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ear iki ▁by ▁ 1 3 , 6 3 3 ▁votes ▁to ▁ 1 3 , 2 8 5 . ▁In ▁the ▁National ▁Assembly ▁he ▁initially ▁joined ▁the ▁Independent ▁Republicans , ▁before ▁switching ▁to ▁the ▁Progress ▁and ▁Modern ▁Democr acy ▁group ▁following ▁the ▁ 1 9 6 8 ▁elections . ▁He ▁later ▁joined ▁the ▁Re form ist ▁Movement ▁after ▁its ▁foundation ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 2 . ▁ ▁He ▁remained ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁National ▁Assembly ▁until ▁ 1 9 7 8 , ▁and ▁later ▁served ▁as ▁President ▁of ▁French ▁Pol yn es ia ' s ▁Council ▁of ▁Government . ▁He ▁was ▁also ▁the ▁founder ▁of ▁the ▁A ia ▁Api ▁party . ▁He ▁retired ▁from ▁politics ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 5 . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 1 2 ▁birth s ▁Category : People ▁from ▁P ape ete ▁Category : F rench ▁Pol yn esian ▁educ ators ▁Category : F rench ▁Pol yn esian ▁civil ▁servants ▁Category : May ors ▁of ▁places ▁in ▁French ▁Pol yn es ia ▁Category : Members ▁of ▁the ▁National ▁Assembly ▁( Fr ance ) ▁Category : A ia ▁Api ▁politicians ▁Category : 1 9 9 6 ▁deaths <0x0A> </s> ▁Bern ice ▁Mort on ▁( born ▁ 9 ▁April ▁ 1 9 6 9 ) ▁she ▁is ▁a ▁Saint ▁K itt s ▁and ▁Nev is ▁ath lete . ▁ ▁She ▁was ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁first ▁ever ▁team ▁to ▁represent ▁Saint ▁K itt s ▁and ▁Nev is ▁at ▁the ▁Olympic ▁Games ▁when ▁she ▁competed ▁at
▁the ▁ 1 9 9 6 ▁Summer ▁Olympic ▁Games ▁in ▁the ▁ 4 ▁x ▁ 1 0 0 ▁metres ▁relay , ▁but ▁the ▁team ▁failed ▁to ▁finish ▁so ▁didn ' t ▁qualify ▁for ▁the ▁next ▁round . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 6 9 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : Saint ▁K itt s ▁and ▁Nev is ▁female ▁spr inters ▁Category : O lymp ic ▁athletes ▁of ▁Saint ▁K itt s ▁and ▁Nev is ▁Category : A thlet es ▁( track ▁and ▁field ) ▁at ▁the ▁ 1 9 9 4 ▁Commonwealth ▁Games ▁Category : Common wealth ▁Games ▁competitors ▁for ▁Saint ▁K itt s ▁and ▁Nev is ▁Category : A thlet es ▁( track ▁and ▁field ) ▁at ▁the ▁ 1 9 9 6 ▁Summer ▁Olympics <0x0A> </s> ▁N il son ▁Mach ado ▁dos ▁Sant os ▁( born ▁ 2 4 ▁January ▁ 1 9 7 3 ), ▁commonly ▁known ▁as ▁B iro ▁J ade , ▁was ▁a ▁Brazil ▁born , ▁A zer ba ij ani ▁fut sal ▁player ▁who ▁plays ▁for ▁A raz ▁N ax ç ivan ▁as ▁a ▁field ▁player . ▁He ▁won ▁Golden ▁Boot ▁award ▁as ▁join ▁top ▁sc orer ▁with ▁five ▁goals ▁in ▁UEFA ▁European ▁F uts al ▁Championship ▁ 2 0 1 0 . ▁He ▁is ▁now ▁an ▁assistant ▁manager ▁in ▁A zer ba ij an ▁national ▁fut sal ▁team . ▁ ▁Hon ours ▁ ▁European ▁F uts al ▁Golden ▁Boot ▁winner : ▁( 2 0 1 0 ) ▁ ▁Re ferences
▁ ▁Category : 1 9 7 3 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : A zer ba ij ani ▁men ' s ▁fut sal ▁players ▁Category : U r agan ▁Iv ano - Fr ank iv sk ▁players <0x0A> </s> ▁George ▁Spr ague ▁Brook s ▁( 1 8 9 5 – 1 9 6 1 ) ▁was ▁a ▁play wright , ▁author , ▁editor ▁and ▁lect urer ▁whose ▁work ▁appeared ▁frequently ▁in ▁the ▁Saturday ▁Even ing ▁Post . ▁ ▁Early ▁life ▁▁ ▁Born ▁February ▁ 7 , ▁ 1 8 9 5 ▁in ▁Pearl ▁Creek , ▁Wy oming ▁County , ▁New ▁York , ▁George ▁S . ▁Brook s ▁was ▁the ▁great - g reat - grand son ▁of ▁Revolution ary ▁War ▁brig ad ier ▁general ▁and ▁chap l ain ▁David ▁Brook s . ▁George ▁S . ▁Brook s ▁attended ▁Middle burg ▁Academy , ▁Salt ▁Lake ▁Col leg iate ▁Institute ▁and ▁the ▁high ▁school ▁at ▁Wars aw , ▁New ▁York . ▁He ▁then ▁attended ▁University ▁of ▁Roche ster ▁in ▁fall ▁ 1 9 3 1 . ▁He ▁was ▁friends ▁with ▁class ics ▁scholar ▁James ▁Marshall ▁Campbell . ▁The ▁two ▁had ▁youth ful ▁plans ▁of ▁building ▁a ▁law ▁practice ▁together , ▁but ▁when ▁Brook s ▁failed ▁the ▁fresh man ▁English ▁course ▁he ▁withd rew ▁from ▁college ▁and ▁purs ued ▁other ▁career ▁paths . ▁ ▁World ▁War ▁I ▁service ▁▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 1 4 , ▁he ▁attempted ▁to ▁en list ▁in ▁the ▁Canadian ▁Army . ▁However , ▁he ▁was ▁deport ed ▁back
▁to ▁the ▁US ▁for ▁making ▁a ▁false ▁declaration ▁of ▁citizens hip . ▁When ▁the ▁US ▁entered ▁World ▁War ▁I , ▁he ▁en listed ▁in ▁ 3 0 2 nd ▁Am mun ition ▁Train ▁with ▁the ▁American ▁Ex ped ition ary ▁Forces ▁overseas , ▁and ▁became ▁what ▁is ▁otherwise ▁known ▁as ▁a ▁" d ough boy ". ▁He ▁saw ▁action ▁in ▁the ▁Ch ate au - Th ier ry ▁offensive , ▁the ▁A is ne ▁offensive , ▁and ▁the ▁Me use - Arg onne ▁offensive . ▁ ▁Brook s ▁was ▁one ▁of ▁a ▁group ▁of ▁ 2 4 9 ▁American ▁soldiers — both ▁officers ▁and ▁en listed ▁men — who ▁briefly ▁attended ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Po it iers ▁as ▁full - time ▁students ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 9 ▁after ▁having ▁fought ▁on ▁the ▁Western ▁Front . ▁The ▁University ▁of ▁Po it iers ▁is ▁one ▁of ▁France ' s ▁oldest ▁universities , ▁founded ▁in ▁ 1 4 3 1 . ▁The ▁Po it iers ▁group ▁was ▁part ▁of ▁a ▁larger ▁experiment ▁involving ▁soldier - stud ents ▁at ▁ 1 5 ▁other ▁French ▁universities ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁the ▁Univers ities ▁of ▁London , ▁Edinburgh , ▁Oxford , ▁and ▁Cambridge . ▁The ▁experiment ▁fo resh adows ▁later ▁efforts ▁on ▁behalf ▁of ▁veterans ' ▁education ▁such ▁as ▁the ▁G . I . ▁Bill ▁of ▁ 1 9 4 4 ▁and ▁subsequent ▁programs . ▁ ▁Career ▁in ▁journal ism ▁▁ ▁After ▁Po it iers , ▁he ▁held ▁eleven ▁different ▁newspaper ▁jobs ▁before ▁returning ▁to ▁Roche ster . ▁In
▁ 1 9 2 2 ▁he ▁became ▁a ▁reporter ▁for ▁the ▁Roche ster ▁Her ald ▁until ▁ 1 9 2 5 . ▁Here ▁he ▁began ▁collabor ating ▁on ▁fiction ▁pieces ▁with ▁correspond ent ▁and ▁sketch - writer ▁Henry ▁Cl une . ▁S . ▁S . ▁Mc Cl ure ▁was ▁impressed ▁by ▁Brook s ’ ▁Her ald ▁articles ▁invited ▁him ▁to ▁New ▁York . ▁Brook s ▁became ▁managing ▁editor ▁of ▁Mc Cl ure ' s . ▁When ▁the ▁publication ▁was ▁bought ▁by ▁the ▁H ear st ▁Corporation , ▁Brook s ▁resigned . ▁He ▁became ▁managing ▁editor ▁of ▁Sh r ine ▁Magazine . ▁Wh ilst ▁in ▁New ▁York , ▁Brook s ▁renew ed ▁his ▁acqu aint ance ▁with ▁Walter ▁L ister , ▁the ▁city ▁editor ▁of ▁the ▁New ▁York ▁Even ing ▁Post . ▁With ▁L ister , ▁Brook s ▁emb ark ed ▁on ▁writing ▁his ▁first ▁play . ▁ ▁Sp read ▁E agle ▁and ▁other ▁plays ▁▁ ▁Init ially ▁titled ▁Patri ots , ▁Inc ., ▁Brook s ' ▁and ▁L ister ' s ▁first ▁play ▁was ▁produced ▁by ▁Jed ▁Harris ▁under ▁the ▁title , ▁Sp read ▁E agle ▁and ▁st aged ▁by ▁George ▁Abb ott . ▁It ▁opened ▁on ▁Broadway ▁on ▁April ▁ 4 , ▁ 1 9 2 7 ▁and ▁ran ▁for ▁eight y ▁performances . ▁Raymond ▁M asse y , ▁who ▁star red ▁as ▁the ▁H ear st - in sp ired ▁Joe ▁C obb , ▁directed ▁the ▁subsequent ▁London ▁production . ▁It ▁gar ner ed ▁mixed ▁reviews . ▁Long ▁thought ▁to ▁be
▁lost , ▁the ▁play ▁was ▁re dis covered ▁in ▁the ▁basement ▁of ▁the ▁ 5 th ▁Avenue ▁New ▁York ▁public ▁library ▁and ▁was ▁rev ived ▁by ▁the ▁L . A . ▁Theatre ▁Works ▁radio ▁theatre ▁company ▁who ▁made ▁an ▁audio ▁recording ▁of ▁the ▁play ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 9 ▁with ▁actors ▁Fred ▁Sav age , ▁Ed ▁As ner ▁and ▁Sh aron ▁G less . ▁ ▁Sp read ▁E agle ▁is ▁shaped ▁in ▁part ▁by ▁Brook s ’ ▁experience ▁in ▁World ▁War ▁I , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁criticism ▁of ▁the ▁H ear st ▁publications ' ▁j ingo istic ▁coverage ▁of ▁the ▁Spanish – American ▁War , ▁and ▁a ▁plot ▁which ▁centers ▁on ▁fool ing ▁the ▁American ▁people ▁into ▁going ▁to ▁war ▁on ▁a ▁false ▁pre text ▁when ▁the ▁real ▁mot ive ▁is ▁to ▁secure ▁America ' s ▁overseas ▁business ▁interests . ▁Sp read ▁E agle ▁was ▁sub t itled ▁“ A ▁Dr ama ▁and ▁A ▁F iction ▁for ▁Patri ots ”. ▁The ▁Federal ▁Communications ▁Commission ▁( F CC ) ▁banned ▁the ▁work ▁from ▁radio . ▁ ▁The ▁success ▁of ▁Sp read ▁E agle ▁led ▁to ▁re - write ▁work ▁on ▁Cele br ity ▁by ▁Will ard ▁Ke efe ▁and ▁contributions ▁to ▁the ▁less ▁successful ▁play ▁Wh ip ▁Hand ▁by ▁Mar jor ie ▁Chase ▁Sur de z . ▁In ▁ 1 9 2 9 , ▁Brook s ▁was ▁contract ed ▁by ▁Fox ▁Film ▁Company ▁for ▁six ▁months . ▁This ▁engagement ▁was ▁extended ▁to ▁two ▁years ▁during ▁which ▁time ▁he ▁adapted ▁his ▁story ▁of ▁newspaper
▁people ▁For ▁Two ▁C ents ▁into ▁Big ▁News ▁( 1 9 2 9 ) ▁star ring ▁Car ole ▁L omb ard . ▁In ▁ 1 9 3 0 , ▁The ▁Three ▁Sister s ▁came ▁out . ▁It ▁was ▁adapted ▁from ▁his ▁own ▁original ▁story , ▁not ▁from ▁the ▁Anton ▁Che kh ov ▁play . ▁ ▁His ▁final ▁work ▁in ▁Hollywood ▁was ▁the ▁ 1 9 3 0 ▁movie ▁Double ▁Cross ▁Road s , ▁which ▁he ▁adapted ▁from ▁the ▁novel ▁Y onder ▁Grow ▁The ▁D ais ies ▁by ▁William ▁R . ▁Lip man . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 2 2 , ▁Brook s ▁married ▁Dr . ▁Helen ▁Clark , ▁professor ▁of ▁educational ▁psychology ▁at ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Minnesota . ▁He ▁collabor ated ▁with ▁her ▁on ▁his ▁ 1 9 3 1 ▁work ▁Dead ▁or ▁Al ive . ▁The ▁couple ▁purchased ▁a ▁thirty - acre ▁estate ▁on ▁the ▁out sk irts ▁of ▁Gro ton , ▁New ▁York , ▁where ▁they ▁lived ▁with ▁their ▁three ▁children . ▁Brook s ▁concentrated ▁on ▁short ▁stories ▁in ▁the ▁latter ▁part ▁of ▁his ▁career . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 2 6 , ▁he ▁edited ▁James ▁Dur and ▁An ▁A ble ▁Se aman ▁Of ▁ 1 8 1 2 : ▁His ▁Advent ures ▁On ▁Old ▁Ir ons ides ▁And ▁As ▁An ▁Im pressed ▁S ail or ▁In ▁The ▁British ▁Navy . ▁The ▁George ▁S . ▁Brook s ▁Papers ▁are ▁held ▁at ▁S yr ac use ▁University . ▁ ▁Other ▁works ▁▁▁ 1 9 2 8 ▁Fort in bras ▁In
▁Pl ain ▁Cl othes ▁▁ 1 9 3 0 ▁No ▁C ause ▁For ▁Com pl aint ▁▁ 1 9 3 6 ▁Block ▁That ▁Br ide ▁and ▁other ▁stories ▁▁▁ 1 9 4 2 ▁The ▁M amma ▁Bull ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁Category : 2 0 th - century ▁American ▁dram at ists ▁and ▁play wright s ▁Category : 1 8 9 5 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 9 6 1 ▁deaths <0x0A> </s> ▁Cr ave ▁is ▁a ▁one - act ▁play ▁by ▁British ▁play wright ▁Sarah ▁K ane . ▁It ▁was ▁first ▁performed ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 8 ▁by ▁the ▁theatre ▁company ▁P aines ▁Pl ough , ▁with ▁which ▁K ane ▁was ▁writer - in - res idence ▁for ▁the ▁year , ▁at ▁the ▁Tra verse ▁Theatre , ▁Edinburgh . ▁The ▁play ▁was ▁initially ▁presented ▁under ▁the ▁pseud onym ▁Marie ▁Kel ved on ; ▁K ane ▁used ▁a ▁pseud onym ▁to ▁avoid ▁the ▁dist raction ▁of ▁her ▁reputation ▁for ▁graphic ▁st aged ▁violence ▁from ▁her ▁previous ▁works . ▁Cr ave ▁was ▁K ane ' s ▁fourth ▁play . ▁It ▁is ▁dedicated ▁by ▁the ▁author ▁to ▁Mark ▁R aven hill . ▁ ▁Str ucture ▁ ▁The ▁play ▁reflects ▁a ▁sty list ic ▁departure ▁from ▁K ane ' s ▁previous ▁works , ▁using ▁a ▁non - linear , ▁poet ic ▁style , ▁and ▁is ▁notable ▁for ▁its ▁lack ▁of ▁st aged ▁violence ▁that ▁had ▁been ▁a ▁hall mark ▁of ▁the ▁author ' s ▁previous ▁work ; ▁this ▁style ▁is ▁continued
▁in ▁her ▁next ▁and ▁final ▁work , ▁ 4 . 4 8 ▁Psych osis . ▁The ▁dialogue ▁is ▁inter text ual , ▁and ▁often ▁it ▁is ▁un clear ▁whom ▁each ▁line ▁is ▁addressed ▁to . ▁Much ▁of ▁the ▁delivery ▁ ▁of ▁the ▁text ▁is ▁left ▁up ▁to ▁director ial ▁interpretation . ▁The ▁author ▁does ▁not ▁provide ▁context , ▁stage ▁directions ▁or ▁descriptions ▁of ▁characters . ▁The ▁sex ▁and ▁gender ▁of ▁the ▁four ▁characters ▁( A , ▁B , ▁C , ▁and ▁M ) ▁is ▁only ▁ident ifiable ▁from ▁context ▁within ▁the ▁play . ▁ ▁The mes ▁and ▁all usions ▁Cr ave ▁continues ▁the ▁theme ▁of ▁pain ▁in ▁love ▁that ▁K ane ▁had ▁explored ▁with ▁previous ▁plays , ▁but ▁is ▁sty list ically ▁a ▁departure . ▁The ▁play ▁contains ▁several ▁dark ▁themes , ▁presented ▁as ▁issues ▁ha unting ▁the ▁four ▁characters . ▁These ▁themes ▁include ▁rape , ▁inc est , ▁ped oph ilia , ▁an ore x ia , ▁drug ▁addiction , ▁mental ▁inst ability , ▁murder , ▁and ▁suicide . ▁ ▁K ane ▁incorpor ates ▁numerous ▁literary ▁all usions ▁in ▁the ▁text ▁of ▁the ▁play , ▁especially ▁to ▁The ▁W aste ▁Land ▁by ▁T . S . ▁Eli ot . ▁She ▁also ▁makes ▁several ▁references ▁to ▁b iblical ▁script ure , ▁especially ▁through ▁the ▁character ▁of ▁" A ". ▁ ▁" Mar ie ▁Kel ved on " ▁ ▁The ▁pseud onym ▁" Mar ie ▁Kel ved on " ▁was ▁based ▁on ▁the ▁village ▁of ▁Kel ved on ▁H atch , ▁where ▁K ane
▁grew ▁up . ▁K ane ▁included ▁the ▁following ▁fict it ious ▁bi ography ▁in ▁the ▁programme ▁notes : ▁ ▁Popular ▁culture ▁The ▁lyrics ▁to ▁I cel and ic ▁singer ▁B j ör k ' s ▁song ▁" An ▁E cho , ▁A ▁St ain ", ▁released ▁on ▁the ▁album ▁V es pert ine ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 1 , ▁are ▁based ▁on ▁this ▁play . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁▁ ▁Sarah ▁K ane : ▁Complete ▁Pl ays . ▁London ▁ 2 0 0 1 ▁▁ ▁Category : Pl ays ▁by ▁Sarah ▁K ane ▁Category : 1 9 9 8 ▁plays <0x0A> </s> ▁H imm ler ▁is ▁a ▁German ▁surn ame . ▁ ▁Not able ▁people ▁with ▁the ▁surn ame ▁include : ▁▁ ▁Ernst ▁Herm ann ▁H imm ler ▁( 1 9 0 5 – 1 9 4 5 ), ▁German ▁Nazi ▁function ary ▁and ▁younger ▁brother ▁of ▁Heinrich ▁H imm ler ▁ ▁Geb hard ▁Ludwig ▁H imm ler ▁( 1 8 9 8 – 1 9 8 9 ), ▁German ▁Nazi ▁function ary ▁and ▁older ▁brother ▁of ▁Heinrich ▁H imm ler ▁ ▁G ud run ▁Bur w itz , ▁n ée ▁H imm ler ▁( 1 9 2 9 – 2 0 1 8 ), ▁daughter ▁of ▁Heinrich ▁H imm ler ▁ ▁Heinrich ▁H imm ler ▁( 1 9 0 0 – 1 9 4 5 ), ▁Reich sf ühr er ▁of ▁the ▁Sch utz staff el ▁( SS ), ▁a ▁military ▁commander , ▁and ▁a ▁leading ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁Nazi ▁Party ▁(
N SD AP ) ▁of ▁Nazi ▁Germany ▁ ▁K atr in ▁H imm ler ▁( born ▁ 1 9 6 7 ), ▁a ▁German ▁author , ▁the ▁grand d aughter ▁of ▁Ernst ▁Herm ann ▁H imm ler , ▁great - nie ce ▁of ▁Heinrich ▁H imm ler ▁ ▁Marg are te ▁H imm ler ▁( 1 8 9 3 – 1 9 6 7 ), ▁wife ▁of ▁Heinrich ▁H imm ler ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁▁ ▁Operation ▁H imm ler ▁( less ▁often ▁known ▁as : ▁Operation ▁Kon serve , ▁Operation ▁C anned ▁Good s ), ▁a ▁Nazi ▁Germany ▁false ▁flag ▁project ▁ ▁Category : G erman - language ▁surn ames <0x0A> </s> ▁In ▁geometry ▁an ▁equ il ateral ▁pent agon ▁is ▁a ▁pol ygon ▁with ▁five ▁sides ▁of ▁equal ▁length . ▁Its ▁five ▁internal ▁angles , ▁in ▁turn , ▁can ▁take ▁a ▁range ▁of ▁sets ▁of ▁values , ▁thus ▁perm itting ▁it ▁to ▁form ▁a ▁family ▁of ▁pent ag ons . ▁The ▁requirement ▁is ▁that ▁all ▁angles ▁must ▁add ▁up ▁to ▁ 5 4 0 ▁degrees ▁and ▁must ▁be ▁between ▁ 0 ▁and ▁ 3 6 0 ▁degrees ▁but ▁not ▁equal ▁to ▁ 1 8 0 ▁degrees . ▁In ▁contrast , ▁the ▁regular ▁pent agon ▁is ▁unique , ▁because ▁it ▁is ▁equ il ateral ▁and ▁more over ▁it ▁is ▁equ i angular ▁( its ▁five ▁angles ▁are ▁equal ; ▁the ▁measure ▁is ▁ 1 0 8 ▁degrees ). ▁ ▁Four ▁inter sect ing ▁equal ▁circles ▁arranged ▁in ▁a ▁closed ▁chain ▁are ▁sufficient ▁to
▁determine ▁a ▁convex ▁equ il ateral ▁pent agon . ▁Each ▁circle ' s ▁center ▁is ▁one ▁of ▁four ▁vertices ▁of ▁the ▁pent agon . ▁The ▁remaining ▁vertex ▁is ▁determined ▁by ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁intersection ▁points ▁of ▁the ▁first ▁and ▁the ▁last ▁circle ▁of ▁the ▁chain . ▁ ▁It ▁is ▁possible ▁to ▁describe ▁the ▁five ▁angles ▁of ▁any ▁convex ▁equ il ateral ▁pent agon ▁with ▁only ▁two ▁angles ▁ α ▁and ▁ β , ▁provided ▁ α ▁ ≥ ▁ β ▁and ▁ δ ▁is ▁the ▁smallest ▁of ▁the ▁other ▁angles . ▁Thus ▁the ▁general ▁equ il ateral ▁pent agon ▁can ▁be ▁regarded ▁as ▁a ▁b iv ari ate ▁function ▁f ( α , ▁ β ) ▁where ▁the ▁rest ▁of ▁the ▁angles ▁can ▁be ▁obtained ▁by ▁using ▁tr ig on ometric ▁relations . ▁The ▁equ il ateral ▁pent agon ▁described ▁in ▁this ▁manner ▁will ▁be ▁unique ▁up ▁to ▁a ▁rotation ▁in ▁the ▁plane . ▁ ▁Examples ▁ ▁Internal ▁angles ▁▁ ▁When ▁the ▁equ il ateral ▁pent agon ▁is ▁disse cted ▁into ▁tri angles , ▁two ▁of ▁them ▁appear ▁as ▁is os cel es ▁( tri angles ▁in ▁orange ▁and ▁blue ) ▁while ▁the ▁other ▁one ▁is ▁more ▁general ▁( tri angle ▁in ▁green ). ▁We ▁assume ▁that ▁we ▁are ▁given ▁the ▁adjacent ▁angles ▁ ▁and ▁. ▁▁ ▁According ▁to ▁the ▁law ▁of ▁s ines ▁the ▁length ▁of ▁the ▁line ▁divid ing ▁the ▁green ▁and ▁blue ▁tri angles ▁is : ▁▁▁▁ ▁The ▁square ▁of ▁the ▁length ▁of ▁the ▁line ▁divid ing ▁the ▁orange ▁and
▁green ▁tri angles ▁is : ▁▁▁▁ ▁According ▁to ▁the ▁law ▁of ▁cos ines , ▁the ▁cos ine ▁of ▁ δ ▁can ▁be ▁seen ▁from ▁the ▁figure : ▁▁▁▁ ▁Sim pl ifying , ▁ δ ▁is ▁obtained ▁as ▁function ▁of ▁ α ▁and ▁ β : ▁▁▁▁ ▁The ▁remaining ▁angles ▁of ▁the ▁pent agon ▁can ▁be ▁found ▁geometric ally : ▁The ▁remaining ▁angles ▁of ▁the ▁orange ▁and ▁blue ▁tri angles ▁are ▁readily ▁found ▁by ▁noting ▁that ▁two ▁angles ▁of ▁an ▁is os cel es ▁triangle ▁are ▁equal ▁while ▁all ▁three ▁angles ▁sum ▁to ▁ 1 8 0 ° . ▁Then ▁ ▁and ▁the ▁two ▁remaining ▁angles ▁of ▁the ▁green ▁triangle ▁can ▁be ▁found ▁from ▁four ▁equations ▁stating ▁that ▁the ▁sum ▁of ▁the ▁angles ▁of ▁the ▁pent agon ▁is ▁ 5 4 0 ° , ▁the ▁sum ▁of ▁the ▁angles ▁of ▁the ▁green ▁triangle ▁is ▁ 1 8 0 ° , ▁the ▁angle ▁ ▁is ▁the ▁sum ▁of ▁its ▁three ▁components , ▁and ▁the ▁angle ▁ ▁is ▁the ▁sum ▁of ▁its ▁two ▁components . ▁ ▁A ▁cycl ic ▁pent agon ▁is ▁equ i angular ▁if ▁and ▁only ▁if ▁it ▁has ▁equal ▁sides ▁and ▁thus ▁is ▁regular . ▁Like wise , ▁a ▁tang ential ▁pent agon ▁is ▁equ il ateral ▁if ▁and ▁only ▁if ▁it ▁has ▁equal ▁angles ▁and ▁thus ▁is ▁regular . ▁ ▁Two - dimensional ▁mapping ▁▁ ▁The ▁equ il ateral ▁pent agon ▁as ▁a ▁function ▁of ▁two ▁variables ▁can ▁be ▁pl otted ▁in ▁the ▁two - dimensional ▁plane . ▁Each ▁pair ▁of ▁values
▁( α , ▁ β ) ▁maps ▁to ▁a ▁single ▁point ▁of ▁the ▁plane ▁and ▁also ▁maps ▁to ▁a ▁single ▁pent agon . ▁ ▁The ▁periodic ity ▁of ▁the ▁values ▁of ▁ α ▁and ▁ β ▁and ▁the ▁condition ▁ α ▁ ≥ ▁ β ▁ ≥ ▁ δ ▁permit ▁the ▁size ▁of ▁the ▁mapping ▁to ▁be ▁limited . ▁In ▁the ▁plane ▁with ▁coordinate ▁ax es ▁ α ▁and ▁ β , ▁ α ▁= ▁ β ▁is ▁a ▁line ▁divid ing ▁the ▁plane ▁in ▁two ▁parts ▁( s outh ▁border ▁shown ▁in ▁orange ▁in ▁the ▁drawing ). ▁ δ ▁= ▁ β ▁as ▁a ▁curve ▁div ides ▁the ▁plane ▁into ▁different ▁sections ▁( n orth ▁border ▁shown ▁in ▁blue ). ▁ ▁Both ▁borders ▁en close ▁a ▁continuous ▁region ▁of ▁the ▁plane ▁whose ▁points ▁map ▁to ▁unique ▁equ il ateral ▁pent ag ons . ▁Points ▁outside ▁the ▁region ▁just ▁map ▁to ▁repeated ▁pent ag ons — that ▁is , ▁pent ag ons ▁that ▁when ▁rot ated ▁or ▁reflected ▁can ▁match ▁others ▁already ▁described . ▁Pent ag ons ▁that ▁map ▁exactly ▁onto ▁those ▁borders ▁have ▁a ▁line ▁of ▁symmetry . ▁ ▁Inside ▁the ▁region ▁of ▁unique ▁m appings ▁there ▁are ▁three ▁types ▁of ▁pent ag ons : ▁stell ated , ▁conc ave ▁and ▁convex , ▁separated ▁by ▁new ▁borders . ▁ ▁St ell ated ▁▁ ▁The ▁stell ated ▁pent ag ons ▁have ▁sides ▁inter se cted ▁by ▁others . ▁A ▁common ▁example ▁of ▁this ▁type ▁of ▁pent agon ▁is ▁the ▁pent agram . ▁A
▁condition ▁for ▁a ▁pent agon ▁to ▁be ▁stell ated , ▁or ▁self - inter sect ing , ▁is ▁to ▁have ▁ 2 α ▁+ ▁ β ▁ ≤ ▁ 1 8 0 ° . ▁So , ▁in ▁the ▁mapping , ▁the ▁line ▁ 2 α ▁+ ▁ β ▁= ▁ 1 8 0 ° ▁( sh own ▁in ▁orange ▁at ▁the ▁north ) ▁is ▁the ▁border ▁between ▁the ▁regions ▁of ▁stell ated ▁and ▁non - stell ated ▁pent ag ons . ▁Pent ag ons ▁which ▁map ▁exactly ▁to ▁this ▁border ▁have ▁a ▁vertex ▁touching ▁another ▁side . ▁ ▁Con c ave ▁▁ ▁The ▁conc ave ▁pent ag ons ▁are ▁non - stell ated ▁pent ag ons ▁having ▁at ▁least ▁one ▁angle ▁greater ▁than ▁ 1 8 0 ° . ▁The ▁first ▁angle ▁which ▁opens ▁wider ▁than ▁ 1 8 0 ° ▁is ▁ γ , ▁so ▁ γ ▁= ▁ 1 8 0 ° ▁( border ▁shown ▁in ▁green ▁at ▁right ) ▁is ▁a ▁curve ▁which ▁is ▁the ▁border ▁of ▁the ▁regions ▁of ▁conc ave ▁pent ag ons ▁and ▁others , ▁called ▁convex . ▁Pent ag ons ▁which ▁map ▁exactly ▁to ▁this ▁border ▁have ▁at ▁least ▁two ▁consecutive ▁sides ▁appearing ▁as ▁a ▁double ▁length ▁side , ▁which ▁re semb les ▁a ▁pent agon ▁degener ated ▁to ▁a ▁quad ril ateral . ▁ ▁Con ve x ▁▁ ▁The ▁convex ▁pent ag ons ▁have ▁all ▁of ▁their ▁five ▁angles ▁smaller ▁than ▁ 1 8 0 ° ▁and ▁no ▁sides ▁inter sect ing ▁others . ▁A
▁common ▁example ▁of ▁this ▁type ▁of ▁pent agon ▁is ▁the ▁regular ▁pent agon . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : Pol yg ons <0x0A> </s> ▁Game ▁of ▁Che fs ▁() ▁is ▁a ▁reality ▁cooking ▁competition ▁show ▁that ▁debut ed ▁on ▁ 1 9 ▁January ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁on ▁Channel ▁ 2 . ▁The ▁format ▁was ▁developed ▁by ▁Res het , ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁two ▁con cess ion aires ▁running ▁the ▁Israeli ▁Channel ▁ 2 , ▁in ▁collaboration ▁with ▁IT V . ▁The ▁final ▁episode ▁of ▁the ▁first ▁season ▁a ired ▁on ▁ 8 ▁April ▁ 2 0 1 4 , ▁reaching ▁a ▁rating ▁of ▁ 3 2 . 9 %. ▁A ▁second ▁season ▁began ▁on ▁ 2 8 ▁February ▁ 2 0 1 6 . ▁ ▁A ▁recur ring ▁theme ▁throughout ▁the ▁show ▁is ▁the ▁competition ▁being ▁decided ▁using ▁blind ▁taste ▁tests ▁in ▁almost ▁all ▁stages ▁of ▁the ▁format . ▁ ▁The ▁format ▁was ▁sold ▁to ▁R TL ▁Group . ▁ ▁Format ▁ ▁The ▁show ▁is ▁a ▁competition ▁open ▁for ▁both ▁amateur ▁and ▁professional ▁che fs , ▁competing ▁for ▁the ▁title ▁of ▁" Is rael ' s ▁most ▁talented ▁chef ". ▁It ▁is ▁hosted ▁by ▁Mir i ▁Boh ad ana . ▁The ▁show ▁has ▁four ▁stages : ▁The ▁blind ▁aud itions , ▁training ▁camp , ▁kitchen ▁battles , ▁and ▁fin als . ▁ ▁The ▁blind ▁aud itions ▁ ▁During ▁this ▁stage , ▁candidates ▁have ▁one ▁hour ▁to ▁prepare ▁a ▁dish , ▁which ▁is ▁then ▁sent ▁to ▁the ▁show ' s ▁three
▁judges ▁for ▁a ▁blind ▁taste ▁test . ▁The ▁judges ▁don ' t ▁see ▁the ▁candidate , ▁and ▁know ▁nothing ▁about ▁him ▁or ▁her . ▁During ▁the ▁test , ▁the ▁candidate ▁watches ▁the ▁judges ▁on ▁a ▁monitor ▁and ▁he ars ▁some ▁of ▁what ▁the ▁judges ▁say , ▁until ▁just ▁before ▁they ▁deliver ▁their ▁decision . ▁After wards ▁the ▁candidate ▁meets ▁the ▁judges ▁and ▁each ▁judge ▁reveals ▁his ▁decision . ▁A ▁" pass " ▁decision ▁is ▁sign ified ▁by ▁the ▁judge ▁giving ▁a ▁kitchen ▁knife ▁to ▁the ▁candidate . ▁A ▁candidate ▁receiving ▁at ▁least ▁two ▁kn ives ▁continues ▁to ▁the ▁next ▁stage , ▁the ▁training ▁camp . ▁ ▁The ▁training ▁camp ▁▁ 3 0 ▁candidates ▁( in ▁the ▁second ▁season , ▁ 3 3 ) ▁that ▁successfully ▁pass ▁the ▁blind ▁aud itions ▁stage ▁arrive ▁at ▁the ▁training ▁camp . ▁They ▁are ▁tested ▁in ▁three ▁missions , ▁one ▁from ▁each ▁chef ▁( jud ge ): ▁An ▁accuracy ▁and ▁technique ▁mission , ▁a ▁taste ▁balance ▁mission , ▁and ▁an ▁imagination ▁mission . ▁At ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁each ▁mission , ▁each ▁chef ▁picks ▁two ▁candidates ▁for ▁his ▁team , ▁so ▁that ▁every ▁team ▁grows ▁to ▁ 6 ▁contest ants . ▁ ▁The ▁kitchen ▁battles ▁ ▁In ▁this ▁stage ▁each ▁episode ▁has ▁two ▁parts . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁first ▁part , ▁the ▁teams ▁compet es ▁against ▁each ▁other . ▁Each ▁team ▁must ▁prepare ▁a ▁single ▁dish ▁to ▁be ▁served ▁to ▁ 1 4 ▁expert ▁judges ▁brought ▁especially ▁for ▁each ▁episode ▁based ▁on ▁the ▁changing ▁episodes ` ▁topics ▁( C
arn iv ores ▁for ▁a ▁meat ▁mission , ▁Ital ians ▁for ▁a ▁pizza ▁mission ▁and ▁etc .) ▁The ▁che fs ▁cannot ▁taste ▁the ▁dishes ▁or ▁touch ▁it , ▁each ▁chef ▁can ▁help ▁his ▁team ▁by ▁consultation ▁only . ▁The ▁winning ▁team ▁gains ▁imm unity ▁for ▁this ▁episode , ▁and ▁doesn ' t ▁participate ▁in ▁the ▁second ▁part . ▁ ▁The ▁remaining ▁contest ants ▁then ▁compete ▁against ▁each ▁other , ▁with ▁each ▁preparing ▁his ▁or ▁her ▁own ▁dish . ▁The ▁three ▁chef ▁judges ▁grade ▁each ▁dish ▁in ▁a ▁blind ▁taste ▁test , ▁without ▁knowing ▁who ▁made ▁it , ▁or ▁to ▁which ▁team ▁he ▁or ▁she ▁belongs ▁to . ▁The ▁contest ant ▁with ▁the ▁lowest ▁grade ▁is ▁eliminated ▁from ▁the ▁show . ▁ ▁When ▁only ▁ 7 ▁contest ants ▁remain ▁( one ▁stage ▁before ▁the ▁quarter ▁fin als ), ▁the ▁number ▁of ▁external ▁expert ▁judges ▁drops ▁to ▁ 7 , ▁and ▁the ▁winning ▁team ▁doesn ' t ▁receive ▁imm unity . ▁Instead ▁the ▁chef ▁of ▁the ▁winning ▁team ▁gives ▁imm unity ▁to ▁one ▁of ▁his ▁team ▁members . ▁ ▁Final ▁episodes ▁▁ ▁In ▁the ▁semi - final , ▁ 5 ▁contest ants ▁compete ▁against ▁each ▁other ▁preparing ▁dishes ▁invented ▁by ▁the ▁show ' s ▁own ▁che fs . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁final ▁episode , ▁ 4 ▁candidates ▁( In ▁the ▁second ▁season ▁two ▁only ) ▁compete ▁in ▁two ▁tasks . ▁The ▁first ▁task ▁is ▁jud ged ▁by ▁the ▁three ▁che fs ▁in ▁a ▁blind ▁taste ▁test , ▁followed ▁by ▁elim inating ▁two ▁contest ants .
▁The ▁second ▁task ▁is ▁grad ed ▁by ▁ 2 4 ▁of ▁Israel ' s ▁leading ▁che fs , ▁who ▁choose ▁that ▁season ' s ▁winner . ▁ ▁Jud ges ▁▁ ▁Me ir ▁Ad oni ▁( se asons ▁ 1 - 2 ), ▁an ▁Israeli ▁chef ▁and ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁owners ▁of ▁the ▁restaurant ▁" K at it " ▁in ▁Tel ▁Av iv . ▁He ▁also ▁owns ▁the ▁restaurants ▁" H am iz l ala ", ▁" Blue ▁Sky ", ▁and ▁" L um ina ". ▁Me ir ▁is ▁a ▁kind ▁and ▁a ▁sensitive ▁chef ▁who ▁c ries ▁a ▁lot ▁on ▁the ▁series . ▁ ▁Ass af ▁Gran it ▁( se asons ▁ 1 - 3 ), ▁an ▁Israeli ▁chef ▁and ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁owners ▁of ▁the ▁restaurant ▁" M ach ney uda " ▁in ▁Jerusalem . ▁He ▁also ▁owns ▁the ▁restaurants ▁" Y uda ' le ", ▁" M una ", ▁" Has ad na ", ▁and ▁" The ▁Pal omer " ▁in ▁London , ▁which ▁declared ▁as ▁" The ▁Best ▁Restaur ant ▁In ▁London " ▁in ▁three ▁different ▁cont ests . ▁Ass af ▁is ▁well ▁known ▁by ▁his ▁tough ▁nature , ▁the ▁mood y ▁face ▁and ▁the ▁bad ▁temper , ▁but ▁the ▁Israeli ▁audience ▁came ▁to ▁know ▁by ▁now ▁that ▁deep ▁inside ▁he ▁is ▁very ▁shy ▁and ▁sensitive . ▁In ▁Israel ▁he ▁won ▁the ▁nick name ▁" The ▁Bad ▁Boy ▁Of ▁The ▁Kitchen ". ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁he ▁got ▁a ▁documentary ▁series ▁of ▁his ▁own , ▁called ▁" Kit
chen ' s ▁Revolution ", ▁which ▁is ▁based ▁on ▁Gordon ▁ram as ay ' s ▁T . V ▁show ▁" kit chen ▁night ma res ". ▁Today , ▁Gran it ▁is ▁the ▁present er ▁of ▁dom ino ' s ▁pizza ▁after ▁publishing ▁a ▁new ▁line ▁of ▁chef ' s ▁p izz as ▁made ▁by ▁him . ▁ ▁M osh ik ▁Roth ▁( se asons ▁ 1 - 3 ), ▁an ▁Israeli ▁chef ▁and ▁head ▁chef ▁of ▁& sam h oud ▁places ▁in ▁Amsterdam , ▁which ▁holds ▁two ▁Miche lin ▁stars , ▁an ▁achievement ▁att ained ▁by ▁no ▁other ▁Israeli ▁chef . ▁ ▁Y oss i ▁Sh it rit ▁( season ▁ 3 ), ▁an ▁Israeli ▁chef ▁and ▁head ▁chef ▁of ▁the ▁" Kit chen ▁Market " ▁and ▁" M ashi ya " ▁restaurants ▁in ▁Tel ▁Av iv . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁▁ ▁Category : Tele vision ▁program mes ▁on ▁Channel ▁ 2 ▁( Is rael ) ▁Category : C ook ing ▁television ▁series ▁Category : Is rael i ▁reality ▁television ▁series ▁Category : 2 0 1 4 ▁Israeli ▁television ▁series ▁debut s <0x0A> </s> ▁Club ▁Val encia ▁is ▁a ▁Mal div ian ▁football ▁club ▁based ▁in ▁Mal é , ▁Mal div es ▁that ▁plays ▁in ▁the ▁D h ive hi ▁Premier ▁League . ▁ ▁Club ▁Val encia ▁was ▁the ▁first ▁Mal div ian ▁club ▁to ▁pay ▁a ▁salary ▁for ▁its ▁players . ▁ ▁Club ▁Val encia ▁has ▁won ▁ 0 5 ▁National ▁Championships , ▁ 0 5 ▁Mal div es ▁FA ▁Cup s
, ▁ 0 6 ▁Mal div es ▁Cup ▁W inners ' ▁Cup s , ▁and ▁ 0 3 ▁P OM IS ▁Cup s ▁and ▁Youth ▁Championship ▁ 2 0 1 3 . ▁ ▁History ▁The ▁notion ▁of ▁establishing ▁a ▁football ▁club ▁named ▁Club ▁Val encia ▁a rose ▁in ▁the ▁late ▁ 1 9 7 0 s ▁from ▁the ▁players ▁of ▁blue ▁and ▁gold ▁teams ▁participating ▁in ▁the ▁Junior ▁Football ▁Pool ▁organized ▁by ▁National ▁Sports ▁Academy . ▁ ▁The ▁first ▁two ▁names ▁proposed ▁to ▁the ▁government ▁for ▁approval ▁as ▁the ▁name ▁of ▁the ▁club ▁were ▁Youth ▁Rec reation ▁Movement ▁and ▁Ju ven ile ▁Val encia ▁Athlet ico ; ▁both ▁were ▁rejected . ▁The ▁third ▁name , ▁Club ▁Val encia ▁was ▁then ▁approved ▁by ▁the ▁government . ▁ ▁The ▁present ▁chairman ▁of ▁the ▁club ▁is ▁Mr . ▁Ad he el ▁J ale el ▁who ▁was ▁elected ▁to ▁the ▁post ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 5 . ▁ ▁Players ▁ ▁Current ▁Squad ▁ ▁Hon ours ▁ ▁League / Ch ampionship ▁ ▁Mal div es ▁National ▁Championship : ▁ 5 ▁▁ 1 9 9 3 , ▁ 1 9 9 4 , ▁ 1 9 9 8 , ▁ 1 9 9 9 , ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁ ▁D h ive hi ▁League : ▁ 5 ▁▁ 2 0 0 1 , ▁ 2 0 0 2 , ▁ 2 0 0 3 , ▁ 2 0 0 4 , ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁ ▁Male ' ▁League : ▁ 1 ▁▁ 2 0
0 5 ▁ ▁Mal div es ▁FA ▁Cup : ▁ 5 ▁▁ 1 9 8 8 , ▁ 1 9 9 5 , ▁ 1 9 9 9 , ▁ 2 0 0 4 , ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁ ▁F AM ▁Youth ▁Championship : ▁ 1 ▁▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁ ▁Mal div es ▁Cup ▁W inners ' ▁Cup : ▁ 6 ▁▁ 1 9 9 6 , ▁ 1 9 9 7 , ▁ 1 9 9 8 , ▁ 2 0 0 4 , ▁ 2 0 0 5 , ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁ ▁P OM IS ▁Cup : ▁ 3 ▁▁ 1 9 9 2 , ▁ 1 9 9 6 , ▁ 2 0 0 1 ▁ ▁Inter - con e ▁tro phy ▁held ▁at ▁Sri ▁L anka : ▁ 1 ▁▁ 1 9 9 3 ▁ ▁Char ity ▁Sh ield : ▁ 1 ▁▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁ ▁Veter ans ▁ ▁Veter ans ▁Cup : ▁ 3 ▁▁▁ 2 0 1 0 , 2 0 1 1 , 2 0 1 2 ▁ ▁Veter ans ▁Association ▁Cup – ▁Veter ans : ▁ 1 ▁▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁ ▁Veter ans ▁Association ▁Cup – ▁Masters : ▁ 1 ▁▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁ ▁Performance ▁in ▁A FC ▁compet itions ▁ ▁A FC ▁Champions ▁League : ▁ 1 ▁appearance ▁ 2 0 0 2 – 0 3 : ▁Qual ifying ▁East – ▁ 2 nd ▁Round ▁▁ ▁Asian ▁Club
▁Championship : ▁ 6 ▁appearances ▁ 1 9 8 6 : ▁Qual ifying ▁Stage ▁ 1 9 9 5 : ▁Pre liminary ▁Round ▁ 1 9 9 5 : ▁First ▁Round ▁ 1 9 9 6 : ▁Second ▁Round ▁ 1 9 9 9 : ▁First ▁Round ▁ 2 0 0 0 : ▁Second ▁Round ▁ ▁A FC ▁Cup : ▁ 4 ▁appearances ▁ 2 0 0 4 : ▁Group ▁Stage ▁ 2 0 0 5 : ▁Group ▁Stage ▁ 2 0 0 9 : ▁Group ▁Stage ▁ 2 0 1 7 : ▁ ▁Asian ▁Cup ▁W inners ▁Cup : ▁ 2 ▁appearances ▁ 1 9 9 6 / 9 7 : ▁Second ▁Round ▁ 2 0 0 0 / 0 1 : ▁First ▁Round ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁Official ▁site ▁ ▁Category : Foot ball ▁clubs ▁in ▁the ▁Mal div es ▁Category : Foot ball ▁clubs ▁in ▁Mal é ▁Category : Associ ation ▁football ▁clubs ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 9 ▁Category : 1 9 7 9 ▁establish ments ▁in ▁the ▁Mal div es <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Mel om ani ac ▁() ▁is ▁a ▁ 1 9 0 3 ▁French ▁silent ▁film ▁directed ▁by ▁Georges ▁Mé li ès . ▁ ▁Plot ▁A ▁music ▁master ▁leads ▁his ▁band ▁to ▁a ▁field ▁where ▁five ▁tele graph ▁lines ▁are ▁str ung ▁on ▁utility ▁pol es . ▁Ho isting ▁up ▁a ▁giant ▁tre ble ▁cle f , ▁he ▁turns ▁the ▁set ▁of ▁lines ▁into ▁a ▁giant ▁musical ▁staff . ▁He ▁then ▁uses ▁copies ▁of ▁his
▁own ▁head ▁to ▁spell ▁out ▁the ▁tune ▁for ▁" God ▁Save ▁the ▁King ," ▁and ▁his ▁band ▁jo ins ▁in . ▁ ▁Production ▁and ▁release ▁Mé li ès ▁himself ▁plays ▁the ▁lead ▁role ▁of ▁the ▁music ▁master . ▁The ▁super im position ▁effects ▁in ▁The ▁M él om ani ac , ▁allowing ▁multiple ▁Mé li ès ▁heads ▁to ▁appear ▁on ▁the ▁staff , ▁were ▁created ▁by ▁a ▁multiple ▁exposure ▁technique ▁requiring ▁the ▁same ▁strip ▁of ▁film ▁to ▁be ▁run ▁through ▁the ▁camera ▁seven ▁times . ▁ ▁The ▁film ▁was ▁released ▁by ▁Mé li ès ' s ▁Star ▁Film ▁Company ▁and ▁is ▁number ed ▁ 4 7 9 – 4 8 0 ▁in ▁its ▁catalog ues . ▁The ▁film ▁was ▁registered ▁for ▁American ▁copyright ▁at ▁the ▁Library ▁of ▁Congress ▁on ▁ 3 0 ▁June ▁ 1 9 0 3 . ▁ ▁The ▁French ▁film ▁scholars ▁Jacques ▁M alth ête ▁and ▁La urent ▁Mann oni ▁believe ▁The ▁M él om ani ac ▁to ▁be ▁Mé li ès ' s ▁most ▁famous ▁trick ▁film . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁ ▁Category : Fil ms ▁directed ▁by ▁Georges ▁Mé li ès ▁Category : 1 9 0 3 ▁films ▁Category : F rench ▁films ▁Category : F rench ▁silent ▁short ▁films ▁Category : F rench ▁black - and - white ▁films <0x0A> </s> ▁Flo ating ▁St air case ▁is ▁a ▁ghost ▁story / m yst ery ▁novel ▁ ▁by ▁American ▁writer ▁ ▁Ronald ▁M alf i . ▁ ▁It ▁was ▁published ▁in ▁ 2 0
1 1 ▁by ▁Med all ion ▁Press , ▁with ▁a ▁limited ▁edition ▁hard cover ▁collect ors ▁edition ▁from ▁Th under storm ▁Books , ▁which ▁contained ▁an ▁original ▁author ' s ▁" After ward " ▁not ▁in ▁the ▁paper back ▁novel . ▁ ▁The ▁novel ▁was ▁nominated ▁by ▁the ▁Hor ror ▁Writ ers ▁Association ▁for ▁a ▁Br am ▁St oker ▁Award ▁for ▁Best ▁Nov el , ▁and ▁it ▁won ▁a ▁Gold ▁IP PY ▁Award ▁for ▁best ▁horror ▁novel ▁of ▁ 2 0 1 1 . ▁ ▁Syn opsis ▁Following ▁the ▁success ▁of ▁his ▁latest ▁novel , ▁Tr avis ▁Glasgow ▁and ▁his ▁wife ▁J od ie ▁buy ▁their ▁first ▁house ▁in ▁the ▁western ▁Maryland ▁town ▁of ▁West l ake , ▁across ▁the ▁street ▁from ▁Tr avis ' ▁brother ▁Adam ▁and ▁his ▁family . ▁ ▁At ▁first , ▁everything ▁is ▁picture ▁perfect , ▁from ▁the ▁beautiful ▁lake ▁behind ▁the ▁house ▁to ▁the ▁reb irth ▁of ▁the ▁friendship ▁between ▁Tr avis ▁and ▁Adam . ▁Tr avis ▁also ▁begins ▁to ▁overcome ▁the ▁darkness ▁of ▁his ▁childhood ▁and ▁the ▁guilt ▁he ' s ▁har b oured ▁since ▁his ▁younger ▁brother ' s ▁tragic ▁d rowning ▁for ▁which ▁Tr avis ▁holds ▁himself ▁responsible . ▁ ▁Soon , ▁though , ▁the ▁new ▁house ▁begins ▁to ▁lose ▁its ▁all ure . ▁Str ange ▁no ises ▁wake ▁Tr avis ▁at ▁night , ▁and ▁his ▁dreams ▁are ▁pl ag ued ▁by ▁ghost s . ▁B arely ▁gl im ps ed ▁shapes ▁fl it ▁through ▁the ▁dark ened ▁hall ways , ▁but ▁strang est ▁of
▁all ▁is ▁the ▁b izarre ▁set ▁of ▁wooden ▁stairs ▁that ▁r ises ▁crypt ically ▁out ▁of ▁the ▁lake ▁behind ▁the ▁house . ▁Tr avis ▁becomes ▁drawn ▁to ▁the ▁structure , ▁but ▁the ▁more ▁he ▁investig ates , ▁the ▁more ▁he ▁un co vers ▁the ▁truth ▁about ▁the ▁D ent mans , ▁the ▁family ▁who ▁owned ▁his ▁house ▁previously , ▁and ▁how ▁young ▁E lij ah ▁D ent man ▁had ▁d rowned ▁in ▁the ▁lake ▁behind ▁the ▁house ▁in ▁circumstances ▁eer ily ▁similar ▁to ▁Tr avis ' ▁brother . ▁ ▁Conne ctions ▁to ▁other ▁novels ▁The ▁protagon ist ▁Tr avis ▁Glasgow ▁is ▁also ▁mentioned ▁in ▁M alf i ' s ▁ 2 0 0 4 ▁novel , ▁The ▁Fall ▁of ▁Never , ▁although ▁only ▁peripher ally , ▁as ▁the ▁author ▁of ▁a ▁novel ▁titled ▁Sil ent ▁River . ▁ ▁This ▁is ▁the ▁name ▁of ▁one ▁of ▁Tr avis ▁Glasgow ' s ▁books ▁as ▁mentioned ▁in ▁Flo ating ▁St air case . ▁ ▁In ▁Chapter ▁ 1 7 ▁of ▁Flo ating ▁St air case , ▁Tr avis ▁hall uc inates ▁a ▁dream ▁in ▁which ▁he ▁believes ▁he ▁is ▁" mar ried ▁to ▁a ▁woman ▁with ▁a ▁monster ▁growing ▁in ▁her ▁belly , ▁and ▁my ▁name ▁was ▁Alan , ▁and ▁we ▁lived ▁by ▁our ▁own ▁special ▁lake ▁in ▁a ▁different ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁country ." ▁ ▁This ▁is ▁a ▁direct ▁reference ▁to ▁Alan ▁Ham mer st un , ▁the ▁protagon ist ▁in ▁M alf i ' s ▁novel ▁C rad le ▁Lake . ▁ ▁In ▁C
rad le ▁Lake , ▁Alan ▁Ham mer st un ▁has ▁a ▁similar ▁dream ▁where ▁he ▁believes ▁he ▁is ▁Tr avis ▁Glasgow , ▁although ▁Tr avis ' s ▁name ▁is ▁not ▁used ▁in ▁that ▁text . ▁ ▁Re ception ▁The ▁book ▁received ▁generally ▁favor able ▁reviews , ▁with ▁some ▁review ers ▁tout ing ▁it ▁as ▁" well - develop ed ▁and ▁un predict able " ▁and ▁a ▁" must - read ▁novel ." ▁ ▁A ▁review er ▁for ▁the ▁New ▁York ▁Journal ▁of ▁Books ▁stated , ▁" F lo ating ▁St air case ▁deserves ▁to ▁stand ▁alongside ▁a ▁Stephen ▁King ▁or ▁a ▁Dean ▁Ko ont z -- at ▁their ▁best ... [ it ▁is ] ▁a ▁mature ▁horror ▁y arn , ▁but , ▁deep ▁down , ▁it ▁is ▁also ▁an ▁exploration ▁of ▁obs essions , ▁and ▁in ▁particular ▁the ▁ob session ▁it ▁takes ▁to ▁be ▁a ▁writer ." ▁ ▁Publish ers ▁Week ly ▁called ▁the ▁book ' s ▁ending ▁" sur pr ising ▁and ▁expert ly ▁set ▁up ." ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : 2 0 1 1 ▁American ▁novels ▁Category : American ▁horror ▁novels ▁Category : N ov els ▁set ▁in ▁Maryland ▁Category : W estern ▁Maryland <0x0A> </s> ▁Andy ▁De ▁Em m ony ▁( born ▁; ▁sometimes ▁sp elled ▁De E mm ony ) ▁is ▁a ▁British ▁television ▁and ▁film ▁director . ▁ ▁Career ▁ ▁De ▁Em m ony ▁has ▁worked ▁primarily ▁in ▁comedy , ▁including ▁Red ▁D warf ▁VI , ▁Father ▁Ted , ▁Sp itting ▁Image . ▁He ▁has ▁directed
▁two ▁features : ▁the ▁comedy ▁sequ el ▁West ▁is ▁West ▁and ▁the ▁comedy ▁horror ▁Love ▁B ite . ▁ ▁He ▁has ▁won ▁one ▁BA FT A ▁( B rit ish ▁Academy ▁Television ▁Award ▁for ▁Best ▁Com edy ▁( Program me ▁or ▁Series ), ▁Father ▁Ted , ▁ 1 9 9 9 ) ▁and ▁has ▁picked ▁up ▁nom inations ▁for ▁his ▁work ▁on ▁Sp itting ▁Image , ▁Cut ting ▁It , ▁The ▁Can ter bury ▁T ales ▁and ▁Kenn eth ▁Williams : ▁Fant abul osa ! . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁▁ ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : BA FT A ▁winners ▁( people ) ▁Category : English ▁television ▁directors ▁Category : English ▁television ▁producers ▁Category : 1 9 6 0 s ▁birth s <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁ 1 9 7 4 ▁Speed way ▁World ▁P airs ▁Championship ▁was ▁the ▁fifth ▁F IM ▁Speed way ▁World ▁P airs ▁Championship . ▁The ▁final ▁took ▁place ▁at ▁the ▁Hy de ▁Road ▁Speed way ▁in ▁B elle ▁V ue , ▁Manchester , ▁England . ▁The ▁championship ▁was ▁won ▁by ▁Sweden ▁( 2 8 ▁points ) ▁from ▁Australia ▁( 2 3 ▁p ts ) ▁and ▁New ▁Zealand ▁( 2 1 ▁p ts ). ▁Host ▁nation ▁England , ▁represented ▁by ▁Peter ▁Collins ▁and ▁Dave ▁Jess up , ▁finished ▁ 4 th ▁with ▁ 2 1 ▁points . ▁ ▁Swedish ▁r ider ▁Anders ▁Mich an ek , ▁who ▁successfully ▁def ended ▁his ▁World ▁P airs ▁crown ▁at ▁this ▁meeting , ▁completed ▁the ▁double ▁later ▁in ▁
1 9 7 4 ▁when ▁he ▁won ▁the ▁Individual ▁World ▁Championship . ▁ ▁Sem if inal ▁ 1 ▁▁ ▁Pre log ▁ ▁May ▁ 2 6 ▁ ▁Sem if inal ▁ 2 ▁▁ ▁Rod en bach ▁ ▁May ▁ 2 6 ▁ ▁World ▁final ▁▁ ▁Manchester , ▁Hy de ▁Road ▁▁ 1 3 ▁July ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁▁ 1 9 7 4 ▁Individual ▁Speed way ▁World ▁Championship ▁▁ 1 9 7 4 ▁Speed way ▁World ▁Team ▁Cup ▁ ▁motor cycle ▁speed way ▁▁ 1 9 7 4 ▁in ▁sports ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁▁ 1 9 7 4 ▁World ▁P airs <0x0A> </s> ▁P ablo ▁El ías ▁Ped ra za ▁B ust os ▁( born ▁ 1 0 ▁March ▁ 1 9 9 5 ) ▁is ▁a ▁Bol iv ian ▁football er ▁who ▁plays ▁for ▁Bar ne che a ▁in ▁the ▁Prim era ▁B ▁de ▁Chile . ▁ ▁Club ▁career ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁Ped ra za ▁began ▁his ▁career ▁at ▁the ▁youth ▁sector ▁of ▁Club ▁Blo oming . ▁During ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁he ▁started ▁training ▁with ▁the ▁first ▁team , ▁and ▁made ▁his ▁top ▁flight ▁debut ▁the ▁following ▁year . ▁In ▁July ▁ 2 0 1 5 , ▁he ▁was ▁hoping ▁to ▁get ▁more ▁playing ▁time ; ▁he ▁transferred ▁to ▁Real ▁Pot os í ▁as ▁he ▁was ▁unable ▁to ▁secure ▁a ▁place ▁on ▁the ▁first ▁team ▁due ▁to ▁his ▁in exper ience . ▁ ▁International ▁career ▁Ped ra za ▁was ▁summon ed ▁for ▁the ▁Bol iv ian ▁U -
2 0 ▁team ▁to ▁play ▁in ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 5 ▁South ▁American ▁Youth ▁Football ▁Championship . ▁He ▁was ▁the ▁team ▁captain ▁in ▁the ▁four ▁matches ▁that ▁Bol ivia ▁played ▁in ▁the ▁first ▁round ▁of ▁the ▁tournament . ▁ ▁He ▁was ▁named ▁in ▁Bol ivia ' s ▁senior ▁squad ▁for ▁a ▁ 2 0 1 8 ▁FIFA ▁World ▁Cup ▁qual ifier ▁against ▁E cu ador ▁in ▁October ▁ 2 0 1 5 . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁Profile ▁at ▁F ich aj es . com ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 9 5 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : B ol iv ian ▁football ers ▁Category : Cl ub ▁Blo oming ▁players ▁Category : Cl ub ▁Real ▁Pot os í ▁players ▁Category : 2 0 1 5 ▁South ▁American ▁Youth ▁Football ▁Championship ▁players ▁Category : S ports people ▁from ▁Santa ▁Cruz ▁de ▁la ▁Sierra ▁Category : Associ ation ▁football ▁central ▁defend ers <0x0A> </s> ▁Class ▁ 9 7 ▁may ▁refer ▁to : ▁British ▁Rail ▁Class ▁ 9 7 ▁D RG ▁Class ▁ 9 7 , ▁a ▁class ▁of ▁German ▁rack ▁railway ▁steam ▁loc omot ive ▁operated ▁by ▁the ▁De utsche ▁Reich sb ahn <0x0A> </s> ▁Ab un ▁is ▁a ▁district ▁in ▁Tamb ra uw ▁Reg ency ▁in ▁West ▁Pap ua , ▁Indonesia . ▁Its ▁district ▁capital ▁is ▁W arm and i . ▁ ▁Administr ative ▁divisions ▁Ab un ▁is ▁divided ▁into ▁ 7 ▁villages ▁which ▁are : ▁ ▁W au ▁W arm and i ▁Wa ibe em
▁Sa ub eb a ▁We y af ▁W ep r ari ▁Wow om ▁ ▁Dem ography ▁ ▁Pop ulation ▁As ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁census , ▁the ▁population ▁of ▁Ab un ▁was ▁ 6 0 3 . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : Pop ulated ▁places ▁in ▁West ▁Pap ua ▁ ▁Category : West ▁Pap ua ▁( prov ince ) <0x0A> </s> ▁Jeff ries ▁Creek ▁is ▁a ▁t ribut ary ▁and ▁protected ▁waters hed ▁and ▁old ▁growth ▁sw amp ▁of ▁the ▁Great ▁P ee ▁De e ▁River ▁in ▁South ▁Carolina . ▁ ▁Its ▁head w aters ▁begin ▁just ▁south ▁of ▁H arts ville , ▁South ▁Carolina . ▁ ▁It ▁flows ▁through ▁Dar lington ▁and ▁Florence ▁count ies . ▁ ▁The ▁principal ▁significance ▁of ▁this ▁body ▁of ▁water ▁is ▁that ▁it ▁is ▁a ▁primary ▁water ▁shed ▁of ▁the ▁area . ▁ ▁The ▁c reek ▁is ▁a ▁black water ▁c reek ▁that ▁flows ▁from ▁the ▁upper ▁to ▁lower ▁coastal ▁plain ▁in ▁a ▁sout he aster ly ▁direction . ▁ ▁There ▁are ▁several ▁rec re ational ▁uses ▁of ▁Jeff ries ▁Creek . ▁ ▁F ishing ▁is ▁commonly ▁seen ▁along ▁the ▁c reek ▁which ▁contains ▁a ▁variety ▁of ▁Sun fish , ▁W arm outh , ▁Large ▁M outh ▁Bass , ▁Common ▁S ucker , ▁P ike ▁and ▁Gar . ▁ ▁Also , ▁Bird watch ing ▁and ▁k ay aking ▁Jeff ries ▁Creek ▁is ▁very ▁enjoyable . ▁Being ▁an ▁old ▁growth ▁Sw amp , ▁many ▁species ▁of ▁War bl ers ▁and ▁Wood ▁Pe ck ers
▁can ▁be ▁spotted ▁ ▁It ▁has ▁an ▁abundance ▁of ▁wildlife ▁such ▁as , ▁Rab bits , ▁Wild ▁D ucks , ▁Mus kr ats , ▁Be aver , ▁Haw ks ▁and ▁O w ls , ▁including ▁numerous ▁species ▁of ▁Sn akes , ▁poison ous ▁and ▁non - po ison ous . ▁ ▁Category : R ivers ▁of ▁South ▁Carolina ▁Category : T ribut aries ▁of ▁the ▁P ee ▁De e ▁River ▁Category : B od ies ▁of ▁water ▁of ▁Dar lington ▁County , ▁South ▁Carolina ▁Category : B od ies ▁of ▁water ▁of ▁Florence ▁County , ▁South ▁Carolina <0x0A> </s> ▁Arist id ▁von ▁G ros se ▁was ▁a ▁German ▁nuclear ▁chem ist . ▁During ▁his ▁work ▁with ▁Otto ▁H ahn , ▁he ▁got ▁access ▁to ▁waste ▁material ▁from ▁rad ium ▁production , ▁and ▁with ▁this ▁starting ▁material ▁he ▁was ▁able ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 7 ▁to ▁isol ate ▁prot act in ium ▁ox ide ▁and ▁was ▁later ▁able ▁to ▁produce ▁metall ic ▁prot act in ium ▁by ▁decomposition ▁of ▁prot act in ium ▁i od ide . ▁ ▁From ▁ 1 9 4 8 ▁to ▁ 1 9 6 9 , ▁he ▁was ▁president ▁of ▁the ▁Research ▁Institute ▁of ▁Temple ▁University ▁and ▁was ▁later ▁affili ated ▁with ▁the ▁labor ator ies ▁of ▁the ▁Franklin ▁Institute ▁in ▁Philadelphia ▁until ▁his ▁retirement ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 9 . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 7 1 , ▁he ▁received ▁a ▁United ▁States ▁At omic ▁Energy ▁Commission ▁award ▁in ▁recognition ▁of ▁his ▁" out standing ▁contributions
▁to ▁the ▁development ▁of ▁nuclear ▁energy ." ▁ ▁Arist id ▁was ▁born ▁in ▁R iga ▁in ▁January ▁ 1 9 0 5 ▁and ▁moved ▁to ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 0 . ▁He ▁retired ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 9 ▁and ▁died ▁of ▁p neum onia ▁in ▁Lag una ▁Hills , ▁California ▁on ▁July ▁ 2 1 , ▁ 1 9 8 5 . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 0 5 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 9 8 5 ▁deaths ▁Category : G erman ▁chem ists ▁Category : 2 0 th - century ▁American ▁chem ists ▁Category : B alt ic - G erman ▁people ▁Category : American ▁people ▁of ▁Balt ic ▁German ▁descent ▁Category : People ▁from ▁R iga ▁Category : De ath s ▁from ▁p neum onia ▁Category : Man hattan ▁Project ▁people <0x0A> </s> ▁Tur bo ▁br une us , ▁common ▁name ▁the ▁brown ▁( P ac ific ) ▁d warf ▁tur ban ▁or ▁the ▁little ▁bur nt ▁tur bo , ▁is ▁a ▁species ▁of ▁sea ▁sn ail , ▁marine ▁g ast rop od ▁m oll usk ▁in ▁the ▁family ▁T urb in idae . ▁ ▁Description ▁The ▁length ▁of ▁the ▁shell ▁varies ▁between ▁ 2 0 mm ▁and ▁ 5 0 mm . ▁ ▁Distribution ▁This ▁marine ▁species ▁occurs ▁in ▁the ▁Red ▁Sea , ▁in ▁the ▁Central ▁Ind o - P ac ific , ▁in ▁the ▁Western ▁Pacific ▁Ocean , ▁off ▁East ▁India , ▁the ▁Philippines ▁and ▁off ▁Western ▁Australia .
▁ ▁Re ferences ▁▁ ▁R ö ding , ▁P . F . ▁ 1 7 9 8 . ▁Museum ▁Bol ten ian um ▁s ive ▁C atalog us ▁c im el ior um ▁e ▁trib us ▁reg nis ▁nat ura e ▁qu ae ▁o lim ▁colle ger at ▁Jo a . ▁Hamburg ▁: ▁Tr app ii ▁ 1 9 9 ▁pp ▁ ▁Raj ag op al , ▁A . S . ▁& ▁M ook her je e , ▁H . P . ▁ 1 9 7 8 . ▁Contribut ions ▁to ▁the ▁m oll us can ▁fa una ▁of ▁India . ▁P t . ▁I . ▁Marine ▁m oll us cs ▁of ▁the ▁Cor om and el ▁Coast , ▁P alk ▁Str ait ▁and ▁Gulf ▁of ▁Mann ar ▁- ▁Gast rop oda : ▁Arch ae og ast rop oda . ▁Records ▁of ▁the ▁Z ool og ical ▁Survey ▁of ▁India ▁ 1 2 : ▁ 1 - 4 8 ▁▁ ▁Wilson , ▁B . ▁ 1 9 9 3 . ▁Australian ▁Marine ▁Shell s . ▁Pro s ob r anch ▁Gast rop od s . ▁K all ar oo , ▁Western ▁Australia ▁: ▁Od ys sey ▁Publishing ▁Vol . ▁ 1 ▁ 4 0 8 ▁pp . ▁ ▁Sub ba ▁R ao , ▁N . V . ▁& ▁De y , ▁A . ▁ 2 0 0 0 . ▁Catalogue ▁of ▁marine ▁m oll us cs ▁of ▁And aman ▁and ▁Nic ob ar ▁Islands . ▁Records ▁of ▁the ▁Z ool og ical ▁Survey
▁of ▁India , ▁Occ as ional ▁Paper ▁ 1 8 7 : ▁x , ▁ 3 2 3 ▁pp ▁ ▁Alf ▁A . ▁& ▁K rei pl ▁K . ▁( 2 0 0 3 ). ▁A ▁Con ch ological ▁Icon ography : ▁The ▁Family ▁T urb in idae , ▁Sub family ▁T urb in ina e , ▁Gen us ▁Tur bo . ▁Con ch books , ▁H ack en heim ▁Germany . ▁[ ▁ ▁Williams , ▁S . T . ▁( 2 0 0 7 ). ▁Or ig ins ▁and ▁divers ification ▁of ▁Ind o - West ▁Pacific ▁marine ▁fa una : ▁evolution ary ▁history ▁and ▁bi oge ography ▁of ▁tur ban ▁shell s ▁( G ast rop oda , ▁T urb in idae ). ▁Bi ological ▁Journal ▁of ▁the ▁Lin ne an ▁Society , ▁ 2 0 0 7 , ▁ 9 2 , ▁ 5 7 3 – 5 9 2 . ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁▁▁ ▁br une us ▁Category : G ast rop od s ▁described ▁in ▁ 1 7 9 1 <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Ang ola ▁forest ▁tree ▁fro g , ▁Le pt op el is ▁c yn nam ome us , ▁is ▁a ▁species ▁of ▁fro g ▁in ▁the ▁family ▁Ar th role pt idae ▁found ▁in ▁an ▁area ▁from ▁southern ▁Democratic ▁Republic ▁of ▁the ▁Cong o ▁and ▁north western ▁Z amb ia ▁to ▁central ▁Ang ola . ▁It ▁is ▁a ▁common ▁fro g ▁found ▁in ▁gallery ▁forests , ▁dry ▁forests ▁and ▁well - wood ed ▁hum
id ▁sav anna . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : Le pt op el is ▁Category : F ro gs ▁of ▁Africa ▁Category : Am ph ib ians ▁of ▁Ang ola ▁Category : Am ph ib ians ▁of ▁the ▁Democratic ▁Republic ▁of ▁the ▁Cong o ▁Category : Am ph ib ians ▁of ▁Z amb ia ▁Category : Tax a ▁named ▁by ▁José ▁Vic ente ▁Barb osa ▁du ▁B oc age ▁Category : Am ph ib ians ▁described ▁in ▁ 1 8 9 3 ▁Category : Tax onomy ▁articles ▁created ▁by ▁Pol bot <0x0A> </s> ▁St ▁John ' s ▁Church ▁is ▁a ▁heritage - listed ▁Ang lic an ▁church ▁at ▁M und ool un ▁Road , ▁M und ool un , ▁City ▁of ▁Logan , ▁Queensland , ▁Australia . ▁It ▁was ▁designed ▁by ▁John ▁H ing eston ▁Buck er idge ▁and ▁built ▁from ▁ 1 9 0 1 ▁to ▁ 1 9 1 5 . ▁It ▁is ▁also ▁known ▁as ▁Memorial ▁Church ▁of ▁St ▁John ▁the ▁Ev angel ist . ▁It ▁was ▁added ▁to ▁the ▁Queensland ▁Heritage ▁Register ▁on ▁ 2 6 ▁November ▁ 1 9 9 9 . ▁ ▁History ▁▁ ▁St . ▁John ' s ▁Church ▁at ▁M und ool un ▁is ▁a ▁private ▁family ▁chap el ▁built ▁in ▁ 1 9 0 1 ▁on ▁a ▁property ▁settled ▁by ▁the ▁Collins ▁family ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 8 4 0 s . ▁The ▁property ▁is ▁located ▁between ▁Can ung ra ▁and ▁Be aud es ert ▁in ▁the ▁Albert ▁River ▁Valley , ▁South ▁East
▁Queensland . ▁The ▁church ▁is ▁constructed ▁of ▁local ▁sand stone ▁to ▁the ▁design ▁of ▁the ▁Br is b ane ▁Di oc es an ▁Architect ▁John ▁Buck er idge ▁who ▁was ▁commissioned ▁by ▁the ▁Collins ▁family ▁in ▁ 1 8 9 9 . ▁ ▁The ▁chap el ▁was ▁built ▁as ▁a ▁memorial ▁to ▁John ▁and ▁Anne ▁Collins ▁by ▁their ▁children , ▁soon ▁after ▁the ▁death ▁of ▁John ▁Collins ▁in ▁ 1 8 9 8 . ▁The ▁Collins ▁had ▁arrived ▁in ▁Australia ▁from ▁Ireland ▁in ▁ 1 8 3 9 , ▁the ▁same ▁year ▁that ▁the ▁closure ▁of ▁the ▁More ton ▁Bay ▁penal ▁colony ▁made ▁way ▁for ▁settlement ▁of ▁the ▁area ▁within ▁a ▁fifty - mile ▁radius ▁of ▁Br is b ane . ▁Anne ' s ▁cousin , ▁William ▁H umph ries , ▁had ▁taken ▁up ▁ 1 7 , 0 0 0 ▁acres ▁at ▁M und ool un ▁in ▁ 1 8 4 2 , ▁a ▁venture ▁the ▁Collins ▁followed ▁with ▁great ▁interest . ▁In ▁ 1 8 4 4 , ▁they ▁joined ▁him ▁as ▁partners ▁and ▁by ▁ 1 8 4 7 , ▁the ▁Collins ▁had ▁bought ▁H umph ries ▁out . ▁The ▁family ▁went ▁on ▁to ▁be ▁prominent ▁past oral ists , ▁eventually ▁own ing ▁Tam ro ok um , ▁R ath d ow ney ▁and ▁N indo oin b ah , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁the ▁home ▁station ▁of ▁M und ool un . ▁ ▁The ▁couple ▁had ▁five ▁children . ▁From ▁ 1 8 6 3 , ▁when ▁John ▁Collins '
▁sons ▁joined ▁him ▁in ▁the ▁family ▁business , ▁they ▁began ▁to ▁acquire ▁properties ▁further ▁north ▁and ▁west . ▁In ▁ 1 8 7 7 , ▁Robert ▁and ▁William ▁Collins ▁formed ▁the ▁North ▁Australian ▁Past oral ▁Company ▁in ▁the ▁Northern ▁Terr itory ▁with ▁other ▁share holders ▁and ▁their ▁interests ▁and ▁influence ▁were ▁wide - r anging . ▁In ▁ 1 8 7 8 / 7 9 , ▁Robert ▁and ▁William ▁under to ok ▁a ▁world ▁tour ▁which ▁was ▁to ▁have ▁a ▁profound ▁impact ▁on ▁Robert , ▁in ▁particular . ▁In ▁the ▁United ▁States , ▁he ▁was ▁deeply ▁impressed ▁by ▁the ▁National ▁Park ▁movement ▁and ▁upon ▁his ▁return , ▁began ▁a ▁serious ▁campaign ▁for ▁the ▁establishment ▁of ▁a ▁national ▁park ▁in ▁the ▁Mc Ph erson ▁Range . ▁He ▁continued ▁this ▁campaign ▁until ▁his ▁death , ▁becoming ▁the ▁Independent ▁Member ▁for ▁Albert ▁in ▁the ▁Queensland ▁Legisl ative ▁Assembly ▁in ▁ 1 8 9 6 ▁and ▁branch ▁president ▁of ▁the ▁Royal ▁Ge ographical ▁Society ▁of ▁Queensland ▁in ▁order ▁to ▁further ▁his ▁goal . ▁Unfortunately ▁he ▁did ▁not ▁live ▁to ▁see ▁the ▁pro clam ation ▁of ▁L aming ton ▁National ▁Park ▁which ▁eventually ▁took ▁place ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 5 ; ▁however , ▁he ▁has ▁been ▁cred ited ▁with ▁the ▁title ▁of ▁Father ▁of ▁the ▁National ▁Park ▁Ide al . ▁ ▁At ▁about ▁the ▁turn ▁of ▁the ▁century , ▁M und ool un ▁and ▁the ▁Collins ▁family ▁were ▁at ▁the ▁peak ▁of ▁their ▁success . ▁It ▁was ▁decided ▁by ▁the ▁five ▁children ▁that ▁a ▁memorial ▁to ▁their
▁pione ering ▁parents ▁should ▁be ▁built . ▁They ▁selected ▁a ▁site ▁on ▁a ▁r idge ▁of ▁the ▁Bir nam ▁Range , ▁near ▁the ▁small ▁c emetery ▁over looking ▁the ▁hom est ead ▁and ▁the ▁Albert ▁Valley . ▁ ▁The ▁family ▁commissioned ▁architect ▁John ▁Buck er idge ▁to ▁design ▁the ▁chap el . ▁Buck er idge ▁had ▁come ▁to ▁Queensland ▁in ▁ 1 8 8 6 ▁to ▁super v ise ▁the ▁construction ▁of ▁St . John ' s ▁Cat hedral ▁in ▁Br is b ane . ▁He ▁had ▁spent ▁five ▁years ▁in ▁the ▁London ▁office ▁of ▁leading ▁ec cles i ast ical ▁architect ▁John ▁L ough borough ▁Pear son ▁and ▁came ▁to ▁Queensland ▁on ▁the ▁recommendation ▁of ▁Pear son ▁and ▁the ▁Arch b ishop ▁of ▁Can ter bury ▁to ▁assist ▁William ▁Web ber , ▁the ▁Bishop ▁of ▁Br is b ane , ▁in ▁his ▁ambitious ▁building ▁program ▁for ▁the ▁di oc ese . ▁Buck er idge ▁was ▁official ▁Di oc es an ▁Architect ▁from ▁ 1 8 8 7 ▁and ▁ere cted ▁about ▁sixty ▁wooden ▁churches ▁throughout ▁Southern ▁Queensland . ▁He ▁moved ▁to ▁Sydney ▁in ▁ 1 8 9 2 ▁but ▁continued ▁as ▁Di oc es an ▁Architect ▁until ▁ 1 9 0 2 , ▁deleg ating ▁super vision ▁of ▁his ▁plans ▁to ▁George ▁Henry ▁Male ▁Add ison ▁and ▁then ▁Hall ▁and ▁Dod s . ▁ ▁Hence , ▁it ▁was ▁architect ▁Robin ▁Dod s ▁who ▁super vised ▁the ▁construction ▁of ▁St . ▁John ' s , ▁M und ool un . ▁Work ▁began ▁on
▁ 2 2 ▁June ▁ 1 9 0 0 . ▁The ▁construction ▁took ▁nearly ▁eighteen ▁months ▁to ▁complete , ▁with ▁fifteen ▁men ▁employed ▁almost ▁continuously ▁for ▁this ▁time . ▁The ▁local ▁stone ▁proved ▁very ▁hard ▁to ▁work ▁and ▁progress ▁was ▁slow . ▁The ▁sand stone ▁was ▁quar ried ▁from ▁an ▁area ▁further ▁along ▁the ▁sp ur ▁on ▁which ▁the ▁church ▁was ▁s ited ▁and ▁was ▁brought ▁to ▁the ▁m asons ' ▁shed ▁by ▁d ray . ▁The ▁alt ar , ▁lect ern , ▁prayer ▁desk , ▁seats , ▁doors ▁and ▁ceiling ▁tim bers ▁were ▁made ▁of ▁red ▁c ed ar ▁fell ed ▁at ▁Tamb or ine ▁Mountain . ▁ ▁The ▁Arch de acon ▁of ▁Br is b ane , ▁Arthur ▁Ev an ▁David , ▁formally ▁dedicated ▁the ▁church ▁on ▁St . ▁John ▁the ▁Ev angel ist ▁Day , ▁ 2 7 ▁December ▁ 1 9 0 1 . ▁However , ▁the ▁church ▁wasn ' t ▁con sec rated ▁until ▁ 2 9 ▁August ▁ 1 9 0 5 , ▁in ▁a ▁ceremony ▁conducted ▁by ▁the ▁Bishop ▁of ▁Br is b ane . ▁A ▁tower ▁was ▁added ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 5 ▁as ▁a ▁memorial ▁to ▁Robert ▁Martin ▁Collins ▁who ▁died ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 3 . ▁The ▁foot ings ▁for ▁the ▁tower ▁had ▁been ▁laid ▁in ▁ 1 9 0 0 ▁with ▁the ▁rest ▁of ▁the ▁chap el , ▁but ▁took ▁almost ▁twenty ▁years ▁to ▁be ▁completed . ▁B ells ▁have ▁never ▁been ▁installed . ▁Services ▁at ▁that ▁time ▁were ▁held
▁in ▁the ▁church ▁every ▁second ▁Sunday . ▁More ▁recently , ▁the ▁church ▁has ▁been ▁used ▁for ▁wed dings ▁and ▁other ▁public ▁events . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 5 , ▁St ▁John ' s ▁Church ▁at ▁M und ool un ▁is ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁Jim bo om ba ▁Par ish ▁within ▁the ▁Ang lic an ▁Arch di oc ese ▁of ▁Br is b ane . ▁ ▁Description ▁▁ ▁St . ▁John ' s ▁Church , ▁M und ool un ▁is ▁a ▁family ▁chap el ▁constructed ▁of ▁sand stone ▁designed ▁in ▁Early ▁English ▁G oth ic ▁style ▁to ▁the ▁design ▁of ▁John ▁Buck er idge . ▁It ▁is ▁s ited ▁on ▁the ▁rise ▁of ▁a ▁hill ▁with ▁an ▁av enue ▁of ▁ho op ▁pine ▁leading ▁to ▁the ▁entry ▁porch . ▁A ▁small ▁c emetery , ▁also ▁planted ▁with ▁ho op ▁p ines , ▁is ▁located ▁to ▁the ▁south west ▁of ▁the ▁church . ▁ ▁The ▁church ▁is ▁simple ▁in ▁form ▁but ▁has ▁a ▁substantial ▁quality ▁that ▁bel ies ▁its ▁size . ▁It ▁is ▁orient ated ▁with ▁the ▁sanct uary ▁to ▁the ▁sout heast ▁and ▁compris es ▁a ▁combined ▁n ave ▁and ▁ch ancel , ▁sanct uary , ▁a ▁southern ▁vest ry ▁and ▁northern ▁porch ▁attached , ▁an ▁organ ▁chamber ▁with ▁a ▁gallery ▁and ▁a ▁western ▁bell ▁tower ▁with ▁a ▁bapt istry ▁at ▁its ▁base . ▁There ▁is ▁also ▁a ▁cor rug ated ▁iron ▁rain water ▁tank ▁on ▁the ▁south ▁side ▁of ▁the ▁church . ▁ ▁The ▁walls ▁of ▁the ▁church ▁are ▁of ▁random
▁as hl ar ▁sand stone , ▁their ▁thickness ▁indicating ▁a ▁rub ble ▁core . ▁The ▁stone ▁is ▁rough ▁dressed ▁with ▁a ▁birds ▁eye ▁texture ▁on ▁the ▁exterior ▁and ▁smooth ▁faced ▁on ▁the ▁interior . ▁Also ▁on ▁the ▁exterior , ▁window ▁surround s ▁and ▁butt ress ▁c appings ▁are ▁smooth ▁tool ed . ▁The ▁steep ly ▁pit ched ▁roof ▁is ▁cl ad ▁with ▁wide ▁pan ▁cor rug ated ▁gal van ised ▁iron . ▁The ▁porch , ▁vest ry ▁and ▁organ ▁chamber ▁have ▁separate ▁g able ▁roof s ▁below ▁the ▁main ▁roof ▁e aves . ▁The ▁north ▁porch ▁ceiling ▁is ▁lined ▁with ▁v - joint ed ▁c ed ar ▁boards ▁and ▁the ▁or nate ▁fr amed ▁and ▁board ed ▁two - leaf ▁porch ▁door ▁is ▁also ▁made ▁of ▁c ed ar . ▁The ▁outer ▁porch ▁door ▁has ▁been ▁removed ▁as ▁a ▁result ▁of ▁v andal ism ▁and ▁has ▁been ▁replaced ▁by ▁a ▁metal ▁security ▁screen ▁door . ▁ ▁The ▁walls ▁of ▁the ▁tower ▁are ▁supported ▁by ▁butt ress es . ▁It ▁has ▁a ▁cast ell ated ▁par ap et ▁and ▁three ▁b elf ry ▁windows ▁in set ▁with ▁tim ber ▁lou v res ▁on ▁each ▁side . ▁Lanc et ▁windows ▁on ▁each ▁side ▁of ▁the ▁church ▁provide ▁the ▁only ▁lighting ▁for ▁the ▁church . ▁Many ▁of ▁the ▁windows ▁have ▁been ▁replaced ▁or ▁rep aired ▁due ▁to ▁v andal ism . ▁ ▁The ▁interior ▁is ▁character ised ▁by ▁high ▁quality ▁join ery ▁constructed ▁of ▁red ▁c ed ar ▁gained ▁from ▁the ▁local ▁district . ▁The ▁barrel
▁vault ed ▁ceiling ▁of ▁v - joint ed ▁c ed ar ▁boards ▁is ▁supported ▁by ▁ar ched ▁rib s , ▁the ▁vest ry , ▁porch ▁and ▁bapt istry ▁have ▁flat ▁ce il ings ▁also ▁lined ▁in ▁c ed ar . ▁The ▁bapt istry ▁has ▁a ▁coff ered ▁ceiling ▁with ▁h ing ed ▁sections , ▁presumably ▁to ▁provide ▁for ▁bell ▁ro pes . ▁The ▁organ ▁chamber ▁has ▁a ▁stone ▁vault ed ▁ceiling . ▁P ew s , ▁alt ar ▁r ails ▁and ▁other ▁furniture ▁are ▁also ▁of ▁c ed ar . ▁The ▁floors ▁of ▁the ▁ch ancel , ▁sanct uary , ▁bapt istry ▁and ▁vest ry ▁are ▁raised ▁above ▁the ▁floor ▁of ▁the ▁n ave ▁and ▁along ▁with ▁the ▁n ave ▁passage , ▁are ▁laid ▁with ▁carpet . ▁Around ▁the ▁walls ▁are ▁memorial ▁pl a ques ▁to ▁various ▁local ▁ident ities ▁including ▁members ▁of ▁the ▁Collins ▁family . ▁ ▁The ▁small ▁c emetery ▁to ▁the ▁south west ▁of ▁the ▁church ▁contains ▁the ▁gr aves ▁of ▁many ▁members ▁of ▁the ▁Collins ▁family ▁and ▁their ▁descend ants , ▁the ▁Str ach an , ▁Del pr att ▁and ▁B alls ▁families . ▁Also ▁buried ▁here ▁is ▁Bull um , ▁also ▁known ▁as ▁John ▁Allen , ▁the ▁last ▁surviv or ▁of ▁the ▁W anger rib ur ra ▁tribe ▁who ▁had ▁a ▁lif el ong ▁association ▁with ▁the ▁family . ▁ ▁Heritage ▁listing ▁ ▁St ▁John ' s ▁Church ▁was ▁listed ▁on ▁the ▁Queensland ▁Heritage ▁Register ▁on ▁ 2 6 ▁November ▁ 1 9 9 9 ▁having ▁satisfied ▁the
▁following ▁criteria . ▁ ▁The ▁place ▁is ▁important ▁in ▁demonstr ating ▁the ▁evolution ▁or ▁pattern ▁of ▁Queensland ' s ▁history . ▁ ▁St . ▁John ' s ▁Church , ▁M und ool un ▁is ▁important ▁in ▁demonstr ating ▁the ▁pattern ▁of ▁development ▁of ▁South - E ast ▁Queensland , ▁in ▁particular ▁the ▁evolution ▁of ▁the ▁past oral ▁district ▁around ▁Be aud es ert . ▁ ▁The ▁place ▁demonstr ates ▁rare , ▁un common ▁or ▁end ang ered ▁aspects ▁of ▁Queensland ' s ▁cultural ▁heritage . ▁ ▁As ▁a ▁substantial ▁m ason ry ▁private ▁family ▁chap el , ▁St ▁John ' s ▁Church , ▁M und ool un ▁is ▁a ▁rare ▁and ▁un common ▁type ▁of ▁building ▁in ▁Queensland . ▁ ▁The ▁place ▁is ▁important ▁in ▁demonstr ating ▁the ▁principal ▁characteristics ▁of ▁a ▁particular ▁class ▁of ▁cultural ▁places . ▁ ▁St . ▁John ' s ▁demonstr ates ▁the ▁principal ▁characteristics ▁of ▁an ▁Early ▁English ▁G oth ic ▁Rev ival ▁Church , ▁specifically ▁the ▁use ▁of ▁l anc et ▁windows , ▁simple ▁rib ▁vault s , ▁butt ress es ▁and ▁the ▁addition ▁of ▁a ▁square , ▁cast ell ated ▁bell ▁tower . ▁ ▁The ▁place ▁is ▁important ▁because ▁of ▁its ▁aesthetic ▁significance . ▁ ▁It ▁has ▁strong ▁architect ural ▁and ▁aesthetic ▁qualities ▁derived ▁from ▁an ▁accomplished ▁design , ▁a ▁combination ▁of ▁local ▁materials ▁and ▁fine ▁work mans hip ▁and ▁an ▁attractive , ▁bu col ic ▁setting . ▁ ▁The ▁place ▁has ▁a ▁strong ▁or ▁special ▁association ▁with ▁a ▁particular ▁community ▁or ▁cultural ▁group ▁for ▁social
, ▁cultural ▁or ▁spiritual ▁reasons . ▁ ▁St ▁John ' s ▁Church , ▁M und ool un ▁has ▁a ▁special ▁association ▁with ▁the ▁Collins ▁family , ▁early ▁sett lers ▁of ▁the ▁Be aud es ert ▁area ▁who ▁became ▁em inent ▁and ▁influential ▁past oral ists ▁with ▁properties ▁and ▁business ▁interests ▁throughout ▁Queensland ▁and ▁the ▁Northern ▁Terr itory . ▁Robert ▁Martin ▁Collins ▁is ▁important ▁for ▁the ▁p iv otal ▁role ▁he ▁played ▁in ▁campaign ing ▁for ▁the ▁establishment ▁of ▁a ▁national ▁park ▁in ▁the ▁Mc Ph erson ▁Range ▁and ▁for ▁launch ing ▁the ▁movement ▁for ▁national ▁parks ▁in ▁Queensland ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 8 9 0 s . ▁The ▁c emetery ▁contains ▁the ▁gr aves ▁of ▁many ▁members ▁of ▁the ▁Collins ▁family ▁and ▁Bull um , ▁also ▁known ▁as ▁John ▁Allen , ▁the ▁last ▁surviv or ▁of ▁the ▁W anger rib ur ra ▁tribe , ▁who ▁had ▁a ▁lif el ong ▁association ▁with ▁the ▁family . ▁ ▁The ▁place ▁has ▁a ▁special ▁association ▁with ▁the ▁life ▁or ▁work ▁of ▁a ▁particular ▁person , ▁group ▁or ▁organisation ▁of ▁importance ▁in ▁Queensland ' s ▁history . ▁ ▁The ▁church ▁also ▁has ▁an ▁association ▁with ▁ec cles i ast ical ▁architect , ▁John ▁Buck er idge . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Att ribut ion ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁▁▁▁ ▁Photo ▁album ▁of ▁the ▁church , ▁c emetery ▁and ▁its ▁head st ones ▁ ▁Category : Que ens land ▁Heritage ▁Register ▁Category : M und ool un , ▁Queensland ▁Category : Ang lic an ▁churches ▁in ▁Queensland ▁Category
: Art icles ▁incorpor ating ▁text ▁from ▁the ▁Queensland ▁Heritage ▁Register ▁Category : John ▁H . ▁Buck er idge ▁church ▁buildings <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁p ata ▁or ▁p atta ▁( Mar ath i : द ा ं ड प ट ् ट ा , ▁) ▁is ▁a ▁sword , ▁origin ating ▁from ▁the ▁Indian ▁sub contin ent , ▁with ▁a ▁ga unt let ▁integrated ▁as ▁a ▁hand guard . ▁Often ▁referred ▁to ▁in ▁its ▁native ▁Mar ath i ▁as ▁a ▁d and p atta , ▁it ▁is ▁commonly ▁called ▁a ▁ga unt let - sw ord ▁in ▁English . ▁ ▁Description ▁ ▁The ▁p ata ▁has ▁a ▁long ▁straight ▁blade ▁ranging ▁in ▁length ▁from ▁ 1 0 ▁to ▁ 4 4 in ches . ▁The ▁bl ades ▁were ▁sometimes ▁locally ▁made ▁and ▁other ▁times ▁recycl ed ▁from ▁older ▁European ▁sw ords ▁imported ▁through ▁colonial ▁trade . ▁In ▁the ▁case ▁of ▁European ▁bl ades , ▁broad sw ords ▁were ▁most ▁common , ▁though ▁rap ier ▁bl ades ▁were ▁occasionally ▁employed . ▁▁ ▁The ▁characteristic ▁feature ▁of ▁the ▁p ata ▁is ▁its ▁h ilt ▁which ▁takes ▁the ▁form ▁of ▁a ▁half - ga unt let , ▁the ▁inside ▁of ▁which ▁is ▁usually ▁p added . ▁The ▁h ilt ▁is ▁attached ▁to ▁the ▁blade ▁by ▁decor ative ▁arms ▁that ▁extend ▁forward ▁on ▁both ▁sides ▁of ▁the ▁blade . ▁▁ ▁The ▁M ugh als ▁developed ▁a ▁variation ▁with ▁match lock ▁pist ols ▁ad join ing ▁the ▁handle . ▁The ▁h ilt ▁also ▁has ▁a ▁long ▁c
uff ▁which ▁is ▁usually ▁decorated ▁and ▁in ▁older ▁examples ▁in la id ▁and ▁emb ell ished ▁with ▁gold ▁and ▁silver . ▁The ▁sw ords man ▁holds ▁the ▁weapon ▁by ▁gri pping ▁a ▁cross bar ▁inside ▁the ▁ga unt let . ▁The ▁c uff ▁is ▁held ▁close ▁to ▁the ▁fore arm ▁by ▁another ▁bar ▁or ▁chain . ▁ ▁History ▁Created ▁during ▁the ▁M ugh al ▁period , ▁the ▁p ata ' s ▁use ▁in ▁war fare ▁appears ▁to ▁be ▁mostly ▁restricted ▁to ▁the ▁ 1 7 th ▁and ▁ 1 8 th ▁century ▁when ▁the ▁Mar ath a ▁empire ▁came ▁into ▁prom in ence . ▁It ▁was ▁considered ▁to ▁be ▁a ▁highly ▁effective ▁weapon ▁for ▁inf an tr ym en ▁against ▁heavily ▁arm oured ▁caval ry . ▁The ▁Mar ath a ▁rul er ▁Sh iv aj i ▁and ▁his ▁general ▁B aj i ▁Pr ab hu ▁Des hp ande ▁were ▁reput edly ▁trained ▁in ▁the ▁use ▁of ▁the ▁p ata . ▁When ▁M ugh al ▁Af z al ▁Khan ' s ▁body guard ▁B ada ▁Say y ad ▁attacked ▁Sh iv aj i ▁with ▁sw ords ▁in ▁the ▁Battle ▁of ▁Pr at ap g ad , ▁Sh iv aj i ' s ▁body guard ▁J iva ▁Mah ala ▁fat ally ▁struck ▁him ▁down , ▁cutting ▁off ▁one ▁of ▁B ada ▁Say y ad ' s ▁hands ▁with ▁a ▁p ata . ▁ ▁Use ▁The ▁p ata ▁is ▁most ▁commonly ▁pa ired ▁with ▁either ▁a ▁shield ▁or ▁another ▁p ata , ▁though ▁it ▁can ▁also
▁be ▁used ▁with ▁a ▁j avel in , ▁ax e , ▁or ▁belt . ▁The ▁restrict ive ▁handle ▁was ▁particularly ▁suited ▁to ▁the ▁stiff - w rist ed ▁style ▁of ▁South ▁Asian ▁sword sm ans hip . ▁Despite ▁its ▁shape , ▁the ▁p ata ▁is ▁used ▁primarily ▁for ▁cutting ▁rather ▁than ▁thrust ing . ▁The ▁extended ▁grip ▁provided ▁by ▁the ▁fore arm ▁permitted ▁powerful ▁sl ashes ▁but ▁restricted ▁any ▁thrust s . ▁This ▁can ▁be ▁seen ▁in ▁m ard ani ▁k hel ▁today ▁and ▁in ▁colonial ▁descriptions ▁which ▁describe ▁spinning ▁techniques ▁with ▁dual ▁p ata ▁" m uch ▁like ▁a ▁wind mill ". ▁▁ ▁Mini ature ▁paintings ▁show ▁that ▁the ▁p ata ▁was ▁also ▁w ield ed ▁by ▁mounted ▁caval ry , ▁which ▁has ▁led ▁some ▁modern ▁collect ors ▁to ▁err one ously ▁conclude ▁that ▁the ▁weapon ▁was ▁used ▁for ▁thrust ing ▁from ▁horse back . ▁However , ▁the ▁restriction ▁on ▁wrist ▁movement ▁would ▁have ▁made ▁it ▁difficult ▁to ▁dis l odge ▁the ▁p ata ▁from ▁an ▁opponent ' s ▁body , ▁and ▁doing ▁so ▁while ▁mounted ▁would ▁most ▁likely ▁cause ▁the ▁sw ords men ▁to ▁fall ▁off ▁their ▁horses . ▁Rather , ▁it ▁is ▁more ▁probable ▁that ▁the ▁p ata ▁was ▁used ▁in ▁cut - and - run ▁tactics , ▁characteristic ▁of ▁the ▁Mar ath a ▁army . ▁Cut ting ▁technique ▁was ▁pract iced ▁by ▁slic ing ▁fruit ▁on ▁the ▁ground ▁like ▁le mons ▁or ▁l imes ▁without ▁touching ▁the ▁ground . ▁This ▁was ▁and ▁still ▁is ▁a ▁common ▁method ▁of ▁demonstr
ation , ▁often ▁using ▁a ▁flexible ▁blade ▁to ▁facilitate ▁the ▁trick . ▁It ▁is ▁said ▁that ▁Mar ath a ▁warriors ▁would ▁use ▁the ▁p ata ▁when ▁enc ir cl ed ▁before ▁they ▁fell , ▁so ▁as ▁to ▁maxim ize ▁the ▁casual ties ▁on ▁the ▁opposition . ▁It ▁was ▁to ▁be ▁effective ▁when ▁two ▁soldiers ▁fought ▁together ▁as ▁pairs . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁A ru val ▁Ch ak ram ▁G at ka ▁K atar ▁U rum i ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁Category : Bl ade ▁weapons ▁Category : Ind ian ▁sw ords ▁Category : South ▁Asian ▁sw ords ▁Category : We ap ons ▁of ▁India <0x0A> </s> ▁Nah di ▁is ▁a ▁surn ame . ▁Not able ▁people ▁with ▁the ▁surn ame ▁include : ▁▁ ▁Bass am ▁Abd ull ah ▁bin ▁Bush ar ▁al - N ah di ▁( born ▁ 1 9 7 6 ▁in ▁Saudi ▁Arabia , ▁identified ▁as ▁a ▁Y emen i ▁citizen ), ▁suspected ▁terrorist ▁ ▁Sul aim an ▁al - N ah di ▁( born ▁ 1 9 7 4 ), ▁a ▁citizen ▁of ▁Y emen ▁who ▁held ▁without ▁charge ▁in ▁extr aj ud icial ▁det ention ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Gu ant an amo ▁Bay ▁det ain ment ▁camps , ▁in ▁Cuba , ▁from ▁ 2 0 0 2 ▁until ▁ 2 0 1 5 ▁ ▁Category : Ar ab ic - language ▁surn ames <0x0A> </s> ▁Kr ä hen bach ▁is ▁a ▁river ▁of ▁B av aria , ▁Germany . ▁It ▁is ▁a ▁right
▁t ribut ary ▁of ▁the ▁K amm el ▁in ▁E tt en be uren . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁List ▁of ▁rivers ▁of ▁B av aria ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : R ivers ▁of ▁B av aria ▁Category : R ivers ▁of ▁Germany <0x0A> </s> ▁USS ▁Lab oon ▁( DD G - 5 8 ) ▁is ▁an ▁ ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Navy . ▁She ▁is ▁named ▁for ▁Father ▁John ▁Francis ▁Lab oon ▁( 1 9 2 1 – 1 9 8 8 ), ▁a ▁captain ▁in ▁the ▁Chap l ain ▁Corps ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Navy , ▁who ▁was ▁awarded ▁the ▁Silver ▁Star ▁during ▁World ▁War ▁II ▁while ▁serving ▁on ▁the ▁submar ine ▁. ▁ ▁Construction ▁and ▁career ▁Lab oon ▁ke el ▁was ▁laid ▁down ▁on ▁ 2 3 ▁March ▁ 1 9 9 2 ▁at ▁the ▁Bath ▁Iron ▁Works ▁ship yard ▁in ▁Bath , ▁Maine . ▁She ▁was ▁launched ▁on ▁ 2 0 F ebru ary ▁ 1 9 9 3 . ▁Lab oon ▁was ▁commissioned ▁on ▁ 1 8 M arch ▁ 1 9 9 5 , ▁commanded ▁by ▁C DR ▁Douglas ▁D . ▁McDonald . ▁In ▁the ▁fall ▁of ▁ 1 9 9 6 , ▁she ▁fired ▁Tom ah awk ▁miss iles ▁at ▁targets ▁in ▁Iraq , ▁thus ▁becoming ▁the ▁first ▁Ar le igh ▁Bur ke - class ▁destroy er ▁to ▁engage ▁in ▁combat . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 9 8 , ▁Lab oon ▁took ▁part ▁in ▁NAT O ▁Ex ercise ▁D ynamic ▁Response ▁ 9
8 , ▁together ▁with ▁' s ▁Am ph ib ious ▁Read y ▁Group . ▁ ▁On ▁ 1 2 ▁September ▁ 2 0 1 2 , ▁Lab oon ▁was ▁ordered ▁to ▁the ▁coast ▁of ▁Lib ya ▁in ▁what ▁the ▁Pent agon ▁called ▁a ▁" con ting ency " ▁in ▁case ▁a ▁strike ▁was ▁ordered . ▁This ▁was ▁in ▁response ▁to ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁diplom atic ▁missions ▁attacks . ▁ ▁On ▁ 2 1 ▁June ▁ 2 0 1 5 , ▁Lab oon ▁entered ▁the ▁Black ▁Sea ▁along ▁with ▁the ▁French ▁ship ▁ ▁as ▁part ▁of ▁NAT O ' s ▁presence ▁missions ▁following ▁the ▁Anne x ation ▁of ▁Crime a ▁by ▁the ▁Russian ▁Federation . ▁While ▁in ▁the ▁Black ▁Sea , ▁Lab oon ▁participated ▁in ▁joint ▁man eu vers ▁with ▁a ▁Roman ian ▁Navy ▁ ▁for ▁two ▁days ▁beginning ▁on ▁ 2 2 ▁June ▁ 2 0 1 5 . ▁On ▁ 2 7 ▁June ▁ 2 0 1 5 , ▁Lab oon ▁began ▁a ▁two - day ▁visit ▁to ▁the ▁Black ▁Sea ▁port ▁of ▁Bat umi , ▁Georgia ▁to ▁participate ▁in ▁training ▁with ▁the ▁Coast ▁Guard ▁of ▁Georgia ▁and ▁offer ▁tours ▁of ▁the ▁ship . ▁ ▁On ▁ 1 4 ▁April ▁ 2 0 1 8 , ▁she ▁fired ▁seven ▁Tom ah awk ▁miss iles ▁from ▁a ▁position ▁in ▁the ▁Red ▁Sea ▁as ▁part ▁of ▁a ▁bomb ing ▁campaign ▁in ▁ret ali ation ▁for ▁the ▁Sy rian ▁government ' s ▁use ▁of ▁chemical ▁weapons ▁against ▁people ▁in ▁Dou ma .
▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁▁ ▁USS ▁Lab oon ▁official ▁website . ▁ ▁Ret riev ed ▁ 2 0 1 0 - 0 7 - 2 7 . ▁ ▁Category : Ar le igh ▁Bur ke - class ▁destroy ers ▁Category : Active ▁destroy ers ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Category : Ship s ▁built ▁in ▁Bath , ▁Maine ▁Category : 1 9 9 3 ▁ships ▁Category : Car rier ▁St rike ▁Group ▁Tw elve <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁black - and - white ▁r uffed ▁le m ur ▁( V are cia ▁var ieg ata ) ▁is ▁an ▁end ang ered ▁species ▁of ▁r uffed ▁le m ur , ▁one ▁of ▁two ▁which ▁are ▁end emic ▁to ▁the ▁island ▁of ▁Mad ag asc ar . ▁Despite ▁having ▁a ▁larger ▁range ▁than ▁the ▁red ▁r uffed ▁le m ur , ▁it ▁has ▁a ▁much ▁smaller ▁population ▁that ▁is ▁spread ▁out , ▁living ▁in ▁lower ▁population ▁dens ities ▁and ▁re product ively ▁isolated . ▁It ▁also ▁has ▁less ▁coverage ▁and ▁protection ▁in ▁large ▁national ▁parks ▁than ▁the ▁red ▁r uffed ▁le m ur . ▁Three ▁sub spec ies ▁of ▁black - and - white ▁r uffed ▁le m ur ▁have ▁been ▁recognized ▁since ▁the ▁red ▁r uffed ▁le m ur ▁was ▁elev ated ▁to ▁species ▁status ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 1 . ▁ ▁Together ▁with ▁the ▁red ▁r uffed ▁le m ur , ▁they ▁are ▁the ▁largest ▁ext ant ▁members ▁of ▁the ▁family ▁Lem ur idae , ▁ranging ▁in ▁length ▁from ▁ ▁and
▁weigh ing ▁between ▁. ▁They ▁are ▁ar b ore al , ▁spending ▁most ▁of ▁their ▁time ▁in ▁the ▁high ▁can opy ▁of ▁the ▁season al ▁rain fore sts ▁on ▁the ▁eastern ▁side ▁of ▁the ▁island . ▁ ▁They ▁are ▁also ▁di urn al , ▁active ▁exclusively ▁in ▁day light ▁hours . ▁Qu ad ru ped al ▁loc om otion ▁is ▁preferred ▁in ▁the ▁trees ▁and ▁on ▁the ▁ground , ▁and ▁susp ens ory ▁behavior ▁is ▁seen ▁during ▁feeding . ▁ ▁As ▁the ▁most ▁f rug iv orous ▁of ▁le m urs , ▁the ▁diet ▁consists ▁mainly ▁of ▁fruit , ▁although ▁ne ct ar ▁and ▁flowers ▁are ▁also ▁fav ored , ▁followed ▁by ▁leaves ▁and ▁some ▁seeds . ▁ ▁The ▁black - and - white ▁r uffed ▁le m ur ▁has ▁a ▁complex ▁social ▁structure ▁and ▁is ▁known ▁for ▁its ▁loud , ▁r auc ous ▁calls . ▁It ▁is ▁unusual ▁in ▁that ▁it ▁exhib its ▁several ▁re product ive ▁traits ▁typically ▁found ▁in ▁small , ▁no ct urn al ▁le m urs , ▁such ▁as ▁a ▁short ▁gest ation ▁period , ▁large ▁lit ters ▁and ▁rapid ▁mat uration . ▁In ▁capt ivity , ▁they ▁can ▁live ▁up ▁to ▁ 3 6 year s . ▁ ▁Tax onomy ▁The ▁black - and - white ▁r uffed ▁le m ur ▁is ▁one ▁of ▁two ▁species ▁in ▁the ▁genus ▁V are cia , ▁the ▁other ▁being ▁the ▁red ▁r uffed ▁le m ur ▁( V . ▁rub ra ). ▁Three ▁sub spec ies ▁are ▁recognized :
▁the ▁white - b elt ed ▁black - and - white ▁r uffed ▁le m ur ▁( V . ▁v . ▁sub c inct a ), ▁the ▁Hill ' s ▁r uffed ▁le m ur , ▁( V . ▁v . ▁editor um ), ▁and ▁the ▁black - and - white ▁r uffed ▁le m ur ▁( V . ▁v . ▁var ieg ata , ▁the ▁nom inate ▁sub spec ies ). ▁ ▁Description ▁ ▁Together ▁with ▁the ▁red ▁r uffed ▁le m ur , ▁the ▁species ▁is ▁the ▁largest ▁ext ant ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁family ▁Lem ur idae , ▁ranging ▁in ▁length ▁from ▁ ▁and ▁weigh ing ▁between ▁. ▁The ▁black - and - white ▁r uffed ▁le m ur ▁is ▁always ▁both ▁black ▁and ▁white ; ▁the ▁general ▁color ▁patterns ▁do ▁not ▁usually ▁vary . ▁Ab dom en , ▁tail , ▁hands ▁and ▁feet , ▁inner ▁lim bs , ▁forehead , ▁face ▁and ▁crown ▁are ▁black . ▁The ▁fur ▁is ▁white ▁on ▁the ▁sides , ▁back , ▁hind ▁lim bs ▁and ▁on ▁the ▁hind quarters . ▁M ales ▁and ▁females ▁are ▁alike . ▁ ▁Distribution ▁and ▁habitat ▁The ▁species ▁inhab its ▁the ▁eastern ▁rain fore sts ▁of ▁Mad ag asc ar . ▁It ▁occurs ▁at ▁low ▁to ▁moderate ▁alt itudes , ▁in ▁primary ▁forests ▁with ▁tall ▁and ▁mature ▁trees , ▁and ▁by ▁preference ▁deep ▁inside ▁cont igu ous ▁blocks ▁of ▁veget ation , ▁although ▁patch y ▁forests ▁are ▁made ▁use ▁of ▁if ▁necessary . ▁ ▁The ▁three ▁sub spec ies ▁have
▁slightly ▁different ▁ranges . ▁The ▁white - b elt ed ▁black - and - white ▁r uffed ▁le m ur ▁is ▁found ▁fur the st ▁to ▁the ▁north , ▁the ▁southern ▁black - and - white ▁r uffed ▁le m ur ▁is ▁found ▁fur the st ▁to ▁the ▁south , ▁and ▁the ▁black - and - white ▁r uffed ▁le m ur ▁has ▁a ▁ge ographic ▁range ▁between ▁the ▁other ▁two ▁sub spec ies . ▁ ▁Diet ▁Wild ▁black - and - white ▁r uffed ▁le m urs ▁have ▁a ▁highly ▁f rug iv ior ous ▁diet , ▁with ▁fruit ▁making ▁up ▁ 9 2 % ▁of ▁their ▁overall ▁diet . ▁Sm aller ▁percent ages ▁of ▁leaves , ▁ne ct ar , ▁seeds , ▁and ▁even ▁fun gi ▁make ▁up ▁the ▁remainder . ▁Their ▁diet ▁is ▁also ▁influenced ▁by ▁the ▁seasons , ▁with ▁certain ▁plant ▁parts ▁and ▁fruits ▁only ▁ri pen ing ▁or ▁becoming ▁available ▁during ▁certain ▁times ▁of ▁the ▁year . ▁Water ▁consumption ▁also ▁varies ▁throughout ▁the ▁year ▁and ▁can ▁be ▁influenced ▁by ▁diet . ▁The ▁number ▁of ▁tree ▁species ▁utilized ▁by ▁for ▁food ▁by ▁the ▁le m urs ▁can ▁range ▁from ▁ 1 9 - 4 0 ▁species ▁depending ▁on ▁location . ▁The ▁larger ▁part ▁of ▁fruit ▁items ▁in ▁the ▁diet ▁is ▁provided ▁by ▁four ▁tax a ▁of ▁fruit ▁trees : ▁Rav ens ara ▁species , ▁Ch rys oph yll um ▁bo iv inian um , ▁Pro tor hus ▁species , ▁and ▁Har ung ana ▁mad ag asc ari ensis .
▁ ▁Fe eding ▁behaviour ▁Studies ▁show ▁that ▁most ▁of ▁their ▁feeding ▁time ▁is ▁spent ▁on ▁basic ▁fruit ▁which ▁consum es ▁around ▁ 8 0 % ▁of ▁that ▁time . ▁The ▁rest ▁of ▁which ▁is ▁spent ▁mostly ▁on ▁ne ct ar ▁and ▁various ▁other ▁for age . ▁ ▁In ▁general ▁most ▁male ▁black ▁and ▁white ▁r uffed ▁le m urs ▁will ▁eat ▁less ▁than ▁a ▁female ▁will ▁during ▁the ▁hot ▁dry ▁seasons ▁of ▁Mad ag asc ar . ▁Another ▁difference ▁between ▁the ▁diet ▁of ▁male ▁and ▁female ▁r uffed ▁le m urs ▁is ▁that ▁when ▁a ▁female ▁is ▁pregnant ▁and ▁also ▁la ct ating ▁she ▁will ▁eat ▁significantly ▁more ▁flowers ▁and ▁leaves ▁than ▁the ▁male ▁in ▁order ▁to ▁supply ▁her ▁off spring ▁and ▁the ▁high ▁energy ▁cost ▁of ▁reprodu ction . ▁Studies ▁recording ▁r uffed ▁le m urs ▁in ▁capt ivity ▁and ▁in ▁the ▁wild ▁over ▁the ▁course ▁of ▁a ▁year ▁show ▁that ▁r uffed ▁le m urs ▁on ▁an ▁average ▁spend ▁around ▁ 2 8 % ▁of ▁their ▁time ▁feeding , ▁ 5 3 % ▁resting , ▁and ▁the ▁last ▁ 1 9 % ▁social izing ▁and ▁moving ▁about . ▁ ▁Be havior ▁ ▁Fem ale ▁domin ance ▁ ▁Black - and - white ▁r uffed ▁le m urs ▁demonstrate ▁the ▁rare ▁behavior ▁of ▁female ▁social ▁domin ance ▁both ▁within ▁and ▁outside ▁the ▁context ▁of ▁feed ings . ▁This ▁is ▁also ▁found ▁in ▁other ▁r uffed ▁le m urs ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁in ▁ring - t ailed ▁le m urs ▁and ▁red ▁r
uffled ▁le m urs . ▁A gg ress ive ▁interactions ▁between ▁males ▁and ▁females ▁are ▁usually ▁won ▁by ▁the ▁female ▁even ▁when ▁they ▁do ▁not ▁show ▁aggressive ▁behavior ▁towards ▁the ▁male . ▁Unlike ▁other ▁species ▁of ▁le m urs , ▁black - and - white ▁r uffed ▁le m ur ▁females ▁occasionally ▁show ▁submission ▁and ▁more ▁aggress ion ▁needs ▁to ▁be ▁maintained ▁in ▁order ▁for ▁the ▁female ▁to ▁win ▁the ▁interaction ▁instead ▁of ▁having ▁an ▁und ec ided ▁interaction . ▁Male ▁aggress ion ▁does ▁not ▁vary ▁among ▁seasons . ▁ ▁One ▁of ▁the ▁main ▁reasons ▁that ▁black - and - white ▁r uffed ▁le m urs ▁exhibit ▁domin ance ▁is ▁for ▁feeding ▁purpose ; ▁that ▁is ▁they ▁are ▁able ▁to ▁establish ▁priority ▁over ▁males ▁in ▁feeding . ▁Rep ro duct ive ▁females ▁need ▁more ▁access ▁to ▁food ▁because ▁of ▁the ▁costs ▁of ▁carrying ▁and ▁caring ▁for ▁off spring ▁which ▁is ▁why ▁they ▁establish ▁this ▁feeding ▁priority . ▁Energy ▁demands ▁in ▁this ▁species ▁are ▁particularly ▁high . ▁Fem ale ▁domin ance ▁in ▁feeding ▁is ▁maintained ▁through ▁demonstr ating ▁some ▁aggressive ▁behavior ▁and ▁leading ▁the ▁group ▁to ▁food ▁in ▁order ▁to ▁have ▁first ▁access ▁to ▁the ▁food . ▁Domin ance ▁is ▁not ▁thought ▁to ▁be ▁established ▁in ▁younger ▁females ▁so ▁groups ▁lacking ▁a ▁mature ▁female ▁may ▁not ▁have ▁a ▁dominant ▁female . ▁When ▁a ▁dominant ▁female ▁is ▁present , ▁she ▁leads ▁the ▁group ▁to ▁the ▁food ▁source ▁and ▁e ats ▁more ▁than ▁the ▁rest ▁of ▁the ▁group . ▁ ▁Commun ication ▁ ▁The ▁black -
and - white ▁r uffed ▁le m ur ▁demonstr ates ▁several ▁different ▁call ▁types ▁each ▁of ▁which ▁last ▁several ▁seconds . ▁Most ▁le m urs ▁of ▁a ▁group ▁participate ▁in ▁any ▁one ▁ch orus . ▁These ▁le m urs ▁are ▁particularly ▁known ▁for ▁their ▁loud ▁ro ar / sh ri ek ▁ch or uses ▁which ▁have ▁several ▁purposes ▁including ▁group ▁movement , ▁sp acing ▁among ▁different ▁groups , ▁and ▁alarm ing ▁other ▁members ▁of ▁the ▁group ▁of ▁pred ators . ▁Unlike ▁the ▁calls ▁of ▁other ▁species , ▁the ▁calls ▁of ▁the ▁black - and - white ▁r uffed ▁le m ur ▁are ▁not ▁likely ▁to ▁be ▁for ▁the ▁establishment ▁of ▁territory ▁for ▁a ▁group . ▁The ▁calling ▁behavior ▁is ▁participated ▁in ▁throughout ▁the ▁course ▁of ▁a ▁day , ▁not ▁concentrated ▁at ▁any ▁one ▁point ▁of ▁the ▁day ; ▁however ▁calls ▁are ▁usually ▁not ▁heard ▁at ▁night . ▁ ▁In ters pec ific ▁interactions ▁ ▁Black - and - white ▁r uffed ▁le m urs ▁are ▁known ▁to ▁form ▁a ▁natural ▁hybrid ▁zone ▁with ▁the ▁red - ru ff ed ▁le m ur . ▁This ▁zone ▁may ▁have ▁once ▁been ▁very ▁large ▁before ▁humans ▁came ▁into ▁contact ▁with ▁the ▁two ▁sub spec ies . ▁ ▁The ▁calls ▁of ▁the ▁two ▁organ isms ▁differ ▁in ▁frequency ▁and ▁pulse ▁rate . ▁ ▁Social ▁structure ▁ ▁Studies ▁of ▁groups ▁of ▁black - and - white ▁r uffed ▁le m urs ▁both ▁in ▁capt ivity ▁and ▁in ▁the ▁wild ▁have ▁demonstrated ▁a ▁variety ▁of ▁social ▁structures ▁from ▁pairs
▁to ▁large ▁groups . ▁G roups ▁have ▁been ▁shown ▁to ▁exhibit ▁a ▁range ▁of ▁f ission ▁fusion ▁dynamics , ▁meaning ▁that ▁group ▁size ▁can ▁fluct uate ▁based ▁on ▁resource ▁availability . ▁When ▁resources ▁( e . g . ▁food ) ▁are ▁pl ent iful , ▁the ▁environment ▁can ▁support ▁a ▁larger ▁group ▁of ▁le m urs , ▁but ▁when ▁resources ▁are ▁scar ce , ▁the ▁group ▁may ▁split ▁into ▁smaller ▁sub - groups ▁to ▁survive . ▁The ▁sub - groups ▁can ▁re join ▁and ▁split ▁as ▁needed ▁with ▁environmental ▁and ▁social ▁c ues . ▁Parent ing ▁in ▁this ▁species ▁of ▁le m urs ▁is ▁unique ▁in ▁that ▁no ▁single ▁infant ▁is ▁invested ▁in ▁but ▁instead , ▁females ▁bear ▁lit ters ▁of ▁multiple ▁off spring . ▁M ales ▁also ▁play ▁a ▁role ▁in ▁the ▁parent ing ▁of ▁the ▁off spring ▁especially ▁in ▁smaller ▁groups ▁where ▁the ▁certain ty ▁of ▁p atern ity ▁is ▁high . ▁In ▁larger ▁groups , ▁the ▁chance ▁of ▁a ▁female ▁m ating ▁with ▁more ▁than ▁one ▁male ▁increases ▁as ▁does ▁uncertainty ▁in ▁p atern ity . ▁This ▁tends ▁to ▁decrease ▁the ▁level ▁of ▁male ▁care ▁of ▁off spring . ▁Instead ▁of ▁cl inging ▁to ▁the ▁mother , ▁off spring ▁are ▁placed ▁into ▁a ▁nest ▁which ▁is ▁guard ed ▁by ▁both ▁parents , ▁described ▁in ▁detail ▁below . ▁ ▁Rep roduction ▁ ▁Both ▁males ▁and ▁females ▁reach ▁sexual ▁mat urity ▁between ▁the ▁ages ▁of ▁ 1 . 5 ▁– ▁ 3 ▁years , ▁although ▁breed ing ▁is ▁not ▁necessarily ▁successful ▁during
▁the ▁first ▁year ▁of ▁mat urity . ▁M ales ▁exhibit ▁test icular ▁en larg ement ▁as ▁they ▁mature , ▁which ▁gradually ▁increases ▁over ▁the ▁months ▁leading ▁to ▁their ▁breed ing ▁window . ▁After ▁successfully ▁breed ing ▁with ▁a ▁female , ▁the ▁male ' s ▁test icles ▁gradually ▁reduce ▁back ▁to ▁normal . ▁When ▁females ▁become ▁sex ually ▁mature ▁and ▁enter ▁est rus ▁during ▁the ▁breed ing ▁season , ▁their ▁vag ina ▁begins ▁to ▁open ▁slightly , ▁starting ▁with ▁a ▁small ▁pink ▁dot ▁and ▁line , ▁which ▁is ▁easily ▁visible ▁because ▁the ▁skin ▁around ▁the ▁vul va ▁is ▁black . ▁The ▁pink ▁area ▁gradually ▁opens ▁over ▁the ▁course ▁of ▁several ▁days . ▁Once ▁fully ▁opened , ▁vag inal ▁est rus ▁last s ▁ 2 – 3 ▁days . ▁During ▁this ▁time , ▁there ▁is ▁an ▁even ▁smaller ▁window ▁of ▁time ▁( 6 – 1 2 ▁hours ) ▁when ▁the ▁female ▁is ▁in ▁behavior al ▁est rus , ▁and ▁breed ing ▁is ▁only ▁possible ▁during ▁this ▁period . ▁After ▁breed ing , ▁the ▁female ' s ▁vul va ▁gradually ▁clos es ▁and ▁remains ▁black ▁and ▁closed ▁for ▁the ▁remainder ▁of ▁the ▁year . ▁Gest ation ▁last s ▁an ▁average ▁of ▁ 1 0 2 . 5 ▁days ▁and ▁typically ▁results ▁in ▁a ▁litter ▁of ▁ 2 - 6 ▁off spring ▁that ▁are ▁unable ▁to ▁cl ing ▁to ▁their ▁mother , ▁as ▁in ▁other ▁prim ates . ▁The ▁female ▁builds ▁a ▁nest ▁where ▁inf ants ▁remain ▁until ▁they ▁can ▁leave ▁it ▁on ▁their ▁own . ▁For
▁the ▁first ▁ 2 ▁weeks ▁after ▁birth , ▁the ▁female ▁stays ▁with ▁the ▁inf ants ▁nearly ▁ 2 4 ▁hours ▁a ▁day . ▁Both ▁males ▁and ▁females ▁will ▁guard ▁the ▁nest . ▁There ▁is ▁evidence ▁that ▁related ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁un related ▁females ▁will ▁deposit ▁their ▁inf ants ▁in ▁commun al ▁n ests ▁and ▁share ▁in ▁parent al ▁care ▁while ▁other ▁individuals ▁for age , ▁resulting ▁in ▁increased ▁infant ▁survival ▁compared ▁to ▁single - n est ing ▁females . ▁ ▁Conserv ation ▁ ▁All ▁three ▁sub spec ies ▁of ▁the ▁black - and - white ▁r uffed ▁le m ur ▁are ▁classified ▁as ▁Crit ically ▁End ang ered ▁by ▁the ▁I U CN . ▁ ▁Pop ulation ▁The ▁V are cia ▁var ieg ata ▁population ▁is ▁on ▁a ▁steep ▁down ward ▁trend , ▁dropping ▁ 8 0 % ▁in ▁the ▁last ▁ 2 7 ▁years . ▁The ▁V ase y ▁studies ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 3 ▁indicated ▁that ▁N os y ▁M ang abe ▁is ▁the ▁most ▁dens ely ▁pop ulated ▁area ▁of ▁black ▁and ▁white ▁r uffed ▁le m urs . ▁It ▁had ▁around ▁ 2 9 – 4 3 ▁individuals / km 2 . ▁Next ▁in ▁decre asing ▁order ▁came ▁An atan am ata zo ▁with ▁ 1 0 – 1 5 ▁individuals / km 2 , ▁and ▁then ▁Man om ba ▁with . 4 - 2 . 5 ▁individuals / km 2 . ▁ ▁Th reat s ▁in ▁the ▁wild ▁ ▁While ▁pred ators ▁may ▁be ▁a ▁large ▁threat
▁to ▁the ▁black ▁and ▁white ▁r uffed ▁le m ur , ▁the ▁principal ▁threat ▁to ▁their ▁survival ▁comes ▁from ▁the ▁human ▁inhabitants ▁of ▁the ▁island . ▁Since ▁they ▁are ▁compar atively ▁large ▁to ▁other ▁species ▁of ▁le m urs ▁they ▁are ▁h unted ▁as ▁bush me at ▁by ▁po achers ▁and ▁village ▁men ▁who ▁are ▁looking ▁to ▁feed ▁their ▁families . ▁Another ▁threat ▁to ▁the ▁le m urs ▁is ▁the ▁agricultural ▁practices ▁of ▁the ▁local ▁community . ▁The ▁sl ash - and - burn ▁method ▁of ▁agriculture ▁is ▁very ▁devast ating ▁to ▁the ▁natural ▁habitat ▁of ▁the ▁black ▁and ▁white ▁r uffed ▁le m ur . ▁ ▁The ▁black - and - white ▁r uffed ▁le m ur ▁is ▁prey ed ▁upon ▁by ▁the ▁Hen st ' s ▁g osh awk ▁( Acc ip iter ▁hen st ii ), ▁foss a ▁( C rypt op ro ct a ▁fer ox ), ▁ring - t ailed ▁mong oose ▁( G al id ia ▁eleg ans ) ▁and ▁brown - t ailed ▁mong oose ▁( Sal ano ia ▁con color ). ▁ ▁N est ing ▁behavior ▁pos es ▁the ▁greatest ▁risks ▁for ▁pred ation , ▁especially ▁mamm al ian ▁pred ators . ▁ ▁Re int roduction ▁ ▁Black - and - white ▁r uffed ▁le m urs ▁were ▁part ▁of ▁a ▁re int roduction ▁program ▁from ▁ 1 9 9 7 ▁to ▁ 2 0 0 1 , ▁organized ▁by ▁the ▁Mad ag asc ar ▁Fa una ▁Group ▁and ▁the ▁Duke ▁University ▁Pr imate ▁Center
▁( now ▁Duke ▁Lem ur ▁Center ). ▁A ▁total ▁of ▁ 1 3 ▁individuals ▁that ▁were ▁born ▁in ▁human ▁care ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁were ▁released ▁at ▁the ▁Bet am pon a ▁Reserve , ▁which ▁is ▁in ▁their ▁native ▁range ▁in ▁the ▁rain fore sts ▁of ▁eastern ▁Mad ag asc ar . ▁Prior ▁to ▁being ▁released , ▁individuals ▁were ▁selected ▁by ▁the ▁r uffed ▁le m ur ▁Spec ies ▁Sur v ival ▁Plan ▁based ▁on ▁genetic ▁information , ▁health ▁status , ▁life ▁history , ▁and ▁behavior al ▁traits . ▁ ▁All ▁of ▁the ▁individuals ▁under w ent ▁a ▁" boot ▁camp " ▁program ▁prior ▁to ▁release ▁that ▁gave ▁the ▁le m urs ▁experience ▁in ▁a ▁free - range ▁naturally ▁wood ed ▁environment . ▁During ▁this ▁time , ▁the ▁le m urs ▁were ▁able ▁to ▁improve ▁their ▁physical ▁abilities ▁in ▁a ▁forest ▁can opy ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁for age ▁for ▁naturally ▁growing ▁food . ▁The ▁le m urs ▁were ▁released ▁in ▁ 3 ▁groups , ▁each ▁consisting ▁of ▁a ▁family ▁group ▁or ▁pair ing , ▁to ▁mim ic ▁their ▁natural ▁group ing ▁patterns . ▁▁ ▁Once ▁released ▁into ▁the ▁wild , ▁the ▁animals ▁each ▁had ▁radio ▁transm itting ▁coll ars , ▁to ▁aid ▁in ▁the ▁research ▁and ▁monitoring ▁possibilities ▁post - release . ▁The ▁le m urs ▁were ▁provided ▁with ▁some ▁supplement ary ▁food ▁and ▁their ▁health ▁and ▁behavior ▁was ▁mon it ored . ▁At ▁least ▁ 5 ▁of ▁the ▁released ▁individuals ▁were ▁killed ▁by ▁foss a , ▁a ▁native ▁pred ator ▁of ▁le
m urs , ▁including ▁a ▁breed ing ▁pair ▁that ▁had ▁previously ▁raised ▁triple ts . ▁Of ▁the ▁surviving ▁le m urs , ▁at ▁least ▁ 1 ▁male ▁successfully ▁merged ▁with ▁an ▁existing ▁wild ▁group ▁and ▁reprodu ced . ▁Future ▁re int roduction ▁efforts ▁are ▁halt ed ▁due ▁to ▁habitat ▁de grad ation ▁and ▁fragment ation . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁ ▁AR K ive ▁– ▁images ▁and ▁movies ▁of ▁the ▁r uffed ▁le m ur ▁( V are cia ▁var ieg ata ) ▁Par co ▁Z oo ▁Pun ta ▁Ver de ▁The ▁black ▁and ▁white ▁r uffed ▁le m ur ▁– ▁V are cia ▁var ieg ata ▁black - and - white ▁r uffed ▁le m ur ▁at ▁Animal ▁D ivers ity ▁Web ▁ ▁Category : L em urs ▁Lem ur ▁Lem ur ▁Lem ur ▁Category : M amm als ▁described ▁in ▁ 1 7 9 2 <0x0A> </s> ▁Henry k ▁P iot r ▁S ied l ac zek ▁( born ▁January ▁ 3 0 , ▁ 1 9 5 6 ▁in ▁W od z is ław ) ▁is ▁a ▁Polish ▁politician . ▁He ▁was ▁elected ▁to ▁the ▁Se j m ▁on ▁September ▁ 2 5 , ▁ 2 0 0 5 ▁getting ▁ 7 4 7 6 ▁votes ▁in ▁ 3 0 ▁Ry b nik ▁district , ▁candid ating ▁from ▁the ▁C iv ic ▁Platform ▁list . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁Members ▁of ▁Polish ▁Se j m ▁ 2 0 0 5 - 2 0 0 7 ▁ ▁Ex ternal
▁links ▁Henry k ▁S ied l ac zek ▁- ▁parliament ary ▁page ▁- ▁includes ▁declar ations ▁of ▁interest , ▁voting ▁record , ▁and ▁trans cript s ▁of ▁spe e ches . ▁ ▁Category : Members ▁of ▁the ▁Polish ▁Se j m ▁ 2 0 0 5 – 2 0 0 7 ▁Category : C iv ic ▁Platform ▁politicians ▁Category : 1 9 5 6 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : Members ▁of ▁the ▁Polish ▁Se j m ▁ 2 0 0 7 – 2 0 1 1 ▁Category : Members ▁of ▁the ▁Polish ▁Se j m ▁ 2 0 1 1 – 2 0 1 5 <0x0A> </s> ▁" No ▁F ear " ▁is ▁a ▁song ▁co - written ▁and ▁recorded ▁by ▁Canadian ▁country ▁music ▁artist ▁Ter ri ▁Clark . ▁ ▁It ▁was ▁released ▁in ▁January ▁ 2 0 0 1 ▁as ▁the ▁second ▁single ▁from ▁the ▁album ▁F ear less . ▁ ▁The ▁song ▁reached ▁# 2 7 ▁on ▁the ▁Bill board ▁Hot ▁Country ▁Singles ▁& ▁Tr acks ▁chart . ▁ ▁The ▁song ▁was ▁written ▁by ▁Clark ▁and ▁Mary ▁Chap in ▁Car p enter . ▁ ▁Chart ▁performance ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : 2 0 0 1 ▁singles ▁Category : 2 0 0 0 ▁songs ▁Category : T er ri ▁Clark ▁songs ▁Category : S ongs ▁written ▁by ▁Mary ▁Chap in ▁Car p enter ▁Category : S ongs ▁written ▁by ▁Ter ri ▁Clark ▁Category : S ong ▁record ings ▁produced ▁by ▁Keith ▁Ste g all ▁Category : Mer
cury ▁Records ▁singles <0x0A> </s> ▁is ▁a ▁ ▁Japanese ▁m anga ▁artist . ▁Yam ada ▁is ▁known ▁for ▁creating ▁the ▁m anga ▁As atte ▁no ▁Hou k ou , ▁which ▁also ▁spawn ed ▁an ▁anime . ▁Yam ada ▁also ▁created ▁the ▁m anga ▁Maj ina ! ▁and ▁the ▁m anga ▁G if uto . ▁ ▁His ▁has ▁created ▁a ▁m ah j ong ▁game ▁called ▁Hig ur ashi ▁no ▁N aku ▁K oro ▁ni ▁J ong , ▁which ▁is ▁based ▁on ▁ 0 7 th ▁Exp ansion ' s ▁Hig ur ashi ▁When ▁They ▁Cry . ▁It ▁began ▁appearing ▁once ▁a ▁month ▁in ▁T akes h ob o ' s ▁Kind ai ▁Mah j ong ▁magazine ▁starting ▁in ▁January ▁ 1 , ▁ 2 0 1 0 . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁J - ta ▁Yam ada ' s ▁personal ▁website ▁▁ ▁Category : M anga ▁artists ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : Year ▁of ▁birth ▁missing ▁( l iving ▁people ) <0x0A> </s> ▁End oxy la ▁ret ic ul osa ▁is ▁a ▁m oth ▁in ▁the ▁family ▁C oss idae . ▁It ▁is ▁found ▁in ▁Australia , ▁where ▁it ▁has ▁been ▁recorded ▁from ▁Queensland . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : End oxy la ▁( m oth ) ▁Category : M oth s ▁described ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 5 <0x0A> </s> ▁Iran ▁Air craft ▁Manufact uring ▁Industrial ▁Company ▁( HE SA ), ▁( ), ▁is ▁an ▁Iran ian ▁aircraft ▁production ▁company . ▁Est ab lished ▁in ▁
1 9 7 6 , ▁it ▁belongs ▁to ▁the ▁Iran ▁A vi ation ▁Indust ries ▁Organization ▁( IA IO ) ▁and ▁is ▁located ▁at ▁Shah in ▁Sh ahr , ▁Is f ahan . ▁Appro xim ately ▁ 2 ▁million ▁square ▁meters ▁or ▁ 5 0 0 ▁acres ▁of ▁land ▁on ▁which ▁the ▁company ▁is ▁established ▁was ▁gift ed ▁by ▁the ▁locally ▁notable ▁and ▁well - reg arded ▁Bor ou mand ▁family ▁( the ▁brothers : ▁Abd ol gh aff ar , ▁Abd ol rah man , ▁Abd ol rah im , ▁Abd ol kar im , ▁Abd ol r ash id ▁and ▁Abd oll ah ). ▁ ▁The ▁company ▁has ▁thousands ▁of ▁square ▁meters ▁of ▁available ▁grounds , ▁and ▁ 2 5 0 , 0 0 0 ▁square ▁meters ▁of ▁shops ▁and ▁hang ars ▁are ▁allocated ▁to ▁A / C ▁part ▁manufacturing , ▁as sem bling , ▁labor ator ies , ▁flight ▁test ▁facilities ▁and ▁shops ▁of ▁preparation ▁for ▁production . ▁ ▁The ▁original ▁factory , ▁built ▁by ▁Tex tr on , ▁was ▁to ▁produce ▁Bell ▁ 2 1 4 s ▁of ▁different ▁configurations ▁in ▁Iran ▁with ▁a ▁deal ▁that ▁involved ▁several ▁hundred ▁helic op ters ▁and ▁technology ▁trans fers . ▁Report edly ▁the ▁contract ▁was ▁so ▁huge ▁that ▁a ▁new ▁Tex tr on ▁division ▁had ▁to ▁be ▁founded ▁to ▁meet ▁Iran ian ▁demands ▁and ▁handle ▁the ▁program ▁with ▁Major ▁General ▁Del k ▁M . ▁O den ▁as ▁president . ▁The ▁work ▁ended ▁due ▁to ▁the ▁Iran ian ▁Revolution ▁and ▁subsequent ▁san ctions
▁against ▁Iran . ▁ ▁Project s ▁▁ ▁H ES A ▁K ows ar ▁- ▁a ▁domestic ▁" 4 th ▁generation " ▁version ▁of ▁reverse - engine ered ▁F - 5 ▁T iger . ▁ ▁Manufact uring ▁Ir An - 1 4 0 ▁passenger ▁plane ▁with ▁Ukrain ian ▁cooperation ▁and ▁based ▁on ▁Anton ov ▁An - 1 4 0 . ▁▁▁▁ ▁Design ing ▁and ▁manufacturing ▁par ach ute ▁recovery ▁system ▁for ▁Ab abil ▁dr one . ▁▁▁ ▁Manufact uring ▁Sha hed - 2 7 8 ▁helic opter ▁( using ▁components ▁from ▁Bell ▁ 2 0 6 ▁and ▁Pan ha ▁Sh ab av iz ▁ 2 0 6 1 ) ▁▁ ▁Manufact uring ▁Z af ar ▁ 3 0 0 ▁helic opter ▁( based ▁on ▁Bell ▁ 2 0 6 ) ▁▁ ▁Manufact uring ▁Sha hed - 2 7 4 ▁helic opter ▁( based ▁on ▁Bell ▁ 2 0 6 ) ▁ ▁Manufact uring ▁Sha hed - 2 8 5 ▁helic opter ▁( using ▁components ▁from ▁Bell ▁ 2 0 6 ▁and ▁Pan ha ▁Sh ab av iz ▁ 2 0 6 1 ) ▁ ▁Manufact uring ▁D orna ▁training ▁aircraft ▁ ▁Manufact uring ▁K arr ar ▁U CA V ▁ ▁Manufact uring ▁prop eller ▁with ▁composite ▁materials ▁▁▁▁ ▁H over craft ▁repairs ▁likely ▁for ▁Islamic ▁Republic ▁of ▁Iran ▁Navy ▁▁▁ ▁Manufact uring ▁parts ▁▁ ▁Manufact uring ▁Az ar akh sh ▁fighter ▁jet ▁( based ▁on ▁North rop ▁F - 5 ) ▁ ▁Manufact uring ▁Sa eq eh ▁fighter ▁jet ▁( based ▁on ▁North rop
▁F - 5 ) ▁ ▁Develop ing ▁Sh af a q ▁Light ▁Tr ainer / Light ▁Att ack / Light ▁F ighter ▁( based ▁on ▁M - AT F ) ▁ ▁Develop ing ▁Sof re h ▁Mah i ▁ ▁Sim or gh : ▁The ▁Sim or gh ▁( ه و ا پ ي م ا ي ▁ س ي م ر غ ) ▁is ▁a ▁H ES A - built ▁two - se at ▁North rop ▁F - 5 A ▁to ▁F - 5 B ▁conversion . ▁It ▁was ▁first ▁fl own ▁in ▁Iran ▁K ish ▁Air ▁Show ▁ 2 0 0 5 , ▁and ▁two ▁have ▁been ▁built . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁H ES A ▁D orna ▁Iran ▁A vi ation ▁Indust ries ▁Organization ▁Military ▁of ▁Iran ▁Islamic ▁Republic ▁of ▁Iran ▁Air ▁Force ▁List ▁of ▁Iran ian ▁Air ▁Force ▁aircraft ▁Iran ian ▁military ▁industry ▁Current ▁Equipment ▁of ▁the ▁Iran ian ▁Army ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁▁ ▁Iran ▁Air craft ▁Manufact uring ▁Industrial ▁Company ▁( HE SA ) ▁Official ▁website ▁V ide os ▁Iran ian ▁Com bat ▁Air craft ▁Program mes ▁- ▁I HS ▁A eros pace ▁Def ence ▁& ▁Security ▁( 2 0 1 5 ) ▁ ▁Category : Air craft ▁manufacturers ▁of ▁Iran ▁Category : Def ence ▁companies ▁of ▁Iran ▁Category : I sl amic ▁Republic ▁of ▁Iran ▁Air ▁Force ▁Category : Man ufact uring ▁companies ▁of ▁Iran ▁Category : Man ufact uring ▁companies ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 6 ▁Category : 1 9 7 6
▁establish ments ▁in ▁Iran <0x0A> </s> ▁Richard is ▁of ▁Sch wer in ▁( ; ▁ 1 3 4 7 ▁– ▁April ▁ 2 3 ▁or ▁July ▁ 1 1 , ▁ 1 3 7 7 ) ▁was ▁Queen ▁of ▁Sweden ▁as ▁the ▁cons ort ▁of ▁King ▁Albert . ▁ ▁Life ▁Richard is ▁was ▁the ▁child ▁of ▁Otto ▁I , ▁Count ▁of ▁Sch wer in ▁( d . ▁ 1 3 5 7 ) ▁and ▁Mat ilda ▁of ▁Me ck len burg - W er le ▁( d . ▁ 1 3 6 1 ) ▁and ▁the ▁p ater nal ▁nie ce ▁of ▁Richard is ▁of ▁Sch wer in , ▁Du che ss ▁of ▁Sch les wig , ▁the ▁wife ▁of ▁the ▁former ▁V ald em ar ▁III ▁of ▁Denmark . ▁She ▁was ▁engaged ▁to ▁Albert ▁of ▁Me ck len burg , ▁who ▁was ▁also ▁to ▁be ▁king ▁of ▁Sweden . ▁ ▁In ▁W ism ar ▁on ▁ 1 2 ▁October ▁ 1 3 5 2 , ▁the ▁marriage ▁contract ▁was ▁signed . ▁It ▁was ▁not ▁until ▁ 1 3 6 5 , ▁however , ▁that ▁they ▁were ▁married ▁in ▁person ▁and ▁Richard is ▁arrived ▁in ▁Sweden . ▁She ▁died ▁in ▁Stockholm ▁and ▁was ▁buried ▁in ▁the ▁C lo ister ▁Church ▁at ▁the ▁Black ▁F ri ars ' ▁Mon aster y . ▁ ▁Children ▁ ▁Eric ▁I , ▁Duke ▁of ▁Me ck len burg ▁( 1 3 6 5 – 1 3 9 7 ); ▁also ▁called ▁Duke ▁Eric , ▁he ir ▁to ▁the
▁throne ▁of ▁Sweden ▁and ▁Lord ▁of ▁Got land . ▁Richard is ▁Catherine ▁of ▁Sweden ▁( 1 3 7 0 / 1 3 7 2 - 1 4 0 0 ); ▁married ▁John ▁of ▁G ör l itz ▁ ▁Anc est ry ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁▁▁▁ ▁Wil hel mina ▁St å l berg : ▁An te q ning ar ▁om ▁sv ens ka ▁q v inn or ▁( Not es ▁on ▁Swedish ▁women ) ▁( Sw edish ) ▁ ▁Å ke ▁Oh l marks : ▁All a ▁Sver iges ▁dro tt ning ar ▁( All ▁the ▁que ens ▁of ▁Sweden ) ▁( Sw edish ) ▁ ▁\| - ▁ ▁\| - ▁ ▁Richard is ▁Category : 1 3 4 7 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 3 7 7 ▁deaths ▁Category : H ouse ▁of ▁H agen ▁Category : 1 4 th - century ▁Swedish ▁people ▁Category : 1 4 th - century ▁Swedish ▁women <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Sand av ág ur ▁stone ▁( FR ▁ 2 ▁M ) ▁is ▁a ▁run estone ▁that ▁was ▁discovered ▁in ▁the ▁town ▁of ▁Sand av ág ur ▁on ▁the ▁Far oe ▁Islands ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 7 . ▁The ▁stone ▁can ▁today ▁be ▁seen ▁in ▁the ▁Sand av ág ur ▁Church . ▁ ▁The ▁in scription ▁speaks ▁of ▁ Þ ork ell , ▁a ▁man ▁from ▁Rog aland , ▁Norway ▁who ▁claims ▁to ▁have ▁lived ▁on ▁that ▁place ▁first . ▁He ▁is ▁presumably ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁first ▁sett lers , ▁if ▁not ▁the ▁very ▁first ▁one ,
▁in ▁the ▁Sand av ág ur ▁area . ▁In ▁both ▁run es ▁and ▁language ▁the ▁Sand av ág ur ▁stone ▁corresponds ▁to ▁what ▁is ▁known ▁from ▁Rog aland ▁around ▁the ▁ 1 3 th ▁century . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁F ám j in ▁stone ▁Kirk j ub ø ur ▁stone ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁▁ ▁Category : Run est ones ▁on ▁the ▁Far oe ▁Islands <0x0A> </s> ▁Michael ▁Kevin ▁Poll an ▁( ; ▁born ▁February ▁ 6 , ▁ 1 9 5 5 ) ▁is ▁an ▁American ▁author , ▁journalist , ▁activ ist , ▁and ▁the ▁Lewis ▁K . ▁Ch an ▁Arts ▁L ect urer ▁and ▁Professor ▁of ▁Practice ▁of ▁Non - F iction ▁at ▁Harvard ▁University . ▁Poll an ▁is ▁also ▁professor ▁of ▁journal ism ▁at ▁the ▁U C ▁Berkeley ▁Grad uate ▁School ▁of ▁Journal ism . ▁ ▁Poll an ▁is ▁best ▁known ▁for ▁his ▁books ▁which ▁explore ▁the ▁soc io - c ultural ▁impacts ▁of ▁food ▁in ▁books ▁like ▁The ▁Bot any ▁of ▁Des ire ▁and ▁The ▁O mn iv ore ' s ▁D ile mma . ▁ ▁Early ▁years ▁Poll an ▁was ▁born ▁to ▁a ▁Jewish ▁family ▁on ▁Long ▁Island , ▁New ▁York . ▁He ▁is ▁the ▁son ▁of ▁author ▁and ▁financial ▁consultant ▁Stephen ▁Poll an ▁and ▁column ist ▁C ork y ▁Poll an . ▁Poll an ▁received ▁a ▁B . A . ▁in ▁English ▁from ▁Ben ning ton ▁College ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 7 ▁and ▁an ▁M . A . ▁in ▁English ▁from ▁Columbia ▁University ▁in ▁ 1 9
8 1 . ▁ ▁Career ▁ ▁The ▁Bot any ▁of ▁Des ire ▁In ▁The ▁Bot any ▁of ▁Des ire , ▁Poll an ▁expl ores ▁the ▁concept ▁of ▁co - ev olution , ▁specifically ▁of ▁hum ank ind ' s ▁evolution ary ▁relationship ▁with ▁four ▁plants — ap ples , ▁t ul ips , ▁marijuana , ▁and ▁potatoes — from ▁the ▁dual ▁pers pectives ▁of ▁humans ▁and ▁the ▁plants . ▁He ▁uses ▁case ▁examples ▁that ▁fit ▁the ▁ar che type ▁of ▁four ▁basic ▁human ▁desires , ▁demonstr ating ▁how ▁each ▁of ▁these ▁bot an ical ▁species ▁are ▁select ively ▁grown , ▁b red , ▁and ▁gen et ically ▁engine ered . ▁The ▁apple ▁reflects ▁the ▁desire ▁for ▁sweet ness , ▁the ▁t ul ip ▁for ▁beauty , ▁marijuana ▁for ▁into x ication , ▁and ▁the ▁pot ato ▁for ▁control . ▁▁ ▁Throughout ▁the ▁book , ▁Poll an ▁expl ores ▁the ▁narrative ▁of ▁his ▁own ▁experience ▁with ▁each ▁of ▁the ▁plants , ▁which ▁he ▁then ▁inter tw ines ▁with ▁a ▁well - re se ar ched ▁exploration ▁into ▁their ▁social ▁history . ▁Each ▁section ▁presents ▁a ▁unique ▁element ▁of ▁human ▁dom est ication , ▁or ▁the ▁" human ▁b umble bee " ▁as ▁Poll an ▁calls ▁it . ▁These ▁range ▁from ▁the ▁true ▁story ▁of ▁Johnny ▁Ap ples eed ▁to ▁Poll an ' s ▁first - hand ▁research ▁with ▁sophisticated ▁marijuana ▁hy br ids ▁in ▁Amsterdam , ▁to ▁the ▁alarm ing ▁and ▁parad ig m - sh ifting ▁possibilities ▁of ▁gen et ically ▁engine ered
▁potatoes . ▁ ▁The ▁O mn iv ore ' s ▁D ile mma ▁In ▁The ▁O mn iv ore ' s ▁D ile mma , ▁Poll an ▁describes ▁four ▁basic ▁ways ▁that ▁human ▁societies ▁have ▁obtained ▁food : ▁the ▁current ▁industrial ▁system , ▁the ▁big ▁organic ▁operation , ▁the ▁local ▁self - s ufficient ▁farm , ▁and ▁the ▁hun ter - gather er . ▁Poll an ▁follows ▁each ▁of ▁these ▁processes — from ▁a ▁group ▁of ▁plants ▁photos y nt hes izing ▁calories ▁through ▁a ▁series ▁of ▁intermediate ▁stages , ▁ultimately ▁into ▁a ▁meal . ▁Along ▁the ▁way , ▁he ▁suggests ▁that ▁there ▁is ▁a ▁fundamental ▁tension ▁between ▁the ▁logic ▁of ▁nature ▁and ▁the ▁logic ▁of ▁human ▁industry , ▁that ▁the ▁way ▁we ▁eat ▁represents ▁our ▁most ▁profound ▁engagement ▁with ▁the ▁natural ▁world , ▁and ▁that ▁industrial ▁eating ▁obsc ures ▁cru c ially ▁important ▁ec ological ▁relationships ▁and ▁connections . ▁On ▁December ▁ 1 0 , ▁ 2 0 0 6 , ▁The ▁New ▁York ▁Times ▁named ▁The ▁O mn iv ore ' s ▁D ile mma ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁five ▁best ▁non f iction ▁books ▁of ▁the ▁year . ▁On ▁May ▁ 8 , ▁ 2 0 0 7 , ▁the ▁James ▁Be ard ▁Foundation ▁named ▁The ▁O mn iv ore ' s ▁D ile mma ▁its ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁winner ▁for ▁the ▁best ▁food ▁writing . ▁It ▁was ▁the ▁book ▁of ▁focus ▁for ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Pennsylvania ' s ▁Reading ▁Project ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 7 , ▁and
▁the ▁book ▁of ▁choice ▁for ▁Washington ▁State ▁University ' s ▁Common ▁Reading ▁Program ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 9 – 1 0 . ▁ ▁Poll an ' s ▁discussion ▁of ▁the ▁industrial ▁food ▁chain ▁is ▁in ▁large ▁part ▁a ▁critique ▁of ▁modern ▁ag rib us iness . ▁According ▁to ▁the ▁book , ▁ag rib us iness ▁has ▁lost ▁touch ▁with ▁the ▁natural ▁cycles ▁of ▁farming , ▁wherein ▁liv est ock ▁and ▁crops ▁inter tw ine ▁in ▁mut ually ▁beneficial ▁circles . ▁Poll an ' s ▁critique ▁of ▁modern ▁ag rib us iness ▁focuses ▁on ▁what ▁he ▁describes ▁as ▁the ▁over use ▁of ▁corn ▁for ▁purposes ▁ranging ▁from ▁f att ening ▁cattle ▁to ▁massive ▁production ▁of ▁corn ▁oil , ▁high - f ruct ose ▁corn ▁sy rup , ▁and ▁other ▁corn ▁deriv atives . ▁He ▁describes ▁what ▁he ▁sees ▁as ▁the ▁in eff ici encies ▁and ▁other ▁draw backs ▁of ▁factory ▁farming ▁and ▁gives ▁his ▁assessment ▁of ▁organic ▁food ▁production ▁and ▁what ▁it ' s ▁like ▁to ▁hunt ▁and ▁gather ▁food . ▁He ▁bl ames ▁those ▁who ▁set ▁the ▁rules ▁( e . g ., ▁politicians ▁in ▁Washington , ▁D . C ., ▁bureau cr ats ▁at ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Department ▁of ▁Agricult ure , ▁Wall ▁Street ▁capital ists , ▁and ▁agricultural ▁con gl omer ates ▁like ▁Ar cher ▁Daniel s ▁Mid land ) ▁of ▁what ▁he ▁calls ▁a ▁destruct ive ▁and ▁prec ar ious ▁agricultural ▁system ▁that ▁has ▁w rought ▁hav oc ▁upon ▁the ▁diet , ▁nutrition , ▁and ▁well - being ▁of
▁Americans . ▁Poll an ▁finds ▁hope ▁in ▁Joel ▁Sal atin ' s ▁Poly face ▁Farm ▁in ▁Virginia , ▁which ▁he ▁sees ▁as ▁a ▁model ▁of ▁sustain ability ▁in ▁commercial ▁farming . ▁Poll an ▁appears ▁in ▁the ▁documentary ▁film ▁King ▁Corn ▁( 2 0 0 7 ). ▁ ▁In ▁Defense ▁of ▁Food : ▁An ▁E ater ' s ▁Man ifest o ▁ ▁Poll an ' s ▁book ▁In ▁Defense ▁of ▁Food : ▁An ▁E ater ' s ▁Man ifest o , ▁released ▁on ▁January ▁ 1 , ▁ 2 0 0 8 , ▁expl ores ▁the ▁relationship ▁with ▁what ▁he ▁terms ▁nutrition ism ▁and ▁the ▁Western ▁diet , ▁with ▁a ▁focus ▁on ▁late ▁ 2 0 th ▁century ▁food ▁advice ▁given ▁by ▁the ▁science ▁community . ▁Poll an ▁holds ▁that ▁consumption ▁of ▁fat ▁and ▁diet ary ▁ch oles ter ol ▁does ▁not ▁lead ▁to ▁a ▁higher ▁rate ▁of ▁coron ary ▁disease , ▁and ▁that ▁the ▁re duct ive ▁analysis ▁of ▁food ▁into ▁nut rient ▁components ▁is ▁a ▁mistake . ▁▁ ▁Throughout ▁the ▁book , ▁Poll an ▁questions ▁the ▁view ▁that ▁the ▁point ▁of ▁eating ▁is ▁to ▁promote ▁health , ▁pointing ▁out ▁that ▁this ▁attitude ▁is ▁not ▁universal ▁and ▁that ▁cultures ▁that ▁per ceive ▁food ▁as ▁having ▁purposes ▁of ▁pleasure , ▁identity , ▁and ▁social ity ▁may ▁end ▁up ▁with ▁better ▁health . ▁He ▁explains ▁this ▁seem ing ▁parad ox ▁by ▁vet ting , ▁and ▁then ▁valid ating , ▁the ▁notion ▁that ▁nutrition ism ▁and , ▁therefore , ▁the ▁whole ▁Western ▁framework ▁through ▁which ▁we
▁intellectual ize ▁the ▁value ▁of ▁food ▁is ▁more ▁a ▁religious ▁and ▁f add ish ▁dev otion ▁to ▁the ▁myth ology ▁of ▁simple ▁solutions ▁than ▁a ▁conv incing ▁and ▁reliable ▁conclusion ▁of ▁in cont ro vert ible ▁scientific ▁research . ▁▁ ▁Poll an ▁sp ends ▁the ▁rest ▁of ▁his ▁book ▁ex plic ating ▁his ▁first ▁three ▁phrases : ▁" E at ▁food . ▁Not ▁too ▁much . ▁Most ly ▁plants ." ▁He ▁cont ends ▁that ▁most ▁of ▁what ▁Americans ▁now ▁buy ▁in ▁super mark ets , ▁fast ▁food ▁stores , ▁and ▁restaurants ▁is ▁not ▁in ▁fact ▁food , ▁and ▁that ▁a ▁practical ▁tip ▁is ▁to ▁eat ▁only ▁those ▁things ▁that ▁people ▁of ▁his ▁grandmother ' s ▁generation ▁would ▁have ▁recognized ▁as ▁food . ▁ ▁Food ▁Rules : ▁An ▁E ater ' s ▁Man ual ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 9 , ▁Food ▁Rules : ▁An ▁E ater ' s ▁Man ual ▁was ▁published . ▁This ▁short ▁work ▁is ▁a ▁cond ensed ▁version ▁of ▁his ▁previous ▁efforts , ▁intended ▁to ▁provide ▁a ▁simple ▁framework ▁for ▁a ▁healthy ▁and ▁sustainable ▁diet . ▁It ▁is ▁divided ▁into ▁three ▁sections , ▁further ▁ex plic ating ▁Poll an ' s ▁principles ▁of ▁" E at ▁food . ▁Not ▁too ▁much . ▁Most ly ▁plants ." ▁It ▁includes ▁his ▁rules ▁( i . e ., ▁" let ▁others ▁sample ▁your ▁food " ▁and ▁" the ▁wh iter ▁the ▁bread , ▁the ▁sooner ▁you ' ll ▁be ▁dead "). ▁ ▁Cook ed : ▁A ▁Natural ▁History ▁of ▁Trans formation ▁In ▁Cook
ed : ▁A ▁Natural ▁History ▁of ▁Trans formation , ▁published ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 3 , ▁Poll an ▁expl ores ▁the ▁methods ▁by ▁which ▁cook s ▁med iate ▁" between ▁nature ▁and ▁culture ." ▁The ▁book ▁is ▁organized ▁into ▁four ▁sections ▁corresponding ▁to ▁the ▁classical ▁elements ▁of ▁Fire ▁( cook ing ▁with ▁heat ), ▁Water ▁( bra ising ▁and ▁bo iling ▁with ▁p ots ), ▁Air ▁( bread making ), ▁and ▁Earth ▁( fer ment ing ). ▁The ▁book ▁also ▁features ▁Sam in ▁N os rat , ▁who ▁later ▁became ▁known ▁for ▁the ▁best selling ▁cook book ▁Salt , ▁Fat , ▁Ac id , ▁Heat , ▁and ▁as ▁" the ▁chef ▁who ▁taught ▁Michael ▁Poll an ▁how ▁to ▁cook ." ▁ ▁How ▁to ▁Change ▁Your ▁Mind ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 8 , ▁Poll an ▁wrote ▁How ▁to ▁Change ▁Your ▁Mind , ▁a ▁book ▁about ▁the ▁history ▁and ▁future ▁of ▁psy ched el ic ▁drugs . ▁He ▁arg ues ▁that ▁ps il ocy bin ▁and ▁L SD ▁are ▁not ▁drugs ▁that ▁make ▁people ▁crazy , ▁which ▁he ▁calls ▁the ▁biggest ▁mis con ception ▁people ▁have ▁about ▁psy ched el ics , ▁but ▁rather ▁drugs ▁that ▁can ▁help ▁a ▁person ▁become ▁" more ▁s ane " ▁by , ▁for ▁example , ▁elim inating ▁a ▁fear ▁of ▁death . ▁While ▁promoting ▁his ▁book ▁on ▁TV , ▁he ▁explained ▁that ▁along ▁with ▁L SD ▁and ▁ps il ocy bin , ▁his ▁research ▁included ▁ing est ing ▁ay ahu as ca ▁and ▁ 5 - Me
O - D MT , ▁and ▁that ▁he ▁experienced ▁a ▁diss olution ▁of ▁ego . ▁ ▁Other ▁work ▁Poll an ▁is ▁a ▁contributing ▁writer ▁for ▁the ▁New ▁York ▁Times ▁Magazine ▁and ▁a ▁former ▁executive ▁editor ▁for ▁Harper ' s ▁Magazine . ▁His ▁first ▁book , ▁Second ▁Nature : ▁A ▁Gard ener ' s ▁Education , ▁was ▁published ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 1 . ▁▁ ▁Poll an ▁has ▁contributed ▁to ▁Gre ater ▁Good , ▁a ▁social ▁psychology ▁magazine ▁published ▁by ▁the ▁Gre ater ▁Good ▁Science ▁Center ▁at ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁California , ▁Berkeley . ▁His ▁article ▁" Ed ible ▁Eth ics " ▁discuss es ▁the ▁intersection ▁of ▁ethical ▁eating ▁and ▁social ▁psychology . ▁ ▁In ▁his ▁ 1 9 9 8 ▁book ▁A ▁Place ▁of ▁My ▁Own : ▁The ▁Education ▁of ▁an ▁Am ateur ▁Builder , ▁Poll an ▁method ically ▁tr aced ▁the ▁design ▁and ▁construction ▁of ▁the ▁out - building ▁where ▁he ▁writes . ▁The ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁re - release ▁of ▁this ▁book ▁was ▁re - t itled ▁A ▁Place ▁of ▁My ▁Own : ▁The ▁Architect ure ▁of ▁Day d ream s . ▁ ▁Poll an ▁wrote ▁and ▁narr ated ▁an ▁aud i ob ook , ▁C affe ine : ▁How ▁C affe ine ▁Created ▁the ▁Modern ▁World , ▁for ▁Aud ible . com ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 4 , ▁Poll an ▁wrote ▁the ▁fore word ▁in ▁the ▁healthy ▁eating ▁cook book ▁The ▁Poll an ▁Family ▁Table . ▁The ▁book ▁is ▁co - auth ored ▁by ▁his
▁mother , ▁C ork y ▁Poll an , ▁and ▁sisters , ▁L ori ▁Poll an , ▁D ana ▁Poll an , ▁and ▁Tr acy ▁Poll an . ▁ ▁Poll an ▁also ▁co - star red ▁in ▁the ▁documentary , ▁Food , ▁Inc . ▁( 2 0 0 8 ), ▁for ▁which ▁he ▁was ▁also ▁a ▁consultant . ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁Poll an ▁was ▁interviewed ▁for ▁the ▁film ▁Queen ▁of ▁the ▁Sun : ▁What ▁are ▁the ▁be es ▁telling ▁us ?, ▁a ▁feature - length ▁documentary ▁about ▁honey ▁be es ▁and ▁colony ▁collapse ▁disorder . ▁He ▁was ▁also ▁interviewed ▁for ▁Van ishing ▁of ▁the ▁Be es , ▁a ▁documentary ▁also ▁about ▁colony ▁collapse , ▁directed ▁by ▁Mary am ▁H ene in ▁and ▁George ▁Lang worthy . ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 5 , ▁a ▁documentary ▁version ▁of ▁Poll an ' s ▁book ▁In ▁Defense ▁of ▁Food ▁premier ed ▁on ▁P BS . ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 6 , ▁Netflix ▁released ▁a ▁four - part ▁documentary ▁series , ▁which ▁was ▁based ▁on ▁Poll an ' s ▁book , ▁Cook ed ▁( 2 0 1 3 ), ▁and ▁was ▁directed ▁by ▁Alex ▁Gib ney . ▁ ▁Rec ogn ition ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 5 , ▁Poll an ▁received ▁the ▁W ash burn ▁Award ▁from ▁the ▁Boston ▁Museum ▁of ▁Science , ▁awarded ▁annually ▁to ▁" an ▁individual ▁who ▁has ▁made ▁an ▁outstanding ▁contribution ▁toward ▁public ▁understanding ▁and ▁appreciation ▁of ▁science ▁and ▁the ▁vital ▁role ▁it ▁plays ▁in ▁our ▁lives " ▁and ▁was
▁named ▁as ▁a ▁fellow ▁at ▁Harvard ▁University ' s ▁Rad cl iffe ▁Institute ▁for ▁Advanced ▁Study . ▁▁ ▁He ▁has ▁also ▁won ▁the ▁James ▁Be ard ▁Lead ership ▁award , ▁the ▁Re ut ers ▁World ▁Conserv ation ▁Union ▁Global ▁Awards ▁in ▁environmental ▁journal ism , ▁the ▁James ▁Be ard ▁Foundation ▁Awards ▁for ▁best ▁magazine ▁series ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 3 , ▁and ▁the ▁Gen esis ▁Award ▁from ▁the ▁Hum ane ▁Society ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁States . ▁His ▁articles ▁have ▁been ▁anth olog ized ▁in ▁Best ▁American ▁Science ▁Writing ▁( 2 0 0 4 ), ▁Best ▁American ▁Ess ays ▁( 1 9 9 0 ▁and ▁ 2 0 0 3 ), ▁The ▁Anim als : ▁Pract icing ▁Complex ity ▁( 2 0 0 6 ), ▁and ▁the ▁Nort on ▁Book ▁of ▁Nature ▁Writing ▁( 1 9 9 0 ). ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 8 , ▁Poll an ▁received ▁the ▁Washington ▁University ▁International ▁Human ities ▁Medal . ▁ ▁Crit ic isms ▁In ▁the ▁American ▁Enterprise ▁Institute ' s ▁magazine , ▁Blake ▁Hur st ▁arg ues ▁that ▁Poll an ▁offers ▁a ▁shallow ▁assessment ▁of ▁factory ▁farming ▁that ▁does ▁not ▁take ▁cost ▁into ▁account . ▁Daniel ▁Eng ber ▁critic ized ▁Poll an ▁in ▁Sl ate ▁for ▁arguing ▁that ▁food ▁is ▁too ▁complex ▁a ▁subject ▁to ▁study ▁scientific ally ▁and ▁bl aming ▁reduction ism ▁for ▁today ' s ▁health ▁ ills , ▁while ▁using ▁nut r itional ▁research ▁to ▁justify ▁his ▁own ▁diet ▁advice . ▁Eng ber ▁lik ened ▁Poll an ' s ▁" anti -
sc ient ific ▁method " ▁to ▁the ▁rhet oric ▁used ▁by ▁health ▁g ur us ▁who ▁ped d le ▁diet ▁sc ams . ▁ ▁Poll an ' s ▁work ▁has ▁also ▁been ▁discussed ▁and ▁critic ized ▁by ▁Jonathan ▁Sa fr an ▁Fo er ▁in ▁his ▁non - f iction ▁book ▁E ating ▁Anim als . ▁Fo er ▁critic izes ▁Poll an ' s ▁argument ▁regarding ▁table - f ellow ship . ▁According ▁to ▁Fo er , ▁Poll an ▁claims ▁that ▁a ▁veget arian ▁dinner ▁guest ▁causes ▁soc ially ▁re prim and able ▁incon ven ience ▁for ▁the ▁host . ▁Fo er ▁respon ds ▁that ▁in ▁the ▁year ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁it ▁is ▁easier ▁for ▁hosts ▁to ▁accommodate ▁veget arians ▁than ▁loc av ores ▁as ▁hosts ▁will ▁need ▁to ▁do ▁extensive ▁research ▁to ▁find ▁( exp ensive ) ▁non ▁factory - far med ▁meat . ▁ ▁Poll an ▁has ▁been ▁accused ▁by ▁Jon ▁Ent ine , ▁who ▁supports ▁G MO s ▁( gen et ically ▁modified ▁organ isms ), ▁of ▁using ▁his ▁influence ▁to ▁promote ▁" anti - G MO ▁junk ▁science ". ▁A ▁number ▁of ▁scientists ▁and ▁journalists ▁have ▁similarly ▁characterized ▁Poll an ' s ▁work ▁as ▁bi ased ▁against ▁G MO s . ▁For ▁example , ▁after ▁Poll an ▁posted ▁a ▁twe et ▁that ▁was ▁critical ▁of ▁a ▁New ▁York ▁Times ▁article ▁on ▁G MO s , ▁U . C . ▁Berkeley ▁bi ologist ▁Michael ▁Eisen ▁posted ▁a ▁twe et ▁calling ▁Poll an ' s ▁comment ▁" a ▁new ▁low
▁even ▁in ▁Poll an ' s ▁' anti - G MO ▁cr us ade ' ". ▁In ▁response ▁to ▁Poll an ' s ▁statement ▁that ▁G MO s ▁have ▁been ▁one ▁" t rem end ous ▁disappointment ," ▁food ▁writer ▁James ▁Cooper ▁critic ized ▁Poll an ' s ▁tendency ▁to ▁c ite ▁poor ▁or ▁selected ▁scientific ▁sources . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 4 , ▁Poll an ▁co - host ed ▁a ▁discussion ▁and ▁inform al ▁debate ▁on ▁the ▁topic ▁of ▁genetic ▁modification ▁at ▁U C ▁Berkeley ▁featuring ▁prominent ▁plant ▁genetic ist ▁Pam ela ▁Ronald , ▁professor ▁at ▁U C ▁Davis , ▁whose ▁research - based ▁position ▁" strong ly ▁disag rees ▁with ▁Poll an ’ s ▁view ▁that ▁G . M . O . ▁crops , ▁broad ly , ▁are ▁failing ." ▁A ▁New ▁York er ▁reporter ▁observed ▁that ▁Poll an ' s ▁largely ▁anti - G MO ▁student ▁base ▁at ▁the ▁discussion ▁itself ▁const ituted , ▁" a ▁kind ▁of ▁mon oc ulture ," ▁yet ▁that ▁Poll an ▁sought ▁" to ▁introduce ▁an ▁invas ive ▁species " ▁by ▁engaging ▁Ronald . ▁The ▁event , ▁while ▁predict ably ▁content ious , ▁reported ly ▁produced ▁a ▁rare ▁instance ▁of ▁cour te ous , ▁productive ▁exchange ▁between ▁the ▁two ▁main ▁sharply - op posed ▁view points ▁on ▁gen et ically - modified ▁crops . ▁ ▁Bibli ography ▁ ▁Books ▁ ▁Ess ays ▁and ▁reporting ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁( video ) ▁Michael ▁Poll an ▁on ▁the ▁Politics ▁of ▁Food
▁from ▁U C ▁Television ▁( U CT V ) ▁▁▁▁▁ ▁" The ▁om n iv ore ' s ▁next ▁d ile mma " ▁at ▁T ED ▁Talk s ▁ ▁" In ▁Defense ▁of ▁Food " ▁at ▁The ▁Free ▁Library ▁of ▁Philadelphia , ▁January ▁ 1 0 , ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁ ▁S ke wed ▁View ▁from ▁the ▁Berkeley ▁Hills : ▁Why ▁Michael ▁Poll an ▁and ▁Alice ▁Wat ers ▁should ▁quit ▁celebr ating ▁food - price ▁h ikes ▁by ▁Tom ▁Phil p ott , ▁Gr ist , ▁April ▁ 4 , ▁ 2 0 0 9 . ▁ ▁Food ▁and ▁F oss il ▁Fu els ▁by ▁Mel issa ▁Mos er , ▁UN C ▁News ▁ 2 1 ▁Project , ▁, ▁June ▁ 2 5 , ▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁ ▁Why ▁are ▁Farm ers ▁Af raid ▁of ▁Michael ▁Poll an ? ▁by ▁Jim ▁Good man , ▁Coun ter P unch , ▁September ▁ 2 5 , ▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁ ▁Michael ▁Poll an ▁on ▁" F ood ▁Rules : ▁An ▁E ater ’ s ▁Man ual " ▁– ▁video ▁report ▁by ▁Democr acy ▁Now ! ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 5 5 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : Al umn i ▁of ▁Mans field ▁College , ▁Oxford ▁Category : American ▁bot an ical ▁writers ▁Category : American ▁food ▁writers ▁Category : American ▁male ▁journalists ▁Category : American ▁magazine ▁ed itors ▁Category : American ▁non - f iction ▁environmental ▁writers ▁Category : American ▁people ▁of ▁Russian -
J ew ish ▁descent ▁Category : J ew ish ▁American ▁journalists ▁Category : Ben ning ton ▁College ▁al umn i ▁Category : Col umb ia ▁University ▁al umn i ▁Category : Journal ism ▁teachers ▁Category : A gr icult ural ▁writers ▁Category : Univers ity ▁of ▁California , ▁Berkeley ▁faculty ▁Category : Writ ers ▁from ▁the ▁San ▁Francisco ▁Bay ▁Area ▁Category : 2 0 th - century ▁American ▁writers ▁Category : 2 1 st - century ▁American ▁non - f iction ▁writers ▁Category : D iet ▁food ▁advoc ates ▁Category : Activ ists ▁from ▁California ▁Category : 2 0 th - century ▁American ▁male ▁writers ▁Category : J ames ▁Be ard ▁Foundation ▁Award ▁winners ▁Category : P sy ched el ic ▁drug ▁advoc ates <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Ob ren ov ac - Sur č in ▁Bridge ▁on ▁A 2 ▁motor way ▁() ▁is ▁the ▁bridge ▁under ▁construction , ▁crossing ▁the ▁rivers ▁Kol ub ara ▁and ▁S ava ▁in ▁the ▁subur ban ▁section ▁of ▁Bel grade , ▁the ▁capital ▁of ▁Ser bia . ▁It ▁will ▁be ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁A 2 ▁motor way , ▁in ▁Ser bia ▁more ▁often ▁called ▁Cor rid or ▁XI . ▁Pre par atory ▁works ▁on ▁the ▁bridge ▁began ▁on ▁ 1 2 ▁February ▁ 2 0 1 7 ▁and ▁it ▁was ▁ceremon ially ▁opened , ▁with ▁the ▁ad join ing ▁Ob ren ov ac - Sur č in ▁section ▁of ▁the ▁motor way , ▁on ▁▁ 1 7 ▁December ▁ 2 0 1 9 . ▁ ▁Location ▁▁ ▁On
▁Ob ren ov ac ▁side , ▁the ▁bridge ▁is ▁located ▁west ▁of ▁the ▁town ▁itself ▁and ▁just ▁north ▁of ▁B ari č . ▁On ▁Sur č in ▁side , ▁it ▁cross es ▁into ▁the ▁un in hab ited ▁area ▁of ▁Bol jev ci , ▁sout heast ▁of ▁the ▁village . ▁ ▁Construction ▁▁ ▁Pre par atory ▁works ▁began ▁on ▁ 1 2 ▁February ▁ 2 0 1 7 . ▁Cer emony ▁mark ing ▁the ▁official ▁beginning ▁of ▁the ▁construction , ▁attended ▁by ▁the ▁Minister ▁of ▁Construction , ▁Z or ana ▁M ih aj lov ić , ▁was ▁held ▁on ▁ 2 3 ▁May ▁ 2 0 1 7 . ▁The ▁construction ▁of ▁the ▁ ▁long ▁Sur č in - Ob ren ov ac ▁section ▁of ▁the ▁A 2 ▁motor way ▁began ▁on ▁ 1 ▁March ▁ 2 0 1 7 , ▁and ▁both ▁the ▁motor way ▁and ▁the ▁bridge , ▁should ▁be ▁finished ▁by ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁ 2 0 1 9 . ▁ ▁By ▁August ▁ 2 0 1 7 ▁all ▁ 2 5 2 ▁p iles ▁projected ▁on ▁the ▁ground ▁section ▁were ▁finished ▁and ▁the ▁construction ▁of ▁the ▁p iles ▁for ▁the ▁main ▁beam ▁across ▁the ▁S ava , ▁from ▁the ▁Ob ren ov ac ▁direction , ▁began . ▁Construction ▁of ▁the ▁body ▁of ▁the ▁bridge ▁should ▁began ▁by ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁ 2 0 1 7 . ▁ ▁In ▁October ▁ 2 0 1 8 ▁it ▁was ▁announced ▁that ▁the ▁bridge ▁will ▁be ▁open ▁for ▁the ▁pedest ri ans ▁in
▁April - May ▁ 2 0 1 9 . ▁The ▁opening ▁of ▁the ▁completely ▁finished ▁bridge ▁was ▁set ▁for ▁ 5 ▁January ▁ 2 0 2 0 . ▁It ▁was ▁also ▁stated ▁that ▁the ▁Sur č in - Ob ren ov ac ▁motor way ▁itself , ▁without ▁which ▁the ▁bridge ▁has ▁no ▁purpose , ▁will ▁be ▁finished ▁by ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁ 2 0 2 0 ▁or ▁early ▁ 2 0 2 1 , ▁and ▁not ▁at ▁the ▁beginning ▁of ▁ 2 0 2 0 , ▁as ▁previously ▁stated . ▁Begin ning ▁of ▁the ▁construction ▁of ▁the ▁final , ▁ ▁long ▁Sur č in - New ▁Bel grade ▁section , ▁which ▁will ▁connect ▁the ▁motor way ▁and ▁the ▁bridge ▁directly ▁with ▁Bel grade , ▁was ▁announced ▁for ▁ 2 0 1 9 . ▁ ▁The ▁construction ▁company ▁which ▁builds ▁the ▁bridge ▁is ▁the ▁C CC C , ▁China ▁Communications ▁Construction . ▁ ▁In ▁August ▁ 2 0 1 9 , ▁section ▁of ▁the ▁A 2 ▁motor way ▁below ▁Ob ren ov ac ▁was ▁opened ▁for ▁traffic ▁and ▁named ▁" M ilo š ▁Vel iki ". ▁Section ▁of ▁the ▁motor way ▁which ▁should ▁connect ▁the ▁bridge ▁to ▁it , ▁on ▁both ▁sides , ▁wasn ' t ▁finished ▁and ▁after ▁numerous ▁changes ▁it ▁was ▁announced ▁that ▁the ▁new ▁price ▁will ▁be ▁€ 9 ▁million ▁per ▁km , ▁which ▁is ▁deemed ▁way ▁to ▁much ▁by ▁the ▁experts , ▁as ▁the ▁road ▁is ▁being ▁constructed ▁in ▁the ▁low , ▁flat , ▁non - ur ban ized ▁area
. ▁As ▁the ▁access ▁to ▁the ▁opened ▁section ▁of ▁the ▁motor way ▁from ▁the ▁Bel grade ▁direction ▁wasn ' t ▁done ▁properly , ▁this ▁caused ▁traffic ▁coll aps es ▁and ▁ ▁long ▁traffic ▁j ams . ▁Author ities ▁claim ▁that ▁the ▁traffic ▁will ▁be ▁relieved ▁when ▁the ▁remaining ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁motor way , ▁including ▁the ▁bridge , ▁will ▁be ▁finished ▁and ▁functional , ▁by ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁ 2 0 1 9 . ▁ ▁The ▁bridge ▁was ▁ceremon ially ▁opened ▁on ▁ 1 7 ▁December ▁ 2 0 1 9 , ▁joint ly ▁with ▁the ▁ad join ing ▁section ▁of ▁the ▁Ob ren ov ac - Sur č in ▁motor way . ▁That ▁way , ▁the ▁bridge ▁was ▁connected ▁with ▁the ▁motor ways ▁on ▁both ▁sides . ▁Despite ▁the ▁claims ▁that ▁the ▁construction ▁of ▁the ▁access ▁roads ▁was ▁without ▁any ▁problems , ▁the ▁fact ▁that ▁the ▁terrain ▁was ▁easy ▁for ▁the ▁construction ▁and ▁that ▁work ▁was ▁finished ▁almost ▁a ▁month ▁before ▁deadline , ▁the ▁total ▁price ▁of ▁the ▁bridge ▁motor way ▁grew ▁to ▁€ 1 2 ▁million ▁per ▁km ▁in ▁the ▁end . ▁ ▁Character istics ▁▁ ▁The ▁length ▁of ▁the ▁future ▁bridge , ▁which ▁sp ans ▁two ▁rivers , ▁Kol ub ara ▁( ne ar ▁its ▁mouth ▁into ▁the ▁S ava ) ▁and ▁S ava , ▁was ▁various ly ▁reported ▁as ▁, ▁ ▁and ▁. ▁ ▁of ▁concrete ▁will ▁be ▁built ▁into ▁the ▁bridge . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁▁ ▁Category : Build ings ▁and ▁structures ▁in ▁Bel
grade ▁Category : B rid ges ▁in ▁Bel grade ▁Category : R oad ▁br idges ▁in ▁Ser bia ▁Category : B rid ges ▁over ▁the ▁S ava ▁in ▁Ser bia ▁Category : B rid ges ▁under ▁construction <0x0A> </s> ▁Anderson , ▁Clay ton ▁and ▁Company ▁( s ometimes ▁written ▁Anderson , ▁Clay ton ▁and ▁Co ) ▁was ▁a ▁▁ ▁cotton ▁trading ▁firm ▁started ▁in ▁Oklahoma ▁City ▁by ▁Frank ▁Anderson , ▁Mon roe ▁Anderson , ▁and ▁William ▁Clay ton . ▁These ▁three ▁men ▁formed ▁a ▁partnership ▁on ▁August ▁ 1 , ▁ 1 9 0 4 . ▁The ▁company ▁moved ▁to ▁Houston ▁very ▁early ▁in ▁the ▁ 2 0 th ▁Century ▁because ▁that ▁city ▁was ▁gaining ▁on ▁Gal vest on ▁for ▁the ▁title ▁of ▁Cot ton ▁Capital ▁of ▁the ▁U . ▁S . ▁after ▁the ▁near - complete ▁destruction ▁of ▁that ▁port ▁by ▁the ▁Gal vest on ▁Hur ricane ▁of ▁ 1 9 0 0 , ▁and ▁on ▁account ▁of ▁Houston ' s ▁rapidly ▁expanding ▁shipping ▁facilities . ▁In ▁time ▁the ▁company ▁itself ▁was ▁the ▁world ' s ▁largest ▁cotton - tr ading ▁company . ▁ ▁Eventually ▁the ▁company ▁was ▁acquired ▁by ▁the ▁Qu aker ▁O ats ▁Company ▁which ▁led ▁to ▁its ▁del isting ▁from ▁the ▁stock ▁exchange ▁and ▁the ▁closing ▁of ▁its ▁Houston ▁offices . ▁ ▁History ▁The ▁company ▁was ▁created ▁as ▁a ▁partnership ▁on ▁August ▁ 1 , ▁ 1 9 0 4 , ▁by ▁Mon roe ▁Dun away ▁( M . ▁D .) ▁Anderson , ▁his ▁brother ▁Frank ▁E . ▁Anderson
▁and ▁Frank ' s ▁brother - in - law ▁William ▁L . ▁" Will ") ▁Clay ton . ▁In ▁ 1 9 1 6 , ▁the ▁company ▁moved ▁to ▁Houston , ▁Texas ▁in ▁order ▁to ▁have ▁better ▁access ▁to ▁a ▁shipping ▁port . ▁In ▁ 1 9 0 5 , ▁Will ' s ▁younger ▁brother , ▁ ▁Benjamin ▁Clay ton , ▁already ▁known ▁as ▁an ▁expert ▁in ▁rail road ▁and ▁steam ship ▁transportation , ▁joined ▁the ▁partnership . ▁ ▁The ▁company ▁grew ▁through ▁meeting ▁high ▁cotton ▁demand ▁during ▁World ▁War ▁I . ▁By ▁ 1 9 4 4 ▁the ▁company ▁had ▁grown ▁to ▁be ▁the ▁largest ▁provider ▁of ▁cotton ▁in ▁the ▁world , ▁and ▁had ▁cotton ▁oil ▁mill s ▁and ▁cotton ▁g ins ▁in ▁several ▁countries . ▁The ▁company ▁went ▁public ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 5 , ▁and ▁continued ▁to ▁expand ▁by ▁financing ▁cotton ▁grow ers ▁in ▁several ▁states . ▁ ▁Mon roe ▁Anderson ▁died ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 9 , ▁leaving ▁a ▁legacy ▁which ▁was ▁used ▁to ▁fund ▁the ▁M . D . ▁Anderson ▁Foundation ▁which , ▁in ▁turn , ▁funded ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Texas ▁MD ▁Anderson ▁Cancer ▁Center ▁by ▁matching ▁funding ▁from ▁the ▁state ▁of ▁Texas . ▁The ▁Anderson ▁Foundation ▁trust ees ▁insisted ▁that ▁the ▁new ▁school ▁be ▁set ▁up ▁in ▁Houston ▁near ▁the ▁company ▁headquarters . ▁The ▁new ▁Cancer ▁Center ▁originally ▁operated ▁out ▁of ▁World ▁War ▁II ▁barr acks ; ▁it ▁later ▁grew ▁to ▁become ▁a ▁substantial ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁Texas ▁Medical ▁Center . ▁ ▁As ▁the ▁company
▁grew ▁it ▁divers ified ▁into ▁foods ▁and ▁international ▁markets , ▁including ▁the ▁brands ▁Ch iff on ▁marg ar ine , ▁G aines ▁Pet ▁Food s ▁and ▁Seven ▁Se as ▁salad ▁dressing . ▁Anderson , ▁Clay ton ▁also ▁acquired ▁major ▁interests ▁in ▁food ▁companies ▁in ▁Brazil ▁and ▁Mexico , ▁but ▁their ▁profits ▁were ▁hurt ▁by ▁currency ▁de val uations ▁in ▁those ▁countries . ▁ ▁Although ▁the ▁food ▁acquis itions ▁turned ▁out ▁to ▁be ▁quite ▁profitable , ▁some ▁other ▁acquis itions ▁were ▁decided ly ▁not . ▁The ▁R anger ▁Insurance ▁Company ▁had ▁lost ▁money ▁for ▁several ▁years , ▁cul min ating ▁in ▁a ▁loss ▁of ▁$ 5 8 . 8 ▁million ▁in ▁fiscal ▁year ▁ 1 9 8 5 ▁alone . ▁Although ▁Anderson , ▁Clay ton ▁had ▁tried ▁to ▁sell ▁R anger , ▁there ▁were ▁no ▁b idd ers , ▁and ▁the ▁parent ▁corporation ▁experienced ▁its ▁worst ▁financial ▁performance ▁in ▁many ▁years . ▁ ▁By ▁ 1 9 8 6 , ▁stock ▁analyst s ▁were ▁already ▁discussing ▁rum ors ▁of ▁hostile ▁take o vers . ▁Anderson , ▁Clay ton ▁began ▁selling ▁off ▁some ▁valuable ▁hold ings ▁to ▁raise ▁more ▁cash , ▁so ▁it ▁could ▁raise ▁cash ▁reserves ▁in ▁case ▁of ▁a ▁fight . ▁American ▁Found ers ▁Life ▁Insurance ▁Company , ▁was ▁the ▁first ▁to ▁go , ▁bringing ▁in ▁$ 5 8 . 7 ▁million . ▁A ▁warehouse ▁and ▁truck ing ▁company ▁sold ▁for ▁$ 2 2 ▁million . ▁The ▁Brazil ian ▁and ▁Mexican ▁food ▁operations ▁were ▁sold ▁to ▁Un ile ver , ▁N . V
., ▁for ▁$ 1 0 9 . 1 ▁million . ▁▁ ▁On ▁September ▁ 2 9 ▁ 1 9 8 6 , ▁Re ut ers ▁released ▁news ▁that ▁Anderson , ▁Clay ton ▁had ▁announced ▁that ▁it ▁would ▁be ▁acquired ▁by ▁the ▁Qu aker ▁O ats ▁Company ▁in ▁a ▁mer ger ▁estimated ▁to ▁be ▁worth ▁$ 8 1 2 ▁million . ▁The ▁deal ▁had ▁been ▁cont ested ▁by ▁R al ston ▁Pur ina ▁Company , ▁which ▁had ▁planned ▁to ▁match ▁the ▁Qu aker ▁O ats ▁offer , ▁provided ▁there ▁were ▁no ▁ant it rust ▁ob jections ▁from ▁the ▁Justice ▁Department . ▁All ▁three ▁companies ▁were ▁major ▁competitors ▁in ▁the ▁American ▁pet ▁food ▁market . ▁Anderson ▁Clay ton ▁made ▁and ▁market ed ▁the ▁G aines ▁brand . ▁R al ston ▁Pur ina ▁was ▁already ▁the ▁market ▁leader , ▁and ▁a ▁mer ger ▁with ▁Anderson ▁Clay ton ▁would ▁have ▁pushed ▁its ▁share ▁of ▁the ▁pet ▁food ▁market ▁to ▁ 3 5 ▁percent . ▁Qu aker ▁O ats , ▁marketing ▁the ▁Ken - L ▁R ation ▁brand ▁had ▁only ▁ 8 ▁percent ▁of ▁the ▁market ▁before ▁the ▁mer ger ▁and ▁would ▁have ▁a ▁ 1 5 ▁percent ▁share ▁after ▁the ▁mer ger . ▁The ▁Justice ▁Department ▁had ▁already ▁given ▁pre liminary ▁approval ▁to ▁the ▁Qu aker ▁O ats ▁offer . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Additional ▁S ources ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁Mon roe ▁Dun away ▁Anderson ▁ ▁Category : Def unct ▁agriculture ▁companies ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Category : Def unct ▁companies ▁based ▁in ▁Oklahoma ▁Category :
C ong l omer ate ▁companies ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 9 0 4 ▁Category : 1 9 0 4 ▁establish ments ▁in ▁Oklahoma ▁Terr itory ▁Category : Com pan ies ▁dis est ab lished ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 6 ▁Category : 1 9 8 6 ▁dis est ablish ments ▁in ▁Oklahoma <0x0A> </s> ▁Lieutenant - General ▁O mer ▁L avo ie , ▁C MM , ▁M SC , ▁CD ▁is ▁a ▁senior ▁officer ▁in ▁the ▁Canadian ▁Forces . ▁He ▁was ▁the ▁commander ▁of ▁the ▁ 4 th ▁Canadian ▁Division ▁until ▁the ▁summer ▁of ▁ 2 0 1 4 . ▁He ▁was ▁promoted ▁to ▁Major ▁General ▁in ▁January ▁ 2 0 1 6 , ▁and ▁appointed ▁Commander ▁ 1 ▁Division . ▁ ▁He ▁served ▁as ▁Battle ▁Group ▁Commander ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 ▁R CR ▁Battle ▁Group , ▁Task ▁Force ▁ 3 - 0 6 , ▁from ▁July ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁to ▁February ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁in ▁K and ah ar , ▁Afghanistan . ▁ ▁Biography ▁L t ▁Gen ▁O mer ▁L avo ie ▁joined ▁the ▁CF ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 3 ▁as ▁a ▁private ▁soldier ▁in ▁the ▁Lake ▁Super ior ▁Scottish ▁Regiment . ▁Upon ▁high ▁school ▁gradu ation , ▁he ▁transferred ▁to ▁the ▁Regular ▁Force ▁and ▁attended ▁Royal ▁Road s ▁Military ▁College ▁from ▁ 1 9 8 5 - 1 9 8 9 . ▁Upon ▁completion ▁of ▁inf antry ▁phase ▁training , ▁he ▁was ▁posted ▁to ▁Second ▁Batt alion , ▁The ▁Royal ▁Canadian ▁Regiment . ▁ ▁L t
▁Gen ▁L avo ie ' s ▁reg imental ▁employment ▁includes ▁service ▁with ▁ 2 ▁R CR , ▁ 1 ▁R CR ▁and ▁as ▁the ▁Reg imental ▁Ad j ut ant . ▁As ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁ 2 ▁R CR , ▁he ▁was ▁employed ▁as ▁a ▁pl ato on ▁commander , ▁officer ▁command ing ▁recon naissance ▁pl ato on ▁and ▁as ▁a ▁company ▁second - in ▁command . ▁While ▁posted ▁to ▁ 1 ▁R CR , ▁he ▁served ▁as ▁the ▁battle ▁group ▁operations ▁officer ▁and ▁as ▁Officer ▁Command ing ▁the ▁Duke ▁of ▁Edinburgh ' s ▁Company . ▁ ▁L t ▁Gen ▁L avo ie ' s ▁extra ▁reg imental ▁service ▁has ▁included ▁post ings ▁to ▁Canadian ▁Forces ▁Northern ▁Area ▁Head quarters ▁in ▁Yellow kn ife , ▁attendance ▁at ▁the ▁CF ▁Command ▁and ▁Staff ▁College ▁in ▁Toronto , ▁and ▁staff ▁officer ▁to ▁Director ▁General ▁Strateg ic ▁Planning ▁in ▁National ▁Def ence ▁Head quarters . ▁ ▁L t ▁Gen ▁L avo ie ▁assumed ▁command ▁of ▁ 1 st ▁Batt alion , ▁The ▁Royal ▁Canadian ▁Regiment ▁on ▁ 2 4 ▁June ▁ 2 0 0 5 . ▁Short ly ▁after ▁his ▁appointment , ▁Brig - Gen . ▁L avo ie ▁comm enced ▁specialized ▁training ▁for ▁OP ▁A TH EN A ▁and ▁deployed ▁to ▁Afghanistan ▁in ▁August ▁ 2 0 0 6 . ▁ ▁L t ▁Gen ▁L avo ie ' s ▁operational ▁experience ▁includes ▁employment ▁as ▁a ▁rifle ▁pl ato on ▁commander ▁during ▁the ▁OK A ▁Cris is , ▁as ▁a ▁company ▁second - in - command
▁in ▁Cro at ia ▁and ▁Bos nia ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 2 / 1 9 9 3 , ▁and ▁as ▁a ▁battle ▁group ▁operations ▁officer ▁in ▁Kos ovo ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 9 / 2 0 0 0 . ▁He ▁was ▁Command ing ▁Officer ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 ▁R CR ▁Battle ▁Group ▁in ▁Afghanistan ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 6 / 2 0 0 7 . ▁ ▁In ▁February ▁ 2 0 1 9 , ▁L avo ie ▁was ▁promoted ▁to ▁Lieutenant ▁General ▁and ▁appointed ▁Deputy ▁Commander ▁of ▁All ied ▁J oint ▁Force ▁Command ▁Nap les . ▁ ▁Awards ▁M Gen ▁L avo ie ▁has ▁been ▁awarded ▁the ▁Mer itor ious ▁Service ▁Cross ▁for ▁his ▁role ▁in ▁leading ▁ 1 st ▁Batt alion , ▁The ▁Royal ▁Canadian ▁Regiment ▁Battle ▁Group ▁in ▁Afghanistan ▁and ▁has ▁been ▁awarded ▁the ▁NAT O ▁Mer itor ious ▁Service ▁Medal ▁for ▁leading ▁NAT O ' s ▁first ▁offensive ▁ground ▁operation ▁at ▁the ▁Battle ▁Group ▁level ▁and ▁defe ating ▁the ▁enemy ▁during ▁Operation ▁M ED USA . ▁ ▁The ▁c itation ▁reads : ▁" From ▁August ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁to ▁February ▁ 2 0 0 7 , ▁Lieutenant - Col onel ▁L avo ie ▁commanded ▁the ▁ 1 st ▁Batt alion , ▁Royal ▁Canadian ▁Regiment ▁Battle ▁Group , ▁in ▁southern ▁Afghanistan . ▁He ▁played ▁a ▁leading ▁role ▁in ▁two ▁complex ▁brig ade ▁operations , ▁including ▁Operation ▁M ED USA , ▁the ▁most ▁significant ▁ground ▁combat ▁operation ▁in ▁NAT O ’ s ▁history . ▁His ▁battle ▁group
’ s ▁actions ▁throughout ▁their ▁operational ▁tour ▁set ▁the ▁conditions ▁for ▁thousands ▁of ▁Af gh ans ▁to ▁return ▁to ▁their ▁homes . ▁During ▁this ▁period ▁of ▁sustained ▁intense ▁combat , ▁Lieutenant - Col onel ▁L avo ie ▁led ▁from ▁the ▁front , ▁sharing ▁the ▁d angers ▁and ▁harsh ▁living ▁conditions ▁of ▁his ▁troops . ▁His ▁exceptional ▁professional ism ▁and ▁leadership ▁in ▁combat ▁brought ▁great ▁credit ▁to ▁the ▁Canadian ▁Forces , ▁to ▁Canada ▁and ▁to ▁NAT O ." ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : Can ad ian ▁Army ▁officers ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : Can ad ian ▁military ▁personnel ▁of ▁the ▁War ▁in ▁Afghanistan ▁( 2 0 0 1 – present ) ▁Category : Command ers ▁of ▁the ▁Order ▁of ▁Military ▁Mer it ▁( Can ada ) ▁Category : Year ▁of ▁birth ▁missing ▁( l iving ▁people ) <0x0A> </s> ▁Wil ton ▁Park ▁is ▁a ▁public ▁park ▁located ▁in ▁Bat ley , ▁West ▁York shire , ▁England . ▁ ▁Op ened ▁to ▁the ▁public ▁in ▁ 1 9 0 9 ▁in ▁the ▁grounds ▁of ▁an ▁old ▁m ansion ▁( which ▁now ▁serves ▁as ▁the ▁Bag sh aw ▁Museum ) ▁by ▁the ▁Bat ley ▁Corporation , ▁the ▁park ▁now ▁serves ▁the ▁whole ▁of ▁the ▁town . ▁▁ ▁The ▁park ▁contains ▁a ▁lake , ▁formal ▁gardens , ▁a ▁large ▁area ▁of ▁natural ▁wood land ▁and ▁open ▁fields . ▁Fac ilities ▁include ▁bow ling ▁gre ens , ▁tennis ▁courts ▁and ▁a ▁p add ling ▁pool . ▁A ▁railway ▁line ▁once ▁ran ▁through ▁the ▁park .
▁Despite ▁being ▁closed ▁many ▁years ▁ago , ▁its ▁path ▁is ▁still ▁evident , ▁as ▁is ▁the ▁bridge ▁which ▁lies ▁directly ▁in ▁front ▁of ▁the ▁park ' s ▁main ▁entrance . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : P arks ▁and ▁open ▁spaces ▁in ▁West ▁York shire <0x0A> </s> ▁E ur r hy par odes ▁spl end ens ▁is ▁a ▁m oth ▁in ▁the ▁family ▁Cr amb idae . ▁It ▁was ▁described ▁by ▁Herbert ▁Dru ce ▁in ▁ 1 8 9 5 . ▁It ▁is ▁found ▁in ▁the ▁US ▁from ▁Arizona ▁and ▁Texas ▁through ▁the ▁Mexican ▁states ▁of ▁X al apa , ▁Ver ac ru z , ▁More los , ▁Gu err ero ▁and ▁Y uc at án ▁to ▁Gu atem ala ▁and ▁Costa ▁R ica . ▁ ▁The ▁wings pan ▁is ▁about ▁ 1 9 mm . ▁The ▁fore w ings ▁are ▁dark ▁brown , ▁crossed ▁by ▁three ▁fine ▁waved ▁yellow ish - white ▁lines . ▁The ▁third ▁line , ▁outer ▁margin ▁and ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁inner ▁margin ▁b ordered ▁by ▁a ▁metall ic ▁steel - blue ▁band . ▁The ▁hind w ings ▁are ▁crossed ▁by ▁two ▁yellow ish - white ▁lines ▁from ▁the ▁cost al ▁to ▁the ▁inner ▁margin . ▁There ▁is ▁a ▁third ▁waved ▁line . ▁Both ▁the ▁outer ▁and ▁inner ▁marg ins ▁are ▁b ordered ▁with ▁metall ic ▁steel ▁blue . ▁Adult s ▁are ▁on ▁wing ▁in ▁July , ▁September ▁and ▁December . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : M oth s ▁described ▁in ▁ 1 8 9 5 ▁Category
: Sp il om el ina e <0x0A> </s> ▁" Mr ▁Pot ter ▁T akes ▁a ▁Rest ▁C ure " ▁is ▁a ▁short ▁story ▁by ▁P . ▁G . ▁W ode house , ▁which ▁first ▁appeared ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁in ▁the ▁ 2 3 ▁January ▁ 1 9 2 6 ▁issue ▁of ▁Liberty ▁under ▁the ▁title ▁" The ▁Rest ▁C ure ", ▁and ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁Kingdom ▁in ▁the ▁February ▁ 1 9 2 6 ▁Str and . ▁It ▁was ▁included ▁in ▁the ▁collection ▁B land ings ▁Castle ▁and ▁El se where ▁( 1 9 3 5 ). ▁It ▁is ▁a ▁Bob bie ▁W ick ham ▁story . ▁ ▁Plot ▁summary ▁ ▁J . ▁H . ▁Pot ter , ▁a ▁New ▁York ▁publisher , ▁is , ▁on ▁the ▁advice ▁of ▁his ▁doctor , ▁taking ▁a ▁rest ful ▁vacation ▁in ▁London . ▁He ▁accepts ▁an ▁invitation ▁to ▁stay ▁at ▁Sk eld ings ▁Hall , ▁which ▁is ▁owned ▁by ▁Lady ▁W ick ham , ▁a ▁best - selling ▁novel ist ▁who ▁wants ▁him ▁to ▁publish ▁her ▁novels ▁in ▁America . ▁ ▁Lady ▁W ick ham ' s ▁daughter , ▁Rober ta ▁(" B ob bie ") ▁is ▁in ▁residence , ▁and ▁is ▁actively ▁trying ▁to ▁sab ot age ▁an ▁im pending ▁marriage ▁proposal ▁by ▁Cl iff ord ▁Gand le , ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁Parliament ▁and ▁Lady ▁W ick ham ' s ▁choice ▁to ▁be ▁Bob bie ' s ▁husband , ▁much ▁to ▁Bob bie ' s ▁distress . ▁Read ers ▁of ▁the ▁other ▁Bob
bie ▁W ick ham ▁stories ▁will ▁know ▁that ▁Bob bie ▁is ▁an ▁expert ▁at ▁using ▁psychological ▁tricks ▁to ▁create ▁chaos ▁that ▁sw irl s ▁around ▁her . ▁Some ▁accident al ▁events , ▁increased ▁by ▁Bob bie ' s ▁mach inations , ▁cause ▁Gand le ▁to ▁believe ▁that ▁Pot ter ▁is ▁su ic idal , ▁and ▁Pot ter ▁to ▁believe ▁that ▁Gand le ▁is ▁hom ic idal . ▁Bob bie ▁hint s ▁to ▁her ▁mother ▁that ▁Gand le ▁is ▁probably ▁violent , ▁which ▁Lady ▁W ick ham ▁ref uses ▁to ▁believe . ▁LI ke ▁many ▁W ode house ▁mat rons , ▁she ▁has ▁strong ▁opinions ▁about ▁which ▁suit ors ▁are ▁suitable ▁for ▁their ▁children . ▁ ▁Gand le , ▁urged ▁on ▁by ▁Bob bie , ▁decides ▁that ▁it ▁would ▁be ▁wise ▁to ▁dep rive ▁Pot ter ▁of ▁his ▁sh aving ▁raz or . ▁Pot ter , ▁mean while , ▁has ▁bar ric aded ▁himself ▁in ▁his ▁room ▁as ▁a ▁prec aut ion ▁against ▁the ▁presum ed ▁blood ▁lust ▁of ▁Gand le . ▁After ▁midnight , ▁Gand le ▁sne aks ▁into ▁Pot ter ' s ▁room ▁by ▁climbing ▁through ▁the ▁window . ▁Dis covered ▁by ▁Pot ter , ▁he ▁nevertheless ▁man ages ▁to ▁secure ▁the ▁raz or ▁and ▁exit ▁via ▁the ▁window . ▁ ▁At ▁breakfast ▁the ▁next ▁day , ▁Bob bie ▁clever ly ▁manip ulates ▁Pot ter ▁into ▁believing ▁that ▁it ▁would ▁be ▁wise ▁for ▁him ▁to ▁leave ▁Sk eld ings ▁Hall ▁as ▁soon ▁as ▁possible , ▁with ▁no ▁notice ▁or ▁explanation . ▁When
▁Gand le ▁enters ▁for ▁breakfast , ▁he ▁sees ▁Pot ter ▁about ▁to ▁pop ▁a ▁pill ▁into ▁his ▁mouth . ▁In ▁order ▁to ▁save ▁him ▁from ▁suicide , ▁Gand le ▁r ushes ▁at ▁Pot ter , ▁who ▁decides ▁that ▁he ▁should ▁delay ▁his ▁departure ▁no ▁more . ▁ ▁Pot ter ▁runs ▁off ▁with ▁Gand le ▁in ▁hot ▁pursuit . ▁Bob bie , ▁mean while , ▁has ▁given ▁her ▁own ▁spin ▁on ▁these ▁events ▁to ▁her ▁mother , ▁who , ▁as ▁a ▁result , ▁for b ids ▁Bob bie ▁ever ▁to ▁marry ▁Gand le . ▁A ▁side ▁effect ▁is ▁that ▁Lady ▁W ick ham ▁los es ▁the ▁opportunity ▁to ▁pursue ▁a ▁publishing ▁contract ▁with ▁Pot ter . ▁Once ▁again , ▁a ▁female ▁novel ist ▁trying ▁to ▁manip ulate ▁a ▁publisher ▁finds , ▁in ▁W ode house ' s ▁universe , ▁that ▁this ▁is ▁easier ▁said ▁than ▁done . ▁ ▁Style ▁ ▁Robert ▁Hall ▁used ▁the ▁story ▁as ▁an ▁example ▁of ▁a ▁W ode house ▁short ▁story ▁where ▁the ▁romantic ▁element ▁is ▁only ▁a ▁minor ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁story ▁and ▁treated ▁far c ically , ▁as ▁in ▁Gand le ' s ▁interrupted ▁proposal ▁of ▁marriage ▁to ▁Bob bie ▁W ick ham , ▁in ▁contrast ▁to ▁stories ▁in ▁which ▁romance ▁plays ▁a ▁larger ▁role ▁or ▁is ▁not ▁involved ▁at ▁all . ▁The ▁other ▁example ▁Hall ▁gave ▁of ▁a ▁short ▁story ▁similar ▁to ▁" Mr ▁Pot ter ▁T akes ▁a ▁Rest ▁C ure " ▁in ▁this ▁respect ▁was ▁" Un cle ▁Fred ▁Fl its ▁By ". ▁ ▁In

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