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▁circum stance ▁on ▁" the ▁people ▁of ▁the ▁area ▁and ▁their ▁newspaper ," ▁adding ▁that ▁The ▁Enterprise ▁news ▁articles ▁" appe ar ▁to ▁be ▁in accur ate ▁and / or ▁in ade qu ately ▁re se ar ched ." ▁The ▁Mountain ▁Enterprise ▁responded ▁c iting ▁three ▁statements ▁made ▁in ▁the ▁jury ' s ▁report ▁that ▁The ▁Enterprise ▁says ▁were ▁false , ▁and ▁stating ▁that ▁the ▁county ' s ▁own ▁ar bor ist ▁had ▁told ▁The ▁Mountain ▁Enterprise ▁that ▁the ▁Grand ▁J ury ▁had ▁not ▁contacted ▁him ▁to ▁cor ro bor ate ▁the ▁three ▁claims ▁made ▁in ▁the ▁report . ▁In ▁an ▁editorial , ▁Mey er ▁and ▁H ed l und ▁wrote ▁that ▁the ▁jury ▁made ▁no ▁attempt ▁to ▁contact ▁them ▁before ▁iss uing ▁the ▁report , ▁which , ▁they ▁said , ▁" att acks ▁the ▁citizens ▁and ▁the ▁newspaper ▁. ▁. ▁. ▁with ▁statements ▁that ▁are ▁shock ing ▁in ▁their ▁shall own ess . ▁▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁P ine ▁Mountain ▁resident ▁David ▁Se id ner ▁filed ▁a ▁lawsuit ▁against ▁The ▁Mountain ▁Enterprise ▁for ▁def am ation , ▁ ▁c iting ▁stories ▁published ▁in ▁the ▁newspaper ▁during ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 5 ▁campaign ▁for ▁the ▁P ine ▁Mountain ▁Club ▁Property ▁Own ers ▁Association ▁Board ▁of ▁Direct ors . ▁Se id ner ' s ▁preferred ▁candidates ▁lost ▁the ▁election ▁and ▁he ▁claimed ▁that ▁The ▁Mountain ▁Enterprise ▁had ▁made ▁un true ▁statements ▁about ▁him ▁in ▁the ▁course ▁of ▁its ▁reporting ▁about ▁the ▁campaign ▁issues . ▁Se id ner ▁also ▁had ▁claimed ▁that ▁the |
▁publisher ▁and ▁the ▁editor ▁of ▁the ▁newspaper ▁( G ary ▁Mey er ▁and ▁Pat ric ▁H ed l und ) ▁had ▁tam per ed ▁with ▁the ▁ball ot ▁box ▁in ▁the ▁election . ▁The ▁Mountain ▁Enterprise ▁filed ▁an ▁Anti - SL APP ▁motion ▁to ▁strike ▁with ▁the ▁court ▁which ▁required ▁Se id ner ▁to ▁demonstrate ▁that ▁his ▁arguments ▁had ▁mer it ▁or ▁risk ▁paying ▁the ▁newspaper ' s ▁attorney ' s ▁fees . ▁The ▁suit ▁was ▁dropped ▁immediately . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁Kim ▁N oll er , ▁former ▁editor ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁▁ ▁Company ▁website ▁ ▁A ▁look ▁back ▁at ▁The ▁Mountain ▁Enterprise ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 5 ▁ ▁Category : New sp apers ▁published ▁in ▁California ▁Category : Media ▁in ▁K ern ▁County , ▁California ▁Category : Mass ▁media ▁in ▁Vent ura ▁County , ▁California ▁Category : Mount ain ▁Commun ities ▁of ▁the ▁Te jon ▁Pass ▁Category : New sp apers ▁published ▁in ▁Gre ater ▁Los ▁Angeles ▁Category : Public ations ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 6 ▁Category : 1 9 6 6 ▁establish ments ▁in ▁California <0x0A> </s> ▁NL WC ▁may ▁refer ▁to : ▁▁ ▁National ▁League ▁Wild ▁Card ▁Game , ▁an ▁annual ▁play off ▁game ▁in ▁Major ▁League ▁Base ball ▁ ▁Navy ▁League ▁W ren net te ▁Cor p , ▁a ▁former ▁girls ▁Navy ▁cad et ▁corps ▁in ▁Canada ▁ ▁No ▁Long er ▁with ▁Company <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁R 3 3 8 ▁is ▁a ▁Regional ▁Route ▁in ▁South ▁Africa ▁that ▁connect s ▁Aber |
de en ▁with ▁the ▁R 3 2 9 ▁between ▁Ste yt l erv ille ▁and ▁its ▁origin ▁at ▁the ▁R 7 5 . ▁ ▁Its ▁northern ▁origins ▁is ▁from ▁the ▁N 9 ▁at ▁Aber de en . ▁It ▁heads ▁sout heast ▁to ▁Kl ip plaat . ▁At ▁the ▁town ▁it ▁inter sect s ▁the ▁R 3 3 7 ▁at ▁a ▁stagger ed ▁jun ction . ▁It ▁leaves ▁the ▁town , ▁and ▁heads ▁south - east ▁to ▁its ▁southern ▁origin ▁at ▁the ▁R 3 2 9 . ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁ ▁R outes ▁Travel ▁Info ▁ ▁Category : Reg ional ▁R outes ▁in ▁the ▁Eastern ▁Cape <0x0A> </s> ▁P unct oz ot ro ct es ▁gu ian ensis ▁is ▁a ▁species ▁of ▁be et le ▁in ▁the ▁family ▁Cer amb yc idae . ▁It ▁was ▁described ▁by ▁T av ak il ian ▁and ▁Ne ou ze ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 7 . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : A can th oder ini ▁Category : Be et les ▁described ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 7 <0x0A> </s> ▁Ar b iet o ▁Municip ality ▁is ▁the ▁third ▁municipal ▁section ▁of ▁the ▁Est eb an ▁Ar ce ▁Province ▁in ▁the ▁Co ch ab amba ▁Department , ▁Bol ivia . ▁Its ▁seat ▁is ▁Ar b iet o . ▁At ▁the ▁time ▁of ▁census ▁ 2 0 0 1 ▁the ▁municip ality ▁had ▁ 9 , 4 3 8 ▁inhabitants . ▁ ▁Sub div ision ▁ ▁Ar b iet o ▁Municip ality ▁is ▁divided ▁into ▁three |
▁cant ons . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁▁ ▁Map ▁of ▁Est eb an ▁Ar ce ▁Province ▁ ▁Category : M unicip al ities ▁of ▁the ▁Co ch ab amba ▁Department <0x0A> </s> ▁ Ø ks nes ▁Church ▁() ▁is ▁a ▁parish ▁church ▁of ▁the ▁Church ▁of ▁Norway ▁in ▁ Ø ks nes ▁Municip ality ▁in ▁Nord land ▁county , ▁Norway . ▁ ▁It ▁is ▁located ▁on ▁the ▁sout he astern ▁tip ▁of ▁the ▁island ▁of ▁Sk ogs ø ya . ▁ ▁It ▁is ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁churches ▁for ▁the ▁ Ø ks nes ▁parish ▁which ▁is ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁V ester å len ▁prost i ▁( de an ery ) ▁in ▁the ▁Di oc ese ▁of ▁S ør - H å log aland . ▁ ▁The ▁white , ▁wooden ▁church ▁was ▁built ▁in ▁a ▁cru c iform ▁style ▁in ▁ 1 7 0 3 ▁by ▁an ▁unknown ▁architect . ▁ ▁The ▁church ▁seats ▁about ▁ 4 5 0 ▁people . ▁ ▁History ▁The ▁earliest ▁existing ▁historical ▁records ▁of ▁the ▁church ▁date ▁back ▁to ▁ 1 3 8 1 . ▁ ▁Not ▁much ▁is ▁known ▁about ▁the ▁medieval ▁church ▁or ▁the ▁buildings ▁on ▁the ▁site ▁over ▁the ▁centuries . ▁ ▁The ▁present ▁church ▁was ▁possibly ▁built ▁in ▁ 1 7 0 3 . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 7 1 6 , ▁it ▁under w ent ▁some ▁repair ▁work ▁and ▁then ▁again ▁in ▁ 1 7 5 4 - 1 7 5 5 ▁there ▁was ▁another ▁renov ation . ▁ ▁By ▁ |
1 7 8 8 , ▁the ▁church ▁was ▁in ▁" frag ile " ▁condition ▁so ▁a ▁massive ▁renov ation ▁was ▁planned . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 7 9 4 - 1 7 9 5 , ▁the ▁church ▁was ▁totally ▁renov ated . ▁ ▁The ▁building ▁was ▁virtually ▁re built ▁from ▁the ▁foundation ▁up , ▁re using ▁all ▁of ▁the ▁materials ▁that ▁were ▁still ▁in ▁good ▁condition . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 8 6 4 , ▁the ▁roof ▁of ▁the ▁church ▁was ▁taken ▁off ▁and ▁re built . ▁ ▁It ▁is ▁quite ▁possible ▁that ▁parts ▁of ▁the ▁present - day ▁church ▁still ▁include ▁materials ▁that ▁were ▁present ▁in ▁the ▁church ▁several ▁hundred ▁years ▁ago . ▁▁ ▁The ▁alt arp iece ▁is ▁a ▁re plica ▁of ▁a ▁painting ▁made ▁by ▁Gott fried ▁E zek iel ▁( ca . ▁ 1 7 1 9 - 1 7 9 8 ) ▁in ▁ 1 7 5 9 . ▁The ▁original ▁is ▁in ▁the ▁Ber gen ▁Museum . ▁A ▁native ▁of ▁Kön igs berg , ▁Gott fried ▁E zek iel ▁received ▁a ▁commission ▁as ▁a ▁painter ▁in ▁Ber gen ▁during ▁ 1 7 4 4 . ▁In ▁ 1 7 5 1 , ▁he ▁arrived ▁in ▁northern ▁Norway , ▁where ▁he ▁painted ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁church ▁alt arp ie ces . ▁ ▁Media ▁gallery ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁List ▁of ▁churches ▁in ▁Nord land ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁ Ø ks nes ▁men ig het ▁website ▁ ▁Category : Ø ks nes ▁Category : Ch urches |
▁in ▁Nord land ▁Category : C ru c iform ▁churches ▁in ▁Norway ▁Category : W ood en ▁churches ▁in ▁Norway ▁Category : 1 8 th - century ▁Church ▁of ▁Norway ▁church ▁buildings ▁Category : Ch urches ▁completed ▁in ▁ 1 7 0 3 ▁Category : 1 7 0 3 ▁in ▁Norway <0x0A> </s> ▁Dan ▁Cur ran ▁( born ▁October ▁ 2 8 , ▁ 1 9 7 6 ) ▁is ▁a ▁former ▁American ▁football ▁full back , ▁and ▁currently ▁the ▁head ▁football ▁coach ▁at ▁M err im ack ▁College ▁in ▁North ▁And over , ▁Massachusetts . ▁Cur ran ▁became ▁fifth ▁head ▁coach ▁of ▁the ▁M err im ack ▁football ▁program ▁after ▁spending ▁the ▁three ▁seasons ▁as ▁the ▁offensive ▁coord inator ▁of ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁top ▁off enses ▁in ▁the ▁country . ▁Cur ran ▁has ▁led ▁the ▁program ▁to ▁several ▁mar que e ▁vict ories ▁over ▁the ▁past ▁three ▁seasons , ▁including ▁the ▁program ’ s ▁first ▁victory ▁over ▁a ▁Division ▁I ▁opponent ▁when ▁it ▁defeated ▁reign ing ▁Nort heast ▁Conference ▁champion ▁and ▁Division ▁I ▁F CS ▁Tour nament ▁participant ▁W agner , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁multiple ▁wins ▁over ▁conference ▁rival ▁Bent ley , ▁two ▁vict ories ▁against ▁conference ▁power ▁LI U ▁Post , ▁and ▁the ▁team ' s ▁first - ever ▁road ▁win ▁at ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁New ▁Haven ▁ ▁Cur ran ▁came ▁to ▁M err im ack ▁after ▁playing ▁eight ▁years ▁of ▁professional ▁football ▁which ▁included ▁time ▁spent ▁with ▁the ▁Seattle ▁Se ah aw ks ▁and ▁New ▁Orleans ▁S aints ▁of ▁the |
▁National ▁Football ▁League ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁the ▁New ▁Orleans ▁V ood oo ▁and ▁Georgia ▁Force ▁of ▁the ▁Arena ▁Football ▁League . ▁As ▁a ▁player ▁in ▁the ▁Arena ▁Football ▁League , ▁Cur ran ▁earned ▁First ▁Team ▁All - Le ague ▁Hon ors ▁and ▁was ▁named ▁to ▁the ▁All - I ron man ▁Team ▁after ▁leading ▁the ▁league ▁in ▁rushing ▁and ▁becoming ▁just ▁the ▁third ▁player ▁in ▁league ▁history ▁at ▁the ▁time ▁to ▁rush ▁for ▁over ▁ 2 0 ▁touchdown s ▁in ▁a ▁season ▁ ▁He ▁was ▁hired ▁as ▁M err im ack ▁head ▁coach ▁in ▁February ▁ 2 0 1 3 . ▁ ▁Early ▁years ▁Cur ran ▁was ▁named ▁Boston ▁Gl obe ▁Player ▁of ▁the ▁Year . ▁He ▁also ▁earned ▁All ▁American ▁status ▁in ▁USA ▁Today ▁and ▁was ▁named ▁the ▁ 6 th ▁best ▁player ▁in ▁New ▁England ▁by ▁Super ▁Pre p ▁Magazine . ▁He ▁led ▁Chel ms ford ▁High ▁School ▁to ▁a ▁Super ▁Bowl ▁victory ▁over ▁Brook line ▁High ▁School . ▁ ▁College ▁career ▁Cur ran ▁attended ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁New ▁Hampshire ▁and ▁played ▁for ▁Head ▁Coach ▁Sean ▁Mc Don nell ▁and ▁Off ensive ▁Coord inator ▁Ch ip ▁Kelly ▁earning ▁Atlantic ▁ 1 0 ▁hon ors ▁his ▁Senior ▁year ▁after ▁rushing ▁for ▁ 1 , 0 5 9 ▁yards ▁and ▁scoring ▁ 1 6 ▁touchdown s . ▁ ▁Head ▁coaching ▁record ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁ ▁M err im ack ▁profile ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 7 6 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : American ▁football ▁running |
▁backs ▁Category : American ▁football ▁full backs ▁Category : American ▁football ▁line back ers ▁Category : Ge org ia ▁Force ▁players ▁Category : M err im ack ▁War riors ▁football ▁coaches ▁Category : N ash ville ▁K ats ▁players ▁Category : New ▁Hampshire ▁Wild c ats ▁football ▁players ▁Category : New ▁Orleans ▁V oo D oo ▁players ▁Category : New ▁Orleans ▁S aints ▁players ▁Category : Se attle ▁Se ah aw ks ▁players ▁Category : People ▁from ▁Chel ms ford , ▁Massachusetts ▁Category : Play ers ▁of ▁American ▁football ▁from ▁Massachusetts <0x0A> </s> ▁Events ▁from ▁the ▁year ▁ 1 7 1 9 ▁in ▁Denmark . ▁ ▁Inc umb ents ▁ ▁Mon arch ▁– ▁Frederick ▁IV ▁ ▁Grand ▁Ch ancell or ▁– ▁Christian ▁Christ oph ers en ▁Se hest ed ▁ ▁Events ▁▁ 4 ▁October ▁– ▁The ▁Dan ne bro ge ▁expl odes ▁and ▁sink s . ▁ ▁Und ated ▁ ▁The ▁first ▁lot tery ▁in ▁Denmark ▁is ▁held . ▁The ▁pri zes ▁are ▁royal ▁land ▁lots . ▁ ▁Birth s ▁▁ 2 3 ▁October ▁– ▁Peter ▁F enger ▁( d ied ▁ 1 7 7 4 ) ▁ ▁Death s ▁ ▁January ▁ 1 7 ▁- ▁Sophie ▁Am alie ▁M oth , ▁royal ▁mist ress ▁( born ▁ 1 6 5 4 ) ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁▁▁ ▁Category : 1 7 1 0 s ▁in ▁Denmark ▁Denmark ▁Category : Y ears ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 8 th ▁century ▁in ▁Denmark <0x0A> </s> ▁During ▁the ▁ 1 8 9 9 – 1 9 0 |
0 ▁season ▁He arts ▁competed ▁in ▁the ▁Scottish ▁First ▁Division , ▁the ▁Scottish ▁Cup ▁and ▁the ▁East ▁of ▁Scotland ▁Sh ield . ▁ ▁Fi xtures ▁ ▁East ▁of ▁Scotland ▁Sh ield ▁ ▁Rose bery ▁Char ity ▁Cup ▁ ▁Scottish ▁Cup ▁ ▁East ▁of ▁Scotland ▁League ▁ ▁Inter ▁City ▁League ▁ ▁Scottish ▁First ▁Division ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁List ▁of ▁Heart ▁of ▁Mid l oth ian ▁F . C . ▁seasons ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Stat ist ical ▁Record ▁ 9 9 - 0 0 ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁Official ▁Club ▁website ▁ ▁Category : He art ▁of ▁Mid l oth ian ▁F . C . ▁seasons ▁Heart ▁of ▁Mid l oth ian <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁SS ▁Got hen burg ▁was ▁a ▁steam ship ▁that ▁operated ▁along ▁the ▁British ▁and ▁then ▁later ▁the ▁Australian ▁and ▁New ▁Zealand ▁coast lines . ▁In ▁February ▁ 1 8 7 5 , ▁Got hen burg ▁left ▁Darwin , ▁Australia ▁and ▁while ▁en ▁route ▁to ▁Ad ela ide ▁it ▁encountered ▁a ▁cy clone - stre ngth ▁storm ▁off ▁the ▁north ▁Queensland ▁coast . ▁The ▁ship ▁was ▁wreck ed ▁on ▁the ▁Great ▁Bar rier ▁Re ef ▁north - west ▁of ▁Hol bourne ▁Island ▁on ▁ 2 4 ▁February ▁ 1 8 7 5 . ▁Sur viv ors ▁in ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁life bo ats ▁were ▁resc ued ▁two ▁days ▁later ▁by ▁Le ich hard t , ▁while ▁the ▁occup ants ▁of ▁two ▁other ▁life bo ats ▁that ▁managed ▁to ▁reach ▁Hol bourne ▁Island ▁were ▁resc ued ▁several ▁days ▁later . ▁Twenty |
- two ▁men ▁survived , ▁while ▁between ▁ 9 8 ▁and ▁ 1 1 2 ▁others ▁died , ▁including ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁high - profile ▁civil ▁servants ▁and ▁dign it aries . ▁ ▁Description ▁and ▁history ▁ ▁Got hen burg ▁was ▁built ▁ 1 8 5 5 ▁at ▁L ung ley ' s ▁building ▁yards ▁in ▁Mill wall , ▁Es sex . ▁The ▁vessel ▁was ▁ 5 0 1 - tons , ▁ 1 9 7 ▁feet ▁long , ▁with ▁a ▁, ▁coal - burn ing ▁engine . ▁Records ▁at ▁the ▁time ▁described ▁Got hen burg ▁as ▁bar qu ent ine ▁rig ged , ▁with ▁its ▁fun nel ▁set ▁well ▁a ft ▁between ▁the ▁main ▁and ▁m iz zen ▁m asts ▁and ▁was ▁fitted ▁with ▁four ▁life bo ats , ▁two ▁port ▁and ▁two ▁star board . ▁ ▁Got hen burg ▁was ▁launched ▁stern - first ▁on ▁ 1 ▁April ▁ 1 8 5 4 . ▁Although ▁on ▁launch ing ▁it ▁coll ided ▁with ▁the ▁steam ship ▁C ly de , ▁which ▁sank ▁in ▁the ▁River ▁Th ames . ▁Got hen burg ▁was ▁severely ▁damaged ▁at ▁the ▁stern , ▁including ▁extensive ▁prop eller ▁damage . ▁ ▁The ▁North ▁of ▁Europe ▁Steam ▁Nav igation ▁Company , ▁operated ▁her ▁between ▁Ir ong ate ▁Wh ar f , ▁near ▁the ▁Tower ▁of ▁London , ▁and ▁Sweden . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 8 5 7 , ▁she ▁was ▁acquired ▁by ▁the ▁Union ▁Castle ▁Line ▁and ▁renamed ▁as ▁R MS ▁Celt . ▁ ▁In ▁June ▁ 1 8 |
6 2 , ▁Mc M erk an , ▁Black wood ▁and ▁Co . ▁of ▁Melbourne ▁purchased ▁her ▁for ▁the ▁Australian ▁trade ▁and ▁in ▁that ▁year ▁she ▁made ▁a ▁pro tract ed ▁voyage ▁from ▁England ▁to ▁Australia ▁by ▁sail . ▁She ▁was ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁most ▁modern ▁vessels ▁working ▁around ▁the ▁Australian ▁coast line ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 8 6 0 s , ▁and ▁became ▁a ▁popular ▁ship ▁as ▁she ▁was ▁considered ▁reliable . ▁After ▁many ▁years ▁on ▁the ▁Australia - New ▁Zealand ▁run , ▁her ▁owners ▁transferred ▁her ▁to ▁the ▁Australian ▁coastal ▁service . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 8 7 3 , ▁she ▁was ▁l eng then ed ▁and ▁ref itted ▁in ▁Ad ela ide ▁to ▁enable ▁longer ▁distances ▁under ▁steam ▁and ▁greater ▁passenger ▁and ▁cargo ▁capacity . ▁ ▁Following ▁her ▁modifications , ▁her ▁name ▁re verted ▁once ▁again ▁to ▁Got hen burg . ▁ ▁In ▁November ▁ 1 8 7 4 , ▁several ▁ship owners ▁were ▁contract ed ▁for ▁two ▁years ▁from ▁the ▁South ▁Australian ▁government ▁to ▁provide ▁ten ▁round ▁trips ▁between ▁the ▁colonial ▁capital ▁of ▁Ad ela ide ▁and ▁its ▁fur the st ▁out post , ▁Port ▁Darwin . ▁Port ▁Darwin ▁was ▁feeling ▁the ▁effects ▁of ▁a ▁gold ▁rush ▁at ▁P ine ▁Creek ▁and ▁growing ▁quickly ▁as ▁a ▁trade ▁post ▁with ▁the ▁Dutch ▁East ▁Ind ies . ▁However , ▁all ▁the ▁local ▁banks ▁sent ▁their ▁money , ▁together ▁with ▁government ▁paper work ▁and ▁the ▁Royal ▁Mail , ▁around ▁the ▁east ▁coast ▁to ▁Ad ela ide . ▁On ▁successful ▁completion ▁of ▁each |
▁voyage , ▁the ▁South ▁Australian ▁government ▁would ▁pay ▁the ▁owners ▁£ 1 0 0 0 ▁ster ling . ▁ ▁When ▁Got hen burg ▁left ▁Port ▁Darwin ▁on ▁Tuesday , ▁ 1 6 ▁February ▁ 1 8 7 5 , ▁Captain ▁Robert ▁George ▁August us ▁Pear ce ▁was ▁under ▁orders ▁to ▁make ▁best ▁possible ▁speed . ▁Pear ce ▁had ▁been ▁her ▁captain ▁on ▁the ▁Ad ela ide - D ar win ▁run ▁for ▁some ▁time ▁and ▁had ▁built ▁up ▁a ▁solid ▁reputation . ▁He ▁was ▁a ▁man ▁of ▁the ▁sea , ▁a ▁man ▁of ▁sob ri ety ▁and ▁kindness ▁and ▁was ▁well ▁respected ▁by ▁his ▁fellow ▁sea ▁capt ains . ▁ ▁Among st ▁the ▁approximately ▁ 9 8 ▁passengers ▁and ▁ 3 7 ▁crew ▁( sur v iving ▁records ▁vary ) ▁were ▁government ▁officials , ▁circuit ▁court ▁judges , ▁Darwin ▁residents ▁taking ▁their ▁first ▁f url ough ▁and ▁min ers . ▁Also ▁aboard ▁was ▁the ▁French ▁Vice ▁Cons ul ▁Ed ou ard ▁Dur and ▁and ▁James ▁Mill ner , ▁the ▁medical ▁officer ▁in ▁George ▁W . ▁G oy der ' s ▁ 1 8 6 9 ▁expedition ▁to ▁found ▁the ▁first ▁colony ▁at ▁Port ▁Darwin . ▁There ▁were ▁also ▁several ▁prisoners ▁aboard , ▁bound ▁for ▁the ▁Ad ela ide ▁jail . ▁L ocked ▁in ▁the ▁Captain ' s ▁cabin ▁was ▁approximately ▁ ▁of ▁gold ▁valued ▁at ▁£ 4 0 , 0 0 0 ▁cons igned ▁to ▁the ▁ES & A ▁Bank ▁in ▁Ad ela ide . ▁( approx ▁US $ 2 . 6 ▁million |
▁in ▁ 2 0 0 8 ). ▁Dur and ▁reported ly ▁also ▁carried ▁a ▁tin ▁box ▁with ▁him ▁containing ▁gold ▁sovere ign s ▁and ▁coins ▁worth ▁in ▁excess ▁of ▁£ 3 , 0 0 0 . ▁ ▁In ▁three ▁days ▁of ▁fine ▁weather , ▁Got hen burg ▁trav elled ▁ ▁from ▁Pal mer ston ▁( D ar win ) ▁to ▁Som erset ▁on ▁Cape ▁York . ▁The ▁weather ▁began ▁to ▁w ors en ▁so ▁the ▁ship ▁stopped ▁to ▁take ▁on ▁ball ast ▁at ▁Som erset . ▁While ▁she ▁was ▁anch ored , ▁conditions ▁deter ior ated ▁to ▁a ▁point ▁where ▁both ▁anchor ▁chains ▁part ed . ▁After ▁the ▁loss ▁of ▁the ▁anch ors , ▁Got hen burg ▁was ▁forced ▁to ▁prem ature ly ▁steam ▁out ▁ ▁because ▁of ▁strong ▁current s ; ▁at ▁that ▁point , ▁she ▁brought ▁up ▁for ▁the ▁night . ▁ ▁Two ▁days ▁later , ▁Tuesday ▁ 2 3 ▁February , ▁Got hen burg ▁passed ▁Cook town ▁at ▁about ▁ 2 : 0 0 pm . ▁The ▁wind ▁and ▁rain ▁severely ▁increased ▁and ▁cloud ▁cover ▁became ▁so ▁thick ▁it ▁blocked ▁out ▁the ▁sun . ▁Despite ▁this , ▁she ▁continued ▁the ▁journey ▁south ▁into ▁w ors ening ▁weather , ▁in ▁a ▁deep ▁water ▁passage ▁between ▁the ▁North ▁Queensland ▁coast line ▁and ▁the ▁Great ▁Bar rier ▁Re ef , ▁known ▁as ▁the ▁inner ▁route . ▁Although ▁taking ▁this ▁route ▁provided ▁some ▁protection ▁from ▁the ▁open ▁sea , ▁capt ains ▁had ▁to ▁navigate ▁and ▁thread ▁their ▁way ▁through ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁then |
▁un chart ed ▁re ef s . ▁All ▁passengers ▁and ▁crew ▁expected ▁to ▁be ▁in ▁New castle ▁on ▁Sunday ▁evening ▁for ▁a ▁scheduled ▁stop over . ▁ ▁Ship w reck ▁▁ ▁On ▁the ▁evening ▁of ▁ 2 4 ▁February ▁ 1 8 7 5 , ▁the ▁ship ▁was ▁still ▁heading ▁south ▁in ▁almost ▁cycl onic ▁conditions ▁with ▁fore , ▁top ▁and ▁m ains ails ▁set ▁and ▁the ▁steam ▁engines ▁running ▁at ▁full ▁speed . ▁Flo oding ▁r ains ▁las hed ▁the ▁entire ▁Queensland ▁coast ▁and ▁Captain ▁Pear ce ▁reported ly ▁could ▁not ▁see ▁land ▁or ▁sun . ▁At ▁approximately ▁ 7 : 0 0 pm , ▁and ▁for ▁reasons ▁und et erm ined , ▁he ▁altered ▁course ▁and ▁shortly ▁afterwards , ▁at ▁full ▁speed ▁( 1 1 ▁to ▁ 1 2 ▁kn ots ), ▁hit ▁a ▁section ▁of ▁the ▁Great ▁Bar rier ▁Re ef ▁at ▁low ▁tide ▁ ▁north ▁west ▁of ▁Hol bourne ▁Island . ▁Got hen burg ▁struck ▁with ▁such ▁force ▁that ▁she ▁was ▁left ▁high ▁up ▁on ▁the ▁re ef . ▁Im medi ately , ▁an ▁order ▁came ▁out ▁to ▁lower ▁the ▁s ails . ▁At ▁first , ▁there ▁was ▁no ▁panic ▁and ▁many ▁passengers ▁returned ▁to ▁their ▁cabin ▁bunk s ▁expecting ▁Got hen burg ▁would ▁come ▁off ▁the ▁re ef ▁at ▁high ▁tide . ▁ ▁In ▁an ▁attempt ▁to ▁ref loat ▁her , ▁Captain ▁Pear ce ▁ordered ▁Got hen burg ▁to ▁be ▁light ened ▁forward . ▁Water ▁c ask s ▁used ▁as ▁ball ast ▁and ▁passengers ▁were ▁positioned ▁a |
ft ▁in ▁an ▁ende av our ▁to ▁ref loat ▁her ▁as ▁the ▁tide ▁rose , ▁but ▁without ▁success . ▁Finally , ▁a ▁fatal ▁attempt ▁was ▁made ▁to ▁ref loat ▁her , ▁by ▁revers ing ▁the ▁engine ▁hard . ▁The ▁vessel ▁came ▁half ▁off ▁the ▁re ef , ▁but ▁hol ed ▁herself ▁badly ▁and ▁then ▁sle wed ▁broad side ▁to ▁the ▁waves , ▁in ▁a ▁much ▁worse ▁position . ▁However , ▁with ▁the ▁tide ▁rising ▁and ▁some ▁cargo ▁now ▁being ▁dump ed ▁over board , ▁all ▁aboard ▁still ▁expected ▁Got hen burg ▁to ▁float ▁free . ▁With ▁strong ▁winds ▁changing ▁direction ▁and ▁seas ▁increasing , ▁the ▁bo iler ▁fires ▁were ▁ex ting u ished ▁by ▁water ▁rising ▁through ▁the ▁damaged ▁stern . ▁Around ▁midnight , ▁the ▁chief ▁engineer ▁came ▁on ▁deck ▁to ▁report ▁that ▁the ▁engine ▁room ▁was ▁flo oded ▁and ▁the ▁engine ▁was ▁of ▁no ▁further ▁use . ▁With ▁heavy ▁seas ▁now ▁rushing ▁down ▁h atch ways ▁and ▁into ▁the ▁cab ins , ▁Got hen burg ▁was ▁do omed ▁and ▁Captain ▁Pear ce ▁was ▁forced ▁to ▁admit ▁that ▁the ▁situation ▁had ▁become ▁desperate . ▁ ▁The ▁storm ▁made ▁launch ing ▁the ▁life bo ats ▁almost ▁impossible . ▁At ▁about ▁ 3 : 0 0 am , ▁Captain ▁Pear ce ▁ordered ▁the ▁two ▁port ▁life bo ats ▁lowered , ▁each ▁with ▁four ▁crew ▁on ▁board . ▁While ▁being ▁passed ▁ast ern ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁boats ▁broke ▁the ▁painter ▁and ▁became ▁ad rift . ▁Her ▁crew ▁tried ▁hard ▁to ▁pull ▁up ▁to ▁the ▁ship |
' s ▁side , ▁but ▁it ▁was ▁impossible ▁in ▁the ▁heavy ▁squ all . ▁The ▁other ▁was ▁accidentally ▁let ▁go ▁and ▁both ▁boats , ▁in ▁heavy ▁seas , ▁were ▁unable ▁to ▁be ▁retriev ed . ▁ ▁At ▁about ▁ 3 : 3 0 am ▁on ▁Thursday , ▁ 2 5 ▁February , ▁Got hen burg ▁continued ▁to ▁he el ▁over . ▁The ▁deck ▁became ▁so ▁steep ▁that ▁passengers ▁and ▁crew ▁had ▁to ▁climb ▁over ▁the ▁r ails ▁to ▁get ▁on ▁her ▁side . ▁At ▁about ▁ 4 : 0 0 am , ▁the ▁two ▁remaining ▁star board ▁life bo ats ▁were ▁lowered ▁and ▁were ▁rushed ▁by ▁the ▁passengers . ▁One ▁star board ▁life boat , ▁cr ammed ▁with ▁women ▁and ▁children , ▁caps ized ▁when ▁others ▁tried ▁to ▁board ▁it . ▁Some ▁half ▁dozen ▁men ▁right ed ▁her ▁in ▁the ▁water , ▁but , ▁damaged ▁and ▁without ▁o ars , ▁food ▁or ▁water , ▁it ▁quickly ▁drift ed ▁away ▁and ▁was ▁never ▁found . ▁The ▁second ▁star board ▁life boat ▁also ▁caps ized ▁when ▁the ▁sea ▁crashed ▁over , ▁washing ▁all ▁the ▁occup ants ▁into ▁the ▁sea . ▁One ▁passenger ▁recalled ▁the ▁sea ▁on ▁the ▁down wind ▁side ▁of ▁the ▁ship ▁being ▁covered ▁with ▁human ▁heads ▁bob bing ▁up ▁and ▁down ▁like ▁c ork s . ▁Five ▁or ▁six ▁men ▁and ▁one ▁woman ▁climbed ▁onto ▁the ▁u pt urn ed ▁h ull . ▁The ▁boat ▁was ▁still ▁connected ▁to ▁its ▁painter , ▁but ▁it ▁was ▁unable ▁to ▁be ▁recovered ▁from ▁the |
▁heavy ▁sea ▁and ▁wind ▁which ▁swept ▁the ▁woman ▁off ▁and ▁d rowned ▁her . ▁A ▁passenger , ▁John ▁Cle land , ▁sw am ▁to ▁the ▁connected , ▁but ▁u pt urn ed ▁life boat ▁and ▁further ▁secured ▁it ▁with ▁a ▁rope ▁tied ▁to ▁Got hen burg . ▁In ▁less ▁than ▁fifteen ▁minutes , ▁nearly ▁ 1 0 0 ▁people ▁had ▁d rowned ; ▁washed ▁away ▁or ▁trapped ▁in ▁their ▁water - filled ▁cab ins . ▁By ▁this ▁time , ▁several ▁sh arks ▁were ▁cir cl ing ▁the ▁wreck . ▁ ▁Those ▁still ▁on ▁board ▁Got hen burg ▁tried ▁to ▁cl ing ▁to ▁the ▁rig ging , ▁but ▁throughout ▁the ▁early ▁morning ▁of ▁ 2 5 ▁February , ▁several ▁more ▁people ▁were ▁d rowned ▁after ▁they ▁were ▁swept ▁over board ▁by ▁large ▁broad side ▁waves . ▁Many ▁passengers ▁associated ▁with ▁the ▁gold ▁dig g ings ▁were ▁unw illing ▁to ▁let ▁go ▁of ▁their ▁gold ▁and ▁money ▁bel ts , ▁as ▁it ▁was ▁probably ▁their ▁life ▁savings ; ▁these ▁individuals ▁insisted ▁on ▁keeping ▁them ▁tied ▁and ▁once ▁over board ▁reported ly ▁d rowned ▁very ▁quickly . ▁ ▁Sur viv ors ▁▁ ▁By ▁morning ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 5 ▁February , ▁only ▁the ▁m asts ▁were ▁visible ▁pro tr uding ▁from ▁the ▁water , ▁with ▁ 1 4 ▁people ▁cl inging ▁to ▁the ▁rig ging , ▁where ▁they ▁remained ▁for ▁the ▁next ▁twenty ▁four ▁hours ▁in ▁cycl onic ▁weather . ▁At ▁low ▁tide , ▁Got hen burg ▁sank ▁stern ▁first ▁and ▁the ▁wreck ▁fell ▁apart . |
▁However , ▁the ▁remaining ▁star board ▁life boat , ▁which ▁had ▁caps ized , ▁was ▁still ▁held ▁by ▁her ▁painter ▁and ▁the ▁rope ▁attached ▁by ▁Cle land . ▁At ▁first ▁light ▁on ▁ 2 6 ▁February ▁the ▁weather ▁e ased ▁and ▁the ▁survivors ▁managed ▁to ▁right ▁the ▁boat ▁and ▁bail ▁it ▁out ; ▁they ▁prepared ▁a ▁makes h ift ▁sail ▁and ▁p add led ▁for ▁the ▁main land . ▁About ▁seven ▁hours ▁later ▁they ▁realised ▁they ▁could ▁not ▁make ▁main land , ▁so ▁they ▁altered ▁course ▁for ▁an ▁island ▁that ▁could ▁be ▁seen ▁in ▁the ▁distance . ▁When ▁they ▁arrived , ▁they ▁were ▁met ▁by ▁four ▁of ▁the ▁crew ▁from ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁port ▁life bo ats . ▁Their ▁life boat ▁had ▁been ▁severely ▁damaged ▁on ▁the ▁rocks ▁on ▁the ▁opposite ▁side ▁of ▁the ▁island ▁in ▁an ▁attempt ▁to ▁land ▁there ▁the ▁day ▁before . ▁▁ ▁[[ File : G ot hen berg ▁T urt le ▁Shell . jpg | thumb | left | 1 7 5 px | G ot hen burg ss ▁T urt le ▁Shell ▁Roll ]] ▁ ▁The ▁other ▁port ▁life boat , ▁with ▁four ▁crew ▁on ▁board , ▁was ▁picked ▁up ▁by ▁the ▁ste amer ▁Le ich hard t ▁at ▁an ▁island ▁at ▁the ▁entrance ▁to ▁Wh its und ay ▁Pass age . ▁The ▁ste amer ▁immediately ▁revers ed ▁course ▁back ▁towards ▁the ▁wreck , ▁which ▁she ▁reached ▁at ▁approximately ▁ 3 . 3 0 pm ▁on ▁Friday , ▁ 2 6 ▁February . ▁Got hen burg |
▁was ▁a ▁complete ▁wreck ; ▁the ▁fun nel ▁was ▁gone ▁and ▁she ▁had ▁s unk ▁to ▁the ▁eyes ▁of ▁the ▁lower ▁rig ging . ▁Le ich hard t ''' s ▁Chief ▁Officer ▁and ▁four ▁hands ▁went ▁alongside , ▁but ▁nothing ▁other ▁than ▁her ▁m asts ▁could ▁be ▁seen ▁above ▁the ▁water ▁except ▁for ▁the ▁body ▁of ▁a ▁naked ▁man ▁floating ▁nearby . ▁They ▁assumed ▁the ▁other ▁victims ▁had ▁been ▁taken ▁by ▁sh arks . ▁Le ich hard t ▁searched ▁for ▁survivors ▁until ▁last ▁light ▁and ▁then ▁made ▁way ▁for ▁Bow en ▁where ▁the ▁alarm ▁was ▁raised . ▁ ▁At ▁Hol bourne ▁Island , ▁the ▁other ▁ 1 8 ▁survivors ▁were ▁living ▁off ▁raw ▁bird ' s ▁eggs ▁and ▁rain ▁water ▁that ▁had ▁pool ed ▁in ▁the ▁island ▁rocks . ▁Because ▁rescue ▁was ▁uncertain , ▁they ▁en gr aved ▁ship ▁details ▁and ▁their ▁names ▁on ▁the ▁conc ave ▁side ▁of ▁a ▁large ▁t urt le ▁shell , ▁in ▁the ▁hope ▁that ▁it ▁would ▁be ▁found ▁in ▁the ▁future . ▁On ▁Sunday , ▁ 2 8 ▁February ▁ 1 5 ▁of ▁them ▁set ▁off ▁in ▁the ▁star board ▁life boat ▁for ▁an ▁island ▁about ▁ 2 0 ▁miles ▁away ▁to ▁the ▁south , ▁which ▁appeared ▁to ▁be ▁closer ▁to ▁the ▁main ▁shipping ▁lane . ▁A ▁rescue ▁ship , ▁sent ▁looking ▁for ▁survivors , ▁picked ▁up ▁the ▁group ▁and ▁took ▁them ▁safely ▁to ▁Bow en . ▁Another ▁rescue ▁ship , ▁Bun y ip ▁from ▁Town s ville , ▁subsequently ▁returned ▁to ▁Hol bourne ▁Island ▁and ▁resc |
ued ▁the ▁three ▁remaining ▁survivors . ▁▁ ▁After math ▁ ▁Although ▁reports ▁vary , ▁records ▁show ▁that ▁between ▁ 9 8 ▁and ▁ 1 1 2 ▁people ▁d rowned . ▁Most ▁records ▁state ▁the ▁death ▁toll ▁at ▁ 1 0 2 . ▁Only ▁ 2 2 ▁people ▁survived ▁( 1 2 ▁crew ▁and ▁ 1 0 ▁passengers ). ▁All ▁ 2 5 ▁women ▁and ▁children ▁aboard ▁and ▁all ▁the ▁officers ▁died . ▁ ▁Edward ▁W . ▁Price , ▁Mag istr ate ▁and ▁Commission er ▁Circ uit ▁Court ▁of ▁the ▁Northern ▁Terr itory , ▁who ▁remained ▁behind ▁in ▁Darwin , ▁lost ▁his ▁wife ▁and ▁six ▁children . ▁Dev ast ated ▁by ▁the ▁news , ▁he ▁was ▁given ▁six ▁months ▁leave ▁on ▁full ▁pay ▁by ▁the ▁government . ▁The ▁retired ▁fifth ▁Premier ▁of ▁South ▁Australia , ▁Thomas ▁Reyn olds ▁and ▁his ▁wife , ▁Anne , ▁both ▁d rowned ▁as ▁did ▁Edu ard ▁Dur and , ▁the ▁French ▁Vice ▁Cons ul . ▁ ▁Other ▁notable ▁passengers ▁who ▁died ▁were ▁Dr ▁James ▁Mill ner ▁and ▁his ▁family , ▁Justice ▁William ▁A . ▁W earing ▁Q C , ▁Circ uit ▁Court ▁Judge ; ▁Joseph ▁Whit by , ▁acting ▁South ▁Australian ▁Crown ▁Sol ic itor ; ▁Richard ▁Wells , ▁NT ▁Times ▁& ▁Gaz ette ▁editor ; ▁Lion el ▁Pel ham , ▁a ▁senior ▁public ▁servant ; ▁Commander ▁Andrew ▁Ross ▁of ▁the ▁Royal ▁Navy ; ▁C . ▁J . ▁Ly ons , ▁Justice ▁W earing ' s ▁senior ▁assistant ; ▁William ▁Sh o ob ridge , ▁Secretary ▁to ▁several ▁mining |
▁companies ; ▁A . ▁L . ▁McK ay , ▁Government ▁Survey or ; ▁and ▁several ▁Over land ▁Tele graph ▁employees . ▁ ▁Never ▁before ▁in ▁Australian ▁history ▁had ▁so ▁many ▁high - profile ▁public ▁servants , ▁dign it aries ▁and ▁diplom ats ▁died ▁in ▁a ▁single ▁tragedy . ▁Many ▁passengers ▁who ▁died ▁were ▁Darwin ▁residents ▁and ▁news ▁of ▁the ▁tragedy ▁severely ▁affected ▁the ▁small ▁community , ▁reported ly ▁taking ▁several ▁years ▁to ▁recover . ▁Most ▁of ▁Got hen burg ' s ▁crew ▁were ▁from ▁Melbourne ▁and ▁as ▁a ▁result ▁of ▁the ▁ship w reck , ▁ 1 1 ▁wid ows ▁and ▁ 3 4 ▁children ▁were ▁left ▁dest itute ▁in ▁Victoria . ▁ ▁At ▁Bow en , ▁twelve ▁survivors ▁left ▁with ▁Captain ▁Lake ▁on ▁the ▁ship ▁Victoria ▁headed ▁for ▁Sydney . ▁They ▁all ▁got ▁free ▁passage ▁from ▁Mc M erk an , ▁Black wood ▁and ▁Co , ▁the ▁owners ▁of ▁Got hen burg . ▁The ▁four ▁survivors ▁from ▁the ▁second ▁port ▁life boat ▁that ▁were ▁picked ▁up ▁by ▁the ▁ste amer ▁Le ich hard t , ▁remained ▁with ▁that ▁ship ▁and ▁subsequently ▁made ▁way ▁for ▁Br is b ane . ▁ ▁Two ▁weeks ▁later ▁a ▁hard - hat ▁diver , ▁sent ▁down ▁to ▁recover ▁the ▁gold ▁and ▁other ▁val u ables , ▁found ▁the ▁bodies ▁of ▁two ▁women ▁at ▁the ▁foot ▁of ▁the ▁sal oon ▁stair case , ▁one ▁with ▁her ▁arm ▁around ▁the ▁other . ▁The ▁diver ▁tried ▁to ▁reach ▁them ▁to ▁take ▁a ▁lock ▁of ▁hair ▁or ▁some ▁other ▁personal ▁item |
▁that ▁could ▁be ▁identified ▁by ▁their ▁loved ▁ones , ▁but ▁the ▁restriction ▁of ▁the ▁air ▁line ▁made ▁it ▁impossible . ▁The ▁gold ▁in ▁the ▁Captain ' s ▁cabin ▁was ▁recovered ▁after ▁much ▁difficulty . ▁While ▁recover ing ▁the ▁gold , ▁several ▁sh arks ▁that ▁were ▁caught ▁near ▁the ▁wreck ▁were ▁found ▁to ▁contain ▁human ▁bones , ▁remains ▁and ▁jew ell ery . ▁ ▁There ▁were ▁three ▁heroes ▁identified ▁that ▁tragic ▁night , ▁all ▁att ested ▁to ▁by ▁all ▁the ▁other ▁survivors , ▁for ▁their ▁attempts ▁to ▁save ▁other ▁passengers . ▁In ▁recognition ▁of ▁their ▁bra very , ▁on ▁ 2 6 ▁July ▁ 1 8 7 5 , ▁the ▁Governor ▁of ▁South ▁Australia , ▁Sir ▁Anthony ▁Mus gr ave , ▁presented ▁passengers ▁James ▁Fitz ger ald ▁and ▁John ▁Cle land ▁and ▁crew man ▁Robert ▁Brazil ▁with ▁gold ▁med als ▁and ▁a ▁gold ▁watch . ▁The ▁Got hen burg ▁Rel ief ▁Fund ▁Committee ▁also ▁presented ▁each ▁of ▁them ▁with ▁a ▁gold ▁chain . ▁▁ ▁Report ▁▁ ▁The ▁report ▁of ▁the ▁Marine ▁Board ▁of ▁Queensland ▁determined ▁that : ▁▁▁ ▁Life bo ats ▁▁ ▁There ▁was ▁also ▁much ▁spec ulation ▁at ▁the ▁time ▁in ▁the ▁Ad ela ide ▁and ▁Melbourne ▁press ▁on ▁why ▁the ▁life bo ats ▁had ▁not ▁been ▁launched ▁earlier . ▁Sur viv or ▁James ▁Fitz ger ald ▁pointed ▁out ▁in ▁his ▁rec ol lection ▁that , ▁had ▁the ▁life bo ats ▁been ▁filled ▁to ▁capacity , ▁no ▁one ▁would ▁have ▁survived ▁the ▁severe ▁weather ▁conditions ▁experienced . ▁He ▁also ▁commented ▁that ▁passenger ▁vessels |
▁were ▁not ▁required ▁to ▁carry ▁enough ▁life bo ats , ▁concl uding ▁that ▁there ▁were ▁ins ufficient ▁places ▁for ▁all ▁Got hen bur gs ▁passengers ▁and ▁crew . ▁It ▁was ▁not ▁until ▁R MS ▁Tit an ic ▁sank ▁some ▁ 3 7 ▁years ▁later ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 2 , ▁that ▁it ▁was ▁made ▁comp uls ory ▁for ▁all ▁British ▁registered ▁ships ▁to ▁carry ▁sufficient ▁life bo ats ▁for ▁everyone ▁on ▁board . ▁▁ ▁Present ▁day ▁▁ ▁Today , ▁only ▁parts ▁of ▁the ▁deter ior ated ▁iron ▁h ull ▁and ▁the ▁coal ▁fired ▁square ▁bo ilers ▁of ▁Got hen burg ▁remain . ▁The ▁wreck ▁lies ▁between ▁ 9 ▁and ▁approximately ▁ ▁of ▁water ▁on ▁the ▁western ▁side ▁of ▁Old ▁Re ef , ▁ ▁sout heast ▁of ▁Town s ville . ▁The ▁Got hen burg ▁ship w reck ▁is ▁registered ▁on ▁the ▁Queensland ▁National ▁Estate ▁( place ▁ID ▁# 8 9 2 3 ) ▁as ▁a ▁Heritage ▁site , ▁and ▁is ▁protected ▁under ▁Section ▁ 7 ▁of ▁the ▁( Common wealth ) ▁Historic ▁Ship w re cks ▁Act ▁ 1 9 7 6 , ▁which ▁requires ▁that ▁divers ▁have ▁a ▁permit ▁to ▁enter ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 m ▁protected ▁zone ▁that ▁has ▁been ▁declared ▁around ▁the ▁wreck . ▁Its ▁official ▁location ▁is : ▁Old ▁Re ef , ▁Great ▁Bar rier ▁Re ef , ▁ ▁north - east ▁of ▁A yr , ▁at ▁. ▁The ▁re ef ▁around ▁the ▁wreck ▁provides ▁good ▁d iving ▁with ▁an ▁extensive ▁cor al ▁garden . ▁A ▁strict |
▁non - dist urb ance ▁policy ▁applies ▁to ▁marine ▁fl ora ▁and ▁fa una ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁to ▁the ▁fabric ▁of ▁the ▁wreck . ▁Pel ag ic ▁fish ▁and ▁re ef ▁sh arks ▁are ▁common . ▁▁ ▁Leg acy ▁▁ ▁The ▁northern ▁Darwin ▁sub urb ▁of ▁Mill ner ▁was ▁named ▁after ▁Dr ▁James ▁Mill ner ▁who , ▁together ▁with ▁his ▁family , ▁lost ▁their ▁lives ▁on ▁Got hen burg ' '. ▁Most ▁streets ▁in ▁the ▁northern ▁Darwin ▁sub urb ▁of ▁C ocon ut ▁Gro ve ▁and ▁some ▁in ▁the ▁adjacent ▁sub urb ▁of ▁Mill ner , ▁were ▁named ▁after ▁local ▁Darwin ▁residents , ▁inter state ▁visitors ▁and ▁crew ▁who ▁lost ▁their ▁lives ▁during ▁the ▁ship w reck . ▁Got hen burg ▁C res cent , ▁in ▁the ▁inner ▁Darwin ▁sub urb ▁of ▁Stuart ▁Park , ▁was ▁named ▁after ▁the ▁ship . ▁ ▁The ▁large ▁t urt le ▁shell , ▁which ▁was ▁en gr aved ▁by ▁the ▁ 1 8 ▁survivors ▁at ▁Hol bourne ▁Island , ▁is ▁displayed ▁at ▁the ▁South ▁Australian ▁Museum , ▁on ▁North ▁Terr ace ▁in ▁Ad ela ide . ▁ ▁Sur viv ors ▁▁ ▁In ▁ 1 8 7 5 , ▁a ▁detailed ▁list ▁of ▁all ▁passengers ▁and ▁crew ▁was ▁published ▁by ▁J . H . ▁Lewis , ▁Pr inter ▁& ▁Pub lisher , ▁al beit ▁with ▁several ▁errors ▁and ▁sp elling ▁mistakes . ▁That ▁document ▁was ▁used ▁as ▁the ▁main ▁source ▁of ▁the ▁following ▁survivors ' ▁table . ▁ ▁The ▁survivors ' ▁surn ames ▁have ▁been ▁reconc iled ▁against |
▁rescue ▁ships ' ▁log ▁books , ▁other ▁records ▁and ▁a ▁photo ▁of ▁the ▁en gr aved ▁t urt le ▁shell . ▁K nown ▁discre p ancies ▁have ▁been ▁clar ified , ▁where ▁possible , ▁in ▁the ▁comments ▁section . ▁ ▁Sur viv ors ▁ ▁Full ▁known ▁passenger ▁list ▁ ▁Full ▁known ▁crew ▁list ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁▁ ▁Category : 1 8 5 4 ▁ships ▁Category : Ship s ▁built ▁on ▁the ▁River ▁Th ames ▁Category : Mar itime ▁incidents ▁in ▁April ▁ 1 8 5 4 ▁Category : V ict or ian - era ▁merchant ▁ships ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁Kingdom ▁Category : V ict or ian - era ▁merchant ▁ships ▁of ▁Australia ▁Category : Ship w re cks ▁of ▁Queensland ▁Category : Mar itime ▁incidents ▁in ▁ 1 8 7 5 ▁Category : History ▁of ▁Australia ▁( 1 8 5 1 – 1 9 0 0 ) ▁Got hen burg , ▁SS ▁Got hen burg , ▁SS ▁Category : Ship s ▁built ▁in ▁Mill wall ▁Category : Great ▁Bar rier ▁Re ef ▁Category : N orth ▁Queensland ▁Category : W reck ▁d iving ▁sites ▁Category : History ▁of ▁Darwin , ▁Northern ▁Terr itory ▁Category : Austral ian ▁Ship w re cks ▁with ▁protected ▁zone <0x0A> </s> ▁Phoenix ▁D yn asty ▁Online ▁( Ch inese : ▁ <0xE5> <0x87> <0xA4> 舞 天 <0xE9> <0xAA> <0x84> , ▁commonly ▁ab bre vi ated ▁as ▁P DO ) ▁was ▁a ▁fantasy ▁M M OR PG ▁developed ▁by ▁Object ▁Software ▁Limited . ▁It ▁was ▁first |
▁released ▁in ▁Main land ▁China ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 6 . ▁And ▁then ▁In gle ▁Games ▁Ltd ., ▁the ▁North ▁American ▁Pub lisher ▁of ▁Phoenix ▁D yn asty ▁Online , ▁announced ▁its ▁Cl osed ▁B eta ▁on ▁Aug ▁ 1 st . ▁The ▁Open ▁B eta ▁test ▁began ▁on ▁Oct ▁ 9 , ▁ 2 0 0 7 . ▁It ▁was ▁soon ▁recognized ▁by ▁I GN ▁and ▁released ▁its ▁vault ▁ ▁and ▁granted ▁I GN ▁an ▁interview . ▁Until ▁now ▁the ▁game ▁is ▁still ▁under ▁development ▁and ▁new ▁contents ▁have ▁been ▁added ▁continuously . ▁ ▁The ▁upcoming ▁ 7 4 0 0 ▁expansion ▁pack ▁is ▁scheduled ▁for ▁July ▁ 2 0 0 9 . ▁Phoenix ▁D yn asty ▁Online ▁is ▁set ▁in ▁ancient ▁China . ▁Players ▁can ▁learn ▁and ▁practice ▁the ▁Chinese ▁K ung fu ▁to ▁advance ▁their ▁character ▁and ▁rule ▁the ▁dyn asty . ▁ ▁Game play ▁ ▁Class es ▁The ▁game ▁features ▁four ▁different ▁classes : ▁W izard , ▁Ass ass in , ▁Pal ad in , ▁Pri est , ▁all ▁with ▁different ▁sets ▁of ▁skills ▁and ▁abilities . ▁ ▁Craft ing ▁System ▁Players ▁can ▁choose ▁to ▁learn ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁four ▁craft ing ▁skills : ▁Black smith ing ▁( creat es ▁weapons ), ▁armor ▁craft ing ▁( creat es ▁armor ▁and ▁boots ), ▁leather ▁craft ing ▁( creat es ▁hel m ets ▁and ▁ga unt lets ), ▁and ▁Jew el ▁craft ing ▁( creat es ▁neck l aces ▁and ▁rings ). ▁The ▁materials ▁for ▁craft ing ▁can ▁be ▁obtained |
▁by ▁killing ▁non - human oid ▁mon sters . ▁Players ▁can ▁also ▁earn ▁gold ▁by ▁providing ▁craft ing ▁service ▁to ▁others ▁from ▁setting ▁a ▁craft ing ▁booth . ▁ ▁Mount ▁System ▁The ▁mount ▁system ▁allows ▁players ▁to ▁ride ▁a ▁beast ▁mount ▁as ▁a ▁means ▁of ▁fast ▁transportation ▁and ▁also ▁provide ▁instant ▁buff s . ▁Available ▁mount s ▁are ▁horses , ▁which ▁can ▁be ▁bought ▁from ▁Horse ▁B reed er ▁by ▁gold , ▁and ▁other ▁beast ▁mount s , ▁such ▁as ▁bears , ▁bull s , ▁t ig ers , ▁tort o ises , ▁quad - horn s ▁and ▁Phoenix . ▁There ▁are ▁rare ▁mount s ▁obtained ▁by ▁consum ing ▁contribution ▁points ▁that ▁can ▁be ▁gained ▁through ▁G uild ▁War . ▁ ▁G uild ▁System ▁Players ▁can ▁create ▁their ▁own ▁gu ild s ▁by ▁paying ▁ 1 0 0 , 0 0 0 ▁gold ▁to ▁the ▁gu ild ▁officer . ▁G uild ▁leaders ▁can ▁assign ▁titles ▁and ▁jobs ▁to ▁the ▁gu ild ▁members . ▁They ▁can ▁use ▁gu ild ▁bullet in ▁to ▁deliver ▁their ▁message ▁to ▁all ▁members . ▁And ▁the ▁gu ild ▁leadership ▁can ▁be ▁transferred ▁to ▁the ▁gu ild ▁member . ▁There ▁are ▁daily ▁gu ild ▁collection ▁quest s ▁available ▁for ▁players ▁to ▁obtain ▁contribution ▁points . ▁ ▁G uild ▁War ▁The ▁gu ild ▁war ▁takes ▁place ▁in ▁an ▁area ▁called ▁" B ayer ▁Trib es ". ▁There ▁are ▁ 9 ▁cities ▁in ▁this ▁area ▁and ▁all ▁of ▁them ▁can ▁be ▁occupied ▁by ▁gu ild s . ▁All ▁nine ▁cities ▁can ▁be |
▁occupied ▁by ▁armed ▁forces . ▁Init ially ▁the ▁cities ▁have ▁only ▁a ▁few ▁wand ering ▁soldiers ▁of ▁the ▁B ayer ▁Trib es . ▁After ▁destroying ▁the ▁city ▁symbol , ▁players ▁can ▁occup y ▁the ▁city . ▁Other ▁gu ild s ▁will ▁challenge ▁the ▁gu ild ▁that ▁capt ures ▁the ▁cities ▁at ▁a ▁designated ▁time ▁each ▁week . ▁The ▁winner ▁of ▁the ▁battle ▁will ▁then ▁be ▁allowed ▁to ▁occup y ▁the ▁city ▁for ▁a ▁week . ▁ ▁Art ifact ▁System ▁Art ifact ▁System ▁is ▁newly ▁introduced ▁in ▁the ▁game ' s ▁latest ▁content ▁expansion , R ise ▁of ▁King j ow . ▁Art ifacts ▁are ▁rum ored ▁to ▁be ▁the ▁leg acies ▁of ▁Chinese ▁ancient ▁champions , ▁and ▁in ▁the ▁game ▁they ▁grant ▁player ▁characters ▁impressive ▁power , ▁improving ▁one ▁of ▁character ▁attributes , ▁including ▁attack ▁rate , ▁attack ▁force ▁( AP ), ▁health ▁point , ▁man a ▁point , ▁defense , ▁d odge ▁rate ▁and ▁critical ▁hitting ▁rate . ▁ ▁Item ▁Formula ▁The ▁item ▁formula ▁is ▁a ▁fantastic ▁addition ▁to ▁the ▁current ▁craft ing ▁experience . ▁Using ▁the ▁item ▁formula , ▁player ▁characters ▁stand ▁a ▁chance ▁of ▁for ging ▁g ears ▁with ▁more ▁powerful ▁attributes . ▁There ▁are ▁two ▁way ▁of ▁getting ▁an ▁item ▁formula : ▁ 1 . ▁D ism ant le ▁equipment ▁at ▁Doctor ▁of ▁Sun ▁City . ▁ 2 . ▁L oot ▁from ▁m obs . ▁ ▁Qu ests ▁The ▁game ▁provides ▁over ▁ 1 0 0 ▁quest s ▁that ▁sim ulate ▁the ▁events ▁which ▁happened ▁in ▁the ▁old ▁Chinese |
▁Z hou ▁D yn asty ' s ▁four ▁States ▁( Z ha o , ▁Ch u , ▁Chi , ▁Q in ), ▁Players ▁must ▁beat ▁fur ious ▁mon sters , ▁historical ▁be asts , ▁prin ces ▁and ▁kings ▁to ▁receive ▁valuable ▁rewards . ▁ ▁Mar riage ▁System ▁Phoenix ▁D yn asty ▁Online ▁has ▁a ▁romantic ▁marriage ▁system . ▁The ▁couples ▁will ▁wear ▁the ▁traditional ▁Chinese ▁wedding ▁cost umes ▁and ▁be ▁tele port ed ▁to ▁the ▁spec ially ▁designed ▁wedding ▁hall ▁after ▁completing ▁the ▁marriage ▁quest . ▁They ▁can ▁also ▁invite ▁their ▁friends ▁to ▁their ▁wedding ▁ceremony . ▁An ▁announcement ▁of ▁the ▁wedding ▁will ▁be ▁made ▁to ▁all ▁players ▁in ▁the ▁server ▁through ▁system ▁message . ▁After ▁that , ▁both ▁players ▁will ▁have ▁a ▁wife / hus band ▁title ▁and ▁enjoy ▁a ▁ 5 % ▁EX P . ▁bonus ▁when ▁both ▁are ▁online . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁List ▁of ▁free ▁M MO G s ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁▁▁ ▁Category : 2 0 0 7 ▁video ▁games ▁Category : Mass ively ▁multi player ▁online ▁role - play ing ▁games ▁Category : Video ▁games ▁developed ▁in ▁China ▁Category : Video ▁games ▁with ▁is ometric ▁graphics ▁Category : Windows ▁games ▁Category : Windows - only ▁games ▁Category : Product s ▁and ▁services ▁dis contin ued ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 0 <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Alliance ▁of ▁Asian ▁Liberal ▁Arts ▁Univers ities ▁( A AL AU ) ▁is ▁as ▁a ▁cons ort ium ▁of ▁leading ▁liberal ▁arts ▁universities ▁located ▁in ▁countries ▁and ▁regions |
▁in ▁Asia . ▁Form ed ▁in ▁November ▁ 2 0 1 7 , ▁A AL AU ▁enable ▁member ▁universities ▁to ▁renew ▁and ▁re inv ig or ate ▁the ▁liberal ▁arts ▁education ▁traditions ▁and ▁development . ▁Its ▁Alliance ▁Secret ari at ▁located ▁in ▁L ing nan ▁University ▁in ▁Hong ▁Kong . ▁ ▁Over view ▁ ▁Due ▁to ▁the ▁fact ▁that ▁university ▁rank ings ▁have ▁not ▁been ▁able ▁to ▁present ▁teaching ▁quality ▁for ▁a ▁long ▁time , ▁ 1 5 ▁of ▁universities ▁with ▁similar ▁vis ions ▁and ▁characteristics ▁have ▁formed ▁the ▁alliance . ▁ ▁The ▁founding ▁member ▁universities ▁of ▁A AL AU ▁are ▁all ▁well - known ▁universities ▁in ▁their ▁respective ▁countries , ▁their ▁common ▁feature ▁is ▁highly ▁international ized , ▁high ▁social ▁reputation , ▁and ▁high ▁education ▁quality ▁( high ▁graduate ▁achievement ). ▁Some ▁of ▁these ▁members ▁were ▁selected ▁as ▁the ▁" Top ▁ 1 0 ▁Liberal ▁Arts ▁Col leg es ▁In ▁Asia " ▁by ▁For bes . ▁ ▁Members hip ▁ ▁The ▁Alliance ▁features ▁ 1 5 ▁founding ▁member ▁universities ▁( mark ing ▁† ). ▁At ▁present , ▁A AL AU ▁has ▁ 2 5 ▁members . ▁ ▁Hong ▁Kong ▁ ▁L ing nan ▁University ▁† ▁ ▁China ▁ ▁Duke ▁K un sh an ▁University ▁† ▁East ▁China ▁Normal ▁University ▁† ▁Nort heast ▁Normal ▁University ▁NY U ▁Shanghai ▁( Observer ) ▁University ▁of ▁Not ting ham ▁N ing bo ▁China ▁† ▁Y uan pe i ▁College , ▁P eking ▁University ▁† ▁ ▁Taiwan ▁ ▁Fu ▁Jen ▁Catholic ▁University ▁† ▁National ▁Chen g chi |
▁University ▁† ▁Tun ghai ▁University ▁† ▁ ▁Japan ▁ ▁International ▁Christian ▁University ▁† ▁Ky ush u ▁University ▁R ik ky o ▁University ▁Soph ia ▁University ▁† ▁The ▁University ▁of ▁Tokyo ▁† ▁W ased a ▁University ▁† ▁ ▁South ▁Korea ▁ ▁D ong gu k ▁University ▁E wh a ▁W om ans ▁University ▁Ky ung ▁He e ▁University ▁† ▁Se oul ▁National ▁University ▁† ▁University ▁of ▁Se oul ▁Ye ung nam ▁University ▁Y on se i ▁University ▁† ▁ ▁India ▁ ▁Sym b ios is ▁School ▁for ▁Liberal ▁Arts ▁ ▁Thailand ▁ ▁Mah id ol ▁University ▁International ▁College ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁Liberal ▁arts ▁college ▁Global ▁Liberal ▁Arts ▁Alliance ▁List ▁of ▁higher ▁education ▁associations ▁and ▁all iances ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁The ▁Alliance ▁of ▁Asian ▁Liberal ▁Arts ▁Univers ities ▁( A AL AU ) ▁ ▁Category : L iber al ▁arts ▁colleges ▁Category : Intern ational ▁college ▁and ▁university ▁associations ▁and ▁cons ort ia ▁Category : 2 0 1 7 ▁establish ments ▁in ▁Asia <0x0A> </s> ▁F erm ín ▁T ang ü is ▁( M arch ▁ 2 9 , ▁ 1 8 5 1 ▁– ▁August ▁ 2 4 , ▁ 1 9 3 0 ), ▁was ▁a ▁Puerto ▁R ican ▁business man , ▁farmer , ▁and ▁scientist ▁who ▁developed ▁the ▁seed ▁that ▁would ▁eventually ▁produce ▁the ▁T angu is ▁cotton ▁in ▁Peru ▁and ▁save ▁that ▁nation ' s ▁cotton ▁industry . ▁ ▁Early ▁years ▁T ang ü is ' ▁father , ▁Henri ▁T ang ü is , ▁em igr ated |
▁from ▁France ▁to ▁San ▁Juan , ▁Puerto ▁Rico ▁where ▁he ▁met ▁and ▁married ▁a ▁young ▁Spanish ▁Puerto ▁R ican ▁girl ▁by ▁the ▁name ▁of ▁Just a ▁Un cal . ▁T ang ü is ▁was ▁born ▁in ▁San ▁Juan , ▁the ▁capital ▁of ▁Puerto ▁Rico , ▁and ▁there ▁he ▁received ▁his ▁primary ▁and ▁secondary ▁education . ▁T ang ü is ▁moved ▁to ▁Cuba ▁to ▁pursue ▁a ▁university ▁degree ; ▁however ▁when ▁the ▁Ten ▁Years ' ▁War ▁( 1 8 6 8 – 1 8 7 8 ) ▁broke ▁out ▁in ▁that ▁island , ▁he ▁decided ▁that ▁it ▁would ▁be ▁best ▁to ▁move ▁to ▁South ▁America . ▁ ▁He ▁moved ▁to ▁L ima , ▁Peru ▁in ▁ 1 8 7 3 , ▁when ▁he ▁was ▁ 2 2 ▁years ▁old ▁and ▁worked ▁as ▁a ▁merc ant ile ▁account ant . ▁T ang ü is ▁went ▁on ▁to ▁work ▁in ▁the ▁mines ▁of ▁Cast rov ir re yna ▁and ▁later ▁established ▁his ▁own ▁businesses ▁in ▁Ay ac uch o ▁and ▁in ▁Hu anc avel ica . ▁In ▁July ▁ 1 8 8 4 , ▁he ▁married ▁Isabel ▁Nov oa ▁and ▁in ▁ 1 8 9 0 , ▁at ▁the ▁age ▁of ▁ 3 9 , ▁he ▁purchased ▁land ▁in ▁Val le ▁de ▁P isco ▁and ▁established ▁a ▁plant ation ▁dedicated ▁to ▁cultiv ation ▁of ▁cotton . ▁ ▁Cot ton ▁and ▁its ▁significance ▁in ▁Peru ' s ▁economy ▁Sugar ▁and ▁cotton ▁were ▁the ▁two ▁most ▁important ▁agricultural ▁products ▁of ▁Peru ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 th ▁century |
. ▁In ▁ 1 9 0 1 , ▁Peru ' s ▁cotton ▁industry ▁suffered ▁because ▁of ▁a ▁fun g us ▁pl ague ▁caused ▁by ▁a ▁plant ▁disease ▁known ▁some ▁places ▁as ▁" c ot ton ▁w ilt " ▁and ▁in ▁others ▁as ▁" F us arium ▁w ilt " ▁( F us arium ▁vas in fect um ). ▁The ▁plant ▁disease , ▁which ▁spread ▁throughout ▁Peru , ▁enters ▁the ▁plant ▁by ▁its ▁roots ▁and ▁works ▁its ▁way ▁up ▁the ▁stem ▁until ▁the ▁plant ▁is ▁completely ▁dried ▁up . ▁Many ▁of ▁the ▁agric ultur ists ▁who ▁dedicated ▁themselves ▁to ▁the ▁cultiv ation ▁of ▁cotton ▁were ▁ruined ▁and ▁the ▁cotton ▁industry ▁in ▁general ▁was ▁in ▁crisis . ▁ ▁T ang ü is ▁cotton ▁T ang ü is ▁began ▁to ▁study ▁some ▁species ▁of ▁the ▁plant ▁that ▁were ▁affected ▁by ▁the ▁disease ▁to ▁a ▁lesser ▁extent ▁and ▁experiment ed ▁in ▁germ ination ▁with ▁the ▁seeds ▁of ▁various ▁cotton ▁plants . ▁In ▁ 1 9 1 1 , ▁after ▁ 1 0 ▁years ▁of ▁experiment ing ▁and ▁failures , ▁T ang ü is ▁was ▁able ▁to ▁develop ▁a ▁seed ▁which ▁produced ▁a ▁superior ▁cotton ▁plant ▁res istant ▁to ▁the ▁disease . ▁The ▁seeds ▁produced ▁a ▁plant ▁that ▁had ▁a ▁ 4 0 % ▁longer ▁( between ▁ 2 9 mm ▁and ▁ 3 3 mm ) ▁and ▁thick er ▁fiber ▁that ▁did ▁not ▁break ▁easily ▁and ▁required ▁little ▁water . ▁The ▁cotton ▁grown ▁in ▁Peru ▁( E gy pt ian ▁cotton ) ▁before ▁the ▁fun |
g us ▁pl ague ▁grew ▁only ▁once ▁a ▁year ; ▁the ▁T ang ü is ▁cotton ▁grows ▁six ▁times ▁a ▁year . ▁This ▁type ▁of ▁fiber ▁showed ▁a ▁better ▁resistance ▁and ▁performance ▁than ▁other ▁fib ers . ▁ ▁T ang ü is ▁shared ▁his ▁new ▁seeds ▁with ▁the ▁other ▁cotton ▁grow ers , ▁who ▁named ▁the ▁plant ▁which ▁the ▁seeds ▁produced ▁T ang ü is ▁Cot ton . ▁T ang ü is ▁cotton ▁grows ▁in ▁Can ete ' s ▁valley ▁( s outh ▁of ▁L ima ) ▁and ▁in ▁the ▁Central ▁Coast ▁of ▁Peru . ▁The ▁success ▁of ▁the ▁T ang ü is ▁cotton , ▁which ▁is ▁also ▁known ▁in ▁Peru ▁as ▁" O ro ▁Bl anco " ▁( White ▁Gold ), ▁saved ▁the ▁cotton ▁industry ▁of ▁that ▁nation . ▁In ▁ 1 9 1 8 , ▁Peru ▁began ▁to ▁export ▁the ▁T ang ü is ▁cotton ▁variety , ▁which ▁together ▁with ▁the ▁export ation ▁of ▁sugar , ▁made ▁it ▁possible ▁for ▁the ▁government ▁of ▁Peru ▁to ▁cover ▁its ▁national ▁budget . ▁It ▁is ▁highly ▁regarded ▁worldwide ▁and ▁is ▁listed ▁on ▁the ▁Cot ton ▁Exchange ▁of ▁Liverpool ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁Kingdom . ▁In ▁ 1 9 9 7 , ▁the ▁T angu is ▁cotton , ▁the ▁variety ▁which ▁is ▁preferred ▁by ▁the ▁Per uv ian ▁national ▁text ile ▁industry , ▁const ituted ▁ 7 5 ▁percent ▁of ▁all ▁the ▁Per uv ian ▁cotton ▁production , ▁both ▁for ▁domestic ▁use ▁and ▁app arel ▁exports . ▁The ▁T angu is ▁cotton ▁crop ▁was ▁estimated ▁at |
▁ 2 2 5 , 0 0 0 ▁b ales ▁that ▁year . ▁ ▁Later ▁years ▁ ▁The ▁President ▁of ▁Peru ▁August o ▁B . ▁Leg u ia ▁( 1 9 1 9 ▁to ▁ 1 9 3 0 ), ▁hon ored ▁T ang ü is ▁by ▁presenting ▁him ▁with ▁the ▁" Or den ▁del ▁Sol " ▁( Order ▁of ▁the ▁Sun ) ▁medal . ▁The ▁Or den ▁del ▁Sol ▁is ▁a ▁decor ation ▁which ▁the ▁Government ▁of ▁Peru ▁presents ▁to ▁its ▁citizens ▁and ▁foreign ers ▁for ▁their ▁extraordinary ▁accomplish ments ▁in ▁the ▁fields ▁of ▁the ▁arts , ▁literature , ▁culture ▁and ▁politics . ▁ ▁T ang ü is ▁became ▁a ▁wealthy ▁man ▁and ▁continued ▁to ▁tend ▁to ▁his ▁plant ation ▁the ▁remainder ▁of ▁his ▁life . ▁F erm ín ▁T ang ü is ▁died ▁on ▁August ▁ 2 4 , ▁ 1 9 3 0 ▁and ▁is ▁buried ▁in ▁the ▁Ma estro ▁Pres b iter o ▁C emetery ▁in ▁L ima . ▁ ▁Leg acy ▁In ▁L ima , ▁there ▁is ▁a ▁statue ▁of ▁T ang ü is ▁on ▁a ▁horse ▁in ▁Par que ▁de ▁la ▁Res erv a ▁( P ark ▁of ▁the ▁Reserve ). ▁In ▁ 1 9 8 5 , ▁Dr . ▁Alberto ▁G ies ec ke , ▁committee ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁Cos api ▁National ▁Prize , ▁suggested ▁that ▁books ▁be ▁published ▁about ▁the ▁lives ▁and ▁accomplish ments ▁of ▁Peru ' s ▁civilian ▁heroes . ▁The ▁first ▁book ▁published ▁was ▁that ▁of ▁the ▁life ▁of ▁F erm in ▁T |
ang ü is . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁List ▁of ▁Puerto ▁R icans ▁French ▁immigration ▁to ▁Puerto ▁Rico ▁Puerto ▁R ican ▁scientists ▁and ▁invent ors ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁Cot ton ▁ ▁Category : 1 8 5 1 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 9 3 0 ▁deaths ▁Category : P uerto ▁R ican ▁scientists ▁Category : P uerto ▁R ican ▁business people ▁Category : People ▁from ▁San ▁Juan , ▁Puerto ▁Rico ▁Category : Rec ip ients ▁of ▁the ▁Order ▁of ▁the ▁Sun ▁of ▁Peru <0x0A> </s> ▁Ni all ▁Mitchell ( born ▁ 1 9 9 7 ) ▁is ▁an ▁Irish ▁hur ler ▁who ▁plays ▁as ▁a ▁centre - forward ▁for ▁the ▁West me ath ▁senior ▁team . ▁ ▁Born ▁in ▁Cl on kill , ▁County ▁West me ath , ▁Mitchell ▁first ▁played ▁competitive ▁hur ling ▁at ▁ju ven ile ▁and ▁under age ▁levels ▁with ▁the ▁Cl on kill ▁club . ▁He ▁subsequently ▁played ▁with ▁the ▁club ' s ▁senior ▁team , ▁winning ▁a ▁county ▁championship ▁medal ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 5 . ▁▁ ▁Mitchell ▁made ▁his ▁debut ▁on ▁the ▁inter - count y ▁scene ▁at ▁the ▁age ▁of ▁sixteen ▁when ▁he ▁was ▁selected ▁for ▁the ▁West me ath ▁minor ▁team . ▁He ▁had ▁two ▁championship ▁seasons ▁with ▁the ▁minor ▁team , ▁before ▁later ▁joining ▁the ▁under - 2 1 ▁team . ▁Mitchell ▁made ▁his ▁debut ▁with ▁the ▁West me ath ▁senior ▁team ▁during ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁championship . ▁ ▁Career ▁statistics ▁ ▁Hon ours ▁ ▁Cl |
on kill ▁West me ath ▁Senior ▁Hur ling ▁Championship ▁( 1 ): ▁ 2 0 1 5 , ▁ 2 0 1 8 ▁West me ath ▁Junior ▁Hur ling ▁Championship ▁( 1 ): ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁ ▁West me ath ▁ ▁B ord ▁G á is ▁U 2 1 ▁Team ▁of ▁the ▁Year ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 9 7 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : Cl on kill ▁h url ers ▁Category : West me ath ▁inter - count y ▁h url ers <0x0A> </s> ▁Cl iff ord ▁the ▁Big ▁Red ▁Dog ▁is ▁an ▁upcoming ▁live - action / CG I ▁family ▁comedy ▁film ▁directed ▁by ▁Walt ▁Be cker ▁and ▁written ▁by ▁Justin ▁Mal en ▁and ▁Ellen ▁Rap oport . ▁It ▁is ▁based ▁on ▁Norman ▁Br id well ' s ▁series ▁of ▁children ' s ▁books ▁of ▁the ▁same ▁name . ▁The ▁film ▁stars ▁Dar by ▁Camp , ▁Jack ▁White hall , ▁John ▁Cle ese , ▁S ien na ▁Gu ill ory , ▁Ken an ▁Thompson , ▁and ▁Ros ie ▁Pere z , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁the ▁vocal ▁effects ▁of ▁David ▁Alan ▁G rier . ▁ ▁Cast ▁▁ ▁Dar by ▁Camp ▁as ▁Emily ▁Elizabeth ▁ ▁David ▁Alan ▁G rier ▁as ▁Cl iff ord ▁( voice ) ▁ ▁Jack ▁White hall ▁as ▁Uncle ▁Case y ▁ ▁I za ac ▁Wang ▁as ▁Owen ▁Yu ▁ ▁John ▁Cle ese ▁as ▁Mr . ▁Br id well ▁▁ ▁S ien na ▁Gu ill ory |
▁ ▁Ken an ▁Thompson ▁ ▁Ros ie ▁Pere z ▁ ▁Production ▁ ▁Development ▁ ▁In ▁May ▁ 2 0 1 2 , ▁it ▁was ▁reported ▁that ▁Universal ▁Pictures ▁and ▁Ill um ination ▁Entertainment ▁would ▁produce ▁a ▁live - action / anim ated ▁film ▁based ▁on ▁the ▁book . ▁Matt ▁L ope z ▁was ▁hired ▁to ▁write ▁the ▁script ▁while ▁Chris ▁Mel ed and ri ▁and ▁Deb or ah ▁Fort e ▁were ▁to ▁produce , ▁but ▁in ▁July ▁ 2 0 1 3 , ▁it ▁was ▁reported ▁that ▁Ill um ination ▁cancelled ▁the ▁project . ▁On ▁September ▁ 1 3 , ▁ 2 0 1 3 , ▁it ▁was ▁reported ▁that ▁the ▁film ▁was ▁still ▁in ▁development ▁at ▁Universal ▁Pictures ▁with ▁David ▁Bow ers ▁in ▁talks ▁to ▁direct ▁the ▁film . ▁Like ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁film ▁Hop , ▁the ▁tit ular ▁dog ▁character ▁will ▁be ▁animated ▁while ▁the ▁other ▁characters ▁will ▁be ▁live - action . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 6 , ▁Param ount ▁Pictures ▁had ▁purchased ▁the ▁rights ▁to ▁develop ▁a ▁live - action ▁and ▁animated ▁hybrid ▁film . ▁On ▁September ▁ 2 5 , ▁ 2 0 1 7 , ▁it ▁was ▁reported ▁that ▁Walt ▁Be cker ▁had ▁been ▁hired ▁to ▁direct ▁from ▁a ▁script ▁being ▁re - written ▁by ▁Ellen ▁Rap oport , ▁and ▁from ▁the ▁original ▁written ▁by ▁Justin ▁Mal en , ▁which ▁would ▁be ▁produced ▁by ▁Fort e ▁through ▁her ▁Sil vert ong ue ▁Films ▁b anner . ▁ ▁Cast ing ▁ ▁In ▁May |
▁ 2 0 1 9 , ▁Dar by ▁Camp ▁and ▁Jack ▁White hall ▁signed ▁on ▁to ▁star ▁in ▁the ▁film . ▁In ▁June ▁ 2 0 1 9 , ▁John ▁Cle ese , ▁S ien na ▁Gu ill ory , ▁I za ac ▁Wang , ▁Ken an ▁Thompson , ▁Ros ie ▁Pere z , ▁David ▁Alan ▁G rier , ▁Keith ▁E well , ▁Bear ▁Allen ▁Bl aine , ▁and ▁Lyn n ▁Cohen ▁joined ▁the ▁cast . ▁ ▁Fil ming ▁ ▁Pr incipal ▁photography ▁began ▁in ▁July ▁ 2 0 1 9 ▁in ▁New ▁York ▁City . ▁ ▁Release ▁ ▁Cl iff ord ▁the ▁Big ▁Red ▁Dog ▁is ▁scheduled ▁for ▁release ▁on ▁November ▁ 1 3 , ▁ 2 0 2 0 , ▁by ▁Param ount ▁Pictures . ▁Universal ▁Pictures ▁initially ▁sl ated ▁the ▁film ▁for ▁April ▁ 8 , ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁and ▁then ▁pushed ▁back ▁to ▁December ▁ 3 1 , ▁ 2 0 1 6 . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁▁▁▁ ▁Category : Up coming ▁films ▁Category : 2 0 2 0 ▁films ▁Category : American ▁children ' s ▁comedy ▁films ▁Category : American ▁children ' s ▁fantasy ▁films ▁Category : American ▁films ▁Category : Fil ms ▁about ▁gi ants ▁Category : Fil ms ▁about ▁dogs ▁Category : Fil ms ▁featuring ▁anth rop omorphic ▁characters ▁Category : Fil ms ▁about ▁friendship ▁Category : Fil ms ▁about ▁size ▁change ▁Category : Fil ms ▁directed ▁by ▁Walt ▁Be cker ▁Category : Fil ms ▁scored ▁by ▁John ▁Deb ney |
▁Category : Fil ms ▁shot ▁in ▁New ▁York ▁City ▁Category : Fil ms ▁set ▁in ▁New ▁York ▁City ▁Category : Fil ms ▁based ▁on ▁children ' s ▁books ▁Category : 2 0 2 0 ▁fantasy ▁films ▁Category : 2 0 2 0 s ▁children ' s ▁fantasy ▁films ▁Category : 2 0 2 0 s ▁fantasy - com edy ▁films ▁Category : Param ount ▁Pictures ▁films ▁Category : W al den ▁Media ▁films ▁Category : Enter tainment ▁One ▁films <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁How land ▁Dam ▁is ▁a ▁hydro elect ric ▁dam ▁on ▁the ▁P isc ata quis ▁River ▁at ▁its ▁con flu ence ▁with ▁the ▁Pen ob sc ot ▁River ▁in ▁How land , ▁Pen ob sc ot ▁County , ▁Maine . ▁The ▁How land ▁Dam ▁was ▁purchased ▁by ▁the ▁Pen ob sc ot ▁River ▁Rest oration ▁Trust ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁from ▁P PL ▁Corporation , ▁formerly ▁Pennsylvania ▁Power ▁and ▁Light ▁under ▁an ▁agreement ▁reaches ▁several ▁years ▁earlier . ▁A ▁fish ▁by pass ▁was ▁constructed ▁around ▁the ▁dam ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 5 . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : Build ings ▁and ▁structures ▁in ▁Pen ob sc ot ▁County , ▁Maine ▁Category : D ams ▁in ▁Maine <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁rapid ▁British ▁advance ▁during ▁Operation ▁Comp ass ▁( 9 ▁December ▁ 1 9 4 0 ▁– ▁ 9 ▁February ▁ 1 9 4 1 ) ▁forced ▁the ▁Italian ▁ 1 0 th ▁Army ▁to ▁evac uate ▁Cy rena ica , ▁the ▁eastern ▁province ▁of ▁Lib ya . ▁In |
▁late ▁January , ▁the ▁British ▁learned ▁that ▁the ▁Ital ians ▁were ▁retreat ing ▁along ▁the ▁L itor ane a ▁Bal bo ▁( V ia ▁Bal bia ) ▁from ▁Ben gh azi . ▁The ▁ 7 th ▁Arm oured ▁Division ▁( M ajor - General ▁Sir ▁Michael ▁O ' Mo ore ▁Cre agh ) ▁was ▁dis pat ched ▁to ▁inter cept ▁the ▁rem n ants ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 0 th ▁Army ▁by ▁moving ▁through ▁the ▁desert , ▁south ▁of ▁the ▁J eb el ▁Ak hd ar ▁( Green ▁Mountain ) ▁via ▁Ms us ▁and ▁Ant el at ▁as ▁the ▁ 6 th ▁Australian ▁Division ▁purs ued ▁the ▁Ital ians ▁along ▁the ▁coast ▁road , ▁north ▁of ▁the ▁j eb el . ▁The ▁terrain ▁was ▁hard ▁going ▁for ▁the ▁British ▁tanks ▁and ▁Comb ef or ce ▁( L ie utenant - Col onel ▁John ▁Com be ), ▁a ▁flying ▁column ▁of ▁wheel ed ▁vehicles , ▁was ▁sent ▁ahead ▁across ▁the ▁ch ord ▁of ▁the ▁j eb el . ▁ ▁Late ▁on ▁ 5 ▁February , ▁Comb ef or ce ▁arrived ▁at ▁the ▁V ia ▁Bal bia ▁south ▁of ▁Ben gh azi ▁and ▁set ▁up ▁road ▁blocks ▁near ▁S idi ▁Sale h , ▁about ▁ ▁south - west ▁of ▁Ant el at ▁and ▁ ▁north ▁of ▁A jed ab ia . ▁The ▁leading ▁elements ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 0 th ▁Army ▁arrived ▁thirty ▁minutes ▁after ▁the ▁British ▁who ▁spr ung ▁the ▁amb ush . ▁Next ▁day ▁the ▁Ital ians ▁attacked ▁to ▁break ▁through ▁and ▁continued |
▁their ▁attacks ▁into ▁ 7 ▁February . ▁With ▁British ▁reinforce ments ▁arriving ▁and ▁the ▁Austral ians ▁pressing ▁down ▁the ▁road ▁from ▁Ben gh azi , ▁the ▁ 1 0 th ▁Army ▁sur rend ered ▁later ▁that ▁day . ▁Between ▁Ben gh azi ▁to ▁A ged ab ia , ▁the ▁British ▁took ▁ ▁captured ▁ ▁and ▁ ▁of ▁the ▁Operation ▁Comp ass ▁tot als ▁of ▁▁ ▁and ▁▁ ▁On ▁ 9 ▁February , ▁Churchill ▁ordered ▁the ▁advance ▁to ▁stop ▁and ▁troops ▁to ▁be ▁dis pat ched ▁to ▁Greece ▁to ▁take ▁part ▁in ▁the ▁Gre co - It al ian ▁War ; ▁Unter nehmen ▁Mar ita , ▁a ▁German ▁attack ▁through ▁M aced onia ▁was ▁thought ▁im min ent . ▁The ▁British ▁were ▁unable ▁to ▁continue ▁beyond ▁El ▁Ag he ila ▁anyway , ▁because ▁of ▁vehicle ▁breakdown s , ▁exhaust ion ▁and ▁the ▁effect ▁of ▁the ▁much ▁longer ▁supply ▁transport ▁distance ▁from ▁the ▁base ▁in ▁Egypt . ▁A ▁few ▁thousand ▁men ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 0 th ▁Army ▁escaped ▁the ▁disaster ▁in ▁Cy rena ica ▁but ▁the ▁ 5 th ▁Army ▁in ▁Tri polit ania ▁had ▁four ▁divisions . ▁The ▁Sir te , ▁T med ▁Hass an ▁and ▁B uer at ▁strong holds ▁were ▁rein forced ▁from ▁Italy , ▁which ▁brought ▁the ▁ 1 0 th ▁and ▁ 5 th ▁arm ies ▁up ▁to ▁about ▁ ▁German ▁reinforce ments ▁were ▁sent ▁to ▁Lib ya ▁to ▁form ▁a ▁blocking ▁det achment ▁() ▁under ▁Direct ive ▁ 2 2 ▁( 1 1 ▁January ), ▁these ▁being ▁the |
▁first ▁units ▁of ▁the ▁Af rika ▁Kor ps ▁( Gener alle ut nant ▁Er win ▁Rom mel ). ▁ ▁Background ▁ ▁Lib ya ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 3 6 , ▁General ▁Alberto ▁Par iani ▁had ▁been ▁appointed ▁Chief ▁of ▁Staff ▁of ▁the ▁army ▁and ▁begun ▁a ▁re organ isation ▁of ▁divisions ▁to ▁fight ▁wars ▁of ▁rapid ▁decision , ▁according ▁to ▁thinking ▁that ▁speed , ▁mobility ▁and ▁new ▁technology ▁could ▁revolution ise ▁military ▁operations . ▁In ▁ 1 9 3 7 , ▁three - reg iment ▁( tri angular ) ▁divisions ▁began ▁to ▁change ▁to ▁two - reg iment ▁binary ▁divisions , ▁as ▁part ▁of ▁a ▁ten - year ▁plan ▁to ▁re organ ise ▁the ▁standing ▁army ▁into ▁▁ ▁twelve ▁mountain , ▁three ▁motor ised ▁and ▁three ▁arm oured ▁divisions . ▁The ▁effect ▁of ▁the ▁change ▁was ▁to ▁increase ▁the ▁administrative ▁overhead ▁of ▁the ▁army , ▁with ▁no ▁corresponding ▁increase ▁in ▁effectiveness ▁as ▁the ▁new ▁technology , ▁tanks ▁motor ▁vehicles ▁and ▁wireless ▁communications ▁were ▁slow ▁to ▁arrive ▁and ▁were ▁inferior ▁to ▁those ▁of ▁potential ▁enemies . ▁The ▁dil ution ▁of ▁the ▁officer ▁class ▁by ▁the ▁need ▁for ▁extra ▁unit ▁staff s , ▁was ▁made ▁worse ▁by ▁the ▁polit ic isation ▁of ▁the ▁army ▁and ▁the ▁addition ▁of ▁Black shirt ▁Mil it ia . ▁The ▁reform s ▁also ▁promoted ▁front al ▁assault s ▁to ▁the ▁excl usion ▁of ▁other ▁theories , ▁dropping ▁the ▁previous ▁emphasis ▁on ▁fast ▁mobile ▁war fare ▁backed ▁by ▁artillery . ▁ ▁Cy rena ica ▁the ▁eastern ▁province ▁of ▁Lib ya |
▁had ▁been ▁an ▁Italian ▁colony ▁since ▁the ▁Ital o - Tur k ish ▁War ▁( 1 9 1 1 – 1 9 1 2 ). ▁With ▁Tun is ia , ▁a ▁part ▁of ▁French ▁North ▁Africa ▁to ▁the ▁west ▁and ▁Egypt ▁to ▁the ▁east , ▁the ▁Ital ians ▁prepared ▁to ▁defend ▁both ▁front iers ▁through ▁a ▁North ▁Africa ▁Supreme ▁Head quarters , ▁under ▁the ▁command ▁of ▁the ▁Governor - General ▁of ▁Italian ▁Lib ya , ▁Marshal ▁of ▁the ▁Air ▁Force ▁Ital o ▁Bal bo . ▁The ▁Supreme ▁Head quarters ▁in ▁Lib ya ▁had ▁the ▁ 5 th ▁Army ▁( General ▁Ital o ▁Gar ib old i ) ▁and ▁the ▁ 1 0 th ▁Army ▁( General ▁Mario ▁Bert i ), ▁which ▁in ▁mid - 1 9 4 0 ▁had ▁nine ▁met ropolitan ▁divisions ▁of ▁about ▁ ▁each , ▁three ▁Mil izia ▁Vol ont aria ▁per ▁la ▁Sic ure zza ▁Naz ionale ▁( Black shirt ) ▁and ▁two ▁Lib yan ▁Col onial ▁divisions ▁with ▁ ▁each . ▁ ▁Mor ale ▁was ▁considered ▁to ▁be ▁high ▁and ▁the ▁army ▁had ▁recent ▁experience ▁of ▁military ▁operations . ▁The ▁Italian ▁navy ▁had ▁prosper ed ▁under ▁the ▁F asc ist ▁regime , ▁which ▁had ▁paid ▁for ▁fast , ▁well - built ▁and ▁well - armed ▁ships ▁and ▁a ▁large ▁submar ine ▁fleet ▁but ▁the ▁navy ▁lack ed ▁experience ▁and ▁training . ▁The ▁air ▁force ▁had ▁been ▁ready ▁for ▁war ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 6 ▁but ▁had ▁st agn ated ▁by ▁ 1 9 3 9 ▁and ▁was |
▁not ▁considered ▁by ▁the ▁British ▁to ▁be ▁capable ▁of ▁maintaining ▁a ▁fast ▁tempo ▁of ▁operations . ▁The ▁ 5 th ▁Army ▁with ▁eight ▁divisions ▁was ▁based ▁in ▁Tri polit ania , ▁the ▁western ▁half ▁of ▁Lib ya ▁opposite ▁Tun is ia ▁and ▁the ▁ 1 0 th ▁Army ▁with ▁six ▁inf antry ▁divisions , ▁held ▁Cy rena ica ▁in ▁the ▁east . ▁When ▁war ▁was ▁declared , ▁the ▁ 1 0 th ▁Army ▁moved ▁the ▁ 1 st ▁Lib yan ▁Division ▁S ib elle ▁to ▁the ▁front ier ▁from ▁Gi ar ab ub ▁to ▁S idi ▁O mar ▁and ▁XX I ▁Corps ▁from ▁S idi ▁O mar ▁to ▁the ▁coast , ▁B ard ia ▁and ▁Tob ru k . ▁The ▁XX II ▁Corps ▁moved ▁south - west ▁of ▁Tob ru k ▁to ▁act ▁as ▁a ▁counter - att ack ▁force . ▁ ▁Egypt ▁The ▁British ▁had ▁based ▁forces ▁in ▁Egypt ▁since ▁ 1 8 8 2 ▁but ▁these ▁were ▁greatly ▁reduced ▁by ▁the ▁terms ▁of ▁the ▁Ang lo - E gy pt ian ▁Treat y ▁of ▁ 1 9 3 6 . ▁The ▁small ▁British ▁and ▁Commonwealth ▁force ▁g arr ison ed ▁the ▁Sue z ▁Canal ▁and ▁the ▁Red ▁Sea ▁route , ▁which ▁was ▁vital ▁to ▁British ▁communications ▁with ▁its ▁Far ▁Eastern ▁and ▁Indian ▁Ocean ▁territor ies . ▁In ▁mid - 1 9 3 9 , ▁Lieutenant - General ▁Arch ib ald ▁W av ell ▁was ▁appointed ▁General ▁Officer ▁Command ing - in - Ch ief ▁( GO C - in - C |
) ▁of ▁the ▁new ▁Middle ▁East ▁Command , ▁over ▁the ▁Mediterranean ▁and ▁Middle ▁East ▁the at res . ▁Until ▁the ▁Franco - Axis ▁arm ist ice , ▁the ▁French ▁divisions ▁in ▁Tun is ia ▁faced ▁the ▁Italian ▁ 5 th ▁Army ▁on ▁the ▁western ▁Lib yan ▁border . ▁In ▁Lib ya , ▁the ▁ ▁( R oyal ▁Army ) ▁had ▁about ▁ ▁and ▁in ▁Egypt , ▁the ▁British ▁had ▁about ▁ ▁with ▁another ▁ ▁training ▁in ▁Palest ine . ▁ ▁British ▁forces ▁included ▁the ▁Mobile ▁Division ▁( E gy pt ) ▁( M ajor - General ▁Per cy ▁Hob art ), ▁one ▁of ▁only ▁two ▁British ▁arm oured ▁training ▁form ations , ▁which ▁in ▁mid - 1 9 3 9 ▁was ▁renamed ▁the ▁Arm oured ▁Division ▁( E gy pt ). ▁On ▁ 1 6 ▁February ▁ 1 9 4 0 , ▁it ▁became ▁the ▁ 7 th ▁Arm oured ▁Division . ▁The ▁Egypt – Lib ya ▁border ▁was ▁def ended ▁by ▁the ▁Egyptian ▁Front ier ▁Force ▁and ▁in ▁June ▁ 1 9 4 0 , ▁the ▁headquarters ▁of ▁the ▁ 6 th ▁Infan try ▁Division ▁( M ajor - General ▁Richard ▁O ' Conn or ) ▁took ▁over ▁command ▁in ▁the ▁Western ▁Des ert , ▁with ▁instructions ▁to ▁drive ▁back ▁the ▁Ital ians ▁from ▁their ▁front ier ▁posts ▁and ▁dom inate ▁the ▁h inter land ▁if ▁war ▁began . ▁The ▁ 7 th ▁Arm oured ▁Division , ▁less ▁the ▁ 7 th ▁Arm oured ▁Brigade , ▁assembled ▁at ▁M ers a ▁Mat |
ru h ▁and ▁sent ▁the ▁ 7 th ▁Support ▁Group ▁forward ▁towards ▁the ▁front ier ▁as ▁a ▁covering ▁force , ▁where ▁the ▁R AF ▁also ▁moved ▁most ▁of ▁its ▁bom bers ; ▁Mal ta ▁was ▁also ▁rein forced . ▁ ▁The ▁H Q ▁of ▁the ▁ 6 th ▁Infan try ▁Division , ▁which ▁lack ed ▁complete ▁and ▁fully ▁trained ▁units , ▁was ▁renamed ▁the ▁Western ▁Des ert ▁Force ▁on ▁ 1 7 ▁June . ▁In ▁Tun is ia , ▁the ▁French ▁had ▁eight ▁divisions , ▁capable ▁only ▁of ▁limited ▁operations ▁and ▁about ▁ ▁in ▁three ▁poorly ▁armed ▁and ▁trained ▁divisions ▁in ▁Syria , ▁along ▁with ▁border ▁guards , ▁most ▁as ▁an ▁army ▁of ▁occupation ▁against ▁the ▁civilian ▁population . ▁Italian ▁land ▁and ▁air ▁forces ▁in ▁Lib ya ▁greatly ▁out number ed ▁the ▁British ▁in ▁Egypt ▁but ▁suffered ▁from ▁poor ▁mor ale ▁and ▁were ▁hand ic apped ▁by ▁some ▁inferior ▁equipment ▁and ▁poor ▁service ability . ▁In ▁Italian ▁East ▁Africa ▁were ▁another ▁ ▁and ▁African ▁troops , ▁with ▁▁ ▁tanks ▁and ▁ ▁Italy ▁declared ▁war ▁from ▁ 1 1 ▁June ▁ 1 9 4 0 . ▁ ▁Terr ain ▁ ▁The ▁Western ▁Des ert ▁was ▁about ▁ ▁wide , ▁from ▁M ers a ▁Mat ru h ▁in ▁Egypt ▁to ▁Gaz ala ▁on ▁the ▁Lib yan ▁coast , ▁along ▁the ▁L itor ane a ▁Bal bo ▁( V ia ▁Bal bia ), ▁the ▁only ▁p aved ▁road . ▁The ▁Sand ▁Sea ▁ ▁in land ▁marked ▁the ▁southern ▁limit ▁of ▁the ▁desert ▁at ▁its ▁wid est |
▁at ▁Gi ar ab ub ▁and ▁Si wa ; ▁in ▁British ▁parl ance , ▁Western ▁Des ert ▁came ▁to ▁include ▁eastern ▁Cy rena ica ▁in ▁Lib ya . ▁From ▁the ▁coast , ▁extending ▁in land ▁lies ▁a ▁raised , ▁flat ▁plain ▁of ▁st ony ▁desert ▁about ▁ ▁above ▁sea ▁level , ▁that ▁runs ▁ ▁in ▁depth ▁until ▁the ▁Sand ▁Sea . ▁Sc orp ions , ▁v ip ers ▁and ▁flies ▁pop ulated ▁the ▁region , ▁which ▁was ▁inhab ited ▁by ▁a ▁small ▁number ▁of ▁Bed ou in ▁nom ads . ▁Bed ou in ▁tracks ▁linked ▁well s ▁and ▁the ▁easier ▁travers ed ▁ground ; ▁navigation ▁was ▁by ▁sun , ▁star , ▁compass ▁and ▁" des ert ▁sense ", ▁good ▁perception ▁of ▁the ▁environment ▁gained ▁by ▁experience . ▁( D uring ▁the ▁Italian ▁invasion ▁of ▁Egypt ▁of ▁September ▁ 1 9 4 0 , ▁the ▁Mal etti ▁Group ▁got ▁lost ▁after ▁leaving ▁S idi ▁O mar ▁and ▁recon naissance ▁aircraft ▁had ▁to ▁find ▁it .) ▁In ▁spring ▁and ▁summer , ▁days ▁are ▁miser ably ▁hot ▁and ▁the ▁nights ▁are ▁bitter ▁cold . ▁The ▁S iro cc o ▁( G ible h ▁or ▁G hib li ), ▁a ▁hot ▁desert ▁wind , ▁bl ows ▁clouds ▁of ▁fine ▁sand , ▁which ▁reduces ▁visibility ▁to ▁a ▁few ▁metres ▁and ▁co ats ▁eyes , ▁lungs , ▁machinery , ▁food ▁and ▁equipment ; ▁motor ▁vehicles ▁and ▁aircraft ▁need ▁special ▁oil ▁filters ▁and ▁the ▁bar ren ▁ground ▁means ▁that ▁supplies ▁for ▁military ▁operations , ▁have ▁to ▁be ▁transport ed ▁from |
▁outside . ▁ ▁Operation ▁Comp ass ▁ ▁Following ▁ ▁the ▁invasion ▁of ▁Egypt ▁by ▁the ▁ 1 0 th ▁Army ▁and ▁the ▁advance ▁to ▁S idi ▁Barr ani , ▁W av ell ▁ordered ▁the ▁commander ▁of ▁British ▁Tro ops ▁Egypt , ▁Lieutenant - General ▁Sir ▁Henry ▁M ait land ▁Wilson , ▁to ▁plan ▁a ▁limited ▁operation ▁to ▁push ▁the ▁Ital ians ▁back . ▁Operation ▁Comp ass , ▁for ▁administrative ▁reasons , ▁was ▁originally ▁planned ▁as ▁a ▁five - day ▁raid ▁but ▁consideration ▁was ▁given ▁to ▁continuing ▁the ▁operation ▁if ▁it ▁succeeded . ▁On ▁ 2 8 ▁November , ▁W av ell ▁wrote ▁to ▁Wilson ▁that , ▁ ▁On ▁ 8 ▁December , ▁the ▁British ▁had ▁begun ▁the ▁operation ▁against ▁the ▁fort ified ▁Italian ▁camps , ▁which ▁had ▁been ▁set ▁up ▁in ▁a ▁defensive ▁line ▁outside ▁S idi ▁Barr ani . ▁( B ert i ▁was ▁on ▁sick ▁leave ▁and ▁Gar ib old i ▁had ▁temporarily ▁taken ▁his ▁place .) ▁The ▁raid ▁succeeded ▁and ▁the ▁few ▁units ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 0 th ▁Army ▁in ▁Egypt ▁that ▁were ▁not ▁destroyed ▁had ▁to ▁withdraw . ▁By ▁ 1 1 ▁December , ▁the ▁British ▁converted ▁the ▁raid ▁a ▁counter - off ensive ▁and ▁the ▁rest ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 0 th ▁Army ▁in ▁Egypt ▁was ▁swift ly ▁defeated . ▁The ▁British ▁prolong ed ▁the ▁operation ▁to ▁pursue ▁the ▁rem n ants ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 0 th ▁Army ▁to ▁S oll um , ▁B ard ia , ▁Tob ru k , ▁D erna ▁and ▁Me ch |
ili , ▁then ▁advanced ▁through ▁and ▁around ▁the ▁J eb el ▁Ak hd ar ▁( Green ▁Mountain ), ▁to ▁cut ▁off ▁the ▁Italian ▁retreat ▁to ▁Bed a ▁F omm ▁and ▁El ▁Ag he ila ▁on ▁the ▁Gulf ▁of ▁Sir te . ▁ ▁P rel ude ▁ ▁D erna , ▁Me ch ili ▁ ▁The ▁area ▁east ▁of ▁the ▁J eb el ▁Ak hd ar ▁mountains ▁was ▁g arr ison ed ▁by ▁the ▁XX ▁Motor ised ▁Corps ▁( L ie utenant - General ▁Ann ib ale ▁Berg on z oli ) ▁with ▁the ▁ 6 0 th ▁Infan try ▁Division ▁Sab r ath a ▁and ▁the ▁Bab ini ▁Group ▁( General ▁Valent ino ▁Bab ini ), ▁which ▁had ▁already ▁lost ▁some ▁of ▁its ▁tanks ▁in ▁the ▁British ▁capture ▁of ▁Tob ru k . ▁The ▁Bab ini ▁Group ▁had ▁an ▁establishment ▁of ▁ ▁but ▁these ▁included ▁ ▁had ▁landed ▁recently ▁at ▁Ben gh azi . ▁The ▁new ▁tanks ▁needed ▁ten ▁days ▁to ▁be ▁made ▁battle ▁worthy ▁and ▁a ▁three - day ▁journey ▁to ▁reach ▁Me ch ili ▁but ▁in ▁the ▁crisis , ▁tanks ▁had ▁been ▁rushed ▁forward , ▁which ▁reduced ▁the ▁service ability ▁of ▁the ▁vehicles . ▁A ▁defensive ▁position ▁was ▁established ▁by ▁the ▁ 6 0 th ▁Infan try ▁Division ▁Sab r ath a ▁on ▁a ▁line ▁from ▁D erna ▁along ▁W adi ▁D erna , ▁with ▁the ▁Bab ini ▁Group ▁concentr ating ▁at ▁Me ch ili ▁Fort ▁in land ▁and ▁slightly ▁south - west ▁of ▁D erna ▁where ▁several ▁desert ▁tracks ▁conver ged |
, ▁Giovanni ▁Bert a ▁and ▁Ch aul an , ▁to ▁guard ▁the ▁fl ank ▁and ▁rear ▁of ▁the ▁inf antry . ▁On ▁ 2 2 ▁January , ▁the ▁British ▁advanced ▁towards ▁D erna ▁with ▁the ▁ 1 9 th ▁Australian ▁Brigade ▁( Br ig ad ier ▁Hor ace ▁Roberts on ) ▁and ▁sent ▁another ▁Australian ▁brig ade ▁to ▁reinforce ▁the ▁ 4 th ▁Arm oured ▁Brigade ▁( Br ig ad ier ▁J . ▁A . ▁L . ▁Ca unter ) ▁of ▁the ▁ 7 th ▁Arm oured ▁Division ▁( M ajor - General ▁Michael ▁O ' Mo ore ▁Cre agh ), ▁south ▁of ▁the ▁J eb el ▁Ak hd ar , ▁for ▁an ▁advance ▁on ▁Me ch ili . ▁ ▁( In ▁the ▁tur mo il ▁created ▁by ▁Operation ▁Comp ass , ▁the ▁ 1 0 th ▁Army ▁had ▁several ▁command ers ▁in ▁quick ▁success ion , ▁General ▁Bert i ▁until ▁ 2 3 ▁December ▁ 1 9 4 0 , ▁Gar ib old i ▁when ▁Bert i ▁was ▁on ▁sick ▁leave , ▁General ▁Gi useppe ▁Tell era ▁( 2 3 ▁December ▁ 1 9 4 0 ▁– ▁ 7 ▁February ▁ 1 9 4 1 ▁( k illed ) ▁and ▁General ▁Ann ib ale ▁Berg on z oli ▁( sur rend ered ▁ 7 ▁February ). ) ▁On ▁ 2 3 ▁January , ▁Tell era ▁ordered ▁a ▁counter - att ack ▁against ▁the ▁British ▁as ▁they ▁approached ▁Me ch ili ▁Fort , ▁to ▁avoid ▁an ▁en velop ment ▁of ▁the ▁XX ▁Motor |
ised ▁Corps ▁from ▁the ▁south ▁but ▁communication ▁within ▁the ▁Bab ini ▁Group ▁was ▁slow , ▁because ▁only ▁the ▁tanks ▁of ▁senior ▁command ers ▁had ▁wireless . ▁Next ▁day , ▁ten ▁to ▁fifteen ▁M 1 3 / 4 0 s ▁of ▁the ▁Bab ini ▁Group ▁attacked ▁the ▁ 7 th ▁H uss ars ▁of ▁the ▁ 4 th ▁Arm oured ▁Brigade , ▁which ▁was ▁heading ▁west ▁to ▁cut ▁the ▁D erna – M ech ili ▁track . ▁The ▁Ital ians ▁fired ▁on ▁the ▁move , ▁hit ▁several ▁tanks ▁and ▁purs ued ▁as ▁the ▁British ▁swift ly ▁retired , ▁calling ▁for ▁help ▁from ▁the ▁ 2 nd ▁R TR , ▁which ▁ignored ▁the ▁signals ▁through ▁compl ac ency . ▁By ▁ ▁the ▁British ▁had ▁lost ▁several ▁light ▁tanks ▁and ▁a ▁cru iser ▁tank , ▁one ▁cru iser ▁had ▁a ▁j ammed ▁gun ▁and ▁the ▁third ▁was ▁ret iring ▁at ▁speed , ▁after ▁taking ▁fifty ▁rounds ▁to ▁knock ▁out ▁two ▁M 1 3 s . ▁Eventually ▁the ▁ 2 nd ▁R TR ▁was ▁alert ed , ▁caught ▁the ▁Italian ▁tanks ▁while ▁sky - lined ▁on ▁a ▁r idge ▁and ▁knocked ▁out ▁seven ▁M 1 3 s , ▁for ▁a ▁British ▁loss ▁of ▁the ▁cru iser ▁and ▁six ▁light ▁tanks . ▁ ▁Tell era ▁intended ▁to ▁use ▁the ▁Bab ini ▁Group ▁to ▁harass ▁the ▁southern ▁fl ank ▁of ▁the ▁British ▁and ▁cover ▁a ▁withdrawal ▁from ▁Me ch ili ▁but ▁G raz iani ▁ordered ▁him ▁to ▁wait ▁on ▁events . ▁By ▁the ▁evening , ▁a ▁report ▁had ▁arrived |
▁from ▁Bab ini ▁that ▁the ▁group ▁was ▁down ▁to ▁fifty ▁to ▁sixty ▁tanks ▁and ▁that ▁their ▁performance ▁had ▁been ▁disappoint ing , ▁along ▁with ▁alarm ist ▁tales ▁of ▁ ▁tanks ▁adv ancing ▁round ▁the ▁southern ▁fl ank . ▁G raz iani ▁ordered ▁Tell era ▁to ▁dis eng age ▁the ▁Bab ini ▁Group ▁by ▁next ▁morning . ▁Some ▁tanks ▁of ▁the ▁group ▁had ▁been ▁held ▁back ▁at ▁Ben gh azi ▁and ▁work ▁had ▁begun ▁on ▁a ▁defensive ▁position ▁at ▁Sir te , ▁ ▁west wards ▁along ▁coast . ▁On ▁ 2 5 ▁January , ▁the ▁ 2 / 1 1 th ▁Australian ▁Batt alion ▁near ▁the ▁coast ▁engaged ▁the ▁ 6 0 th ▁Infan try ▁Division ▁Sab r ath a ▁and ▁ ▁companies ▁of ▁the ▁Bab ini ▁Group ▁at ▁D erna ▁air field , ▁making ▁slow ▁progress ▁against ▁determined ▁resistance . ▁Italian ▁bom bers ▁and ▁fighters ▁flew ▁sort ies ▁against ▁the ▁ 2 / 1 1 th ▁Australian ▁Batt alion ▁as ▁it ▁attacked ▁the ▁air field ▁and ▁high ▁ground ▁at ▁S ire t ▁el ▁Ch reib a . ▁The ▁ ▁swept ▁the ▁flat ▁ground ▁with ▁field ▁artillery ▁and ▁machine - gun s , ▁stopping ▁the ▁Australian ▁advance ▁ ▁short ▁of ▁the ▁objective . ▁ ▁The ▁ 4 th ▁Arm oured ▁Brigade ▁was ▁ordered ▁to ▁enc ir cle ▁Me ch ili ▁and ▁cut ▁the ▁western ▁and ▁north - western ▁ex its , ▁while ▁the ▁ 7 th ▁Arm oured ▁Brigade ▁cut ▁the ▁road ▁from ▁Me ch ili ▁to ▁Sl ont a ▁but ▁the ▁Bab ini |
▁Group ▁had ▁ret reated ▁from ▁Me ch ili ▁during ▁the ▁night . ▁The ▁group ▁was ▁attacked ▁by ▁Des ert ▁Air ▁Force ▁( DA F ) ▁fighters ▁south ▁of ▁Sl ont a ▁the ▁next ▁day ▁and ▁purs ued ▁until ▁ 2 8 ▁January ▁by ▁the ▁ 4 th ▁Arm oured ▁Brigade . ▁On ▁ 2 6 ▁January , ▁G raz iani ▁ordered ▁Tell era ▁to ▁continue ▁the ▁defence ▁of ▁D erna ▁and ▁to ▁use ▁the ▁Bab ini ▁Group ▁to ▁stop ▁an ▁advance ▁west ▁from ▁the ▁area ▁Me ch ili – D erna . ▁Tell era ▁requested ▁more ▁tanks ▁but ▁this ▁was ▁refused ▁until ▁the ▁def ences ▁of ▁D erna ▁began ▁to ▁collapse ▁the ▁next ▁day . ▁During ▁the ▁day , ▁the ▁ 2 / 4 th ▁Australian ▁Batt alion ▁in ▁the ▁D erna – G iov anni ▁Bert a ▁area , ▁attacked ▁and ▁cut ▁the ▁D erna – M ech ili ▁road ▁and ▁a ▁company ▁crossed ▁W adi ▁D erna ▁during ▁the ▁night . ▁On ▁the ▁northern ▁edge ▁of ▁the ▁w adi , ▁a ▁bold ▁counter - att ack ▁with ▁artillery ▁support ▁was ▁made ▁across ▁open ▁ground ▁by ▁the ▁ 1 0 th ▁ ▁of ▁the ▁Bab ini ▁Group , ▁which ▁with ▁reports ▁in ▁the ▁morning ▁that ▁the ▁group ▁was ▁attacking ▁round ▁the ▁southern ▁fl ank , ▁deter red ▁the ▁Austral ians ▁from ▁continuing ▁the ▁advance ▁on ▁D erna , ▁at ▁the ▁cost ▁of ▁forty ▁ ▁killed ▁and ▁▁ ▁During ▁ 2 7 ▁January , ▁Australian ▁attempts ▁to ▁attack ▁were ▁met ▁by ▁mass ed |
▁artillery - fire , ▁against ▁which ▁the ▁Australian ▁artillery ▁reply ▁was ▁r ation ed ▁to ▁ten ▁rounds ▁per - gun - per - day ; ▁the ▁ 2 / 4 th ▁Australian ▁Batt alion ▁rep uls ed ▁another ▁counter - att ack ▁by ▁an ▁Italian ▁inf antry ▁batt alion . ▁A ▁column ▁of ▁Bren ▁Car riers ▁of ▁the ▁ 6 th ▁Australian ▁C aval ry ▁Regiment ▁was ▁sent ▁south ▁to ▁recon no it re ▁the ▁area ▁where ▁the ▁Italian ▁tanks ▁had ▁been ▁reported . ▁The ▁column ▁was ▁amb ushed ▁by ▁a ▁party ▁from ▁the ▁Bab ini ▁Group ▁with ▁conce aled ▁anti - t ank ▁guns ▁and ▁machine ▁guns ; ▁four ▁Austral ians ▁were ▁killed ▁and ▁three ▁taken ▁prisoner . ▁The ▁ 1 1 th ▁H uss ars ▁found ▁a ▁gap ▁at ▁Ch aul an , ▁south ▁of ▁W adi ▁D erna , ▁which ▁threatened ▁the ▁Bab ini ▁Group ▁and ▁the ▁defend ers ▁in ▁D erna ▁with ▁enc ir c lement ▁and ▁Berg on z oli ▁ordered ▁a ▁retreat . ▁The ▁Ital ians ▁dis eng aged ▁on ▁the ▁night ▁of ▁ ▁before ▁the ▁g arr ison ▁could ▁be ▁trapped ; ▁Bab ini ▁Group ▁re arg u ards ▁cr ater ed ▁roads , ▁planted ▁mines , ▁set ▁bo oby - tr aps ▁and ▁managed ▁to ▁conduct ▁several ▁sk il ful ▁amb ushes , ▁which ▁slowed ▁the ▁British ▁pursuit . ▁ ▁Italian ▁defensive ▁prepar ations ▁The ▁Ital ians ▁in ▁Lib ya ▁were ▁dependent ▁supplies ▁from ▁Italy , ▁which ▁were ▁moved ▁by ▁road ▁and ▁short ▁stret ches |
▁of ▁railway . ▁The ▁ ▁from ▁Tri pol i ▁to ▁Ben gh azi ▁was ▁ ▁long , ▁pr one ▁to ▁flo oding ▁and ▁attacks ▁by ▁the ▁D AF ▁now ▁it ▁was ▁in ▁range . ▁D riving ▁on ▁desert ▁tracks ▁to ▁avoid ▁air ▁attack ▁increased ▁vehicle ▁wear ▁and ▁led ▁to ▁more ▁accidents . ▁The ▁Bab ini ▁Group ▁had ▁escaped ▁destruction ▁at ▁Me ch ili ▁on ▁ 2 4 ▁January ▁but ▁the ▁inferior ity ▁of ▁the ▁Italian ▁tanks ▁and ▁that ▁they ▁were ▁substant ially ▁out number ed ▁( poss ibly ▁due ▁to ▁British ▁attempts ▁at ▁de ception ▁with ▁a ▁dummy ▁tank ▁reg iment ) ▁led ▁to ▁doubts ▁that ▁D erna ▁was ▁defens ible . ▁The ▁ 1 0 th ▁Army ▁still ▁had ▁about ▁ ▁and ▁ ▁tanks , ▁about ▁half ▁being ▁service able . ▁Rum ours ▁circul ated ▁about ▁British ▁intr ig ues ▁in ▁Tun is ia ▁and ▁Al ger ia ▁and ▁the ▁explo its ▁of ▁the ▁Long ▁Range ▁Des ert ▁Group , ▁Free ▁French ▁ ▁forces ▁and ▁Sen uss i ▁reb els ▁in ▁the ▁southern ▁province ▁of ▁Fe zz an , ▁which ▁added ▁to ▁Italian ▁app re hens ions ▁about ▁the ▁western ▁and ▁southern ▁approaches ▁to ▁Tri polit ania . ▁It ▁had ▁soon ▁become ▁clear ▁to ▁G raz iani ▁that ▁the ▁British ▁were ▁going ▁to ▁attempt ▁the ▁capture ▁all ▁Cy rena ica . ▁On ▁ 1 ▁February , ▁he ▁reported ▁to ▁M uss ol ini ▁that ▁he ▁intended ▁to ▁withdraw ▁to ▁Sir te , ▁where ▁Gar ib old i , ▁the ▁commander ▁in ▁Tri |
pol i , ▁had ▁been ▁ordered ▁to ▁prepare ▁def ences . ▁On ▁ 3 ▁February , ▁after ▁G raz iani ▁had ▁s acked ▁Bert i , ▁Tell era ▁took ▁over ▁command ▁in ▁Cy rena ica , ▁with ▁orders ▁to ▁command ▁the ▁retreat . ▁The ▁Austral ians ▁had ▁caught ▁up ▁with ▁the ▁Ital ians ▁ ▁west ▁of ▁D erna , ▁at ▁Giovanni ▁Bert a , ▁on ▁ 3 1 ▁January ▁and ▁British ▁air ▁recon naissance ▁reported ▁indic ations ▁of ▁a ▁general ▁Italian ▁withdrawal . ▁ ▁British ▁plan ▁and ▁assembly ▁ ▁In ▁late ▁January ▁ 1 9 4 1 , ▁the ▁British ▁learned ▁from ▁dec oded ▁messages ▁that ▁the ▁Ital ians ▁were ▁evac u ating ▁Cy rena ica ▁through ▁Ben gh azi ▁along ▁the ▁. ▁The ▁ 6 th ▁Australian ▁Division ▁purs ued ▁the ▁Ital ians , ▁along ▁the ▁coast ▁road ▁north ▁of ▁the ▁J eb el ▁Ak hd ar , ▁with ▁the ▁ 1 1 th ▁H uss ars ▁on ▁their ▁left ▁fl ank . ▁Bab ini ▁Group ▁reports ▁about ▁the ▁H uss ars ▁led ▁Tell era ▁to ▁assume ▁that ▁the ▁ 7 th ▁Arm oured ▁Division ▁was ▁behind ▁the ▁Austral ians ▁so ▁did ▁not ▁as semble ▁a ▁big ▁fl ank ▁guard ▁or ▁expect ▁an ▁out fl ank ing ▁move ▁through ▁Ms us . ▁The ▁Austral ians ▁closed ▁up ▁to ▁Giovanni ▁Bert a ▁on ▁ 1 ▁February ▁but ▁the ▁Ital ians ▁el uded ▁them ▁by ▁the ▁speed ▁of ▁their ▁withdrawal . ▁O ' Conn or ▁had ▁intended ▁to ▁pause ▁while ▁supplies ▁were ▁built ▁up |
▁around ▁Me ch ili ▁and ▁wait ▁for ▁parts ▁of ▁the ▁new ▁ 2 nd ▁Arm oured ▁Division ▁to ▁arrive . ▁The ▁failure ▁to ▁trap ▁the ▁ 1 0 th ▁Army ▁led ▁O ' Conn or ▁to ▁ignore ▁the ▁lack ▁of ▁supplies ▁and ▁the ▁decre p itude ▁of ▁the ▁ 4 0 ▁service able ▁cru is ers ▁and ▁ ▁tanks . ▁The ▁ 7 th ▁Arm oured ▁Division ▁was ▁ordered ▁on ▁ 4 ▁February ▁to ▁inter cept ▁the ▁rem n ants ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 0 th ▁Army , ▁by ▁moving ▁in land ▁ ▁from ▁Me ch ili ▁to ▁Ms us , ▁to ▁cut ▁off ▁the ▁Ital ians ▁between ▁Sol uch ▁and ▁G he min es . ▁ ▁All ▁British ▁aircraft ▁were ▁to ▁support ▁the ▁move ▁and ▁protect ▁l or ries ▁carrying ▁a ▁days ' ▁supplies ▁just ▁behind ▁the ▁tanks ▁and ▁a ▁big ▁conv oy ▁with ▁two ▁days ' ▁supplies ▁a ▁short ▁distance ▁further ▁back ▁but ▁D AF ▁ground ▁attacks ▁had ▁been ▁stopped ▁on ▁ 3 ▁February ▁due ▁to ▁an ▁engine ▁short age . ▁Even ▁if ▁all ▁the ▁supplies ▁arrived ▁no ▁more ▁could ▁be ▁delivered ▁for ▁several ▁days , ▁which ▁meant ▁that ▁a ▁battle ▁had ▁to ▁be ▁won ▁in ▁three ▁days ▁or ▁fail ▁through ▁lack ▁of ▁fuel , ▁water ▁and ▁am mun ition . ▁Italian ▁wireless ▁inter ception ▁of ▁ 1 1 th ▁H uss ars ▁messages ▁revealed ▁Sol uch ▁as ▁its ▁objective ▁and ▁Tell era ▁in ferred ▁that ▁the ▁British ▁arm oured ▁forces ▁would ▁advance ▁on ▁Ms us ▁and ▁S ce le id |
ima . ▁Little ▁could ▁be ▁done , ▁apart ▁from ▁withdraw ing ▁through ▁the ▁j eb el ▁faster , ▁s owing ▁Th erm os ▁bombs ▁along ▁the ▁path ▁of ▁the ▁British ▁advance ▁and ▁g arr ison ing ▁Ms us , ▁S ce le id ima ▁and ▁Ant el at ▁to ▁delay ▁the ▁British ▁forces . ▁The ▁rug ged ▁terrain ▁was ▁hard ▁going ▁for ▁the ▁British ▁tanks ▁and ▁caused ▁more ▁del ays ▁than ▁Italian ▁counter - me asures ; ▁if ▁a ▁tank ▁broke ▁down ▁it ▁was ▁left ▁behind ▁until ▁a ▁recovery ▁team ▁could ▁tow ▁it ▁back ▁to ▁Tob ru k . ▁At ▁dawn ▁on ▁ 4 ▁February , ▁the ▁ 1 1 th ▁H uss ars ▁left ▁Me ch ili ▁over ▁ground ▁which ▁had ▁only ▁been ▁recon no it red ▁from ▁the ▁air , ▁to ▁avoid ▁alert ing ▁the ▁Ital ians . ▁Low - f lying ▁aircraft ▁had ▁reported ▁that ▁the ▁going ▁was ▁difficult ▁and ▁for ▁the ▁first ▁ ▁the ▁route ▁was ▁the ▁worst ▁yet ▁encountered ▁in ▁the ▁desert . ▁By ▁ ▁arm oured ▁cars ▁had ▁reached ▁Ms us , ▁ ▁away , ▁where ▁the ▁g arr ison ▁left ▁hurried ly , ▁some ▁cars ▁followed ▁up ▁for ▁another ▁ ▁to ▁Ant el at ▁and ▁the ▁ 7 th ▁Support ▁Group ▁reached ▁the ▁ 4 th ▁Arm oured ▁Brigade , ▁which ▁was ▁still ▁preparing ▁to ▁move ▁from ▁Me ch ili . ▁ ▁Comb ef or ce ▁ ▁News ▁arrived ▁from ▁air ▁recon naissance ▁that ▁a ▁large ▁Italian ▁conv oy ▁was ▁south ▁of ▁Ben gh azi , |
▁which ▁was ▁taken ▁to ▁mean ▁that ▁a ▁general ▁withdrawal ▁from ▁Cy rena ica ▁had ▁begun . ▁( The ▁conv oy ▁was ▁actually ▁one ▁of ▁rear - area ▁personnel ; ▁most ▁of ▁the ▁XX ▁Motor ised ▁Corps ▁was ▁east ▁of ▁Ben gh azi ▁and ▁the ▁Bab ini ▁Group ▁was ▁covering ▁the ▁Italian ▁re arg u ard , ▁which ▁was ▁ret iring ▁from ▁Bar ce .) ▁Because ▁the ▁British ▁tanks ▁needed ▁more ▁time ▁for ▁maintenance , ▁Cre agh ▁took ▁a ▁bold ▁decision ▁to ▁send ▁an ▁impro vised ▁flying ▁column ▁of ▁wheel ed ▁vehicles , ▁south - west ▁across ▁the ▁ch ord ▁of ▁the ▁j eb el , ▁to ▁block ▁the ▁V ia ▁Bal bia ▁between ▁Ben gh azi ▁and ▁A ged ab ia ▁as ▁quickly ▁as ▁possible . ▁The ▁track ed ▁vehicles ▁were ▁to ▁follow ▁on ▁to ▁the ▁south - west , ▁rather ▁than ▁continue ▁west wards ▁to ▁Sol uch . ▁Comb ef or ce ▁( L ie utenant - Col onel ▁J . ▁F . ▁B . ▁Com be ), ▁consisted ▁of ▁an ▁arm oured ▁car ▁squad ron ▁from ▁each ▁of ▁ 1 1 th ▁H uss ars ▁and ▁King ' s ▁Dr ago on ▁Gu ards , ▁the ▁ 2 nd ▁R if le ▁Brigade , ▁an ▁R AF ▁arm oured ▁car ▁squad ron , ▁six ▁ 2 5 - p ound er ▁field ▁guns ▁of ▁C ▁B attery ▁ 4 th ▁Royal ▁Horse ▁Art illery ▁( 4 th ▁R HA ) ▁and ▁the ▁ 1 0 6 th ▁( L anc ash |
ire ▁H uss ars ) ▁B attery ▁R HA , ▁with ▁nine ▁B of ors ▁ 3 7 ▁mm ▁anti - t ank ▁guns ▁port ée , ▁a ▁total ▁of ▁about ▁ ▁Battle ▁▁ 5 ▁February ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁J eb el ▁Ak hd ar , ▁the ▁ 6 th ▁Australian ▁Division ▁advanced ▁down ▁the ▁V ia ▁Bal bia , ▁with ▁the ▁ 1 7 th ▁Australian ▁Brigade ▁leap - f ro gg ing ▁a ▁batt alion ▁to ▁Sl ont a , ▁where ▁the ▁ 1 9 th ▁Australian ▁Brigade ▁using ▁the ▁rest ▁of ▁the ▁divis ional ▁transport ▁and ▁captured ▁pet rol , ▁passed ▁by ▁and ▁reached ▁Bar ce ▁despite ▁mines ▁and ▁road blocks ▁on ▁ 5 ▁February . ▁( The ▁Austral ians ▁got ▁to ▁Ben gh azi ▁before ▁night ▁on ▁ 6 ▁February , ▁despite ▁more ▁mines ▁and ▁heavy ▁rain .) ▁Comb ef or ce ▁reached ▁Ant el at ▁during ▁the ▁morning ▁and ▁by ▁ ▁had ▁ob servers ▁over looking ▁the ▁V ia ▁Bal bia ▁west ▁of ▁Bed a ▁F omm ▁and ▁S idi ▁Sale h , ▁about ▁ ▁south - west ▁of ▁Ant el at ▁and ▁ ▁north ▁of ▁A jed ab ia , ▁with ▁the ▁rest ▁of ▁Comb ef or ce ▁following ▁on . ▁An ▁Italian ▁conv oy ▁drove ▁up ▁about ▁thirty ▁minutes ▁later ▁and ▁ran ▁into ▁a ▁mine field , ▁where ▁it ▁was ▁amb ushed . ▁The ▁British ▁artillery , ▁anti - t ank ▁guns ▁and ▁arm oured ▁cars , ▁threw ▁the ▁column ▁into ▁confusion . ▁Some ▁members ▁of |
▁the ▁ 1 0 th ▁B ers ag l ieri ▁tried ▁to ▁advance ▁down ▁the ▁road ▁and ▁others ▁looked ▁for ▁gaps ▁in ▁the ▁British ▁positions ▁on ▁either ▁side ▁of ▁the ▁road . ▁ ▁The ▁B ers ag l ieri ▁had ▁little ▁effect , ▁being ▁un supported ▁by ▁artillery , ▁most ▁of ▁which ▁was ▁with ▁the ▁re arg u ard ▁to ▁the ▁north . ▁The ▁attempts ▁by ▁the ▁Ital ians ▁to ▁break ▁through ▁became ▁stronger ▁and ▁in ▁the ▁afternoon , ▁the ▁ 2 nd ▁R if le ▁Brigade ▁crossed ▁the ▁V ia ▁Bal bia ▁into ▁the ▁d unes , ▁to ▁block ▁the ▁route ▁south ▁between ▁the ▁road ▁and ▁the ▁sea . ▁Com be ▁also ▁brought ▁up ▁a ▁company ▁behind ▁the ▁road block , ▁placed ▁some ▁ 2 5 - p ound ers ▁behind ▁the ▁inf antry ▁and ▁kept ▁some ▁arm oured ▁cars ▁man oe uv ring ▁in ▁the ▁desert ▁to ▁the ▁east , ▁to ▁deter ▁an ▁Italian ▁out fl ank ing ▁move . ▁Several ▁hundred ▁prisoners ▁were ▁taken ▁but ▁only ▁a ▁pl ato on ▁of ▁inf antry ▁could ▁be ▁sp ared ▁to ▁guard ▁them . ▁The ▁v angu ard ▁of ▁the ▁Italian ▁retreat ▁had ▁no ▁tanks , ▁contained ▁few ▁front - line ▁inf antry ▁and ▁had ▁been ▁trapped ▁by ▁the ▁amb ush ▁which ▁forced ▁them ▁to ▁fight ▁where ▁they ▁stood . ▁ ▁While ▁waiting ▁for ▁the ▁ 4 th ▁Arm oured ▁Brigade , ▁which ▁had ▁been ▁brought ▁up ▁to ▁establishment ▁by ▁trans fers ▁from ▁the ▁ 7 th ▁Arm oured ▁Brigade ▁and ▁had ▁the |
▁ 3 rd ▁H uss ars , ▁ 7 th ▁H uss ars ▁and ▁the ▁ 2 nd ▁R TR ▁under ▁command , ▁Com be ▁recon no it red ▁to ▁the ▁north ▁and ▁near ▁a ▁small ▁white ▁mos que ▁found ▁several ▁long , ▁low , ▁north – s outh ▁rid ges ▁with ▁f olds ▁between , ▁in ▁which ▁tanks ▁could ▁hide ▁from ▁the ▁road ▁as ▁they ▁moved ▁back ▁and ▁forth ▁to ▁fire ▁at ▁close ▁range . ▁The ▁brig ade ▁set ▁off ▁from ▁Ms us ▁at ▁ ▁led ▁by ▁light ▁tanks ▁and ▁cru is ers ▁of ▁the ▁ 7 th ▁H uss ars , ▁followed ▁by ▁the ▁ 3 rd ▁H uss ars , ▁brig ade ▁headquarters , ▁ 4 th ▁R HA , ▁ 2 nd ▁R TR ▁and ▁D ▁B attery ▁ 3 rd ▁R HA ▁in ▁the ▁rear , ▁about ▁ ▁back . ▁The ▁journey ▁was ▁delayed ▁by ▁moving ▁in ▁single - file ▁through ▁a ▁field ▁of ▁Th erm os ▁bombs ▁and ▁the ▁brig ade ▁took ▁until ▁ ▁to ▁cover ▁the ▁ ▁to ▁Ant el at , ▁where ▁they ▁came ▁into ▁the ▁range ▁of ▁Comb force ▁wireless ▁transm issions . ▁Com be ▁brief ed ▁Ca unter ▁to ▁head ▁for ▁the ▁mos que ▁north ▁of ▁the ▁road block ▁and ▁then ▁attack ▁all ▁along ▁the ▁Italian ▁column , ▁to ▁reduce ▁the ▁pressure ▁on ▁Comb ef or ce . ▁Ca unter ▁ordered ▁the ▁ 7 th ▁H uss ars ▁and ▁the ▁artillery ▁at ▁full ▁speed ▁to ▁the ▁V ia ▁Bal bia ▁followed ▁by ▁the |
▁ 2 nd ▁R TR ▁in ▁their ▁slower ▁tanks ▁and ▁the ▁ 3 rd ▁H uss ars ▁were ▁sent ▁north - east , ▁to ▁cut ▁the ▁routes ▁from ▁Sol uch ▁and ▁S ce le id ima . ▁The ▁brig ade ▁moved ▁west wards ▁on ▁hard , ▁flat ▁sand , ▁raising ▁clouds ▁of ▁dust ▁and ▁soon ▁reached ▁the ▁V ia ▁Bal bia . ▁ ▁The ▁tank ▁going ▁was ▁found ▁to ▁be ▁good ▁but ▁some ▁tanks ▁ran ▁out ▁of ▁fuel ; ▁the ▁rest ▁pressed ▁on ▁to ▁the ▁rid ges , ▁from ▁which ▁they ▁could ▁see ▁the ▁traffic ▁jam ▁on ▁the ▁road . ▁Despite ▁the ▁fuel ▁short age , ▁the ▁ 7 th ▁H uss ars ▁attacked ▁the ▁Italian ▁column ▁at ▁points ▁ ▁apart , ▁to ▁create ▁maximum ▁confusion . ▁The ▁first ▁attack ers ▁caught ▁the ▁Ital ians ▁station ary ▁and ▁then ▁split ▁north ▁and ▁south ▁to ▁run ▁past ▁the ▁conv oy ▁in ▁both ▁directions , ▁shooting ▁at ▁everything ▁on ▁the ▁road . ▁Little ▁return ▁fire ▁was ▁offered , ▁because ▁most ▁of ▁the ▁Italian ▁troops ▁were ▁rear - area ▁personnel ▁or ▁civ ilians ▁and ▁many ▁Italian ▁drivers ▁tried ▁to ▁escape ▁by ▁heading ▁west ▁off ▁the ▁road ▁into ▁the ▁sand ▁d unes ▁and ▁got ▁bog ged ▁down . ▁Lor ries ▁carrying ▁pet rol ▁caught ▁fire ▁and ▁lit ▁the ▁d usk , ▁ill umin ating ▁targets ▁for ▁the ▁British ▁gun ners ▁and ▁giving ▁the ▁tanks ▁en ▁route ▁a ▁mark ▁to ▁drive ▁at . ▁The ▁British ▁artillery ▁was ▁not ▁needed ▁so ▁the ▁cre ws ▁rounded ▁up ▁about ▁ ▁and |
▁recovered ▁und am aged ▁Italian ▁vehicles , ▁particularly ▁those ▁carrying ▁pet rol ▁to ▁ref uel ▁str anded ▁tanks . ▁ ▁Seven ▁cru iser ▁tanks ▁from ▁the ▁ 2 nd ▁R TR ▁arrived ▁north ▁of ▁the ▁h uss ars ▁and ▁destroyed ▁the ▁anti - air craft ▁battery ▁from ▁Ben ina ▁air field ▁by ▁the ▁light ▁of ▁burning ▁vehicles . ▁As ▁dark ▁fell ▁the ▁attacks ▁were ▁stopped ▁despite ▁the ▁Italian ▁dis array , ▁because ▁the ▁ 4 th ▁Arm oured ▁Brigade ▁had ▁been ▁reduced ▁to ▁sy ph oning ▁the ▁pet rol ▁from ▁artillery ▁vehicles ▁and ▁lo oting ▁Italian ▁supplies ▁to ▁keep ▁going . ▁A ▁better ▁organ ised ▁and ▁supported ▁Italian ▁break through ▁attempt ▁had ▁to ▁be ▁anticipated ▁for ▁the ▁morning ▁and ▁the ▁tanks ▁dis eng aged ▁and ▁moved ▁about ▁ ▁east ▁of ▁the ▁road ▁to ▁ref uel ▁and ▁re arm . ▁Italian ▁vehicle ▁movements ▁around ▁G he min es ▁and ▁air ▁recon naissance ▁reports ▁showed ▁that ▁the ▁Ital ians ▁had ▁achieved ▁a ▁measure ▁of ▁co - ord ination ▁and ▁that ▁reinforce ments ▁were ▁arriving ▁from ▁the ▁north . ▁Two ▁tanks ▁were ▁seen ▁in ▁the ▁glo om ▁but ▁the ▁cre ws ▁sur rend ered ▁to ▁a ▁British ▁soldier , ▁when ▁he ▁knocked ▁on ▁their ▁hat ches . ▁Further ▁south , ▁a ▁R if le ▁Brigade ▁patrol ▁escort ing ▁two ▁R HA ▁anti - t ank ▁guns ▁moved ▁along ▁the ▁column , ▁firing ▁from ▁different ▁points ▁to ▁give ▁the ▁impression ▁of ▁a ▁larger ▁force ▁and ▁to ▁keep ▁the ▁Ital ians ▁p inned ▁down , ▁as ▁Comb ef |
or ce ▁dug ▁in ▁deeper ▁and ▁s owed ▁more ▁mines . ▁ ▁To ▁the ▁north , ▁the ▁Austral ians ▁captured ▁Bar ce ▁just ▁after ▁the ▁Ital ians ▁managed ▁to ▁det on ate ▁an ▁am mun ition ▁dump ▁and ▁then ▁pressed ▁on ▁towards ▁Ben gh azi . ▁Tell era ▁had ▁to ▁retain ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁Bab ini ▁Group , ▁rather ▁than ▁send ▁all ▁of ▁it ▁south ▁to ▁reinforce ▁Berg on z oli , ▁for ▁the ▁attempts ▁to ▁break ▁through ▁to ▁A ged ab ia . ▁The ▁ 7 th ▁Arm oured ▁Brigade ▁( with ▁only ▁the ▁ 1 st ▁R TR , ▁after ▁the ▁reinforce ment ▁of ▁the ▁ 4 th ▁Arm oured ▁Brigade ) ▁and ▁most ▁of ▁the ▁ 7 th ▁Support ▁Group , ▁had ▁driven ▁west ▁from ▁Ms us ▁to ▁capture ▁S ce le id ima . ▁The ▁fort ▁had ▁been ▁g arr ison ed ▁by ▁the ▁B ign ami ▁Group ▁( Col onel ▁Ric card o ▁B ign ami ), ▁to ▁block ▁the ▁route ▁towards ▁the ▁north ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁Italian ▁column ▁on ▁the ▁V ia ▁Bal bia ▁and ▁Tell era ▁det ached ▁another ▁thirty ▁tanks ▁from ▁the ▁Bab ini ▁Group ▁as ▁reinforce ments . ▁The ▁break through ▁attempts ▁to ▁the ▁south ▁could ▁not ▁be ▁fully ▁rein forced ▁and ▁the ▁Ital ians ▁could ▁not ▁expect ▁to ▁be ▁und ist urbed ▁for ▁long ▁by ▁British ▁attacks ▁along ▁the ▁conv oy ▁or ▁the ▁Australian ▁advance ▁down ▁the ▁V ia ▁Bal bia , ▁towards ▁the ▁tail ▁of ▁the ▁column . ▁When ▁the ▁rest ▁of |
▁the ▁Bab ini ▁Group ▁arrived ▁at ▁Bed a ▁F omm ▁it ▁could ▁be ▁supported ▁only ▁by ▁impro vised ▁artillery ▁and ▁inf antry ▁groups , ▁which ▁had ▁little ▁idea ▁of ▁British ▁dispos itions , ▁in ▁the ▁absence ▁of ▁recon naissance . ▁▁ 6 ▁February ▁During ▁the ▁night , ▁Berg on z oli ▁organ ised ▁an ▁attack ▁down ▁the ▁V ia ▁Bal bia , ▁to ▁pin ▁down ▁the ▁defend ers ▁and ▁a ▁fl ank ing ▁move ▁by ▁the ▁Bab ini ▁Group ▁east wards ▁through ▁the ▁desert , ▁just ▁west ▁of ▁the ▁P im ple ▁to ▁get ▁behind ▁Comb ef or ce , ▁because ▁the ▁retirement ▁of ▁the ▁ 4 th ▁Arm oured ▁Brigade ▁into ▁la ager , ▁led ▁Berg on z oli ▁to ▁believe ▁that ▁the ▁force ▁would ▁concentrate ▁in ▁defence ▁of ▁the ▁road ▁block . ▁At ▁ ▁the ▁Bab ini ▁Group ▁advanced ▁without ▁artillery ▁support ▁and ▁with ▁no ▁knowledge ▁of ▁the ▁situation ▁beyond ▁the ▁first ▁r idge ▁to ▁the ▁east . ▁Ca unter ▁had ▁ordered ▁the ▁light ▁tanks ▁to ▁continue ▁the ▁harass ment ▁of ▁the ▁fl anks ▁of ▁the ▁conv oy ▁and ▁that ▁Italian ▁tanks ▁were ▁to ▁be ▁left ▁to ▁the ▁cru iser ▁tanks , ▁with ▁the ▁artillery ▁supporting ▁both ▁forces . ▁The ▁British ▁had ▁ ▁and ▁ ▁tanks ▁left ▁near ▁the ▁Ital ians ▁on ▁the ▁V ia ▁Bal bia , ▁with ▁ten ▁cru is ers ▁and ▁eight ▁light ▁tanks ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 st ▁R TR ▁to ▁the ▁north ▁but ▁these ▁were ▁held ▁back ▁by ▁Cre agh ▁and ▁sent ▁south ▁from ▁S ce |
le id ima ▁to ▁Ant el at ▁as ▁a ▁reserve , ▁after ▁Cre agh ▁received ▁reports ▁that ▁the ▁ 1 0 th ▁Army ▁was ▁already ▁south ▁of ▁G he min es . ▁The ▁ 7 th ▁Support ▁Group , ▁which ▁was ▁left ▁with ▁only ▁the ▁ 1 st ▁King ' s ▁Royal ▁R if le ▁Corps ▁( 1 st ▁K R RC ) ▁and ▁some ▁artillery , ▁was ▁held ▁up ▁at ▁S ce le id ima ▁by ▁mine fields ▁covered ▁by ▁artillery ▁and ▁the ▁tanks ▁of ▁the ▁Bab ini ▁Group ▁det achment . ▁The ▁ 1 st ▁R TR ▁lost ▁contact ▁with ▁the ▁brig ade ▁and ▁got ▁lost ▁in ▁a ▁sand storm ▁and ▁no ▁air ▁support ▁was ▁available , ▁because ▁the ▁advanced ▁air fields ▁occupied ▁by ▁the ▁R AF ▁were ▁out ▁of ▁range , ▁as ▁were ▁those ▁of ▁the ▁Reg ia ▁A eron aut ica , ▁which ▁could ▁make ▁only ▁a ▁few ▁sort ies ▁to ▁Bed a ▁F omm . ▁ ▁At ▁dawn ▁on ▁ 6 ▁February , ▁the ▁Austral ians ▁continued ▁their ▁attacks ▁on ▁Ben gh azi ▁from ▁the ▁north ▁and ▁the ▁ 1 st ▁K R RC ▁made ▁slow ▁progress ▁at ▁S cl ede ima , ▁where ▁B ign ami ▁was ▁ordered ▁to ▁retire ▁at ▁ ▁send ▁the ▁Bab ini ▁Group ▁det achment ▁south ▁to ▁reinforce ▁the ▁attack ▁on ▁the ▁P im ple ▁and ▁keep ▁the ▁British ▁off ▁the ▁rear ▁of ▁the ▁column ; ▁the ▁ 7 th ▁Support ▁Group ▁followed ▁the ▁retirement , ▁occupied ▁Sol uch ▁and ▁sent ▁patrol s |
▁towards ▁G he min es ▁and ▁Ben gh azi . ▁During ▁the ▁morning ▁of ▁ 6 ▁February , ▁patrol s ▁reported ▁that ▁the ▁Italian ▁column ▁was ▁several ▁miles ▁long . ▁The ▁ 2 nd ▁Royal ▁T ank ▁Regiment ▁( 2 nd ▁R TR ) ▁held ▁the ▁P im ple , ▁a ▁low ▁round ▁hill ock ▁west ▁of ▁Bed a ▁F omm , ▁from ▁where ▁the ▁road ▁could ▁be ▁watched ▁both ▁ways ; ▁further ▁west ▁were ▁ ▁of ▁flat ▁s ands ▁between ▁the ▁road ▁and ▁the ▁beach . ▁The ▁ 2 nd ▁R TR ▁had ▁ ▁and ▁seven ▁light ▁tanks ▁still ▁operational ▁and ▁was ▁to ▁stop ▁ 1 0 th ▁Army ▁columns ▁on ▁the ▁road ▁by ▁attacks ▁from ▁the ▁east . ▁To ▁the ▁north , ▁the ▁ 7 th ▁H uss ars ▁with ▁a ▁cru iser ▁and ▁ ▁tanks ▁were ▁sent ▁to ▁find ▁the ▁north ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁Italian ▁column ▁and ▁to ▁attack ▁it ▁from ▁both ▁sides ▁of ▁the ▁road . ▁A ▁squad ron ▁of ▁light ▁tanks ▁from ▁the ▁ 3 rd ▁H uss ars ▁was ▁to ▁watch ▁for ▁the ▁ 1 st ▁R TR ▁on ▁the ▁tracks ▁leading ▁north ▁to ▁Sol uch ▁and ▁S cl ede ima ▁from ▁Ant el at , ▁which ▁left ▁seven ▁cru is ers ▁and ▁six ▁light ▁tanks ▁to ▁attack ▁the ▁conv oy ▁about ▁ ▁north ▁of ▁Bed a ▁F omm . ▁ ▁The ▁ 2 nd ▁R TR ▁was ▁left ▁near ▁the ▁P im ple ▁and ▁A ▁Squadron , ▁equipped ▁with ▁A 1 3 s ▁( C ru |
iser ▁M k ▁III ), ▁received ▁the ▁attack ▁of ▁the ▁Bab ini ▁Group ▁at ▁ ▁The ▁first ▁wave ▁of ▁ten ▁M 1 3 s ▁advanced ▁slowly ▁and ▁were ▁surprised , ▁when ▁tur rets ▁of ▁the ▁British ▁cru is ers ▁appeared ▁over ▁a ▁r idge ▁ ▁away . ▁The ▁cru iser ▁gun ners ▁rapidly ▁knocked ▁out ▁eight ▁M 1 3 s , ▁before ▁the ▁tanks ▁disappeared ▁below ▁the ▁r idge . ▁The ▁cru is ers ▁drove ▁to ▁the ▁r idge ▁near ▁the ▁white ▁mos que ▁and ▁knocked ▁out ▁another ▁seven ▁M 1 3 s ▁with ▁the ▁same ▁tact ic . ▁The ▁Italian ▁artillery ▁opened ▁fire ▁on ▁the ▁mos que ▁and ▁every ▁operational ▁tank ▁the ▁Bab ini ▁Group ▁had ▁left , ▁advanced ▁towards ▁the ▁P im ple ▁and ▁the ▁mos que . ▁C ▁Squadron , ▁in ▁its ▁slower ▁A 9 s ▁( C ru iser ▁M k ▁I ) ▁and ▁A 1 0 s ▁( C ru iser ▁M k ▁II ), ▁arrived ▁and ▁the ▁commander ▁of ▁F ▁B attery , ▁ 4 th ▁R HA ▁drove ▁in ▁a ▁truck ▁next ▁to ▁the ▁tank ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 nd ▁R TR ▁commander , ▁direct ing ▁the ▁guns , ▁which ▁threw ▁up ▁clouds ▁of ▁dust , ▁obsc uring ▁the ▁movements ▁of ▁the ▁tanks . ▁The ▁British ▁tanks ▁had ▁the ▁advantage ▁of ▁radio , ▁unlike ▁most ▁of ▁the ▁Italian ▁tanks , ▁which ▁had ▁to ▁move ▁to ▁an ▁objective ▁and ▁then ▁stop ▁while ▁the ▁command ers ▁dis mount ed ▁to ▁receive ▁orders . ▁ ▁At ▁ ▁and ▁in |
▁poor ▁visibility , ▁the ▁ 7 th ▁H uss ars ▁tried ▁to ▁find ▁the ▁rear ▁of ▁the ▁Italian ▁column ▁and ▁cut ▁the ▁road ▁west ▁of ▁Bed a ▁F omm , ▁just ▁as ▁another ▁big ▁conv oy ▁arrived ▁from ▁the ▁north . ▁The ▁conv oy ▁was ▁esc orted ▁by ▁M 1 3 s , ▁which ▁forced ▁back ▁the ▁h uss ars ▁and ▁showed ▁that ▁the ▁ 1 0 th ▁Army ▁had ▁far ▁more ▁than ▁sixty ▁tanks , ▁since ▁that ▁many ▁had ▁already ▁been ▁knocked ▁out . ▁Support ▁from ▁the ▁ 1 st ▁R TR ▁was ▁needed ▁but ▁having ▁emerged ▁from ▁the ▁sand storm ▁near ▁Ant el at , ▁it ▁had ▁to ▁ref uel ▁before ▁moving . ▁The ▁Bab ini ▁Group ▁M 1 3 s ▁mixed ▁in ▁with ▁the ▁column , ▁kept ▁the ▁light ▁tanks ▁at ▁a ▁distance ▁but ▁these ▁still ▁managed ▁to ▁cause ▁much ▁damage ▁and ▁confusion . ▁The ▁units ▁of ▁the ▁ 4 th ▁Arm oured ▁Brigade ▁moved ▁from ▁position ▁to ▁position ▁among ▁the ▁rid ges ▁near ▁the ▁P im ple ▁and ▁mos que , ▁ra iding ▁the ▁column ▁as ▁more ▁M 1 3 s ▁arrived ▁from ▁the ▁north . ▁Comb ef or ce ▁could ▁see ▁the ▁fighting ▁and ▁picked ▁up ▁Ital ians ▁who ▁got ▁through , ▁C ▁B attery ▁bomb arding ▁any ▁Italian ▁party ▁which ▁looked ▁organ ised ▁and ▁by ▁noon ▁a ▁l ull ▁had ▁fallen ▁and ▁the ▁R if le ▁Brigade ▁Off ic ers ' ▁mess ▁tent ▁was ▁put ▁up ▁behind ▁the ▁reserve ▁company . ▁ ▁The ▁weather ▁turned ▁to ▁rain |
▁as ▁more ▁Italian ▁columns ▁arrived ▁near ▁the ▁P im ple ▁and ▁were ▁engaged ▁by ▁the ▁cru is ers ▁and ▁light ▁tanks ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 nd ▁R TR , ▁wherever ▁there ▁were ▁no ▁Italian ▁tanks ▁to ▁stop ▁them . ▁By ▁noon , ▁forty ▁Italian ▁medium ▁tanks ▁had ▁been ▁knocked ▁out , ▁about ▁fifty ▁were ▁left ▁and ▁the ▁ 2 nd ▁R TR ▁was ▁down ▁to ▁ ▁three ▁of ▁which ▁were ▁knocked ▁out ▁by ▁Italian ▁artillery . ▁The ▁Italian ▁re arg u ard ▁arrived ▁in ▁the ▁afternoon ▁and ▁the ▁concentration ▁of ▁tanks ▁and ▁artillery ▁enabled ▁the ▁Ital ians ▁to ▁rec apture ▁the ▁P im ple , ▁open ▁the ▁road ▁south ▁and ▁continue ▁the ▁out fl ank ing ▁move ▁to ▁the ▁east . ▁The ▁attacks ▁of ▁the ▁Bab ini ▁Group ▁left ▁the ▁conv oy ▁free ▁to ▁move ▁past ▁the ▁P im ple ▁and ▁A ▁Squadron ▁purs ued ▁the ▁Ital ians , ▁firing ▁into ▁the ▁conv oy ▁and ▁setting ▁many ▁al ight , ▁forcing ▁drivers ▁to ▁abandon ▁their ▁vehicles ▁and ▁others ▁to ▁leave ▁the ▁road ▁for ▁the ▁d unes ▁to ▁the ▁west , ▁where ▁they ▁dod ged ▁British ▁artillery - fire ▁and ▁attacks ▁by ▁light ▁tanks ▁of ▁C ▁Squadron , ▁which ▁took ▁▁ ▁At ▁ ▁the ▁ 7 th ▁H uss ars ▁found ▁the ▁north ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁Italian ▁column ▁and ▁attacked , ▁the ▁ 3 rd ▁H uss ars ▁north - east ▁of ▁Bed a ▁F omm ▁facing ▁the ▁Bab ini ▁Group ▁had ▁been ▁ordered ▁to ▁stand ▁its ▁ground ▁and ▁the ▁ 2 nd ▁R |
TR ▁had ▁been ▁pushed ▁back ▁from ▁the ▁P im ple ▁and ▁had ▁tried ▁to ▁get ▁across ▁the ▁road ▁to ▁the ▁west ▁side ▁and ▁been ▁rep uls ed ▁by ▁Italian ▁artillery - fire . ▁Commun ication ▁with ▁the ▁British ▁artillery ▁had ▁failed , ▁when ▁the ▁arm oured ▁observation ▁post ▁had ▁been ▁knocked ▁out , ▁which ▁took ▁an ▁hour ▁to ▁rem edy ▁before ▁the ▁artillery ▁could ▁accurately ▁bomb ard ▁the ▁P im ple ▁again . ▁The ▁ 1 st ▁R TR ▁arrived ▁from ▁Ant el at ▁as ▁night ▁was ▁falling ▁and ▁inter cept ed ▁the ▁Bab ini ▁Group ▁as ▁it ▁was ▁breaking ▁out ▁just ▁to ▁the ▁north ▁but ▁several ▁Italian ▁vehicles ▁and ▁thirty ▁tanks ▁got ▁past ▁the ▁P im ple . ▁Berg on z oli ▁abandoned ▁attempts ▁to ▁hook ▁round ▁the ▁eastern ▁fl ank ▁and ▁sent ▁the ▁last ▁of ▁the ▁Bab ini ▁Group ▁west ▁through ▁the ▁d unes , ▁just ▁as ▁the ▁ 2 nd ▁R TR ▁had ▁to ▁re arm , ▁which ▁reported ▁at ▁ ▁that ▁it ▁was ▁incap able ▁of ▁stopping ▁the ▁main ▁column , ▁which ▁had ▁begun ▁to ▁move ▁south , ▁through ▁the ▁British ▁artillery - fire . ▁Ca unter ▁ordered ▁the ▁ 4 th ▁Arm oured ▁Brigade , ▁which ▁still ▁had ▁fifteen ▁operational ▁cru is ers ▁and ▁ ▁tanks , ▁to ▁take ▁up ▁night ▁positions ▁closer ▁to ▁Comb ef or ce ; ▁the ▁ 1 st ▁R TR ▁was ▁almost ▁intact . ▁▁ 7 ▁February ▁On ▁ 6 ▁February , ▁Comb ef or ce ▁had ▁faced ▁some ▁well - organ ised |
▁attacks ▁with ▁artillery ▁and ▁tank ▁support , ▁which ▁had ▁been ▁rep uls ed ▁by ▁C ▁B attery ▁R HA ▁and ▁nine ▁B of ors ▁anti - t ank ▁guns ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 0 6 th ▁R HA . ▁Italian ▁inf antry ▁had ▁used ▁wreck ed ▁tanks ▁as ▁cover ▁for ▁their ▁advance , ▁while ▁many ▁more ▁lost ▁hope ▁and ▁sur rend ered . ▁During ▁the ▁night , ▁some ▁tanks ▁from ▁the ▁P im ple ▁arrived ▁and ▁four ▁were ▁knocked ▁out ▁by ▁mines ▁and ▁gun fire , ▁four ▁got ▁through ▁with ▁some ▁l or ries ▁and ▁the ▁rest ▁gave ▁up . ▁O ' Conn or ▁had ▁spent ▁ 6 ▁February ▁with ▁Cre agh ▁at ▁the ▁ 7 th ▁Arm oured ▁Division ▁H Q , ▁in ▁touch ▁with ▁Mack ay ▁at ▁the ▁ 6 th ▁Australian ▁Division ▁H Q . ▁Advanced ▁troops ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 9 th ▁Australian ▁Brigade ▁had ▁entered ▁Ben gh azi ▁un op posed ▁during ▁the ▁afternoon , ▁to ▁a ▁great ▁welcome ▁by ▁the ▁Lib yan ▁inhabitants ▁and ▁during ▁the ▁night ▁O ' Conn or ▁ordered ▁Mack ay ▁to ▁send ▁two ▁batt al ions ▁of ▁inf antry ▁past ▁Ben gh azi , ▁to ▁attack ▁the ▁tail ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁columns ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 0 th ▁Army . ▁Just ▁before ▁dawn ▁on ▁ 7 ▁February , ▁the ▁ 7 th ▁Support ▁Group ▁attacked ▁the ▁north ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁Italian ▁con vo ys , ▁the ▁ 2 nd ▁R TR ▁moved ▁south ▁along ▁the ▁west ▁side ▁of ▁the ▁V ia ▁Bal bia |
▁and ▁the ▁ 1 st ▁R TR ▁moved ▁east , ▁to ▁cover ▁the ▁desert ▁fl ank ▁of ▁Comb ef or ce . ▁The ▁Ital ians ▁had ▁only ▁about ▁thirty ▁tanks ▁left ▁and ▁planned ▁to ▁force ▁their ▁way ▁through ▁Comb ef or ce ▁at ▁dawn , ▁before ▁the ▁British ▁could ▁attack ▁the ▁fl anks ▁and ▁rear ▁of ▁the ▁column . ▁ ▁The ▁attack ▁had ▁artillery ▁support ▁as ▁soon ▁as ▁it ▁was ▁light ▁enough ▁to ▁see ▁movement ▁by ▁the ▁anti - t ank ▁guns ▁port ée ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 0 6 th ▁R HA . ▁The ▁inf antry ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 nd ▁R if le ▁Brigade ▁stayed ▁under ▁cover ▁as ▁they ▁were ▁over run ▁by ▁the ▁Italian ▁tanks , ▁which ▁concentrated ▁on ▁the ▁R HA ▁anti - t ank ▁guns . ▁C ▁B attery ▁ 4 th ▁R HA ▁fired ▁on ▁the ▁R if le ▁Brigade ▁positions ▁as ▁the ▁tanks ▁passed ▁and ▁the ▁R if le ▁Brigade ▁res umed ▁fire ▁on ▁Italian ▁inf antry ▁following ▁the ▁tanks , ▁to ▁pin ▁them ▁down . ▁The ▁M 1 3 s ▁knocked ▁out ▁all ▁but ▁one ▁anti - t ank ▁gun ▁and ▁kept ▁going ▁into ▁the ▁reserve ▁company ▁area ▁but ▁the ▁last ▁gun ▁was ▁driven ▁to ▁a ▁fl ank ▁by ▁the ▁battery ▁commander , ▁his ▁bat man ▁and ▁the ▁cook . ▁The ▁impro vised ▁crew ▁comm enced ▁firing ▁as ▁the ▁last ▁M 1 3 s ▁drove ▁towards ▁the ▁Off ic ers ' ▁mess ▁tent ▁put ▁up ▁the ▁day ▁before ▁and ▁knocked ▁out ▁the ▁last ▁tank ▁ |
▁from ▁the ▁tent . ▁On ▁the ▁road , ▁the ▁Ital ians ▁could ▁hear ▁British ▁tank ▁engines ▁on ▁the ▁fl anks ▁and ▁from ▁the ▁rear ▁and ▁further ▁north , ▁the ▁ 4 th ▁Arm oured ▁Brigade ▁surrounded ▁another ▁group , ▁at ▁which ▁point ▁the ▁Ital ians ▁sur rend ered . ▁The ▁Austral ians ▁had ▁reached ▁El ▁Mag run , ▁ ▁south ▁of ▁G he min es , ▁about ▁half ▁way ▁to ▁the ▁P im ple ▁and ▁the ▁ 1 9 th ▁Australian ▁Brigade ▁Group ▁batt al ions ▁were ▁fer ried ▁on wards ▁with ▁all ▁speed . ▁The ▁Bed a ▁F omm ▁area ▁had ▁become ▁a ▁ ▁line ▁of ▁destroyed ▁and ▁abandoned ▁l or ries , ▁about ▁▁ ▁out ▁or ▁captured ▁tanks ▁and ▁ ▁including ▁Tell era ▁( found ▁mort ally ▁wounded ▁in ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁M 1 3 s ), ▁Berg on z oli ▁and ▁the ▁ 1 0 th ▁Army ▁staff . ▁ ▁After math ▁ ▁Analysis ▁ ▁The ▁British ▁plan ▁to ▁trap ▁the ▁ 1 0 th ▁Army ▁had ▁worked , ▁despite ▁the ▁British ▁being ▁out number ed ▁ ▁medium ▁tanks ▁and ▁most ▁of ▁the ▁Italian ▁tanks ▁being ▁new , ▁while ▁the ▁British ▁tanks ▁had ▁covered ▁more ▁than ▁ ▁since ▁the ▁beginning ▁of ▁Operation ▁Comp ass . ▁The ▁speed ▁of ▁the ▁dash ▁from ▁Me ch ili ▁had ▁surprised ▁the ▁Ital ians , ▁despite ▁the ▁obvious ▁danger ▁of ▁such ▁a ▁move , ▁especially ▁when ▁the ▁British ▁reached ▁Ms us ▁on ▁ 4 ▁February ; ▁had ▁the ▁Ital ians ▁on ▁the ▁V ia ▁Bal |
bia ▁been ▁prepared ▁for ▁a ▁road ▁block ▁and ▁made ▁an ▁organ ised ▁attack , ▁the ▁ 1 0 th ▁Army ▁might ▁have ▁escaped . ▁The ▁British ▁had ▁g amb led ▁with ▁the ▁provision ▁of ▁fuel ▁and ▁supplies , ▁which ▁were ▁capable ▁only ▁of ▁sust aining ▁a ▁short ▁operation ▁and ▁narrow ly ▁succeeded ▁but ▁the ▁pursuit ▁could ▁not ▁continue ▁beyond ▁El ▁Ag he ila , ▁due ▁to ▁broken - down ▁and ▁worn ▁out ▁vehicles . ▁O ' Conn or ▁requested ▁through ▁W av ell ▁that ▁the ▁government ▁re cons ider ▁the ▁con quest ▁of ▁Tri polit ania , ▁just ▁as ▁the ▁Greek ▁government ▁announced ▁that ▁it ▁would ▁resist ▁German ▁aggress ion ▁and ▁accept ▁reinforce ment ▁by ▁the ▁British ▁if ▁sufficient ▁forces ▁could ▁be ▁made ▁available . ▁ ▁The ▁success ▁of ▁the ▁ 7 th ▁Arm oured ▁Division ▁encouraged ▁a ▁belief ▁in ▁the ▁Royal ▁T ank ▁Regiment , ▁that ▁man oe uv re ▁could ▁win ▁battles ▁but ▁the ▁engagement ▁with ▁the ▁Bab ini ▁Group ▁on ▁ 2 4 ▁January , ▁also ▁led ▁to ▁the ▁conclusion ▁that ▁arm oured ▁divisions ▁needed ▁more ▁artillery . ▁No ▁integration ▁of ▁tanks ▁and ▁inf antry ▁was ▁considered ▁necessary ▁or ▁that ▁anti - t ank ▁guns ▁should ▁be ▁used ▁off ens ively ▁and ▁the ▁lack ▁of ▁cover ▁from ▁air ▁observation ▁in ▁the ▁desert ▁encouraged ▁disp ersion ▁to ▁avoid ▁air ▁attack , ▁where ▁the ▁British ▁lack ed ▁air ▁superior ity , ▁at ▁the ▁expense ▁of ▁the ▁concentration ▁of ▁fire ▁power ▁at ▁the ▁decis ive ▁point . ▁Due ▁to ▁the ▁ex igu ous |
▁nature ▁of ▁supply ▁and ▁transport , ▁conservation ▁during ▁l ull s ▁also ▁encouraged ▁the ▁use ▁of ▁small ▁j ock ▁columns , ▁of ▁a ▁motor ised ▁inf antry ▁company , ▁a ▁field - gun ▁battery ▁and ▁several ▁arm oured ▁cars . ▁The ▁success ▁of ▁such ▁columns ▁against ▁the ▁Ital ians , ▁led ▁to ▁exagger ated ▁expectations ▁which ▁were ▁conf ound ed , ▁when ▁better ▁equipped ▁and ▁trained ▁German ▁troops ▁arrived ▁in ▁Lib ya . ▁The ▁ 7 th ▁Arm oured ▁Division ▁concluded ▁that ▁the ▁defensive ▁ment ality ▁of ▁the ▁Ital ians , ▁had ▁justified ▁the ▁taking ▁of ▁exceptional ▁risks ▁which ▁would ▁be ▁un just ified ▁against ▁German ▁troops . ▁ ▁Only ▁a ▁few ▁thousand ▁men ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 0 th ▁Army ▁had ▁escaped ▁the ▁disaster ▁in ▁Cy rena ica ▁but ▁the ▁ 5 th ▁Army ▁had ▁four ▁divisions ▁in ▁Tri polit ania ▁and ▁the ▁Ital ians ▁rein forced ▁the ▁Sir te , ▁T med ▁Hass an ▁and ▁B uer at ▁strong holds ▁from ▁Italy , ▁which ▁brought ▁the ▁total ▁of ▁Italian ▁soldiers ▁in ▁Tri polit ania ▁to ▁about ▁ ▁The ▁Italian ▁forces ▁in ▁Lib ya ▁experienced ▁a ▁" rena issance " ▁during ▁ 1 9 4 1 , ▁when ▁the ▁ 1 3 2 nd ▁Arm oured ▁Division ▁Ari ete , ▁the ▁ 1 0 2 nd ▁Motor ised ▁Division ▁T rent o , ▁and ▁the ▁ 1 0 1 st ▁Motor ised ▁Division ▁Tri este ▁arrived ▁along ▁with ▁better ▁equipment . ▁Italian ▁anti - t ank ▁units ▁performed ▁well ▁during ▁Operation ▁B |
rev ity , ▁Operation ▁Battle ax e ▁and ▁the ▁Ari ete ▁Division ▁defeated ▁the ▁ 2 nd ▁Arm oured ▁Brigade ▁at ▁Bir ▁el ▁G ub i ▁on ▁ 1 9 ▁November , ▁during ▁Operation ▁Cr us ader . ▁ ▁Cas ual ties ▁At ▁the ▁Battle ▁of ▁Bed a ▁F omm , ▁the ▁British ▁took ▁about ▁ ▁over ▁ ▁( many ▁still ▁operational ), ▁ ▁and ▁ ▁vehicles . ▁During ▁Operation ▁Comp ass , ▁the ▁British ▁had ▁advanced ▁, ▁destroyed ▁or ▁captured ▁about ▁ ▁and ▁ ▁pieces , ▁taken ▁ ▁and ▁Italian ▁prisoners ▁of ▁war , ▁besides ▁a ▁vast ▁quantity ▁of ▁other ▁war ▁material . ▁The ▁prisoners ▁included ▁ ▁and ▁the ▁Italian ▁general ▁staff ▁recorded ▁ ▁of ▁all ▁types ▁lost . ▁The ▁British ▁and ▁Commonwealth ▁forces ▁suffered ▁▁ ▁and ▁ ▁a ▁portion ▁of ▁which ▁were ▁in cur red ▁at ▁Bed a ▁F omm . ▁ ▁Sub sequ ent ▁operations ▁ ▁The ▁defeat ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 0 th ▁Army ▁appeared ▁to ▁mean ▁that ▁the ▁British ▁could ▁hold ▁Cy rena ica ▁with ▁fewer ▁ships , ▁men ▁and ▁aircraft , ▁as ▁long ▁as ▁the ▁offensive ▁was ▁term inated . ▁The ▁Navy ▁and ▁R AF ▁command ers ▁were ▁against ▁another ▁offensive , ▁having ▁supported ▁two ▁land ▁campaigns , ▁supplied ▁Mal ta ▁and ▁protected ▁Egypt ▁from ▁the ▁growing ▁threat ▁from ▁the ▁Luft w affe . ▁On ▁ 9 ▁February , ▁Churchill ▁ordered ▁the ▁advance ▁to ▁stop ▁and ▁troops ▁to ▁be ▁dis pat ched ▁to ▁Greece ▁( Operation ▁L ust re ), ▁to ▁take ▁part ▁in ▁the ▁Gre co |
- It al ian ▁War ▁and ▁forest all ▁a ▁German ▁invasion . ▁On ▁ 1 1 ▁February , ▁W av ell ▁made ▁a ▁lu ke w arm ▁suggestion ▁to ▁the ▁Chief ▁of ▁the ▁Imperial ▁General ▁Staff ▁( C IG S ) ▁to ▁continue ▁the ▁offensive , ▁emphas ising ▁the ▁opposition ▁of ▁the ▁R AF ▁and ▁Navy . ▁On ▁ 8 ▁February , ▁the ▁ 1 1 th ▁H uss ars ▁pat rolled ▁west wards ▁without ▁air ▁cover ▁to ▁the ▁area ▁ ▁east ▁of ▁Sir te , ▁lifting ▁prisoners ▁and ▁equipment ▁and ▁finding ▁no ▁organ ised ▁Italian ▁def ences . ▁ ▁The ▁first ▁troops ▁of ▁the ▁ ▁( DA K ), ▁landed ▁in ▁Tri polit ania ▁on ▁ 1 1 ▁February , ▁as ▁part ▁of ▁Unter nehmen ▁Son nen bl ume ▁( Operation ▁Sun fl ower ). ▁With ▁the ▁arrival ▁of ▁the ▁DA K ▁( Gener alle ut nant ▁Er win ▁Rom mel ) ▁the ▁A xis ▁rout ▁ended ▁and ▁the ▁British ▁faced ▁a ▁better - equ ipped ▁and ▁led ▁opponent , ▁during ▁a ▁period ▁of ▁temporary ▁weakness . ▁On ▁ 2 5 ▁March , ▁General ▁Ital o ▁Gar ib old i ▁replaced ▁Marshal ▁Rod ol fo ▁G raz iani ▁who ▁had ▁asked ▁to ▁be ▁relieved ▁as ▁Governor - General ▁of ▁Lib ya . ▁W av ell ▁made ▁Wilson ▁the ▁Military ▁Governor ▁of ▁Cy rena ica ▁and ▁dis band ed ▁the ▁headquarters ▁of ▁XIII ▁Corps ▁( the ▁renamed ▁Western ▁Des ert ▁Force ), ▁dispers ing ▁its ▁skilled ▁and ▁experienced ▁personnel . ▁On ▁ 1 |
4 ▁February , ▁as ▁the ▁ 1 1 th ▁H uss ars ▁handed ▁over ▁to ▁the ▁King ' s ▁Dr ago on ▁Gu ards , ▁aircraft ▁were ▁seen ▁through ▁a ▁h aze , ▁which ▁made ▁the ▁most ▁devast ating ▁attack ▁that ▁the ▁H uss ars ▁had ▁experienced ; ▁a ▁few ▁hours ▁later ▁Ju ▁ 8 7 ▁St u ka ▁dive - b om bers ▁arrived ▁overhead ▁and ▁attacked . ▁ ▁Order ▁of ▁battle ▁ 5 th ▁and ▁ 1 0 th ▁arm ies : ▁ 1 0 ▁June ▁ 1 9 4 0 , ▁ 1 0 th ▁Army : ▁ 1 3 ▁September ; ▁Western ▁Des ert ▁Force : ▁ 1 0 ▁June , ▁ 9 ▁December ▁( Details ▁taken ▁from ▁Christ ie ▁ 1 9 9 9 , ▁unless ▁indicated ) ▁▁ 1 0 ▁June ▁ 1 9 4 0 ▁ ▁Supreme ▁Commander ▁Italian ▁Forces ▁in ▁North ▁Africa : ▁Air ▁Marshal ▁Ital o ▁Bal bo ▁ ▁Western ▁Front ier ▁( Lib ya – T un is ia ▁border ) ▁▁ 5 th ▁Army ▁ ▁X ▁Corps ▁▁ 2 5 th ▁Infan try ▁Division ▁B olog na ▁▁ 6 0 th ▁Infan try ▁Division ▁Sab r ath a ▁ ▁XX ▁Corps ▁▁ 1 7 th ▁Infan try ▁Division ▁P avia ▁▁ 6 1 st ▁Infan try ▁Division ▁Sir te ▁▁ 2 7 th ▁Infan try ▁Division ▁B res cia ▁ ▁XX III ▁Corps ▁▁ 1 st ▁CC NN ▁Infan try ▁Division ▁ 2 3 ▁Mar zo ▁( CC NN : ▁ ▁Black |
sh irts ) ▁▁ 2 nd ▁CC NN ▁Infan try ▁Division ▁ 2 8 ▁Otto bre ▁▁ 2 nd ▁Lib yan ▁Infan try ▁Division ▁P esc atori ▁( res erve ▁to ▁ 5 th ▁Army ) ▁ ▁Eastern ▁Front ier , ▁( E gy pt ) ▁▁ 1 0 th ▁Army ▁ ▁XX I ▁Corps ▁▁ 6 3 rd ▁Infan try ▁Division ▁C ire ne ▁▁ 6 2 nd ▁Infan try ▁Division ▁Mar mar ica ▁ ▁XX II ▁Corps ▁▁ 6 4 th ▁Infan try ▁Division ▁Cat anz aro ▁▁ 4 th ▁CC NN ▁Infan try ▁Division ▁ 3 ▁Gen naio ▁▁ 1 st ▁Lib yan ▁Infan try ▁Division ▁S ib elle ▁( res erve ▁to ▁ 1 0 th ▁Army ) ▁ ▁Commander - in - Ch ief ▁Middle ▁East , ▁General ▁Sir ▁Arch ib ald ▁W av ell ▁Western ▁Des ert ▁Force , ▁Commander - L ie utenant ▁General ▁R . N . ▁O ’ Conn or ▁▁ 7 th ▁Arm oured ▁Division . ▁Commander ▁Major - General ▁M . ▁O ’ Mo ore ▁▁ 4 th ▁Arm oured ▁Brigade , ▁M ers a ▁Mat ru h ▁▁ 1 st ▁Royal ▁T ank ▁Regiment ▁▁ 6 th ▁Royal ▁T ank ▁Regiment ▁▁ 7 th ▁Arm ored ▁Brigade , ▁S idi ▁Sul iem an ▁▁ 7 th ▁H uss ars ▁▁ 8 th ▁H uss ars ▁ ▁Support ▁Group . ▁( M ot or ized ▁Infan try ▁Brigade ) ▁S idi ▁Barr ani ▁▁ 1 st ▁K . R . R . |
C . ▁Batt alion ▁▁ 2 nd ▁Motor ▁Batt alion ▁The ▁R if le ▁Brigade ▁▁ 3 rd ▁Batt alion ▁Cold stream ▁Gu ards ▁▁ 1 st ▁Royal ▁North umber land ▁F us ili ers ▁▁ 3 rd ▁Royal ▁Horse ▁Art illery ▁ ▁F ▁B attery , ▁ 4 th ▁Royal ▁Horse ▁Art illery ▁▁ 1 1 th ▁H uss ars ▁( att ached ▁to ▁Support ▁Group ▁from ▁ 7 th ▁Arm oured ▁Brigade ) ▁For ward ▁at ▁S idi ▁Barr ani ▁with ▁operations ▁on ▁the ▁Lib yan - E gy pt ian ▁B order ▁ ▁C airo ▁Infan try ▁Brigade ▁– ▁G arr ison ▁for ▁M ers a ▁Mat ru h ▁ ▁Other ▁Commonwealth ▁Forces ▁in ▁Egypt ▁▁ 4 th ▁Indian ▁Division ▁( less ▁one ▁inf antry ▁brig ade ) ▁N ile ▁Delta ▁▁ 5 th ▁Indian ▁Infan try ▁Brigade ▁▁ 1 1 th ▁Indian ▁Infan try ▁Brigade ▁ ▁Div is ional ▁Tro ops ▁▁ 6 th ▁Australian ▁Infan try ▁Division ▁( forming , ▁N ile ▁delta ) ▁▁ 2 nd ▁Zealand ▁Infan try ▁Division ▁( forming , ▁N ile ▁delta ) ▁▁ 1 3 ▁September ▁ 1 9 4 0 ▁ ▁XX I ▁Corps ▁( 1 0 th ▁Army ▁Reserve ) ▁Loc ated ▁in ▁Tob ru k ▁▁ 6 1 st ▁Infan try ▁Division ▁Sir te ▁▁ 2 nd ▁CC NN ▁Infan try ▁Division ▁ 2 8 ▁Otto bre ▁ ▁L X ▁Light ▁T ank ▁Batt alion ▁( L 3 ) ▁ ▁XX II ▁Corps ▁▁ 6 4 th ▁Infan try |
▁Division ▁Cat anz aro ▁▁ 4 th ▁CC NN ▁Infan try ▁Division ▁ 3 ▁Gen naio ▁ ▁XX III ▁Corps ▁Commander : ▁General ▁Ann ib ale ▁Berg on z oli ▁▁ 1 st ▁CC NN ▁Infan try ▁Division ▁ 2 3 ▁Mar zo ▁( fully ▁motor ised ▁for ▁the ▁invasion ▁of ▁Egypt ) ▁▁ 6 2 nd ▁Infan try ▁Division ▁Mar mar ica ▁( part ially ▁motor ised ▁for ▁the ▁invasion ) ▁ ▁L X III ▁light ▁tank ▁batt alion ▁( L 3 ) ▁( re in for cing ▁the ▁ 6 2 nd ▁Infan try ▁Division ) ▁▁ 6 3 rd ▁Infan try ▁Division ▁C ire ne ▁( part ially ▁motor ised ▁for ▁the ▁invasion ) ▁ ▁L X II ▁light ▁tank ▁batt alion ▁( L 3 ) ▁( re in for cing ▁the ▁ 6 3 rd ▁Infan try ▁Division ) ▁▁ 1 st ▁Lib yan ▁Infan try ▁Division ▁S ib elle ▁( non - mot or ized ) ▁▁ 2 nd ▁Lib yan ▁Infan try ▁Division ▁P esc atori ▁( non - mot or ized ) ▁ ▁IX ▁light ▁tank ▁batt alion ▁( L 3 ) ▁( re in for cing ▁the ▁ 2 nd ▁Lib yan ▁Infan try ▁Division ) ▁ ▁Com ando ▁Car ri ▁Ar mat i ▁della ▁Lib ia ▁▁ 1 st ▁R agg ru pp amento ▁Car ri ▁( res erve ▁to ▁XX III ▁Corps ▁under ▁control ▁of ▁ 1 0 th ▁Army ) ▁ ▁I ▁Med ium ▁T ank ▁Batt alion ▁( M 1 1 |
) ▁ ▁XX I ▁Light ▁T ank ▁Batt alion ▁( L 3 ) ▁▁ 2 nd ▁R agg ru pp amento ▁Car ri ▁ ▁XX ▁Light ▁T ank ▁Batt alion ▁( L 3 ) ▁ ▁L X I ▁Light ▁T ank ▁Batt alion ▁( L 3 ) ▁ ▁Mal etti ▁R agg ru pp amento ▁( part ▁of ▁XX III ▁Corps ) ▁ ▁II ▁medium ▁tank ▁batt alion ▁( M 1 1 ) ▁▁ 3 ▁Motor ized ▁Lib yan ▁Infan try ▁Batt al ions ▁ ▁Western ▁Des ert ▁Force ▁Commander - in - Ch ief , ▁Middle ▁East : ▁General ▁Sir ▁Arch ib ald ▁W av ell ▁Western ▁Des ert ▁Force : ▁Lieutenant - General ▁R . ▁N . ▁O ’ Conn or ▁ ▁Corps ▁Tro ops ▁▁ 7 th ▁Batt alion , ▁Royal ▁T ank ▁Regiment ▁( Mat ild as ) ▁▁ 1 st ▁Royal ▁Horse ▁Art illery ▁▁ 1 0 4 th ▁Royal ▁Horse ▁Art illery ▁▁ 5 1 st ▁Field ▁Regiment ▁R . A . ▁▁ 7 th ▁Med ium ▁Regiment ▁R . A . ▁▁ 6 4 th ▁Med ium ▁Regiment ▁R . A . ▁▁ 7 th ▁Arm oured ▁Division ▁▁ 4 th ▁Arm oured ▁Brigade ▁▁ 7 th ▁Arm oured ▁Brigade ▁ ▁Support ▁Group ▁( In fan try ▁Brigade ) ▁ ▁Div is ional ▁Tro ops ▁▁ 4 th ▁Indian ▁Division ▁▁ 5 th ▁Indian ▁Infan try ▁Brigade ▁▁ 1 1 th ▁Indian ▁Infan try ▁Brigade ▁ ▁Div is ional ▁Tro ops ▁▁ 1 6 th ▁Infan |
try ▁Brigade ▁( att ached ▁to ▁ 4 th ▁Indian ▁Division ▁until ▁ 1 1 ▁December ▁ 1 9 4 0 ) ▁▁ 6 th ▁Australian ▁Division ▁( from ▁mid - De cember ) ▁▁ 1 6 th ▁Australian ▁Infan try ▁Brigade ▁▁ 1 7 th ▁Australian ▁Infan try ▁Brigade ▁▁ 1 6 th ▁Infan try ▁Brigade ▁( att ached ▁from ▁ 4 th ▁Indian ▁Division ▁ 1 1 ▁December ) ▁ ▁Div is ional ▁troops ▁▁ 7 th ▁R TR ▁( att ached ▁from ▁ 7 th ▁Arm oured ▁Division ) ▁ ▁Sel by ▁Force ▁( Br ig ade ▁Group ▁for ▁the ▁defence ▁of ▁M ers a ▁Mat ru h ) ▁ ▁Notes ▁ ▁Foot notes ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Books ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁Jour nals ▁▁▁ ▁The ses ▁▁▁ ▁We bs ites ▁ ▁Further ▁reading ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁▁ ▁The ▁History ▁of ▁the ▁British ▁ 7 th ▁Arm oured ▁Division : ▁Bed a ▁F omm ▁ ▁Operation ▁Comp ass ▁( part ▁ 2 ) ▁ ▁Category : Conf lic ts ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 1 ▁Category : 1 9 4 0 ▁in ▁Egypt ▁Category : 1 9 4 1 ▁in ▁Egypt ▁Category : 1 9 4 0 ▁in ▁Italy ▁Category : 1 9 4 1 ▁in ▁Italy ▁Category : 1 9 4 0 ▁in ▁Lib ya ▁Category : 1 9 4 1 ▁in ▁Lib ya ▁Category : B att les ▁of ▁World ▁War ▁II ▁involving ▁Australia ▁Category : B att les ▁and ▁operations ▁of ▁World ▁War ▁II ▁involving ▁India ▁Category |
: B att les ▁of ▁World ▁War ▁II ▁involving ▁Italy ▁Category : Land ▁battles ▁of ▁World ▁War ▁II ▁involving ▁the ▁United ▁Kingdom ▁Category : Mil itary ▁operations ▁involving ▁the ▁United ▁Kingdom ▁Category : W estern ▁Des ert ▁Campaign ▁Category : Lib ya ▁in ▁World ▁War ▁II ▁Category : E gy pt ▁in ▁World ▁War ▁II ▁Category : World ▁War ▁II ▁operations ▁and ▁battles ▁of ▁Europe ▁Category : Mil itary ▁history ▁of ▁Italy ▁during ▁World ▁War ▁II ▁Category : F ebru ary ▁ 1 9 4 1 ▁events <0x0A> </s> ▁An ona ▁W inn ▁ ▁( born ▁An ona ▁Ed na ▁Wil kins , ▁ 5 ▁January ▁ 1 9 0 4 ▁– ▁ 2 ▁February ▁ 1 9 9 4 ) ▁was ▁an ▁Australian - born ▁actress , ▁broad c aster ▁and ▁singer , ▁who ▁spent ▁most ▁of ▁her ▁career ▁in ▁the ▁UK . ▁ ▁Career ▁Born ▁in ▁Sydney , ▁she ▁studied ▁at ▁the ▁Red land ▁College ▁For ▁Girls ▁and ▁briefly ▁considered ▁a ▁legal ▁career . ▁She ▁then ▁studied ▁piano ▁and ▁eventually ▁opera ▁at ▁the ▁Sydney ▁Conserv ator ium ▁of ▁Music ▁and ▁Mel ba ▁Memorial ▁Conserv ator ium ▁of ▁Music , ▁which ▁the ▁latter ▁was ▁possible ▁due ▁to ▁a ▁scholarship ▁from ▁D ame ▁N ell ie ▁Mel ba . ▁Mel ba , ▁who ▁convinced ▁her ▁to ▁change ▁her ▁name ▁to ▁W inn , ▁also ▁called ▁her ▁a ▁" human ▁fl ute " ▁due ▁to ▁her ▁massive ▁range . ▁She ▁became ▁dis ill usion ed ▁with ▁the ▁training , ▁calling ▁it ▁the ▁" stra |
it - j acket ▁of ▁opera ▁training ", ▁though ▁she ▁was ▁thank ful ▁for ▁Mel ba ' s ▁guidance . ▁She ▁would ▁join ▁a ▁tour ing ▁company ▁of ▁The ▁Mer ry ▁W id ow , ▁but ▁after ▁finding ▁it ▁hard ▁to ▁be ▁a ▁successful ▁singer , ▁she ▁would ▁become ▁a ▁journalist . ▁After ▁playing ▁parts ▁varying ▁from ▁pant om ime ▁to ▁Shakespeare ▁in ▁a ▁re pert ory ▁company , ▁she ▁moved ▁to ▁England . ▁ ▁She ▁played ▁the ▁leading ▁part ▁for ▁ 8 ▁weeks ▁in ▁" Hit ▁The ▁De ck ". ▁Within ▁a ▁few ▁years ▁she ▁had ▁made ▁more ▁than ▁ 3 0 0 ▁appearances ▁in ▁various ▁radio ▁shows ▁including ▁the ▁BBC ' s ▁Just ▁a ▁Min ute . ▁W inn ▁was ▁a ▁regular ▁in ▁the ▁BBC ▁Radio ▁version ▁of ▁Twenty ▁Questions ▁and ▁P ett ico at ▁Line . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 3 3 , ▁she ▁married ▁Frederick ▁Lam port . ▁W inn ▁was ▁made ▁an ▁M BE ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 4 . ▁She ▁died ▁in ▁Bour nem outh ▁aged ▁ 9 0 . ▁ ▁Film ▁credits ▁▁▁ 1 9 3 4 ▁ ▁On ▁the ▁Air ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Further ▁reading ▁ ▁Mo an in ' ▁Low : ▁A ▁Disc ography ▁of ▁Fem ale ▁Popular ▁V ocal ▁Record ings , ▁ 1 9 2 0 – 1 9 3 3 ▁By ▁Ross ▁L air d ▁ ▁An ona ▁W inn ▁– ▁Life ▁On ▁The ▁Wire less ▁by ▁Karen ▁Win ters . ▁ ▁Memory ▁Lane ▁magazine ▁Issue ▁ 1 |
6 2 ▁Spring ▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁ ▁O bit uary : ▁An ona ▁W inn ▁( by ▁June ▁A ver ill ). ▁Independent , ▁ 1 8 ▁Feb ▁ 1 9 9 4 . ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 0 4 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 9 9 4 ▁deaths ▁Category : Members ▁of ▁the ▁Order ▁of ▁the ▁British ▁Empire ▁Category : Act ress es ▁from ▁Sydney <0x0A> </s> ▁Mar j ie ▁L und st rom ▁( born ▁ 1 9 5 6 ) ▁is ▁an ▁American ▁journalist . ▁She ▁received ▁the ▁Pul itzer ▁Prize ▁for ▁National ▁Report ing ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 1 . ▁ ▁Biography ▁L und st rom ▁was ▁born ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 6 . ▁Her ▁parents , ▁Dr . ▁and ▁Mrs . ▁Max ▁L und st rom , ▁are ▁from ▁Wayne , ▁Neb r aska . ▁ ▁A ▁journal ism ▁graduate ▁of ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Neb r aska - Lin coln ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 9 , ▁L und st rom ▁has ▁served ▁on ▁the ▁staff s ▁of ▁ ▁The ▁F t . ▁Collins ▁Colorado an , ▁Denver ▁Month ly , ▁and ▁The ▁Denver ▁Post . ▁She ▁is ▁a ▁reporter ▁and ▁senior ▁writer ▁for ▁The ▁Sac r amento ▁Be e . ▁At ▁The ▁Be e ▁she ▁also ▁has ▁been ▁a ▁column ist ▁and ▁assignment ▁editor . ▁She ▁worked ▁with ▁the ▁Sac r amento ▁Be e ▁from ▁January ▁ 1 9 8 9 ▁- ▁March ▁ 1 9 9 0 |
▁but ▁later ▁returned ▁after ▁deciding ▁she ▁wanted ▁to ▁live ▁on ▁the ▁West ▁Coast . ▁ ▁She ▁was ▁a ▁ 1 9 9 1 ▁recipient ▁of ▁a ▁journal ism ▁Pul itzer ▁Prize . ▁L und st rom ▁and ▁Roc hel le ▁Sh arp ▁of ▁New ▁York ▁City — at ▁the ▁time , ▁both ▁reporters ▁for ▁G ann ett ▁News ▁Service , ▁based ▁in ▁Washington , ▁DC — were ▁joint ly ▁awarded ▁the ▁prize ▁for ▁National ▁Report ing ▁for ▁a ▁series ▁of ▁stories ▁they ▁wrote ▁about ▁child ▁abuse . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁The ▁Sac r amento ▁Be e ▁ ▁Pul itzer ▁P riz es , ▁ 1 9 9 1 ▁▁ ▁Category : P ul itzer ▁Prize ▁for ▁National ▁Report ing ▁winners ▁Category : 1 9 5 6 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : People ▁from ▁Wayne , ▁Neb r aska ▁Category : Univers ity ▁of ▁Neb r aska – Lin coln ▁al umn i ▁Category : Writ ers ▁from ▁Sac r amento , ▁California ▁Category : American ▁newspaper ▁reporters ▁and ▁correspond ents ▁Category : Writ ers ▁from ▁Neb r aska ▁Category : 2 0 th - century ▁American ▁journalists ▁Category : American ▁women ▁non - f iction ▁writers <0x0A> </s> ▁In se in ▁Pr ison ▁() ▁is ▁located ▁in ▁Yang on ▁Division , ▁near ▁Yang on ▁( R ang oon ), ▁the ▁old ▁capital ▁of ▁My an mar ▁( former ly ▁Bur ma ). ▁From ▁ 1 9 8 8 ▁to ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁it |
▁was ▁run ▁by ▁the ▁military ▁jun ta ▁of ▁My an mar , ▁named ▁the ▁State ▁Law ▁and ▁Order ▁Rest oration ▁Council ▁from ▁ 1 9 8 8 ▁to ▁ 2 0 0 3 ▁and ▁the ▁State ▁Peace ▁and ▁Development ▁Council ▁( SP DC ) ▁from ▁ 2 0 0 3 ▁to ▁ 2 0 1 1 , ▁and ▁was ▁used ▁largely ▁to ▁re press ▁political ▁diss idents . ▁ ▁The ▁prison ▁is ▁not orious ▁worldwide ▁for ▁its ▁in hum ane ▁conditions , ▁corruption , ▁abuse ▁of ▁in mates , ▁and ▁use ▁of ▁mental ▁and ▁physical ▁torture . ▁ ▁Cond itions ▁ ▁San itation ▁and ▁healthcare ▁ ▁At ▁In se in , ▁diseases ▁and ▁injuries ▁usually ▁go ▁unt reated . ▁A ▁former ▁prisoner ▁at ▁In se in ▁rec alls ▁that ▁" When ▁we ▁had ▁fever ▁they ▁never ▁gave ▁us ▁any ▁medicine . ▁If ▁it ▁gets ▁very ▁bad ▁then ▁they ▁send ▁you ▁to ▁the ▁prison ▁hospital , ▁where ▁many ▁people ▁die . ▁The ▁sick ▁prisoners ▁want ▁to ▁go ▁to ▁the ▁hospital , ▁but ▁the ▁guards ▁never ▁send ▁them ▁there ▁until ▁it ' s ▁already ▁too ▁late , ▁so ▁many ▁die ▁once ▁they ▁get ▁to ▁the ▁hospital . ▁I ▁got ▁fever ▁but ▁I ▁didn ' t ▁want ▁to ▁go ▁to ▁their ▁hospital , ▁because ▁I ▁was ▁afraid ▁of ▁their ▁dirty ▁need les ▁and ▁cont ag ious ▁diseases . ▁At ▁the ▁hospital ▁they ▁have ▁doctors , ▁but ▁not ▁enough ▁medic ines ." ▁The ▁same ▁prisoner ▁continued , ▁"[ t ] he y ▁allowed ▁us ▁to ▁have ▁a |
▁bath ▁once ▁a ▁day . ▁We ▁had ▁to ▁line ▁up ▁in ▁rows ▁of ▁ 5 ▁men ▁at ▁a ▁time , ▁and ▁we ▁were ▁allowed ▁ 5 ▁bow ls ▁of ▁water , ▁then ▁soap , ▁then ▁ 7 ▁more ▁bow ls ▁of ▁water . ▁But ▁there ▁were ▁many ▁problems ▁– ▁sometimes ▁there ▁was ▁no ▁water ▁supply , ▁so ▁they ▁wouldn ' t ▁let ▁us ▁take ▁a ▁bath ▁and ▁we ▁could ▁hardly ▁even ▁get ▁water ▁to ▁drink . ▁There ▁were ▁lat r ines ▁in ▁ 2 ▁places ▁– ▁outside ▁of ▁the ▁room ▁for ▁the ▁day time , ▁and ▁in ▁the ▁room ▁at ▁night . ▁The ▁lat r ines ▁always ▁had ▁guards , ▁and ▁to ▁use ▁them ▁you ▁had ▁to ▁b ribe ▁the ▁guard ▁with ▁ 2 ▁cher oot s . ▁The ▁lat r ine ▁was ▁just ▁a ▁bucket , ▁with ▁no ▁water . ▁You ▁could ▁use ▁paper ▁if ▁you ▁could ▁get ▁some , ▁but ▁we ▁used ▁to ▁beg ▁scrap s ▁of ▁cloth ▁from ▁the ▁men ▁who ▁worked ▁in ▁the ▁se wing ▁workshop ▁out ▁in ▁the ▁compound ." ▁ ▁T ort ures ▁Pr ison ers ▁have ▁reported ly ▁been ▁beaten ▁with ▁a ▁rubber ▁pipe ▁filled ▁with ▁sand ▁and ▁ch ased ▁by ▁dogs , ▁forcing ▁them ▁to ▁craw l ▁on ▁their ▁hands ▁and ▁knees ▁across ▁a ▁gr avel ▁path . ▁ ▁Pro tests ▁within ▁the ▁prison ▁▁ 1 9 9 1 ▁prisoner ▁hunger ▁strike ▁According ▁to ▁a ▁former ▁prisoner ' s ▁account , ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 1 ▁several ▁prisoners ▁held ▁a ▁hunger ▁strike , ▁demanding |
▁proper ▁healthcare ▁and ▁the ▁right ▁to ▁read ▁newspapers . ▁However , ▁their ▁demands ▁were ▁not ▁met , ▁and ▁the ▁prisoners ▁were ▁tort ured ▁by ▁being ▁ch ased ▁across ▁the ▁gr avel ▁path . ▁▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁mass ▁shooting ▁of ▁in mates ▁On ▁ 3 ▁May ▁ 2 0 0 8 , ▁over ▁ 1 0 0 ▁prisoners ▁were ▁shot ▁by ▁guards ▁at ▁the ▁prison ▁resulting ▁in ▁the ▁deaths ▁of ▁ 3 6 ▁in mates . ▁A ▁further ▁four ▁in mates ▁were ▁later ▁tort ured ▁and ▁killed ▁by ▁the ▁prison ▁guards ▁who ▁believed ▁they ▁had ▁been ▁the ▁r ingle aders ▁of ▁the ▁initial ▁protest ▁that ▁cul min ated ▁in ▁the ▁mass ▁shooting . ▁▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁prisoner ▁hunger ▁strike ▁On ▁ 2 4 ▁May ▁ 2 0 1 1 , ▁the ▁My an mar ▁government ▁ret ali ated ▁against ▁a ▁hunger ▁strike ▁by ▁about ▁ 3 0 ▁political ▁prisoners ▁in ▁the ▁prison ▁by ▁forcing ▁the ▁r ingle aders ▁into ▁sol itary ▁conf inement . ▁The ▁hunger ▁strike ▁began ▁when ▁seven ▁female ▁prisoners ▁protest ed ▁against ▁a ▁government ▁prisoner ▁am n esty ▁program ▁that ▁failed ▁to ▁include ▁most ▁political ▁det aine es . ▁On ▁ 2 3 ▁May , ▁ 2 2 ▁male ▁prisoners , ▁including ▁three ▁Budd hist ▁mon ks , ▁joined ▁the ▁protest , ▁demanding ▁better ▁prison ▁living ▁conditions ▁and ▁improved ▁family ▁visiting ▁rights . ▁According ▁to ▁A ung ▁Din , ▁the ▁executive ▁director ▁of ▁the ▁Washington - based ▁U . S . ▁Campaign ▁for ▁Bur ma , ▁" |
The ▁latest ▁information ▁we ▁have ▁received ▁is ▁that ▁six ▁of ▁the ▁‘ le aders ’ ▁of ▁the ▁strike ▁from ▁the ▁male ▁group ▁have ▁been ▁moved ▁to ▁what ▁is ▁known ▁as ▁the ▁' dog ▁cell ' — a ▁small ▁cell ▁block ▁where ▁they ▁could ▁be ▁tort ured ▁and ▁family ▁visits ▁are ▁not ▁allowed ." ▁One ▁of ▁the ▁prisoners ▁moved ▁was ▁an ▁editor ▁of ▁The ▁K ant ary aw addy ▁Times , ▁Ny i ▁Ny i ▁H t un . ▁ ▁Not able ▁prisoners ▁One ▁of ▁its ▁most ▁famous ▁prisoners ▁is ▁the ▁Nob el ▁Peace ▁Prize - winning ▁human - right s ▁activ ist ▁A ung ▁San ▁Su u ▁Ky i , ▁who ▁has ▁been ▁conf ined ▁to ▁In se in ▁on ▁three ▁separate ▁occasions ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 3 , ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁and ▁ 2 0 0 9 . ▁Well - known ▁prisoners ▁include ▁student ▁leaders ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 9 8 8 ▁U pr ising , ▁including ▁Min ▁Ko ▁Na ing , ▁Py one ▁Cho , ▁Ko ▁Ko ▁Gy i , ▁Ko ▁Jimmy , ▁My a ▁A ye , ▁and ▁others . ▁ ▁Other ▁activ ists ▁held ▁in ▁In se in ▁prison ▁from ▁ 1 9 8 8 ▁to ▁ 2 0 1 6 , ▁include ▁the ▁intellectual ▁and ▁democracy ▁activ ist , ▁Win ▁T in ; ▁and ▁a ▁host ▁of ▁others ▁who ▁were ▁elected ▁to ▁parliament ▁as ▁members ▁of ▁the ▁National ▁League ▁for ▁Democr acy ▁( N LD ) ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 0 ▁( none ▁of |
▁these ▁individuals ▁were ▁allowed ▁to ▁serve ▁their ▁term ▁in ▁parliament ). ▁Other ▁known ▁prisoners ▁include ▁a ▁ 2 1 - year - old ▁Bur m ese ▁video - journal ist ▁named ▁S ith u ▁Z ey a ▁who ▁after ▁being ▁arrested ▁in ▁April ▁ 2 0 1 0 , ▁is ▁currently ▁serving ▁an ▁ 8 - year ▁sentence ▁for ▁photograph ing ▁the ▁after math ▁of ▁an ▁attack ▁on ▁civ ilians ▁by ▁the ▁military ▁jun ta . ▁Another ▁imprison ed ▁video - journal ist ▁is ▁ 2 9 - year - old ▁Ng we ▁So e ▁Lin ▁who ▁was ▁arrested ▁in ▁an ▁internet ▁ca fe ▁in ▁Rang oon ▁on ▁April ▁ 1 4 , ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁for ▁his ▁video ▁coverage ▁of ▁Bur m ese ▁children ▁or phan ed ▁by ▁Cycl one ▁N arg is ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 8 . ▁Democr acy ▁activ ist ▁A ye ▁Y ung ▁was ▁held ▁for ▁trial ▁at ▁In se in ▁Pr ison ▁for ▁distribution ▁of ▁leaf lets ▁at ▁D agon ▁University . ▁ ▁Re ut ers ▁journalists ▁Wa ▁L one ▁and ▁Ky aw ▁So e ▁O o ▁were ▁held ▁at ▁the ▁prison ▁for ▁more ▁than ▁ 5 0 0 ▁days ▁following ▁their ▁arrest ▁on ▁ 1 2 ▁December ▁ 2 0 1 7 , ▁due ▁to ▁their ▁investigation ▁of ▁the ▁Inn ▁Din ▁mass acre . ▁Am id ▁international ▁out c ry ▁over ▁their ▁imprison ment , ▁the ▁pair ▁were ▁released ▁on ▁ 7 ▁May ▁ 2 0 1 9 , ▁following ▁a ▁p ardon |
▁from ▁President ▁of ▁My an mar ▁Win ▁My int . ▁While ▁imprison ed ▁in ▁In se in ▁Pr ison , ▁Wa ▁L one ▁wrote ▁a ▁children ' s ▁book , ▁Jay ▁Jay ▁the ▁Journal ist . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁ ▁HIV ▁Sp read s ▁in ▁In se in ▁Pr ison ▁ ▁PDF ▁" B ur ma ' s ▁In se in ▁Pr ison : ▁punishment ▁and ▁opp ression " ▁ ▁Bur ma ▁Campaign er ▁A ung ▁San ▁Su u ▁Ky i ▁in ▁In se in ▁Pr ison ▁ ▁Ass istance ▁Association ▁for ▁Political ▁Pr ison ers ▁( My an mar ) ▁ ▁Bur m ese ▁A APP B ▁J oint ▁Report ▁on ▁In se in ▁Pr ison ▁ ▁My an mar ▁Government ▁Pr isons ▁ ▁Category : Pr isons ▁in ▁My an mar ▁Category : Build ings ▁and ▁structures ▁in ▁Yang on ▁Region <0x0A> </s> ▁Brazil ▁is ▁scheduled ▁to ▁compete ▁in ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 9 ▁Pan ▁American ▁Games ▁in ▁L ima , ▁Peru ▁from ▁July ▁ 2 6 ▁to ▁August ▁ 1 1 , ▁ 2 0 1 9 . ▁ ▁On ▁July ▁ 2 5 , ▁ 2 0 1 9 , ▁it ▁was ▁announced ▁that , ▁for ▁the ▁first ▁time ▁in ▁the ▁history ▁of ▁the ▁Pan ▁American ▁Games , ▁a ▁nation ▁would ▁have ▁two ▁flag ▁bear ers ▁during ▁the ▁opening ▁ceremony . ▁The ▁indicated ▁were ▁Brazil ian ▁ 4 9 er ▁F X ▁class ▁sail ors ▁Mart ine ▁G rael ▁and ▁Ka hen a ▁K |
un ze . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 9 , ▁Brazil ▁pulled ▁off ▁its ▁best ▁performance ▁in ▁history , ▁winning ▁ 5 4 ▁gold ▁and ▁ 1 6 8 ▁overall ▁med als , ▁and ▁finishing ▁second ▁in ▁the ▁stand ings ▁for ▁the ▁first ▁time ▁since ▁they ▁hosted ▁the ▁competition ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 3 . ▁ ▁Compet itors ▁The ▁following ▁is ▁the ▁list ▁of ▁number ▁of ▁competitors ▁( per ▁gender ) ▁participating ▁at ▁the ▁games ▁per ▁sport / dis cipl ine . ▁ ▁Medal ists ▁The ▁following ▁competitors ▁from ▁Brazil ▁won ▁med als ▁at ▁the ▁games . ▁In ▁the ▁by ▁discipline ▁sections ▁below , ▁medal ists ' ▁names ▁are ▁bold ed . ▁ ▁Arch ery ▁ ▁Brazil ▁qualified ▁a ▁full ▁team ▁of ▁eight ▁athletes ▁( four ▁men ▁and ▁four ▁women ). ▁ ▁Men ▁ ▁M ixed ▁ ▁Art istic ▁swimming ▁ ▁Brazil ▁has ▁qualified ▁a ▁full ▁team ▁of ▁nine ▁athletes . ▁ ▁Athlet ics ▁ ▁Men ▁Track ▁& ▁road ▁events ▁ ▁Field ▁events ▁ ▁Comb ined ▁events ▁– ▁Dec ath lon ▁ ▁Women ▁Track ▁& ▁road ▁events ▁ ▁Field ▁events ▁ ▁Comb ined ▁events ▁– ▁He pt ath lon ▁ ▁Bad m inton ▁ ▁Brazil ▁qualified ▁a ▁full ▁team ▁of ▁eight ▁athletes ▁( four ▁men ▁and ▁four ▁women ). ▁Men ▁ ▁Women ▁ ▁M ixed ▁ ▁Basket ball ▁▁ 5 x 5 ▁Summary ▁ ▁Women ' s ▁tournament ▁ ▁Pre liminary ▁round ▁ ▁Sem if inal ▁ ▁Gold ▁medal ▁game ▁▁ 3 x 3 ▁Summary ▁ ▁Men ' s ▁tournament ▁ |
▁Women ' s ▁tournament ▁ ▁Pre liminary ▁round ▁ ▁Sem if inal ▁ ▁Bron ze ▁medal ▁game ▁ ▁Bas que ▁pel ota ▁ ▁Brazil ▁qualified ▁one ▁ath lete ▁to ▁the ▁bas que ▁pel ota ▁competition . ▁ ▁Men ▁ ▁Body building ▁ ▁Brazil ▁qualified ▁a ▁full ▁team ▁of ▁two ▁body build ers ▁( one ▁male ▁and ▁one ▁female ). ▁ ▁Men ▁Classic ▁body building ▁ ▁Women ▁B ik ini ▁fitness ▁ ▁Bow ling ▁ ▁Brazil ▁qualified ▁a ▁full ▁team ▁of ▁four ▁athletes ▁( two ▁men ▁and ▁two ▁women ). ▁ ▁Box ing ▁ ▁Brazil ▁qualified ▁eight ▁box ers ▁( five ▁men ▁and ▁three ▁women ). ▁ ▁Men ▁ ▁Women ▁ ▁Can oe ing ▁ ▁Sl alom ▁Brazil ▁qualified ▁a ▁total ▁of ▁six ▁sl alom ▁athletes ▁( three ▁men ▁and ▁three ▁women ). ▁ ▁S print ▁Brazil ▁qualified ▁a ▁total ▁of ▁ 1 0 ▁sprint ▁athletes ▁( six ▁men ▁and ▁four ▁women ). ▁ ▁Men ▁ ▁Women ▁ ▁Cycl ing ▁ ▁Brazil ▁has ▁qualified ▁ 1 6 ▁athletes : ▁ 1 0 ▁men ▁and ▁ 6 ▁women . ▁The ▁team ▁was ▁officially ▁announced ▁on ▁June ▁ 4 , ▁ 2 0 1 9 . ▁ ▁BM X ▁ ▁Fre estyle ▁ ▁Racing ▁ ▁Mountain ▁ ▁Road ▁Men ▁ ▁Track ▁Men ▁ ▁S print ▁ ▁Ke ir in ▁ ▁Women ▁ ▁Madison ▁ ▁O mn ium ▁ ▁D iving ▁ ▁Brazil ▁qualified ▁a ▁full ▁team ▁of ▁eight ▁divers ▁( four ▁men ▁and ▁four ▁women ). ▁ ▁Men ▁ ▁Women ▁ ▁E quest rian ▁ ▁Brazil |
▁qualified ▁a ▁full ▁team ▁of ▁ 1 2 ▁equ est ri ans ▁( four ▁per ▁discipline ). ▁ ▁D ress age ▁ ▁Event ing ▁ ▁J ump ing ▁ ▁F encing ▁ ▁Brazil ▁qualified ▁ 1 5 ▁f enc ers ▁( 9 ▁men , ▁ 6 ▁women ). ▁The ▁team ▁was ▁officially ▁announced ▁on ▁June ▁ 5 , ▁ 2 0 1 9 . ▁ ▁Men ▁ ▁Women ▁ ▁Golf ▁ ▁Brazil ▁qualified ▁a ▁full ▁team ▁of ▁four ▁golf ers ▁( two ▁men ▁and ▁two ▁women ). ▁The ▁team ▁was ▁officially ▁announced ▁on ▁June ▁ 4 , ▁ 2 0 1 9 . ▁ ▁Gym n ast ics ▁ ▁Art istic ▁Brazil ▁qualified ▁a ▁team ▁of ▁ten ▁gym n asts ▁in ▁artistic ▁( five ▁men ▁and ▁five ▁women ). ▁ ▁Men ▁Team ▁& ▁Individual ▁Qual ification ▁ ▁Qual ification ▁Legend : ▁Q ▁= ▁Qual ified ▁to ▁appar atus ▁final ▁ ▁Individual ▁fin als ▁ ▁Women ▁Team ▁& ▁Individual ▁Qual ification ▁ ▁Qual ification ▁Legend : ▁Q ▁= ▁Qual ified ▁to ▁appar atus ▁final ▁ ▁Individual ▁fin als ▁ ▁R hythm ic ▁Brazil ▁qualified ▁two ▁individual ▁gym n asts ▁and ▁five ▁gym n asts ▁for ▁the ▁group ▁event ▁in ▁rhythm ic ▁( seven ▁women ). ▁Individual ▁ ▁Group ▁ ▁Tr amp oline ▁Brazil ▁qualified ▁three ▁gym n asts ▁in ▁tr amp oline ▁( one ▁man ▁and ▁two ▁women ). ▁ ▁Hand ball ▁ ▁Brazil ▁qualified ▁a ▁men ' s ▁team ▁( of ▁ 1 4 ▁athletes ) ▁by ▁winning ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 |
8 ▁South ▁American ▁Games . ▁ ▁Brazil ▁qualified ▁a ▁women ' s ▁team ▁( of ▁ 1 4 ▁athletes ) ▁by ▁winning ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 8 ▁South ▁American ▁Games . ▁ ▁Summary ▁ ▁Men ' s ▁tournament ▁ ▁Sem if inal ▁ ▁Bron ze ▁medal ▁match ▁ ▁Women ' s ▁tournament ▁ ▁Sem if inal ▁ ▁Final ▁ ▁Jud o ▁ ▁Brazil ▁has ▁qualified ▁a ▁full ▁team ▁of ▁fourteen ▁jud ok as ▁( seven ▁men ▁and ▁seven ▁women ). ▁The ▁team ▁was ▁officially ▁announced ▁on ▁May ▁ 2 7 , ▁ 2 0 1 9 . ▁ ▁Men ▁ ▁Women ▁ ▁Kar ate ▁ ▁Brazil ▁qualified ▁a ▁team ▁of ▁ 1 5 ▁kar ate k as ▁( seven ▁men ▁and ▁eight ▁women ). ▁ ▁Kum ite ▁( sp ar ring ) ▁ ▁K ata ▁( forms ) ▁ ▁Modern ▁pent ath lon ▁ ▁Brazil ▁qualified ▁five ▁modern ▁pent ath let es ▁( two ▁men ▁and ▁three ▁women ). ▁ ▁Roll er ▁sports ▁ ▁Figure ▁Brazil ▁qualified ▁a ▁team ▁of ▁two ▁athletes ▁in ▁figure ▁sk ating ▁( one ▁man ▁and ▁one ▁woman ). ▁ ▁Speed ▁Brazil ▁qualified ▁one ▁male ▁ath lete ▁in ▁speed ▁sk ating . ▁ ▁Row ing ▁ ▁Brazil ▁qualified ▁ 1 4 ▁boats , ▁for ▁a ▁total ▁of ▁ 2 0 ▁row ers , ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 8 ▁Pan ▁American ▁Qual ification ▁Reg atta . ▁ ▁Men ▁ ▁Women ▁ ▁Rug by ▁se vens ▁ ▁Brazil ▁qualified ▁a ▁women ' s ▁team ▁( of ▁ 1 |
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