text
stringlengths 505
4.3k
|
|---|
2 ▁athletes ) ▁by ▁winning ▁the ▁Women ' s ▁competition ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 8 ▁South ▁American ▁Games . ▁ ▁Brazil ▁qualified ▁a ▁men ' s ▁team ▁( of ▁ 1 2 ▁athletes ) ▁after ▁being ▁final ist ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 9 ▁Sud am érica ▁Rug by ▁Sev ens ▁Olympic ▁Qual ifying ▁Tour nament . ▁ ▁Summary ▁ ▁Men ' s ▁tournament ▁ ▁Sem if inal ▁ ▁Bron ze ▁medal ▁match ▁ ▁Women ' s ▁tournament ▁ ▁Pool ▁stage ▁ ▁Sem if inal ▁ ▁Bron ze ▁medal ▁match ▁ ▁S ailing ▁ ▁Brazil ▁has ▁qualified ▁ 1 1 ▁boats ▁for ▁a ▁total ▁of ▁ 1 7 ▁sail ors . ▁ ▁Men ▁ ▁Women ▁ ▁M ixed ▁ ▁Open ▁ ▁Sh oot ing ▁ ▁Brazil ▁qualified ▁a ▁team ▁of ▁ 2 1 ▁shoot ers ▁( tw elve ▁men ▁and ▁nine ▁women ). ▁ ▁Men ▁P ist ol ▁and ▁rifle ▁ ▁Sh ot gun ▁ ▁Women ▁P ist ol ▁and ▁rifle ▁ ▁Sh ot gun ▁ ▁M ixed ▁ ▁S qu ash ▁ ▁Brazil ▁qualified ▁a ▁male ▁team ▁of ▁ 3 ▁athletes ▁through ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 8 ▁Pan ▁American ▁S qu ash ▁Championships . ▁ ▁Men ▁ ▁Sur f ing ▁ ▁Brazil ▁qualified ▁eight ▁sur fers ▁( four ▁men ▁and ▁four ▁women ) ▁in ▁the ▁sport ' s ▁debut ▁at ▁the ▁Pan ▁American ▁Games . ▁ ▁Art istic ▁ ▁Race ▁ ▁Sw im ming ▁ ▁Brazil ▁has ▁qualified ▁ 3 5 ▁athletes ▁total , ▁ 1 8 ▁men |
▁and ▁ 1 7 ▁women : ▁ ▁Men ▁ ▁Women ▁ ▁M ixed ▁ ▁Table ▁tennis ▁ ▁Brazil ▁qualified ▁a ▁full ▁team ▁of ▁six ▁athletes ▁( three ▁men ▁and ▁three ▁women ). ▁The ▁team ▁was ▁officially ▁announced ▁on ▁June ▁ 1 0 , ▁ 2 0 1 9 . ▁ ▁Men ▁ ▁Women ▁ ▁M ixed ▁ ▁Ta ek w ondo ▁ ▁Brazil ▁has ▁qualified ▁a ▁full ▁team ▁of ▁eight ▁athletes ▁( four ▁men ▁and ▁four ▁women ) ▁at ▁Ky or ug i ▁events . ▁The ▁team ▁was ▁officially ▁announced ▁on ▁June ▁ 4 , ▁ 2 0 1 9 . ▁ ▁Ky or ug i ▁ ▁Men ▁ ▁Women ▁ ▁T ennis ▁ ▁Brazil ▁has ▁qualified ▁a ▁full ▁team ▁of ▁six ▁athletes ▁( three ▁men ▁and ▁three ▁women ). ▁After ▁the ▁withdrawal ▁of ▁Marcel o ▁Dem ol iner ▁and ▁Beat riz ▁H add ad ▁Ma ia , ▁the ▁nation ▁competed ▁with ▁two ▁athletes ▁of ▁each ▁gender . ▁ ▁Men ▁ ▁Women ▁ ▁M ixed ▁ ▁Tri ath lon ▁ ▁Brazil ▁qualified ▁a ▁full ▁tri ath lon ▁team ▁of ▁six ▁athletes ▁( three ▁men ▁and ▁three ▁women ). ▁The ▁team ▁was ▁officially ▁named ▁on ▁June ▁ 2 , ▁ 2 0 1 9 . ▁ ▁M ixed ▁relay ▁ ▁Vol ley ball ▁ ▁Beach ▁ ▁Brazil ▁has ▁qualified ▁a ▁men ' s ▁and ▁women ' s ▁pair ▁for ▁a ▁total ▁of ▁four ▁athletes . ▁ ▁Ind oor ▁ ▁Brazil ▁qualified ▁a ▁men ' s ▁team ▁( of ▁ 1 2 ▁athletes ) ▁by |
▁finishing ▁in ▁the ▁top ▁five ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 8 ▁Men ' s ▁Pan - American ▁Vol ley ball ▁Cup . ▁ ▁Brazil ▁qualified ▁a ▁women ' s ▁team ▁( of ▁ 1 2 ▁athletes ) ▁by ▁finishing ▁in ▁the ▁top ▁five ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 8 ▁Women ' s ▁Pan - American ▁Vol ley ball ▁Cup . ▁ ▁Summary ▁ ▁Men ' s ▁tournament ▁ ▁Group ▁stage ▁ ▁Sem if inal ▁ ▁Bron ze ▁medal ▁match ▁ ▁Women ' s ▁tournament ▁ ▁Group ▁stage ▁ ▁Sem if inal ▁ ▁Bron ze ▁medal ▁match ▁ ▁Water ▁pol o ▁ ▁Brazil ▁qualified ▁a ▁men ' s ▁team ▁( of ▁ 1 1 ▁athletes ) ▁by ▁winning ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 8 ▁South ▁American ▁Sw im ming ▁Championships . ▁ ▁Brazil ▁qualified ▁a ▁women ' s ▁team ▁( of ▁ 1 1 ▁athletes ) ▁by ▁winning ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 8 ▁South ▁American ▁Sw im ming ▁Championships . ▁ ▁Summary ▁ ▁Men ' s ▁tournament ▁ ▁Pre liminary ▁round ▁ ▁Quarter final ▁ ▁Sem if inal ▁ ▁Gold ▁medal ▁match ▁ ▁Women ' s ▁tournament ▁ ▁Water ▁ski ing ▁ ▁Brazil ▁qualified ▁two ▁water ▁sk iers ▁( one ▁of ▁each ▁gender ) ▁and ▁two ▁wake board ers ▁( one ▁of ▁each ▁gender ). ▁ ▁Men ▁ ▁Women ▁ ▁Weight l ifting ▁ ▁Brazil ▁qualified ▁five ▁weight lif ters ▁( three ▁men ▁and ▁two ▁women ). ▁The ▁team ▁was ▁officially ▁announced ▁on ▁May ▁ 2 9 , ▁ 2 0 |
1 9 . ▁ ▁Wrest ling ▁ ▁Brazil ▁qualified ▁nine ▁wrest lers ▁( four ▁men ▁and ▁five ▁women ). ▁ ▁Men ▁ ▁Women ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁Brazil ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 2 0 ▁Summer ▁Olympics ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : N ations ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 9 ▁Pan ▁American ▁Games ▁ 2 0 1 9 ▁Category : 2 0 1 9 ▁in ▁Brazil ian ▁sport <0x0A> </s> ▁M amm ill aria ▁gem in isp ina , ▁the ▁twin ▁sp ined ▁c act us , ▁is ▁a ▁species ▁of ▁flower ing ▁plant ▁in ▁the ▁family ▁C act aceae , ▁native ▁to ▁central ▁Mexico . ▁It ▁grows ▁to ▁ ▁tall ▁by ▁ ▁broad . ▁The ▁cl ust ering ▁spher ical ▁st ems , ▁ 8 cm ▁in ▁diameter , ▁are ▁covered ▁in ▁white ▁down ▁and ▁white ▁sp ines . ▁Carm ine ▁pink ▁flowers ▁are ▁b orne ▁in ▁summer ▁and ▁autumn . ▁ ▁Its ▁status ▁is ▁listed ▁as ▁“ Le ast ▁concern ▁” ▁by ▁the ▁I U CN ▁Red ▁List . ▁ ▁C ult iv ation ▁M amm ill aria ▁gem in isp ina ▁is ▁one ▁of ▁several ▁M amm ill aria ▁species ▁to ▁be ▁cultiv ated . ▁In ▁temper ate ▁regions ▁it ▁must ▁be ▁grown ▁under ▁glass ▁with ▁heat . ▁It ▁has ▁gained ▁the ▁Royal ▁H ort icult ural ▁Society ' s ▁Award ▁of ▁Garden ▁Mer it . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁gem in isp ina ▁Category : C act i ▁of ▁Mexico ▁Category : End emic ▁fl ora ▁of |
▁Mexico ▁Category : Fl ora ▁of ▁H idal go ▁( state ) ▁Category : Fl ora ▁of ▁Qu er ét aro ▁Category : Fl ora ▁of ▁San ▁Luis ▁Pot os í <0x0A> </s> ▁All end ale ▁is ▁a ▁former ▁settlement ▁in ▁Al amed a ▁County , ▁California ▁now ▁an nex ed ▁to ▁Oak land . ▁ ▁It ▁was ▁located ▁ ▁nort heast ▁of ▁F ruit v ale . ▁ ▁A ▁post ▁office ▁opened ▁in ▁ 1 9 0 3 ▁and ▁by ▁ 1 9 0 8 ▁was ▁a ▁branch ▁of ▁the ▁Oak land ▁post ▁office . ▁ ▁All end ale ▁was ▁named ▁for ▁Charles ▁E . ▁Allen , ▁a ▁real ▁estate ▁broker . ▁ ▁The ▁commercial ▁district ▁of ▁All end ale ▁is ▁located ▁along ▁ 3 8 th ▁Avenue ▁up ▁and ▁down ▁from ▁where ▁it ▁cross es ▁All end ale ▁Avenue . ▁All end ale ▁Element ary ▁School ▁is ▁located ▁there . ▁All end ale ▁is ▁on ▁what ▁might ▁be ▁called ▁the ▁cinema ▁arch ip el ago ▁of ▁East ▁Oak land . ▁Each ▁commercial ▁district ▁( with ▁an ▁exception ▁or ▁two ) ▁had ▁a ▁theatre ▁beginning ▁with ▁the ▁ 1 9 2 0 s ▁or ▁so . ▁This ▁applied ▁to ▁not ▁only ▁All end ale ▁District , ▁but ▁nearby ▁La ure l ▁( which ▁had ▁two ), ▁Fair f ax , ▁Dim ond , ▁and ▁F ruit v ale ▁( which ▁had ▁a ▁second ▁one ▁nearby ▁at ▁F ooth ill ▁and ▁ 3 5 th ▁Avenue ), ▁and ▁another ▁at ▁the ▁foot ▁of |
▁Park ▁Bou lev ard ▁on ▁the ▁east ▁side ▁of ▁the ▁lake . ▁The ▁All end ale ▁theatre , ▁like ▁most ▁of ▁the ▁others , ▁has ▁been ▁converted ▁to ▁another ▁use . ▁The ▁one ▁that ▁has ▁continued ▁in ▁use ▁as ▁a ▁theatre ▁is ▁the ▁Grand ▁Lake , ▁at ▁the ▁edge ▁of ▁East ▁Oak land ▁at ▁the ▁north ▁end ▁of ▁Lake ▁M err itt . ▁There ▁are ▁others ▁in ▁downtown ▁Oak land ▁and ▁North ▁Oak land . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : Ne ighbor hood s ▁in ▁Oak land , ▁California <0x0A> </s> ▁S idd h arth ▁N ig am ▁( born ▁ 1 3 ▁September ▁ 2 0 0 0 ) ▁is ▁an ▁Indian ▁actor , ▁who ▁works ▁in ▁Indian ▁television ▁and ▁films ▁and ▁is ▁known ▁for ▁his ▁roles ▁of ▁Young ▁S ah ir / S amar ▁in ▁D ho om ▁ 3 ▁and ▁Prince ▁Ash oka ▁in ▁Ch ak rav art in ▁Ash oka ▁Sam rat . ▁He ▁is ▁currently ▁seen ▁as ▁Al add in ▁in ▁Sab ▁TV ' s ▁Al add in — Na am ▁T oh ▁S una ▁H oga . ▁ ▁Early ▁life ▁N ig am ▁was ▁brought ▁up ▁in ▁All ah abad , ▁U tt ar ▁Pr adesh . ▁He ▁completed ▁his ▁t enth ▁class ▁studies ▁at ▁K hel ga on ▁Public ▁School , ▁where ▁he ▁pract iced ▁for ▁gym n ast ics . ▁Later ▁he ▁moved ▁to ▁M umb ai ▁from ▁All ah abad . ▁N ig am ▁has ▁won ▁a ▁gold ▁medal ▁in ▁parallel ▁bar ▁and |
▁a ▁silver ▁medal ▁in ▁high ▁bar ▁at ▁ 5 8 th ▁National ▁School ▁Games , ▁P une . ▁He ▁has ▁an ▁elder ▁brother ▁( Ab his he k ▁N ig am ) ▁and ▁his ▁mother ▁runs ▁an ▁N GO ▁and ▁a ▁beauty ▁parl our . ▁ ▁N ig am ▁started ▁off ▁as ▁a ▁gym n ast . ▁He ▁was ▁selected ▁on ▁the ▁national - level ▁gym n ast ics , ▁where ▁he ▁won ▁a ▁gold ▁medal . ▁ ▁Career ▁N ig am ▁started ▁his ▁acting ▁career ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁by ▁appearing ▁in ▁a ▁Bour nv ita ▁advertis ement . ▁After ▁watching ▁him ▁in ▁advertis ement , ▁m akers ▁of ▁the ▁film ▁D ho om ▁ 3 ▁called ▁him ▁for ▁an ▁aud ition ▁to ▁play ▁the ▁Young ▁S ah ir / S amar . ▁The ▁film ▁was ▁directed ▁by ▁V ij ay ▁Kr ish na ▁Ach ary a , ▁and ▁it ▁was ▁released ▁on ▁ 2 0 ▁December ▁ 2 0 1 3 . ▁Tar an ▁Ad ar sh ▁of ▁the ▁entertainment ▁portal ▁Bol ly wood ▁Hung ama ▁reviewed , ▁" S idd h arth ▁N ig am ▁is ▁a ▁talent ▁to ▁watch ▁out ▁for . ▁He ' s ▁super b !" ▁Writing ▁for ▁India ▁Today ▁Su h ani ▁Singh ▁said , ▁" He ▁lights ▁up ▁the ▁screen ▁with ▁his ▁self - ass ured ▁performance ▁and ▁charming ▁presence ." ▁ ▁After ▁his ▁successful ▁debut ▁in ▁film , ▁he ▁debut ed ▁on ▁television ▁with ▁the ▁role ▁of ▁Young ▁Rud ra ▁in ▁the |
▁myth ological ▁drama ▁series ▁Mah a ▁K umb h : ▁Ek ▁Rah as aya , ▁Ek ▁K ah ani . ▁The ▁show ▁a ired ▁on ▁ 1 5 ▁December ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁on ▁Life ▁Ok ▁television . ▁ ▁In ▁February ▁ 2 0 1 5 , ▁N ig am ▁was ▁seen ▁in ▁the ▁historical ▁drama ▁series ▁Ch ak rav art in ▁Ash oka ▁Sam rat ▁where ▁he ▁played ▁the ▁lead ▁role ▁of ▁Young ▁Ash oka . ▁For ▁his ▁performance ▁in ▁the ▁series , ▁he ▁received ▁fame ▁and ▁critical ▁ac claim , ▁and ▁won ▁Z ee ▁Gold ▁Award ▁for ▁Best ▁A ctor ▁Deb ut ▁- ▁Male , ▁Television ▁Style ▁Awards ▁for ▁Most ▁St y lish ▁Deb ut ▁- ▁Male , ▁L ions ▁Gold ▁Awards ▁and ▁Indian ▁T elly ▁Awards ▁for ▁Best ▁Child ▁A ctor ▁- ▁male , ▁Indian ▁Television ▁Academy ▁Award ▁ 2 0 1 5 ▁for ▁Des h ▁Ka ▁Lad la . ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁he ▁won ▁Golden ▁Pet al ▁Awards ▁for ▁F av our ite ▁Child ▁A ctor . ▁ ▁On ▁ 1 5 ▁February ▁ 2 0 1 5 , ▁N ig am ▁appeared ▁as ▁a ▁guest ▁in ▁a ▁special ▁Mah ash iv rat ri ▁episode ▁on ▁K 9 ▁Produ ctions ▁comedy / talk ▁series ▁Com edy ▁N ights ▁with ▁Kap il . ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 6 , ▁he ▁was ▁seen ▁in ▁J hal ak ▁D ik hh la ▁J aa ▁ 9 ▁as ▁a ▁contest ant ▁and ▁later ▁as ▁Young ▁Sh iv aj |
i ▁in ▁P esh wa ▁B aj ira o . ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 7 , ▁he ▁port rayed ▁the ▁character ▁of ▁B ind us ara ▁son ▁of ▁Emperor ▁Chand r agu pt a ▁Ma ury a ▁in ▁Ch andra ▁N and ini . ▁Currently ▁he ▁is ▁seen ▁as ▁Al add in ▁in ▁Sab ▁TV ' s ▁Al add in — Na am ▁T oh ▁S una ▁H oga . ▁ ▁He ▁also ▁featured ▁in ▁numerous ▁music ▁videos ▁latest ▁being ▁' L uck ▁Di ▁Kas am '. ▁Apart ▁from ▁being ▁featured ▁in ▁music ▁videos ▁he ▁has ▁also ▁launched ▁his ▁music ▁label ▁Bon B ros ▁Records ▁with ▁his ▁brother ▁Ab his he k ▁N ig am . ▁ ▁Film ography ▁ ▁Films ▁ ▁Television ▁ ▁Awards ▁ ▁S ibling ▁ ▁S idd h arth a ▁N ig am ' s ▁elder ▁brother ▁Ab his he k ▁N ig am ▁made ▁his ▁television ▁debut ▁in ▁the ▁year ▁ 2 0 1 7 ▁with ▁Big ▁Magic ' s ▁' A k bar ▁- ▁R akt ▁se ▁tak ht ▁ka ▁saf ar .' ▁Ab his he k ▁played ▁the ▁tit ular ▁role ▁of ▁the ▁M ugh al ▁emperor ▁Ak bar . ▁Both ▁the ▁siblings ▁share ▁a ▁striking ▁re sembl ance . ▁They ▁celebrate ▁their ▁birth days ▁together ▁on ▁ 1 3 ▁September ; ▁however , ▁they ▁are ▁not ▁tw ins ▁and ▁were ▁born ▁three ▁years ▁apart . ▁Ab his he k ▁N ig am ▁made ▁his ▁Bol ly wood ▁debut ▁with ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 |
9 ▁period ▁drama ▁– ▁Pan ip at , ▁sharing ▁the ▁screen ▁space ▁with ▁Ar j un ▁Kap oor , ▁San j ay ▁D utt , ▁and ▁K rit i ▁San on . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁▁▁ ▁List ▁of ▁Indian ▁television ▁actors ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁ ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : 2 1 st - century ▁Indian ▁male ▁child ▁actors ▁Category : Ind ian ▁male ▁television ▁actors ▁Category : M ale ▁actors ▁in ▁Hind i ▁cinema ▁Category : M ale ▁actors ▁from ▁All ah abad ▁Category : Ind ian ▁T ik Tok ers ▁Category : M ale ▁T ik Tok ers ▁Category : 2 0 0 0 ▁birth s ▁Category : Act ors ▁from ▁M umb ai <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁ 1 8 9 5 ▁L j ubl j ana ▁earthqu ake ▁() ▁or ▁the ▁Easter ▁earthqu ake ▁() ▁struck ▁L j ubl j ana ▁( the ▁capital ▁and ▁largest ▁city ▁of ▁Carn i ola , ▁a ▁Crown ▁land ▁of ▁Austria - H ung ary ▁and ▁the ▁capital ▁of ▁Sl oven ia ) ▁on ▁Easter ▁Sunday , ▁ 1 4 ▁April . ▁It ▁was ▁the ▁most , ▁and ▁the ▁last , ▁destruct ive ▁earthqu ake ▁in ▁the ▁area . ▁ ▁Earth qu ake ▁With ▁a ▁Rich ter ▁magnitude ▁of ▁ 6 . 1 ▁and ▁a ▁maximum ▁Mer call i ▁Int ensity ▁of ▁VIII – IX , ▁the ▁earthqu ake ▁struck ▁at ▁ 2 0 : 1 7 ▁UTC ▁( 2 2 : 1 7 ▁local ▁time ). ▁The |
▁earthqu ake ' s ▁epic entre ▁was ▁located ▁in ▁Jan če , ▁about ▁ ▁to ▁the ▁east ▁of ▁the ▁L j ubl j ana ▁downtown . ▁The ▁focus ▁was ▁ ▁deep . ▁The ▁shock ▁was ▁felt ▁in ▁a ▁circle ▁with ▁a ▁radius ▁of ▁ ▁and ▁an ▁area ▁of ▁, ▁reaching ▁as ▁far ▁away ▁as ▁Ass isi , ▁Florence , ▁Vienna , ▁and ▁S plit . ▁More ▁than ▁ 1 0 0 after sh ocks ▁followed ▁in ▁the ▁next ▁ten ▁days . ▁ ▁Dam age ▁The ▁largest ▁damage ▁was ▁caused ▁in ▁a ▁circle ▁with ▁a ▁radius ▁of ▁, ▁from ▁I g ▁to ▁V od ice . ▁At ▁the ▁time , ▁L j ubl j ana ' s ▁population ▁was ▁some ▁ 3 1 , 0 0 0 , ▁with ▁around ▁ 1 , 4 0 0 ▁buildings . ▁About ▁ten ▁percent ▁of ▁buildings ▁were ▁damaged ▁or ▁destroyed , ▁although ▁few ▁people ▁died ▁in ▁the ▁destruction . ▁On ▁V od nik ▁Square ▁( ), ▁an ▁old ▁monaster y , ▁which ▁contained ▁a ▁di oc es an ▁girls ' ▁college ▁and ▁a ▁library ▁was ▁sufficiently ▁damaged ▁that ▁it ▁had ▁to ▁be ▁raz ed , ▁and ▁the ▁site ▁eventually ▁was ▁turned ▁into ▁an ▁outdoor ▁market ▁( L j ubl j ana ▁Central ▁Market , ▁), ▁now ▁an ▁important ▁site ▁in ▁the ▁city . ▁The ▁damage ▁was ▁estimated ▁to ▁ 7 mill ion ▁g uld ens . ▁ ▁Response ▁The ▁next ▁morning , ▁the ▁Municipal ▁Council ▁adopted ▁emergency ▁measures ▁to ▁assist ▁the ▁worst - aff ect |
ed ▁victims , ▁to ▁direct ▁the ▁police ▁force ▁in ▁extra ▁security ▁measures , ▁and ▁to ▁direct ▁the ▁police ▁force ▁to ▁inspect ▁the ▁damaged ▁houses . ▁All ▁the ▁city ' s ▁schools ▁were ▁temporarily ▁closed , ▁and ▁some ▁fact ories ▁temporarily ▁ce ased ▁operation . ▁A ▁few ▁days ▁later , ▁emergency ▁shel ters ▁were ▁created ▁for ▁the ▁homeless . ▁Many ▁citizens ▁of ▁L j ubl j ana ▁left ▁the ▁city ▁as ▁refugees . ▁L ack ▁of ▁food ▁was ▁quickly ▁felt ▁in ▁the ▁city , ▁and ▁five ▁emergency ▁kitchen s ▁were ▁established , ▁which ▁were ▁free ▁or ▁low ▁cost ▁and ▁distributed ▁several ▁thousand ▁hot ▁meals ▁each ▁day . ▁Other ▁areas ▁of ▁the ▁Aust ro - H ung arian ▁Empire , ▁especially ▁Vienna , ▁the ▁Czech ▁L ands ▁and ▁Cro at ia - Sl av onia ▁assist ed ▁in ▁the ▁aid . ▁Among ▁the ▁individual ▁members ▁of ▁the ▁Municipal ▁Council , ▁the ▁Liberal ▁National ist ▁Ivan ▁H rib ar , ▁showed ▁particular ▁organiz ational ▁abilities ▁in ▁providing ▁aid . ▁Short ly ▁there after , ▁he ▁was ▁elected ▁mayor ▁and ▁organized ▁the ▁town ' s ▁extensive ▁reconstruction . ▁The ▁damage ▁was ▁substantial . ▁Most ▁houses ▁were ▁damaged ▁on ▁H osp ice ▁Street ▁( Š p itals ka ▁u lica , ▁today ▁Str itar ▁Street , ▁), ▁where ▁all ▁houses ▁were ▁destroyed ▁except ▁for ▁one , ▁and ▁the ▁markets . ▁ ▁Post - ear th qu ake ▁development ▁Until ▁the ▁event , ▁L j ubl j ana ▁had ▁a ▁provincial ▁appearance . ▁Exp ansion ▁of ▁the ▁city ▁and |
▁a ▁widespread ▁Vienna ▁Sec ession ▁architect ural ▁change ▁began , ▁which ▁today ▁is ▁ju xt ap osed ▁against ▁the ▁earlier ▁Bar o que ▁style ▁buildings ▁that ▁remain . ▁Many ▁buildings , ▁such ▁as ▁the ▁M lad ika , ▁were ▁constructed ▁in ▁the ▁after math . ▁The ▁re building ▁period ▁between ▁ 1 8 9 6 ▁and ▁ 1 9 1 0 ▁is ▁referred ▁to ▁as ▁the ▁" rev ival ▁of ▁L j ubl j ana " ▁not ▁just ▁because ▁of ▁these ▁architect ural ▁changes ▁from ▁which ▁a ▁great ▁deal ▁of ▁the ▁city ▁dates ▁back ▁to ▁today , ▁but ▁for ▁reform ▁of ▁urban ▁administration , ▁health , ▁education ▁and ▁tour ism ▁that ▁followed . ▁From ▁ 1 8 9 5 ▁to ▁ 1 9 1 0 , ▁ 4 3 6 ▁new ▁buildings ▁were ▁created ▁and ▁hundreds ▁of ▁buildings ▁were ▁renov ated ▁or ▁extended ▁in ▁the ▁Vienna ▁Sec ession ▁style . ▁Most ▁of ▁L j ubl j ana ' s ▁br idges , ▁mon uments , ▁parks , ▁and ▁main ▁buildings ▁date ▁back ▁to ▁the ▁post - ear th qu ake ▁development . ▁A ▁chap el , ▁dedicated ▁to ▁Our ▁Lady ▁of ▁the ▁Ros ary , ▁was ▁ere cted ▁in ▁ 1 8 9 5 ▁in ▁Jan če ▁by ▁the ▁people ▁of ▁L j ubl j ana ▁so ▁that ▁Mary ▁would ▁protect ▁them ▁from ▁such ▁dis asters . ▁In ▁ 1 8 9 7 , ▁the ▁first ▁Aust ro - H ung arian ▁se ism ological ▁observ atory ▁was ▁established ▁in ▁L j ubl |
j ana ▁at ▁V ega ▁Street ▁( ). ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁List ▁of ▁historical ▁earthqu akes ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁L j ubl j ana ▁Category : Events ▁in ▁L j ubl j ana ▁L j ubl j ana ▁Earth qu ake , ▁ 1 8 9 5 ▁Category : 1 9 th ▁century ▁in ▁Carn i ola ▁Category : 1 8 9 5 ▁in ▁Austria - H ung ary ▁Category : Apr il ▁ 1 8 9 5 ▁events <0x0A> </s> ▁S arc us ▁is ▁a ▁commune ▁in ▁the ▁O ise ▁department ▁in ▁northern ▁France . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁Commun es ▁of ▁the ▁O ise ▁department ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁IN SEE ▁ ▁Category : Comm unes ▁of ▁O ise <0x0A> </s> ▁J as wal ▁is ▁a ▁village ▁and ▁union ▁council , ▁an ▁administrative ▁sub div ision , ▁of ▁Kh ush ab ▁District ▁in ▁the ▁Pun j ab ▁Province ▁of ▁Pakistan . ▁It ▁is ▁part ▁of ▁Kh ush ab ▁Te hs il . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : Union ▁coun c ils ▁of ▁Ch ak wal ▁District ▁Category : Pop ulated ▁places ▁in ▁Ch ak wal ▁District <0x0A> </s> ▁Kenya ▁competed ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁Summer ▁Par al ym p ics ▁in ▁Beijing . ▁The ▁country ' s ▁deleg ation ▁consisted ▁of ▁thirteen ▁competitors ▁capt ained ▁by ▁three - time ▁Par al ym pic ▁gold ▁medal ist ▁Henry ▁W any o ike . ▁Also ▁on ▁the ▁team ▁was ▁j avel in ▁throw er ▁Mary ▁N akh |
um ich a . ▁W any o ike ▁competed ▁in ▁the ▁ 5 0 0 0 ▁metres , ▁ 1 0 0 0 0 ▁metres , ▁and ▁the ▁mar athon . ▁ ▁Med all ists ▁ ▁Athlet ics ▁ ▁Men ' s ▁track ▁ ▁Men ' s ▁field ▁ ▁Women ' s ▁track ▁ ▁Women ' s ▁field ▁ ▁Power l ifting ▁ ▁Men ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁▁ ▁Kenya ▁at ▁the ▁Par al ym p ics ▁ ▁Kenya ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁Summer ▁Olympics ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁▁ ▁Beijing ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁Par al ym pic ▁Games ▁Official ▁Site ▁ ▁International ▁Par al ym pic ▁Committee ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁▁ ▁Category : N ations ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁Summer ▁Par al ym p ics ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁Par al ym p ics <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Herz eg ov ina ▁up r ising ▁( Х ер це го ва чки ▁у ста на к ), ▁also ▁known ▁as ▁V uk al ović ' s ▁U pr ising , ▁was ▁an ▁up r ising ▁fought ▁by ▁ethnic ▁Ser bs ▁in ▁the ▁Herz eg ov ina ▁region ▁against ▁the ▁Ott oman ▁Empire ▁between ▁ 1 8 5 2 ▁and ▁ 1 8 6 2 . ▁It ▁was ▁led ▁by ▁ch ie ft ain ▁Lu ka ▁V uk al ović . ▁ ▁Background ▁After ▁the ▁death ▁of ▁Ali - pa š a ▁R iz van b eg ović , ▁who ▁had ▁made ▁efforts ▁to ▁promote ▁agriculture |
▁and ▁recuper ate ▁the ▁economy ▁of ▁the ▁Herz eg ov ina ▁E yal et ▁under ▁his ▁rule , ▁the ▁ey al et ▁was ▁abol ished ▁and ▁merged ▁into ▁the ▁Bos nia ▁E yal et . ▁ ▁In ▁March ▁ 1 8 5 2 , ▁Ott oman ▁general ▁O mar ▁P asha ▁( O mer - pa š a ) ▁decided ▁to ▁dis arm ▁the ▁Herz eg ov ini ans , ▁which ▁spark ed ▁an ▁outrage ▁in ▁the ▁region . ▁The ▁ch ie ft ain ▁of ▁the ▁Herz eg ov ini ans ▁was ▁Lu ka ▁V uk al ović . ▁The ▁ref usal ▁of ▁giving ▁up ▁arms ▁resulted ▁in ▁minor ▁fights ▁between ▁V l asi ▁from ▁Herz eg ov ina ▁and ▁Tur ks ▁( local ▁Sl av ic ▁Muslims ), ▁which ▁in ▁turn ▁resulted ▁in ▁an ▁up r ising , ▁which ▁V uk al ović ▁would ▁lead . ▁ ▁U pr ising ▁ ▁The ▁up r ising ▁began ▁in ▁winter ▁ 1 8 5 2 / 5 3 , ▁when ▁Gra h ovo , ▁Ban j ani ▁and ▁D ro bn j aci ▁refused ▁to ▁pay ▁the ▁Tur ks ▁a ▁debt . ▁As ▁the ▁actions ▁against ▁Mont en eg ro ▁by ▁the ▁Ott om ans ▁began , ▁the ▁East ▁Herz eg ov inian ▁cl ans ▁fought ▁alongside ▁Mont en egr ins . ▁Although ▁there ▁weren ' t ▁major ▁actions ▁in ▁the ▁period ▁of ▁ 1 8 5 3 – 5 7 , ▁there ▁wasn ’ t ▁peace . ▁Austria ▁evident ly ▁inter fer ed |
▁in ▁the ▁actions ▁of ▁V uk al ović , ▁as ▁it ▁would ▁help ▁Mont en eg ro , ▁and ▁the ▁French ▁cons ulates ▁followed ▁the ▁up r ising . ▁The ▁up r ising ▁was ▁boost ed ▁in ▁December ▁ 1 8 5 7 , ▁after ▁K nez ▁Dan ilo ▁started ▁backing ▁the ▁reb els , ▁bitter ▁at ▁the ▁Port e ▁because ▁of ▁its ▁statements ▁in ▁the ▁Paris ▁Congress ▁in ▁ 1 8 5 6 . ▁ ▁After ▁the ▁Battle ▁of ▁Gra h ov ac ▁on ▁May ▁ 1 , ▁ 1 8 5 8 , ▁when ▁Mont en egr in ▁and ▁Herz eg ov inian ▁reb els ▁defeated ▁the ▁Tur ks , ▁K nez ▁Dan ilo ▁titled ▁V uk al ović ▁the ▁vo iv ode ▁of ▁Z ub ac , ▁K ru š ev ica , ▁D ra č ev ica ▁and ▁S ut or ina , ▁giving ▁him ▁some ▁aut onomy . ▁ ▁The ▁Port e ▁agreed ▁on ▁appe as ement , ▁it ▁carried ▁out ▁a ▁border ▁with ▁Mont en eg ro , ▁thus ▁recogn izing ▁the ▁independence ▁of ▁Mont en eg ro . ▁As ▁the ▁great ▁part ▁of ▁East ▁Herz eg ov ina , ▁except ▁Gra h ovo , ▁part ▁of ▁Ban j ani , ▁D ro bn j aci , ▁Ž up a ▁and ▁Nik š ič ▁Rud ina ▁was ▁left ▁under ▁Ott oman ▁rule , ▁V uk al ović ▁continued ▁the ▁up r ising . ▁This ▁strongly ▁echo ed ▁in ▁Bos nia , ▁in ▁particular ▁the ▁revol ts ▁in |
▁Bos anska ▁K raj ina ▁and ▁Pos av ina ▁in ▁ 1 8 5 8 . ▁ ▁Af raid ▁that ▁the ▁up r ising ▁would ▁sp ill ▁over ▁in ▁its ▁territory , ▁Austria ▁increased ▁its ▁tack ling ▁of ▁V uk al ović , ▁helping ▁in ▁different ▁ways ▁even ▁the ▁Tur ks . ▁ ▁V uk al ović ▁in ▁his ▁requests ▁didn ' t ▁only ▁deal ▁with ▁econom ical ▁problems ▁of ▁Herz eg ov ina , ▁but ▁mark ing ▁the ▁fight ▁for ▁national ▁liber ation , ▁seeking ▁for ▁Herz eg ov ina ▁to ▁join ▁Mont en eg ro . ▁This ▁character ▁of ▁up r ising ▁spark ed ▁the ▁interest ▁of ▁the ▁great ▁powers ▁of ▁Europe , ▁whom ▁cons ulate ▁representatives ▁worked ▁on ▁giving ▁V uk al ović ▁to ▁the ▁Ott oman ▁government . ▁V uk al ović ▁continued ▁fighting ▁against ▁the ▁Tur ks , ▁and ▁after ▁the ▁violent ▁death ▁of ▁K nez ▁Dan ilo ▁in ▁ 1 8 6 0 , ▁inspired ▁by ▁the ▁un ification ▁of ▁Italy ▁which ▁was ▁led ▁by ▁Gar ib ald i . ▁ ▁Since ▁ 1 8 6 1 , ▁O mer - pa š a ▁tried ▁in ▁many ▁ways ▁to ▁end ▁the ▁up r ising , ▁un success fully . ▁ ▁But ▁when ▁Mont en eg ro , ▁after ▁a ▁defeat ▁to ▁the ▁Turk ▁in ▁August ▁ 1 8 6 2 , ▁promised ▁that ▁it ▁wouldn ' t ▁help ▁the ▁rebel ▁movement ▁in ▁Herz eg ov ina , ▁V uk al ović ▁understood ▁this ▁as ▁the ▁people ▁had |
▁been ▁str ained ▁and ▁then ▁wrote ▁to ▁O mer - pa š a , ▁who ▁promised ▁am n esty ▁for ▁all ▁reb els . ▁ ▁After math ▁O mer - pa š a ▁promised ▁V uk al ović ▁that ▁he ▁would ▁continue ▁his ▁office ▁as ▁vo iv ode ▁of ▁Z ub ac , ▁K ru š ev ica , ▁D ra č ev ica ▁and ▁S ut or ina , ▁but ▁this ▁was ▁not ▁held , ▁he ▁instead ▁appointed ▁him ▁b im ba š a ▁of ▁ 5 0 0 ▁pand urs ▁who ▁would ▁secure ▁peace ▁along ▁the ▁borders . ▁When ▁he ▁saw ▁that ▁the ▁Ott om ans ▁didn ' t ▁give ▁their ▁promises ▁of ▁relief ▁on ▁fe ud al ▁duties ▁and ▁tax ▁cuts , ▁he ▁tried ▁in ▁ 1 8 6 5 ▁to ▁once ▁again ▁start ▁an ▁up r ising , ▁but ▁without ▁any ▁help , ▁was ▁un successful . ▁V uk al ović ▁left ▁his ▁birth place ▁and ▁migr ated ▁to ▁Russia , ▁where ▁he ▁died ▁in ▁ 1 8 7 3 . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁Mont en egr in – O tt oman ▁War ▁( 1 8 5 2 – 5 3 ) ▁Ep irus ▁Rev olt ▁of ▁ 1 8 5 4 ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁S ources ▁▁▁ ▁" The ▁U pr is ings ▁in ▁Herz eg ov ina , ▁ 1 8 5 2 - 1 8 6 2 " ▁ ▁Category : Ser b ▁rebell ions ▁Category : 1 8 5 0 s ▁in ▁the ▁Ott |
oman ▁Empire ▁Category : 1 8 6 0 s ▁in ▁the ▁Ott oman ▁Empire ▁Category : O tt oman – Ser bian ▁Wars ▁Category : Pr incip ality ▁of ▁Ser bia ▁Category : Pr incip ality ▁of ▁Mont en eg ro ▁Category : Reb ell ions ▁in ▁Bos nia ▁and ▁Herz eg ov ina ▁Category : 1 9 th ▁century ▁in ▁Bos nia ▁and ▁Herz eg ov ina ▁Category : History ▁of ▁the ▁Ser bs ▁of ▁Bos nia ▁and ▁Herz eg ov ina ▁Category : Reb ell ions ▁against ▁the ▁Ott oman ▁Empire ▁Category : 1 9 th - century ▁rebell ions ▁Category : Reb ell ions ▁in ▁Mont en eg ro <0x0A> </s> ▁On ▁Another ' s ▁S orrow ▁is ▁a ▁poem ▁by ▁the ▁English ▁poet ▁William ▁Blake . ▁The ▁poem ▁discuss es ▁human ▁and ▁divine ▁em pathy ▁and ▁compassion . ▁It ▁was ▁published ▁as ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁Songs ▁of ▁Inn oc ence ▁and ▁of ▁Experience ▁in ▁ 1 7 8 9 ▁as ▁the ▁last ▁song ▁in ▁the ▁Songs ▁of ▁Inn oc ence ▁section . ▁ ▁Blake ▁arg ues ▁that ▁human ▁sympathy ▁is ▁a ▁valuable ▁trait . ▁After ▁making ▁this ▁observation ▁about ▁man ▁he ▁then ▁speaks ▁of ▁the ▁sympathy ▁of ▁God , ▁as ▁well . ▁In ▁his ▁comment ary ▁on ▁the ▁poem , ▁D . ▁G . ▁Gill ham ▁notes ▁that ▁though ▁Blake ▁discuss es ▁the ▁nature ▁of ▁God , ▁he ▁attempts ▁to ▁do ▁so ▁in ▁a ▁rational ▁way ▁without ▁referring ▁to ▁the ▁super natural . ▁ ▁The ▁poem ▁is ▁one ▁of |
▁the ▁few ▁entries ▁in ▁Songs ▁of ▁Inn oc ence ▁and ▁of ▁Experience ▁that ▁contains ▁an ▁explicit ▁declaration ▁of ▁innoc ence . ▁It ▁is ▁also ▁the ▁only ▁poem ▁in ▁the ▁volume ▁that ▁is ▁in ▁Blake ' s ▁own ▁voice . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Bibli ography ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁ ▁On ▁Another ' s ▁S orrow ▁by ▁William ▁Blake ▁ ▁Category : S ongs ▁of ▁Inn oc ence ▁and ▁of ▁Experience <0x0A> </s> ▁Struct ural ▁integrity ▁and ▁failure ▁is ▁an ▁aspect ▁of ▁engineering ▁that ▁deals ▁with ▁the ▁ability ▁of ▁a ▁structure ▁to ▁support ▁a ▁designed ▁structural ▁load ▁( weight , ▁force , ▁etc .) ▁without ▁breaking ▁and ▁includes ▁the ▁study ▁of ▁past ▁structural ▁failures ▁in ▁order ▁to ▁prevent ▁failures ▁in ▁future ▁designs . ▁ ▁Struct ural ▁integrity ▁is ▁the ▁ability ▁of ▁an ▁item — e ither ▁a ▁structural ▁component ▁or ▁a ▁structure ▁consisting ▁of ▁many ▁components — to ▁hold ▁together ▁under ▁a ▁load , ▁including ▁its ▁own ▁weight , ▁without ▁breaking ▁or ▁de forming ▁excess ively . ▁It ▁ass ures ▁that ▁the ▁construction ▁will ▁perform ▁its ▁designed ▁function ▁during ▁reasonable ▁use , ▁for ▁as ▁long ▁as ▁its ▁intended ▁life ▁span . ▁It ems ▁are ▁constructed ▁with ▁structural ▁integrity ▁to ▁prevent ▁cat astro ph ic ▁failure , ▁which ▁can ▁result ▁in ▁injuries , ▁severe ▁damage , ▁death , ▁and / or ▁mon etary ▁losses . ▁ ▁Struct ural ▁failure ▁refers ▁to ▁the ▁loss ▁of ▁structural ▁integrity , ▁or ▁the ▁loss ▁of ▁load - car rying ▁capacity ▁in ▁either ▁a ▁structural ▁component ▁or ▁the ▁structure |
▁itself . ▁Struct ural ▁failure ▁is ▁initiated ▁when ▁a ▁material ▁is ▁stressed ▁beyond ▁its ▁strength ▁limit , ▁causing ▁fract ure ▁or ▁excessive ▁de form ations ; ▁one ▁limit ▁state ▁that ▁must ▁be ▁account ed ▁for ▁in ▁structural ▁design ▁is ▁ultimate ▁failure ▁strength . ▁In ▁a ▁well ▁designed ▁system , ▁a ▁local ized ▁failure ▁should ▁not ▁cause ▁immediate ▁or ▁even ▁progressive ▁collapse ▁of ▁the ▁entire ▁structure . ▁ ▁Introduction ▁Struct ural ▁integrity ▁is ▁the ▁ability ▁of ▁a ▁structure ▁to ▁with stand ▁its ▁intended ▁loading ▁without ▁failing ▁due ▁to ▁fract ure , ▁de formation , ▁or ▁fat igue . ▁It ▁is ▁a ▁concept ▁often ▁used ▁in ▁engineering ▁to ▁produce ▁items ▁that ▁will ▁serve ▁their ▁designed ▁purposes ▁and ▁remain ▁functional ▁for ▁a ▁desired ▁service ▁life . ▁ ▁To ▁construct ▁an ▁item ▁with ▁structural ▁integrity , ▁an ▁engineer ▁must ▁first ▁consider ▁a ▁material ’ s ▁mechanical ▁properties , ▁such ▁as ▁tough ness , ▁strength , ▁weight , ▁hard ness , ▁and ▁el astic ity , ▁and ▁then ▁determine ▁the ▁size ▁and ▁shape ▁necessary ▁for ▁the ▁material ▁to ▁with stand ▁the ▁desired ▁load ▁for ▁a ▁long ▁life . ▁Since ▁members ▁can ▁neither ▁break ▁nor ▁bend ▁excess ively , ▁they ▁must ▁be ▁both ▁stiff ▁and ▁tough . ▁A ▁very ▁stiff ▁material ▁may ▁resist ▁b ending , ▁but ▁unless ▁it ▁is ▁sufficiently ▁tough , ▁it ▁may ▁have ▁to ▁be ▁very ▁large ▁to ▁support ▁a ▁load ▁without ▁breaking . ▁On ▁the ▁other ▁hand , ▁a ▁highly ▁el astic ▁material ▁will ▁bend ▁under ▁a ▁load ▁even ▁if ▁its ▁high ▁tough ness ▁prevents |
▁fract ure . ▁ ▁Furthermore , ▁each ▁component ’ s ▁integrity ▁must ▁correspond ▁to ▁its ▁individual ▁application ▁in ▁any ▁load - b earing ▁structure . ▁Bridge ▁supports ▁need ▁a ▁high ▁yield ▁strength , ▁whereas ▁the ▁bol ts ▁that ▁hold ▁them ▁need ▁good ▁she ar ▁and ▁tens ile ▁strength . ▁Springs ▁need ▁good ▁el astic ity , ▁but ▁lat he ▁tool ing ▁needs ▁high ▁rig idity . ▁In ▁addition , ▁the ▁entire ▁structure ▁must ▁be ▁able ▁to ▁support ▁its ▁load ▁without ▁its ▁weak est ▁links ▁failing , ▁as ▁this ▁can ▁put ▁more ▁stress ▁on ▁other ▁structural ▁elements ▁and ▁lead ▁to ▁cas c ading ▁failures . ▁ ▁History ▁The ▁need ▁to ▁build ▁structures ▁with ▁integrity ▁goes ▁back ▁as ▁far ▁as ▁recorded ▁history . ▁H ouses ▁needed ▁to ▁be ▁able ▁to ▁support ▁their ▁own ▁weight , ▁plus ▁the ▁weight ▁of ▁the ▁inhabitants . ▁Cast les ▁needed ▁to ▁be ▁fort ified ▁to ▁with stand ▁assault s ▁from ▁inv aders . ▁Tools ▁needed ▁to ▁be ▁strong ▁and ▁tough ▁enough ▁to ▁do ▁their ▁jobs . ▁However , ▁the ▁science ▁of ▁fract ure ▁mechanics ▁as ▁it ▁exists ▁today ▁was ▁not ▁developed ▁until ▁the ▁ 1 9 2 0 s , ▁when ▁Alan ▁Arnold ▁Griff ith ▁studied ▁the ▁br ittle ▁fract ure ▁of ▁glass . ▁ ▁Starting ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 4 0 s , ▁the ▁inf amous ▁failures ▁of ▁several ▁new ▁technologies ▁made ▁a ▁more ▁scientific ▁method ▁for ▁analy zing ▁structural ▁failures ▁necessary . ▁ ▁During ▁World ▁War ▁II , ▁over ▁ 2 0 0 ▁wel ded - ste |
el ▁ships ▁broke ▁in ▁half ▁due ▁to ▁br ittle ▁fract ure , ▁caused ▁by ▁stress es ▁created ▁from ▁the ▁wel ding ▁process , ▁temperature ▁changes , ▁and ▁by ▁the ▁stress ▁concentr ations ▁at ▁the ▁square ▁corners ▁of ▁the ▁bulk heads . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁ 1 9 5 0 s , ▁several ▁De ▁Hav ill and ▁Com ets ▁expl oded ▁in ▁mid - fl ight ▁due ▁to ▁stress ▁concentr ations ▁at ▁the ▁corners ▁of ▁their ▁squ ared ▁windows , ▁which ▁caused ▁cr acks ▁to ▁form ▁and ▁the ▁press ur ized ▁cab ins ▁to ▁explode . ▁ ▁Bo iler ▁explos ions , ▁caused ▁by ▁failures ▁in ▁press ur ized ▁bo iler ▁tanks , ▁were ▁another ▁common ▁problem ▁during ▁this ▁era , ▁and ▁caused ▁severe ▁damage . ▁The ▁growing ▁sizes ▁of ▁br idges ▁and ▁buildings ▁led ▁to ▁even ▁greater ▁cat ast rop hes ▁and ▁loss ▁of ▁life . ▁This ▁need ▁to ▁build ▁const ructions ▁with ▁structural ▁integrity ▁led ▁to ▁great ▁advances ▁in ▁the ▁fields ▁of ▁material ▁sciences ▁and ▁fract ure ▁mechanics . ▁ ▁Types ▁of ▁failure ▁ ▁Struct ural ▁failure ▁can ▁occur ▁from ▁many ▁types ▁of ▁problems , ▁most ▁of ▁which ▁are ▁unique ▁to ▁different ▁industries ▁and ▁structural ▁types . ▁However , ▁most ▁can ▁be ▁tr aced ▁to ▁one ▁of ▁five ▁main ▁causes . ▁ ▁The ▁first ▁is ▁that ▁the ▁structure ▁is ▁not ▁strong ▁and ▁tough ▁enough ▁to ▁support ▁the ▁load , ▁due ▁to ▁either ▁its ▁size , ▁shape , ▁or ▁choice ▁of ▁material . ▁If ▁the ▁structure ▁or ▁component ▁is ▁not ▁strong ▁enough , |
▁cat astro ph ic ▁failure ▁can ▁occur ▁when ▁the ▁structure ▁is ▁stressed ▁beyond ▁its ▁critical ▁stress ▁level . ▁ ▁The ▁second ▁type ▁of ▁failure ▁is ▁from ▁fat igue ▁or ▁cor ros ion , ▁caused ▁by ▁inst ability ▁in ▁the ▁structure ’ s ▁geometry , ▁design ▁or ▁material ▁properties . ▁These ▁failures ▁usually ▁begin ▁when ▁cr acks ▁form ▁at ▁stress ▁points , ▁such ▁as ▁squ ared ▁corners ▁or ▁bolt ▁holes ▁too ▁close ▁to ▁the ▁material ' s ▁edge . ▁ ▁These ▁cr acks ▁grow ▁as ▁the ▁material ▁is ▁repeatedly ▁stressed ▁and ▁un loaded ▁( cycl ic ▁loading ), ▁eventually ▁reaching ▁a ▁critical ▁length ▁and ▁causing ▁the ▁structure ▁to ▁suddenly ▁fail ▁under ▁normal ▁loading ▁conditions . ▁ ▁The ▁third ▁type ▁of ▁failure ▁is ▁caused ▁by ▁manufacturing ▁errors , ▁including ▁impro per ▁selection ▁of ▁materials , ▁incorrect ▁s izing , ▁impro per ▁heat ▁treating , ▁failing ▁to ▁ad here ▁to ▁the ▁design , ▁or ▁sh od dy ▁work mans hip . ▁ ▁This ▁type ▁of ▁failure ▁can ▁occur ▁at ▁any ▁time ▁and ▁is ▁usually ▁un predict able . ▁ ▁The ▁fourth ▁type ▁of ▁failure ▁is ▁from ▁the ▁use ▁of ▁defect ive ▁materials . ▁ ▁This ▁type ▁of ▁failure ▁is ▁also ▁un predict able , ▁since ▁the ▁material ▁may ▁have ▁been ▁impro per ly ▁manufactured ▁or ▁damaged ▁from ▁prior ▁use . ▁ ▁The ▁fifth ▁cause ▁of ▁failure ▁is ▁from ▁lack ▁of ▁consideration ▁of ▁unexpected ▁problems . ▁ ▁This ▁type ▁of ▁failure ▁can ▁be ▁caused ▁by ▁events ▁such ▁as ▁v andal ism , ▁sab ot age , ▁or |
▁natural ▁dis asters . ▁It ▁can ▁also ▁occur ▁if ▁those ▁who ▁use ▁and ▁maintain ▁the ▁construction ▁are ▁not ▁properly ▁trained ▁and ▁over st ress ▁the ▁structure . ▁ ▁Not able ▁failures ▁ ▁Br idges ▁ ▁De e ▁bridge ▁ ▁The ▁De e ▁bridge ▁was ▁designed ▁by ▁Robert ▁Stephen son , ▁using ▁cast ▁iron ▁g ird ers ▁rein forced ▁with ▁w rought ▁iron ▁str uts . ▁ ▁On ▁ 2 4 ▁May ▁ 1 8 4 7 , ▁it ▁collapsed ▁as ▁a ▁train ▁passed ▁over ▁it , ▁killing ▁five ▁people . ▁ ▁Its ▁collapse ▁was ▁the ▁subject ▁of ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁first ▁formal ▁in quir ies ▁into ▁a ▁structural ▁failure . ▁ ▁This ▁in quiry ▁concluded ▁that ▁the ▁design ▁of ▁the ▁structure ▁was ▁fundament ally ▁flaw ed , ▁as ▁the ▁w rought ▁iron ▁did ▁not ▁reinforce ▁the ▁cast ▁iron , ▁and ▁that ▁the ▁casting ▁had ▁failed ▁due ▁to ▁repeated ▁flex ing . ▁ ▁First ▁Tay ▁Rail ▁Bridge ▁ ▁The ▁De e ▁bridge ▁disaster ▁was ▁followed ▁by ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁cast ▁iron ▁bridge ▁coll aps es , ▁including ▁the ▁collapse ▁of ▁the ▁first ▁Tay ▁Rail ▁Bridge ▁on ▁ 2 8 ▁December ▁ 1 8 7 9 . ▁Like ▁the ▁De e ▁bridge , ▁the ▁Tay ▁collapsed ▁when ▁a ▁train ▁passed ▁over ▁it , ▁killing ▁ 7 5 ▁people . ▁ ▁The ▁bridge ▁failed ▁because ▁it ▁was ▁constructed ▁from ▁poorly ▁made ▁cast ▁iron , ▁and ▁because ▁designer ▁Thomas ▁B ouch ▁failed ▁to ▁consider ▁wind ▁loading ▁on ▁it . ▁ ▁Its ▁collapse ▁resulted ▁in ▁cast ▁iron ▁being |
▁replaced ▁by ▁steel ▁construction , ▁and ▁a ▁complete ▁re design ▁in ▁ 1 8 9 0 ▁of ▁the ▁For th ▁Railway ▁Bridge , ▁making ▁it ▁the ▁first ▁entirely ▁steel ▁bridge ▁in ▁the ▁world . ▁ ▁First ▁T ac oma ▁N arrow s ▁Bridge ▁ ▁The ▁ 1 9 4 0 ▁collapse ▁of ▁the ▁original ▁T ac oma ▁N arrow s ▁Bridge ▁is ▁sometimes ▁characterized ▁in ▁physics ▁text books ▁as ▁a ▁classic ▁example ▁of ▁reson ance , ▁although ▁this ▁description ▁is ▁mis leading . ▁The ▁cat astro ph ic ▁vibr ations ▁that ▁destroyed ▁the ▁bridge ▁were ▁not ▁due ▁to ▁simple ▁mechanical ▁reson ance , ▁but ▁to ▁a ▁more ▁complicated ▁oscill ation ▁between ▁the ▁bridge ▁and ▁winds ▁passing ▁through ▁it , ▁known ▁as ▁a ero el astic ▁fl utter . ▁Robert ▁H . ▁Sc an lan , ▁father ▁of ▁the ▁field ▁of ▁bridge ▁aer od ynamics , ▁wrote ▁an ▁article ▁about ▁this ▁misunder standing . ▁This ▁collapse , ▁and ▁the ▁research ▁that ▁followed , ▁led ▁to ▁an ▁increased ▁understanding ▁of ▁wind / structure ▁interactions . ▁Several ▁br idges ▁were ▁altered ▁following ▁the ▁collapse ▁to ▁prevent ▁a ▁similar ▁event ▁occurring ▁again . ▁The ▁only ▁fat ality ▁was ▁a ▁dog ▁named ▁T ub by . ▁ ▁I - 3 5 W ▁Bridge ▁ ▁The ▁I - 3 5 W ▁Mississippi ▁River ▁bridge ▁( off ic ially ▁known ▁simply ▁as ▁Bridge ▁ 9 3 4 0 ) ▁was ▁an ▁eight - lane ▁steel ▁tr uss ▁arch ▁bridge ▁that ▁carried ▁Inter state ▁ 3 5 W ▁across ▁the ▁Mississippi |
▁River ▁in ▁Min ne apolis , ▁Minnesota , ▁United ▁States . ▁The ▁bridge ▁was ▁completed ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 7 , ▁and ▁its ▁maintenance ▁was ▁performed ▁by ▁the ▁Minnesota ▁Department ▁of ▁Transport ation . ▁The ▁bridge ▁was ▁Minnesota ' s ▁fifth – bus iest , ▁carrying ▁ 1 4 0 , 0 0 0 ▁vehicles ▁daily . ▁The ▁bridge ▁cat astro ph ically ▁failed ▁during ▁the ▁evening ▁rush ▁hour ▁on ▁ 1 ▁August ▁ 2 0 0 7 , ▁coll aps ing ▁to ▁the ▁river ▁and ▁river b anks ▁beneath . ▁Th irteen ▁people ▁were ▁killed ▁and ▁ 1 4 5 ▁were ▁injured . ▁Following ▁the ▁collapse , ▁the ▁Federal ▁Highway ▁Administration ▁advised ▁states ▁to ▁inspect ▁the ▁ 7 0 0 ▁U . S . ▁br idges ▁of ▁similar ▁construction ▁after ▁a ▁possible ▁design ▁flaw ▁in ▁the ▁bridge ▁was ▁discovered , ▁related ▁to ▁large ▁steel ▁sheets ▁called ▁g us set ▁plates ▁which ▁were ▁used ▁to ▁connect ▁g ird ers ▁together ▁in ▁the ▁tr uss ▁structure . ▁Official s ▁expressed ▁concern ▁about ▁many ▁other ▁br idges ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁sharing ▁the ▁same ▁design ▁and ▁raised ▁questions ▁as ▁to ▁why ▁such ▁a ▁flaw ▁would ▁not ▁have ▁been ▁discovered ▁in ▁over ▁ 4 0 ▁years ▁of ▁ins pe ctions . ▁ ▁Build ings ▁ ▁Th ane ▁building ▁collapse ▁ ▁On ▁ 4 ▁April ▁ 2 0 1 3 , ▁a ▁building ▁collapsed ▁on ▁trib al ▁land ▁in ▁M umb ra , ▁a ▁sub urb ▁of ▁Th ane ▁in ▁Mah ar as ht ra , |
▁India . ▁It ▁has ▁been ▁called ▁the ▁worst ▁building ▁collapse ▁in ▁the ▁area : ▁ 7 4 ▁people ▁died , ▁including ▁ 1 8 ▁children , ▁ 2 3 ▁women , ▁and ▁ 3 3 ▁men , ▁while ▁more ▁than ▁ 1 0 0 ▁people ▁survived . ▁ ▁The ▁building ▁was ▁under ▁construction ▁and ▁did ▁not ▁have ▁an ▁occup ancy ▁certificate ▁for ▁its ▁ 1 0 0 ▁to ▁ 1 5 0 ▁low - ▁to ▁middle - inc ome ▁residents ▁; ▁its ▁only ▁occup ants ▁were ▁the ▁site ▁construction ▁workers ▁and ▁their ▁families . ▁ ▁The ▁building ▁was ▁reported ▁to ▁have ▁been ▁il leg ally ▁constructed ▁because ▁standard ▁practices ▁were ▁not ▁followed ▁for ▁safe , ▁law ful ▁construction , ▁land ▁acquisition ▁and ▁resident ▁ ▁occup ancy . ▁ ▁By ▁ 1 1 ▁April , ▁a ▁total ▁of ▁ 1 5 ▁suspect s ▁were ▁arrested ▁including ▁build ers , ▁engineers , ▁municipal ▁officials , ▁and ▁other ▁responsible ▁parties . ▁Government al ▁records ▁indicate ▁that ▁there ▁were ▁two ▁orders ▁to ▁manage ▁the ▁number ▁of ▁illegal ▁buildings ▁in ▁the ▁area : ▁a ▁ 2 0 0 5 ▁Mah ar as ht ra ▁state ▁order ▁to ▁use ▁remote ▁sens ing ▁and ▁a ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁Bomb ay ▁High ▁Court ▁order . ▁Com pl aints ▁were ▁also ▁made ▁to ▁state ▁and ▁municipal ▁officials . ▁ ▁On ▁ 9 ▁April , ▁the ▁Th ane ▁Municipal ▁Corporation ▁began ▁a ▁campaign ▁to ▁demol ish ▁illegal ▁buildings ▁in ▁the ▁area , ▁focusing ▁on ▁“ d anger ous ” ▁buildings , |
▁and ▁set ▁up ▁a ▁call ▁center ▁to ▁accept ▁and ▁track ▁the ▁res olutions ▁of ▁complaints ▁about ▁illegal ▁buildings . ▁ ▁The ▁forest ▁department , ▁mean while , ▁promised ▁to ▁address ▁enc ro achment ▁of ▁forest ▁land ▁in ▁the ▁Th ane ▁District . ▁ ▁Sav ar ▁building ▁collapse ▁ ▁On ▁ 2 4 ▁April ▁ 2 0 1 3 , ▁R ana ▁Pl aza , ▁an ▁eight - store y ▁commercial ▁building , ▁collapsed ▁in ▁Sav ar , ▁a ▁sub - d istrict ▁in ▁the ▁Gre ater ▁D h aka ▁Area , ▁the ▁capital ▁of ▁Bangl adesh . ▁The ▁search ▁for ▁the ▁dead ▁ended ▁on ▁ 1 3 ▁May ▁with ▁the ▁death ▁toll ▁of ▁ 1 , 1 2 9 . ▁Appro xim ately ▁ 2 , 5 1 5 ▁injured ▁people ▁were ▁resc ued ▁from ▁the ▁building ▁alive . ▁ ▁It ▁is ▁considered ▁to ▁be ▁the ▁dead liest ▁gar ment - factory ▁accident ▁in ▁history , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁the ▁dead liest ▁accident al ▁structural ▁failure ▁in ▁modern ▁human ▁history . ▁ ▁The ▁building ▁contained ▁clothing ▁fact ories , ▁a ▁bank , ▁apartments , ▁and ▁several ▁other ▁shops . ▁The ▁shops ▁and ▁the ▁bank ▁on ▁the ▁lower ▁floors ▁immediately ▁closed ▁after ▁cr acks ▁were ▁discovered ▁in ▁the ▁building . ▁W arn ings ▁to ▁avoid ▁using ▁the ▁building ▁after ▁cr acks ▁appeared ▁the ▁day ▁before ▁had ▁been ▁ignored . ▁Gar ment ▁workers ▁were ▁ordered ▁to ▁return ▁the ▁following ▁day ▁and ▁the ▁building ▁collapsed ▁during ▁the ▁morning ▁rush - hour . ▁ ▁S amp o |
ong ▁Department ▁Store ▁collapse ▁ ▁On ▁ 2 9 ▁June ▁ 1 9 9 5 , ▁the ▁five - story ▁S amp o ong ▁Department ▁Store ▁in ▁the ▁Se o cho ▁District ▁of ▁Se oul , ▁South ▁Korea ▁collapsed ▁resulting ▁in ▁the ▁deaths ▁of ▁ 5 0 2 ▁people , ▁with ▁another ▁ 1 , 4 4 5 ▁being ▁trapped . ▁ ▁In ▁April ▁ 1 9 9 5 , ▁cr acks ▁began ▁to ▁appear ▁in ▁the ▁ceiling ▁of ▁the ▁fifth ▁floor ▁of ▁the ▁store ' s ▁south ▁wing ▁due ▁to ▁the ▁presence ▁of ▁an ▁air - condition ing ▁unit ▁on ▁the ▁weak ened ▁roof ▁of ▁the ▁poorly ▁built ▁structure . ▁On ▁the ▁morning ▁of ▁ 2 9 ▁June , ▁as ▁the ▁number ▁of ▁cr acks ▁in ▁the ▁ceiling ▁increased ▁dramatically , ▁store ▁managers ▁closed ▁the ▁top ▁floor ▁and ▁shut ▁off ▁the ▁air ▁condition ing , ▁but ▁failed ▁to ▁shut ▁the ▁building ▁down ▁or ▁issue ▁formal ▁evac uation ▁orders ▁as ▁the ▁execut ives ▁themselves ▁left ▁the ▁prem ises ▁as ▁a ▁prec aut ion . ▁▁ ▁Five ▁hours ▁before ▁the ▁collapse , ▁the ▁first ▁of ▁several ▁loud ▁b angs ▁was ▁heard ▁em an ating ▁from ▁the ▁top ▁floors , ▁as ▁the ▁vibr ation ▁of ▁the ▁air ▁condition ing ▁caused ▁the ▁cr acks ▁in ▁the ▁sl abs ▁to ▁w iden ▁further . ▁Am id ▁customer ▁reports ▁of ▁vibr ation ▁in ▁the ▁building , ▁the ▁air ▁condition ing ▁was ▁turned ▁off ▁but , ▁the ▁cr acks ▁in ▁the ▁floors ▁had ▁already ▁grown ▁to ▁ 1 0 |
cm ▁wide . ▁At ▁about ▁ 5 : 0 0 p . m . ▁local ▁time , ▁the ▁fifth - floor ▁ceiling ▁began ▁to ▁sink , ▁and ▁at ▁ 5 : 5 7 p . m ., ▁the ▁roof ▁gave ▁way , ▁sending ▁the ▁air ▁condition ing ▁unit ▁cr ashing ▁through ▁into ▁the ▁already - over loaded ▁fifth ▁floor . ▁ ▁Ron an ▁Point ▁ ▁On ▁ 1 6 ▁May ▁ 1 9 6 8 , ▁the ▁ 2 2 - story ▁residential ▁tower ▁Ron an ▁Point ▁in ▁the ▁London ▁Bor ough ▁of ▁New ham ▁collapsed ▁when ▁a ▁relatively ▁small ▁gas ▁explosion ▁on ▁the ▁ 1 8 th ▁floor ▁caused ▁a ▁structural ▁wall ▁panel ▁to ▁be ▁blown ▁away ▁from ▁the ▁building . ▁The ▁tower ▁was ▁constructed ▁of ▁pre cast ▁concrete , ▁and ▁the ▁failure ▁of ▁the ▁single ▁panel ▁caused ▁one ▁entire ▁corner ▁of ▁the ▁building ▁to ▁collapse . ▁The ▁panel ▁was ▁able ▁to ▁be ▁blown ▁out ▁because ▁there ▁was ▁ins ufficient ▁reinforce ment ▁steel ▁passing ▁between ▁the ▁panels . ▁This ▁also ▁meant ▁that ▁the ▁loads ▁carried ▁by ▁the ▁panel ▁could ▁not ▁be ▁red istributed ▁to ▁other ▁adjacent ▁panels , ▁because ▁there ▁was ▁no ▁route ▁for ▁the ▁forces ▁to ▁follow . ▁As ▁a ▁result ▁of ▁the ▁collapse , ▁building ▁regulations ▁were ▁over ha ul ed ▁to ▁prevent ▁dis pro port ion ate ▁collapse ▁and ▁the ▁understanding ▁of ▁pre cast ▁concrete ▁detail ing ▁was ▁greatly ▁advanced . ▁Many ▁similar ▁buildings ▁were ▁altered ▁or ▁demol ished ▁as ▁a ▁result ▁of ▁the ▁collapse . |
▁ ▁Oklahoma ▁City ▁bomb ing ▁ ▁On ▁ 1 9 ▁April ▁ 1 9 9 5 , ▁the ▁nine - story ▁concrete ▁fr amed ▁Alfred ▁P . ▁Mur rah ▁Federal ▁Building ▁in ▁Oklahoma ▁was ▁struck ▁by ▁a ▁huge ▁car ▁bomb ▁causing ▁partial ▁collapse , ▁resulting ▁in ▁the ▁deaths ▁of ▁ 1 6 8 ▁people . ▁The ▁bomb , ▁though ▁large , ▁caused ▁a ▁significantly ▁dis pro port ion ate ▁collapse ▁of ▁the ▁structure . ▁The ▁bomb ▁blew ▁all ▁the ▁glass ▁off ▁the ▁front ▁of ▁the ▁building ▁and ▁completely ▁sh attered ▁a ▁ground ▁floor ▁rein forced ▁concrete ▁column ▁( see ▁br is ance ). ▁At ▁second ▁story ▁level ▁a ▁wider ▁column ▁sp acing ▁existed , ▁and ▁loads ▁from ▁upper ▁story ▁columns ▁were ▁transferred ▁into ▁fewer ▁columns ▁below ▁by ▁g ird ers ▁at ▁second ▁floor ▁level . ▁The ▁removal ▁of ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁lower ▁story ▁columns ▁caused ▁neighbour ing ▁columns ▁to ▁fail ▁due ▁to ▁the ▁extra ▁load , ▁eventually ▁leading ▁to ▁the ▁complete ▁collapse ▁of ▁the ▁central ▁portion ▁of ▁the ▁building . ▁The ▁bomb ing ▁was ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁first ▁to ▁highlight ▁the ▁extreme ▁forces ▁that ▁blast ▁loading ▁from ▁terror ism ▁can ▁ex ert ▁on ▁buildings , ▁and ▁led ▁to ▁increased ▁consideration ▁of ▁terror ism ▁in ▁structural ▁design ▁of ▁buildings . ▁ ▁Vers a illes ▁wedding ▁hall ▁ ▁The ▁Vers a illes ▁wedding ▁hall ▁( ), ▁located ▁in ▁Tal pi ot , ▁Jerusalem , ▁is ▁the ▁site ▁of ▁the ▁worst ▁civil ▁disaster ▁in ▁Israel ' s ▁history . ▁At ▁ 2 2 : 4 3 |
▁on ▁Thursday ▁night , ▁ 2 4 ▁May ▁ 2 0 0 1 ▁during ▁the ▁wedding ▁of ▁K eren ▁and ▁As af ▁Dr or , ▁a ▁large ▁portion ▁of ▁the ▁third ▁floor ▁of ▁the ▁four - story ▁building ▁collapsed , ▁killing ▁ 2 3 ▁people . ▁ ▁World ▁Trade ▁Center ▁Tow ers ▁ 1 , ▁ 2 , ▁and ▁ 7 ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁September ▁ 1 1 ▁attacks , ▁two ▁commercial ▁a irl in ers ▁were ▁deliberately ▁crashed ▁into ▁the ▁T win ▁Tow ers ▁of ▁the ▁World ▁Trade ▁Center ▁in ▁New ▁York ▁City . ▁The ▁impact ▁and ▁resulting ▁fires ▁caused ▁both ▁tow ers ▁to ▁collapse ▁within ▁less ▁than ▁two ▁hours . ▁The ▁impacts ▁sever ed ▁exterior ▁columns ▁and ▁damaged ▁core ▁columns , ▁red istribut ing ▁the ▁loads ▁that ▁these ▁columns ▁had ▁carried . ▁ ▁This ▁red istribution ▁of ▁loads ▁was ▁greatly ▁influenced ▁by ▁the ▁hat ▁tr uss es ▁at ▁the ▁top ▁of ▁each ▁building . ▁The ▁impacts ▁dis l od ged ▁some ▁of ▁the ▁fire proof ing ▁from ▁the ▁steel , ▁increasing ▁its ▁exposure ▁to ▁the ▁heat ▁of ▁the ▁fires . ▁Tem per atures ▁became ▁high ▁enough ▁to ▁we aken ▁the ▁core ▁columns ▁to ▁the ▁point ▁of ▁creep ▁and ▁plastic ▁de formation ▁under ▁the ▁weight ▁of ▁higher ▁floors . ▁ ▁The ▁heat ▁of ▁the ▁fires ▁also ▁weak ened ▁the ▁per imeter ▁columns ▁and ▁floors , ▁causing ▁the ▁floors ▁to ▁sag ▁and ▁ex ert ing ▁an ▁in ward ▁force ▁on ▁exterior ▁walls ▁of ▁the ▁building . ▁W TC ▁Building ▁ 7 ▁also ▁collapsed |
▁later ▁that ▁day ; ▁the ▁ 4 7 ▁story ▁sky sc rap er ▁collapsed ▁within ▁seconds ▁due ▁to ▁a ▁combination ▁of ▁a ▁large ▁fire ▁inside ▁the ▁building ▁and ▁heavy ▁structural ▁damage ▁from ▁the ▁collapse ▁of ▁the ▁North ▁Tower . ▁ ▁Air craft ▁ ▁Re peated ▁structural ▁failures ▁of ▁aircraft ▁types ▁occurred ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 4 , ▁when ▁two ▁de ▁Hav ill and ▁Com et ▁C 1 ▁jet ▁a irl in ers ▁crashed ▁due ▁to ▁decom pression ▁caused ▁by ▁metal ▁fat igue , ▁and ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 3 – 6 4 , ▁when ▁the ▁vertical ▁stabil izer ▁on ▁four ▁Bo eing ▁B - 5 2 ▁bom bers ▁broke ▁off ▁in ▁mid - air . ▁ ▁Other ▁ ▁Wars aw ▁Radio ▁M ast ▁ ▁On ▁ 8 ▁August ▁ 1 9 9 1 ▁at ▁ 1 6 : 0 0 ▁UTC ▁Wars aw ▁radio ▁mast , ▁the ▁tall est ▁man - made ▁object ▁ever ▁built ▁before ▁the ▁ere ction ▁of ▁Bur j ▁K hal ifa ▁collapsed ▁as ▁consequence ▁of ▁an ▁error ▁in ▁ex changing ▁the ▁guy - w ires ▁on ▁the ▁highest ▁stock . ▁The ▁mast ▁first ▁bent ▁and ▁then ▁snapped ▁at ▁roughly ▁half ▁its ▁height . ▁It ▁destroyed ▁at ▁its ▁collapse ▁a ▁small ▁mobile ▁cr ane ▁of ▁Most ost al ▁Z ab r ze . ▁As ▁all ▁workers ▁left ▁the ▁mast ▁before ▁the ▁exchange ▁procedures , ▁there ▁were ▁no ▁fatal ities , ▁in ▁contrast ▁to ▁the ▁similar ▁collapse ▁of ▁W L BT ▁Tower ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 7 . |
▁ ▁Hy att ▁Reg ency ▁walk way ▁ ▁On ▁ 1 7 ▁July ▁ 1 9 8 1 , ▁two ▁suspended ▁walk ways ▁through ▁the ▁lobby ▁of ▁the ▁Hy att ▁Reg ency ▁in ▁Kansas ▁City , ▁Missouri , ▁collapsed , ▁killing ▁ 1 1 4 ▁and ▁inj uring ▁more ▁than ▁ 2 0 0 ▁people ▁at ▁a ▁tea ▁dance . ▁The ▁collapse ▁was ▁due ▁to ▁a ▁late ▁change ▁in ▁design , ▁alter ing ▁the ▁method ▁in ▁which ▁the ▁ro ds ▁supporting ▁the ▁walk ways ▁were ▁connected ▁to ▁them , ▁and ▁in ad vert ently ▁dou bling ▁the ▁forces ▁on ▁the ▁connection . ▁The ▁failure ▁highlighted ▁the ▁need ▁for ▁good ▁communication ▁between ▁design ▁engineers ▁and ▁contract ors , ▁and ▁rig orous ▁checks ▁on ▁designs ▁and ▁especially ▁on ▁contract or - pro posed ▁design ▁changes . ▁The ▁failure ▁is ▁a ▁standard ▁case ▁study ▁on ▁engineering ▁courses ▁around ▁the ▁world , ▁and ▁is ▁used ▁to ▁teach ▁the ▁importance ▁of ▁eth ics ▁in ▁engineering . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁Struct ural ▁analysis ▁ ▁Struct ural ▁robust ness ▁ ▁Cat astro ph ic ▁failure ▁ ▁Earth qu ake ▁engineering ▁ ▁Por ch ▁collapse ▁ ▁Fore ns ic ▁engineering ▁ ▁Progress ive ▁collapse ▁ ▁Se ism ic ▁performance ▁ ▁Service ability ▁failure ▁ ▁Struct ural ▁fract ure ▁mechanics ▁ ▁Coll apse ▁zone ▁ ▁Engineering ▁dis asters ▁ ▁T of u - d reg ▁project ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁Notes ▁ ▁Cit ations ▁ ▁Bibli ography ▁ ▁F eld , ▁Jacob ; ▁Car per , ▁Kenn eth ▁L . ▁( 1 |
9 9 7 ). ▁Construction ▁Fail ure . ▁John ▁W iley ▁& ▁S ons . ▁. ▁ ▁Lewis , ▁Peter ▁R . ▁( 2 0 0 7 ). ▁Dis aster ▁on ▁the ▁De e . ▁Temp us . ▁ ▁Pet ro ski , ▁Henry ▁( 1 9 9 4 ). ▁Design ▁Parad ig ms : ▁Case ▁Hist ories ▁of ▁Error ▁and ▁Jud g ment ▁in ▁Engineering . ▁Cambridge ▁University ▁Press . ▁. ▁ ▁Scott , ▁Richard ▁( 2 0 0 1 ). ▁In ▁the ▁W ake ▁of ▁T ac oma : ▁Sus p ension ▁Br idges ▁and ▁the ▁Quest ▁for ▁A er od ynamic ▁St ability . ▁AS CE ▁Public ations . ▁. ▁ ▁Category : S olid ▁mechanics ▁Category : Material s ▁science ▁Category : Build ing ▁engineering ▁Category : Me chan ical ▁engineering ▁Category : Build ing ▁defect s ▁Category : Me chan ical ▁failure ▁modes ▁Category : Struct ural ▁engineering ▁Category : Engine ering ▁failures <0x0A> </s> ▁Const itut ing ▁America ▁is ▁a ▁non - profit , ▁non - part isan ▁organization ▁that ▁educ ates ▁and ▁inform s ▁the ▁public ▁about ▁the ▁U . S . ▁Constitution . ▁The ▁organization ▁util izes ▁popular ▁culture ▁( mus ic , ▁film , ▁television , ▁internet , ▁and ▁social ▁media ) ▁to ▁reach , ▁educ ate ▁and ▁inform ▁America ’ s ▁adults ▁and ▁students ▁about ▁the ▁non - part isan ▁relev ancy ▁of ▁the ▁U . S . ▁Constitution . ▁Const itut ing ▁America ▁was ▁founded ▁on ▁February ▁ 1 7 th , |
▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁by ▁actress / author ▁Jan ine ▁Turner ▁and ▁Cath y ▁G illes pie , ▁a ▁former ▁senior ▁congress ional ▁a ide . ▁ ▁Const itut ing ▁America ▁is ▁dedicated ▁to ▁increasing ▁the ▁general ▁knowledge ▁and ▁understanding ▁of ▁the ▁U . S . ▁Constitution ▁and ▁is ▁committed ▁to ▁revers ing ▁the ▁trend ▁of ▁civ ic ▁ap ath y ▁and ▁ignorance ▁that ▁exists ▁among ▁the ▁American ▁society . ▁ ▁School ▁In vol vement ▁ ▁Found ed ▁to ▁preserve ▁the ▁U . S . ▁Constitution , ▁Const itut ing ▁America ▁places ▁special ▁emphasis ▁on ▁bringing ▁the ▁Constitution ▁to ▁life ▁in ▁schools ▁across ▁the ▁country . ▁The ▁found ers ▁of ▁the ▁organization ▁visit ▁schools ▁in ▁a ▁school ▁speaking ▁program ▁and ▁provide ▁patri otic ▁clubs ▁for ▁students ▁to ▁become ▁involved ▁in . ▁Additionally , ▁Const itut ing ▁America ▁hosts ▁an ▁annual ▁We ▁The ▁Future ▁scholarship ▁contest ▁for ▁students ▁across ▁the ▁country . ▁Through ▁this ▁contest , ▁the ▁organization ▁has ▁awarded ▁tens ▁of ▁thousands ▁of ▁dollars ▁in ▁scholar ships ▁to ▁students ▁across ▁the ▁United ▁States . ▁▁ 9 0 ▁Day ▁Study ▁ ▁Every ▁year , ▁Const itut ing ▁America ▁hosts ▁a ▁ 9 0 ▁Day ▁Study ▁of ▁ 9 0 ▁essays ▁written ▁to ▁educ ate ▁and ▁inform ▁Americans ▁of ▁the ▁importance ▁of ▁the ▁founding ▁documents . ▁The ▁ 9 0 ▁Day ▁Study ▁is ▁a ▁compilation ▁of ▁essays ▁written ▁about ▁the ▁U . S . ▁Constitution , ▁The ▁Federal ist ▁Papers , ▁and ▁the ▁Found ing ▁Era . ▁The ▁ 2 0 2 0 ▁ |
9 0 ▁Day ▁Study ▁is ▁a ▁study ▁of ▁important ▁dates ▁in ▁American ▁history ▁that ▁shaped ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁and ▁changed ▁the ▁world . ▁The ▁schol astic ▁study ▁is ▁written ▁by ▁constitutional ▁scholars ▁from ▁the ▁some ▁of ▁the ▁most ▁notable ▁universities ▁and ▁law ▁schools ▁in ▁the ▁country . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : Non - profit ▁organizations ▁Category : Un ited ▁States ▁Constitution ▁Category : Non part isan ▁organizations ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Category : Non - profit ▁organizations ▁based ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Category : 5 0 1 ( c )( 3 ) ▁non profit ▁organizations ▁Category : Non - profit ▁organizations ▁based ▁in ▁Texas ▁Category : Organ izations ▁established ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁Category : C ivil ▁libert ies ▁advoc acy ▁groups ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Category : H uman ▁rights ▁organizations ▁based ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Category : C ivil ▁libert ies ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Category : C ivil ▁libert ies ▁advoc acy ▁groups ▁Category : E duc ational ▁organizations ▁based ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States <0x0A> </s> ▁Bol sh oy ▁Cher em sh an ▁( , ▁literally ▁Gre ater ▁Cher em sh an , ▁) ▁is ▁a ▁river ▁in ▁Russia , ▁a ▁left ▁t ribut ary ▁of ▁the ▁Vol ga ▁between ▁the ▁K ama ▁River ▁and ▁Sam ara ▁River . ▁It ▁is ▁ ▁long , ▁and ▁has ▁a ▁drain age ▁bas in ▁of ▁. ▁It ▁flows ▁south west ▁to ▁the ▁Vol ga ▁near ▁D imit rov grad . ▁The ▁main ▁infl ows ▁are ▁the ▁Bol sh aya |
▁Sul cha ▁and ▁Mal y ▁Cher em sh an . ▁The ▁maximal ▁dis charge ▁is ▁ ▁( 1 9 7 9 ), ▁and ▁the ▁minimal ▁mineral ization ▁is ▁ 6 0 0 - 8 0 0 ▁mg / l . ▁The ▁river bed ▁is ▁me and ering ▁and ▁the ▁me adows ▁are ▁wide . ▁From ▁around ▁ 1 6 5 0 ▁the ▁Trans - K ama ▁Line ▁of ▁for ts ▁ran ▁along ▁or ▁near ▁the ▁Cher em sh an . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁▁▁▁ ▁Category : R ivers ▁of ▁T atar stan ▁Category : R ivers ▁of ▁Sam ara ▁O bl ast ▁Category : R ivers ▁of ▁U ly an ov sk ▁O bl ast <0x0A> </s> ▁Andr ás ▁Sz al ai ▁( born ▁ 3 ▁February ▁ 1 9 9 8 ▁in ▁Budapest ) ▁is ▁a ▁Hung arian ▁football ▁player ▁who ▁currently ▁plays ▁for ▁K FC ▁Kom ár no ▁on ▁loan ▁from ▁Pak si ▁FC . ▁ ▁Career ▁ ▁P aks ▁On ▁ 1 3 ▁August ▁ 2 0 1 6 , ▁Sz al ai ▁played ▁his ▁first ▁match ▁for ▁P aks ▁in ▁a ▁ 1 - 3 ▁loss ▁against ▁Budapest ▁Hon v éd ▁FC ▁in ▁the ▁Hung arian ▁League . ▁ ▁Club ▁statistics ▁ ▁Updated ▁to ▁games ▁played ▁as ▁of ▁ 1 6 ▁December ▁ 2 0 1 8 . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁Profile ▁at ▁M LS Z ▁ ▁Soc cer way ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 9 8 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category |
: S ports people ▁from ▁Budapest ▁Category : H ung arian ▁football ers ▁Category : H ung arian ▁exp atri ate ▁football ers ▁Category : H ung ary ▁youth ▁international ▁football ers ▁Category : Associ ation ▁football ▁defend ers ▁Category : P ak si ▁FC ▁players ▁Category : D or og i ▁FC ▁football ers ▁Category : K FC ▁Kom ár no ▁players ▁Category : Bal maz ú j vá ros i ▁FC ▁players ▁Category : N em zet i ▁B aj n oks ág ▁I ▁players ▁Category : N em zet i ▁B aj n oks ág ▁II ▁players ▁Category : 2 . ▁Liga ▁( Sl ov ak ia ) ▁players ▁Category : H ung arian ▁exp atri ate ▁sports people ▁in ▁Slov ak ia ▁Category : Ex pat ri ate ▁football ers ▁in ▁Slov ak ia <0x0A> </s> ▁Keith ▁A . ▁Taylor ▁is ▁an ▁American ▁retired ▁United ▁States ▁Coast ▁Guard ▁R ear ▁Admiral . ▁He ▁is ▁the ▁current ▁Senior ▁Vice ▁President ▁of ▁Fleet ▁Operations ▁at ▁Holland ▁America ▁Line ▁Inc . ▁and ▁Se ab our n ▁Cru ise ▁Line ▁Limited . ▁ ▁Early ▁life ▁Taylor ▁was ▁born ▁on ▁May ▁ 2 1 , ▁ 1 9 6 1 , ▁in ▁Spring field , ▁Massachusetts , ▁and ▁attended ▁the ▁U . S . ▁Coast ▁Guard ▁Academy ▁from ▁ 1 9 7 9 - 1 9 8 3 . ▁He ▁holds ▁a ▁Bachelor ▁of ▁Science ▁with ▁hon ors , ▁a ▁Master ▁of ▁Science ▁in ▁Industrial ▁Administration ▁from ▁P urd ue ▁University , ▁and ▁a |
▁Master ▁of ▁Business ▁Administration ▁from ▁the ▁Massachusetts ▁Institute ▁of ▁Technology . ▁While ▁at ▁MIT ▁Taylor ▁was ▁a ▁S lo an ▁Fellow . ▁ ▁Coast ▁Guard ▁Career ▁Taylor ▁served ▁over ▁ 3 0 ▁years ▁in ▁the ▁U . S . ▁Coast ▁Guard , ▁in ▁a ▁variety ▁of ▁command , ▁operational , ▁engineering , ▁and ▁staff ▁assignments . ▁Taylor ▁worked ▁at ▁Coast ▁Guard ▁headquarters ▁in ▁Washington , ▁D . C ., ▁between ▁ 1 9 9 6 ▁and ▁ 2 0 0 0 , ▁where ▁he ▁conducted ▁program ▁review ▁and ▁budget ▁development ▁for ▁all ▁Coast ▁Guard ▁law ▁enforcement . ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 3 , ▁Taylor ▁was ▁an ▁av i ator ▁and ▁aircraft ▁maintenance ▁officer , ▁and ▁became ▁command ing ▁officer ▁of ▁Air ▁Station ▁Miami . ▁From ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁to ▁ 2 0 0 8 , ▁Taylor ▁served ▁as ▁deputy ▁chief ▁of ▁staff ▁of ▁the ▁Coast ▁Guard , ▁until ▁he ▁was ▁promoted ▁to ▁flag ▁officer ▁rank ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 8 . ▁He ▁then ▁he ▁served ▁as ▁assistant ▁command ant ▁for ▁resources ▁and ▁chief ▁financial ▁officer ▁of ▁the ▁U . S . ▁Coast ▁Guard . ▁Taylor ▁continued ▁his ▁career ▁as ▁commander ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 3 th ▁Coast ▁Guard ▁District . ▁ ▁Taylor ▁eventually ▁rose ▁to ▁the ▁rank ▁of ▁R ear ▁Admiral . ▁He ▁retired ▁on ▁August ▁ 2 9 , ▁ 2 0 1 3 . ▁His ▁final ▁post ▁was ▁as ▁the ▁Commander ▁of ▁Coast ▁Guard ▁District ▁ 1 3 , ▁based ▁in ▁Seattle , ▁Washington , ▁a ▁position |
▁he ▁held ▁since ▁July ▁ 2 0 1 1 . ▁During ▁his ▁time ▁as ▁commander , ▁the ▁district ▁was ▁responsible ▁for ▁saving ▁the ▁lives ▁of ▁ 4 0 1 ▁people ▁during ▁ 3 , 2 8 4 ▁search ▁and ▁rescue ▁cases ; ▁the ▁district ▁also ▁responded ▁to ▁calls ▁for ▁help ▁resulting ▁in ▁the ▁assistance ▁to ▁ 6 , 3 5 0 ▁people , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁responding ▁to ▁ 6 , 0 0 0 ▁oil ▁sp ills ▁or ▁chemical ▁releases . ▁Finally , ▁under ▁his ▁command ▁the ▁district ▁saved ▁$ 2 1 . 7 5 ▁million ▁in ▁property ▁values . ▁ ▁Post - mil itary ▁career ▁Upon ▁his ▁retired ▁from ▁the ▁military , ▁Taylor ▁was ▁named ▁senior ▁vice ▁president , ▁fleet ▁operations , ▁for ▁both ▁Holland ▁America ▁Line ▁and ▁Se ab our n . ▁Begin ning ▁January ▁ 1 , ▁ 2 0 1 4 , ▁Taylor ▁took ▁over ▁the ▁fleet ▁management ▁respons ibilities ▁of ▁Dan ▁Gra usz , ▁executive ▁vice ▁president ▁of ▁fleet ▁operations . ▁ ▁Personal ▁life ▁On ▁November ▁ 1 2 , ▁ 1 9 8 8 , ▁Taylor ▁married ▁his ▁wife , ▁Sh arl ene , ▁in ▁Ost erv ille , ▁Massachusetts . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁▁ ▁Category : Un ited ▁States ▁Coast ▁Guard ▁Category : 1 9 6 1 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people <0x0A> </s> ▁School craft ▁State ▁Park ▁is ▁a ▁state ▁park ▁of ▁Minnesota , ▁USA , ▁on ▁the ▁banks ▁of ▁the ▁Mississippi ▁River ▁near ▁Grand ▁Rap ids ▁and ▁De er ▁River . ▁It |
▁was ▁named ▁for ▁the ▁expl orer ▁Henry ▁School craft . ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁School craft ▁State ▁Park ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 5 9 ▁establish ments ▁in ▁Minnesota ▁Category : Prote cted ▁areas ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 9 ▁Category : Prote cted ▁areas ▁of ▁Cass ▁County , ▁Minnesota ▁Category : Prote cted ▁areas ▁of ▁It as ca ▁County , ▁Minnesota ▁Category : Prote cted ▁areas ▁on ▁the ▁Mississippi ▁River ▁Category : State ▁parks ▁of ▁Minnesota <0x0A> </s> ▁A iy aru ▁ ▁is ▁a ▁river ▁flowing ▁in ▁the ▁Nam ak kal ▁district ▁of ▁the ▁Indian ▁state ▁of ▁T amil ▁Nad u . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁▁ ▁List ▁of ▁rivers ▁of ▁T amil ▁Nad u ▁ ▁Category : R ivers ▁of ▁T amil ▁Nad u ▁Category : N am ak kal ▁district ▁Category : R ivers ▁of ▁India ▁ ▁ta : <0xE0> <0xAE> <0x90> ய ா ற ு ▁( <0xE0> <0xAE> <0x86> ற ு ) <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁James ▁He ber ▁Dean ▁House , ▁at ▁ 3 9 0 ▁W . ▁ 5 0 0 ▁North ▁in ▁Be aver , ▁Utah , ▁was ▁built ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 1 . ▁ ▁It ▁was ▁listed ▁on ▁the ▁National ▁Register ▁of ▁Historic ▁Pl aces ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 2 . ▁ ▁It ▁is ▁described ▁posit ively , ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 9 , ▁by ▁L . L . ▁Bon ar ▁in ▁its ▁Utah ▁State ▁Historical ▁Society ▁review : This ▁home ▁was ▁built ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 1 |
▁and ▁its ▁style ▁was ▁definitely ▁influenced ▁by ▁high ▁style ▁architecture ▁rather ▁than ▁the ▁local ▁ver n acular . ▁It ▁has ▁a ▁cru c iform ▁plan ▁with ▁the ▁front ▁fac ade ▁in ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁long ▁ends ▁of ▁the ▁cross . ▁All ▁four ▁ends ▁have ▁a ▁g able ▁and ▁each ▁is ▁decorated ▁with ▁a ▁full ▁return ▁corn ice ▁and ▁fancy ▁sh ingle work . ▁On ▁the ▁front ▁fac ade , ▁the ▁corners ▁of ▁the ▁building ▁have ▁been ▁be v elled , ▁a ▁trait ▁common ▁in ▁some ▁of ▁the ▁Victorian ▁styles ▁of ▁architecture ▁but ▁quite ▁rare ▁in ▁Be aver . ▁At ▁the ▁top ▁of ▁each ▁of ▁these ▁be v elled ▁corners ▁are ▁decor ative ▁wooden ▁elements ▁that ▁complete ▁the ▁cut - off ▁corner . ▁This ▁wood work ▁is ▁the ▁most ▁decor ative ▁of ▁any ▁found ▁on ▁the ▁house ▁and ▁it ▁is ▁quite ▁well ▁done . ▁Also ▁for ▁decor ative ▁effect ▁are ▁the ▁vous so ir / pend ant ▁mot ifs ▁above ▁the ▁windows ▁and ▁doors ▁done ▁in ▁brick . ▁The ▁home ▁is ▁well ▁maintained ▁and ▁the ▁grounds ▁are ▁lovely . ▁ ▁The ▁house ' s ▁brick work ▁was ▁done ▁by ▁m ason ▁Bill ▁Pi erson ; ▁ ▁stone ▁foundation ▁was ▁laid ▁by ▁Jack ▁Fra zer . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : V ict or ian ▁architecture ▁in ▁Utah ▁Category : National ▁Register ▁of ▁Historic ▁Pl aces ▁in ▁Be aver ▁County , ▁Utah ▁Category : Build ings ▁and ▁structures ▁completed ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 1 <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁T rom bon c ino ▁M |
2 8 ▁(' L ittle ▁T rom bone ') ▁was ▁an ▁inter war ▁period ▁inf antry ▁weapon ▁developed ▁by ▁the ▁Ital ians . ▁It ▁combined ▁a ▁gren ade ▁launch er ▁with ▁a ▁carb ine . ▁ ▁Pur pose ▁ ▁The ▁gren ade ▁launch er ▁was ▁permanently ▁mounted ▁on ▁the ▁right - hand ▁side ▁of ▁a ▁modified ▁Car c ano ▁M 9 1 TS ▁carb ine . ▁This ▁was ▁the ▁Car c ano ▁M 9 1 / 2 8 ▁Mos chet to ▁per ▁T ruppe ▁Special i , ▁' car b ine ▁for ▁special ▁troops ', ▁i . e . ▁intended ▁for ▁those ▁other ▁than ▁front - line ▁inf antry ▁such ▁as ▁machine ▁gun ▁cre ws , ▁a ▁short ened ▁version ▁of ▁the ▁M 9 1 ▁inf antry ▁rifle . ▁The ▁intention ▁was ▁to ▁give ▁inf antry ▁rifle men ▁their ▁own ▁gren ade ▁launch er ▁capability , ▁instead ▁of ▁re lying ▁on ▁crew - serv ed ▁mort ars . ▁ ▁Operation ▁ ▁The ▁launch er ▁was ▁permanently ▁attached ▁to ▁the ▁carb ine , ▁but ▁only ▁one ▁could ▁be ▁used ▁at ▁a ▁time . ▁It ▁used ▁a ▁unique ▁' shared ▁bolt ' ▁system : ▁to ▁use ▁the ▁gren ade ▁launch er , ▁the ▁carb ine ' s ▁bolt ▁was ▁removed ▁from ▁the ▁receiver ▁of ▁the ▁carb ine ▁and ▁installed ▁in ▁the ▁launch er . ▁ ▁The ▁gren ade ▁was ▁of ▁ 3 8 . 5 mm ▁cal ib re . ▁The ▁standard ▁S . R . 2 ▁gren ade ▁we ighed ▁around ▁ 1 |
6 0 gram mes , ▁with ▁a ▁cast - iron ▁head , ▁a ▁fin ned ▁alumin ium ▁tail ▁and ▁an ▁explos ive ▁filling . ▁It ▁had ▁an ▁effective ▁range ▁of ▁up ▁to ▁ 2 0 0 ▁ m , ▁with ▁a ▁small ▁blast ▁radius . ▁Gren ades ▁were ▁impact - f uz ed , ▁with ▁a ▁safety ▁ring ▁pin ▁removed ▁before ▁loading ▁them ▁through ▁the ▁m uzz le , ▁where ▁they ▁were ▁then ▁retained ▁by ▁a ▁spring ▁det ent . ▁▁ ▁Gren ades ▁were ▁prop elled ▁by ▁a ▁standard - issue ▁rifle ▁round , ▁in ▁ 6 . 5 × 5 2 mm ▁Car c ano , ▁with ▁a ▁standard ▁bullet . ▁This ▁was ▁loaded ▁individually ▁into ▁the ▁bree ch . ▁Inside ▁the ▁launch er ▁was ▁a ▁bullet ▁trap , ▁a ▁steel ▁plug ▁between ▁the ▁chamber ▁and ▁the ▁gren ade , ▁with ▁four ▁gas ▁ports ▁around ▁it . ▁The ▁bullet ▁trap ▁was ▁part ▁of ▁a ▁' sp ig ot ' ▁within ▁the ▁gren ade ▁chamber , ▁although ▁this ▁was ▁not ▁a ▁sp ig ot ▁mort ar , ▁but ▁merely ▁a ▁distance ▁piece ▁keeping ▁the ▁gren ade ▁from ▁se ating ▁at ▁the ▁bottom ▁of ▁the ▁chamber . ▁This ▁made ▁the ▁lower ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁chamber ▁into ▁an ▁expansion ▁space , ▁giving ▁a ▁high - low ▁chamber ▁pressure ▁effect , ▁as ▁used ▁by ▁modern ▁ 4 0 mm ▁gren ades . ▁The ▁bullet ▁trap ▁was ▁head sp aced ▁to ▁have ▁the ▁bullet ▁resting ▁on ▁it ▁before ▁firing . ▁The ▁car tr idge |
▁chamber ▁was ▁relieved ▁at ▁the ▁front ▁of ▁the ▁case , ▁so ▁that ▁the ▁bullet ▁did ▁not ▁move ▁when ▁fired ▁and ▁instead ▁the ▁car tr idge ▁bott lene ck ▁crim p ▁blew ▁out ▁side ways . ▁This ▁allowed ▁the ▁bullet ▁trap ▁to ▁be ▁of ▁lighter ▁construction , ▁as ▁the ▁bullet ▁did ▁not ▁hit ▁it ▁with ▁any ▁significant ▁energy , ▁also ▁the ▁bullet ▁was ▁not ▁' tr apped ' ▁in ▁the ▁trap ▁but ▁could ▁fall ▁out ▁easily ▁after ▁firing , ▁once ▁the ▁bolt ▁was ▁removed . ▁If ▁the ▁bullet ▁did ▁jam ▁in ▁the ▁trap , ▁the ▁fore ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁sp ig ot ▁was ▁squ ared ▁and ▁could ▁be ▁un sc rew ed ▁by ▁a ▁w rench ▁in ▁the ▁rifle ▁tool kit . ▁ ▁A ▁single ▁trigger ▁worked ▁both ▁weapons , ▁depending ▁on ▁where ▁the ▁bolt ▁was ▁installed . ▁As ▁both ▁rece ivers ▁were ▁fitted ▁to ▁the ▁same ▁bolt , ▁both ▁were ▁ident ically ▁number ed . ▁The ▁same ▁rear ▁sight ▁was ▁also ▁used ▁for ▁both , ▁although ▁with ▁separate ▁mark ings ▁and ▁separate ▁fore ▁s ights . ▁W WI - era ▁rifle ▁gren ades ▁were ▁fired ▁by ▁placing ▁the ▁butt ▁of ▁the ▁rifle ▁on ▁the ▁ground , ▁as ▁the ▁rec o il ▁of ▁firing ▁a ▁much ▁heav ier ▁hand ▁gren ade ▁could ▁inj ure ▁the ▁fir er . ▁Also ▁these ▁heav ier ▁gren ades , ▁still ▁prop elled ▁by ▁a ▁single ▁rifle ▁car tr idge , ▁had ▁slow , ▁high - arch ing ▁traject ories ▁needing ▁greater ▁elev ation . ▁ ▁A ▁separate ▁sight |
▁was ▁provided ▁for ▁the ▁gren ade ▁launch er , ▁similar ▁to ▁a ▁long - range ▁vol ley ▁sight . ▁The ▁existing ▁adjust able ▁sight ▁had ▁an ▁additional ▁V ▁not ch ▁added ▁to ▁the ▁left - hand ▁side . ▁Together ▁with ▁a ▁post ▁f ores ight ▁mounted ▁on ▁the ▁side ▁of ▁the ▁stock , ▁this ▁gave ▁a ▁high - angle ▁sight . ▁The ▁rear ▁sight ▁was ▁adjust able ▁by ▁the ▁usual ▁Car c ano ▁mechanism , ▁but ▁had ▁new ▁gradu ations ▁on ▁the ▁side ▁for ▁gren ade ▁ranges ▁of ▁ 1 0 0 , ▁ 1 5 0 ▁and ▁ 2 0 0 m . ▁ ▁Draw backs ▁ ▁The ▁obvious ▁draw back ▁was ▁the ▁slow ▁process ▁of ▁moving ▁the ▁bolt ▁from ▁one ▁bree ch ▁to ▁the ▁other , ▁with ▁the ▁weapon ▁unf irable ▁in ▁the ▁meantime . ▁Despite ▁the ▁economy ▁of ▁sharing ▁the ▁bolt , ▁the ▁overall ▁weapon ▁was ▁still ▁heavy ▁and ▁expensive . ▁▁ ▁They ▁were ▁withd rawn ▁from ▁service ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 4 , ▁with ▁the ▁weapons ▁being ▁converted ▁to ▁the ▁regular ▁M 9 1 / TS ▁configuration . ▁The ▁inf antry ' s ▁need ▁for ▁an ▁organic ▁mort ar ▁capacity ▁was ▁then ▁met ▁by ▁the ▁conventional ▁ 4 5 mm ▁B rix ia ▁Model ▁ 3 5 , ▁introduced ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 5 . ▁A ▁few ▁have ▁been ▁reported ▁to ▁have ▁survived ▁into ▁W W II ▁service , ▁but ▁this ▁appears ▁most ▁unlikely , ▁given ▁the ▁unique ▁am mun ition ▁required . ▁ ▁Modern |
▁examples ▁ ▁Modern ▁examples ▁are ▁rare . ▁Although ▁not ▁seen ▁as ▁particularly ▁collect ible , ▁their ▁scarc ity ▁makes ▁them ▁valuable . ▁One ▁for ▁sale ▁in ▁a ▁ 2 0 1 8 ▁US ▁auction ▁sold ▁for ▁$ 4 , 8 8 8 . ▁Like ▁other ▁contemporary ▁rifle ▁gren ade ▁launch ers , ▁US ▁regulations ▁allow ▁them ▁to ▁be ▁collected ▁and ▁the ▁carb ine ▁part ▁fired ▁as ▁a ▁Cur io ▁and ▁Rel ic , ▁although ▁any ▁live ▁gren ades ▁would ▁be ▁class ed ▁as ▁destruct ive ▁devices . ▁ ▁Notes ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁▁▁▁ ▁Category : R if les ▁of ▁Italy ▁Category : G ren ades ▁of ▁Italy ▁Category : G ren ade ▁launch ers <0x0A> </s> ▁C urs ed ▁may ▁refer ▁to : ▁ ▁Cur se , ▁advers ity ▁thought ▁to ▁be ▁inf lict ed ▁by ▁super natural ▁spirits , ▁ ▁Television ▁▁ ▁C urs ed ▁( 2 0 0 0 ▁TV ▁series ), ▁a ▁ 2 0 0 0 – 2 0 0 1 ▁sit com ▁ ▁" C urs ed " ▁( H ouse ), ▁a ▁ 2 0 0 5 ▁episode ▁of ▁the ▁TV ▁series ▁House ▁ ▁C urs ed ▁( 2 0 2 0 ▁TV ▁series ), ▁an ▁upcoming ▁web ▁television ▁series ▁ ▁Films ▁▁ ▁C urs ed ▁( 2 0 0 4 ▁film ), ▁by ▁Y osh ih iro ▁H osh ino ▁ ▁C urs ed ▁( 2 0 0 5 ▁film ), ▁by ▁Wes ▁Cr aven , ▁star ring ▁Christ ina ▁Ric ci |
▁ ▁Music ▁▁ ▁C urs ed ▁( band ), ▁a ▁hard core ▁punk ▁band ▁ ▁C urs ed ▁( M org oth ▁album ), ▁ 1 9 9 1 ▁ ▁C urs ed ▁( I on ▁D isson ance ▁album ), ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁ ▁C urs ed ▁( Sc aram anga ▁Six ▁album ), ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁ ▁C urs ed ▁( Rot ten ▁Sound ▁album ), ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁ ▁C urs ed ▁( 9 xD ead ▁album ), ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁ ▁C urs ed ▁( Right eous ▁V end etta ▁album ), ▁ 2 0 1 7 ▁ ▁Other ▁ ▁C urs ed ▁( Buff y / Ang el ▁novel ), ▁a ▁ 2 0 0 3 ▁original ▁novel ▁based ▁on ▁the ▁television ▁series ▁Buff y ▁the ▁V amp ire ▁Sl ayer ▁and ▁its ▁spin - off ▁Angel ▁ ▁C urs ed , ▁the ▁second ▁novel ▁in ▁Bened ict ▁Jack a ' s ▁Alex ▁Ver us ▁series ▁ ▁Con om or ▁the ▁C urs ed , ▁sixth ▁century ▁rul er ▁of ▁Br itt any ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁List ▁of ▁people ▁known ▁as ▁the ▁Acc urs ed <0x0A> </s> ▁Ne of yt os ▁Sak ell ar id is - M ang our as ▁( G reek : ▁ Ν ε ό φ υ τ ο ς ▁ Σ α κ ε λ λ α ρ ί δ η ς - Μ ά γ κ ο υ ρ α ς ; ▁born |
▁January ▁ 3 1 , ▁ 1 9 8 9 ) ▁is ▁a ▁Greek ▁cycl ist . ▁ ▁Major ▁results ▁▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁▁ 1 st ▁ ▁National ▁Under - 2 3 ▁Time ▁T rial ▁Championships ▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁▁ 1 st ▁ ▁National ▁Under - 2 3 ▁Time ▁T rial ▁Championships ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁▁ 3 rd ▁National ▁Under - 2 3 ▁Time ▁T rial ▁Championships ▁▁ 3 rd ▁National ▁Road ▁Race ▁Championships ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁▁ 2 nd ▁National ▁Under - 2 3 ▁Time ▁T rial ▁Championships ▁▁ 2 nd ▁National ▁Road ▁Race ▁Championships ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁▁ 3 rd ▁National ▁Time ▁T rial ▁Championships ▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁▁ 2 nd ▁National ▁Time ▁T rial ▁Championships ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁▁ 3 rd ▁National ▁Time ▁T rial ▁Championships ▁ 2 0 1 5 ▁▁ 2 nd ▁National ▁Time ▁T rial ▁Championships ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 8 9 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : G reek ▁male ▁cycl ists <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Boston ▁Te a ▁Party ▁was ▁a ▁ 1 7 7 3 ▁colonial ▁protest ▁action ▁which ▁pres aged ▁the ▁American ▁Revolution . ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁Boston ▁Te a ▁Party ▁may ▁also ▁refer ▁to : ▁ ▁Boston ▁Te a ▁Party ▁( polit ical ▁party ), ▁a ▁libert arian ▁U . S . ▁political ▁party ▁founded ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁ ▁Boston ▁Te a ▁Party ▁( c af é ▁chain ), ▁a ▁chain |
▁of ▁caf és ▁in ▁England ▁ ▁Boston ▁Te a ▁Party ▁( con cert ▁venue ), ▁a ▁concert ▁venue ▁in ▁Boston , ▁Massachusetts , ▁during ▁the ▁late ▁ 1 9 6 0 s ▁ ▁Boston ▁Te a ▁Party ▁( TV ▁series ), ▁a ▁Swedish ▁TV ▁show ▁The ▁Boston ▁Te a ▁Party ▁( 1 9 0 8 ▁film ), ▁a ▁film ▁by ▁Ed win ▁S . ▁P orter ▁The ▁Boston ▁Te a ▁Party ▁( 1 9 1 5 ▁film ), ▁a ▁film ▁by ▁Eug ene ▁Now land ▁The ▁Boston ▁Te a ▁Party , ▁a ▁ 1 9 3 4 ▁film ▁narr ated ▁by ▁John ▁B . ▁Kennedy ▁ ▁Boston ▁Te a ▁Party , ▁an ▁educational ▁Disney ▁film ▁ex cer pt ed ▁from ▁Johnny ▁T rem ain ▁ ▁The ▁Boston ▁Te a ▁Party , ▁a ▁ 1 9 7 6 ▁play ▁by ▁All an ▁Albert ▁ ▁" B oston ▁Te a ▁Party ", ▁a ▁song ▁by ▁the ▁S ens ational ▁Alex ▁Harvey ▁Band ▁from ▁SA H B ▁Stories ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁▁ ▁Boston ▁T . ▁Party ▁or ▁Kenn eth ▁W . ▁Roy ce , ▁American ▁libert arian ▁author ▁ ▁Te a ▁party ▁( dis ambigu ation ) ▁ ▁Te a ▁Party ▁protests , ▁a ▁series ▁of ▁hundreds ▁of ▁protests ▁first ▁organized ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 9 <0x0A> </s> ▁M esa ▁Red onda ▁Intern acional ▁( Span ish ▁for ▁International ▁Round ▁Table ) ▁is ▁a ▁Latin ▁American ▁news ▁analysis ▁talk show ▁broadcast ▁by ▁tele S UR ▁live ▁from ▁Hav ana , ▁Cuba , ▁on ▁Thursday ▁nights |
. ▁The ▁program ▁is , ▁according ▁to ▁the ▁description ▁given ▁of ▁it ▁in ▁the ▁network ' s ▁website , ▁" a ▁television ▁program ▁for ▁the ▁integration ▁of ▁various ▁forms ▁of ▁( polit ical ▁and ▁social ) ▁thought ▁throughout ▁our ▁continent " ▁( L atin ▁America ). ▁The ▁program ▁is ▁sometimes ▁hosted ▁by ▁R andy ▁Al onso ▁Fal c ón ▁or ▁Ar leen ▁Rodr í gue z ▁Der iv et , ▁both ▁Cub an ▁journalists ▁and ▁contributors ▁in ▁various ▁media ▁on ▁the ▁Internet , ▁including ▁Cub ade b ate . ▁ ▁The ▁program ▁is ▁also ▁broadcast ▁in ▁Cuba ▁via ▁public - owned ▁media ▁in ▁a ▁sp or ad ic ▁way . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁Cub an ▁Institute ▁of ▁Radio ▁and ▁Television ▁Official ▁Site ▁ ▁Cub ade b ate : ▁Cub an ▁news , ▁opinion ▁and ▁debate ▁site ▁▁ ▁Category : Tele vision ▁in ▁Cuba ▁Category : Mass ▁media ▁in ▁Hav ana ▁Category : C ub an ▁television ▁shows <0x0A> </s> ▁E b uro d ac rys ▁hes per id is ▁is ▁a ▁species ▁of ▁be et le ▁in ▁the ▁family ▁Cer amb yc idae . ▁It ▁was ▁described ▁by ▁Che ms ak ▁and ▁L ins ley ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 0 . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : E b uro d ac rys ▁Category : Be et les ▁described ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 0 <0x0A> </s> ▁Thomas ▁Butler ▁( d ied ▁ 1 1 ▁November ▁ 1 9 2 3 ) ▁was ▁an ▁English ▁football er ▁who |
▁played ▁as ▁an ▁inside - left . ▁He ▁played ▁ 6 0 ▁league ▁games ▁in ▁the ▁English ▁Football ▁League , ▁scoring ▁ 2 3 ▁goals . ▁He ▁played ▁for ▁non - le ague ▁Will enh all , ▁before ▁spending ▁the ▁ 1 9 2 1 – 2 2 ▁season ▁at ▁W als all . ▁He ▁joined ▁Port ▁V ale ▁via ▁D arl ast on ▁in ▁December ▁ 1 9 2 2 . ▁He ▁broke ▁his ▁arm ▁in ▁a ▁game ▁on ▁ 3 ▁November ▁ 1 9 2 3 , ▁and ▁died ▁eight ▁days ▁later ▁from ▁a ▁subsequent ▁t et an us ▁infection . ▁ ▁Play ing ▁career ▁Butler ▁started ▁his ▁career ▁at ▁Birmingham ▁& ▁District ▁League ▁side ▁Will enh all , ▁before ▁joining ▁W als all ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 1 . ▁He ▁played ▁ 2 8 ▁Third ▁Division ▁North ▁games ▁for ▁the ▁" S add lers " ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 1 – 2 2 , ▁scoring ▁ 1 2 ▁goals . ▁He ▁then ▁returned ▁to ▁semi - prof ess ional ▁football ▁with ▁D arl ast on . ▁ ▁He ▁had ▁a ▁one - month ▁trial ▁at ▁Second ▁Division ▁Port ▁V ale ▁in ▁December ▁ 1 9 2 2 , ▁and ▁manager ▁Joe ▁Sch of ield ▁signed ▁him ▁permanently ▁for ▁£ 1 0 0 ▁the ▁following ▁month . ▁Butler ▁was ▁a ▁huge ▁success ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 2 2 – 2 3 ▁season , ▁becoming ▁top ▁sc orer ▁with ▁nine ▁goals ▁in ▁ 2 6 ▁games . ▁At ▁the |
▁end ▁of ▁the ▁season ▁he ▁played ▁in ▁a ▁defeat ▁to ▁local ▁riv als ▁Sto ke ▁in ▁the ▁North ▁Staff ord shire ▁Inf ir mary ▁Cup . ▁ ▁He ▁started ▁ 1 9 2 3 – 2 4 ▁by ▁scoring ▁in ▁a ▁defeat ▁to ▁Sto ke ▁at ▁The ▁Old ▁Rec reation ▁Ground . ▁However , ▁after ▁scoring ▁in ▁a ▁ 1 – 1 ▁draw ▁with ▁Cl ap ton ▁O rient ▁on ▁ 3 ▁November ▁he ▁suffered ▁a ▁compound ▁fract ure ▁of ▁the ▁left ▁arm ; ▁he ▁died ▁from ▁t et an us ▁( also ▁called ▁lock j aw ) ▁eight ▁days ▁later ▁in ▁H ack ney ▁Hospital ▁after ▁complic ations ▁had ▁set ▁in . ▁ ▁Statistics ▁Source : ▁ ▁Hon ours ▁Port ▁V ale ▁North ▁Staff ord shire ▁Inf ir mary ▁Cup ▁winner : ▁ 1 9 2 3 ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : Year ▁of ▁birth ▁missing ▁Category : 1 9 2 3 ▁deaths ▁Category : People ▁from ▁D arl ast on ▁Category : English ▁football ers ▁Category : Associ ation ▁football ▁for wards ▁Category : Will enh all ▁F . C . ▁players ▁Category : W als all ▁F . C . ▁players ▁Category : D arl ast on ▁Town ▁F . C . ▁players ▁Category : Port ▁V ale ▁F . C . ▁players ▁Category : English ▁Football ▁League ▁players ▁Category : De ath s ▁from ▁t et an us ▁Category : In fect ious ▁disease ▁deaths ▁in ▁England ▁Category : Associ ation ▁football ▁players ▁who ▁died ▁while ▁playing <0x0A> |
</s> ▁Tr inity ▁Cat hedral ▁is ▁located ▁at ▁ 1 1 3 ▁N . ▁ 1 8 th ▁Street ▁in ▁Dow nt own ▁O ma ha , ▁Neb r aska . ▁Neb r aska ' s ▁first ▁Ep isc op al ▁parish , ▁Tr inity ▁was ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 8 5 6 , ▁and ▁became ▁the ▁state ' s ▁first ▁Ep isc op al ▁cat hedral ▁in ▁ 1 8 7 2 . ▁Des igned ▁by ▁noted ▁English ▁architect ▁Henry ▁G . ▁Harrison ▁in ▁ 1 8 8 0 , ▁the ▁Cat hedral ▁was ▁con sec rated ▁on ▁November ▁ 1 5 , ▁ 1 8 8 3 . ▁It ▁was ▁added ▁to ▁the ▁National ▁Register ▁of ▁Historic ▁Pl aces ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 4 . ▁Today ▁Tr inity ▁Cat hedral ▁is ▁considered ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁most ▁beautiful ▁churches ▁in ▁O ma ha . ▁ ▁History ▁▁ ▁Tr inity ▁was ▁begun ▁organized ▁by ▁the ▁Right ▁Re ver end ▁David ▁Jackson ▁K emper ▁on ▁July ▁ 1 3 , ▁ 1 8 5 6 . ▁The ▁first ▁church ▁was ▁built ▁at ▁South ▁N inth ▁and ▁F arn am ▁Stre ets . ▁The ▁congreg ation ▁lost ▁control ▁of ▁the ▁first ▁church ▁building ▁in ▁ 1 8 6 4 ; ▁the ▁second ▁building ▁was ▁lost ▁to ▁fire ▁in ▁ 1 8 6 8 . ▁The ▁third ▁church ▁was ▁built ▁the ▁next ▁year , ▁and ▁was ▁used ▁until ▁the ▁Cat hedral ▁was ▁constructed . ▁The ▁Right ▁Re ver end ▁Robert ▁Harper ▁Clark son ▁broke ▁ground |
▁for ▁the ▁new ▁cat hedral , ▁later ▁laying ▁the ▁corner stone ▁on ▁May ▁ 2 5 , ▁ 1 8 8 0 . ▁The ▁cost ▁of ▁the ▁Cat hedral ▁was ▁about ▁$ 1 0 0 , 0 0 0 ▁by ▁the ▁time ▁it ▁was ▁completed ▁three ▁years ▁later . ▁ ▁The ▁church ▁served ▁as ▁the ▁base ▁of ▁many ▁Ep isc op al ▁missions ▁to ▁areas ▁of ▁the ▁western ▁United ▁States . ▁It ▁is ▁the ▁epis cop al ▁seat ▁of ▁the ▁Bishop ▁of ▁the ▁Ep isc op al ▁Di oc ese ▁of ▁Neb r aska . ▁ ▁Design ▁ ▁It ▁is ▁built ▁in ▁the ▁late ▁Late ▁G oth ic ▁Rev ival ▁style , ▁with ▁rock - faced ▁m ason ry ▁walls ▁and ▁stone ▁tr ac ery ▁over ▁more ▁than ▁ 4 3 ▁st ained ▁glass ▁l anc et ▁windows . ▁The ▁church ▁is ▁almost ▁entirely ▁of ▁bl u estone ▁from ▁Illinois , ▁in ▁a ▁design ▁that ▁is ▁nearly ▁cru c iform ▁with ▁an ▁entry ▁tower ▁extending ▁out ward . ▁The ▁exterior ▁of ▁the ▁building ▁has ▁more ▁than ▁six ▁stone ▁cross es ▁at ▁varying ▁points ▁of ▁its ▁roof ▁line . ▁Its ▁design ▁was ▁influenced ▁by ▁the ▁Oxford ▁Movement ▁in ▁the ▁Ep isc op al ▁church , ▁which ▁led ▁to ▁a ▁rev ival ▁of ▁medieval ▁styles , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁an ▁interest ▁in ▁historic ▁design ▁at ▁the ▁time ▁in ▁United ▁States ▁architecture . ▁ ▁The ▁interior ▁features ▁G oth ic ▁design ▁throughout , ▁including ▁a is les , ▁n ave , ▁tr anse pt , ▁cho |
ir , ▁and ▁a ▁cler est ory . ▁The ▁church ▁includes ▁a ▁noted ▁carved ▁oak ▁b ishop ' s ▁throne ▁and ▁de an ' s ▁st all . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁List ▁of ▁the ▁Ep isc op al ▁cat hed r als ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁List ▁of ▁cat hed r als ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁▁▁ ▁Tr inity ▁Cat hedral ▁official ▁website . ▁ ▁Records ▁of ▁Tr inity ▁Cat hedral ▁at ▁the ▁Neb r aska ▁State ▁Historical ▁Society . ▁Ret riev ed ▁on ▁May ▁ 2 1 , ▁ 2 0 1 0 . ▁ ▁Historic ▁post cards ▁Neb r aska ▁Mem ories ▁ ▁Category : National ▁Register ▁of ▁Historic ▁Pl aces ▁in ▁O ma ha , ▁Neb r aska ▁Category : E p isc op al ▁cat hed r als ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Category : History ▁of ▁Dow nt own ▁O ma ha , ▁Neb r aska ▁Category : E p isc op al ▁church ▁buildings ▁in ▁Neb r aska ▁Category : Ch urches ▁in ▁O ma ha , ▁Neb r aska ▁Category : Ch urches ▁on ▁the ▁National ▁Register ▁of ▁Historic ▁Pl aces ▁in ▁Neb r aska ▁Category : Rel igious ▁organizations ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 8 5 6 ▁Category : Ch urches ▁completed ▁in ▁ 1 8 8 3 ▁Category : 1 9 th - century ▁Ep isc op al ▁church ▁buildings ▁Category : 1 8 5 6 ▁establish ments ▁in ▁Neb r aska ▁Terr itory <0x0A> </s> ▁D ell ▁Richard |
▁Matt he ws ▁( F ebru ary ▁ 2 7 , ▁ 1 8 8 0 ▁– ▁December ▁ 1 0 , ▁ 1 9 3 8 ) ▁was ▁a ▁Negro ▁Le agues ▁pitch er ▁for ▁a ▁few ▁years ▁before ▁the ▁founding ▁of ▁the ▁first ▁Negro ▁National ▁League . ▁ ▁He ▁played ▁for ▁at ▁least ▁two ▁years ▁for ▁Frank ▁L eland ▁and ▁was ▁playing ▁for ▁the ▁team ▁when ▁they ▁transition ed ▁from ▁the ▁Chicago ▁Union ▁Gi ants ▁into ▁the ▁L eland ▁Gi ants . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁ ▁Ad el bert ▁Richard ▁Matt he ws , ▁History ▁- ▁Cele br ating ▁Black ▁History , ▁University ▁of ▁Wisconsin ▁ ▁U W ▁Athlet ics ▁Black ▁History : ▁baseball ▁players ▁Ad el bert ▁Matt he ws ▁and ▁Julian ▁W are , ▁University ▁of ▁Wisconsin ▁ ▁Category : L eland ▁Gi ants ▁players ▁Category : 1 8 8 0 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 9 3 8 ▁deaths ▁Category : People ▁from ▁Chicago ▁Category : People ▁from ▁Fox ▁Lake , ▁Wisconsin <0x0A> </s> ▁" No ▁One ▁Know s " ▁is ▁a ▁song ▁written ▁by ▁Er nie ▁M ares ca ▁and ▁Ken ▁He chet ▁and ▁performed ▁by ▁D ion ▁and ▁the ▁Bel mont s . ▁ ▁The ▁song ▁reached ▁# 1 2 ▁on ▁the ▁R & B ▁chart ▁and ▁# 1 9 ▁on ▁the ▁Bill board ▁Hot ▁ 1 0 0 ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 8 . ▁ ▁It ▁was ▁featured ▁on ▁their ▁ 1 9 5 8 ▁album , ▁Present ing ▁D |
ion ▁and ▁the ▁Bel mont s . ▁ ▁Other ▁versions ▁Mart y ▁Wil de ▁released ▁a ▁version ▁of ▁the ▁song ▁as ▁a ▁single ▁in ▁November ▁ 1 9 5 8 . ▁Mike ▁Le R oy ▁released ▁a ▁version ▁of ▁the ▁song ▁as ▁the ▁B - side ▁to ▁his ▁single ▁" I ▁For got ▁What ▁It ▁Was ▁Like " ▁in ▁October ▁ 1 9 6 4 . ▁ ▁In ▁media ▁D ion ▁and ▁the ▁Bel mont s ▁version ▁was ▁featured ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 9 7 ▁movie ▁The ▁But cher ▁Boy ▁and ▁featured ▁on ▁the ▁sound track . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 5 8 ▁songs ▁Category : 1 9 5 8 ▁singles ▁Category : S ongs ▁written ▁by ▁Er nie ▁M ares ca ▁Category : D ion ▁Di M ucc i ▁songs ▁Category : Phil ips ▁Records ▁singles ▁Category : Col umb ia ▁Records ▁singles ▁Category : L aur ie ▁Records ▁singles <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁following ▁lists ▁events ▁that ▁happened ▁during ▁ 1 9 2 3 ▁in ▁the ▁Union ▁of ▁Soviet ▁Social ist ▁Republic s . ▁ ▁Inc umb ents ▁ ▁General ▁Secretary ▁of ▁the ▁Communist ▁Party ▁of ▁the ▁Soviet ▁Union ▁– ▁Joseph ▁Stalin ▁ ▁Chairman ▁of ▁the ▁Central ▁Executive ▁Committee ▁of ▁the ▁Congress ▁of ▁Soviet s ▁– ▁Mik h ail ▁Kal in in ▁ ▁Chairman ▁of ▁the ▁Council ▁of ▁People ' s ▁Comm iss ars ▁of ▁the ▁Soviet ▁Union ▁– ▁Vlad imir ▁Len in ▁ ▁Events ▁ ▁April ▁▁ 1 7 – 2 5 ▁April ▁– ▁ 1 |
2 th ▁Congress ▁of ▁the ▁Russian ▁Communist ▁Party ▁( B ol she vik s ) ▁ ▁June ▁▁ 1 6 ▁June ▁– ▁The ▁Y ak ut ▁Rev olt ▁ends ▁with ▁the ▁defeat ▁of ▁the ▁White ▁Army . ▁ ▁October ▁▁ 1 5 ▁October ▁– ▁The ▁Decl aration ▁of ▁ 4 6 ▁is ▁sent . ▁ ▁Birth s ▁▁ 9 ▁January ▁– ▁Edu ard ▁Kol man ov sky , ▁People ' s ▁Artist ▁of ▁the ▁USS R ▁▁ 1 1 ▁August ▁– ▁Max im ▁Grab oven ko , ▁Hero ▁of ▁the ▁Soviet ▁Union ▁▁ 1 3 ▁September ▁– ▁Z oya ▁Kos mod emy ansk aya , ▁Hero ▁of ▁the ▁Soviet ▁Union ▁▁ 2 6 ▁September ▁– ▁Aleks and r ▁Al ov , ▁film ▁director ▁▁ 2 9 ▁September ▁– ▁Ale k se i ▁Fed or ov ich ▁Fil ipp ov , ▁mat hem atic ian ▁▁ 3 1 ▁October ▁– ▁Ivan ▁O tm akh ov , ▁Hero ▁of ▁the ▁Soviet ▁Union ▁▁ 9 ▁November ▁– ▁Vik tor ▁T urb in , ▁Hero ▁of ▁the ▁Soviet ▁Union ▁▁ 1 1 ▁November ▁– ▁Isaac ▁Tr achten berg , ▁H yg ien ist ▁▁ 2 2 ▁November ▁– ▁Y ury ▁Nik and rov , ▁Olympic ▁shoot er ▁▁ 2 9 ▁November ▁– ▁In na ▁Z ub kov sk aya , ▁ball er ina ▁▁ 1 4 ▁December ▁– ▁Ak hs ar bek ▁Ab a ev , ▁Hero ▁of ▁the ▁Soviet ▁Union ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁▁ 1 9 2 3 ▁in ▁fine ▁arts ▁of ▁the ▁Soviet ▁Union ▁ |
▁List ▁of ▁Soviet ▁films ▁of ▁ 1 9 2 3 ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁▁▁ ▁Category : 1 9 2 0 s ▁in ▁the ▁Soviet ▁Union ▁Category : Y ears ▁in ▁the ▁Soviet ▁Union ▁Soviet ▁Union ▁Soviet ▁Union ▁Soviet ▁Union <0x0A> </s> ▁Star ▁Haw ks ▁was ▁a ▁comic ▁strip ▁created ▁by ▁Ron ▁G oul art ▁and ▁Gil ▁K ane , ▁first ▁published ▁on ▁October ▁ 3 , ▁ 1 9 7 7 , ▁that ▁ran ▁through ▁May ▁ 2 , ▁ 1 9 8 1 . ▁It ▁was ▁written ▁through ▁April ▁ 1 9 7 9 ▁by ▁G oul art , ▁followed ▁by ▁Ar chie ▁Good win ▁( 1 9 7 9 - 1 9 8 0 ), ▁Roger ▁McK enz ie ▁( 1 9 8 0 - 1 9 8 1 ) ▁and ▁Roger ▁S tern ▁( writing ▁assist , ▁ 1 9 7 9 ). ▁Com ics ▁veteran ▁Gil ▁K ane ▁provided ▁the ▁artwork , ▁with ▁unc red ited ▁help ▁( d uring ▁a ▁period ▁of ▁illness ▁on ▁K ane ' s ▁part ) ▁from ▁Er nie ▁Col ón ▁and ▁Howard ▁Ch ay kin . ▁▁ ▁K ane ▁received ▁the ▁National ▁Cart oon ist ▁Society ▁Story ▁Com ic ▁St rip ▁Award ▁for ▁ 1 9 7 7 ▁for ▁his ▁work ▁on ▁the ▁strip . ▁ ▁G oul art ▁also ▁wrote ▁two ▁Star ▁Haw ks ▁pro se ▁novels : ▁Empire ▁ 9 9 ▁and ▁The ▁Cy borg ▁King . ▁ ▁Public ation ▁history ▁In ▁ 1 9 7 8 , ▁shortly ▁after ▁the |
▁launch ▁of ▁the ▁strip , ▁K ane ▁recalled ▁its ▁gen esis : ▁ ▁Format ▁The ▁daily ▁strip ▁was ▁unique ▁in ▁that ▁initially ▁it ▁was ▁two - t ier : ▁each ▁daily ▁was ▁twice ▁as ▁large ▁as ▁the ▁normal ▁daily ▁strip . ▁ ▁This ▁format ▁allowed ▁artist ▁K ane ▁great ▁flexibility ▁in ▁layout . ▁Many ▁papers ▁were ▁reluct ant ▁to ▁dev ote ▁so ▁much ▁space ▁to ▁a ▁single ▁strip . ▁It ▁changed ▁to ▁a ▁single ▁tier ▁as ▁of ▁July ▁ 3 0 , ▁ 1 9 7 9 . ▁ ▁The ▁strip ▁ran ▁daily ▁and ▁Sunday ▁for ▁three ▁and ▁a ▁half ▁years , ▁for ▁a ▁total ▁of ▁ 1 , 2 5 2 ▁stri ps . ▁ ▁Rep r int s ▁The ▁strip ▁from ▁the ▁start ▁was ▁run ▁in ▁The ▁Men om one e ▁Falls ▁Gaz ette . ▁A ce / T em po ▁published ▁two ▁paper back ▁black ▁and ▁white ▁re print ▁volumes . ▁Black th orne ▁Publishing ▁produced ▁four ▁issues ▁in ▁comic ▁book ▁format ▁of ▁black ▁and ▁white ▁re prints . ▁Early ▁issues ▁of ▁Amaz ing ▁Hero es ▁carried ▁re prints ▁of ▁the ▁strip . ▁All ▁of ▁these ▁re print ▁series ▁om itted ▁occasional ▁br id ging ▁stri ps ▁( the ▁first ▁two ▁stri ps , ▁which ▁set ▁the ▁tone ▁for ▁the ▁series , ▁were ▁most ▁often ▁not ▁re print ed ). ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 4 ▁Herm es ▁Press ▁released ▁the ▁entire ▁run ▁of ▁the ▁strip ▁in ▁a ▁single ▁volume . ▁ID W ▁Publishing ▁re print ed ▁the ▁complete ▁series |
— d ail ies ▁and ▁Sund ays — in ▁ 2 0 1 7 - 2 0 1 8 , ▁in ▁three ▁volumes . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁Star ▁Haw ks ▁at ▁Don ▁Mark stein ' s ▁To on op edia . ▁Arch ived ▁from ▁the ▁original ▁on ▁October ▁ 2 3 , ▁ 2 0 1 7 . ▁ ▁Category : American ▁comic ▁stri ps ▁Category : S ci ence ▁fiction ▁com ics ▁Category : 1 9 7 7 ▁com ics ▁debut s ▁Category : 1 9 8 1 ▁com ics ▁end ings <0x0A> </s> ▁Fu ka , ▁F ū ka ▁or ▁Fu u ka ▁may ▁refer ▁to : ▁ ▁F ū ka ▁( g iven ▁name ), ▁a ▁femin ine ▁Japanese ▁given ▁name ▁Fu u ka ▁( m anga ), ▁a ▁Japanese ▁m anga ▁series ▁F uk ah , ▁a ▁village ▁in ▁northern ▁Egypt , ▁referred ▁to ▁as ▁Fu ka ▁in ▁a ▁World ▁War ▁II ▁context ▁S idi ▁H ane ish ▁Air field , ▁referred ▁to ▁as ▁Fu ka ▁A er od rome ▁in ▁World ▁War ▁II ▁ ▁People ▁with ▁the ▁surn ame ▁Eva ▁Fu ka , ▁American ▁photographer ▁Fr anti š ek ▁Fu ka , ▁computer ▁program mer ▁and ▁musician <0x0A> </s> ▁T error ism ▁in ▁Russia ▁has ▁a ▁long ▁history ▁starting ▁from ▁the ▁time ▁of ▁the ▁Russian ▁Empire . ▁T error ism , ▁in ▁the ▁modern ▁sense , ▁means ▁violence ▁against ▁civ ilians ▁to ▁achieve ▁political ▁or ▁ide ological ▁objectives ▁by ▁creating ▁extreme ▁fear . ▁▁ |
▁T error ism ▁was ▁an ▁important ▁tool ▁used ▁by ▁Marx ist ▁revolution aries ▁in ▁the ▁early ▁ 2 0 th ▁century ▁to ▁disrupt ▁the ▁social , ▁political , ▁and ▁economic ▁system ▁and ▁enable ▁reb els ▁to ▁bring ▁down ▁the ▁T z ar ist ▁government . ▁▁ ▁T error ist ▁tactics , ▁such ▁as ▁host age - t aking , ▁were ▁widely ▁used ▁by ▁the ▁Soviet ▁secret ▁agencies , ▁most ▁notably ▁during ▁the ▁Red ▁T error ▁and ▁Great ▁T error ▁campaigns , ▁against ▁the ▁population ▁of ▁their ▁own ▁country , ▁according ▁to ▁Karl ▁K aut sky ▁and ▁other ▁histor ians ▁of ▁Bol she v ism . ▁ ▁Starting ▁from ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 0 th ▁century , ▁significant ▁terrorist ▁activity ▁has ▁taken ▁place ▁in ▁Russia , ▁most ▁notably ▁Bud y on nov sk ▁hospital ▁host age ▁crisis , ▁ 1 9 9 9 ▁apartment ▁bomb ings , ▁Moscow ▁theater ▁host age ▁crisis ▁and ▁Bes lan ▁school ▁sie ge . ▁Many ▁more ▁acts ▁of ▁terror ism ▁have ▁been ▁committed ▁in ▁major ▁Russian ▁cities , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁the ▁regions ▁of ▁Che ch ny a ▁and ▁D ag est an . ▁▁ 1 9 th ▁century ▁ ▁German ▁Social ▁Democrat ▁Karl ▁K aut sky ▁traces ▁the ▁origins ▁of ▁terror ism , ▁including ▁the ▁one ▁in ▁Russian ▁Empire , ▁to ▁the ▁" Re ign ▁of ▁T error " ▁of ▁the ▁French ▁Revolution . ▁Others ▁emphas ize ▁the ▁role ▁of ▁Russian ▁revolutionary ▁movements ▁during ▁the ▁ 1 9 th ▁century , ▁especially ▁Nar od n aya |
▁Vol ya ▁(" People ' s ▁Will ") ▁and ▁the ▁N ih il ist ▁movement , ▁which ▁included ▁several ▁thousand ▁followers . ▁ ▁" People ' s ▁Will " ▁organized ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁first ▁political ▁terror ism ▁campaigns ▁in ▁history . ▁In ▁March ▁ 1 8 8 1 , ▁it ▁assass inated ▁the ▁Emperor ▁of ▁Russia ▁Alexander ▁II , ▁who ▁twenty ▁years ▁earlier ▁had ▁em anc ip ated ▁the ▁Russian ▁ser fs . ▁ ▁Import ant ▁ide ologists ▁of ▁these ▁groups ▁were ▁Mik h ail ▁Bak un in ▁and ▁Serge y ▁Ne ch ay ev , ▁who ▁was ▁described ▁in ▁F y od or ▁D osto ev sky ' s ▁novel ▁The ▁Poss essed . ▁Ne ch ay ev ▁argued ▁that ▁the ▁purpose ▁of ▁revolutionary ▁terror ▁is ▁not ▁to ▁gain ▁the ▁support ▁of ▁the ▁masses , ▁but ▁on ▁the ▁contrary , ▁to ▁inf lict ▁mis ery ▁and ▁fear ▁on ▁the ▁common ▁population . ▁According ▁to ▁Ne ch ay ev , ▁a ▁revolutionary ▁must ▁terror ize ▁civ ilians ▁in ▁order ▁to ▁in cite ▁rebell ions . ▁He ▁wrote : ▁ ▁" A ▁revolutionary ▁must ▁in fil tr ate ▁all ▁social ▁form ations ▁including ▁the ▁police . ▁He ▁must ▁explo it ▁rich ▁and ▁influential ▁people , ▁sub ord inating ▁them ▁to ▁himself . ▁He ▁must ▁ag grav ate ▁the ▁mis eries ▁of ▁the ▁common ▁people , ▁so ▁as ▁to ▁exhaust ▁their ▁patience ▁and ▁in cite ▁them ▁to ▁rebel . ▁And , ▁finally , ▁he ▁must ▁al ly ▁himself ▁with ▁the ▁sav age ▁word ▁of ▁the |
▁violent ▁criminal , ▁the ▁only ▁true ▁revolutionary ▁in ▁Russia ". ▁ ▁" The ▁Revolution ist ▁is ▁a ▁do omed ▁man . ▁He ▁has ▁no ▁private ▁interests , ▁no ▁affairs , ▁sent iments , ▁ties , ▁property ▁nor ▁even ▁a ▁name ▁of ▁his ▁own . ▁His ▁entire ▁being ▁is ▁dev oured ▁by ▁one ▁purpose , ▁one ▁thought , ▁one ▁passion ▁- ▁the ▁revolution . ▁Heart ▁and ▁soul , ▁not ▁merely ▁by ▁word ▁but ▁by ▁de ed , ▁he ▁has ▁sever ed ▁every ▁link ▁with ▁the ▁social ▁order ▁and ▁with ▁the ▁entire ▁civil ized ▁world ; ▁with ▁the ▁laws , ▁good ▁man ners , ▁convent ions , ▁and ▁mor ality ▁of ▁that ▁world . ▁He ▁is ▁its ▁mer cil ess ▁enemy ▁and ▁continues ▁to ▁inhabit ▁it ▁with ▁only ▁one ▁purpose ▁- ▁to ▁destroy ▁it ." ▁ ▁According ▁to ▁historian ▁and ▁writer ▁Ed vard ▁Rad z insky , ▁Ne ch ay ev ' s ▁ideas ▁and ▁tactics ▁were ▁widely ▁used ▁by ▁Joseph ▁Stalin ▁and ▁other ▁Russian ▁revolution aries . ▁ ▁Early ▁ 2 0 th ▁century ▁The ▁SR ▁Com bat ▁Organization ▁was ▁founded ▁in ▁ 1 9 0 2 ▁and ▁operated ▁as ▁an ▁autonom ous ▁branch ▁of ▁the ▁Social ist ▁Revolution ary ▁Party ▁responsible ▁for ▁assass inating ▁government ▁officials , ▁was ▁led ▁by ▁Gr ig ory ▁G ers h uni ▁and ▁operated ▁separately ▁from ▁the ▁party ▁so ▁as ▁not ▁to ▁je op ard ize ▁its ▁political ▁actions . ▁SR CO ▁agents ▁assass inated ▁two ▁Minister s ▁of ▁the ▁Interior , ▁D mit ry ▁S ip y |
ag in ▁and ▁V . ▁K . ▁von ▁Ple h ve , ▁Grand ▁Duke ▁Serge i ▁Aleks and rov ich , ▁the ▁Governor ▁of ▁U fa ▁ ▁N . ▁M . ▁Bog dan ov ich , ▁and ▁many ▁other ▁high - rank ing ▁officials . ▁It ▁has ▁been ▁estimated ▁that ▁all ▁together ▁in ▁the ▁last ▁twenty ▁years ▁of ▁the ▁Ts ar ist ▁regime ▁( 1 8 9 7 - 1 9 1 7 ) ▁more ▁than ▁ 1 7 , 0 0 0 ▁people ▁were ▁killed ▁or ▁wounded ▁in ▁terror ▁attacks . ▁ ▁Soviet ▁Union ▁ ▁Red ▁terror ▁ ▁The ▁policy ▁of ▁Red ▁terror ▁in ▁Soviet ▁Russia ▁served ▁to ▁fright en ▁the ▁civilian ▁population ▁and ▁ex termin ate ▁certain ▁social ▁groups ▁considered ▁as ▁" r ul ing ▁classes " ▁or ▁enemies ▁of ▁the ▁people . ▁Karl ▁K aut sky ▁said ▁about ▁Red ▁T error : ▁" Am ong ▁the ▁phen omena ▁for ▁which ▁Bol she v ism ▁has ▁been ▁responsible , ▁T error ism , ▁which ▁begins ▁with ▁the ▁abol ition ▁of ▁every ▁form ▁of ▁freedom ▁of ▁the ▁Press , ▁and ▁ends ▁in ▁a ▁system ▁of ▁wholes ale ▁execution , ▁is ▁certainly ▁the ▁most ▁striking ▁and ▁the ▁most ▁rep ell ent ▁of ▁all .. ▁K aut sky ▁recognized ▁that ▁Red ▁T error ▁represented ▁a ▁variety ▁of ▁terror ism ▁because ▁it ▁was ▁ind is crim inate , ▁intended ▁to ▁fright en ▁the ▁civilian ▁population , ▁and ▁included ▁taking ▁and ▁execut ing ▁host ages ▁". ▁Martin ▁L ats is , ▁chief ▁of ▁the ▁Ukrain ian |
▁Che ka , ▁emphas ized ▁that ▁Red ▁terror ▁was ▁an ▁extr aj ud icial ▁punishment ▁not ▁for ▁specific ▁acts , ▁but ▁membership ▁in ▁condem ned ▁social ▁classes : ▁" Do ▁not ▁look ▁in ▁the ▁file ▁of ▁inc rim inating ▁evidence ▁to ▁see ▁whether ▁or ▁not ▁the ▁accused ▁rose ▁up ▁against ▁the ▁Soviet s ▁with ▁arms ▁or ▁words . ▁Ask ▁him ▁instead ▁to ▁which ▁class ▁he ▁belongs , ▁what ▁is ▁his ▁background , ▁his ▁education , ▁his ▁profession . ▁These ▁are ▁the ▁questions ▁that ▁will ▁determine ▁the ▁fate ▁of ▁the ▁accused . ▁That ▁is ▁the ▁meaning ▁and ▁essence ▁of ▁the ▁Red ▁T error ." ▁ ▁One ▁of ▁the ▁most ▁common ▁terrorist ▁practices ▁was ▁host age - t aking . ▁ ▁A ▁typical ▁report ▁from ▁a ▁Che ka ▁department ▁stated : ▁" Y ar oslav l ▁Province , ▁ 2 3 ▁June ▁ 1 9 1 9 . ▁The ▁up r ising ▁of ▁des er ters ▁in ▁the ▁Pet rop av lov sk aya ▁vol ost ▁has ▁been ▁put ▁down . ▁The ▁families ▁of ▁the ▁des er ters ▁have ▁been ▁taken ▁as ▁host ages . ▁When ▁we ▁started ▁to ▁shoot ▁one ▁person ▁from ▁each ▁family , ▁the ▁Gre ens ▁began ▁to ▁come ▁out ▁of ▁the ▁woods ▁and ▁surrender . ▁Th irty - four ▁des er ters ▁were ▁shot ▁as ▁an ▁example ". ▁▁ 1 9 7 7 ▁Moscow ▁bomb ings ▁ ▁The ▁ 1 9 7 7 ▁Moscow ▁bomb ings ▁were ▁alleg edly ▁organized ▁by ▁the ▁Soviet ▁K GB ▁in ▁Moscow ▁to ▁frame - up |
▁Armen ian ▁national ists ▁who ▁were ▁executed ▁despite ▁having ▁an ▁al ib i ▁ ▁Cont emporary ▁Russia ▁ ▁Acc us ations ▁of ▁terror ism ▁▁ ▁Cont emporary ▁Russian ▁government ▁has ▁been ▁frequently ▁accused ▁of ▁spons oring ▁or ▁insp iring ▁terrorist ▁activities ▁inside ▁the ▁country ▁and ▁in ▁other ▁countries ▁in ▁order ▁to ▁achieve ▁its ▁political ▁goals . ▁ ▁Former ▁F SB ▁officer ▁Alexander ▁Lit vin en ko , ▁John s ▁Hop kins ▁University ▁and ▁Ho over ▁Institute ▁scholar ▁David ▁S atter , ▁Russian ▁law maker ▁Serge i ▁Y us hen kov , ▁historian ▁Y uri ▁F els ht insky , ▁polit ologist ▁Vlad imir ▁P rib yl ov sky ▁and ▁former ▁K GB ▁general ▁O leg ▁Kal ugin ▁assert ed ▁that ▁Russian ▁apartment ▁bomb ings ▁were ▁in ▁fact ▁a ▁" false ▁flag " ▁attack ▁perpet rated ▁by ▁the ▁F SB ▁( success or ▁to ▁the ▁K GB ) ▁in ▁order ▁to ▁legit im ize ▁the ▁res um ption ▁of ▁military ▁activities ▁in ▁Che ch ny a ▁and ▁bring ▁Vlad imir ▁Put in ▁and ▁the ▁F SB ▁to ▁power . ▁F SB ▁oper atives ▁were ▁actually ▁briefly ▁arrested ▁in ▁the ▁case , ▁but ▁their ▁presence ▁at ▁the ▁crime ▁scene ▁was ▁explained ▁as ▁" training ". ▁This ▁view ▁was ▁disput ed ▁by ▁philos opher ▁Robert ▁Bruce ▁W are ▁and ▁Richard ▁Sak wa ,, ▁but ▁supported ▁by ▁histor ians ▁Amy ▁Knight ▁and ▁Karen ▁Daw isha ▁ ▁Former ▁F SB ▁officer ▁Aleks ander ▁Lit vin en ko ▁and ▁investig ator ▁Mik h ail ▁T rep ash kin ▁alleged |
▁that ▁a ▁Che chen ▁F SB ▁agent ▁directed ▁the ▁Moscow ▁theater ▁host age ▁crisis ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 2 . ▁▁ ▁Y ul ia ▁Lat yn ina ▁has ▁accused ▁the ▁Russian ▁security ▁services ▁of ▁st aging ▁fake ▁terrorist ▁attacks ▁( with ▁minimal ▁casual ties ) ▁to ▁report ▁false ▁success es ▁in ▁solving ▁those ▁cases , ▁instead ▁of ▁investig ating ▁the ▁actual ▁terrorist ▁attacks . ▁ ▁V y ache sl av ▁Iz mail ov ▁from ▁Nov aya ▁Gaz eta ▁has ▁accused ▁the ▁Russian ▁authorities ▁of ▁ext ort ing ▁conf essions ▁from ▁suspect ▁terror ists ▁with ▁torture , ▁instead ▁of ▁engaging ▁in ▁genuine ▁investig ative ▁efforts .. ▁According ▁to ▁him , ▁the ▁kidn appings ▁of ▁journalists ▁and ▁members ▁of ▁international ▁N GO s ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 5 ▁in ▁Che ch ny a , ▁along ▁with ▁And rei ▁Bab its ky ▁from ▁Radio ▁Free ▁Europe , ▁Ar jan ▁Er kel ▁and ▁Kenn eth ▁Gl ack ▁from ▁Do ctors ▁Without ▁B orders ▁were ▁organized ▁by ▁F SB ▁agents . ▁ ▁Alexander ▁J . ▁Mot yl , ▁professor ▁of ▁political ▁science ▁at ▁R ut gers ▁University ▁arg ues ▁that ▁Russia ' s ▁direct ▁and ▁indirect ▁involvement ▁in ▁the ▁violence ▁in ▁eastern ▁Ukraine ▁qual ifies ▁as ▁a ▁state - s pons ored ▁terror ism , ▁and ▁that ▁those ▁involved ▁qualify ▁as ▁" ter ror ist ▁groups ." ▁ ▁In ▁May ▁ 2 0 1 6 , ▁Re ut ers ▁published ▁a ▁Special ▁Report ▁titled ▁" How ▁Russia ▁allowed ▁home g rown ▁radical s ▁to ▁go ▁and |
▁fight ▁in ▁Syria " ▁that , ▁based ▁on ▁first - hand ▁evidence , ▁said ▁that ▁at ▁least ▁in ▁the ▁period ▁between ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁and ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁the ▁Russian ▁government ▁agencies ▁ran ▁a ▁programme ▁to ▁facilitate ▁and ▁encourage ▁Russian ▁radical s ▁and ▁milit ants ▁to ▁leave ▁Russia ▁and ▁go ▁to ▁Turkey ▁and ▁then ▁on ▁to ▁Syria ; ▁the ▁persons ▁in ▁question ▁had ▁joined ▁j ih ad ist ▁groups , ▁some ▁fighting ▁with ▁the ▁IS IL . ▁According ▁to ▁the ▁report , ▁the ▁goal ▁has ▁been ▁to ▁er ad icate ▁the ▁risk ▁of ▁Islamic ▁terror ism ▁at ▁home ; ▁however ▁Russian ▁security ▁officials ▁deny ▁that ▁terror ists ▁were ▁encouraged ▁to ▁leave ▁Russia . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 8 , ▁after ▁the ▁poison ing ▁of ▁Sk rip als , ▁the ▁ ▁State ▁Department ▁was ▁reported ly ▁prepared ▁to ▁officially ▁design ate ▁Russia ▁as ▁" state ▁spons or ▁of ▁terror ism " ▁by ▁US ▁law ▁based ▁on ▁the ▁cases ▁described ▁above , ▁but ▁ ▁the ▁work ▁has ▁been ▁stopped ▁as ▁it ▁was ▁decided ▁that ▁it ▁would ▁inter ef ere ▁with ▁US ▁options ▁in ▁areas ▁where ▁it ▁has ▁to ▁cooper ate ▁with ▁Russia . ▁ ▁In ▁April ▁ 2 0 1 9 ▁Security ▁Service ▁of ▁Ukraine ▁arrested ▁ 7 ▁Russians ▁traveling ▁on ▁counter fe it ▁pass ports ▁accused ▁of ▁preparing ▁a ▁car ▁bomb ing ▁against ▁a ▁Ukrain ian ▁military ▁intelligence ▁officer . ▁One ▁of ▁them , ▁traveling ▁with ▁fake ▁K yr gy z stan ▁pass port , ▁was ▁identified ▁as |
▁Tim ur ▁D z ort ov , ▁previously ▁deputy ▁chief ▁of ▁staff ▁to ▁the ▁leader ▁Ing us het ia . ▁Another ▁man , ▁responsible ▁for ▁actually ▁plant ing ▁the ▁bomb ▁in ▁the ▁car , ▁accidentally ▁triggered ▁it ▁and ▁was ▁wounded ▁by ▁the ▁blast . ▁S BU ▁accused ▁officer ▁D mit ry ▁Min ay ev ▁from ▁Russian ▁Federal ▁Security ▁Service ▁( FS B ) ▁of ▁coord inating ▁the ▁group . ▁▁ 1 9 9 9 ▁Russian ▁apartment ▁bomb ings ▁ ▁The ▁Russian ▁apartment ▁bomb ings ▁were ▁a ▁series ▁of ▁bomb ings ▁in ▁Russia ▁that ▁killed ▁nearly ▁ 3 0 0 ▁people ▁and , ▁together ▁with ▁the ▁D ag est an ▁War , ▁led ▁the ▁country ▁into ▁the ▁Second ▁Che chen ▁War . ▁The ▁five ▁bomb ings ▁took ▁place ▁in ▁Moscow ▁and ▁two ▁other ▁Russian ▁towns ▁during ▁ten ▁days ▁of ▁September ▁ 1 9 9 9 . ▁ ▁The ▁bomb ings ▁were ▁followed ▁by ▁a ▁controversial ▁episode ▁when ▁a ▁suspected ▁bomb ▁was ▁found ▁and ▁def used ▁in ▁an ▁apartment ▁block ▁in ▁the ▁Russian ▁city ▁of ▁Ry az an ▁on ▁ 2 2 ▁September , ▁which ▁was ▁then ▁explained ▁to ▁be ▁an ▁exercise ▁by ▁the ▁Russian ▁security ▁services , ▁the ▁F SB . ▁ ▁An ▁official ▁investigation ▁of ▁the ▁bomb ings ▁was ▁completed ▁only ▁three ▁years ▁later , ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 2 . ▁Seven ▁suspect s ▁were ▁killed , ▁six ▁have ▁been ▁convicted ▁on ▁terror ism - related ▁charges , ▁and ▁one ▁remains ▁a ▁f ug itive . ▁According ▁to ▁the ▁investigation , ▁all |
▁bomb ings ▁were ▁organized ▁and ▁led ▁by ▁A che me z ▁Go chi ya ev ▁- ▁who ▁as ▁of ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁remained ▁at ▁large . ▁ ▁The ▁Russian ▁D uma ▁rejected ▁two ▁mot ions ▁for ▁parliament ary ▁investigation ▁of ▁the ▁Ry az an ▁incident . ▁An ▁independent ▁public ▁commission ▁to ▁investigate ▁the ▁bomb ings ▁cha ired ▁by ▁D uma ▁deputy ▁Serge i ▁K oval ev ▁was ▁rendered ▁in effective ▁because ▁of ▁government ▁ref usal ▁to ▁respond ▁to ▁its ▁in quir ies . ▁Two ▁key ▁members ▁of ▁the ▁K oval ev ▁Commission , ▁Serge i ▁Y us hen kov ▁and ▁Y uri ▁Sh che k och ik hin , ▁both ▁D uma ▁members , ▁have ▁since ▁died ▁in ▁ ▁assass inations ▁in ▁April ▁ 2 0 0 3 ▁and ▁July ▁ 2 0 0 3 ▁respectively . ▁The ▁Commission ' s ▁lawyer ▁Mik h ail ▁T rep ash kin ▁was ▁arrested ▁in ▁October ▁ 2 0 0 3 ▁to ▁become ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁better - known ▁political ▁prisoners ▁in ▁Russia . ▁ ▁More ▁recent ▁attacks ▁ 2 0 0 4 ▁ ▁In ▁September ▁ 2 0 0 4 , ▁following ▁bomb ing ▁attacks ▁on ▁two ▁aircraft ▁and ▁the ▁downtown ▁Moscow ▁Metro , ▁Che chen ▁terror ists ▁seized ▁over ▁ 1 , 0 0 0 ▁host ages ▁at ▁a ▁school ▁in ▁Bes lan , ▁North ▁Os set ia . ▁▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁ ▁The ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁Moscow ▁market ▁bomb ing ▁occurred ▁on ▁August ▁ 2 1 , |
▁ 2 0 0 6 , ▁when ▁a ▁self - made ▁bomb ▁of ▁the ▁power ▁of ▁more ▁than ▁ 1 kg ▁of ▁T NT ▁expl oded ▁at ▁Moscow ' s ▁Cher k iz ov sky ▁Market ▁frequ ented ▁by ▁foreign ▁merch ants . ▁The ▁bomb ing ▁killed ▁ 1 3 ▁people ▁and ▁injured ▁ 4 7 . ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 8 , ▁eight ▁members ▁of ▁the ▁ne o - N azi ▁organization ▁The ▁Sav iour ▁ ▁were ▁sent enced ▁for ▁their ▁roles ▁in ▁the ▁attack . ▁▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁ ▁In ▁March ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁suicide ▁bomb ings ▁were ▁carried ▁out ▁by ▁two ▁women ▁who ▁were ▁aligned ▁with ▁C au cas us ▁Em ir ate ▁and ▁Al - Q a eda . ▁The ▁terrorist ▁attack ▁happened ▁during ▁the ▁morning ▁rush ▁hour ▁of ▁March ▁ 2 9 , ▁ 2 0 1 0 , ▁at ▁two ▁stations ▁of ▁the ▁Moscow ▁Metro ▁( L ub y anka ▁and ▁Park ▁K ult ury ), ▁with ▁roughly ▁ 4 0 ▁minutes ▁interval ▁between . ▁At ▁least ▁ 4 0 ▁people ▁were ▁killed , ▁and ▁over ▁ 1 0 0 ▁injured . ▁▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁ ▁The ▁Dom oded ovo ▁International ▁Airport ▁bomb ing ▁was ▁a ▁suicide ▁bomb ing ▁in ▁the ▁international ▁arrival ▁hall ▁of ▁Moscow ' s ▁Dom oded ovo ▁International , ▁in ▁Dom oded ov sky ▁District , ▁Moscow ▁O bl ast , ▁on ▁ 2 4 ▁January ▁ 2 0 1 1 . ▁ ▁The ▁bomb |
ing ▁killed ▁ 3 7 ▁people ▁and ▁injured ▁ 1 7 3 ▁others , ▁including ▁ 8 6 ▁who ▁had ▁to ▁be ▁hospital ised . ▁Of ▁the ▁casual ties , ▁ 3 1 ▁died ▁at ▁the ▁scene , ▁three ▁later ▁in ▁hospitals , ▁one ▁en ▁route ▁to ▁a ▁hospital , ▁one ▁on ▁ 2 ▁February ▁after ▁having ▁been ▁put ▁in ▁a ▁com a , ▁and ▁another ▁on ▁ 2 4 ▁February ▁after ▁being ▁hospital ised ▁in ▁grave ▁condition . ▁ ▁Russia ' s ▁Federal ▁Invest ig ative ▁Committee ▁later ▁identified ▁the ▁suicide ▁bom ber ▁as ▁a ▁ 2 0 - year - old ▁from ▁the ▁North ▁C au cas us , ▁and ▁said ▁that ▁the ▁attack ▁was ▁aimed ▁" first ▁and ▁fore most " ▁at ▁foreign ▁citizens . ▁▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁ ▁In ▁December ▁ 2 0 1 3 , ▁two ▁separate ▁suicide ▁bomb ings ▁a ▁day ▁apart ▁targeted ▁mass ▁transportation ▁in ▁the ▁city ▁of ▁Vol g og rad , ▁in ▁the ▁Vol g og rad ▁O bl ast ▁of ▁Southern ▁Russia , ▁killing ▁ 3 4 ▁people ▁overall , ▁including ▁both ▁perpet r ators ▁who ▁were ▁aligned ▁to ▁C au cas us ▁Em ir ate ▁and ▁Vil ay at ▁D ag est an . ▁The ▁attacks ▁followed ▁a ▁bus ▁bomb ing ▁carried ▁out ▁in ▁the ▁same ▁city ▁two ▁months ▁earlier . ▁ ▁On ▁ 2 1 ▁October ▁ 2 0 1 3 , ▁a ▁suicide ▁bomb ing ▁took ▁place ▁on ▁a ▁bus ▁in ▁the ▁city ▁of ▁Vol g og rad |
, ▁in ▁the ▁Vol g og rad ▁O bl ast ▁of ▁Southern ▁Russia . ▁The ▁attack ▁was ▁carried ▁out ▁by ▁a ▁female ▁perpet r ator ▁named ▁Na ida ▁Sir az h ud in ov na ▁As i yal ova ▁( R ussian : ▁На и да ▁Си ра жу ди нов на ▁А сия лова ) ▁who ▁was ▁converted ▁to ▁Islam ▁by ▁her ▁husband , ▁she ▁det on ated ▁an ▁explos ive ▁belt ▁containing ▁ 5 0 0 – 6 0 0 ▁gr ams ▁of ▁T NT ▁inside ▁a ▁bus ▁carrying ▁approximately ▁ 5 0 ▁people , ▁killing ▁seven ▁civ ilians ▁and ▁inj uring ▁at ▁least ▁ 3 6 ▁others . ▁ ▁The ▁Invest ig ative ▁Committee ▁of ▁Russia ▁recorded ▁ 6 6 1 ▁terrorist ▁off ences ▁for ▁ 2 0 1 3 , ▁including ▁ 3 1 ▁terrorist ▁attacks , ▁which ▁claimed ▁about ▁ 4 0 ▁lives ▁and ▁dozens ▁more ▁injuries . ▁▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁ ▁On ▁October ▁ 5 , ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁a ▁ 1 9 - year - old ▁man ▁named ▁Opt i ▁M ud ar ov ▁went ▁to ▁the ▁town ▁hall ▁where ▁an ▁event ▁was ▁taking ▁place ▁to ▁mark ▁Gro z ny ▁City ▁Day ▁celebr ations ▁in ▁Gro z ny ▁coinc iding ▁with ▁the ▁birthday ▁of ▁Che chen ▁President ▁Ram z an ▁K ady rov . ▁Police ▁officers ▁noticed ▁him ▁acting ▁strang ely ▁and ▁stopped ▁him . ▁The ▁officers ▁began ▁to ▁search ▁him ▁and ▁the ▁bomb ▁which ▁M ud ar ov ▁had ▁been ▁carrying |
▁expl oded . ▁Five ▁officers , ▁along ▁with ▁the ▁suicide ▁bom ber , ▁were ▁killed , ▁while ▁ 1 2 ▁others ▁were ▁wounded . ▁ ▁On ▁ 4 ▁December ▁ 2 0 1 4 , ▁a ▁group ▁of ▁Islam ist ▁milit ants , ▁in ▁three ▁vehicles , ▁killed ▁three ▁traffic ▁polic emen , ▁after ▁the ▁latter ▁had ▁attempted ▁to ▁stop ▁them ▁at ▁a ▁check point ▁in ▁the ▁out sk irts ▁of ▁Gro z ny . ▁The ▁milit ants ▁then ▁occupied ▁a ▁press ▁building ▁and ▁an ▁abandoned ▁school , ▁located ▁in ▁the ▁center ▁of ▁the ▁city . ▁La unch ing ▁a ▁counter - ter ror ism ▁operation , ▁security ▁forces , ▁with ▁the ▁use ▁of ▁arm ored ▁vehicles , ▁attempted ▁to ▁storm ▁the ▁buildings ▁and ▁a ▁fire f ight ▁ens ued . ▁▁ 1 4 ▁polic emen , ▁ 1 1 ▁milit ants ▁and ▁ 1 ▁civilian ▁were ▁killed . ▁Additionally ▁ 3 6 ▁polic emen ▁were ▁wounded ▁in ▁the ▁incident . ▁The ▁Press ▁House ▁was ▁also ▁burned ▁and ▁severely ▁damaged ▁in ▁the ▁incident . ▁▁ 2 0 1 5 ▁ ▁Metro jet ▁Flight ▁ 9 2 6 8 ▁was ▁an ▁international ▁char tered ▁passenger ▁flight ▁operated ▁by ▁Russian ▁air line ▁K og al ym avia ▁( br anded ▁as ▁Metro jet ). ▁On ▁ 3 1 ▁October ▁ 2 0 1 5 ▁at ▁ 0 6 : 1 3 ▁local ▁time ▁E ST ▁( 0 4 : 1 3 ▁UTC ), ▁an ▁Air bus ▁A 3 2 1 - 2 3 1 ▁operating |
▁the ▁flight ▁dis integr ated ▁above ▁the ▁northern ▁S ina i ▁following ▁its ▁departure ▁from ▁Sh arm ▁El ▁She ikh ▁International ▁Airport , ▁Egypt , ▁in ▁route ▁to ▁Pul k ovo ▁Airport , ▁Saint ▁Peters burg , ▁Russia . ▁All ▁ 2 1 7 ▁passengers ▁and ▁seven ▁crew ▁members ▁who ▁were ▁on ▁board ▁were ▁killed . ▁ ▁Short ly ▁after ▁the ▁crash , ▁the ▁Islamic ▁State ▁of ▁Iraq ▁and ▁the ▁Lev ant ▁( IS IL )' s ▁S ina i ▁Branch , ▁previously ▁known ▁as ▁An s ar ▁B ait ▁al - Ma q dis , ▁claimed ▁responsibility ▁for ▁the ▁incident , ▁which ▁occurred ▁in ▁the ▁vic inity ▁of ▁the ▁S ina i ▁ins urg ency . ▁IS IL ▁claimed ▁responsibility ▁on ▁Twitter , ▁on ▁video , ▁and ▁in ▁a ▁statement ▁by ▁Abu ▁Os ama ▁al - M as ri , ▁the ▁leader ▁of ▁the ▁group ' s ▁S ina i ▁branch . ▁IS IL ▁posted ▁pictures ▁of ▁what ▁it ▁said ▁was ▁the ▁bomb ▁in ▁D abi q , ▁its ▁online ▁magazine . ▁ ▁By ▁ 4 ▁November ▁ 2 0 1 5 , ▁British ▁and ▁American ▁authorities ▁suspected ▁that ▁a ▁bomb ▁was ▁responsible ▁for ▁the ▁crash . ▁On ▁ 8 ▁November ▁ 2 0 1 5 , ▁an ▁anonymous ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁Egyptian ▁investigation ▁team ▁said ▁the ▁investig ators ▁were ▁" 9 0 ▁percent ▁sure " ▁that ▁the ▁jet ▁was ▁brought ▁down ▁by ▁a ▁bomb . ▁Lead ▁investig ator ▁A yman ▁al - Mu q add am ▁said ▁that ▁other ▁possible ▁causes |
▁of ▁the ▁crash ▁included ▁a ▁fuel ▁explosion , ▁metal ▁fat igue , ▁and ▁l ith ium ▁batteries ▁over he ating . ▁The ▁Russian ▁Federal ▁Security ▁Service ▁announced ▁on ▁ 1 7 ▁November ▁that ▁they ▁were ▁sure ▁that ▁it ▁was ▁a ▁terrorist ▁attack , ▁caused ▁by ▁an ▁impro vised ▁bomb ▁containing ▁the ▁equivalent ▁of ▁up ▁to ▁ ▁of ▁T NT ▁that ▁det on ated ▁during ▁the ▁flight . ▁The ▁Russians ▁said ▁they ▁had ▁found ▁explos ive ▁resid ue ▁as ▁evidence . ▁On ▁ 2 4 ▁February ▁ 2 0 1 6 , ▁Egyptian ▁President ▁Ab del ▁F att ah ▁el - S isi ▁acknowledged ▁that ▁terror ism ▁caused ▁the ▁crash . ▁▁ 2 0 1 7 ▁ ▁On ▁ 3 ▁April ▁ 2 0 1 7 , ▁a ▁terrorist ▁attack ▁using ▁an ▁explos ive ▁device ▁took ▁place ▁on ▁the ▁Saint ▁Peters burg ▁Metro ▁between ▁S enn aya ▁Pl osh ch ad ▁and ▁T ek hn olog iche sky ▁Institut ▁stations . ▁Seven ▁people ▁( including ▁the ▁perpet r ator ) ▁were ▁initially ▁reported ▁to ▁have ▁died , ▁and ▁eight ▁more ▁died ▁later ▁from ▁their ▁injuries , ▁bringing ▁the ▁total ▁to ▁ 1 5 . ▁At ▁least ▁ 4 5 ▁others ▁were ▁injured ▁in ▁the ▁incident . ▁The ▁explos ive ▁device ▁was ▁contained ▁in ▁a ▁brief case . ▁A ▁second ▁explos ive ▁device ▁was ▁found ▁and ▁def used ▁at ▁Pl osh ch ad ▁V os st ani ya ▁met ro ▁station . ▁The ▁suspected ▁perpet r ator ▁was ▁named ▁as ▁Ak bar zh on ▁J |
al il ov , ▁a ▁Russian ▁citizen ▁who ▁was ▁an ▁ethnic ▁U zb ek ▁born ▁in ▁K yr gy z stan . ▁Prior ▁to ▁the ▁attack , ▁Che chen ▁separ at ists ▁had ▁been ▁responsible ▁for ▁several ▁terrorist ▁attacks ▁in ▁Russia . ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 6 , ▁IS IS ▁had ▁pl otted ▁to ▁target ▁St . ▁Peters burg ▁due ▁to ▁Russia ' s ▁military ▁involvement ▁in ▁Syria , ▁resulting ▁in ▁arrest s . ▁No ▁public ▁transport ▁system ▁in ▁Russia ▁had ▁been ▁bom bed ▁since ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁Moscow ▁Metro ▁bomb ings . IS IS ▁propaganda ▁was ▁being ▁circul ated ▁prior ▁to ▁this ▁incident . ▁It ▁encouraged ▁supporters ▁to ▁launch ▁strikes ▁on ▁Moscow . ▁IS IS ▁propaganda ▁showed ▁bullet ▁holes ▁through ▁Put in ' s ▁head ▁and ▁a ▁poster ▁circul ated ▁before ▁the ▁attack ▁of ▁a ▁falling ▁K rem lin ▁and ▁included ▁the ▁message ▁" We ▁Will ▁Burn ▁Russia ." ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 2 ▁April ▁ 2 0 1 7 , ▁two ▁people ▁were ▁shot ▁and ▁killed ▁in ▁an ▁attack ▁in ▁a ▁Federal ▁Security ▁Service ▁office ▁in ▁the ▁Russian ▁city ▁of ▁K hab ar ov sk . ▁The ▁gun man ▁was ▁also ▁killed . ▁The ▁Russian ▁Federal ▁Security ▁Service ▁said ▁that ▁the ▁native ▁ 1 8 - year - old ▁perpet r ator ▁was ▁a ▁known ▁member ▁of ▁a ▁ne o - n azi ▁group .; ▁ ▁On ▁ 2 7 ▁December ▁ 2 0 1 7 ▁a ▁bomb ▁expl oded ▁in ▁a ▁super market ▁in ▁St ▁Peters |
burg , ▁inj uring ▁thirteen ▁people . ▁Vlad imir ▁Put in ▁described ▁this ▁as ▁a ▁terrorist ▁attack . ▁ ▁International ▁cooperation ▁In ▁December ▁ 2 0 1 9 ▁President ▁of ▁Russia ▁Vlad imir ▁Put in ▁thank ed ▁his ▁American ▁counter part ▁Donald ▁Trump ▁for ▁a ▁tip ▁which ▁allowed ▁to ▁prevent ▁a ▁terrorist ▁attack ▁in ▁St . ▁Peters burg . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁▁ ▁SR ▁Com bat ▁Organization ▁ ▁K iz ly ar ▁raid ▁ ▁State - s pons ored ▁terror ism # R ussia ▁ ▁Russian ▁Federation ▁list ▁of ▁terrorist ▁and ▁extrem ist ▁organizations ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁ ▁T error ism : ▁A ▁Marx ist ▁Pers pective , ▁By ▁Dave ▁Holmes ▁ ▁Over ▁ 2 0 0 ▁cases ▁against ▁H iz b ▁ut - T ahr ir ▁activ ists ▁opened ▁in ▁Russia ▁ ▁Kh ant y - M ans i ysk ▁Court ▁conf ir ms ▁H iz b ▁ut - T ahr ir ▁activ ist ' s ▁sentence ▁ ▁' Big ▁three ' ▁to ▁hold ▁Delhi ▁talks ▁ ▁T error ism ▁in ▁Russia ▁- ▁slides how ▁by ▁Life ▁magazine ▁▁▁ ▁Russia <0x0A> </s> ▁S 3 1 ▁may ▁refer ▁to ▁: ▁ ▁S 3 1 ▁( Long ▁Island ▁bus ) ▁ ▁County ▁Route ▁S 3 1 ▁( Cal ifornia ) ▁ ▁County ▁Route ▁S 3 1 ▁( New ▁Jersey ), ▁a ▁county ▁route ▁in ▁Ber gen ▁County ▁ ▁H MS ▁V enge ance ▁( S 3 1 ), ▁a ▁ 1 9 9 8 ▁V angu ard ▁class ▁submar ine |
▁of ▁the ▁British ▁Royal ▁Navy ▁ ▁Let ov ▁Š - 3 1 , ▁a ▁Czech os lov ak ian ▁Let ov ▁aircraft ▁ ▁USS ▁S - 3 1 ▁( SS - 1 3 6 ), ▁a ▁ 1 9 1 8 ▁S - class ▁submar ine ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Navy ▁ ▁S - 3 1 , ▁a ▁W W 2 ▁German ▁Sch nell boot ▁ ▁a ▁Hamburg ▁S - B ahn ▁line ▁▁ ▁a ▁Stadt bahn ▁Karl s ru he ▁line <0x0A> </s> ▁Fol lic ular ▁thy roid ▁cancer ▁accounts ▁for ▁ 1 5 % ▁of ▁thy roid ▁cancer ▁and ▁occurs ▁more ▁commonly ▁in ▁women ▁over ▁ 5 0 ▁years ▁of ▁age . ▁Th y ro glob ulin ▁( T g ) ▁can ▁be ▁used ▁as ▁a ▁tum or ▁marker ▁for ▁well - d iffer enti ated ▁fol lic ular ▁thy roid ▁cancer . ▁Th y roid ▁fol lic ular ▁cells ▁are ▁the ▁thy roid ▁cells ▁responsible ▁for ▁the ▁production ▁and ▁secret ion ▁of ▁thy roid ▁horm ones . ▁ ▁C ause ▁ ▁Associ ated ▁mut ations ▁Appro xim ately ▁one - half ▁of ▁fol lic ular ▁thy roid ▁car cin omas ▁have ▁mut ations ▁in ▁the ▁R as ▁sub family ▁of ▁on c ogen es , ▁most ▁notably ▁HR AS , ▁N R AS , ▁and ▁K R AS . ▁Mut ations ▁in ▁MIN PP 1 ▁have ▁likewise ▁been ▁observed , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁germ line ▁PT EN ▁gene ▁mut ations ▁responsible ▁for ▁Cow den ▁syndrome ▁of ▁which ▁fol lic ular |
▁thy roid ▁cancer ▁is ▁a ▁feature . ▁Also , ▁a ▁chrom os om al ▁trans location ▁specific ▁for ▁fol lic ular ▁thy roid ▁car cin omas ▁is ▁one ▁between ▁pa ired ▁box ▁gene ▁ 8 ▁( PA X - 8 ), ▁a ▁gene ▁important ▁in ▁thy roid ▁development , ▁and ▁the ▁gene ▁encoding ▁per ox is ome ▁pro lifer ator - activ ated ▁re ceptor ▁ γ ▁ 1 ▁( P PAR γ 1 ), ▁a ▁nuclear ▁horm one ▁re ceptor ▁contributing ▁to ▁terminal ▁different iation ▁of ▁cells . ▁The ▁PA X 8 - P PAR γ 1 ▁fusion ▁is ▁present ▁in ▁approximately ▁one - third ▁of ▁fol lic ular ▁thy roid ▁car cin omas , ▁specifically ▁those ▁can cers ▁with ▁a ▁t ( 2 ; 3 )( q 1 3 ; p 2 5 ) ▁trans location , ▁perm itting ▁ju xt apos ition ▁of ▁portions ▁of ▁both ▁genes . ▁T um ors ▁tend ▁carry ▁either ▁a ▁R AS ▁mut ation ▁or ▁a ▁PA X 8 - P PAR γ 1 ▁fusion , ▁and ▁only ▁rarely ▁are ▁both ▁genetic ▁ab normal ities ▁present ▁in ▁the ▁same ▁case . ▁Thus , ▁fol lic ular ▁thy roid ▁car cin omas ▁seem ▁to ▁arise ▁by ▁two ▁distinct ▁and ▁virtually ▁non over l apping ▁molecular ▁path ways . ▁ ▁Hur th le ▁cell ▁variant ▁ ▁Hur th le ▁cell ▁thy roid ▁cancer ▁is ▁often ▁considered ▁a ▁variant ▁of ▁fol lic ular ▁cell ▁car cin oma . ▁Hur th le ▁cell ▁forms ▁are ▁more ▁likely ▁than ▁fol |
lic ular ▁car cin omas ▁to ▁be ▁bil ateral ▁and ▁mult if ocal ▁and ▁to ▁ ▁met ast as ize ▁to ▁l ym ph ▁nodes . ▁Like ▁fol lic ular ▁car cin oma , ▁un il ateral ▁hem ith y roid ect omy ▁is ▁performed ▁for ▁non - in vas ive ▁disease , ▁and ▁total ▁thy roid ect omy ▁for ▁invas ive ▁disease . ▁ ▁Di agn osis ▁ ▁Class ification ▁It ▁is ▁impossible ▁to ▁distinguish ▁between ▁fol lic ular ▁ad en oma ▁and ▁ ▁car cin oma ▁on ▁c yt ological ▁grounds . ▁If ▁fine ▁needle ▁asp iration ▁c yt ology ▁( FN AC ) ▁suggests ▁fol lic ular ▁ne opl asm , ▁thy roid ▁lob ect omy ▁should ▁be ▁performed ▁to ▁establish ▁the ▁hist opath ological ▁diagnosis . ▁ ▁Features ▁s ine ▁qu a ▁non ▁for ▁the ▁diagnosis ▁of ▁fol lic ular ▁car cin oma ▁are ▁caps ular ▁invasion ▁and ▁v ascular ▁invasion ▁by ▁tum or ▁cells . ▁Still , ▁focuses ▁of ▁the ▁caps ular ▁invasion ▁should ▁be ▁carefully ▁evaluated ▁and ▁discrim inated ▁from ▁the ▁caps ular ▁ru pt ure ▁due ▁to ▁F NA ▁penetr ation ▁resulting ▁in ▁W HA FF T ▁( wor ris ome ▁hist olog ic ▁alter ations ▁following ▁F NA ▁of ▁thy roid ). ▁▁ ▁Fol lic ular ▁car cin oma ▁tends ▁to ▁met ast as ize ▁to ▁lung ▁and ▁bone ▁via ▁the ▁blood stream . ▁ ▁Pap ill ary ▁thy roid ▁car cin oma ▁commonly ▁met ast as izes ▁to ▁c erv ical ▁l ym ph |
▁nodes . ▁ ▁H M GA 2 ▁has ▁been ▁proposed ▁as ▁a ▁marker ▁to ▁identify ▁m align ant ▁tum ors . ▁ ▁Treat ment ▁Treat ment ▁is ▁usually ▁surg ical , ▁followed ▁by ▁radio iod ine . ▁ ▁Initial ▁treatment ▁If ▁fol lic ular ▁cells ▁are ▁found ▁on ▁c yt ological ▁testing , ▁it ▁is ▁common ▁to ▁carry ▁out ▁hem ith y roid ect omy ▁to ▁distinguish ▁between ▁fol lic ular ▁ad en oma ▁and ▁fol lic ular ▁car cin oma ▁on ▁hist opath ological ▁examination , ▁proceed ing ▁to ▁completion ▁thy roid ect omy ▁and ▁post oper ative ▁radio iod ine ▁ab lation ▁where ▁car cin oma ▁is ▁confirmed . ▁ ▁This ▁way ▁total ▁thy roid ect omy ▁is ▁not ▁carried ▁out ▁un necess arily . ▁Th y roid ect omy ▁is ▁in vari ably ▁followed ▁by ▁radio iod ine ▁treatment ▁at ▁levels ▁from ▁ 5 0 ▁to ▁ 2 0 0 ▁mill ic uries ▁following ▁two ▁weeks ▁of ▁a ▁low ▁i od ine ▁diet ▁( L ID ). ▁Occ asion ally ▁treatment ▁must ▁be ▁repeated ▁if ▁annual ▁sc ans ▁indicate ▁remaining ▁cancer ous ▁tissue . ▁Some ▁phys icians ▁favor ▁administer ing ▁the ▁maximum ▁safe ▁dose ▁( cal cul ated ▁based ▁on ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁factors ), ▁while ▁others ▁favor ▁administer ing ▁smaller ▁dos es , ▁which ▁may ▁still ▁be ▁effective ▁in ▁ab l ating ▁all ▁thy roid ▁tissue . ▁I - 1 3 1 ▁is ▁used ▁for ▁ab lation ▁of ▁the ▁thy roid ▁tissue . ▁Min im ally ▁invas ive ▁thy |
roid ect omy ▁has ▁been ▁used ▁in ▁recent ▁years ▁in ▁cases ▁where ▁the ▁nod ules ▁are ▁small . ▁ ▁F inding ▁disease ▁recur rence ▁Some ▁studies ▁have ▁shown ▁that ▁thy ro glob ulin ▁( T g ) ▁testing ▁combined ▁with ▁neck ▁ul tras ound ▁is ▁more ▁productive ▁in ▁finding ▁disease ▁recur rence ▁than ▁full - ▁or ▁whole - body ▁sc ans ▁( W BS ) ▁using ▁radio active ▁i od ine . ▁However , ▁current ▁protocol ▁( in ▁the ▁USA ) ▁suggests ▁a ▁small ▁number ▁of ▁clean ▁annual ▁W BS ▁are ▁required ▁before ▁re lying ▁on ▁T g ▁testing ▁plus ▁neck ▁ul tras ound . ▁When ▁needed , ▁whole ▁body ▁sc ans ▁consist ▁of ▁withdrawal ▁from ▁thy ro x ine ▁medication ▁and / or ▁injection ▁of ▁re com bin ant ▁human ▁Th y roid ▁stim ulating ▁horm one ▁( T SH ). ▁In ▁both ▁cases , ▁a ▁low ▁i od ine ▁diet ▁reg imen ▁must ▁also ▁be ▁followed ▁to ▁optim ize ▁the ▁take up ▁of ▁the ▁radio active ▁i od ine ▁dose . ▁Low ▁dose ▁radio iod ine ▁of ▁a ▁few ▁mill ic uries ▁is ▁administer ed . ▁Full ▁body ▁nuclear ▁medicine ▁scan ▁follows ▁using ▁a ▁g amma ▁camera . ▁Sc an ▁dos es ▁of ▁radio active ▁i od ine ▁may ▁be ▁I 1 3 1 ▁or ▁I 1 2 3 . ▁ ▁Re com bin ant ▁human ▁T SH , ▁commercial ▁name ▁Th y rogen , ▁is ▁produced ▁in ▁cell ▁culture ▁from ▁gen et ically ▁engine ered ▁ham ster ▁cells . ▁ |
▁Pro gn osis ▁The ▁overall ▁ 5 - year ▁survival ▁rate ▁for ▁fol lic ular ▁thy roid ▁cancer ▁is ▁ 9 1 %, ▁and ▁the ▁ 1 0 - year ▁survival ▁rate ▁is ▁ 8 5 %. ▁ ▁By ▁overall ▁cancer ▁st aging ▁into ▁stages ▁I ▁to ▁IV , ▁fol lic ular ▁thy roid ▁cancer ▁has ▁a ▁ 5 - year ▁survival ▁rate ▁of ▁ 1 0 0 % ▁for ▁stages ▁I ▁and ▁II , ▁ 7 1 % ▁for ▁stage ▁III , ▁and ▁ 5 0 % ▁for ▁stage ▁IV . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁▁▁ ▁Th y roid ▁cancer ▁at ▁D MO Z ▁ ▁Cancer ▁Management ▁Hand book : ▁Th y roid ▁and ▁Par ath y roid ▁C ancers ▁ ▁Management ▁Gu idelines ▁for ▁Pat ients ▁with ▁Th y roid ▁N od ules ▁and ▁D iffer enti ated ▁Th y roid ▁Cancer ▁The ▁American ▁Th y roid ▁Association ▁Gu idelines ▁Task force ▁( 2 0 1 5 ). ▁ ▁Category : Th y roid ▁cancer <0x0A> </s> ▁Su ł kow o ▁ ▁( G erman : ▁Friedrich s ru h ) ▁is ▁a ▁village ▁in ▁the ▁administrative ▁district ▁of ▁G mina ▁R adow o ▁M ał e , ▁within ▁Ł ob ez ▁County , ▁West ▁P omer an ian ▁Vo iv odes hip , ▁in ▁north - western ▁Poland . ▁▁ ▁It ▁lies ▁approximately ▁ ▁south ▁of ▁R adow o ▁M ał e , ▁ ▁west ▁of ▁Ł ob ez , ▁and ▁ ▁east ▁of ▁the ▁regional ▁capital |
▁Sz cz ec in . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : V ill ages ▁in ▁Ł ob ez ▁County <0x0A> </s> ▁Try p eta ▁ad sp ers a ▁is ▁a ▁species ▁of ▁t eph rit id ▁or ▁fruit ▁flies ▁in ▁the ▁genus ▁Try p eta ▁of ▁the ▁family ▁T eph rit idae . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : Try p eta <0x0A> </s> ▁J ing de z hen ▁por cel ain ▁() ▁is ▁Chinese ▁por cel ain ▁produced ▁in ▁or ▁near ▁J ing de z hen ▁in ▁southern ▁China . ▁ ▁J ing de z hen ▁may ▁have ▁produced ▁pot tery ▁as ▁early ▁as ▁the ▁sixth ▁century ▁CE , ▁though ▁it ▁is ▁named ▁after ▁the ▁reign ▁name ▁of ▁Emperor ▁Z hen z ong , ▁in ▁whose ▁reign ▁it ▁became ▁a ▁major ▁kil n ▁site , ▁around ▁ 1 0 0 4 . ▁By ▁the ▁ 1 4 th ▁century ▁it ▁had ▁become ▁the ▁largest ▁centre ▁of ▁production ▁of ▁Chinese ▁por cel ain , ▁which ▁it ▁has ▁remained , ▁increasing ▁its ▁domin ance ▁in ▁subsequent ▁centuries . ▁ ▁From ▁the ▁M ing ▁period ▁on wards , ▁official ▁kil ns ▁in ▁J ing de z hen ▁were ▁controlled ▁by ▁the ▁emperor , ▁making ▁imperial ▁por cel ain ▁in ▁large ▁quantity ▁for ▁the ▁court ▁and ▁the ▁emperor ▁to ▁give ▁as ▁gifts . ▁ ▁Although ▁apparently ▁an ▁un prom ising ▁location ▁for ▁pot ter ies , ▁being ▁a ▁remote ▁town ▁in ▁a ▁h illy ▁region , ▁J ing de z hen ▁is ▁close ▁to ▁the ▁best |
▁quality ▁depos its ▁of ▁pet unt se , ▁or ▁por cel ain ▁stone , ▁in ▁China , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁being ▁surrounded ▁by ▁forests , ▁mostly ▁of ▁pine , ▁providing ▁wood ▁for ▁the ▁kil ns . ▁It ▁also ▁has ▁a ▁river ▁leading ▁to ▁river ▁systems ▁flowing ▁north ▁and ▁south , ▁facil itating ▁transport ▁of ▁frag ile ▁w ares . ▁ ▁The ▁imperial ▁kil ns ▁were ▁in ▁the ▁centre ▁of ▁the ▁city ▁at ▁Z h ush an ▁( P ear l ▁Hill ), ▁with ▁many ▁other ▁kil ns ▁four ▁kilometres ▁away ▁at ▁H ut ian . ▁ ▁It ▁has ▁produced ▁a ▁great ▁variety ▁of ▁pot tery ▁and ▁por cel ain , ▁for ▁the ▁Chinese ▁market ▁and ▁as ▁Chinese ▁export ▁por cel ain , ▁but ▁its ▁best - known ▁high ▁quality ▁por cel ain ▁w ares ▁have ▁been ▁success ively ▁Q ing b ai ▁ware ▁in ▁the ▁Song ▁and ▁Y uan ▁dyn ast ies , ▁blue ▁and ▁white ▁por cel ain ▁from ▁the ▁ 1 3 3 0 s , ▁and ▁the ▁" f am ille ▁rose " ▁and ▁other ▁" f am ille " ▁colours ▁under ▁the ▁Q ing ▁dyn asty . ▁ ▁Official ▁kil ns ▁The ▁Mong ol ▁Y uan ▁dyn asty ▁established ▁a ▁body , ▁the ▁" F uli ang ▁Por cel ain ▁Bureau " ▁to ▁reg ulate ▁production , ▁and ▁the ▁next ▁M ing ▁dyn asty ▁established ▁official ▁kil ns ▁to ▁produce ▁por cel ain ▁for ▁the ▁emperor ; ▁J ing de z hen ▁continued ▁to ▁produce ▁Imperial ▁por cel ain |
▁until ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁Imperial ▁rule . ▁ ▁The ▁imperial ▁kil ns ▁were ▁situated ▁at ▁Pearl ▁Hill ▁( Z h ush an ) ▁in ▁J ing de z hen ; ▁some ▁scholars ▁give ▁a ▁date ▁of ▁ 1 3 6 9 ▁for ▁the ▁commence ment ▁of ▁production . ▁But ▁there ▁continued ▁to ▁be ▁many ▁other ▁kil ns , ▁producing ▁w ares ▁for ▁many ▁distinct ▁markets . ▁ ▁The ▁imperial ▁court , ▁except ▁during ▁periods ▁of ▁crisis , ▁generated ▁a ▁huge ▁demand ▁for ▁por cel ain . ▁Apart ▁from ▁the ▁vast ▁main ▁pal aces ▁and ▁other ▁resid ences , ▁for ▁much ▁of ▁the ▁period ▁the ▁many ▁prin ces ▁had ▁subs idi ary ▁regional ▁courts . ▁There ▁were ▁imperial ▁tem ples ▁to ▁be ▁supplied , ▁each ▁of ▁which ▁was ▁given ▁mon och rome ▁w ares ▁in ▁different ▁colours , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁several ▁monaster ies ▁and ▁shr ines . ▁ ▁The ▁por cel ain ▁to ▁which ▁different ▁ranks ▁of ▁the ▁imperial ▁household ▁were ▁entitled ▁were ▁set ▁out ▁in ▁minute ▁detail ▁in ▁regulations . ▁The ▁final ▁version ▁of ▁these , ▁from ▁ 1 8 9 9 , ▁specified ▁that ▁the ▁Em press ▁Dow ager ▁C ix i ▁was ▁allowed ▁ 8 2 1 ▁pieces ▁of ▁yellow ▁por cel ain , ▁while ▁the ▁Em press ▁had ▁ 1 , 0 1 4 . ▁A ▁conc ub ine ▁of ▁the ▁first ▁rank ▁had ▁ 1 2 1 ▁pieces ▁of ▁yellow ▁with ▁a ▁white ▁interior , ▁but ▁those ▁of ▁the ▁second ▁rank ▁had ▁yellow ▁decorated ▁with ▁green ▁drag ons |
. ▁ ▁M ing ▁ ▁The ▁M ing ▁dyn asty ▁is ▁normally ▁dated ▁as ▁beginning ▁in ▁ 1 3 6 8 , ▁but ▁there ▁was ▁a ▁long ▁revol t ▁against ▁the ▁Y uan ▁dyn asty , ▁and ▁J ing de z hen ▁was ▁lost ▁by ▁them ▁in ▁ 1 3 5 2 . ▁ ▁By ▁ 1 4 0 2 ▁there ▁were ▁twelve ▁imperial ▁kil ns ▁at ▁J ing de z hen , ▁then ▁one ▁of ▁three ▁areas ▁with ▁imperial ▁kil ns . ▁Production ▁was ▁controlled ▁by ▁a ▁ministry ▁in ▁the ▁capital , ▁by ▁then ▁in ▁Beijing , ▁far ▁to ▁the ▁north . ▁ ▁Production ▁was ▁on ▁a ▁huge ▁scale , ▁employ ing ▁hundreds ▁if ▁not ▁thousands ▁of ▁workers , ▁whose ▁tasks ▁were ▁divided ▁into ▁several ▁special ities ▁to ▁increase ▁efficiency ▁and ▁consistency . ▁In ▁ 1 4 3 3 ▁a ▁single ▁order ▁from ▁the ▁palace ▁was ▁for ▁ 4 4 3 , 5 0 0 ▁pieces ▁of ▁por cel ain , ▁all ▁with ▁dragon ▁and ▁ph oenix ▁designs . ▁ ▁Court ▁artists ▁were ▁by ▁now ▁supp lying ▁drawn ▁or ▁wood block ▁printed ▁designs ▁from ▁the ▁capital . ▁ ▁These ▁enormous ▁quantities ▁were ▁distributed ▁by ▁the ▁palace ▁to ▁the ▁subs idi ary ▁courts ▁of ▁the ▁many ▁M ing ▁prin ces ▁sent ▁to ▁govern ▁provin ces , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁being ▁presented ▁as ▁gifts ▁to ▁other ▁not ables , ▁and ▁sent ▁abroad ▁as ▁diplom atic ▁gifts . ▁ ▁Some ▁may ▁also ▁have ▁been ▁sold , ▁especially ▁for ▁export . ▁ ▁Sometimes ▁ant ique ▁pieces |
▁in ▁the ▁Imperial ▁collection ▁were ▁sent ▁to ▁J ing de z hen ▁to ▁be ▁copied . ▁ ▁A ▁recently ▁exc av ated ▁M ing ▁pr inc ely ▁bur ial ▁has ▁yield ed ▁the ▁first ▁example ▁to ▁survive ▁until ▁modern ▁times ▁of ▁a ▁type ▁of ▁g ai wan ▁set ▁known ▁from ▁ 1 5 th - century ▁paintings . ▁ ▁There ▁is ▁a ▁blue ▁and ▁white ▁J ing de z hen ▁stem ▁cup , ▁that ▁has ▁a ▁silver ▁stand ▁and ▁a ▁gold ▁cover ▁( this ▁dated ▁ 1 4 3 7 ), ▁all ▁decorated ▁with ▁drag ons . ▁ ▁Pres um ably ▁many ▁such ▁sets ▁existed , ▁but ▁recycl ing ▁the ▁precious ▁metal ▁elements ▁was ▁too ▁tempt ing ▁at ▁some ▁point , ▁leaving ▁only ▁the ▁por cel ain ▁cups . ▁ ▁Other ▁imperial ▁por cel ains ▁may ▁have ▁carried ▁g ild ing , ▁which ▁has ▁now ▁worn ▁away . ▁▁ ▁Under ▁the ▁Y ong le ▁Emperor ▁( r . ▁ 1 4 0 2 – 2 4 ), ▁reign ▁marks ▁were ▁introduced ▁for ▁the ▁first ▁time , ▁applied ▁to ▁por cel ain ▁and ▁other ▁types ▁of ▁luxury ▁products ▁made ▁for ▁the ▁imperial ▁court . ▁ ▁The ▁sup rem acy ▁of ▁J ing de z hen ▁was ▁rein forced ▁in ▁the ▁mid - 1 5 th ▁century ▁when ▁the ▁imperial ▁kil ns ▁producing ▁Long qu an ▁cel ad on , ▁for ▁centuries ▁one ▁of ▁China ' s ▁finest ▁w ares , ▁were ▁closed ▁after ▁cel ad ons ▁fell ▁from ▁fashion . ▁ ▁Apart ▁from ▁the |
▁much ▁smaller ▁production ▁of ▁mon och rome ▁stone ware ▁" off icial ▁Jun " ▁w ares ▁from ▁Hen an , ▁used ▁in ▁the ▁palace ▁for ▁flower p ots ▁and ▁the ▁like , ▁J ing de z hen ▁was ▁now ▁the ▁only ▁area ▁making ▁imperial ▁cer am ics . ▁ ▁A ▁wide ▁variety ▁of ▁w ares ▁were ▁produced ▁for ▁the ▁court , ▁with ▁blue ▁and ▁white ▁( init ially ▁ignored ▁by ▁the ▁court ▁but ▁acceptable ▁by ▁ 1 4 0 2 ) ▁accompanied ▁by ▁red ▁and ▁white ▁w ares ▁using ▁a ▁copper - based ▁under gl aze ▁red . ▁This ▁was ▁sometimes ▁combined ▁with ▁the ▁c obal t ▁blue ▁in ▁blue ▁and ▁red ▁pieces . ▁ ▁Under ▁the ▁X u ande ▁Emperor ▁( r . ▁ 1 4 2 6 – 1 4 3 5 ) ▁a ▁copper - red ▁mon och rome ▁gl aze ▁was ▁used ▁for ▁ceremon ial ▁w ares , ▁of ▁which ▁very ▁few ▁survive . ▁These ▁ce ased ▁to ▁be ▁produced ▁after ▁his ▁death , ▁and ▁have ▁never ▁been ▁perfectly ▁im itated , ▁despite ▁later ▁attempts . ▁This ▁suggests ▁the ▁close ▁personal ▁interest ▁some ▁em per ors ▁took ▁in ▁the ▁imperial ▁pot ter ies , ▁and ▁also ▁that ▁some ▁secrets ▁must ▁have ▁been ▁restricted ▁to ▁a ▁small ▁group ▁of ▁pot ters . ▁The ▁Ru ▁ware ▁of ▁the ▁Song ▁dyn asty ▁had ▁a ▁similar ▁pattern . ▁ ▁In ▁this ▁reign ▁en am el ▁or ▁over gl aze ▁decor ation ▁was ▁developed , ▁which ▁was ▁to ▁dom inate ▁the ▁fin er ▁w |
ares ▁in ▁future ▁centuries . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁late ▁M ing ▁period , ▁the ▁reign s ▁of ▁the ▁five ▁em per ors ▁from ▁ 1 4 8 8 ▁to ▁ 1 6 2 0 , ▁there ▁was ▁little ▁innovation ▁in ▁styles ▁of ▁decor ation , ▁though ▁some ▁alter ations ▁in ▁the ▁colours ▁used . ▁ ▁In ▁this ▁period ▁the ▁enormous ▁quantities ▁of ▁por cel ain ▁made ▁in ▁China ▁seem ▁to ▁have ▁led ▁to ▁low ▁prices ▁and ▁a ▁loss ▁of ▁prest ige , ▁at ▁court ▁and ▁in ▁Chinese ▁society ▁in ▁general . ▁Those ▁who ▁could ▁afford ▁to ▁do ▁so ▁still ▁ate ▁from ▁gold , ▁silver ▁or ▁j ade ; ▁it ▁was ▁in ▁the ▁Islamic ▁world , ▁where ▁the ▁Q ur an ▁for bad ▁table ware ▁in ▁precious ▁metal , ▁that ▁rul ers ▁ate ▁from ▁Chinese ▁por cel ain . ▁ ▁One ▁dis gr aced ▁official , ▁whose ▁goods ▁were ▁seized ▁in ▁ 1 5 6 2 , ▁had ▁his ▁valuable ▁items ▁conf isc ated , ▁but ▁not ▁his ▁collection ▁of ▁ 4 5 , 0 0 0 ▁pieces ▁of ▁por cel ain , ▁which ▁were ▁sold ▁with ▁his ▁other ▁effects . ▁ ▁By ▁the ▁reign ▁of ▁the ▁W an li ▁Emperor ▁( r . ▁ 1 5 7 3 – 1 6 2 0 ) ▁there ▁was ▁a ▁serious ▁decline ▁in ▁quality . ▁ ▁However ▁the ▁same ▁period ▁saw ▁the ▁spread ▁of ▁por cel ain ▁collecting ▁among ▁the ▁scholar - g entry , ▁who ▁were ▁mostly ▁interested ▁in ▁older ▁pieces , ▁though ▁generally ▁not |
▁going ▁further ▁back ▁than ▁the ▁Song . ▁This ▁is ▁not ▁the ▁first ▁period ▁of ▁ant iqu arian ism ▁and ▁arch a ism ▁in ▁Chinese ▁taste , ▁but ▁it ▁has ▁proved ▁long - last ing , ▁and ▁had ▁a ▁considerable ▁effect ▁on ▁subsequent ▁production , ▁producing ▁waves ▁of ▁rev ival ism , ▁im itation ▁and ▁much ▁down right ▁f ak ery — the ▁three ▁often ▁being ▁hard ▁to ▁distinguish . ▁ ▁Trans itional ▁w ares ▁ ▁As ▁the ▁M ing ▁dyn asty ▁declined , ▁with ▁serious ▁military ▁and ▁financial ▁cr ises , ▁the ▁imperial ▁court ▁ce ased ▁to ▁support ▁the ▁official ▁J ing de z hen ▁kil ns , ▁which ▁were ▁largely ▁left ▁to ▁find ▁their ▁own ▁funds ▁from ▁other ▁markets . ▁This ▁situation ▁lasted ▁from ▁ 1 6 2 0 – 1 6 8 3 , ▁when ▁the ▁new ▁Q ing ▁dyn asty , ▁after ▁some ▁decades ▁struggling ▁with ▁M ing ▁forces , ▁finally ▁res umed ▁large - scale ▁use ▁of ▁J ing de z hen ▁for ▁official ▁w ares ▁under ▁the ▁K ang xi ▁emperor ▁( r . ▁ 1 6 6 2 – 1 7 2 2 ). ▁The ▁larger ▁kil ns ▁and ▁a ▁major ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁town ▁were ▁destroyed ▁in ▁ 1 6 7 4 ▁by ▁M ing ▁forces ▁after ▁the ▁Rev olt ▁of ▁the ▁Three ▁Fe ud ator ies ▁had ▁become ▁a ▁civil ▁war . ▁From ▁ 1 6 8 0 ▁to ▁ 1 6 8 8 ▁the ▁reconstruction ▁of ▁the ▁industry ▁was ▁under ▁the ▁control ▁of ▁Z |
ang ▁Y ing x uan ▁from ▁the ▁Q ing ▁Board ▁of ▁Works . ▁Organ ised ▁production ▁of ▁court ▁por cel ain ▁had ▁res umed ▁by ▁ 1 6 8 3 , ▁and ▁the ▁institution ▁of ▁forced ▁labour ▁replaced ▁by ▁w aged ▁employment . ▁S uc ceed ing ▁cont rollers ▁were ▁appointed ▁by ▁the ▁provincial ▁administration ▁up ▁until ▁ 1 7 2 6 , ▁when ▁Beijing ▁appointed ▁N ian ▁X iy ao . ▁ ▁W ares ▁of ▁this ▁inter im ▁period ▁are ▁often ▁called ▁" Trans itional ", ▁and ▁include ▁the ▁T ian q i ▁por cel ain ▁mostly ▁made ▁for ▁the ▁Japanese ▁market . ▁ ▁The ▁effect ▁on ▁the ▁J ing de z hen ▁pot ters ▁was ▁" li ber ating ", ▁as ▁the ▁range ▁of ▁subject ▁matter ▁in ▁decor ation ▁greatly ▁expanded . ▁ ▁Print ed ▁books ▁had ▁become ▁much ▁more ▁widely ▁available , ▁and ▁were ▁used , ▁directly ▁or ▁indirect ly , ▁as ▁sources ▁for ▁scenes ▁on ▁por cel ain . ▁ ▁Con ven ient ly ▁for ▁the ▁historian , ▁many ▁pieces ▁began ▁to ▁be ▁dated . ▁Tow ards ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁period ▁the ▁first ▁famille ▁rose ▁por cel ains ▁appeared ; ▁the ▁various ▁colour ▁" f amil ies " ▁were ▁to ▁dom inate ▁production ▁for ▁the ▁luxury ▁market ▁under ▁the ▁Q ing . ▁ ▁Q ing ▁ ▁The ▁imperial ▁kil ns ▁were ▁rev ived ▁with ▁ 6 ▁kil ns ▁and ▁ 2 3 ▁workshops , ▁divid ing ▁the ▁other ▁parts ▁of ▁the ▁production ▁process ▁between ▁them . ▁Mass ive |
▁orders ▁for ▁the ▁imperial ▁pal aces ▁and ▁tem ples ▁res umed . ▁ ▁While ▁imperial ▁taste ▁in ▁decor ation ▁remained ▁somewhat ▁conservative , ▁the ▁technical ▁quality ▁of ▁K ang xi ▁imperial ▁w ares ▁reached ▁new ▁he ights . ▁ ▁The ▁imperial ▁kil ns ▁led ▁the ▁development ▁of ▁the ▁new ▁pal ettes ▁of ▁over gl aze ▁en am els ; ▁famille ▁ver te , ▁developed ▁in ▁two ▁phases , ▁was ▁followed ▁by ▁famille ▁rose , ▁and ▁later ▁others . ▁ ▁There ▁was ▁also ▁development ▁of ▁subtle , ▁varied ▁and ▁m ott led ▁gl az es ▁for ▁mon och rome ▁pieces . ▁S ang ▁de ▁bo e uf ▁gl aze ▁was ▁a ▁copper ▁ox ide ▁red , ▁as ▁was ▁pe ach blo om ▁gl aze , ▁which ▁was ▁probably ▁blown ▁onto ▁the ▁piece ▁as ▁powder . ▁ ▁These ▁were ▁the ▁last ▁major ▁technical ▁innov ations ▁at ▁J ing de z hen , ▁along ▁with ▁a ▁technique ▁for ▁firing ▁gold ▁onto ▁por cel ain , ▁rather ▁than ▁mer cury ▁g ild ing ▁completed ▁pieces . ▁ ▁The ▁long ▁reign ▁of ▁the ▁Q ian long ▁emperor ▁( 1 7 3 6 – 1 7 9 5 ) ▁saw ▁continu ation ▁of ▁the ▁technical ▁perfection , ▁but ▁aesthetic ▁st agn ation . ▁The ▁emperor ▁was ▁a ▁keen ▁art ▁col lector ▁and ▁probably ▁personally ▁directed ▁the ▁trends ▁in ▁this ▁period ▁for ▁im itating ▁shapes ▁from ▁ancient ▁metal ware , ▁especially ▁ritual ▁bron zes , ▁in ▁por cel ain , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁im itations ▁of ▁wood ▁and ▁other ▁materials |
. ▁ ▁The ▁copy ing ▁of ▁famous ▁w ares ▁from ▁the ▁distant ▁past ▁continued , ▁alongside ▁new ▁styles . ▁In ▁the ▁next ▁two ▁reign s ▁the ▁quality ▁also ▁declined , ▁and ▁orders ▁from ▁the ▁palace ▁were ▁reduced , ▁until ▁the ▁official ▁kil ns ▁were ▁destroyed ▁in ▁the ▁Ta ip ing ▁Reb ell ion ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 8 5 0 s . ▁T ong z hi ▁por cel ain ▁from ▁ 1 8 6 2 – 1 8 7 4 ▁dates ▁from ▁after ▁the ▁reconstruction ▁of ▁the ▁J ing de z hen ▁official ▁kil ns . ▁ ▁Major ▁types ▁ ▁J ing de z hen ▁bl u ish - white ▁ware ▁ ▁J ing de z hen ▁ware ▁became ▁particularly ▁important ▁from ▁the ▁Song ▁period ▁with ▁the ▁production ▁of ▁Q ing b ai ▁( 青 白 , ▁" Blue ish - white ") ▁ware . ▁The ▁J ing de z hen ▁Q ing b ai ▁was ▁a ▁transparent ▁and ▁j ade - like ▁type ▁of ▁por cel ain , ▁with ▁a ▁transparent ▁gl aze ▁giving ▁a ▁blue ish - white ▁t int . ▁Dec oration ▁was ▁made ▁by ▁delicate ▁car ving ▁or ▁inc ising . ▁Northern ▁D ing ▁ware ▁was ▁the ▁most ▁famous ▁northern ▁Chinese ▁white ▁ware ▁under ▁the ▁Northern ▁Song , ▁but ▁by ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁Song ▁period ▁Q ing b ai ▁had ▁e cl ips ed ▁D ing ▁ware , ▁achieving ▁a ▁predomin ance ▁for ▁J ing de z hen ▁which ▁it ▁has ▁maintained ▁in ▁subsequent ▁centuries . ▁ ▁A |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.