁). ▁The ▁official ▁n aming ▁c itation ▁was ▁mentioned ▁in ▁The ▁Names ▁of ▁the ▁Minor ▁Plan ets ▁by ▁Paul ▁Her get ▁in ▁ 1 9
5 5 ▁( ). ▁The ▁lun ar ▁cr ater ▁Mar con i ▁was ▁also ▁named ▁in ▁his ▁honor . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁▁ ▁A ster oid ▁Light cur ve ▁Database ▁( LC DB ), ▁query ▁form ▁( info ) ▁ ▁Dictionary ▁of ▁Minor ▁Plan et ▁Names , ▁Google ▁books ▁ ▁A ster oids ▁and ▁com ets ▁rotation ▁curves , ▁C d R ▁– ▁Observ ato ire ▁de ▁Gen ève , ▁Ra oul ▁Be h rend ▁ ▁Dis covery ▁Circ um stances : ▁Number ed ▁Minor ▁Plan ets ▁( 1 )- ( 5 0 0 0 ) ▁– ▁Minor ▁Plan et ▁Center ▁▁▁▁▁▁ 0 0 1 3 3 2 ▁Category : Dis cover ies ▁by ▁Lu igi ▁Vol ta ▁Category : Min or ▁planets ▁named ▁for ▁people ▁Category : Named ▁minor ▁planets ▁ 1 3 3 2 ▁Mar con ia ▁ 0 0 1 3 3 2 ▁ 1 9 3 4 0 1 0 9 <0x0A> </s> ▁W ola ▁Bur ze ck a ▁ ▁is ▁a ▁village ▁in ▁the ▁administrative ▁district ▁of ▁G mina ▁W oj cies zk ów , ▁within ▁Ł uk ów ▁County , ▁Lub lin ▁Vo iv odes hip , ▁in ▁eastern ▁Poland . ▁It ▁lies ▁approximately ▁ ▁north - west ▁of ▁W oj cies zk ów , ▁ ▁south - west ▁of ▁Ł uk ów , ▁and ▁ ▁north ▁of ▁the ▁regional ▁capital ▁Lub lin . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁W ola ▁Bur ze ck a <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Singapore ▁Ar med ▁Forces ▁Long ▁Service
▁and ▁Good ▁Con duct ▁( 2 0 ▁Years ) ▁Medal ▁is ▁awarded ▁to ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁Singapore ▁Ar med ▁Forces ▁( SA F ) ▁( reg ardless ▁of ▁regular ▁or ▁NS men ▁status ) ▁who ▁has ▁completed ▁ 2 0 ▁years ▁of ▁continuous ▁service . ▁ ▁A ▁cl asp ▁is ▁awarded ▁for ▁an ▁additional ▁ 1 0 ▁years ▁of ▁service , ▁for ▁a ▁total ▁of ▁ 3 0 ▁years . ▁ ▁Description ▁▁ ▁The ▁rib bon ▁is ▁brown , ▁with ▁two ▁thick ▁central ▁white ▁stri pes ▁and ▁three ▁sets ▁of ▁four ▁thin ▁white ▁stri pes ▁surrounding ▁them . ▁ ▁Service ▁med als ▁In ▁the ▁S AF , ▁the ▁med als ▁for ▁service ▁are : ▁▁▁ 5 ▁years ▁- ▁Singapore ▁Ar med ▁Forces ▁Good ▁Service ▁Medal ▁▁ 1 0 ▁years ▁- ▁Singapore ▁Ar med ▁Forces ▁Long ▁Service ▁and ▁Good ▁Con duct ▁( 1 0 ▁Years ) ▁Medal ▁▁ 1 5 ▁years ▁- ▁Singapore ▁Ar med ▁Forces ▁Long ▁Service ▁and ▁Good ▁Con duct ▁( 1 0 ▁Years ) ▁Medal ▁with ▁ 1 5 ▁year ▁cl asp ▁▁ 2 0 ▁years ▁- ▁Singapore ▁Ar med ▁Forces ▁Long ▁Service ▁and ▁Good ▁Con duct ▁( 2 0 ▁Years ) ▁Medal ▁▁ 2 5 ▁years ▁- ▁Long ▁Service ▁Medal ▁( Mil itary ) ▁▁ 3 0 ▁years ▁- ▁Singapore ▁Ar med ▁Forces ▁Long ▁Service ▁and ▁Good ▁Con duct ▁( 2 0 ▁Years ) ▁Medal ▁with ▁ 3 0 ▁year ▁cl asp ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁Singapore ▁MIN DEF ▁F act sheet : ▁Review ▁of ▁S AF ▁med als ▁Singapore
an ▁Army ▁Med als ▁F act sheet ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁Singapore an ▁orders ▁and ▁decor ations ▁ ▁Category : Mil itary ▁awards ▁and ▁decor ations ▁of ▁Singapore <0x0A> </s> ▁Lub om ír ▁K ub ica ▁( born ▁ 1 0 ▁March ▁ 1 9 7 9 ) ▁is ▁a ▁Czech ▁association ▁football er ▁who ▁last ▁played ▁for ▁FC ▁Tes com a ▁Z l ín ▁in ▁the ▁Czech ▁ 2 . ▁Liga . ▁ ▁Club ▁career ▁K ub ica ▁previously ▁played ▁for ▁FC ▁Ban í k ▁O str ava , ▁F K ▁Dr nov ice ▁in ▁the ▁Czech ▁G amb rin us ▁l iga , ▁FC ▁Ir ty sh ▁Pav l od ar ▁in ▁Kaz akh stan , ▁F K ▁AS ▁T ren č ín ▁in ▁Slov ak ia , ▁for ▁N K ▁Mar ib or ▁in ▁the ▁Sl oven ian ▁Pr va ▁Liga ▁Tele kom ▁Sl oven ije , ▁for ▁F . C . ▁Ash d od ▁in ▁the ▁Israeli ▁Premier ▁League ▁and ▁FC ▁Inter ▁B aku ▁in ▁the ▁A zer ba ij an ▁Premier ▁League . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁ ▁Profile ▁at ▁Inter ▁B aku ' s ▁Official ▁Site ▁ ▁Profile ▁at ▁N K ▁Mar ib or ▁ ▁St ats ▁from ▁Mar ib or ▁on ▁Pr va L iga ▁ ▁Profile ▁at ▁Č M FS ▁website ▁ ▁http :// www . one . co . il / Art icle / 1 3 1 4 6 8 . html ▁ ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : 1
9 7 9 ▁birth s ▁Category : Place ▁of ▁birth ▁missing ▁( l iving ▁people ) ▁Category : C zech ▁football ers ▁Category : C zech ▁First ▁League ▁players ▁Category : Is rael i ▁Premier ▁League ▁players ▁Category : FC ▁Ban í k ▁O str ava ▁players ▁Category : F K ▁Dr nov ice ▁players ▁Category : FC ▁Fast av ▁Z l ín ▁players ▁Category : N K ▁Mar ib or ▁players ▁Category : Sl oven ian ▁Pr va L iga ▁players ▁Category : F . C . ▁Ash d od ▁players ▁Category : Ke ş la ▁F K ▁players ▁Category : C zech ▁exp atri ate ▁football ers ▁Category : Ex pat ri ate ▁football ers ▁in ▁Israel ▁Category : Ex pat ri ate ▁football ers ▁in ▁Kaz akh stan ▁Category : Ex pat ri ate ▁football ers ▁in ▁Slov ak ia ▁Category : Ex pat ri ate ▁football ers ▁in ▁Sl oven ia ▁Category : Ex pat ri ate ▁football ers ▁in ▁A zer ba ij an ▁Category : Associ ation ▁football ▁mid field ers ▁Category : C zech ▁exp atri ate ▁sports people ▁in ▁Kaz akh stan ▁Category : C zech ▁Republic ▁youth ▁international ▁football ers ▁Category : C zech ▁Republic ▁under - 2 1 ▁international ▁football ers <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Cu atro ▁V ientos ▁was ▁a ▁spec ially ▁built ▁Br . 1 9 ▁TF ▁Super ▁B id on , ▁which ▁Mar iano ▁Bar ber án ▁y ▁T ros ▁de ▁Il ard uy a , ▁Lieutenant ▁Jo aqu ín ▁Coll
ar ▁Ser ra ▁and ▁Sergeant ▁Mod esto ▁Mad ari aga ▁flew ▁from ▁Spain ▁to ▁Cuba ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 3 . ▁The ▁flight , ▁which ▁took ▁ 3 9 ▁hours ▁and ▁ 5 5 ▁minutes , ▁depart ed ▁Sev ille ▁on ▁at ▁ 4 : 4 0 ▁on ▁ 1 0 ▁June ▁ 1 9 3 3 , ▁and ▁arrived ▁in ▁Cam ag ü ey ▁at ▁ 2 0 : 4 5 ▁( local ▁time ) ▁on ▁ 1 1 ▁June ▁ 1 9 3 3 , ▁after ▁a ▁flight ▁of ▁ 7 3 2 0 km . ▁ ▁On ▁ 2 0 ▁June ▁ 1 9 3 3 , ▁the ▁aircraft ▁depart ed ▁for ▁Mexico ▁City , ▁without ▁Mad ari aga ▁on ▁board . ▁It ▁disappeared ▁in ▁flight , ▁and ▁was ▁last ▁sight ed ▁in ▁the ▁vic inity ▁of ▁Villa her m osa , ▁Mexico . ▁No ▁trace ▁of ▁the ▁plane ▁or ▁of ▁its ▁occup ants ▁was ▁subsequently ▁found . ▁ ▁A ▁re plica ▁of ▁the ▁Cu atro ▁V ientos ▁is ▁hous ed ▁at ▁the ▁Muse o ▁del ▁A ire . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁ ▁Mar iano ▁Bar ber án ▁T ros ▁de ▁Il ard uy a ▁Biography . ▁Spanish ▁Air ▁Force . ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 3 3 ▁in ▁Cuba ▁Category : 1 9 3 3 ▁in ▁Mexico ▁Category : 1 9 3 3 ▁in ▁Spain ▁Category : Missing ▁aircraft <0x0A> </s> ▁T ŏ k hy ŏ n ▁Station ▁is ▁a ▁railway ▁station ▁in
▁T ŏ k hy ŏ n ▁Work ers ' ▁District , ▁ <0xC5> <0xAC> iju ▁County , ▁North ▁P ' y ŏ ng an ▁Province , ▁North ▁Korea , ▁on ▁the ▁T ŏ k hy ŏ n ▁Line ▁of ▁the ▁Korean ▁State ▁Railway . ▁ ▁History ▁The ▁station , ▁along ▁with ▁the ▁rest ▁of ▁the ▁T ŏ k hy ŏ n ▁Line , ▁was ▁opened ▁by ▁the ▁Korean ▁State ▁Railway ▁in ▁April ▁ 1 9 7 1 . ▁ ▁Services ▁The ▁station ▁is ▁served ▁by ▁comm uter ▁trains ▁between ▁here ▁and ▁Sin ŭ iju . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : R ail way ▁stations ▁in ▁North ▁Korea ▁Category : Build ings ▁and ▁structures ▁in ▁North ▁Py ong an ▁Province ▁Category : R ail way ▁stations ▁opened ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 1 ▁Category : 1 9 7 1 ▁establish ments ▁in ▁North ▁Korea <0x0A> </s> ▁Alexander ▁White ▁Walker ▁( 1 5 ▁November ▁ 1 8 8 1 ▁– ▁ 1 2 ▁May ▁ 1 9 1 6 ) ▁was ▁a ▁Scottish ▁professional ▁football ▁inside ▁right ▁who ▁played ▁in ▁the ▁Scottish ▁League ▁for ▁Heart ▁of ▁Mid l oth ian ▁and ▁Mother well . ▁He ▁also ▁played ▁for ▁B rent ford ▁in ▁the ▁Southern ▁League . ▁ ▁Personal ▁life ▁ ▁Walker ▁was ▁the ▁younger ▁brother ▁of ▁fellow ▁Heart ▁of ▁Mid l oth ian ▁football er , ▁Bobby ▁Walker . ▁He ▁served ▁as ▁a ▁private ▁in ▁the ▁Royal ▁Sc ots ▁during ▁the ▁First ▁World ▁War ▁and ▁died ▁on ▁ 1 2 ▁May ▁ 1 9
1 6 ▁from ▁tub er cul osis . ▁Walker ▁was ▁buried ▁in ▁North ▁Mer ch ist on ▁C emetery , ▁Edinburgh ▁and ▁his ▁mother ▁and ▁brother ▁were ▁later ▁inter red ▁in ▁the ▁same ▁plot . ▁ ▁Career ▁statistics ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁▁ ▁Category : 1 8 8 1 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 9 1 6 ▁deaths ▁Category : 1 9 th - century ▁Scottish ▁people ▁Category : 2 0 th - century ▁Scottish ▁people ▁Category : 2 0 th - century ▁deaths ▁from ▁tub er cul osis ▁Category : Sc ott ish ▁football ers ▁Category : B rent ford ▁F . C . ▁players ▁Category : Associ ation ▁football ▁inside ▁for wards ▁Category : S ou thern ▁Football ▁League ▁players ▁Category : Sc ott ish ▁Football ▁League ▁players ▁Category : He art ▁of ▁Mid l oth ian ▁F . C . ▁players ▁Category : M other well ▁F . C . ▁players ▁Category : B rit ish ▁Army ▁personnel ▁of ▁World ▁War ▁I ▁Category : R oyal ▁Sc ots ▁soldiers <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Beautiful ▁Game ▁is ▁a ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁feature ▁documentary ▁exploring ▁the ▁power ▁of ▁soccer ▁in ▁modern ▁Africa ▁and ▁how ▁it ▁is ▁changing ▁the ▁lives ▁of ▁individuals ▁and ▁communities ▁there . ▁The ▁film , ▁directed ▁by ▁Victor ▁B uh ler , ▁features ▁notable ▁participants ▁such ▁as ▁K of i ▁Ann an , ▁Arch b ishop ▁Des mond ▁Tut u , ▁F . ▁W . ▁de ▁K ler k , ▁Roger ▁M illa , ▁John ▁Ob i ▁M ikel
, ▁Sul ley ▁M unt ari , ▁E ma ▁Bo at eng , ▁José ▁M our inho , ▁K olo ▁and ▁Y aya ▁Tour é . ▁ ▁The ▁Beautiful ▁Game ▁has ▁had ▁numerous ▁screen ings ▁across ▁the ▁world , ▁played ▁on ▁The ▁Sund ance ▁Channel ▁and ▁was ▁featured ▁on ▁Netflix . ▁The ▁film ▁drives ▁the ▁message ▁that ▁soccer ▁is ▁more ▁than ▁just ▁a ▁game . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁ ▁Official ▁website ▁On ▁IM DB ▁ ▁Category : 2 0 1 2 ▁films ▁Category : American ▁documentary ▁films ▁Category : Document ary ▁films ▁about ▁association ▁football ▁Category : American ▁films <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Merc ator ▁is ▁a ▁series ▁of ▁combine ▁har ves ters ▁produced ▁by ▁the ▁German ▁agricultural ▁company ▁Cl a as ▁in ▁Har se w ink el . ▁Init ially ▁called ▁Senator , ▁the ▁Merc ator ▁series ▁was ▁introduced ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 6 . ▁The ▁first ▁combine ▁har ves ter ▁of ▁the ▁series ▁to ▁be ▁called ▁Merc ator ▁was ▁presented ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 7 , ▁the ▁Prote ctor ▁followed ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 8 . ▁Both ▁are ▁less ▁productive ▁but ▁also ▁less ▁expensive ▁models . ▁With ▁the ▁Fac el ift , ▁the ▁Senator ▁was ▁renamed ▁Merc ator ▁ 7 0 , ▁while ▁the ▁Prote ctor ▁models ▁were ▁given ▁the ▁names ▁Merc ator ▁ 6 0 ▁and ▁ 5 0 . ▁Later , ▁more ▁models ▁of ▁the ▁Merc ator ▁series ▁were ▁introduced , ▁such ▁as ▁the ▁Merc ator ▁ 7 5 . ▁ ▁The ▁Senator
▁is ▁the ▁first ▁Cl a as ▁combine ▁har ves ter ▁to ▁feature ▁the ▁colour ▁sa aten gr ün ▁( G erman : ▁seed - green ), ▁the ▁new ▁Cl a as - logo ▁and ▁extensive ▁metal ▁covers . ▁ ▁Technical ▁data ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁▁ ▁Category : Cl a as ▁Category : Comb ine ▁har ves ters ▁Category : A gr icult ural ▁machinery <0x0A> </s> ▁M ild red ▁Master son ▁Mc Ne illy ▁( 2 8 ▁May ▁ 1 9 1 0 ▁– ▁ 1 2 ▁July ▁ 1 9 9 7 ) ▁was ▁an ▁American ▁author ▁best ▁known ▁for ▁her ▁novel ▁Each ▁Bright ▁River . ▁▁▁ ▁She ▁also ▁wrote ▁for ▁mystery ▁magazines ▁under ▁the ▁pen - names ▁James ▁De we y ▁and ▁Glen n ▁Kelly . ▁ ▁Crit ical ▁reception ▁The ▁New ▁York ▁Review ▁of ▁Books ▁said ▁" ... Mc Ne illy ▁writes ▁with ▁the ▁authority ▁of ▁a ▁careful ▁research er . ▁There ▁is ▁excitement ▁here ▁as ▁the ▁author ▁re - creat es ▁the ▁ag ony ▁of ▁the ▁Whit man ▁Mass acre , ▁the ▁adventure ▁of ▁the ▁Gold ▁R ush ▁of ▁' 4 8 , ▁the ▁fear ▁and ▁laughter ▁of ▁spir ited ▁men ▁ ..." ▁ ▁Bibli ography ▁ ▁Each ▁Bright ▁River : ▁A ▁Nov el ▁of ▁the ▁Oregon ▁Country ▁( 1 9 5 0 ) ▁ ▁P raise ▁at ▁Morning ▁( 1 9 4 7 ) ▁ ▁Heaven ▁is ▁too ▁high ▁ ▁Lov ely ▁day ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 1 0 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1
9 9 7 ▁deaths ▁Category : American ▁women ▁novel ists ▁Category : 2 0 th - century ▁American ▁women ▁writers <0x0A> </s> ▁Sol ic iting ▁to ▁murder ▁is ▁a ▁stat ut ory ▁off ence ▁of ▁inc it ement ▁in ▁England ▁and ▁Wales ▁and ▁Northern ▁Ireland ▁and ▁the ▁Republic ▁of ▁Ireland . ▁ ▁In ▁common ▁parl ance , ▁the ▁act ▁of ▁sol ic iting ▁to ▁murder ▁may ▁be ▁thought ▁of ▁as ▁" h iring ▁a ▁hit man ", ▁though ▁the ▁word ▁" h iring " ▁is ▁used ▁lo os ely , ▁and ▁the ▁act ▁requires ▁no ▁financial ▁transaction ▁to ▁qualify ▁as ▁such . ▁Mer ely ▁the ▁intent ▁to ▁engage ▁another ▁in ▁an ▁act ▁of ▁murder ▁qual ifies ▁as ▁sol ic iting . ▁ ▁England ▁and ▁Wales ▁This ▁off ence ▁is ▁created ▁by ▁section ▁ 4 ▁of ▁the ▁Off ences ▁against ▁the ▁Person ▁Act ▁ 1 8 6 1 ▁which ▁reads : ▁ ▁Text ual ▁am end ments ▁ ▁The ▁words ▁om itted ▁at ▁the ▁beginning ▁were ▁repe aled ▁by ▁sections ▁ 5 ( 1 0 )( a ) ▁and ▁ 6 5 ( 5 ) ▁of , ▁and ▁Schedule ▁ 1 3 ▁to , ▁the ▁Crim inal ▁Law ▁Act ▁ 1 9 7 7 . ▁ ▁The ▁words ▁om itted ▁elsewhere ▁were ▁repe aled ▁by ▁the ▁Stat ute ▁Law ▁Rev ision ▁Act ▁ 1 8 9 2 . ▁ ▁The ▁words ▁" im prison ment ▁for ▁life " ▁were ▁subst ituted ▁for ▁the ▁words ▁from ▁" be ▁kept " ▁to ▁" year s ",
▁on ▁ 8 ▁September ▁ 1 9 7 7 , ▁by ▁section ▁ 5 ( 1 0 )( b ) ▁of ▁the ▁Crim inal ▁Law ▁Act ▁ 1 9 7 7 . ▁ ▁Case ▁law ▁ ▁The ▁following ▁cases ▁are ▁relevant : ▁R ▁v ▁Fox ▁( 1 8 7 0 ) ▁ 1 9 ▁WR ▁ 1 0 9 ▁( Ir ) ▁R ▁v ▁B anks ▁( 1 8 7 3 ) ▁ 1 2 ▁C ox ▁ 3 9 3 ▁R ▁v ▁R ans ford ▁( 1 8 7 4 ) ▁ 1 3 ▁C ox ▁ 9 , ▁( 1 8 7 4 ) ▁ 3 ▁L T ▁ 4 8 8 , ▁C CR ▁R ▁v ▁Most ▁( 1 8 8 1 ) ▁ 7 ▁Q BD ▁ 2 4 4 , ▁( 1 8 8 1 ) ▁ 1 4 ▁C ox ▁ 5 8 3 , ▁( 1 8 8 1 ) ▁ 4 5 ▁J P ▁ 6 9 6 ▁R ▁v ▁Bour t ze ff ▁( 1 8 9 8 ) ▁ 1 2 7 ▁C CC ▁S ess ▁Pap ▁ 2 8 4 ▁R ▁v ▁McC arth y ▁[ 1 9 0 3 ] ▁ 2 ▁IR ▁ 1 4 6 ▁R ▁v ▁K ra use , ▁ 6 6 ▁J P ▁ 1 2 1 , ▁ 1 8 ▁TL R ▁ 2 3 8 ▁R ▁v ▁Anton elli ▁and ▁Bar ber i ▁( 1 9 0 5 ) ▁ 7 0 ▁J P
▁ 4 ▁R ▁v ▁She ph ard ▁[ 1 9 1 9 ] ▁ 2 ▁K B ▁ 1 2 5 , ▁ 1 4 ▁Cr ▁App ▁R ▁ 2 6 , ▁C CA ▁ ▁Vis iting ▁forces ▁ ▁Sol ic iting ▁to ▁murder ▁is ▁an ▁off ence ▁against ▁the ▁person ▁for ▁the ▁purposes ▁of ▁section ▁ 3 ▁of ▁the ▁Vis iting ▁Forces ▁Act ▁ 1 9 5 2 . ▁ ▁Mode ▁of ▁trial ▁ ▁Sol ic iting ▁to ▁murder ▁is ▁an ▁ind ict able - only ▁off ence . ▁ ▁S ent ence ▁ ▁Sol ic iting ▁to ▁murder ▁is ▁pun ish able ▁with ▁imprison ment ▁for ▁life ▁or ▁for ▁any ▁shorter ▁term . ▁ ▁See ▁the ▁Crown ▁Pro secut ion ▁Service ▁sent encing ▁manual . ▁ ▁The ▁following ▁cases ▁are ▁relevant : ▁R ▁v ▁Raw ▁( 1 9 8 3 ) ▁ 5 ▁Cr ▁App ▁R ▁( S ) ▁ 2 2 9 ▁House ley ▁and ▁K ib ble ▁[ 1 9 9 4 ] ▁ 1 5 ▁Cr ▁App ▁R ▁( S ) ▁ 1 5 5 ▁R ▁v ▁Adam th wa ite ▁[ 1 9 9 4 ] ▁ 1 5 ▁Cr ▁App ▁R ▁( S ) ▁ 2 4 1 ▁Attorney - General ' s ▁Reference ▁No ▁ 4 3 ▁of ▁ 1 9 9 6 ▁( Cost aine ) ▁[ 1 9 9 7 ] ▁ 1 ▁Cr ▁App ▁R ▁( S ) ▁ 3 7 8 ▁R ▁v ▁Robinson ▁[ 2 0 0 3 ] ▁
2 ▁Cr ▁App ▁R ▁( S ) ▁ 1 3 ▁R ▁v ▁Mont ague ▁[ 2 0 0 4 ] ▁ 1 ▁Cr ▁App ▁R ▁( S ) ▁ 1 3 7 ▁R ▁v ▁R ai ▁[ 2 0 0 6 ] ▁ 2 ▁Cr ▁App ▁R ▁( S ) ▁ 1 3 ▁R ▁v ▁Sale em , ▁J av ad ▁and ▁M uh id ▁[ 2 0 0 8 ] ▁ 2 ▁Cr ▁App ▁R ▁( S ) ▁ 1 2 ▁'' R ▁v ▁Hills ' ▁ ▁[ 2 0 0 7 ] ▁E W CA ▁Crim ▁ 3 1 5 2 , ▁[ 2 0 0 8 ] ▁ 2 ▁Cr ▁App ▁R ▁( S ) ▁ 2 9 ▁ ▁Or ders ▁on ▁conviction ▁ ▁As ▁to ▁violent ▁off ender ▁orders , ▁see ▁section ▁ 9 8 ( 3 ) ▁of ▁the ▁Crim inal ▁Justice ▁and ▁Imm igration ▁Act ▁ 2 0 0 8 . ▁ ▁History ▁ ▁Init ially , ▁a ▁person ▁guilty ▁of ▁an ▁off ence ▁under ▁section ▁ 4 ▁was ▁li able ▁on ▁conviction ▁to ▁penal ▁serv itude ▁for ▁a ▁term ▁not ▁more ▁than ▁ten ▁and ▁not ▁less ▁than ▁three ▁years ▁or ▁to ▁be ▁imprison ed ▁for ▁a ▁term ▁not ▁exceed ing ▁two ▁years , ▁with ▁or ▁without ▁hard ▁labour . ▁ ▁From ▁ 1 9 4 8 ▁to ▁ 8 ▁September ▁ 1 9 7 7 , ▁the ▁maximum ▁sentence ▁was ▁imprison ment ▁for ▁a ▁term ▁of ▁ten ▁years . ▁ ▁Northern ▁Ireland ▁This ▁off ence ▁is
▁created ▁by ▁section ▁ 4 ▁of ▁the ▁Off ences ▁against ▁the ▁Person ▁Act ▁ 1 8 6 1 . ▁The ▁penalty ▁was ▁increased ▁by ▁article ▁ 5 ( 1 ) ▁of ▁the ▁Crim inal ▁Law ▁( N or thern ▁Ireland ) ▁Order ▁ 1 9 7 7 ▁( S . I . ▁ 1 9 7 7 / 1 2 4 9 ▁( N . I . ▁ 1 6 )). ▁ ▁Republic ▁of ▁Ireland ▁This ▁off ence ▁is ▁created ▁by ▁section ▁ 4 ▁of ▁the ▁Off ences ▁against ▁the ▁Person ▁Act ▁ 1 8 6 1 . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : Cr imes <0x0A> </s> ▁Julia ▁Ter zi ys ka ▁( ; ▁born ▁ 5 ▁March ▁ 1 9 9 6 ) ▁is ▁a ▁Bulgar ian ▁tennis ▁player . ▁ ▁Ter zi ys ka ▁has ▁a ▁career - high ▁W TA ▁singles ▁ranking ▁of ▁world ▁No . ▁ 3 0 7 , ▁achieved ▁on ▁ 2 8 ▁December ▁ 2 0 1 5 . ▁She ▁also ▁has ▁a ▁career - high ▁dou bles ▁ranking ▁of ▁No . ▁ 2 3 8 , ▁achieved ▁on ▁ 5 ▁August ▁ 2 0 1 9 . ▁Ter zi ys ka ▁has ▁won ▁eleven ▁singles ▁and ▁ 1 5 ▁dou bles ▁titles ▁on ▁the ▁IT F ▁Women ' s ▁Circ uit . ▁ ▁Ter zi ys ka ▁made ▁her ▁Fed ▁Cup ▁debut ▁for ▁Bulgar ia ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 8 . ▁Play ing ▁in ▁that ▁competition , ▁she ▁has ▁a ▁win - loss
▁record ▁of ▁ 1 – 1 . ▁ ▁IT F ▁fin als ▁ ▁Singles : ▁ 1 8 ▁( 1 1 ▁titles , ▁ 7 ▁runner – ups ) ▁ ▁Dou bles ▁( 1 5 – 1 5 ) ▁ ▁Fed ▁Cup ▁Ter zi ys ka ▁made ▁her ▁Fed ▁Cup ▁debut ▁for ▁Bulgar ia ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 8 , ▁while ▁the ▁team ▁was ▁competing ▁in ▁the ▁Europe / A frica ▁Zone ▁Group ▁I . ▁Since ▁then , ▁she ▁has ▁an ▁ 1 – 1 ▁dou bles ▁record ▁( 1 – 1 ▁overall ). ▁ ▁Dou bles ▁( 1 – 1 ) ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁Category : 1 9 9 6 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : Bul gar ian ▁female ▁tennis ▁players ▁Category : S ports people ▁from ▁Sof ia <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Israel ▁Mathemat ical ▁Union ▁( IM U ) ▁() ▁is ▁an ▁association ▁of ▁professional ▁mat hem atic ians ▁in ▁Israel . ▁It ▁is ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁European ▁Mathemat ical ▁Society ▁and ▁the ▁International ▁Council ▁for ▁Industrial ▁and ▁Ap plied ▁Mathemat ics , ▁and ▁has ▁recip roc ity ▁membership ▁agreements ▁with ▁the ▁American ▁Mathemat ical ▁Society ▁and ▁the ▁Society ▁for ▁Industrial ▁and ▁Ap plied ▁Mathemat ics . ▁ ▁The ▁Union ▁was ▁founded ▁on ▁ 2 ▁March ▁ 1 9 5 3 ▁and ▁held ▁its ▁first ▁meeting ▁with ▁eleven ▁short ▁lect ures ▁on ▁ 2 8 ▁September ▁of ▁that ▁year . ▁Early ▁members ▁included ▁B iny amin ▁Am ir à , ▁Michael ▁F ek
ete , ▁and ▁Abraham ▁Fra en kel , ▁who ▁represented ▁the ▁Union ▁at ▁the ▁ 1 9 5 4 ▁International ▁Congress ▁of ▁Mat hem atic ians ▁in ▁Amsterdam , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁Sh mu el ▁Ag mon , ▁Jacob ▁Lev itz ki , ▁and ▁D ov ▁J arden . ▁ ▁P riz es ▁The ▁Israel ▁Mathemat ical ▁Union ▁awards ▁three ▁major ▁pri zes : ▁ ▁The ▁Anna ▁and ▁L aj os ▁Er d ős ▁Prize ▁in ▁Mathemat ics , ▁awarded ▁to ▁an ▁Israeli ▁mat hem atic ian ▁under ▁the ▁age ▁of ▁ 4 1 . ▁ ▁The ▁Lev itz ki ▁Prize ▁in ▁Al gebra , ▁awarded ▁bien n ially ▁to ▁a ▁young ▁Israeli ▁mat hem atic ian ▁for ▁research ▁in ▁Al gebra ▁or ▁related ▁areas . ▁ ▁The ▁H aim ▁N ess y ahu ▁Prize ▁in ▁Mathemat ics , ▁awarded ▁for ▁outstanding ▁achievements ▁in ▁a ▁mathematical ▁Ph . D . ▁dis sert ation . ▁ ▁Pres idents ▁▁ ▁Y ak ar ▁K ann ai ▁( 1 9 8 1 – 1 9 8 2 ) ▁ ▁Sh mu el ▁K ant or ov itz ▁( 1 9 8 3 – 1 9 8 4 ) ▁ ▁R aph ael ▁Art zy ▁( 1 9 8 5 – 1 9 8 6 ) ▁ ▁Mos he ▁J arden ▁( 1 9 8 7 – 1 9 8 8 ) ▁ ▁Z vi ▁Z ieg ler ▁( 1 9 8 9 – 1 9 9 0 ) ▁ ▁Y is rael ▁A um ann ▁(
1 9 9 1 – 1 9 9 2 ) ▁ ▁Mir iam ▁Cohen ▁( 1 9 9 3 – 1 9 9 4 ) ▁ ▁Stephen ▁Gel b art ▁( 1 9 9 5 – 1 9 9 6 ) ▁ ▁Lawrence ▁Z al c man ▁( 1 9 9 7 – 1 9 9 8 ) ▁ ▁Joseph ▁Z aks ▁( 1 9 9 9 – 2 0 0 0 ) ▁ ▁V ital i ▁Mil man ▁( 2 0 0 1 – 2 0 0 2 ) ▁ ▁All an ▁Pink us ▁( 2 0 0 3 – 2 0 0 4 ) ▁ ▁Ser gi u ▁Hart ▁( 2 0 0 5 – 2 0 0 6 ) ▁ ▁Michael ▁Lin ▁( 2 0 0 7 – 2 0 0 8 ) ▁ ▁Harry ▁D ym ▁( 2 0 0 9 – 2 0 1 0 ) ▁ ▁Louis ▁H . ▁Row en ▁( 2 0 1 1 – 2 0 1 2 ) ▁ ▁Ale k ▁V ains ht e in ▁( 2 0 1 3 – 2 0 1 4 ) ▁ ▁V ital i ▁Mil man ▁( 2 0 1 5 – 2 0 1 6 ) ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁Einstein ▁Institute ▁of ▁Mathemat ics ▁ ▁Wolf ▁Prize ▁in ▁Mathemat ics ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 5 3 ▁establish ments ▁in ▁Israel ▁Category : Mat hemat ical ▁societies ▁Category : Pro f ess ional ▁associations ▁based ▁in ▁Israel ▁Category : Sc ient
ific ▁organizations ▁based ▁in ▁Israel <0x0A> </s> ▁Dan ▁D ▁( mean ing ▁D - Day ▁in ▁Slov ene ) ▁is ▁a ▁popular ▁Sl oven ian ▁rock ▁band ▁that ▁has ▁been ▁formed ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 6 ▁in ▁Nov o ▁M esto ▁and ▁has ▁published ▁five ▁albums ▁till ▁now . ▁ ▁Band ▁members ▁The ▁group ▁was ▁formed ▁from ▁the ▁rem n ants ▁of ▁the ▁Mercedes ▁Band ▁musical ▁ensemble ▁by ▁the ▁singer ▁Tom isl av ▁J ovan ov ič ▁( nick named ▁Tok ac ) ▁and ▁the ▁drum mer ▁Du š an ▁O br ad in ov ič ▁( nick named ▁Ob ra ) ▁who ▁later ▁invited ▁his ▁friend ▁Mark o ▁Turk ▁( T u č o ) ▁as ▁the ▁rhythm ▁guitar , ▁Pr imo ž ▁Š pel ko ▁as ▁the ▁bass ▁guitar , ▁and ▁Ale š ▁Bart el j ▁as ▁the ▁solo ▁guitar . ▁After ▁Pr imo ž ▁Š pel ko ▁and ▁Ale š ▁Bart el j ▁left , ▁the ▁band ▁invited ▁the ▁bass ▁guitar ist ▁Andre j ▁Z up an č ič ▁and ▁the ▁keyboard ist ▁Bo št jan ▁Gr ub ar , ▁and ▁Tok ac ▁started ▁to ▁also ▁play ▁guitar . ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 6 , ▁Andre j ▁Z up an č ič ▁was ▁replaced ▁by ▁Nik ola ▁S ek ul ov ič ▁as ▁the ▁bass ▁guitar ist . ▁ ▁Per form ances ▁In ▁March ▁ 2 0 0 7 , ▁Dan ▁D ▁and ▁the ▁S idd h arta ▁band ▁performed ▁at ▁the ▁presentation ▁of ▁the ▁Sl oven ian
▁media ▁award ▁Vik tor ▁in ▁the ▁C ank ar ▁Hall ▁in ▁L j ubl j ana ▁the ▁joint ▁version ▁of ▁the ▁Dan ▁D ' s ▁V oda ▁and ▁the ▁S idd h arta ' s ▁song ▁Male ▁ro ke . ▁This ▁version ▁later ▁became ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁biggest ▁hits ▁of ▁the ▁year ▁in ▁Sl oven ia . ▁The ▁next ▁day ▁the ▁two ▁groups ▁were ▁presented ▁in ▁the ▁TV ▁show ▁T ist ega ▁le pe ga ▁pop old ne va , ▁broadcast ▁by ▁TV ▁Sl oven ija , ▁the ▁Sl oven ian ▁national ▁TV ▁station . ▁▁▁ ▁On ▁ 1 3 ▁September ▁and ▁ 1 4 ▁September ▁ 2 0 0 9 , ▁the ▁band ▁performed ▁in ▁K ri ž an ke , ▁a ▁performance ▁place ▁in ▁L j ubl j ana , ▁alongside ▁the ▁R TV ▁Sl oven ia ▁Sym phony ▁Orchestra . ▁The ▁concert ▁was ▁broadcast ▁by ▁TV ▁Sl oven ija ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁by ▁Val ▁ 2 0 2 , ▁the ▁Sl oven ian ▁national ▁ ▁radio ▁station . ▁ ▁Disc ography ▁▁▁ 1 9 9 7 : ▁I gra ▁▁ 1 9 9 9 : ▁Ko ▁h odi š ▁nad ▁ob l aki ▁▁ 2 0 0 4 : ▁Kat ere ▁bar ve ▁je ▁t voj ▁dan ▁▁ 2 0 0 9 : ▁U re ▁le ten ja ▁za ▁ek str av ag ant ne ▁pt ice ▁▁ 2 0 0 9 : ▁Dan ▁ 2 0 2 ▁( live ▁CD / D VD ) ▁▁ 2 0 1 2
: ▁Pol eno ▁( limited ▁edition ▁music ▁c ass ette ) ▁▁ 2 0 1 3 : ▁Ti ho ▁( live ▁ac oustic ▁CD ) ▁▁ 2 0 1 5 : ▁DNA ▁D ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁▁▁▁▁ ▁Category : Sl oven ian ▁rock ▁music ▁groups <0x0A> </s> ▁Support ▁Your ▁Local ▁Sher iff ! ▁( also ▁known ▁as ▁The ▁Sher iff ) ▁is ▁a ▁ 1 9 6 9 ▁American ▁comedy ▁western ▁film ▁directed ▁by ▁B urt ▁Kennedy ▁and ▁star ring ▁James ▁Gar ner , ▁Joan ▁H ack ett , ▁and ▁Walter ▁Bren nan . ▁The ▁supporting ▁cast ▁features ▁Harry ▁Morgan , ▁Jack ▁El am , ▁Bruce ▁D ern ▁and ▁Ch ub by ▁Johnson . ▁The ▁picture ▁was ▁distributed ▁by ▁United ▁Art ists ▁and ▁produced ▁by ▁William ▁Bow ers ▁( who ▁also ▁wrote ▁the ▁screen play ) ▁and ▁Bill ▁Fin ne gan . ▁ ▁The ▁film ▁par od ies ▁the ▁icon ic ▁story ▁of ▁the ▁western ▁hero ▁who ▁t ames ▁a ▁law less ▁front ier ▁town . ▁Its ▁title ▁was ▁derived ▁from ▁a ▁popular ▁ 1 9 6 0 s ▁campaign ▁sl ogan ▁" Support ▁Your ▁Local ▁Police ". ▁ ▁Plot ▁The ▁Old ▁West ▁town ▁of ▁Cal endar , ▁Colorado , ▁spring s ▁up ▁almost ▁overnight ▁when ▁cl um sy , ▁hot headed ▁P ru dy ▁Per kins ▁( Jo an ▁H ack ett ) ▁not ices ▁gold ▁in ▁a ▁fresh ly ▁dug ▁grave ▁during ▁a ▁funeral . ▁Her ▁father ▁Ol ly ▁( H arry ▁Morgan ) ▁becomes ▁mayor ▁of
▁the ▁new ▁settlement . ▁He ▁and ▁the ▁other ▁members ▁of ▁the ▁town ▁council ▁( Hen ry ▁Jones , ▁Walter ▁Bur ke ) ▁be mo an ▁the ▁town ' s ▁descent ▁into ▁chaos ▁and ▁corruption , ▁and ▁are ▁tired ▁of ▁the ▁toll s ▁exact ed ▁on ▁their ▁gold ▁ship ments ▁by ▁the ▁Dan b ys , ▁a ▁family ▁of ▁near - out l aws ▁who ▁control ▁the ▁only ▁shipping ▁route ▁out ▁of ▁town . ▁The ▁town ▁has ▁no ▁sh er iff , ▁as ▁most ▁people ▁are ▁too ▁busy ▁prospect ing , ▁and ▁the ▁few ▁who ▁have ▁taken ▁the ▁job ▁have ▁been ▁run ▁out ▁of ▁town ▁or ▁killed . ▁ ▁Jason ▁McC ull ough ▁( J ames ▁Gar ner ), ▁a ▁confident ▁and ▁exception ally ▁skilled ▁gun fig h ter ▁who ▁says ▁he ▁is ▁only ▁passing ▁through ▁town ▁on ▁his ▁way ▁to ▁Australia , ▁sees ▁Joe ▁Dan by ▁( B ru ce ▁D ern ) ▁gun ▁down ▁a ▁man ▁in ▁the ▁town ' s ▁sal oon . ▁Need ing ▁money ▁after ▁encounter ing ▁the ▁town ' s ▁ruin ous ▁rate ▁of ▁inflation , ▁McC ull ough ▁takes ▁the ▁job ▁of ▁sh er iff , ▁impress ing ▁the ▁mayor ▁and ▁council ▁with ▁his ▁unc anny ▁mark sm ans hip . ▁He ▁breaks ▁up ▁a ▁street ▁b raw l , ▁and ▁later ▁at ▁the ▁Per kins ▁house ▁meets ▁P ru dy , ▁despite ▁her ▁attempts ▁to ▁avoid ▁him ▁due ▁to ▁her ▁embarrass ing ▁circumstances . ▁McC ull ough ▁arrest s ▁Joe ▁and ▁toss es ▁him ▁in ▁the
▁town ' s ▁un finished ▁jail , ▁which ▁lack s ▁bars ▁for ▁the ▁cell ▁doors ▁and ▁windows , ▁keeping ▁the ▁dim w itted ▁Joe ▁in ▁his ▁cell ▁through ▁tricks ▁and ▁psychology . ▁ ▁McC ull ough ▁acqu ires ▁a ▁reluct ant ▁deputy ▁in ▁sc ru ff y ▁Jake ▁( Jack ▁El am ), ▁previously ▁known ▁as ▁the ▁" town ▁character ". ▁Joe ' s ▁arrest ▁inf uri ates ▁his ▁father , ▁Pa ▁Dan by ▁( W alter ▁Bren nan ), ▁who ▁is ▁not ▁acc ustom ed ▁to ▁his ▁family ▁being ▁challenged . ▁Pa ▁Dan by ▁mount s ▁various ▁attempts ▁to ▁get ▁Joe ▁out ▁of ▁jail , ▁and ▁when ▁those ▁fail , ▁sends ▁in ▁a ▁string ▁of ▁hired ▁guns , ▁whom ▁McC ull ough ▁defe ats ▁with ▁ease . ▁Meanwhile , ▁McC ull ough ▁en lists ▁Jake ' s ▁help ▁in ▁an ▁un successful ▁attempt ▁to ▁prospect ▁for ▁gold , ▁and ▁sp ars ▁rom ant ically ▁with ▁P ru dy . ▁ ▁After ▁numerous ▁failures ▁to ▁re assert ▁himself ▁over ▁McC ull ough ▁and ▁the ▁town , ▁Pa ▁Dan by ▁en lists ▁a ▁host ▁of ▁his ▁relatives ▁to ▁launch ▁an ▁all - out ▁assault . ▁When ▁the ▁news ▁reaches ▁McC ull ough , ▁he ▁initially ▁tells ▁P ru dy ▁he ▁has ▁decided ▁to ▁simply ▁leave ▁town ▁and ▁resume ▁his ▁trip ▁to ▁Australia , ▁but ▁when ▁she ▁express es ▁her ▁sinc ere ▁approval ▁of ▁this ▁sensible ▁idea , ▁he ▁decl ares ▁it ▁to ▁be ▁cow ard ly ▁and ▁announ ces ▁he ▁is ▁staying ▁instead .
▁The ▁rest ▁of ▁the ▁town sf olk ▁officially ▁vote ▁to ▁stay ▁out ▁of ▁the ▁conflict , ▁and ▁not ▁help ▁in ▁any ▁way . ▁Thus , ▁the ▁Dan by ▁clan ▁r ides ▁in ▁faced ▁only ▁by ▁McC ull ough , ▁Jake , ▁and ▁P ru dy . ▁After ▁a ▁length y ▁but ▁un product ive ▁gun f ight , ▁McC ull ough ▁bl uffs ▁his ▁way ▁to ▁victory ▁using ▁Joe ▁as ▁a ▁host age ▁and ▁the ▁old ▁can non ▁mounted ▁in ▁the ▁center ▁of ▁town . ▁As ▁all ▁the ▁Dan b ys ▁are ▁mar ched ▁off ▁to ▁jail , ▁the ▁supposed ly ▁un loaded ▁can non ▁fires , ▁sm ashing ▁Mad ame ▁O rr ' s , ▁the ▁town ▁bro the l , ▁and ▁scattering ▁the ▁resident ▁prost itutes ▁and ▁the ▁four ▁civ ic ▁leaders ▁who ▁were ▁inside . ▁ ▁Sher iff ▁McC ull ough ▁and ▁P ru dy ▁get ▁engaged . ▁In ▁a ▁closing ▁mon olog ue , ▁Jake ▁breaks ▁the ▁film ' s ▁fourth ▁wall ▁and ▁directly ▁inform s ▁the ▁audience ▁that ▁they ▁get ▁married ▁and ▁McC ull ough ▁goes ▁on ▁to ▁become ▁governor ▁of ▁the ▁state ▁of ▁Colorado , ▁never ▁making ▁it ▁to ▁Australia ▁( although ▁he ▁reads ▁about ▁it ▁a ▁lot ), ▁while ▁Jake ▁becomes ▁sh er iff ▁and ▁" one ▁of ▁the ▁most ▁beloved ▁characters ▁in ▁western ▁fol kl ore ". ▁ ▁Cast ▁▁ ▁James ▁Gar ner ▁as ▁Jason ▁McC ull ough ▁ ▁Joan ▁H ack ett ▁as ▁P ru dy ▁Per kins ▁ ▁Walter ▁Bren nan ▁as ▁Pa
▁Dan by ▁ ▁Harry ▁Morgan ▁as ▁Ol ly ▁Per kins ▁ ▁Jack ▁El am ▁as ▁Jake ▁ ▁Henry ▁Jones ▁as ▁Henry ▁Jackson ▁ ▁Bruce ▁D ern ▁as ▁Joe ▁Dan by ▁▁▁▁ ▁Will is ▁Bou che y ▁as ▁Thomas ▁De very ▁ ▁Kath leen ▁Fre eman ▁as ▁Mrs . ▁Dan vers ▁▁ ▁Walter ▁Bur ke ▁as ▁Fred ▁Johnson ▁ ▁Ch ub by ▁Johnson ▁as ▁Br ady ▁▁ ▁Gene ▁Evans ▁as ▁Tom ▁Dan by ▁ ▁Dick ▁Pe ab ody ▁as ▁Luke ▁Dan by ▁ ▁Dick ▁Hay nes ▁as ▁Bart ender ▁ ▁Production ▁Support ▁Your ▁Local ▁Sher iff ! ▁was ▁the ▁first ▁producing ▁effort ▁by ▁Gar ner ▁and ▁his ▁ ▁Cher oke e ▁production ▁company , ▁completed ▁on ▁a ▁" sh o est ring " ▁budget ▁of ▁$ 7 5 0 , 0 0 0 . ▁Early ▁in ▁pre - production , ▁Param ount ▁Pictures ▁threatened ▁a ▁lawsuit ▁as ▁the ▁studio ▁cont ended ▁that ▁the ▁first ▁scene ▁was ▁" l ift ed " ▁from ▁their ▁musical ▁P aint ▁Your ▁W agon ▁( 1 9 6 9 ) ▁where ▁a ▁similar ▁gold ▁mine ▁discovery ▁is ▁featured . ▁Eventually , ▁Gar ner ▁was ▁able ▁to ▁show ▁where ▁the ▁original ▁screen play ▁had ▁found ▁its ▁source ▁material , ▁and ▁the ▁lawsuit ▁went ▁away . ▁ ▁Re ception ▁Support ▁Your ▁Local ▁Sher iff ▁was ▁considered ▁a ▁" b omb " ▁as ▁it ▁did ▁not ▁do ▁any ▁business ▁in ▁its ▁first ▁week , ▁with ▁United ▁Art ists ▁cl am our ing ▁to ▁pull ▁the ▁film . ▁Gar ner ▁challenged ▁them ▁to
▁match ▁a ▁$ 1 0 , 0 0 0 ▁stake ▁to ▁keep ▁the ▁film ▁in ▁one ▁theatre ▁for ▁a ▁week . ▁The ▁result ▁was ▁impressive ▁as ▁" word ▁of ▁mouth " ▁increased ▁attendance ▁until ▁there ▁were ▁crowds ▁around ▁the ▁theatre ▁by ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁engagement . ▁Support ▁Your ▁Local ▁Sher iff ▁was ▁the ▁ 2 0 th ▁most ▁popular ▁film ▁at ▁the ▁U . S . ▁box ▁office ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 9 . ▁ ▁Follow - up ▁In ▁ 1 9 7 1 ▁director ▁B urt ▁Kennedy ▁re - te amed ▁with ▁James ▁Gar ner , ▁Harry ▁Morgan , ▁and ▁Jack ▁El am ▁to ▁make ▁another ▁western ▁comedy , ▁Support ▁Your ▁Local ▁Gun fig h ter , ▁with ▁different ▁characters ▁but ▁a ▁similar ▁comed ic ▁tone . ▁Many ▁of ▁the ▁original ▁supporting ▁cast ▁re - appe ared ▁as ▁well . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁List ▁of ▁American ▁films ▁of ▁ 1 9 6 9 ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Notes ▁ ▁Cit ations ▁ ▁Bibli ography ▁▁ ▁Gar ner , ▁James ▁and ▁John ▁Win ok ur . ▁The ▁Gar ner ▁Files : ▁A ▁Mem oir . ▁New ▁York : ▁Simon ▁& ▁Sch uster , ▁ 2 0 1 1 . ▁. ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁James ▁Gar ner ▁Inter view ▁on ▁the ▁Charlie ▁Rose ▁Show ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 6 9 ▁films ▁Category : English - language ▁films ▁Category : 1 9 6 0 s ▁Western ▁( gen re ) ▁comedy ▁films ▁Category : American ▁films ▁Category : American
▁Western ▁( gen re ) ▁comedy ▁films ▁Category : American ▁par ody ▁films ▁Category : 1 9 6 0 s ▁par ody ▁films ▁Category : Fil ms ▁directed ▁by ▁B urt ▁Kennedy ▁Category : Fil ms ▁shot ▁in ▁Los ▁Angeles ▁Category : Fil ms ▁set ▁in ▁Colorado <0x0A> </s> ▁Mark ▁J . ▁Card illo ▁is ▁an ▁American ▁chem ist ▁currently ▁at ▁The ▁Cam ille ▁and ▁Henry ▁D rey f us ▁Foundation ▁and ▁an ▁E lected ▁Fellow ▁of ▁the ▁American ▁Association ▁for ▁the ▁Adv ance ment ▁of ▁Science . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : F ell ows ▁of ▁the ▁American ▁Association ▁for ▁the ▁Adv ance ment ▁of ▁Science ▁Category : Place ▁of ▁birth ▁missing ▁( l iving ▁people ) ▁Category : Year ▁of ▁birth ▁missing ▁( l iving ▁people ) ▁ ▁He ▁ ▁received ▁his ▁PhD ▁in ▁Chem istry ▁from ▁Corn ell ▁University ▁and ▁then ▁worked ▁as ▁ ▁a ▁post ▁doctor al ▁fellow ▁in ▁Gen oa , It aly . After wards ▁he ▁was ▁a ▁Post ▁doctor al ▁Fellow ▁at ▁MIT ▁in ▁Richard ▁S wo eb el ' s ▁group . ▁From ▁there ▁he ▁accepted ▁a ▁position ▁at ▁( AT ▁& ▁T ) ▁Bell ▁Labor ator ies ▁in ▁Murray ▁Hill , New ▁Jersey . ▁ ▁He left ▁and ▁became ▁Executive Direct or , D rey f us ▁Foundation ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 5 . <0x0A> </s> ▁Edward ▁Coff man ▁may ▁refer ▁to : ▁▁ ▁Edward ▁M . ▁Coff man , ▁military ▁historian ▁ ▁Edward ▁G . ▁Coff
man ▁Jr . ▁( born ▁ 1 9 3 4 ), ▁computer ▁scientist ▁ ▁Edward ▁N . ▁Coff man ▁( 1 9 4 2 – 2 0 1 4 ), ▁American ▁accounting ▁scholar ▁and ▁professor ▁of ▁accounting <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Commission ▁on ▁W art ime ▁Rel ocation ▁and ▁Intern ment ▁of ▁C iv ilians ▁( C WR IC ) ▁was ▁a ▁group ▁of ▁nine ▁people ▁appointed ▁by ▁the ▁U . S . ▁Congress ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 0 ▁to ▁conduct ▁an ▁official ▁government al ▁study ▁into ▁the ▁intern ment ▁of ▁Japanese ▁Americans ▁during ▁World ▁War ▁II . ▁ ▁Pro ceed ings ▁The ▁Commission ▁examined ▁Executive ▁Order ▁ 9 0 6 6 ▁( 1 9 4 2 ), ▁related ▁orders ▁during ▁World ▁War ▁II , ▁and ▁their ▁effects ▁on ▁Japanese ▁Americans ▁in ▁the ▁West ▁and ▁Alaska ▁N atives ▁in ▁the ▁P rib il of ▁Islands . ▁ ▁It ▁was ▁directed ▁to ▁look ▁at ▁the ▁circumstances ▁and ▁facts ▁involving ▁the ▁impact ▁of ▁Executive ▁Order ▁ 9 0 6 6 ▁on ▁American ▁citizens ▁and ▁on ▁permanent ▁resident ▁al iens . ▁It ▁was ▁also ▁directed ▁to ▁look ▁at ▁the ▁direct ives ▁of ▁the ▁U . S . ▁military ▁and ▁their ▁det ention ▁in ▁intern ment ▁camps ▁and ▁rel ocation ▁of ▁these ▁people . ▁ ▁In ▁July ▁ 1 9 8 1 , ▁the ▁Commission ▁held ▁public ▁hear ings ▁in ▁Washington , ▁D . C . ▁to ▁hear ▁testimony ▁from ▁Japanese - American ▁and ▁Alaska ▁Native ▁witnesses . ▁Public ▁hear ings ▁followed ▁in ▁other ▁American ▁cities ,
▁including ▁Seattle , ▁San ▁Francisco , ▁Cambridge , ▁New ▁York ▁City , ▁An ch orage , ▁the ▁Ale ut ian ▁Islands , ▁P rib il of ▁Islands ▁( St . ▁Paul ), ▁Chicago , ▁and ▁Los ▁Angeles , ▁where ▁the ▁testim on ies ▁were ▁recorded . ▁More ▁than ▁ 7 5 0 ▁people ▁test ified . ▁The ▁Commission ▁then ▁wrote ▁up ▁a ▁report ▁presenting ▁it ▁to ▁Congress . ▁ ▁Find ings ▁First , ▁the ▁Commission ▁looked ▁at ▁the ▁decision ▁of ▁the ▁excl usion , ▁the ▁just ification ▁for ▁this , ▁and ▁the ▁conditions ▁that ▁permitted ▁the ▁decision . ▁The ▁decision ▁they ▁found ▁was ▁mostly ▁based ▁on ▁fear ▁and ▁racism . ▁There ▁was ▁a ▁lot ▁of ▁public ▁fear ▁at ▁the ▁time ▁due ▁to ▁racial ▁stere ot ypes . ▁The ▁just ification ▁by ▁General ▁De W itt , ▁the ▁man ▁who ▁recommended ▁this ▁action , ▁was ▁found ▁to ▁be ▁un reason able ▁and ▁racist . ▁He ▁claimed ▁that ▁the ▁Japanese ▁demonstrated ▁a ▁military ▁danger ; ▁however , ▁the ▁majority ▁of ▁the ▁Japanese ▁population ▁were ▁law - ab iding ▁civ ilians ▁so ▁this ▁clearly ▁was ▁not ▁the ▁case . ▁The ▁General ' s ▁next ▁just ification ▁was ▁that ▁the ▁Japanese ▁were ▁not ▁loyal . ▁The ▁Commission ▁found ▁this ▁" dis lo yal ty " ▁to ▁be ▁based ▁on ▁the ▁different ▁culture ▁the ▁Japanese ▁had . ▁This ▁was ▁clearly ▁not ▁dis lo yal ty , ▁but ▁a ▁mere ▁difference ▁in ▁culture ▁and ▁pos ed ▁no ▁threat ▁to ▁military ▁security . ▁The ▁Commission ▁then ▁wondered ▁how ▁such ▁a
▁decision ▁could ▁have ▁allowed ▁this ▁decision ▁to ▁be ▁permitted ▁when ▁the ▁just ification ▁had ▁no ▁clear ▁basis . ▁They ▁found ▁out ▁that ▁it ▁was ▁allowed ▁because ▁many ▁people ▁really ▁did ▁believe ▁in ▁this ▁ethnic ity ▁determined ▁loyalty ▁and ▁were ▁afraid ▁of ▁the ▁Japanese . ▁Also , ▁the ▁President ▁at ▁the ▁time , ▁Franklin ▁D . ▁Roosevelt , ▁wanted ▁to ▁calm ▁the ▁public ▁and ▁get ▁rid ▁of ▁any ▁rum ors ▁surrounding ▁the ▁attack ▁on ▁Pearl ▁Harbor . ▁ ▁The ▁Commission ▁then ▁examined ▁the ▁det ention ▁of ▁these ▁ethnic ▁Japanese ▁civ ilians ▁and ▁the ▁effects ▁of ▁this ▁excl usion ▁and ▁det ention . ▁The ▁decision ▁to ▁det ain ▁was ▁found ▁by ▁the ▁Commission ▁to ▁be ▁due ▁to ▁the ▁believed ▁threat ▁the ▁Japanese ▁were ▁potential ▁sp ies ▁and ▁sab ote urs ; ▁but ▁as ▁found ▁before , ▁this ▁was ▁extremely ▁unlikely . ▁These ▁camps ▁were ▁cruel ▁and ▁in hum ane . ▁People ▁were ▁hous ed ▁in ▁rooms ▁of ▁twenty ▁by ▁twenty - four ▁feet . ▁These ▁" h ouses " ▁were ▁for ▁a ▁full ▁family ▁no ▁matter ▁the ▁size . ▁The ▁children , ▁in ▁an ▁attempt ▁to ▁American ize ▁them , ▁were ▁forced ▁to ▁sal ute ▁the ▁flag ▁and ▁sing ▁" My ▁Country , ▁' T is ▁of ▁The e ". ▁This ▁song ▁was ▁about ▁liberty ▁and ▁freedom , ▁whereas ▁here ▁these ▁children ▁were ▁forced ▁to ▁live ▁in ▁these ▁cruel ▁camps . ▁Many ▁adults ▁were ▁also ▁forced ▁to ▁do ▁very ▁hard ▁and ▁physically ▁intense ▁labor . ▁These ▁camps , ▁the ▁Commission ▁found , ▁did ▁much ▁psychological
▁and ▁physical ▁damage ▁to ▁the ▁civ ilians ▁in ▁them . ▁ ▁Report ▁and ▁recommendations ▁In ▁ 1 9 8 3 , ▁the ▁C WR IC ▁issued ▁its ▁findings ▁in ▁Personal ▁Justice ▁Den ied , ▁concl uding ▁that ▁the ▁inc ar cer ation ▁of ▁Japanese ▁Americans ▁had ▁not ▁been ▁justified ▁by ▁military ▁necessity . ▁The ▁Commission ▁even ▁stated : ▁" A ▁grave ▁in just ice ▁was ▁done ▁to ▁American ▁citizens ▁and ▁resident ▁al iens ▁of ▁Japanese ▁ancest ry ▁who , ▁without ▁individual ▁review ▁or ▁any ▁prob ative ▁evidence ▁against ▁them ..." ▁ ▁The ▁report ▁determined ▁that ▁the ▁decision ▁to ▁inc ar cer ate ▁was ▁based ▁on ▁" rac ial ▁prejud ice , ▁w art ime ▁h yst eria , ▁and ▁a ▁failure ▁of ▁political ▁leadership ." ▁The ▁Commission ▁concluded ▁that ▁the ▁inc ar cer ation ▁of ▁Japanese ▁Americans ▁during ▁World ▁War ▁II ▁was ▁a ▁" gr ave ▁in just ice ". ▁ ▁Last ly , ▁the ▁Commission ▁recommended ▁legisl ative ▁rem ed ies : ▁an ▁official ▁Government ▁ap ology ▁and ▁red ress ▁payments ▁to ▁survivors . ▁Congress ▁passed ▁legislation ▁and ▁on ▁August ▁ 1 0 , ▁ 1 9 8 8 , ▁the ▁Civil ▁Liber ties ▁Act ▁of ▁ 1 9 8 8 ▁was ▁signed ▁into ▁law . ▁The ▁Act ' s ▁purposes ▁included ▁the ▁government ' s ▁acknowled ging ▁and ▁apolog izing ▁for ▁the ▁in just ice ▁of ▁the ▁evac uation ▁and ▁intern ment ▁of ▁U . S . ▁citizens ▁and ▁long - term ▁residents ; ▁creating ▁a ▁public ▁education ▁fund ▁to ▁inform
▁the ▁public ; ▁making ▁rest itution ▁to ▁parties ▁affected ; ▁discour aging ▁a ▁similar ▁event ▁from ▁happening ▁in ▁the ▁future ; ▁and ▁demonstr ating ▁the ▁U . S .' ▁consideration ▁of ▁human ▁rights ▁viol ations . ▁By ▁this ▁act ▁and ▁a ▁related ▁one ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 2 , ▁the ▁US ▁government ▁paid ▁re par ations ▁to ▁more ▁than ▁ 8 2 , 2 0 0 ▁Japanese ▁Americans . ▁ ▁Members ▁of ▁the ▁Commission ▁ ▁Joan ▁Z . ▁Bern stein , ▁Chair ▁Daniel ▁E . ▁L ung ren , ▁Vice - Ch air ▁Edward ▁W . ▁Bro oke ▁Robert ▁F . ▁Dr in an ▁Arthur ▁S . ▁F lem ming ▁Arthur ▁J . ▁Gold berg ▁I sh ma el ▁V . ▁G rom off ▁William ▁M . ▁Mar ut ani ▁Hugh ▁B . ▁Mitchell ▁Ang us ▁Mac b eth ▁( Special ▁Coun sel ) ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁ ▁A ▁Guide ▁to ▁The ▁Commission ▁on ▁the ▁W art ime ▁Rel ocation ▁and ▁Intern ment ▁of ▁C iv ilians ▁( C WR IC ) ▁Los ▁Angeles ▁H ear ings ▁Video ▁Collection , ▁ 1 9 8 1 . ▁ ▁Category : Intern ment ▁of ▁Japanese ▁Americans <0x0A> </s> ▁R BC ▁Pl aza ▁may ▁refer ▁to ▁several ▁current ▁and ▁former ▁office ▁tow ers ▁of ▁the ▁Royal ▁Bank ▁of ▁Canada : ▁ ▁Current ▁Royal ▁Bank ▁Pl aza , ▁Toronto , ▁Ontario ▁R BC ▁Pl aza ▁( Min ne apolis ), ▁Minnesota ▁ ▁Former ▁P NC ▁Pl aza ▁( R ale igh ),
▁North ▁Carolina <0x0A> </s> ▁Jay ne ▁Claire ▁King ▁( born ▁Jay ne ▁Claire ▁Se ed ; ▁ 1 0 ▁January ▁ 1 9 6 2 ) ▁is ▁an ▁English ▁actress . ▁She ▁is ▁best ▁known ▁for ▁playing ▁Kim ▁T ate ▁in ▁the ▁IT V ▁soap ▁opera ▁Em mer dale ▁( 1 9 8 9 – 1 9 9 9 , ▁ 2 0 1 8 – present ) ▁and ▁Karen ▁Bet ts ▁in ▁Bad ▁Girls . ▁She ▁has ▁appeared ▁in ▁the ▁fourth ▁series ▁of ▁Str ict ly ▁Come ▁D ancing ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 6 , ▁Saf ari ▁School ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 7 , ▁and ▁Cele br ity ▁Big ▁Brother ▁ 1 4 ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 4 . ▁She ▁played ▁Er ica ▁Hol ro yd ▁in ▁Cor on ation ▁Street ▁from ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁until ▁ 2 0 1 7 . ▁ ▁She ▁has ▁appeared ▁in ▁p anto ▁at ▁the ▁Grand ▁Opera ▁House , ▁B elf ast ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 7 ▁as ▁the ▁Mag ical ▁Mer ma id ▁in ▁Peter ▁Pan . ▁ ▁Early ▁life ▁and ▁early ▁career ▁King ▁grew ▁up ▁in ▁Har ro gate ▁with ▁her ▁brother ▁and ▁sister . ▁King ▁attended ▁Har ro gate ▁Lad ies ▁College , ▁and ▁as ▁a ▁punk ▁chose ▁a ▁career ▁in ▁the ▁music ▁business , ▁as ▁a ▁disc ▁j ockey ▁in ▁a ▁Le eds ▁night club . ▁She ▁then ▁managed , ▁sang ▁and ▁played ▁key boards ▁in ▁the ▁Altern ative ▁Pop ▁group ▁F ide i ▁and ▁later
▁To ▁Be ▁Contin ued ▁as ▁lead ▁singer . ▁ ▁Her ▁career ▁moved ▁her ▁to ▁London , ▁where ▁she ▁lived ▁with ▁Geoff ▁Bird , ▁alias ▁guitar ist ▁C obal t ▁St arg az er ▁of ▁the ▁group ▁Z od iac ▁Mind w arp ▁and ▁the ▁Love ▁Re action . ▁After ▁making ▁her ▁acting ▁debut ▁in ▁the ▁LA ▁Mix ▁video ▁Check ▁this ▁Out ▁as ▁the ▁bl onde ▁girl ▁with ▁the ▁glasses , ▁after ▁previously ▁dancing ▁in ▁one ▁of ▁Z od iac ▁Mind w arp ' s ▁videos , ▁the ▁relationship ▁broke ▁down ▁and ▁she ▁became ▁a ▁rock ▁n ▁roll ▁group ie . ▁After ▁a ▁series ▁of ▁short ▁term ▁relationships , ▁she ▁decided ▁to ▁become ▁an ▁actress , ▁but ▁when ▁she ▁tried ▁to ▁register ▁with ▁actors ▁union ▁Equ ity , ▁she ▁found ▁there ▁was ▁already ▁another ▁Claire ▁Se ed , ▁so ▁changed ▁her ▁name ▁to ▁King ▁in ▁light ▁of ▁her ▁love ▁of ▁horse ▁racing ▁( the ▁sport ▁of ▁kings ) ▁and ▁her ▁favourite ▁singer ▁El vis ▁Pres ley . ▁ ▁Other ▁work ▁▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 8 7 , ▁King ▁played ▁a ▁role ▁in ▁the ▁film ▁E at ▁the ▁Rich . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 8 8 , ▁King ▁appeared ▁in ▁an ▁episode ▁of ▁W ish ▁Me ▁Luck ▁as ▁a ▁Cin ema ▁Us her ette . ▁In ▁ 1 9 8 9 , ▁she ▁appeared ▁in ▁the ▁film ▁Cold ▁Light ▁of ▁Day ▁as ▁a ▁Pro st itute . ▁Soon ▁after ▁she ▁joined ▁the ▁cast ▁of ▁the ▁IT V ▁soap ▁opera ▁Em mer dale ▁as
▁Kim ▁T ate ▁a ▁role ▁she ▁played ▁for ▁ten ▁years ▁before ▁leaving ▁the ▁show ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 9 . ▁She ▁had ▁a ▁role ▁in ▁an ▁episode ▁of ▁Bab es ▁in ▁the ▁Wood ▁as ▁Angela . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 0 , ▁she ▁joined ▁the ▁cast ▁of ▁Bad ▁Girls ▁playing ▁wing ▁governor ▁Karen ▁Bet ts . ▁She ▁left ▁the ▁programme ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 4 ▁after ▁four ▁years ▁on ▁the ▁show . ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 2 , ▁she ▁appeared ▁in ▁an ▁episode ▁of ▁Do ctors ▁as ▁Jenny ▁H ennes sey ▁in ▁the ▁episode ▁" Into ▁The ▁Sh adows ". ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 4 , ▁King ▁had ▁a ▁role ▁in ▁an ▁episode ▁of ▁the ▁sit com ▁Down ▁to ▁Earth ▁as ▁Paul a ▁W ak eman ▁and ▁appeared ▁in ▁one ▁episode ▁of ▁Dal z iel ▁and ▁Pas co e ▁as ▁Louise ▁Russell ▁in ▁the ▁episode ▁entitled : ▁" St ill ▁Wat ers ". ▁Later ▁that ▁year , ▁King ▁played ▁Mad eline ▁Jackson - C arter ▁in ▁four ▁episodes ▁of ▁the ▁hit ▁drama ▁TV ▁show ▁The ▁Court room . ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 5 , ▁she ▁appeared ▁as ▁Andrea ▁Mason ▁Q C , ▁a ▁barr ister ▁for ▁Justin ▁Bur ton ▁in ▁ 6 ▁episodes ▁of ▁the ▁Channel ▁ 4 ▁soap ▁opera ▁Holly o aks . ▁She ▁later ▁appeared ▁as ▁Jan ice ▁Perry ▁in ▁an ▁episode ▁of ▁Hol by ▁City ▁called ▁" Not ▁Another ▁Car ▁W reck ". ▁She ▁appeared ▁in ▁The ▁After noon ▁Play ▁in ▁the ▁episode
▁" The ▁Good ▁Cit izen " ▁as ▁Jo anna ▁Clay ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁Sally ▁Parker ▁in ▁an ▁episode ▁of ▁TV ▁series ▁Don ovan . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 6 , ▁King ▁participated ▁and ▁appeared ▁in ▁the ▁fourth ▁series ▁of ▁the ▁BBC ▁reality ▁show ▁Str ict ly ▁Come ▁D ancing ▁she ▁finished ▁overall ▁in ▁sixth ▁place . ▁King ▁also ▁appeared ▁in ▁ 5 ▁episodes ▁of ▁Holly o aks : ▁In ▁The ▁City ▁as ▁business ▁woman ▁St ella ▁and ▁as ▁G ina ▁in ▁an ▁episode ▁of ▁May o ▁in ▁Episode ▁ 1 . 7 . ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 7 , ▁she ▁was ▁a ▁contest ant ▁in ▁the ▁BBC ▁Two ▁reality - te lev ision ▁show ▁Saf ari ▁School ▁fil med ▁in ▁South ▁African ▁bush ▁where ▁she ▁finished ▁in ▁third ▁place ▁overall . ▁King ▁appeared ▁in ▁two ▁episodes ▁of ▁the ▁TV ▁show ▁The ▁Py ram id ▁Game . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 8 , ▁King ▁appeared ▁in ▁an ▁episode ▁of ▁the ▁medical ▁drama ▁The ▁Royal ▁as ▁Lucy ▁Bay l iss ▁in ▁the ▁episode ▁" Sl ings ▁And ▁Ar rows ". ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 8 , ▁King ▁appeared ▁as ▁a ▁pan ell ist ▁on ▁the ▁Channel ▁ 5 ▁top ical ▁debate ▁show ▁The ▁Wright ▁St uff ▁for ▁two ▁episodes ▁and ▁on ▁The ▁Alan ▁T itch mar sh ▁Show . ▁She ▁appeared ▁in ▁the ▁documentary ▁Em mer dale ▁ 5 0 0 0 0 ▁promoting ▁five ▁thousand ▁episodes ▁of ▁the ▁TV ▁Program . ▁ ▁King , ▁has ▁appeared ▁on ▁lunch
▁time ▁chat ▁show ▁Lo ose ▁Women ▁several ▁times ▁as ▁a ▁guest . ▁She ▁was ▁a ▁guest ▁pan ell ist ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁to ▁mark ▁ 4 0 ▁years ▁of ▁Em mer dale , ▁and ▁returned ▁in ▁August ▁ 2 0 1 7 ▁for ▁two ▁further ▁guest ▁pan ell ist ▁appearances . ▁She ▁has ▁also ▁appeared ▁on ▁day - time ▁TV ▁Show ▁This ▁Morning ▁several ▁times . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 0 , ▁King ▁appeared ▁and ▁star red ▁in ▁the ▁BBC ▁Three ▁sit com ▁The ▁Gem ma ▁F actor ▁as ▁B ets y . ▁King ▁appeared ▁in ▁the ▁top ical ▁debate ▁show ▁The ▁Wright ▁St uff ▁on ▁Channel ▁ 5 ▁as ▁a ▁pan ell ist ▁for ▁one ▁episode . ▁She ▁later ▁went ▁on ▁a ▁UK ▁and ▁Ireland ▁tour ▁of ▁the ▁comedy ▁play ▁The ▁N aked ▁Truth ▁along ▁with ▁Liberty ▁X ▁singer ▁Michelle ▁He aton . ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 2 , ▁she ▁appeared ▁as ▁a ▁Governor ▁in ▁an ▁episode ▁of ▁Holly o aks . ▁She ▁had ▁a ▁role ▁in ▁the ▁film ▁The ▁Wed ding ▁Video ▁as ▁G ina . ▁She ▁appeared ▁in ▁the ▁documentary ▁Em mer dale ▁at ▁ 4 0 : ▁The ▁Head line ▁M akers ▁mark ing ▁ 4 0 ▁years ▁of ▁the ▁soap ▁opera . ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 3 , ▁she ▁appeared ▁as ▁Ger ald ine ▁Wor thing ▁in ▁an ▁episode ▁of ▁the ▁BBC ▁medical ▁drama ▁Cas ual ty ▁and ▁appeared ▁in ▁two ▁episodes ▁of ▁Day break . ▁ ▁King ▁has ▁appeared ▁in
▁several ▁pant om ime ▁produ ctions ▁including ▁Jack ▁and ▁the ▁Be anst alk ▁and ▁Snow ▁White . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 4 , ▁King ▁appeared ▁in ▁an ▁episode ▁of ▁Point less ▁in ▁a ▁So ap - Star ▁special ▁edition . ▁ ▁She ▁also ▁appeared ▁in ▁the ▁Channel ▁ 5 ▁documentary ▁TV ' s ▁N ast iest ▁Vill ains , ▁presented ▁by ▁actress ▁and ▁author ▁Joan ▁Collins . ▁ ▁King ▁entered ▁the ▁Cele br ity ▁Big ▁Brother ▁house ▁to ▁compete ▁in ▁the ▁four teenth ▁series ▁on ▁ 1 8 ▁August ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁as ▁a ▁House mate ▁but ▁left ▁the ▁show ▁on ▁Day ▁ 1 6 ▁due ▁to ▁illness . ▁She ▁appeared ▁twice ▁on ▁Big ▁Brother ' s ▁Bit ▁on ▁the ▁Side . ▁ ▁In ▁October ▁ 2 0 1 4 , ▁she ▁appeared ▁in ▁an ▁episode ▁of ▁Who ' s ▁Do ing ▁the ▁Dis hes ?. ▁ ▁In ▁November ▁ 2 0 1 4 , ▁she ▁appeared ▁in ▁an ▁episode ▁of ▁the ▁E 4 ▁comedy ▁show ▁Dr if ters ▁as ▁Cath . ▁ ▁In ▁December ▁ 2 0 1 4 , ▁she ▁joined ▁the ▁cast ▁of ▁the ▁soap ▁opera ▁Cor on ation ▁Street ▁as ▁character ▁Er ica ▁Hol ro yd , ▁a ▁friend ▁of ▁Liz ▁McDonald . ▁ ▁In ▁November ▁ 2 0 1 7 , ▁she ▁is ▁joining ▁the ▁cast ▁of ▁Peter ▁Pan , ▁at ▁the ▁Grand ▁Opera ▁House ▁in ▁B elf ast , ▁Northern ▁Ireland ▁as ▁the ▁Mag ical ▁Mer ma id , ▁playing ▁alongside ▁John ▁Line
han ▁whose ▁character ▁May ▁Mc F et tr idge ▁has ▁been ▁featured ▁in ▁every ▁pant om ime ▁at ▁the ▁Opera ▁House ▁for ▁ 2 8 ▁years . ▁ ▁On ▁ 2 4 ▁September ▁ 2 0 1 8 ▁it ▁was ▁announced ▁that ▁King ▁will ▁re prise ▁her ▁role ▁as ▁Em mer dale ▁character ▁Kim ▁T ate , ▁for ▁this ▁first ▁time ▁after ▁nearly ▁ 2 0 ▁years ▁away . ▁King ▁will ▁be ▁returning ▁for ▁a ▁special ▁week ▁of ▁episodes ▁from ▁ 8 ▁October ▁ 2 0 1 8 . On ▁ 1 2 ▁October ▁ 2 0 1 8 , ▁it ▁was ▁confirmed ▁that ▁King ▁ ▁would ▁be ▁returning ▁permanently ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 9 . ▁ ▁Film ography ▁ ▁Awards ▁and ▁nom inations ▁ ▁Personal ▁life ▁In ▁ 1 9 9 4 , ▁King ▁married ▁actor ▁Peter ▁Am ory , ▁who ▁played ▁her ▁on - screen ▁step son ▁Chris ▁T ate ▁in ▁Em mer dale . ▁They ▁separated ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 4 ▁when ▁King ▁was ▁living ▁in ▁London ▁film ing ▁Bad ▁Girls . ▁King ▁currently ▁lives ▁near ▁Har ro gate , ▁with ▁her ▁horses ▁and ▁Lab rad or ▁dogs . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁▁▁ ▁Claire ▁King ▁on ▁The ▁So ap ▁Show ▁– ▁Claire ▁King ▁and ▁her ▁aut obi ography ▁prof iled ▁on ▁The ▁So ap ▁Show . ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 6 2 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : English ▁television ▁actress es ▁Category : English ▁soap ▁opera ▁actress es ▁Category
: English ▁stage ▁actress es ▁Category : Act ress es ▁from ▁Brad ford ▁Category : English ▁film ▁actress es ▁Category : People ▁from ▁Har ro gate ▁Category : People ▁educated ▁at ▁Har ro gate ▁Lad ies ' ▁College <0x0A> </s> ▁Hel ena ▁" N ell ie " ▁Scott ▁( 1 8 3 2 ▁Sydney ▁– ▁ 1 9 1 0 ) ▁was ▁an ▁Australian ▁illustr ator ▁of ▁natural ▁history . ▁She ▁was ▁also ▁a ▁bot an ical ▁col lector ▁who ▁collected ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁type ▁spec im ens . ▁She ▁and ▁her ▁sister ▁Har riet ▁Morgan ▁( 1 8 3 0 – 1 9 0 7 ) ▁were ▁the ▁daughters ▁of ▁the ▁Australian ▁ent om ologist ▁Alexander ▁Walker ▁Scott . ▁ ▁Family ▁life ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 8 4 6 , ▁the ▁family ▁moved ▁from ▁Sydney ▁to ▁the ▁remote ▁Ash ▁Island ▁in ▁the ▁Hunter ▁River ▁est uary , ▁near ▁He x ham . ▁Loc ated ▁in ▁an ▁unt ou ched ▁area ▁of ▁native ▁veget ation ▁and ▁wildlife , ▁they ▁flour ished ▁under ▁the ▁guidance ▁of ▁their ▁artistic ▁father ▁and ▁Har riet ▁Cal cott , ▁their ▁mother . ▁For ▁a ▁period ▁of ▁some ▁ 2 0 ▁years , ▁they ▁remained ▁on ▁the ▁island , ▁document ing ▁its ▁plants ▁and ▁wildlife , ▁with ▁an ▁emphasis ▁on ▁the ▁butter fl ies ▁and ▁m oth s . ▁ ▁Har riet ▁and ▁Hel ena ▁kept ▁unus ually ▁detailed ▁records ▁which ▁are ▁held ▁by ▁the ▁Australian ▁Museum ▁Archives . ▁They ▁compiled ▁a ▁hand written ▁c atalogue ▁in ▁ 1
8 6 2 ▁entitled ▁" The ▁Ind igenous ▁Bot any ▁of ▁Ash ▁Island ", ▁a ▁list ▁of ▁their ▁well - pres erved ▁bot an ical ▁spec im ens . ▁Their ▁striking ▁dep ictions ▁and ▁descriptions ▁of ▁the ▁island ' s ▁m oth s ▁and ▁butter fl ies ▁att est ▁to ▁the ▁enormous ▁ded ication ▁of ▁the ▁family ▁to ▁their ▁self - im posed ▁project . ▁ ▁A ▁glimpse ▁into ▁the ▁daily ▁lives ▁of ▁the ▁two ▁sisters ▁is ▁provided ▁by ▁the ▁met ic ulous ▁records ▁they ▁kept . ▁Together ▁with ▁their ▁father , ▁they ▁collected ▁live ▁spec im ens ▁from ▁their ▁neighbour hood , ▁then ▁determined ▁the ▁proper ▁food ▁plants ▁to ▁take ▁back ▁home ▁and ▁feed ▁the ▁hungry ▁creatures . ▁They ▁then ▁conducted ▁a ▁l ively ▁correspondence ▁with ▁various ▁specialists ▁to ▁pin ▁down ▁the ▁ident ities ▁of ▁the ▁problem atic ▁species . ▁Their ▁father ▁gave ▁them ▁full ▁credit ▁for ▁their ▁achievements , ▁pra ising ▁the ▁quality ▁of ▁the ▁drawings ▁that ▁showed ▁the ▁insect s ▁in ▁all ▁their ▁various ▁stages . ▁ ▁The ▁ 1 8 6 0 s ▁had ▁also ▁brought ▁dark ▁days ▁for ▁Hel ena ▁– ▁her ▁mother ' s ▁death , ▁her ▁father ' s ▁bankrupt cy ▁and ▁the ▁death ▁of ▁her ▁husband , ▁Edward ▁For de , ▁whom ▁she ▁had ▁married ▁in ▁ 1 8 6 4 . ▁F acing ▁enormous ▁financial ▁problems , ▁the ▁family ▁were ▁forced ▁to ▁leave ▁their ▁island ▁home . ▁The ▁sisters ▁were ▁now ▁oblig ed ▁to ▁seek ▁payment ▁for ▁their ▁work . ▁While ▁finishing ▁some ▁plates
▁of ▁birds ' ▁eggs ▁for ▁Edward ▁R ams ay ▁in ▁ 1 8 6 6 , ▁Har riet ▁asked ▁" ... ▁above ▁all ▁... ▁let ▁nobody ▁know ▁you ▁are ▁paying ▁me ▁for ▁doing ▁them ▁for ▁you ." ▁She ▁eventually ▁married ▁Dr ▁Cos by ▁William ▁Morgan ▁in ▁ 1 8 8 2 , ▁but ▁the ▁wid owed ▁Hel ena ▁continued ▁to ▁struggle ▁financ ially . ▁Both ▁sisters ▁continued ▁to ▁illustr ate ▁commer c ially ▁for ▁the ▁rest ▁of ▁their ▁lives . ▁Har riet ▁produced ▁bot an ical ▁illustr ations ▁for ▁the ▁ 1 8 7 9 , ▁ 1 8 8 4 ▁and ▁ 1 8 8 6 ▁ed itions ▁of ▁the ▁" R ail way ▁Guide ▁to ▁New ▁South ▁Wales ", ▁and ▁both ▁were ▁involved ▁in ▁the ▁production ▁of ▁Australia ' s ▁first ▁Christmas ▁cards ▁in ▁ 1 8 7 9 . ▁ ▁Hel ena ▁died ▁in ▁Harris ▁Park ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 0 ▁leaving ▁no ▁descend ants . ▁ ▁Professional ▁illustr ators ▁ ▁By ▁ 1 8 6 4 , ▁a ▁large ▁number ▁of ▁plates ▁of ▁m oth s ▁and ▁butter fl ies ▁had ▁been ▁completed , ▁ready ▁for ▁the ▁publication ▁of ▁the ▁first ▁volume ▁of ▁their ▁father ' s ▁Australian ▁L ep id opter a ▁and ▁Their ▁Trans form ations . ▁A ▁number ▁of ▁illustr ating ▁comm issions ▁spr ang ▁from ▁this ▁work , ▁some ▁from ▁their ▁father ' s ▁contacts ▁as ▁trust ee ▁of ▁the ▁Australian ▁Museum . ▁They ▁provided ▁the ▁illustr ations ▁for ▁James ▁Charles ▁C ox '
s ▁Mon ograph ▁of ▁Australian ▁Land ▁Shell s ▁( 1 8 6 8 ), ▁and ▁for ▁Ger ard ▁Kre ff t ' s ▁Sn akes ▁of ▁Australia ▁( 1 8 6 9 ) ▁and ▁M amm als ▁of ▁Australia ▁( 1 8 7 1 ) ▁– ▁the ▁artwork ▁from ▁these ▁publications ▁was ▁sing led ▁out ▁for ▁praise ▁at ▁the ▁Sydney ▁Inter colon ial ▁Exhib ition ▁in ▁ 1 8 7 0 . ▁ ▁When ▁the ▁prominent ▁natural ▁historian ▁William ▁Sw ain son ▁examined ▁the ▁growing ▁number ▁of ▁paintings ▁a ▁decade ▁earlier , ▁he ▁wrote ▁in ▁the ▁Sydney ▁Morning ▁Her ald , ▁ ▁The ▁brilliant ▁colours ▁and ▁pain st aking ▁detail , ▁a ▁t ribute ▁to ▁the ▁sisters ' ▁patient ▁observation ▁and ▁labour , ▁are ▁just ▁as ▁ple asing ▁ 1 5 0 ▁years ▁later . ▁The ▁museum ▁purchased ▁the ▁ 1 0 0 ▁completed ▁plates ▁for ▁£ 2 0 0 ▁in ▁ 1 8 8 4 . ▁The ▁standard ▁of ▁their ▁work ▁led ▁to ▁their ▁being ▁elected ▁honor ary ▁members ▁of ▁the ▁Ent om ological ▁Society ▁– ▁a ▁signal ▁honour ▁for ▁women ▁in ▁that ▁period ▁of ▁history . ▁ ▁The ▁Australian ▁Museum ▁were ▁persu aded ▁to ▁publish ▁the ▁remainder ▁of ▁the ▁L ep id opter a ▁material , ▁which ▁they ▁had ▁purchased ▁in ▁ 1 8 8 4 , ▁together ▁with ▁the ▁sisters ' ▁drawings , ▁di aries ▁and ▁notes . ▁Under ▁Hel ena ' s ▁super vision , ▁and ▁working ▁with ▁museum ▁ent om ologist ▁Arthur ▁Sid ney ▁O ll iff ,
▁the ▁second ▁volume ▁of ▁the ▁L ep id opter a ▁was ▁published ▁in ▁five ▁parts ▁between ▁ 1 8 9 0 ▁and ▁ 1 8 9 8 . ▁The ▁two ▁sisters ▁did ▁most ▁of ▁the ▁l ith ography ▁for ▁this ▁volume , ▁which ▁was ▁then ▁printed ▁by ▁the ▁Australian ▁Museum , ▁and ▁sent ▁to ▁England ▁to ▁be ▁hand ▁col oured , ▁using ▁the ▁sisters ' ▁paintings ▁as ▁colour ▁bench mark . ▁ ▁Hel ena , ▁with ▁her ▁sister ▁Har riet , ▁were ▁largely ▁forgotten ▁until ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁exhibition ▁Beaut y ▁from ▁Nature : ▁Art ▁of ▁the ▁Scott ▁Sister s ▁at ▁the ▁Australian ▁Museum ▁in ▁Sydney . ▁ ▁Plant ▁collections ▁Both ▁Hel ena ▁and ▁her ▁sister ▁collected ▁for ▁Ferd inand ▁von ▁Mu eller , ▁receiving ▁in ▁response , ▁names ▁for ▁the ▁plants ▁they ▁drew . ▁Her ▁collections ▁include ▁type ▁spec im ens ▁for ▁K och ia ▁sed if olia , ▁D ios py ros ▁pent am era ▁( as ▁C arg ill ia ▁pent am era ), ▁At ri plex ▁st ip it ata , ▁and ▁Po a ▁for de ana . ▁ ▁Gallery ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Further ▁reading ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁ ▁Australian ▁Museum ▁Gallery ▁Other ▁scientific ▁illustr ations ▁Australian ▁Museum ▁Hel ena ▁Scott ▁D AA O ▁ ▁The ▁Scott ▁Sister s ▁ ▁Category : 1 8 3 2 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 9 1 0 ▁deaths ▁Category : Austral ian ▁illustr ators ▁Category : Austral ian ▁women ▁illustr ators ▁Category : Austral ian ▁women ▁artists
▁Category : Austral ian ▁le pid opter ists ▁Category : Bot an ical ▁illustr ators ▁Category : Bot an ical ▁collect ors ▁active ▁in ▁Australia ▁Category : 1 9 th - century ▁Australian ▁women ▁Category : 2 0 th - century ▁Australian ▁women <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Armen ian ▁national ▁aw aken ing ▁re semb les ▁that ▁of ▁other ▁non - Tur k ish ▁ethnic ▁groups ▁during ▁the ▁rise ▁of ▁national ism ▁under ▁the ▁Ott oman ▁Empire ▁in ▁development ▁of ▁ideas ▁of ▁national ism , ▁salv ation ▁and ▁independence ▁in ▁Armen ia , ▁as ▁the ▁Ott oman ▁Empire ▁tried ▁to ▁cover ▁the ▁social ▁needs ▁by ▁creating ▁the ▁T anz imat ▁era , ▁the ▁development ▁of ▁Ott oman ism ▁and ▁First ▁Const itutional ▁Era . ▁However , ▁the ▁co ex istence ▁of ▁the ▁communities ▁( including ▁Armen ians ) ▁under ▁Ott oman ism ▁proved ▁to ▁be ▁a ▁dys function al ▁solution ▁as ▁did ▁the ▁Second ▁Const itutional ▁Era ▁which ▁also ▁ign ited ▁the ▁diss olution ▁of ▁the ▁Ott oman ▁Empire . ▁ ▁During ▁the ▁Armen ian ▁national ▁aw aken ing , ▁" Ar men ian ▁National ▁Assembly " ▁took ▁over ▁some ▁of ▁the ▁regulations ▁of ▁temporal ▁matters ▁of ▁the ▁Ott oman ▁Armen ian ▁Community ▁from ▁the ▁Armen ian ▁Patri arch ate . ▁Among ▁the ▁Armen ian ▁elite , ▁the ▁idea ▁of ▁republic an ism ▁replaced ▁the ▁absolute ▁mon archy ▁of ▁the ▁Ott oman ▁D yn asty , ▁and ▁establishment ▁of ▁the ▁Armen ian ▁National ▁Assembly ▁in ▁ 1 8 6 3 ▁replaced ▁the ▁membership ▁of
▁the ▁mil let ▁system . ▁While ▁it ▁took ▁World ▁War ▁I ▁for ▁the ▁establishment ▁of ▁the ▁First ▁Armen ian ▁Republic , ▁the ▁Armen ians ▁had ▁oscill ated ▁between ▁the ▁ideas ▁of ▁having ▁an ▁Armen ian ▁republic ▁or ▁an ▁autonom ous ▁region ▁within ▁the ▁empire ▁during ▁the ▁history ▁of ▁Ott oman ▁democracy , ▁with ▁organizations ▁like ▁the ▁Social ▁Democrat ▁H unch ak ian ▁Party ▁and ▁Armen ian ▁Democratic ▁Liberal ▁Party ▁( R am g av ar ▁Party ▁or ▁Armen ak an ). ▁ ▁Or ig ins ▁ ▁Pre hist oric - Hist oric ▁Era ▁ ▁The ▁discovery ▁of ▁Ur art u ▁has ▁come ▁to ▁play ▁a ▁significant ▁role ▁in ▁ 1 9 th ▁and ▁ 2 0 th - century ▁Armen ian ▁national ism . ▁ ▁Beyond ▁the ▁mostly ▁accepted ▁terms ▁of ▁the ▁Armen ian ▁national ism ▁as ▁given ▁in ▁the ▁above ▁paragraph s , ▁the ▁concept ▁has ▁come ▁to ▁include ▁a ▁range ▁of ▁interpret ations ▁of ▁Pre hist oric ▁Armen ia , ▁including ▁the ▁link ▁to ▁the ▁Iron ▁Age ▁kingdom ▁of ▁Ur art u . ▁The ▁Armen ians ▁are ▁the ▁original ▁inhabitants ▁of ▁the ▁territory ▁of ▁what ▁is ▁named ▁as ▁historic ▁Armen ia . ▁Ident ification ▁with ▁the ▁distant ▁gl ories ▁of ▁Ur art u ▁and ▁its ▁pre hist oric ▁for er unn ers , ▁together ▁with ▁Mount ▁Ar ar at ▁has ▁come ▁to ▁be ▁a ▁powerful ▁symbol ▁of ▁Armen ian ▁ethnic ity ▁especially ▁among ▁the ▁di as por a . ▁ ▁The ▁idea ▁which ▁claims ▁people ▁living ▁under ▁Ur art u ▁were
▁conscious ly ▁Armen ian , ▁essential ist ▁interpret ations ▁of ▁Armen ian ▁ethnic ity ▁over ▁the ▁ages ▁ab ound ▁in ▁Armen ian ▁histor i ography , ▁and ▁flour ished ▁particularly ▁during ▁the ▁Soviet ▁era , ▁with ▁examples ▁such ▁as ▁S . ▁A . ▁S ard arian ' s ▁P erv ob yt n oy e ▁ob sh che st vo ▁v ▁A men ii ▁of ▁ 1 9 6 7 ▁which ▁besides ▁" numer ous ▁pl ag iar isms ▁and ▁mistakes " ▁goes ▁as ▁far ▁as ▁to ▁post ulate ▁a ▁separate ▁Armen ian ▁race ▁native ▁to ▁the ▁Armen ian ▁plate au , ▁and ▁attributes ▁the ▁invention ▁of ▁metall ur gy ▁to ▁the ▁Armen ians ▁( K ohl ▁and ▁ ▁T set sk hl ad ze ▁ 1 9 9 5 ). ▁He av ily ▁sl anted ▁dep ictions ▁of ▁Ur art u ▁are ▁common ▁in ▁this ▁literature . ▁Armen ian ▁historical ▁view ▁must ▁explain ▁why ▁Ur art ian ▁ep ig raph y ▁is ▁in ▁the ▁non - Ind o - Europe an ▁Ur art ian ▁language . ▁While ▁there ▁are ▁reasonable ▁schol arly ▁scenarios ▁that ▁there ▁was ▁a ▁Pro to - Ar men ian ▁component ▁in ▁Ur art u , ▁and ▁that ▁the ▁early ▁Armen ians ▁were ▁the ▁b ona ▁f ide ▁cultural ▁he irs ▁to ▁Ur art u , ▁but ▁the ▁essential ist ▁view ▁of ▁Armen ian ▁nation hood ▁that ▁simply ▁equ ates ▁Ur art u ▁with ▁Armen ia ▁cannot ▁be ▁sustained ▁( K ohl ▁and ▁ ▁T set sk hl ad
ze ▁ 1 9 9 5 ). ▁ ▁Armen ian ▁Classic ▁Era ▁In ▁the ▁Ott oman ▁Empire , ▁the ▁social ▁structure ▁of ▁ ▁" Ar men ians " ▁before ▁the ▁▁ 1 8 th ▁century ▁was ▁based ▁on ▁the ▁system ▁of ▁" M illet ." ▁ ▁The ▁Armen ian ▁mil let ▁was ▁a ▁confess ional ▁community ▁in ▁the ▁Ott oman ▁Empire . ▁Conf ess ional ▁communities ▁on ▁local ▁issues ▁were ▁functioning ▁like ▁the ▁autonom ous ▁territor ies . ▁The ▁Ott oman ▁mil let ▁specifically ▁referred ▁to ▁the ▁separate ▁legal ▁courts ▁pert aining ▁to ▁personal ▁law ▁under ▁which ▁sections ▁of ▁the ▁society ▁were ▁allowed ▁to ▁rule ▁themselves ▁with ▁fairly ▁little ▁interference ▁from ▁the ▁central ▁system . ▁Each ▁mil let ▁was ▁under ▁the ▁super vision ▁of ▁an ▁Eth n arch ▁(' n ational ' ▁leader ), ▁most ▁often ▁a ▁religious ▁hier arch . ▁Armen ian ▁mil let ▁was ▁under ▁the ▁Armen ian ▁A post olic ▁Church . ▁The ▁Mil lets ▁had ▁a ▁great ▁deal ▁of ▁power ▁- ▁they ▁set ▁their ▁own ▁laws ▁and ▁collected ▁and ▁distributed ▁their ▁own ▁taxes . ▁As ▁the ▁people ▁of ▁" The ▁Book " ▁Armen ians ▁were ▁able ▁to ▁maintain ▁their ▁houses ▁of ▁worship , ▁obtain ▁religious ▁literature , ▁and ▁employ ▁cler gy ▁of ▁their ▁faith ▁for ▁their ▁congreg ations . ▁These ▁were ▁rights ▁given ▁in ▁the ▁local ▁level . ▁These ▁rights ▁become ▁limited ▁with ▁the ▁economic ▁and ▁technological ▁developments ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 8 th ▁century . ▁The ▁Ott oman ▁citizens ▁wanted ▁representation ▁in ▁national ▁level . ▁They ▁wanted ▁to
▁have ▁participation ▁more ▁than ▁local ▁level . ▁ ▁Armen ian ▁Rena issance ▁▁ ▁En light en ment ▁among ▁Armen ians , ▁sometimes ▁called ▁as ▁re naissance ▁of ▁the ▁Armen ian ▁people , ▁came ▁from ▁two ▁sources ; ▁First ▁one ▁was ▁the ▁Armen ian ▁mon ks ▁belonging ▁to ▁the ▁M ek h itar ist ▁Order . ▁Second ▁one ▁was ▁the ▁soc io - polit ical ▁developments ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 9 th ▁century , ▁mainly ▁" F rench ▁Revolution " ▁and ▁establishment ▁of ▁" R ussian ▁revolutionary ▁thought ." ▁ ▁The ▁ 1 8 th ▁century ▁generated ▁new ▁schools ▁and ▁libraries ▁and ▁chance ▁to ▁study ▁in ▁the ▁universities ▁of ▁Western ▁Europe ▁for ▁different ▁el astic ities ▁of ▁the ▁Ott oman ▁Empire . ▁The ▁initial ▁aim ▁of ▁Protest ant ▁mission aries ▁ ▁were ▁the ▁conversion ▁of ▁the ▁Muslims ▁and ▁Jews , ▁they ▁soon ▁became ▁involved ▁with ▁Protest ant ▁re formation ▁of ▁the ▁Orth odox ▁Armen ians . ▁From ▁the ▁first ▁day ▁when ▁Rev . ▁William ▁Good ell ▁settled ▁in ▁Constant in ople ▁in ▁ 1 8 3 1 ▁to ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁World ▁War ▁I , ▁the ▁mission aries ▁made ▁considerable ▁contributions ▁to ▁the ▁education ▁of ▁Armen ians . ▁They ▁not ▁only ▁stressed ▁elementary ▁education , ▁but ▁established ▁colleges ▁and ▁other ▁institutions ▁of ▁learning . ▁The ▁notable ▁institutions ▁were ▁( 1 ) The ▁Central ▁College ▁of ▁An te p ; ▁( 2 ) ▁E up hr ates ▁College ▁of ▁Har p out ; ▁( 3 ) ▁An at olia ▁College ▁at ▁Mars ovan ; ▁(
4 ) ▁Central ▁Girls ' ▁College ▁at ▁Mar as ; ▁( 5 ) ▁St . ▁Paul ' s ▁Institute ▁at ▁T ars us . ▁There ▁were ▁colleges , ▁such ▁as ▁International ▁College ▁at ▁S my r na ; ▁American ▁College ▁for ▁Girls , ▁Sy rian ▁Protest ant ▁College ▁at ▁Be ir ut ▁and ▁Robert ▁College , ▁in ▁which ▁institutions ▁many ▁Armen ian ▁students ▁received ▁their ▁education . ▁Here ▁they ▁came ▁into ▁contact ▁with ▁the ▁radical ▁ideas ▁of ▁the ▁Age ▁of ▁En light en ment ▁and ▁the ▁French ▁Revolution . ▁Educ ated ▁and ▁influential ▁members ▁of ▁the ▁large ▁di as por a ▁tried ▁to ▁transmit ▁these ▁ideas ▁back ▁to ▁their ▁own , ▁with ▁the ▁double ▁aim ▁of ▁raising ▁their ▁educational ▁level ▁and ▁simultaneously ▁strengthen ing ▁their ▁national ▁identity . ▁The ▁European ▁intellectual ▁current s ▁such ▁as ▁ideas ▁of ▁French ▁revolution ▁were ▁trans mitted ▁through ▁the ▁ 2 3 , 0 0 0 ▁Armen ian ▁students ▁within ▁ 1 2 7 ▁Protest ant ▁congreg ations ▁with ▁ 1 3 , 0 0 0 ▁commun ic ants , ▁and ▁ 4 0 0 ▁schools . ▁ ▁M ek h itar ist ▁Order ▁had ▁exclusive ▁dev otion ▁to ▁persons ▁and ▁things ▁Armen ian . ▁M ek h itar , ▁was ▁born ▁at ▁Sebast ia ▁in ▁Ott oman ▁Empire ▁in ▁ 1 6 7 6 . ▁He ▁entered ▁a ▁monaster y , ▁but ▁was ▁concerned ▁about ▁the ▁level ▁of ▁culture ▁and ▁education ▁in ▁Armen ia ▁at ▁that ▁period , ▁and ▁sought ▁to ▁do ▁something ▁about ▁it . ▁Cont
acts ▁with ▁Western ▁mission aries ▁led ▁him ▁to ▁become ▁interested ▁in ▁transl ating ▁material ▁from ▁the ▁West ▁into ▁Armen ian ▁and ▁setting ▁up ▁an ▁order ▁to ▁facilitate ▁education . ▁Among st ▁their ▁countr ym en ▁the ▁influence ▁of ▁the ▁M ek h itar ist ▁Order ▁has ▁been ▁not ▁only ▁direct ive ▁in ▁the ▁way ▁of ▁hol iness ▁and ▁true ▁service ▁to ▁God ▁and ▁the ▁Church , ▁but ▁creative ▁of ▁a ▁wholes ome ▁national ▁amb ition ▁and ▁self - respect . ▁A post les ▁of ▁culture ▁and ▁progress , ▁they ▁may ▁be ▁said , ▁with ▁strict ▁justice , ▁to ▁have ▁preserved ▁from ▁de grad ation ▁and ▁neglect ▁the ▁language ▁and ▁literature ▁of ▁their ▁country , ▁and ▁in ▁so ▁doing , ▁have ▁been ▁the ▁sav iors ▁of ▁the ▁Armen ian ▁race . ▁Father ▁G he v ont ▁Al ish an ▁was ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁M kh itar ist ▁Cong regation ▁in ▁Ven ice . ▁In ▁ 1 8 8 5 , ▁ ▁Armen ian ▁Patri otic ▁Society ▁of ▁Europe ▁appe aled ▁to ▁him ▁to ▁create ▁the ▁first ▁modern ▁Armen ian ▁flag . ▁ ▁Al ish an ▁designed ▁a ▁flag ▁inspired ▁by ▁the ▁national ▁Flag ▁of ▁France , ▁identified ▁today ▁as ▁the ▁" National ist ▁Armen ian ▁Flag ." ▁ ▁Its ▁colors ▁were ▁red , ▁green , ▁and ▁blue ▁respectively , ▁representing ▁the ▁band ▁of ▁colors ▁that ▁Noah ▁saw ▁after ▁landing ▁on ▁Mount ▁Ar ar at . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 8 6 3 , ▁Ott oman ▁Armen ians ▁were ▁introduced ▁to ▁major ▁reform s
▁as ▁an ▁extension ▁of ▁T anz imat . ▁ ▁Att empt ing ▁to ▁stem ▁the ▁tide ▁of ▁national ist ▁movements ▁within ▁the ▁Ott oman ▁Empire , ▁T anz im ât ▁period ▁emerged ▁from ▁the ▁minds ▁of ▁reform ist ▁s ult ans ▁like ▁Mah m ud ▁II ▁and ▁Abd ül m ec id ▁I ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁prominent ▁reform ers ▁who ▁were ▁European - educ ated ▁bureau cr ats . ▁ ▁The ▁Armen ian ▁National ▁Constitution ▁( 1 5 0 ▁articles ▁draft ed ▁by ▁Nah abet ▁Rus inian , ▁Serv ichen , ▁N ig og hos ▁Bal ian , ▁K rik or ▁Od ian ▁and ▁K rik or ▁Marg os ian ) ▁defined ▁the ▁condition ▁of ▁Armen ians ▁in ▁the ▁Ott oman ▁Empire , ▁but ▁also ▁introduced ▁ ▁regulations ▁defining ▁the ▁authority ▁of ▁the ▁Patri arch . ▁The ▁" Ar men ian ▁Constitution " ▁and ▁Armen ian ▁National ▁Assembly ▁was ▁seen ▁as ▁a ▁mil estone ▁by ▁progressive ▁Armen ians . ▁ ▁K hr im ian ▁Hay rik ▁worked ▁to ▁increase ▁the ▁influence ▁of ▁sub - c oun c ils ▁of ▁Armen ian ▁National ▁Assembly . ▁The ▁Armen ian ▁National ▁Assembly ▁had ▁a ▁main ▁council ▁in ▁Constant in ople ▁and ▁sub - c oun c ils ▁in ▁the ▁provincial ▁centers . ▁Main ▁assembly ▁consisted ▁of ▁ 1 2 0 ▁Armen ian ▁Nob les ▁and ▁ 2 0 ▁ec cles i ast ical ▁members . ▁The ▁Assembly ▁in ▁capital ▁meet ▁very ▁sel dom . ▁Local ▁as sembl ies ▁were ▁de af ▁to ▁the ▁complaints ▁of ▁the
▁poor er ▁members ▁of ▁the ▁community . ▁In ▁ 1 8 8 0 ▁the ▁wealthy ▁and ▁influential ▁Armen ians ▁had ▁no ▁sympathy ▁with ▁the ▁ideas ▁of ▁national ▁independence ▁or ▁aut onomy . ▁They ▁even ▁signed ▁an ▁address ▁of ▁loyalty ▁and ▁dev otion ▁to ▁the ▁S ultan ▁condem ning ▁the ▁national ist ▁ag itation ▁as ▁the ▁work ▁of ▁mis gu ided ▁persons ▁who ▁have ▁no ▁authority ▁or ▁influence . ▁This ▁alien ation ▁from ▁the ▁center ▁was ▁highlighted ▁by ▁the ▁work ▁of ▁b ishop ▁M k rt ich ▁K hr im ian . ▁He ▁worked ▁to ▁increase ▁the ▁influence ▁of ▁sub - c oun c ils ▁of ▁the ▁towns ▁of ▁eastern ▁An at olia ▁in ▁the ▁capital . ▁Armen ian ▁National ▁Assembly ' s ▁policies ▁aligned ▁with ▁the ▁An at olia ▁with ▁the ▁increased ▁influence ▁of ▁sub - c oun c ils . ▁ 1 8 9 2 ▁K hr im yan ▁Hay rik ▁was ▁un anim ously ▁elected ▁Catholic os ▁of ▁All ▁Armen ians . ▁These ▁two ▁Ott oman ▁reform s , ▁which ▁were ▁theoret ically ▁perfect ▁ ▁examples ▁of ▁social ▁change ▁by ▁law , ▁brought ▁serious ▁stress ▁over ▁Ott oman ▁political ▁and ▁administrative ▁structure . ▁Armen ian ▁Nob les ▁( Am ira ) ▁were ▁not ▁happy , ▁and ▁they ▁were ▁the ▁owners ▁of ▁the ▁economic ▁system . ▁ ▁National ▁Rev ival ▁▁ ▁The ▁Armen ian ▁national ▁ide ology ▁developed ▁long ▁after ▁the ▁Greek ▁movement , ▁however ▁the ▁factors ▁contributing ▁to ▁the ▁emer gence ▁of ▁Armen ian ▁national ism ▁made ▁the ▁movement ▁far ▁more
▁similar ▁to ▁that ▁of ▁the ▁Gree ks ▁than ▁those ▁of ▁other ▁ethnic ▁groups . ▁Un resolved ▁social ▁problems ▁in ▁the ▁Empire ▁began ▁to ▁feed ▁Armen ian ▁national ▁politics , ▁along ▁the ▁other ▁ethnic ▁groups . ▁As ▁the ▁Mil let ▁( O tt oman ▁Empire ) ▁structure ▁de graded , ▁Armen ians ▁begin ▁to ▁re think ▁their ▁position ▁in ▁the ▁world . ▁The ▁Armen ian ▁subjects ▁of ▁the ▁Empire ▁influenced ▁by ▁the ▁Armen ian ▁D ias por a ▁and ▁the ▁network ▁of ▁congreg ations ▁and ▁schools ▁of ▁the ▁Protest ant ▁mission aries ▁throughout ▁the ▁Empire . ▁After ▁intervention ▁in ▁Russia ▁in ▁ 1 8 7 7 - 1 8 7 8 , ▁Russian - O tt oman ▁border ▁brought ▁new ▁the ▁political ▁and ▁military ▁structure . ▁The ▁numbers ▁of ▁Circ ass ians ▁and ▁L az ▁from ▁the ▁Russian ▁Empire ▁force fully ▁deport ed ▁to ▁Ott oman ▁Empire . ▁These ▁em igr ations ▁brought ▁t ensions ▁and ▁changed ▁the ▁population ▁distribution ▁and ▁balance ▁of ▁power ▁within ▁the ▁local ▁communities ▁in ▁eastern ▁An at olia . ▁Russia ▁became ▁prote ctor ate ▁of ▁Christian ▁Armen ians ▁and ▁this ▁created ▁a ▁relatively ▁more ▁hostile ▁environment ▁to ▁the ▁Muslims ▁( K ur ds ) ▁who ▁were ▁left ▁under ▁Russian ▁control . ▁K urd ish - Ar men ian ▁relations ▁come ▁to ▁another ▁turn . ▁The ▁newly ▁established ▁relations ▁were ▁complex . ▁The ▁change ▁did ▁not ▁only ▁effect ed ▁the ▁Armen ian ▁Mil let ▁but ▁also ▁the ▁local ▁non - t rib al ▁Kur ds ▁as ▁well . ▁The ▁K
urd ish ▁trib al ▁leaders ▁that ▁fled ▁during ▁the ▁war ▁began ▁to ▁express ▁their ▁power ▁along ▁the ▁countryside . ▁The ▁region ' s ▁social ▁structure , ▁co ex istence ▁of ▁the ▁communities ▁was ▁broken . ▁The ▁broken ▁social ▁structure ▁required ▁implementation ▁of ▁new ▁reform s . ▁ ▁K ag ik ▁Oz any an ▁claims ▁that ▁T anz imat ▁regulations , ▁helped ▁the ▁formation ▁of ▁an ▁Armen ian ▁political ▁str ata ▁and ▁inc ited ▁the ▁Armen ian ▁national ▁spirit , ▁which ▁was ▁aligned ▁with ▁the ▁nation ▁building ▁through ▁revolution ▁aligned ▁with ▁the ▁French ▁Revolution ▁perspective . ▁General ▁May ew ski , ▁who ▁was ▁the ▁Russian ▁Cons ul ▁General ▁to ▁Ott oman ▁Empire ▁recorded ▁the ▁following ▁ ▁Civil ization ▁Pers pective ▁▁ ▁According ▁to ▁one ▁position ▁the ▁breakdown ▁of ▁the ▁" co ex istence ▁of ▁the ▁communities ▁within ▁the ▁Ott oman ▁Empire " ▁was ▁a ▁direct ▁result ▁of ▁the ▁Christian ▁Armen ians ▁and ▁Muslims ▁( Tur ks ▁and ▁Kur ds ) ▁in ability ▁of ▁living ▁together . ▁Armen ian ▁Patri arch ▁N ers es ▁Var j ab edy an ▁express es ▁his ▁position ▁to ▁British ▁Minister ▁of ▁Foreign ▁Affairs , ▁Lord ▁Sal is bury ▁on ▁April ▁ 1 3 , ▁ 1 8 7 8 . ▁ ▁Most ▁of ▁the ▁Ott oman ▁sources ▁do ▁not ▁give ▁credit ▁to ▁these ▁claims . ▁They ▁present ▁the ▁argument ▁that ▁the ▁system ▁of ▁" M illet " ▁and ▁State ▁and ▁Relig ion ▁preserved ▁the ▁Empire ▁for ▁centuries . ▁A ▁strong ▁argument ▁behind ▁reject ing ▁the ▁" cl ash ▁of
▁civil izations " ▁origin ated ▁from ▁the ▁analysis ▁of ▁the ▁activity ▁tim et able . ▁The ▁cl ashes ▁collected ▁in ▁distinct ▁events . ▁Each ▁event ▁had ▁high ▁density ▁with ▁distinct ▁beginning ▁and ▁an ▁end . ▁There ▁was ▁no ▁single ▁period ▁that ▁a ▁thousand ▁deaths ▁were ▁spread ▁over ▁a ▁long ▁period ▁of ▁time . ▁This ▁fact ▁supports ▁the ▁" rev olution ary ▁view " ▁instead ▁of ▁cl ash ▁of ▁civil izations , ▁which ▁showed ▁the ▁European ▁powers ▁the ▁true ▁nature ▁of ▁Ott oman ▁rule . ▁European ▁powers ▁needed ▁to ▁do ▁something ▁about ▁these ▁events ▁through ▁the ▁international ▁agreements . ▁Ass ured ly ▁Europe ▁would ▁do ▁nothing ▁if ▁those ▁thousand ▁deaths ▁were ▁spread ▁over ▁years . ▁ ▁Armen ian ▁Question ▁Pers pective ▁▁ ▁The ▁Gree ks ▁were ▁thus ▁the ▁first ▁of ▁the ▁Ott oman ▁Empire ' s ▁subject ▁peoples ▁to ▁secure ▁recognition ▁as ▁an ▁independent ▁sovere ign ▁power . ▁After ▁a ▁long ▁and ▁bloody ▁struggle , ▁and ▁with ▁the ▁aid ▁of ▁the ▁Great ▁Pow ers , ▁the ▁Greek ▁Revolution ▁win ▁independence ▁for ▁Greece ▁from ▁the ▁Ott oman ▁Empire ▁granted ▁by ▁the ▁Treat y ▁of ▁Constant in ople ▁in ▁July ▁ 1 8 3 2 . ▁National ▁aw aken ing ▁of ▁Bulgar ia ▁ ▁and ▁consequ ently ▁liber ation ▁of ▁Bulgar ia ▁orig inate ▁after ▁the ▁events ▁of ▁the ▁Rus so - Tur k ish ▁War ▁of ▁ 1 8 7 7 - 7 8 ▁that ▁led ▁to ▁the ▁re - est ablish ment ▁of ▁Bulgar ian ▁S over e ign ▁state ▁with ▁the ▁Treat y
▁of ▁San ▁Ste f ano . ▁There ▁had ▁been ▁no ▁considerable ▁movement ▁in ▁behalf ▁of ▁Armen ian ▁independence ▁before ▁Abd ul ▁Ham id ' s ▁time . ▁There ▁had ▁been ▁no ▁Armen ian ▁political ▁problem ▁before ▁the ▁Treat y ▁of ▁Berlin , ▁ 1 8 7 8 . ▁ 1 8 7 8 ▁was ▁marked ▁for ▁the ▁down ▁turn ▁of ▁relations ▁between ▁Armen ians ▁and ▁Ott oman ▁Empire . ▁ ▁The ▁st ip ulation ▁in ▁favor ▁of ▁Armen ian ▁aut onomy ▁in ▁the ▁treat y ▁of ▁Berlin ▁produced ▁an ▁immediate ▁change . ▁Unfortunately ▁there ▁were ▁special ▁difficulties ▁for ▁the ▁realization ▁of ▁the ▁so - called ▁Ott oman ▁liberal ▁political ▁program ▁that ▁could ▁end ▁with ▁what ▁article ▁st ip ulated . ▁For ▁one ▁thing ▁not ▁all ▁the ▁Armen ians ▁were ▁under ▁the ▁Ott oman ▁Empire . ▁As ▁the ▁population ▁considered , ▁there ▁was ▁Armen ians ▁in ▁the ▁Russian ▁Empire ▁approaching ▁to ▁ 9 0 0 , 0 0 0 ▁at ▁the ▁nineteenth ▁century . ▁Ott oman ▁subjects ▁amount ing ▁perhaps ▁to ▁ 1 , 2 0 0 , 0 0 0 , ▁were ▁distributed ▁through ▁the ▁six ▁vil ay ets ▁of ▁S ivas , ▁Bit l is , ▁Er zer um , ▁Har put , ▁Di ab ek ir , ▁and ▁Van . ▁In ▁some ▁of ▁these ▁districts , ▁they ▁had ▁the ▁highest ▁ethnic ▁minority , ▁among ▁the ▁Tur ks , ▁Gree ks , ▁Ass y ri ans , ▁Jews , ▁and ▁Kur ds ▁but ▁Armen ians ▁failed ▁to ▁represent ▁more ▁than ▁% 5
0 ▁percent , ▁a ▁clear ▁majority , ▁in ▁any ▁district ▁with ▁which ▁they ▁were ▁associated . ▁Besides ▁other ▁difficulties , ▁Armen ians ▁perceived ▁the ▁conditions ▁of ▁treat y ▁( Art icle ▁L X I ) ▁of ▁Berlin ▁as ▁an ▁early ▁realization ▁of ▁their ▁aut onomy , ▁if ▁the ▁powers ▁should ▁have ▁proceed ed ▁straight way ▁to ▁enforce ▁the ▁Armen ian ▁provision . ▁The ▁rational ization ▁of ▁human itarian ▁intervention ▁depend ed ▁also ▁to ▁the ▁Cy pr us ▁Convention ▁besides ▁the ▁Treat y ▁of ▁Berlin , ▁ 1 8 7 8 . ▁In ▁ 1 8 7 9 , ▁one ▁year ▁of ▁after ▁the ▁agreements , ▁the ▁only ▁thing ▁missing ▁was ▁the ▁practical ▁events ▁to ▁enable ▁the ▁articles ▁for ▁the ▁demand ▁of ▁an ▁Armen ian ▁state . ▁ ▁After ▁the ▁Armen ian ▁Mass ac res ▁of ▁ 1 8 9 4 - 1 8 9 6 ▁the ▁Armen ian ▁population ▁in ▁the ▁six ▁vil ay ets , ▁which ▁were ▁also ▁the ▁K urd ish ▁regions , ▁had ▁a ▁sharp ▁decline ▁somewhere ▁between ▁ 8 0 , 0 0 0 ▁and ▁ 3 0 0 , 0 0 0 ▁ ▁and ▁Armen ian ▁population ▁in ▁the ▁conflict ▁region ▁drop ▁to ▁ 9 0 0 , 0 0 0 ▁from ▁ 1 , 2 0 0 , 0 0 0 ▁before ▁ 1 8 7 8 . ▁These ▁mass ac res ▁perpet uated ▁by ▁the ▁Ham id ie h ▁soldier ▁and ▁European ▁powers ▁were ▁asked ▁to ▁interven e . ▁Instead ▁of ▁Armen ian ▁aut onomy ▁in
▁these ▁regions , ▁Kur ds ▁( K urd ish ▁trib al ▁ch iefs ) ▁retained ▁much ▁of ▁their ▁aut onomy ▁and ▁power . ▁The ▁Abd ul ham id ▁made ▁little ▁attempt ▁to ▁alter ▁the ▁traditional ▁power ▁structure ▁of ▁“ segment ed , ▁ag r arian ▁Kur ish ▁societies ” ▁– ▁a gh a , ▁sh ay k , ▁and ▁trib al ▁chief . ▁Because ▁of ▁their ▁ge ographical ▁position ▁at ▁the ▁southern ▁and ▁eastern ▁f ringe ▁of ▁the ▁empire ▁and ▁mountain ous ▁top ography , ▁and ▁limited ▁transportation ▁and ▁communication ▁system . ▁The ▁state ▁had ▁little ▁access ▁to ▁these ▁provin ces ▁and ▁were ▁forced ▁to ▁make ▁inform al ▁agreements ▁with ▁trib al ▁ch iefs , ▁for ▁instance ▁the ▁Ott oman ▁q adi ▁and ▁mu ft i ▁did ▁not ▁have ▁juris diction ▁over ▁religious ▁law ▁which ▁bol st ered ▁K urd ish ▁authority ▁and ▁aut onomy . ▁The ▁Armen ian ▁national ▁movement ▁had ▁discovered ▁through ▁their ▁revolutionary ▁movement ▁that ▁neither ▁Ts ar ▁Alexander ▁II ▁with ▁his ▁ideal ism ▁nor ▁Glad stone ' s ▁Liberal ism ▁was ▁a ▁depend able ▁hope . ▁ ▁The ▁first ▁effective ▁intervention ▁had ▁come ▁by ▁the ▁Wood row ▁Wilson ▁who ▁agreed ▁to ▁transfer ▁what ▁will ▁be ▁named ▁as ▁" W il son ian ▁Armen ia " ▁back ▁to ▁the ▁Armen ians ▁in ▁the ▁Treat y ▁of ▁S è v res . ▁ ▁Revolution ▁Pers pective ▁ ▁Ott oman ▁Armen ians ▁educated ▁with ▁the ▁European ▁Way ▁began ▁to ▁make ▁attempts ▁in ▁forming ▁organizations ▁– ▁secret ▁societies , ▁local ▁groups , ▁such
▁as ▁the ▁' Prote ctors ▁of ▁the ▁Father land ' ▁( 1 8 8 1 ) ▁which ▁was ▁established ▁in ▁Er z ur um . ▁Prote ctors ▁of ▁the ▁Father land ▁was ▁almost ▁certainly ▁ ▁affected ▁by ▁the ▁ideas ▁of ▁French ▁revolution ▁and ▁Greek ▁Revolution ▁as ▁' F reedom ▁or ▁Death ' ▁was ▁their ▁mot to . ▁ ▁The ▁Armen ian ▁national ▁liber ation ▁movement ▁gathered ▁momentum ▁with ▁the ▁establishment ▁of ▁Armen ian ▁Revolution ary ▁Federation , ▁Social ▁Democrat ▁H unch ak ian ▁Party ▁and ▁Armen ak an ▁( l ater ▁named ▁as ▁Ram g av ar ). ▁The ▁Social ▁Democrat ▁H unch ak ian ▁Party ▁( H ent ch aks ) ▁had ▁the ▁goal ▁to ▁gain ▁Armen ia ' s ▁independence ▁from ▁the ▁Ott oman ▁Empire . ▁The ▁Armen ian ▁Revolution ary ▁Federation ▁( AR F ) ▁originally ▁aimed ▁for ▁aut onomy ▁of ▁the ▁Armen ian - pop ulated ▁areas , ▁which ▁changed ▁to ▁establishment ▁of ▁Armen ian ▁state ▁with ▁the ▁coming ▁years . ▁AR F ▁adopted ▁a ▁decent ral ized ▁mod us ▁operand i ▁according ▁to ▁which ▁the ▁various ▁chapters ▁in ▁different ▁countries ▁were ▁allowed ▁to ▁plan ▁and ▁implement ▁policies ▁in ▁tune ▁with ▁their ▁local ▁political ▁atmosphere . ▁ ▁During ▁ 1 8 8 0 - 1 8 9 0 ▁the ▁local ▁communication ▁channels ▁were ▁developed . ▁The ▁organizations ▁were ▁fully ▁functional ▁under ▁An k ara , ▁Am as ya , ▁ Ç orum , ▁Di yar b ak ı r , ▁Y oz g at , ▁and ▁Tok at .
▁In ▁ 1 8 9 3 ▁they ▁began ▁to ▁use ▁wall ▁newspapers ▁( new sp apers ▁like ▁bill boards ) ▁directed ▁toward ▁the ▁non ▁Armen ian ▁subjects . ▁ ▁The ▁main ▁theme ▁of ▁these ▁materials ▁were ▁people ▁should ▁take ▁control ▁of ▁their ▁own ▁life ▁against ▁the ▁opp ress ors . ▁These ▁ide ological ▁commun ic ants ▁did ▁not ▁have ▁any ▁effect ▁on ▁the ▁Muslims . ▁These ▁activities ▁ended ▁with ▁cl ashes ▁between ▁revolution aries ▁and ▁Ott oman ▁police . ▁Gener ally ▁resulted ▁with ▁the ▁jail ▁time . ▁Every ▁jail ▁time ▁ended ▁with ▁official ▁ex changes ▁between ▁Ott oman ▁Empire ▁and ▁Britain , ▁as ▁it ▁was ▁the ▁prote ctor ate ▁of ▁the ▁Educ ated ▁revolution aries ▁who ▁can ▁print ▁papers . ▁It ▁was ▁more ▁than ▁probable ' ▁that ▁Armen ian ▁revolution aries ▁were ▁responsible ▁parties ▁in ▁this ▁conflict , ▁Britain ▁concluded . ▁S ultan ▁pan icked , ▁and ▁local ▁authorities ▁act ▁against ▁them ▁as ▁they ▁were ▁cutting ▁tele graph ▁w ires , ▁bomb ing ▁the ▁odd ▁government ▁buildings . ▁Britain ▁or ▁European ▁powers ▁concluded ▁that ▁however ▁if ▁there ▁would ▁be ▁more ▁interference ▁these ▁would ▁end ▁with ▁religious ▁fan atic ism , ▁and ▁a ▁civil ▁war ▁( mass ac res ) ▁would ▁occur . ▁ ▁Armen ians ▁mainly ▁lived ▁in ▁the ▁intersection ▁of ▁three ▁em pires , ▁Ott oman ▁Empire , ▁Russian ▁Empire ▁and ▁Pers ian ▁Empire . ▁The ▁Armen ian ▁di as por a , ▁which ▁lived ▁in ▁Europe ▁mainly , ▁was ▁composed ▁of ▁the ▁elite ▁whom ▁were ▁being ▁educated ▁in ▁European ▁Univers ities
▁or ▁performing ▁the ▁trade . ▁It ▁was ▁expected ▁that ▁revolutionary ▁thinking ▁would ▁cover ▁the ▁three ▁em pires , ▁not ▁only ▁inside ▁( local ▁forms ▁such ▁as ▁" Prote ctors ▁of ▁the ▁Father land ") ▁but ▁also ▁in ▁Europe , ▁such ▁as ▁Gen eva . ▁The ▁Armen ians ▁in ▁Europe ▁( Ar men ian ▁di as por a ) ▁began ▁to ▁hold ▁meetings ▁about ▁their ▁opp ressed ▁status ▁leading ▁to ▁the ▁foundation ▁of ▁parties ▁that ▁would ▁formal ize ▁" n ational ▁politics " ▁under ▁Armen ak ans , ▁H n ch ak ians , ▁and ▁Armen ian ▁Revolution ary ▁Federation ▁with ▁the ▁coming ▁years . ▁These ▁secret ▁societies ▁( or ▁parties ▁for ▁some ) ▁which ▁developed ▁the ▁" National ▁Politics " ▁stated ▁goals ▁as ▁" free ing ▁the ▁Armen ians ▁from ▁the ▁Ott oman ▁Empire ▁by ▁any ▁means ▁possible ". ▁ ▁H . ▁K . ▁V art an ian ▁wrote ▁that ▁the ▁Armen ian ▁revolutionary ▁movement ▁was ▁a ▁direct ▁and ▁necessary ▁response ▁to ▁the ▁increasingly ▁int oler able ▁social , ▁economic ▁and ▁political ▁conditions ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 9 th ▁century ▁decay ing ▁and ▁decl ining ▁Ott oman ▁Empire . ▁ ▁Armen ian ▁national ▁movement ▁was ▁clearly ▁an ▁international ▁movement . ▁However , ▁practical ▁center ▁for ▁Armen ian ▁revolution aries ▁was ▁the ▁Armen ians ▁in ▁the ▁Russian ▁Empire , ▁where ▁Armen ians ▁could ▁meet , ▁organize ▁funds , ▁move ▁the ▁sources ▁and ▁materials ▁to ▁Ott oman ▁Empire ▁easily . ▁The ▁organization ▁that ▁was ▁founded ▁in ▁Gen eva ▁( Europe ), ▁mostly ▁by ▁active ▁Russian
▁Armen ians , ▁took ▁the ▁idea ▁of ▁national ism ▁and ▁gave ▁it ▁a ▁clear ▁im print ▁of ▁C au cas ian ▁revolutionary ▁thought ▁in ▁ 1 8 8 7 . ▁C au cas ian ▁revolutionary ▁thought ▁was ▁directed ▁at ▁the ▁Ott oman ▁Empire , ▁which ▁the ▁di as por a ▁saw ▁as ▁its ▁hom eland . ▁Young ▁Armen ia ▁Society ▁founded ▁in ▁ 1 8 8 9 ▁by ▁Krist apor ▁Mik ay el ian ▁within ▁C au cas us ▁become ▁bigger ▁with ▁time . ▁Young ▁Armen ia ▁Society ▁organized ▁Fed ay ee ▁campaigns ▁into ▁Ott oman ▁territory . ▁ ▁The ▁ts ar ist ▁regime ▁cracked ▁down ▁on ▁any ▁attempt ▁by ▁Russian ▁Armen ians ▁to ▁engage ▁in ▁action ▁across ▁the ▁border , ▁a ▁leading ▁example ▁being ▁the ▁G ug un ian ▁Ex ped ition ▁of ▁ 1 8 9 0 . ▁ ▁The ▁B ash k ale h ▁Res istance ▁was ▁the ▁first ▁recorded ▁bloody ▁encounter ▁between ▁the ▁Armen ians ▁and ▁the ▁Ott oman ▁Empire ▁in ▁May ▁ 1 8 8 9 . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁R ise ▁of ▁national ism ▁under ▁the ▁Ott oman ▁Empire ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁James ▁J . ▁Re id . ▁" Total ▁War , ▁the ▁An nih ilation ▁Eth ic , ▁and ▁the ▁Armen ian ▁Gen oc ide , ▁ 1 8 7 0 - 1 9 1 8 " ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : Ar men ian ▁national ism ▁Category : 1 9 th ▁century ▁in ▁Armen ia ▁Category : 1 9 th ▁century ▁in ▁the
▁Ott oman ▁Empire <0x0A> </s> ▁D oro ț ca ia ▁is ▁a ▁village ▁in ▁the ▁Dub ă s ari ▁District , ▁Republic ▁of ▁M old ova , ▁situated ▁on ▁the ▁eastern ▁bank ▁of ▁the ▁River ▁D n ies ter . ▁ ▁The ▁village ▁was ▁a ▁place ▁of ▁fighting ▁during ▁ 1 9 9 2 ▁War ▁of ▁Trans n ist ria . ▁It ▁is ▁now ▁under ▁the ▁control ▁of ▁the ▁central ▁authorities ▁from ▁Chi ș in ă u . ▁ ▁The ▁Gr ig ori opol ▁Roman ian - language ▁school ▁which ▁was ▁not ▁allowed ▁to ▁function ▁by ▁the ▁authorities ▁of ▁Trans n ist ria ▁was ▁moved ▁to ▁the ▁village ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 2 . ▁ ▁According ▁to ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁M old ovan ▁Census , ▁the ▁village ▁had ▁a ▁population ▁of ▁ 3 , 0 3 8 , ▁of ▁whom ▁ 2 , 9 7 6 ▁were ▁ethnic ▁M old ov ans , ▁ 4 4 ▁were ▁from ▁ethnic ▁minor ities , ▁and ▁ 1 8 ▁were ▁und e cl ared . ▁ ▁Political ▁problems ▁On ▁the ▁eastern ▁edge ▁of ▁D oro ț ca ia ▁passes ▁the ▁strategic ▁road ▁link ing ▁T ir as pol ▁and ▁R î b ni ța , ▁and ▁separ at ist ▁authorities ▁from ▁T ir as pol ▁want ▁to ▁control ▁this ▁road . ▁ 8 5 % ▁of ▁D oro ț ca ia ' s ▁farm land ▁is ▁across ▁the ▁road . ▁From ▁ 2 0 0 3 ▁Trans n ist rian ▁authorities ▁tried
▁to ▁prevent ▁farmers ▁from ▁access ing ▁their ▁land . ▁Un able ▁to ▁harvest ▁their ▁crops , ▁the ▁farmers ▁suffered ▁serious ▁losses . ▁ ▁This ▁situation ▁lead ▁to ▁an ▁escal ation ▁of ▁conflict ▁between ▁farmers ▁and ▁Trans n ist rian ▁guards . ▁An ▁Organization ▁for ▁Security ▁and ▁Co - operation ▁in ▁Europe ▁mission ▁was ▁formed ▁to ▁find ▁a ▁temporary ▁solution ▁that ▁allows ▁farmers ▁to ▁access ▁their ▁land . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : V ill ages ▁of ▁Dub ă s ari ▁District <0x0A> </s> ▁William ▁Rol fe ▁may ▁refer ▁to : ▁ ▁William ▁James ▁Rol fe ▁( 1 8 2 7 – 1 9 1 0 ), ▁American ▁educ ator ▁William ▁Rol fe ▁( MP ) ▁for ▁Hey tes bury ▁( UK ▁Parliament ▁constitu ency ) <0x0A> </s> ▁Saudi ▁Arabia , ▁officially ▁the ▁Kingdom ▁of ▁Saudi ▁Arabia , ▁is ▁a ▁country ▁in ▁Western ▁Asia ▁const itut ing ▁the ▁bulk ▁of ▁the ▁Arab ian ▁Pen insula . ▁With ▁a ▁land ▁area ▁of ▁approximately ▁, ▁Saudi ▁Arabia ▁is ▁ge ograph ically ▁the ▁largest ▁sovere ign ▁state ▁in ▁Western ▁Asia , ▁the ▁second - larg est ▁in ▁the ▁Arab ▁world ▁( after ▁Al ger ia ), ▁the ▁fifth - larg est ▁in ▁Asia , ▁and ▁the ▁ 1 2 th - larg est ▁in ▁the ▁world . ▁Saudi ▁Arabia ▁is ▁b ordered ▁by ▁Jordan ▁and ▁Iraq ▁to ▁the ▁north , ▁Ku wait ▁to ▁the ▁nort heast , ▁Q atar , ▁B ahr ain , ▁and ▁the ▁United ▁Arab ▁Em ir ates ▁to ▁the ▁east , ▁O
man ▁to ▁the ▁sout heast ▁and ▁Y emen ▁to ▁the ▁south ; ▁it ▁is ▁separated ▁from ▁Egypt ▁and ▁Israel ▁by ▁the ▁Gulf ▁of ▁A q aba . ▁It ▁is ▁the ▁only ▁country ▁with ▁both ▁a ▁Red ▁Sea ▁coast ▁and ▁a ▁Pers ian ▁Gulf ▁coast , ▁and ▁most ▁of ▁its ▁terrain ▁consists ▁of ▁ar id ▁desert , ▁low land ▁and ▁mountains . ▁As ▁of ▁October ▁ 2 0 1 8 , ▁the ▁Saudi ▁economy ▁was ▁the ▁largest ▁in ▁the ▁Middle ▁East ▁and ▁the ▁ 1 8 th ▁largest ▁in ▁the ▁world . ▁ ▁Saudi ▁Arabia ▁also ▁has ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁world ' s ▁youngest ▁populations : ▁ 5 0 ▁percent ▁of ▁its ▁ 3 3 . 4 ▁million ▁people ▁are ▁under ▁ 2 5 ▁years ▁old . ▁ ▁The ▁territory ▁that ▁now ▁const itutes ▁Saudi ▁Arabia ▁was ▁the ▁site ▁of ▁several ▁ancient ▁cultures ▁and ▁civil izations . ▁The ▁pre history ▁of ▁Saudi ▁Arabia ▁shows ▁some ▁of ▁the ▁earliest ▁traces ▁of ▁human ▁activity ▁in ▁the ▁world . ▁The ▁world ' s ▁second - larg est ▁religion , ▁Islam , ▁emerged ▁in ▁modern - day ▁Saudi ▁Arabia . ▁In ▁the ▁early ▁ 7 th ▁century , ▁the ▁Islamic ▁prop het ▁Muhammad ▁united ▁the ▁population ▁of ▁Arabia ▁and ▁created ▁a ▁single ▁Islamic ▁religious ▁pol ity . ▁Following ▁his ▁death ▁in ▁ 6 3 2 , ▁his ▁followers ▁rapidly ▁expanded ▁the ▁territory ▁under ▁Muslim ▁rule ▁beyond ▁Arabia , ▁conqu ering ▁huge ▁and ▁unpre ced ented ▁sw at hes ▁of ▁territory ▁( from ▁the ▁I ber ian ▁Pen insula
▁in ▁the ▁West ▁to ▁modern - day ▁Pakistan ▁in ▁the ▁East ) ▁in ▁a ▁matter ▁of ▁decades . ▁Arab ▁dyn ast ies ▁origin ating ▁from ▁modern - day ▁Saudi ▁Arabia ▁founded ▁the ▁R ash id un ▁( 6 3 2 – 6 6 1 ), ▁U may y ad ▁( 6 6 1 – 7 5 0 ), ▁Abb as id ▁( 7 5 0 – 1 5 1 7 ) ▁and ▁Fat im id ▁( 9 0 9 – 1 1 7 1 ) ▁cal iph ates ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁numerous ▁other ▁dyn ast ies ▁in ▁Asia , ▁Africa ▁and ▁Europe . ▁ ▁The ▁area ▁of ▁modern - day ▁Saudi ▁Arabia ▁formerly ▁consisted ▁of ▁mainly ▁four ▁distinct ▁regions : ▁He j az , ▁Naj d ▁and ▁parts ▁of ▁Eastern ▁Arabia ▁( Al - Ah sa ) ▁and ▁Southern ▁Arabia ▁(' As ir ). ▁The ▁Kingdom ▁of ▁Saudi ▁Arabia ▁was ▁founded ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 2 ▁by ▁I bn ▁Saud . ▁He ▁united ▁the ▁four ▁regions ▁into ▁a ▁single ▁state ▁through ▁a ▁series ▁of ▁conqu ests ▁beginning ▁in ▁ 1 9 0 2 ▁with ▁the ▁capture ▁of ▁R iy ad h , ▁the ▁ancest ral ▁home ▁of ▁his ▁family , ▁the ▁House ▁of ▁Saud . ▁Saudi ▁Arabia ▁has ▁since ▁been ▁a ▁total itarian ▁absolute ▁mon archy , ▁effectively ▁a ▁her edit ary ▁dict ators hip ▁governed ▁along ▁Islam ist ▁lines . ▁The ▁ul tr acon serv ative ▁W ah hab i ▁religious ▁movement ▁within ▁Sun ni ▁Islam ▁has ▁been ▁called ▁" the
▁predomin ant ▁feature ▁of ▁Saudi ▁culture ", ▁with ▁its ▁global ▁spread ▁largely ▁fin anced ▁by ▁the ▁oil ▁and ▁gas ▁trade . ▁Saudi ▁Arabia ▁is ▁sometimes ▁called ▁" the ▁Land ▁of ▁the ▁Two ▁Holy ▁Mos ques " ▁in ▁reference ▁to ▁Al - M as j id ▁al - H aram ▁( in ▁Me cca ) ▁and ▁Al - M as j id ▁an - N ab awi ▁( in ▁Med ina ), ▁the ▁two ▁hol iest ▁places ▁in ▁Islam . ▁The ▁state ' s ▁official ▁language ▁is ▁Arab ic . ▁ ▁Pet role um ▁was ▁discovered ▁on ▁ 3 ▁March ▁ 1 9 3 8 ▁and ▁followed ▁up ▁by ▁several ▁other ▁finds ▁in ▁the ▁Eastern ▁Province . ▁Saudi ▁Arabia ▁has ▁since ▁become ▁the ▁world ' s ▁second ▁largest ▁oil ▁producer ▁( be hind ▁the ▁US ) ▁and ▁the ▁world ' s ▁largest ▁oil ▁ex porter , ▁controlling ▁the ▁world ' s ▁second ▁largest ▁oil ▁reserves ▁and ▁the ▁sixth ▁largest ▁gas ▁reserves . ▁The ▁kingdom ▁is ▁categor ized ▁as ▁a ▁World ▁Bank ▁high - inc ome ▁economy ▁with ▁a ▁high ▁Human ▁Development ▁Index ▁and ▁is ▁the ▁only ▁Arab ▁country ▁to ▁be ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁G - 2 0 ▁major ▁econom ies . ▁▁▁ ▁The ▁state ▁has ▁attracted ▁criticism ▁for ▁a ▁variety ▁of ▁reasons ▁including : ▁its ▁treatment ▁of ▁women , ▁its ▁excessive ▁and ▁often ▁extr aj ud icial ▁use ▁of ▁capital ▁punishment , ▁state - s pons ored ▁discrimination ▁against ▁religious ▁minor ities ▁and ▁at he ists , ▁its ▁role ▁in ▁the ▁Y emen i
▁Civil ▁War , ▁spons orship ▁of ▁Islamic ▁terror ism , ▁its ▁failure ▁to ▁take ▁adequate ▁measures ▁against ▁human ▁traff icking , ▁state - san ction ed ▁racism ▁and ▁ant is emit ism , ▁its ▁poor ▁human ▁rights ▁record , ▁and ▁its ▁strict ▁interpretation ▁of ▁Sh aria ▁law . ▁▁ ▁The ▁kingdom ▁has ▁the ▁world ' s ▁fifth - h ig hest ▁military ▁expend iture ▁and , ▁according ▁to ▁S IP RI , ▁was ▁the ▁world ' s ▁second ▁largest ▁arms ▁im porter ▁from ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁to ▁ 2 0 1 4 . ▁Saudi ▁Arabia ▁is ▁considered ▁a ▁regional ▁and ▁middle ▁power . ▁In ▁addition ▁to ▁the ▁G CC , ▁it ▁is ▁an ▁active ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁Organ isation ▁of ▁Islamic ▁Co operation ▁and ▁O PE C . ▁ ▁E ty m ology ▁ ▁Following ▁the ▁am alg am ation ▁of ▁the ▁Kingdom ▁of ▁He j az ▁and ▁Ne jd , ▁the ▁new ▁state ▁was ▁named ▁al - M aml ak ah ▁al - ʿ Ar ab ī y ah ▁as - Sa ʿ ū d ī y ah ▁( a ▁transl iter ation ▁of ▁ ▁in ▁Arab ic ) ▁by ▁royal ▁dec ree ▁on ▁ 2 3 ▁September ▁ 1 9 3 2 ▁by ▁its ▁founder , ▁Abd ul az iz ▁bin ▁Saud . ▁Although ▁this ▁is ▁normally ▁translated ▁as ▁" the ▁Kingdom ▁of ▁Saudi ▁Arabia " ▁in ▁English , ▁it ▁literally ▁means ▁" the ▁Saudi ▁Arab ▁kingdom ", ▁or ▁" the ▁Arab ▁Saudi ▁Kingdom ". ▁ ▁The ▁word ▁"
S aud i " ▁is ▁derived ▁from ▁the ▁element ▁as - Sa ʿ ū d ī y ah ▁in ▁the ▁Arab ic ▁name ▁of ▁the ▁country , ▁which ▁is ▁a ▁type ▁of ▁ad ject ive ▁known ▁as ▁a ▁n is ba , ▁formed ▁from ▁the ▁dyn astic ▁name ▁of ▁the ▁Saudi ▁royal ▁family , ▁the ▁Al ▁Saud ▁( ). ▁Its ▁inclusion ▁express es ▁the ▁view ▁that ▁the ▁country ▁is ▁the ▁personal ▁possession ▁of ▁the ▁royal ▁family . ▁Al ▁Saud ▁is ▁an ▁Arab ic ▁name ▁formed ▁by ▁adding ▁the ▁word ▁Al , ▁meaning ▁" family ▁of " ▁or ▁" H ouse ▁of ", ▁to ▁the ▁personal ▁name ▁of ▁an ▁ancest or . ▁In ▁the ▁case ▁of ▁the ▁Al ▁Saud , ▁this ▁is ▁Saud ▁ib n ▁Muhammad ▁ib n ▁Mu q rin , ▁the ▁father ▁of ▁the ▁dyn asty ' s ▁ 1 8 th - century ▁founder , ▁Muhammad ▁bin ▁Saud . ▁ ▁History ▁ ▁Pre history ▁ ▁There ▁is ▁evidence ▁that ▁human ▁hab itation ▁in ▁the ▁Arab ian ▁Pen insula ▁dates ▁back ▁to ▁about ▁ 1 2 5 , 0 0 0 ▁years ▁ago . ▁A ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁study ▁found ▁that ▁the ▁first ▁modern ▁humans ▁to ▁spread ▁east ▁across ▁Asia ▁left ▁Africa ▁about ▁ 7 5 , 0 0 0 ▁years ▁ago ▁across ▁the ▁Bab - el - M and eb ▁connecting ▁the ▁Horn ▁of ▁Africa ▁and ▁Arabia . ▁The ▁Arab ian ▁pen insula ▁is ▁regarded ▁as ▁a ▁central ▁figure ▁in ▁the ▁understanding ▁of ▁hom in in ▁evolution ▁and ▁dispers
als . ▁Arabia ▁under w ent ▁an ▁extreme ▁environmental ▁fluct uation ▁in ▁the ▁Qu atern ary ▁that ▁led ▁to ▁profound ▁evolution ary ▁and ▁dem ographic ▁changes . ▁Arabia ▁has ▁a ▁rich ▁Lower ▁P ale ol ith ic ▁record , ▁and ▁the ▁quantity ▁of ▁Old ow an - like ▁sites ▁in ▁the ▁region ▁indicate ▁a ▁significant ▁role ▁that ▁Arabia ▁had ▁played ▁in ▁the ▁early ▁hom in in ▁colon ization ▁of ▁E uras ia . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁Ne ol ith ic ▁period , ▁prominent ▁cultures ▁such ▁as ▁Al - Mag ar , ▁whose ▁center ▁lay ▁in ▁modern - day ▁south western ▁Naj d ▁flour ished . ▁Al - Mag ar ▁could ▁be ▁considered ▁as ▁a ▁" Ne ol ith ic ▁Revolution " ▁in ▁human ▁knowledge ▁and ▁hand ic raft ▁skills . ▁The ▁culture ▁is ▁characterized ▁as ▁being ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁world ' s ▁first ▁to ▁involve ▁the ▁widespread ▁dom est ication ▁of ▁animals , ▁particularly ▁the ▁horse , ▁during ▁the ▁Ne ol ith ic ▁period . ▁As ide ▁from ▁horses , ▁animals ▁such ▁as ▁sheep , ▁go ats , ▁dogs , ▁in ▁particular ▁of ▁the ▁Sal uki ▁race , ▁o str iches , ▁fal cons ▁and ▁fish ▁were ▁discovered ▁in ▁the ▁form ▁of ▁stone ▁stat ues ▁and ▁rock ▁en grav ings . ▁Al - Mag ar ▁stat ues ▁were ▁made ▁from ▁local ▁stone , ▁and ▁it ▁seems ▁that ▁the ▁stat ues ▁were ▁fixed ▁in ▁a ▁central ▁building ▁that ▁might ▁have ▁had ▁a ▁significant ▁role ▁on ▁the ▁social ▁and ▁religious ▁life ▁of ▁the ▁inhabitants .
▁ ▁In ▁November ▁ 2 0 1 7 , ▁hunting ▁scenes ▁showing ▁images ▁of ▁most ▁likely ▁dom est icated ▁dogs , ▁re sem bling ▁the ▁C ana an ▁dog , ▁wearing ▁le ashes ▁were ▁discovered ▁in ▁Sh u way m is , ▁a ▁h illy ▁region ▁of ▁north western ▁Saudi ▁Arabia . ▁These ▁rock ▁en grav ings ▁date ▁back ▁more ▁than ▁ 8 , 0 0 0 ▁years , ▁making ▁them ▁the ▁earliest ▁dep ictions ▁of ▁dogs ▁in ▁the ▁world . ▁ ▁At ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁ 4 th ▁mill enn ium ▁BC , ▁Arabia ▁entered ▁the ▁Bron ze ▁Age ▁after ▁witness ing ▁dr astic ▁transform ations ; ▁met als ▁were ▁widely ▁used , ▁and ▁the ▁period ▁was ▁characterized ▁by ▁its ▁ 2 ▁m ▁high ▁bur ials ▁which ▁was ▁simultaneously ▁followed ▁by ▁the ▁existence ▁of ▁numerous ▁tem ples , ▁that ▁included ▁many ▁free - standing ▁sculpt ures ▁originally ▁painted ▁with ▁red ▁colours . ▁ ▁Pre - I sl amic ▁ ▁The ▁earliest ▁sed ent ary ▁culture ▁in ▁Saudi ▁Arabia ▁dates ▁back ▁to ▁the ▁U ba id ▁period , ▁upon ▁discover ing ▁various ▁pot tery ▁sh er ds ▁at ▁D os ari y ah . ▁Initial ▁analysis ▁of ▁the ▁discovery ▁concluded ▁that ▁the ▁eastern ▁province ▁of ▁Saudi ▁Arabia ▁was ▁the ▁hom eland ▁of ▁the ▁earliest ▁sett lers ▁of ▁Mes op ot am ia , ▁and ▁by ▁extension , ▁the ▁likely ▁origin ▁of ▁the ▁S umer ians . ▁However , ▁experts ▁such ▁as ▁Joan ▁O ates ▁had ▁the ▁opportunity ▁to ▁see ▁the ▁U ba
id ▁period ▁sh er ds ▁in ▁eastern ▁Arabia ▁and ▁consequ ently ▁conclude ▁that ▁the ▁sh er ds ▁dates ▁to ▁the ▁last ▁two ▁phases ▁of ▁U ba id ▁period ▁( period ▁three ▁and ▁four ), ▁while ▁handful ▁examples ▁could ▁be ▁classified ▁roughly ▁as ▁either ▁U ba id ▁ 3 ▁or ▁U ba id ▁ 2 . ▁Thus ▁the ▁idea ▁that ▁colon ists ▁from ▁Saudi ▁Arabia ▁had ▁em igr ated ▁to ▁southern ▁Mes op ot am ia ▁and ▁founded ▁the ▁region ' s ▁first ▁sed ent ary ▁culture ▁was ▁abandoned . ▁ ▁Cl im atic ▁change ▁and ▁the ▁on set ▁of ▁ar idity ▁may ▁have ▁brought ▁about ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁this ▁phase ▁of ▁settlement , ▁as ▁little ▁archae ological ▁evidence ▁exists ▁from ▁the ▁succeed ing ▁mill enn ium . ▁The ▁settlement ▁of ▁the ▁region ▁picks ▁up ▁again ▁in ▁the ▁period ▁of ▁D il mun ▁in ▁the ▁early ▁ 3 rd ▁mill enn ium . ▁K nown ▁records ▁from ▁U ru k ▁refer ▁to ▁a ▁place ▁called ▁D il mun , ▁associated ▁in ▁several ▁occasions ▁with ▁copper ▁and ▁in ▁later ▁period ▁it ▁was ▁a ▁source ▁of ▁imported ▁woods ▁in ▁southern ▁Mes op ot am ia . ▁A ▁number ▁of ▁scholars ▁have ▁suggested ▁that ▁D il mun ▁originally ▁designated ▁the ▁eastern ▁province ▁of ▁Saudi ▁Arabia , ▁notably ▁linked ▁with ▁the ▁major ▁D il mun ite ▁settlement s ▁of ▁U mm ▁an - N uss i ▁and ▁U mm ▁ar - R am ad h ▁in ▁the ▁interior ▁and ▁Tar out ▁on ▁the ▁coast . ▁It ▁is ▁likely
▁that ▁Tar out ▁Island ▁was ▁the ▁main ▁port ▁and ▁the ▁capital ▁of ▁D il mun . ▁Mes op ot am ian ▁in scribed ▁clay ▁table ts ▁suggests ▁that , ▁in ▁the ▁early ▁period ▁of ▁D il mun , ▁a ▁form ▁of ▁hier arch ical ▁organized ▁political ▁structure ▁existed . ▁In ▁ 1 9 6 6 ▁an ▁earth works ▁in ▁Tar out ▁exposed ▁ancient ▁bur ial ▁field ▁that ▁yield ed ▁a ▁large ▁impressive ▁statue ▁dating ▁to ▁the ▁D il mun ite ▁period ▁( mid ▁ 3 rd ▁mill enn ium ▁BC ). ▁The ▁statue ▁was ▁locally ▁made ▁under ▁strong ▁Mes op ot am ian ▁influence ▁on ▁the ▁artistic ▁principle ▁of ▁D il mun . ▁ ▁By ▁ 2 2 0 0 ▁BC , ▁the ▁centre ▁of ▁D il mun ▁shifted ▁for ▁unknown ▁reasons ▁from ▁Tar out ▁and ▁the ▁Saudi ▁Arab ian ▁main land ▁to ▁the ▁island ▁of ▁B ahr ain , ▁and ▁a ▁major ▁developed ▁settlement s ▁appeared ▁in ▁B ahr ain ▁for ▁the ▁first ▁time , ▁where ▁a ▁labor ious ▁temple ▁complex ▁and ▁thousands ▁of ▁bur ial ▁m ounds ▁that ▁dates ▁to ▁this ▁period ▁were ▁discovered . ▁ ▁By ▁the ▁Late ▁Bron ze ▁Age , ▁a ▁histor ically ▁recorded ▁people ▁and ▁land ▁( Med ian ▁and ▁the ▁Med ian ites ) ▁in ▁the ▁north - western ▁portion ▁of ▁Saudi ▁Arabia ▁are ▁well - document ed ▁in ▁the ▁Bible . ▁Cent ered ▁in ▁Tab ou k , ▁Med ian ▁stretched ▁from ▁W adi ▁Arab ah ▁in ▁the ▁north ▁to ▁the ▁area ▁of ▁al -

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