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, ▁an ▁arist ocratic ▁and ▁influential ▁clan ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 9 th ▁century . ▁Che ol j ong ▁was ▁child less ▁and ▁had ▁not ▁appointed ▁an ▁he ir . ▁The ▁And ong ▁Kim ▁clan ▁had ▁ris en ▁to ▁power ▁through ▁inter mar riage ▁with ▁the ▁royal ▁House ▁of ▁Y i . ▁Queen ▁Che or in , ▁Che ol j ong ' s ▁cons ort ▁and ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁And ong ▁Kim ▁clan , ▁claimed ▁the ▁right ▁to ▁choose ▁the ▁next ▁king , ▁although ▁tradition ally ▁the ▁most ▁senior ▁Queen ▁Dow ager ▁had ▁the ▁official ▁authority ▁to ▁select ▁the ▁new ▁king . ▁Che ol j ong ' s ▁cousin , ▁Grand ▁Royal ▁Dow ager ▁Sin je ong , ▁the ▁wid ow ▁of ▁He on j ong ▁of ▁Jose on ' s ▁father ▁of ▁the ▁P ung y ang ▁Jo ▁clan , ▁who ▁too ▁had ▁ris en ▁to ▁prom in ence ▁by ▁inter mar riage ▁with ▁the ▁Y i ▁family , ▁currently ▁held ▁this ▁title . ▁ ▁Queen ▁Sin je ong ▁saw ▁an ▁opportunity ▁to ▁advance ▁the ▁cause ▁of ▁the ▁P ung y ang ▁Jo ▁clan , ▁the ▁only ▁true ▁rival ▁of ▁the ▁And ong ▁Kim ▁clan ▁in ▁Korean ▁politics . ▁As ▁Che ol j ong ▁succ umb ed ▁to ▁his ▁illness , ▁the ▁Grand ▁Royal ▁Dow ager ▁Queen ▁was ▁approached ▁by ▁Y i ▁Ha - e ung , ▁a ▁distant ▁desc endant ▁of ▁King ▁In jo ▁( r . 1 6 2 3 – 1 6 4 9 ), ▁whose ▁father ▁was |
▁made ▁an ▁adopt ive ▁son ▁of ▁Prince ▁E un sin , ▁a ▁nep hew ▁of ▁King ▁Ye ong jo ▁( r . 1 7 2 4 – 1 7 7 6 ). ▁ ▁The ▁branch ▁that ▁Y i ▁Ha - e ung ' s ▁family ▁belonged ▁to ▁was ▁an ▁obsc ure ▁line ▁of ▁descend ants ▁of ▁the ▁Y i ▁clan , ▁which ▁survived ▁the ▁often ▁deadly ▁political ▁intr igue ▁that ▁frequently ▁em bro iled ▁the ▁Jose on ▁court ▁by ▁forming ▁no ▁affili ation ▁with ▁any ▁fa ctions . ▁Y i ▁Ha - e ung ▁himself ▁was ▁in el igible ▁for ▁the ▁throne ▁due ▁to ▁a ▁law ▁that ▁dict ated ▁that ▁any ▁possible ▁he ir ▁had ▁to ▁be ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁generation ▁after ▁the ▁most ▁recent ▁inc umb ent ▁of ▁the ▁throne , ▁but ▁his ▁second ▁son ▁Y i ▁My e ong b ok ▁was ▁a ▁possible ▁success or ▁to ▁the ▁throne . ▁ ▁The ▁P ung y ang ▁Jo ▁clan ▁saw ▁that ▁Y i ▁My e ong b ok ▁was ▁only ▁ 1 2 ▁years ▁old ▁and ▁would ▁not ▁be ▁able ▁to ▁rule ▁in ▁his ▁own ▁name ▁until ▁he ▁came ▁of ▁age , ▁and ▁that ▁they ▁could ▁easily ▁influence ▁Y i ▁Ha - e ung , ▁who ▁would ▁be ▁acting ▁as ▁reg ent ▁for ▁his ▁son . ▁As ▁soon ▁as ▁news ▁of ▁Che ol j ong ' s ▁death ▁reached ▁Y i ▁Ha - e ung ▁through ▁his ▁intr icate ▁network ▁of ▁sp ies ▁in ▁the ▁palace , ▁he ▁and ▁the ▁P ung |
y ang ▁Jo ▁clan ▁took ▁the ▁her edit ary ▁royal ▁seal ▁( cons ider ed ▁necessary ▁for ▁a ▁legitimate ▁reign ▁to ▁take ▁place ▁and ▁arist ocratic ▁recognition ▁to ▁be ▁received ), ▁effectively ▁giving ▁Queen ▁Sin je ong ▁absolute ▁power ▁to ▁select ▁the ▁success or ▁to ▁the ▁throne . ▁By ▁the ▁time ▁Che ol j ong ' s ▁death ▁became ▁a ▁known ▁fact , ▁the ▁And ong ▁Kim ▁clan ▁was ▁power less ▁to ▁act ▁according ▁to ▁law ▁because ▁the ▁seal ▁already ▁lay ▁in ▁the ▁hands ▁of ▁Grand ▁Royal ▁Dow ager ▁Queen ▁Sin je ong . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁autumn ▁of ▁ 1 8 6 4 , ▁Y i ▁My e ong b ok ▁was ▁c rowned ▁as ▁King ▁Go j ong ▁of ▁Jose on , ▁with ▁his ▁father ▁titled ▁He ung se on ▁Da ew ong un ▁( ▁" Gr and ▁Internal ▁Prince "). ▁ ▁The ▁strongly ▁Conf uc ian ▁He ung se on ▁Da ew ong un ▁proved ▁to ▁be ▁a ▁capable ▁and ▁calcul ating ▁leader ▁in ▁the ▁early ▁years ▁of ▁Go j ong ' s ▁reign . ▁He ▁abol ished ▁the ▁old ▁government ▁institutions ▁that ▁had ▁become ▁corrupt ▁under ▁the ▁rule ▁of ▁various ▁cl ans , ▁rev ised ▁the ▁law ▁codes ▁along ▁with ▁the ▁household ▁laws ▁of ▁the ▁royal ▁court ▁and ▁the ▁rules ▁of ▁court ▁ritual , ▁and ▁heavily ▁reform ed ▁the ▁military ▁techniques ▁of ▁the ▁royal ▁arm ies . ▁Within ▁a ▁few ▁short ▁years ▁he ▁was ▁able ▁to ▁secure ▁complete ▁control ▁of ▁the ▁court , ▁and ▁eventually ▁receive ▁the ▁submission ▁of |
▁the ▁P ung y ang ▁Jos ▁while ▁successfully ▁dispos ing ▁of ▁the ▁last ▁of ▁the ▁And ong ▁K ims , ▁whose ▁corruption , ▁he ▁believed , ▁was ▁responsible ▁for ▁the ▁country ' s ▁decline ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 th ▁century . ▁ ▁A ▁new ▁queen ▁The ▁future ▁queen - cons ort ▁was ▁born ▁into ▁the ▁arist ocratic ▁Min ▁family ▁of ▁the ▁Ye o he ung ▁branch ▁on ▁ 1 9 ▁October ▁ 1 8 5 1 ▁in ▁Ye oj u , ▁G ye ong gi ▁Province , ▁where ▁the ▁clan ▁origin ated . ▁ ▁The ▁Ye o he ung ▁M ins ▁were ▁a ▁noble ▁clan ▁bo asting ▁many ▁highly ▁positioned ▁bureau cr ats ▁in ▁its ▁ill ust ri ous ▁past , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁two ▁queen ▁cons orts , ▁Queen ▁W ong ye ong , ▁the ▁wife ▁of ▁T ae j ong ▁of ▁Jose on , ▁and ▁Queen ▁In hy e on , ▁the ▁wife ▁of ▁Su k j ong ▁of ▁Jose on . ▁ ▁Before ▁her ▁marriage , ▁the ▁Em press ▁was ▁known ▁as ▁the ▁daughter ▁of ▁Min ▁Ch iro k ▁( ). ▁While ▁some ▁fict ional ▁accounts ▁call ▁her ▁Min ▁Jay e ong , ▁this ▁name ▁has ▁not ▁been ▁confirmed ▁by ▁historical ▁sources . ▁At ▁the ▁age ▁of ▁eight ▁she ▁had ▁lost ▁her ▁father . ▁Then , ▁her ▁mother , ▁Lady ▁H anch ang ▁of ▁the ▁Y i ▁clan ▁( ), ▁and ▁she ▁moved ▁to ▁the ▁House ▁of ▁Gam god ang ▁( 감 고 당 ) ▁and ▁lived ▁there ▁until |
▁she ▁moved ▁to ▁the ▁palace ▁and ▁became ▁Queen . ▁ ▁When ▁Go j ong ▁reached ▁the ▁age ▁of ▁ 1 5 , ▁his ▁father ▁decided ▁it ▁was ▁time ▁for ▁him ▁to ▁be ▁married . ▁The ▁Da ew ong un ▁was ▁dil igent ▁in ▁his ▁search ▁for ▁a ▁queen ▁who ▁would ▁serve ▁his ▁purposes : ▁she ▁must ▁have ▁no ▁close ▁relatives ▁who ▁would ▁har bor ▁political ▁amb itions , ▁yet ▁come ▁from ▁a ▁noble ▁line age ▁so ▁as ▁to ▁justify ▁his ▁choice ▁to ▁the ▁court ▁and ▁the ▁people . ▁C andid ates ▁were ▁rejected ▁one ▁by ▁one , ▁until ▁both ▁the ▁Da ew ong un ' s ▁wife ▁Ye o he ung ▁( Pr in cess ▁Cons ort ▁to ▁the ▁Prince ▁of ▁the ▁Great ▁Court ; ▁Ye o he ung ▁Bud a eb u in ; ▁ 여 흥 부 대 부 인 , ▁ <0xE9> <0xA9> <0xAA> <0xE8> <0x88> <0x88> 府 大 夫 人 ) ▁and ▁his ▁mother ▁proposed ▁a ▁bride ▁from ▁their ▁own ▁clan , ▁the ▁Ye o he ung ▁Min . ▁The ▁two ▁women ▁described ▁the ▁girl ▁persu as ively : ▁she ▁was ▁or phan ed ▁and ▁possessed ▁beautiful ▁features , ▁a ▁healthy ▁body , ▁and ▁an ▁ordinary ▁level ▁of ▁education . ▁ ▁The ▁bride ▁under w ent ▁a ▁strict ▁selection ▁process , ▁cul min ating ▁in ▁a ▁meeting ▁with ▁the ▁Da ew ong un ▁on ▁ 6 ▁March , ▁and ▁a ▁marriage ▁ceremony ▁on ▁ 2 0 ▁March ▁ 1 8 6 6 . ▁Min , ▁barely ▁ 1 6 |
, ▁married ▁the ▁ 1 5 - year - old ▁king ▁and ▁was ▁invested ▁in ▁a ▁ceremony ▁( 책 비 , ▁cha ek bi ) ▁as ▁the ▁Queen ▁Cons ort ▁of ▁Jose on . ▁Two ▁places ▁assert ▁claims ▁on ▁the ▁marriage ▁and ▁asc ension : ▁both ▁In je ong ▁Hall ▁( 인 정 전 ) ▁at ▁Ch ang de ok ▁Palace ▁and ▁Nor ak ▁Hall ▁( 노 락 당 ) ▁at ▁Un hy e on ▁Palace . ▁The ▁w ig ▁typically ▁worn ▁by ▁br ides ▁at ▁royal ▁wed dings ▁was ▁so ▁heavy ▁for ▁the ▁slight ▁ 1 6 - year - old ▁bride ▁that ▁a ▁tall ▁court ▁lady ▁was ▁spec ially ▁assigned ▁to ▁support ▁it ▁from ▁the ▁back . ▁Direct ly ▁following ▁the ▁wedding ▁was ▁the ▁three - day ▁ceremony ▁for ▁the ▁rever encing ▁of ▁the ▁ancestors . ▁ ▁Old er ▁officials ▁soon ▁noticed ▁that ▁the ▁new ▁queen ▁cons ort ▁was ▁an ▁assert ive ▁and ▁ambitious ▁woman , ▁unlike ▁other ▁que ens ▁preced ing ▁her . ▁She ▁did ▁not ▁participate ▁in ▁lav ish ▁parties , ▁rarely ▁commissioned ▁extr av ag ant ▁f ash ions ▁from ▁the ▁royal ▁at el iers , ▁and ▁almost ▁never ▁hosted ▁afternoon ▁tea ▁parties ▁with ▁the ▁various ▁princess es ▁of ▁the ▁royal ▁family ▁or ▁powerful ▁arist ocratic ▁ladies ▁unless ▁politics ▁required ▁her ▁to ▁do ▁so . ▁While ▁she ▁was ▁expected ▁to ▁act ▁as ▁an ▁icon ▁for ▁Korea ' s ▁high ▁society , ▁the ▁queen ▁rejected ▁this ▁role . ▁Instead , ▁she ▁devoted ▁time ▁to ▁reading ▁books ▁generally ▁reserved ▁for |
▁men ▁( such ▁as ▁Spring ▁and ▁Aut umn ▁Ann als ▁and ▁its ▁accompanying ▁Zu o ▁Z h uan , ) ▁and ▁further ed ▁her ▁own ▁education ▁in ▁history , ▁science , ▁politics , ▁philosophy , ▁and ▁religion . ▁ ▁The ▁beg innings ▁ ▁Court ▁dom ination ▁By ▁the ▁age ▁of ▁twenty , ▁the ▁queen ▁cons ort ▁had ▁begun ▁to ▁w ander ▁outside ▁her ▁apartments ▁at ▁Ch ang gy e ong ▁Palace ▁and ▁to ▁play ▁an ▁active ▁part ▁in ▁politics ▁in ▁spite ▁of ▁the ▁Da ew ong un ▁and ▁various ▁high ▁officials , ▁who ▁viewed ▁her ▁as ▁becoming ▁med d les ome . ▁The ▁political ▁struggle ▁between ▁the ▁queen ▁cons ort ▁and ▁the ▁He ung se on ▁Da ew ong un ▁became ▁public ▁when ▁the ▁son ▁she ▁bore ▁died ▁prem ature ly ▁four ▁days ▁after ▁birth . ▁The ▁He ung se on ▁Da ew ong un ▁publicly ▁accused ▁her ▁of ▁being ▁unable ▁to ▁bear ▁a ▁healthy ▁male ▁child , ▁while ▁she ▁suspected ▁her ▁father - in - law ▁of ▁foul ▁play ▁through ▁the ▁g ins eng ▁em etic ▁treatment ▁he ▁had ▁brought ▁her . ▁The ▁Da ew ong un ▁then ▁directed ▁Go j ong ▁to ▁con ceive ▁through ▁a ▁conc ub ine , ▁Lee ▁G wi - in ▁from ▁the ▁Ye ong bo ▁Hall ▁( 영 보 당 귀 인 ▁ 이 씨 ), ▁and ▁on ▁ 1 6 ▁April ▁ 1 8 6 8 , ▁she ▁gave ▁birth ▁to ▁Prince ▁W an h wa ▁( 완 화 군 ), ▁to ▁whom ▁the ▁Da |
ew ong un ▁gave ▁the ▁title ▁of ▁crown ▁prince . ▁ ▁However , ▁the ▁queen ▁cons ort ▁had ▁begun ▁to ▁secret ly ▁form ▁a ▁powerful ▁f action ▁against ▁the ▁He ung se on ▁Da ew ong un , ▁once ▁she ▁reached ▁ad ul th ood ; ▁now , ▁with ▁the ▁backing ▁of ▁high ▁officials , ▁scholars , ▁and ▁members ▁of ▁her ▁clan , ▁she ▁sought ▁to ▁remove ▁the ▁He ung se on ▁Da ew ong un ▁from ▁power . ▁Min ▁Se ung - ho , ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁queen ▁cons ort ' s ▁relatives , ▁along ▁with ▁court ▁scholar ▁Ch oe ▁I k - hy e on , ▁dev ised ▁a ▁formal ▁im pe achment ▁of ▁the ▁He ung se on ▁Da ew ong un ▁to ▁be ▁presented ▁to ▁the ▁Royal ▁Council ▁of ▁Administration , ▁arguing ▁that ▁Go j ong , ▁now ▁ 2 2 , ▁should ▁rule ▁in ▁his ▁own ▁right . ▁In ▁ 1 8 7 2 , ▁with ▁the ▁approval ▁of ▁Go j ong ▁and ▁the ▁Royal ▁Council , ▁the ▁He ung se on ▁Da ew ong un ▁was ▁forced ▁to ▁retire ▁to ▁Un hy e ong ung , ▁his ▁estate ▁at ▁Yang ju . ▁The ▁queen ▁cons ort ▁then ▁ban ished ▁the ▁royal ▁conc ub ine ▁along ▁with ▁her ▁child ▁to ▁a ▁village ▁outside ▁the ▁capital , ▁stripped ▁of ▁royal ▁titles . ▁The ▁child ▁soon ▁died ▁afterwards . ▁ ▁With ▁these ▁exp uls ions , ▁the ▁queen ▁cons ort ▁gained ▁complete ▁control ▁over ▁her ▁court , ▁and ▁placed ▁family |
▁members ▁in ▁high ▁court ▁positions . ▁Finally , ▁she ▁was ▁a ▁queen ▁cons ort ▁who ▁ruled ▁along ▁with ▁her ▁husband ; ▁more over ▁she ▁was ▁recognized ▁as ▁being ▁distinct ly ▁more ▁polit ically ▁active ▁than ▁Go j ong . ▁ ▁The ▁" H erm it ▁Kingdom " ▁emer ges ▁After ▁Korean ▁ref usal ▁to ▁receive ▁Japanese ▁env o ys ▁announ cing ▁the ▁Me iji ▁Rest oration , ▁some ▁Japanese ▁arist ocr ats ▁fav ored ▁an ▁immediate ▁invasion ▁of ▁Korea , ▁but ▁the ▁idea ▁was ▁quickly ▁dropped ▁upon ▁the ▁return ▁of ▁the ▁I w ak ura ▁Mission ▁on ▁the ▁grounds ▁that ▁the ▁new ▁Japanese ▁government ▁was ▁neither ▁polit ically ▁nor ▁f isc ally ▁stable ▁enough ▁to ▁start ▁a ▁war . ▁When ▁He ung se on ▁Da ew ong un ▁was ▁ou sted ▁from ▁politics , ▁Japan ▁renew ed ▁efforts ▁to ▁establish ▁ties ▁with ▁Korea , ▁but ▁the ▁Imperial ▁env oy ▁arriving ▁at ▁D ong na e ▁in ▁ 1 8 7 3 ▁was ▁turned ▁away . ▁ ▁The ▁Japanese ▁government , ▁which ▁sought ▁to ▁em ulate ▁the ▁em pires ▁of ▁Europe ▁in ▁their ▁tradition ▁of ▁en for cing ▁so - called ▁Une qual ▁Treat ies , ▁responded ▁by ▁sending ▁the ▁Japanese ▁gun boat ▁Un y ō ▁towards ▁Bus an ▁and ▁another ▁war ship ▁to ▁the ▁Bay ▁of ▁Ye ong he ung ▁on ▁the ▁pre text ▁of ▁surve ying ▁sea ▁routes , ▁meaning ▁to ▁pressure ▁Korea ▁into ▁opening ▁its ▁doors . ▁The ▁Un y ō ▁vent ured ▁into ▁restricted ▁waters ▁off ▁G an gh wa |
▁Island , ▁prov oking ▁an ▁attack ▁from ▁Korean ▁shore ▁batteries . ▁The ▁Un y ō ▁fled ▁but ▁the ▁Japanese ▁used ▁the ▁incident ▁as ▁a ▁pre text ▁to ▁force ▁a ▁treat y ▁on ▁the ▁Korean ▁government . ▁In ▁ 1 8 7 6 ▁six ▁naval ▁vessels ▁and ▁an ▁imperial ▁Japanese ▁env oy ▁were ▁sent ▁to ▁G an gh wa ▁Island ▁to ▁enforce ▁this ▁command . ▁ ▁A ▁majority ▁of ▁the ▁royal ▁court ▁fav ored ▁absolute ▁isolation ism , ▁but ▁Japan ▁had ▁demonstrated ▁its ▁willing ness ▁to ▁use ▁force . ▁After ▁numerous ▁meetings , ▁officials ▁were ▁sent ▁to ▁sign ▁the ▁G an gh wa ▁Treat y , ▁a ▁treat y ▁that ▁had ▁been ▁model ed ▁after ▁treat ies ▁imposed ▁on ▁Japan ▁by ▁the ▁United ▁States . ▁The ▁treat y ▁was ▁signed ▁on ▁ 1 5 ▁February ▁ 1 8 7 6 , ▁thus ▁opening ▁Korea ▁to ▁Japan ▁and ▁the ▁world . ▁ ▁Var ious ▁ports ▁were ▁forced ▁to ▁open ▁to ▁Japanese ▁trade , ▁and ▁Japanese ▁now ▁had ▁rights ▁to ▁buy ▁land ▁in ▁designated ▁areas . ▁The ▁treat y ▁also ▁permitted ▁the ▁opening ▁of ▁the ▁major ▁ports , ▁In che on ▁and ▁W ons an ▁to ▁Japanese ▁merch ants . ▁For ▁the ▁first ▁few ▁years , ▁Japan ▁enjoyed ▁a ▁near ▁total ▁mon opol y ▁of ▁trade , ▁while ▁Korean ▁merch ants ▁suffered ▁serious ▁losses . ▁ ▁A ▁social ▁revolution ▁In ▁ 1 8 7 7 , ▁a ▁mission ▁headed ▁by ▁Kim ▁Gi - su ▁was ▁commissioned ▁by ▁Go j ong ▁and ▁Min ▁to ▁study ▁Japanese ▁western |
ization ▁and ▁its ▁intentions ▁for ▁Korea . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 8 8 1 ▁another ▁mission , ▁this ▁one ▁under ▁Kim ▁Hong j ip ▁went ▁to ▁Japan . ▁Kim ▁and ▁his ▁team ▁were ▁shocked ▁at ▁how ▁large ▁the ▁Japanese ▁cities ▁had ▁become . ▁He ▁noted ▁that ▁only ▁ 5 0 ▁years ▁before , ▁Se oul ▁and ▁Bus an ▁of ▁Korea ▁were ▁met ropolitan ▁centers ▁of ▁East ▁Asia , ▁dominant ▁over ▁under develop ed ▁Japanese ▁cities ; ▁but ▁now , ▁in ▁ 1 8 7 7 , ▁with ▁Tokyo ▁and ▁Os aka ▁western ized ▁throughout ▁the ▁Me iji ▁Rest oration , ▁Se oul ▁and ▁Bus an ▁looked ▁like ▁vest iges ▁of ▁the ▁ancient ▁past . ▁ ▁When ▁they ▁were ▁in ▁Japan , ▁Kim ▁met ▁with ▁the ▁Chinese ▁amb assador ▁to ▁Tokyo , ▁Ho ▁Ju - ch ang ▁and ▁the ▁council or ▁Hu ang ▁Ts un - hs ien . ▁They ▁discussed ▁the ▁international ▁situation ▁of ▁Q ing ▁China ▁and ▁Jose on ' s ▁place ▁in ▁the ▁rapidly ▁changing ▁world . ▁Hu ang ▁T su - hs ien ▁presented ▁to ▁Kim ▁a ▁book ▁he ▁had ▁written ▁called ▁Korean ▁Str ategy . ▁ ▁China ▁was ▁no ▁longer ▁the ▁he g emon ic ▁power ▁of ▁East ▁Asia , ▁and ▁Korea ▁no ▁longer ▁enjoyed ▁military ▁superior ity ▁over ▁Japan . ▁In ▁addition , ▁the ▁Russian ▁Empire ▁began ▁expansion ▁into ▁Asia . ▁Hu ang ▁advised ▁that ▁Korea ▁should ▁adopt ▁a ▁pro - Ch inese ▁policy , ▁while ▁ret aining ▁close ▁ties ▁with ▁Japan ▁for ▁the ▁time ▁being . ▁He |
▁also ▁advised ▁an ▁alliance ▁with ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁for ▁protection ▁against ▁Russia . ▁He ▁advised ▁opening ▁trade ▁relations ▁with ▁Western ▁nations ▁and ▁ad op ting ▁Western ▁technology . ▁He ▁noted ▁that ▁China ▁had ▁tried ▁but ▁failed ▁due ▁to ▁its ▁size , ▁but ▁Korea ▁was ▁smaller ▁than ▁Japan . ▁He ▁viewed ▁Korea ▁as ▁a ▁barrier ▁to ▁Japanese ▁expansion ▁into ▁main land ▁Asia . ▁He ▁suggested ▁Korean ▁youth s ▁be ▁sent ▁to ▁China ▁and ▁Japan ▁to ▁study , ▁and ▁Western ▁teachers ▁of ▁technical ▁and ▁scientific ▁subjects ▁be ▁invited ▁to ▁Korea . ▁ ▁When ▁Kim ▁returned ▁to ▁Se oul , ▁Queen ▁Min ▁took ▁special ▁interest ▁in ▁Hu ang ' s ▁book ▁and ▁commissioned ▁copies ▁be ▁sent ▁out ▁to ▁all ▁the ▁minister s . ▁She ▁had ▁hoped ▁to ▁win ▁y ang ban ▁( ar ist ocratic ) ▁approval ▁to ▁invite ▁Western ▁nations ▁into ▁Korea , ▁to ▁open ▁up ▁trade ▁with ▁and ▁keep ▁Japan ▁in ▁check . ▁She ▁wanted ▁to ▁first ▁allow ▁Japan ▁to ▁help ▁in ▁the ▁modern ization ▁process ▁but ▁towards ▁completion ▁of ▁certain ▁projects , ▁have ▁them ▁be ▁driven ▁out ▁by ▁Western ▁powers . ▁ ▁However , ▁the ▁y ang ban ▁arist ocr acy ▁still ▁opposed ▁opening ▁the ▁country ▁to ▁the ▁West . ▁Ch oi ▁I k - hy un , ▁who ▁had ▁helped ▁with ▁the ▁im pe achment ▁of ▁He ung se on ▁Da ew ong un , ▁s ided ▁with ▁the ▁isolation ists , ▁saying ▁that ▁the ▁Japanese ▁were ▁just ▁like ▁the ▁" W estern ▁bar bar ians " ▁who ▁would ▁spread ▁sub vers |
ive ▁not ions ▁like ▁Catholic ism ▁( which ▁had ▁been ▁a ▁major ▁issue ▁during ▁He ung se on ▁Da ew ong un ' s ▁reign ▁and ▁had ▁been ▁qu ashed ▁by ▁massive ▁per secut ions ). ▁ ▁To ▁the ▁soc ially ▁conservative ▁y ang ban , ▁Queen ▁Min ' s ▁plan ▁meant ▁the ▁destruction ▁of ▁social ▁order . ▁The ▁response ▁to ▁the ▁distribution ▁of ▁" K ore an ▁Str ategy " ▁was ▁a ▁joint ▁memor and um ▁to ▁the ▁throne ▁from ▁scholars ▁in ▁every ▁province ▁of ▁the ▁kingdom . ▁They ▁stated ▁that ▁the ▁ideas ▁in ▁the ▁book ▁were ▁mere ▁abstract ▁theories , ▁un real izable ▁in ▁practice , ▁and ▁that ▁the ▁adoption ▁of ▁Western ▁technology ▁was ▁not ▁the ▁only ▁way ▁to ▁en rich ▁the ▁country . ▁They ▁demanded ▁that ▁the ▁number ▁of ▁env o ys ▁ex changed , ▁ships ▁engaged ▁in ▁trade ▁and ▁articles ▁of ▁trade ▁be ▁strictly ▁limited , ▁and ▁that ▁all ▁foreign ▁books ▁in ▁Korea ▁should ▁be ▁destroyed . ▁ ▁Despite ▁these ▁ob jections , ▁in ▁ 1 8 8 1 , ▁a ▁large ▁fact - find ing ▁mission ▁was ▁sent ▁to ▁Japan ▁to ▁stay ▁for ▁seventy ▁days ▁observ ing ▁Japanese ▁government ▁offices , ▁fact ories , ▁military ▁and ▁police ▁organizations , ▁and ▁business ▁practices . ▁They ▁also ▁obtained ▁information ▁about ▁innov ations ▁in ▁the ▁Japanese ▁government ▁copied ▁from ▁the ▁West , ▁especially ▁the ▁proposed ▁constitution . ▁ ▁On ▁the ▁basis ▁of ▁these ▁reports , ▁the ▁Queen ▁Cons ort ▁began ▁the ▁re organ ization ▁of ▁the ▁government . ▁Tw elve ▁new |
▁b ure aus ▁were ▁established ▁that ▁dealt ▁with ▁foreign ▁relations ▁with ▁the ▁West , ▁China , ▁and ▁Japan . ▁Other ▁b ure aus ▁were ▁established ▁to ▁effectively ▁deal ▁with ▁commerce . ▁A ▁bureau ▁of ▁the ▁military ▁was ▁created ▁to ▁modern ize ▁weapons ▁and ▁techniques . ▁Civil ian ▁departments ▁were ▁also ▁established ▁to ▁import ▁Western ▁technology . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁same ▁year , ▁the ▁Queen ▁Cons ort ▁signed ▁documents , ▁arr anging ▁for ▁top ▁military ▁students ▁to ▁be ▁sent ▁to ▁Q ing ▁China . ▁The ▁Japanese ▁quickly ▁volunte ered ▁to ▁supply ▁military ▁students ▁with ▁rif les ▁and ▁train ▁a ▁unit ▁of ▁the ▁Korean ▁army ▁to ▁use ▁them . ▁She ▁agreed ▁but ▁reminded ▁the ▁Japanese ▁that ▁the ▁students ▁would ▁still ▁be ▁sent ▁to ▁China ▁for ▁further ▁education ▁on ▁Western ▁military ▁technologies . ▁ ▁The ▁modern ization ▁of ▁the ▁military ▁was ▁met ▁with ▁opposition . ▁The ▁special ▁treatment ▁of ▁the ▁new ▁training ▁unit ▁caused ▁resent ment ▁among ▁the ▁other ▁troops . ▁In ▁September ▁ 1 8 8 1 , ▁a ▁plot ▁was ▁un covered ▁to ▁over throw ▁the ▁Queen ▁Cons ort ’ s ▁f action , ▁de pose ▁the ▁King , ▁and ▁place ▁He ung se on ▁Da ew ong un ' s ▁il leg it imate ▁( third ) ▁son , ▁Y i ▁J ae - se on ▁on ▁the ▁throne . ▁The ▁plot ▁was ▁frustrated ▁by ▁the ▁Queen ▁Cons ort ▁but ▁He ung se on ▁Da ew ong un ▁was ▁kept ▁safe ▁from ▁per secut ion ▁because ▁he ▁was ▁still ▁the ▁father ▁of ▁the |
▁King . ▁ ▁The ▁ins ur rection ▁of ▁ 1 8 8 2 ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 8 8 2 , ▁members ▁of ▁the ▁old ▁military ▁became ▁resent ful ▁of ▁the ▁special ▁treatment ▁of ▁the ▁new ▁units ▁and ▁so ▁attacked ▁and ▁destroyed ▁the ▁house ▁of ▁Min ▁G ye om - ho , ▁a ▁relative ▁of ▁the ▁Queen ▁Cons ort , ▁who ▁was ▁the ▁administrative ▁head ▁of ▁the ▁training ▁units . ▁These ▁soldiers ▁then ▁fled ▁to ▁the ▁protection ▁of ▁the ▁He ung se on ▁Da ew ong un , ▁who ▁publicly ▁reb uk ed ▁but ▁priv ately ▁encouraged ▁them . ▁The ▁He ung se on ▁Da ew ong un ▁then ▁took ▁control ▁of ▁the ▁old ▁units . ▁ ▁He ▁ordered ▁an ▁attack ▁on ▁the ▁administrative ▁district ▁of ▁Se oul ▁that ▁hous ed ▁the ▁G ye ong b ok g ung , ▁the ▁diplom atic ▁quarter , ▁military ▁centers , ▁and ▁science ▁institutions . ▁The ▁soldiers ▁attacked ▁police ▁stations ▁to ▁free ▁com r ades ▁who ▁had ▁been ▁arrested ▁and ▁then ▁began ▁r ans acking ▁private ▁est ates ▁and ▁m ans ions ▁belonging ▁to ▁relatives ▁of ▁the ▁Queen ▁Cons ort . ▁These ▁units ▁then ▁stole ▁rif les ▁and ▁began ▁to ▁kill ▁Japanese ▁training ▁officers , ▁and ▁narrow ly ▁missed ▁killing ▁the ▁Japanese ▁amb assador ▁to ▁Se oul , ▁who ▁quickly ▁escaped ▁to ▁In che on . ▁The ▁military ▁rebell ion ▁then ▁headed ▁towards ▁the ▁palace ▁but ▁both ▁Queen ▁Cons ort ▁and ▁the ▁King ▁escaped ▁in ▁disgu ise ▁and ▁fled ▁to ▁her ▁relative ’ s ▁vill a |
▁in ▁Che ong ju , ▁where ▁they ▁remained ▁in ▁hiding . ▁ ▁N umer ous ▁supporters ▁of ▁the ▁Queen ▁Cons ort ▁were ▁put ▁to ▁death ▁as ▁soon ▁as ▁the ▁Da ew ong un ▁arrived ▁and ▁took ▁administrative ▁control ▁of ▁G ye ong b ok g ung ▁Palace . ▁He ▁immediately ▁dis m ant led ▁the ▁reform ▁measures ▁implemented ▁by ▁the ▁Queen ▁Cons ort ▁and ▁relieved ▁the ▁new ▁units ▁of ▁their ▁duties . ▁Foreign ▁policy ▁quickly ▁returned ▁to ▁isolation ism , ▁and ▁Chinese ▁and ▁Japanese ▁env o ys ▁were ▁forced ▁out ▁of ▁the ▁capital . ▁ ▁Li ▁Hong zh ang , ▁with ▁the ▁consent ▁of ▁Korean ▁env o ys ▁in ▁Beijing , ▁sent ▁ 4 , 5 0 0 ▁Chinese ▁troops ▁to ▁restore ▁order , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁to ▁secure ▁Chinese ▁interests ▁in ▁the ▁country . ▁The ▁troops ▁arrested ▁the ▁He ung se on ▁Da ew ong un , ▁who ▁was ▁then ▁taken ▁to ▁China ▁to ▁be ▁tried ▁for ▁tre ason . ▁The ▁royal ▁couple ▁returned ▁and ▁over turn ed ▁all ▁of ▁the ▁Da ew ong un ' s ▁actions . ▁ ▁The ▁Japanese ▁forced ▁King ▁Go j ong ▁priv ately , ▁without ▁Queen ▁Min ' s ▁knowledge , ▁to ▁sign ▁the ▁Japan - K ore a ▁Treat y ▁of ▁ 1 8 8 2 ▁on ▁ 1 0 ▁August ▁ 1 8 8 2 , ▁to ▁pay ▁ 5 5 0 , 0 0 0 ▁y en ▁for ▁lives ▁and ▁property ▁that ▁the ▁Japanese ▁had ▁lost ▁during ▁the ▁ins ur rection , ▁and |
▁permit ▁Japanese ▁troops ▁to ▁guard ▁the ▁Japanese ▁emb assy ▁in ▁Se oul . ▁When ▁the ▁Queen ▁Cons ort ▁learned ▁of ▁the ▁treat y , ▁she ▁proposed ▁to ▁China ▁a ▁new ▁trade ▁agreement , ▁grant ing ▁the ▁Chinese ▁special ▁privile ges ▁and ▁rights ▁to ▁ports ▁in access ible ▁to ▁the ▁Japanese . ▁She ▁also ▁requested ▁that ▁a ▁Chinese ▁commander ▁take ▁control ▁of ▁the ▁new ▁military ▁units ▁and ▁a ▁German ▁adv iser ▁named ▁Paul ▁Georg ▁von ▁M ö ll endor ff ▁to ▁head ▁the ▁Mar itime ▁Custom s ▁Service . ▁ ▁The ▁Mission ▁to ▁America ▁In ▁September ▁ 1 8 8 3 , ▁the ▁Queen ▁Cons ort ▁established ▁English ▁language ▁schools ▁with ▁American ▁instruct ors . ▁She ▁sent ▁a ▁special ▁mission ▁in ▁July ▁ 1 8 8 3 ▁to ▁the ▁United ▁States , ▁headed ▁by ▁Min ▁Ye ong - ik , ▁one ▁of ▁her ▁relatives . ▁The ▁mission ▁arrived ▁at ▁San ▁Francisco ▁carrying ▁the ▁newly ▁created ▁Korean ▁national ▁flag , ▁visited ▁many ▁American ▁historical ▁sites , ▁heard ▁lect ures ▁on ▁American ▁history , ▁and ▁attended ▁a ▁g ala ▁event ▁in ▁their ▁honor ▁given ▁by ▁the ▁mayor ▁of ▁San ▁Francisco ▁and ▁other ▁U . S . ▁officials . ▁The ▁mission ▁d ined ▁with ▁President ▁Che ster ▁A . ▁Arthur , ▁and ▁discussed ▁the ▁growing ▁threat ▁of ▁Japanese ▁and ▁American ▁investment ▁in ▁Korea . ▁At ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁September , ▁Min ▁Ye ong - ik ▁returned ▁to ▁Se oul ▁and ▁reported ▁to ▁the ▁Queen ▁Cons ort , ▁ ▁The ▁reform ist ▁vs . ▁the ▁conserv atives ▁The |
▁Progress ives ▁were ▁founded ▁during ▁the ▁late ▁ 1 8 7 0 s ▁by ▁a ▁group ▁of ▁y ang ban ▁who ▁fully ▁supported ▁Western ization ▁of ▁Jose on . ▁However , ▁they ▁wanted ▁immediate ▁Western ization , ▁including ▁a ▁complete ▁cut - off ▁of ▁ties ▁with ▁Q ing ▁China . ▁Un aware ▁of ▁their ▁anti - Ch inese ▁sent iments , ▁the ▁Queen ▁Cons ort ▁granted ▁frequent ▁audiences ▁and ▁meetings ▁with ▁them ▁to ▁discuss ▁progress iv ism ▁and ▁national ism . ▁They ▁advoc ated ▁for ▁educational ▁and ▁social ▁reform s , ▁including ▁the ▁equality ▁of ▁the ▁sex es ▁by ▁grant ing ▁women ▁full ▁rights , ▁issues ▁that ▁were ▁not ▁even ▁acknowledged ▁in ▁their ▁already ▁Western ized ▁neighbor ▁of ▁Japan . ▁The ▁Queen ▁Cons ort ▁was ▁completely ▁en am ored ▁by ▁the ▁Progress ives ▁in ▁the ▁beginning , ▁but ▁when ▁she ▁learned ▁that ▁they ▁were ▁deeply ▁anti - Ch inese , ▁she ▁quickly ▁turned ▁her ▁back ▁on ▁them . ▁Cut ting ▁ties ▁with ▁China ▁immediately ▁was ▁not ▁in ▁her ▁grad ual ▁plan ▁of ▁Western ization . ▁She ▁saw ▁the ▁consequences ▁Jose on ▁would ▁have ▁to ▁face ▁if ▁she ▁did ▁not ▁play ▁China ▁and ▁Japan ▁off ▁by ▁the ▁West ▁gradually , ▁especially ▁since ▁she ▁was ▁a ▁strong ▁advocate ▁of ▁the ▁S ada e ▁f action ▁who ▁were ▁pro - Ch ina ▁and ▁pro - grad ual ▁Western ization . ▁ ▁However , ▁in ▁ 1 8 8 4 , ▁the ▁conflict ▁between ▁the ▁Progress ives ▁and ▁the ▁S ada es ▁intens ified . ▁When ▁American |
▁leg ation ▁officials , ▁particularly ▁Naval ▁Att ach é ▁George ▁C . ▁F oul k , ▁heard ▁about ▁the ▁growing ▁problem , ▁they ▁were ▁out r aged ▁and ▁reported ▁directly ▁to ▁the ▁Queen ▁Cons ort . ▁The ▁Americans ▁attempted ▁to ▁bring ▁the ▁two ▁groups ▁to ▁peace ▁with ▁each ▁other ▁in ▁order ▁to ▁aid ▁the ▁Queen ▁Cons ort ▁in ▁a ▁peaceful ▁transformation ▁of ▁Jose on ▁into ▁a ▁modern ▁nation . ▁After ▁all , ▁she ▁liked ▁the ▁ideas ▁and ▁plans ▁of ▁both ▁parties . ▁As ▁a ▁matter ▁of ▁fact , ▁she ▁was ▁in ▁support ▁of ▁many ▁of ▁the ▁Progress ive ' s ▁ideas , ▁except ▁for ▁sever ing ▁relations ▁with ▁China . ▁ ▁However , ▁the ▁Progress ives , ▁fed ▁up ▁with ▁the ▁S ada es ▁and ▁the ▁growing ▁influence ▁of ▁the ▁Chinese , ▁sought ▁the ▁aid ▁of ▁the ▁Japanese ▁leg ation ▁guards ▁and ▁st aged ▁a ▁bloody ▁palace ▁coup ▁on ▁ 4 ▁December ▁ 1 8 8 4 . ▁The ▁Progress ives ▁killed ▁numerous ▁high ▁S ada es ▁and ▁secured ▁key ▁government ▁positions ▁vac ated ▁by ▁the ▁S ada es ▁who ▁had ▁fled ▁the ▁capital ▁or ▁had ▁been ▁killed . ▁ ▁The ▁refres hed ▁administration ▁began ▁to ▁issue ▁various ▁ed icts ▁in ▁both ▁the ▁King ▁and ▁Queen ▁Cons ort ' s ▁names ▁and ▁they ▁were ▁eager ▁to ▁implement ▁political , ▁economic , ▁social , ▁and ▁cultural ▁reform s . ▁However , ▁the ▁Em press ▁was ▁hor r ified ▁by ▁the ▁bell icos ity ▁of ▁the ▁Progress ives ▁and ▁refused ▁to ▁support ▁their ▁actions ▁and |
▁declared ▁any ▁documents ▁signed ▁in ▁her ▁name ▁to ▁be ▁null ▁and ▁void . ▁After ▁only ▁two ▁days ▁of ▁new ▁influence ▁over ▁the ▁administration , ▁they ▁were ▁crushed ▁by ▁Chinese ▁troops ▁under ▁Y uan ▁Sh ih - k ai ' s ▁command . ▁A ▁handful ▁of ▁Progress ive ▁leaders ▁were ▁killed . ▁Once ▁again , ▁the ▁Japanese ▁government ▁saw ▁the ▁opportunity ▁to ▁ext ort ▁money ▁out ▁of ▁the ▁Jose on ▁government ▁by ▁forcing ▁Go j ong , ▁again ▁without ▁the ▁knowledge ▁of ▁his ▁wife , ▁to ▁sign ▁a ▁treat y . ▁The ▁Treat y ▁of ▁Han se ong ▁forced ▁Jose on ▁to ▁pay ▁a ▁large ▁sum ▁of ▁ind em n ity ▁for ▁damages ▁inf lict ed ▁on ▁Japanese ▁lives ▁and ▁property ▁during ▁the ▁coup . ▁ ▁On ▁ 1 8 ▁April ▁ 1 8 8 5 ▁the ▁Li - I to ▁Agreement ▁was ▁made ▁in ▁T ian j in , ▁China , ▁between ▁the ▁Japanese ▁and ▁the ▁Chinese . ▁In ▁it , ▁they ▁both ▁agreed ▁to ▁pull ▁troops ▁out ▁of ▁Jose on ▁and ▁that ▁either ▁party ▁would ▁send ▁troops ▁only ▁if ▁their ▁property ▁was ▁end ang ered ▁and ▁that ▁each ▁would ▁inform ▁the ▁other ▁before ▁doing ▁so . ▁Both ▁nations ▁also ▁agreed ▁to ▁pull ▁out ▁their ▁military ▁instruct ors ▁to ▁allow ▁the ▁newly ▁arrived ▁Americans ▁to ▁take ▁full ▁control ▁of ▁that ▁duty . ▁The ▁Japanese ▁withd rew ▁troops ▁from ▁Korea , ▁leaving ▁a ▁small ▁number ▁of ▁leg ation ▁guards , ▁but ▁the ▁Queen ▁Cons ort ▁was ▁ahead ▁of ▁the ▁Japanese ▁in ▁their ▁game . |
▁She ▁summon ed ▁Chinese ▁env o ys ▁and ▁through ▁persu asion , ▁convinced ▁them ▁to ▁keep ▁ 2 , 0 0 0 ▁soldiers ▁disgu ised ▁as ▁Jose on ▁police ▁or ▁merch ants ▁to ▁guard ▁the ▁borders ▁from ▁any ▁suspicious ▁Japanese ▁actions ▁and ▁to ▁continue ▁to ▁train ▁Korean ▁troops . ▁ ▁The ▁Innov ator ▁ ▁Education ▁Peace ▁finally ▁settled ▁upon ▁the ▁once - ren owned ▁" Land ▁of ▁the ▁Morning ▁Cal m ." ▁With ▁the ▁majority ▁of ▁Japanese ▁troops ▁out ▁of ▁Jose on ▁and ▁Chinese ▁protection ▁readily ▁available , ▁the ▁plans ▁for ▁further , ▁dr astic ▁modern ization ▁were ▁continued . ▁Pl ans ▁to ▁establish ▁a ▁palace ▁school ▁to ▁educ ate ▁children ▁of ▁the ▁elite ▁had ▁been ▁in ▁the ▁making ▁since ▁ 1 8 8 0 ▁but ▁were ▁finally ▁executed ▁in ▁May ▁ 1 8 8 5 ▁with ▁the ▁approval ▁of ▁the ▁Queen ▁Cons ort . ▁A ▁palace ▁school ▁named ▁" Y ug you ng ▁K ung - won " ▁( 육 영 공 원 , ▁ 育 英 公 院 , ▁Royal ▁English ▁School ) ▁was ▁established , ▁with ▁an ▁American ▁mission ary , ▁Hom er ▁B . ▁H ul bert , ▁and ▁three ▁other ▁mission aries ▁to ▁lead ▁the ▁development ▁of ▁the ▁curriculum . ▁The ▁school ▁had ▁two ▁departments , ▁liberal ▁education ▁and ▁military ▁education . ▁C ourses ▁were ▁taught ▁exclusively ▁in ▁English ▁using ▁English ▁text books . ▁However , ▁due ▁to ▁low ▁attendance , ▁the ▁school ▁was ▁closed ▁shortly ▁after ▁the ▁last ▁English ▁teacher , ▁B unk er , ▁resigned ▁in |
▁late ▁ 1 8 9 3 . ▁ ▁The ▁Queen ▁Cons ort ▁also ▁gave ▁her ▁patron age ▁to ▁the ▁first ▁all - girl s ' ▁educational ▁institution , ▁E wh a ▁Academy , ▁established ▁in ▁Se oul , ▁ 1 8 8 6 ▁by ▁American ▁mission ary , ▁Mary ▁F . ▁Sc rant on ▁( l ater ▁became ▁the ▁E wh a ▁University ). ▁In ▁reality , ▁as ▁Louis a ▁Roth we iler , ▁a ▁founding ▁teacher ▁of ▁E wh a ▁Academy ▁observed , ▁the ▁school ▁was , ▁at ▁its ▁early ▁stage , ▁more ▁of ▁a ▁place ▁for ▁poor ▁girls ▁to ▁be ▁fed ▁and ▁cl ot hed ▁than ▁a ▁place ▁of ▁education . ▁This ▁was ▁a ▁significant ▁social ▁change . ▁The ▁institution ▁surv ives ▁to ▁this ▁day ▁as ▁the ▁E wh a ▁Woman ' s ▁University ▁- ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁Republic ▁of ▁Korea ' s ▁top ▁private ▁universities ▁and ▁still ▁an ▁all - girl ' s ▁school . ▁ ▁The ▁Protest ant ▁mission aries ▁contributed ▁much ▁to ▁the ▁development ▁of ▁Western ▁education ▁in ▁Jose on ▁Korea . ▁The ▁Queen ▁Cons ort , ▁unlike ▁her ▁father - in - law , ▁who ▁had ▁opp ressed ▁Christians , ▁invited ▁different ▁mission aries ▁to ▁enter ▁Jose on . ▁She ▁knew ▁and ▁valued ▁their ▁knowledge ▁of ▁Western ▁history , ▁science , ▁and ▁mathemat ics , ▁and ▁was ▁aware ▁of ▁the ▁advantage ▁of ▁having ▁them ▁within ▁the ▁nation . ▁Unlike ▁the ▁Is olation ists , ▁she ▁saw ▁no ▁threat ▁to ▁the ▁Conf uc ian ▁mor als ▁of ▁Korean |
▁society ▁in ▁the ▁advent ▁of ▁Christianity . ▁Relig ious ▁tolerance ▁was ▁another ▁one ▁of ▁her ▁goals . ▁ ▁The ▁press ▁The ▁first ▁newspaper ▁to ▁be ▁published ▁in ▁Jose on ▁was ▁the ▁" H anse ong ▁Sun bo ", ▁an ▁all - H an ja ▁newspaper . ▁It ▁was ▁published ▁as ▁a ▁thr ice ▁monthly ▁official ▁government ▁gaz ette ▁by ▁the ▁Bak mun - gu k ▁( Pub lish ing ▁house ), ▁an ▁agency ▁of ▁the ▁Foreign ▁Ministry . ▁It ▁included ▁contemporary ▁news ▁of ▁the ▁day , ▁essays ▁and ▁articles ▁about ▁Western ization , ▁and ▁news ▁of ▁further ▁modern ization ▁of ▁Jose on . ▁ ▁In ▁January ▁ 1 8 8 6 , ▁the ▁Bak mun - gu k ▁published ▁a ▁new ▁newspaper ▁named ▁the ▁Han se ong ▁J ub o ▁( The ▁Se oul ▁Week ly ). ▁The ▁publication ▁of ▁a ▁Korean - language ▁newspaper ▁was ▁a ▁significant ▁development , ▁and ▁the ▁paper ▁itself ▁played ▁an ▁important ▁role ▁as ▁a ▁communication ▁media ▁to ▁the ▁masses ▁until ▁it ▁was ▁abol ished ▁in ▁ 1 8 8 8 ▁under ▁pressure ▁from ▁the ▁Chinese ▁government . ▁ ▁A ▁newspaper ▁entirely ▁in ▁H ang ul , ▁making ▁no ▁use ▁of ▁the ▁Korean ▁Han ja ▁script , ▁was ▁not ▁published ▁again ▁until ▁ 1 8 9 4 . ▁G an jo ▁Sin bo ▁( The ▁Se oul ▁News ) ▁was ▁published ▁as ▁a ▁weekly ▁newspaper ▁under ▁the ▁patron age ▁of ▁both ▁Go j ong ▁and ▁the ▁Queen ▁Cons ort , ▁it ▁was ▁written ▁half ▁in ▁Korean ▁and ▁half |
▁in ▁Japanese . ▁ ▁Medicine , ▁religion , ▁and ▁music ▁The ▁arrival ▁of ▁Hor ace ▁Newton ▁Allen ▁under ▁invitation ▁of ▁the ▁Queen ▁Cons ort ▁in ▁September ▁ 1 8 8 4 ▁marked ▁the ▁formal ▁introduction ▁of ▁Christianity , ▁which ▁spread ▁rapidly ▁in ▁Jose on . ▁He ▁was ▁able , ▁with ▁the ▁Queen ▁Cons ort ' s ▁permission ▁and ▁official ▁san ction , ▁to ▁arrange ▁for ▁the ▁appointment ▁of ▁other ▁mission aries ▁as ▁government ▁employees . ▁He ▁also ▁introduced ▁modern ▁medicine ▁in ▁Korea ▁by ▁establishing ▁the ▁first ▁western ▁Royal ▁Medical ▁Clin ic ▁of ▁G wan gh y ew on ▁in ▁February ▁ 1 8 8 5 . ▁ ▁In ▁April ▁ 1 8 8 5 , ▁a ▁hor de ▁of ▁Protest ant ▁mission aries ▁began ▁to ▁flood ▁into ▁Jose on . ▁The ▁Is olation ists ▁were ▁hor r ified ▁and ▁realized ▁they ▁had ▁finally ▁been ▁defeated ▁by ▁the ▁Queen ▁Cons ort . ▁The ▁doors ▁to ▁Korea ▁were ▁not ▁only ▁open ▁to ▁ideas , ▁technology , ▁and ▁culture ▁but ▁also ▁to ▁other ▁relig ions . ▁Having ▁lost ▁immense ▁power ▁with ▁He ung se on ▁Da ew ong un ▁( st ill ▁capt ive ▁in ▁China ), ▁the ▁Is olation ists ▁could ▁do ▁nothing ▁but ▁simply ▁watch . ▁Hor ace ▁Grant ▁Under wood ▁and ▁his ▁wife , ▁William ▁B . ▁Sc rant on , ▁his ▁wife , ▁and ▁his ▁mother , ▁Mary ▁Sc rant on , ▁made ▁Korea ▁their ▁new ▁home ▁in ▁May ▁ 1 8 8 5 . ▁They ▁established ▁churches ▁within ▁Se oul ▁and |
▁began ▁to ▁establish ▁centers ▁in ▁the ▁countr ys ides . ▁Catholic ▁mission aries ▁arrived ▁soon ▁afterwards , ▁rev iving ▁Catholic ism ▁which ▁had ▁witnessed ▁massive ▁per secut ion ▁in ▁ 1 8 6 6 ▁under ▁He ung se on ▁Da ew ong un ' s ▁rule . ▁ ▁While ▁winning ▁many ▁conver ts , ▁Christian ▁mission aries ▁made ▁significant ▁contributions ▁towards ▁the ▁modern ization ▁of ▁the ▁country . ▁Con cept s ▁of ▁equality , ▁human ▁rights ▁and ▁freedom , ▁and ▁the ▁participation ▁of ▁both ▁men ▁and ▁women ▁in ▁religious ▁activities ▁were ▁all ▁new ▁to ▁Jose on . ▁The ▁Queen ▁Cons ort ▁was ▁ec static ▁at ▁the ▁prospect ▁of ▁integr ating ▁these ▁values ▁within ▁the ▁government . ▁She ▁had ▁wanted ▁the ▁liter acy ▁rate ▁to ▁rise , ▁and ▁with ▁the ▁aid ▁of ▁Christian ▁educational ▁programs , ▁it ▁did ▁so ▁significantly ▁within ▁a ▁matter ▁of ▁a ▁few ▁years . ▁ ▁Dr astic ▁changes ▁were ▁made ▁to ▁music ▁as ▁well . ▁Western ▁music ▁theory ▁partly ▁displ aced ▁the ▁traditional ▁Eastern ▁concepts . ▁The ▁Protest ant ▁missions ▁introduced ▁Christian ▁h ym ns ▁and ▁other ▁Western ▁songs ▁that ▁created ▁a ▁strong ▁imp et us ▁to ▁modern ize ▁Korean ▁ideas ▁about ▁music . ▁The ▁organ ▁and ▁other ▁Western ▁musical ▁instruments ▁were ▁introduced ▁in ▁ 1 8 9 0 , ▁and ▁a ▁Christian ▁h ym nal ▁was ▁published ▁in ▁the ▁Korean ▁language ▁in ▁ 1 8 9 3 ▁under ▁the ▁commission ▁of ▁the ▁Queen ▁Cons ort . ▁She ▁herself , ▁however , ▁never ▁became ▁a ▁Christian , ▁but ▁remained ▁a |
▁dev out ▁Budd hist ▁with ▁influences ▁from ▁sh aman ism ▁and ▁Conf uc ian ism ; ▁her ▁religious ▁beliefs ▁would ▁become ▁the ▁model , ▁indirect ly , ▁for ▁those ▁of ▁many ▁modern ▁Kore ans , ▁who ▁share ▁her ▁belief ▁in ▁plural ism ▁and ▁religious ▁tolerance . ▁ ▁Military ▁Modern ▁weapons ▁were ▁imported ▁from ▁Japan ▁and ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁in ▁ 1 8 8 3 . ▁The ▁first ▁military ▁fact ories ▁were ▁established ▁and ▁new ▁military ▁uniform s ▁were ▁created ▁in ▁ 1 8 8 4 . ▁Under ▁joint ▁patron age ▁of ▁Go j ong ▁& ▁his ▁Queen ▁Cons ort , ▁a ▁request ▁was ▁made ▁to ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁for ▁more ▁American ▁military ▁instruct ors ▁to ▁speed ▁up ▁the ▁military ▁modern ization ▁of ▁Korea . ▁Out ▁of ▁all ▁the ▁projects ▁that ▁were ▁going ▁on ▁simultaneously , ▁the ▁military ▁project ▁took ▁the ▁longest . ▁▁ ▁In ▁October ▁ 1 8 8 3 , ▁American ▁minister ▁Lu cius ▁Foot e ▁arrived ▁to ▁take ▁command ▁of ▁the ▁modern ization ▁of ▁Jose on ' s ▁older ▁army ▁units ▁that ▁had ▁not ▁started ▁Western izing . ▁In ▁April ▁ 1 8 8 8 , ▁General ▁William ▁Mc Ent y re ▁D ye ▁and ▁two ▁other ▁military ▁instruct ors ▁arrived ▁from ▁the ▁United ▁States , ▁followed ▁in ▁May ▁by ▁a ▁fourth ▁instructor . ▁They ▁brought ▁about ▁rapid ▁military ▁development . ▁ ▁A ▁new ▁military ▁school ▁was ▁created ▁called ▁" Y e on mu ▁G ong won ", ▁and ▁an ▁officers ▁training ▁program ▁began . ▁However , ▁despite ▁arm ies ▁becoming |
▁more ▁and ▁more ▁on ▁par ▁with ▁the ▁Chinese ▁and ▁the ▁Japanese , ▁the ▁idea ▁of ▁a ▁navy ▁was ▁neg lected . ▁As ▁a ▁result , ▁it ▁became ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁few ▁failures ▁of ▁the ▁modern ization ▁project . ▁Due ▁to ▁the ▁neglect ▁of ▁developing ▁naval ▁defence , ▁Jose on ' s ▁long ▁sea ▁borders ▁were ▁open ▁to ▁invasion . ▁It ▁was ▁an ▁iron ic ▁mistake ▁since ▁nearly ▁ 3 0 0 ▁years ▁earlier , ▁Jose on ' s ▁navy ▁was ▁the ▁strongest ▁in ▁all ▁of ▁East ▁Asia . ▁Now , ▁the ▁Korean ▁navy ▁was ▁nothing ▁but ▁ancient ▁ships ▁that ▁could ▁barely ▁defend ▁themselves ▁from ▁the ▁advanced ▁ships ▁of ▁modern ▁nav ies . ▁ ▁However , ▁for ▁a ▁short ▁while , ▁hope ▁for ▁the ▁Korean ▁military ▁could ▁be ▁seen . ▁With ▁rapidly ▁growing ▁arm ies , ▁Japan ▁itself ▁was ▁becoming ▁fear ful ▁of ▁the ▁impact ▁of ▁Korean ▁troops ▁if ▁her ▁government ▁did ▁not ▁inter f ere ▁soon ▁to ▁st all ▁the ▁process . ▁ ▁Econom y ▁Following ▁the ▁opening ▁of ▁all ▁Korean ▁ports ▁to ▁the ▁Japanese ▁and ▁Western ▁merch ants ▁in ▁ 1 8 8 8 , ▁contact ▁and ▁involvement ▁with ▁outs iders ▁increased ▁foreign ▁trade ▁rapidly . ▁In ▁ 1 8 8 3 , ▁the ▁Mar itime ▁Custom s ▁Service ▁was ▁established ▁under ▁the ▁patron age ▁of ▁the ▁Queen ▁Cons ort ▁and ▁the ▁super vision ▁of ▁Sir ▁Robert ▁Hart , ▁ 1 st ▁Baron et ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁Kingdom . ▁The ▁Mar itime ▁Custom s ▁Service ▁administer ed ▁the ▁business ▁of ▁foreign ▁trade |
▁and ▁collection ▁of ▁tar iffs . ▁ ▁By ▁ 1 8 8 3 , ▁the ▁economy ▁was ▁now ▁no ▁longer ▁in ▁a ▁state ▁of ▁mon opol y ▁conducted ▁by ▁Japanese ▁merch ants ▁as ▁it ▁had ▁been ▁only ▁a ▁few ▁years ▁ago . ▁The ▁majority ▁was ▁in ▁control ▁by ▁the ▁Kore ans ▁while ▁portions ▁were ▁distributed ▁between ▁Western ▁nations , ▁Japan ▁and ▁China . ▁In ▁ 1 8 8 4 , ▁the ▁first ▁Korean ▁commercial ▁firms ▁such ▁as ▁the ▁Da ed ong ▁and ▁the ▁Ch ang d ong ▁Company ▁emerged . ▁The ▁Bureau ▁of ▁M int ▁also ▁produced ▁a ▁new ▁coin ▁called ▁" t ango je on " ▁in ▁ 1 8 8 4 , ▁secur ing ▁a ▁stable ▁Korean ▁currency ▁at ▁the ▁time . ▁Western ▁investment ▁began ▁to ▁take ▁hold ▁as ▁well ▁in ▁ 1 8 8 6 . ▁ ▁The ▁German ▁A . H . ▁Ma et ern s , ▁with ▁the ▁aid ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Department ▁of ▁Agricult ure , ▁created ▁a ▁new ▁project ▁called ▁" American ▁Farm " ▁on ▁a ▁large ▁plot ▁of ▁land ▁don ated ▁by ▁the ▁Queen ▁Cons ort ▁to ▁promote ▁modern ▁agriculture . ▁Farm ▁implements , ▁seeds , ▁and ▁milk ▁c ows ▁were ▁imported ▁from ▁the ▁United ▁States . ▁In ▁June ▁ 1 8 8 3 , ▁the ▁Bureau ▁of ▁Mach ines ▁was ▁established ▁and ▁steam ▁engines ▁were ▁imported . ▁However , ▁despite ▁the ▁fact ▁that ▁Go j ong ▁and ▁his ▁Queen ▁Cons ort ▁brought ▁the ▁Korean ▁economy ▁to ▁an ▁acceptable ▁level ▁to ▁the ▁West , |
▁modern ▁manufacturing ▁facilities ▁did ▁not ▁emerge ▁due ▁to ▁a ▁political ▁inter ruption : ▁the ▁assass ination ▁of ▁the ▁Queen ▁Cons ort . ▁Be ▁that ▁as ▁it ▁may , ▁tele graph ▁lines ▁between ▁Jose on , ▁China , ▁and ▁Japan ▁were ▁laid ▁between ▁ 1 8 8 3 ▁and ▁ 1 8 8 5 , ▁facil itating ▁communication . ▁ ▁Personal ▁life ▁ ▁Early ▁years ▁Det ailed ▁descriptions ▁of ▁Min ▁can ▁be ▁found ▁in ▁both ▁The ▁National ▁Assembly ▁Library ▁of ▁Korea ▁and ▁records ▁kept ▁by ▁L ili as ▁Under wood , ▁a ▁close ▁and ▁trusted ▁American ▁friend ▁of ▁Min ▁who ▁came ▁to ▁Korea ▁in ▁ 1 8 8 8 ▁as ▁a ▁mission ary ▁and ▁was ▁appointed ▁as ▁her ▁doctor . ▁ ▁Both ▁sources ▁describe ▁the ▁Em press ' ▁appearance , ▁voice , ▁and ▁public ▁manner . ▁She ▁was ▁said ▁to ▁have ▁had ▁a ▁soft ▁face ▁with ▁strong ▁features — a ▁classic ▁beauty ▁contrast ing ▁with ▁the ▁king ' s ▁preference ▁for ▁" s ul try " ▁women . ▁Her ▁personal ▁speaking ▁voice ▁was ▁soft ▁and ▁warm , ▁but ▁when ▁conducting ▁affairs ▁of ▁the ▁state , ▁she ▁assert ed ▁her ▁points ▁with ▁strength . ▁Her ▁public ▁manner ▁was ▁formal , ▁and ▁she ▁heavily ▁ad her ed ▁to ▁court ▁et iqu ette ▁and ▁traditional ▁law . ▁Under wood ▁described ▁the ▁Em press ▁in ▁the ▁following : ▁ ▁The ▁young ▁queen ▁cons ort ▁and ▁her ▁husband ▁were ▁in compatible ▁in ▁the ▁beginning ▁of ▁their ▁marriage . ▁Both ▁found ▁the ▁other ' s ▁ways ▁rep uls ive ; |
▁she ▁preferred ▁to ▁stay ▁in ▁her ▁ch ambers ▁studying , ▁while ▁he ▁enjoyed ▁spending ▁his ▁days ▁and ▁nights ▁drinking ▁and ▁attending ▁ban qu ets ▁and ▁royal ▁parties . ▁The ▁queen , ▁who ▁was ▁genuinely ▁concerned ▁with ▁the ▁affairs ▁of ▁the ▁state ▁and ▁imm ers ed ▁herself ▁in ▁philosophy , ▁history , ▁and ▁science ▁books ▁normally ▁reserved ▁for ▁y ang ban ▁men , ▁once ▁remarked ▁to ▁a ▁close ▁friend , ▁" He ▁disgust s ▁me ." ▁ ▁Court ▁officials ▁noted ▁that ▁the ▁queen ▁cons ort ▁was ▁exclusive ▁in ▁choosing ▁who ▁she ▁associated ▁with ▁and ▁conf ided ▁in . ▁She ▁chose ▁to ▁not ▁consum mate ▁her ▁marriage ▁on ▁her ▁wedding ▁night ▁as ▁court ▁tradition ▁dict ated ▁her ▁to , ▁but ▁later ▁had ▁immense ▁difficulty ▁in ▁conce iving ▁a ▁healthy ▁he ir . ▁Her ▁first ▁pregnancy ▁five ▁years ▁after ▁marriage ▁ended ▁in ▁despair ▁and ▁hum iliation ▁when ▁her ▁infant ▁son ▁died ▁shortly ▁after ▁birth . ▁Her ▁second ▁son , ▁Sun j ong , ▁was ▁never ▁a ▁healthy ▁child , ▁often ▁catching ▁illness es ▁and ▁con val es cing ▁in ▁bed ▁for ▁weeks . ▁While ▁Min ▁was ▁unable ▁to ▁truly ▁connect ▁with ▁Go j ong ▁in ▁the ▁early ▁years , ▁trials ▁during ▁their ▁later ▁marriage ▁brought ▁them ▁together . ▁ ▁Later ▁years ▁ ▁Both ▁the ▁Go j ong ▁and ▁his ▁Queen ▁began ▁to ▁grow ▁aff e ctions ▁for ▁each ▁other ▁during ▁their ▁later ▁years . ▁Go j ong ▁was ▁press ured ▁by ▁his ▁advis ers ▁to ▁take ▁control ▁of ▁the ▁government ▁and ▁administer ▁his ▁nation . ▁However |
, ▁one ▁has ▁to ▁remember ▁that ▁Go j ong ▁was ▁not ▁chosen ▁to ▁become ▁King ▁because ▁of ▁his ▁ac umen ▁( which ▁he ▁lack ed ▁because ▁he ▁was ▁never ▁formally ▁educated ) ▁or ▁because ▁of ▁his ▁blood line ▁( which ▁was ▁mixed ▁with ▁cour tes an ▁and ▁common ▁blood ), ▁but ▁because ▁the ▁P ung y ang ▁Jo ▁clan ▁had ▁fals ely ▁assumed ▁they ▁could ▁control ▁the ▁boy ▁through ▁his ▁father . ▁When ▁it ▁was ▁actually ▁time ▁for ▁Go j ong ▁to ▁assume ▁his ▁respons ibilities ▁of ▁the ▁state , ▁he ▁often ▁needed ▁the ▁aid ▁of ▁his ▁wife ▁to ▁conduct ▁international ▁and ▁domestic ▁affairs . ▁In ▁this , ▁Go j ong ▁grew ▁an ▁adm iration ▁for ▁his ▁wife ' s ▁w it , ▁intelligence , ▁and ▁ability ▁to ▁learn ▁quickly . ▁As ▁the ▁problems ▁of ▁the ▁kingdom ▁grew ▁bigger ▁and ▁bigger , ▁Go j ong ▁rel ied ▁even ▁more ▁on ▁his ▁wife , ▁she ▁becoming ▁his ▁rock ▁during ▁times ▁of ▁frustration . ▁ ▁During ▁the ▁years ▁of ▁modern ization ▁of ▁Jose on , ▁it ▁is ▁safe ▁to ▁assume ▁that ▁Go j ong ▁was ▁finally ▁in ▁love ▁with ▁his ▁wife . ▁They ▁began ▁to ▁spend ▁much ▁time ▁with ▁each ▁other , ▁priv ately ▁and ▁officially . ▁They ▁shared ▁each ▁other ' s ▁problems , ▁celebrated ▁each ▁other ' s ▁jo ys , ▁and ▁felt ▁each ▁other ' s ▁p ains . ▁They ▁finally ▁became ▁husband ▁and ▁wife . ▁ ▁His ▁affection ▁for ▁her ▁was ▁und ying , ▁and ▁it ▁has ▁been ▁noted ▁that ▁after |
▁the ▁death ▁of ▁his ▁Queen ▁Cons ort , ▁Go j ong ▁locked ▁himself ▁up ▁in ▁his ▁ch ambers ▁for ▁several ▁weeks , ▁ref using ▁to ▁assume ▁his ▁duties . ▁When ▁he ▁finally ▁did , ▁he ▁lost ▁the ▁will ▁to ▁even ▁try ▁and ▁signed ▁treat y ▁after ▁treat y ▁that ▁was ▁proposed ▁by ▁the ▁Japanese , ▁giving ▁the ▁Japanese ▁immense ▁power . ▁When ▁his ▁father ▁reg ained ▁political ▁power ▁after ▁the ▁death ▁of ▁his ▁daughter - in - law , ▁he ▁presented ▁a ▁proposal ▁with ▁the ▁aid ▁of ▁certain ▁Japanese ▁officials ▁to ▁lower ▁his ▁daughter - in - law ' s ▁status ▁as ▁Queen ▁Cons ort ▁all ▁the ▁way ▁to ▁common er ▁post hum ously . ▁Go j ong , ▁a ▁man ▁who ▁had ▁always ▁been ▁used ▁by ▁others ▁and ▁never ▁used ▁his ▁own ▁voice ▁for ▁his ▁own ▁causes , ▁was ▁noted ▁by ▁scholars ▁as ▁having ▁said , ▁" I ▁would ▁rather ▁sl it ▁my ▁wr ists ▁and ▁let ▁them ▁ble ed ▁than ▁dis gr ace ▁the ▁woman ▁who ▁saved ▁this ▁kingdom ." ▁In ▁an ▁act ▁of ▁def iance , ▁he ▁refused ▁to ▁sign ▁his ▁father ' s ▁and ▁the ▁Japanese ▁proposal , ▁and ▁turned ▁them ▁away . ▁ ▁Ass ass ination ▁ ▁The ▁Em press ' ▁assass ination , ▁known ▁in ▁Korea ▁as ▁the ▁E ul mi ▁Inc ident ▁( 을 미 사 변 , ▁ <0xE4> <0xB9> <0x99> 未 事 變 ), ▁occurred ▁in ▁the ▁early ▁hours ▁of ▁ 8 ▁October ▁ 1 8 9 5 ▁at ▁Ok ho - ru ▁( |
옥 호 루 , ▁ 玉 <0xE5> <0xA3> <0xBA> <0xE6> <0xA8> <0x93> ) ▁in ▁the ▁Ge on che ong g ung ▁( 건 청 궁 , ▁ <0xE4> <0xB9> <0xBE> <0xE6> <0xB7> <0xB8> 宮 ), ▁which ▁was ▁the ▁rear ▁private ▁royal ▁residence ▁inside ▁G ye ong b ok g ung ▁Palace . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁early ▁hours ▁of ▁ 8 ▁October , ▁Japanese ▁agents ▁under ▁Mi ura ▁G oro ▁carried ▁out ▁the ▁assass ination . ▁Mi ura ▁had ▁or chestr ated ▁this ▁incident ▁with ▁Ok am oto ▁Ry ū nos u ke ▁( 岡 本 <0xE6> <0x9F> <0xB3> 之 助 ), ▁S ug im ura ▁F uk ashi ▁( <0xE6> <0x9D> <0x89> 村 ▁ <0xE6> <0xBF> <0xAC> ), ▁K unit omo ▁Sh ige aki ▁( 國 友 重 章 ), ▁S ase ▁Kum at ets u ▁( 佐 <0xE7> <0x80> <0xA8> <0xE7> <0x86> <0x8A> <0xE9> <0x90> <0xB5> ), ▁Nak am ura ▁T ate o ▁( 中 村 <0xE6> <0xA5> <0xAF> 雄 ), ▁Hir ay ama ▁I w ah iko ▁( 平 山 岩 彦 ), ▁and ▁over ▁fifty ▁other ▁Japanese ▁men . ▁S aid ▁to ▁have ▁collabor ated ▁in ▁this ▁were ▁the ▁pro - J apan ese ▁officers ▁Lieutenant ▁Colonel ▁W oo ▁Be om - se on ▁( 우 범 선 , ▁ <0xE7> <0xA6> <0xB9> 範 善 ) ▁and ▁Lieutenant ▁Colonel ▁Y i ▁Du - hw ang ▁( 이 두 황 , ▁ 李 斗 <0xE7> <0x92> <0x9C> ) ▁both ▁batt alion ▁command ers ▁in ▁the ▁" H ully e ond ae |
," ▁a ▁Japanese ▁trained ▁Regiment ▁of ▁the ▁Royal ▁Gu ards . ▁The ▁ 1 , 0 0 0 ▁Korean ▁soldiers ▁of ▁the ▁H ully e ond ae , ▁led ▁by ▁Lieutenant ▁Colonel ▁W oo ▁Be om - se on ▁and ▁Lieutenant ▁Colonel ▁Y i ▁Du - hw ang ▁had ▁surrounded ▁and ▁opened ▁the ▁gates ▁of ▁the ▁palace , ▁allowing ▁a ▁group ▁of ▁Japanese ▁r on in ▁to ▁enter ▁the ▁inner ▁sanct um . ▁ ▁In ▁front ▁of ▁G wan gh w am un , ▁the ▁H ully e ond ae ▁soldiers ▁led ▁by ▁W oo ▁Be om - se on ▁batt led ▁the ▁Korean ▁Royal ▁Gu ards ▁led ▁by ▁Hong ▁G ye - h un ▁( 홍 계 훈 , ▁ <0xE6> <0xB4> <0xAA> <0xE5> <0x95> <0x93> <0xE8> <0x96> <0xB0> ) ▁and ▁An ▁G ye ong - su ▁( 안 경 수 , ▁ 安 <0xE9> <0xA7> <0x89> <0xE5> <0xA3> <0xBD> ). ▁Hong ▁G ye - h un ▁and ▁Minister ▁Y i ▁G ye ong - j ik ▁( 이 경 직 , ▁ 李 <0xE8> <0x80> <0x95> <0xE7> <0xA8> <0x99> ) ▁were ▁subsequently ▁killed ▁in ▁battle , ▁allowing ▁the ▁r on in ▁assass ins ▁to ▁proceed ▁to ▁Ok hor u ▁( 옥 호 루 , ▁ 玉 <0xE5> <0xA3> <0xBA> <0xE6> <0xA8> <0x93> ), ▁within ▁Ge on che ong g ung , ▁and ▁kill ▁the ▁Em press . ▁The ▁cor pse ▁of ▁the ▁Em press ▁was ▁then ▁burned ▁and ▁buried . ▁ ▁Histor ian ▁of ▁Japan ▁Peter ▁Du us ▁has ▁called ▁this |
▁assass ination ▁a ▁" hide ous ▁event , ▁cru d ely ▁con ceived ▁and ▁brut ally ▁executed ." ▁Donald ▁Ke ene , ▁who ▁calls ▁the ▁queen ▁" an ▁arrog ant ▁and ▁corrupt ▁woman ", ▁says ▁that ▁the ▁way ▁in ▁which ▁she ▁was ▁murdered ▁was ▁nonetheless ▁" uns pe ak ably ▁bar bar ic ." ▁ ▁Go j ong ' s ▁The ▁Ver itable ▁Records ▁of ▁the ▁Jose on ▁D yn asty ▁do ▁not ▁have ▁a ▁Japanese ▁name . ▁The ▁names ▁written ▁are : ▁Je ong ▁Z un ▁( 2 nd ▁Batt alion ▁Officer ), ▁Lee ▁Do o ▁( 1 st ▁Batt alion ▁Officer ), ▁Lee ▁Ch ung ▁( S en ior ▁ 2 nd ▁Batt alion ), ▁Lee ▁Ch un ▁( Dep uty ▁Commander ) ▁, ▁G ong ▁Yu ▁Z hen ▁( at ▁that ▁time ▁police ▁officer ). ▁ ▁An ▁eye - w itness ▁account ▁ ▁Crown ▁Prince ▁Sun j ong ▁reported ▁that ▁he ▁saw ▁Korean ▁troops ▁led ▁by ▁W oo ▁Be om - se on ▁at ▁the ▁site ▁of ▁the ▁assass ination , ▁and ▁accused ▁W oo ▁as ▁the ▁" F oe ▁of ▁Mother ". ▁In ▁addition ▁to ▁his ▁accus ation , ▁Sun j ong ▁sent ▁two ▁assass ins ▁to ▁kill ▁W oo , ▁an ▁effort ▁that ▁succeeded ▁in ▁H iro sh ima , ▁Japan , ▁in ▁ 1 9 0 3 . ▁By ▁then , ▁W oo ▁had ▁married ▁a ▁Japanese ▁woman , ▁and ▁had ▁s ired ▁W oo ▁J ang - cho on ▁( <0xE7> <0xA6> <0xB9> 長 春 ▁ |
우 장 춘 ), ▁later ▁to ▁become ▁an ▁ac claimed ▁bot an ist ▁and ▁agricultural ▁scientist . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 5 , ▁professor ▁Kim ▁R ek ho ▁( 김 려 춘 ; ▁ 金 <0xE9> <0xBA> <0x97> 春 ) ▁of ▁the ▁Russian ▁Academy ▁of ▁Sciences ▁came ▁across ▁a ▁written ▁account ▁of ▁the ▁incident ▁by ▁a ▁Russian ▁architect ▁Af an asy ▁S ered in - S ab atin ▁( А фа на си й ▁И вано вич ▁С ере дин - С а ба тин ) ▁in ▁the ▁Arch ive ▁of ▁Foreign ▁Policy ▁of ▁the ▁Russian ▁Empire ▁( А р хи в ▁в не ш ней ▁полити ки ▁Росси й ской ▁им пе рии ; ▁AV PRI ). ▁S ered in - S ab atin ▁was ▁in ▁the ▁service ▁of ▁the ▁Korean ▁government , ▁working ▁with ▁the ▁American ▁general ▁William ▁Mc Ent y re ▁D ye ▁who ▁was ▁also ▁under ▁contract ▁to ▁the ▁Korean ▁government . ▁In ▁April , ▁Kim ▁made ▁a ▁request ▁to ▁the ▁My ong ji ▁University ▁( 명 지 대 학 교 ; ▁ 明 知 大 學 校 ) ▁Library ▁L G ▁Collection ▁to ▁make ▁the ▁document ▁public . ▁On ▁ 1 1 ▁May ▁ 2 0 0 5 ▁the ▁document ▁was ▁made ▁public . ▁ ▁Almost ▁five ▁years ▁before ▁the ▁document ' s ▁release ▁in ▁South ▁Korea , ▁a ▁translated ▁copy ▁was ▁in ▁circulation ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States , ▁having ▁been ▁released ▁by ▁the ▁Center ▁for ▁Korean ▁Research ▁of ▁Columbia ▁University ▁on ▁ 6 ▁October ▁ |
1 9 9 5 ▁to ▁comm emor ate ▁the ▁ 1 0 0 th ▁anniversary ▁of ▁the ▁E ul mi ▁Inc ident . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁account , ▁S ered in - S ab atin ▁recorded : ▁ ▁In vol ved ▁parties ▁In ▁Japan , ▁ 5 6 ▁men ▁were ▁charged . ▁All ▁were ▁acqu itted ▁by ▁the ▁H iro sh ima ▁court ▁due ▁to ▁a ▁lack ▁of ▁evidence . ▁ ▁They ▁included ▁ ▁Vis count ▁Mi ura ▁Gor ō , ▁Japanese ▁leg ation ▁minister . ▁ ▁Ok am oto ▁Ry ū nos u ke ▁( 岡 本 <0xE6> <0x9F> <0xB3> 之 助 ), ▁a ▁leg ation ▁official ▁and ▁former ▁Japanese ▁Army ▁officer ▁ ▁H oz umi ▁Tor ak ur ō , ▁K ok ub un ▁Sh ō tar ō , ▁H ag iw ara ▁Sh u ji ro , ▁Japanese ▁leg ation ▁officials ▁ ▁S ug im ura ▁F uk ashi ▁( <0xE6> <0x9D> <0x89> 村 ▁ <0xE6> <0xBF> <0xAC> ), ▁a ▁second ▁Secretary ▁of ▁the ▁Japanese ▁leg ation ▁ ▁Ad achi ▁Ken zo , ▁editor ▁of ▁Japanese ▁newspaper ▁in ▁Korea , ▁Kan j ō ▁Sh imp ō ▁( 漢 城 新 報 , ▁also ▁called ▁Han se ong ▁Sh in bo ▁in ▁Korean ) ▁ ▁K us un ose ▁Y uk ih iko , ▁a ▁general ▁of ▁Imperial ▁Japanese ▁Army ▁ ▁K unit omo ▁Sh ige aki ▁( 國 友 重 章 ), ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁original ▁Se ik y ō sha ▁( S oc iety ▁for ▁Political ▁Education ) ▁members |
▁ ▁Sh iba ▁Shir ō ▁( <0xE6> <0x9F> <0xB4> 四 <0xE6> <0x9C> <0x97> ), ▁private ▁secretary ▁to ▁the ▁Minister ▁of ▁Agricult ure ▁and ▁Commerce ▁of ▁Japan , ▁and ▁writer ▁who ▁studied ▁political ▁economy ▁at ▁the ▁Wh art on ▁School ▁and ▁Harvard ▁University ▁ ▁S ase ▁Kum at ets u ▁( 佐 <0xE7> <0x80> <0xA8> <0xE7> <0x86> <0x8A> <0xE9> <0x90> <0xB5> ), ▁a ▁physician ▁ ▁Ter as aki ▁Y as uk ichi ▁( 寺 崎 泰 吉 ), ▁a ▁medicine ▁ped d ler ▁ ▁Nak am ura ▁T ate o ▁( 中 村 <0xE6> <0xA5> <0xAF> 雄 ) ▁ ▁H orig uch i ▁K uma ichi ▁( <0xE5> <0xA0> <0x80> 口 ▁ 九 <0xE8> <0x90> <0xAC> 一 ) ▁ ▁I e iri ▁K ak its u ▁( 家 入 嘉 吉 ) ▁ ▁K ik uch i ▁Ken j ō ▁( <0xE8> <0x8F> <0x8A> 池 ▁ <0xE8> <0xAC> <0x99> <0xE8> <0xAE> <0x93> ) ▁ ▁Hir ay ama ▁I w ah iko ▁( 平 山 岩 彦 ) ▁ ▁Og ih ara ▁H ide ji ro ▁( <0xE8> <0x8D> <0xBB> 原 秀 次 郎 ) ▁ ▁K ob ay ak awa ▁H ideo ▁( 小 早 川 秀 雄 ), ▁editor ▁in ▁chief ▁of ▁Kan j ō ▁Sh imp ō ▁ ▁S as aki ▁Mas ay uki ▁ ▁Is uj u ka ▁E ij oh ▁and ▁others . ▁ ▁In ▁Korea , ▁King ▁Go j ong ▁declared ▁that ▁the ▁following ▁were ▁the ▁E ul mi ▁Four ▁Tra itors ▁on ▁ 1 1 ▁February ▁ 1 |
8 9 6 : ▁ ▁Jo ▁H ui - ye on ▁( <0xE8> <0xB6> <0x99> <0xE7> <0xBE> <0xB2> <0xE6> <0xB7> <0xB5> ▁ 조 희 연 ) ▁ ▁Y oo ▁Gil - jo on ▁( <0xE5> <0x85> <0xAA> 吉 <0xE6> <0xBF> <0xAC> ▁ 유 길 준 ) ▁ ▁Kim ▁Hong - j ip ▁( 金 弘 集 ▁ 김 홍 집 ) ▁ ▁Je ong ▁By e ong - ha ▁( <0xE9> <0x84> <0xAD> <0xE7> <0xA7> <0x89> 夏 ▁ 정 병 하 ) ▁ ▁After math ▁The ▁Gab o ▁Re form ▁and ▁the ▁assass ination ▁of ▁Em press ▁My e ong se ong ▁generated ▁back l ash ▁against ▁Japanese ▁presence ▁in ▁Korea ; ▁it ▁caused ▁some ▁Conf uc ian ▁scholars , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁farmers , ▁to ▁form ▁over ▁ 6 0 ▁success ive ▁right eous ▁arm ies ▁to ▁fight ▁for ▁Korean ▁freedom ▁on ▁the ▁Korean ▁pen insula . ▁The ▁assass ination ▁is ▁also ▁cred ited ▁as ▁a ▁significant ▁event ▁in ▁the ▁life ▁of ▁Sy ng man ▁Rhe e , ▁the ▁future ▁first ▁president ▁of ▁South ▁Korea . ▁ ▁The ▁assass ination ▁of ▁Em press ▁My e ong se ong , ▁and ▁the ▁subsequent ▁back l ash , ▁played ▁a ▁role ▁in ▁the ▁assass ination ▁of ▁influential ▁states man ▁and ▁Prince ▁It ō ▁H iro bum i . ▁It ō ▁H iro bum i ▁was ▁a ▁four - time ▁Prime ▁Minister ▁of ▁Japan , ▁former ▁Res ident - General ▁of ▁Korea , ▁and ▁then ▁President ▁of ▁the ▁Priv y ▁Council ▁of ▁Japan . ▁Em |
press ▁My e ong se ong ' s ▁assass ination ▁was ▁the ▁first ▁of ▁ 1 5 ▁reasons ▁given ▁by ▁the ▁Korean - independ ence ▁assass in ▁An ▁Jung - ge un , ▁who ▁is ▁regarded ▁as ▁a ▁hero ▁in ▁Korea , ▁in ▁defense ▁of ▁his ▁actions . ▁ ▁After ▁the ▁assass ination , ▁King ▁Go j ong ▁and ▁the ▁Crown ▁Prince ▁( l ater ▁Emperor ▁Sun j ong ) ▁fled ▁for ▁refuge ▁to ▁the ▁Russian ▁leg ation ▁on ▁ 1 1 ▁February ▁ 1 8 9 6 . ▁Also , ▁Go j ong ▁declared ▁the ▁E ul mi ▁Four ▁Tra itors . ▁However , ▁In ▁ 1 8 9 7 , ▁Go j ong , ▁yield ing ▁to ▁rising ▁pressure ▁from ▁both ▁overseas ▁and ▁the ▁demands ▁of ▁the ▁Independ ence ▁Association - led ▁public ▁opinion , ▁returned ▁to ▁G ye ong ung ung ▁( mod ern - day ▁De oks ug ung ). ▁There , ▁he ▁pro claimed ▁the ▁founding ▁of ▁the ▁Korean ▁Empire . ▁However , ▁after ▁Japan ' s ▁vict ories ▁in ▁the ▁S ino - J apan ese ▁and ▁Rus so - J apan ese ▁Wars , ▁Korea ▁succ umb ed ▁to ▁Japanese ▁colonial ▁rule ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 0 . ▁ ▁Fun eral ▁process ion ▁and ▁tomb ▁In ▁ 1 8 9 7 , ▁King ▁Go j ong , ▁with ▁Russian ▁support , ▁reg ained ▁his ▁throne , ▁and ▁spent ▁" a ▁fortune " ▁to ▁have ▁his ▁beloved ▁Queen ▁Min ' s ▁remains ▁properly ▁hon ored ▁and |
▁ent om bed . ▁Her ▁mour ning ▁process ion ▁included ▁ 5 , 0 0 0 ▁soldiers , ▁ 6 5 0 ▁police , ▁ 4 , 0 0 0 ▁lan tern s , ▁hundreds ▁of ▁scroll s ▁hon oring ▁her , ▁and ▁giant ▁wooden ▁horses ▁intended ▁for ▁her ▁use ▁in ▁the ▁after life . ▁The ▁hon ors ▁King ▁Go j ong ▁placed ▁on ▁Queen ▁Min ▁for ▁her ▁funeral ▁was ▁meant ▁as ▁a ▁statement ▁to ▁her ▁diplom atic ▁and ▁hero ic ▁ende av ors ▁for ▁Korea ▁against ▁the ▁Japanese , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁a ▁statement ▁of ▁his ▁own ▁und ying ▁love ▁for ▁her . ▁Queen ▁Min ' s ▁recovered ▁remains ▁are ▁in ▁her ▁tomb ▁located ▁in ▁Nam y ang ju , ▁G ye ong gi , ▁South ▁Korea . ▁ ▁Current ▁events ▁In ▁May ▁ 2 0 0 5 , ▁ 8 4 - year - old ▁T ats umi ▁K aw ano ▁( 川 野 ▁ 龍 <0xE5> <0xB7> <0xB3> ), ▁the ▁grand son ▁of ▁K unit omo ▁Sh ige aki , ▁paid ▁his ▁respect s ▁to ▁Em press ▁My e ong se ong ▁at ▁her ▁tomb ▁in ▁Nam y ang ju , ▁G ye ong gi , ▁South ▁Korea . ▁He ▁apolog ized ▁to ▁Em press ▁My e ong se ong ' s ▁tomb ▁on ▁behalf ▁of ▁his ▁grandfather , ▁however , ▁the ▁ap ology ▁was ▁not ▁well ▁received ▁as ▁the ▁descend ants ▁of ▁Em press ▁My e ong se ong ▁pointed ▁out ▁that ▁the ▁ap ology ▁had ▁to ▁be ▁made |
▁on ▁a ▁government al ▁level . ▁ ▁Since ▁ 2 0 0 9 , ▁Korean ▁organizations ▁have ▁been ▁trying ▁to ▁sue ▁the ▁Japanese ▁government ▁for ▁their ▁documented ▁complic ity ▁in ▁the ▁murder ▁of ▁Queen ▁Min . ▁" J apan ▁has ▁not ▁made ▁an ▁official ▁ap ology ▁or ▁rep ent ance ▁ 1 0 0 ▁years ▁after ▁it ▁ob liter ated ▁the ▁Korean ▁people ▁for ▁ 3 5 ▁years ▁through ▁the ▁ 1 9 1 0 ▁Korea - J apan ▁Anne x ation ▁Treat y ," ▁the ▁statement ▁said . ▁The ▁lawsuit ▁will ▁be ▁filed ▁if ▁the ▁Japanese ▁government ▁does ▁not ▁accept ▁their ▁demands ▁that ▁the ▁Japanese ▁government ▁issue ▁a ▁special ▁statement ▁on ▁ 1 5 ▁August ▁offering ▁the ▁emperor ' s ▁ap ology ▁and ▁mention ing ▁whether ▁it ▁will ▁release ▁related ▁documents ▁on ▁the ▁murder ▁case . ▁ ▁Family ▁ ▁Great - Great - Great - Great - Gr and father ▁ ▁Min ▁G w ang - h un ▁( H ang ul : ▁ 민 광 훈 , ▁Han ja : ▁ <0xE9> <0x96> <0x94> 光 <0xE5> <0x8B> <0xB3> ) ▁( 1 5 9 5 – 1 6 5 9 ), ▁scholar ▁during ▁the ▁reign ▁of ▁King ▁In j ong . ▁ ▁Great - Great - Great - Great - Gr and mother ▁ ▁Lady ▁Y i ▁( 이 씨 , ▁ 李 氏 ), ▁daughter ▁of ▁Y i ▁G w ang - je ong ▁( 이 광 정 , ▁ 李 光 庭 ). ▁ ▁Great - Great - Great - |
Great - Gr and father ▁ ▁Min ▁Yu - j ung ▁( 민 유 중 , ▁ <0xE9> <0x96> <0x94> <0xE7> <0xB6> <0xAD> 重 ) ▁( 1 6 3 0 – 1 6 8 7 ). ▁ ▁Great - Great - Great - Great - Gr and mother ▁ ▁Lady ▁Song ▁( 송 씨 , ▁ 宋 氏 ); ▁Min ▁Yu - j ung ' s ▁second ▁wife ; ▁daughter ▁of ▁Song ▁Jun - g il ▁( 송 준 길 , ▁ 宋 <0xE4> <0xBF> <0x8A> 吉 ), ▁Ye ong u ije ong ▁during ▁the ▁reign ▁of ▁King ▁Hy oj ong . ▁ ▁Great - Great - Great - Gr and father ▁ ▁Min ▁Jin - hu ▁( 민 진 후 , ▁ <0xE9> <0x96> <0x94> <0xE9> <0x8E> <0xAD> <0xE5> <0x8E> <0x9A> ) ▁( 1 6 5 9 – 1 7 2 0 ), ▁el dest ▁brother ▁of ▁Queen ▁In hy e on ▁( second ▁cons ort ▁of ▁King ▁Su k j ong ). ▁ ▁Great - Great - Gr and father ▁ ▁Min ▁I k - su ▁( 민 익 수 , ▁ <0xE9> <0x96> <0x94> <0xE6> <0xB5> <0xB8> 沒 ) ▁( 1 6 9 0 – 1 7 4 2 ). ▁ ▁Great - Gr and father ▁ ▁Min ▁Ba ek - b un ▁( 민 백 분 , ▁ <0xE9> <0x96> <0x94> 百 <0xE5> <0xA5> <0xAE> ) ▁( 1 7 2 3 – ? ). ▁ ▁Grand father ▁ ▁Min ▁Gi - hy e on ▁( 민 기 현 , |
▁ <0xE9> <0x96> <0x94> <0xE8> <0x80> <0x86> 顯 ) ▁( 1 7 5 1 – 1 8 1 1 ). ▁ ▁Father ▁ ▁Min ▁Chi - rok ▁( 민 치 록 , ▁ <0xE9> <0x96> <0x94> 致 <0xE7> <0xA5> <0xBF> ) ▁( 1 7 9 9 – 1 8 5 8 ). ▁ ▁Mother ▁ ▁Lady ▁H anch ang ▁of ▁Y i ▁clan ▁( 한 창 부 ▁ 부 인 ▁ 이 씨 ) ▁( 본 관 : ▁ 한 산 ▁ 이 씨 , ▁ 이 규 년 의 ▁ 딸 ), ▁Min ▁Chi - rok ' s ▁second ▁wife . ▁ ▁Hus band ▁ ▁King ▁Go j ong ▁( l ater ▁Emperor ▁Go j ong ). ▁ ▁S ons ▁ ▁Un named ▁son ▁( born ▁ 1 8 7 1 ). ▁ ▁Emperor ▁Sun j ong ▁( 2 5 ▁March ▁ 1 8 7 4 – ▁ 2 4 ▁April ▁ 1 9 2 6 ). ▁ ▁Un named ▁son ▁( born ▁ 1 8 7 5 ). ▁ ▁Un named ▁son ▁( born ▁ 1 8 7 8 ). ▁ ▁D aughter ▁ ▁Un named ▁daughter ▁( born ▁ 1 8 7 3 ). ▁ ▁Tit les ▁ ▁Throughout ▁her ▁life , ▁Queen ▁Min ▁held ▁several ▁titles : ▁as ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁y ang ban ▁arist ocr acy , ▁as ▁Queen ▁Cons ort , ▁and ▁as ▁reg ent ▁of ▁Korea . ▁More ▁titles ▁were ▁granted ▁to ▁her ▁post hum ously ▁and ▁after ▁the ▁creation ▁of ▁the ▁Korean ▁Empire |
. ▁This ▁includes ▁the ▁name ▁by ▁which ▁she ▁is ▁best ▁known ▁by ▁today , ▁Em press ▁My e ong se ong . ▁▁▁ 1 9 ▁October ▁ 1 8 5 1 – ▁ 2 0 ▁March ▁ 1 8 6 6 : ▁Lady ▁Min , ▁the ▁daughter ▁of ▁Min ▁Chi - rok , ▁of ▁the ▁Ye o he ung ▁Min ▁clan ▁ ▁" L ady ▁Min " ▁ ▁" The ▁daughter ▁of ▁Min ▁Chi - rok " ▁▁ 2 0 ▁March ▁ 1 8 6 6 – ▁ 1 ▁November ▁ 1 8 7 3 : ▁Her ▁Maj esty , ▁the ▁Queen ▁Cons ort ▁of ▁Jose on ▁▁ 1 ▁November ▁ 1 8 7 3 – ▁ 1 ▁July ▁ 1 8 9 4 : ▁Her ▁Maj esty , ▁the ▁Queen ▁Reg ent ▁of ▁Jose on ▁▁ 1 ▁July ▁ 1 8 9 4 – ▁ 6 ▁July ▁ 1 8 9 5 : ▁Her ▁Maj esty , ▁the ▁Queen ▁Cons ort ▁of ▁Jose on ▁▁ 6 ▁July ▁ 1 8 9 5 – ▁ 8 ▁October ▁ 1 8 9 5 : ▁Her ▁Maj esty , ▁the ▁Queen ▁Reg ent ▁of ▁Jose on ▁( The ▁above ▁four ▁titles ▁and ▁styles ▁were ▁ 王 <0xE5> <0xA6> <0x83> 殿 下 ▁ 왕 비 전 하 ▁w ang bi ▁je on ha ▁/ ▁ 中 殿 <0xE5> <0xAA> <0xBD> <0xE5> <0xAA> <0xBD> ▁ 중 전 마 마 ▁j ung je on ▁m ama ▁/ ▁ 中 宮 殿 <0xE5> <0xAA> |
<0xBD> <0xE5> <0xAA> <0xBD> ▁ 중 궁 전 마 마 ▁j ung g ung je on ▁m ama ▁applicable .) ▁ ▁Em press ▁My e ong se ong ▁of ▁Korea ▁( post hum ous ▁title ) ▁ ▁Phot ograph s ▁and ▁illustr ations ▁ ▁Doc uments ▁note ▁that ▁she ▁was ▁in ▁an ▁official ▁royal ▁family ▁photograph . ▁A ▁royal ▁family ▁photograph ▁does ▁exist , ▁but ▁it ▁was ▁taken ▁after ▁her ▁death , ▁consisting ▁of ▁Go j ong , ▁Sun j ong , ▁and ▁Sun j ong ' s ▁wife ▁the ▁Princess ▁Cons ort ▁of ▁the ▁Crown ▁Prince . ▁ ▁Another ▁photograph ▁surfaces ▁There ▁was ▁a ▁report ▁by ▁K BS ▁News ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 3 ▁that ▁a ▁photograph ▁alleg edly ▁of ▁the ▁Em press ▁had ▁been ▁dis closed ▁to ▁the ▁public . ▁The ▁photograph ▁was ▁supposed ly ▁purchased ▁for ▁a ▁large ▁sum ▁by ▁the ▁grandfather ▁of ▁Min ▁So o - gy e ong ▁that ▁was ▁to ▁be ▁passed ▁down ▁as ▁a ▁family ▁treasure . ▁In ▁the ▁photo , ▁the ▁woman ▁is ▁accompanied ▁by ▁a ▁ret in ue ▁at ▁her ▁rear . ▁Some ▁experts ▁have ▁stated ▁that ▁the ▁woman ▁was ▁clearly ▁of ▁high - rank ▁and ▁her ▁clothing ▁appears ▁to ▁be ▁that ▁that ▁is ▁worn ▁only ▁by ▁the ▁royal ▁family . ▁However , ▁her ▁outfit ▁lack ed ▁the ▁em bro ider ies ▁that ▁decor ates ▁the ▁app arel ▁of ▁the ▁em press . ▁ ▁Japanese ▁illustr ation ▁On ▁ 1 3 ▁January ▁ 2 0 0 5 , ▁history ▁professor ▁Lee ▁T ae |
- j in ▁( 이 태 진 , ▁ 李 泰 <0xE9> <0x8E> <0xAD> ) ▁of ▁Se oul ▁National ▁University ▁un ve iled ▁an ▁illustr ation ▁from ▁an ▁old ▁Japanese ▁magazine ▁he ▁had ▁found ▁at ▁an ▁ant ique ▁book store ▁in ▁Tokyo . ▁The ▁ 8 4 th ▁edition ▁of ▁the ▁Japanese ▁magazine ▁F ū z ok ug ah ō ▁( 風 <0xE4> <0xBF> <0x97> <0xE7> <0x95> <0xAB> 報 ) ▁published ▁on ▁ 2 5 ▁January ▁ 1 8 9 5 ▁has ▁a ▁Japanese ▁illustr ation ▁of ▁Go j ong ▁and ▁the ▁then - Que en ▁Cons ort ▁receiving ▁In ou e ▁Ka or u , ▁the ▁Japanese ▁charg é ▁d ' aff aires . ▁The ▁illustr ation ▁is ▁marked ▁ 2 4 ▁December ▁ 1 8 9 4 ▁and ▁signed ▁by ▁the ▁artist ▁I sh iz u ka ▁( 石 <0xE5> <0xA1> <0x9A> ) ▁with ▁a ▁legend ▁" The ▁[ K ore an ] ▁King ▁and ▁Queen , ▁moved ▁by ▁our ▁honest ▁advice , ▁realize ▁the ▁need ▁for ▁res olute ▁reform ▁for ▁the ▁first ▁time ." ▁Lee ▁said ▁that ▁the ▁dep iction ▁of ▁the ▁clothes ▁and ▁background ▁are ▁very ▁detailed ▁and ▁suggests ▁that ▁it ▁was ▁drawn ▁at ▁the ▁scene ▁as ▁it ▁happened . ▁Both ▁the ▁King ▁and ▁In ou e ▁were ▁looking ▁at ▁the ▁then - Que en ▁Cons ort ▁as ▁though ▁the ▁conversation ▁were ▁taking ▁place ▁between ▁the ▁Queen ▁and ▁In ou e ▁with ▁the ▁King ▁listening . ▁ ▁In ▁popular ▁culture ▁ ▁Film ▁and ▁television ▁ ▁Port rayed ▁by ▁Moon |
▁Ge un - you ng , ▁Lee ▁Mi - ye on ▁and ▁Ch oi ▁My ung - g il ▁in ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 1 - 2 0 0 2 ▁K BS 2 ▁TV ▁series ▁Em press ▁My e ong se ong . ▁ ▁Port rayed ▁by ▁So o ▁A e ▁in ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁film ▁The ▁S word ▁With ▁No ▁Name . ▁ ▁Port rayed ▁by ▁Se o ▁Y i - s ook ▁in ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁S BS ▁TV ▁series ▁Je j ung won . ▁ ▁Port rayed ▁by ▁Ha ▁Ji - e un ▁in ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁K BS 2 ▁TV ▁series ▁Gun man ▁in ▁Jose on . ▁ ▁Mus icals ▁ ▁The ▁Last ▁Em press ▁( mus ical ) ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁Em press ▁My e ong se ong ▁( TV ▁drama ) ▁ ▁The ▁Last ▁Em press ▁( Mus ical ) ▁ ▁List ▁of ▁Korea - related ▁topics ▁ ▁History ▁of ▁Korea ▁ ▁Jose on ▁D yn asty ▁ ▁He ung se on ▁Da ew ong un ▁ ▁Emperor ▁Go j ong ▁of ▁the ▁Korean ▁Empire ▁ ▁Korea ▁royal ▁refuge ▁at ▁the ▁Russian ▁leg ation ▁ ▁Af an asy ▁Ivan ov ich ▁S ered in - S ab atin ▁ ▁Queen ▁In hy e on – ▁My e ong se ong ' s ▁asc endant ▁through ▁his ▁father ▁( Min ▁Chi - rok ). ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Further ▁reading ▁ ▁Bird , ▁Is ab ella |
. ▁( 1 8 9 8 ). ▁Korea ▁and ▁her ▁Ne igh b ours . ▁London : ▁Murray . ▁O CL C ▁ 5 0 1 6 7 1 0 6 3 . ▁Rep r inted ▁ 1 9 8 7 : ▁; ▁O CL C ▁ 1 5 1 0 9 8 4 3 ▁ ▁De ch ler , ▁Mart ina . ▁( 1 9 9 9 ). ▁Culture ▁and ▁the ▁State ▁in ▁Late ▁Ch os on ▁Korea . ▁▁ ▁Du us , ▁Peter . ▁( 1 9 9 8 ). ▁The ▁Ab ac us ▁and ▁the ▁S word : ▁The ▁Japanese ▁Pen etr ation ▁of ▁Korea , ▁ 1 8 9 5 – 1 9 1 0 . ▁Berkeley : ▁University ▁of ▁California ▁Press . ▁/ ; ▁▁ ▁Han , ▁Young - wo o , ▁Em press ▁My e ong se ong ▁and ▁Korean ▁Empire ▁( 명 성 황 후 와 ▁ 대 한 제 국 )( 2 0 0 1 ). ▁Hy oh ye ong ▁Publishing ▁▁ ▁Hann , ▁W oo - Ke un . ▁( 1 9 9 6 ). ▁The ▁History ▁of ▁Korea . ▁▁ ▁Ke ene , ▁Donald . ▁( 2 0 0 2 ). ▁Emperor ▁of ▁Japan : ▁Me iji ▁and ▁His ▁World , ▁ 1 8 5 2 – 1 9 1 2 . ▁New ▁York : ▁Columbia ▁University ▁Press . ▁; ▁O CL C ▁ 4 6 7 3 1 1 7 8 ▁ ▁Lewis , ▁James ▁Bry ant . ▁( 2 0 0 |
3 ). ▁Front ier ▁Contact ▁between ▁Ch os on ▁Korea ▁and ▁Tok ug awa ▁Japan . ▁▁ ▁Mac K ens ie , ▁Frederick ▁Arthur . ▁( 1 9 2 0 ). ▁Korea ' s ▁Fight ▁for ▁Freedom . ▁Chicago : ▁F lem ing ▁H . ▁Rev ell . ▁O CL C ▁ 3 1 2 4 7 5 2 ▁Rev ised ▁ 2 0 0 6 : ▁ ▁( See ▁also ▁Project ▁G uten berg .) ▁ ▁_ ________ _. ▁( 1 9 0 8 ). ▁The ▁Tr aged y ▁of ▁Korea . ▁London : ▁H od der ▁and ▁St ought on . ▁O CL C ▁ 2 0 0 8 4 5 2 ▁Rep r inted ▁ 2 0 0 6 : ▁▁ ▁Nah m , ▁Andrew ▁C . ▁( 1 9 9 6 ). ▁A ▁History ▁of ▁the ▁Korean ▁People : ▁Trad ition ▁and ▁Trans formation . ▁( 1 9 9 6 ) ▁▁ ▁_ ________ . ▁( 1 9 9 7 ). ▁Introduction ▁to ▁Korean ▁History ▁and ▁Culture . ▁▁ ▁Sch mid , ▁Andre . ▁( 2 0 0 2 ). ▁Korea ▁between ▁Emp ires , ▁ 1 8 9 5 – 1 9 1 9 . ▁New ▁York : ▁Columbia ▁University ▁Press . ▁; ▁; ▁O CL C ▁ 4 8 6 1 8 1 1 7 ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁▁ ▁Making ▁of ▁an ▁Asian ▁hit : ▁A ▁Korean ▁royal ▁tragedy ▁in ▁the ▁Broadway ▁style ▁by ▁Ric ardo ▁Sal udo , ▁Asia ▁Week ▁( 1 8 ▁December ▁ |
1 9 9 8 ) ▁ ▁Character istics ▁of ▁Queen ▁of ▁Core a , ▁The ▁New ▁York ▁Times , ▁ 1 0 ▁November ▁ 1 8 9 5 . ▁ ▁Japanese ▁Document ▁S hed s ▁New ▁Light ▁on ▁Korean ▁Queen ' s ▁Mur der ▁by ▁Y oo ▁Se ok - ja e , ▁The ▁Ch os un ▁Il bo ▁( 1 2 ▁January ▁ 2 0 0 5 ) ▁▁▁ ▁Category : J ose on ▁dyn asty ▁Budd h ists ▁Category : B udd h ism ▁and ▁women ▁Category : 1 8 5 1 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 8 9 5 ▁deaths ▁Category : M ur der ▁in ▁ 1 8 9 5 ▁Category : K ore an ▁em press es ▁Category : K ore an ▁Budd hist ▁mon arch s ▁Category : H ouse ▁of ▁Y i ▁Category : Ass ass inated ▁royal ty ▁Category : Ant i - J apan ese ▁sentiment ▁in ▁Korea ▁Category : Ass ass inated ▁Korean ▁people ▁Category : People ▁murdered ▁in ▁Korea ▁Category : 1 9 th - century ▁Korean ▁people ▁Category : 1 9 th - century ▁Korean ▁women ▁Category : R oyal ▁cons orts ▁of ▁the ▁Jose on ▁D yn asty ▁Category : Y e o he ung ▁Min ▁clan ▁Category : F em ale ▁murder ▁victims ▁Category : Vi olence ▁against ▁women ▁in ▁Asia <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Sie ge ▁of ▁Sc ut ari ▁ ▁took ▁place ▁from ▁October ▁ 2 8 , ▁ 1 9 1 2 ▁to ▁April ▁ 2 3 |
, ▁ 1 9 1 3 , ▁when ▁the ▁army ▁of ▁Kingdom ▁of ▁Mont en eg ro ▁defeated ▁the ▁forces ▁of ▁the ▁Ott oman ▁Empire ▁and ▁inv aded ▁Sh k od ë r . ▁According ▁to ▁M isha ▁Glen ny , ▁the ▁aspir ations ▁of ▁Sh k od ë r ▁were ▁imperial istic ▁in ▁nature . ▁ ▁N aming ▁The ▁Sie ge ▁of ▁Sc ut ari ▁is ▁also ▁referred ▁to ▁as ▁the ▁Sie ge ▁of ▁Sh k od ë r ▁( , ▁), ▁known ▁in ▁Turkish ▁as ▁ İ ş k od ra ▁M ü da fa as ı ▁or ▁ İ ş k od ra ▁Sav un mas ı . ▁ ▁Background ▁In ▁ 1 9 1 2 , ▁the ▁B alk an ▁League — cons isting ▁of ▁Ser bia , ▁Mont en eg ro , ▁Greece ▁and ▁Bulgar ia — had ▁joint ly ▁declared ▁war ▁against ▁the ▁Ott oman ▁Empire . ▁Mont en eg ro ▁mobil ized ▁its ▁troops ▁and ▁prepared ▁to ▁attack ▁the ▁Ott oman ▁forces ▁in ▁Alban ia ▁directly ▁to ▁the ▁south . ▁However , ▁behind ▁stood ▁the ▁intention ▁to ▁expand ▁Mont en eg ro ▁at ▁the ▁expense ▁of ▁territor ies ▁with ▁an ▁overwhelming ▁Alban ian ▁majority . ▁Mont en eg ro ▁considered ▁itself ▁success or ▁of ▁Z eta , ▁a ▁medieval ▁Ser b ▁pol ity ▁that ▁played ▁an ▁important ▁part ▁in ▁the ▁overall ▁development ▁of ▁Ser bian ▁Empire , ▁with ▁Sk h oder ▁as ▁its ▁capital . ▁With ▁the ▁transition ▁of ▁power ▁from ▁the ▁last ▁fe ud al |
▁l ords ▁Bal š ić i ▁or ▁Bal sha ▁to ▁Ven et ians , ▁and ▁eventually ▁Ott om ans , ▁who ▁established ▁a ▁city ▁as ▁an ▁administrative ▁center ▁of ▁the ▁region , ▁the ▁" l ost ▁capital " ▁became ▁a ▁symbol ▁of ▁opp ression ▁for ▁the ▁Mont en egr ins . ▁Histor ically , ▁the ▁border ▁between ▁the ▁medieval ▁Z eta ▁and ▁Alban ian ▁principal ities ▁was ▁the ▁Dr in ▁river , ▁as ▁pointed ▁out ▁by ▁ 1 7 th ▁century ▁Mont en egr in ▁rul er ▁and ▁histor i ographer ▁Vas il ije ▁and ▁Mont en eg ro ▁sought ▁to ▁expand ▁itself ▁to ▁its ▁traditional ▁borders . ▁Furthermore , ▁the ▁region ▁had ▁considerable ▁Sl av ic ▁population . ▁Many ▁Mont en egr ins ▁trace ▁their ▁heritage ▁back ▁to ▁the ▁region , ▁which ▁their ▁ancestors ▁abandoned ▁after ▁the ▁Turkish ▁occupation . ▁ ▁New sp apers ▁The ▁Ser b ▁newspaper ▁P iem ont ▁advoc ated ▁the ▁destruction ▁of ▁Sc ut ari ▁to ▁pun ish ▁it ▁for ▁having ▁d ared ▁to ▁resist . ▁ ▁Start ▁of ▁the ▁war ▁On ▁ 8 ▁October ▁ 1 9 1 2 ▁Gen . ▁Has an ▁R iza ▁P asha ▁announced ▁that ▁Mont en eg ro ▁had ▁declared ▁war ▁on ▁the ▁Ott oman ▁Empire ▁in ▁order ▁to ▁get ▁rid ▁of ▁the ▁ 6 0 0 ▁years ▁of ▁opp ression ▁by ▁the ▁" Tur k ish ▁foot ", ▁as ▁the ▁enemy ▁claimed , ▁and ▁that ▁its ▁troops ▁were ▁crossing ▁the ▁border ▁between ▁Mont en eg ro ▁and ▁Alban ia . ▁Two |
▁hours ▁after ▁the ▁news ▁the ▁Mont en egr in ▁troops , ▁as ▁expected , ▁were ▁approaching ▁Sc ut ari . ▁Up ▁to ▁ 7 0 % ▁of ▁the ▁Turkish ▁army ▁in ▁the ▁inner ▁parts ▁of ▁the ▁B alk ans ▁was ▁composed ▁of ▁Muslim ▁Alban ian ▁con scripts ▁during ▁the ▁freedom ▁struggle ▁from ▁the ▁Ott oman ▁Empire . ▁At ▁noon ▁Has an ▁R iza ▁P asha ▁in ▁his ▁headquarters ▁gathered ▁all ▁his ▁command ers ▁and ▁told ▁them : ▁ ▁Battle ▁ ▁The ▁sie ge ▁started ▁on ▁October ▁ 2 8 , ▁ 1 9 1 2 . ▁The ▁attack ▁was ▁originally ▁carried ▁out ▁by ▁the ▁Mont en egr in ▁army ▁under ▁the ▁command ▁of ▁Prince ▁Dan ilo . ▁However , ▁his ▁forces ▁encountered ▁stiff ▁resistance , ▁and ▁the ▁Ser b ▁army ▁sent ▁reinforce ments ▁to ▁help ▁its ▁Mont en egr in ▁allies . ▁ ▁Rad om ir ▁Ve š ović ▁participated ▁in ▁the ▁sie ge ▁where ▁he ▁was ▁wounded ▁twice , ▁showing ▁an ▁exem ption al ▁courage ▁which ▁earned ▁him ▁a ▁golden ▁Ob ili ć ▁Medal ▁and ▁nick name ▁the ▁kn ight ▁of ▁Br d anj olt ▁( ). ▁ ▁The ▁combined ▁Turkish ▁and ▁Alban ian ▁defend ers ▁led ▁by ▁Has an ▁R iza ▁P asha ▁and ▁his ▁lieutenant , ▁Es ad ▁P asha ▁T opt ani , ▁res isted ▁for ▁seven ▁months ▁and ▁managed ▁to ▁inf lict ▁a ▁heavy ▁toll ▁on ▁the ▁bes ie gers . ▁ ▁Death ▁of ▁Has an ▁R iza ▁P asha ▁On ▁January ▁ 3 0 , ▁ 1 |
9 1 3 , ▁R iza ▁P asha ▁was ▁amb ushed ▁and ▁killed ▁by ▁Os man ▁B ali ▁and ▁Me h met ▁K av aja , ▁two ▁Alban ian ▁servants ▁of ▁Es ad ▁P asha , ▁as ▁he ▁left ▁Es ad ' s ▁house ▁after ▁dining ▁with ▁him . ▁R iza ▁P asha ▁wanted ▁to ▁keep ▁up ▁the ▁defense ▁of ▁the ▁bes ie ged ▁city ▁but ▁Es ad ▁P asha ▁wanted ▁to ▁continue ▁his ▁secret ▁negotiations ▁with ▁Mont en eg ro , ▁which ▁were ▁done ▁through ▁the ▁counsel ▁of ▁Russia ▁in ▁Sc ut ari . ▁Es ad ▁P asha ' s ▁plan ▁was ▁to ▁hand ▁over ▁Sc ut ari ▁to ▁the ▁Ser bs ▁and ▁Mont en egr ins ▁as ▁the ▁price ▁for ▁their ▁support ▁in ▁his ▁attempt ▁to ▁pro claim ▁himself ▁King ▁of ▁Alban ia . ▁On ▁ 6 ▁February ▁King ▁Nik ola ▁received ▁deleg ation ▁of ▁ch ie ft ains ▁from ▁Mal ë s ia ▁who ▁stated ▁that ▁they ▁recognize ▁him ▁as ▁their ▁su zer ain ▁and ▁requested ▁to ▁join ▁ 3 0 0 0 ▁of ▁their ▁fighters ▁with ▁Mont en egr in ▁forces ▁to ▁capture ▁Sc ut ari . ▁On ▁ 7 ▁February ▁they ▁were ▁ordered ▁to ▁attack ▁in ▁the ▁direction ▁J ub ani — D aut - ag ha ' s ▁k ull a . ▁ ▁Sur render ▁ ▁On ▁April ▁ 2 1 , ▁ 1 9 1 3 , ▁Es ad ▁P asha ▁made ▁the ▁official ▁proposal ▁to ▁surrender ▁the ▁city ▁to ▁Mont en egr in ▁Gen . |
▁V uk otic . ▁On ▁April ▁ 2 3 ▁his ▁proposal ▁was ▁accepted ▁and ▁he ▁was ▁allowed ▁to ▁leave ▁the ▁city ▁with ▁full ▁military ▁hon ors ▁and ▁with ▁all ▁of ▁his ▁troops ▁and ▁equipment , ▁except ▁heavy ▁guns . ▁He ▁also ▁received ▁a ▁sum ▁of ▁£ 1 0 , 0 0 0 ▁ster ling ▁from ▁the ▁Mont en egr in ▁King . ▁Ess ad ▁P asha ▁signed ▁the ▁final ▁surrender ▁protocol ▁with ▁the ▁Mont en egr ins ▁Ess ad ▁P asha ▁sur rend ered ▁Sc ut ari ▁to ▁Mont en eg ro ▁only ▁after ▁its ▁dest iny ▁was ▁decided ▁by ▁the ▁Great ▁Pow ers , ▁after ▁they ▁forced ▁Ser bia ▁to ▁retreat ▁and ▁after ▁it ▁was ▁obvious ▁that ▁the ▁Great ▁Pow ers ▁would ▁not ▁allow ▁Mont en eg ro ▁to ▁keep ▁Sc ut ari . ▁Ess ad ▁P asha ▁was ▁able ▁to ▁save ▁many ▁of ▁his ▁soldiers . ▁At ▁the ▁same ▁time ▁he ▁managed ▁to ▁get ▁the ▁support ▁of ▁Ser bia ▁and ▁Mont en eg ro ▁for ▁the ▁new ▁Kingdom ▁of ▁Alban ia , ▁which ▁would ▁gain ▁Sc ut ari ▁indirect ly ▁by ▁the ▁Great ▁Pow ers . ▁ ▁After math ▁ ▁The ▁taking ▁of ▁Sc ut ari ▁removed ▁the ▁only ▁obst acle ▁to ▁the ▁Ser bian ▁advance ▁in ▁the ▁remainder ▁of ▁Ott oman ▁Alban ia . ▁By ▁November ▁ 1 9 1 2 ▁the ▁country ▁had ▁declared ▁independence ▁but ▁was ▁yet ▁to ▁be ▁recognized ▁by ▁anyone . ▁The ▁Ser bian ▁army ▁eventually ▁occupied ▁most ▁of ▁northern ▁and ▁central ▁Alban ia , ▁stopping |
▁north ▁of ▁the ▁town ▁of ▁V lor ë . ▁It ▁also ▁managed ▁to ▁trap ▁the ▁remains ▁of ▁the ▁Army ▁of ▁V ard ar ▁in ▁what ▁was ▁left ▁of ▁Alban ia ▁proper , ▁but ▁were ▁not ▁able ▁to ▁force ▁them ▁to ▁surrender . ▁However , ▁when ▁the ▁war ▁was ▁over , ▁the ▁Great ▁Pow ers ▁did ▁not ▁award ▁the ▁city ▁to ▁the ▁Kingdom ▁of ▁Mont en eg ro , ▁which ▁was ▁comp elled ▁to ▁evac uate ▁it ▁in ▁May ▁ 1 9 1 3 , ▁in ▁accordance ▁with ▁the ▁London ▁Conference ▁of ▁Amb ass ad ors . ▁The ▁army ' s ▁withdrawal ▁was ▁hast ened ▁by ▁a ▁small ▁naval ▁fl ot illa ▁of ▁British ▁and ▁Italian ▁gun bo ats ▁that ▁moved ▁up ▁the ▁Bo j ana ▁River ▁and ▁across ▁the ▁Ad ri atic ▁coast line . ▁International ▁peace ▁keeping ▁force ▁( Sc ut ari ▁det achment ) ▁from ▁five ▁countries ▁- ▁Austria - H ung ary , ▁Great ▁Britain , ▁France , ▁Italy ▁and ▁Germany ▁- ▁was ▁deployed ▁in ▁the ▁city ▁and ▁kept ▁until ▁the ▁start ▁of ▁W WI . ▁The ▁Kingdom ▁of ▁Mont en eg ro ▁also ▁later ▁took ▁Met oh ija , ▁an ▁area ▁of ▁Kos ovo . ▁ ▁At roc ities ▁During ▁the ▁sie ge ▁and ▁afterwards , ▁Ser bo - Mont en egr in ▁soldiers ▁committed ▁numerous ▁at roc ities ▁on ▁the ▁Alban ian ▁population . ▁ ▁International ▁reaction ▁' s ▁Foreign ▁Minister , ▁Count ▁Leop old ▁Ber cht old , ▁demanded ▁that ▁Sc ut ari ▁be ▁evac uated ▁by |
▁the ▁Great ▁Pow ers ▁within ▁ 4 8 ▁hours . ▁ ▁supported ▁Austria - H ung ary ▁and ▁sent ▁a ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁peace ▁force . ▁ ▁supported ▁Mont en eg ro ▁in ▁its ▁efforts ▁to ▁keep ▁Sc ut ari . ▁ ▁Cultural ▁influences ▁Alban ian ▁novel ist ▁N doc ▁Nik aj ▁wrote ▁an ▁historical ▁novel ▁titled ▁Sh k od ra ▁e ▁r re th u eme ▁(" Sh k od ra ▁under ▁sie ge ") ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 3 . ▁Bos n ian ▁Ser b ▁poet ▁Aleks a ▁Š anti ć ▁wrote ▁To ▁Ess ad ▁P asha ▁( ), ▁inspired ▁by ▁the ▁Sie ge ▁of ▁Sc ut ari . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁▁ ▁Ser bia ▁in ▁the ▁B alk an ▁Wars ▁Mass ac res ▁of ▁Alban ians ▁in ▁the ▁B alk an ▁Wars ▁ ▁Notes ▁foot notes ▁ ▁cit ations ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Som el , ▁Sel ç uk ▁Ak ş in , ▁Historical ▁dictionary ▁of ▁the ▁Ott oman ▁Empire , ▁( Sc are c row ▁Press ▁Inc ., ▁ 2 0 0 3 ). ▁ ▁Eq er em ▁be j ▁V l ora , ▁Leben ser inner ungen ▁(' Mem oirs '), ▁Mun ich ▁ 1 9 6 8 , ▁ 1 9 7 3 . ▁ ▁Ed ith ▁Dur ham , ▁The ▁Str ug gle ▁for ▁Sc ut ari ▁( Tur k , ▁Sl av , ▁and ▁Alban ian ), ▁( Ed ward ▁Arnold , ▁ 1 9 1 4 ) ▁ ▁Ed ith ▁Dur ham , |
▁Twenty ▁Years ▁of ▁B alk an ▁T angle , ▁( Ad am ant ▁Media ▁Corporation , ▁April ▁ 2 0 , ▁ 2 0 0 5 ) ▁ ▁Further ▁reading ▁Pav lov ić , ▁Ž . ▁( 1 9 2 6 ) ▁O ps ada ▁Sk ad ra , ▁ 1 9 1 2 - 1 9 1 3 . ▁Be og rad ▁ ▁Rat kov ić , ▁B . ▁( 1 9 7 5 ) ▁Pr vi ▁b alk ans ki ▁rat ▁ 1 9 1 2 - 1 9 1 3 ▁- ▁oper ac ije ▁s r ps ki h ▁sn aga . ▁Be og rad : ▁V oj no ist or ij ski ▁institut , ▁kn j . ▁ 2 ▁ ▁V oj vod ić , ▁M . S . ▁( 1 9 7 0 ) ▁Sk ad ars ka ▁k ri za ▁ 1 9 1 3 . ▁god . ▁Be og rad ▁ ▁Category : B att les ▁of ▁the ▁First ▁B alk an ▁War ▁Category : S ie ges ▁involving ▁Mont en eg ro ▁Category : S ie ges ▁involving ▁Ser bia ▁Sc ut ari ▁Category : 1 9 1 2 ▁in ▁Alban ia ▁Category : 1 9 1 3 ▁in ▁Alban ia ▁Category : 1 9 1 2 ▁in ▁the ▁Ott oman ▁Empire ▁Category : 1 9 1 3 ▁in ▁the ▁Ott oman ▁Empire ▁Category : Conf lic ts ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 3 ▁Category : Sc ut ari ▁Vil ay et ▁Category : History |
▁of ▁Sh k od ë r ▁Category : Mod ern ▁history ▁of ▁Alban ia ▁Category : Mil itary ▁history ▁of ▁Alban ia <0x0A> </s> ▁Evans ▁Creek ▁Pres erve ▁is ▁a ▁ ▁natural ▁area ▁that ▁was ▁don ated ▁to ▁the ▁City ▁of ▁Sam m am ish , ▁Washington , ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 0 . ▁The ▁site ▁includes ▁portions ▁of ▁Evans ▁Creek ▁and ▁other ▁water ▁features , ▁wet lands , ▁and ▁me adows , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁steep ▁terrain . ▁The ▁site ▁provides ▁habitat ▁for ▁black ▁bears , ▁be a vers , ▁h aw ks , ▁deer , ▁and ▁song bird s . ▁There ▁are ▁nurse ▁trees ▁on ▁the ▁site , ▁which ▁are ▁tree ▁st umps ▁that ▁provide ▁nut ri ents ▁for ▁new ▁trees . ▁ ▁Construction ▁of ▁a ▁ 1 0 - st all ▁parking ▁lot , ▁rest rooms , ▁trails , ▁and ▁other ▁amen ities ▁were ▁completed ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁with ▁a ▁partnership ▁between ▁the ▁City ▁of ▁Sam m am ish , ▁the ▁Washington ▁Tra ils ▁Association , ▁businesses , ▁and ▁community ▁organizations . ▁Construction ▁of ▁additional ▁trails ▁occurred ▁from ▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁through ▁ 2 0 1 6 . ▁ ▁The ▁park ▁has ▁two ▁trail heads . ▁The ▁older ▁trail head ▁is ▁on ▁ 2 2 4 th ▁Ave ▁NE . ▁The ▁newer ▁trail head ▁is ▁located ▁at ▁ 3 6 5 0 ▁S ah ale e ▁Way ▁NE . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : P arks ▁in ▁Sam m am ish , ▁Washington |
▁Category : P arks ▁in ▁Red mond , ▁Washington ▁Category : N ature ▁reserves ▁Category : H iking ▁trails ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Category : 2 0 0 0 ▁establish ments ▁in ▁Washington ▁( state ) <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁t are lla ▁sh rew ▁( C roc id ura ▁t are lla ) ▁is ▁a ▁species ▁of ▁mamm al ▁in ▁the ▁family ▁S oric idae . ▁It ▁is ▁found ▁in ▁Democratic ▁Republic ▁of ▁the ▁Cong o ▁and ▁U g anda . ▁Its ▁natural ▁habit ats ▁are ▁sub t rop ical ▁or ▁tropical ▁moist ▁low land ▁forest ▁and ▁sub t rop ical ▁or ▁tropical ▁moist ▁mont ane ▁forest . ▁It ▁is ▁threatened ▁by ▁habitat ▁loss . ▁ ▁S ources ▁ ▁H utter er , ▁R . ▁& ▁Ker bis ▁Peter h ans , ▁J . ▁ 2 0 0 4 . ▁ ▁Cro cid ura ▁t are lla . ▁▁▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁I U CN ▁Red ▁List ▁of ▁Th reat ened ▁Spec ies . ▁▁ ▁Down loaded ▁on ▁ 3 0 ▁July ▁ 2 0 0 7 . ▁ ▁Category : C roc id ura ▁Category : M amm als ▁described ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 5 ▁Category : Tax onomy ▁articles ▁created ▁by ▁Pol bot <0x0A> </s> ▁Ober w il ▁is ▁a ▁municip ality ▁in ▁the ▁district ▁of ▁Ar les heim ▁in ▁the ▁cant on ▁of ▁Bas el - Country ▁in ▁Switzerland . ▁ ▁History ▁Ober w il ▁is ▁first ▁mentioned ▁around ▁ 1 1 0 2 - 0 3 ▁as |
▁Ober uu il re . ▁ ▁Ge ography ▁Ober w il ▁has ▁an ▁area , ▁, ▁of ▁. ▁ ▁Of ▁this ▁area , ▁ ▁or ▁ 4 4 . 0 % ▁is ▁used ▁for ▁agricultural ▁purposes , ▁while ▁ ▁or ▁ 1 9 . 5 % ▁is ▁forest ed . ▁▁ ▁Of ▁the ▁rest ▁of ▁the ▁land , ▁ ▁or ▁ 3 5 . 8 % ▁is ▁settled ▁( build ings ▁or ▁roads ), ▁ ▁or ▁ 0 . 4 % ▁is ▁either ▁rivers ▁or ▁l akes ▁and ▁ ▁or ▁ 0 . 3 % ▁is ▁un product ive ▁land . ▁ ▁Of ▁the ▁built ▁up ▁area , ▁industrial ▁buildings ▁made ▁up ▁ 1 . 6 % ▁of ▁the ▁total ▁area ▁while ▁housing ▁and ▁buildings ▁made ▁up ▁ 2 1 . 7 % ▁and ▁transportation ▁infrastructure ▁made ▁up ▁ 7 . 4 %. ▁ ▁Power ▁and ▁water ▁infrastructure ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁other ▁special ▁developed ▁areas ▁made ▁up ▁ 1 . 8 % ▁of ▁the ▁area ▁while ▁parks , ▁green ▁bel ts ▁and ▁sports ▁fields ▁made ▁up ▁ 3 . 3 %. ▁ ▁Out ▁of ▁the ▁forest ed ▁land , ▁ 1 7 . 8 % ▁of ▁the ▁total ▁land ▁area ▁is ▁heavily ▁forest ed ▁and ▁ 1 . 8 % ▁is ▁covered ▁with ▁or ch ards ▁or ▁small ▁clusters ▁of ▁trees . ▁ ▁Of ▁the ▁agricultural ▁land , ▁ 3 3 . 0 % ▁is ▁used ▁for ▁growing ▁crops ▁and ▁ 8 . 0 % ▁is ▁past ures , ▁while ▁ 3 . |
0 % ▁is ▁used ▁for ▁or ch ards ▁or ▁vine ▁crops . ▁ ▁All ▁the ▁water ▁in ▁the ▁municip ality ▁is ▁flowing ▁water . ▁ ▁The ▁municip ality ▁is ▁located ▁in ▁the ▁Ar les heim ▁district , ▁in ▁the ▁middle ▁Le imen ▁valley . ▁ ▁Co at ▁of ▁arms ▁The ▁bl az on ▁of ▁the ▁municipal ▁coat ▁of ▁arms ▁is ▁G ules , ▁a ▁Pal let ▁w avy ▁Argent , ▁in ▁de x ter ▁a ▁S word ▁and ▁in ▁sin ister ▁a ▁Key ▁of ▁the ▁same . ▁ ▁Dem ograph ics ▁ ▁Ober w il ▁has ▁a ▁population ▁() ▁of ▁. ▁ ▁, ▁ 1 8 . 2 % ▁of ▁the ▁population ▁are ▁resident ▁foreign ▁nation als . ▁ ▁Over ▁the ▁last ▁ 1 0 ▁years ▁( 1 9 9 7 – 2 0 0 7 ) ▁the ▁population ▁has ▁changed ▁at ▁a ▁rate ▁of ▁ 1 1 . 6 %. ▁ ▁Most ▁of ▁the ▁population ▁() ▁speaks ▁German ▁( 8 , 1 8 4 ▁or ▁ 8 7 . 4 % ), ▁with ▁English ▁being ▁second ▁most ▁common ▁( 2 3 3 ▁or ▁ 2 . 5 %) ▁and ▁French ▁being ▁third ▁( 1 9 1 ▁or ▁ 2 . 0 % ). ▁ ▁There ▁are ▁ 7 ▁people ▁who ▁speak ▁Romans h . ▁ ▁, ▁the ▁gender ▁distribution ▁of ▁the ▁population ▁was ▁ 4 8 . 7 % ▁male ▁and ▁ 5 1 . 3 % ▁female . ▁ ▁The ▁population ▁was ▁made ▁up ▁of ▁ 8 , 4 6 6 |
▁Swiss ▁citizens ▁( 8 1 . 2 % ▁of ▁the ▁population ), ▁and ▁ 1 , 9 6 1 ▁non - Sw iss ▁residents ▁( 1 8 . 8 %) ▁ ▁Of ▁the ▁population ▁in ▁the ▁municip ality ▁ 1 , 7 2 7 ▁or ▁about ▁ 1 8 . 4 % ▁were ▁born ▁in ▁Ober w il ▁and ▁lived ▁there ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 0 . ▁ ▁There ▁were ▁ 1 , 4 5 7 ▁or ▁ 1 5 . 6 % ▁who ▁were ▁born ▁in ▁the ▁same ▁cant on , ▁while ▁ 3 , 9 1 6 ▁or ▁ 4 1 . 8 % ▁were ▁born ▁somewhere ▁else ▁in ▁Switzerland , ▁and ▁ 1 , 9 5 4 ▁or ▁ 2 0 . 9 % ▁were ▁born ▁outside ▁of ▁Switzerland . ▁ ▁In ▁ ▁there ▁were ▁ 7 7 ▁live ▁birth s ▁to ▁Swiss ▁citizens ▁and ▁ 1 5 ▁birth s ▁to ▁non - Sw iss ▁citizens , ▁and ▁in ▁same ▁time ▁span ▁there ▁were ▁ 5 3 ▁deaths ▁of ▁Swiss ▁citizens ▁and ▁ 2 ▁non - Sw iss ▁citizen ▁deaths . ▁ ▁Ign oring ▁immigration ▁and ▁em igration , ▁the ▁population ▁of ▁Swiss ▁citizens ▁increased ▁by ▁ 2 4 ▁while ▁the ▁foreign ▁population ▁increased ▁by ▁ 1 3 . ▁ ▁There ▁were ▁ 6 ▁Swiss ▁men ▁who ▁immigr ated ▁back ▁to ▁Switzerland ▁and ▁ 1 ▁Swiss ▁woman ▁who ▁em igr ated ▁from ▁Switzerland . ▁ ▁At ▁the ▁same ▁time , ▁there ▁were ▁ 3 6 ▁non - Sw iss |
▁men ▁and ▁ 5 2 ▁non - Sw iss ▁women ▁who ▁immigr ated ▁from ▁another ▁country ▁to ▁Switzerland . ▁ ▁The ▁total ▁Swiss ▁population ▁change ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁( from ▁all ▁sources , ▁including ▁moves ▁across ▁municipal ▁borders ) ▁was ▁a ▁decrease ▁of ▁ 9 6 ▁and ▁the ▁non - Sw iss ▁population ▁change ▁was ▁an ▁increase ▁of ▁ 1 2 5 ▁people . ▁ ▁This ▁represents ▁a ▁population ▁growth ▁rate ▁of ▁ 0 . 3 %. ▁ ▁The ▁age ▁distribution , ▁, ▁in ▁Ober w il ▁is ; ▁ 7 0 5 ▁children ▁or ▁ 6 . 8 % ▁of ▁the ▁population ▁are ▁between ▁ 0 ▁and ▁ 6 ▁years ▁old ▁and ▁ 1 , 4 0 9 ▁teen agers ▁or ▁ 1 3 . 5 % ▁are ▁between ▁ 7 ▁and ▁ 1 9 . ▁ ▁Of ▁the ▁adult ▁population , ▁ 9 6 6 ▁people ▁or ▁ 9 . 3 % ▁of ▁the ▁population ▁are ▁between ▁ 2 0 ▁and ▁ 2 9 ▁years ▁old . ▁▁ 1 , 2 9 4 ▁people ▁or ▁ 1 2 . 4 % ▁are ▁between ▁ 3 0 ▁and ▁ 3 9 , ▁ 1 , 8 4 9 ▁people ▁or ▁ 1 7 . 7 % ▁are ▁between ▁ 4 0 ▁and ▁ 4 9 , ▁and ▁ 2 , 1 3 0 ▁people ▁or ▁ 2 0 . 4 % ▁are ▁between ▁ 5 0 ▁and ▁ 6 4 . ▁ ▁The ▁senior ▁population ▁distribution ▁is ▁ 1 |
, 5 6 3 ▁people ▁or ▁ 1 5 . 0 % ▁of ▁the ▁population ▁are ▁between ▁ 6 5 ▁and ▁ 7 9 ▁years ▁old ▁and ▁ ▁there ▁are ▁ 5 1 1 ▁people ▁or ▁ 4 . 9 % ▁who ▁are ▁over ▁ 8 0 . ▁ ▁, ▁there ▁were ▁ 3 , 4 8 8 ▁people ▁who ▁were ▁single ▁and ▁never ▁married ▁in ▁the ▁municip ality . ▁ ▁There ▁were ▁ 4 , 8 5 7 ▁married ▁individuals , ▁ 4 8 4 ▁wid ows ▁or ▁wid ow ers ▁and ▁ 5 3 4 ▁individuals ▁who ▁are ▁divor ced . ▁ ▁, ▁there ▁were ▁ 4 , 0 6 7 ▁private ▁households ▁in ▁the ▁municip ality , ▁and ▁an ▁average ▁of ▁ 2 . 2 ▁persons ▁per ▁household . ▁ ▁There ▁were ▁ 1 , 2 4 0 ▁households ▁that ▁consist ▁of ▁only ▁one ▁person ▁and ▁ 1 9 8 ▁households ▁with ▁five ▁or ▁more ▁people . ▁ ▁Out ▁of ▁a ▁total ▁of ▁ 4 , 1 1 8 ▁households ▁that ▁answered ▁this ▁question , ▁ 3 0 . 1 % ▁were ▁households ▁made ▁up ▁of ▁just ▁one ▁person ▁and ▁ 2 1 ▁were ▁adults ▁who ▁lived ▁with ▁their ▁parents . ▁ ▁Of ▁the ▁rest ▁of ▁the ▁households , ▁ ▁there ▁are ▁ 1 , 4 1 2 ▁married ▁couples ▁without ▁children , ▁ 1 , 1 3 4 ▁married ▁couples ▁with ▁children ▁ ▁There ▁were ▁ 2 1 4 ▁single ▁parents ▁with ▁a ▁child ▁or ▁children . ▁ ▁There |
▁were ▁ 4 6 ▁households ▁that ▁were ▁made ▁up ▁un related ▁people ▁and ▁ 5 1 ▁households ▁that ▁were ▁made ▁some ▁sort ▁of ▁institution ▁or ▁another ▁collective ▁housing . ▁▁ ▁there ▁were ▁ 1 , 6 3 0 ▁single ▁family ▁homes ▁( or ▁ 7 3 . 0 % ▁of ▁the ▁total ) ▁out ▁of ▁a ▁total ▁of ▁ 2 , 2 3 3 ▁inhab ited ▁buildings . ▁ ▁There ▁were ▁ 3 9 7 ▁multi - family ▁buildings ▁( 1 7 . 8 % ), ▁along ▁with ▁ 1 3 5 ▁multi - pur pose ▁buildings ▁that ▁were ▁mostly ▁used ▁for ▁housing ▁( 6 . 0 %) ▁and ▁ 7 1 ▁other ▁use ▁buildings ▁( com mercial ▁or ▁industrial ) ▁that ▁also ▁had ▁some ▁housing ▁( 3 . 2 % ). ▁ ▁Of ▁the ▁single ▁family ▁homes ▁ 9 9 ▁were ▁built ▁before ▁ 1 9 1 9 , ▁while ▁ 2 1 2 ▁were ▁built ▁between ▁ 1 9 9 0 ▁and ▁ 2 0 0 0 . ▁ ▁The ▁greatest ▁number ▁of ▁single ▁family ▁homes ▁( 4 4 5 ) ▁were ▁built ▁between ▁ 1 9 7 1 ▁and ▁ 1 9 8 0 . ▁▁ ▁there ▁were ▁ 4 , 4 1 8 ▁apartments ▁in ▁the ▁municip ality . ▁ ▁The ▁most ▁common ▁apartment ▁size ▁was ▁ 4 ▁rooms ▁of ▁which ▁there ▁were ▁ 1 , 3 2 9 . ▁ ▁There ▁were ▁ 1 3 2 ▁single ▁room ▁apartments ▁and ▁ 1 , 4 6 6 ▁apartments ▁with |
▁five ▁or ▁more ▁rooms . ▁ ▁Of ▁these ▁apartments , ▁a ▁total ▁of ▁ 4 , 0 0 8 ▁apartments ▁( 9 0 . 7 % ▁of ▁the ▁total ) ▁were ▁permanently ▁occupied , ▁while ▁ 2 4 9 ▁apartments ▁( 5 . 6 %) ▁were ▁season ally ▁occupied ▁and ▁ 1 6 1 ▁apartments ▁( 3 . 6 %) ▁were ▁empty . ▁ ▁, ▁the ▁construction ▁rate ▁of ▁new ▁housing ▁units ▁was ▁ 2 . 7 ▁new ▁units ▁per ▁ 1 0 0 0 ▁residents . ▁ ▁The ▁vac ancy ▁rate ▁for ▁the ▁municip ality , ▁, ▁was ▁ 0 . 3 8 %. ▁ ▁The ▁historical ▁population ▁is ▁given ▁in ▁the ▁following ▁chart : ▁ ▁Politics ▁In ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁federal ▁election ▁the ▁most ▁popular ▁party ▁was ▁the ▁SP ▁which ▁received ▁ 2 6 . 3 % ▁of ▁the ▁vote . ▁ ▁The ▁next ▁three ▁most ▁popular ▁parties ▁were ▁the ▁SV P ▁( 2 4 . 4 2 %) ▁the ▁F DP ▁( 1 9 . 1 1 % ), ▁and ▁the ▁C VP ▁( 1 0 . 3 2 % ). ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁federal ▁election , ▁a ▁total ▁of ▁ 3 , 4 9 8 ▁votes ▁were ▁cast , ▁and ▁the ▁vot er ▁turn out ▁was ▁ 4 8 . 5 %. ▁ ▁Econom y ▁ ▁, ▁Ober w il ▁had ▁an ▁unemployment ▁rate ▁of ▁ 2 . 3 9 %. ▁ ▁, ▁there ▁were ▁ 1 7 1 ▁people ▁employed ▁in ▁the ▁primary ▁economic ▁sector |
▁and ▁about ▁ 2 3 ▁businesses ▁involved ▁in ▁this ▁sector . ▁▁ 3 3 2 ▁people ▁were ▁employed ▁in ▁the ▁secondary ▁sector ▁and ▁there ▁were ▁ 7 2 ▁businesses ▁in ▁this ▁sector . ▁▁ 2 , 2 9 6 ▁people ▁were ▁employed ▁in ▁the ▁t ert i ary ▁sector , ▁with ▁ 3 4 6 ▁businesses ▁in ▁this ▁sector . ▁ ▁There ▁were ▁ 4 , 7 0 4 ▁residents ▁of ▁the ▁municip ality ▁who ▁were ▁employed ▁in ▁some ▁capacity , ▁of ▁which ▁females ▁made ▁up ▁ 4 3 . 9 % ▁of ▁the ▁work force . ▁▁ ▁the ▁total ▁number ▁of ▁full - time ▁equivalent ▁jobs ▁was ▁ 2 , 3 7 7 . ▁ ▁The ▁number ▁of ▁jobs ▁in ▁the ▁primary ▁sector ▁was ▁ 4 7 , ▁all ▁of ▁which ▁ ▁were ▁in ▁agriculture . ▁ ▁The ▁number ▁of ▁jobs ▁in ▁the ▁secondary ▁sector ▁was ▁ 3 3 2 , ▁of ▁which ▁ 1 3 0 ▁or ▁( 3 9 . 2 %) ▁were ▁in ▁manufacturing ▁and ▁ 2 0 2 ▁( 6 0 . 8 %) ▁were ▁in ▁construction . ▁ ▁The ▁number ▁of ▁jobs ▁in ▁the ▁t ert i ary ▁sector ▁was ▁ 1 , 9 9 8 . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁t ert i ary ▁sector ; ▁ 5 8 0 ▁or ▁ 2 9 . 0 % ▁were ▁in ▁wholes ale ▁or ▁retail ▁sales ▁or ▁the ▁repair ▁of ▁motor ▁vehicles , ▁ 2 6 5 ▁or ▁ 1 3 . 3 % ▁were ▁in ▁the ▁movement ▁and |
▁storage ▁of ▁goods , ▁ 7 6 ▁or ▁ 3 . 8 % ▁were ▁in ▁a ▁hotel ▁or ▁restaurant , ▁ 6 1 ▁or ▁ 3 . 1 % ▁were ▁in ▁the ▁information ▁industry , ▁ 5 7 ▁or ▁ 2 . 9 % ▁were ▁the ▁insurance ▁or ▁financial ▁industry , ▁ 1 7 7 ▁or ▁ 8 . 9 % ▁were ▁technical ▁professionals ▁or ▁scientists , ▁ 1 9 4 ▁or ▁ 9 . 7 % ▁were ▁in ▁education ▁and ▁ 2 6 8 ▁or ▁ 1 3 . 4 % ▁were ▁in ▁health ▁care . ▁ ▁, ▁there ▁were ▁ 2 , 3 6 3 ▁workers ▁who ▁commut ed ▁into ▁the ▁municip ality ▁and ▁ 3 , 7 0 6 ▁workers ▁who ▁commut ed ▁away . ▁ ▁The ▁municip ality ▁is ▁a ▁net ▁ex porter ▁of ▁workers , ▁with ▁about ▁ 1 . 6 ▁workers ▁leaving ▁the ▁municip ality ▁for ▁every ▁one ▁entering . ▁ ▁About ▁ 1 4 . 5 % ▁of ▁the ▁work force ▁coming ▁into ▁Ober w il ▁are ▁coming ▁from ▁outside ▁Switzerland , ▁while ▁ 0 . 4 % ▁of ▁the ▁locals ▁comm ute ▁out ▁of ▁Switzerland ▁for ▁work . ▁ ▁Of ▁the ▁working ▁population , ▁ 3 1 . 2 % ▁used ▁public ▁transportation ▁to ▁get ▁to ▁work , ▁and ▁ 4 0 . 6 % ▁used ▁a ▁private ▁car . ▁ ▁Relig ion ▁ ▁From ▁the ▁, ▁ 3 , 2 0 6 ▁or ▁ 3 4 . 2 % ▁were ▁Roman ▁Catholic , ▁while |
▁ 3 , 3 9 6 ▁or ▁ 3 6 . 3 % ▁belonged ▁to ▁the ▁Swiss ▁Re formed ▁Church . ▁ ▁Of ▁the ▁rest ▁of ▁the ▁population , ▁there ▁were ▁ 1 2 5 ▁members ▁of ▁an ▁Orth odox ▁church ▁( or ▁about ▁ 1 . 3 4 % ▁of ▁the ▁population ), ▁there ▁were ▁ 3 8 ▁individuals ▁( or ▁about ▁ 0 . 4 1 % ▁of ▁the ▁population ) ▁who ▁belonged ▁to ▁the ▁Christian ▁Catholic ▁Church , ▁and ▁there ▁were ▁ 2 1 3 ▁individuals ▁( or ▁about ▁ 2 . 2 7 % ▁of ▁the ▁population ) ▁who ▁belonged ▁to ▁another ▁Christian ▁church . ▁ ▁There ▁were ▁ 1 2 ▁individuals ▁( or ▁about ▁ 0 . 1 3 % ▁of ▁the ▁population ) ▁who ▁were ▁Jewish , ▁and ▁ 3 1 2 ▁( or ▁about ▁ 3 . 3 3 % ▁of ▁the ▁population ) ▁who ▁were ▁Islamic . ▁ ▁There ▁were ▁ 3 3 ▁individuals ▁who ▁were ▁Budd hist , ▁ 4 1 ▁individuals ▁who ▁were ▁Hindu ▁and ▁ 1 2 ▁individuals ▁who ▁belonged ▁to ▁another ▁church . ▁▁ 1 , 6 7 3 ▁( or ▁about ▁ 1 7 . 8 7 % ▁of ▁the ▁population ) ▁belonged ▁to ▁no ▁church , ▁are ▁ag nost ic ▁or ▁at he ist , ▁and ▁ 3 0 2 ▁individuals ▁( or ▁about ▁ 3 . 2 3 % ▁of ▁the ▁population ) ▁did ▁not ▁answer ▁the ▁question . ▁ ▁Education ▁ ▁In ▁Ober w il ▁about ▁ |
3 , 8 1 0 ▁or ▁( 4 0 . 7 %) ▁of ▁the ▁population ▁have ▁completed ▁non - mand atory ▁upper ▁secondary ▁education , ▁and ▁ 1 , 9 8 4 ▁or ▁( 2 1 . 2 %) ▁have ▁completed ▁additional ▁higher ▁education ▁( e ither ▁university ▁or ▁a ▁F ach ho ch sch ule ). ▁ ▁Of ▁the ▁ 1 , 9 8 4 ▁who ▁completed ▁t ert i ary ▁school ing , ▁ 5 6 . 1 % ▁were ▁Swiss ▁men , ▁ 2 6 . 2 % ▁were ▁Swiss ▁women , ▁ 1 0 . 2 % ▁were ▁non - Sw iss ▁men ▁and ▁ 7 . 5 % ▁were ▁non - Sw iss ▁women . ▁ ▁, ▁there ▁were ▁ 7 6 5 ▁students ▁in ▁Ober w il ▁who ▁came ▁from ▁another ▁municip ality , ▁while ▁ 3 4 6 ▁residents ▁attended ▁schools ▁outside ▁the ▁municip ality . ▁ ▁Not able ▁residents ▁ ▁John ▁M ills ▁( 1 8 4 8 ▁– ▁ 1 9 3 5 ▁at ▁Ober w il ) ▁an ▁English ▁cr ick eter ▁who ▁played ▁in ▁one ▁first - class ▁cricket ▁match ▁in ▁ 1 8 7 0 ▁ ▁D ario ▁Z uff i ▁ ▁( born ▁ 1 9 6 4 ) ▁former ▁FC ▁Bas el ▁player , ▁used ▁to ▁live ▁in ▁Ober w il ▁ ▁Roger ▁Feder er ▁( born ▁ 1 9 8 1 ) ▁current ▁world ▁number ▁one ▁tennis ▁player , ▁moved ▁to ▁W oll er au , ▁Sch wy |
z ▁in ▁March ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁ ▁Official ▁website ▁▁▁▁ ▁Swiss info ▁Article : ▁Feder er ▁turns ▁his ▁back ▁on ▁home ▁cant on ▁ ▁Category : M unicip al ities ▁of ▁Bas el - L ands chaft <0x0A> </s> ▁Ch in na ▁() ▁is ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁leading ▁art ▁director ▁in ▁Indian ▁cinema . ▁His ▁debut ▁venture ▁was ▁‘ K al isi ▁Nad ud ham ’ ▁( T el ugu ). ▁He ▁started ▁Art ▁direction ▁together ▁with ▁his ▁g uru ▁B ▁An and ▁S ai ▁( son ▁of ▁senior ▁art ▁director ▁B . C hell am ). ▁His ▁first ▁movie ▁was ▁as ▁Assistant ▁Art ▁Director ▁for ▁the ▁T amil ▁movie ▁‘ Ro ja ▁Mal are ’ ▁star ring ▁M ural i . ▁Next ▁was ‘ S ant os ham ’ ▁followed ▁by ▁‘ En as are ▁As ave ’ ▁and ▁so ▁on . ▁ ▁Then ▁Sh ift ed ▁to ▁Hy der abad ▁for ▁‘ Th ol ip re ma ’. ▁Again ▁together ▁with ▁his ▁g uru ▁An and ▁S ai , ▁he ▁did ▁Tel ugu ▁movies ▁like ▁‘ Th ol ip re ma ’, ▁‘ Th am ud u ’, ▁‘ Bad ri ’, ▁‘ K ush i ’ ▁and ▁‘ Pre math o ▁ra ’. ▁While ▁this ▁was ▁happening ▁he ▁met ▁great ▁producers ▁like ▁Bur ug up all i ▁S iv aram a ▁Kr ish na , ▁T . ▁T riv ik r ama ▁R ao ▁and ▁with ▁their ▁encour agement ▁he ▁became |
▁Art ▁director ▁in ▁their ▁movies . ▁‘ K al isi ▁Nad ud ham ’ ( T el ugu ) ▁was ▁my ▁first ▁movie ▁as ▁Art ▁director . ▁He ▁also ▁worked ▁with ▁his ▁senior ▁class mate ▁Mur thy ▁S re er am ’ s ▁movie ▁‘ V e chi ▁V un ta ’. ▁Ch in na ▁in ▁an ▁interview ▁said ▁' This ▁was ▁actually ▁my ▁first ▁movie ▁but ▁it ▁got ▁released ▁as ▁my ▁second ▁movie .' ▁ ▁He ▁started ▁working ▁on ▁the ▁film ▁K H AD G AM ▁star ring ▁s rik anth ▁and ▁son ali ▁bind re ▁but ▁stopped ▁working ▁for ▁the ▁film ▁due ▁to ▁unknown ▁reasons . ▁ ▁He ▁worked ▁for ▁almost ▁ 2 2 ▁films ▁with ▁the ▁to l ly wood ▁Director ▁pur i ▁jag ann ath ▁... ▁ ▁He ▁also ▁started ▁wedding ▁designs ▁... ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 5 ▁he ▁designed ▁the ▁wedding ▁M AND AP ▁of ▁P ULL A ▁R A O ' s ▁D aughter ▁marriage ▁for ▁which ▁he ▁got ▁much ▁appreciation ▁and ▁the ▁whole ▁And h ra ▁Pr adesh ▁and ▁Tel ang ana ▁recognition .. ▁ ▁Film ography ▁ ▁This ▁list ▁is ▁not ▁a ▁completed ▁one .. ▁Partial ▁film ography ▁is ▁selected . ▁ ▁An am ika ▁( 2 0 1 3 ) ▁ ▁Tra ffic ▁( 2 0 1 3 ) ▁ ▁Man ush ul ath o ▁J agr ath a ▁( 2 0 1 3 ) ▁ ▁Dev ud u ▁C hes ina ▁Man ush ulu ▁( 2 0 1 2 ) ▁ |
▁Cam er aman ▁G ang ath o ▁R amb ab u ▁( 2 0 1 2 ) ▁ ▁Business ▁Man ▁( 2 0 1 2 ) ▁ ▁K and ire ega ▁( 2 0 1 1 ) ▁ ▁Ad hin ay ak ud u ▁( 2 0 1 2 ) ▁ ▁N enu ▁N aa ▁R ak sh asi ▁( 2 0 1 1 ) ▁ ▁Nag av all i ▁( 2 0 1 0 ) ▁ ▁Gol im ar ▁( 2 0 1 0 ) ▁ ▁A ry a ▁ 2 ▁( 2 0 0 9 ) ▁ ▁Ek ▁N ir an jan ▁( 2 0 0 9 ) ▁ ▁B umper ▁Off er ▁( 2 0 0 9 ) ▁ ▁An jan ey ulu ▁( 2 0 0 9 ) ▁ ▁R ide ▁( 2 0 0 9 ) ▁ ▁W anted ▁Hind i ▁( 2 0 0 9 ) ▁ ▁Kon chem ▁Is ht am ▁Kon chem ▁Kas ht am ▁( 2 0 0 9 ) ▁ ▁N en int he ▁( 2 0 0 8 ) ▁ ▁Ch int ak ay ala ▁R avi ▁( 2 0 0 8 ) ▁ ▁B uj j iga adu : ▁Made ▁in ▁Chen na i ▁( 2 0 0 8 ) ▁ ▁Des am ud uru ▁( 2 0 0 7 ) ▁ ▁Ch ir uth a ▁( 2 0 0 7 ) ▁ ▁Y og i ▁( 2 0 0 7 ) ▁ ▁Hello ▁prem ist ara ▁( 2 0 0 |
7 ) ▁ ▁Pok iri ▁( 2 0 0 6 ) ▁ ▁Happy ▁( 2 0 0 6 ) ▁ ▁L ak sh mi ▁Songs ▁( 2 0 0 6 ) ▁ ▁Super ▁( 2 0 0 5 ) ▁ ▁Int lo ▁S rim ath i ▁V eed h ilo ▁Kum ari ▁( 2 0 0 4 ) ▁▁ 1 4 3 ▁( 2 0 0 4 ) ▁ ▁Sh art : ▁The ▁Challenge ▁( 2 0 0 4 ) ▁ ▁And h raw ala ▁( 2 0 0 4 ) ▁ ▁Th oda ▁T um ▁Bad lo ▁Th oda ▁Hum ▁( 2 0 0 4 ) ▁ ▁Sh iv am ani ▁( 2 0 0 3 ) ▁ ▁Tar ak ▁( 2 0 0 3 ) ▁ ▁Am ma ▁N anna ▁O ▁Tam ila ▁Am may i ▁( 2 0 0 3 ) ▁ ▁P ell am ▁O ore lit he ▁( 2 0 0 3 ) ▁ ▁A ad uth u ▁pa ad uth u ▁( 2 0 0 2 ) ▁ ▁An and am ▁( 2 0 0 1 ) ▁ ▁V ech iv un ta ▁( 2 0 0 1 ) ▁ ▁Kal isi ▁Nad ud dam ▁Cont ro vers y ▁ ▁Art ▁director ▁chin na ' s ▁best ▁industry ▁friend ▁and ▁to l ly wood ▁director ▁P uri ▁Jag ann ath ▁were ▁split ▁during ▁the ▁all u ▁ar j un ▁st arr er ▁ID D AR AM MA Y IL AT HO . ▁The ▁reasons ▁were ▁given ▁ |
▁why ▁they ▁both ▁split ▁up ▁in ▁spite ▁of ▁their ▁best ▁friendship ▁but ▁the ▁industry ▁people ▁are ▁saying ▁they ▁were ▁not ▁true ▁and ▁the ▁reason ▁is ▁unknown . ▁ ▁Awards ▁ ▁Only ▁few ▁awards ▁are ▁considered ▁... ▁ ▁Ch in na ▁won ▁ 1 0 - 1 5 ▁other ▁awards ▁... ▁ ▁Best ▁art ▁Director ▁for ▁the ▁movie ▁N AG A VAL LI ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁ ▁Best ▁art ▁director ▁for ▁the ▁movie ▁Pok iri ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁▁ ▁http :// www . Art ch in na . com ▁ ▁Category : Ind ian ▁art ▁directors ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : Year ▁of ▁birth ▁missing ▁( l iving ▁people ) <0x0A> </s> ▁Jan ▁H ul sk er ▁( 2 ▁October ▁ 1 9 0 7 , ▁The ▁H ague ▁– ▁ 9 ▁November ▁ 2 0 0 2 , ▁Vancouver ) ▁was ▁a ▁Dutch ▁art ▁historian ▁especially ▁noted ▁for ▁his ▁work ▁on ▁Vincent ▁van ▁G og h . ▁He ▁studied ▁Dutch ▁literature ▁in ▁Le iden ▁and ▁was ▁promoted ▁with ▁a ▁thesis ▁on ▁the ▁author ▁A art ▁van ▁der ▁Lee uw . ▁In ▁ 1 9 5 3 , ▁he ▁was ▁appointed ▁to ▁the ▁Minister ie ▁van ▁C ult uur , ▁Rec reat ie ▁en ▁Ma ats ch app elijk ▁wer k , ▁in ▁charge ▁of ▁the ▁art ▁department . ▁In ▁ 1 9 5 9 , ▁he ▁became ▁general ▁director ▁in ▁charge ▁of ▁culture ▁at ▁large ▁( direct eur - gener aal ▁voor ▁culture le ▁z aken ). |
▁The ▁establishment ▁of ▁the ▁Vincent ▁van ▁G og h ▁Foundation ▁and ▁the ▁Van ▁G og h ▁Museum ▁in ▁Amsterdam ▁were ▁among ▁his ▁major ▁tasks . ▁ ▁From ▁the ▁ 1 9 5 0 s , ▁H ul sk er ▁contributed ▁to ▁Van ▁G og h ▁research , ▁concentr ating ▁on ▁the ▁dating ▁of ▁Van ▁G og h ' s ▁correspondence . ▁In ▁ 1 9 7 3 , ▁H ul sk er ' s ▁most ▁important ▁study ▁was ▁published , ▁Van ▁G og h ▁door ▁Van ▁G og h , ▁which ▁has ▁not ▁been ▁translated ▁from ▁the ▁Dutch . ▁ ▁He ▁is ▁the ▁author ▁of ▁an ▁acknowledged ▁c atalogue ▁raison né ▁of ▁Van ▁G og h ' s ▁work , ▁published ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 8 , ▁ ▁rev ised ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 9 ▁and ▁again ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 6 . ▁His ▁c atalogue ▁numbers ▁are ▁preced ed ▁by ▁a ▁' J H ': ▁thus ▁J H 1 7 3 1 ▁refers ▁to ▁the ▁ 1 8 8 9 ▁oil ▁painting ▁The ▁Star ry ▁Night ▁( pre viously ▁catalog ued ▁by ▁Jacob ▁Ba art ▁de ▁la ▁F aille ▁as ▁F 6 1 2 ). ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁ 1 9 8 0 s , ▁H ul sk er ▁left ▁the ▁Netherlands ▁and ▁settled ▁in ▁Vancouver , ▁British ▁Columbia , ▁Canada , ▁where ▁he ▁died ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 2 . ▁ ▁Books ▁ ▁H ul sk er , ▁Jan . ▁Vincent ▁and ▁The o ▁van ▁G og |
h ; ▁A ▁dual ▁bi ography . ▁Ann ▁Ar bor : ▁Full er ▁Public ations , ▁ 1 9 9 0 . ▁▁ ▁H ul sk er , ▁Jan . ▁The ▁Complete ▁Van ▁G og h . ▁Oxford : ▁Ph aid on , ▁ 1 9 8 0 . ▁. ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁S ources ▁Short ▁bi ography ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 0 7 ▁birth s ▁Category : 2 0 0 2 ▁deaths ▁Category : D utch ▁art ▁histor ians ▁Category : People ▁from ▁The ▁H ague ▁Category : V in cent ▁van ▁G og h ▁scholars ▁Category : 2 0 th - century ▁Dutch ▁pain ters ▁Category : D utch ▁male ▁pain ters <0x0A> </s> ▁We ▁Sam mar inese ▁( , ▁NS ) ▁is ▁a ▁cent rist ▁political ▁party ▁in ▁San ▁Mar ino . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁general ▁election ▁NS ▁won ▁ 2 . 5 % ▁and ▁ 1 ▁out ▁of ▁ 6 0 ▁seats ▁and ▁stood ▁in ▁opposition ▁to ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 6 - 2 0 0 8 ▁governing ▁coalition ▁of ▁the ▁Party ▁of ▁Social ists ▁and ▁Democrats , ▁Popular ▁Alliance ▁and ▁United ▁Left . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁general ▁election ▁the ▁party ▁participated ▁within ▁the ▁Freedom ▁List ▁that ▁won ▁ 1 , 3 1 7 ▁votes ▁( 6 . 2 8 %) ▁and ▁got ▁ 4 ▁seats . ▁At ▁time , ▁the ▁Freedom ▁List ▁was ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁centre - right ▁P act ▁for ▁San ▁Mar ino |
▁coalition . ▁The ▁elect oral ▁coalition ▁won ▁ 3 5 ▁seats ▁out ▁of ▁ 6 0 ▁in ▁the ▁Grand ▁and ▁General ▁Council ▁in ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁Sam mar inese ▁parliament ary ▁election ▁gaining ▁ 5 4 . 2 2 % ▁of ▁the ▁national ▁vote ▁and ▁a ▁government al ▁majority ▁of ▁ 5 , ▁becoming ▁the ▁new ▁government ▁of ▁San ▁Mar ino . ▁As ▁a ▁result , ▁No i ▁Sam mar ines i ▁which ▁itself ▁gained ▁a ▁few ▁seats ▁and ▁a ▁small ▁percentage ▁of ▁the ▁national ▁vote ▁as ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁coalition ▁and ▁as ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁Freedom ▁List . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁the ▁P act ▁for ▁San ▁Mar ino ▁government ▁collapsed , ▁causing ▁the ▁dis band ment ▁of ▁its ▁component ▁lists . ▁We ▁San mar inese , ▁now ▁a ▁fully ▁free ▁party , ▁decided ▁to ▁accept ▁a ▁feder ative ▁p act ▁with ▁the ▁Sam mar inese ▁Christian ▁Democratic ▁Party , ▁entering ▁into ▁a ▁new ▁government ▁of ▁national ▁unity . ▁NS ▁run ▁in ▁the ▁San mar inese ▁election ▁of ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁as ▁party ▁of ▁the ▁ultimately ▁vict orious ▁PD CS . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁the ▁party ▁opposed ▁joining ▁the ▁EU ▁in ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁Sam mar inese ▁refer end um . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁Official ▁website ▁ ▁Category : Pol it ical ▁parties ▁in ▁San ▁Mar ino <0x0A> </s> ▁Ko ś c ian ka ▁ ▁( G erman : ▁Hans fel de ) |
▁is ▁a ▁former ▁settlement ▁in ▁the ▁administrative ▁district ▁of ▁G mina ▁T ych owo , ▁within ▁B iał og ard ▁County , ▁West ▁P omer an ian ▁Vo iv odes hip , ▁in ▁north - western ▁Poland . ▁It ▁lies ▁approximately ▁ ▁east ▁of ▁T ych owo , ▁ ▁east ▁of ▁B iał og ard , ▁and ▁ ▁north - east ▁of ▁the ▁regional ▁capital ▁Sz cz ec in . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁History ▁of ▁P omer ania ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : V ill ages ▁in ▁B iał og ard ▁County <0x0A> </s> ▁A de le ▁Williams ▁( F ebru ary ▁ 2 4 , ▁ 1 8 6 8 ▁– ▁ 1 9 5 2 ) ▁was ▁an ▁American ▁artist ▁who ▁was ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁earliest ▁Im pression ist ▁pain ters ▁in ▁Virginia . ▁ ▁Biography ▁A de le ▁Williams ▁was ▁born ▁in ▁Richmond , ▁Virginia , ▁the ▁daughter ▁of ▁John ▁H . ▁Williams . ▁Grad u ating ▁high ▁school ▁at ▁the ▁age ▁of ▁ 1 5 , ▁she ▁went ▁to ▁New ▁York ▁in ▁ 1 8 8 6 ▁to ▁study ▁at ▁the ▁Woman ' s ▁Art ▁School ▁of ▁Cooper ▁Union ▁and ▁the ▁Art ▁Students ' ▁League . ▁She ▁also ▁studied ▁at ▁the ▁Ac adém ie ▁Julian ▁in ▁Paris , ▁where ▁she ▁won ▁the ▁Prix ▁Con c ours ▁medal . ▁ ▁Williams ▁worked ▁in ▁oil , ▁water color , ▁past el , ▁and ▁me zz ot int , ▁painting ▁landsc apes , ▁still ▁lif es , ▁and ▁har bor ▁and |
▁street ▁scenes ▁in ▁an ▁Im pression ist ▁style . ▁She ▁exhib ited ▁work ▁at ▁the ▁Paris ▁Sal on ▁during ▁her ▁stay ▁in ▁France , ▁and ▁after ▁her ▁return ▁to ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁she ▁showed ▁at ▁the ▁American ▁Water color ▁Society , ▁the ▁Art ▁Club ▁of ▁Philadelphia , ▁and ▁elsewhere . ▁A ▁number ▁of ▁her ▁port ra its ▁are ▁catalog ed ▁by ▁the ▁Catalogue ▁of ▁American ▁Port ra its ▁at ▁the ▁National ▁Port rait ▁Gallery , ▁including ▁a ▁ 1 9 0 2 ▁self - port rait ▁and ▁a ▁ 1 9 0 3 ▁portrait ▁of ▁Ellen ▁Ax son ▁Wilson , ▁the ▁first ▁wife ▁of ▁President ▁Wood row ▁Wilson . ▁Her ▁portrait ▁of ▁judge ▁John ▁W . ▁R i ely ▁hang s ▁in ▁the ▁Virginia ▁Supreme ▁Court , ▁and ▁her ▁portrait ▁of ▁Com mod ore ▁Matthew ▁Font aine ▁Ma ury ▁is ▁owned ▁by ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Virginia . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : 1 8 6 8 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 9 5 2 ▁deaths ▁Category : American ▁Im pression ist ▁pain ters ▁Category : American ▁women ▁pain ters ▁Category : Im pression ist ▁pain ters ▁Category : P ain ters ▁from ▁Virginia ▁Category : Art ists ▁from ▁Richmond , ▁Virginia ▁Category : 2 0 th - century ▁American ▁pain ters ▁Category : 2 0 th - century ▁American ▁women ▁artists ▁Category : Co oper ▁Union ▁al umn i ▁Category : Art ▁Students ▁League ▁of ▁New ▁York ▁al umn i ▁Category : Al umn i ▁of ▁the ▁Ac adém ie ▁Julian ▁Category |
: W ik ipedia ▁articles ▁incorpor ating ▁text ▁from ▁A ▁Woman ▁of ▁the ▁Century <0x0A> </s> ▁" P il ot " ▁is ▁the ▁first ▁episode ▁of ▁the ▁TV ▁series , ▁Psych . ▁It ▁originally ▁a ired ▁on ▁USA ▁Network ▁on ▁July ▁ 7 , ▁ 2 0 0 6 . ▁ ▁Plot ▁Sh awn ▁Spencer ▁( J ames ▁Rod ay ) ▁has ▁never ▁kept ▁a ▁job ▁for ▁more ▁than ▁ 6 ▁months . ▁He ▁helps ▁the ▁Santa ▁Barbara ▁Police ▁Department ▁prove ▁a ▁man ▁guilty , ▁using ▁his ▁keen ▁powers ▁of ▁observation ▁and ▁his ▁near ▁perfect ▁photograph ic ▁memory ▁he ▁obtained ▁as ▁a ▁kid . ▁Detect ive ▁Carl ton ▁L ass iter ▁( Tim othy ▁Om und son ) ▁takes ▁Sh awn ▁into ▁questioning , ▁and ▁Sh awn ▁claims ▁to ▁have ▁obtained ▁the ▁information ▁psych ically . ▁The ▁police ▁let ▁him ▁go ▁with ▁no ▁proof ▁to ▁dis pro ve ▁the ▁claim . ▁On ▁his ▁way ▁out , ▁Sh awn ▁is ▁asked ▁for ▁help ▁by ▁Chief ▁Karen ▁V ick ▁on ▁a ▁high - profile ▁kidn apping ▁case . ▁The ▁investigation ▁into ▁the ▁kidn apping ▁of ▁Cam den ▁Mc Call um , ▁sole ▁male ▁he ir ▁to ▁the ▁Mc Call um ▁fortune , ▁is ▁st alled . ▁She ▁believes ▁Sh awn ' s ▁psych ic ▁powers ▁can ▁help ▁solve ▁the ▁case . ▁Sh awn ▁takes ▁advantage ▁of ▁this , ▁realizing ▁a ▁new ▁career ▁has ▁just ▁fallen ▁into ▁his ▁lap . ▁ ▁He ▁visits ▁his ▁childhood ▁friend ▁Bur ton ▁" G us " ▁G uster ▁( D |
ul é ▁Hill ), ▁a ▁pharm aceut ical ▁representative . ▁Sh awn ▁decides ▁to ▁get ▁G us ▁involved . ▁G us ▁is ▁reluct ant , ▁but ▁eventually ▁gets ▁involved ▁with ▁the ▁Mc Call um ▁case . ▁Sh awn ▁and ▁G us ▁find ▁out ▁that ▁about ▁ 1 8 ▁months ▁before , ▁Cam den ▁had ▁straight ened ▁up ▁his ▁usual ▁party ▁boy ▁act . ▁They ▁learn ▁Cam den ▁never ▁did ▁anything ▁without ▁his ▁dog , ▁and ▁he ▁disappeared ▁from ▁a ▁park ▁along ▁with ▁the ▁dog . ▁Sh awn ▁real izes ▁Cam den ▁wasn ' t ▁kidn apped , ▁he ▁disappeared . ▁Ex actly ▁ 1 8 ▁months ▁before , ▁Mr . ▁Mc Call um ▁threatened ▁to ▁cut ▁Cam den ▁out ▁of ▁the ▁inherit ance ▁if ▁he ▁didn ' t ▁straight en ▁up . ▁Cam den ▁also ▁stopped ▁hanging ▁around ▁with ▁his ▁close ▁friend , ▁Mal colm ▁Or so . ▁Cam den ▁and ▁Mal colm ▁were ▁planning ▁a ▁r ans om . ▁ ▁Sh awn ▁and ▁G us ▁check ▁out ▁Or so ' s ▁cabin , ▁where ▁they ▁find ▁Cam den ' s ▁" missing " ▁dog . ▁Sh awn ▁goes ▁back ▁to ▁the ▁cops ▁to ▁convince ▁them ▁he ▁had ▁a ▁psych ic ▁vision ▁of ▁Or so ' s ▁cabin . ▁The ▁police ▁go ▁inside ▁the ▁cabin ▁and ▁find ▁both ▁Cam den ▁and ▁Or so ▁dead ▁in ▁an ▁apparent ▁suicide ▁murder ▁situation . ▁Sh awn ▁takes ▁a ▁quick ▁look ▁at ▁the ▁room , ▁and ▁he ▁is ▁not ▁convinced . ▁Especially ▁because ▁Mr . ▁Mc Call |
um ▁had ▁a ▁cut ▁on ▁his ▁wrist ▁that ▁could ▁be ▁a ▁dog ▁bite . ▁Sh awn ▁visits ▁his ▁est r anged ▁father , ▁Henry ▁( Cor bin ▁Bern sen ). ▁Henry ▁says ▁Sh awn ' s ▁powers ▁are ▁getting ▁soft ▁and ▁he ' s ▁trust ing ▁people ▁he ▁shouldn ' t ▁be . ▁Sh awn ▁then ▁suspect s ▁Cam den ' s ▁sister , ▁K atar ina . ▁ ▁K atar ina ▁wasn ' t ▁involved , ▁but ▁her ▁bag ▁was . ▁At ▁one ▁time ▁it ▁had ▁to ▁have ▁carried ▁the ▁money . ▁One ▁of ▁the ▁Mc Call ums ▁tried ▁to ▁pay ▁the ▁r ans om , ▁but ▁something ▁must ▁have ▁gone ▁wrong . ▁Sh awn ▁and ▁G us ▁confirm ▁that ▁it ▁was ▁Mr . ▁Mc Call um ▁that ▁tried ▁to ▁make ▁the ▁r ans om . ▁Mc Call um ▁sees ▁Cam den ▁inside . ▁During ▁an ▁argument , ▁Cam den ▁fell ▁and ▁hit ▁his ▁head . ▁He ▁bl ed ▁to ▁death . ▁Or so ▁enters ▁and ▁Mc Call um ▁has ▁no ▁choice ▁but ▁to ▁shoot ▁him , ▁cover ▁his ▁tracks ▁and ▁make ▁it ▁look ▁like ▁Or so ▁murdered ▁Cam den ▁then ▁committed ▁suicide . ▁On ▁his ▁way ▁out , ▁Mc Call um ▁was ▁b itten ▁by ▁Cam den ' s ▁angry ▁dog . ▁Sh awn ▁proves ▁himself ▁to ▁the ▁police ▁by ▁explaining ▁and ▁prov ing ▁a ▁" vision " ▁of ▁dog ▁bite ▁medication ▁in ▁Mc Call um ' s ▁medicine ▁cabinet ▁that ▁G us ▁actually ▁saw ▁when ▁he ▁was ▁going ▁to ▁the |
▁bathroom . ▁Mc Call um ▁is ▁arrested . ▁Sh awn ▁and ▁G us ▁have ▁solved ▁their ▁first ▁case ▁and ▁open ▁their ▁own ▁private ▁detective ▁agency , ▁Psych . ▁ ▁Production ▁ ▁Con ception ▁and ▁development ▁After ▁successfully ▁pitch ing ▁the ▁film ▁Big ▁Daddy ▁to ▁the ▁production ▁company ▁Columbia ▁Pictures , ▁the ▁film ' s ▁writer , ▁Steve ▁Fr anks ▁was ▁requested ▁by ▁Columbia ▁to ▁pitch ▁them ▁ideas ▁for ▁five ▁new ▁television ▁programs . ▁Among ▁the ▁ideas ▁Fr anks ▁pit ched ▁was ▁the ▁original ▁outline ▁for ▁Psych . ▁Columbia ▁Pictures ▁felt ▁that ▁the ▁idea ▁for ▁the ▁show ▁was ▁completely ▁ridiculous , ▁so ▁Fr anks ▁forgot ▁about ▁it . ▁A ▁few ▁years ▁afterwards , ▁Steve ▁Fr anks ▁met ▁with ▁producer ▁Kelly ▁K ul ch ak , ▁asking ▁her ▁to ▁help ▁him ▁with ▁creating ▁a ▁one - hour - long ▁TV ▁series . ▁K ul ch ak ▁agreed , ▁and ▁Fr anks ▁presented ▁the ▁original ▁idea ▁he ▁had ▁for ▁Psych , ▁which ▁K ul ch ak ▁considered ▁to ▁be ▁brilliant . ▁ ▁Fr anks ▁and ▁K ul ch ak ▁pit ched ▁the ▁idea ▁to ▁numerous ▁TV ▁networks , ▁including ▁the ▁" Big ▁Three ". ▁K ul ch ak ▁stated ▁that ▁" it ▁was ▁a ▁great ▁pitch ▁and ▁that ▁everybody ▁laughed , ▁but ▁no ▁one ▁wanted ▁to ▁buy ▁it ". ▁K ul ch ak ▁attributed ▁this ▁due ▁to ▁the ▁show ' s ▁comedy – dr ama ▁format , ▁which ▁was ▁virtually ▁unused ▁at ▁the ▁time . ▁The ▁show ' s ▁producers ▁stated ▁that ▁Psych ' s ▁comedy |
- dr ama ▁format ▁is ▁based ▁on ▁the ▁former ▁TV ▁series ' ▁Moon light ing ▁and ▁Rem ington ▁Ste ele , ▁of ▁which ▁creator ▁Steve ▁Fr anks ▁was ▁a ▁long time ▁fan . ▁The ▁final ▁network ▁Fr anks ▁and ▁K ul ch ak ▁pit ched ▁the ▁show ▁to ▁was ▁USA ▁Network . ▁The ▁network ▁loved ▁the ▁concept , ▁and ▁decided ▁to ▁produce ▁the ▁show . ▁However , ▁the ▁network ▁brought ▁in ▁other ▁writers ▁to ▁help ▁with ▁the ▁show , ▁which ▁Steve ▁Fr anks ▁was ▁unhappy ▁about , ▁as ▁he ▁originally ▁intended ▁to ▁make ▁the ▁show ▁entirely ▁himself . ▁ ▁USA ▁Network ▁first ▁announced ▁their ▁potential ▁broadcast ing ▁of ▁Psych ▁on ▁June ▁ 1 7 , ▁ 2 0 0 5 . ▁The ▁network ▁stated ▁that ▁they ▁had ▁requested ▁a ▁pilot ▁episode ▁of ▁the ▁series , ▁to ▁be ▁managed ▁by ▁Tag line ▁Produ ctions . ▁The ▁original ▁working ▁name ▁for ▁the ▁series ▁was ▁" P sy che ". ▁By ▁August ▁ 3 0 , ▁James ▁Rod ay ▁and ▁D ul é ▁Hill ▁had ▁been ▁cast ▁to ▁play ▁the ▁show ' s ▁main ▁characters . ▁It ▁was ▁also ▁announced ▁that ▁the ▁production ▁for ▁the ▁show ' s ▁pilot ▁episode ▁would ▁begin ▁shortly , ▁and ▁the ▁episode ▁would ▁likely ▁air ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 6 . ▁On ▁January ▁ 5 , ▁ 2 0 0 6 , ▁USA ▁announced ▁the ▁Psy che ▁would ▁be ▁competing ▁against ▁In ▁Pl ain ▁S ight , ▁written ▁by ▁David ▁Map les , ▁and ▁Under fund ed , ▁written ▁by |
▁David ▁Bre ck man , ▁for ▁air ▁time ▁and ▁broadcast ing ▁slots . ▁Later ▁in ▁January , ▁the ▁network ▁confirmed ▁that ▁the ▁pilot ▁episode ▁for ▁the ▁show ▁would ▁air ▁later ▁that ▁year . ▁They ▁also ▁announced ▁that ▁the ▁show ' s ▁name ▁had ▁changed ▁to ▁Psych . ▁On ▁February ▁ 2 1 , ▁ 2 0 0 6 , ▁USA ▁Network ▁announced ▁that ▁it ▁had ▁ordered ▁eleven ▁one - hour ▁episode ▁scripts ▁for ▁Psych . ▁They ▁confirmed ▁that ▁the ▁show ▁would ▁take ▁Mon k ' s ▁ 1 0 ▁p . m . ▁( EST ) ▁Friday ▁night ▁time ▁slot , ▁and ▁that ▁the ▁pilot ▁episode , ▁planned ▁to ▁be ▁two ▁hours ▁in ▁length , ▁would ▁be ▁broadcast ▁on ▁July ▁ 7 . ▁The ▁network ▁also ▁revealed ▁that ▁Cor bin ▁Bern sen ▁had ▁been ▁cast ▁as ▁another ▁of ▁the ▁show ' s ▁major ▁characters . ▁The ▁network ▁released , ▁on ▁April ▁ 2 7 , ▁that ▁film ing ▁for ▁the ▁pilot ▁episode , ▁which ▁had ▁been ▁cut ▁to ▁ 9 0 ▁minutes ▁in ▁length , ▁had ▁begun ▁in ▁Vancouver , ▁British ▁Columbia . ▁In ▁addition , ▁USA ▁Network ▁announced ▁that ▁Tim othy ▁Om und son ▁and ▁K irst en ▁Nelson ▁would ▁have ▁star ring ▁roles ▁in ▁the ▁episode . ▁ ▁Writing ▁The ▁episode ▁was ▁written ▁by ▁Steve ▁Fr anks , ▁who ▁re used ▁much ▁material ▁from ▁the ▁original ▁pitch ▁to ▁USA ▁Network . ▁The ▁pitch ▁focused ▁on ▁a ▁man ▁who ▁would ▁call ▁in ▁crime - s olving ▁tips ▁to ▁the ▁Santa ▁Barbara ▁Police |
▁Department ▁through ▁his ▁photograph ic ▁memory ▁and ▁unc anny ▁ability ▁to ▁notice ▁details . ▁It ▁followed ▁him ▁as ▁he ▁was ▁arrested ▁by ▁the ▁police , ▁talked ▁his ▁way ▁out ▁of ▁jail , ▁and ▁solved ▁a ▁crime ▁for ▁the ▁police ▁department . ▁The ▁plot ▁of ▁the ▁show ▁was ▁later ▁changed ▁to ▁Sh awn ' s ▁fake ▁psych ic ▁ability ▁by ▁the ▁producers . ▁The ▁show ' s ▁intro duct ory ▁flash back ▁to ▁young ▁Sh awn ▁was ▁adapted ▁from ▁the ▁pitch , ▁in ▁which ▁it ▁was ▁located ▁in ▁the ▁middle ▁of ▁the ▁install ment . ▁The ▁use ▁of ▁an ▁intro duct ory ▁flash back ▁has ▁been ▁used ▁in ▁almost ▁all ▁following ▁episodes . ▁Among ▁other ▁scenes ▁added ▁to ▁the ▁episode ▁was ▁a ▁confront ation ▁between ▁Sh awn ▁and ▁Henry ▁at ▁a ▁bar bec ue ▁restaurant , ▁which ▁was ▁added ▁by ▁Cor bin ▁Bern sen , ▁and ▁the ▁episode ' s ▁conclusion , ▁again ▁a ▁confront ation ▁between ▁Sh awn ▁and ▁Henry . ▁In ▁addition , ▁much ▁time ▁was ▁spent ▁rev ising ▁the ▁scene ▁of ▁the ▁arrest ▁of ▁Mr . ▁Mc Call um . ▁ ▁Large ▁portions ▁of ▁the ▁install ment ' s ▁dialogue ▁were ▁impro vis ations ▁made ▁by ▁James ▁Rod ay . ▁Creat or ▁Steve ▁Fr anks ▁stated ▁that ▁" every thing ▁funny ▁that ▁you ▁heard ▁is ▁something ▁I ▁wrote . ▁I ▁wrote ▁everything ▁that ▁gets ▁a ▁laugh , ▁and ▁everything ▁that ▁f ills ▁the ▁time ▁until ▁the ▁next ▁scene ▁is ▁all ▁James ". ▁Several ▁of ▁Rod ay ' s ▁impro vis ations |
▁have ▁become ▁re oc cur ring ▁themes ▁on ▁the ▁show ; ▁Sh awn ' s ▁unusual ▁and ▁sp astic ▁" ps ych ic ▁episodes " ▁were ▁added ▁by ▁Rod ay , ▁and ▁was ▁kept ▁by ▁the ▁producers , ▁who ▁loved ▁the ▁idea . ▁Another ▁major ▁theme ▁that ▁was ▁created ▁through ▁Rod ay ' s ▁impro v ising ▁was ▁the ▁inclusion ▁of ▁food ▁in ▁every ▁episode . ▁This ▁was ▁established ▁when ▁Rod ay ▁ate ▁pret z els ▁while ▁talking ▁to ▁G us ▁for ▁the ▁first ▁time ▁in ▁the ▁episode . ▁Also , ▁the ▁inclusion ▁of ▁a ▁pine apple ▁in ▁nearly ▁every ▁episode ▁was ▁established ▁through ▁an ▁impro vised ▁scene ▁during ▁the ▁pilot . ▁In ▁addition , ▁large ▁amounts ▁of ▁dialogue ▁were ▁removed ▁in ▁favor ▁of ▁using ▁visual ▁elements ▁and ▁facial ▁expressions . ▁ ▁Several ▁scenes ▁were ▁deleted ▁from ▁the ▁episode , ▁generally ▁because ▁the ▁producers ▁felt ▁they ▁were ▁not ▁necessary . ▁A ▁short ▁scene ▁about ▁Chief ▁V ick ' s ▁pregnancy ▁was ▁removed ▁from ▁the ▁install ment ▁because ▁it ▁was ▁deemed ▁to ▁be ▁irrelevant ▁to ▁the ▁episode ' s ▁plot . ▁M ention ▁of ▁the ▁chief ' s ▁pregnancy ▁was ▁not ▁made ▁until ▁it ▁was ▁time ▁for ▁her ▁to ▁give ▁birth . ▁A ▁scene ▁about ▁Sh awn ▁hook ing ▁up ▁with ▁K atar ina ▁and ▁then ▁gathering ▁evidence ▁from ▁her ▁was ▁removed ▁from ▁the ▁episode , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁several ▁smaller ▁scenes . ▁ ▁Fil ming ▁ ▁Creat or ▁Steve ▁Fr anks ▁wanted ▁to ▁set ▁Psych ▁in ▁a ▁city ▁that ▁reflected ▁the ▁show ' |
s ▁personality . ▁Fr anks ▁knew ▁that ▁he ▁did ▁not ▁want ▁the ▁show ▁to ▁be ▁set ▁in ▁a ▁big ▁city ▁atmosphere . ▁While ▁developing ▁Psych , ▁Fr anks ▁visited ▁Santa ▁Barbara ▁while ▁on ▁his ▁h one ym oon . ▁He ▁felt ▁that ▁Santa ▁Barbara ▁was ▁the ▁perfect ▁place ▁to ▁set ▁the ▁show , ▁but ▁that ▁they ▁would ▁be ▁unable ▁to ▁film ▁the ▁show ▁there . ▁Executive ▁producer ▁Mel ▁Dam ski ▁commented ▁the ▁film ing ▁of ▁the ▁show , ▁that ▁“ We ▁wanted ▁to ▁set ▁and ▁film ▁it ▁in ▁Santa ▁Barbara , ▁but ▁the ▁area ▁doesn ’ t ▁really ▁have ▁enough ▁crew members ”. ▁After ▁the ▁show ▁was ▁approved , ▁Fr anks ▁began ▁looking ▁for ▁places ▁to ▁film , ▁sett ling ▁for ▁Vancouver , ▁British ▁Columbia . ▁He ▁felt ▁that ▁Vancouver ▁was ▁" the ▁next ▁best ▁location " ▁to ▁Santa ▁Barbara . ▁ ▁Although ▁Fr anks ▁chose ▁to ▁film ▁the ▁show ▁in ▁Vancouver , ▁most ▁of ▁the ▁show ▁is ▁fil med ▁in ▁the ▁surrounding ▁communities . ▁Appro xim ately ▁ 4 0 % ▁of ▁the ▁pilot ▁was ▁fil med ▁in ▁the ▁Vancouver ▁sub urb ▁of ▁White ▁Rock , ▁including ▁most ▁scenes ▁focusing ▁on ▁coastal ▁areas . ▁Several ▁other ▁scenes ▁were ▁fil med ▁in ▁regional ▁mountains . ▁The ▁entire ▁episode ▁was ▁fil med ▁in ▁real - life ▁locations , ▁instead ▁of ▁the ▁sets ▁used ▁for ▁every ▁episode ▁since . ▁The ▁show ▁had ▁to ▁use ▁real ▁locations ▁due ▁to ▁uncertainty ▁on ▁whether ▁the ▁show ▁would ▁succeed . ▁Not ▁being ▁able ▁to ▁use ▁a ▁stage ▁for ▁film |
ing ▁created ▁several ▁issues ▁in ▁the ▁episode . ▁ ▁The ▁install ment ' s ▁opening ▁flash back ▁was ▁fil med ▁at ▁a ▁Vancouver ▁d iner . ▁The ▁small ▁dimensions ▁of ▁the ▁d iner ▁forced ▁the ▁film ing ▁crew ▁to ▁alter ▁the ▁angle ▁of ▁the ▁scene . ▁The ▁entire ▁episode ▁was ▁fil med ▁during ▁November ▁and ▁December , ▁and ▁cold ▁temperatures ▁affected ▁film ing . ▁Pro duc ers ▁commented ▁on ▁how ▁the ▁temperature ▁was ▁usually ▁between ▁ 1 ° C ▁and ▁ 4 ° C ▁( 3 3 . 8 ° F – 3 9 . 2 ° F ). ▁Most ▁scenes ▁involving ▁the ▁Santa ▁Barbara ▁police ▁department ▁were ▁fil med ▁in ▁a ▁working ▁youth ▁host el , ▁H I ▁Vancouver ▁Jer ich o ▁Beach , ▁which ▁was ▁earlier ▁used ▁as ▁an ▁army ▁barr acks . ▁However , ▁one ▁scene ▁was ▁fil med ▁in ▁a ▁" ha unted " ▁insane ▁as yl um , ▁which ▁later ▁inspired ▁the ▁first - season ▁finale ▁" Sc ary ▁Sher ry : ▁B ian ca ' s ▁To ast ". ▁Rain ▁also ▁tam per ed ▁with ▁film ing ▁of ▁the ▁episode . ▁Several ▁outdoor ▁scenes ▁in ▁the ▁episode ▁were ▁fil med ▁in ▁heavy ▁rain , ▁and ▁forced ▁the ▁crew ▁to ▁use ▁tar ps ▁and ▁additional ▁sound ▁equipment . ▁ ▁Due ▁to ▁environmental ▁differences ▁between ▁Santa ▁Barbara ▁and ▁Vancouver , ▁the ▁crew ▁had ▁to ▁use ▁several ▁different ▁props ▁to ▁make ▁the ▁install ment ▁seem ▁belie v able . ▁The ▁producers ▁brought ▁in ▁fake ▁palm ▁trees , ▁surf |
boards , ▁and ▁Southern ▁California ▁newspapers ▁in ▁order ▁to ▁make ▁White ▁Rock ▁seem ▁like ▁Santa ▁Barbara . ▁Pro duc ers ▁commented ▁on ▁how ▁they ▁made ▁many ▁mistakes ▁in ▁writing ▁the ▁episode . ▁Steve ▁Fr anks ▁acknowledged ▁that ▁" with in ▁the ▁first ▁ 6 ▁seconds ▁of ▁the ▁show , ▁we ▁made ▁a ▁mistake ". ▁The ▁install ment ' s ▁murder ▁scene ▁was ▁considered ▁by ▁the ▁producers ▁to ▁be ▁" the ▁most ▁gru esome ▁thing ▁we ' ve ▁ever ▁done ▁on ▁the ▁show ". ▁ ▁Re ception ▁I GN ▁gave ▁the ▁episode ▁a ▁favor able ▁review , ▁saying ▁that ▁although ▁the ▁ 9 0 - minute ▁episode ▁" dr ags ▁on ▁a ▁bit ▁longer ▁than ▁it ▁needs ▁to " ▁it ▁" c ertain ly ▁has ▁the ▁m ak ings ▁of ▁a ▁fun ▁and ▁diver ting ▁series ." ▁Richard ▁K eller ▁of ▁TV S quad . com ▁had ▁a ▁few ▁issues ▁with ▁the ▁first ▁episodes ▁such ▁as ▁the ▁location ▁and ▁the ▁under util ization ▁of ▁D ule ▁Hill , ▁other ▁than ▁that ▁he ▁stated ▁that ▁the ▁show ' s ▁concept ▁" works ▁well ; ▁even ▁better ▁than ▁Mon k ▁in ▁many ▁respect s ". ▁On ▁other ▁hand , ▁Pe oples ▁Tom ▁G li atto ▁declared ▁" Un like ▁Mon k , ▁a ▁gently ▁comic ▁character ▁cop ing ▁with ▁mental ▁illness , ▁Rod ay ' s ▁just ▁an ▁over g rown ▁kid . ▁Who ▁needs ▁him ?" ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁Foot notes ▁ ▁Bibli ography ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁Category : P sy ch ▁episodes ▁Category : 2 0 |
0 6 ▁American ▁television ▁episodes ▁Psych <0x0A> </s> ▁Know bury ▁is ▁a ▁small ▁village ▁near ▁Lud low ▁in ▁Sh ro pshire , ▁England . ▁It ▁is ▁located ▁in ▁the ▁civil ▁parish ▁of ▁C ay n ham . ▁ ▁It ▁is ▁near ▁to ▁Cle e ▁Hill ▁Village ▁and ▁had ▁a ▁part - time ▁Post ▁Office ▁- ▁now ▁closed . ▁ ▁There ▁were ▁two ▁adjacent ▁public ▁houses ▁in ▁the ▁village , ▁on ▁Hope ▁Bag ot ▁Lane ▁- ▁the ▁Pen ny ▁Black , ▁and ▁the ▁Bennett ' s ▁End . ▁The ▁Pen ny ▁Black ▁is ▁now ▁closed , ▁though ▁the ▁Bennett ' s ▁End ▁continues ▁to ▁be ▁a ▁pub . ▁ ▁The ▁El an ▁aqu ed uct ▁passes ▁through ▁the ▁area ▁and ▁cross es ▁the ▁Col ly ▁Brook ▁valley ▁( including ▁C umber ley ▁Lane ) ▁on ▁the ▁impressive ▁Bennett ' s ▁End ▁Aqu ed uct . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁List ed ▁buildings ▁in ▁C ay n ham ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁ ▁Category : V ill ages ▁in ▁Sh ro pshire <0x0A> </s> ▁Black ▁Rock ▁is ▁a ▁novel ▁by ▁Steve ▁Harris ▁published ▁by ▁Victor ▁G oll anc z ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 6 . ▁ ▁Plot ▁summary ▁Black ▁Rock ▁features ▁a ▁ha unted ▁house ▁near ▁T int ag el ▁on ▁the ▁north ▁coast ▁of ▁Corn wall . ▁ ▁Re ception ▁Jonathan ▁Pal mer ▁reviewed ▁Black ▁Rock ▁for ▁Arc ane ▁magazine , ▁rating ▁it ▁a ▁ 7 ▁out ▁of ▁ 1 0 ▁overall . ▁Pal mer ▁comments ▁that ▁" Black ▁Rock ▁is |
▁not ▁a ▁master piece ; ▁the ▁characters ▁fl atten ▁out ▁as ▁the ▁plot ▁develop s ▁and ▁I ▁lost ▁interest ▁in ▁their ▁fate ; ▁but ▁it ▁is ▁a ▁good ▁book . ▁When ▁Steve ▁Harris ▁masters ▁combining ▁good ▁pl ots ▁with ▁conv incing ▁character isation , ▁he ' ll ▁write ▁some ▁better ▁books . ▁He ▁just ▁hasn ' t ▁quite ▁perfect ed ▁his ▁craft ▁yet ." ▁ ▁Reviews ▁Review ▁by ▁Sebastian ▁Phillips ▁( 1 9 9 6 ) ▁in ▁Vector ▁ 1 9 0 ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 9 6 ▁novels <0x0A> </s> ▁Live ▁in ▁the ▁Heart ▁of ▁H els ink i ▁is ▁the ▁first ▁live ▁album ▁and ▁video ▁by ▁Swedish ▁melod ic ▁death ▁metal ▁band ▁So il work . ▁It ▁was ▁recorded ▁live ▁on ▁March ▁ 2 1 , ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁at ▁the ▁Circ us ▁in ▁H els ink i , ▁Finland . ▁The ▁DVD ▁was ▁produced ▁by ▁J oun i ▁Mark kan en , ▁directed ▁by ▁V ille ▁Lip i ä inen ▁and ▁mixed ▁by ▁Kim mo ▁Ah ola . ▁It ▁was ▁released ▁in ▁ 2 CD + D VD ▁and ▁ 2 CD + BD ▁formats . ▁ ▁Background ▁Band ▁front man ▁B j ör n ▁" Speed " ▁Str id ▁commented ▁on ▁the ▁release ▁saying : ▁" There ▁could ' ve ▁not ▁been ▁a ▁better ▁time ▁than ▁now , ▁with ▁ 1 0 ▁albums ▁out ▁and ▁a ▁very ▁varied ▁back ▁c atalogue ▁to ▁choose ▁from . ▁Our ▁line ▁up ▁now ▁is ▁ 5 0 |
▁% ▁original ▁members ▁and ▁ 5 0 ▁% ▁fresh ▁blood , ▁which ▁makes ▁it ▁all ▁more ▁interesting . ▁Especially ▁since ▁the ▁newest ▁members ▁have ▁brought ▁so ▁much ▁to ▁our ▁sound ▁and ▁have ▁continued ▁to ▁inspire ▁us ▁to ▁write ▁new ▁and ▁exciting ▁music ▁and ▁also ▁brought ▁a ▁new ▁found ▁energy ▁on ▁stage . ▁Now ▁is ▁definitely ▁the ▁time ▁to ▁see ▁us . ▁Trust ▁me ." ▁ ▁Bon us ▁features ▁on ▁the ▁DVD / BD ▁include ▁two ▁document aries ▁(" S pect rum ▁of ▁E tern ity : ▁A ▁B rief ▁History ▁of ▁So il work " ▁and ▁" Be hind ▁the ▁Sc enes ▁of ▁the ▁Living ▁In finite ") ▁and ▁four ▁drum cam ▁videos . ▁ ▁Track ▁listing ▁ ▁Person nel ▁▁ ▁B j ör n ▁Str id ▁– ▁vocals ▁ ▁David ▁Anders son ▁– ▁guitar ▁ ▁Sylv ain ▁C oud ret ▁– ▁guitar ▁ ▁S ven ▁Karl sson ▁– ▁key boards ▁ ▁O la ▁F link ▁– ▁bass , ▁Back ing ▁ ▁V oc als ▁ ▁D irk ▁Ver be uren ▁– ▁drums ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : 2 0 1 4 ▁live ▁albums ▁Category : So il work ▁albums <0x0A> </s> ▁AG H ▁University ▁of ▁Science ▁and ▁Technology ▁( Pol ish ▁Ak adem ia ▁G ór nic zo - H ut nic za ▁im . ▁Stan is ł awa ▁St asz ica ) ▁is ▁a ▁technical ▁university ▁in ▁Poland , ▁located ▁in ▁Kr ak ów . ▁The ▁university ▁was ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 9 , ▁and ▁was ▁formerly ▁known |
▁as ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Min ing ▁and ▁Met all ur gy . ▁It ▁has ▁ 1 5 ▁fac ult ies ▁and ▁one ▁school , ▁which ▁will ▁become ▁a ▁faculty ▁in ▁the ▁near ▁future . ▁ ▁History ▁ ▁At ▁the ▁conference ▁of ▁the ▁Polish ▁min ers ▁and ▁metall urg ists ▁held ▁in ▁Kr ak ów ▁on ▁ 2 4 ▁February ▁ 1 9 1 2 , ▁a ▁resolution ▁was ▁passed ▁indicating ▁the ▁need ▁for ▁the ▁university ▁of ▁mining . ▁A ▁campaign ▁of ▁support ▁was ▁started ▁in ▁the ▁Parliament ▁of ▁Austria - H ung ary . ▁The ▁Ministry ▁of ▁Public ▁Works ▁agreed ▁to ▁the ▁founding ▁of ▁the ▁Academy ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 2 , ▁in ▁April ▁ 1 9 1 3 ▁the ▁Organ izing ▁Committee ▁was ▁appointed ▁and ▁on ▁ 3 1 ▁May ▁ 1 9 1 3 ▁the ▁Academy ▁of ▁Min ing ▁was ▁officially ▁established . ▁The ▁building ▁site ▁was ▁chosen ▁and ▁the ▁competition ▁for ▁the ▁architect ural ▁designs ▁announced . ▁ ▁The ▁Academy ▁opened ▁on ▁ 1 ▁October ▁ 1 9 1 9 ▁in ▁the ▁sovere ign ▁Polish ▁Second ▁Republic . ▁Init ially ▁ 8 0 ▁students ▁began ▁their ▁education ▁at ▁the ▁newly ▁formed ▁Fac ulty . ▁The ▁Fac ulty ▁of ▁Met all ur gy ▁was ▁added ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 2 . ▁In ▁ 1 9 3 9 ▁the ▁Academy ▁had ▁approximately ▁ 6 0 0 ▁students ▁and ▁ 3 0 ▁profess ors . ▁ ▁Between ▁ 1 9 1 9 ▁and ▁ 1 9 3 9 ▁a ▁total ▁of |
▁ 7 9 7 ▁mining ▁and ▁metall ur gy ▁engineers ▁graduated ▁from ▁the ▁Academy , ▁and ▁about ▁ 1 0 0 ▁foreign ▁diplom as ▁were ▁officially ▁recognized . ▁The ▁gradu ates ▁took ▁up ▁senior ▁posts ▁in ▁the ▁Polish ▁industry , ▁particularly ▁in ▁Upper ▁S iles ia ▁and ▁other ▁industrial ▁cent res . ▁ ▁At ▁the ▁on set ▁of ▁World ▁War ▁II , ▁during ▁Son der akt ion ▁Kr ak au , ▁ 2 2 ▁Academy ▁profess ors ▁and ▁assistant ▁profess ors ▁were ▁arrested ▁by ▁the ▁German ▁authorities ▁and ▁sent ▁to ▁the ▁Sach sen hausen ▁concentration ▁camp . ▁The ▁main ▁building ▁was ▁used ▁by ▁the ▁German ▁government ▁of ▁the ▁occupied ▁Polish ▁territory . ▁Part ▁of ▁the ▁Academy ▁however , ▁retained ▁its ▁status ▁and ▁became ▁the ▁centre ▁for ▁underground ▁teaching , ▁vital ▁for ▁the ▁Academy ' s ▁future . ▁ ▁After ▁the ▁war , ▁a ▁group ▁of ▁profess ors , ▁staff ▁members ▁and ▁students ▁re claimed ▁the ▁ruined ▁main ▁building ▁of ▁the ▁Academy ▁and ▁more ▁than ▁ 5 0 0 ▁students ▁began ▁their ▁courses . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 4 6 ▁new ▁fac ult ies ▁were ▁opened : ▁the ▁Fac ulty ▁of ▁Ge ology ▁and ▁Sur ve ying , ▁and ▁the ▁Fac ulty ▁of ▁Cer am ics , ▁broad ening ▁the ▁Academy ' s ▁programme . ▁In ▁ 1 9 4 9 ▁the ▁Academy ▁was ▁renamed ▁as ▁the ▁Academy ▁( l ater ▁University ) ▁of ▁Min ing ▁and ▁Met all ur gy . ▁ ▁Under ▁Stalin ism ▁and ▁until ▁ 1 9 5 6 |
▁the ▁Academy ▁enjoyed ▁certain ▁freed oms ▁with ▁its ▁authorities ▁still ▁elected . ▁After wards , ▁the ▁aut onomy ▁and ▁elections ▁were ▁suspended ▁for ▁more ▁than ▁ 1 0 ▁years . ▁In ▁ 1 9 6 9 ▁the ▁university ▁was ▁named ▁the ▁Stan is ław ▁St asz ic ▁Academy ▁of ▁Min ing ▁and ▁Met all ur gy . ▁▁ ▁The ▁number ▁of ▁students ▁went ▁up ▁from ▁ 2 , 0 0 0 ▁to ▁ 1 3 , 0 0 0 ▁in ▁the ▁period ▁from ▁ 1 9 5 0 ▁to ▁ 1 9 7 9 . ▁ ▁During ▁the ▁ 8 0 - year ▁period ▁( except ▁for ▁the ▁war ▁years ), ▁ 7 3 , 0 8 5 ▁students ▁graduated ▁from ▁the ▁University ▁with ▁master ' s ▁or ▁engineer ' s ▁degrees . ▁ 3 , 6 0 7 ▁persons ▁were ▁granted ▁the ▁degree ▁of ▁Doctor ▁of ▁Science , ▁ 8 9 6 ▁successfully ▁completed ▁post do ctor al ▁qual ifications ▁of ▁H abil itated ▁Doctor . ▁The ▁AG H - UST ▁researchers ▁published ▁nearly ▁ 6 0 , 0 0 0 ▁papers ▁and ▁books . ▁ ▁Fac ult ies ▁▁▁ ▁Fac ulty ▁of ▁Min ing ▁and ▁Ge o engine ering ▁ ▁Fac ulty ▁of ▁Met als ▁Engineering ▁and ▁Industrial ▁Computer ▁Science ▁ ▁Fac ulty ▁of ▁Elect rical ▁Engineering , ▁Autom at ics , ▁Computer ▁Science ▁and ▁Engineering ▁in ▁Bi omed ic ine ▁ ▁Fac ulty ▁of ▁Mechan ical ▁Engineering ▁and ▁Rob ot ics ▁ ▁Fac ulty ▁of ▁Ge ology , ▁Ge oph |
ys ics ▁and ▁Environmental ▁Protection ▁ ▁Fac ulty ▁of ▁Min ing ▁Sur ve ying ▁and ▁Environmental ▁Engineering ▁ ▁Fac ulty ▁of ▁Material s ▁Science ▁and ▁Cer am ics ▁ ▁Fac ulty ▁of ▁Found ry ▁Engineering ▁ ▁Fac ulty ▁of ▁Non - F er rous ▁Met als ▁ ▁Fac ulty ▁of ▁Dr illing , ▁Oil ▁and ▁Gas ▁ ▁Fac ulty ▁of ▁Management ▁ ▁Fac ulty ▁of ▁Fu els ▁and ▁Energy ▁ ▁Fac ulty ▁of ▁Phys ics ▁and ▁Ap plied ▁Computer ▁Science ▁ ▁Fac ulty ▁of ▁Ap plied ▁Mathemat ics ▁ ▁Fac ulty ▁of ▁Human ities ▁ ▁Fac ulty ▁of ▁Computer ▁Science , ▁Elect ron ics ▁and ▁Tele commun ications ▁ ▁Rank ings ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁most ▁recognized ▁Polish ▁university ▁ranking ▁conducted ▁by ▁R zec z pos pol ita ▁and ▁educational ▁magazine ▁Pers pe k ty wy ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 9 , ▁AG H ▁was ▁selected ▁as ▁the ▁fourth ▁best ▁university ▁in ▁Poland ▁and ▁the ▁second ▁best ▁technical ▁one . ▁ ▁In ▁a ▁survey ▁conducted ▁by ▁the ▁Polish ▁edition ▁of ▁News week ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 7 , ▁AG H ▁University ▁of ▁Science ▁and ▁Technology ▁was ▁selected ▁as ▁the ▁third ▁best ▁technical ▁university ▁in ▁Poland ▁and ▁the ▁fourth ▁best ▁among ▁all ▁Polish ▁universities . ▁ ▁The ▁amb ition ▁of ▁the ▁University ▁is ▁to ▁enable ▁its ▁students ▁to ▁gain ▁knowledge ▁at ▁the ▁mean ▁level , ▁recognized ▁in ▁Poland . ▁For ▁this ▁purpose , ▁the ▁following ▁steps ▁have ▁been ▁introduced : ▁intens ified ▁learning ▁of ▁foreign ▁languages , ▁integrated ▁studies ▁with ▁a ▁double ▁di |
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