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pl oma ▁( AG H ▁and ▁a ▁university ▁abroad ), ▁a ▁possibility ▁of ▁holding ▁practical ▁training ▁abroad , ▁and ▁individual ▁tail oring ▁of ▁sy ll ab uses . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 9 , ▁the ▁Academ ic ▁Rank ing ▁of ▁World ▁Univers ities ▁( A WR U ) ▁placed ▁the ▁university ▁within ▁the ▁ 6 0 1 – 7 0 0 ▁band ▁glob ally . ▁ ▁Not able ▁al umn i ▁▁▁ ▁Andr zej ▁C zer wi ński ▁( b . ▁ 1 9 5 4 ), ▁politician ▁ ▁Adam ▁D z iew ons ki ▁( 1 9 3 6 – 2 0 1 6 ), ▁Polish - American ▁ge oph ys ic ist , ▁Professor ▁at ▁Harvard ▁University ▁▁ ▁Aleks ander ▁Grad ▁( b . ▁ 1 9 6 2 ), ▁politician , ▁former ▁Minister ▁of ▁State ▁Tre asury ▁ ▁Jan usz ▁Filip i ak ▁( b . ▁ 1 9 5 2 ), ▁computer ▁scientist , ▁business man , ▁founder ▁of ▁Com arch ▁ ▁Andr zej ▁J aj sz czy k ▁( b . ▁ 1 9 5 2 ), ▁scientist , ▁academic ▁ ▁W lad ys law ▁L izon ▁( b . ▁ 1 9 5 4 ), ▁Canadian ▁politician , ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁House ▁of ▁Commons ▁of ▁Canada ▁ ▁Jer zy ▁Miller ▁( b . ▁ 1 9 5 2 ), ▁politician , ▁former ▁Minister ▁of ▁Interior ▁Affairs ▁of ▁Poland ▁ ▁J ace k ▁R ut kow ski ▁( 1 9 3 4 – 2 0 1 |
6 ), ▁ge ologist ▁▁ ▁M are k ▁Si wie c ▁( b . ▁ 1 9 5 5 ), ▁politician , ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁European ▁Parliament , ▁former ▁Chief ▁of ▁the ▁Polish ▁National ▁Security ▁Bureau ▁ ▁P iot r ▁Us z ok ▁( b . ▁ 1 9 5 5 ), ▁politician , ▁former ▁Mayor ▁of ▁Kat ow ice ▁ ▁Herbert ▁W irth ▁( b . ▁ 1 9 5 6 ), ▁engineer , ▁ge ologist , ▁former ▁CEO ▁of ▁K G H M ▁Company ▁ ▁Wik tor ▁Z in ▁( 1 9 2 5 – 2 0 0 7 ), ▁architect , ▁graphic ▁artist ▁ ▁Mar ius z ▁Z ió ł ko ▁( 1 9 4 6 ), ▁mat hem atic ian , ▁engineer ▁ ▁Notes ▁and ▁references ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁ ▁AG H ▁University ▁of ▁Science ▁and ▁Technology , ▁home page ▁▁▁ ▁Category : E duc ational ▁institutions ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 9 ▁Category : 1 9 1 9 ▁establish ments ▁in ▁Poland <0x0A> </s> ▁William ▁August us ▁' Bill ' ▁Bat eman ▁( 1 1 ▁September ▁ 1 8 6 6 ▁– ▁ 2 7 ▁July ▁ 1 9 3 5 ) ▁was ▁a ▁business man , ▁an ▁Australian ▁sports man ▁who ▁played ▁first - class ▁cricket ▁for ▁Western ▁Australia ▁and ▁Australian ▁rules ▁football ▁in ▁the ▁Western ▁Australian ▁Football ▁Association ▁( WA FA ). ▁He ▁was ▁the ▁captain ▁of ▁the ▁Sw ans ▁Football ▁Club ▁- ▁the ▁first ▁Australian ▁Rules ▁Football ▁team ▁in ▁Western ▁Australia . ▁He |
▁came ▁from ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁founding ▁families ▁of ▁Western ▁Australia ▁and ▁his ▁grand son ▁Alan ▁Bat eman ▁created ▁the ▁TV ▁soap ▁Home ▁and ▁A way . ▁ ▁Life ▁Bat eman ▁was ▁born ▁in ▁F rem ant le ▁in ▁ 1 8 6 6 . ▁He ▁worked ▁for ▁J ▁& ▁W ▁Bat eman ▁which ▁was ▁a ▁general ▁supply ▁company ▁created ▁by ▁his ▁father ▁John ▁Bat eman ▁( 1 8 2 4 – 1 9 0 9 ) ▁and ▁his ▁uncle , ▁Walter ▁Bat eman , ▁six ▁years ▁before ▁this ▁Bat eman ▁was ▁born . ▁Bat eman ▁was ▁desc ended ▁from ▁John ▁Bat eman ▁( 1 7 8 9 – 1 8 5 5 ) ▁who ▁had ▁been ▁here ▁in ▁ 1 8 3 0 ▁only ▁a ▁year ▁after ▁the ▁colony ▁was ▁founded . ▁ ▁Bat eman ▁took ▁a ▁leading ▁role ▁in ▁establishing ▁Australian ▁rules ▁football ▁in ▁Western ▁Australia . ▁A ▁key ▁meeting ▁was ▁held ▁at ▁Fl ind ells ▁Hotel ▁in ▁F rem ant le ▁in ▁ 1 8 8 3 ▁when ▁a ▁new ▁football ▁club ▁was ▁formed ▁with ▁Bat eman ▁as ▁captain ▁to ▁play ▁the ▁Australian ▁game . ▁On ▁ 3 0 ▁March ▁ 1 8 8 3 ▁the ▁Sw ans ▁Football ▁Club ▁was ▁formed ▁which ▁had ▁to ▁organ ise ▁games ▁where ▁possible ▁as ▁there ▁was ▁no ▁league ▁at ▁that ▁time . ▁ ▁Although ▁educated ▁at ▁Prince ▁Alfred ▁College ▁in ▁Ad ela ide , ▁Bat eman ▁played ▁his ▁two ▁first - class ▁matches ▁for ▁Western ▁Australia , ▁debut ing ▁against ▁his ▁former ▁state ▁at |
▁the ▁Ad ela ide ▁O val ▁in ▁March ▁ 1 8 9 3 . ▁He ▁dismissed ▁op ener ▁Alfred ▁Wil kins on ▁for ▁ 1 2 ▁and ▁bow led ▁future ▁Test ▁player ▁C lem ▁Hill ▁for ▁a ▁duck ▁with ▁the ▁ball ▁and ▁was ▁then ▁his ▁team ' s ▁second ▁top ▁run ▁sc orer ▁in ▁their ▁first ▁inn ings ▁with ▁ 2 0 ▁before ▁Er nie ▁Jones ▁trapped ▁him ▁leg ▁before ▁w icket . ▁Western ▁Australia ▁followed ▁on ▁and ▁Bat eman ▁was ▁dismissed ▁for ▁just ▁one ▁in ▁the ▁second ▁inn ings . ▁A ▁few ▁days ▁later ▁he ▁appeared ▁again ▁in ▁a ▁match ▁against ▁Victoria ▁at ▁the ▁Melbourne ▁Cr icket ▁Ground . ▁He ▁struggled ▁to ▁have ▁an ▁impact ▁as ▁he ▁failed ▁to ▁take ▁a ▁w icket ▁and ▁scored ▁a ▁duck ▁in ▁his ▁only ▁inn ings . ▁Bat eman ▁didn ' t ▁get ▁an ▁opportunity ▁in ▁the ▁second ▁inn ings ▁as ▁he ▁was ▁absent ▁hurt . ▁ ▁Bat eman ▁became ▁an ▁influential ▁Australian ▁rules ▁football ▁identity ▁in ▁Western ▁Australia . ▁He ▁spent ▁ 1 0 ▁seasons ▁in ▁the ▁WA FA , ▁playing ▁in ▁an ▁unpre ced ented ▁eight ▁prem iers hip s . ▁As ▁their ▁inaug ural ▁captain , ▁Bat eman ▁started ▁out ▁at ▁the ▁original ▁F rem ant le ▁Football ▁Club ▁in ▁ 1 8 8 5 . ▁Two ▁years ▁later ▁they ▁dis band ed ▁and ▁he ▁moved ▁to ▁the ▁Un ions ▁Football ▁Club , ▁who ▁found ▁themselves ▁taken ▁over ▁by ▁F rem ant le ▁in ▁ 1 8 9 0 . ▁ ▁Bat eman |
▁married ▁and ▁had ▁five ▁children . ▁He ▁died ▁on ▁Saturday ▁ 2 7 ▁July ▁ 1 9 3 5 ▁at ▁his ▁home ▁in ▁Bull s ▁Creek ▁in ▁Per th . ▁He ▁was ▁indu cted ▁as ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁initial ▁members ▁of ▁the ▁West ▁Australian ▁Football ▁Hall ▁of ▁Fame ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 4 . ▁Bat eman ' s ▁grand son ▁Alan ▁Bat eman ▁was ▁a ▁TV ▁executive ▁who ▁started ▁the ▁TV ▁soap ▁Home ▁and ▁A way . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁List ▁of ▁Western ▁Australia ▁first - class ▁cr ick eters ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁ ▁C ric info : ▁William ▁Bat eman ▁ ▁Category : 1 8 6 6 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 9 3 5 ▁deaths ▁Category : Austral ian ▁cr ick eters ▁Category : W estern ▁Australia ▁cr ick eters ▁Category : C rick eters ▁from ▁Western ▁Australia ▁Category : Austral ian ▁rules ▁football ers ▁from ▁Western ▁Australia ▁Category : F rem ant le ▁Football ▁Club ▁( 1 8 8 2 – 1 8 8 6 ) ▁players ▁Category : West ▁Australian ▁Football ▁Hall ▁of ▁Fame ▁in duct ees ▁Category : People ▁from ▁F rem ant le ▁Category : People ▁educated ▁at ▁Prince ▁Alfred ▁College <0x0A> </s> ▁Rob yn ▁A ins worth ▁( born ▁Rob yn ▁Perry ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 5 ) ▁was ▁a ▁ 1 2 - year - old ▁school girl ▁and ▁figure ▁sk ater ▁who ▁lit ▁the ▁Olympic ▁Fl ame ▁in ▁the ▁opening ▁ceremony ▁for ▁the ▁ 1 9 8 |
8 ▁Winter ▁Olympics . ▁ ▁Biography ▁On ▁Feb . ▁ 1 3 , ▁ 1 9 8 8 , ▁she ▁was ▁the ▁final ▁runner ▁in ▁the ▁Olympic ▁torch ▁relay ▁and ▁was ▁chosen ▁to ▁ign ite ▁the ▁giant ▁c aul d ron ▁at ▁Mc M ah on ▁Stadium , ▁kicking ▁off ▁the ▁Cal g ary ▁Winter ▁Olympics . ▁Down hill ▁sk ier ▁Ken ▁Read ▁and ▁speed ▁sk ater ▁Cath y ▁Pri est ner ▁handed ▁off ▁the ▁torch ▁to ▁her . ▁During ▁the ▁as cent , ▁Perry ▁had ▁to ▁y ell ▁to ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁athletes ▁to ▁get ▁out ▁of ▁her ▁way . ▁ ▁In ▁an ▁interview ▁with ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁Winter ▁Olympics ▁website , ▁Perry ▁stated ▁that ▁she ▁had ▁many ▁amazing ▁experiences ▁because ▁of ▁this . ▁Perry ▁now ▁direct s ▁We ▁Care ▁Home ▁Health ▁Services ▁in ▁North ▁Cal g ary . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 7 6 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : O lymp ic ▁c aul d ron ▁l ighters ▁Category : People ▁from ▁Cal g ary <0x0A> </s> ▁Marcus ▁Anton ius ▁P ole mon ▁Py th od or os , ▁also ▁known ▁as ▁P ole mon ▁II ▁of ▁Pont us ▁and ▁P ole mon ▁of ▁C il icia ▁( ; ▁ 1 2 ▁BC / 1 1 ▁BC – 7 4 ) ▁was ▁a ▁prince ▁of ▁the ▁Bos por an , ▁Pont us , ▁C il icia ▁and ▁C app ad oc ia . ▁He ▁served ▁as |
▁a ▁Roman ▁Client ▁King ▁of ▁Pont us , ▁Col ch is ▁and ▁C il icia . ▁ ▁P ole mon ▁II ▁was ▁the ▁second ▁son ▁and ▁middle ▁child ▁of ▁the ▁Pont ic ▁R ul ers ▁P ole mon ▁Py th od or os ▁and ▁Py th od or ida ▁of ▁Pont us . ▁His ▁el dest ▁brother ▁was ▁Zen on , ▁also ▁known ▁as ▁Art ax ias ▁III , ▁who ▁was ▁Roman ▁Client ▁King ▁of ▁Armen ia ▁and ▁his ▁youngest ▁sister ▁was ▁Anton ia ▁Try pha ena , ▁who ▁was ▁married ▁to ▁Cot ys ▁VIII , ▁King ▁of ▁Th r ace . ▁ ▁Family ▁ ▁The ▁Pont ic ▁royal ▁family ▁was ▁of ▁mixed ▁An at ol ian ▁Greek ▁and ▁Roman ▁origin . ▁His ▁p ater nal ▁grandmother ▁is ▁unknown ; ▁however ▁his ▁p ater nal ▁grandmother ▁could ▁have ▁been ▁named ▁Try pha ena , ▁while ▁his ▁p ater nal ▁grandfather ▁was ▁Zen on , ▁a ▁prominent ▁or ator ▁and ▁arist ocr at , ▁who ▁was ▁an ▁al ly ▁to ▁Roman ▁Tri um vir ▁Mark ▁Ant ony . ▁His ▁mater nal ▁grand parents ▁were ▁Py th od or os ▁of ▁Tr all es , ▁a ▁wealthy ▁Greek ▁and ▁friend ▁of ▁Pom pe y , ▁and ▁Anton ia . ▁P ole mon ▁II ▁was ▁the ▁names ake ▁of ▁his ▁parents ▁and ▁his ▁mater nal ▁grand parents . ▁ ▁Through ▁his ▁mater nal ▁grandmother ▁he ▁was ▁a ▁direct ▁desc endant ▁of ▁Mark ▁Ant ony ▁and ▁his ▁second ▁wife ▁Anton ia ▁Hy br ida ▁Minor . ▁Ant |
ony ▁and ▁Anton ia ▁Hy br ida ▁were ▁first ▁p ater nal ▁cous ins . ▁He ▁was ▁Ant ony ' s ▁second ▁born ▁great ▁grand son ▁and ▁great ▁grand child . ▁P ole mon ▁II ▁is ▁the ▁only ▁known ▁male ▁desc endant ▁of ▁Mark ▁Ant ony ▁that ▁carries ▁his ▁name . ▁The ▁other ▁male ▁desc endant ▁of ▁Mark ▁Ant ony ▁who ▁carries ▁a ▁form ▁of ▁his ▁name ▁Anton ius ▁was ▁the ▁cons ul ▁Qu int us ▁H ater ius ▁Anton inus . ▁Through ▁Ant ony , ▁his ▁great ▁mater nal ▁aunt ▁was ▁Queen ▁Cle op atra ▁Sel ene ▁II ▁of ▁Ma ure t ania . ▁Through ▁Ant ony , ▁he ▁was ▁a ▁distant ▁cousin ▁to ▁Roman ▁Client ▁King ▁P to le my ▁of ▁Ma ure t ania ▁and ▁the ▁princess es ▁named ▁Dr us illa ▁of ▁Ma ure t ania . ▁Through ▁Ant ony , ▁he ▁was ▁also ▁a ▁distant ▁cousin ▁to ▁Roman ▁em per ors ▁Cal ig ula , ▁Claud ius ▁and ▁N ero ▁and ▁Roman ▁em press es ▁Val eria ▁Mess al ina , ▁Ag ri pp ina ▁the ▁Young er ▁and ▁Claud ia ▁Oct avia . ▁ ▁Re ign ▁ ▁P ole mon ▁II ' s ▁father ▁died ▁in ▁ 8 ▁BC . ▁His ▁mother ▁then ▁married ▁King ▁Ar chel aus ▁of ▁C app ad oc ia , ▁and ▁the ▁family ▁had ▁moved ▁to ▁C app ad oc ia , ▁where ▁P ole mon ▁II ▁was ▁raised , ▁along ▁with ▁his ▁siblings , ▁at ▁the ▁court ▁of ▁his ▁step father |
. ▁Ar chel aus ▁died ▁in ▁ 1 7 , ▁where up on ▁P ole mon ▁II ▁and ▁his ▁mother ▁moved ▁back ▁to ▁Pont us . ▁From ▁ 1 7 ▁until ▁ 3 8 , ▁P ole mon ▁II ▁lived ▁as ▁a ▁private ▁citizen ▁in ▁Pont us ▁and ▁assist ed ▁his ▁mother ▁in ▁the ▁administration ▁of ▁their ▁realm . ▁When ▁his ▁mother ▁died ▁in ▁ 3 8 , ▁P ole mon ▁II ▁succeeded ▁his ▁mother ▁as ▁the ▁sole ▁rul er ▁of ▁Pont us , ▁Col ch is ▁and ▁C il icia . ▁ ▁According ▁to ▁an ▁honor ary ▁in scription ▁at ▁Cy z icus ▁in ▁ 3 8 , ▁P ole mon ▁II ▁participated ▁in ▁celebr ating ▁the ▁local ▁games ▁in ▁the ▁city , ▁hon oring ▁Julia ▁Dr us illa , ▁the ▁late ▁sister ▁of ▁Cal ig ula ; ▁in ▁this ▁way ▁P ole mon ▁II ▁expressed ▁his ▁loyalty ▁to ▁the ▁emperor ▁and ▁the ▁Roman ▁state . ▁P ole mon ▁II ▁with ▁another ▁Roman ▁Client ▁King ▁Ant io ch us ▁IV ▁of ▁Comm ag ene , ▁held ▁athlet ic ▁games ▁in ▁honor ▁of ▁Claud ius ▁in ▁C il icia ▁in ▁ 4 7 . ▁Ant io ch us ▁IV ▁with ▁P ole mon ▁II ▁had ▁showed ▁favor ▁towards ▁Claud ius ▁in ▁which ▁they ▁offered ▁significant ▁services ▁to ▁him . ▁ ▁Mar riages ▁ ▁Around ▁ 5 0 , ▁P ole mon ▁II ▁was ▁attracted ▁to ▁the ▁wealth ▁and ▁beauty ▁of ▁the ▁J ude an ▁princess ▁Julia ▁Ber en ice , ▁whom ▁he ▁had |
▁met ▁in ▁T iber ias ▁during ▁a ▁visit ▁to ▁King ▁Her od ▁Ag ri pp a ▁I . ▁Ber en ice ▁in ▁turn ▁wanted ▁to ▁marry ▁P ole mon ▁II ▁to ▁end ▁rum ors ▁that ▁she ▁and ▁her ▁brother ▁were ▁comm itting ▁inc est . ▁Ber en ice ▁was ▁previously ▁wid owed ▁in ▁ 4 8 ▁when ▁her ▁second ▁husband , ▁her ▁p ater nal ▁uncle ▁Her od ▁of ▁Ch al c is , ▁died . ▁She ▁had ▁two ▁sons ▁by ▁him , ▁Ber en ician us ▁and ▁Hy rc an us . ▁Ber en ice ▁however ▁set ▁the ▁condition ▁that ▁P ole mon ▁II ▁had ▁to ▁convert ▁to ▁Jud a ism , ▁which ▁included ▁under going ▁the ▁r ite ▁of ▁circum c ision , ▁before ▁marriage . ▁P ole mon ▁II ▁ass ented , ▁and ▁the ▁marriage ▁went ▁ahead . ▁It ▁did ▁not ▁last ▁long ▁however , ▁and ▁Ber en ice ▁left ▁Pont us ▁with ▁her ▁sons ▁and ▁returned ▁to ▁the ▁court ▁of ▁her ▁brother . ▁P ole mon ▁II ▁abandoned ▁Jud a ism ▁and , ▁according ▁to ▁the ▁legend ▁of ▁Bar th ol ome w ▁the ▁A post le , ▁he ▁accepted ▁Christianity , ▁but ▁only ▁to ▁become ▁a ▁pag an ▁again . ▁ ▁At ▁an ▁unknown ▁date ▁perhaps ▁after ▁the ▁early ▁ 5 0 s , ▁P ole mon ▁II ▁married ▁a ▁princess ▁called ▁Julia ▁Mama ea ▁who ▁was ▁from ▁the ▁Sy rian ▁Roman ▁Client ▁Em es ene ▁Kingdom . ▁Mama ea ▁was ▁of ▁Ass y rian , ▁Armen ian |
, ▁Greek ▁and ▁Med ian ▁ancest ry . ▁P ole mon ▁II ▁married ▁Mama ea ▁as ▁his ▁second ▁wife ▁and ▁the ▁circumstances ▁that ▁lead ▁P ole mon ▁II ▁to ▁marry ▁her ▁are ▁unknown . ▁Through ▁Mama ea ' s ▁marriage ▁to ▁him , ▁she ▁became ▁a ▁Roman ▁Client ▁Queen ▁of ▁Pont us , ▁Col ch is ▁and ▁C il icia . ▁ ▁The ▁relationship ▁between ▁P ole mon ▁II ▁and ▁Mama ea ▁is ▁unknown . ▁Mama ea ▁mar rying ▁P ole mon ▁II ▁is ▁only ▁known ▁through ▁surviving ▁evidence . ▁Her ▁name ▁and ▁identity ▁is ▁revealed ▁from ▁surviving ▁bronze ▁coin age . ▁Sur v iving ▁coin age ▁that ▁was ▁issued ▁from ▁P ole mon ▁II ▁and ▁Mama ea ▁is ▁extremely ▁rare , ▁as ▁only ▁three ▁spec im ens ▁are ▁known . ▁On ▁surviving ▁coin age , ▁shows ▁her ▁royal ▁title ▁in ▁Greek ▁ Ι Ο Υ Λ Ι Α Σ ▁ Μ Α Μ Α Ι Α Σ ▁ Β Α Σ Ι Λ Ι Σ Σ Η Σ ▁( of ▁Julia ▁Mama ea ▁the ▁Queen ) ▁or ▁ Β Α Σ Ι Λ Ι Σ Σ Η Σ ▁ Ι Ο Υ Λ Ι Α Σ ▁ Μ Α Μ Α Ι Α Σ ▁( of ▁Queen ▁Julia ▁Mama ea ). ▁These ▁coins ▁can ▁be ▁dated ▁from ▁the ▁second ▁half ▁of ▁P ole mon ▁II ' s ▁reign ▁from ▁ 6 0 ▁until ▁ 7 4 . ▁She ▁bore ▁P ole mon ▁II ▁two ▁sons ▁who ▁were ▁P ole mon ▁and ▁R |
ho emet al ces . ▁Her ▁sons ▁that ▁she ▁bore ▁to ▁P ole mon ▁II ▁are ▁known ▁from ▁a ▁restored ▁surviving ▁in scription ▁from ▁Am ph ip ol is ▁Greece , ▁that ▁is ▁comm emor ating ▁P ole mon ▁II , ▁P ole mon ▁and ▁R ho emet al ces ▁is ▁dated ▁from ▁the ▁second ▁half ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 st ▁century . ▁ ▁P ole mon ▁II ▁renamed ▁the ▁town ▁F an iz an ▁and ▁named ▁the ▁town ▁after ▁himself ▁to ▁P ole mon ium ▁( mod ern ▁F ats a ▁Turkey ). ▁In ▁ 6 2 , ▁N ero ▁induced ▁P ole mon ▁II ▁to ▁ab d icate ▁the ▁Pont ian ▁throne , ▁and ▁Pont us , ▁including ▁Col ch is , ▁became ▁a ▁Roman ▁province . ▁From ▁then ▁until ▁his ▁death , ▁P ole mon ▁II ▁only ▁ruled ▁C il icia . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁S ources ▁ ▁Joseph us , ▁Ant iqu ities ▁of ▁the ▁Jews ▁XX . 7 . 3 ▁ ▁Joseph us , ▁Ant iqu ities ▁of ▁the ▁Jews ▁XIX . 8 . 1 ▁ ▁H . ▁T empor ini ▁& ▁W . ▁Ha ase , ▁Auf st ieg ▁und ▁Nieder gang ▁der ▁r öm ischen ▁Welt : ▁Pr incip at , ▁Walter ▁de ▁Gru y ter , ▁ 1 9 8 0 ▁H . ▁T empor ini ▁& ▁W . ▁Ha ase , ▁Polit ische ▁Geschichte ▁( Pro vin zen ▁und ▁Rand v ölker : ▁G rie ch ischer ▁B alk an ra um ; |
▁Kle inas ien ). ▁G rie ch ischer ▁B alk an ra um ; ▁Kle inas ien ), ▁Walter ▁de ▁Gru y ter , ▁ 1 9 8 0 ▁ ▁A . R . ▁Bir ley , ▁Sept im ius ▁Sever us . ▁The ▁African ▁Emperor , ▁R out ledge , ▁ 2 0 0 2 ▁ ▁B . ▁Lev ick , ▁Julia ▁Dom na . ▁Sy rian ▁Em press , ▁R out ledge , ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁ ▁P ole mon ▁II ▁article ▁at ▁Anc ient ▁Library ▁ ▁P to le ma ic ▁Gene al ogy : ▁Cle op atra ▁VII ▁▁ ▁C oin age ▁of ▁P ole mon ▁II ▁and ▁Julia ▁Mama ea ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁ ▁C oin age ▁of ▁P ole mon ▁II ▁and ▁Julia ▁Mama ea ▁ ▁C oin age ▁of ▁P ole mon ▁II ▁ ▁Category : R ul ers ▁of ▁Pont us ▁Category : R ul ers ▁of ▁the ▁Bos por an ▁Kingdom ▁Category : Her od ian ▁dyn asty ▁Category : Con verts ▁to ▁Jud a ism ▁from ▁pag an ism ▁Category : J ew ish ▁mon arch s ▁Category : 7 4 ▁deaths ▁Category : 1 st - century ▁BC ▁rul ers ▁in ▁Asia ▁Category : R oman ▁client ▁rul ers ▁Category : 1 st - century ▁mon arch s ▁in ▁the ▁Middle ▁East ▁Category : R oyal ▁Family ▁of ▁Em esa ▁Category : Year ▁of ▁birth ▁unknown <0x0A> </s> ▁Virgin ie ▁Poly x ène ▁August ine ▁Philippe ▁Dal lemagne , |
▁a ▁French ▁mini ature ▁painter , ▁whose ▁maid en ▁name ▁was ▁Dec ag ny , ▁was ▁a ▁native ▁of ▁Be au v ais . ▁She ▁was ▁a ▁pup il ▁of ▁Mad ame ▁de ▁Mir bel , ▁and ▁showed ▁much ▁talent ▁in ▁the ▁execution ▁of ▁port ra its ▁in ▁mini ature ▁and ▁in ▁c ray ons . ▁She ▁married ▁Ad ol p he ▁Dal lemagne , ▁a ▁landscape ▁painter , ▁and ▁died ▁at ▁Cor be il ▁in ▁ 1 8 7 6 . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁▁▁ ▁Category : 1 8 2 1 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 8 7 5 ▁deaths ▁Category : Port rait ▁mini atur ists ▁Category : People ▁from ▁Be au v ais ▁Category : F rench ▁women ▁pain ters ▁Category : 1 9 th - century ▁French ▁pain ters ▁Category : 1 9 th - century ▁French ▁women ▁artists <0x0A> </s> ▁A . S . D . ▁Ast i , ▁known ▁as ▁Ast i ▁and ▁formerly ▁A . S . D . ▁Alf ieri ▁Ast i ▁or ▁A . S . D . ▁Coll ine ▁Alf ieri ▁Don ▁Bos co ▁( Coll ine ▁Alf ieri ▁D . B . ▁or ▁just ▁Coll ine ▁Alf ieri ), ▁is ▁an ▁Italian ▁football ▁club ▁based ▁in ▁Ast i , ▁P ied mont . ▁F IG C ▁registration ▁number ▁of ▁the ▁club ▁is ▁ 6 3 , 5 1 9 . ▁The ▁club ▁spent ▁entire ▁history ▁in ▁the ▁P ied mont ▁- ▁A osta ▁Valley ▁divisions ▁of ▁the ▁L ega ▁Naz ionale ▁D |
ile tt anti . ▁ ▁History ▁The ▁club ▁was ▁founded ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 5 . ▁The ▁club ▁was ▁based ▁in ▁another ▁town , ▁C elle ▁En om ondo , ▁and ▁known ▁as ▁several ▁other ▁names : ▁IL SA ▁C . D . C ., ▁U . S . ▁Cell ese , ▁A . S . ▁C elle ▁V ag l ier ano ▁and ▁A . C . ▁C elle ▁General ▁Cab . ▁ ▁The ▁club ▁was ▁promoted ▁to ▁Pr ima ▁C ateg oria ▁for ▁the ▁first ▁time ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 9 , ▁as ▁the ▁winner ▁of ▁Group ▁P ▁of ▁Second a ▁C ateg oria ▁P ied mont ▁- ▁A osta ▁Valley . ▁Group ▁P ▁was ▁composed ▁of ▁clubs ▁entirely ▁from ▁the ▁Province ▁of ▁Ast i . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁the ▁club ▁was ▁promoted ▁to ▁Prom oz ione ▁P ied mont ▁- ▁A osta ▁Valley ▁division , ▁despite ▁finished ▁as ▁the ▁fifth ▁of ▁Pr ima ▁C ateg oria ▁P ied mont ▁- ▁A osta ▁Valley ▁Group ▁F . ▁At ▁the ▁same ▁time ▁the ▁club ▁was ▁renamed ▁to ▁A . S . D . ▁Coll ine ▁Alf ieri ▁Don ▁Bos co , ▁as ▁a ▁collaboration ▁with ▁another ▁sport ▁club ▁A . S . D . ▁Don ▁Bos co ▁Ast i . ▁The ▁club ▁also ▁rel oc ated ▁its ▁registered ▁office ▁to ▁San ▁Dam iano ▁d ' A st i ▁at ▁the ▁same ▁time . ▁ ▁A . S . D . ▁Coll ine ▁Alf ieri ▁Don ▁Bos |
co ▁promoted ▁to ▁E cc ellen za ▁P ied mont - A osta ▁Valley ▁from ▁Prom oz ione ▁P ied mont ▁- ▁A osta ▁Valley ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁as ▁a ▁rep ê ch age . ▁The ▁club ▁also ▁played ▁in ▁the ▁E cc ellen za ▁division ▁in ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 3 – 1 4 ▁and ▁ 2 0 1 4 – 1 5 ▁seasons . ▁The ▁club ▁hired ▁Mario ▁Ben zi ▁as ▁head ▁coach ▁in ▁November ▁ 2 0 1 4 . ▁ ▁The ▁club ▁was ▁renamed ▁to ▁" A . S . D . ▁Alf ieri ▁Ast i " ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 7 . ▁At ▁the ▁same ▁time , ▁the ▁major ▁club ▁of ▁the ▁city , ▁Ast i ▁Cal cio ▁F . C . ▁( ex - A . C . D . ▁Ast i ) ▁folded . ▁The ▁club ▁also ▁promoted ▁youth ▁team ▁coach ▁Dav ide ▁Mont an are lli ▁as ▁the ▁head ▁coach ▁of ▁the ▁first ▁team . ▁ ▁The ▁club ▁finished ▁as ▁the ▁joint - runner - up ▁of ▁the ▁Group ▁B ▁of ▁E cc ellen za ▁P ied mont ▁- ▁A osta ▁Valley ▁division ▁in ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 8 – 1 9 ▁season . ▁However , ▁the ▁club ▁lost ▁the ▁promotion ▁play - off ▁against ▁the ▁other ▁runner - up , ▁Can elli ▁S . D . S .. ▁Both ▁teams ▁also ▁from ▁the ▁Province ▁of ▁Ast i ▁and ▁that ▁match ▁was ▁the ▁fifth ▁provincial ▁der by ▁of ▁the |
▁teams ▁in ▁that ▁season . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 9 , ▁Alf ieri ▁Ast i ▁was ▁renamed ▁again , ▁dropping ▁the ▁word ▁" Al f ieri ". ▁ ▁F amous ▁players ▁▁ ▁Diego ▁F user ▁( former ▁Italian ▁international ▁football er ) ▁ ▁Stadium s ▁The ▁club ▁uses ▁the ▁Stad io ▁Com un ale ▁di ▁Ast i ▁as ▁home ▁stadium . ▁The ▁stadium ▁is ▁also ▁known ▁as ▁Stad io ▁C ens in ▁Bos ia , ▁named ▁after ▁football er ▁. ▁A . S . D . ▁Ast i ▁shared ▁the ▁stadium ▁with ▁two ▁other ▁clubs ▁of ▁the ▁city : ▁San ▁D omen ico ▁Sav io ▁and ▁Nu ova ▁Sc a , ▁and ▁in ▁the ▁past , ▁Ast i ▁Cal cio ▁F . C .. ▁ ▁The ▁club ▁also ▁used ▁Camp o ▁Sand ro ▁Salv ad ore ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁Camp o ▁Com un ale ▁di ▁C elle ▁En om ondo , ▁on ▁ 9 ▁Str ada ▁Poz zo , ▁C elle ▁En om ondo ▁as ▁football ▁fields . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 5 – 1 6 ▁season , ▁the ▁first ▁team ▁of ▁the ▁club ▁had ▁used ▁the ▁football ▁field ▁in ▁Mon cal vo , ▁but ▁declared ▁its ▁headquarters ▁in ▁Ast i . ▁ ▁Hon ours ▁ ▁Prom oz ione ▁P ied mont ▁- ▁A osta ▁Valley ▁Group ▁D ▁ ▁W inners : ▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁ ▁Second a ▁C ateg oria ▁P ied mont ▁- ▁A osta ▁Valley ▁Group ▁P ▁ ▁W inners : ▁ 2 0 |
0 9 ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁John ▁Bos co , ▁or ▁known ▁as ▁Don ▁Bos co ▁ ▁Foot notes ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁▁▁ ▁Category : Foot ball ▁clubs ▁in ▁Italy ▁Category : Foot ball ▁clubs ▁in ▁P ied mont ▁and ▁A osta ▁Valley ▁Category : A st i ▁Category : Associ ation ▁football ▁clubs ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 5 ▁Category : 1 9 7 5 ▁establish ments ▁in ▁Italy <0x0A> </s> ▁Arthur ▁Red vers ▁Rand ell ▁( 1 1 ▁July ▁ 1 9 0 1 ▁– ▁March ▁ 1 9 8 8 ) ▁wrote ▁about ▁life ▁in ▁the ▁English ▁F ens . ▁ ▁Biography ▁Rand ell ▁was ▁born ▁near ▁the ▁River ▁Great ▁O use ▁at ▁W ig gen hall ▁St ▁Mary ▁Mag d alen , ▁Nor folk , ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁Kingdom . ▁During ▁his ▁early ▁life ▁he ▁made ▁a ▁living ▁from ▁being ▁a ▁railway ▁worker ▁and ▁a ▁mole catch er . ▁He ▁was ▁a ▁great ▁authority ▁on ▁the ▁F ens ▁and ▁its ▁people ▁and ▁customs . ▁He ▁wrote ▁about ▁the ▁black smith ▁who ▁was ▁forced ▁to ▁turn ▁to ▁repair ing ▁farm ▁implements ▁and ▁kitchen ▁implements , ▁the ▁chim ney ▁sweep , ▁the ▁h arness ▁maker , ▁the ▁pig - k iller , ▁the ▁straw ▁worker , ▁the ▁maker ▁of ▁corn ▁doll ies ▁and ▁many ▁other ▁now ▁ext inct ▁tr ades ▁ ▁Bibli ography ▁ ▁Si xt y ▁years ▁a ▁Fen man ▁ ▁Fen land ▁Railway man ▁ ▁Fen land ▁Mem ories ▁ ▁Foot notes ▁ ▁Ex |
ternal ▁links ▁ ▁River ▁Great ▁O use ▁and ▁its ▁route ▁through ▁the ▁F ens ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 0 1 ▁birth s ▁Category : English ▁writers ▁Category : People ▁from ▁King ' s ▁Lyn n ▁and ▁West ▁Nor folk ▁( d istrict ) ▁Category : 1 9 8 8 ▁deaths <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁ 1 9 8 8 ▁Cal der ▁Cup ▁play offs ▁of ▁the ▁American ▁Hockey ▁League ▁began ▁on ▁April ▁ 6 , ▁ 1 9 8 8 . ▁The ▁eight ▁teams ▁that ▁qualified , ▁four ▁from ▁each ▁division , ▁played ▁best - of - seven ▁series ▁for ▁Division ▁Sem if inals ▁and ▁Division ▁Fin als . ▁The ▁division ▁champions ▁played ▁a ▁best - of - seven ▁series ▁for ▁the ▁Cal der ▁Cup . ▁ ▁The ▁Cal der ▁Cup ▁Final ▁ended ▁on ▁May ▁ 1 2 , ▁ 1 9 8 8 , ▁with ▁the ▁H ers he y ▁B ears ▁defe ating ▁the ▁Freder ict on ▁Express ▁four ▁games ▁to ▁zero ▁to ▁win ▁the ▁Cal der ▁Cup ▁for ▁the ▁seventh ▁time ▁in ▁team ▁history . ▁H ers he y ▁went ▁an ▁unpre ced ented ▁ 1 2 - 0 ▁during ▁their ▁Cal der ▁Cup ▁run , ▁which ▁also ▁set ▁an ▁A HL ▁record ▁for ▁most ▁consecutive ▁games ▁won ▁in ▁one ▁play off . ▁H ers he y ' s ▁Wend ell ▁Young ▁won ▁the ▁Jack ▁A . ▁Butter field ▁Tro phy ▁as ▁A HL ▁play off ▁M VP . ▁ ▁Play off ▁seeds ▁After ▁the ▁ 1 9 8 7 |
– 8 8 ▁A HL ▁regular ▁season , ▁the ▁top ▁four ▁teams ▁from ▁each ▁division ▁qualified ▁for ▁the ▁play offs . ▁The ▁H ers he y ▁B ears ▁finished ▁the ▁regular ▁season ▁with ▁the ▁best ▁overall ▁record . ▁ ▁Northern ▁Division ▁Maine ▁Mar in ers ▁- ▁ 9 9 ▁points ▁Freder ict on ▁Express ▁- ▁ 9 5 ▁points ▁Sher bro oke ▁Canad iens ▁- ▁ 8 9 ▁points ▁Nova ▁Scot ia ▁Oil ers ▁- ▁ 8 1 ▁points ▁ ▁Southern ▁Division ▁H ers he y ▁B ears ▁- ▁ 1 0 5 ▁points ▁Roche ster ▁Americans ▁- ▁ 1 0 0 ▁points ▁Ad ir ond ack ▁Red ▁W ings ▁- ▁ 9 9 ▁points ▁B ingham ton ▁Wh al ers ▁- ▁ 8 7 ▁points ▁ ▁Br acket ▁ ▁In ▁each ▁round , ▁the ▁team ▁that ▁earned ▁more ▁points ▁during ▁the ▁regular ▁season ▁receives ▁home ▁ice ▁advantage , ▁meaning ▁they ▁receive ▁the ▁" extra " ▁game ▁on ▁home - ice ▁if ▁the ▁series ▁reaches ▁the ▁maximum ▁number ▁of ▁games . ▁There ▁is ▁no ▁set ▁series ▁format ▁due ▁to ▁arena ▁schedul ing ▁conflicts ▁and ▁travel ▁consider ations . ▁ ▁Division ▁Sem if inals ▁ ▁Note : ▁Home ▁team ▁is ▁listed ▁first . ▁ ▁Northern ▁Division ▁ ▁( 1 ) ▁Maine ▁Mar in ers ▁vs . ▁( 4 ) ▁Nova ▁Scot ia ▁Oil ers ▁ ▁( 2 ) ▁Freder ict on ▁Express ▁vs . ▁( 3 ) ▁Sher bro oke ▁Canad iens ▁ ▁Southern ▁Division ▁ ▁( 1 ) ▁H ers he y ▁B |
ears ▁vs . ▁( 4 ) ▁B ingham ton ▁Wh al ers ▁ ▁( 2 ) ▁Roche ster ▁Americans ▁vs . ▁( 3 ) ▁Ad ir ond ack ▁Red ▁W ings ▁ ▁Division ▁Fin als ▁ ▁Northern ▁Division ▁ ▁( 1 ) ▁Maine ▁Mar in ers ▁vs . ▁( 2 ) ▁Freder ict on ▁Express ▁ ▁Southern ▁Division ▁ ▁( 1 ) ▁H ers he y ▁B ears ▁vs . ▁( 3 ) ▁Ad ir ond ack ▁Red ▁W ings ▁ ▁Cal der ▁Cup ▁Final ▁ ▁( S 1 ) ▁H ers he y ▁B ears ▁vs . ▁( N 2 ) ▁Freder ict on ▁Express ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ 1 9 8 7 – 8 8 ▁A HL ▁season ▁List ▁of ▁A HL ▁seasons ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Cal der ▁Cup ▁Category : Cal der ▁Cup ▁play offs <0x0A> </s> ▁Ne oph yll is ▁a ▁genus ▁of ▁lic hen ized ▁fun gi ▁in ▁the ▁order ▁L ec an or ales . ▁The ▁genus ▁contains ▁two ▁species ▁found ▁in ▁Austral asia . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁ ▁Category : L ec an or ales ▁gener a ▁Category : L ic hens <0x0A> </s> ▁Dead ▁O ce ans ▁is ▁an ▁American ▁independent ▁record ▁label ▁based ▁on ▁Bloom ington , ▁Indiana ▁with ▁offices ▁in ▁New ▁York , ▁Los ▁Angeles , ▁Chicago , ▁Austin , ▁London , ▁Paris , ▁Amsterdam , ▁and ▁Berlin . ▁Dead ▁O ce ans ▁is ▁a ▁label ▁included ▁in ▁Secret ly ▁Group , ▁which ▁also ▁includes ▁Secret ly ▁Canadian |
▁and ▁Jag j agu war . ▁Secret ly ▁Group ▁includes ▁the ▁three ▁record ▁labels ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁a ▁music ▁publisher ▁known ▁as ▁Secret ly ▁Publishing , ▁representing ▁artists , ▁writers , ▁film makers , ▁producers , ▁and ▁comed ians . ▁ ▁History ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 7 , ▁Phil ▁Wald orf ▁left ▁Mis ra ▁Records ▁after ▁nearly ▁a ▁decade ▁of ▁managing ▁the ▁label ▁to ▁form ▁Dead ▁O ce ans ▁with ▁Chris ▁Sw anson , ▁Ben ▁Sw anson , ▁D arius ▁Van ▁Ar man , ▁and ▁Jonathan ▁C arg ill ▁of ▁Secret ly ▁Canadian ▁and ▁Jag j agu war . ▁▁ ▁Before ▁becoming ▁the ▁head ▁of ▁Dead ▁O ce ans , ▁Wald orf ▁was ▁a ▁Virginia ▁native ▁with ▁a ▁teen age ▁love ▁of ▁sk ate board ing ▁and ▁punk ▁rock ▁seven - in ches . ▁He ▁left ▁home ▁to ▁go ▁to ▁college ▁in ▁At hens , ▁Georgia , ▁where ▁he ▁worked ▁at ▁the ▁college ▁radio ▁station , ▁W U OG , ▁as ▁their ▁music ▁director , ▁and ▁in ▁the ▁city ' s ▁underground ▁music ▁scene . ▁While ▁there , ▁Wald orf ▁came ▁to ▁know ▁future ▁ind ie ▁bands ▁Ne ut ral ▁Mil k ▁Hotel ▁and ▁Ol ivia ▁T rem or ▁Control ▁in ▁their ▁form ative ▁years , ▁going ▁to ▁early ▁house ▁shows ▁before ▁both ▁bands ▁rose ▁to ▁underground ▁fame . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 9 8 , ▁Wald orf ▁moved ▁to ▁New ▁York ▁City ▁when ▁he ▁was ▁hired ▁by ▁the ▁icon ic ▁record ▁store , ▁Other ▁Music . ▁While ▁working ▁at ▁Other |
▁Music , ▁Wald orf ▁also ▁managed ▁an ▁ind ie ▁label , ▁Mis ra ▁Records . ▁After ▁some ▁time , ▁Chris ▁Sw anson ▁and ▁Wald orf ▁became ▁friends ▁and ▁began ▁talking ▁about ▁the ▁possibility ▁of ▁working ▁together . ▁ ▁After ▁deciding ▁to ▁partner ▁on ▁a ▁new ▁label , ▁Chris ▁Sw anson ▁suggested ▁the ▁name ▁Dead ▁O ce ans . ▁The ▁name ▁is ▁lifted ▁from ▁the ▁lyrics ▁of ▁Bob ▁Dylan ' s ▁“ A ▁Hard ▁Rain ’ s ▁a - G onna ▁Fall ” ▁( 1 9 6 2 ): ▁ ▁“ I ’ ve ▁been ▁out ▁in ▁front ▁of ▁a ▁dozen ▁dead ▁o ce ans ▁ ▁I ’ ve ▁been ▁ten ▁thousand ▁miles ▁in ▁the ▁mouth ▁of ▁a ▁grave yard ▁ ▁And ▁it ’ s ▁a ▁hard , ▁and ▁it ’ s ▁a ▁hard , ▁it ’ s ▁a ▁hard , ▁and ▁it ’ s ▁a ▁hard ▁ ▁And ▁it ’ s ▁a ▁hard ▁rain ’ s ▁a - g onna ▁fall .” ▁▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 7 , ▁Wald orf ▁officially ▁started ▁Dead ▁O ce ans ▁with ▁the ▁Sw anson ▁brothers , ▁Van ▁Ar man , ▁and ▁C arg ill . ▁The ▁addition ▁of ▁Dead ▁O ce ans ▁to ▁Secret ly ▁Canadian ▁and ▁Jag j agu war ' s ▁partnership ▁led ▁to ▁the ▁formation ▁of ▁Secret ly ▁Group . ▁▁ ▁As ▁the ▁label ▁began , ▁some ▁of ▁their ▁earliest ▁releases ▁include ▁titles ▁such ▁as ▁Ph osph ores cent ' s ▁Pr ide , ▁D irty ▁Project ors ’ ▁R ise ▁Above |
, ▁and ▁Ak ron / Family ' s ▁Set ▁‘ Em ▁Wild , ▁Set ▁‘ Em ▁Free ▁– ▁ranging ▁from ▁folk ▁to ▁art ▁punk ▁to ▁gro ove - y ▁rock . ▁Since ▁then , ▁Dead ▁O ce ans ▁has ▁grown ▁to ▁include ▁Julian na ▁Bar wick , ▁M its ki , ▁Ph oe be ▁Br id gers , ▁Japanese ▁Break fast , ▁R yle y ▁Walker , ▁The ▁Tall est ▁Man ▁on ▁Earth , ▁Kevin ▁Mor by , ▁Mar lon ▁Williams , ▁and ▁many ▁others . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 5 , ▁Secret ly ▁Group ▁began ▁a ▁partnership ▁with ▁The ▁Num ero ▁Group ▁as ▁well . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 7 , ▁the ▁label ▁released ▁N inet ies ▁sh o eg aze ▁band ▁Slow d ive ’ s ▁return ▁to ▁the ▁industry ▁with ▁their ▁first ▁album ▁after ▁a ▁ 2 2 ▁year ▁hi atus . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 8 , ▁Dead ▁O ce ans ▁was ▁listed ▁as ▁# 7 ▁on ▁P aste ▁Magazine ' s ▁top ▁ 1 0 ▁record ▁labels ▁of ▁ 2 0 1 8 . ▁Jag j agu war ▁was ▁listed ▁as ▁# 4 ▁and ▁Secret ly ▁Canadian ▁was ▁listed ▁as ▁# 8 . ▁ ▁Art ists ▁ ▁Not able ▁hon ors ▁and ▁awards ▁GR AM MY ▁A WAR DS ▁( US / GLOBAL ) ▁ 2 0 1 9 , ▁M its ki , ▁‘ Be ▁The ▁Cow boy ’ ▁- ▁Best ▁Rec ording ▁Package ▁( nom inated ) ▁ ▁A 2 |
IM ▁L IB ER A ▁A WAR DS ▁ 2 0 1 9 , ▁Dead ▁O ce ans ▁– ▁Label ▁of ▁the ▁Year ▁( final ist ) ▁ 2 0 1 9 , ▁Ph osph ores cent , ▁‘ C ’ est ▁La ▁V ie ’ ▁- ▁Best ▁Country / American a ▁Album ▁( final ist ) ▁ 2 0 1 9 , ▁Kh ru ang bin , ▁‘ Con ▁Tod o ▁El ▁M undo ’ ’ ▁- ▁Best ▁Out l ier ▁Album ▁( W ON ) ▁ 2 0 1 9 , ▁M its ki , ▁‘ Be ▁The ▁Cow boy ’ ▁- ▁Album ▁of ▁the ▁Year ▁( final ist ) ▁ 2 0 1 9 , ▁M its ki ▁– ▁Best ▁Live ▁Act ▁( final ist ) ▁ 2 0 1 9 , ▁M its ki , ▁‘ Be ▁The ▁Cow boy ’ ▁- ▁Best ▁Rock ▁Album ▁( final ist ) ▁ 2 0 1 9 , ▁Sh ame , ▁‘ S ongs ▁of ▁P raise ▁- ▁Best ▁Rock ▁Album ▁( final ist ) ▁ 2 0 1 9 , ▁Dur and ▁Jones ▁& ▁The ▁Ind ications , ▁‘ D ur and ▁Jones ▁& ▁The ▁Ind ications ’ ▁- ▁Best ▁R & B ▁Album ▁( final ist ) ▁ 2 0 1 9 , ▁M its ki , ▁‘ Be ▁The ▁Cow boy ’ ▁- ▁Creative ▁Pack aging ▁( final ist ) ▁ 2 0 1 9 , ▁Dead ▁O ce ans ▁– ▁Label ▁of ▁the ▁Year ▁( final ist ) |
▁ 2 0 1 9 , ▁Kh ru ang bin , ▁‘ Con ▁Tod o ▁El ▁M undo ’ ▁- ▁Marketing ▁Gen ius ▁( final ist ) ▁ 2 0 1 9 , ▁M its ki , ▁‘ N ob ody ’ ▁- ▁Video ▁of ▁the ▁Year ▁( W ON ) ▁ 2 0 1 8 , ▁Dead ▁O ce ans ▁– ▁Label ▁of ▁the ▁Year ▁( W ON ) ▁ 2 0 1 8 , ▁Slow d ive , ▁‘ Sl ow d ive ’ ▁- ▁Album ▁of ▁the ▁Year ▁( W ON ) ▁ 2 0 1 8 , ▁Ph oe be ▁Br id gers , ▁‘ Str anger ▁in ▁the ▁Al ps ’ ▁- ▁Best ▁American ▁Root s ▁& ▁Fol k ▁Album ▁( final ist ) ▁ 2 0 1 8 , ▁Kevin ▁Mor by , ▁‘ City ▁Music ’ ▁- ▁Best ▁American ▁Root s ▁& ▁Fol k ▁Album ▁( final ist ) ▁ 2 0 1 8 , ▁Slow d ive ▁– ▁Marketing ▁Gen ius ▁( final ist ) ▁ 2 0 1 7 , ▁M its ki , ▁‘ Your ▁Best ▁American ▁Girl ’ ▁- ▁Video ▁of ▁the ▁Year ▁( final ist ) ▁ 2 0 1 7 , ▁R yle y ▁Walker , ▁‘ Gold en ▁S ings ▁That ▁Have ▁Be en ▁S ung ’ ▁- ▁Best ▁Country / American a / F olk ▁Album ▁( final ist ) ▁ 2 0 1 4 , ▁Ph osph ores cent , ▁‘ M uch ach o ’ ▁- |
▁Album ▁of ▁the ▁Year ▁( final ist ) ▁ 2 0 1 3 , ▁Bear ▁In ▁Heaven , ▁‘ I ▁Love ▁You , ▁It ’ s ▁Cool ’ ▁- ▁Light ▁Bul b ▁Marketing ▁Award ▁( final ist ) ▁ ▁A IM ▁IN DE PEND ENT ▁M US IC ▁A WAR DS ▁( UK ) ▁ 2 0 1 9 , ▁Better ▁O bl iv ion ▁Community ▁Center , ▁‘ s / t ’ ▁- ▁Best ▁Independent ▁Album ▁( nom inated ) ▁ 2 0 1 8 , ▁Dead ▁O ce ans ▁– ▁Independent ▁Label ▁of ▁the ▁Year ▁( nom inated ) ▁ 2 0 1 8 , ▁Sh ame , ▁‘ S ongs ▁of ▁P raise ’ ▁- ▁Album ▁of ▁the ▁Year ▁( nom inated ) ▁ 2 0 1 8 , ▁Ph oe be ▁Br id gers , ▁‘ Str anger ▁in ▁the ▁Al ps ’ ▁- ▁Album ▁of ▁the ▁Year ▁( nom inated ) ▁ 2 0 1 8 , ▁Sh ame , ▁‘ One ▁R izia ’ ▁- ▁Track ▁of ▁the ▁Year ▁( nom inated ) ▁ 2 0 1 8 , ▁Ph oe be ▁Br id gers , ▁‘ M otion ▁S ick ness ’ ▁- ▁Track ▁of ▁the ▁Year ▁( nom inated ) ▁ 2 0 1 8 , ▁Ph oe be ▁Br id gers ▁– ▁International ▁Break through ▁( W ON ) ▁ 2 0 1 4 , ▁Secret ly ▁Group ▁– ▁Independent ▁Label ▁of ▁the ▁Year ▁( nom inated ) ▁ ▁N ME ▁A WAR DS |
▁( UK ) ▁ 2 0 1 8 , ▁Sh ame ▁– ▁Best ▁New ▁Artist ▁( nom inated ) ▁ ▁GR AM M IS ▁A WAR DS ▁( SW ED EN ) ▁ 2 0 1 1 , ▁Tall est ▁Man ▁on ▁Earth ▁– ▁Male ▁Artist ▁of ▁the ▁Year ▁( nom inated ) ▁ ▁V UT ▁V IA ▁A WAR DS ▁( GER MAN Y ) ▁ 2 0 1 8 , ▁Slow d ive ▁– ▁Best ▁Album ▁( nom inated ) ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁List ▁of ▁record ▁labels ▁Secret ly ▁Canadian ▁Jag j agu war ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁Dead ▁O ce ans ▁official ▁website ▁ ▁Category : American ▁independent ▁record ▁labels ▁Category : Ind ie ▁rock ▁record ▁labels ▁Category : Al tern ative ▁rock ▁record ▁labels ▁Category : Record ▁labels ▁established ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁Category : Ind ie ▁pop ▁record ▁labels <0x0A> </s> ▁A ther ton ▁Cour th ouse ▁is ▁located ▁at ▁ 8 1 ▁Main ▁Street , ▁A ther ton ▁in ▁Queensland , ▁Australia . ▁ ▁The ▁cour th ouse ▁was ▁built ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 1 ▁and ▁features ▁tim ber ▁panels ▁constructed ▁from ▁rare ▁qu ilt ed , ▁Queensland ▁rain fore st ▁map le , ▁which ▁is ▁no ▁longer ▁mill ed ▁in ▁Australia . ▁ ▁The ▁cour th ouse ▁is ▁still ▁in ▁use ▁by ▁the ▁A ther ton ▁Mag istr ates ▁Court . ▁ ▁History ▁A ther ton ▁Cour th ouse ▁was ▁used ▁as ▁a ▁w art ime ▁hospital ▁for ▁officers ▁during |
▁World ▁War ▁II ▁and ▁has ▁air ▁raid ▁bunk ers ▁beneath ▁the ▁building . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : G overn ment ▁buildings ▁completed ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 1 ▁Category : C our th ouses ▁in ▁Queensland ▁Category : A ther ton , ▁Queensland ▁Category : Build ings ▁and ▁structures ▁in ▁Far ▁North ▁Queensland <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Ma quis ▁du ▁Mont ▁M ou chet ▁were ▁a ▁group ▁of ▁French ▁resistance ▁fighters ▁during ▁the ▁Second ▁World ▁War ▁that ▁were ▁based ▁at ▁Mont ▁M ou chet . ▁ ▁The ▁Germans , ▁having ▁discovered ▁the ▁ma quis , ▁made ▁several ▁attacks ▁up ▁until ▁May ▁ 1 9 4 4 ▁with ▁about ▁ 3 , 0 0 0 ▁men ▁and ▁using ▁av iation ▁and ▁arm oured ▁units . ▁The ▁ma quis ards ▁fought ▁back ▁fier c ely . ▁ ▁Little ▁information ▁is ▁available ▁on ▁the ▁German ▁forces . ▁Histor ians ▁have ▁identified ▁some ▁units : ▁ ▁The ▁Jess er ▁Brigade , ▁formed ▁from ▁veterans ▁of ▁the ▁eastern ▁front ▁( de ployed ▁in ▁the ▁Or lé ans - P ith iv iers ▁sector ) ▁ ▁S icher ungs - Reg iment ▁ 1 0 0 0 ▁▁ ▁Auf kl är ungs ab teil ung ▁ 1 0 0 0 ▁ ▁These ▁were ▁rein forced ▁from : ▁ ▁Regiment ▁ 2 ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 ▁Ost - B ata ill one ▁of ▁the ▁Fre iw ill igen - St amm - Div ision : ▁▁ ▁The ▁Vol ga ▁T atar ▁leg ion ▁station ed ▁at ▁P uy - |
en - Vel ay ▁ ▁The ▁A zer ba ij an ▁leg ion ▁station ed ▁at ▁R ode z ▁( former ▁ 8 0 4 th ▁batt alion ▁? ) ▁ ▁The ▁ 3 rd ▁Batt alion ▁of ▁the ▁SS ▁Pol ize i ▁Regiment ▁ 1 9 ▁ ▁A ▁battery ▁of ▁the ▁artillery ▁reg iment ▁ 2 8 ▁( 1 8 9 th ▁reserve ▁division ) ▁ ▁Batt alion ▁of ▁D CA ▁ 9 5 8 ▁▁ 3 ▁motor ised ▁response ▁det ach ments ▁of ▁the ▁F eld g endar mer ie ▁ ▁An ▁arm ored ▁recon naissance ▁pl ato on ▁origin ating ▁from ▁Paris ▁▁ 2 ▁Luft w affe ▁squad rons ▁from ▁A ul nat ▁air base ▁ ▁After ▁several ▁days ▁of ▁combat , ▁the ▁final ▁German ▁attack ▁forced ▁the ▁ma quis ards ▁to ▁fall ▁back ▁and ▁dis per se . ▁Out ▁of ▁revenge ▁for ▁their ▁previous ▁losses , ▁the ▁Germans ▁pill aged ▁several ▁of ▁the ▁surrounding ▁villages , ▁including ▁Cl avi ères . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁course ▁of ▁the ▁battles , ▁the ▁French ▁Forces ▁of ▁the ▁Interior ▁sustained ▁severe ▁losses : ▁ 2 3 8 ▁killed ▁and ▁ 1 8 0 ▁wounded ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁about ▁ 1 0 0 ▁host ages ▁executed ▁by ▁the ▁Naz is . ▁ ▁S ources ▁▁▁ ▁M ém oire ▁de ▁la ▁France ▁ ▁Category : National ▁liber ation ▁arm ies ▁Category : Mil itary ▁history ▁of ▁France ▁during ▁World ▁War ▁II ▁Category : F rench ▁Ma quis ▁Category : B att les ▁of ▁World ▁War |
▁II ▁involving ▁France ▁Category : B att les ▁of ▁World ▁War ▁II ▁involving ▁Germany ▁Category : Gu err illa ▁war fare ▁Category : Mil itary ▁battles ▁of ▁V ich y ▁France ▁Category : U pr is ings ▁during ▁World ▁War ▁II <0x0A> </s> ▁PS - 5 0 ▁( Hy der abad - V III ) ▁is ▁a ▁constitu ency ▁of ▁the ▁Provinc ial ▁Assembly ▁of ▁S ind h . ▁ ▁General ▁elections ▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁ ▁General ▁elections ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁▁ ▁S ind h ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁ ▁E lection ▁commission ▁Pakistan ' s ▁official ▁website ▁ ▁Aw az oday . com ▁check ▁result ▁ ▁Official ▁Website ▁of ▁Government ▁of ▁S ind h ▁ ▁Category : Const itu encies ▁of ▁S ind h <0x0A> </s> ▁Theod orus ▁Maur ita ▁F ren kel ▁( 1 4 ▁July ▁ 1 8 7 1 ▁– ▁ 2 0 ▁September ▁ 1 9 5 6 ) ▁was ▁a ▁Dutch ▁film ▁director , ▁actor ▁and ▁screen writer ▁of ▁the ▁silent ▁era . ▁He ▁worked ▁in ▁Britain ▁under ▁the ▁name ▁The o ▁Bou w me ester , ▁using ▁the ▁surn ame ▁of ▁his ▁renown ed ▁mother ▁and ▁uncle ▁( both ▁accomplished ▁actors ), ▁before ▁working ▁in ▁Germany ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 3 ▁and ▁ 1 9 1 4 ▁and ▁then ▁returning ▁to ▁the ▁Netherlands , ▁a ▁neutral ▁country , ▁before ▁World ▁War ▁I . ▁He ▁directed ▁ 2 1 4 ▁films ▁between ▁ 1 9 0 |
8 ▁and ▁ 1 9 2 8 . ▁He ▁also ▁appeared ▁in ▁ 2 1 ▁films ▁between ▁ 1 9 1 1 ▁and ▁ 1 9 4 8 . ▁His ▁nep hew ▁The o ▁F ren kel ▁Jr . ▁( 1 8 9 3 – 1 9 5 5 ) ▁was ▁a ▁film ▁actor . ▁ ▁Se lected ▁film ography ▁▁ ▁By ▁Order ▁of ▁Napoleon ▁( 1 9 1 0 ▁- ▁director , ▁early ▁feature ▁in ▁Kin em ac ol or ) ▁ ▁L uch tk ast elen ▁( 1 9 1 4 ▁- ▁actor ) ▁ ▁Z ijn ▁v io ol ▁( 1 9 1 4 ▁- ▁actor ) ▁ ▁Fat um ▁( 1 9 1 5 ) ▁ ▁Het ▁Wr ak ▁in ▁de ▁No ord ze e ▁( 1 9 1 5 ) ▁ ▁Gen ie ▁tegen ▁gew eld ▁( 1 9 1 6 ) ▁ ▁Life ' s ▁Sh adows ▁( 1 9 1 6 ) ▁ ▁Pro ▁dom o ▁( 1 9 1 8 ) ▁ ▁Het ▁proces ▁Be ge er ▁( 1 9 1 8 ) ▁ ▁De ▁du ivel ▁( 1 9 1 8 ) ▁ ▁Ray ▁of ▁Sun shine ▁( 1 9 1 9 ) ▁ ▁The ▁Dev il ▁in ▁Amsterdam ▁( 1 9 1 9 ) ▁ ▁Op ▁st ap ▁door ▁Amsterdam ▁( 1 9 1 9 ) ▁ ▁H elle ve eg ▁( 1 9 2 0 ) ▁ ▁A an ▁bo ord ▁van ▁de ▁' S ab ina ' ▁( 1 9 2 |
0 ) ▁ ▁Ge eft ▁on s ▁kr acht ▁( 1 9 2 0 ) ▁ ▁Menschen we e ▁( 1 9 2 1 ) ▁ ▁De ▁bru ut ▁( 1 9 2 2 ) ▁ ▁Jud ith ▁( 1 9 2 3 ) ▁ ▁Frauen m oral ▁( 1 9 2 3 ) ▁ ▁Cir que ▁h oll and ais ▁( 1 9 2 4 ) ▁ ▁De ▁cab aret - pr ins es ▁( 1 9 2 5 ) ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁ ▁Category : 1 8 7 1 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 9 5 6 ▁deaths ▁Category : D utch ▁film ▁directors ▁Category : D utch ▁male ▁film ▁actors ▁Category : D utch ▁male ▁silent ▁film ▁actors ▁Category : D utch ▁screen writ ers ▁Category : D utch ▁male ▁screen writ ers ▁Category : People ▁from ▁Rot ter dam <0x0A> </s> ▁K ō me i ▁A be ' s ▁D iver t imento ▁for ▁Al to ▁Sax oph one ▁was ▁originally ▁written ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 1 ▁for ▁alto ▁sa x oph one ▁and ▁piano ▁and ▁subsequently ▁or chestr ated ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 0 . ▁It ' s ▁a ▁result ▁of ▁his ▁interest ▁in ▁wood wind ▁instruments ▁in ▁the ▁post war ▁years , ▁which ▁led ▁him ▁to ▁learn ▁to ▁play ▁the ▁clar inet ▁in ▁addition ▁to ▁his ▁previous ▁training ▁as ▁a ▁cell ist , ▁and ▁in ▁the ▁instrument , ▁which ▁can ▁be ▁tr aced ▁up ▁to ▁his ▁school year s ▁when ▁he |
▁was ▁moved ▁by ▁its ▁use ▁in ▁Maurice ▁R avel ' s ▁or chestr ation ▁of ▁Pictures ▁at ▁an ▁Exhib ition . ▁ ▁The ▁D iver t imento ▁is ▁a ▁l yr ical ▁and ▁light - heart ed ▁work ▁in ▁the ▁ve in ▁of ▁French ▁ne oc lass icism ▁reflect ing ▁A be ' s ▁ad scription ▁to ▁cosm opol itan ism ▁rather ▁than ▁to ▁the ▁prim it iv istic ▁national ism ▁that ▁was ▁on ▁the ▁rise ▁in ▁Japanese ▁music ▁at ▁the ▁time . ▁It ▁consists ▁of ▁three ▁movements , ▁marked ▁And ante ▁s osten uto , ▁Ad ag iet to ▁and ▁Al leg ro ▁lasting ▁for ▁about ▁ 2 0 ▁minutes ▁in ▁total , ▁and ▁it ▁was ▁premier ed ▁by ▁sa x oph on ist ▁Ar ata ▁Sak ag uch i . ▁ ▁The ▁or chestr al ▁version ▁was ▁first ▁recorded ▁by ▁Ale k sey ▁Vol kov ▁and ▁the ▁Russian ▁Phil harm onic ▁conducted ▁by ▁D mit ry ▁Y abl ons ky ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 5 . ▁Following ▁the ▁release ▁the ▁D iver t imento ▁was ▁rated ▁as ▁" an ▁enjoyable ▁work , ▁though ▁not ▁over ly ▁distinctive " ▁by ▁Jonathan ▁W ool f ▁from ▁Music web ▁International , ▁while ▁Steve ▁H icken ▁from ▁Sequ enza 2 1 ▁found ▁that ▁it ▁showed ▁to ▁good ▁effect ▁A be ' s ▁" stra ight - forward ly ▁ton al , ▁melod ic , ▁[...] ▁lighter ▁than ▁air " ▁style ▁and ▁Uncle ▁Dave ▁Lewis ▁from ▁All Music ▁praised ▁it ▁as ▁" sort ▁of ▁the |
▁kind ▁of ▁sa x ▁concer to ▁that ▁Richard ▁Stra uss ▁might ▁have ▁written ", ▁des erv ing ▁to ▁be ▁added ▁into ▁the ▁instrument ' s ▁concert ▁re per toire . ▁ ▁Disc ography ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁▁ ▁Category : S ax oph one ▁concert os ▁Category : 1 9 5 1 ▁compos itions <0x0A> </s> ▁Co - rum ination ▁refers ▁to ▁extens ively ▁discussing ▁and ▁re vis iting ▁problems , ▁spec ulating ▁about ▁problems , ▁and ▁focusing ▁on ▁negative ▁feelings ▁with ▁peers . ▁Although ▁it ▁is ▁similar ▁to ▁self - dis closure ▁in ▁that ▁it ▁involves ▁revealing ▁and ▁discussing ▁a ▁problem , ▁it ▁is ▁more ▁focused ▁on ▁the ▁problems ▁themselves ▁and ▁thus ▁can ▁be ▁mal ad apt ive . ▁While ▁self - dis closure ▁is ▁seen ▁as ▁a ▁positive ▁aspect ▁found ▁in ▁close ▁friend ships , ▁some ▁types ▁of ▁self - dis closure ▁can ▁also ▁be ▁mal ad apt ive . ▁Co - rum ination ▁is ▁a ▁type ▁of ▁behavior ▁that ▁is ▁posit ively ▁cor related ▁with ▁both ▁rum ination ▁and ▁self - dis closure ▁and ▁has ▁been ▁linked ▁to ▁a ▁history ▁of ▁anxiety ▁because ▁co - rum inating ▁may ▁ex acer b ate ▁worries ▁about ▁whether ▁problems ▁will ▁be ▁resolved , ▁about ▁negative ▁consequences ▁of ▁problems , ▁and ▁depress ive ▁diagn oses ▁due ▁to ▁the ▁consistent ▁negative ▁focus ▁on ▁trou bling ▁topics , ▁instead ▁of ▁problem - s olving . ▁However , ▁co - rum ination ▁is ▁also ▁closely ▁associated ▁with ▁high - quality ▁friend ships ▁and ▁clos eness . ▁ ▁Development |
al ▁psychology ▁and ▁gender ▁differences ▁Girls ▁are ▁more ▁likely ▁than ▁boys ▁to ▁co - rum inate ▁with ▁their ▁close ▁friends , ▁and ▁co - rum ination ▁increases ▁with ▁age ▁in ▁children . ▁Fem ale ▁adoles c ents ▁are ▁more ▁likely ▁to ▁co - rum inate ▁than ▁younger ▁girls , ▁because ▁their ▁social ▁worlds ▁become ▁increasingly ▁complex ▁and ▁stress ful . ▁This ▁is ▁not ▁true ▁for ▁boys , ▁however ▁as ▁age ▁differences ▁are ▁not ▁expected ▁among ▁boys ▁because ▁their ▁interactions ▁remain ▁activity ▁focused ▁and ▁the ▁tendency ▁to ▁extens ively ▁discuss ▁problems ▁is ▁likely ▁to ▁remain ▁incons istent ▁with ▁male ▁norm s . ▁ ▁Unfortunately , ▁while ▁providing ▁this ▁support , ▁this ▁tendency ▁may ▁also ▁reinforce ▁internal izing ▁problems ▁such ▁as ▁anxiety ▁or ▁depression , ▁especially ▁in ▁adoles cent ▁girls , ▁which ▁may ▁account ▁for ▁higher ▁depression ▁among ▁girls ▁than ▁boys . ▁For ▁boys , ▁lower ▁levels ▁of ▁co - rum ination ▁may ▁help ▁buffer ▁them ▁against ▁emotional ▁problems ▁if ▁they ▁spend ▁less ▁time ▁with ▁friends ▁dw elling ▁on ▁problems ▁and ▁concerns , ▁though ▁less ▁sharing ▁of ▁personal ▁thoughts ▁and ▁feelings ▁can ▁potentially ▁inter f ere ▁with ▁creating ▁high - quality ▁friend ships . ▁ ▁Co - rum ination ▁has ▁been ▁found ▁to ▁partially ▁explain ▁( or ▁med iate ) ▁gender ▁differences ▁in ▁anxiety ▁and ▁depression ; ▁females ▁have ▁reported ▁engaging ▁in ▁more ▁co - rum ination ▁in ▁close ▁friend ships ▁than ▁males , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁elev ated ▁co - rum ination ▁was ▁associated ▁with ▁females ' ▁higher ▁levels ▁of ▁depression , ▁but ▁not |
▁anxiety . ▁Co - rum ination ▁is ▁also ▁linked ▁with ▁romantic ▁activities , ▁which ▁have ▁been ▁shown ▁to ▁correl ate ▁with ▁depress ive ▁symptoms ▁over ▁time , ▁because ▁they ▁are ▁often ▁the ▁problem ▁discussed ▁among ▁adoles c ents . ▁ ▁Research ▁suggests ▁that ▁within ▁adoles c ents , ▁children ▁who ▁currently ▁exhibit ▁high ▁levels ▁of ▁co - rum ination ▁would ▁predict ▁the ▁on set ▁of ▁depress ive ▁diagn oses ▁than ▁in ▁children ▁who ▁exhibit ▁lower ▁levels ▁of ▁co - rum ination . ▁In ▁addition , ▁this ▁link ▁was ▁maintained ▁even ▁when ▁children ▁with ▁current ▁diagn oses ▁were ▁excluded , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁statist ically ▁controlling ▁for ▁current ▁depress ive ▁symptoms . ▁This ▁further ▁suggests ▁that ▁the ▁relation ▁between ▁co - rum ination ▁and ▁a ▁history ▁of ▁depress ive ▁diagn oses ▁is ▁not ▁due ▁simply ▁to ▁current ▁levels ▁of ▁depression . ▁Another ▁study ▁looking ▁at ▁ 1 4 6 ▁adoles c ents ▁( 6 9 % ▁female ) ▁ranging ▁in ▁age ▁from ▁ 1 4 ▁to ▁ 1 9 ▁suggests ▁that ▁comparing ▁gender ▁differences ▁in ▁co - rum ination ▁across ▁samples , ▁it ▁appears ▁as ▁if ▁these ▁differences ▁intens ify ▁through ▁early ▁adoles c ence ▁but ▁begin ▁to ▁narrow ▁shortly ▁there after ▁and ▁remain ▁steady ▁through ▁emerging ▁ad ul th ood ▁ ▁St ress ▁horm ones , ▁co - rum ination ▁and ▁depression ▁Co - rum ination , ▁or ▁talking ▁excess ively ▁about ▁each ▁other ' s ▁problems , ▁is ▁common ▁during ▁adoles cent ▁years , ▁especially ▁among ▁girls , ▁as ▁mentioned ▁before . |
▁On ▁a ▁biological ▁basis , ▁a ▁study ▁has ▁shown ▁that ▁there ▁is ▁an ▁increase ▁in ▁the ▁levels ▁of ▁stress ▁horm ones ▁during ▁co - rum ination . ▁This ▁suggests ▁that ▁since ▁stress ▁horm ones ▁are ▁released ▁during ▁co - rum ination , ▁they ▁may ▁also ▁be ▁released ▁in ▁greater ▁amounts ▁during ▁other ▁life ▁stress ors . ▁If ▁someone ▁exhib its ▁co - rum ination ▁in ▁response ▁to ▁a ▁life ▁problem ▁it ▁may ▁become ▁more ▁and ▁more ▁common ▁for ▁them ▁to ▁co - rum inate ▁about ▁all ▁problems ▁in ▁their ▁life . ▁ ▁Studies ▁have ▁also ▁shown ▁that ▁co - rum ination ▁can ▁predict ▁internal izing ▁symptoms ▁such ▁as ▁depression ▁and ▁anxiety . ▁Since ▁co - rum ination ▁involves ▁repeatedly ▁going ▁over ▁problems ▁again ▁and ▁again ▁this ▁clearly ▁may ▁lead ▁to ▁depression ▁and ▁anxiety . ▁Cat astro ph izing , ▁when ▁one ▁takes ▁small ▁possibilities ▁and ▁bl ows ▁them ▁out ▁of ▁proportion ▁into ▁something ▁negative , ▁is ▁common ▁in ▁depression ▁and ▁anxiety ▁and ▁may ▁very ▁well ▁be ▁a ▁result ▁of ▁constantly ▁going ▁over ▁problems ▁that ▁may ▁not ▁be ▁as ▁bad ▁as ▁they ▁seem . ▁ ▁Co - rum ination , ▁that ▁tends ▁to ▁develop ▁the ▁emotional ▁bonds ▁between ▁participants ▁is ▁also ▁a ▁method ▁used ▁by ▁therapy ▁cult s ▁to ▁draw ▁in ▁members ▁and ▁increase ▁attachment ▁to ▁the ▁ab usive ▁group ▁while ▁at ▁the ▁same ▁time ▁dam aging ▁other ▁relationships ▁that ▁may ▁be ▁being ▁discussed ▁( e . g . ▁the ▁members ▁own ▁family ). ▁ ▁Effect s ▁in ▁daily ▁life ▁Co - rum ination |
, ▁or ▁lack ▁there of , ▁leads ▁to ▁different ▁behaviors ▁in ▁daily ▁life . ▁For ▁example , ▁studies ▁have ▁examined ▁the ▁link ▁between ▁co - rum ination ▁and ▁weekly ▁drinking ▁habits , ▁specifically , ▁negative ▁thoughts . ▁W orry ▁co - rum ination ▁leads ▁to ▁less ▁drinking ▁weekly , ▁while ▁angry ▁co - rum ination ▁leads ▁to ▁a ▁significant ▁increase ▁in ▁drinking . ▁There ▁have ▁also ▁been ▁some ▁gender ▁differences ▁found ▁as ▁well ▁in ▁the ▁same ▁study . ▁In ▁general , ▁negative ▁co - rum ination ▁increased ▁the ▁likelihood ▁that ▁women ▁would ▁b inge ▁drink ▁weekly , ▁versus ▁men ▁who ▁would ▁drink ▁less ▁weekly . ▁When ▁dealing ▁with ▁specific ▁negative ▁emotions , ▁women ▁drank ▁less ▁when ▁taking ▁part ▁in ▁worry ▁co - rum ination ▁( as ▁opposed ▁to ▁other ▁negative ▁emotions ), ▁while ▁there ▁appeared ▁to ▁be ▁a ▁lack ▁of ▁significant ▁difference ▁in ▁men . ▁( C ies la ▁et ▁al ., ▁ 2 0 1 1 ) ▁ ▁Ther apy ▁Co - rum ination ▁treatment ▁typically ▁consists ▁of ▁cognitive ▁emotion ▁regulation ▁therapy ▁for ▁rum ination ▁with ▁the ▁patient . ▁This ▁therapy ▁focuses ▁both ▁on ▁the ▁patient ▁themselves ▁and ▁their ▁habits ▁of ▁continually ▁co - rum inating ▁with ▁a ▁friend ▁or ▁friends . ▁Ther ap ies ▁may ▁need ▁to ▁be ▁altered ▁depending ▁on ▁the ▁gender ▁of ▁each ▁patient . ▁As ▁suggested ▁by ▁Z l om ke ▁and ▁H ahn ▁( 2 0 1 0 ) ▁men ▁showed ▁vast ▁improvement ▁in ▁anxiety ▁and ▁worrying ▁symptoms ▁by ▁focusing ▁their ▁attention ▁on ▁how ▁to ▁handle ▁a |
▁negative ▁event ▁through ▁" ref ocus ▁on ▁planning ". ▁For ▁women , ▁accepting ▁a ▁negative ▁event / em otion ▁and ▁re - fr aming ▁it ▁in ▁a ▁positive ▁light ▁was ▁associated ▁with ▁decre ased ▁levels ▁of ▁worry . ▁In ▁other ▁words , ▁some ▁of ▁the ▁cognitive ▁emotion ▁regulation ▁strategies ▁that ▁work ▁for ▁men ▁do ▁not ▁necessarily ▁work ▁for ▁women ▁and ▁vice ▁vers a . ▁Pat ients ▁are ▁encouraged ▁to ▁talk ▁about ▁their ▁problems ▁with ▁friends ▁and ▁family ▁members , ▁but ▁need ▁to ▁focus ▁on ▁a ▁solution ▁instead ▁of ▁focusing ▁on ▁the ▁exact ▁problem . ▁ ▁Types ▁of ▁relationships ▁While ▁the ▁majority ▁of ▁studies ▁have ▁been ▁conducted ▁with ▁youth ▁same - sex ▁friend ships , ▁others ▁have ▁explored ▁co - rum ination ▁and ▁correl ates ▁of ▁co - rum ination ▁within ▁other ▁types ▁of ▁relationships . ▁Research ▁on ▁co - rum ination ▁in ▁the ▁workplace ▁has ▁shown ▁that ▁discussions ▁about ▁workplace ▁problems ▁have ▁led ▁to ▁mixed ▁results , ▁especially ▁regarding ▁gender ▁differences . ▁In ▁high ▁ab usive ▁super vision ▁settings , ▁the ▁effects ▁of ▁co - rum ination ▁were ▁shown ▁to ▁intens ify ▁its ▁negative ▁effects ▁for ▁women , ▁while ▁associ ating ▁lower ▁negative ▁effects ▁for ▁men . ▁In ▁low ▁ab usive ▁super vision ▁settings , ▁results ▁show ▁that ▁there ▁were ▁no ▁significant ▁effects ▁for ▁women , ▁but ▁had ▁negative ▁outcomes ▁for ▁men . ▁The ▁study ▁suggests ▁the ▁reason ▁men ▁are ▁at ▁risk ▁for ▁job ▁diss atisf action ▁and ▁depression ▁in ▁low ▁stress ▁super vision , ▁is ▁due ▁to ▁the ▁gender ▁differences ▁at ▁an |
▁early ▁age . ▁At ▁a ▁young ▁age , ▁girls ▁report ▁to ▁co - rum inate ▁more ▁than ▁boys , ▁and ▁as ▁they ▁age ▁girls ' ▁scores ▁tend ▁to ▁rise , ▁while ▁boys ' ▁scores ▁tend ▁to ▁drop . ▁The ▁study ▁further ▁suggests ▁that ▁in ▁ad ul th ood , ▁men ▁have ▁less ▁experience ▁with ▁co - rum ination ▁than ▁women , ▁however ▁some ▁men ▁may ▁learn ▁skills ▁through ▁interact ing ▁with ▁women ▁or ▁the ▁interaction ▁style ▁with ▁other ▁men ▁in ▁ad ul th ood ▁has ▁changed ▁from ▁activity - based ▁to ▁conversation - based ; ▁suggesting ▁that ▁not ▁only ▁do ▁men ▁and ▁women ▁co - rum inate ▁differently , ▁but ▁that ▁the ▁level ▁of ▁stress ▁may ▁be ▁a ▁factor ▁as ▁well . ▁In ▁another ▁study , ▁co - rum ination ▁was ▁seen ▁to ▁increase ▁the ▁negative ▁effects ▁of ▁burn out ▁on ▁perceived ▁stress ▁among ▁co - workers , ▁thereby ▁indicating ▁that , ▁while ▁co - rum ination ▁may ▁be ▁seen ▁as ▁a ▁soc ially - support ive ▁interaction , ▁it ▁could ▁have ▁negative ▁psychological ▁outcomes ▁for ▁co - workers . ▁ ▁Within ▁the ▁context ▁of ▁mother - ad oles cent ▁relationships , ▁a ▁study ▁that ▁exam ines ▁ 5 th , ▁ 8 th , ▁and ▁ 1 1 th ▁grad ers ▁has ▁found ▁greater ▁levels ▁of ▁co - rum ination ▁among ▁mother ▁and ▁daughter ▁than ▁mother ▁and ▁son ▁relationships . ▁In ▁addition , ▁mother - ad oles cent ▁co - rum ination ▁was ▁related ▁to ▁positive ▁relationship ▁quality , ▁but ▁also ▁to |
▁en mesh ment ▁which ▁was ▁unique ▁to ▁co - rum ination . ▁These ▁en mesh ment ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁internal izing ▁relations ▁were ▁strongest ▁when ▁co - rum inating ▁was ▁focused ▁on ▁the ▁mother ' s ▁problems . ▁ ▁Other ▁relationships ▁have ▁also ▁been ▁studied . ▁For ▁instance , ▁one ▁study ▁found ▁that ▁graduate ▁students ▁engage ▁in ▁co - rum ination . ▁Furthermore , ▁for ▁those ▁graduate ▁students , ▁co - rum ination ▁acted ▁as ▁a ▁partial ▁medi ator , ▁which ▁supp ressed ▁the ▁positive ▁effects ▁of ▁social ▁support ▁on ▁emotional ▁exhaust ion . ▁ ▁Primary ▁Research ers ▁Research ers ▁in ▁psychology ▁and ▁communication ▁have ▁studied ▁the ▁concept ual ization ▁of ▁co - rum ination ▁along ▁with ▁the ▁effects ▁of ▁the ▁construct . ▁A ▁few ▁primary ▁researchers ▁have ▁focused ▁attention ▁on ▁the ▁construct ▁including ▁Amanda ▁Rose ▁Professor ▁of ▁Psych ology ▁at ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Missouri , ▁who ▁was ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁first ▁scholars ▁to ▁write ▁about ▁the ▁construct . ▁Others ▁who ▁are ▁doing ▁work ▁on ▁co - rum ination ▁include ▁Justin ▁P . ▁B oren , ▁Associ ate ▁Professor ▁of ▁Commun ication ▁at ▁Santa ▁Clara ▁University , ▁Jennifer ▁By rd - Cr aven , ▁Associ ate ▁Professor ▁of ▁Psych ology ▁at ▁Oklahoma ▁State ▁University , ▁and ▁D ana ▁L . ▁H agg ard , ▁Professor ▁of ▁Management ▁at ▁Missouri ▁State ▁University ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁Development al ▁psychology ▁ ▁Commun ication ▁ ▁Self - dis closure ▁ ▁Rum ination ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : D evel op ment al ▁psychology <0x0A> </s> |
▁The ▁International ▁Crit ical ▁Comment ary ▁( or ▁I CC ) ▁is ▁a ▁series ▁of ▁comment aries ▁in ▁English ▁on ▁the ▁text ▁of ▁the ▁Old ▁Testament ▁and ▁New ▁Testament . ▁It ▁is ▁currently ▁published ▁by ▁T & T ▁Clark , ▁now ▁an ▁im print ▁of ▁Bloom sb ury ▁Publishing . ▁ ▁Init ially ▁started ▁over ▁one ▁hundred ▁years ▁ago , ▁the ▁International ▁Crit ical ▁Comment ary ▁series ▁has ▁been ▁a ▁highly ▁regarded ▁academic - level ▁comment ary ▁on ▁the ▁Bible . ▁It ▁aims ▁to ▁mar shall ▁all ▁available ▁a ids ▁to ▁ex eg esis : ▁lingu istic , ▁text ual , ▁archae ological , ▁historical , ▁literary ▁and ▁the ological . ▁No ▁un ifying ▁scheme ▁is ▁sought ▁but ▁each ▁scholar ▁has ▁been ▁free ▁to ▁express ▁their ▁expertise . ▁ ▁Origin ally ▁edited ▁by ▁Samuel ▁Roll es ▁Driver , ▁Alfred ▁A . ▁Pl um mer ▁and ▁Charles ▁August us ▁Brig gs , ▁the ▁series ▁has ▁been ▁in ▁the ▁hands ▁of ▁various ▁ed itors ▁since . ▁The ▁current ▁ed itors ▁are ▁Graham ▁I . ▁Dav ies ▁and ▁Christopher ▁M . ▁T uck ett . ▁ ▁Vol umes ▁▁▁ 5 5 2 ▁pages ▁▁▁ 2 3 2 ▁pages ▁▁▁ 3 1 8 ▁pages ▁▁▁ 4 8 9 ▁pages ▁▁▁ 4 3 4 ▁pages ▁▁▁ 4 7 6 ▁pages ▁▁▁ 4 2 1 ▁pages ▁▁▁ 5 7 4 ▁pages ▁▁▁ 5 3 4 ▁pages ▁▁▁ 3 8 4 ▁pages ▁▁▁ 3 3 4 ▁pages ▁▁▁ 3 6 0 ▁pages ▁▁▁ 3 6 0 ▁pages ▁▁▁ 5 7 |
1 ▁pages ▁▁▁ 5 5 4 ▁pages ▁▁▁ 2 1 2 ▁pages ▁▁▁ 4 4 8 ▁pages ▁▁▁ 8 0 8 ▁pages ▁▁▁ 4 7 2 ▁pages ▁▁▁ 4 2 4 ▁pages ▁▁▁ 3 9 2 ▁pages ▁▁▁ 5 6 0 ▁pages ▁▁▁ 6 5 8 ▁pages ▁▁▁ 1 , 3 9 6 ▁pages ▁▁▁ 4 1 6 ▁pages ▁▁▁ 5 5 7 ▁pages ▁▁▁ 4 7 8 ▁pages ▁▁▁ 6 0 0 ▁pages ▁▁▁ 4 2 4 ▁pages ▁▁▁ 5 6 0 ▁pages ▁▁▁ 5 1 5 ▁pages ▁▁▁ 3 5 0 ▁pages ▁▁▁ 7 3 1 ▁pages ▁▁▁ 8 0 7 ▁pages ▁▁▁ 7 8 9 ▁pages ▁▁▁ 3 1 7 ▁pages ▁▁▁ 5 9 2 ▁pages ▁▁▁ 3 6 8 ▁pages ▁▁▁ 7 4 0 ▁pages ▁▁▁ 7 4 0 ▁pages ▁▁▁ 6 9 2 ▁pages ▁▁▁ 1 , 2 7 2 ▁pages ▁▁▁ 4 5 0 ▁pages ▁▁▁ 4 8 0 ▁pages ▁▁▁ 4 9 6 ▁pages ▁▁▁ 4 2 4 ▁pages ▁▁▁ 4 0 4 ▁pages ▁▁▁ 9 7 8 ▁pages ▁▁▁ 9 7 8 ▁pages ▁▁▁ 5 3 9 ▁pages ▁▁▁ 6 8 5 ▁pages ▁▁▁ 3 1 5 ▁pages ▁▁▁ 5 1 2 ▁pages ▁▁▁ 2 0 1 ▁pages ▁▁▁ 3 2 6 ▁pages ▁▁▁ 1 6 3 ▁pages ▁▁▁ 8 8 2 ▁pages ▁▁▁ 2 6 4 ▁pages ▁▁▁ 3 1 9 ▁pages ▁▁▁ 8 4 8 ▁pages ▁▁▁ 3 5 3 ▁pages ▁▁▁ 2 4 2 ▁pages ▁▁▁ 3 7 3 ▁pages ▁▁▁ 4 |
9 7 ▁pages ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁▁ ▁An chor ▁Bible ▁Series ▁ ▁Ex eg esis ▁ ▁Text ual ▁criticism ▁ ▁List ▁of ▁B iblical ▁comment aries ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁▁ ▁Category : B iblical ▁comment aries ▁Category : Series ▁of ▁non - f iction ▁books <0x0A> </s> ▁Max ime ▁Pot vin ▁( born ▁ 3 ▁August ▁ 1 9 8 7 ) ▁is ▁a ▁Canadian ▁ta ek w ondo ▁practition er . ▁He ▁is ▁a ▁former ▁World ▁Championships ▁silver ▁medal ist . ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 5 , ▁he ▁was ▁named ▁to ▁Canada ' s ▁team ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 5 ▁Pan ▁American ▁Games ▁that ▁were ▁held ▁in ▁Toronto ▁where ▁he ▁received ▁a ▁silver ▁medal . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 8 7 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : Can ad ian ▁male ▁ta ek w ondo ▁practition ers ▁Category : Pan ▁American ▁Games ▁silver ▁medal ists ▁for ▁Canada ▁Category : T a ek w ondo ▁practition ers ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 5 ▁Pan ▁American ▁Games ▁Category : Pan ▁American ▁Games ▁medal ists ▁in ▁ta ek w ondo <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Official ▁World ▁Golf ▁Rank ing ▁is ▁a ▁system ▁for ▁rating ▁the ▁performance ▁level ▁of ▁male ▁professional ▁golf ers . ▁It ▁was ▁started ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 6 . ▁ ▁The ▁rank ings ▁are ▁based ▁on ▁a ▁player ' s ▁position ▁in ▁individual ▁tour naments ▁( i . e . ▁not ▁pairs ▁or ▁team ▁events ) ▁over ▁a ▁" rolling " |
▁two - year ▁period . ▁New ▁rank ings ▁are ▁produced ▁each ▁week . ▁During ▁ 2 0 1 8 , ▁nearly ▁ 4 0 0 ▁tour naments ▁on ▁ 2 0 ▁tours ▁were ▁covered ▁by ▁the ▁ranking ▁system . ▁All ▁players ▁competing ▁in ▁these ▁tour naments ▁are ▁included ▁in ▁the ▁rank ings . ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 9 , ▁ 2 3 ▁tours ▁will ▁factor ▁into ▁the ▁world ▁rank ings . ▁ ▁As ▁well ▁as ▁being ▁of ▁general ▁interest , ▁the ▁rank ings ▁have ▁an ▁additional ▁importance , ▁in ▁that ▁they ▁are ▁used ▁as ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁qual ifying ▁criteria ▁for ▁entry ▁into ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁leading ▁tour naments . ▁ ▁T ours ▁included ▁in ▁the ▁rank ings ▁The ▁ranking ▁system ▁is ▁end ors ed ▁by ▁the ▁four ▁major ▁championship s ▁and ▁six ▁major ▁professional ▁tours , ▁five ▁of ▁which ▁are ▁char ter ▁members ▁of ▁the ▁International ▁Federation ▁of ▁P GA ▁T ours : ▁ ▁P GA ▁Tour ▁ ▁European ▁Tour ▁ ▁Asian ▁Tour ▁( not ▁a ▁char ter ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁Federation ) ▁ ▁P GA ▁Tour ▁of ▁Austral asia ▁ ▁Japan ▁Golf ▁Tour ▁ ▁Sun shine ▁Tour ▁ ▁Points ▁are ▁also ▁awarded ▁for ▁high ▁fin ishes ▁on ▁other ▁tours : ▁ ▁K orn ▁F erry ▁Tour , ▁the ▁official ▁development al ▁tour ▁for ▁the ▁P GA ▁Tour ▁ ▁Challenge ▁Tour , ▁the ▁official ▁development al ▁tour ▁for ▁the ▁European ▁Tour ▁ ▁P GA ▁Tour ▁Canada , ▁which ▁became ▁a ▁full ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁Federation ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 9 |
▁under ▁its ▁former ▁name ▁of ▁the ▁Canadian ▁Professional ▁Golf ▁Tour ▁ ▁Korean ▁Tour , ▁from ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁ ▁P GA ▁Tour ▁Lat ino am érica , ▁from ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁( T our ▁de ▁las ▁Am éric as ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁and ▁early ▁ 2 0 1 2 ) ▁ ▁Asian ▁Development ▁Tour , ▁the ▁official ▁development al ▁tour ▁for ▁the ▁Asian ▁Tour , ▁from ▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁ ▁P GA ▁Tour ▁China , ▁from ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁ ▁Al ps ▁Tour , ▁from ▁July ▁ 2 0 1 5 ▁ ▁Nord ic ▁Golf ▁League , ▁from ▁July ▁ 2 0 1 5 ▁ ▁P GA ▁Euro Pro ▁Tour , ▁from ▁July ▁ 2 0 1 5 ▁ ▁Pro G olf ▁Tour , ▁from ▁July ▁ 2 0 1 5 ▁ ▁M EN A ▁Golf ▁Tour , ▁from ▁April ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁ ▁Big ▁Easy ▁Tour , ▁from ▁ 2 0 1 8 ▁ ▁China ▁Tour , ▁from ▁ 2 0 1 8 ▁ ▁All ▁Thailand ▁Golf ▁Tour , ▁from ▁ 2 0 1 9 ▁ ▁Professional ▁Golf ▁Tour ▁of ▁India , ▁from ▁ 2 0 1 9 ▁ ▁Ab ema ▁TV ▁Tour , ▁from ▁ 2 0 1 9 ▁ ▁Starting ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 2 , ▁some ▁events ▁received ▁points ▁that ▁had ▁not ▁previously ▁received ▁any . ▁These ▁were ▁the ▁Sun shine ▁Tour ▁" W inter ▁Series " ▁and ▁the ▁P GA ▁Tour ▁of ▁Austral asia |
▁" State ▁Based ▁and ▁Regional ▁Tour naments ". ▁ ▁Pre vious ▁tours : ▁ ▁Asia ▁Golf ▁Circ uit , ▁from ▁ 1 9 8 6 ▁until ▁ 1 9 9 7 . ▁▁ ▁One As ia ▁Tour , ▁added ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁but ▁was ▁dropped ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 8 . ▁ ▁History ▁The ▁initiative ▁for ▁the ▁creation ▁of ▁the ▁Official ▁World ▁Golf ▁Rank ing ▁came ▁from ▁the ▁Championship ▁Committee ▁of ▁the ▁Royal ▁and ▁Anc ient ▁Golf ▁Club ▁of ▁St ▁Andrew s , ▁which ▁found ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 8 0 s ▁that ▁its ▁system ▁of ▁iss uing ▁inv itations ▁to ▁The ▁Open ▁Championship ▁on ▁a ▁tour ▁by ▁tour ▁basis ▁was ▁om itting ▁an ▁increasing ▁number ▁of ▁top ▁players ▁because ▁more ▁of ▁them ▁were ▁divid ing ▁their ▁time ▁between ▁tours , ▁and ▁from ▁pre em inent ▁sports ▁agent ▁Mark ▁McC orm ack , ▁who ▁was ▁the ▁first ▁chairman ▁of ▁the ▁International ▁Advis ory ▁Committee ▁which ▁overse es ▁the ▁rank ings . ▁The ▁system ▁used ▁to ▁calculate ▁the ▁rank ings ▁was ▁developed ▁from ▁McC orm ack ' s ▁World ▁Golf ▁Rank ings , ▁which ▁were ▁published ▁in ▁his ▁World ▁of ▁Professional ▁Golf ▁Annual ▁from ▁ 1 9 6 8 ▁to ▁ 1 9 8 5 , ▁although ▁these ▁were ▁purely ▁un off icial ▁and ▁not ▁used ▁for ▁any ▁wider ▁purpose ▁( such ▁as ▁inv iting ▁players ▁to ▁major ▁tour naments ). ▁ ▁The ▁first ▁ranking ▁list ▁was ▁published ▁prior ▁to ▁the ▁ 1 9 8 6 ▁Masters ▁Tour nament |
. ▁The ▁top ▁six ▁ranked ▁golf ers ▁were : ▁Bern hard ▁L anger , ▁Se ve ▁Ball ester os , ▁Sandy ▁L yle , ▁Tom ▁Watson , ▁Mark ▁O ' M ear a ▁and ▁Greg ▁Norman . ▁Thus ▁the ▁top ▁three ▁were ▁all ▁European , ▁but ▁there ▁were ▁ 3 1 ▁Americans ▁in ▁the ▁top ▁ 5 0 ▁( comp ared ▁with ▁ 1 7 ▁at ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁ 2 0 1 0 ). ▁ ▁The ▁method ▁of ▁calculation ▁of ▁the ▁rank ings ▁has ▁changed ▁considerably ▁over ▁the ▁years . ▁Init ially , ▁the ▁rank ings ▁were ▁calculated ▁over ▁a ▁three - year ▁period , ▁with ▁the ▁current ▁year ' s ▁points ▁multi plied ▁by ▁four ▁( three ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 6 ), ▁the ▁previous ▁year ' s ▁points ▁by ▁two ▁and ▁the ▁third ▁year ' s ▁points ▁by ▁one . ▁Rank ings ▁were ▁based ▁on ▁the ▁total ▁points ▁and ▁points ▁awarded ▁were ▁restricted ▁to ▁integer ▁values . ▁All ▁tour naments ▁recognised ▁by ▁the ▁world ' s ▁professional ▁tours , ▁and ▁some ▁leading ▁inv itational ▁events , ▁were ▁grad ed ▁into ▁categories ▁ranging ▁from ▁major ▁championship ▁( wh ose ▁winners ▁would ▁receive ▁ 5 0 ▁points ) ▁to ▁" other ▁tour naments " ▁( wh ose ▁winners ▁would ▁receive ▁a ▁minimum ▁of ▁ 8 ). ▁In ▁all ▁events , ▁other ▁finish ers ▁received ▁points ▁on ▁a ▁dimin ishing ▁scale ▁that ▁began ▁with ▁run ners - up ▁receiving ▁ 6 0 % ▁of ▁the ▁winners ' ▁points , ▁and ▁the ▁number |
▁of ▁players ▁in ▁the ▁field ▁receiving ▁points ▁would ▁be ▁the ▁same ▁as ▁the ▁points ▁awarded ▁to ▁the ▁winner . ▁In ▁a ▁major , ▁for ▁example , ▁all ▁players ▁finishing ▁ 3 0 th ▁to ▁ 4 0 th ▁would ▁receive ▁ 2 ▁points , ▁and ▁all ▁players ▁finishing ▁ 5 0 th ▁or ▁higher , ▁ 1 ▁point . ▁ ▁Begin ning ▁in ▁April ▁ 1 9 8 9 , ▁the ▁rank ings ▁were ▁changed ▁to ▁be ▁based ▁on ▁the ▁average ▁points ▁per ▁event ▁played ▁instead ▁of ▁simply ▁total ▁points ▁earned , ▁subject ▁to ▁a ▁minimum ▁divis or ▁of ▁ 6 0 ▁( 2 0 ▁events ▁per ▁year ). ▁This ▁was ▁in ▁order ▁to ▁more ▁accurately ▁reflect ▁the ▁status ▁of ▁some ▁( part icular ly ▁older ) ▁players , ▁who ▁played ▁in ▁far ▁fewer ▁events ▁than ▁their ▁younger ▁contempor aries ▁but ▁demonstrated ▁in ▁major ▁championship s ▁that ▁their ▁ranking ▁was ▁art ific ially ▁low . ▁Tom ▁Watson , ▁for ▁example , ▁finished ▁in ▁the ▁top ▁ 1 5 ▁of ▁eight ▁major ▁championship s ▁between ▁ 1 9 8 7 ▁and ▁ 1 9 8 9 , ▁yet ▁had ▁a ▁" total ▁points " ▁ranking ▁of ▁just ▁ 4 0 th ; ▁his ▁ranking ▁became ▁a ▁more ▁realistic ▁ 2 0 th ▁when ▁based ▁on ▁" a verage ▁points ". ▁A ▁new ▁system ▁for ▁determining ▁the ▁" weight " ▁of ▁each ▁tournament ▁was ▁also ▁introduced , ▁based ▁on ▁the ▁strength ▁of ▁the ▁tournament ' s ▁field ▁in ▁terms ▁of ▁their ▁pre - t our |
nament ▁world ▁rank ings . ▁Major ▁championship s ▁were ▁guaranteed ▁to ▁remain ▁at ▁ 5 0 ▁points ▁for ▁the ▁winners , ▁and ▁all ▁other ▁events ▁could ▁att ain ▁a ▁maximum ▁of ▁ 4 0 ▁points ▁for ▁the ▁winner ▁if ▁all ▁of ▁the ▁world ' s ▁top ▁ 1 0 0 ▁were ▁present . ▁In ▁practice ▁most ▁P GA ▁Tour ▁events ▁awarded ▁around ▁ 2 5 ▁points ▁to ▁the ▁winner , ▁European ▁Tour ▁events ▁around ▁ 1 8 ▁and ▁J P GA ▁Tour ▁events ▁around ▁ 1 2 . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 9 6 , ▁the ▁three - year ▁period ▁was ▁reduced ▁to ▁two ▁years , ▁with ▁the ▁current ▁year ▁now ▁counting ▁double ▁and ▁the ▁minimum ▁number ▁of ▁events ▁reduced ▁from ▁ 6 0 ▁to ▁ 4 0 . ▁Points ▁were ▁extended ▁to ▁more ▁of ▁the ▁field , ▁beginning ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 0 , ▁and ▁were ▁no ▁longer ▁restricted ▁to ▁integer ▁values . ▁Begin ning ▁in ▁September ▁ 2 0 0 1 , ▁the ▁tap ering ▁system ▁was ▁changed ▁so ▁that ▁instead ▁of ▁the ▁points ▁for ▁each ▁result ▁being ▁dou bled ▁if ▁they ▁occurred ▁in ▁the ▁most ▁recent ▁ 1 2 ▁months , ▁one ▁e ighth ▁of ▁the ▁initial ▁" multi plied ▁up " ▁value ▁was ▁ded u cted ▁every ▁ 1 3 ▁weeks . ▁This ▁change ▁effectively ▁meant ▁that ▁players ▁could ▁now ▁be ▁more ▁simply ▁described ▁as ▁being ▁awarded ▁ 1 0 0 ▁points ▁( not ▁ 5 0 ) ▁for ▁winning ▁a ▁major . ▁Begin ning ▁in ▁ |
2 0 0 7 , ▁the ▁system ▁holds ▁the ▁points ▁from ▁each ▁event ▁at ▁full ▁value ▁for ▁ 1 3 ▁weeks ▁and ▁then ▁reduces ▁them ▁in ▁equal ▁weekly ▁incre ments ▁over ▁the ▁remainder ▁of ▁the ▁two - year ▁period . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 0 , ▁a ▁maximum ▁number ▁of ▁tour naments ▁was ▁introduced ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁the ▁minimum ▁of ▁ 4 0 . ▁The ▁maximum ▁number ▁was ▁initially ▁set ▁to ▁ 6 0 ▁from ▁January ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁and ▁was ▁reduced ▁by ▁ 2 ▁every ▁six ▁months ▁until ▁it ▁reached ▁ 5 2 ▁in ▁January ▁ 2 0 1 2 . ▁This ▁means ▁that ▁since ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁only ▁the ▁player ' s ▁ 5 2 ▁most ▁recent ▁tour naments ▁( with in ▁the ▁two - year ▁period ) ▁are ▁used ▁to ▁calculate ▁his ▁ranking ▁average . ▁ ▁At ▁first ▁only ▁the ▁Championship ▁Committee ▁of ▁the ▁Royal ▁and ▁Anc ient ▁used ▁the ▁rank ings ▁for ▁official ▁purposes , ▁but ▁the ▁P GA ▁Tour ▁recognized ▁them ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 0 , ▁and ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 7 ▁all ▁five ▁of ▁the ▁then ▁principal ▁men ' s ▁golf ▁tours ▁did ▁so . ▁The ▁rank ings , ▁which ▁had ▁previously ▁been ▁called ▁the ▁Sony ▁Rank ings , ▁were ▁renamed ▁the ▁Official ▁World ▁Golf ▁Rank ings ▁at ▁that ▁time . ▁They ▁are ▁run ▁from ▁offices ▁in ▁Virginia ▁Water ▁in ▁Sur rey , ▁England . ▁ ▁Cal cul ation ▁of ▁the ▁rank ings ▁Source : ▁ ▁Simply ▁put |
, ▁a ▁gol fer ' s ▁World ▁Rank ing ▁is ▁obtained ▁by ▁divid ing ▁their ▁points ▁total ▁by ▁the ▁number ▁of ▁events ▁they ▁have ▁played , ▁which ▁gives ▁their ▁average . ▁Players ▁are ▁then ▁ranked ; ▁a ▁higher ▁average ▁yields ▁a ▁higher ▁rank . ▁ ▁Event ▁ranking ▁ ▁The ▁first ▁stage ▁in ▁the ▁calculation ▁is ▁the ▁ranking ▁of ▁each ▁event . ▁For ▁most ▁events ▁the ▁ranking ▁depends ▁on ▁the ▁current ▁world ▁rank ings ▁of ▁the ▁participating ▁golf ers ▁and ▁the ▁participation ▁of ▁the ▁leading ▁golf ers ▁from ▁the ▁" home ▁tour ". ▁ ▁A ▁" world ▁rating ▁value " ▁is ▁calculated . ▁Any ▁gol fer ▁currently ▁ranked ▁in ▁the ▁world ▁top ▁ 2 0 0 ▁is ▁given ▁a ▁rating ▁value . ▁The ▁world ▁No . ▁ 1 ▁is ▁allocated ▁ 4 5 , ▁the ▁No . ▁ 2 ▁is ▁allocated ▁ 3 7 , ▁the ▁No . ▁ 3 ▁is ▁allocated ▁ 3 2 , ▁down ▁to ▁those ▁ranked ▁between ▁ 1 0 1 ▁and ▁ 2 0 0 ▁who ▁are ▁allocated ▁a ▁rating ▁value ▁of ▁ 1 ▁each . ▁The ▁maximum ▁possible ▁world ▁rating ▁value ▁is ▁ 9 2 5 ▁but ▁this ▁would ▁only ▁happen ▁if ▁all ▁the ▁top ▁ 2 0 0 ▁golf ers ▁were ▁playing . ▁ ▁A ▁" home ▁tour ▁rating ▁value " ▁is ▁calculated . ▁The ▁leading ▁ 3 0 ▁golf ers ▁from ▁the ▁previous ▁year ' s ▁" home ▁tour " ▁are ▁given ▁rating ▁values . ▁Most ▁tours ▁use ▁earnings ▁lists ▁for ▁their ▁top ▁ 3 0 |
, ▁but ▁the ▁P GA ▁Tour ▁currently ▁uses ▁the ▁Fed Ex ▁points ▁list ▁calculated ▁after ▁the ▁play offs . ▁Major ▁championship s ▁and ▁W GC ▁events ▁use ▁the ▁current ▁world ▁top ▁ 3 0 ▁list . ▁The ▁home ▁tour ▁No . ▁ 1 ▁is ▁allocated ▁ 8 ▁down ▁to ▁those ▁from ▁ 1 6 ▁to ▁ 3 0 ▁who ▁are ▁allocated ▁a ▁rating ▁value ▁of ▁ 1 ▁each . ▁The ▁maximum ▁home ▁tour ▁rating ▁value ▁is ▁ 7 5 ▁if ▁all ▁the ▁top ▁ 3 0 ▁players ▁from ▁the ▁home ▁tour ▁are ▁competing . ▁The ▁total ▁home ▁tour ▁rating ▁value ▁is ▁limited ▁to ▁ 7 5 % ▁of ▁the ▁world ▁rating ▁value . ▁ ▁The ▁world ▁rating ▁value ▁and ▁home ▁tour ▁rating ▁value ▁are ▁added ▁together ▁to ▁give ▁a ▁total ▁rating ▁value . ▁This ▁is ▁then ▁converted ▁into ▁an ▁event ▁ranking ▁using ▁a ▁table . ▁As ▁examples , ▁a ▁total ▁rating ▁value ▁of ▁ 1 0 ▁conver ts ▁to ▁an ▁event ▁ranking ▁of ▁ 8 , ▁a ▁total ▁rating ▁value ▁of ▁ 1 0 0 ▁conver ts ▁to ▁an ▁event ▁ranking ▁of ▁ 2 4 , ▁while ▁a ▁total ▁rating ▁value ▁of ▁ 5 0 0 ▁conver ts ▁to ▁an ▁event ▁ranking ▁of ▁ 6 2 . ▁ ▁Major ▁championship s ▁have ▁a ▁fixed ▁event ▁ranking ▁of ▁ 1 0 0 ▁points . ▁For ▁each ▁tour , ▁there ▁is ▁a ▁minimum ▁ranking ▁for ▁each ▁event . ▁In ▁addition , ▁some ▁tours ▁have ▁a ▁" flag ship ▁event " ▁that ▁is ▁guaranteed ▁a ▁higher |
▁ranking . ▁ ▁* ▁Pre viously ▁the ▁Thailand ▁Golf ▁Championship ▁▁ 7 2 - hole ▁tour naments ▁which ▁are ▁reduced ▁to ▁ 5 4 ▁holes ▁retain ▁full ▁points , ▁but ▁if ▁a ▁tournament ▁is ▁reduced ▁to ▁ 3 6 ▁holes , ▁its ▁points ▁allocation ▁is ▁reduced ▁by ▁ 2 5 %. ▁ 5 4 - hole ▁tour naments ▁reduced ▁to ▁ 3 6 ▁holes ▁retain ▁full ▁points . ▁ ▁The ▁events ▁with ▁the ▁highest ▁" Total ▁Rating " ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 9 ▁are ▁shown ▁in ▁the ▁following ▁table . ▁ ▁Rank ▁refers ▁to ▁the ▁player ' s ▁world ▁ranking ▁before ▁the ▁event . ▁ ▁Player ▁rank ings ▁Having ▁calculated ▁the ▁ranking ▁of ▁the ▁event , ▁the ▁ranking ▁points ▁of ▁the ▁players ▁for ▁that ▁event ▁can ▁be ▁calculated . ▁The ▁winner ' s ▁ranking ▁points ▁are ▁the ▁same ▁as ▁the ▁ranking ▁of ▁the ▁event , ▁so ▁that ▁major ▁winners ▁get ▁ 1 0 0 ▁ranking ▁points . ▁The ▁second ▁place ▁gol fer ▁gets ▁ 6 0 % ▁of ▁this ▁amount , ▁ 4 0 % ▁for ▁ 3 rd , ▁ 3 0 % ▁for ▁ 4 th , ▁ 2 4 % ▁for ▁ 5 th , ▁down ▁to ▁ 1 4 % ▁for ▁ 1 0 th , ▁ 7 % ▁for ▁ 2 0 th , ▁ 3 . 5 % ▁for ▁ 4 0 th ▁to ▁ 1 . 5 % ▁for ▁ 6 0 th . ▁Players ▁tied ▁for ▁a ▁position ▁share ▁the ▁points ▁for ▁those ▁positions |
▁so ▁that ▁if , ▁for ▁example , ▁two ▁players ▁tie ▁for ▁second ▁place ▁they ▁would ▁each ▁receive ▁ 5 0 %, ▁the ▁average ▁of ▁ 6 0 % ▁and ▁ 4 0 %. ▁ ▁A ▁player ' s ▁ranking ▁points ▁for ▁an ▁event ▁must ▁be ▁at ▁least ▁ 1 . 2 . ▁Players ▁who ▁would ▁get ▁less ▁than ▁this ▁using ▁the ▁above ▁formula ▁get ▁no ▁ranking ▁points . ▁For ▁example , ▁if ▁an ▁event ▁has ▁a ▁ranking ▁of ▁ 1 0 ▁only ▁the ▁leading ▁ 1 2 ▁players ▁( and ▁ties ) ▁receive ▁any ▁ranking ▁points ▁since ▁the ▁player ▁in ▁ 1 2 th ▁place ▁gets ▁ 1 2 % ▁of ▁the ▁event ▁ranking ▁( i . e . ▁ 1 . 2 ). ▁The ▁player ▁in ▁ 1 3 th ▁position ▁gets ▁no ▁points . ▁Where ▁there ▁is ▁a ▁tie ▁for ▁the ▁final ▁scoring ▁place , ▁those ▁players ▁are ▁guaranteed ▁to ▁receive ▁at ▁least ▁ 1 . 2 ▁points . ▁Using ▁the ▁above ▁example , ▁if ▁there ▁were ▁two ▁or ▁more ▁players ▁tied ▁for ▁ 1 2 th ▁place , ▁each ▁would ▁receive ▁ 1 . 2 ▁points . ▁The ▁only ▁exceptions ▁to ▁this ▁system ▁are ▁in ▁the ▁major ▁championship s ▁where ▁all ▁players ▁who ▁make ▁the ▁cut ▁get ▁a ▁minimum ▁of ▁ 1 . 5 ▁ranking ▁points . ▁ ▁Ad just ed ▁rank ings ▁For ▁the ▁first ▁ 1 3 ▁weeks ▁after ▁an ▁event ▁the ▁player ▁receives ▁the ▁full ▁ranking ▁points ▁earned ▁in ▁that ▁event . ▁However , ▁from ▁then ▁on |
wards ▁they ▁are ▁reduced ▁in ▁equal ▁weekly ▁incre ments ▁over ▁the ▁remainder ▁of ▁a ▁two - year ▁period . ▁This ▁gives ▁priority ▁to ▁recent ▁form . ▁Each ▁week ▁the ▁ranking ▁points ▁are ▁reduced ▁by ▁a ▁factor ▁of ▁ 1 / 9 2 ▁( appro xim ately ▁ 1 . 0 9 %) ▁so ▁that ▁in ▁week ▁ 1 4 ▁only ▁ 9 8 . 9 1 % ▁of ▁the ▁ranking ▁points ▁are ▁cred ited , ▁continuing ▁until ▁week ▁ 1 0 4 ▁when ▁only ▁ 1 . 0 9 % ▁is ▁cred ited . ▁From ▁week ▁ 1 0 5 ▁the ▁ranking ▁points ▁are ▁completely ▁lost . ▁ ▁Rank ing ▁average ▁The ▁player ' s ▁adjusted ▁points ▁for ▁all ▁events ▁in ▁the ▁two - year ▁period ▁are ▁then ▁added ▁together , ▁and ▁this ▁total ▁is ▁divided ▁by ▁the ▁number ▁of ▁events ▁to ▁give ▁the ▁average ▁ranking . ▁However , ▁players ▁are ▁subject ▁to ▁both ▁a ▁minimum ▁and ▁maximum ▁number ▁of ▁events ▁over ▁the ▁two - year ▁period . ▁If ▁a ▁player ▁compet es ▁in ▁fewer ▁than ▁ 4 0 ▁tour naments ▁over ▁the ▁two - year ▁period ▁his ▁adjusted ▁points ▁total ▁is ▁divided ▁by ▁ 4 0 ▁and ▁not ▁the ▁actual ▁number ▁of ▁events ▁he ▁has ▁played ▁in . ▁There ▁is ▁also ▁a ▁maximum ▁of ▁ 5 2 ▁tour naments , ▁which ▁means ▁that ▁only ▁the ▁player ' s ▁ 5 2 ▁most ▁recent ▁tour naments ▁( with in ▁the ▁two - year ▁period ) ▁are ▁used . ▁ ▁The ▁resulting ▁aver ages |
▁for ▁all ▁players ▁are ▁put ▁into ▁desc ending ▁order ▁to ▁produce ▁the ▁ranking ▁table . ▁This ▁means ▁that ▁the ▁player ▁who ▁has ▁obtained ▁most ▁cum ulative ▁success ▁does ▁not ▁necessarily ▁come ▁top ▁of ▁the ▁rank ings : ▁it ▁is ▁average ▁performance ▁levels ▁that ▁are ▁important , ▁and ▁some ▁golf ers ▁play ▁substant ially ▁more ▁tour naments ▁than ▁others . ▁New ▁rank ings ▁are ▁released ▁every ▁Monday . ▁ ▁Import ance ▁of ▁the ▁rank ings ▁A ▁professional ▁gol fer ' s ▁ranking ▁is ▁of ▁considerable ▁significance ▁to ▁his ▁career . ▁Currently ▁a ▁ranking ▁in ▁the ▁World ▁Top ▁ 5 0 ▁grants ▁automatic ▁entry ▁to ▁all ▁the ▁maj ors ▁and ▁World ▁Golf ▁Championships ; ▁see ▁table ▁below . ▁In ▁addition , ▁rank ings ▁are ▁the ▁main ▁crit er ion ▁for ▁selection ▁for ▁the ▁International ▁Team ▁in ▁the ▁Pres idents ▁Cup , ▁while ▁ranking ▁points ▁are ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁qual ification ▁criteria ▁for ▁the ▁European ▁Ry der ▁Cup ▁team . ▁The ▁rank ings ▁are ▁also ▁used ▁to ▁help ▁select ▁the ▁field ▁for ▁various ▁other ▁tour naments . ▁ ▁Note : ▁The ▁P GA ▁Championship ▁does ▁not ▁have ▁an ▁official ▁automatic ▁entry ▁based ▁on ▁the ▁Official ▁World ▁Golf ▁Rank ing . ▁However , ▁the ▁P GA ▁of ▁America ▁inv ites ▁additional ▁players , ▁and ▁tradition ally ▁has ▁invited ▁those ▁in ▁the ▁top ▁ 1 0 0 ▁for ▁the ▁last ▁several ▁years . ▁It ▁makes ▁note ▁of ▁its ▁strong ▁field ▁by ▁refer encing ▁the ▁number ▁of ▁top ▁ 1 0 0 ▁ranked ▁golf ers ▁entered ▁in ▁its ▁press |
▁releases . ▁ ▁At ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁Summer ▁Olympics , ▁the ▁top - 1 5 ▁world - rank ed ▁players ▁will ▁be ▁eligible , ▁with ▁a ▁limit ▁of ▁four ▁players ▁from ▁a ▁given ▁country . ▁Beyond ▁the ▁top - 1 5 , ▁players ▁will ▁be ▁eligible ▁based ▁on ▁the ▁world ▁rank ings , ▁with ▁a ▁maximum ▁of ▁two ▁eligible ▁players ▁from ▁each ▁country ▁that ▁does ▁not ▁already ▁have ▁two ▁or ▁more ▁players ▁among ▁the ▁top - 1 5 . ▁Within ▁the ▁ 6 0 ▁players ▁participating , ▁each ▁of ▁the ▁five ▁contin ents ▁of ▁the ▁Olympic ▁Movement ▁will ▁be ▁guaranteed ▁at ▁least ▁one ▁player ▁and ▁the ▁host ▁nation ▁will ▁be ▁guaranteed ▁one ▁player . ▁ ▁Tim eline ▁of ▁the ▁" number ▁one " ▁ranking ▁ ▁The ▁first ▁official ▁ranking ▁list ▁was ▁published ▁prior ▁to ▁the ▁Masters ▁in ▁April ▁ 1 9 8 6 , ▁with ▁Bern hard ▁L anger ▁the ▁first ▁world ▁No . ▁ 1 ▁ranked ▁player , ▁ahead ▁of ▁Se ve ▁Ball ester os , ▁who ▁had ▁to pped ▁the ▁un off icial ▁McC orm ack ' s ▁World ▁Golf ▁Rank ings ▁at ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁previous ▁year . ▁Ball ester os ▁briefly ▁held ▁the ▁No . ▁ 1 ▁spot ▁after ▁L anger , ▁before ▁Greg ▁Norman ' s ▁worldwide ▁success ▁over ▁the ▁rest ▁of ▁that ▁season ▁made ▁him ▁the ▁first ▁year - end ▁No . ▁ 1 . ▁Ball ester os ▁took ▁the ▁No . ▁ 1 ▁position ▁back ▁from ▁Norman ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 |
7 , ▁and ▁the ▁pair ▁ex changed ▁the ▁No . ▁ 1 ▁position ▁several ▁times ▁over ▁the ▁next ▁two ▁years . ▁During ▁ 1 9 9 0 , ▁Nick ▁Fal do ▁remained ▁ranked ▁just ▁behind ▁Norman ▁despite ▁winning ▁three ▁maj ors ▁in ▁two ▁years ▁( and ▁more ▁world ▁ranking ▁points ▁in ▁total ▁than ▁his ▁rival , ▁al beit ▁having ▁entered ▁more ▁events ). ▁As ▁detailed ▁in ▁Mark ▁McC orm ack ' s ▁" World ▁of ▁Professional ▁Golf ▁ 1 9 9 1 " ▁annual , ▁it ▁was ▁also ▁the ▁case ▁( but ▁less ▁immediately ▁apparent ) ▁that ▁Norman ▁had ▁won ▁a ▁total ▁of ▁ 1 4 ▁events ▁during ▁the ▁ranking ▁period ▁to ▁Fal do ' s ▁ 1 0 , ▁and ▁when ▁the ▁two ▁had ▁competed ▁in ▁the ▁same ▁tournament , ▁had ▁finished ▁ahead ▁of ▁his ▁rival ▁ 1 9 ▁times ▁to ▁ 1 1 , ▁so ▁Norman ' s ▁No . ▁ 1 ▁position ▁( on ▁the ▁new ▁" a verage ▁points " ▁system ) ▁had ▁some ▁just ification . ▁Fal do ▁did ▁inherit ▁the ▁No . ▁ 1 ▁ranking ▁for ▁the ▁first ▁time ▁early ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 1 . ▁ ▁In ▁April ▁ 1 9 9 1 , ▁a ▁qu irk ▁in ▁the ▁way ▁the ▁rank ings ▁treated ▁results ▁from ▁previous ▁years ▁meant ▁that ▁Ian ▁Wo os nam , ▁who ▁had ▁never ▁won ▁a ▁major , ▁took ▁the ▁No . ▁ 1 ▁spot ▁from ▁Fal do ▁on ▁the ▁e ve ▁of ▁the ▁latter ' s ▁attempt ▁to ▁win ▁the |
▁Masters ▁for ▁a ▁third ▁year ▁in ▁success ion ; ▁as ▁if ▁just ifying ▁the ▁ranking ▁system , ▁Wo os nam — and ▁not ▁Fal do — won ▁the ▁tournament . ▁Tw elve ▁months ▁later , ▁Fred ▁Cou ples ▁similarly ▁took ▁over ▁the ▁No . ▁ 1 ▁ranking ▁shortly ▁before ▁the ▁ 1 9 9 2 ▁Masters , ▁then ▁also ▁went ▁on ▁to ▁make ▁that ▁tournament ▁his ▁first ▁major ▁victory . ▁Fal do ' s ▁Open ▁victory ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 2 ▁lifted ▁him ▁back ▁to ▁the ▁No . ▁ 1 ▁position , ▁and ▁he ▁held ▁that ▁spot ▁until ▁replaced ▁by ▁Nick ▁Price , ▁who ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 4 ▁became ▁the ▁first ▁African ▁ranked ▁No . ▁ 1 ▁after ▁his ▁back - to - back ▁major ▁vict ories ▁that ▁summer . ▁ ▁By ▁ 1 9 9 6 , ▁Greg ▁Norman ▁had ▁reg ained ▁the ▁top ▁spot ▁and ▁ended ▁ 1 9 9 6 ▁and ▁ 1 9 9 7 ▁narrow ly ▁ahead ▁of ▁first ▁Tom ▁Le h man , ▁and ▁then ▁T iger ▁Woods ▁and ▁Er nie ▁Els ▁in ▁the ▁rank ings , ▁despite ▁his ▁riv als ▁enjoying ▁major ▁vict ories ▁in ▁those ▁years ▁while ▁he ▁won ▁none . ▁Le h man , ▁Els ▁and ▁Woods ▁would ▁all ▁briefly ▁become ▁No . ▁ 1 ▁during ▁ 1 9 9 7 , ▁Le h man ▁for ▁a ▁week ▁– ▁to ▁date , ▁the ▁only ▁player ▁to ▁hold ▁the ▁No . ▁ 1 ▁ranking ▁for ▁just ▁one ▁week . ▁In ▁ 1 |
9 9 6 , ▁Colin ▁Mont gom erie ▁also ▁led ▁the ▁rank ings ▁in ▁total ▁points ▁earned ▁over ▁the ▁two - year ▁period ▁( but ▁never ▁on ▁average ▁points ▁per ▁event ); ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 7 ▁Els ▁was ▁top ▁of ▁a ▁similar ▁" total ▁points " ▁list . ▁Those ▁were ▁the ▁last ▁occasions ▁on ▁which ▁a ▁player ▁led ▁on ▁" total " ▁points ▁but ▁not ▁average ▁points ▁until ▁ 2 0 1 6 , ▁when ▁D ust in ▁Johnson ▁similarly ▁had ▁more ▁points ▁in ▁total ▁than ▁the ▁world ▁number ▁one ▁Jason ▁Day . ▁Woods ▁then ▁finished ▁ 1 9 9 8 ▁narrow ly ▁ahead ▁of ▁Mark ▁O ' M ear a ▁even ▁though ▁the ▁latter ▁won ▁two ▁major ▁titles ▁that ▁year ▁while ▁Woods ▁won ▁just ▁once ▁on ▁the ▁P GA ▁Tour . ▁In ▁March ▁ 1 9 9 9 , ▁David ▁Du val ▁became ▁world ▁No . ▁ 1 ▁after ▁winning ▁The ▁Players ▁Championship , ▁his ▁sixth ▁victory ▁in ▁a ▁twelve - month ▁period ▁that ▁came ▁before ▁his ▁first ▁major ▁victory ▁( which ▁would ▁follow ▁two ▁years ▁later ▁at ▁the ▁Open ▁Championship ). ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 0 , ▁T iger ▁Woods ▁had ▁an ▁unpre ced ented ▁season ▁of ▁success ▁that ▁saw ▁him ▁earn ▁ 9 4 8 ▁world ▁ranking ▁points ▁in ▁a ▁single ▁calendar ▁year , ▁so ▁many ▁points ▁that ▁even ▁had ▁his ▁ 1 9 9 9 ▁points ▁( which ▁represented ▁the ▁previous ▁single - season ▁record ) ▁been ▁totally ▁discount ed ▁from ▁the ▁calculation , ▁Woods |
▁would ▁still ▁have ▁had ▁a ▁points ▁average ▁easily ▁high ▁enough ▁to ▁lead ▁the ▁rank ings ▁– ▁and ▁Woods ▁would ▁still ▁have ▁led ▁at ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁ 2 0 0 1 ▁even ▁had ▁he ▁earned ▁no ▁further ▁points ▁that ▁year . ▁T iger ▁Woods ▁dominated ▁the ▁No . ▁ 1 ▁spot ▁for ▁the ▁following ▁five ▁years , ▁but ▁when ▁V ij ay ▁Singh ▁won ▁the ▁P GA ▁Championship ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 4 ▁and ▁with ▁it ▁took ▁the ▁No . ▁ 1 ▁ranking , ▁that ▁change ▁highlighted ▁the ▁fact ▁that ▁Woods ▁had ▁not ▁won ▁a ▁major ▁for ▁over ▁two ▁years , ▁and ▁also ▁the ▁extraordinary ▁success ▁Singh ▁had ▁recently ▁on ▁tour ▁had ▁that ▁had ▁allowed ▁him ▁to ▁over take ▁the ▁American . ▁Woods ▁responded ▁by ▁winning ▁the ▁very ▁next ▁major , ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 5 ▁Masters , ▁and ▁with ▁it ▁reg ained ▁the ▁No . ▁ 1 ▁spot , ▁which ▁he ▁would ▁then ▁retain ▁for ▁a ▁further ▁five ▁years . ▁Following ▁knee ▁surgery ▁in ▁the ▁summer ▁of ▁ 2 0 0 8 , ▁Woods ▁missed ▁the ▁entire ▁second ▁half ▁of ▁the ▁year , ▁while ▁P ád ra ig ▁Har ring ton ▁won ▁two ▁major ▁championship s , ▁to ▁add ▁to ▁the ▁Open ▁Championship ▁he ▁won ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 7 . ▁Despite ▁earning ▁no ▁further ▁ranking ▁points ▁during ▁his ▁absence , ▁Woods ▁remained ▁No . ▁ 1 ▁on ▁the ▁ranking ▁system ▁in ▁December ▁ 2 0 0 8 . ▁ ▁During ▁ 2 0 1 0 , ▁there ▁was |
▁much ▁debate ▁as ▁to ▁whether ▁Woods ' ▁continued ▁ret ention ▁of ▁the ▁No . ▁ 1 ▁ranking ▁( which ▁he ▁held ▁up ▁until ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁October ) ▁was ▁justified ▁given ▁his ▁relatively ▁poor ▁form — W ood s ▁finished ▁fourth ▁in ▁two ▁major ▁championship s ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 0 , ▁but ▁failed ▁to ▁finish ▁in ▁the ▁top ▁ten ▁of ▁any ▁other ▁events ▁he ▁entered . ▁During ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁season , ▁several ▁of ▁his ▁riv als ▁for ▁the ▁No . ▁ 1 ▁spot ▁- ▁including ▁Masters ▁champion ▁Phil ▁M ick elson ▁( who ▁had ▁won ▁four ▁maj ors ▁since ▁ 2 0 0 4 ▁but ▁had ▁yet ▁to ▁reach ▁No . ▁ 1 ▁in ▁the ▁rank ings ), ▁Lee ▁West wood ▁( who ▁had ▁yet ▁to ▁win ▁a ▁major ▁but ▁had ▁finished ▁second ▁in ▁both ▁the ▁Masters ▁and ▁Open ▁Championships ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 0 ), ▁and ▁then ▁Martin ▁Kay mer ▁( who ▁had ▁won ▁the ▁P GA ▁Championship ▁among ▁four ▁worldwide ▁wins ) — ▁each ▁missed ▁opportunities ▁to ▁win ▁particular ▁events ▁that ▁would ▁have ▁taken ▁them ▁above ▁Woods , ▁before ▁West wood ▁finally ▁became ▁world ▁No . ▁ 1 ▁on ▁October ▁ 3 1 . ▁ ▁During ▁ 2 0 1 1 , ▁the ▁possession ▁of ▁the ▁No . ▁ 1 ▁ranking ▁would ▁be ▁the ▁subject ▁of ▁much ▁discussion ▁among ▁European ▁golf ▁comment ators ▁as ▁it ▁passed ▁from ▁West wood ▁to ▁Kay mer , ▁back ▁to ▁West wood ▁and ▁then ▁in ▁May ▁to ▁Luke ▁Donald |
, ▁who ▁took ▁No . ▁ 1 ▁spot ▁by ▁defe ating ▁West wood ▁in ▁a ▁play off ▁for ▁the ▁BM W ▁P GA ▁Championship . ▁Donald , ▁in ▁becoming ▁the ▁fif teenth ▁world ▁No . ▁ 1 , ▁also ▁became ▁the ▁first ▁ever ▁to ▁reach ▁No . ▁ 1 ▁before ▁having ▁won ▁or ▁finished ▁runner - up ▁in ▁a ▁major ▁championship ▁in ▁his ▁career . ▁Donald ' s ▁position ▁at ▁the ▁top ▁of ▁the ▁rank ings ▁was ▁justified ▁by ▁his ▁consistency ▁through ▁the ▁rest ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁season ▁– ▁becoming ▁the ▁first ▁gol fer ▁ever ▁to ▁win ▁the ▁money ▁title ▁on ▁both ▁the ▁European ▁and ▁P GA ▁T ours ▁in ▁the ▁same ▁season . ▁ ▁In ▁March ▁ 2 0 1 2 , ▁Donald ▁lost ▁the ▁No . ▁ 1 ▁position ▁to ▁R ory ▁Mc Il roy ; ▁the ▁pair ▁then ▁ex changed ▁the ▁No . ▁ 1 ▁position ▁a ▁further ▁four ▁times ▁in ▁the ▁following ▁two ▁months , ▁so ▁the ▁vol at ility ▁of ▁the ▁No . ▁ 1 ▁ranking ▁again ▁became ▁a ▁source ▁of ▁comment . ▁At ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁ 2 0 1 2 , ▁Mc Il roy ▁had ▁opened ▁up ▁a ▁clear ▁lead ▁at ▁the ▁top ▁of ▁the ▁rank ings , ▁following ▁his ▁second ▁major ▁victory ▁at ▁the ▁P GA ▁Championship ▁and ▁em ulating ▁Donald ▁in ▁leading ▁the ▁money ▁lists ▁on ▁both ▁sides ▁of ▁the ▁Atlantic . ▁However , ▁by ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁March ▁ 2 0 1 3 , ▁a ▁res urg ent ▁T |
iger ▁Woods ▁had ▁returned ▁to ▁the ▁top ▁of ▁the ▁rank ings , ▁after ▁adding ▁three ▁P GA ▁Tour ▁wins ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁to ▁his ▁three ▁vict ories ▁from ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁while ▁Mc Il roy ▁struggled ▁with ▁his ▁form ▁following ▁equipment ▁changes . ▁Woods ▁then ▁suffered ▁a ▁back ▁injury ▁that ▁s idel ined ▁him ▁for ▁the ▁early ▁part ▁of ▁ 2 0 1 4 , ▁and ▁in ▁his ▁absence , ▁Adam ▁Scott , ▁winner ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁Masters , ▁became ▁the ▁ 1 7 th ▁world ▁No . ▁ 1 ▁on ▁May ▁ 1 8 , ▁despite ▁not ▁winning ▁an ▁event ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁to ▁that ▁date ; ▁he ▁would ▁win ▁the ▁following ▁week ▁to ▁secure ▁his ▁No . ▁ 1 ▁position ▁and ▁avoid ▁following ▁Tom ▁Le h man ▁as ▁a ▁one - week ▁No . ▁ 1 . ▁He ▁held ▁the ▁No . ▁ 1 ▁position ▁until ▁August ▁ 3 , ▁when ▁Mc Il roy ▁reg ained ▁the ▁top ▁spot ▁by ▁following ▁his ▁Open ▁Championship ▁victory ▁with ▁another ▁at ▁the ▁W GC - B rid gest one ▁Inv itational . ▁▁ ▁On ▁August ▁ 1 6 , ▁ 2 0 1 5 , ▁following ▁Jordan ▁Sp i eth ' s ▁second - place ▁finish ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 5 ▁P GA ▁Championship ▁( that ▁followed ▁earlier ▁wins ▁at ▁the ▁Masters ▁and ▁the ▁U . S . ▁Open ), ▁Sp i eth ▁became ▁the ▁ 1 8 th ▁world |
▁No . ▁ 1 . ▁Over ▁the ▁following ▁three ▁weeks , ▁the ▁No . ▁ 1 ▁spot ▁passed ▁back ▁and ▁forth ▁between ▁Mc Il roy ▁and ▁Sp i eth , ▁due ▁to ▁the ▁way ▁each ▁player ' s ▁average ▁points ▁( which ▁were ▁almost ▁identical ) ▁fluct uated ▁( as ▁their ▁point ▁weight ings ▁and ▁events ▁played ▁divis ors ▁changed ), ▁until , ▁on ▁September ▁ 2 0 , ▁both ▁were ▁over t aken ▁by ▁Jason ▁Day , ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 5 ▁P GA ▁Championship ▁winner , ▁who ▁became ▁the ▁ 1 9 th ▁world ▁No . ▁ 1 ▁with ▁victory ▁in ▁the ▁BM W ▁Championship , ▁his ▁fifth ▁of ▁the ▁season . ▁A ▁week ▁later , ▁Sp i eth ▁reg ained ▁the ▁No . ▁ 1 ▁spot ▁from ▁Day ▁after ▁winning ▁the ▁Tour ▁Championship ▁( and ▁with ▁it , ▁the ▁Fed Ex ▁Cup ), ▁and ▁concluded ▁ 2 0 1 5 ▁as ▁world ▁No . ▁ 1 , ▁but ▁Day ' s ▁continued ▁good ▁form ▁took ▁him ▁back ▁to ▁number ▁one ▁after ▁winning ▁the ▁W GC ▁Match play ▁in ▁March ▁ 2 0 1 6 . ▁ ▁On ▁February ▁ 1 9 , ▁ 2 0 1 7 , ▁D ust in ▁Johnson ▁became ▁the ▁ 2 0 th ▁player ▁to ▁reach ▁number ▁one ▁in ▁the ▁rank ings ▁following ▁his ▁victory ▁at ▁the ▁Gen esis ▁Open . ▁He ▁would ▁remain ▁number ▁one ▁for ▁over ▁a ▁year ▁before ▁being ▁over t aken ▁in ▁May ▁ 2 0 1 8 ▁by ▁Justin |
▁Thomas , ▁who ▁had ▁won ▁the ▁P GA ▁championship ▁and ▁four ▁other ▁events ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 7 . ▁Johnson ▁reg ained ▁top ▁spot ▁but ▁was ▁over t aken ▁again ▁in ▁September ▁ 2 0 1 8 ▁by ▁Justin ▁Rose , ▁who ▁had ▁finished ▁second ▁at ▁the ▁Open ▁and ▁again ▁in ▁two ▁Fed Ex ▁Cup ▁play off ▁events . ▁Rose ▁became ▁the ▁ 2 2 nd ▁player ▁to ▁reach ▁number ▁one , ▁and ▁the ▁fourth ▁English man . ▁Johnson ▁reg ained ▁the ▁number ▁one ▁position ▁from ▁Rose ▁but ▁was ▁replaced ▁by ▁a ▁new ▁number ▁one ▁for ▁a ▁third ▁time ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 8 ▁on ▁October ▁ 2 1 , ▁when ▁Brook s ▁Ko ep ka ▁added ▁victory ▁in ▁the ▁C J ▁Cup ▁to ▁his ▁two ▁ 2 0 1 8 ▁major ▁titles . ▁Ko ep ka ▁remained ▁number ▁one ▁on ▁the ▁ranking ▁at ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁ 2 0 1 8 , ▁even ▁though ▁Rose ▁had ▁am ass ed ▁a ▁higher ▁total ▁of ▁ranking ▁points ▁( from ▁more ▁events ▁entered ). ▁D ust in ▁Johnson ▁reg ained ▁the ▁number ▁one ▁position ▁early ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 9 ▁with ▁victory ▁at ▁the ▁W GC - M ex ico ▁Championship , ▁but ▁Ko ep ka ▁returned ▁to ▁number ▁one ▁when ▁he ▁retained ▁his ▁P GA ▁Championship ▁title ▁in ▁May ▁ 2 0 1 9 . ▁Ko ep ka ▁remained ▁number ▁one ▁at ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁ 2 0 1 9 , ▁although ▁Fed Ex ▁Cup ▁winner ▁R ory ▁Mc Il roy |
▁had ▁( like ▁Rose ▁the ▁year ▁before ) ▁am ass ed ▁more ▁ranking ▁points ▁in ▁total ▁than ▁him . ▁On ▁February ▁ 9 , ▁ 2 0 2 0 , ▁Mc Il roy ▁reg ained ▁the ▁number ▁one ▁position ▁as ▁his ▁higher ▁ 2 0 1 9 ▁points ▁total ▁became ▁reflected ▁in ▁the ▁weight ed ▁average . ▁ ▁Rank ings ▁archive ▁ ▁Year - end ▁world ▁number ▁ 1 ▁ranked ▁golf ers ▁▁ 1 9 8 6 ▁Greg ▁Norman ▁ 1 9 8 7 ▁Greg ▁Norman ▁ ▁( 2 ) ▁▁ 1 9 8 8 ▁Se ve ▁Ball ester os ▁ 1 9 8 9 ▁Greg ▁Norman ▁ ▁( 3 ) ▁ 1 9 9 0 ▁Greg ▁Norman ▁ ▁( 4 ) ▁ 1 9 9 1 ▁Ian ▁Wo os nam ▁ 1 9 9 2 ▁Nick ▁Fal do ▁ 1 9 9 3 ▁Nick ▁Fal do ▁ ▁( 2 ) ▁ 1 9 9 4 ▁Nick ▁Price ▁ 1 9 9 5 ▁Greg ▁Norman ▁ ▁( 5 ) ▁ 1 9 9 6 ▁Greg ▁Norman ▁ ▁( 6 ) ▁ 1 9 9 7 ▁Greg ▁Norman ▁ ▁( 7 ) ▁ 1 9 9 8 ▁T iger ▁Woods ▁ 1 9 9 9 ▁T iger ▁Woods ▁ ▁( 2 ) ▁ 2 0 0 0 ▁T iger ▁Woods ▁ ▁( 3 ) ▁ 2 0 0 1 ▁T iger ▁Woods ▁ ▁( 4 ) ▁ 2 0 0 2 ▁T iger ▁Woods ▁ ▁( 5 ) ▁ 2 0 0 3 ▁T |
iger ▁Woods ▁ ▁( 6 ) ▁ 2 0 0 4 ▁V ij ay ▁Singh ▁ 2 0 0 5 ▁T iger ▁Woods ▁ ▁( 7 ) ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁T iger ▁Woods ▁ ▁( 8 ) ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁T iger ▁Woods ▁ ▁( 9 ) ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁T iger ▁Woods ▁ ▁( 1 0 ) ▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁T iger ▁Woods ▁ ▁( 1 1 ) ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁Lee ▁West wood ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁Luke ▁Donald ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁R ory ▁Mc Il roy ▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁T iger ▁Woods ▁ ▁( 1 2 ) ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁R ory ▁Mc Il roy ▁ ▁( 2 ) ▁ 2 0 1 5 ▁Jordan ▁Sp i eth ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁Jason ▁Day ▁ 2 0 1 7 ▁D ust in ▁Johnson ▁ 2 0 1 8 ▁Brook s ▁Ko ep ka ▁ 2 0 1 9 ▁Brook s ▁Ko ep ka ▁( 2 ) ▁ ▁Mark ▁H . ▁McC orm ack ▁Award ▁Award ed ▁to ▁the ▁player ▁with ▁the ▁most ▁weeks ▁at ▁No . ▁ 1 ▁during ▁calendar ▁year ▁and ▁named ▁after ▁Mark ▁McC orm ack , ▁origin ator ▁of ▁the ▁ranking . ▁▁ 1 9 9 8 ▁T iger ▁Woods ▁ 1 9 9 9 ▁T iger ▁Woods ▁( 2 ) ▁ 2 0 0 0 ▁T iger ▁Woods ▁( 3 ) ▁ 2 0 0 1 ▁T iger |
▁Woods ▁( 4 ) ▁ 2 0 0 2 ▁T iger ▁Woods ▁( 5 ) ▁ 2 0 0 3 ▁T iger ▁Woods ▁( 6 ) ▁ 2 0 0 4 ▁T iger ▁Woods ▁( 7 ) ▁ 2 0 0 5 ▁T iger ▁Woods ▁( 8 ) ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁T iger ▁Woods ▁( 9 ) ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁T iger ▁Woods ▁( 1 0 ) ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁T iger ▁Woods ▁( 1 1 ) ▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁T iger ▁Woods ▁( 1 2 ) ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁T iger ▁Woods ▁( 1 3 ) ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁Luke ▁Donald ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁R ory ▁Mc Il roy ▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁T iger ▁Woods ▁( 1 4 ) ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁R ory ▁Mc Il roy ▁( 2 ) ▁ 2 0 1 5 ▁R ory ▁Mc Il roy ▁( 3 ) ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁Jason ▁Day ▁ 2 0 1 7 ▁D ust in ▁Johnson ▁ 2 0 1 8 ▁D ust in ▁Johnson ▁( 2 ) ▁ 2 0 1 9 ▁Brook s ▁Ko ep ka ▁ ▁Single - season ▁total ▁ranking ▁points ▁leaders ▁Although ▁not ▁recognized ▁by ▁any ▁official ▁award , ▁these ▁golf ers ▁have ▁won ▁the ▁most ▁World ▁Rank ing ▁Points ▁during ▁the ▁years ▁for ▁which ▁the ▁rank ings ▁have ▁been ▁calculated ▁( points ▁tot als ▁prior ▁to ▁ 1 9 9 6 ▁are ▁sc aled ▁to |
▁the ▁current ▁standard , ▁i . e . ▁major ▁wins ▁are ▁worth ▁ 1 0 0 ▁points ): ▁ ▁Break down ▁by ▁national ity ▁A ▁breakdown ▁of ▁the ▁year - end ▁top - 1 0 0 ▁by ▁national ity . ▁ ▁A ▁breakdown ▁of ▁the ▁year - end ▁top - 1 0 0 ▁by ▁el ig ibility ▁for ▁the ▁major ▁team ▁compet itions : ▁Ry der ▁Cup ▁( USA ▁vs . ▁Europe ) ▁and ▁Pres idents ▁Cup ▁( USA ▁vs . ▁non - Europe an ▁international ▁team ). ▁ ▁* Two ▁men ▁tied ▁for ▁ 1 0 0 th ▁place . ▁Note : ▁The ▁Pres idents ▁Cup ▁was ▁founded ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 4 . ▁ ▁World ▁Rank ing ▁of ▁major ▁championship ▁winners ▁The ▁table ▁shows ▁the ▁World ▁Rank ings ▁of ▁the ▁winners ▁of ▁each ▁major ▁championship ▁in ▁the ▁week ▁before ▁their ▁victory . ▁ ▁'' Note : ▁The ▁R & A ▁announced ▁on ▁April ▁ 6 , ▁ 2 0 2 0 ▁that ▁the ▁ 2 0 2 0 ▁Open ▁Championship ▁would ▁be ▁cancel ed ▁due ▁to ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 9 – 2 0 ▁coron avirus ▁pandemic . ▁ ▁Summary ▁ ▁World ▁Money ▁List ▁From ▁ 1 9 9 6 ▁to ▁ 2 0 1 2 , ▁the ▁International ▁Federation ▁of ▁P GA ▁T ours ▁san ction ed ▁a ▁World ▁Money ▁List ▁ ▁which ▁was ▁the ▁total ▁official ▁money ▁earned ▁by ▁a ▁player ▁on ▁all ▁member ▁tours . ▁It ▁was ▁computed ▁in ▁United ▁States ▁dollars . ▁The ▁year ly |
▁leaders ▁are ▁listed ▁below . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁List ▁of ▁world ▁number ▁one ▁male ▁golf ers ▁List ▁of ▁male ▁golf ers ▁who ▁have ▁been ▁in ▁the ▁world ▁top ▁ 1 0 ▁Women ' s ▁World ▁Golf ▁Rank ings ▁– ▁for ▁female ▁professional ▁golf ers ▁World ▁Am ateur ▁Golf ▁Rank ing ▁– ▁for ▁male ▁and ▁female ▁amateur ▁golf ers ▁ ▁Notes ▁and ▁references ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁ ▁Category : G olf ▁termin ology ▁Golf ▁Category : G olf ▁rank ings <0x0A> </s> ▁Ralph ▁Murphy ▁( May ▁ 1 , ▁ 1 8 9 5 ▁– ▁February ▁ 1 0 , ▁ 1 9 6 7 ) ▁was ▁an ▁American ▁film ▁director . ▁Born ▁in ▁Rock ville , ▁Connecticut , ▁Murphy ▁was ▁active ▁in ▁films ▁from ▁ 1 9 3 1 ▁through ▁ 1 9 6 2 , ▁with ▁some ▁work ▁in ▁television . ▁From ▁ 1 9 4 1 – 4 4 ▁he ▁was ▁married ▁to ▁Gl oria ▁Dick son , ▁whom ▁he ▁directed ▁in ▁I ▁Want ▁a ▁Div or ce . ▁ ▁His ▁films ▁include : ▁▁ ▁The ▁Big ▁Sh ot ▁( 1 9 3 1 ) ▁ ▁Girl ▁Without ▁a ▁Room ▁( 1 9 3 3 ) ▁ ▁Golden ▁Har vest ▁( 1 9 3 3 ) ▁ ▁She ▁Made ▁Her ▁Bed ▁( 1 9 3 4 ) ▁ ▁The ▁Not orious ▁Sophie ▁Lang ▁( 1 9 3 4 ) ▁ ▁Men ▁Without ▁Names ▁( 1 9 3 5 ) ▁ ▁The ▁Man ▁I ▁Mar ry ▁( 1 9 3 6 |
) ▁ ▁Top ▁of ▁the ▁Town ▁( 1 9 3 7 ) ▁ ▁Our ▁Ne igh b ors ▁- ▁The ▁Car ters ▁( 1 9 3 9 ) ▁ ▁I ▁Want ▁a ▁Div or ce ▁( 1 9 4 0 ) ▁ ▁Pacific ▁Black out ▁( 1 9 4 1 ) ▁ ▁Mrs . ▁W ig gs ▁of ▁the ▁Cab bage ▁P atch ▁( 1 9 4 2 ) ▁ ▁Night ▁Pl ane ▁from ▁Ch ung king ▁( 1 9 4 3 ) ▁ ▁The ▁Town ▁W ent ▁Wild ▁( 1 9 4 4 ) ▁ ▁The ▁Man ▁in ▁Half ▁Moon ▁Street ▁( 1 9 4 5 ) ▁ ▁Mic key ▁( 1 9 4 8 ) ▁ ▁Red ▁St all ion ▁in ▁the ▁Rock ies ▁( 1 9 4 9 ) ▁ ▁Dick ▁Tur pin ' s ▁R ide ▁( 1 9 5 1 ) ▁ ▁Lady ▁in ▁the ▁Iron ▁Mask ▁( 1 9 5 2 ) ▁ ▁Captain ▁Pir ate ▁( 1 9 5 2 ) ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁▁▁ ▁Category : 1 8 9 5 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 9 6 7 ▁deaths ▁Category : People ▁from ▁Rock ville , ▁Connecticut ▁Category : D ise ase - related ▁deaths ▁in ▁California ▁Category : Fil m ▁directors ▁from ▁Connecticut <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁I TC ▁St ella ▁Mar is ▁is ▁a ▁tennis ▁complex ▁in ▁U mag , ▁Cro at ia . ▁The ▁complex ▁is ▁the ▁host ▁of ▁the ▁annual ▁ 2 5 0 ▁series ▁stop , ▁the |
▁Cro at ia ▁Open ▁U mag . ▁ ▁The ▁stadium ▁court ▁has ▁a ▁capacity ▁of ▁ 3 , 5 0 0 ▁people . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁List ▁of ▁tennis ▁stadium s ▁by ▁capacity ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : T ennis ▁ven ues ▁in ▁Cro at ia ▁Category : Build ings ▁and ▁structures ▁in ▁Ist ria ▁County <0x0A> </s> ▁U ng a - Ch uck ▁of ▁the ▁N ss we ▁Nep pe , ▁is ▁a ▁myth ological ▁character ▁from ▁the ▁Mes kw aki - S au k ▁trib al ▁fol kl ore . ▁ ▁The ▁tale ▁comes ▁from ▁the ▁Fox ▁and ▁Sac ▁tribes ▁in ▁what ▁is ▁now ▁central ▁Iowa . ▁ ▁The ▁As iki w aki ▁( or ▁Sau k ▁or ▁Sac ) ▁tribe ▁and ▁the ▁Mes kw aki ▁( or ▁Fox ) ▁tribe . ▁The ▁Mes kw aki ▁and ▁As iki w aki ▁Indians ▁were ▁related ▁to ▁each ▁other ▁and ▁spoke ▁the ▁same ▁language , ▁but ▁they ▁were ▁polit ically ▁independent . ▁However , ▁the ▁Fox ▁tribe ▁was ▁nearly ▁destroyed ▁in ▁a ▁war ▁with ▁the ▁French , ▁and ▁the ▁surviving ▁Fox ▁Indians ▁fled ▁to ▁the ▁Sau k ▁villages ▁for ▁protection . ▁The ▁two ▁tribes ▁merged ▁into ▁a ▁single ▁tribe ▁called ▁the ▁Sac ▁and ▁Fox . ▁Most ▁Sac ▁and ▁Fox ▁people ▁still ▁live ▁together ▁today . ▁The ▁version ▁below ▁was ▁collected ▁by ▁John ▁Tob in ▁in ▁his ▁book ▁With ▁No ▁Int ention . ▁ ▁The ▁Story ▁of ▁U ng a ▁Chuck ▁ ▁U ng a - Ch uck ' s ▁story ▁takes |
▁place ▁on ▁C ed ar ▁River ▁in ▁Iowa . ▁U ng a ▁Chuck ▁lived ▁in ▁a ▁clearing ▁by ▁the ▁banks ▁of ▁the ▁river . ▁The ▁exact ▁setting ▁is ▁referred ▁to ▁as ▁the ▁meeting ▁of ▁The ▁Three ▁Wat ers . ▁He ▁was ▁the ▁grand son ▁of ▁Chief ▁Pow esh iek ▁and ▁the ▁son ▁of ▁Mag or . ▁He ▁was ▁considered ▁the ▁pride ▁of ▁the ▁village . ▁Life ▁goes ▁well ▁for ▁him ▁until ▁Mag or ▁his ▁father ▁does ▁not ▁return ▁from ▁a ▁hunt . ▁U ng a ▁Chuck ▁then ▁goes ▁on ▁to ▁live ▁with ▁his ▁grandfather ▁and ▁learn s ▁to ▁become ▁a ▁great ▁leader ▁in ▁his ▁village . ▁ ▁The ▁village ▁lived ▁very ▁peaceful ▁and ▁happy ▁lives ▁with ▁U ng a ▁Chuck ▁mar rying ▁his ▁sweet heart ▁Le es - wa ▁Later ▁U ng a - Ch uck ▁one ▁day ▁sees ▁ ▁vis ions ▁that ▁up sets ▁him . ▁The ▁first ▁being ▁three ▁trees ▁sil hou ett ed ▁like ▁people ▁on ▁the ▁horizon . ▁The ▁two ▁trees ▁were ▁to ▁one ▁side ▁of ▁a ▁tree ▁that ▁stood ▁alone . ▁Then ▁U ng a - Ch uck ▁saw ▁three ▁sun s ▁setting ▁( poss ibly ▁explained ▁today ▁as ▁su nd ogs ). ▁The ▁vis ions ▁were ▁strange ▁and ▁trou bling ▁to ▁the ▁tribe . ▁However , ▁since ▁good ▁fortune ▁followed ▁the ▁signs ▁were ▁soon ▁forgotten . ▁ ▁A ▁few ▁years ▁later ▁an ▁evil ▁man ▁in ▁the ▁village ▁named ▁Nap at og ▁started ▁to ▁hate ▁U ng a - Ch uck ▁becoming ▁jealous ▁of ▁his ▁skills ▁and ▁the |
▁fact ▁that ▁U ng a _ Ch uck ▁would ▁be ▁the ▁next ▁chief ▁of ▁the ▁village . ▁Nap at og ▁plans ▁to ▁murder ▁U ng a - Ch uck , ▁then ▁he ▁would ▁become ▁the ▁next ▁chief . ▁ ▁Nap at og ▁wait s ▁until ▁U ng a - Ch uck ▁takes ▁a ▁morning ▁walk ▁in ▁the ▁fog gy ▁valley ▁to ▁carry ▁out ▁his ▁plan ▁of ▁murder . ▁He ▁shots ▁and ▁kills ▁U ng a - Ch uk ▁with ▁an ▁arrow . ▁The ▁day ▁turns ▁bright ▁and ▁sun ny ▁except ▁where ▁the ▁body ▁of ▁U ng a - Ch uck ▁lies . ▁The ▁vill agers ▁soon ▁began ▁to ▁worry ▁about ▁this ▁mystery ▁fog . ▁The ▁village ▁soon ▁disco vers ▁what ▁has ▁happened ▁and ▁rise ▁up ▁to ▁drive ▁Nap at og ▁away . ▁The ▁village ▁is ▁reward ed ▁with ▁a ▁beautiful ▁sun set ▁that ▁lets ▁them ▁know ▁that ▁U ng a - Ch uck ▁has ▁made ▁it ▁safely ▁to ▁his ▁final ▁resting ▁place . ▁U ng a - Ch uck ' s ▁death ▁brings ▁peace ▁to ▁the ▁village ▁and ▁he ▁rem oves ▁all ▁ev ils ▁from ▁the ▁tribes . ▁ ▁The ▁story ▁fin ishes ▁with ▁a ▁red ▁rose ▁growing ▁in ▁N ess we ▁Nep pe ▁as ▁proof ▁that ▁the ▁blood ▁sp illed ▁by ▁U ng a - Ch uck ▁n our ished ▁and ▁made ▁the ▁ground ▁of ▁this ▁land ▁fert ile ▁and ▁good . ▁ ▁It ▁is ▁said ▁that ▁on ▁the ▁anniversary ▁of ▁U ng a - Ch uck ' s ▁death ▁when ▁the |
▁fog ▁is ▁lifting ▁from ▁the ▁valley ▁he ▁can ▁be ▁heard ▁still ▁calling ▁for ▁his ▁beloved ▁Le es - W a . ▁ ▁Notes ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁▁ ▁Native ▁languages ▁ ▁Tob in , ▁John W .; ▁With ▁No ▁Int ention , ▁La urance ▁Press ▁Company ▁C ed ar ▁Rap ids , ▁ 1 9 7 9 ▁ ▁Category : De ities ▁and ▁spirits ▁Category : Al gon qu ian ▁myth ology <0x0A> </s> ▁Alt id ▁ball ade ▁( English : ▁Nothing ▁but ▁trouble ) ▁is ▁a ▁ 1 9 5 5 ▁Dan ish ▁drama ▁film ▁directed ▁by ▁Gabriel ▁Ax el ▁which ▁focuses ▁on ▁a ▁working - class ▁family . ▁The ▁film ▁was ▁a ▁rem ake ▁of ▁Ed ith ▁Carl mar ' s ▁ 1 9 5 4 ▁film ▁Ald ri ▁an net ▁en n ▁br å k , ▁and ▁Ax el ' s ▁début ▁as ▁a ▁film ▁director . ▁ ▁Sig rid ▁Hor ne - R asm ussen ▁received ▁a ▁Bod il ▁Award ▁for ▁Best ▁Act ress ▁in ▁a ▁Lead ing ▁Role ▁for ▁her ▁role ▁as ▁Hel ga ▁N iel sen . ▁ ▁Cast ▁▁ ▁Sig rid ▁Hor ne - R asm ussen ▁▁▁ ▁As b j ør n ▁Anders en ▁ ▁J ør n ▁Je pp esen ▁ ▁K ai ▁Hol m ▁ ▁K irst en ▁Pas ser ▁ ▁Annie ▁Bir git ▁Hans en ▁ ▁Karen ▁Ly k ke hus ▁ ▁V als ø ▁Hol m ▁ ▁Bir git ▁Sad olin ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁Category : 1 |
9 5 5 ▁films ▁Category : Dan ish ▁drama ▁films ▁Category : Dan ish ▁films ▁Category : 1 9 5 5 ▁drama ▁films ▁Category : Fil ms ▁directed ▁by ▁Gabriel ▁Ax el ▁Category : N or weg ian ▁film ▁rem akes ▁Category : Dan ish ▁black - and - white ▁films <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Ch âteau ▁de ▁Care il ▁is ▁a ▁fort ified ▁house ▁in ▁the ▁commune ▁of ▁Gu ér ande ▁in ▁the ▁Lo ire - At l ant ique ▁département ▁of ▁France . ▁ ▁History ▁ ▁Construct ed ▁from ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 4 th ▁century , ▁and ▁en larg ed ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 5 th ▁and ▁ 1 6 th ▁centuries , ▁this ▁man or ▁house ▁had ▁originally ▁a ▁defensive ▁function , ▁as ▁witnessed ▁by ▁the ▁c ren ell ated ▁cur tain ▁wall ▁which ▁still ▁exists . ▁Under ▁the ▁Re formation , ▁it ▁served ▁as ▁a ▁place ▁of ▁worship ▁for ▁the ▁Protest ants ▁established ▁in ▁the ▁Gu ér ande ▁pen insula . ▁For ▁this ▁reason , ▁it ▁was ▁attacked ▁and ▁pill aged ▁on ▁ 1 1 ▁May ▁ 1 5 8 9 ▁by ▁the ▁Catholic ▁League . ▁In ▁ 1 6 9 9 , ▁some ▁time ▁after ▁the ▁Rev ocation ▁of ▁the ▁Ed ict ▁of ▁N antes , ▁the ▁man or ▁was ▁seized ▁and ▁sold ▁to ▁a ▁Catholic ▁family . ▁After ▁becoming ▁a ▁restaurant ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 4 , ▁the ▁site ▁is ▁currently ▁a ▁visitors ' ▁centre . ▁ ▁A ▁third ▁wing ▁of ▁the ▁building ▁no |
▁longer ▁exists ; ▁it ▁was ▁destroyed ▁in ▁an ▁accident al ▁fire ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 8 th ▁century . ▁▁ ▁Priv ately ▁owned , ▁it ▁has ▁been ▁listed ▁since ▁ 1 9 2 5 ▁as ▁a ▁monument ▁histor ique ▁by ▁the ▁French ▁Ministry ▁of ▁Culture . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁List ▁of ▁cast les ▁in ▁France ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁ ▁Ministry ▁of ▁Culture ▁listing ▁for ▁Ch âteau ▁de ▁Care il ▁▁ ▁Web ▁site ▁of ▁the ▁Ch âteau ▁de ▁Care il ▁ ▁Category : Cast les ▁in ▁Pays ▁de ▁la ▁Lo ire ▁Category : Ch âte aux ▁in ▁Lo ire - At l ant ique ▁Category : Mon uments ▁histor iques ▁of ▁Pays ▁de ▁la ▁Lo ire <0x0A> </s> ▁Tow ton ▁Hall ▁is ▁a ▁Grade ▁II ▁listed ▁building , ▁near ▁the ▁village ▁of ▁Tow ton ▁in ▁York shire . ▁The ▁building ▁is ▁believed ▁to ▁be ▁Richard ▁III ’ s ▁comm emor ative ▁ch antry ▁chap el , ▁which ▁was ▁built ▁after ▁the ▁Battle ▁of ▁Tow ton . ▁ ▁The ▁comm emor ative ▁ch antry ▁chap el ▁at ▁the ▁Tow ton ▁Battle field ▁was ▁built ▁to ▁remember ▁the ▁victory ▁of ▁the ▁House ▁of ▁York ▁in ▁the ▁battle ▁of ▁Tow ton . ▁ ▁Many ▁male ▁ske let ons ▁of ▁the ▁soldiers ▁were ▁discovered ▁beneath ▁the ▁floor ▁of ▁the ▁dining ▁room ▁of ▁Tow ton ▁Hall . ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁▁▁ ▁Library ▁▁▁ ▁Rem ains ▁of ▁battle ▁victims ▁found ▁at ▁hall ▁ ▁War ▁of ▁the ▁Ros es ▁in ▁York shire ▁- ▁York shire ▁Battle |
fields ▁| ▁Welcome ▁to ▁York shire ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁▁ ▁Category : ▁Sel by ▁District ▁ ▁Category : Gr ade ▁II ▁listed ▁buildings ▁in ▁Tow ton ▁Category : T ow ton <0x0A> </s> ▁D ina ▁Pol j ak off ▁( 1 9 1 9 – 2 0 0 5 ) ▁was ▁a ▁Finn ish ▁nurse . ▁Despite ▁being ▁Jewish , ▁she ▁was ▁offered ▁the ▁Iron ▁Cross ▁by ▁Nazi ▁Germany ▁during ▁World ▁War ▁II . ▁ ▁A ▁native ▁of ▁Finland , ▁Pol j ak off ▁was ▁studying ▁dent istry ▁before ▁the ▁outbreak ▁of ▁World ▁War ▁II . ▁During ▁the ▁war , ▁she ▁worked ▁as ▁a ▁nurse ▁for ▁Lot ta ▁Sv är d , ▁an ▁aux iliary ▁organization ▁associated ▁with ▁the ▁White ▁Guard . ▁She ▁served ▁in ▁the ▁front ▁lines ▁of ▁combat ▁during ▁World ▁War ▁II ▁alongside ▁German ▁military ▁units . ▁She ▁was ▁not ▁the ▁only ▁Jewish ▁nurse ▁to ▁perform ▁such ▁service ; ▁her ▁cousin , ▁Ch aje ▁Stein b ock , ▁also ▁worked ▁as ▁a ▁nurse ▁and ▁accum ulated ▁a ▁scrap book ▁of ▁heart f elt ▁messages ▁of ▁thanks ▁from ▁German ▁soldiers ▁who ▁had ▁been ▁under ▁her ▁care . ▁ ▁Pol j ak off ▁made ▁quite ▁an ▁impression ▁on ▁her ▁German ▁patients , ▁to ▁the ▁point ▁that ▁she ▁was ▁nominated ▁for ▁the ▁Iron ▁Cross . ▁She ▁was ▁one ▁of ▁three ▁Finn ish ▁Jews ▁to ▁be ▁offered ▁the ▁award ; ▁like ▁the ▁other ▁two ▁( Le o ▁Sk urn ik ▁and ▁Sal omon ▁Kl ass ), ▁she ▁did ▁not ▁accept ▁the ▁award . ▁Unlike ▁the |
▁other ▁two , ▁she ▁did ▁not ▁ask ▁for ▁her ▁name ▁to ▁be ▁withd rawn ▁from ▁the ▁recipient ▁list , ▁and ▁on ▁the ▁day ▁of ▁the ▁awards ▁ceremony ▁she ▁checked ▁the ▁display ▁table ▁to ▁verify ▁that ▁her ▁award ▁was ▁there , ▁before ▁leaving ▁without ▁it . ▁ ▁Pol j ak off ▁later ▁immigr ated ▁to ▁Israel , ▁where ▁she ▁died ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 5 . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁▁ ▁Category : 1 9 1 7 ▁birth s ▁Category : 2 0 0 5 ▁deaths ▁Category : F inn ish ▁Jews ▁Category : F inn ish ▁women ▁Category : F inn ish ▁nurses ▁Category : W omen ▁nurses ▁Category : F inn ish ▁em igr ants ▁to ▁Israel <0x0A> </s> ▁Group ▁B ▁was ▁one ▁of ▁two ▁pool s ▁in ▁the ▁Amer icas ▁Zone ▁Group ▁II ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 9 9 7 ▁Fed ▁Cup . ▁Seven ▁teams ▁competed ▁in ▁a ▁round ▁ro bin ▁competition , ▁with ▁the ▁top ▁team ▁adv ancing ▁to ▁Group ▁I ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 8 . ▁ ▁U rugu ay ▁vs . ▁Jama ica ▁ ▁Cuba ▁vs . ▁B erm uda ▁ ▁Bol ivia ▁vs . ▁Costa ▁R ica ▁ ▁El ▁Salvador ▁vs . ▁Ant igua ▁and ▁Barb uda ▁ ▁U rugu ay ▁vs . ▁Ant igua ▁and ▁Barb uda ▁ ▁Cuba ▁vs . ▁El ▁Salvador ▁ ▁Jama ica ▁vs . ▁Costa ▁R ica ▁ ▁Bol ivia ▁vs . ▁B erm uda ▁ ▁U rugu ay ▁vs . ▁Costa ▁R ica ▁ ▁Cuba ▁vs . ▁Ant igua ▁and |
▁Barb uda ▁ ▁Jama ica ▁vs . ▁B erm uda ▁ ▁Bol ivia ▁vs . ▁El ▁Salvador ▁ ▁U rugu ay ▁vs . ▁Cuba ▁ ▁Jama ica ▁vs . ▁El ▁Salvador ▁ ▁Bol ivia ▁vs . ▁Ant igua ▁and ▁Barb uda ▁ ▁Costa ▁R ica ▁vs . ▁B erm uda ▁ ▁U rugu ay ▁vs . ▁B erm uda ▁ ▁Cuba ▁vs . ▁Bol ivia ▁ ▁Jama ica ▁vs . ▁Ant igua ▁and ▁Barb uda ▁ ▁Costa ▁R ica ▁vs . ▁El ▁Salvador ▁ ▁U rugu ay ▁vs . ▁Bol ivia ▁ ▁Cuba ▁vs . ▁Jama ica ▁ ▁Costa ▁R ica ▁vs . ▁Ant igua ▁and ▁Barb uda ▁ ▁El ▁Salvador ▁vs . ▁B erm uda ▁ ▁U rugu ay ▁vs . ▁El ▁Salvador ▁ ▁Cuba ▁vs . ▁Costa ▁R ica ▁ ▁Jama ica ▁vs . ▁Bol ivia ▁ ▁B erm uda ▁vs . ▁Ant igua ▁and ▁Barb uda ▁▁▁ ▁placed ▁first ▁in ▁the ▁pool , ▁and ▁thus ▁advanced ▁to ▁Group ▁I ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 8 . ▁However , ▁they ▁placed ▁e ighth ▁overall ▁were ▁thus ▁re leg ated ▁back ▁to ▁Group ▁II ▁for ▁ 1 9 9 9 . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁Fed ▁Cup ▁structure ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁ ▁Fed ▁Cup ▁website ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 9 7 ▁Fed ▁Cup ▁Amer icas ▁Zone <0x0A> </s> ▁Jesse ▁S . ▁C ave ▁( 1 8 7 2 – 1 9 4 8 ) ▁was ▁briefly ▁acting ▁mayor ▁of ▁New ▁Orleans ▁from ▁July ▁ 1 5 ▁to ▁August |
▁ 1 7 , ▁ 1 9 3 6 . ▁ ▁C ave ▁arrived ▁in ▁New ▁Orleans ▁in ▁ 1 9 0 4 ▁as ▁a ▁manager ▁of ▁an ▁iron ▁c is tern ▁company , ▁and ▁was ▁elected ▁president ▁of ▁the ▁New ▁Orleans ▁Board ▁of ▁Trade ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 0 . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 3 2 ▁he ▁was ▁elected ▁Louisiana ▁State ▁Tre as urer . ▁Along ▁with ▁A . ▁Miles ▁Pr att ▁and ▁Fred ▁A . ▁E ar h art , ▁C ave ▁was ▁one ▁of ▁three ▁acting ▁may ors ▁who ▁served ▁in ▁the ▁summer ▁of ▁ 1 9 3 6 ▁between ▁the ▁resign ation ▁of ▁Mayor ▁T . ▁Sem mes ▁Wal ms ley ▁and ▁the ▁acc ession ▁of ▁Robert ▁Ma est ri . ▁After ▁his ▁brief ▁ten ure ▁as ▁acting ▁mayor , ▁C ave ▁was ▁elected ▁Commission er ▁of ▁ ▁Public ▁Finance ▁under ▁the ▁commission ▁council ▁government ▁of ▁the ▁Ma est ri ▁administration ▁where ▁he ▁served ▁from ▁ 1 9 3 6 ▁to ▁ 1 9 4 6 . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁S ources ▁▁ ▁Ch oct aw ▁Club ▁of ▁New ▁Orleans . ▁ ▁Truth ▁A chie ve ments ▁of ▁the ▁Mayor ▁Robert ▁S . ▁Ma est ri ▁Administration . ▁ ▁Franklin ▁Print ing ▁Co ., ▁ 1 9 4 3 . ▁ ▁Category : 1 8 7 2 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 9 4 8 ▁deaths ▁Category : May ors ▁of ▁New ▁Orleans ▁Category : Lou is iana ▁Democrats ▁Category : People ▁from ▁Van ▁Al sty |
ne , ▁Texas <0x0A> </s> ▁K ra unch a ▁G iri ▁is ▁a ▁small ▁settlement ▁in ▁K arn at aka , ▁India , ▁about ▁ 1 0 km ▁from ▁Sand ur ▁in ▁Bell ary ▁District . ▁ ▁It ▁is ▁notable ▁for ▁two ▁ancient ▁Hindu ▁tem ples ▁which ▁are ▁in ▁the ▁same ▁compound , ▁and ▁are ▁both ▁protected ▁mon uments . ▁ ▁The ▁more ▁famous ▁in ▁religious ▁terms ▁is ▁the ▁Kum ar as w ami ▁Temple ▁( 8 th - 1 0 th ▁century ), ▁believed ▁to ▁be ▁the ▁first ▁ab ode ▁in ▁south ▁India ▁of ▁Mur ug an ▁or ▁K arth i key a , ▁the ▁Hindu ▁god ▁of ▁war , ▁son ▁of ▁Par v ati ▁and ▁Sh iva , ▁and ▁brother ▁of ▁G anes ha . ▁ ▁To ▁art ▁histor ians ▁the ▁Par v ati ▁Temple ▁beside ▁it ▁( 7 th - 8 th ▁century ) ▁is ▁the ▁more ▁unusual ▁in ▁terms ▁of ▁Hindu ▁temple ▁architecture . ▁ ▁T empl es ▁The ▁complex ▁houses ▁tem ples ▁of ▁Par v ati ▁and ▁Kum ar as w ami . ▁The ▁G anes ha ▁id ol ▁in ▁the ▁Kum ar as w ami ▁Temple ▁is ▁more ▁popular ▁these ▁days ▁than ▁the ▁main ▁de ity ▁K art i key a . ▁Both ▁mon uments ▁are ▁now ▁a ▁protected ▁mon uments . ▁It ▁was ▁discovered ▁by ▁the ▁local ▁rul ers , ▁the ▁G hor p ades , ▁in ▁the ▁thick ly - wood ed ▁Sw am im ale ▁hill ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 5 th ▁century |
. ▁ ▁Women ▁were ▁earlier ▁strictly ▁not ▁allowed ▁to ▁enter ▁the ▁shr ine . ▁Mur ar ira o ▁Yes hw an tra o ▁G hor p ade ▁lifted ▁the ▁ban ▁on ▁women ▁in ▁October ▁ 1 9 9 6 . ▁After ▁the ▁ban ▁was ▁lifted , ▁nearly ▁ 3 , 0 0 0 ▁women ▁have ▁worship ped ▁at ▁the ▁temple . ▁ ▁The ▁G hor p ades , ▁well ▁loved ▁and ▁respected ▁by ▁the ▁locals , ▁had ▁declared ▁the ▁temple ▁open ▁to ▁Har ij ans ▁as ▁early ▁as ▁the ▁ 1 9 3 0 s . ▁After ▁learning ▁of ▁this ▁on ▁his ▁visit ▁to ▁Sand ur ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 4 , ▁Mah at ma ▁Gand hi ▁said , ▁" a ▁small ▁state ▁in ▁south ▁India ▁has ▁opened ▁the ▁temple ▁to ▁the ▁Har ij ans , ▁the ▁heav ens ▁have ▁not ▁fallen ." ▁ ▁Par v ati ▁temple ▁The ▁Par v ati ▁temple ▁has ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁unusual ▁features . ▁ ▁It ▁apparently ▁belongs ▁to ▁the ▁" middle ▁phase " ▁of ▁Bad ami ▁Ch al uk ya ▁architecture , ▁also ▁called ▁the ▁V es ara ▁style ▁by ▁some , ▁and ▁" K arn at aka ▁Dr av ida " ▁by ▁Adam ▁Hard y , ▁who ▁sees ▁this ▁De cc an ▁style ▁as ▁a ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁Dr avid ian ▁architecture ▁of ▁the ▁south , ▁distinct ▁from ▁the ▁version ▁that ▁developed ▁in ▁T amil ▁Nad u . ▁ ▁The ▁temple ▁has ▁no ▁mand apa , ▁but ▁a ▁long ▁ant ar ala , ▁over |
▁which ▁is , ▁according ▁to ▁Adam ▁Hard y , ▁" poss ibly ▁the ▁first ▁use ▁of ▁a ▁su kan asa ▁in ▁a ▁Dr av ida ▁temple ". ▁ ▁The ▁v im ana ▁tower ▁over ▁the ▁shr ine ▁is ▁" a ▁very ▁unusual ▁composition , ▁strang ely ▁advanced - looking ▁in ▁the ▁compression ▁of ▁horizontal ▁layers , ▁and ▁in ▁he ▁sense ▁of ▁out sur ge ". ▁▁ ▁According ▁to ▁one ▁account , ▁the ▁Par v ati ▁temple ▁( which ▁was ▁originally ▁called ▁Kum ar as w amy ▁temple ) ▁was ▁built ▁by ▁the ▁Bad ami ▁Ch al uk y as ▁( 7 th ▁- 8 th ▁century ) ▁and ▁has ▁the ▁image ▁of ▁Par v ati ▁as ▁the ▁main ▁de ity . ▁ ▁Kum ar as w ami ▁Temple ▁The ▁temple ▁currently ▁called ▁the ▁Kum ar as w amy ▁temple ▁( origin ally ▁had ▁Shan mu k ha ▁as ▁the ▁main ▁de ity ) ▁was ▁constructed ▁during ▁the ▁rule ▁of ▁the ▁R as ht r ak ut as ▁( 8 th - 1 0 th ▁century ). ▁ ▁Leg ends ▁of ▁the ▁mountain ▁A ▁distinctive ▁feature ▁of ▁the ▁mountain ▁is ▁its ▁ elli pt ical ▁shape ▁with ▁a ▁diam etric ▁narrow ▁pass . ▁According ▁to ▁legend , ▁this ▁gap ▁is ▁made ▁when ▁K art i key a ▁pier ced ▁the ▁mountain ▁in ▁the ▁battle ▁with ▁the ▁demon ▁Th ar aka , ▁with ▁his ▁sphere ▁weapon ▁vel ▁to ▁kill ▁the ▁dem ons ▁who ▁were ▁hidden ▁inside ▁mountain . ▁This ▁legend ▁is ▁held ▁in ▁high ▁este |
em ▁in ▁Hindu ▁myth ologies ▁including ▁Mah ab har ata ▁( sal ya ▁par va . 4 6 ), ▁Sk anda ▁Pur ana ( as ura ▁k and am ). ▁K ra unch a ▁G iri ▁is ▁also ▁associated ▁with ▁leg ends ▁of ▁the ▁s ages ▁Ag ast ya ▁and ▁Par as ur am . ▁ ▁Kal idas a ▁in ▁his ▁work ▁Me gh a ▁Sand esa ▁describes ▁the ▁gap ▁in ▁the ▁mountain . ▁This ▁place ▁is ▁connected ▁with ▁leg ends ▁of ▁Sri ▁S ail am ▁j y ot irling a ▁in ▁And h ra ▁Pr adesh . ▁ ▁The ▁name ▁' K ra unch a ▁G iri ' ▁is ▁very ▁familiar ▁to ▁many , ▁but ▁few ▁know ▁the ▁location ▁of ▁this ▁legendary ▁mountain . ▁For ▁many , ▁it ' s ▁just ▁a ▁myth ical ▁one ▁like ▁Mount ▁Mer u . ▁ ▁Sw am im ale ▁forest ▁range ▁According ▁to ▁ge ologists , ▁this ▁peculiar ▁mountain ▁is ▁made ▁of ▁vol can ic ▁er u ptions ▁and ▁is ▁very ▁rich ▁in ▁mineral ▁depos its . ▁The ▁soil ▁and ▁lake ▁here ▁is ▁red ▁mar sh y ▁that ▁o w es ▁to ▁presence ▁of ▁rich ▁fer rous ▁depos its . ▁Now adays ▁due ▁to ▁mind less ▁mining ▁in ▁this ▁area ▁is ▁resulting ▁in ▁habitat ▁destruction . ▁ ▁Many ▁plant ▁species ▁such ▁as ▁St rob il ant hes ▁kun th iana ▁( ne ela ▁kur un ji ) ▁is ▁found ▁in ▁the ▁sh ola ▁type ▁grass lands ▁of ▁mountains , ▁many ▁birds ▁such ▁as ▁orange - headed |
▁thr ush , ▁tick ell ' s ▁blue ▁fly catch er , ▁Indian ▁p itta , ▁verd iter ▁fly catch er , ▁spot - bre sted ▁fant ail , ▁yellow ▁thro ated ▁bul bul , ▁spotted ▁dove , ▁red ▁whisk ered ▁bul bul , ▁orient al ▁white ▁eye , ▁brown - headed ▁bar bet , ▁p uff - th ro ated ▁bab bler , ▁blue - c apped ▁rock th r ush , ▁red ▁bre asted ▁fly catch er ▁etc . ▁Many ▁more ▁birds ▁species ▁of ▁western ▁g h ats ▁can ▁be ▁found ▁here . ▁It ▁is ▁a ▁ ▁good ▁habit ate ▁for ▁many ▁species ▁of ▁or ch ids ▁too . ▁The ▁place ▁is ▁filled ▁with ▁dense ▁green ▁forests ▁which ▁normally ▁re semble ▁the ▁rain fore sts ▁of ▁western ▁g hat . ▁▁▁ ▁Though ▁the ▁place ▁is ▁in ▁a ▁hot ▁region , ▁because ▁of ▁high ▁mountains ▁it ▁is ▁always ▁cool , ▁many ▁cool ▁atmosphere - l oving ▁species ▁of ▁plants ▁and ▁fun gi ▁such ▁as ▁m oss es , ▁f ern s , ▁lic hens , ▁mush rooms , ▁to ad ▁st ools ▁t inder ▁fun g us , ▁p uff ▁ball ▁fun g us , ▁th rive ▁here , ▁giving ▁boost ▁to ▁many ▁shade ▁loving ▁insect s ▁re pt iles . ▁T rees ▁such ▁as ▁rose wood , ▁sand al wood , ▁te ak ▁wood , ▁etc . ▁flour ish ▁in ▁forests . ▁▁ ▁This ▁centuries ▁old ▁temple ▁complex ▁is ▁located ▁inside ▁Sw am imal ai ▁forest ▁range ▁and ▁is ▁said ▁to |
▁be ▁inf ested ▁with ▁ven om ous ▁sn akes ▁like ▁russ ell ▁vi per ▁and ▁spect ac led ▁cob ras . ▁Pe ac ocks ▁are ▁also ▁a ▁very ▁common ▁sight ▁here . ▁The ▁forest ▁range ▁is ▁also ▁a ▁very ▁good ▁habitat ▁of ▁le op ards . T ig ers ▁ro amed ▁in ▁the ▁forests ▁till ▁ 1 9 6 0 . ▁But ▁due ▁to ▁hunting ▁habitat ▁loss ▁due ▁to ▁mining , ▁they ▁were ▁swept ▁away . ▁ ▁Transport ▁K arn at aka ▁State ▁highway ▁No . 4 0 ▁pass ▁through ▁the ▁above ▁said ▁gap ▁in ▁mountain , ▁connecting ▁Sand ur ▁to ▁rest ▁of ▁the ▁State . ▁Temple ▁is ▁approach able ▁by ▁road ▁from ▁Sand ur . ▁Ne arest ▁Rail ▁He ads ▁are ▁H osp et & ▁Bell ary ▁on ▁G unt ak al - Hub li ▁line . ▁ ▁The ▁temple ▁complex ▁is ▁located ▁on ▁south - west ▁corner ▁and ▁is ▁connected ▁to ▁Sand ur ▁by ▁road . ▁ ▁Notes ▁ 2 . ▁Google ▁M aps ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁Hard y , ▁Adam , ▁Indian ▁Temple ▁Architect ure : ▁Form ▁and ▁Trans formation ▁: ▁the ▁Kar ṇ ā ṭ a ▁Dr ā vi ḍ a ▁Trad ition , ▁ 7 th ▁to ▁ 1 3 th ▁Cent uries , ▁ 1 9 9 5 , ▁Ab hin av ▁Public ations , ▁, ▁ 9 7 8 8 1 7 0 1 7 3 1 2 0 , ▁google ▁books ▁ ▁Category : Mount ains ▁of ▁K arn at aka ▁Category : H ind |
u ▁tem ples ▁in ▁Bell ary ▁district ▁Category : Ge ography ▁of ▁Bell ary ▁district <0x0A> </s> ▁Edward ▁John ▁" T ed dy " ▁O u imet ▁( born ▁July ▁ 6 , ▁ 1 9 4 7 ) ▁is ▁a ▁Canadian ▁retired ▁ ▁professional ▁ice ▁hockey ▁go alt ender ▁who ▁played ▁in ▁one ▁National ▁Hockey ▁League ▁game ▁for ▁the ▁St . ▁Louis ▁Blues ▁during ▁the ▁ 1 9 6 8 – 6 9 ▁N HL ▁season . ▁ ▁O u imet ▁was ▁a ▁fine ▁junior ▁and ▁minor ▁pro ▁player ▁during ▁a ▁career ▁that ▁lasted ▁over ▁a ▁decade . ▁ ▁Born ▁in ▁the ▁Quebec ▁mining ▁town ▁of ▁Rou yn - N or anda , ▁O u imet ▁played ▁three ▁years ▁with ▁the ▁Montreal ▁Junior ▁Canad iens , ▁where ▁he ▁led ▁the ▁Ontario ▁Hockey ▁League ▁in ▁shut outs ▁( 3 ) ▁and ▁G AA ▁( 2 , 7 5 ) ▁before ▁joining ▁the ▁London ▁Nation als ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 7 - 6 8 . ▁In ▁June , ▁ 1 9 6 8 ▁he ▁was ▁traded ▁to ▁the ▁St . ▁Louis ▁Blues ▁in ▁a ▁cash ▁deal ▁by ▁the ▁Montreal ▁Canad iens , ▁who ▁had ▁a ▁sur plus ▁of ▁talented ▁net mind ers ▁in ▁their ▁system ▁at ▁the ▁time . ▁ ▁O u imet ▁played ▁one ▁game ▁for ▁the ▁Blues ▁during ▁his ▁ro ok ie ▁season ▁in ▁the ▁pros ▁but ▁spent ▁most ▁of ▁his ▁time ▁with ▁Kansas ▁City ▁of ▁the ▁Central ▁Hockey ▁League ▁( 1 9 6 3 – 1 9 8 4 ). |
▁He ▁continued ▁to ▁to il ▁in ▁the ▁min ors ▁until ▁ 1 9 7 5 ▁and ▁also ▁played ▁one ▁game ▁for ▁the ▁New ▁England ▁Wh al ers ▁of ▁the ▁World ▁Hockey ▁Association . ▁Before ▁ret iring ▁after ▁the ▁ 1 9 7 4 - 7 5 ▁season , ▁O u imet ' s ▁best ▁year ▁was ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 3 - 7 4 ▁when ▁he ▁recorded ▁a ▁ 2 . 9 7 ▁goals ▁against ▁average ▁for ▁the ▁S yr ac use ▁Bl az ers ▁and ▁was ▁named ▁to ▁the ▁North ▁American ▁league ▁First ▁All - Star ▁Team . ▁ ▁Ted ▁has ▁three ▁sons : ▁Terry ▁O u imet , ▁Mark ▁O u imet ▁and ▁Jesse ▁O u imet . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁List ▁of ▁players ▁who ▁played ▁only ▁one ▁game ▁in ▁the ▁N HL ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 4 7 ▁birth s ▁Category : Can ad ian ▁ice ▁hockey ▁go alt enders ▁Category : C leveland ▁Bar ons ▁( 1 9 3 7 – 1 9 7 3 ) ▁players ▁Category : S ports people ▁from ▁Rou yn - N or anda ▁Category : K ansas ▁City ▁Blues ▁players ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : London ▁Nation als ▁players ▁Category : Mont real ▁Junior ▁Canad iens ▁players ▁Category : New ▁England ▁Wh al ers ▁players ▁Category : Port ▁Hur on ▁Fl ags ▁players ▁Category : Port ▁Hur on ▁W ings ▁players ▁Category : St . ▁Louis ▁Blues ▁players ▁Category : San ▁Diego ▁G ull s |
▁( W HL ) ▁players ▁Category : S yr ac use ▁Bl az ers ▁players ▁Category : I ce ▁hockey ▁people ▁from ▁Quebec <0x0A> </s> ▁Final ▁Power ▁Hall ▁in ▁Tokyo ▁D ome ▁was ▁a ▁professional ▁wrest ling ▁event ▁produced ▁by ▁New ▁Japan ▁Pro - W rest ling ▁( N J P W ). ▁It ▁took ▁place ▁on ▁January ▁ 4 , ▁ 1 9 9 8 ▁in ▁the ▁Tokyo ▁D ome . ▁Final ▁Power ▁Hall ▁in ▁Tokyo ▁D ome ▁was ▁the ▁seventh ▁January ▁ 4 ▁Tokyo ▁D ome ▁Show ▁held ▁by ▁N J P W . ▁The ▁show ▁drew ▁ 5 5 , 0 0 0 ▁spect ators ▁and ▁$ 6 , 0 0 0 , 0 0 0 ▁in ▁ticket ▁sales . ▁One ▁of ▁the ▁f ocal ▁points ▁of ▁the ▁show ▁was ▁the ▁retirement ▁of ▁wrest ling ▁legend ▁R iki ▁Ch osh u , ▁who ▁would ▁wrest le ▁five ▁times ▁that ▁night ▁against ▁select ▁opponents ▁in ▁what ▁was ▁b illed ▁as ▁the ▁R iki ▁Road ▁Final ▁Message ▁ 5 , ▁the ▁completion ▁of ▁ ▁a ▁months - long ▁" ret irement ▁tour " ▁for ▁Ch osh u . ▁The ▁show ▁also ▁featured ▁successful ▁def enses ▁of ▁the ▁I W GP ▁Junior ▁Heavy weight ▁Championship ▁and ▁the ▁I W GP ▁Heavy weight ▁Championship , ▁which ▁made ▁Final ▁Power ▁Hall ▁in ▁Tokyo ▁D ome ▁the ▁first ▁January ▁ 4 ▁Tokyo ▁D ome ▁show ▁to ▁not ▁have ▁a ▁single ▁championship ▁change ▁hands . ▁Besides ▁the ▁five ▁R iki ▁Road ▁Final ▁Message ▁ 5 ▁matches ▁the |
▁show ▁featured ▁eight ▁additional ▁matches . ▁ ▁Production ▁ ▁Background ▁The ▁January ▁ 4 ▁Tokyo ▁D ome ▁Show ▁is ▁N J P W ' s ▁biggest ▁annual ▁event ▁and ▁has ▁been ▁called ▁" the ▁largest ▁professional ▁wrest ling ▁show ▁in ▁the ▁world ▁outside ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁States " ▁and ▁the ▁" J apan ese ▁equivalent ▁to ▁the ▁Super ▁Bowl ". ▁ ▁Story lines ▁Final ▁Power ▁Hall ▁in ▁Tokyo ▁D ome ▁featured ▁professional ▁wrest ling ▁matches ▁that ▁involved ▁different ▁wrest lers ▁from ▁pre - existing ▁script ed ▁fe ud s ▁and ▁story lines . ▁Wrest lers ▁port rayed ▁vill ains , ▁heroes , ▁or ▁less ▁distinguish able ▁characters ▁in ▁script ed ▁events ▁that ▁built ▁tension ▁and ▁cul min ated ▁in ▁a ▁wrest ling ▁match ▁or ▁series ▁of ▁matches . ▁ ▁Results ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁N J P W . co . j p ▁▁ ▁Category : 1 9 9 8 ▁in ▁professional ▁wrest ling ▁Category : 1 9 9 8 ▁in ▁Tokyo ▁Category : Jan uary ▁ 1 9 9 8 ▁events ▁in ▁Asia ▁ 1 9 9 8 <0x0A> </s> ▁Saint ▁Herbert ▁( also ▁Hab ern , ▁Her ber n ) ▁( dates ▁of ▁birth ▁and ▁death ▁unknown ) ▁is ▁a ▁saint ▁who ▁is ▁said ▁to ▁have ▁once ▁been ▁the ▁b ishop ▁ ▁or ▁ab bot ▁of ▁Mar m out ier , ▁France ▁and ▁arch b ishop ▁of ▁T ours . ▁ ▁No ▁other ▁records ▁of ▁his ▁life ▁exist . ▁His ▁fe ast ▁day ▁is ▁on ▁ 2 2 |
▁November , ▁however ▁this ▁is ▁more ▁commonly ▁observed ▁on ▁the ▁nearest ▁Monday ▁to ▁ 2 2 ▁November . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁Orth odox eng land . org . uk : ▁Herbert ▁ ▁Category : Christ ian ▁s aints ▁in ▁unknown ▁century ▁Category : B ish ops ▁of ▁T ours ▁Category : Med ieval ▁French ▁s aints ▁Category : Year ▁of ▁birth ▁unknown <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Mountain ▁Enterprise ▁is ▁a ▁weekly ▁newspaper ▁published ▁since ▁ 1 9 6 6 , ▁circul ating ▁in ▁the ▁Mountain ▁Commun ities ▁of ▁the ▁Te jon ▁Pass ▁east ▁and ▁west ▁of ▁the ▁G rap ev ine ▁section ▁of ▁the ▁Inter state ▁ 5 ▁in ▁the ▁San ▁Em igd io ▁Mountains ▁region ▁of ▁California , ▁mid way ▁between ▁Los ▁Angeles ▁and ▁B akers field . ▁ ▁Its ▁sister ▁publication ▁is ▁The ▁New ▁Mountain ▁P ione er , ▁published ▁monthly . ▁ ▁Cover age ▁area ▁The ▁newspaper ' s ▁ 6 0 0 - square - mile ▁coverage ▁area ▁sp ans ▁northern ▁Los ▁Angeles ▁County , ▁eastern ▁Vent ura ▁County , ▁and ▁south western ▁K ern ▁County , ▁including ▁the ▁developments ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 7 0 , 0 0 0 ▁a cre ▁Te jon ▁R anch ▁property , ▁the ▁Western ▁Ant el ope ▁Valley , ▁G orm an , ▁Leb ec , ▁F raz ier ▁Park , ▁Lake ▁of ▁the ▁Woods , ▁Lock wood ▁Valley , ▁C ud dy ▁Valley ▁and ▁the ▁P ine ▁Mountain ▁Club ▁community . ▁ ▁Own ership ▁The ▁first ▁edition ▁of ▁The |
▁Mountain ▁Enterprise ▁was ▁issued ▁on ▁September ▁ 2 2 , ▁ 1 9 6 6 , ▁by ▁Ned ra ▁Haw ley ▁Cooper ▁as ▁a ▁m ime ograp hed , ▁hand - st ap led ▁and ▁hand - d rawn ▁publication ; ▁its ▁first ▁ed itions ▁were ▁produced ▁on ▁a ▁blue ▁Royal ▁type writer ▁now ▁hous ed ▁at ▁the ▁Ridge ▁Route ▁Commun ities ▁Museum ▁& ▁Historical ▁Society . ▁Fred ▁K ies ner ▁was ▁editor ▁from ▁ 1 9 7 3 ▁to ▁ 1 9 7 6 . ▁▁ ▁Keith ▁Nelson , ▁super int endent ▁of ▁R id gel ite ▁Products , ▁and ▁K itty ▁Jo ▁Nelson , ▁a ▁teacher , ▁purchased ▁the ▁business ▁from ▁Neil ▁Key z ers ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 5 . ▁The ▁N els ons ▁sold ▁it ▁to ▁Bob ▁We is burg ▁and ▁Mor rie ▁Pri zer ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 5 . ▁ ▁In ▁late ▁ 2 0 0 4 ▁the ▁management ▁of ▁H omet own ▁Publishing , ▁LLC ▁and ▁its ▁publications ▁The ▁Mountain ▁Enterprise ▁and ▁The ▁New ▁Mountain ▁P ione er ▁plus ▁the ▁Mountain ▁Commun ities ▁Phone ▁Book ▁was ▁assumed ▁by ▁Gary ▁Mey er ▁( pub lisher ) ▁and ▁Pat ric ▁H ed l und ▁( editor ). ▁In ▁November ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁ownership ▁of ▁H omet own ▁was ▁taken ▁over ▁by ▁Mey er , ▁H ed l und ▁and ▁Pam ▁St ur dev ant , ▁with ▁general ▁management ▁continuing ▁under ▁Mey er ▁and ▁H ed l und . ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 4 |
▁ownership ▁passed ▁to ▁Mey er ▁and ▁H ed l und , ▁who ▁remain ▁its ▁managers . ▁It ▁is ▁today ▁published ▁in ▁a ▁tab lo id ▁format ▁of ▁between ▁ 2 8 ▁and ▁ 3 6 ▁pages ▁weekly . ▁ ▁Awards ▁▁ 2 0 1 7 ▁ ▁The ▁ ▁National ▁New sp aper ▁Association ▁ ▁( N NA ) ▁announced ▁The ▁Mountain ▁Enterprise ▁was ▁awarded ▁First ▁Place ▁for ▁Best ▁Break ing ▁News ▁Series ▁for ▁" SW AT ▁Stand off ▁Al arms ▁Mountain ," ▁by ▁Pat ric ▁H ed l und . ▁▁▁▁ 2 0 1 5 ▁ ▁The ▁Mountain ▁Enterprise ▁was ▁awarded ▁First ▁Place ▁by ▁the ▁National ▁New sp aper ▁Association ▁for ▁Best ▁Feature ▁Photo ▁by ▁Jeff ▁Z immer man . ▁▁▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁ ▁First ▁Place ▁for ▁Best ▁Editor ial ▁Comment ▁was ▁awarded ▁for ▁Pat ric ▁H ed l und ' s ▁" B rought ▁to ▁you ▁compl iments ▁of ▁AB 1 0 9 : ▁Con v icted ▁bur gl ar ▁returns ▁to ▁the ▁mountain ." ▁▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁ ▁The ▁Mountain ▁Enterprise ▁was ▁awarded ▁Art istic ▁Photo ▁Second ▁Place ▁from ▁the ▁California ▁New sp aper ▁Publish ers ▁Association ▁for ▁Pat ric ▁H ed l und ' s ▁image ▁of ▁a ▁color ful ▁benefit ▁run ▁for ▁Mountain ▁Youth ▁Can ▁Change ▁Commun ities ▁( My C 3 ). ▁That ▁same ▁year ▁Gary ▁Mey er ▁and ▁Pat ric ▁H ed l und ▁won ▁Editor ial ▁Comment ▁Second ▁Place ▁for ▁" L eb ec ▁County ▁Water ▁District ▁needs ▁serious ▁leadership ." ▁The |
▁newspaper ▁also ▁won ▁Second ▁Place ▁for ▁Front ▁Page ▁design ▁that ▁included ▁a ▁tow ering ▁smoke ▁pl ume ▁over ▁Inter state ▁ 5 ▁by ▁Aaron ▁Rose , ▁and ▁a ▁fourth ▁Second ▁Place ▁for ▁Website ▁excell ence . ▁▁▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁ ▁In ▁April ▁ 2 0 1 1 , ▁The ▁Mountain ▁Enterprise ▁won ▁the ▁California ▁New sp aper ▁Publish ers ▁Association ▁( CN PA ) ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁First ▁Place ▁award ▁for ▁Best ▁Website ▁and ▁First ▁Place ▁for ▁Online ▁Break ing ▁News ▁Cover age . ▁▁▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁ ▁In ▁April ▁ 2 0 1 0 , ▁The ▁Mountain ▁Enterprise ▁won ▁the ▁California ▁New sp aper ▁Publish ers ▁Association ▁First ▁Place ▁award ▁for ▁Best ▁Website ▁and ▁First ▁Place ▁in ▁Public ▁Service ▁for ▁its ▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁ongoing ▁coverage ▁of ▁the ▁remote ▁P ine ▁Mountain ▁Club ▁community ' s ▁struggle ▁to ▁obtain ▁life - s aving ▁fire fig h ter - param ed ic ▁service . ▁▁▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁The ▁newspaper ▁won ▁awards ▁from ▁the ▁National ▁New sp aper ▁Association ▁on ▁July ▁ 1 0 ▁for ▁( 1 ) ▁a ▁series ▁of ▁investig ative ▁reports ▁on ▁the ▁star v ation ▁of ▁horses ▁in ▁Lock wood ▁Valley ▁( Second ▁Place ), ▁( 2 ) ▁reporting ▁on ▁the ▁struggle ▁by ▁P ine ▁Mountain ▁Club ▁residents ▁to ▁secure ▁K ern ▁County ' s ▁first ▁fire fig h ter - param ed ic ▁program ▁( Th ird ▁Place ), ▁( 3 ) ▁Editor ial ▁Writing ▁about ▁the ▁newspaper ' |
s ▁public - service ▁responsibility ▁in ▁" The ▁St ink in ' ▁Public ▁and ▁Our ▁School ▁District ' s ▁Br ain ▁Dr ain ," ▁by ▁Pat ric ▁H ed l und ▁( H on orable ▁M ention ), ▁and ▁( 4 ) ▁an ▁environmental ▁story ▁headed ▁" Secret ▁Neg ot iation ▁between ▁Te jon ▁Develop ers ▁and ▁' Big ▁Green ' ▁G roups ▁Spr outs ▁Deal " ▁( Th ird ▁Place ). ▁▁▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁ ▁On ▁July ▁ 1 4 , ▁the ▁newspaper ▁was ▁given ▁three ▁awards ▁for ▁excell ence ▁by ▁the ▁California ▁New sp aper ▁Publish ers ▁Association . ▁ ▁They ▁won ▁First ▁Place ▁in ▁the ▁Environmental ▁Report ing ▁category ▁for ▁achievement ▁in ▁continuous ▁reporting ▁of ▁the ▁Fall ing star ▁home ▁development ▁proposed ▁for ▁ 7 0 0 ▁homes ▁around ▁F raz ier ▁Mountain ▁High ▁School ▁by ▁Pat ric ▁H ed l und , ▁Gary ▁Mey er , ▁members ▁of ▁the ▁community ▁and ▁The ▁Mountain ▁Enterprise ▁team . ▁ ▁The ▁newspaper ▁also ▁won ▁First ▁Place ▁for ▁Best ▁Website . ▁ ▁The ▁Mountain ▁Enterprise ▁also ▁won ▁Second ▁Place ▁in ▁the ▁Public ▁Service ▁category ▁for ▁achievement ▁in ▁continuous ▁reporting ▁of ▁the ▁P ine ▁Mountain ▁community ' s ▁decade - long ▁initiative ▁to ▁get ▁K ern ▁County ▁to ▁provide ▁life - s aving ▁fire fig h ter ▁param ed ic ▁services ▁through ▁the ▁K ern ▁County ▁Fire ▁Department . ▁ ▁Cont ro vers ies ▁▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁Leb ec ▁County ▁Water ▁District ▁board ▁member ▁Julie ▁Mc W hor ter ▁demanded |
▁that ▁The ▁Mountain ▁Enterprise ▁reporters ▁ce ase ▁using ▁flash ▁photography ▁during ▁the ▁district ' s ▁public ▁meetings . ▁When ▁the ▁newspaper ▁refused ▁to ▁stop ▁taking ▁flash ▁photographs , ▁Mc W hor ter ▁claimed ▁that ▁the ▁fl ashes ▁were ▁causing ▁her ▁medical ▁problems . ▁She ▁also ▁claimed ▁that ▁California ▁Government ▁Code ▁Section ▁ 5 4 9 5 3 . 5 ▁and ▁ 5 4 9 5 3 . 6 ▁gave ▁her ▁the ▁right ▁to ▁stop ▁the ▁use ▁of ▁ill um inated ▁photography ▁during ▁L C WD ' s ▁public ▁meetings . ▁The ▁newspaper ▁refused ▁to ▁ce ase ▁its ▁photography ▁in ▁the ▁face ▁of ▁threats ▁by ▁Mc W hor ter ▁and ▁board ▁member ▁Tony ▁Ven eg as ▁to ▁" call ▁the ▁sh er iff ." ▁K ern ▁County ▁Sher iff ' s ▁Sergeant ▁Mark ▁Brown ▁attended ▁an ▁L C WD ▁meeting ▁in ▁June ▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁and ▁stated ▁afterward ▁that ▁he ▁believed ▁the ▁photography ▁was ▁appropriate ▁for ▁a ▁public ▁meeting . ▁Mc W hor ter ▁chose ▁not ▁to ▁run ▁in ▁the ▁next ▁election ▁and ▁Ven eg as ▁ce ased ▁his ▁threats ▁against ▁the ▁newspaper . ▁▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁In ▁December ▁the ▁newspaper ▁was ▁the ▁target ▁of ▁criticism ▁by ▁the ▁K ern ▁County ▁Grand ▁J ury ▁for ▁its ▁coverage ▁of ▁a ▁controversy ▁regarding ▁the ▁destruction ▁of ▁heritage ▁oak ▁trees ▁during ▁the ▁construction ▁of ▁a ▁new ▁F raz ier ▁Park ▁county ▁library . ▁A ▁jury ▁committee ▁said ▁a ▁" l ack ▁of ▁communication " ▁was ▁responsible ▁for ▁the ▁controversy ▁and ▁bl amed ▁that |
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