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▁war ▁about ▁to ▁er upt ▁in ▁Europe . ▁ ▁After ▁being ▁removed ▁from ▁office ▁and ▁placed ▁under ▁arrest ▁by ▁the ▁King ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 3 , ▁with ▁the ▁Kingdom ▁of ▁Italy ' s ▁new ▁non - f asc ist ▁government ▁switching ▁sides ▁from ▁the ▁A xis ▁to ▁the ▁All ies , ▁Italian ▁F asc ism ▁returned ▁to ▁republic an ism ▁and ▁condem n ation ▁of ▁the ▁mon archy . ▁On ▁ 1 8 ▁September ▁ 1 9 4 3 , ▁M uss ol ini ▁made ▁his ▁first ▁public ▁address ▁to ▁the ▁Italian ▁people ▁since ▁his ▁rescue ▁from ▁arrest ▁by ▁all ied ▁German ▁forces , ▁in ▁which ▁he ▁comm ended ▁the ▁loyalty ▁of ▁Hitler ▁as ▁an ▁al ly ▁while ▁condem ning ▁King ▁Victor ▁Em manuel ▁III ▁of ▁the ▁Kingdom ▁of ▁Italy ▁for ▁betray ing ▁Italian ▁F asc ism . ▁On ▁the ▁topic ▁of ▁the ▁mon archy ▁removing ▁him ▁from ▁power ▁and ▁dis m ant ling ▁the ▁F asc ist ▁regime , ▁M uss ol ini ▁stated : ▁" It ▁is ▁not ▁the ▁regime ▁that ▁has ▁bet rayed ▁the ▁mon archy , ▁it ▁is ▁the ▁mon archy ▁that ▁has ▁bet rayed ▁the ▁regime " ▁and ▁that ▁" When ▁a ▁mon archy ▁fails ▁in ▁its ▁duties , ▁it ▁los es ▁every ▁reason ▁for ▁being . ▁... ▁The ▁state ▁we ▁want ▁to ▁establish ▁will ▁be ▁national ▁and ▁social ▁in ▁the ▁highest ▁sense ▁of ▁the ▁word ; ▁that ▁is , ▁it ▁will ▁be ▁F asc ist , ▁thus ▁returning ▁to ▁our ▁origins ". ▁The ▁F asc
ists ▁at ▁this ▁point ▁did ▁not ▁den ounce ▁the ▁House ▁of ▁Sav oy ▁in ▁the ▁entire ty ▁of ▁its ▁history ▁and ▁cred ited ▁Victor ▁Em manuel ▁II ▁for ▁his ▁re jection ▁of ▁" sc orn fully ▁dish on our able ▁p acts " ▁and ▁den ounced ▁Victor ▁Em manuel ▁III ▁for ▁betray ing ▁Victor ▁Em manuel ▁II ▁by ▁entering ▁a ▁dish on our able ▁p act ▁with ▁the ▁All ies . ▁ ▁The ▁relationship ▁between ▁Italian ▁F asc ism ▁and ▁the ▁Catholic ▁Church ▁was ▁mixed , ▁as ▁originally ▁the ▁F asc ists ▁were ▁highly ▁anti - cl er ical ▁and ▁hostile ▁to ▁Catholic ism , ▁though ▁from ▁the ▁mid ▁to ▁late ▁ 1 9 2 0 s ▁anti - cl er ical ism ▁lost ▁ground ▁in ▁the ▁movement ▁as ▁M uss ol ini ▁in ▁power ▁sought ▁to ▁seek ▁accord ▁with ▁the ▁Church ▁as ▁the ▁Church ▁held ▁major ▁influence ▁in ▁Italian ▁society ▁with ▁most ▁Ital ians ▁being ▁Catholic . ▁In ▁ 1 9 2 9 , ▁the ▁Italian ▁government ▁signed ▁the ▁Later an ▁Treat y ▁with ▁the ▁Holy ▁See , ▁a ▁conc ord at ▁between ▁Italy ▁and ▁the ▁Catholic ▁Church ▁that ▁allowed ▁for ▁the ▁creation ▁of ▁a ▁small ▁en cl ave ▁known ▁as ▁V atic an ▁City ▁as ▁a ▁sovere ign ▁state ▁representing ▁the ▁pap acy . ▁This ▁ended ▁years ▁of ▁perceived ▁alien ation ▁between ▁the ▁Church ▁and ▁the ▁Italian ▁government ▁after ▁Italy ▁an nex ed ▁the ▁Pap al ▁States ▁in ▁ 1 8 7 0 . ▁Italian ▁F asc ism ▁justified ▁its ▁adoption
▁of ▁ant is emit ic ▁laws ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 8 ▁by ▁claiming ▁that ▁Italy ▁was ▁fulfill ing ▁the ▁Christian ▁religious ▁mand ate ▁of ▁the ▁Catholic ▁Church ▁that ▁had ▁been ▁initiated ▁by ▁Pope ▁Inn oc ent ▁III ▁in ▁the ▁Fourth ▁Later an ▁Council ▁of ▁ 1 2 1 5 , ▁where by ▁the ▁Pope ▁issued ▁strict ▁regulation ▁of ▁the ▁life ▁of ▁Jews ▁in ▁Christian ▁lands . ▁Jews ▁were ▁prohib ited ▁from ▁holding ▁any ▁public ▁office ▁that ▁would ▁give ▁them ▁power ▁over ▁Christians ▁and ▁Jews ▁were ▁required ▁to ▁wear ▁distinctive ▁clothing ▁to ▁distinguish ▁them ▁from ▁Christians . ▁▁ ▁Do ctrine ▁The ▁Do ctrine ▁of ▁F asc ism ▁( La ▁dot tr ina ▁del ▁fasc ismo , ▁ 1 9 3 2 ) ▁by ▁the ▁actual ist ▁philos opher ▁Giovanni ▁Gent ile ▁is ▁the ▁official ▁form ulation ▁of ▁Italian ▁F asc ism , ▁published ▁under ▁Ben ito ▁M uss ol ini ' s ▁name ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 3 . ▁Gent ile ▁was ▁intellect ually ▁influenced ▁by ▁H eg el , ▁Pl ato , ▁Bened etto ▁Cro ce ▁and ▁Gi amb att ista ▁V ico , ▁thus ▁his ▁actual ▁ideal ism ▁philosophy ▁was ▁the ▁basis ▁for ▁F asc ism . ▁Hence , ▁the ▁Do ctr ines ▁Welt ans ch au ung ▁propos es ▁the ▁world ▁as ▁action ▁in ▁the ▁realm ▁of ▁humanity ▁— ▁beyond ▁the ▁quot id ian ▁const rict ions ▁of ▁contemporary ▁political ▁trend , ▁by ▁reject ing ▁" per pet ual ▁peace " ▁as ▁fant ast ical ▁and ▁accepting ▁Man ▁as
▁a ▁species ▁continually ▁at ▁war ; ▁those ▁who ▁meet ▁the ▁challenge , ▁achieve ▁nob ility . ▁To ▁w it , ▁actual ▁ideal ism ▁generally ▁accepted ▁that ▁con quer ors ▁were ▁the ▁men ▁of ▁historical ▁consequence , ▁e . g . ▁the ▁Roman ▁Jul ius ▁Ca esar , ▁the ▁Greek ▁Alexander ▁the ▁Great , ▁the ▁Frank ▁Char lemagne ▁and ▁the ▁French ▁Napoleon . ▁The ▁philos opher – intel lect ual ▁Gent ile ▁was ▁especially ▁inspired ▁by ▁the ▁Roman ▁Empire ▁( 2 7 ▁BC ▁– ▁AD ▁ 4 7 6 , ▁ 1 4 5 3 ), ▁from ▁when ce ▁der ives ▁F asc ism : ▁▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 2 5 , ▁M uss ol ini ▁assumed ▁the ▁title ▁Du ce ▁( Lead er ), ▁derived ▁from ▁the ▁Latin ▁du x ▁( le ader ), ▁a ▁Roman ▁Republic ▁military - command ▁title . ▁Moreover , ▁although ▁F asc ist ▁Italy ▁( 1 9 2 2 – 1 9 4 3 ) ▁is ▁histor ically ▁considered ▁an ▁author itarian – total itarian ▁dict ators hip , ▁it ▁retained ▁the ▁original ▁" li ber al ▁democratic " ▁government ▁faç ade : ▁the ▁Grand ▁Council ▁of ▁F asc ism ▁remained ▁active ▁as ▁administr ators ; ▁and ▁King ▁Victor ▁Em manuel ▁III ▁of ▁Italy ▁could — at ▁the ▁risk ▁of ▁his ▁crown — d ismiss ▁M uss ol ini ▁as ▁Italian ▁Prime ▁Minister ▁as ▁in ▁the ▁event ▁he ▁did . ▁ ▁Gent ile ▁defined ▁F asc ism ▁as ▁an ▁anti - intel lect ual ▁doctrine , ▁ep
ist em ologically ▁based ▁on ▁faith ▁rather ▁than ▁reason . ▁F asc ist ▁myst icism ▁emphas ized ▁the ▁importance ▁of ▁political ▁myth s , ▁which ▁were ▁true ▁not ▁as ▁emp irical ▁facts , ▁but ▁as ▁" met are ality ". ▁F asc ist ▁art , ▁architecture ▁and ▁symbols ▁const ituted ▁a ▁process ▁which ▁converted ▁F asc ism ▁into ▁a ▁sort ▁of ▁a ▁civil ▁religion ▁or ▁political ▁religion . ▁La ▁dot tr ina ▁del ▁fasc ismo ▁states ▁that ▁F asc ism ▁is ▁a ▁" rel igious ▁con ception ▁of ▁life " ▁and ▁forms ▁a ▁" sp irit ual ▁community " ▁in ▁contrast ▁to ▁bour ge ois ▁material ism . ▁The ▁sl ogan ▁C red ere ▁O bb ed ire ▁Comb atter e ▁(" Bel ieve , ▁O bey , ▁Fight ") ▁reflects ▁the ▁importance ▁of ▁political ▁faith ▁in ▁F asc ism . ▁ ▁According ▁to ▁historian ▁Ze ev ▁S tern hell , ▁" most ▁synd ical ist ▁leaders ▁were ▁among ▁the ▁found ers ▁of ▁the ▁F asc ist ▁movement ", ▁who ▁in ▁later ▁years ▁gained ▁key ▁posts ▁in ▁M uss ol ini ' s ▁regime . ▁M uss ol ini ▁expressed ▁great ▁adm iration ▁for ▁the ▁ideas ▁of ▁Georges ▁S ore l , ▁who ▁he ▁claimed ▁was ▁instrumental ▁in ▁b ir thing ▁the ▁core ▁principles ▁of ▁Italian ▁fasc ism . ▁J . ▁L . ▁Tal mon ▁argued ▁that ▁F asc ism ▁b illed ▁itself ▁" not ▁only ▁as ▁an ▁alternative , ▁but ▁also ▁as ▁the ▁he ir ▁to ▁social ism ". La ▁dot tr
ina ▁del ▁fasc ismo ▁proposed ▁an ▁Italy ▁of ▁greater ▁living ▁standards ▁under ▁a ▁one - party ▁F asc ist ▁system ▁than ▁under ▁the ▁multi - party ▁liberal ▁democratic ▁government ▁of ▁ 1 9 2 0 . ▁As ▁the ▁leader ▁of ▁the ▁National ▁F asc ist ▁Party ▁( PN F , ▁Part ito ▁Naz ionale ▁F asc ista ), ▁M uss ol ini ▁said ▁that ▁democracy ▁is ▁" be aut iful ▁in ▁theory ; ▁in ▁practice , ▁it ▁is ▁a ▁fall acy " ▁and ▁spoke ▁of ▁celebr ating ▁the ▁bur ial ▁of ▁the ▁" put rid ▁cor pse ▁of ▁liberty ". ▁In ▁ 1 9 2 3 , ▁to ▁give ▁Deputy ▁M uss ol ini ▁control ▁of ▁the ▁plural ist ▁parliament ary ▁government ▁of ▁the ▁Kingdom ▁of ▁Italy ▁( 1 8 6 1 – 1 9 4 6 ), ▁an ▁econom ist , ▁the ▁Baron ▁Gi ac omo ▁A cer bo , ▁proposed — and ▁the ▁Italian ▁Parliament ▁approved — the ▁A cer bo ▁Law , ▁changing ▁the ▁elect oral ▁system ▁from ▁proport ional ▁representation ▁to ▁majority ▁representation . ▁The ▁party ▁who ▁received ▁the ▁most ▁votes ▁( prov ided ▁they ▁possessed ▁at ▁least ▁ 2 5 ▁percent ▁of ▁cast ▁votes ) ▁won ▁two - third s ▁of ▁the ▁parliament ; ▁the ▁remaining ▁third ▁was ▁proportion ately ▁shared ▁among ▁the ▁other ▁parties , ▁thus ▁the ▁F asc ist ▁manip ulation ▁of ▁liberal ▁democratic ▁law ▁that ▁rendered ▁Italy ▁a ▁one - party ▁state . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 2 4 , ▁the ▁P NF ▁won
▁the ▁election ▁with ▁ 6 5 ▁percent ▁of ▁the ▁votes , ▁yet ▁the ▁United ▁Social ist ▁Party ▁refused ▁to ▁accept ▁such ▁a ▁defeat — especially ▁Deputy ▁Gi ac omo ▁Mat te otti , ▁who ▁on ▁ 3 0 ▁May ▁ 1 9 2 4 ▁in ▁Parliament ▁formally ▁accused ▁the ▁P NF ▁of ▁elect oral ▁fraud ▁and ▁re iter ated ▁his ▁den unci ations ▁of ▁P NF ▁Black shirt ▁political ▁violence ▁and ▁was ▁publishing ▁The ▁F asc isti ▁Ex posed : ▁A ▁Year ▁of ▁F asc ist ▁Dom ination , ▁a ▁book ▁substant i ating ▁his ▁accus ations . Spe ech ▁of ▁the ▁ 3 0 th ▁of ▁May ▁ 1 9 2 4 ▁ ▁the ▁last ▁speech ▁of ▁Mat te otti , ▁from ▁it . wik is ource ▁Con sequently , ▁on ▁ 2 4 ▁June ▁ 1 9 2 4 , ▁the ▁C ek a ▁( ost ens ibly ▁a ▁party ▁secret ▁police , ▁mod elled ▁on ▁the ▁Soviet ▁Che ka ) ▁assass inated ▁Mat te otti ▁and ▁of ▁the ▁five ▁men ▁arrested , ▁Amer igo ▁Dum ini , ▁also ▁known ▁as ▁Il ▁Sic ario ▁del ▁Du ce ▁( The ▁Leader ' s ▁Ass ass in ), ▁was ▁sent enced ▁to ▁five ▁years ' ▁imprison ment , ▁but ▁served ▁only ▁eleven ▁months ▁and ▁was ▁freed ▁under ▁am n esty ▁from ▁King ▁Victor ▁Em manuel ▁III . ▁Moreover , ▁when ▁the ▁King ▁supported ▁Prime ▁Minister ▁M uss ol ini ▁the ▁social ists ▁quit ▁Parliament ▁in ▁protest , ▁leaving ▁the ▁F asc ists ▁to
▁govern ▁un op posed . ▁In ▁that ▁time , ▁assass ination ▁was ▁not ▁yet ▁the ▁mod us ▁operand i ▁norm ▁and ▁the ▁Italian ▁F asc ist ▁Du ce ▁usually ▁dis posed ▁of ▁opponents ▁in ▁the ▁Imperial ▁Roman ▁way : ▁political ▁arrest ▁pun ished ▁with ▁island ▁ban ishment . ▁▁ ▁Cond itions ▁precip itating ▁F asc ism ▁▁▁ ▁National ist ▁dis content ▁ ▁After ▁World ▁War ▁I ▁( 1 9 1 4 – 1 9 1 8 ), ▁despite ▁the ▁Kingdom ▁of ▁Italy ▁( 1 8 6 1 – 1 9 4 6 ) ▁being ▁a ▁full - part ner ▁All ied ▁Power ▁against ▁the ▁Central ▁Pow ers , ▁Italian ▁national ism ▁claimed ▁Italy ▁was ▁che ated ▁in ▁the ▁Treat y ▁of ▁Saint - G erm ain - en - L aye ▁( 1 9 1 9 ), ▁thus ▁the ▁All ies ▁had ▁imped ed ▁Italy ' s ▁progress ▁to ▁becoming ▁a ▁" Great ▁Power ". ▁Then ce for th , ▁the ▁P NF ▁successfully ▁explo ited ▁that ▁" sl ight " ▁to ▁Italian ▁national ism ▁in ▁presenting ▁F asc ism ▁as ▁best - su ited ▁for ▁governing ▁the ▁country ▁by ▁successfully ▁claiming ▁that ▁democracy , ▁social ism ▁and ▁liberal ism ▁were ▁failed ▁systems . ▁The ▁P NF ▁assumed ▁Italian ▁government ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 2 , ▁consequ ent ▁to ▁the ▁F asc ist ▁Leader ▁M uss ol ini ' s ▁or atory ▁and ▁Black shirt ▁param il itary ▁political ▁violence . ▁ ▁At ▁the ▁Paris ▁Peace ▁Conference ▁in ▁ 1 9 1
9 , ▁the ▁All ies ▁comp elled ▁the ▁Kingdom ▁of ▁Italy ▁to ▁yield ▁to ▁Y ug oslav ia ▁the ▁Cro at ian ▁se ap ort ▁of ▁F ium e ▁( R ij ek a ), ▁a ▁mostly ▁Italian ▁city ▁of ▁little ▁national ist ▁significance , ▁until ▁early ▁ 1 9 1 9 . ▁Moreover , ▁elsewhere ▁Italy ▁was ▁then ▁excluded ▁from ▁the ▁w art ime ▁secret ▁Treat y ▁of ▁London ▁( 1 9 1 5 ) ▁it ▁had ▁conc ord ed ▁with ▁the ▁Tri ple ▁Ent ente ; ▁wherein ▁Italy ▁was ▁to ▁leave ▁the ▁Tri ple ▁Alliance ▁and ▁join ▁the ▁enemy ▁by ▁decl aring ▁war ▁against ▁the ▁German ▁Empire ▁and ▁Austria - H ung ary ▁in ▁exchange ▁for ▁territor ies ▁at ▁war ' s ▁end , ▁upon ▁which ▁the ▁Kingdom ▁of ▁Italy ▁held ▁claims ▁( see ▁Italia ▁ir red enta ). ▁ ▁In ▁September ▁ 1 9 1 9 , ▁the ▁national ist ▁response ▁of ▁out r aged ▁war ▁hero ▁Gab ri ele ▁D ' Ann un z io ▁was ▁decl aring ▁the ▁establishment ▁of ▁the ▁Italian ▁Reg ency ▁of ▁Carn aro . ▁To ▁his ▁independent ▁Italian ▁state , ▁he ▁installed ▁himself ▁as ▁the ▁Reg ent ▁Du ce ▁and ▁prom ul g ated ▁the ▁Cart a ▁del ▁Carn aro ▁( Ch arter ▁of ▁Carn aro , ▁ 8 ▁September ▁ 1 9 2 0 ), ▁a ▁polit ically ▁syn cret ic ▁constitutional ▁am alg am ation ▁of ▁right - wing ▁and ▁left - wing ▁an arch ist , ▁proto - f asc ist
▁and ▁democratic ▁republic an ▁politics , ▁which ▁much ▁influenced ▁the ▁polit ico - ph il osoph ic ▁development ▁of ▁early ▁Italian ▁F asc ism . ▁Con sequ ent ▁to ▁the ▁Treat y ▁of ▁Rap allo ▁( 1 9 2 0 ), ▁the ▁met ropolitan ▁Italian ▁military ▁de posed ▁the ▁Reg ency ▁of ▁Du ce ▁D ' Ann un z io ▁on ▁Christmas ▁ 1 9 2 0 . ▁In ▁the ▁development ▁of ▁the ▁fasc ist ▁model ▁of ▁government , ▁D ' Ann un z io ▁was ▁a ▁national ist ▁and ▁not ▁a ▁fasc ist , ▁whose ▁legacy ▁of ▁political – p ra xis ▁(" Pol it ics ▁as ▁Theatre ") ▁was ▁sty list ic ▁( cer emony , ▁uniform , ▁har ang ue ▁and ▁chant ing ) ▁and ▁not ▁substant ive , ▁which ▁Italian ▁F asc ism ▁art fully ▁developed ▁as ▁a ▁government ▁model . R og er ▁E at well , ▁F asc ism : ▁A ▁History ▁( 1 9 9 5 ) p . ▁ 4 9 ▁ ▁At ▁the ▁same ▁time , ▁M uss ol ini ▁and ▁many ▁of ▁his ▁revolutionary ▁synd ical ist ▁ad her ents ▁grav itated ▁towards ▁a ▁form ▁of ▁revolutionary ▁national ism ▁in ▁an ▁effort ▁to ▁" ident ify ▁the ▁' commun ality ' ▁of ▁man ▁not ▁with ▁class , ▁but ▁with ▁the ▁nation ". ▁According ▁to ▁A . ▁James ▁Greg or , ▁M uss ol ini ▁came ▁to ▁believe ▁that ▁" F asc ism ▁was ▁the ▁only ▁form ▁of ▁' social ism ' ▁appropriate ▁to
▁the ▁pro let arian ▁nations ▁of ▁the ▁twentieth ▁century " ▁while ▁he ▁was ▁in ▁the ▁process ▁of ▁shifting ▁his ▁views ▁from ▁social ism ▁to ▁national ism . ▁En rico ▁Cor rad ini , ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁early ▁influences ▁on ▁M uss ol ini ' s ▁thought ▁and ▁later ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁his ▁administration , ▁champion ed ▁the ▁concept ▁of ▁pro let arian ▁national ism , ▁writing ▁about ▁Italy ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 0 : ▁" We ▁are ▁the ▁pro let arian ▁people ▁in ▁respect ▁to ▁the ▁rest ▁of ▁the ▁world . ▁National ism ▁is ▁our ▁social ism ". ▁M uss ol ini ▁would ▁come ▁to ▁use ▁similar ▁word ing , ▁for ▁instance ▁referring ▁to ▁F asc ist ▁Italy ▁during ▁World ▁War ▁II ▁as ▁the ▁" pro let arian ▁nations ▁that ▁rise ▁up ▁against ▁the ▁pl ut ocr ats ". ▁▁ ▁Labor ▁un rest ▁▁ ▁Given ▁Italian ▁F asc ism ' s ▁pr ag matic ▁political ▁am alg am ations ▁of ▁left - wing ▁and ▁right - wing ▁soc io - econom ic ▁policies , ▁dis content ed ▁workers ▁and ▁peas ants ▁proved ▁an ▁abund ant ▁source ▁of ▁popular ▁political ▁power , ▁especially ▁because ▁of ▁pe asant ▁opposition ▁to ▁social ist ▁agricultural ▁collect iv ism . ▁Thus ▁armed , ▁the ▁former ▁social ist ▁Ben ito ▁M uss ol ini ▁or ator ically ▁inspired ▁and ▁mobil ized ▁country ▁and ▁working - class ▁people : ▁" We ▁declare ▁war ▁on ▁social ism , ▁not ▁because ▁it ▁is ▁social ist , ▁but ▁because ▁it ▁has ▁opposed
▁national ism ". ▁Moreover , ▁for ▁campaign ▁financing ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 2 0 – 1 9 2 1 ▁period ▁the ▁National ▁F asc ist ▁Party ▁also ▁court ed ▁the ▁industrial ists ▁and ▁( hist or ically ▁fe ud al ) ▁land owners ▁by ▁appealing ▁to ▁their ▁fears ▁of ▁left - wing ▁social ist ▁and ▁Bol she vik ▁labor ▁politics ▁and ▁urban ▁and ▁rural ▁strikes . ▁The ▁F asc ists ▁promised ▁a ▁good ▁business ▁climate ▁of ▁cost - effective ▁labor , ▁wage ▁and ▁political ▁stability ; ▁and ▁the ▁F asc ist ▁Party ▁was ▁en ▁route ▁to ▁power . ▁ ▁Histor ian ▁Charles ▁F . ▁Del z ell ▁reports : ▁" At ▁first , ▁the ▁F asc ist ▁Revolution ary ▁Party ▁( P FR ) ▁was ▁concentrated ▁in ▁Milan ▁and ▁a ▁few ▁other ▁cities . ▁They ▁gained ▁ground ▁quite ▁slowly , ▁between ▁ 1 9 1 9 ▁and ▁ 1 9 2 0 ; ▁not ▁until ▁after ▁the ▁sc are , ▁brought ▁about ▁by ▁the ▁workers ▁" occup ation ▁of ▁the ▁fact ories " ▁in ▁the ▁late ▁summer ▁of ▁ 1 9 2 0 ▁did ▁fasc ism ▁become ▁really ▁widespread . ▁The ▁industrial ists ▁began ▁to ▁throw ▁their ▁financial ▁support ▁behind ▁M uss ol ini ▁after ▁he ▁renamed ▁his ▁party ▁and ▁re tract ed ▁his ▁former ▁support ▁for ▁Len in ▁and ▁the ▁Russian ▁Revolution . ▁Moreover , ▁toward ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁ 1 9 2 0 , ▁fasc ism ▁began ▁to ▁spread ▁into ▁the ▁countryside , ▁b idding ▁for ▁the ▁support ▁of ▁large
▁land owners , ▁particularly ▁in ▁the ▁area ▁between ▁B olog na ▁and ▁Ferr ara , ▁a ▁traditional ▁strong hold ▁of ▁the ▁Left , ▁and ▁scene ▁of ▁frequent ▁violence . ▁Social ist ▁and ▁Catholic ▁organiz ers ▁of ▁farm ▁hands ▁in ▁that ▁region , ▁Venez ia ▁Gi ul ia , ▁T usc any , ▁and ▁even ▁distant ▁Ap ul ia , ▁were ▁soon ▁attacked ▁by ▁Black shirt ▁squad s ▁of ▁F asc ists , ▁armed ▁with ▁cast or ▁oil , ▁black j acks , ▁and ▁more ▁le thal ▁weapons . ▁The ▁era ▁of ▁squad r ismo ▁and ▁night ly ▁exped itions ▁to ▁burn ▁Social ist ▁and ▁Catholic ▁labor ▁headquarters ▁had ▁begun . ▁During ▁this ▁time ▁period , ▁M uss ol ini ' s ▁fasc ist ▁squad s ▁also ▁engaged ▁in ▁violent ▁attacks ▁against ▁the ▁Church ▁where ▁" se ver al ▁priests ▁were ▁assass inated ▁and ▁churches ▁burned ▁by ▁the ▁F asc ists ". ▁▁ ▁F asc ism ▁empower ed ▁ ▁Italy ' s ▁use ▁of ▁dare dev il ▁elite ▁shock ▁troops , ▁known ▁as ▁the ▁Ar d iti , ▁beginning ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 7 , ▁was ▁an ▁important ▁influence ▁on ▁F asc ism . ▁The ▁Ar d iti ▁were ▁soldiers ▁who ▁were ▁specifically ▁trained ▁for ▁a ▁life ▁of ▁violence ▁and ▁wore ▁unique ▁black shirt ▁uniform s ▁and ▁fe zz es . ▁The ▁Ar d iti ▁formed ▁a ▁national ▁organization ▁in ▁November ▁ 1 9 1 8 , ▁the ▁Ass oc ia zione ▁fra ▁gli ▁Ar d iti ▁d ' It alia , ▁which
▁by ▁mid - 1 9 1 9 ▁had ▁about ▁twenty ▁thousand ▁young ▁men ▁within ▁it . ▁M uss ol ini ▁appe aled ▁to ▁the ▁Ar d iti ▁and ▁the ▁F asc ists ' ▁squad rist i , ▁developed ▁after ▁the ▁war , ▁were ▁based ▁upon ▁the ▁Ar d iti . ▁ ▁World ▁War ▁I ▁infl ated ▁Italy ' s ▁economy ▁with ▁great ▁deb ts , ▁unemployment ▁( ag grav ated ▁by ▁thousands ▁of ▁dem obil ised ▁soldiers ), ▁social ▁dis content ▁featuring ▁strikes , ▁organ ised ▁crime ▁and ▁an arch ist , ▁social ist ▁and ▁commun ist ▁ins ur re ctions . ▁When ▁the ▁elected ▁Italian ▁Liberal ▁Party ▁Government ▁could ▁not ▁control ▁Italy , ▁the ▁F asc ist ▁Revolution ary ▁Party ▁( Part ito ▁F asc ista ▁R iv ol uz ion ario , ▁P FR ) ▁leader ▁M uss ol ini ▁took ▁matters ▁in ▁hand , ▁comb ating ▁those ▁issues ▁with ▁the ▁Black sh irts , ▁param il itary ▁squad s ▁of ▁First ▁World ▁War ▁veterans ▁and ▁ex ▁social ists ▁when ▁Prime ▁Minister s ▁such ▁as ▁Giovanni ▁Gi ol itt i ▁allowed ▁the ▁F asc ists ▁taking ▁the ▁law ▁in ▁hand . ▁The ▁violence ▁between ▁social ists ▁and ▁the ▁mostly ▁self - organ ized ▁squad rist i ▁milit ias , ▁especially ▁in ▁the ▁countryside , ▁had ▁increased ▁so ▁dramatically ▁that ▁M uss ol ini ▁was ▁press ured ▁to ▁call ▁a ▁tr uce ▁to ▁bring ▁about ▁“ re conc iliation ▁with ▁the ▁Social ists ”. ▁S igned ▁in ▁early ▁August ▁ 1 9
2 1 , ▁M uss ol ini ▁and ▁the ▁Italian ▁Social ist ▁Party ▁( PN F ) ▁agreed ▁to ▁the ▁P act ▁of ▁Pac ification , ▁which ▁was ▁immediately ▁condem ned ▁by ▁most ▁ras ▁leaders ▁in ▁the ▁squad r ismo . ▁The ▁peace ▁p act ▁was ▁officially ▁den ounced ▁during ▁the ▁Third ▁F asc ist ▁Congress ▁on ▁ 7 – 1 0 ▁November ▁ 1 9 2 1 . ▁ ▁The ▁Liberal ▁government ▁preferred ▁F asc ist ▁class ▁collaboration ▁to ▁the ▁Communist ▁Party ▁of ▁Italy ' s ▁class ▁conflict ▁should ▁they ▁assume ▁government ▁as ▁had ▁Vlad imir ▁Len in ' s ▁Bol she vik s ▁in ▁the ▁recent ▁Russian ▁Revolution ▁of ▁ 1 9 1 7 , ▁although ▁M uss ol ini ▁had ▁originally ▁praised ▁Len in ' s ▁October ▁Revolution ▁and ▁publicly ▁referred ▁to ▁himself ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 9 ▁as ▁" Len in ▁of ▁Italy ". The ▁Man ifest o ▁of ▁the ▁F asc ist ▁Str ug gle ▁( J une ▁ 1 9 1 9 ) ▁of ▁the ▁P FR ▁presented ▁the ▁polit ico - ph il osoph ic ▁ten ets ▁of ▁F asc ism . ▁The ▁manifest o ▁was ▁auth ored ▁by ▁national ▁synd ical ist ▁Al c este ▁De ▁Am bris ▁and ▁Fut ur ist ▁movement ▁leader ▁Filip po ▁Tom mas o ▁Mar in etti . ▁The ▁manifest o ▁was ▁divided ▁into ▁four ▁sections , ▁describing ▁the ▁movement ' s ▁objectives ▁in ▁political , ▁social , ▁military ▁and ▁financial ▁fields . ▁ ▁By ▁the ▁early ▁ 1
9 2 0 s , ▁popular ▁support ▁for ▁the ▁P FR ' s ▁fight ▁against ▁Bol she v ism ▁number ed ▁some ▁ 2 5 0 , 0 0 0 ▁people . ▁In ▁ 1 9 2 1 , ▁the ▁F asc isti ▁( F asc ists ) ▁met am orph osed ▁into ▁the ▁P NF ▁and ▁achieved ▁political ▁legit im acy ▁when ▁M uss ol ini ▁was ▁elected ▁to ▁the ▁Chamber ▁of ▁Dep ut ies ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 2 . ▁Although ▁the ▁Liberal ▁Party ▁retained ▁power , ▁the ▁governing ▁prime ▁minist ries ▁proved ▁ep he mer al , ▁especially ▁that ▁of ▁the ▁fifth ▁Prime ▁Minister ▁Lu igi ▁F act a , ▁whose ▁government ▁proved ▁vac ill ating . ▁ ▁To ▁de pose ▁the ▁weak ▁parliament ary ▁democracy , ▁Deputy ▁M uss ol ini ▁( with ▁military , ▁business ▁and ▁liberal ▁right - wing ▁support ) ▁launched ▁the ▁P NF ▁March ▁on ▁Rome ▁( 2 7 – 2 9 ▁October ▁ 1 9 2 2 ) ▁coup ▁d ' ét at ▁to ▁ou st ▁Prime ▁Minister ▁Lu igi ▁F act a ▁and ▁assume ▁the ▁government ▁of ▁Italy ▁to ▁restore ▁national ist ▁pride , ▁restart ▁the ▁economy , ▁increase ▁productivity ▁with ▁labor ▁controls , ▁remove ▁economic ▁business ▁controls ▁and ▁imp ose ▁law ▁and ▁order . ▁On ▁ 2 8 ▁October , ▁whilst ▁the ▁" M arch " ▁occurred , ▁King ▁Victor ▁Em manuel ▁III ▁withd rew ▁his ▁support ▁of ▁Prime ▁Minister ▁F act a ▁and ▁appointed ▁P NF ▁Leader ▁Ben ito ▁M
uss ol ini ▁as ▁the ▁sixth ▁Prime ▁Minister ▁of ▁Italy . ▁ ▁The ▁March ▁on ▁Rome ▁became ▁a ▁victory ▁par ade : ▁the ▁F asc ists ▁believed ▁their ▁success ▁was ▁revolutionary ▁and ▁traditional ist . ▁▁ ▁Econom y ▁▁ ▁Until ▁ 1 9 2 5 , ▁when ▁the ▁liberal ▁econom ist ▁Alberto ▁de ▁Ste f ani , ▁although ▁a ▁former ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁squad rist i , ▁was ▁removed ▁from ▁his ▁post ▁as ▁Minister ▁of ▁Econom ics ▁( 1 9 2 2 – 1 9 2 5 ), ▁Italy ' s ▁coalition ▁government ▁was ▁able ▁to ▁restart ▁the ▁economy ▁and ▁balanced ▁the ▁national ▁budget . ▁Ste f ani ▁developed ▁economic ▁policies ▁that ▁were ▁aligned ▁with ▁classical ▁liberal ism ▁principles ▁as ▁inherit ance , ▁luxury ▁and ▁foreign ▁capital ▁taxes ▁were ▁abol ished ; ▁and ▁life ▁insurance ▁( 1 9 2 3 ) ▁and ▁the ▁state ▁communications ▁mon opol ies ▁were ▁priv at ised ▁and ▁so ▁on . ▁During ▁Italy ' s ▁coalition ▁government ▁era , ▁pro - business ▁policies ▁apparently ▁did ▁not ▁contrad ict ▁the ▁State ' s ▁financing ▁of ▁banks ▁and ▁industry . ▁Political ▁scientist ▁Franklin ▁Hugh ▁Ad ler ▁referred ▁to ▁this ▁coalition ▁period ▁between ▁M uss ol ini ' s ▁appointment ▁as ▁prime ▁minister ▁on ▁ 3 1 ▁October ▁ 1 9 2 2 ▁and ▁his ▁ 1 9 2 5 ▁dict ators hip ▁as ▁" L iber al - F asc ism , ▁a ▁hybrid , ▁un stable , ▁and ▁trans itory ▁regime ▁type ▁under ▁which ▁the ▁formal ▁jur id ical
- inst itutional ▁framework ▁of ▁the ▁liberal ▁regime ▁was ▁conserv ed ", ▁which ▁still ▁allowed ▁plural ism , ▁competitive ▁elections , ▁freedom ▁of ▁the ▁press ▁and ▁the ▁right ▁of ▁trade ▁un ions ▁to ▁strike . ▁Liberal ▁Party ▁leaders ▁and ▁industrial ists ▁thought ▁that ▁they ▁could ▁neutral ize ▁M uss ol ini ▁by ▁making ▁him ▁the ▁head ▁of ▁a ▁coalition ▁government , ▁where ▁as ▁Lu igi ▁Albert ini ▁remarked ▁that ▁" he ▁will ▁be ▁much ▁more ▁subject ▁to ▁influence ". ▁ ▁One ▁of ▁Prime ▁Minister ▁M uss ol ini ' s ▁first ▁acts ▁was ▁the ▁ 4 0 0 - mill ion - l ira ▁financing ▁of ▁G io . ▁An sal do ▁& ▁C ., ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁country ' s ▁most ▁important ▁engineering ▁companies . ▁Sub sequ ent ▁to ▁the ▁ 1 9 2 6 ▁def lation ▁crisis , ▁banks ▁such ▁as ▁the ▁B anco ▁di ▁Roma ▁( Bank ▁of ▁Rome ), ▁the ▁B anco ▁di ▁Nap oli ▁( Bank ▁of ▁Nap les ) ▁and ▁the ▁B anco ▁di ▁Sic ilia ▁( Bank ▁of ▁Sic ily ) ▁also ▁were ▁state - fin anced . ▁In ▁ 1 9 2 4 , ▁a ▁private ▁business ▁enterprise ▁established ▁Un ione ▁Radio fon ica ▁Ital iana ▁( URI ) ▁as ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁Mar con i ▁company , ▁to ▁which ▁the ▁Italian ▁F asc ist ▁Government ▁granted ▁official ▁radio - broad cast ▁mon opol y . ▁After ▁the ▁defeat ▁of ▁F asc ism ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 4 , ▁URI ▁became ▁Radio ▁Aud izioni
▁Italian e ▁( RA I ) ▁and ▁was ▁renamed ▁R AI ▁— ▁Rad i ote lev ision e ▁Ital iana ▁with ▁the ▁advent ▁of ▁television ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 4 . ▁ ▁Given ▁the ▁overwhelming ly ▁rural ▁nature ▁of ▁Italian ▁economy ▁in ▁the ▁period , ▁agriculture ▁was ▁vital ▁to ▁F asc ist ▁economic ▁policies ▁and ▁propaganda . ▁To ▁strengthen ▁the ▁domestic ▁Italian ▁production ▁of ▁grain , ▁the ▁F asc ist ▁Government ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 5 ▁protection ist ▁policies ▁that ▁ultimately ▁failed ▁( see ▁the ▁Battle ▁for ▁Gr ain ). ▁Histor ian ▁Den is ▁Mack ▁Smith ▁reports : ▁" Success ▁in ▁this ▁battle ▁was ▁[...] ▁another ▁ill us ory ▁propaganda ▁victory , ▁won ▁at ▁the ▁expense ▁of ▁the ▁Italian ▁economy ▁in ▁general , ▁and ▁consumers ▁in ▁particular . ▁[...] ▁Those ▁who ▁gained ▁were ▁the ▁owners ▁of ▁the ▁Lat if und ia , ▁or ▁" lat if ond i ", ▁and ▁the ▁pro pert ied ▁classes ▁in ▁general . ▁[...] ▁[ M uss ol ini ' s ] ▁policy ▁con ferred ▁a ▁heavy ▁subs idy ▁on ▁the ▁Lat if ond isti ". ▁ ▁From ▁ 1 9 2 6 ▁following ▁the ▁P act ▁of ▁the ▁V id oni ▁Palace ▁and ▁the ▁Sy nd ical ▁Law s , ▁business ▁and ▁labour ▁were ▁organized ▁into ▁ 1 2 ▁separate ▁associations , ▁out law ing ▁or ▁integr ating ▁all ▁others . ▁These ▁organizations ▁negoti ated ▁labour ▁contracts ▁on ▁behalf ▁of ▁all ▁its ▁members ▁with ▁the ▁state ▁acting ▁as ▁the ▁arbitr ator . ▁The ▁state
▁t ended ▁to ▁favour ▁big ▁industry ▁over ▁small ▁industry , ▁commerce , ▁banking , ▁agriculture , ▁labour ▁and ▁transport ▁even ▁though ▁each ▁sector ▁officially ▁had ▁equal ▁representation . ▁P ric ing , ▁production ▁and ▁distribution ▁practices ▁were ▁controlled ▁by ▁employer ▁associations ▁rather ▁than ▁individual ▁firms ▁and ▁labour ▁synd icates ▁negoti ated ▁collective ▁labour ▁contracts ▁binding ▁all ▁firms ▁in ▁the ▁particular ▁sector . ▁En force ment ▁of ▁contracts ▁was ▁difficult ▁and ▁the ▁large ▁bureau cr acy ▁delayed ▁res olutions ▁of ▁labour ▁disput es . ▁ ▁After ▁ 1 9 2 9 , ▁the ▁F asc ist ▁regime ▁counter ed ▁the ▁Great ▁Dep ression ▁with ▁massive ▁public ▁works ▁programs , ▁such ▁as ▁the ▁dr aining ▁of ▁the ▁Pont ine ▁Mars hes , ▁hydro elect ric ity ▁development , ▁railway ▁improvement ▁and ▁re arm ament . ▁In ▁ 1 9 3 3 , ▁the ▁Ist itut o ▁per ▁la ▁Ric ost ru zione ▁Indust ri ale ▁( IR I ▁— ▁Institute ▁for ▁Industrial ▁Re construction ) ▁was ▁established ▁to ▁subs id ize ▁failing ▁companies ▁and ▁soon ▁controlled ▁important ▁portions ▁of ▁the ▁national ▁economy ▁via ▁government - linked ▁companies , ▁among ▁them ▁Al fa ▁Rome o . ▁The ▁Italian ▁economy ' s ▁G ross ▁National ▁Product ▁increased ▁ 2 ▁percent ; ▁autom obile ▁production ▁was ▁increased , ▁especially ▁that ▁of ▁the ▁F iat ▁motor ▁company ; ▁and ▁the ▁a eron aut ical ▁industry ▁was ▁developing . ▁Especially ▁after ▁the ▁ 1 9 3 6 ▁Society ▁of ▁Nation ' s ▁san ctions ▁against ▁Italian ▁invasion ▁of ▁Eth iop
ia , ▁M uss ol ini ▁strongly ▁advoc ated ▁ag r arian ism ▁and ▁aut archy ▁as ▁part ▁of ▁his ▁economic ▁" b att les " ▁for ▁Land , ▁the ▁L ira ▁and ▁Gr ain . ▁As ▁Prime ▁Minister , ▁M uss ol ini ▁physically ▁participated ▁with ▁the ▁workers ▁in ▁doing ▁the ▁work ; ▁the ▁" polit ics ▁as ▁theatre " ▁legacy ▁of ▁Gab ri ele ▁D ' ▁Ann un z io ▁yield ed ▁great ▁propaganda ▁images ▁of ▁Il ▁Du ce ▁as ▁ ▁" Man ▁of ▁the ▁People ". ▁ ▁A ▁year ▁after ▁the ▁creation ▁of ▁the ▁I RI , ▁M uss ol ini ▁bo asted ▁to ▁his ▁Chamber ▁of ▁Dep ut ies : ▁" Three - four th s ▁of ▁the ▁Italian ▁economy , ▁industrial ▁and ▁agricultural , ▁is ▁in ▁the ▁hands ▁of ▁the ▁state ". C arl ▁Sch midt , ▁The ▁Corpor ate ▁State ▁in ▁Action , ▁London : ▁Victor ▁G oll anc z ▁Ltd ., ▁ 1 9 3 9 , ▁pp . ▁ 1 5 3 – 7 6 ▁As ▁Italy ▁continued ▁to ▁national ize ▁its ▁economy , ▁the ▁I RI ▁" bec ame ▁the ▁owner ▁not ▁only ▁of ▁the ▁three ▁most ▁important ▁Italian ▁banks , ▁which ▁were ▁clearly ▁too ▁big ▁to ▁fail , ▁but ▁also ▁of ▁the ▁lion ' s ▁share ▁of ▁the ▁Italian ▁industries ". ▁During ▁this ▁period , ▁M uss ol ini ▁identified ▁his ▁economic ▁policies ▁with ▁" state ▁capitalism " ▁and ▁" state ▁social ism ", ▁which ▁later ▁was ▁described ▁as ▁" econom ic ▁dirig
isme ", ▁an ▁economic ▁system ▁where ▁the ▁state ▁has ▁the ▁power ▁to ▁direct ▁economic ▁production ▁and ▁allocation ▁of ▁resources . ▁By ▁ 1 9 3 9 , ▁F asc ist ▁Italy ▁att ained ▁the ▁highest ▁rate ▁of ▁state – own ership ▁of ▁an ▁economy ▁in ▁the ▁world ▁other ▁than ▁the ▁Soviet ▁Union , ▁where ▁the ▁Italian ▁state ▁" cont rolled ▁over ▁four - fif th s ▁of ▁Italy ' s ▁shipping ▁and ▁ship building , ▁three - quarters ▁of ▁its ▁pig ▁iron ▁production ▁and ▁almost ▁half ▁that ▁of ▁steel ". ▁▁ ▁Rel ations ▁with ▁the ▁Catholic ▁Church ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁ 1 9 th ▁century , ▁the ▁forces ▁of ▁Ris org imento ▁( 1 8 1 5 – 1 8 7 1 ) ▁had ▁conqu ered ▁Rome ▁and ▁taken ▁control ▁of ▁it ▁away ▁from ▁the ▁Pap acy , ▁which ▁saw ▁itself ▁hence for th ▁as ▁a ▁prisoner ▁in ▁the ▁V atic an . ▁In ▁February ▁ 1 9 2 9 , ▁as ▁Italian ▁Head ▁of ▁Government , ▁M uss ol ini ▁concluded ▁the ▁un resolved ▁Church – State ▁conflict ▁of ▁the ▁Roman ▁Question ▁( La ▁Quest ione ▁rom ana ) ▁with ▁the ▁Later an ▁Treat y ▁between ▁the ▁Kingdom ▁of ▁Italy ▁and ▁the ▁Holy ▁See , ▁establishing ▁the ▁V atic an ▁City ▁micro state ▁in ▁Rome . ▁Upon ▁rat ification ▁of ▁the ▁Later an ▁Treat y , ▁the ▁pap acy ▁recognized ▁the ▁state ▁of ▁Italy ▁in ▁exchange ▁for ▁diplom atic ▁recognition ▁of ▁the ▁V atic an ▁City , ▁territor ial ▁compens ations ,
▁introduction ▁of ▁religious ▁education ▁into ▁all ▁state ▁funded ▁schools ▁in ▁Italy Ch ambers ▁Dictionary ▁of ▁World ▁History ▁( 2 0 0 0 ), ▁pp . ▁ 4 6 4 – 6 5 . ▁and ▁ 5 0 ▁million ▁pounds ▁ster ling ▁that ▁were ▁shifted ▁from ▁Italian ▁bank ▁shares ▁into ▁a ▁Swiss ▁company ▁Prof ima ▁SA . ▁British ▁w art ime ▁records ▁from ▁the ▁National ▁Archives ▁in ▁K ew ▁also ▁confirmed ▁Prof ima ▁SA ▁as ▁the ▁V atic an ' s ▁company ▁which ▁was ▁accused ▁during ▁W W ▁II ▁of ▁engaging ▁in ▁" activ ities ▁contrary ▁to ▁All ied ▁interests ". ▁Cambridge ▁historian ▁John ▁F . ▁Poll ard ▁wrote ▁in ▁his ▁book ▁that ▁this ▁financial ▁settlement ▁ens ured ▁the ▁" p ap acy ▁[...] ▁would ▁never ▁be ▁poor ▁again ". How ▁the ▁V atic an ▁built ▁a ▁secret ▁property ▁empire ▁using ▁M uss ol ini ' s ▁millions ▁. ▁Pap acy ▁used ▁off shore ▁tax ▁hav ens ▁to ▁create ▁£ 5 0 0 m ▁international ▁portfolio , ▁featuring ▁real ▁estate ▁in ▁UK , ▁France ▁and ▁Switzerland . ▁The ▁Guard ian , ▁ 2 1 ▁January ▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁ ▁Not ▁long ▁after ▁the ▁Later an ▁Treat y ▁was ▁signed , ▁M uss ol ini ▁was ▁almost ▁" ex commun icated " ▁over ▁his ▁" in tract able " ▁determination ▁to ▁prevent ▁the ▁V atic an ▁from ▁having ▁control ▁over ▁education . ▁In ▁reply , ▁the ▁Pope ▁protest ed ▁M uss ol ini ' s ▁" p agan ▁worship ▁of ▁the ▁state "
▁and ▁the ▁im position ▁of ▁an ▁" ex clusive ▁o ath ▁of ▁ob ed ience " ▁that ▁oblig ated ▁everyone ▁to ▁up hold ▁fasc ism . ▁Once ▁decl aring ▁in ▁his ▁youth ▁that ▁" rel ig ion ▁is ▁a ▁species ▁of ▁mental ▁disease ", ▁M uss ol ini ▁" w anted ▁the ▁appearance ▁of ▁being ▁greatly ▁fav oured ▁by ▁the ▁Pope " ▁while ▁simultaneously ▁" sub ord inate ▁to ▁no ▁one ". ▁M uss ol ini ' s ▁wid ow ▁att ested ▁in ▁her ▁ 1 9 7 4 ▁book ▁that ▁her ▁husband ▁was ▁" bas ically ▁ir rel igious ▁until ▁the ▁later ▁years ▁of ▁his ▁life ". ▁▁ ▁In flu ence ▁outside ▁Italy ▁ ▁The ▁F asc ist ▁government ▁model ▁was ▁very ▁influential ▁beyond ▁Italy . ▁In ▁the ▁twenty - one - year ▁inter bell um ▁period , ▁many ▁political ▁scientists ▁and ▁philosoph ers ▁sought ▁ide ological ▁inspiration ▁from ▁Italy . ▁M uss ol ini ' s ▁establishment ▁of ▁law ▁and ▁order ▁to ▁Italy ▁and ▁its ▁society ▁was ▁praised ▁by ▁W inst on ▁Churchill , ▁Sig mund ▁Freud , ▁George ▁Bernard ▁Shaw ▁and ▁Thomas ▁E dis on ▁as ▁the ▁F asc ist ▁government ▁comb ated ▁organ ised ▁crime ▁and ▁the ▁M af ia ▁with ▁violence ▁and ▁vend etta ▁( hon our ). ▁ ▁Italian ▁F asc ism ▁was ▁copied ▁by ▁Ad olf ▁Hitler ' s ▁Nazi ▁Party , ▁the ▁Russian ▁F asc ist ▁Organization , ▁the ▁Roman ian ▁National ▁F asc ist ▁Movement ▁( the ▁National ▁Roman ian ▁F asc ia ,
▁National ▁Ital o - R oman ian ▁Cultural ▁and ▁Economic ▁Movement ) ▁and ▁the ▁Dutch ▁fasc ists ▁were ▁based ▁upon ▁the ▁Ver b ond ▁van ▁Act ual isten ▁journal ▁of ▁H . ▁A . ▁S incl air ▁de ▁Roc hem ont ▁and ▁Alfred ▁Ha ight on . ▁The ▁Sam mar inese ▁F asc ist ▁Party ▁established ▁an ▁early ▁F asc ist ▁government ▁in ▁San ▁Mar ino ▁and ▁their ▁polit ico - ph il osoph ic ▁basis ▁essentially ▁was ▁Italian ▁F asc ism . ▁In ▁the ▁Kingdom ▁of ▁Y ug oslav ia , ▁Milan ▁Sto j ad in ović ▁established ▁his ▁Y ug oslav ▁Rad ical ▁Union . ▁They ▁wore ▁green ▁sh irts ▁and ▁Š aj ka č a ▁caps ▁and ▁used ▁the ▁Roman ▁sal ute . ▁Sto j ad in ović ▁also ▁adopted ▁the ▁title ▁of ▁V od ja . ▁In ▁Switzerland , ▁pro - N azi ▁Colonel ▁Arthur ▁F on j all az ▁of ▁the ▁National ▁Front ▁became ▁an ▁ar d ent ▁M uss ol ini ▁adm ir er ▁after ▁visiting ▁Italy ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 2 ▁and ▁advoc ated ▁the ▁Italian ▁an nex ation ▁of ▁Switzerland ▁whilst ▁receiving ▁F asc ist ▁foreign ▁aid . ▁The ▁country ▁was ▁host ▁for ▁two ▁Italian ▁polit ico - c ultural ▁activities : ▁the ▁International ▁Centre ▁for ▁F asc ist ▁Studies ▁( C INE F ▁— ▁Centre ▁International ▁d ' ▁Ét udes ▁F asc istes ) ▁and ▁the ▁ 1 9 3 4 ▁congress ▁of ▁the ▁Action ▁Committee ▁for ▁the ▁Univers ality ▁of ▁Rome ▁(
CA UR ▁— ▁Com it ato ▁d ' ▁Az ione ▁della ▁Univers ità ▁de ▁Roma ). ▁In ▁Spain , ▁the ▁writer ▁Ern esto ▁G im é nez ▁Cab all ero ▁in ▁Gen io ▁de ▁España ▁( The ▁Gen ius ▁of ▁Spain , ▁ 1 9 3 2 ) ▁called ▁for ▁the ▁Italian ▁an nex ation ▁of ▁Spain , ▁led ▁by ▁M uss ol ini ▁pres iding ▁an ▁international ▁Latin ▁Roman ▁Catholic ▁empire . ▁He ▁then ▁progress ed ▁to ▁close ▁associated ▁with ▁Fal ang ism , ▁leading ▁to ▁disc arding ▁the ▁Spanish ▁an nex ation ▁to ▁Italy . ▁▁ ▁Italian ▁F asc ist ▁intellect uals ▁▁ ▁Ben ito ▁M uss ol ini ▁ ▁Mass imo ▁B ont emp elli ▁ ▁Gi useppe ▁Bot ta i ▁ ▁En rico ▁Cor rad ini ▁ ▁Carlo ▁Cost am agna ▁ ▁Jul ius ▁E vol a ▁ ▁En rico ▁Fer ri ▁ ▁Giovanni ▁Gent ile ▁ ▁Cor r ado ▁G ini ▁ ▁Ag ost ino ▁L anz illo ▁ ▁Cur z io ▁Mal ap arte ▁ ▁Filip po ▁Tom mas o ▁Mar in etti ▁ ▁Robert ▁Michel s ▁ ▁Ang elo ▁Ol iv iero ▁Ol iv etti ▁ ▁Ser gio ▁Pan un z io ▁ ▁Giovanni ▁Pap ini ▁ ▁Gi useppe ▁Pre zz ol ini ▁ ▁Alfred o ▁Roc co ▁ ▁Ed mond o ▁Ros son i ▁ ▁Mar gh er ita ▁Sar f atti ▁ ▁Ar d eng o ▁So ff ici ▁ ▁U go ▁Sp ir ito ▁ ▁Gi useppe ▁U ng are tti ▁ ▁G
io ac ch ino ▁Vol pe ▁▁ ▁Italian ▁F asc ist ▁sl og ans ▁▁▁ ▁Me ▁ne ▁f reg o ▁(" I ▁don ' t ▁give ▁a ▁damn !" ), ▁the ▁Italian ▁F asc ist ▁mot to . ▁ ▁Lib ro ▁e ▁mos chet to , ▁fasc ista ▁perf etto ▁(" Book ▁and ▁mus ket , ▁perfect ▁F asc ist "). ▁ ▁Tut to ▁n ello ▁St ato , ▁n iente ▁al ▁di ▁fu ori ▁dello ▁St ato , ▁null a ▁contro ▁lo ▁St ato ▁(" Every thing ▁in ▁the ▁State , ▁nothing ▁outside ▁the ▁State , ▁nothing ▁against ▁the ▁State "). ▁ ▁C red ere , ▁ob bed ire , ▁comb atter e ▁(" Bel ieve , ▁O bey , ▁Fight "). ▁▁ ▁Chi ▁si ▁fer ma ▁è ▁perd uto ▁(" He ▁who ▁hes it ates ▁is ▁lost "). ▁ ▁Se ▁av an zo , ▁segu item i ; ▁se ▁ind iet reg gio , ▁u cc id et emi ; ▁se ▁mu o io , ▁vend ic at emi ▁(" If ▁I ▁advance , ▁follow ▁me . ▁If ▁I ▁retreat , ▁kill ▁me . ▁If ▁I ▁die , ▁av enge ▁me "). ▁B orrow ed ▁from ▁French ▁Royal ist ▁General ▁Henri ▁de ▁la ▁Roche ja que le in . ▁ ▁V iva ▁il ▁Du ce ▁(" Long ▁live ▁the ▁Leader "). ▁ ▁La ▁guerra ▁è ▁per ▁l ' u omo ▁come ▁la ▁m atern ità ▁è ▁per ▁la ▁don na ▁(" War ▁is ▁to ▁man ▁as ▁mother hood ▁is ▁to ▁woman
"). ▁ ▁Bo ia ▁chi ▁m oll a ▁(" Who ▁gives ▁up ▁is ▁a ▁ro gue "); ▁the ▁first ▁meaning ▁of ▁" bo ia " ▁is ▁" execut ion er , ▁hang man ", ▁but ▁in ▁this ▁context ▁it ▁means ▁" sc ound rel , ▁ro gue , ▁vill ain , ▁black guard , ▁kn ave , ▁low life " ▁and ▁it ▁can ▁also ▁be ▁used ▁as ▁an ▁excl am ation ▁of ▁strong ▁irrit ation ▁or ▁disappointment ▁or ▁as ▁a ▁pe jor atively ▁super l ative ▁ad ject ive ▁( e . g . ▁tempo ▁bo ia , ▁" aw ful ▁weather "). ▁ ▁Mol ti ▁nem ici , ▁molto ▁on ore ▁(" Many ▁enemies , ▁much ▁Honor "). ▁ ▁È ▁l ' ar atro ▁che ▁tr acc ia ▁il ▁sol co , ▁ma ▁è ▁la ▁sp ada ▁che ▁lo ▁dif ende ▁(" The ▁pl ough ▁cuts ▁the ▁fur row , ▁but ▁the ▁sword ▁def ends ▁it "). ▁ ▁D ux ▁me a ▁lux ▁(" The ▁Leader ▁is ▁my ▁light "), ▁Latin ▁phrase . ▁ ▁Du ce , ▁a ▁no i ▁(" D uce , ▁to ▁us "). ▁ ▁M uss ol ini ▁ha ▁sempre ▁rag ione ▁(" M uss ol ini ▁is ▁always ▁right "). ▁ ▁V inc ere , ▁e ▁v inc er em o ▁(" To ▁win , ▁and ▁we ▁shall ▁win !" ). ▁▁ ▁See ▁also ▁▁ ▁Def initions ▁of ▁fasc ism ▁ ▁Econom y ▁of ▁Italy ▁under ▁fasc ism ▁ ▁F asc ism ▁ ▁F asc ist ▁synd
ical ism ▁ ▁Italian ▁fasc ist ▁states ▁ ▁Kingdom ▁of ▁Italy ▁( 1 9 2 2 – 1 9 4 3 ; ▁as ▁a ▁fasc ist ▁state ) ▁ ▁Italian ▁Social ▁Republic ▁( 1 9 4 3 – 1 9 4 5 ) ▁ ▁Model ▁of ▁mascul inity ▁under ▁fasc ist ▁Italy ▁ ▁National ▁F asc ist ▁Party ▁ ▁Prop ag anda ▁of ▁F asc ist ▁Italy ▁ ▁Sic il ian ▁m af ia ▁during ▁the ▁fasc ism ▁ ▁Squad r ismo ▁ ▁F asc ist ▁architecture ▁▁ ▁Re ferences ▁▁▁ ▁S ources ▁▁ ▁" L abor ▁Ch arter " ▁( 1 9 2 7 – 1 9 3 4 ). ▁ ▁M uss ol ini , ▁Ben ito . ▁Do ctrine ▁of ▁F asc ism ▁which ▁was ▁published ▁as ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁entry ▁for ▁fasc ismo ▁in ▁the ▁Enc icl op edia ▁Ital iana ▁ 1 9 3 2 . ▁ ▁S ore l , ▁Georges . ▁Ref lections ▁on ▁Vi olence . ▁▁ ▁Further ▁reading ▁▁ ▁General ▁▁ ▁De ▁Fel ice , ▁Ren zo ▁Inter pret ations ▁of ▁F asc ism , ▁translated ▁by ▁Brend a ▁H uff ▁Ever ett , ▁Cambridge ; ▁London : ▁Harvard ▁University ▁Press , ▁ 1 9 7 7 ▁. ▁ ▁E at well , ▁Roger . ▁ 1 9 9 6 . ▁F asc ism : ▁A ▁History . ▁New ▁York : ▁Allen ▁Lane . ▁ ▁Hughes , ▁H . ▁Stuart . ▁ 1 9 5 3 . ▁The ▁United ▁States ▁and ▁Italy . ▁Cambridge
, ▁MA : ▁Harvard ▁University ▁Press . ▁ ▁M ises , ▁Ludwig ▁von . ▁ 1 9 4 4 . ▁O mn ip ot ent ▁Government : ▁The ▁R ise ▁of ▁the ▁Total ▁State ▁and ▁Total ▁War . ▁Gro ve ▁City : ▁Liber t arian ▁Press . ▁ ▁Pa xt on , ▁Robert ▁O . ▁ 2 0 0 4 . ▁The ▁An at omy ▁of ▁F asc ism . ▁New ▁York : ▁Alfred ▁A . ▁Kn opf , ▁. ▁ ▁Pay ne , ▁Stanley ▁G . ▁ 1 9 9 5 . ▁A ▁History ▁of ▁F asc ism , ▁ 1 9 1 4 – 4 5 . ▁Madison , ▁W isc .: ▁University ▁of ▁Wisconsin ▁Press ▁. ▁ ▁Reich , ▁Wilhelm . ▁ 1 9 7 0 . ▁The ▁Mass ▁Psych ology ▁of ▁F asc ism . ▁New ▁York : ▁F arr ar , ▁Str aus ▁& ▁Gir oux . ▁ ▁Sel des , ▁George . ▁ 1 9 3 5 . ▁Saw d ust ▁Ca esar : ▁The ▁U nt old ▁History ▁of ▁M uss ol ini ▁and ▁F asc ism . ▁New ▁York ▁and ▁London : ▁Harper ▁and ▁Brothers . ▁ ▁Alfred ▁Sohn - Ret hel ▁Econom y ▁and ▁Class ▁Str ucture ▁of ▁German ▁F asc ism , ▁London , ▁C SE ▁B ks , ▁ 1 9 7 8 ▁. ▁ ▁Ad ler , ▁Frank , ▁and ▁Dan ilo ▁B res chi , ▁ed s ., ▁Special ▁Issue ▁on ▁Italian ▁F asc ism , ▁TE LO S ▁
1 3 3 ▁( W inter ▁ 2 0 0 5 ). ▁▁▁▁ ▁F asc ist ▁ide ology ▁▁ ▁De ▁Fel ice , ▁Ren zo ▁F asc ism : ▁An ▁In form al ▁Introduction ▁to ▁Its ▁Theory ▁and ▁Practice : ▁An ▁Inter view ▁with ▁Michael ▁L ede en , ▁New ▁Brun sw ick , ▁N . J . ▁: ▁Transaction ▁Books , ▁ 1 9 7 6 ▁. ▁ ▁F ritz sche , ▁Peter . ▁ 1 9 9 0 . ▁Re he ars als ▁for ▁F asc ism : ▁Pop ul ism ▁and ▁Political ▁M obil ization ▁in ▁We im ar ▁Germany . ▁New ▁York : ▁Oxford ▁University ▁Press . ▁. ▁ ▁Greg or , ▁A . ▁James ▁" M uss ol ini ' s ▁Intel lect uals : ▁F asc ist ▁Social ▁and ▁Political ▁Thought ". ▁Pr inceton , ▁N . ▁J .: ▁Pr inceton ▁University ▁Press , ▁ 2 0 0 5 . ▁. ▁ ▁Griff in , ▁Roger . ▁ 2 0 0 0 . ▁" Rev olution ▁from ▁the ▁Right : ▁F asc ism ," ▁chapter ▁in ▁David ▁Parker ▁( ed .) ▁Rev olutions ▁and ▁the ▁Revolution ary ▁Trad ition ▁in ▁the ▁West ▁ 1 5 6 0 – 1 9 9 1 , ▁R out ledge , ▁London . ▁ ▁La que ur , ▁Walter . ▁ 1 9 6 6 . ▁F asc ism : ▁Past , ▁Present , ▁Future , ▁New ▁York : ▁Oxford : ▁Oxford ▁University ▁Press , ▁ 1 9 9 7 .
▁ ▁Sch api ro , ▁J . ▁Sal w yn . ▁ 1 9 4 9 . ▁Liberal ism ▁and ▁The ▁Challenge ▁of ▁F asc ism , ▁Social ▁Forces ▁in ▁England ▁and ▁France ▁( 1 8 1 5 – 1 8 7 0 ). ▁New ▁York : ▁McG raw - H ill . ▁ ▁L acl au , ▁Ern esto . ▁ 1 9 7 7 . ▁Politics ▁and ▁Ide ology ▁in ▁Marx ist ▁Theory : ▁Capital ism , ▁F asc ism , ▁Pop ul ism . ▁London : ▁NL B / At l antic ▁High lands ▁Human ities ▁Press . ▁ ▁S tern hell , ▁Ze ev ▁with ▁Mario ▁S zn aj der ▁and ▁Ma ia ▁As her i . ▁[ 1 9 8 9 ] ▁ 1 9 9 4 . ▁The ▁Birth ▁of ▁F asc ist ▁Ide ology , ▁From ▁Cultural ▁Reb ell ion ▁to ▁Political ▁Revolution ., ▁Trans . ▁David ▁M aise i . ▁Pr inceton , ▁N J : ▁Pr inceton ▁University ▁Press . ▁▁ ▁International ▁fasc ism ▁▁ ▁Co ogan , ▁Kevin . ▁ 1 9 9 9 . ▁Dream er ▁of ▁the ▁Day : ▁Francis ▁Parker ▁Y ockey ▁and ▁the ▁Post war ▁F asc ist ▁International . ▁Brooklyn , ▁N . Y .: ▁Aut onom edia . ▁ ▁Greg or , ▁A . ▁James . ▁ 2 0 0 6 . ▁" The ▁Search ▁for ▁Ne of asc ism : ▁The ▁Use ▁and ▁Ab use ▁of ▁Social ▁Science ". ▁New ▁York : ▁Cambridge ▁University ▁Press .
▁ ▁Griff in , ▁Roger . ▁ 1 9 9 1 . ▁The ▁Nature ▁of ▁F asc ism . ▁New ▁York : ▁St . ▁Martin ' s ▁Press . ▁ ▁Pa xt on , ▁Robert ▁O . ▁ 2 0 0 4 . ▁The ▁An at omy ▁of ▁F asc ism . ▁New ▁York : ▁Alfred ▁A . ▁Kn opf . ▁ ▁We ber , ▁Eug en . ▁[ 1 9 6 4 ] ▁ 1 9 8 5 . ▁Var ieties ▁of ▁F asc ism : ▁Do ctr ines ▁of ▁Revolution ▁in ▁the ▁Tw entieth ▁Century , ▁New ▁York : ▁Van ▁N ost rand ▁Rein hold ▁Company , ▁contains ▁chapters ▁on ▁fasc ist ▁movements ▁in ▁different ▁countries . ▁ ▁Wallace , ▁Henry . ▁" The ▁D angers ▁of ▁American ▁F asc ism ". ▁The ▁New ▁York ▁Times ' ', ▁Sunday , ▁ 9 ▁April ▁ 1 9 4 4 . ▁ ▁Tro ts ky , ▁Leon . ▁ 1 9 4 4 ▁" F asc ism , ▁What ▁it ▁is ▁and ▁how ▁to ▁fight ▁it " ▁P ione er ▁Publish ers ▁( p am ph let ). ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁▁▁ ▁" F asc ist ▁Italy ▁and ▁the ▁Jews : ▁My th ▁versus ▁Re ality ", ▁an ▁online ▁lecture ▁by ▁Dr . ▁I ael ▁N id am - Or v iet o ▁of ▁Y ad ▁Vas hem . ▁ ▁" F asc ism ▁Part ▁I ▁– ▁Under standing ▁F asc ism ▁and ▁Anti - S emit ism ". ▁ ▁" The
▁Fun ctions ▁of ▁F asc ism ", ▁a ▁radio ▁lecture ▁by ▁Michael ▁Parent i . ▁ ▁" The ▁Political ▁and ▁Social ▁Do ctrine ▁of ▁F asc ism " ▁( 1 9 3 3 ), ▁authorized ▁translation . ▁ ▁" It al ian ▁F asc ism ". ▁▁▁ ▁Category : F asc ism ▁Category : Pol it ics ▁of ▁Italy ▁Category : Pol it ical ▁movements <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Health ▁Haz ard ▁Eval uation ▁( H HE ) ▁program ▁is ▁a ▁workplace ▁health ▁program ▁administer ed ▁by ▁the ▁National ▁Institute ▁for ▁Occ up ational ▁Safety ▁and ▁Health ▁( NI OS H ). ▁N I OS H ▁developed ▁the ▁H HE ▁program ▁to ▁comply ▁with ▁a ▁mand ate ▁in ▁the ▁Occ up ational ▁Safety ▁and ▁Health ▁Act ▁of ▁ 1 9 7 0 ▁to ▁investigate ▁workplace ▁health ▁haz ards ▁reported ▁by ▁employers ▁and ▁employees . ▁According ▁to ▁Section ▁ 2 0 ( a )( 6 ) ▁of ▁the ▁Act , ▁the ▁Secretary ▁of ▁Health ▁and ▁Human ▁Services ▁is ▁authorized ▁" follow ing ▁a ▁written ▁request ▁by ▁any ▁employer ▁or ▁authorized ▁representative ▁of ▁employees , ▁to ▁determine ▁whether ▁any ▁substance ▁normally ▁found ▁in ▁the ▁place ▁of ▁employment ▁has ▁potentially ▁toxic ▁effects ▁in ▁such ▁concentr ations ▁as ▁used ▁or ▁found ." ▁▁ ▁Em ploy ees , ▁employers , ▁and ▁labor ▁un ions ▁can ▁request ▁assistance ▁from ▁the ▁H HE ▁program ▁at ▁no ▁cost ▁to ▁them . ▁The ▁H HE ▁program ▁respon ds ▁to ▁requests ▁through ▁a ▁variety ▁of ▁methods , ▁including ▁telephone ▁consult ations ▁and ▁field ▁investig
ations . ▁For ▁field ▁investig ations , ▁N I OS H ▁provides ▁a ▁report ▁detail ing ▁the ▁haz ards ▁found ▁and ▁out lin ing ▁rem ed iation ▁recommendations . ▁N I OS H ▁does ▁not ▁have ▁the ▁authority ▁to ▁force ▁the ▁employer ▁to ▁comply ▁with ▁these ▁recommendations . ▁The ▁report ▁is ▁given ▁to ▁the ▁request or , ▁the ▁employer , ▁employee ▁representatives , ▁O SHA , ▁and ▁other ▁appropriate ▁agencies ; ▁most ▁reports ▁are ▁posted ▁on ▁the ▁N I OS H ▁website . ▁ ▁Requ ests ▁N I OS H ▁recomm ends ▁request ing ▁an ▁H HE ▁if ▁employees ▁are ▁sick ▁and ▁the ▁cause ▁is ▁unknown ▁or ▁the ▁number ▁of ▁illness es ▁or ▁injuries ▁is ▁higher ▁than ▁expected ▁in ▁a ▁group ▁of ▁employees . ▁Requ ests ▁should ▁also ▁be ▁made ▁when ▁employees ▁are ▁exposed ▁to ▁a ▁new ▁haz ard ▁or ▁a ▁haz ard ▁un reg ulated ▁by ▁O SHA ▁or ▁when ▁employees ▁are ▁experiencing ▁ill ▁health ▁when ▁their ▁exposure ▁to ▁an ▁agent ▁is ▁below ▁the ▁occup ational ▁exposure ▁limits . ▁If ▁multiple ▁haz ard ous ▁agents ▁or ▁conditions ▁are ▁present ▁in ▁the ▁workplace , ▁an ▁H HE ▁request ▁can ▁be ▁beneficial . ▁Common ▁haz ards ▁evaluated ▁include ▁chemicals , ▁particul ates , ▁noise , ▁radiation , ▁biological ▁agents , ▁er g onom ics , ▁heat ▁stress , ▁and ▁occup ational ▁stress . ▁ ▁An ▁H HE ▁can ▁be ▁requested ▁by ▁current ▁employee ( s ) ▁of ▁the ▁workplace , ▁a ▁management ▁official ▁on ▁behalf ▁of ▁the ▁employer , ▁or ▁a ▁labor ▁union ▁representing
▁employees ▁at ▁the ▁workplace . ▁For ▁work pl aces ▁with ▁more ▁than ▁three ▁employees , ▁an ▁employee ▁request ▁must ▁be ▁supported ▁by ▁the ▁sign atures ▁of ▁three ▁employees . ▁If ▁the ▁workplace ▁has ▁three ▁or ▁fewer ▁employees , ▁only ▁one ▁employee ▁signature ▁is ▁required . ▁ ▁The ▁Occ up ational ▁Safety ▁and ▁Health ▁Act ▁gives ▁N I OS H ▁the ▁authority ▁to ▁conduct ▁H HE s ▁in ▁the ▁private ▁sector ▁and ▁federal ▁work pl aces . ▁When ▁the ▁workplace ▁is ▁part ▁of ▁a ▁state ▁or ▁local ▁government , ▁N I OS H ▁authority ▁is ▁more ▁limited ▁and ▁the ▁employer ' s ▁cooperation ▁may ▁be ▁necessary ▁before ▁N I OS H ▁can ▁do ▁an ▁evaluation . ▁ ▁H HE ▁process ▁ ▁N I OS H ▁typically ▁initially ▁contacts ▁the ▁request or ▁within ▁ 3 0 ▁days ▁to ▁discuss ▁the ▁request . ▁How ▁the ▁request ▁is ▁addressed ▁largely ▁depends ▁on ▁the ▁nature ▁of ▁the ▁request . ▁In ▁most ▁cases , ▁N I OS H ▁respon ds ▁with ▁a ▁telephone ▁consultation ▁to ▁discuss ▁the ▁problems ▁and ▁how ▁to ▁correct ▁them . ▁For ▁other ▁requests , ▁N I OS H ▁visits ▁the ▁workplace ▁to ▁learn ▁more ▁about ▁the ▁health ▁haz ards ▁present . ▁In ▁a ▁small ▁number ▁of ▁cases , ▁N I OS H ▁refers ▁the ▁request ▁to ▁a ▁more ▁appropriate ▁agency . ▁ ▁On - site ▁workplace ▁evalu ations ▁are ▁coord inated ▁with ▁the ▁employer ; ▁N I OS H ▁does ▁not ▁usually ▁make ▁un ann ounced ▁visits . ▁At ▁the ▁conclusion ▁of ▁an ▁initial ▁site
▁visit , ▁N I OS H ▁reports ▁its ▁pre liminary ▁findings ▁verb ally ▁to ▁the ▁employer , ▁employees , ▁and ▁employee ▁representatives ▁( such ▁as ▁labor ▁un ions ). ▁At ▁this ▁point ▁in ▁the ▁evaluation , ▁the ▁results ▁are ▁mostly ▁in complete , ▁and ▁in ▁some ▁cases , ▁more ▁visits ▁are ▁necessary . ▁Em ploy ees ▁who ▁participate ▁in ▁exposure ▁or ▁health ▁testing ▁will ▁receive ▁their ▁personal ▁tests ▁results ▁if ▁they ▁choose ▁so . ▁After ▁results ▁are ▁completely ▁analyzed , ▁N I OS H ▁comp iles ▁a ▁final ▁report . ▁The ▁report ▁contains ▁the ▁official ▁findings ▁of ▁the ▁evaluation ▁and ▁recommendations ▁on ▁how ▁to ▁address ▁health ▁haz ards ▁found ▁or ▁to ▁improve ▁programs ▁for ▁protecting ▁employee ▁health . ▁This ▁report ▁is ▁sent ▁to ▁the ▁employer , ▁the ▁employee ▁representative , ▁O SHA , ▁and ▁other ▁agencies . ▁The ▁employer ▁must ▁post ▁this ▁report ▁in ▁the ▁workplace ▁where ▁all ▁employees ▁can ▁view ▁it . ▁ ▁Em ployee ▁protection ▁Federal ▁laws ▁and ▁regulations ▁provide ▁some ▁protection ▁against ▁possible ▁discrim in atory ▁actions ▁in ▁the ▁workplace ▁for ▁employees ▁who ▁request ▁an ▁H HE ▁or ▁participate ▁in ▁an ▁evaluation . ▁If ▁an ▁employee ▁requests ▁it , ▁N I OS H ▁will ▁not ▁dis close ▁their ▁name ▁to ▁the ▁employer . ▁Additionally , ▁the ▁Occ up ational ▁Safety ▁and ▁Health ▁Act ▁and ▁the ▁Federal ▁Mine ▁Safety ▁and ▁Health ▁Act ▁prohib it ▁employers ▁from ▁pun ishing ▁employees ▁for ▁reporting ▁a ▁health ▁haz ard ▁or ▁participating ▁in ▁N I OS H ▁investig ations . ▁ ▁Com pleted ▁reports ▁N I
OS H ▁has ▁completed ▁over ▁ 3 , 0 0 0 ▁H HE ▁reports ▁detail ing ▁on - site ▁workplace ▁evalu ations ▁in ▁all ▁ 5 0 ▁states . ▁The ▁reports ▁are ▁available ▁from ▁the ▁N I OS H ▁website ▁or ▁by ▁contact ing ▁the ▁H HE ▁program . ▁H HE ▁reports ▁can ▁be ▁searched ▁online . ▁ ▁H HE ▁program ▁impact ▁ ▁The ▁H HE ▁Program ▁conduct s ▁“ follow back ▁activities ” ▁to ▁learn ▁if ▁evaluated ▁work pl aces ▁found ▁the ▁H HE ▁useful , ▁whether ▁employers ▁implemented ▁recommendations , ▁and ▁to ▁determine ▁if ▁work pl aces ▁need ▁additional ▁help . ▁Follow back ▁activities ▁can ▁include ▁surveys , ▁conference ▁calls , ▁and ▁return ▁visits . ▁Follow back ▁data ▁shows ▁the ▁majority ▁of ▁respond ents ▁have ▁implemented ▁the ▁H HE ▁program ’ s ▁recommendations , ▁think ▁the ▁evaluation ▁improved ▁the ▁health ▁and ▁safety ▁of ▁the ▁workplace , ▁and ▁would ▁request ▁an ▁H HE ▁again . ▁ ▁Compar ison ▁to ▁O SHA ▁ins pe ctions ▁and ▁the ▁O SHA ▁consultation ▁program ▁ ▁Although ▁O SHA ▁inspect ors ▁and ▁H HE ▁program ▁staff ▁have ▁legal ▁authority ▁to ▁enter ▁work pl aces , ▁there ▁are ▁important ▁differences ▁between ▁the ▁programs . ▁O SHA ▁is ▁a ▁regulatory ▁agency . ▁O SHA ▁ins pe ctions ▁focus ▁on ▁known ▁and ▁reg ulated ▁haz ards , ▁and ▁inspect ors ▁can ▁issue ▁cit ations ▁and ▁fin es ▁for ▁non com pl iance ▁with ▁safety ▁and ▁health ▁regulations . ▁N I OS H ▁is ▁a ▁research ▁agency . ▁Its ▁evalu ations
▁cover ▁known ▁or ▁un recogn ized ▁haz ards . ▁The ▁H HE ▁program ▁does ▁not ▁issue ▁fin es ▁or ▁cit ations . ▁ ▁The ▁O SHA ▁on - site ▁consultation ▁program ▁shares ▁some ▁features ▁with ▁the ▁H HE ▁program . ▁Both ▁programs ▁provide ▁services ▁at ▁no ▁cost ▁to ▁the ▁request ors ▁and ▁assess ▁occup ational ▁health ▁and ▁safety ▁issues . ▁Neither ▁program ▁issues ▁cit ations , ▁fin es , ▁or ▁pen alties . ▁However , ▁only ▁small ▁or ▁mid - sized ▁business ▁owners ▁can ▁request ▁an ▁O SHA ▁consultation , ▁and ▁owners ▁are ▁required ▁to ▁correct ▁identified ▁haz ards . ▁In ▁contrast , ▁employers , ▁employees , ▁and ▁un ions ▁from ▁any ▁s ized ▁business ▁can ▁request ▁an ▁H HE , ▁and ▁employers ▁are ▁not ▁required ▁to ▁follow ▁H HE ▁program ▁recommendations . ▁ ▁Emer gency ▁response ▁activities ▁ ▁The ▁H HE ▁Program ▁provides ▁technical ▁assistance ▁during ▁federal ▁emer g encies . ▁Staff ▁are ▁trained ▁to ▁respond ▁to ▁a ▁natural ▁dis asters ▁and ▁biological , ▁chemical , ▁explos ive , ▁and ▁radi ological ▁events . ▁The ▁H HE ▁Program ▁provided ▁protection ▁to ▁emergency ▁response ▁workers ▁in ▁the ▁September ▁ 1 1 ▁attacks , ▁anth ra x ▁attacks , ▁Hur ricane ▁K atr ina , ▁Deep water ▁Hor izon ▁oil ▁sp ill , ▁and ▁the ▁E bol a ▁epid emic . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁Occ up ational ▁hy g iene ▁Occ up ational ▁medicine ▁Occ up ational ▁safety ▁and ▁health ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁ ▁N I OS H ▁Health ▁Haz
ard ▁Eval uation ▁page ▁ ▁Dire ctions ▁for ▁request ing ▁an ▁evaluation ▁ ▁National ▁Institute ▁for ▁Occ up ational ▁Safety ▁and ▁Health ▁ ▁Category : National ▁Institute ▁for ▁Occ up ational ▁Safety ▁and ▁Health <0x0A> </s> ▁T inus ▁p ere gr inus ▁is ▁a ▁species ▁of ▁nur ser y ▁web ▁sp ider ▁in ▁the ▁family ▁P is aur idae . ▁It ▁is ▁found ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁and ▁Mexico . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : P is aur idae ▁Category : Art icles ▁created ▁by ▁Q bug bot ▁Category : Sp iders ▁described ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 4 <0x0A> </s> ▁Bet ty ▁Loren - Mal tes e ▁is ▁the ▁former ▁town ▁president ▁of ▁C ic ero , ▁Illinois . ▁She ▁is ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁Republican ▁Party ▁ ▁and ▁received ▁national ▁attention ▁for ▁her ▁role ▁in ▁an ▁insurance ▁sc am ▁which ▁ro bb ed ▁the ▁town ▁of ▁$ 1 2 ▁million . ▁ ▁Biography ▁Loren - Mal tes e ▁was ▁born ▁in ▁Bat on ▁Rou ge , ▁Louisiana , ▁but ▁she ▁was ▁raised ▁in ▁the ▁Chicago ▁area . ▁After ▁working ▁as ▁a ▁wait ress , ▁real tor , ▁and ▁newspaper ▁publisher , ▁she ▁became ▁active ▁in ▁the ▁politics ▁of ▁C ic ero , ▁a ▁sub urb ▁adjacent ▁to ▁the ▁west ▁side ▁of ▁Chicago . ▁ ▁Her ▁husband , ▁Frank ▁Mal tes e , ▁was ▁the ▁C ic ero ▁town ship ▁assess or ▁and ▁mid - level ▁mob ster ; ▁among ▁other ▁duties , ▁he ▁was ▁the ▁driver ▁for ▁C ic ero
▁town ▁president ▁Henry ▁Kl os ak . ▁Frank ▁Mal tes e ▁was ▁also ▁a ▁book maker ▁for ▁the ▁mob ▁and ▁died ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 1 . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 9 3 , ▁Loren - Mal tes e ▁was ▁appointed ▁president ▁by ▁her ▁husband ▁after ▁Kl os ak ▁died ▁and ▁Frank ▁Mal tes e ▁began ▁to ▁serve ▁time . ▁ ▁Loren - Mal tes e ▁was ▁well ▁liked ▁by ▁many ▁white ▁residents ▁for ▁her ▁attempts ▁at ▁" commun ity ▁improvement ," ▁much ▁of ▁which ▁was ▁aimed ▁at ▁seg reg ating , ▁ev ict ing , ▁and ▁per secut ing ▁Mexican - American ▁citizens . ▁She ▁was ▁particularly ▁well ▁known ▁for ▁her ▁efforts ▁in ▁helping ▁senior ▁citizens ▁with ▁free ▁services , ▁ordering ▁false ▁arrest s ▁of ▁His panic ▁residents , ▁and ▁implementing ▁policies ▁that ▁discrim inated ▁against ▁minor ities . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 2 ▁she ▁was ▁found ▁guilty ▁of ▁helping ▁to ▁steal ▁$ 1 2 ▁million ▁of ▁the ▁city ' s ▁funds ▁in ▁an ▁insurance ▁sc am . ▁She ▁was ▁sent enced ▁to ▁eight ▁years ▁in ▁a ▁federal ▁prison ▁in ▁California , ▁and ▁designated ▁Pr ison er ▁# 1 3 7 0 6 - 4 2 4 . ▁Her ▁term ▁was ▁started ▁two ▁months ▁early , ▁in ▁order ▁to ▁prevent ▁further ▁em be zz ling ▁in ▁the ▁inter im ▁between ▁sent encing ▁and ▁serving ▁the ▁sentence . ▁She ▁was ▁released ▁on ▁February ▁ 2 6 , ▁ 2 0 1 0 . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal
▁links ▁ ▁This ▁American ▁Life : ▁C ic ero ▁ ▁Category : C ic ero , ▁Illinois ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : Pol it icians ▁convicted ▁of ▁rack ete ering ▁Category : Pol it icians ▁convicted ▁of ▁mail ▁and ▁wire ▁fraud ▁Category : Ill inois ▁politicians ▁convicted ▁of ▁crimes ▁Category : American ▁people ▁of ▁L ith uan ian ▁descent ▁Category : Year ▁of ▁birth ▁missing ▁( l iving ▁people ) <0x0A> </s> ▁William ▁Ver beck ▁( Jan uary ▁ 1 8 , ▁ 1 8 6 1 ▁- ▁August ▁ 2 4 , ▁ 1 9 3 0 ) ▁was ▁a ▁Dutch – American ▁educ ator ▁and ▁soldier . ▁ ▁He ▁served ▁as ▁head ▁of ▁the ▁St . ▁John ' s ▁Military ▁Academy ▁in ▁New ▁York . ▁ ▁He ▁also ▁served ▁as ▁Ad j ut ant ▁General ▁of ▁New ▁York , ▁commander ▁of ▁the ▁New ▁York ▁National ▁Guard ▁from ▁June ▁ 1 , ▁ 1 9 1 0 , ▁to ▁January ▁ 1 , ▁ 1 9 1 3 , ▁and ▁was ▁given ▁the ▁rank ▁of ▁Brig ad ier ▁General . ▁ ▁Early ▁life ▁and ▁education ▁ ▁Ver beck ▁was ▁born ▁in ▁Nag as aki , ▁Japan , ▁on ▁January ▁ 1 8 , ▁ 1 8 6 1 , ▁the ▁son ▁of ▁Gu ido ▁Ver beck ▁and ▁Maria ▁Ver beck ▁( née ▁Man ion ). ▁His ▁father ▁worked ▁in ▁Nag as aki ▁as ▁a ▁mission ary ▁and ▁educ ator ▁for ▁the ▁Dutch ▁Re formed ▁Church . ▁He ▁was ▁one ▁of
▁six ▁brothers ▁and ▁three ▁sisters . ▁His ▁brother ▁was ▁the ▁cart oon ist , ▁Gust ave ▁Ver be ek . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 8 7 9 , ▁at ▁the ▁age ▁of ▁ 1 8 , ▁Ver beck ▁em igr ated ▁to ▁the ▁United ▁States . ▁He ▁en rolled ▁in ▁the ▁California ▁Military ▁Academy . ▁He ▁served ▁in ▁the ▁Fifth ▁California ▁Infan try , ▁rising ▁to ▁the ▁rank ▁of ▁major . ▁ ▁Career ▁Following ▁in ▁his ▁father ' s ▁foot steps , ▁Ver beck ▁began ▁teaching ▁at ▁the ▁Saint ▁Matthew ' s ▁Hall , ▁in ▁San ▁M ate o , ▁California , ▁where ▁he ▁taught ▁for ▁two ▁years . ▁He ▁moved ▁to ▁New ▁York ▁state ▁to ▁work ▁ ▁with ▁C . J . ▁Wright ▁at ▁the ▁C ay uga ▁Lake ▁Military ▁Academy ▁and ▁the ▁Pe ek skill ▁Military ▁Academy . ▁He ▁moved ▁to ▁St . ▁John ' s ▁Academy , ▁where ▁he ▁became ▁its ▁president , ▁serving ▁there ▁until ▁he ▁became ▁the ▁Ad j ut ant ▁General ▁of ▁New ▁York . ▁ ▁He ▁served ▁as ▁Ad j ut ant ▁General ▁of ▁New ▁York , ▁commander ▁of ▁the ▁New ▁York ▁National ▁Guard , ▁from ▁June ▁ 1 , ▁ 1 9 1 0 , ▁to ▁January ▁ 1 , ▁ 1 9 1 3 , ▁and ▁was ▁given ▁the ▁rank ▁of ▁Brig ad ier ▁General . ▁ ▁Ver beck ▁led ▁the ▁National ▁Sc outs ▁of ▁America , ▁running ▁summer ▁camps ▁for ▁boys ▁at ▁Camp ▁Mass aw ep ie ▁in ▁conj unction ▁with ▁the ▁Man
li us ▁School . ▁Upon ▁the ▁mer ger ▁of ▁the ▁N SA ▁with ▁the ▁Boy ▁Sc outs ▁of ▁America ▁he ▁briefly ▁served ▁as ▁a ▁National ▁Commission er ▁of ▁the ▁Boy ▁Sc outs ▁of ▁America . ▁ ▁Personal ▁life ▁He ▁married ▁K atherine ▁Jordan ▁on ▁July ▁ 2 8 , ▁ 1 8 8 6 . ▁They ▁had ▁three ▁children : ▁Gu ido ▁Fr id olin , ▁Karl ▁Heinrich ▁W ille m ▁and ▁William ▁Jordan . ▁In ▁ 1 9 2 7 , ▁Ver beck ▁was ▁made ▁a ▁Commander ▁of ▁the ▁Order ▁of ▁the ▁Crown ▁of ▁Italy . ▁He ▁was ▁granted ▁American ▁citizens hip ▁on ▁June ▁ 9 , ▁ 1 9 2 9 , ▁in ▁an ▁Act ▁of ▁Congress . ▁ ▁He ▁died ▁on ▁August ▁ 2 4 , ▁ 1 9 3 0 , ▁of ▁heart ▁disease ▁at ▁his ▁home ▁in ▁Man li us . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁▁ ▁Category : 1 8 6 1 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 9 3 0 ▁deaths ▁Category : New ▁York ▁National ▁Guard ▁personnel ▁Category : Ad j ut ants ▁General ▁of ▁New ▁York ▁( state ) ▁Category : People ▁from ▁Nag as aki ▁Category : People ▁associated ▁with ▁the ▁Boy ▁Sc outs ▁of ▁America <0x0A> </s> ▁USS ▁R aby ▁( DE / DEC - 6 9 8 ) ▁was ▁a ▁ ▁for ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Navy . ▁ ▁She ▁was ▁named ▁for ▁R ear ▁Admiral ▁James ▁Joseph ▁R aby ▁( 1 8 7 4 – 1 9 3 4 ). ▁ ▁R aby ▁was
▁laid ▁down ▁on ▁ 7 ▁June ▁ 1 9 4 3 ▁at ▁the ▁Def oe ▁Ship building ▁Company , ▁Bay ▁City , ▁Michigan , ▁R ear ▁Admiral ▁R aby ' s ▁home ▁town . ▁ ▁The ▁ship ▁was ▁named ▁R aby ▁on ▁ 2 2 ▁June ▁ 1 9 4 3 , ▁and ▁launched ▁on ▁ 4 ▁September ▁ 1 9 4 3 , ▁sponsored ▁by ▁Mrs . ▁James ▁Joseph ▁R aby , ▁the ▁Admiral ' s ▁wid ow . ▁ ▁She ▁was ▁commissioned ▁on ▁ 7 ▁December ▁ 1 9 4 3 ▁at ▁New ▁Orleans , ▁Louisiana , ▁with ▁Lieutenant ▁Commander ▁J . ▁Scott ▁II , ▁in ▁command . ▁ ▁Service ▁history ▁ ▁World ▁War ▁II , ▁ 1 9 4 3 – 1 9 4 5 ▁After ▁sh aked own ▁off ▁B erm uda , ▁R aby ▁s ailed ▁from ▁Nor folk , ▁Virginia ▁on ▁ 1 0 ▁February ▁ 1 9 4 4 ▁via ▁the ▁Pan ama ▁Canal ▁for ▁Nou mé a , ▁arriving ▁on ▁ 1 1 ▁March . ▁ ▁She ▁then ▁esc orted ▁fast ▁con vo ys ▁from ▁Gu ad al can al ▁as ▁far ▁as ▁Man us ▁Island , ▁in ▁the ▁Ad mir alties . ▁ ▁R aby ▁was ▁engaged ▁in ▁hun ter - k iller ▁activities ▁in ▁the ▁Sol om ons ▁during ▁the ▁early ▁spring . ▁ ▁On ▁ 1 6 ▁May , ▁she ▁s ailed ▁from ▁Florida ▁Island , ▁in ▁the ▁Sol om ons , ▁in ▁a ▁hun ter - k iller ▁group ▁with ▁
▁and ▁ ▁on ▁what ▁was ▁to ▁become ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁most ▁successful ▁anti - sub mar ine ▁actions ▁in ▁the ▁Pacific ▁war . ▁ ▁During ▁this ▁patrol ▁from ▁ 1 9 ▁to ▁ 3 1 ▁May , ▁the ▁three - ship ▁team ▁sank ▁six ▁Japanese ▁submar ines ▁( , ▁, ▁, ▁, ▁, ▁and ▁) ▁in ▁waters ▁north ▁of ▁the ▁B ism ar ck ▁Arch ip el ago . ▁ ▁R aby ▁res umed ▁conv oy ▁escort ▁missions ▁at ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁June , ▁remaining ▁in ▁the ▁Sol om ons ▁until ▁ 2 6 ▁October ▁when ▁she ▁got ▁under way ▁for ▁Man us ▁for ▁similar ▁duty ▁in ▁the ▁Ad mir alties . ▁ ▁In ▁December , ▁she ▁shifted ▁to ▁Ul ith i . ▁On ▁the ▁evening ▁of ▁ 2 1 ▁January ▁ 1 9 4 5 , ▁a ▁plane ▁spotted ▁a ▁Japanese ▁submar ine ▁on ▁the ▁surface ▁ 1 8 ▁miles ▁due ▁west ▁of ▁Ul ith i . ▁The ▁alarm ▁brought ▁a ▁hun ter ▁killer ▁team ▁composed ▁of ▁DE s ▁R aby , ▁ ▁and ▁ ▁ste aming ▁quickly ▁from ▁U ith i . ▁ ▁The ▁three ▁ships ▁conducted ▁an ▁expanding ▁search ▁that ▁lasted ▁all ▁day ▁and ▁night ▁on ▁the ▁ 2 2 nd . ▁Early ▁in ▁the ▁morning ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 3 rd , ▁radar ▁contact ▁was ▁made . ▁ ▁After ▁the ▁submar ine ▁sub mer ged , ▁son ar ▁contact ▁was ▁established . ▁Several ▁attempts ▁with ▁hed ge h og ▁mort ars ▁resulted ▁in ▁the ▁destruction ▁of ▁Japanese ▁submar ine
▁. ▁At ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁January , ▁R aby ▁proceed ed ▁to ▁Gu am ▁where ▁she ▁served ▁as ▁escort ▁and ▁patrol ▁ship ▁into ▁June . ▁ ▁Between ▁ 2 2 ▁June ▁and ▁ 3 1 ▁August , ▁she ▁completed ▁two ▁slow ▁to ws ▁to ▁Ok in awa , ▁and ▁on ▁ 1 3 ▁September , ▁she ▁ste amed ▁for ▁Pearl ▁Harbor ▁and ▁the ▁United ▁States . ▁ ▁Post - war ▁activities , ▁ 1 9 4 6 – 1 9 5 3 ▁Rem aining ▁in ▁California ▁waters ▁through ▁the ▁winter , ▁she ▁under w ent ▁a ▁conversion ▁where ▁the ▁three - inch ▁guns ▁were ▁replaced ▁by ▁two ▁single ▁ 5 - inch ▁guns ▁and ▁a ▁hed ge h og ▁anti - sub mar ine ▁launch er . ▁ ▁She ▁reported ▁to ▁the ▁ 7 th ▁Fleet ▁for ▁duty ▁in ▁the ▁Far ▁East ▁on ▁ 6 ▁April ▁ 1 9 4 6 , ▁res cu ing ▁on ▁the ▁same ▁day ▁the ▁crew ▁of ▁a ▁down ed ▁B - 2 9 ▁bom ber . ▁ ▁She ▁subsequently ▁put ▁into ▁Hong ▁Kong , ▁Ki ir un , ▁Shanghai , ▁and ▁T sing ta o , ▁reaching ▁Ok in awa ▁on ▁ 2 6 ▁June . ▁ ▁She ▁operated ▁out ▁of ▁Ok in awa , ▁China , ▁and ▁Japan ▁until ▁returning ▁to ▁San ▁Diego ▁on ▁ 9 ▁April ▁ 1 9 4 7 . ▁She ▁was ▁assigned ▁to ▁Task ▁Force ▁ 1 5 ▁and ▁made ▁two ▁runs ▁from ▁the ▁west ▁coast ▁to ▁Pearl ▁Harbor ▁before ▁getting ▁under
way ▁on ▁ 7 ▁December ▁for ▁En iw et ok , ▁K w aj ale in , ▁and ▁B ik ini ▁where ▁she ▁arrived ▁on ▁ 1 ▁May ▁ 1 9 4 8 . ▁ ▁She ▁returned ▁to ▁Pearl ▁Harbor ▁on ▁ 2 7 ▁May ▁and ▁to ▁San ▁Diego ▁on ▁ 2 8 ▁January ▁ 1 9 4 9 . ▁ ▁She ▁conducted ▁local ▁operations ▁on ▁the ▁west ▁coast , ▁making ▁two ▁trips ▁to ▁Pearl ▁Harbor ▁during ▁the ▁rest ▁of ▁the ▁year . ▁ ▁Re class ified ▁as ▁control ▁escort ▁ship ▁DE C - 6 9 8 ▁on ▁ 2 ▁November ▁ 1 9 4 9 , ▁R aby ▁trans ited ▁the ▁Pan ama ▁Canal ▁on ▁ 2 5 ▁January ▁ 1 9 5 0 , ▁and ▁arrived ▁at ▁Nor folk ▁on ▁ 1 ▁February . ▁ ▁During ▁the ▁next ▁ 3 ½ ▁years , ▁she ▁operated ▁altern ately ▁in ▁the ▁Nor folk ▁area ▁and ▁in ▁the ▁Caribbean . ▁ ▁De comm ission ing ▁and ▁sale , ▁ 1 9 5 3 – 1 9 6 8 ▁She ▁was ▁at ▁the ▁Philadelphia ▁Naval ▁Ship yard , ▁from ▁June ▁to ▁September ▁ 1 9 5 3 ▁for ▁de activ ation , ▁and ▁she ▁arrived ▁in ▁the ▁Atlantic ▁Reserve ▁Fleet ▁ber thing ▁area ▁at ▁St . ▁James ▁River , ▁Florida , ▁on ▁ 2 4 ▁September . ▁ ▁R aby ▁de comm ission ed ▁on ▁ 2 2 ▁December ▁ 1 9 5 3 . ▁ ▁She ▁was ▁re - design ated ▁back ▁to ▁DE
- 6 9 8 ▁on ▁ 2 7 ▁December ▁ 1 9 5 7 . ▁ ▁She ▁was ▁transferred ▁to ▁the ▁Orange , ▁Texas , ▁ber thing ▁area ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 0 . ▁ ▁R aby ▁was ▁struck ▁from ▁the ▁Navy ▁List ▁on ▁ 1 ▁June ▁ 1 9 6 8 , ▁and ▁subsequently ▁sold ▁for ▁scrap . ▁ ▁Awards ▁R aby ▁earned ▁three ▁battle ▁stars ▁for ▁World ▁War ▁II ▁service . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁▁▁▁ ▁Category : B uck ley - class ▁destroy er ▁esc orts ▁Category : Un ited ▁States ▁Navy ▁Michigan - related ▁ships ▁Category : Ship s ▁built ▁in ▁Bay ▁City , ▁Michigan ▁Category : World ▁War ▁II ▁fr ig ates ▁and ▁destroy er ▁esc orts ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Category : 1 9 4 3 ▁ships <0x0A> </s> ▁Van ja ▁R up ena ▁( born ▁) ▁is ▁a ▁Cro at ian ▁model . ▁She ▁won ▁the ▁ 1 9 9 6 ▁Miss ▁Cro at ia ▁beauty ▁page ant ▁and ▁represented ▁Cro at ia ▁in ▁the ▁Miss ▁World ▁ 1 9 9 6 ▁page ant ▁in ▁Bang al ore , ▁India . ▁ ▁She ▁appeared ▁on ▁the ▁cover ▁of ▁the ▁Cro at ian ▁edition ▁of ▁Elle ▁magazine ▁in ▁July ▁ 2 0 0 6 , ▁July ▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁and ▁November ▁ 2 0 1 0 . ▁ ▁In ▁May ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁she ▁became ▁host ▁of ▁R TL ' s ▁reality ▁documentary ▁series ▁H rv at ski ▁Top
▁Model , ▁the ▁Cro at ian ▁edition ▁of ▁America ' s ▁Next ▁Top ▁Model . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁Van ja ▁R up ena ▁at ▁the ▁F ashion ▁Model ▁Direct ory ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 7 8 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : People ▁from ▁K oper ▁Category : Miss ▁World ▁ 1 9 9 6 ▁deleg ates ▁Category : C ro at ian ▁female ▁models ▁Category : C ro at ian ▁beauty ▁page ant ▁winners ▁Category : Sl oven ian ▁people ▁of ▁Cro at ian ▁descent <0x0A> </s> ▁Joy ce ▁L om al isa ▁Mut amb ala ▁( born ▁ 1 8 ▁June ▁ 1 9 9 3 ) ▁is ▁a ▁Cong ol ese ▁football er ▁who ▁currently ▁plays ▁as ▁a ▁def ender ▁for ▁the ▁Belg ian ▁club ▁Royal ▁Ex cel ▁M ous c ron , ▁on ▁loan ▁from ▁the ▁Cong ol ese ▁club ▁AS ▁V ita ▁Club . ▁ ▁International ▁career ▁L om al isa ▁made ▁his ▁first ▁senior ▁international ▁appearance ▁in ▁a ▁friendly ▁in ▁and ▁against ▁Z amb ia ▁on ▁ 6 ▁November ▁ 2 0 1 5 , ▁in ▁which ▁he ▁played ▁the ▁entire ▁match . ▁ ▁Hon ours ▁V ita ▁Club ▁ ▁L ina foot ▁( 1 ): ▁ 2 0 1 5 ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁▁▁▁▁ ▁Category : 1 9 9 3 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : Dem ocratic ▁Republic ▁of ▁the ▁Cong o ▁football ers ▁Category : Associ ation ▁football ▁defend
ers ▁Category : Dem ocratic ▁Republic ▁of ▁the ▁Cong o ▁international ▁football ers ▁Category : 2 0 1 7 ▁Africa ▁Cup ▁of ▁Nations ▁players <0x0A> </s> ▁Saint - Pl ac ide ▁may ▁refer ▁to : ▁ ▁Saint - Pl ac ide , ▁Quebec ▁ ▁Saint - Pl ac ide ▁( Par is ▁Metro ) ▁ ▁Saint ▁Pl ac id us <0x0A> </s> ▁Texas ▁Tech ▁University ▁College ▁of ▁Human ▁Sciences ▁is ▁a ▁college ▁at ▁Texas ▁Tech ▁University ▁in ▁Lub b ock , ▁Texas . ▁It ▁was ▁founded ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 5 ▁as ▁the ▁College ▁of ▁Home ▁Econom ics , ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁four ▁original ▁colleges ▁of ▁Texas ▁Tech . ▁ ▁Academ ic ▁departments ▁▁ ▁Department ▁of ▁Community , ▁Family , ▁and ▁Add iction ▁Sciences ▁ ▁Department ▁of ▁Design ▁ ▁Department ▁of ▁Family ▁and ▁Cons umer ▁Sciences ▁Education ▁ ▁Department ▁of ▁Hospital ity ▁and ▁Ret ail ▁Management ▁ ▁Department ▁of ▁Human ▁Development ▁and ▁Family ▁Studies ▁ ▁Department ▁of ▁Nut r itional ▁Sciences ▁ ▁Department ▁of ▁Personal ▁Financial ▁Planning ▁ ▁Research ▁centers ▁▁ ▁Center ▁for ▁Financial ▁Res pons ibility ▁Center ▁for ▁Early ▁Head ▁Start ▁ ▁Center ▁for ▁the ▁Study ▁of ▁Add iction ▁& ▁Rec overy ▁ ▁Child ▁Development ▁Research ▁Center ▁ ▁Cur riculum ▁Center ▁for ▁Family ▁and ▁Cons umer ▁Sciences ▁ ▁Sky views ▁Restaur ant ▁ ▁Texas ▁W ine ▁Marketing ▁Research ▁Institute ▁ ▁Women ' s ▁Studies ▁ ▁Not able ▁people ▁ ▁Former ▁Students ▁ ▁Fac ulty ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁▁▁ ▁Category : E duc ational ▁institutions ▁established ▁in ▁
1 9 2 5 ▁Human ▁Sciences <0x0A> </s> ▁Sar cy ▁ ▁is ▁a ▁commune ▁in ▁the ▁Mar ne ▁department ▁in ▁north - e astern ▁France . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁Commun es ▁of ▁the ▁Mar ne ▁department ▁Mont agne ▁de ▁Re ims ▁Regional ▁Natural ▁Park ▁ ▁Category : Comm unes ▁of ▁Mar ne ▁( de part ment ) <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁ ▁is ▁in ▁Nag as aki ▁Peace ▁Park ▁in ▁Nag as aki , ▁Japan . ▁During ▁W W II , ▁at ▁least ▁ 4 0 , 0 0 0 ▁Chinese ▁labor ers ▁were ▁for c ibly ▁brought ▁to ▁Japan ▁from ▁China ▁to ▁make ▁up ▁for ▁a ▁nation wide ▁labor ▁short age . ▁There ▁were ▁about ▁ 1 , 0 0 0 ▁Chinese ▁labor ers ▁forced ▁to ▁work ▁in ▁mines ▁in ▁Nag as aki . ▁During ▁the ▁atomic ▁bomb ▁on ▁Nag as aki , ▁ 3 2 ▁of ▁those ▁Chinese ▁labor ers ▁died . ▁ ▁The ▁Nag as aki ▁memorial ▁comm emor ates ▁those ▁ 3 2 ▁Chinese , ▁brought ▁to ▁Japan ▁as ▁forced ▁labour ers ▁and ▁made ▁to ▁work ▁as ▁coal - min ers , ▁who ▁were ▁in ▁Ur ak ami ▁Pr ison ▁and ▁died ▁in ▁the ▁atomic ▁bomb ing ▁of ▁the ▁city ▁on ▁August ▁ 9 , ▁ 1 9 4 5 , ▁during ▁World ▁War ▁II . ▁The ▁monument ▁was ▁un ve iled ▁on ▁July ▁ 7 , ▁ 2 0 1 3 . ▁ ▁According ▁to ▁the ▁Japan ▁Times , ▁there ▁were ▁ 3 3 ▁Chinese ▁prisoners ▁in ▁jail ▁for
▁various ▁charges , ▁which ▁included ▁sp ying . ▁There ▁was ▁one ▁surviv or ▁from ▁among ▁the ▁prisoners , ▁who ▁later ▁died ▁under ▁interrog ation . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : World ▁War ▁II ▁memorial s ▁in ▁Japan ▁Category : Mon uments ▁associated ▁with ▁the ▁atomic ▁bomb ings ▁of ▁H iro sh ima ▁and ▁Nag as aki <0x0A> </s> ▁USS ▁R och am be au ▁( AP - 6 3 ) ▁was ▁a ▁transport ▁ship ▁that ▁saw ▁service ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Navy ▁during ▁World ▁War ▁II . ▁She ▁was ▁the ▁only ▁U . S . ▁Naval ▁vessel ▁to ▁be ▁named ▁for ▁the ▁French ▁noble man , ▁Jean - B apt iste ▁Don at ien ▁de ▁V ime ur , ▁com te ▁de ▁R och am be au ▁( 1 7 2 5 – 1 8 0 7 ), ▁who ▁commanded ▁the ▁French ▁troops ▁in ▁Washington ' s ▁army ▁during ▁the ▁American ▁Revolution ary ▁War . ▁ ▁History ▁ ▁French ▁ownership ▁R och am be au ▁was ▁originally ▁built ▁as ▁M are ch al ▁J off re ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 1 ▁by ▁the ▁Soc iet e ▁Pro ven ç ale ▁de ▁Const ructions ▁Nav ales ▁of ▁La ▁C iot at , ▁France ▁for ▁the ▁Soc iet e ▁des ▁Services ▁Contract u els ▁des ▁Mess ager ies ▁Mar it imes . ▁M anned ▁by ▁V ich y ▁French ▁Forces ▁after ▁the ▁fall ▁of ▁France ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 0 , ▁M are ch al ▁J off re ▁was ▁in ▁the ▁Philippines
▁when ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁entered ▁World ▁War ▁II . ▁She ▁was ▁taken ▁over ▁by ▁a ▁crew ▁of ▁down ed ▁US ▁Navy ▁fl iers ▁from ▁Pat rol ▁Wing ▁ 1 0 ▁and ▁with ▁the ▁help ▁of ▁some ▁of ▁the ▁French ▁sail ors ▁who ▁were ▁not ▁supportive ▁of ▁the ▁V ich y ▁government ▁s ailed ▁on ▁the ▁ 1 8 th ▁for ▁Bal ik p apan , ▁when ce ▁she ▁proceed ed ▁to ▁Australia , ▁New ▁Zealand , ▁and ▁the ▁United ▁States . ▁She ▁arrived ▁at ▁San ▁Francisco ▁with ▁a ▁cargo ▁of ▁wool ▁and ▁z ir con ▁sand ▁on ▁ 1 9 ▁April ▁ 1 9 4 2 . ▁ ▁US ▁Navy ▁use ▁The ▁following ▁day , ▁she ▁was ▁taken ▁over ▁by ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Mar itime ▁Commission ▁and ▁transferred ▁to ▁the ▁Navy . ▁Commission ed ▁ 2 7 ▁April ▁ 1 9 4 2 ▁with ▁Lieutenant ▁Thomas ▁G . ▁War field ▁in ▁command , ▁she ▁was ▁renamed ▁R och am be au ▁and ▁designated ▁AP - 6 3 ▁on ▁the ▁ 2 9 th . ▁ ▁R och am be au , ▁converted ▁for ▁use ▁as ▁a ▁casual ty ▁evac uation ▁ship , ▁depart ed ▁Oak land , ▁California ▁on ▁ 2 0 ▁October ▁for ▁her ▁first ▁operation , ▁under ▁the ▁U . S . ▁flag . ▁With ▁repl ac ements ▁and ▁reinforce ments ▁for ▁the ▁Gu ad al can al ▁campaign ▁emb ark ed ▁on ▁her ▁west ward ▁passage , ▁she ▁made ▁Nou mé a ; ▁dis emb ark ed ▁her ▁passengers ;
▁replaced ▁them ▁with ▁casual ties ▁from ▁hospitals ▁there , ▁at ▁Su va , ▁and ▁at ▁B ora ▁B ora ; ▁and ▁returned ▁to ▁San ▁Francisco ▁on ▁ 3 ▁December . ▁At ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁December , ▁she ▁s ailed ▁west ▁again . ▁Ext ending ▁her ▁range ▁to ▁New ▁Zealand ▁and ▁Australia ▁on ▁that ▁voyage , ▁she ▁limited ▁her ▁next ▁run , ▁ 9 ▁to ▁ 2 7 ▁March , ▁to ▁New ▁Cal ed onia ▁and ▁the ▁New ▁He br ides . ▁On ▁that ▁trip ▁she ▁carried ▁Lieutenant ▁( j . g .) ▁John ▁F . ▁Kennedy ▁to ▁Esp irit u ▁Sant o ▁where ▁he ▁was ▁transferred ▁to ▁L ST - 4 4 9 ▁and ▁taken ▁to ▁the ▁Sol om ons . ▁During ▁May , ▁R och am be au ▁remained ▁in ▁waters ▁off ▁California , ▁then , ▁on ▁ 5 ▁June , ▁res umed ▁her ▁passenger / cas ual ty ▁runs ▁to ▁the ▁south ▁and ▁south west ▁Pacific . ▁Contin uing ▁those ▁runs ▁well ▁into ▁ 1 9 4 4 , ▁she ▁added ▁ports ▁in ▁New ▁Gu inea ▁to ▁her ▁stops ▁in ▁September ▁ 1 9 4 3 ▁and ▁the ▁central ▁Sol om ons ▁in ▁the ▁spring ▁of ▁ 1 9 4 4 . ▁On ▁her ▁last ▁run , ▁ 1 6 ▁November ▁ 1 9 4 4 ▁– ▁ 1 7 ▁January ▁ 1 9 4 5 ▁she ▁brought ▁back ▁casual ties ▁from ▁hospitals ▁on ▁En iw et ok , ▁Gu am , ▁and ▁K w aj ale in ▁in ▁the ▁company
▁of ▁the ▁ ▁and ▁. ▁ ▁De comm ission ing ▁ ▁On ▁ 9 ▁February , ▁R och am be au ▁headed ▁for ▁New ▁York ▁City . ▁Ar riving ▁on ▁the ▁ 2 5 th , ▁she ▁was ▁de comm ission ed ▁and ▁transferred ▁to ▁the ▁U . S . ▁Mar itime ▁Commission ' s ▁War ▁Sh ipping ▁Administration ▁( W SA ) ▁on ▁ 1 7 ▁March . ▁Her ▁name ▁was ▁struck ▁from ▁the ▁Naval ▁V ess el ▁Register ▁at ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁month . ▁Then ▁she ▁was ▁returned ▁to ▁her ▁French ▁owners ▁Mess ager ies ▁Mar it imes ▁and ▁res umed ▁the ▁name ▁M are ch al ▁J off re ▁and , ▁operating ▁for ▁W SA , ▁was ▁used ▁to ▁transport ▁American ▁troops ▁from ▁Europe ▁to ▁the ▁United ▁States . ▁The ▁h ull ▁was ▁rep ainted ▁black ▁with ▁a ▁white ▁super structure ▁and ▁▁ ▁From ▁ 1 9 4 6 ▁to ▁ 1 9 5 0 ▁she ▁served ▁as ▁a ▁tro op ship ▁for ▁the ▁French ▁Army ▁in ▁Ind och ina . ▁Between ▁ 1 9 5 0 ▁and ▁ 1 9 5 1 ▁she ▁returned ▁to ▁La ▁C iot at ▁for ▁re building ▁and ▁the ▁two ▁fun nels ▁were ▁replaced ▁with ▁a ▁single ▁o val ▁fun nel ▁and ▁painted ▁white ▁overall . ▁She ▁then ▁served ▁as ▁a ▁l iner ▁across ▁the ▁Indian ▁Ocean ▁to ▁the ▁Far ▁East . ▁▁ ▁Sc r apped ▁in ▁Os aka , ▁Japan , ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 0 . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁
▁List ▁of ▁aux ili aries ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Navy ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁Category : Trans ports ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Navy ▁Category : World ▁War ▁II ▁aux iliary ▁ships ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Category : Nav al ▁ships ▁captured ▁by ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁during ▁World ▁War ▁II ▁Category : Ship s ▁built ▁in ▁France ▁Category : 1 9 3 1 ▁ships ▁Category : Mil itary ▁of ▁V ich y ▁France <0x0A> </s> ▁S idi ▁Sem iane ▁is ▁a ▁town ▁and ▁commune ▁in ▁Tip aza ▁Province ▁in ▁northern ▁Al ger ia . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : Pop ulated ▁places ▁in ▁Tip aza ▁Province ▁Category : Comm unes ▁of ▁Al ger ia <0x0A> </s> ▁Or ona ▁at oll , ▁also ▁known ▁as ▁H ull ▁Island , ▁is ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁Phoenix ▁Islands ▁in ▁the ▁Republic ▁of ▁Kir ib ati . ▁It ▁measures ▁approximately ▁ ▁by ▁, ▁and ▁like ▁K anton , ▁is ▁a ▁narrow ▁rib bon ▁of ▁land ▁surrounding ▁a ▁s izable ▁l ago on ▁with ▁depth s ▁of ▁. ▁N umer ous ▁pass ages ▁connect ▁the ▁l ago on ▁to ▁the ▁surrounding ▁ocean , ▁only ▁a ▁couple ▁of ▁which ▁will ▁admit ▁even ▁a ▁small ▁boat . ▁ ▁Total ▁land ▁area ▁is ▁, ▁and ▁the ▁maximum ▁elev ation ▁is ▁nine ▁metres . ▁ ▁Kir ib ati ▁declared ▁the ▁Phoenix ▁Islands ▁Prote cted ▁Area ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 6 , ▁with ▁the ▁park ▁being ▁expanded ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 8 . ▁The ▁ 1 6 4
, 2 0 0 - square - mile ▁( 4 2 5 , 3 0 0 - square - kil ometer ) ▁marine ▁reserve ▁contains ▁eight ▁cor al ▁at oll s ▁including ▁Or ano . ▁▁ ▁Although ▁occupied ▁at ▁various ▁times ▁during ▁the ▁past , ▁including ▁as ▁late ▁as ▁ 2 0 0 4 , ▁Or ona ▁is ▁un in hab ited ▁today . ▁ ▁Fl ora ▁and ▁fa una ▁Like ▁Man ra , ▁Or ona ▁is ▁covered ▁with ▁coc on ut ▁pal ms ▁( most ly ▁on ▁the ▁western ▁side ), ▁tow ering ▁ ▁above ▁the ▁surface . ▁The ▁remainder ▁of ▁the ▁at oll ▁is ▁covered ▁with ▁scrub ▁forest , ▁her bs , ▁and ▁grass es , ▁with ▁a ▁maximum ▁height ▁of ▁. ▁F eral ▁cats ▁exist ▁on ▁the ▁island , ▁together ▁with ▁r ats , ▁p igs , ▁and ▁dogs . ▁D ucks ▁and ▁chick ens ▁were ▁raised ▁by ▁the ▁former ▁inhabitants , ▁but ▁it ▁is ▁unknown ▁whether ▁any ▁remain . ▁Or ona ▁also ▁bo asts ▁three ▁species ▁of ▁l iz ards , ▁land ▁and ▁her mit ▁cr abs , ▁together ▁with ▁approximately ▁fifty ▁species ▁of ▁insect s . ▁T urt les ▁are ▁also ▁known ▁to ▁use ▁the ▁island ▁as ▁a ▁nest ing ▁area . ▁ ▁Unlike ▁Man ra , ▁whose ▁l ago on ▁is ▁too ▁sal ty ▁for ▁marine ▁life , ▁Or ona ' s ▁l ago on ▁te ems ▁with ▁fish ▁and ▁giant ▁cl ams . ▁▁ ▁A ▁survey ▁of ▁Or ona ▁carried ▁out ▁in ▁ 2 0 0
6 ▁did ▁not ▁detect ▁r ats . ▁However , ▁Pol yn esian ▁r ats ▁were ▁located ▁on ▁the ▁island ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 9 , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁more ▁than ▁ 2 0 c ats . ▁ ▁History ▁Like ▁Man ra , ▁Or ona ▁contains ▁evidence ▁of ▁pre hist oric ▁Pol yn esian ▁inhab itation . ▁An ▁ancient ▁stone ▁mar ae ▁stands ▁on ▁the ▁eastern ▁tip ▁of ▁the ▁island , ▁together ▁with ▁ru ins ▁of ▁shel ters , ▁gr aves ▁and ▁other ▁platforms . ▁ ▁No ▁one ▁is ▁certain ▁who ▁discovered ▁Or ona ▁or ▁when , ▁but ▁history ▁shows ▁that ▁it ▁was ▁named ▁" H ull ▁Island " ▁in ▁honor ▁of ▁Com mod ore ▁Isaac ▁H ull , ▁US N ▁by ▁Commander ▁Charles ▁Wil kes ▁of ▁the ▁USS ▁V inc ennes ▁when ▁he ▁visited ▁the ▁island ▁on ▁ 2 6 ▁August ▁ 1 8 4 0 ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Expl oring ▁Ex ped ition . ▁It ▁continued ▁to ▁be ▁generally ▁known ▁by ▁this ▁name ▁until ▁the ▁Republic ▁of ▁Kir ib ati ▁was ▁granted ▁independence ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 9 , ▁when ▁its ▁name ▁was ▁changed ▁to ▁the ▁I - K ir ib ati ▁Or ona . ▁ ▁Unlike ▁Man ra , ▁Or ona ▁does ▁not ▁seem ▁to ▁have ▁been ▁worked ▁for ▁gu ano , ▁and ▁was ▁apparently ▁not ▁claimed ▁( un like ▁the ▁other ▁Phoenix ▁Islands ) ▁by ▁American ▁gu ano ▁dig gers . ▁The ▁British ▁flag ▁was ▁raised ▁there ▁on ▁ 1 1 ▁July ▁ 1 8 8
9 , ▁and ▁the ▁island ▁became ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁Gilbert ▁and ▁Ell ice ▁Islands ▁colony . ▁Or ona ▁was ▁le ased ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 6 ▁to ▁a ▁Captain ▁Allen ▁of ▁the ▁" S amo an ▁Sh ipping ▁and ▁Tr ading ▁Company ", ▁and ▁became ▁a ▁cop ra ▁plant ation . ▁Allen ' s ▁lease ▁was ▁bought ▁out ▁by ▁the ▁British ▁government ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 8 . ▁ ▁It ▁was ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁islands ▁involved ▁in ▁the ▁Phoenix ▁Islands ▁S ett lement ▁Sche me , ▁the ▁final ▁colonial ▁expansion ▁of ▁the ▁British ▁Empire . ▁Res idents ▁were ▁evac uated ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 3 , ▁due ▁to ▁persistent ▁d rought ▁and ▁the ▁decl ining ▁cop ra ▁market . ▁Phot os ▁of ▁the ▁abandoned ▁settlement , ▁Ar ar iki , ▁circa ▁ 1 9 6 7 , ▁may ▁be ▁seen ▁here . ▁H ull ▁Island ▁Post ▁Office ▁opened ▁on ▁ 1 ▁January ▁ 1 9 3 9 ▁and ▁closed ▁around ▁January ▁ 1 9 6 4 . ▁After ▁being ▁abandoned , ▁the ▁island ▁was ▁re occup ied ▁by ▁American ▁authorities ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 0 ▁and ▁administer ed ▁from ▁the ▁C anton ▁and ▁E nder bury ▁Islands ▁Cond omin ium . ▁British ▁and ▁American ▁claims ▁to ▁the ▁island ▁ended ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 9 ▁with ▁the ▁independence ▁of ▁Kir ib ati ▁from ▁Great ▁Britain ▁and ▁the ▁signing ▁of ▁the ▁Treat y ▁of ▁Tar awa ▁in ▁which ▁the ▁US ▁ret ains ▁the ▁right ▁to ▁re - est ablish ▁a
▁military ▁base . ▁Administration ▁was ▁transferred ▁to ▁Kir ib ati ▁authority ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 1 . ▁ ▁The ▁island ▁was ▁briefly ▁re occup ied ▁between ▁ 2 0 0 1 ▁and ▁ 2 0 0 4 ▁by ▁tre p angers ▁from ▁the ▁Gilbert ▁Islands ▁supported ▁by ▁a ▁patrol ▁boat ▁of ▁the ▁Kir ib ati ▁Navy . ▁ ▁Or ona , ▁together ▁with ▁the ▁other ▁Phoenix ▁Islands , ▁was ▁pro claimed ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁to ▁be ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁Phoenix ▁Islands ▁Prote cted ▁Area , ▁the ▁world ' s ▁largest ▁marine ▁protected ▁area . ▁ ▁Photo ▁gallery ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁List ▁of ▁Gu ano ▁Island ▁claims ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁ ▁Jane ▁Rest ure ▁page , ▁with ▁links ▁to ▁ 1 9 6 7 ▁photos ▁US - K ir ib ati ▁Treat y ▁of ▁Friend ship ▁ ▁Category : P ho en ix ▁Islands ▁( K ir ib ati ) ▁Category : Un in hab ited ▁islands ▁of ▁Kir ib ati ▁Category : Is lands ▁claimed ▁under ▁the ▁Gu ano ▁Islands ▁Act ▁Category : Form er ▁pop ulated ▁places ▁in ▁O ce ania ▁Category : P ho en ix ▁Islands ▁S ett lement ▁Sche me ▁Category : Is lands ▁of ▁Kir ib ati ▁Category : Form er ▁disput ed ▁islands <0x0A> </s> ▁H MS ▁R ip pon ▁was ▁a ▁ 7 4 - gun ▁third ▁rate ▁ship ▁of ▁the ▁line ▁of ▁the ▁Royal ▁Navy , ▁launched ▁on ▁ 8 ▁August ▁ 1 8 1 2
▁at ▁B urs led on . ▁She ▁was ▁broken ▁up ▁in ▁ 1 8 2 1 . ▁ ▁Career ▁Capt ure ▁of ▁Wes er : ▁On ▁ 3 0 ▁September ▁ 1 8 1 3 , ▁the ▁, ▁under ▁the ▁command ▁of ▁capit aine ▁de ▁v ais seau ▁Cant z la at , ▁Che val ier ▁de ▁l ' Ord re ▁Imp é rial ▁de ▁la ▁Ré union , ▁s ailed ▁from ▁the ▁Tex el ▁for ▁the ▁North ▁Sea . ▁There ▁she ▁captured ▁two ▁Swedish ▁ships ▁before ▁a ▁g ale ▁on ▁ 1 6 ▁October ▁took ▁away ▁her ▁main ▁and ▁m iz zen ▁mast . ▁Two ▁days ▁later ▁, ▁Commander ▁Colin ▁Mac don ald , ▁captain , ▁encountered ▁her ▁ 6 0 ▁le agues ▁west ▁of ▁U sh ant , ▁making ▁her ▁way ▁towards ▁B rest ▁under ▁jury ▁main ▁and ▁m iz zen ▁m asts . ▁Rather ▁than ▁engage ▁her ▁and ▁risk ▁being ▁c rip pled ▁and ▁so ▁unable ▁to ▁follow ▁her ▁given ▁the ▁weather , ▁Mac don ald ▁decided ▁to ▁follow ▁her . ▁ ▁Fort uit ously , ▁on ▁ 2 0 ▁October , ▁, ▁Commander ▁J . J . ▁Gordon ▁Bre mer , ▁captain , ▁arrived ▁and ▁Mac don ald ▁and ▁Bre mer ▁decided ▁to ▁attack ▁Wes er . ▁They ▁engaged ▁her ▁for ▁about ▁an ▁hour ▁and ▁a ▁half ▁before ▁they ▁had ▁to ▁withdraw ▁to ▁repair ▁their ▁rig ging . ▁At ▁about ▁this ▁time ▁a ▁third ▁British ▁vessel , ▁R ip pon , ▁Captain ▁Christopher ▁Cole , ▁came ▁up . ▁Bre
mer ▁joined ▁Cole ▁and ▁informed ▁him ▁of ▁the ▁situation ▁while ▁Sc y lla ▁remained ▁with ▁Wes er . ▁ ▁The ▁next ▁morning , ▁as ▁R ip pon ▁and ▁Royal ist ▁s ailed ▁towards ▁Sc y lla ▁to ▁renew ▁their ▁attack , ▁Wes er ▁s ailed ▁towards ▁R ip pon ▁and ▁struck , ▁after ▁first ▁firing ▁two ▁broad s ides ▁towards ▁Sc y lla . ▁Sc y lla ▁suffered ▁only ▁two ▁men ▁wounded ▁in ▁the ▁entire ▁engagement . ▁Royal ist ▁suffered ▁more ▁heavily , ▁having ▁two ▁men ▁killed ▁and ▁nine ▁wounded . ▁Wes er ▁lost ▁four ▁men ▁killed ▁and ▁ 1 5 ▁wounded . ▁ ▁R ip pon ▁took ▁Wes ers ▁crew ▁on ▁board ▁as ▁prisoners ▁and ▁tow ed ▁her ▁into ▁port . ▁The ▁Royal ▁Navy ▁took ▁her ▁into ▁service ▁as ▁H MS ▁Wes er . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 8 1 4 ▁R ip pon ▁s ailed ▁with ▁troops ▁to ▁North ▁America . ▁ ▁F ate ▁R ip pon ▁was ▁paid ▁off ▁into ▁Ord inary ▁in ▁August ▁ 1 8 1 4 . ▁Two ▁years ▁later ▁she ▁was ▁roof ed ▁over . ▁She ▁was ▁broken ▁up ▁in ▁March ▁ 1 8 2 1 . ▁ ▁Not able ▁crew ▁members ▁John ▁Sept im us ▁R oe , ▁mid ship man ▁ ▁Notes , ▁cit ations , ▁and ▁references ▁Notes ▁ ▁Cit ations ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁▁▁▁▁ ▁Category : Ship s ▁of ▁the ▁line ▁of ▁the ▁Royal ▁Navy ▁Category : V enge ur - class ▁ships ▁of ▁the ▁line ▁Category : 1 8 1 2
▁ships ▁Category : Ship s ▁built ▁on ▁the ▁River ▁Ham ble <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Duke ▁of ▁York ’ s ▁Royal ▁Military ▁School , ▁more ▁commonly ▁called ▁the ▁Duke ▁of ▁York ’ s , ▁is ▁a ▁co - educ ational ▁Academy ▁( for ▁students ▁aged ▁ 1 1 ▁to ▁ 1 8 ) ▁with ▁military ▁traditions ▁in ▁D over , ▁Kent . ▁ ▁Since ▁becoming ▁an ▁Academy ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 0 , ▁the ▁school ▁is ▁now ▁sponsored ▁by ▁the ▁MOD , ▁and ▁accepts ▁applications ▁from ▁any ▁student ▁wish ing ▁to ▁board . ▁Before ▁ 2 0 1 0 , ▁only ▁those ▁students ▁whose ▁parents ▁were ▁serving ▁or ▁had ▁served ▁in ▁the ▁armed ▁forces ▁were ▁eligible . ▁ ▁With ▁the ▁transition ▁to ▁Academy ▁status , ▁the ▁school ▁became ▁a ▁state ▁board ing ▁academ y ▁( and ▁is ▁both ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁State ▁Board ing ▁Forum ▁and ▁Board ing ▁Schools ▁Association ) ▁and ▁overs ight ▁transferred ▁from ▁the ▁Ministry ▁of ▁Def ence ▁to ▁the ▁Department ▁for ▁Education . ▁ ▁The ▁Duke ▁of ▁York ’ s ▁has ▁many ▁traditions ▁and ▁rich ▁history , ▁which ▁includes ▁ceremon ial ▁par ades ▁and ▁uniform s , ▁a ▁monitor ial ▁style ▁of ▁education ▁mod elled ▁on ▁the ▁English ▁public ▁school ▁system . ▁ ▁This ▁rich ▁history ▁includes ▁a ▁long ▁line ▁of ▁notable ▁al umn i , ▁known ▁as ▁D uk ies , ▁including ▁senior ▁gener als ▁( such ▁as ▁Sir ▁Arch ib ald ▁N ye , ▁Gary ▁Cow ard ▁and ▁David ▁Mark ▁C ull en ), ▁famous ▁musicians
▁( such ▁as ▁Henry ▁L azar us ), ▁sports men ▁( like ▁Maurice ▁Col cl ough ), ▁many ▁leading ▁academic ▁scientists ▁( including ▁Profess ors ▁Paul ▁Shaw , ▁Tim othy ▁Foster ▁and ▁Mark ▁Gard iner ) ▁and ▁cl erg ym en ▁( J ames ▁Jones ▁and ▁Bill ▁Ind ) ▁and ▁a ▁long ▁list ▁of ▁decorated ▁armed ▁forces ▁personnel . ▁ ▁History ▁Found ed ▁in ▁ 1 8 0 3 ▁by ▁act ▁of ▁Royal ▁W arr ant ▁dating ▁from ▁ 1 8 0 1 , ▁the ▁school ▁was ▁until ▁ 1 8 9 2 ▁called ▁the ▁Royal ▁Military ▁As yl um . ▁The ▁school ’ s ▁primary ▁purpose ▁was ▁to ▁educ ate ▁the ▁or ph ans ▁of ▁British ▁serv ic emen ▁killed ▁in ▁the ▁Napole onic ▁Wars ▁of ▁ 1 7 9 3 - 1 8 1 5 . ▁Between ▁ 1 8 0 3 ▁and ▁ 1 9 0 9 ▁the ▁Royal ▁Military ▁As yl um ▁was ▁located ▁at ▁what ▁is ▁now ▁known ▁as ▁the ▁Duke ▁of ▁York ' s ▁Head quarters ▁in ▁Chelsea , ▁London . ▁The ▁school ▁was ▁co - educ ational ; ▁making ▁the ▁Duke ▁of ▁York ' s ▁the ▁second ▁co - educ ational ▁board ing ▁school ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁Kingdom . ▁The ▁first ▁co - educ ational ▁institution ▁was ▁the ▁Royal ▁H iber n ian ▁Military ▁School ▁in ▁Dublin , ▁which ▁was ▁rel oc ated ▁and ▁merged ▁with ▁Duke ▁of ▁York ' s ▁after ▁Ireland ▁declared ▁independence . ▁Today ▁the ▁Chelsea ▁site ▁is ▁home ▁to ▁the ▁Sa atch
i ▁Gallery . ▁ ▁The ▁school ▁adopted ▁the ▁" Mad ras ▁system ▁of ▁education " ▁developed ▁by ▁Dr . ▁Andrew ▁Bell , ▁to ▁which ▁Joseph ▁Lanc aster ▁made ▁certain ▁improvements . ▁In ▁ 1 8 1 2 , ▁three ▁African ▁youth s ▁attended ▁the ▁school ▁as ▁teachers ▁for ▁several ▁months ▁thanks ▁to ▁the ▁intervention ▁of ▁the ▁Duke ▁of ▁Gl ou cester . ▁They ▁were ▁then ▁sent ▁by ▁the ▁African ▁Inst itution ▁to ▁Sierra ▁Le one , ▁where ▁they ▁were ▁employed ▁as ▁teachers ▁by ▁the ▁Secretary ▁of ▁State ▁for ▁War ▁and ▁the ▁Col on ies , ▁the ▁Earl ▁of ▁Liverpool . ▁ ▁Between ▁ 1 8 1 6 ▁and ▁ 1 8 4 0 , ▁the ▁As yl um ▁had ▁a ▁branch ▁in ▁South ampton ▁which ▁provided ▁school ing ▁for ▁up ▁to ▁ 4 0 0 ▁military ▁or ph ans ▁and ▁children ▁of ▁serving ▁soldiers ▁of ▁both ▁sex es ▁until ▁ 1 8 2 3 , ▁when ▁the ▁boys ▁were ▁transferred ▁to ▁Chelsea , ▁with ▁South ampton ▁taking ▁more ▁girls . ▁A ▁decline ▁in ▁the ▁school ▁numbers ▁resulted ▁in ▁its ▁closure ▁in ▁ 1 8 4 0 . ▁From ▁ 1 8 4 1 , ▁the ▁buildings ▁were ▁taken ▁over ▁by ▁the ▁Or dn ance ▁Survey . ▁ ▁One ▁of ▁the ▁more ▁notable ▁Command ants ▁of ▁the ▁Royal ▁Military ▁As yl um ▁was ▁Major ▁General ▁Peter ▁Brown . ▁A ▁veteran ▁of ▁the ▁Napole onic ▁Wars ▁Brown ▁was ▁unusual ▁in ▁that ▁he ▁was ▁promoted ▁whilst ▁in ▁post ▁( from ▁colon el ▁to ▁major ▁general ),
▁which ▁was ▁highly ▁unusual ▁given ▁the ▁post ▁was ▁not ▁an ▁active ▁command ▁and ▁his ▁predecess ors ▁and ▁success ors ▁were ▁never ▁promoted ▁in ▁post . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 8 9 2 , ▁the ▁Royal ▁Military ▁As yl um ▁was ▁renamed ▁The ▁Duke ▁of ▁York ' s ▁Royal ▁Military ▁School ▁and ▁in ▁the ▁process ▁became ▁an ▁all - boys ▁school . ▁In ▁ 1 9 0 9 , ▁the ▁school ▁rel oc ated ▁to ▁new ▁prem ises ▁constructed ▁on ▁the ▁cl iffs ▁above ▁D over ▁in ▁Kent . ▁For ▁the ▁duration ▁of ▁World ▁War ▁I ▁( 1 9 1 4 – 1 9 1 8 ), ▁the ▁school ▁was ▁evac uated ▁to ▁H utton , ▁near ▁B rent wood , ▁Es sex . ▁The ▁reason ▁for ▁the ▁evac uation ▁was ▁to ▁provide ▁the ▁military ▁authorities ▁with ▁a ▁transit ▁point ▁in ▁D over ▁for ▁troops ▁moved ▁to ▁and ▁from ▁the ▁Western ▁Front . ▁In ▁ 1 9 4 0 ▁the ▁school ▁was ▁evac uated ▁to ▁the ▁Sa un ton ▁S ands ▁Hotel , ▁Bra un ton , ▁North ▁Dev on , ▁returning ▁to ▁D over ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 6 . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 9 4 , ▁the ▁school ▁re - ad mitted ▁girls ▁and ▁returned ▁to ▁co - educ ation . ▁ ▁Academ ic ▁standards ▁Between ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁and ▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁more ▁than ▁ 9 0 % ▁of ▁pup ils ▁gained ▁ 5 ▁or ▁more ▁GC SE s ▁at ▁grades ▁A *- C ▁(
including ▁English ▁and ▁Mathemat ics ). ▁More ▁than ▁ 1 3 % ▁of ▁grades ▁were ▁A */ A ▁during ▁the ▁same ▁period . ▁ ▁During ▁this ▁period ▁( 2 0 0 7 – 2 0 0 9 ) ▁ 1 9 % ▁of ▁grades ▁gained ▁were ▁A / B ▁at ▁AS ▁level ▁and ▁ 1 2 % ▁of ▁grades ▁were ▁A / B ▁at ▁A 2 ▁level . ▁A ▁total ▁of ▁ 3 2 % ▁of ▁grades ▁gained ▁were ▁passes ▁at ▁A 2 ▁level . ▁ ▁Most ▁recent ▁results ▁can ▁be ▁found ▁on ▁the ▁School ▁website . ▁ ▁Sports ▁facilities ▁P up ils ▁have ▁access ▁to ▁extensive ▁sport ing ▁facilities ; ▁indeed ▁sports ▁take ▁place ▁every ▁day , ▁with ▁main ▁sports ▁like ▁rugby ▁and ▁hockey ▁being ▁played ▁twice ▁per ▁week . ▁P up ils ▁can ▁also ▁engage ▁in ▁sports ▁and ▁athlet ic ▁training ▁in ▁their ▁own ▁time ▁each ▁day . ▁The ▁school ▁has ▁a ▁strong ▁sport ing ▁culture . ▁The ▁ 1 5 0 ▁acres ▁( 6 0 7 , 0 0 0 ▁m 2 ) ▁of ▁land ▁on ▁the ▁school ▁site ▁includes ▁a ▁full ▁size ▁athlet ics ▁track , ▁two ▁sports ▁h alls , ▁swimming ▁pool , ▁indoor ▁squ ash ▁courts , ▁gym nas ium ▁and ▁a ▁dozen ▁full ▁size ▁grass ▁pit ches ▁for ▁rugby ▁union , ▁cricket ▁and ▁tennis . ▁£ 2 4 . 9 ▁million ▁was ▁invested ▁in ▁the ▁School ' s ▁facilities ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 4 , ▁with ▁a ▁Sports ▁Hall ▁designed ▁to ▁Sports ▁England ▁spec ification
▁being ▁added ▁to ▁the ▁site ▁to ▁enhance ▁its ▁already ▁impressive ▁facilities . ▁ ▁Ex changes ▁with ▁NAT O ▁member ▁military ▁schools ▁The ▁Duke ▁of ▁York ' s ▁runs ▁exchange ▁program mes ▁with ▁military ▁schools ▁within ▁NAT O . ▁Of ▁these ▁the ▁most ▁notable ▁is ▁the ▁programme ▁run ▁with ▁the ▁school ' s ▁French ▁equivalent , ▁the ▁Ly c ée ▁Mil itaire ▁in ▁A ix - en - Prov ence . ▁There ▁are ▁also ▁plac ements ▁for ▁recent ▁school ▁le a vers ▁from ▁respective ▁military ▁schools ▁to ▁assume ▁teaching ▁assistant ▁posts ▁at ▁corresponding ▁schools . ▁The ▁Duke ▁of ▁York ' s ▁also ▁maint ains ▁connections ▁with ▁Missouri ▁Military ▁Academy , ▁Valley ▁For ge ▁Military ▁Academy ▁and ▁College , ▁Wayne , ▁Pennsylvania , ▁and ▁F au j dar hat ▁Cad et ▁College , ▁Ch itt ag ong , ▁Bangl adesh . ▁ ▁Par ading , ▁military ▁instruction , ▁advent ur ous ▁training ▁Cer emon ial ▁Par ades ▁take ▁place ▁on ▁some ▁Sunday ▁m orn ings ; ▁the ▁grand est ▁of ▁these ▁being ▁on ▁Rem em br ance ▁Sunday ▁and ▁the ▁Grand ▁Day ▁at ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁summer ▁term . ▁On ▁Par ade , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁for ▁all ▁military ▁activities , ▁pup ils ▁are ▁called ▁cad ets ▁and ▁are ▁organ ised ▁into ▁ceremon ial ▁Gu ards ▁or ▁they ▁play ▁an ▁instrument ▁in ▁the ▁Band . ▁Cad ets ▁wear ▁the ▁standard ▁dark ▁blue ▁ceremon ial ▁uniform ▁of ▁the ▁British ▁Army . ▁The ▁Duke ▁of ▁York ’ s ▁Royal ▁Military ▁School ▁Cer emon ial ▁Band ▁is ▁the
▁largest ▁within ▁and ▁since ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁outside ▁the ▁Ministry ▁of ▁Def ence , ▁being ▁larger ▁still ▁than ▁the ▁Mass ed ▁B ands ▁of ▁the ▁Foot ▁Gu ards ▁of ▁the ▁House hold ▁Division . ▁The ▁considerable ▁number ▁of ▁notable ▁musicians ▁educated ▁at ▁the ▁school ▁over ▁the ▁last ▁ 2 0 7 ▁years ▁demonstr ates ▁the ▁very ▁high ▁standards ▁in ▁music ▁tu ition . ▁In ▁recent ▁years ▁the ▁band ▁has ▁performed ▁at : ▁▁ ▁Tw icken ham ▁Stadium ▁( for ▁the ▁annual ▁rugby ▁match ▁between ▁the ▁Royal ▁Navy ▁and ▁British ▁Army ) ▁ ▁Lord ' s ▁( for ▁International ▁Test ▁Match ▁Cr icket ) ▁ ▁Ch ath am ▁Historic ▁D ock yard ▁( Ar med ▁Forces ▁Day ), ▁alongside ▁The ▁Band ▁of ▁H M ▁Royal ▁Mar ines ▁ ▁Ald ers hot ▁( for ▁the ▁Army ▁Rug by ▁League ▁Fin als ). ▁ ▁The ▁school ▁em plo ys ▁a ▁Reg imental ▁Sergeant ▁Major ▁to ▁co - ord inate ▁ceremon ial ▁dr ill ▁and ▁military ▁instruction . ▁ ▁All ▁pup ils ▁are ▁cad ets , ▁with ▁ranks ▁ranging ▁from ▁cad et ▁to ▁senior ▁under ▁officer , ▁and ▁entrance ▁to ▁the ▁armed ▁forces ▁at ▁all ▁ranks ▁- ▁as ▁either ▁a ▁ranking ▁soldier ▁or ▁commissioned ▁officer ▁ent rant ▁– ▁occurs ▁regularly . ▁ ▁Advent ur ous ▁Training ▁is ▁run ▁by ▁the ▁school ▁and ▁is ▁available ▁to ▁senior ▁school ▁pup ils . ▁Each ▁training ▁camp ▁is ▁completed ▁on ▁D art mo or ▁at ▁Oak ham pton ▁Training ▁Camp ▁ ▁and ▁last s ▁one ▁week , ▁compr ising
▁mostly ▁field craft ▁and ▁end urance ▁skills ; ▁but ▁always ▁including ▁an ▁extended ▁exercise . ▁ ▁High ▁Table ▁High ▁Table ▁ ▁where ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁Senior ▁Lead ership ▁Team , ▁two ▁sixth ▁form ▁pre fect s ▁and ▁other ▁students ▁( t aken ▁from ▁each ▁house ▁in ▁rotation ) ▁and ▁guests ▁take ▁lun che on . ▁The ▁table ▁is ▁waited ▁on . ▁Gu ests ▁are ▁invited ▁from ▁the ▁Off ic ers ' ▁Mess es ▁of ▁nearby ▁Army ▁batt al ions , ▁Royal ▁Navy ▁ships ▁and ▁Royal ▁Air ▁Force ▁squad rons . ▁Members ▁of ▁the ▁school ' s ▁board ▁of ▁govern ors , ▁who ▁are ▁themselves ▁among ▁the ▁most ▁senior ▁military ▁officers ▁and ▁leaders ▁in ▁business ▁and ▁commerce , ▁are ▁also ▁invited ▁regularly . ▁ ▁Board ing ▁houses ▁The ▁school ▁is ▁currently ▁divided ▁into ▁twelve ▁H ouses , ▁nine ▁of ▁which ▁are ▁named ▁after ▁famous ▁British ▁gener als , ▁one ▁after ▁a ▁famous ▁adm iral ▁of ▁the ▁Royal ▁Navy , ▁another ▁after ▁a ▁famous ▁mar shal ▁of ▁the ▁Royal ▁Air ▁Force : ▁ ▁Junior ▁H ouses ▁( Y ears ▁ 7 ) ▁Nelson ▁T rench ard ▁ ▁Senior ▁H ouses ▁( Y ears ▁ 8 - 1 1 ) ▁Ha ig ▁Kitchen er ▁Roberts ▁Wol se ley ▁W elling ton ▁Cl ive ▁Wol fe ▁Mar l borough ▁Alan bro oke ▁ ▁Years ▁ 1 2 - 1 3 ▁Cent en ary ▁House ▁( op ened ▁in ▁September ▁ 2 0 1 0 ) ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 4 , ▁a ▁£ 2
5 m ▁ref urb ishment ▁of ▁School ▁prem ises ▁was ▁completed ▁including ▁a ▁new ▁sports ▁hall , ▁up grad ing ▁of ▁the ▁main ▁hall ▁into ▁a ▁performing ▁arts ▁centre , ▁two ▁new ▁teaching ▁wings ▁and ▁four ▁new ▁residential ▁houses ▁along ▁with ▁the ▁up grad ing ▁of ▁the ▁existing ▁ones . ▁School ▁pup il ▁numbers ▁capacity ▁has ▁been ▁increased ▁by ▁over ▁ 5 0 %. ▁ ▁Music ▁Music ▁plays ▁an ▁important ▁role ▁in ▁the ▁life ▁of ▁the ▁school . ▁The ▁school ▁has ▁several ▁music ▁en semb les ▁of ▁varying ▁size , ▁predomin antly ▁featuring ▁military ▁band ▁instruments . ▁The ▁school ' s ▁march ing ▁band ▁has ▁performed ▁at ▁public ▁events ▁such ▁as ▁the ▁Ch ath am ▁D ock yard ▁Rem em br ance ▁Day ▁Par ade ▁and ▁has ▁been ▁a ▁regular ▁pre - match ▁feature ▁at ▁the ▁Army ▁vs ▁Navy ▁rugby ▁match ▁at ▁Tw icken ham ▁for ▁many ▁years . ▁ ▁In ▁addition ▁to ▁the ▁conc erts ▁and ▁military ▁band ▁eng ag ements ▁that ▁are ▁held ▁throughout ▁the ▁year , ▁the ▁school ▁cho ir ▁has ▁featured ▁in ▁local ▁television ▁and ▁radio ▁broadcast s ▁with ▁their ▁special ▁version ▁of ▁" Where ver ▁You ▁Are ", ▁a ▁song ▁by ▁the ▁composer ▁Paul ▁Me al or ▁which ▁was ▁performed ▁by ▁the ▁Military ▁W ives ▁Ch oir ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁Festival ▁of ▁Rem em br ance . ▁The ▁Duke ▁of ▁York ' s ▁School ▁version ▁featured ▁a ▁pup il ▁of ▁the ▁school ▁reading ▁a ▁letter ▁to ▁her ▁father ▁who ▁served ▁in ▁Afghanistan ▁over ▁Christmas
▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁and ▁was ▁broadcast ▁on ▁the ▁Chris ▁Evans ▁BBC ▁Radio ▁ 2 ▁breakfast ▁show ▁on ▁Wednesday ▁ 1 4 ▁December ▁and ▁repeated ▁several ▁times ▁in ▁full ▁on ▁BBC ▁Radio ▁Kent ▁throughout ▁the ▁Christmas ▁period . ▁The ▁YouTube ▁video ▁of ▁the ▁Duke ▁of ▁York ' s ▁School ▁aver aged ▁ 1 0 0 0 ▁hits ▁a ▁day ▁during ▁the ▁weeks ▁leading ▁up ▁to ▁Christmas . ▁ ▁March ing ▁Be ats ▁ ▁Reg imental ▁Col our ▁- ▁the ▁School ▁has ▁its ▁own ▁" stand ▁of ▁Col ours ". ▁The ▁School ▁Col our ▁is ▁tro oped ▁at ▁many ▁Par ades . ▁ ▁School ▁Quick ▁March : ▁S ons ▁Of ▁The ▁Br ave ▁ ▁School ▁Slow ▁March : ▁The ▁Duke ▁Of ▁York ▁ ▁School ▁Song : ▁" Play ▁Up ▁D uk ies " ▁ ▁School ▁H ym n : ▁" S ons ▁of ▁the ▁Br ave " ▁ ▁School ▁March ▁off : ▁" M arch in ' ▁through ▁Georgia " ▁ ▁Military ▁Col ours ▁Along ▁with ▁E ton ▁College ▁and ▁Chel ten ham ▁College , ▁the ▁Duke ▁of ▁York ' s ▁Royal ▁Military ▁School ▁is ▁one ▁of ▁only ▁three ▁English ▁schools ▁to ▁have ▁military ▁colours . ▁While ▁E ton ▁and ▁Chel ten ham ▁par ade ▁their ▁colours ▁on ▁rare ▁occasions , ▁the ▁Duke ▁of ▁York ' s ▁Royal ▁Military ▁School ▁par ades ▁its ▁colours ▁briefly ▁as ▁the ▁Par ade ▁enters ▁Chap el , ▁and ▁on ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁ceremon ial ▁par ades ▁in ▁the ▁course ▁of ▁the ▁year . ▁The ▁colours ▁are ▁of
▁Mar ron ▁and ▁Dark ▁Blue ▁and ▁can ▁be ▁found ▁in ▁the ▁Head ▁Man ' s ▁office ▁while ▁not ▁on ▁par ade ▁or ▁in ▁Chap el . ▁ ▁Chap el ▁and ▁War ▁Memorial s ▁Despite ▁pup ils ▁having ▁multi - fa ith ▁background s , ▁the ▁school ▁ad her es ▁to ▁the ▁practices ▁of ▁the ▁Church ▁of ▁England . ▁Chap el ▁is ▁taken ▁ 3 ▁times ▁a ▁week , ▁by ▁pup ils , ▁including ▁a ▁full ▁church ▁service ▁on ▁Sunday . ▁Sunday ▁services ▁are ▁preced ed ▁by ▁a ▁Par ade ▁including ▁the ▁whole ▁school ; ▁the ▁school ▁regularly ▁inv ites ▁notable ▁people ▁from ▁the ▁military ▁to ▁be ▁the ▁inspect ing ▁officers ▁on ▁Sunday ▁Par ades . ▁Con sequently , ▁cad ets ▁go ▁to ▁church ▁services ▁in ▁Chap el ▁wearing ▁their ▁ceremon ial ▁uniform s . ▁On ▁days ▁of ▁special ▁religious ▁significance , ▁the ▁Chap el ▁follows ▁High ▁Church ▁traditions . ▁ ▁The ▁walls ▁of ▁the ▁chap el ▁are ▁laid ▁up ▁with ▁the ▁battle ▁hon ours ▁belonging ▁to ▁former ▁Cad ets ' ▁reg iments ▁and ▁corps ; ▁but ▁of ▁more ▁note ▁are ▁the ▁historic ▁carved ▁marble ▁tablet ▁lists ▁of ▁the ▁hundreds ▁of ▁D uk ies ▁who ▁have ▁sacrific ed ▁their ▁lives ▁in ▁Great ▁Britain ' s ▁various ▁wars ▁and ▁conflicts ▁since ▁ 1 8 0 3 . ▁The ▁school ▁has ▁a ▁memorial ▁to ▁the ▁Great ▁War ▁and ▁the ▁Second ▁World ▁War ▁placed ▁just ▁inside ▁of ▁the ▁ex - main ▁entrance ▁to ▁the ▁school . ▁The ▁Par ade ▁and ▁Band ▁pay ▁its ▁respect s ▁here ▁on
▁the ▁Arm ist ice ▁Comm em oration . ▁A ▁great ▁number ▁of ▁former ▁pup ils , ▁many ▁of ▁them ▁in ▁the ▁Ar med ▁Forces , ▁also ▁attend , ▁along ▁with ▁D uk ies ▁who ▁are ▁now ▁Chelsea ▁P ension ers . ▁ ▁Gu ards ' ▁Compet ition ▁and ▁Grand ▁Day ▁At ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁each ▁summer ▁term ▁the ▁school ▁par ades ▁for ▁Grand ▁Day . ▁This ▁is ▁a ▁special ▁par ade ▁of ▁much ▁greater ▁complexity , ▁and ▁is ▁similar ▁in ▁style ▁and ▁length ▁to ▁the ▁Tro oping ▁the ▁Col our ▁on ▁Horse ▁Gu ards . ▁The ▁purpose ▁of ▁Grand ▁Day ▁is ▁to ▁display ▁the ▁school ▁at ▁its ▁finest ▁to ▁a ▁visiting ▁dign itary , ▁who ▁is ▁either ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁Royal ▁Family ▁or ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁British ▁armed ▁forces ▁General ▁Staff . ▁Grand ▁Day ▁has ▁its ▁origins ▁in ▁the ▁school ▁par ading ▁before ▁its ▁founder , ▁the ▁then ▁Prince ▁Frederick ▁Duke ▁of ▁York ▁and ▁Alb any ▁when ▁the ▁school ▁was ▁founded ▁in ▁ 1 8 0 3 . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁build - up ▁toward ▁Grand ▁Day ▁the ▁Gu ards ▁( each ▁corresponding ▁to ▁board ing ▁houses ) ▁under go ▁the ▁Gu ards ' ▁Compet ition , ▁nick named ▁" Dr ill ▁Comp ". ▁The ▁purpose ▁is ▁to ▁test ▁skill ▁at ▁ceremon ial ▁dr ill ▁and ▁standards ▁regarding ▁kit ▁turn out . ▁The ▁outcome ▁of ▁the ▁Gu ards ' ▁Compet ition ▁ranks ▁the ▁Gu ards ' ▁Order ▁of ▁Pre ced ence ▁for ▁Grand ▁Day . ▁The ▁winning ▁and ▁therefore ▁senior ▁Guard
▁is ▁referred ▁to ▁as ▁Number ▁One ▁Guard , ▁with ▁the ▁others ▁in ▁decl ining ▁order . ▁Old ▁D uk ie , ▁the ▁late ▁Sir ▁John ▁Carter , ▁organ ised ▁a ▁visit ▁to ▁the ▁School ▁by ▁Lady ▁Margaret ▁Th atch er . ▁George ▁Po ole y ▁of ▁Po ole y ▁S words ▁ ▁don ated ▁a ▁sword ▁called ▁the ▁Th atch er ▁S word ▁of ▁Hon our ▁which ▁is ▁granted ▁to ▁the ▁best ▁performing ▁Guard ▁Officer ▁each ▁year . ▁ ▁Per forming ▁Arts ▁Per forming ▁Arts ▁at ▁the ▁Duke ▁of ▁York ' s ▁Royal ▁Military ▁School ▁has ▁developed ▁and ▁produced ▁several ▁international ▁semi - prof ess ional ▁musical ▁production . ▁With ▁a ▁partnership ▁school ▁in ▁West ▁Point , ▁Virginia . ▁The ▁international ▁produ ctions ▁take ▁place ▁every ▁two ▁years ▁with ▁the ▁first ▁production ▁' C ab aret ' ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁and ▁more ▁recently ▁Ph ant om ▁of ▁the ▁Opera ▁ 2 0 1 6 . ▁Many ▁other ▁produ ctions ▁and ▁performances ▁are ▁produced ▁during ▁the ▁year . ▁Ever ▁other ▁year ▁a ▁smaller ▁scale ▁musical ▁is ▁produced ▁with ▁this ▁years ▁production ▁being ▁H airs pr ay . ▁A ▁range ▁of ▁other ▁produ ctions ▁such ▁as ▁the ▁annual ▁dance ▁festival ▁and ▁Grand ▁Day ▁production ▁are ▁great ▁show cases ▁to ▁show ▁what ▁the ▁school ▁has ▁to ▁offer ▁in ▁the ▁art ▁form . ▁ ▁Bi - cent en ary ▁and ▁new ▁Col ours ▁The ▁School ▁celebrated ▁its ▁bi - cent en ary ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 1 – 0 2 . ▁It ▁held ▁a
▁comm emor ative ▁service ▁at ▁Christmas ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 1 ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁a ▁special ▁Par ade ▁at ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁ 2 0 0 3 , ▁when ▁it ▁received ▁new ▁colours ▁from ▁Prince ▁Andrew ▁Duke ▁of ▁York . ▁ ▁The ▁school ▁celebrated ▁the ▁cent en ary ▁of ▁its ▁move ▁to ▁D over ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁and ▁amongst ▁many ▁special ▁events ▁ ▁hosted ▁a ▁reception ▁at ▁the ▁House ▁of ▁L ords , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁par ades ▁and ▁drama ▁produ ctions . ▁ ▁A ▁change ▁in ▁traditions ▁Until ▁ 1 9 9 9 ▁the ▁School ' s ▁head mas ters ▁were ▁all ▁serving ▁military ▁officers ▁of ▁the ▁rank ▁of ▁at ▁least ▁lieutenant ▁colon el . ▁Since ▁then ▁there ▁have ▁been ▁four ▁civilian ▁head mas ters . ▁The ▁school ▁also ▁has ▁a ▁reg imental ▁ser ge ant ▁major ▁among ▁its ▁staff ▁whose ▁primary ▁role ▁is ▁to ▁co - ord inate ▁military ▁standards ▁and ▁dr ill ▁discipline . ▁ ▁The ▁school ' s ▁first ▁civilian ▁students ▁were ▁accepted ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁after ▁the ▁school ▁was ▁granted ▁academ y ▁status . ▁Prior ▁to ▁this , ▁the ▁school ▁had ▁taken ▁only ▁students ▁whose ▁parents ▁were ▁veterans ▁or ▁currently ▁serving ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁Kingdom ' s ▁military ▁forces . ▁ ▁Not able ▁al umn i ▁ ▁Al umn i ▁are ▁known ▁as ▁" D uk ies ". ▁▁ ▁Lieutenant - General ▁Sir ▁Gary ▁Cow ard ▁ret ' d , ▁CB , ▁O BE , ▁beginning ▁his ▁career ▁in ▁the ▁Royal
▁Art illery ▁before ▁transfer ring ▁to ▁the ▁Army ▁Air ▁Corps , ▁Cow ard ▁was ▁Quarter - Master ▁General ▁of ▁the ▁British ▁Ar med ▁Forces , ▁formerly ▁Chief ▁of ▁Staff ▁of ▁the ▁P erman ent ▁J oint ▁Head quarters ▁and ▁before ▁that ▁General ▁Officer ▁Command ing ▁United ▁Kingdom ▁J oint ▁Hel ic opter ▁Command . ▁Cow ard ▁is ▁decorated ▁with ▁the ▁Order ▁of ▁the ▁Bath ▁and ▁the ▁Order ▁of ▁the ▁British ▁Empire . ▁ ▁Major ▁General ▁David ▁Mark ▁C ull en ▁ret ' d ▁CB , ▁O BE ▁was ▁a ▁senior ▁British ▁Army ▁officer . ▁He ▁served ▁as ▁the ▁Assistant ▁Chief ▁of ▁the ▁General ▁Staff ▁from ▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁to ▁ 2 0 1 5 . ▁ ▁Ram on ▁T ik aram , ▁stage ▁and ▁screen ▁actor ▁who ▁shot ▁to ▁fame ▁in ▁BBC 2 ▁drama ▁This ▁Life , ▁where ▁he ▁played ▁a ▁bi - sex ual , ▁Mexican ▁bike ▁cou rier ▁called ▁Ferd ie . ▁ ▁Maurice ▁Col cl ough , ▁rugby ▁player ▁for ▁the ▁England ▁national ▁rugby ▁union ▁team ▁and ▁British ▁and ▁Irish ▁L ions . ▁ ▁His ▁Hon our ▁Judge ▁Keith ▁Ray nor , ▁a ▁former ▁Vice ▁President ▁of ▁The ▁Kos ovo ▁Special ist ▁Ch ambers ▁( K SC ) ▁in ▁The ▁H ague ▁who ▁was ▁also ▁appointed ▁to ▁the ▁ro ster ▁of ▁international ▁judges ▁at ▁the ▁Ch ambers . ▁ ▁Lieutenant - Col onel ▁N ig el ▁Wy ld e , ▁Q GM , ▁Royal ▁Army ▁Or dn ance ▁Corps , ▁Intelligence ▁Corps , ▁former - b omb ▁dispos
al ▁expert ▁and ▁intelligence ▁oper ative ▁decorated ▁for ▁gall antry ▁who ▁has ▁cast ▁doubt ▁on ▁the ▁legit im acy ▁of ▁the ▁state ' s ▁moral ▁conduct ▁in ▁anti - ter ror ist ▁campaigns ▁from ▁the ▁ 1 9 7 0 s ▁to ▁the ▁present ▁day . ▁Wy ld e ▁has ▁appeared ▁as ▁an ▁expert ▁witness ▁to ▁the ▁Bar ron ▁In quiry ▁on ▁the ▁Dublin ▁and ▁Mon ag han ▁bomb ings ▁of ▁ 1 7 ▁May ▁ 1 9 7 4 . ▁ ▁Sir J ames ▁Stuart ▁Jones , ▁British ▁Ang lic an ▁cl erg yman ▁and ▁former ▁Bishop ▁of ▁Liverpool . ▁ ▁Bill ▁Ind , ▁British ▁Ang lic an ▁cl erg yman ▁and ▁formerly ▁Bishop ▁of ▁Tru ro . ▁ ▁Professor ▁Arthur ▁Bull er , ▁E RD , ▁FR CP , ▁Professor ▁of ▁Phys i ology , ▁University ▁of ▁Brist ol , ▁ 1 9 6 5 – 1 9 8 2 , ▁Emer it us ▁Professor , ▁since ▁ 1 9 8 2 ; ▁Chief ▁Scient ist , ▁Department ▁of ▁Health ▁and ▁Social ▁Security , ▁ 1 9 7 8 – 8 1 , ▁and ▁Fellow ▁of ▁the ▁Royal ▁College ▁of ▁Phys icians ▁ ▁Lieutenant ▁General ▁Sir ▁Arch ib ald ▁N ye , ▁GC SI , ▁G CI E , ▁K CB , ▁K BE , ▁MC , ▁Vice - Ch ief ▁of ▁the ▁Imperial ▁General ▁Staff ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁being ▁involved ▁in ▁Operation ▁M ince me at , ▁Governor ▁of ▁Mad ras ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 6 , ▁UK ▁High
▁Commission er ▁in ▁Delhi ▁from ▁ 1 9 4 8 ▁to ▁ 1 9 5 2 , ▁High ▁Commission er ▁to ▁Canada ▁from ▁ 1 9 5 2 ▁to ▁ 1 9 5 6 , ▁chairman ▁of ▁the ▁N ye ▁Committee . ▁ ▁Detect ive ▁In spector ▁D . H . C . ▁Nixon , ▁Met ropolitan ▁Police , ▁subject ▁of ▁the ▁novel ▁Nick ▁of ▁the ▁River ▁by ▁Anthony ▁Richard son ▁and ▁the ▁accompanying ▁television ▁series . ▁ ▁Lieutenant ▁Peter ▁Cart wright , ▁Royal ▁Sc ots ▁F us ili ers , ▁Special ▁Air ▁Service , ▁died ▁trying ▁to ▁save ▁three ▁com r ades ▁from ▁d rowning ▁on ▁training ▁exercise ▁during ▁the ▁Mal ay an ▁Emer gency . ▁Despite ▁pressure ▁he ▁was ▁never ▁awarded ▁a ▁post hum ous ▁gall antry ▁medal . ▁ ▁Colonel ▁W . A . T . ▁Bow ly , ▁C VO , ▁C BE , ▁MC , ▁President ▁of ▁the ▁D Y R MS ▁Old ▁Boy ' s ▁Association ▁ 1 9 3 7 - 1 9 4 5 , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁being ▁Head master ▁of ▁the ▁D Y R MS ▁during ▁World ▁War ▁II , ▁recipient ▁of ▁the ▁Royal ▁Victorian ▁Order , ▁the ▁Order ▁of ▁the ▁British ▁Empire ▁and ▁decorated ▁for ▁gall antry ▁in ▁combat ▁during ▁World ▁War ▁I . ▁ ▁William ▁Henry ▁Deb roy ▁Som ers , ▁inter - war ▁composer , ▁ly ric ist , ▁blues ▁and ▁jazz ▁musician ▁who ▁formed ▁the ▁Sav oy ▁Hotel ▁Or p he ans , ▁performed ▁on ▁Radio ▁Luxem bourg ▁and
▁Radio ▁Norm andy , ▁and ▁performed ▁in ▁the ▁Hor lic ks ▁Show ▁to ▁rival ▁the ▁O val t ine ys ▁, ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁performing ▁in ▁the ▁Royal ▁Var iety ▁Performance . ▁ ▁Group ▁Captain ▁George ▁Gard iner , ▁D SO , ▁D FC , ▁L ég ion ▁d ' hon neur , ▁Cro ix ▁de ▁guerre , ▁Cro ix ▁de ▁Che val ier , ▁Royal ▁Irish ▁Regiment , ▁Queen ' s ▁Lanc ers , ▁Royal ▁F lying ▁Corps , ▁Royal ▁Air ▁Force , ▁fighter ▁ace ▁in ▁World ▁War ▁I . ▁ ▁Lieutenant ▁George ▁William ▁H anna , ▁M M , ▁Duke ▁of ▁W elling ton ' s ▁Regiment , ▁inf an tr yman ▁in ▁the ▁Bo er ▁War ▁and ▁World ▁War ▁I . ▁ ▁Henry ▁L azar us , ▁the ▁premier ▁British ▁clar inet ▁virt u oso ▁of ▁the ▁nineteenth ▁century ▁and ▁professor ▁of ▁the ▁Royal ▁Academy ▁of ▁Music ▁ ▁Thomas ▁Sull ivan , ▁professor ▁of ▁the ▁Royal ▁Military ▁School ▁of ▁Music , ▁Kn eller ▁Hall ▁and ▁father ▁of ▁the ▁composer ▁Sir ▁Arthur ▁Sull ivan ▁of ▁Gilbert ▁and ▁Sull ivan ▁fame ▁ ▁Roger ▁Tom l inson , ▁master ▁of ▁British ▁military ▁music , ▁who ▁ended ▁his ▁career ▁in ▁the ▁rank ▁of ▁Lieutenant ▁Colonel ▁as ▁Senior ▁Director ▁of ▁Music ▁of ▁the ▁British ▁Army ▁ ▁Alfred ▁James ▁Phase y , ▁a ▁star ▁musician ▁during ▁the ▁Victorian ▁age , ▁including ▁playing ▁with ▁the ▁Phil harm onic ▁Society ▁of ▁London ▁( pro gen itor ▁of ▁the ▁Royal ▁Phil harm onic ▁Society , ▁professor ▁of ▁the ▁Royal
▁Army ▁College ▁of ▁Music . ▁ ▁Ann ▁Van p ine , ▁mill ▁worker ▁turned ▁teacher ▁to ▁the ▁benefit ▁of ▁her ▁community ▁and ▁test ament ▁to ▁the ▁spirit ▁of ▁service ▁encouraged ▁at ▁the ▁Duke ▁of ▁York ' s ; ▁more over ▁Van p ine ▁was ▁a ▁pup il ▁in ▁the ▁earliest ▁years ▁of ▁the ▁school ▁( 1 8 2 1 – 1 8 2 5 ) ▁and ▁in ▁a ▁time ▁of ▁extremely ▁limited ▁opportunities ▁for ▁or ph ans ▁but ▁especially ▁women , ▁making ▁her ▁accomplish ments ▁the ▁more ▁remarkable . ▁ ▁John ▁Francis ▁David ▁Sh aul , ▁recipient ▁of ▁the ▁Victoria ▁Cross ▁as ▁a ▁Corpor al ▁of ▁the ▁High land ▁Light ▁Infan try ▁at ▁the ▁Battle ▁of ▁Mag ers f onte in , ▁ 1 1 ▁December ▁ 1 8 9 9 . ▁Corpor al ▁Sh aul ' s ▁bra very ▁and ▁hum ane ▁conduct ▁were ▁so ▁con sp ic uous ▁that , ▁not ▁only ▁was ▁he ▁noticed ▁by ▁his ▁own ▁officer , ▁but ▁even ▁those ▁of ▁other ▁reg iments ▁remarked ▁upon ▁it . ▁Corpor al ▁Sh aul ▁was ▁in ▁charge ▁of ▁stret cher ▁bear ers ▁and ▁was ▁most ▁con sp ic uous ▁in ▁dressing ▁the ▁wounds ▁of ▁the ▁injured . ▁He ▁was ▁born ▁in ▁King ' s ▁Lyn n ▁on ▁ 1 1 ▁September ▁ 1 8 7 3 . ▁He ▁received ▁his ▁V C ▁from ▁the ▁Duke ▁of ▁York ▁at ▁Piet erm ar itz burg ▁on ▁ 1 4 ▁August ▁ 1 9 0 1 . ▁ ▁Mat ▁Gilbert , ▁Bath ▁Rug
by , ▁L lan elli ▁Scar lets ▁and ▁England ▁De af ▁Rug by ▁player . ▁ ▁George ▁R id g well , ▁stage ▁perform er ▁and ▁minor ▁composer / ly ric ist , ▁later ▁pione er ▁silent ▁film - maker ▁including ▁the ▁first ▁Sher lock ▁Holmes ▁shorts ▁ ▁Peter ▁Bir ch , ▁A ctor . ▁R oles ▁have ▁included ▁Herr ▁Ul rich ▁in ▁Auf ▁W ieder se hen ▁Pet , ▁consultant ▁Jack ▁H ath away ▁in ▁Cas ual ty ▁ ▁and ▁Arthur ▁Eli ott ▁in ▁The ▁House ▁of ▁Eli ott . ▁ ▁Philipp ▁D ase , ▁Journal ist ▁and ▁Found er ▁of ▁E DD M ▁News . ▁While ▁at ▁school ▁he ▁was ▁a ▁Bass ▁Dr um mer ▁in ▁the ▁Military ▁Band . ▁ ▁Not able ▁Masters ▁ ▁Reg imental ▁Sergeant ▁Major ▁Lincoln ▁Per kins , ▁British ▁Empire ▁Medal , ▁Gren ad ier ▁Gu ards , ▁R SM ▁at ▁the ▁Duke ▁of ▁York ' s ▁Royal ▁Military ▁School ▁ 1 9 7 9 - 2 0 0 6 , ▁extensive ▁career ▁including ▁Britain ' s ▁East ▁of ▁Sue z ▁conflicts ▁and ▁service ▁in ▁the ▁Royal ▁House hold . ▁ ▁Mr ▁C . H . ▁Con nell , ▁Head ▁of ▁English ▁at ▁D Y R MS ▁post ▁World ▁War ▁II ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 4 0 s ▁to ▁late ▁ 1 9 7 0 s . ▁Oper ative ▁in ▁the ▁Special ▁Operations ▁Executive ▁during ▁World ▁War ▁II , ▁Con nell ▁was ▁also ▁an ▁author ▁with ▁at ▁least ▁sevent een ▁novels ▁and ▁books ▁published ,
▁plus ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁plays . ▁ ▁Colonel ▁W . A . T . ▁Bow ly , ▁C VO , ▁C BE , ▁MC , ▁Head master ▁of ▁the ▁D Y R MS ▁during ▁World ▁War ▁II , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁being ▁President ▁of ▁the ▁D Y R MS ▁Old ▁Boy ' s ▁Association ▁ 1 9 3 7 - 1 9 4 5 , ▁recipient ▁of ▁the ▁Royal ▁Victorian ▁Order , ▁the ▁Order ▁of ▁the ▁British ▁Empire ▁and ▁decorated ▁for ▁gall antry ▁in ▁combat ▁during ▁World ▁War ▁I . ▁ ▁Lieutenant - Col onel ▁S . G . ▁Sim pson , ▁O BE , ▁Head master ▁of ▁the ▁Duke ▁of ▁York ' s ▁Royal ▁Military ▁School ▁ 1 9 2 2 - 1 9 2 7 , ▁recipient ▁of ▁the ▁Order ▁of ▁the ▁British ▁Empire , ▁graduate ▁of ▁the ▁universities ▁of ▁Cambridge , ▁L ille , ▁Paris ▁and ▁He idel berg . ▁ ▁Lieutenant - Col onel ▁Harold ▁Pri est ley , ▁CM G , ▁Medical ▁Officer ▁at ▁the ▁Duke ▁of ▁York ' s ▁Royal ▁Military ▁School ▁ 1 9 1 9 - 1 9 2 2 , ▁recipient ▁of ▁the ▁Order ▁of ▁St ▁Michael ▁and ▁St ▁George . ▁ ▁Brig ad ier - General ▁George ▁Col borne ▁N ug ent , ▁Irish ▁Gu ards , ▁Command ant ▁of ▁the ▁Duke ▁of ▁York ' s ▁Royal ▁Military ▁School ▁ 1 9 1 3 - 1 9 1 4 , ▁commanded ▁the ▁ 5 th ▁London ▁Brigade ▁in ▁World ▁War ▁I ▁and ▁was
▁killed ▁in ▁action ▁on ▁ 3 1 ▁May ▁ 1 9 1 5 . ▁ ▁Captain ▁William ▁S ib orne , ▁Ad j ut ant ▁of ▁the ▁Royal ▁Military ▁As yl um ▁from ▁ 1 8 4 3 ▁to ▁ 1 8 4 9 , ▁having ▁previously ▁demonstrated ▁that ▁the ▁Duke ▁of ▁W elling ton ' s ▁account ▁of ▁his ▁victory ▁at ▁the ▁Battle ▁of ▁Water lo o ▁was ▁err one ous , ▁and ▁was ▁in ▁fact ▁due ▁in ▁considerable ▁part ▁to ▁Pr ussian ▁assistance . ▁ ▁Major ▁General ▁Lloyd ▁How ell , ▁C BE , ▁Director ▁of ▁Army ▁Education ▁ 1 9 7 6 - 8 0 , ▁Head master ▁[ and ▁command ant ] ▁ 1 9 6 7 - 7 2 . ▁ ▁D uk ies ' ▁Cor ner ▁in ▁Gust on ▁Church yard ▁Sad ly ▁pup ils ▁of ▁the ▁school ▁did ▁die ▁and ▁some ▁of ▁those ▁are ▁buried ▁in ▁the ▁church yard ▁of ▁St ▁Martin ▁of ▁T ours ▁church ▁in ▁the ▁nearby ▁village ▁of ▁Gust on . ▁There ▁are ▁ 1 2 ▁grave ▁mark ers ▁for ▁boys ▁of ▁the ▁school ▁( although ▁in ▁one ▁case ▁an ▁Old ▁Boy ▁is ▁buried ). ▁There ▁are ▁also ▁two ▁members ▁of ▁staff ▁are ▁buried ▁in ▁D uk ies ' ▁Cor ner . ▁ ▁Other ▁British ▁Educ ational ▁Est ablish ments ▁with ▁Military ▁Conne ctions ▁The ▁Royal ▁Hospital ▁School ▁Queen ▁Victoria ▁School ▁Gordon ' s ▁School ▁Association ▁of ▁Har ro gate ▁App rent ices ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁Duke ▁of ▁York
' s ▁Royal ▁Military ▁School ▁Duke ▁of ▁York ' s ▁Royal ▁Military ▁School ▁Historical ▁Archives ▁Duke ▁of ▁York ' s ▁Royal ▁Military ▁School ▁Old ▁Boys ▁Association ▁List ▁of ▁Duke ▁of ▁York ' s ▁Old ▁Boys ▁& ▁Girls ▁on ▁the ▁Internet ▁ ▁Category : E duc ational ▁institutions ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 8 0 3 ▁Category : Sch ools ▁in ▁D over , ▁Kent ▁Category : Min istry ▁of ▁Def ence ▁( Un ited ▁Kingdom ) ▁Category : 1 8 0 3 ▁establish ments ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁Kingdom ▁Category : Ac adem ies ▁in ▁Kent ▁Category : Bo arding ▁schools ▁in ▁Kent ▁Category : Second ary ▁schools ▁in ▁Kent ▁Category : Mil itary ▁schools ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁Kingdom <0x0A> </s> ▁Sir ▁Henry ▁James ▁" H arry " ▁Pear ce , ▁K BE ▁( born ▁ 1 ▁November ▁ 1 9 5 3 ) ▁is ▁a ▁fict ional ▁character , ▁head ▁of ▁the ▁counter - ter ror ism ▁department ▁(" Section ▁D ") ▁of ▁MI 5 ▁as ▁featured ▁in ▁the ▁British ▁television ▁series ▁Sp ook s . ▁He ▁was ▁played ▁by ▁Peter ▁F irth ▁during ▁the ▁whole ▁run ▁of ▁the ▁series ▁from ▁ 2 0 0 2 ▁to ▁ 2 0 1 1 , ▁and ▁re pr ised ▁for ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 5 ▁film , ▁Sp ook s : ▁The ▁Gre ater ▁Good . ▁ ▁Career ▁ ▁Prior ▁career ▁After ▁attending ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Oxford , ▁Pear ce ▁went ▁to ▁the ▁Royal ▁Military ▁Academy ▁Sand h urst ▁before ▁joining ▁the ▁Light ▁Blue ▁Dr
ago ons . ▁Upon ▁leaving ▁the ▁army , ▁he ▁joined ▁MI 5 , ▁where ▁he ▁completed ▁his ▁training ▁in ▁June ▁ 1 9 7 7 . ▁His ▁first ▁assignment ▁at ▁the ▁service ▁was ▁to ▁A ▁Section , ▁in ▁Northern ▁Ireland , ▁where ▁he ▁was ▁an ▁agent ▁handler ▁during ▁the ▁Pro vis ional ▁I RA ' s ▁campaign ▁against ▁the ▁British ▁state , ▁until ▁his ▁close ▁colle ague ▁Bill ▁C rom bie ▁was ▁kidn apped ▁and ▁killed ▁in ▁August ▁ 1 9 7 8 . ▁Pear ce ▁was ▁then ▁second ed ▁to ▁the ▁Secret ▁Intelligence ▁Service ▁( aka ▁MI 6 ), ▁where ▁he ▁was ▁station ed ▁in ▁Paris , ▁under ▁Jul iet ▁Shaw . ▁During ▁this ▁time ▁he ▁worked ▁in ▁Iran , ▁where ▁he ▁had ▁an ▁affair ▁with ▁Shaw . ▁His ▁wife ▁Jane ' s ▁dis comfort ▁in ▁Paris ▁led ▁the ▁couple ▁to ▁move ▁to ▁C olog ne ▁before ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁February ▁ 1 9 7 9 . ▁In ▁C olog ne , ▁he ▁worked ▁against ▁the ▁left - wing ▁terror ists ▁the ▁Red ▁Army ▁F action , ▁and ▁under to ok ▁a ▁black ▁op ▁with ▁only ▁C ' s ▁knowledge , ▁before ▁his ▁second ment ▁ended ▁in ▁November ▁ 1 9 7 9 . ▁ ▁On ▁his ▁return ▁to ▁MI 5 , ▁Pear ce ▁was ▁assigned ▁to ▁Section ▁D , ▁the ▁counter - ter ror ism ▁department ▁( then ▁at ▁G ower ▁Street ), ▁where ▁he ▁was ▁a ▁junior ▁field ▁officer . ▁During ▁his ▁time ▁as ▁an ▁officer , ▁he ▁saved ▁the
▁lives ▁of ▁two ▁Prime ▁Minister s ▁( Th atch er ▁and ▁Major ). ▁Pear ce ▁was ▁promoted ▁to ▁senior ▁field ▁officer ▁between ▁October ▁ 1 9 8 6 ▁and ▁December ▁ 1 9 8 8 , ▁and ▁appointed ▁to ▁his ▁current ▁role ▁in ▁January ▁ 1 9 9 4 ▁ ▁As ▁Head ▁of ▁Section ▁D ▁In ▁Episode ▁ 2 ▁of ▁Series ▁ 7 , ▁Harry , ▁through ▁Lucas ▁North , ▁man ages ▁to ▁frame ▁Ark ady ▁K ach im ov , ▁the ▁F SB ▁resident ▁in ▁London , ▁as ▁an ▁MI 5 ▁mole . ▁Under ▁cover ▁of ▁providing ▁him ▁protection , ▁Harry ▁and ▁Ros ▁meet ▁with ▁him , ▁but ▁Harry ▁shoot s ▁K ach im ov ▁in ▁revenge ▁for ▁the ▁death ▁of ▁Adam ▁Carter . ▁ ▁In ▁Episode ▁ 3 ▁of ▁Series ▁ 7 , ▁Harry ▁learned ▁from ▁Lucas ▁North ▁that ▁Russian ▁intelligence ▁interrog ated ▁him ▁about ▁an ▁operation ▁called ▁Sugar hor se . ▁Harry ▁contacts ▁his ▁ment or , ▁Bernard ▁Qual tr ough , ▁a ▁retired ▁spy ▁to ▁consult ▁him ▁about ▁who ▁could ▁have ▁been ▁a ▁mole ▁within ▁this ▁highly ▁classified ▁operation . ▁ ▁In ▁Episode ▁ 8 ▁of ▁Series ▁ 7 , ▁after ▁negoti ating ▁with ▁the ▁head ▁of ▁F SB ▁operations ▁in ▁London ▁to ▁not ▁kill ▁his ▁officers ▁as ▁they ▁attempt ▁to ▁def use ▁a ▁nuclear ▁bomb ▁about ▁to ▁ob liter ate ▁central ▁London , ▁he ▁is ▁captured ▁and ▁shown ▁with ▁his ▁mouth ▁t aped ▁and ▁being ▁z ipped ▁up ▁in ▁a ▁body ▁bag , ▁with ▁a ▁helic opter ▁in
▁the ▁background . ▁ ▁In ▁Episode ▁ 1 ▁of ▁Series ▁ 8 , ▁Harry ▁is ▁being ▁held ▁by ▁a ▁group ▁of ▁Russians ▁who ▁plan ▁to ▁sell ▁him ▁to ▁a ▁group ▁of ▁ro gue ▁elements ▁of ▁the ▁Indian ▁Secret ▁Service , ▁of ▁the ▁CIA ▁and ▁of ▁MI 6 . ▁The ▁Russians ▁are ▁killed ▁by ▁the ▁ro gue ▁officers ▁and ▁Harry ▁is ▁also ▁apparently ▁killed . ▁The ▁team ▁find ▁a ▁video ▁of ▁his ▁killing ▁on ▁the ▁Internet ▁but ▁refuse ▁to ▁believe ▁he ▁is ▁dead . ▁Harry ▁is ▁interrog ated ▁by ▁the ▁officers ▁about ▁ur an ium ▁weapons ▁that ▁he ▁stole ▁from ▁them ▁in ▁Bag hd ad . ▁The ▁plan ▁was ▁to ▁use ▁these ▁weapons ▁to ▁justify ▁the ▁war ▁in ▁Iraq ▁but ▁Harry ▁went ▁ro gue ▁to ▁stop ▁them . ▁He ▁hid ▁the ▁ur an ium ▁and ▁told ▁only ▁one ▁officer ▁at ▁MI 5 ▁about ▁the ▁ur an ium ' s ▁location : ▁Ruth ▁E vers hed . ▁Harry ▁and ▁a ▁captured ▁Ruth ▁once ▁again ▁meet ▁and ▁their ▁kidn appers ▁use ▁Ruth ' s ▁new ▁family ▁to ▁try ▁to ▁get ▁them ▁to ▁reveal ▁the ▁location ▁of ▁the ▁ur an ium . ▁Ruth ▁tells ▁them ▁but ▁they ▁shoot ▁her ▁husband . ▁It ▁is ▁revealed ▁that ▁they ▁had ▁already ▁checked ▁the ▁location ▁she ▁gave ▁and ▁that ▁it ▁wasn ' t ▁there . ▁Harry ▁is ▁the ▁only ▁person ▁who ▁really ▁knows ▁where ▁the ▁ur an ium ▁is . ▁Ref using ▁to ▁tell ▁them , ▁the ▁officer ▁threat ens ▁to ▁kill ▁Ruth ▁but ▁is ▁killed ▁by ▁Lucas ▁before ▁he ▁can
. ▁Back ▁on ▁the ▁Grid , ▁Mal colm , ▁who ▁went ▁out ▁of ▁his ▁way ▁to ▁save ▁Ruth ' s ▁step son , ▁tells ▁Harry ▁that ▁he ▁wants ▁to ▁retire . ▁Though ▁reluct ant ▁at ▁first , ▁he ▁accepts ▁and ▁Mal colm ▁leaves ▁MI 5 . ▁ ▁In ▁Episode ▁ 2 ▁of ▁Series ▁ 8 , ▁Nicholas ▁Blake , ▁the ▁Home ▁Secretary , ▁comes ▁to ▁Harry ▁and ▁tells ▁him ▁that ▁he ▁was ▁informed ▁of ▁a ▁secret ▁meeting ▁in ▁Bas el ▁between ▁ro gue ▁elements ▁of ▁Western ▁and ▁Eastern ▁intelligence ▁services , ▁including ▁the ▁CIA ▁and ▁MI 6 . ▁Harry ▁and ▁Blake ▁start ▁to ▁plan ▁for ▁the ▁down fall ▁of ▁the ▁meeting ' s ▁plans ▁for ▁a ▁new ▁world ▁order . ▁ ▁Harry ▁meets ▁with ▁Samuel ▁Walker , ▁the ▁head ▁of ▁the ▁CIA ▁in ▁London , ▁to ▁discuss ▁this ▁threat . ▁Both ▁suspect ▁that ▁a ▁CIA ▁agent ▁is ▁involved ▁in ▁the ▁conspiracy . ▁Walker ▁is ▁later ▁killed ▁by ▁Sarah ▁C au field , ▁Lucas ▁North ' s ▁girlfriend ▁and ▁the ▁CIA ▁mole . ▁Along ▁with ▁Ruth , ▁Harry ▁tries ▁to ▁discover ▁who ▁killed ▁Walker ▁and ▁find ▁out ▁more ▁about ▁the ▁meeting ▁in ▁Bas el . ▁ ▁During ▁the ▁investigation ▁of ▁a ▁British ▁bank ▁supposed ly ▁planning ▁to ▁make ▁a ▁profit ▁out ▁of ▁the ▁UK ' s ▁cr ashing ▁economy , ▁Harry ▁and ▁Ruth ▁discover ▁that ▁the ▁conspiracy , ▁cod en amed ▁Night ing ale , ▁own ▁an ▁account ▁in ▁that ▁bank ▁worth ▁ 6 ▁billion ▁dollars . ▁They ▁also ▁discover ▁that ▁Night ing ale
▁is ▁fr aming ▁the ▁Home ▁Secretary ▁as ▁doing ▁dod gy ▁deals ▁with ▁the ▁M af ia . ▁He ▁is ▁forced ▁to ▁resign , ▁leaving ▁Section ▁D ▁alone ▁to ▁fight ▁Night ing ale . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁series ▁finale , ▁Night ing ale ▁has ▁pushed ▁India ▁and ▁Pakistan ▁into ▁a ▁state ▁of ▁near - war . ▁The ▁commander - in - ch ief ▁of ▁the ▁Pak ist ani ▁army , ▁General ▁Ali , ▁is ▁a ▁Night ing ale ▁asset ▁and ▁is ▁planning ▁an ▁un off icial ▁hard lin er ▁seiz ure ▁of ▁power . ▁As ▁the ▁two ▁different ▁fa ctions ▁meet ▁to ▁discuss ▁peace ▁in ▁London , ▁Harry ▁works ▁to ▁try ▁to ▁save ▁the ▁talks ▁that ▁are ▁being ▁threatened ▁by ▁Sarah ▁C aul field ▁and ▁Russ el ▁Price , ▁head ▁of ▁the ▁CIA ▁in ▁Europe ▁and ▁Sarah ' s ▁Night ing ale ▁handler . ▁After ▁capt uring ▁Sarah , ▁Harry ▁sends ▁Ros ▁and ▁Lucas ▁to ▁the ▁hotel ▁where ▁the ▁Home ▁Secretary ▁is ▁meeting ▁with ▁the ▁Pak ist ani ▁President . ▁Lucas ▁man ages ▁to ▁save ▁the ▁President ▁and ▁Harry ▁makes ▁him ▁appear ▁before ▁the ▁TV ▁crew ▁to ▁show ▁Night ing ale ▁that ▁they ▁failed . ▁However , ▁Ros ▁and ▁the ▁Home ▁Secretary ▁are ▁still ▁in ▁the ▁building ▁when ▁a ▁bomb ▁bl ows ▁up . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁first ▁episode ▁of ▁series ▁ 9 , ▁shortly ▁after ▁Ros ' s ▁funeral , ▁Ruth ▁shows ▁Harry ▁a ▁file ▁that ▁places ▁Nicholas ▁Blake ▁at ▁the ▁meeting ▁in ▁Bas el ▁and ▁being ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁Night ing ale
' s ▁inner ▁circle , ▁one ▁of ▁its ▁highest - rank ing ▁members . ▁His ▁forced ▁resign ation ▁was ▁a ▁smoke ▁screen ▁so ▁that ▁he ▁wouldn ' t ▁be ▁suspected ▁of ▁being ▁a ▁part ▁of ▁Night ing ale . ▁It ▁was ▁he ▁who ▁had ▁ordered ▁the ▁attack ▁against ▁the ▁hotel . ▁Fur ious ▁at ▁the ▁betray al ▁of ▁the ▁man ▁he ▁thought ▁of ▁as ▁a ▁friend , ▁Harry ▁goes ▁to ▁his ▁home ▁in ▁Scotland ▁and ▁po isons ▁him . ▁ ▁Family ▁In ▁Series ▁ 3 , ▁Pear ce ▁was ▁revealed ▁to ▁be ▁divor ced , ▁with ▁two ▁children . ▁It ▁had ▁been ▁previously ▁mentioned ▁that ▁he ▁had ▁not ▁told ▁his ▁wife ▁what ▁his ▁profession ▁was ▁until ▁their ▁wedding ▁day ▁( 1 5 ▁June ▁ 1 9 7 7 ). ▁He ▁met ▁his ▁wife , ▁Jane , ▁an ▁English ▁teacher , ▁during ▁their ▁studies ▁at ▁Oxford . ▁They ▁had ▁a ▁daughter , ▁Catherine , ▁on ▁ 2 5 ▁April ▁ 1 9 8 0 , ▁followed ▁by ▁a ▁son , ▁Graham , ▁on ▁ 1 8 ▁June ▁ 1 9 8 3 , ▁before ▁" J ane ▁filed ▁for ▁divorce , ▁c iting ▁irre con cil able ▁differences " ▁in ▁October ▁ 1 9 8 6 . ▁At ▁some ▁point ▁between ▁the ▁divorce ▁and ▁her ▁on - screen ▁appearance , ▁his ▁daughter ▁Catherine ▁changed ▁her ▁surn ame ▁to ▁her ▁mother ' s ▁maid en ▁name , ▁Town send . ▁It ▁is ▁also ▁stated ▁in ▁Series ▁ 7 ▁Episode ▁ 7 ▁that ▁Jane ▁suffered ▁from
▁depression . ▁ ▁While ▁his ▁ex - w ife ▁and ▁son ▁have ▁never ▁appeared ▁on ▁screen , ▁Pear ce ' s ▁daughter , ▁port rayed ▁by ▁Caroline ▁Car ver , ▁appeared ▁in ▁Series ▁ 3 , ▁Episode ▁ 4 ▁— ▁at ▁the ▁start ▁of ▁the ▁episode ▁he ▁regarded ▁her ▁as ▁emotional ▁and ▁as ▁one ▁to ▁" spot ▁a ▁bird ▁with ▁a ▁broken ▁wing ", ▁but ▁in ▁the ▁course ▁of ▁the ▁episode ' s ▁events , ▁he ▁shows ▁how ▁deeply ▁he ▁cares ▁for ▁her ▁and ▁has ▁grown ▁to ▁respect ▁her ▁intelligence . ▁At ▁the ▁beginning ▁of ▁the ▁same ▁episode , ▁Pear ce ▁ment ions ▁that ▁" it ▁was ▁her ▁brother ▁who ▁got ▁the ▁brains ", ▁although ▁it ▁is ▁stated ▁later ▁in ▁the ▁episode ▁that ▁this ▁brother , ▁Graham , ▁has ▁not ▁succeeded ▁in ▁life . ▁It ▁is ▁also ▁stated ▁in ▁Series ▁ 7 ▁Episode ▁ 7 ▁that ▁Graham ▁suffered ▁a ▁drug ▁addiction . ▁ ▁In ▁Series ▁ 9 ▁episode ▁ 8 , ▁Harry ▁calls ▁Catherine ▁and ▁leaves ▁a ▁message . ▁It ▁is ▁evident ▁that ▁this ▁is ▁his ▁first ▁contact ▁for ▁a ▁while ▁and ▁that ▁he ▁knew ▁she ▁would ▁be ▁teaching ▁a ▁class ▁and ▁would ▁not ▁answer . ▁He ▁calm ly ▁and ▁warm ly ▁suggests ▁meeting ▁for ▁dinner ▁soon ▁and ▁says ▁that ▁he ▁knows ▁she ▁" look s ▁out ▁for " ▁her ▁brother ▁– ▁for ▁whom ▁he ▁has ▁no ▁number ▁" at ▁the ▁moment " ▁– ▁and ▁that ▁he ▁would ▁like ▁to ▁see ▁more ▁of ▁them ▁both . ▁He ▁is , ▁in ▁fact , ▁on
▁his ▁way ▁to ▁a ▁rend ez v ous ▁with ▁ro gue ▁agent ▁Lucas ▁North ▁and ▁expecting ▁that ▁he ▁will ▁die . ▁ ▁In ▁Series ▁ 1 0 ▁Episode ▁ 1 , ▁Harry ▁explained ▁to ▁Ruth ▁that ▁during ▁the ▁time ▁he ▁was ▁station ed ▁in ▁Berlin ▁during ▁the ▁Cold ▁War ▁he ▁had ▁an ▁affair ▁with ▁El ena ▁G av rik , ▁the ▁wife ▁of ▁former ▁K GB ▁officer ▁and ▁now ▁Russian ▁Minister ▁I ly a ▁G av rik . ▁Both ▁El ena ▁and ▁I ly a ▁had ▁been ▁called ▁to ▁the ▁UK ▁for ▁talks ▁about ▁the ▁new ▁relationship ▁between ▁the ▁two ▁countries ▁after ▁Harry ' s ▁trib unal ▁( the ▁reason ▁he ▁was ▁called ▁back ▁to ▁the ▁Grid ▁at ▁the ▁beginning ▁of ▁the ▁episode ) ▁and ▁they ▁had ▁brought ▁their ▁son , ▁F SB ▁officer ▁S asha ▁G av rik , ▁with ▁them ▁as ▁part ▁of ▁their ▁protection ▁programme . ▁ ▁S asha , ▁knowing ▁his ▁mother ▁is ▁a ▁former ▁western ▁spy , ▁suspect s ▁Harry ▁may ▁still ▁be ▁running ▁her ▁as ▁an ▁MI 5 ▁asset ▁and ▁demands ▁he ▁break ▁all ▁contact ▁with ▁El ena . ▁After ▁confess ing ▁to ▁Ruth ▁at ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁episode ▁that ▁he ▁and ▁El ena ▁had ▁been ▁lovers , ▁Ruth ▁suggests ▁taking ▁S asha ▁G av rik ▁out ▁of ▁action ▁in ▁order ▁to ▁protect ▁El ena ▁from ▁being ▁revealed ▁as ▁a ▁former ▁MI 5 ▁asset , ▁but ▁Harry ▁ref uses ▁and ▁reveals ▁to ▁Ruth ▁the ▁reason ▁behind ▁this ▁is ▁that ▁not ▁only ▁were ▁he ▁and ▁El ena
▁lovers , ▁but ▁that ▁S asha ▁G av rik ▁is ▁also ▁their ▁son . ▁However , ▁in ▁episode ▁ 6 , ▁El ena ▁reveals ▁she ▁has ▁trick ed ▁Harry ▁and ▁S asha ▁is ▁indeed ▁I ly a ' s ▁son . ▁ ▁Rel ationship s ▁ ▁Ruth ▁E vers hed ▁Harry ▁had ▁an ▁ongoing ▁relationship ▁with ▁Ruth ▁E vers hed , ▁another ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁main ▁characters , ▁ ▁and ▁over ▁the ▁years ▁it ▁did ▁appear ▁that ▁they ▁were ▁forming ▁a ▁strong ▁bond . ▁In ▁Series ▁ 4 ▁the ▁two ▁became ▁closer , ▁forming ▁a ▁good ▁working ▁relationship ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁an ▁uns aid ▁personal ▁connection . ▁At ▁the ▁very ▁beginning ▁of ▁series ▁ 5 , ▁he ▁realised ▁that ▁he ▁was ▁in ▁love ▁with ▁her . ▁Their ▁relationship ▁was ▁brought ▁to ▁a ▁head ▁in ▁series ▁ 5 , ▁when ▁he ▁worked ▁up ▁the ▁courage ▁to ▁ask ▁her ▁to ▁dinner . ▁However , ▁Ruth , ▁upset ▁by ▁what ▁her ▁colleagues ▁thought ▁of ▁the ▁relationship , ▁called ▁it ▁off ▁at ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁episode . ▁ ▁Two ▁episodes ▁later ▁Ruth ▁is ▁set ▁up ▁after ▁a ▁conspiracy ▁against ▁Harry ▁forces ▁her ▁to ▁sacrifice ▁her ▁freedom ▁to ▁save ▁him . ▁With ▁the ▁help ▁of ▁her ▁Section ▁D ▁colle ague ▁Ruth ▁f akes ▁her ▁death ▁and ▁is ▁forced ▁to ▁leave ▁the ▁country ▁and ▁the ▁series . ▁During ▁their ▁final ▁good bye ▁Harry ▁was ▁about ▁to ▁reveal ▁his ▁love ▁to ▁Ruth , ▁but ▁she ▁urged ▁him ▁to ▁leave ▁things ▁uns aid , ▁they ▁then ▁kissed ▁and ▁she ▁left
. ▁Ruth ▁finally ▁returned ▁to ▁the ▁UK ▁in ▁series ▁eight ▁after ▁she ▁and ▁her ▁new ▁family ▁were ▁targeted ▁over ▁information ▁only ▁she ▁and ▁Harry ▁were ▁priv y ▁to . ▁Their ▁re union ▁was ▁t ainted ▁by ▁the ▁killing ▁of ▁Ruth ' s ▁new ▁partner ▁and ▁the ▁almost ▁sacrifice ▁of ▁her ▁young ▁step ▁son ▁and ▁Harry ▁and ▁Ruth ' s ▁relationship ▁became ▁cold . ▁Since ▁she ▁has ▁returned ▁to ▁the ▁grid , ▁her ▁feelings ▁toward ▁him ▁however ▁seem ▁to ▁have ▁th aw ed . ▁ ▁In ▁Series ▁ 9 ▁Episode ▁ 1 ▁Harry ▁asked ▁Ruth ▁to ▁marry ▁him ▁after ▁Ros ' s ▁funeral ▁service . ▁Ruth ▁decl ines , ▁saying ▁that ▁their ▁timing ▁was ▁always ▁the ▁problem . ▁ ▁After ▁this ▁she ▁quickly ▁goes ▁back ▁into ▁their ▁professional ▁relationship , ▁revealing ▁that ▁the ▁former ▁Home ▁Secretary ▁Nicholas ▁Blake ▁was ▁involved ▁in ▁the ▁Night ing ale ▁Con spir acy ▁and ▁was ▁connected ▁to ▁Ros ' s ▁death . ▁ ▁At ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁episode , ▁Ruth ▁tells ▁Harry ▁the ▁reason ▁she ▁turned ▁his ▁proposal ▁down ▁was ▁not ▁because ▁she ▁didn ' t ▁love ▁him ▁but ▁that ▁she ▁felt ▁that ▁after ▁so ▁many ▁years ▁together ▁they ▁didn ' t ▁need ▁to ▁display ▁their ▁feelings ▁in ▁such ▁a ▁way . ▁ ▁In ▁Series ▁ 9 ▁Episode ▁ 8 , ▁after ▁the ▁revel ation ▁about ▁Lucas ▁North , ▁Lucas ▁proceed s ▁to ▁kidn ap ▁Ruth ▁and ▁threat en ▁to ▁kill ▁her ▁unless ▁Harry ▁del ivers ▁" Al b any " ▁a ▁deadly ▁State ▁secret . ▁ ▁Harry
▁retriev es ▁Alb any ▁and ▁tr ades ▁it ▁for ▁Ruth ' s ▁freedom . ▁At ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁episode ▁she ▁questions ▁him ▁over ▁his ▁decision , ▁little ▁real ising ▁that ▁Alb any ▁is ▁a ▁fake ▁and ▁isn ' t ▁a ▁threat ▁to ▁National ▁Security . ▁Harry ▁is ▁then ▁told ▁by ▁the ▁Home ▁Secretary ▁that ▁an ▁investigation ▁is ▁to ▁take ▁place ▁into ▁his ▁entire ▁career ▁and ▁is ▁asked ▁to ▁prepare ▁for ▁life ▁after ▁MI 5 . ▁ ▁In ▁Episode ▁ 1 ▁of ▁Series ▁ 1 0 ▁during ▁the ▁trib unal ▁it ▁is ▁revealed ▁that ▁Alb any ▁was ▁indeed ▁a ▁fake . ▁Harry ▁def ends ▁his ▁decision ▁to ▁trade ▁Alb any ▁for ▁Ruth ' s ▁life ▁as ▁it ▁wasn ' t ▁a ▁threat ▁to ▁national ▁security ▁and ▁that ▁Ruth ▁was ▁more ▁valuable ▁to ▁the ▁nation ▁than ▁a ▁worth less ▁piece ▁of ▁technology . ▁He ▁has ▁also ▁prepared ▁a ▁report ▁on ▁Ruth ▁which ▁cat ches ▁the ▁attention ▁of ▁Home ▁Secretary ▁William ▁Tow ers . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁same ▁episode ▁Harry ▁asks ▁Ruth ▁to ▁be ▁his ▁escort ▁at ▁the ▁Russian ▁reception ▁while ▁trying ▁to ▁talk ▁to ▁former ▁Russian ▁spy ▁and ▁MI 5 ▁asset ▁El ena ▁G av rik ▁who ▁is ▁in ▁the ▁UK ▁with ▁her ▁husband , ▁Russian ▁Minister ▁I ly a ▁G av rik . ▁During ▁Episode ▁ 1 ▁their ▁son , ▁S asha ▁G av rik ▁comes ▁across ▁information ▁that ▁suggests ▁Harry ▁has ▁been ▁running ▁El ena ▁as ▁an ▁MI 5 ▁asset . ▁He ▁threat ens ▁Harry , ▁asking ▁him ▁to ▁cut ▁off ▁all
▁contact ▁with ▁El ena . ▁Harry ▁tells ▁his ▁team ▁about ▁El ena ' s ▁involvement ▁as ▁an ▁MI 5 ▁asset ▁during ▁the ▁Cold ▁War . ▁El ena ▁has ▁been ▁receiving ▁messages ▁from ▁an ▁imp erson ator ▁claiming ▁to ▁be ▁Harry . ▁He ▁tells ▁Ruth , ▁who ▁agrees ▁to ▁help ▁him ▁in ▁revealing ▁who ▁has ▁been ▁pos ing ▁as ▁him . ▁During ▁the ▁Russian ▁Re ception , ▁someone ▁attempts ▁to ▁assass inate ▁I ly a ▁G av rik . ▁Harry ▁man ages ▁to ▁contact ▁El ena , ▁asking ▁for ▁them ▁to ▁meet ▁in ▁private . ▁At ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁episode ▁Harry ▁reveals ▁to ▁Ruth ▁that ▁he ▁and ▁El ena ▁had ▁been ▁lovers , ▁and ▁that ▁S asha ▁G av rik ▁is ▁their ▁son . ▁ ▁In ▁episode ▁ 2 ▁he ▁tells ▁her ▁she ' s ▁the ▁only ▁one ▁he ▁can ▁turn ▁to ▁as ▁no ▁one ▁else ▁other ▁than ▁CIA ▁agent ▁Jim ▁Co aver ▁knows ▁about ▁S asha , ▁but ▁then ▁as ▁a ▁result ▁Harry ▁and ▁Ruth ▁seemingly ▁become ▁cold ▁towards ▁each ▁other ▁with ▁a ▁cl ash ▁of ▁opinions ▁at ▁Harry ' s ▁reluct ance ▁to ▁talk ▁about ▁S asha ▁and ▁after ▁he ▁asks ▁her ▁to ▁investigate ▁Co aver . ▁ ▁In ▁Episode ▁ 3 ▁Harry ▁asks ▁Ruth ▁to ▁meet ▁with ▁former ▁lover ▁El ena ▁G av rik ▁to ▁collect ▁the ▁messages ▁sent ▁to ▁her ▁by ▁his ▁imp erson ator . ▁Despite ▁being ▁reluct ant ▁Ruth ▁goes ▁to ▁meet ▁El ena , ▁who ▁makes ▁it ▁clear ▁she ▁is ▁already ▁aware ▁of ▁Harry ' s
▁feelings ▁for ▁Ruth . ▁ ▁Ruth ▁ ▁is ▁also ▁offered ▁the ▁position ▁of ▁Security ▁Ad visor ▁to ▁the ▁Home ▁Secretary ▁but ▁decides ▁not ▁to ▁make ▁a ▁choice ▁as ▁she ▁needs ▁to ▁speak ▁to ▁Harry ▁about ▁it ▁first ▁before ▁considering ▁the ▁position . ▁In ▁Episode ▁ 4 , ▁after ▁suspect ing ▁Jim ▁Co aver ▁may ▁be ▁behind ▁the ▁recent ▁attacks ▁in ▁both ▁MI 5 ▁and ▁I ly a ▁G av rik , ▁Harry ▁attempts ▁to ▁gain ▁evidence ▁against ▁him ▁with ▁Ruth ' s ▁help ▁by ▁using ▁El ena ▁G av rik ▁as ▁b ait ▁to ▁draw ▁him ▁out . ▁However ▁the ▁operation ▁goes ▁hor ribly ▁wrong ▁and ▁El ena ▁is ▁attacked , ▁when ▁an ▁assass in ▁( pre viously ▁seen ▁in ▁episode ▁ 1 ▁and ▁working ▁for ▁the ▁CIA ) ▁attempts ▁to ▁shoot ▁at ▁her . ▁She ▁miss es ▁and ▁El ena ▁is ▁left ▁cl inging ▁to ▁Harry ▁in ▁shock , ▁however ▁Ruth ▁then ▁sees ▁this , ▁and ▁assumes ▁that ▁Harry ▁could ▁potentially ▁still ▁be ▁in ▁love ▁with ▁El ena ▁causing ▁her ▁to ▁doubt ▁his ▁judgment ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁leading ▁to ▁Harry ▁doub ting ▁himself . ▁ ▁At ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁episode ▁Ruth ▁and ▁Harry ▁discuss ▁their ▁past . ▁She ▁questions ▁whether ▁or ▁not ▁she ▁truly ▁knows ▁him . ▁He ▁tells ▁her ▁she ▁knows ▁the ▁important ▁things ▁which ▁she ▁answers ▁with ▁" People ▁don ' t ▁love ▁each ▁other ▁on ▁a ▁need ▁to ▁know ▁basis ". ▁Harry ▁is ▁left ▁contempl ating . ▁ ▁She ▁asks ▁him ▁if ▁there ▁are ▁any ▁more ▁secrets ,
▁he ▁tells ▁her ▁the ▁truth ▁adm itting ▁there ▁are ▁many ▁more ▁things ▁in ▁his ▁past ▁the ▁remain ▁a ▁secret ▁from ▁her . ▁Ruth ▁proceed s ▁to ▁tell ▁Harry ▁about ▁the ▁job ▁offer ▁from ▁the ▁Home ▁Secretary ▁and ▁asks ▁for ▁his ▁opinion ▁on ▁whether ▁or ▁not ▁she ▁should ▁leave . ▁Harry ▁ur ges ▁her ▁to ▁go , ▁and ▁to ▁leave ▁straight ▁away , ▁not ▁because ▁he ▁wants ▁her ▁to ▁leave ▁but ▁because ▁he ▁doesn ' t ▁want ▁her ▁involved ▁in ▁what ' s ▁coming . ▁ ▁In ▁Episode ▁ 5 ▁Ruth ▁is ▁no ▁longer ▁working ▁with ▁Harry ▁in ▁Section ▁D ▁but ▁is ▁instead ▁working ▁for ▁the ▁Home ▁Secretary ▁making ▁the ▁tension ▁between ▁then ▁even ▁more ▁str ained ▁when ▁she ▁questions ▁his ▁mot ives ▁about ▁Jim ▁Co aver ▁and ▁believes ▁he ▁is ▁still ▁in ▁love ▁with ▁El ena ▁G av rik . ▁Harry ▁though ▁determined ▁to ▁prove ▁Jim ▁is ▁imp erson ating ▁him ▁and ▁attacking ▁the ▁G av ri ks ▁and ▁MI 5 ▁proceed s ▁to ▁inter ro gate ▁Co aver ▁despite ▁Ruth ' s ▁concerns . ▁ ▁During ▁episode ▁El ena ▁meets ▁Harry ▁at ▁an ▁MI 5 ▁safe house ▁where ▁he ▁tells ▁her ▁he ▁suspect s ▁her ▁husband ▁I ly a ▁G av rik ▁of ▁attacking ▁the ▁partnership , ▁responsible ▁for ▁T ari q ' s ▁death , ▁attacking ▁I ly a ▁and ▁MI 5 ▁and ▁imp erson ating ▁him . ▁She ▁out ward ly ▁ref uses ▁to ▁believe ▁him ▁and ▁they ▁discuss ▁their ▁past , ▁when ▁he ▁had ▁attempted ▁to ▁extract ▁both ▁her

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