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▁June ▁ 1 9 4 4 , ▁the ▁ 2 nd ▁and ▁ 3 rd ▁Irish ▁Gu ards ▁were ▁landed ▁in ▁France ▁on ▁ 2 5 ▁June ▁to ▁take ▁part ▁in ▁the ▁Norm andy ▁Campaign . ▁The ▁Irish ▁Gu ards , ▁as ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁Gu ards ▁Arm oured ▁Division , ▁took ▁part ▁in ▁Operation ▁Good wood ▁( 1 8 – 2 0 ▁July ). ▁The ▁Division ' s ▁objective ▁was ▁C ag ny , ▁V im ont ▁and ▁the ▁surrounding ▁area . ▁During ▁ 1 8 ▁July ▁ 1 9 4 4 , ▁near ▁C ag ny , ▁Lieutenant ▁( l ater ▁Sir ) ▁John ▁G orm an ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 nd ▁Batt alion , ▁Irish ▁Gu ards ▁was ▁in ▁his ▁Sher man ▁tank ▁when ▁he ▁was ▁confront ed ▁by ▁a ▁far ▁superior ▁German ▁T iger ▁II ▁or ▁' King ▁T iger '. ▁G orm an ' s ▁tank ▁fired ▁one ▁shot ▁at ▁the ▁T iger ▁II , ▁but ▁the ▁shot ▁b ounced ▁off ▁its ▁thick ▁arm our . ▁The ▁Sher man ' s ▁gun ▁j ammed ▁before ▁a ▁second ▁shot ▁could ▁be ▁fired , ▁and ▁G orm an ▁then ▁gave ▁the ▁order ▁to ▁ram ▁the ▁T iger ▁II ▁just ▁as ▁it ▁was ▁beginning ▁to ▁turn ▁its ▁massive ▁ 8 8 mm ▁gun ▁on ▁his ▁tank . ▁The ▁Sher man ▁sm ashed ▁into ▁the ▁T iger ▁II , ▁the ▁collision ▁dis abling ▁both ▁tanks . ▁The ▁cre ws ▁of ▁both ▁tanks ▁then ▁b ailed ▁out . ▁Lieutenant ▁G orm an ,
▁once ▁he ▁had ▁seen ▁his ▁crew ▁to ▁safety , ▁returned ▁to ▁the ▁scene ▁in ▁a ▁command e ered ▁Sher man ▁Fire fly ▁and ▁destroyed ▁the ▁King ▁T iger . ▁He ▁was ▁awarded ▁the ▁Military ▁Cross ▁for ▁his ▁actions , ▁while ▁the ▁driver ▁from ▁his ▁own ▁crew , ▁L ance - Cor por al ▁James ▁Baron , ▁won ▁the ▁Military ▁Medal . ▁The ▁Irish ▁Gu ards ▁were ▁involved ▁in ▁the ▁further ▁fighting ▁that ▁r aged ▁around ▁C ag ny ▁for ▁the ▁rest ▁of ▁the ▁day . ▁C ag ny , ▁devast ated ▁by ▁heavy ▁bomb ing , ▁was ▁finally ▁liber ated ▁by ▁the ▁Gu ards ▁on ▁the ▁morning ▁of ▁ 1 9 ▁July . ▁The ▁Irish ▁Gu ards ▁also ▁saw ▁action ▁in ▁Operation ▁Blue co at ▁launched ▁on ▁ 3 0 ▁July ▁which ▁saw ▁the ▁British ▁capture ▁the ▁strateg ically ▁important ▁high ▁ground ▁around ▁the ▁Mont ▁Pin con ▁area . ▁Following ▁the ▁break out ▁from ▁Norm andy ▁and ▁rapid ▁advance ▁through ▁the ▁more ▁open ▁French ▁terrain , ▁the ▁ 2 nd ▁and ▁ 3 rd ▁Irish ▁Gu ards ▁crossed ▁the ▁River ▁Seine ▁on ▁ 2 9 ▁August ▁and ▁began ▁the ▁advance ▁into ▁Belgium ▁with ▁the ▁rest ▁of ▁the ▁Gu ards ▁Arm oured ▁Division ▁towards ▁Br uss els ▁which ▁was ▁liber ated ▁on ▁ 3 ▁September . ▁ ▁Following ▁the ▁liber ation ▁of ▁Br uss els , ▁the ▁Irish ▁Gu ards ▁pushed ▁into ▁north - east ▁Belgium ▁in ▁the ▁face ▁of ▁stiff ening ▁resistance ▁and ▁reached ▁the ▁Dutch ▁border ▁on ▁the ▁evening ▁of ▁ 1
0 ▁September , ▁capt uring ▁the ▁strateg ically ▁vital ▁Joe ' s ▁Bridge ▁in ▁a ▁d aring ▁surprise ▁assault . ▁The ▁Irish ▁Gu ards ▁were ▁then ▁chosen ▁to ▁be ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁ground ▁force ▁of ▁Operation ▁Market ▁Garden , ▁' Mark et ' ▁being ▁the ▁air borne ▁assault ▁and ▁' G arden ' ▁the ▁ground ▁attack , ▁which ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁most ▁ambitious ▁operations ▁of ▁the ▁entire ▁war ▁and ▁designed ▁to ▁enable ▁a ▁swift ▁advance ▁into ▁Germany ▁by ▁capt uring ▁vital ▁br idges ▁over ▁the ▁River ▁Rh ine . ▁The ▁Irish ▁Gu ards ▁Group ▁were ▁commanded ▁by ▁Lieutenant - Col onel ▁" JO E " ▁V and ele ur . ▁The ▁ 2 nd ▁Irish ▁Gu ards ▁led ▁XXX ▁Corps ▁in ▁their ▁advance ▁towards ▁Arn hem , ▁which ▁was ▁the ▁objective ▁of ▁the ▁British ▁ 1 st ▁Air borne ▁Division , ▁fur the st ▁from ▁XXX ▁Corps ' ▁start ▁line . ▁ ▁Operation ▁Market ▁Garden ▁opened ▁on ▁the ▁afternoon ▁of ▁ 1 7 ▁September ▁with ▁the ▁dropping ▁of ▁three ▁All ied ▁Air borne ▁divisions ▁behind ▁the ▁German ▁line . ▁XXX ▁Corps ▁crossed ▁the ▁Belg ian - D utch ▁border ▁ 1 5 : 0 0 ▁hours , ▁adv ancing ▁from ▁Ne er p elt , ▁but ▁met ▁very ▁heavy ▁resistance ▁from ▁German ▁forces ▁prepared ▁with ▁anti - t ank ▁weapons ▁and ▁most ▁of ▁the ▁tanks ▁in ▁the ▁initial ▁troops ▁were ▁hit ▁and ▁destroyed . ▁After ▁Haw ker ▁Ty ph oons ▁were ▁called ▁in ▁to ▁provide ▁the ▁Irish ▁Gu ards ▁a erial ▁support ,
▁the ▁Gu ards men ▁moved ▁forward ▁to ▁clear ▁the ▁German ▁positions , ▁man ned ▁by ▁elements ▁from ▁two ▁German ▁par ach ute ▁batt al ions ▁and ▁two ▁batt al ions ▁of ▁the ▁ 9 th ▁SS ▁Pan zer ▁Division ▁and ▁soon ▁rout ed ▁the ▁German ▁forces ▁fl ank ing ▁the ▁road . ▁The ▁fighting ▁soon ▁died ▁down ▁and ▁the ▁Irish ▁Gu ards ▁were ▁able ▁to ▁advance ▁and ▁occup y ▁V alk ens wa ard ▁Despite ▁the ▁progress ▁of ▁XXX ▁Corps , ▁the ▁unexpected ▁resistance ▁meant ▁that ▁the ▁advance ▁was ▁already ▁much ▁slower ▁than ▁planned . ▁Early ▁on ▁ 1 8 ▁September , ▁recon naissance ▁units ▁of ▁the ▁Gu ards ▁Arm oured ▁Division ▁made ▁contact ▁with ▁the ▁U . S . ▁ 1 0 1 st ▁Air borne ▁Division ▁who ▁had ▁liber ated ▁E ind h oven , ▁with ▁the ▁rest ▁of ▁XXX ▁Corps ▁reaching ▁the ▁city ▁later ▁that ▁day . ▁The ▁Irish ▁Gu ards ▁now ▁camp ed ▁outside ▁Son ▁while ▁the ▁Royal ▁Engine ers ▁built ▁a ▁Ba iley ▁bridge ▁over ▁the ▁Wil hel mina ▁Canal ▁so ▁that ▁XXX ▁Corps ▁could ▁advance ▁to ▁N ij m egen . ▁The ▁bridge ▁was ▁completed ▁early ▁on ▁ 1 9 ▁September ▁and ▁XXX ▁Corps ▁continued ▁their ▁advance . ▁Later ▁that ▁day ▁the ▁Gu ards ▁Division , ▁still ▁led ▁by ▁the ▁ 2 nd ▁Irish ▁Gu ards , ▁reached ▁N ij m egen ▁where ▁the ▁U . S . ▁ 8 2 nd ▁Air borne ▁Division ▁was ▁located . ▁Their ▁advance ▁had ▁to ▁be ▁halt ed , ▁however
, ▁for ▁the ▁ 8 2 nd ▁had ▁failed ▁to ▁take ▁the ▁bridge ▁due ▁to ▁heavy ▁German ▁resistance . ▁The ▁bridge ▁was ▁finally ▁captured ▁on ▁the ▁evening ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 0 th ▁but ▁the ▁Irish ▁Gu ards ▁and ▁the ▁rest ▁of ▁the ▁Gu ards ▁Arm oured ▁Division ▁were ▁now ▁scattered ▁over ▁ 2 5 ▁square ▁miles ▁trying ▁to ▁secure ▁N ij m egen ▁itself ▁and ▁defend ▁their ▁rear ▁from ▁constant ▁German ▁attacks . ▁On ▁the ▁ 2 1 st , ▁the ▁British ▁ 1 st ▁Air borne ▁Division ▁at ▁Arn hem , ▁heavily ▁out number ed ▁and ▁out g unned , ▁had ▁to ▁surrender ▁after ▁many ▁days ▁fighting ▁that ▁saw ▁true ▁hero ism ▁and ▁courage . ▁XXX ▁Corps ▁had ▁been ▁just ▁an ▁hour ▁from ▁the ▁bridge ▁at ▁Arn hem ▁but ▁had ▁to ▁wait ▁for ▁the ▁arrival ▁of ▁the ▁ 4 3 rd ▁( W esse x ) ▁Infan try ▁Division ▁before ▁they ▁could ▁advance . ▁The ▁Irish ▁Gu ards ▁took ▁part ▁in ▁further ▁fighting ▁until ▁ 2 5 ▁September ▁when ▁the ▁rem n ants ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 st ▁Air borne ▁Division ▁were ▁evac uated ▁across ▁the ▁Rh ine . ▁ ▁The ▁Irish ▁Gu ards ▁remained ▁in ▁the ▁Netherlands ▁until ▁the ▁All ied ▁advance ▁into ▁Germany ▁was ▁launched , ▁seeing ▁heavy ▁action ▁during ▁the ▁Rh in eland ▁Campaign . ▁On ▁ 2 1 ▁April ▁ 1 9 4 5 , ▁at ▁the ▁village ▁of ▁W isted t ▁in ▁northern ▁Germany , ▁Gu ards man ▁Edward ▁Charl ton ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 nd
▁Batt alion , ▁Irish ▁Gu ards , ▁was ▁a ▁co - driver ▁of ▁a ▁tank ▁during ▁the ▁capture ▁of ▁the ▁village ▁by ▁a ▁small ▁force ▁of ▁the ▁Irish ▁Gu ards . ▁The ▁Germans ▁soon ▁attempted ▁to ▁ret ake ▁the ▁village ▁with ▁numer ically ▁superior ▁forces , ▁consisting ▁mostly ▁of ▁officer ▁cad ets ▁under ▁the ▁command ▁of ▁very ▁experienced ▁instructor ▁officers ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁two ▁or ▁three ▁self - prop elled ▁guns . ▁Three ▁of ▁the ▁four ▁tanks ▁of ▁the ▁Irish ▁Gu ards ▁force ▁were ▁knocked ▁out , ▁while ▁the ▁fourth ▁( Ch arl ton ' s ) ▁was ▁disabled ▁by ▁a ▁complete ▁electrical ▁failure ▁before ▁the ▁action ▁started . ▁ ▁When ▁the ▁tank ▁was ▁disabled , ▁Gu ards man ▁Charl ton ▁was ▁ordered ▁to ▁dis mount ▁the ▁tur ret ▁ 0 . 5 0 ▁Brow ning ▁machine ▁gun ▁and ▁support ▁the ▁inf antry , ▁who ▁were ▁in ▁danger ▁of ▁being ▁over run ▁by ▁the ▁Germans . ▁Charl ton ▁took ▁the ▁machine ▁gun ▁from ▁his ▁disabled ▁tank ▁and ▁advanced ▁in ▁full ▁view ▁of ▁the ▁attacking ▁Germans , ▁firing ▁and ▁inf lic ting ▁heavy ▁casual ties ▁on ▁them , ▁hal ting ▁their ▁lead ▁company ▁and ▁allowing ▁the ▁rest ▁of ▁the ▁Gu ards ▁to ▁re organ ise ▁and ▁retire . ▁Charl ton , ▁despite ▁having ▁one ▁arm ▁sh attered , ▁continued ▁firing ▁until ▁he ▁collapsed ▁from ▁a ▁further ▁wound ▁and ▁loss ▁of ▁blood . ▁His ▁courage ous ▁and ▁self less ▁dis reg ard ▁for ▁his ▁own ▁safety ▁helped ▁most ▁of ▁the ▁Irish ▁Gu ards ▁to ▁escape
▁capture . ▁He ▁later ▁died ▁of ▁the ▁wounds ▁he ▁had ▁received ▁and ▁was ▁awarded ▁a ▁post hum ous ▁Victoria ▁Cross , ▁the ▁last ▁V C ▁of ▁the ▁European ▁theatre , ▁and ▁the ▁last , ▁so ▁far , ▁of ▁the ▁Irish ▁Gu ards . ▁Un us ually , ▁much ▁of ▁the ▁c itation ▁for ▁the ▁award ▁of ▁the ▁V C ▁was ▁based ▁on ▁German ▁accounts ▁of ▁the ▁fight ▁as ▁most ▁of ▁his ▁later ▁actions ▁were ▁not ▁witnessed ▁by ▁any ▁Gu ards ▁officers ▁or ▁surviving ▁non - comm ission ed ▁officers . ▁ ▁With ▁the ▁signing ▁of ▁the ▁final ▁German ▁surrender ▁on ▁ 9 ▁May ▁ 1 9 4 5 , ▁the ▁Irish ▁Guard ' s ▁war ▁had ▁finally ▁come ▁to ▁an ▁end . ▁For ▁the ▁second ▁time ▁in ▁barely ▁a ▁generation , ▁the ▁Irish ▁Gu ards ▁had ▁served ▁throughout ▁a ▁world ▁war ▁with ▁distinction ▁and ▁sacrifice ▁with ▁the ▁reg iment ▁losing ▁over ▁ 7 0 0 ▁men ▁killed , ▁ 1 , 5 0 0 ▁wounded ▁and ▁being ▁awarded ▁ 2 5 2 ▁gall antry ▁med als , ▁including ▁two ▁Victoria ▁Cross es . ▁▁ 1 9 4 5 ▁– ▁present ▁day ▁ ▁End ▁of ▁Empire ▁and ▁the ▁Cold ▁War ▁in ▁Europe ▁The ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁Second ▁World ▁War ▁sign aled ▁the ▁inevitable ▁down s izing ▁of ▁the ▁British ▁Army ▁and ▁the ▁dem obil isation ▁of ▁its ▁w art ime ▁strength ▁which ▁led ▁to ▁the ▁ 3 rd ▁Irish ▁Gu ards ▁being ▁dis band ed ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 6 ▁and ▁the ▁
2 nd ▁doing ▁so ▁the ▁following ▁year . ▁The ▁ending ▁of ▁the ▁Second ▁World ▁War ▁had ▁also ▁sign aled ▁the ▁beginning ▁of ▁the ▁end ▁for ▁the ▁British ▁Empire ▁and ▁over ▁the ▁next ▁decades ▁the ▁Irish ▁Gu ards ▁would ▁find ▁themselves ▁serving ▁in ▁conflicts ▁throughout ▁Britain ' s ▁withdrawal ▁from ▁its ▁remaining ▁colon ies . ▁In ▁ 1 9 4 7 , ▁the ▁ 1 st ▁Irish ▁Gu ards ▁deployed ▁abroad ▁for ▁the ▁first ▁time ▁since ▁ 1 9 4 4 , ▁heading ▁for ▁trou bled ▁Palest ine ▁to ▁perform ▁internal ▁security ▁duties ▁there ▁against ▁the ▁Jewish ▁ins urg ency ▁in ▁Mand atory ▁Palest ine . ▁Following ▁the ▁British ▁withdrawal ▁from ▁Palest ine ▁in ▁May ▁ 1 9 4 8 , ▁the ▁batt alion ▁moved ▁to ▁Tri pol i , ▁Lib ya ▁for ▁a ▁year ▁before ▁returning ▁home ▁to ▁the ▁UK ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 9 . ▁F aced ▁with ▁the ▁new ▁reality ▁of ▁the ▁Cold ▁War ▁t ensions ▁with ▁the ▁Soviet ▁Union ▁in ▁Europe , ▁the ▁Irish ▁Gu ards ▁joined ▁the ▁British ▁Army ▁of ▁the ▁Rh ine ▁( BA OR ) ▁in ▁West ▁Germany ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 1 , ▁remaining ▁there ▁until ▁ 1 9 5 3 . ▁After ▁returning ▁to ▁the ▁UK , ▁the ▁Irish ▁Gu ards ▁participated ▁in ▁ceremon ial ▁duty ▁for ▁the ▁Cor on ation ▁of ▁Elizabeth ▁II ▁before ▁it ▁was ▁posted ▁to ▁the ▁Sue z ▁Canal ▁Zone ▁in ▁Egypt , ▁remaining ▁there ▁until ▁the ▁British ▁withdrawal ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 6 . ▁ ▁It ▁was
▁not ▁long ▁before ▁the ▁Irish ▁Gu ards ▁would ▁find ▁themselves ▁in ▁another ▁trouble ▁spot ▁of ▁Britain ' s ▁decl ining ▁Empire ▁when ▁they ▁were ▁deployed ▁to ▁Cy pr us ▁to ▁once ▁again ▁perform ▁vital ▁internal ▁security ▁duties ▁due ▁to ▁the ▁E OK A ▁campaign ▁against ▁the ▁British ▁forces ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁the ▁tension , ▁indeed ▁violence , ▁that ▁was ▁occurring ▁between ▁Greek ▁and ▁Turkish ▁C yp ri ots . ▁They ▁returned ▁to ▁Britain ▁in ▁the ▁closing ▁months ▁of ▁that ▁year ▁before ▁once ▁again ▁joining ▁the ▁BA OR ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 1 ▁when ▁they ▁were ▁moved ▁back ▁to ▁West ▁Germany . ▁In ▁ 1 9 6 6 , ▁the ▁reg iment ▁was ▁deployed ▁to ▁A den , ▁another ▁colony ▁experiencing ▁violence ▁with ▁the ▁Rad fan ▁U pr ising ▁against ▁British ▁rule . ▁During ▁their ▁tour ▁of ▁A den , ▁the ▁Irish ▁Gu ards ▁experienced ▁some ▁of ▁the ▁fier c est ▁fighting ▁they ▁had ▁seen ▁since ▁the ▁Second ▁World ▁War . ▁The ▁Irish ▁Gu ards ▁returned ▁home ▁to ▁the ▁UK ▁just ▁before ▁A den ▁gained ▁independence ▁from ▁the ▁British ▁Empire ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 7 . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 7 0 ▁the ▁Irish ▁Gu ards ▁were ▁posted ▁to ▁the ▁Hong ▁Kong ▁g arr ison , ▁remaining ▁there ▁for ▁two ▁years ▁until ▁its ▁return ▁to ▁the ▁UK . ▁In ▁ 1 9 7 4 , ▁the ▁reg iment ▁was ▁re - ro led ▁as ▁a ▁mechan ised ▁batt alion , ▁subsequently ▁being ▁posted ▁to ▁the ▁BA OR ▁for ▁the ▁third ▁time
. ▁During ▁this ▁time ▁the ▁Irish ▁Gu ards ▁had ▁to ▁once ▁again ▁cont end ▁with ▁face ▁the ▁difficult ▁reality ▁of ▁trouble ▁on ▁their ▁home ▁island ▁of ▁Ireland ▁and ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 7 ▁the ▁reg iment ▁suffered ▁their ▁only ▁fatal ▁casual ty ▁of ▁The ▁T rou bles , ▁when ▁Gu ards man ▁Samuel ▁Murphy ▁was ▁shot ▁by ▁the ▁Pro vis ional ▁I RA ▁while ▁walking ▁with ▁his ▁mother ▁near ▁his ▁parents ’ ▁home ▁in ▁Anderson st own ▁in ▁West ▁B elf ast ▁whilst ▁on ▁leave . ▁He ▁later ▁died ▁of ▁wounds . ▁Upon ▁returning ▁to ▁the ▁United ▁Kingdom ▁from ▁Germany , ▁however , ▁" The ▁T rou bles " ▁reached ▁into ▁central ▁London ▁when ▁an ▁I RA ▁bomb ▁bl asted ▁a ▁bus ▁carrying ▁men ▁of ▁the ▁reg iment ▁to ▁Chelsea ▁Barr acks ▁on ▁ 1 0 ▁October ▁ 1 9 8 1 . ▁Twenty - three ▁soldiers ▁and ▁ 1 6 ▁others ▁were ▁wounded ▁and ▁two ▁pass ers - by ▁killed . ▁ ▁The ▁Irish ▁Gu ards ▁returned ▁to ▁the ▁BA OR ▁in ▁February ▁ 1 9 8 2 , ▁just ▁missing ▁the ▁F alk lands ▁War ▁which ▁was ▁instead ▁participated ▁in ▁by ▁the ▁Sc ots ▁Gu ards ▁and ▁Wel sh ▁Gu ards . ▁In ▁ 1 9 8 6 , ▁the ▁reg iment ▁returned ▁home ▁from ▁Germany ▁and ▁received ▁new ▁colours ▁two ▁years ▁later ▁from ▁Queen ▁Elizabeth . ▁They ▁returned ▁to ▁Bel ize ▁later ▁that ▁year , ▁before ▁being ▁posted ▁to ▁the ▁British ▁sector ▁of ▁West ▁Berlin ▁in ▁ 1 9
8 9 , ▁which ▁was ▁their ▁first ▁and ▁only ▁deployment ▁to ▁the ▁city . ▁The ▁reg iment ▁were ▁present ▁for ▁the ▁historic ▁moment ▁when ▁the ▁Berlin ▁Wall ▁fell ▁that ▁year , ▁sign ifying ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁Cold ▁War ▁in ▁Europe . ▁They ▁Irish ▁Gu ards ▁left ▁the ▁newly ▁united ▁Berlin ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 2 ▁and ▁returned ▁home ▁to ▁the ▁UK . ▁▁ 1 9 9 0 ' s : ▁Northern ▁Ireland ▁and ▁the ▁B alk ans ▁Conf lict ▁The ▁Irish ▁Gu ards ▁and ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁other ▁British ▁Army ▁reg iments ▁including ▁the ▁G ur k has ▁were ▁long ▁ex empt ed ▁from ▁service ▁in ▁Northern ▁Ireland . ▁( Small ▁numbers ▁of ▁Irish ▁Gu ards men , ▁however , ▁gained ▁experience ▁in ▁Ul ster ▁while ▁attached ▁to ▁other ▁Gu ards ▁reg iments ▁during ▁their ▁service ▁in ▁the ▁trou bled ▁province ). ▁The ▁draw down ▁in ▁the ▁overall ▁size ▁of ▁the ▁British ▁Army ▁following ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁Cold ▁War , ▁however , ▁meant ▁that ▁this ▁policy ▁was ▁no ▁longer ▁sustainable ▁and ▁the ▁year ▁ 1 9 9 2 ▁saw ▁the ▁reg iment ▁finally ▁carry ▁out ▁its ▁first ▁tour - of - d uty ▁in ▁Northern ▁Ireland , ▁being ▁based ▁in ▁County ▁F erman agh . ▁The ▁violence ▁in ▁Northern ▁Ireland ▁had ▁mostly ▁subs ided ▁by ▁this ▁time ▁and ▁their ▁first - ever ▁tour ▁west ▁of ▁the ▁Irish ▁Sea ▁passed ▁quietly . ▁They ▁left ▁the ▁following ▁year . ▁In ▁ 1 9 9 5 , ▁the ▁Irish ▁Gu ards ▁began ▁their
▁second ▁tour ▁of ▁Northern ▁Ireland , ▁being ▁based ▁in ▁County ▁T yr one . ▁The ▁reg iment ▁headed ▁for ▁Germany ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 8 ▁as ▁part ▁of ▁British ▁Forces ▁Germany , ▁success or ▁to ▁BA OR . ▁ ▁The ▁Irish ▁Gu ards ▁were ▁not ▁in ▁Germany ▁long ▁before ▁the ▁Y ug oslav ▁Wars ▁meant ▁they ▁were ▁called ▁on ▁to ▁deal ▁with ▁the ▁troubles ▁in ▁the ▁B alk ans ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 9 . ▁The ▁reg iment ▁formed ▁the ▁Irish ▁Gu ards ▁Battle ▁Group ▁which ▁was ▁split ▁with ▁a ▁company ▁of ▁the ▁Irish ▁Gu ards ▁deployed ▁to ▁M aced onia ▁while ▁the ▁rest ▁deployed ▁to ▁Kos ovo , ▁where ▁heavy ▁fighting ▁had ▁broken ▁out ▁between ▁Ser bian ▁forces ▁and ▁Kos ovo ▁Alban ian ▁rebel ▁groups . ▁The ▁Irish ▁Gu ards ▁were ▁the ▁first ▁British ▁unit ▁to ▁enter ▁the ▁Kos ovan ▁capital ▁city ▁of ▁P rist ina ▁on ▁ 1 2 ▁June ▁and ▁were ▁greeted ▁by ▁the ▁local ▁population ▁who ▁treated ▁the ▁Gu ards ▁like ▁heroes . ▁After ▁the ▁city ▁had ▁been ▁secured ▁the ▁British ▁troops ▁began ▁to ▁consolid ate ▁their ▁position , ▁moving ▁across ▁the ▁surrounding ▁countryside ▁to ▁secure ▁it . ▁The ▁Irish ▁Gu ards ▁performed ▁profession ally , ▁attempting ▁to ▁prevent ▁violence ▁from ▁breaking ▁out ▁between ▁the ▁Alban ian ▁and ▁Ser b ▁Kos ov ans ▁while ▁also ▁helping ▁to ▁re build ▁the ▁country . ▁The ▁Irish ▁Gu ards ▁left ▁the ▁B alk ans ▁in ▁September ▁ 1 9 9 9 , ▁heading ▁back ▁to ▁their ▁base ▁in ▁Germany .
▁▁ 2 1 st ▁Century : ▁The ▁Wars ▁in ▁Iraq ▁and ▁Afghanistan ▁ ▁The ▁beginning ▁of ▁the ▁Irish ▁Gu ards ▁second ▁century ▁in ▁existence ▁saw ▁the ▁death ▁of ▁Queen ▁Elizabeth ▁The ▁Queen ▁Mother , ▁who ▁had ▁for ▁many ▁decades ▁tradition ally ▁presented ▁the ▁Irish ▁Gu ards ▁with ▁sh am rock ▁on ▁St . ▁Patrick ' s ▁Day , ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 2 . ▁At ▁the ▁Queen ▁Mother ' s ▁funeral ▁the ▁coff in ▁bear er - party ▁was ▁made ▁up ▁of ▁Irish ▁Gu ards men . ▁This ▁was ▁a ▁remarkable ▁honour , ▁given ▁the ▁fact ▁that ▁the ▁late ▁Queen ▁Mother ▁not ▁only ▁was ▁not ▁the ▁reg iment ' s ▁colon el ▁( she ▁was , ▁in ▁fact , ▁colon el - in - ch ief ▁of ▁the ▁Black ▁Watch ), ▁she ▁had ▁no ▁official ▁connection ▁with ▁the ▁reg iment ▁at ▁all , ▁in ▁spite ▁of ▁her ▁long ▁identification ▁with ▁it . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 3 , ▁the ▁Irish ▁Gu ards ▁were ▁deployed ▁to ▁Ku wait ▁during ▁the ▁build - up ▁to ▁the ▁Iraq ▁War . ▁The ▁Irish ▁Gu ards ▁formed ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁ 7 th ▁Arm oured ▁Brigade ▁which ▁was ▁the ▁success or ▁of ▁the ▁fam ed ▁ 7 th ▁Arm oured ▁Division , ▁or ▁' The ▁Des ert ▁R ats ', ▁which ▁had ▁fought ▁throughout ▁the ▁des erts ▁of ▁North ▁Africa ▁during ▁the ▁Second ▁World ▁War , ▁and ▁began ▁training ▁to ▁prepare ▁for ▁the ▁war . ▁Similarly ▁to ▁their ▁experience ▁in ▁the ▁B alk ans ,
▁the ▁Irish ▁Gu ards ▁were ▁split ▁up ▁with ▁companies , ▁pl ato ons ▁and ▁sections ▁being ▁attached ▁to ▁various ▁units ▁of ▁the ▁Des ert ▁R ats . ▁The ▁war ▁began ▁on ▁ 2 1 ▁March ▁when ▁British ▁and ▁American ▁forces ▁began ▁crossing ▁the ▁Iraq ▁border , ▁with ▁the ▁Des ert ▁R ats ▁beginning ▁the ▁journey ▁towards ▁Bas ra , ▁ ▁Iraq ' s ▁second ▁largest ▁city . ▁The ▁British ▁troops ▁spent ▁the ▁next ▁few ▁weeks ▁gradually ▁taking ▁control ▁of ▁much ▁of ▁the ▁area ▁that ▁surrounded ▁Bas ra ▁with ▁soldiers ▁of ▁the ▁Irish ▁Gu ards ▁leading ▁the ▁British ▁advance ▁on ▁Bas ra ▁from ▁late ▁March , ▁helping ▁in ▁secur ing ▁objectives ▁on ▁the ▁out sk irts ▁of ▁the ▁city . ▁After ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁days ▁consolid ating ▁their ▁position , ▁the ▁Irish ▁Gu ards ▁fought ▁their ▁way ▁into ▁the ▁city ▁on ▁ 6 ▁April ▁and ▁took ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁casual ties ▁in ▁heavy ▁urban ▁war fare ▁before ▁secur ing ▁the ▁city ▁by ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁day . ▁The ▁reg iment ▁claim ▁to ▁have ▁been ▁the ▁first ▁to ▁enter ▁Bas ra ▁on ▁ 6 ▁April , ▁stating ▁they ▁did ▁so ▁many ▁hours ▁before ▁the ▁Par ach ute ▁Regiment . ▁ ▁Following ▁the ▁conclusion ▁of ▁the ▁conventional ▁war fare ▁phase ▁in ▁Iraq , ▁the ▁British ▁Army ▁were ▁now ▁faced ▁with ▁a ▁growing ▁ins urg ency ▁and ▁the ▁Irish ▁Gu ards ▁re verted ▁from ▁a ▁war - role ▁to ▁performing ▁many ▁duties ▁that ▁would ▁be ▁familiar ▁to ▁any ▁British ▁soldier ▁that ▁has ▁served ▁in ▁Northern ▁Ireland
. ▁They ▁performed ▁these ▁duties ▁until ▁early ▁May ▁when ▁they ▁left ▁Iraq ▁and ▁returned ▁home ▁but ▁upon ▁their ▁return ▁to ▁the ▁UK , ▁they ▁were ▁almost ▁immediately ▁posted ▁back ▁to ▁Northern ▁Ireland ▁ ▁for ▁a ▁four - month ▁posting ▁for ▁their ▁third ▁tour ▁of ▁the ▁province . ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 5 , ▁the ▁ 1 st ▁Batt alion , ▁Irish ▁Gu ards ▁became ▁the ▁first ▁reg iment ▁in ▁the ▁British ▁Army ▁to ▁be ▁officially ▁awarded ▁battle ▁hon ours ▁for ▁service ▁in ▁Iraq ▁– ▁this ▁was ▁to ▁enable ▁these ▁to ▁be ▁displayed ▁on ▁the ▁batt alion ' s ▁new ▁reg imental ▁colour ▁during ▁the ▁S over e ign ' s ▁Birth day ▁Par ade . ▁The ▁Irish ▁Gu ards ▁returned ▁to ▁Iraq ▁in ▁April ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁for ▁a ▁six - month ▁tour ▁of ▁the ▁country ▁during ▁which ▁they ▁were ▁based ▁Bas ra ▁Airport ▁and ▁were ▁responsible ▁for ▁training ▁the ▁Iraq i ▁Army ▁in ▁the ▁face ▁of ▁an ▁intens ifying ▁Sh ia - led ▁ins urg ency . ▁ ▁Following ▁their ▁return ▁from ▁their ▁second ▁tour ▁of ▁Iraq , ▁the ▁Irish ▁Gu ards ▁enjoyed ▁a ▁two - year ▁rest ▁period ▁before , ▁in ▁September ▁ 2 0 1 0 , ▁they ▁deployed ▁to ▁Afghanistan ▁as ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁British ▁forces ▁in ▁the ▁Afghanistan . ▁While ▁deployed ▁in ▁Hel mand ▁Province , ▁the ▁Irish ▁Gu ards ▁fought ▁the ▁Tal ib an ▁ins urg ency ▁and ▁helped ▁to ▁train ▁the ▁Afghan ▁National ▁Army ▁before ▁returning ▁home ▁in ▁April ▁ 2 0 1
1 . ▁The ▁reg iment ▁returned ▁to ▁Afghanistan ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁to ▁complete ▁their ▁second ▁and ▁final ▁tour ▁of ▁Afghanistan . ▁Following ▁the ▁Manchester ▁Arena ▁bomb ing , ▁ 1 st ▁Batt alion , ▁Irish ▁Gu ards ▁were ▁deployed ▁in ▁London ▁to ▁guard ▁key ▁locations , ▁including ▁the ▁Ministry ▁of ▁Def ence ▁building ▁in ▁White hall , ▁as ▁part ▁of ▁Operation ▁Tem per er . ▁ ▁Over ▁twelve ▁years ▁after ▁their ▁last ▁deployment ▁to ▁Iraq , ▁the ▁Irish ▁Gu ards ▁returned ▁to ▁the ▁country ▁in ▁early ▁December ▁ 2 0 1 9 ▁to ▁help ▁train ▁the ▁Iraq i ▁security ▁forces ▁in ▁their ▁fight ▁against ▁IS IS ▁as ▁part ▁of ▁Operation ▁Sh ader . ▁However , ▁the ▁deployment ▁rapidly ▁changed ▁in ▁January ▁ 2 0 2 0 ▁with ▁the ▁escal ation ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 9 – 2 0 ▁Pers ian ▁Gulf ▁crisis ▁following ▁the ▁American ▁killing ▁of ▁Major ▁General ▁Q as em ▁S ole im ani ▁of ▁the ▁Islamic ▁Revolution ary ▁Guard ▁Corps . ▁The ▁Irish ▁Guard ' s ▁role ▁switched ▁from ▁training ▁to ▁force ▁protection ▁in ▁order ▁to ▁protect ▁British ▁assets ▁in ▁Iraq ▁from ▁possible ▁ret ali ation ▁by ▁Iran . ▁ ▁Notes ▁Notes ▁ ▁Cit ations ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁The ▁Long , ▁Long ▁Trail ▁– ▁Irish ▁Gu ards ▁Irish ▁Gu ards . org . uk ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁ ▁Category : Ir ish ▁Gu ards ▁Category : 2 0 th - century ▁history ▁of ▁the ▁British ▁Army <0x0A> </s> ▁Bog gs ▁Island ▁is ▁an ▁island ▁on ▁the ▁Ohio
▁River ▁in ▁Marshall ▁County , ▁West ▁Virginia ▁between ▁the ▁cities ▁of ▁B ella ire , ▁Ohio ▁and ▁Whe eling , ▁West ▁Virginia . ▁It ▁is ▁a ▁small ▁island ▁near ▁the ▁Ohio ▁shore ▁opposite ▁the ▁mouth ▁of ▁Bog gs ▁Run , ▁from ▁which ▁it ▁may ▁take ▁its ▁name . ▁St rip ▁mine ▁companies ▁removed ▁every ▁mature ▁tree ▁on ▁this ▁island ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 8 0 s . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁List ▁of ▁islands ▁of ▁West ▁Virginia ▁ ▁Category : R iver ▁islands ▁of ▁West ▁Virginia ▁Category : Land forms ▁of ▁Marshall ▁County , ▁West ▁Virginia ▁Category : Is lands ▁of ▁the ▁Ohio ▁River <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁M ers ing ▁District ▁is ▁a ▁district ▁in ▁Joh or , ▁Malaysia . ▁The ▁district ▁capital ▁is ▁M ers ing ▁Town . ▁ ▁Name ▁The ▁“ M ers ing ” ▁name ▁is ▁derived ▁from ▁the ▁Chinese ▁“ M au ▁S heng ▁Port ” ▁( <0xE8> <0x8C> <0x82> <0xE7> <0x9B> <0x9B> 港 ) ▁since ▁ 1 8 8 0 ▁and ▁further ▁simpl ify ▁to ▁M ers ing . ▁M ers ing ' s ▁Chinese ▁name ▁was ▁renamed ▁to ▁“ F eng ▁S heng ▁Port ” ▁( 丰 <0xE7> <0x9B> <0x9B> 港 ), ▁with ▁the ▁meaning ▁of ▁good ▁harvest . ▁There ▁are ▁also ▁said ▁that ▁M ers ing ' s ▁name ▁is ▁derived ▁from ▁S ikh ▁traders ▁who ▁named ▁Am ir ▁Singh ▁and ▁Men ▁Singh . ▁ ▁Ge ology ▁Bes ide ▁the ▁main land ▁area , ▁the ▁district ▁also ▁consists ▁of ▁ 3 6 ▁islands . ▁
▁Ge ography ▁With ▁an ▁area ▁of ▁ 2 , 8 3 8 ▁km 2 , ▁M ers ing ▁District ▁is ▁the ▁third ▁largest ▁district ▁in ▁Joh or , ▁which ▁covers ▁ 1 4 . 6 % ▁area ▁of ▁the ▁state . ▁As ▁of ▁ 2 0 0 1 , ▁the ▁district ▁has ▁a ▁total ▁residence ▁of ▁ 6 9 , 9 4 7 ▁people . ▁ ▁Administr ative ▁divisions ▁ ▁M ers ing ▁District ▁is ▁divided ▁into ▁ 1 0 ▁m uk ims , ▁which ▁are : ▁ ▁J em alu ang ▁ ▁L eng gor ▁ ▁M ers ing ▁Town ▁ ▁Pad ang ▁End au ▁ ▁Pen y ab ong ▁ ▁Off shore ▁islands ▁( P ul au ▁Aur , ▁Pul au ▁R awa , ▁Pul au ▁T eng ah , ▁Pul au ▁P em ang g il , ▁Pul au ▁S ib u ) ▁ ▁Sem br ong ▁ ▁T eng gar oh ▁ ▁T eng lu ▁ ▁Tri ang ▁ ▁Dem ograph ics ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 0 , ▁the ▁annual ▁population ▁growth ▁of ▁the ▁district ▁was ▁ 1 . 2 1 %. ▁ ▁Econom y ▁The ▁main ▁economy ▁activities ▁in ▁the ▁district ▁are ▁ec ot our ism , ▁fisher y , ▁marine ▁activities , ▁agriculture ▁and ▁light ▁manufacturing . ▁ ▁Tour ist ▁attra ctions ▁ ▁Aur ▁Island ▁ ▁Bes ar ▁Island ▁ ▁Har im au ▁Island ▁ ▁Mount ▁Ar ong ▁Rec re ational ▁Forest ▁ ▁P em ang g il ▁Island ▁ ▁R awa ▁Island ▁ ▁S ib
u ▁Island ▁ ▁T aman ▁Neg ara ▁End au ▁Rom pin ▁ ▁Transport ation ▁ ▁M ers ing ▁Airport ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁▁ ▁District s ▁of ▁Malaysia ▁ ▁Re ferences <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁ 1 9 8 5 ▁W CT ▁Houston ▁Sh oot out ▁was ▁a ▁men ' s ▁tennis ▁tournament ▁played ▁on ▁outdoor ▁hard ▁courts . ▁It ▁was ▁a ▁World ▁Championship ▁T ennis ▁event ▁which ▁was ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 9 8 5 ▁N ab isco ▁Grand ▁Prix , ▁as ▁the ▁two ▁organisations ▁had ▁reun ited . ▁It ▁was ▁played ▁in ▁Houston , ▁United ▁States ▁from ▁February ▁ 2 5 ▁through ▁March ▁ 3 , ▁ 1 9 8 5 . ▁John ▁Mc En roe ▁won ▁the ▁singles ▁title ▁and ▁$ 6 0 , 0 0 0 ▁prize ▁money . ▁ ▁Prize ▁money ▁ ▁* per ▁team ▁ ▁Fin als ▁ ▁Singles ▁▁ ▁John ▁Mc En roe ▁defeated ▁ ▁Kevin ▁Cur ren , ▁ 7 – 5 , ▁ 6 – 1 , ▁ 7 – 6 ( 7 – 4 ) ▁ ▁Dou bles ▁ ▁Peter ▁F lem ing ▁/ ▁ ▁John ▁Mc En roe ▁defeated ▁ ▁H ank ▁Pf ister ▁/ ▁ ▁Ben ▁T ester man , ▁ 6 – 3 , ▁ 6 – 2 ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 8 5 ▁Grand ▁Prix ▁( ten nis ) ▁Category : World ▁Championship ▁T ennis ▁Category : 1 9 8 5 ▁in ▁Texas <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Black ▁Sleep ▁is ▁a ▁ 1 9 5 6 ▁American
▁independent ▁horror ▁film ▁directed ▁by ▁R egin ald ▁Le B org , ▁and ▁written ▁by ▁John ▁C . ▁Hig g ins ▁from ▁a ▁story ▁by ▁Ger ald ▁Dr ays on ▁Adams . ▁It ▁stars ▁Bas il ▁R ath bone , ▁L on ▁Ch an ey ▁Jr ., ▁John ▁Car rad ine , ▁B ela ▁L ug osi , ▁and ▁Ak im ▁Tam iro ff . ▁Tor ▁Johnson ▁appears ▁in ▁a ▁supporting ▁role . ▁The ▁film ▁was ▁produced ▁by ▁Aub rey ▁S chen ck ▁and ▁Howard ▁W . ▁K och , ▁as ▁part ▁of ▁a ▁four - picture ▁finance - for - d istribution ▁arrangement ▁with ▁United ▁Art ists . ▁ ▁The ▁film ▁was ▁released ▁as ▁a ▁double ▁feature ▁with ▁the ▁ 1 9 5 5 ▁British ▁film ▁The ▁Cre eping ▁Un known . ▁The ▁Black ▁Sleep ▁was ▁re - re leased ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 2 ▁under ▁the ▁title ▁Dr . ▁Cad man ' s ▁Secret . ▁ ▁Plot ▁ ▁Set ▁in ▁England ▁in ▁ 1 8 7 2 , ▁the ▁story ▁concerned ▁a ▁prominent , ▁kn ight ed ▁sur geon ▁whose ▁wife ▁has ▁fallen ▁into ▁a ▁com a ▁caused ▁by ▁a ▁deep - se ated ▁brain ▁tum or . ▁Due ▁to ▁medicine ' s ▁state ▁of ▁the ▁art ▁at ▁the ▁time , ▁he ▁does ▁not ▁know ▁how ▁to ▁reach ▁the ▁tum or ▁without ▁risk ing ▁brain ▁damage ▁or ▁death ▁to ▁the ▁woman ▁he ▁loves , ▁so ▁he ▁undert akes ▁to ▁secret ly ▁experiment ▁on ▁the ▁brains ▁of ▁living , ▁but ▁invol
unt ary , ▁human ▁subjects ▁who ▁are ▁under ▁the ▁influence ▁of ▁a ▁powerful ▁Indian ▁an est hetic , ▁N ind ▁And her a , ▁which ▁he ▁calls ▁the ▁" Black ▁Sleep ". ▁Once ▁he ▁has ▁finished ▁his ▁experiment , ▁surviving ▁subjects ▁are ▁rev ived ▁and ▁placed , ▁in ▁seriously ▁degener ated ▁and ▁m util ated ▁states , ▁in ▁a ▁hidden ▁cell ar ▁in ▁the ▁glo omy , ▁abandoned ▁country ▁ab bey ▁where ▁he ▁conduct s ▁his ▁experiments . ▁ ▁Cast ▁ ▁Bas il ▁R ath bone ▁as ▁Sir ▁Joel ▁Cad man ▁ ▁Ak im ▁Tam iro ff ▁as ▁U du ▁the ▁Gy psy ▁Herbert ▁Rud ley ▁as ▁Dr . ▁Gordon ▁R ams ay ▁ ▁Pat ric ia ▁Blake ▁as ▁La ur ie ▁Mun roe ▁Ph yll is ▁Stanley ▁as ▁D aph na e ▁L on ▁Ch an ey ▁Jr . ▁as ▁Dr . ▁Mun roe ▁a ka ▁M ung o ▁John ▁Car rad ine ▁as ▁" Bo hem und " ▁B ela ▁L ug osi ▁as ▁Cas imir ▁Tor ▁Johnson ▁as ▁Mr . ▁Cur ry ▁George ▁Saw aya ▁as ▁S ail or ▁Subject ▁ ▁Sally ▁Y arn ell ▁as ▁Fem ale ▁Subject ▁ ▁Peter ▁Gordon ▁as ▁Det . ▁S gt . ▁Ste ele ▁ ▁Claire ▁Car leton ▁as ▁Car mod a ▁Daily ▁John ▁She ff ield ▁as ▁Det . ▁Red ford ▁ ▁Cl ive ▁Morgan ▁as ▁R ounds man ▁B lev ins ▁Lou anna ▁Gard ner ▁as ▁Angel ina ▁Cad man ▁ ▁Aub rey ▁S chen ck ▁as ▁Pr ison ▁Cor on er
' s ▁A ide ▁( unc red ited ) ▁ ▁Release ▁Produ ced ▁during ▁ 1 9 5 5 , ▁the ▁film ▁was ▁released ▁to ▁the aters ▁in ▁the ▁early ▁summer ▁of ▁ 1 9 5 6 . ▁This ▁was ▁just ▁ahead ▁of ▁the ▁TV ▁synd ication , ▁through ▁Screen ▁G ems , ▁of ▁two ▁decades ▁of ▁Universal ▁monster ▁movies , ▁under ▁the ▁package ▁title ▁Sh ock ▁Theater . ▁Writer ▁Hig g ins , ▁director ▁Le B org , ▁and ▁stars ▁R ath bone , ▁Ch an ey , ▁Car rad ine , ▁and ▁L ug osi ▁had ▁all ▁been ▁significantly ▁associated ▁with ▁Universal ▁horror ▁films ▁or ▁related ▁B ▁movies . ▁The ▁Black ▁Sleep ▁is ▁similar ▁to ▁Universal ' s ▁two ▁" house ful " ▁of ▁monster ▁films ▁released ▁in ▁the ▁mid - 4 0 s , ▁House ▁of ▁Frank en stein ▁and ▁House ▁of ▁Dr ac ula , ▁only ▁re lying ▁on ▁a ▁completely ▁new ▁cad re ▁of ▁human ▁mon sters . ▁ ▁Crit ical ▁reception ▁Among st ▁contemporary ▁reviews , ▁Var iety ▁wrote ▁that ▁the ▁film ▁" pl ays ▁the ▁horror ▁tale ▁fairly ▁straight ▁so ▁what ' s ▁happening ▁is ▁not ▁too ▁ill og ical ▁until ▁the ▁finale ▁wrap up , ▁when ▁all ▁restr aint ▁comes ▁off ▁and ▁the ▁melod ram at ics ▁run ▁am ok . ▁... Bas il ▁R ath bone ▁is ▁quite ▁cred ible ▁as ▁the ▁sur geon , ▁enough ▁so ▁that ▁the ▁brain ▁operations ▁he ▁performs ▁will ▁hor r ify ▁many ▁viewers "; ▁and ▁The ▁M otion
▁Picture ▁Exhib itor ▁noted ▁that ▁" R ath bone ▁has ▁a ▁grand ▁time ▁as ▁the ▁mad ▁scientist , ▁assist ed ▁nob ly ▁by ▁some ▁of ▁the ▁best ▁names ▁in ▁the ▁horror ▁field . ▁A udi ences ▁should ▁be ▁frightened ▁plenty , ▁and ▁past ▁experience ▁proves ▁that ▁this ▁can ▁mean ▁good ▁gross es ... ▁Sure , ▁a ▁lot ▁of ▁it ▁is ▁cor ny , ▁but ▁it ▁is ▁all ▁good ▁fun ▁in ▁a ▁gr is ly , ▁fright ening ▁manner ." ▁ ▁Home ▁media ▁ ▁The ▁Black ▁Sleep ▁was ▁released ▁by ▁K ino ▁on ▁Bl u ▁ray ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁and ▁contains ▁audio ▁comment ary ▁by ▁Tom ▁We aver ▁and ▁David ▁Sche ct er . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁List ▁of ▁American ▁films ▁of ▁ 1 9 5 6 ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁▁▁ ▁The ▁Black ▁Sleep ▁at ▁Bas il r ath bone . net ▁▁▁ ▁Category : 1 9 5 6 ▁horror ▁films ▁Category : 1 9 5 6 ▁films ▁Category : American ▁films ▁Category : American ▁science ▁fiction ▁horror ▁films ▁Category : Fil ms ▁directed ▁by ▁R egin ald ▁Le ▁B org ▁Category : Fil ms ▁scored ▁by ▁Les ▁B ax ter ▁Category : Mad ▁scientist ▁films ▁Category : Fil ms ▁set ▁in ▁ 1 8 7 2 ▁Category : Fil ms ▁set ▁in ▁England ▁Category : Un ited ▁Art ists ▁films <0x0A> </s> ▁John ▁Stanley ▁Matt ick ▁ ▁( born ▁ 1 9 5 0 , ▁Sydney ) ▁is ▁an ▁Australian ▁molecular ▁bi ologist ▁known ▁for ▁his
▁efforts ▁to ▁assign ▁function ▁to ▁non - c oding ▁DNA . ▁Matt ick ▁was ▁the ▁Executive ▁ ▁Director ▁of ▁the ▁Gar van ▁Institute ▁of ▁Medical ▁Research ▁from ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁to ▁ 2 0 1 8 . ▁He ▁joined ▁Gen om ics ▁England ▁in ▁May ▁ 2 0 1 8 ▁as ▁Chief ▁Executive ▁Officer . ▁ ▁Career ▁Matt ick ▁received ▁his ▁high ▁school ▁education ▁at ▁St ▁Patrick ' s ▁College ▁Str ath field . ▁He ▁obtained ▁his ▁Bachelor ▁of ▁Science ▁from ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Sydney ▁and ▁his ▁PhD ▁in ▁bi oc hem istry ▁from ▁Mon ash ▁University . ▁Sub sequently , ▁he ▁worked ▁at ▁Bay lor ▁College ▁of ▁Medicine ▁in ▁Houston , ▁the ▁C SI RO ▁Division ▁of ▁M ole cular ▁Bi ology ▁in ▁Sydney , ▁and ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Queensland , ▁where ▁he ▁was ▁based ▁between ▁ 1 9 8 8 ▁and ▁ 2 0 1 2 . ▁ ▁Matt ick ▁has ▁also ▁worked ▁at ▁the ▁Univers ities ▁of ▁Cambridge , ▁Oxford , ▁C olog ne ▁and ▁Str as bourg . ▁He ▁was ▁Foundation ▁Director ▁of ▁the ▁Australian ▁Gen ome ▁Research ▁Fac ility , ▁two ▁AR C ▁Special ▁Research ▁Cent res ▁and ▁the ▁Institute ▁for ▁M ole cular ▁B ios ci ence . ▁ ▁Matt ick ▁was ▁appointed ▁an ▁Officer ▁of ▁the ▁Order ▁of ▁Australia ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 1 ▁for ▁service ▁to ▁scientific ▁research ▁in ▁the ▁fields ▁of ▁molecular ▁bi ology , ▁gen etics ▁and ▁bi ote chn ology , ▁particularly ▁through ▁the ▁development ▁and ▁administration ▁of ▁research
▁inst itutes ▁and ▁the ▁Australian ▁Gen ome ▁Research ▁Fac ility . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁he ▁was ▁elected ▁an ▁Associ ate ▁Member ▁of ▁the ▁European ▁M ole cular ▁Bi ology ▁Organ isation ▁and ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁elected ▁a ▁fellow ▁of ▁the ▁Australian ▁Academy ▁of ▁Science . ▁ ▁More ▁recently , ▁he ▁was ▁awarded ▁the ▁Julian ▁Wells ▁Medal ▁by ▁the ▁L orne ▁Gen ome ▁Society ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁and ▁the ▁International ▁Union ▁of ▁Bi oc hem istry ▁and ▁M ole cular ▁Bi ology ▁( I UB MB ) ▁Medal ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 1 . ▁ ▁He ▁received ▁the ▁H U GO ▁Chen ▁Award ▁for ▁Dist ingu ished ▁A chie vement ▁in ▁Gen etic ▁and ▁Gen omic ▁Research ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 2 , ▁the ▁same ▁year ▁he ▁was ▁appointed ▁Executive ▁Director ▁of ▁the ▁Gar van ▁Institute ▁of ▁Medical ▁Research . ▁He ▁was ▁elected ▁Fellow ▁of ▁the ▁Australian ▁Academy ▁of ▁Health ▁and ▁Medical ▁Sciences ▁( FA H MS ) ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 5 . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁ ▁http :// www . h g m 2 0 1 1 . org / j ohn _ s _ m att ick . html ▁ ▁https :// web . archive . org / web / 2 0 1 2 0 4 2 7 1 7 0 7 1 5 / http :// www . cos mos mag azine . com / node / 3 4 0 1 / full
▁ ▁Category : 1 9 5 0 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : Austral ian ▁molecular ▁bi ologists ▁Category : Austral ian ▁bi oc hem ists ▁Category : Univers ity ▁of ▁Sydney ▁al umn i ▁Category : Mon ash ▁University ▁al umn i ▁Category : Univers ity ▁of ▁Queensland ▁faculty ▁Category : F ell ows ▁of ▁the ▁Australian ▁Academy ▁of ▁Science ▁Category : Off ic ers ▁of ▁the ▁Order ▁of ▁Australia ▁Category : G ar van ▁Institute ▁of ▁Medical ▁Research ▁al umn i ▁Category : F ell ows ▁of ▁the ▁Australian ▁Academy ▁of ▁Techn ological ▁Sciences ▁and ▁Engineering ▁Category : F ell ows ▁of ▁the ▁Australian ▁Academy ▁of ▁Health ▁and ▁Medical ▁Sciences <0x0A> </s> ▁V ival di ▁was ▁a ▁Quebec ▁television ▁program ▁broadcast ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 8 . ▁ ▁Syn opsis ▁This ▁program ▁is ▁the ▁bi ography ▁of ▁the ▁famous ▁composer ▁Antonio ▁V ival di ▁( 1 6 7 8 – 1 7 4 1 ). ▁We ▁can ▁discover ▁extract s ▁of ▁oper as , ▁son at as , ▁concert os , ▁etc eter a . ▁It ▁was ▁broadcast ▁in ▁French . ▁It ▁was ▁also ▁nominated ▁for ▁a ▁Gem ini ▁Award ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 8 ▁for ▁Best ▁Per forming ▁Arts ▁Program . ▁ ▁Cast ▁Core y ▁Cer ov sek ▁Arthur ▁G ros ser ▁Victor ▁Knight ▁Albert ▁M illa ire ▁Phill ip ▁Pre tt en ▁Tom ▁R ack ▁Daniel ▁R ous sel ▁Steven ▁St ary k ▁Christian ▁V id osa ▁ ▁Writer ▁Richard ▁B ock ing ▁
▁Director ▁Richard ▁B ock ing ▁ ▁Category : Tele vision ▁series ▁produced ▁in ▁Quebec ▁Category : 1 9 8 8 ▁Canadian ▁television ▁series ▁debut s ▁Category : 1 9 8 0 s ▁Canadian ▁music ▁television ▁series <0x0A> </s> ▁Ar ne ▁Ham ars land ▁( born ▁ 2 4 ▁July ▁ 1 9 3 3 ) ▁is ▁a ▁Norweg ian ▁middle ▁distance ▁runner ▁who ▁specialized ▁in ▁ 1 5 0 0 ▁metres . ▁He ▁represented ▁IL ▁G ular . ▁ ▁At ▁the ▁ 1 9 6 0 ▁Summer ▁Olympics ▁he ▁finished ▁nin th ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 5 0 0 ▁m ▁final ▁in ▁ 3 : 4 5 . 0 ▁minutes . ▁He ▁also ▁competed ▁at ▁the ▁ 1 9 5 8 ▁European ▁Championships ▁without ▁reaching ▁the ▁final . ▁He ▁became ▁Norweg ian ▁champion ▁in ▁ 8 0 0 ▁m ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 0 ▁and ▁ 1 9 6 1 ▁ ▁and ▁in ▁ 1 5 0 0 ▁m ▁in ▁the ▁years ▁ 1 9 5 5 - 1 9 5 6 , ▁ 1 9 5 9 - 1 9 6 1 ▁and ▁ 1 9 6 3 . ▁ ▁He ▁has ▁represented ▁the ▁Centre ▁Party ▁for ▁eight ▁years ▁in ▁Y tre by g da ▁b orough ▁council , ▁and ▁cha ired ▁Ber gen ▁Sports ▁Council ▁from ▁ 1 9 9 7 ▁to ▁ 1 9 9 8 . ▁ ▁Personal ▁best s ▁ 8 0 0 ▁metres ▁- ▁ 1 : 4 9 . 1 ▁min ▁( 1 9 5
8 ) ▁▁ 1 5 0 0 ▁metres ▁- ▁ 3 : 3 9 . 8 ▁min ▁( 1 9 5 8 ) ▁- ▁tw elf th ▁among ▁Norweg ian ▁ 1 5 0 0 ▁m ▁run ners . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 3 3 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : S ports people ▁from ▁Ber gen ▁Category : N or weg ian ▁male ▁middle - distance ▁run ners ▁Category : A thlet es ▁( track ▁and ▁field ) ▁at ▁the ▁ 1 9 6 0 ▁Summer ▁Olympics ▁Category : O lymp ic ▁athletes ▁of ▁Norway ▁Category : Pol it icians ▁from ▁Ber gen ▁Category : Cent re ▁Party ▁( N or way ) ▁politicians ▁Category : N or weg ian ▁sport sp erson - polit icians <0x0A> </s> ▁Gust avo ▁Mon to ya ▁( J uly ▁ 9 , ▁ 1 9 0 5 ▁– ▁July ▁ 1 2 , ▁ 2 0 0 3 ) ▁was ▁a ▁Mexican ▁artist ▁considered ▁to ▁be ▁a ▁late ▁ad herent ▁to ▁the ▁Mexican ▁School ▁of ▁Pain ting , ▁most ▁often ▁associated ▁with ▁Mexican ▁m ural ism . ▁He ▁was ▁born ▁in ▁Mexico ▁City , ▁from ▁a ▁family ▁associated ▁with ▁the ▁P orf ir io ▁D í az ▁regime ▁and ▁who ▁had ▁to ▁hide ▁during ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁Mexican ▁Revolution . ▁He ▁attended ▁the ▁Academy ▁of ▁San ▁Carlos ▁despite ▁his ▁father ' s ▁ob jections . ▁He ▁later ▁met ▁and ▁married ▁artist ▁Cord elia ▁U ru eta , ▁with
▁whom ▁he ▁lived ▁in ▁Paris , ▁developing ▁his ▁artistic ▁talents . ▁He ▁was ▁not ▁heavily ▁involved ▁in ▁Mexico ' s ▁artistic ▁circles ▁but ▁was ▁a ▁founding ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁Liga ▁de ▁Esc rit ores ▁y ▁Art istas ▁Rev ol uc ion arios ▁and ▁the ▁Sal ón ▁de ▁la ▁Pl ást ica ▁Mexican a . ▁His ▁best - selling ▁work ▁was ▁that ▁of ▁children ▁in ▁regional ▁traditional ▁Mexican ▁clothing , ▁but ▁he ▁also ▁painted ▁many ▁street ▁scenes ▁in ▁Mexico ▁City ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁port ra its ▁and ▁still ▁lif es . ▁ ▁Life ▁He ▁was ▁born ▁in ▁Mexico ▁City ▁on ▁July ▁ 9 , ▁ 1 9 0 5 , ▁to ▁Ad ol fo ▁Mon to ya ▁and ▁Con cep ción ▁Carr anco . ▁ ▁His ▁father ▁was ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁P orf ir io ▁D í az ▁government , ▁so ▁when ▁that ▁government ▁fell ▁at ▁the ▁beginning ▁of ▁the ▁Mexican ▁Revolution , ▁the ▁family ▁went ▁into ▁hiding ▁from ▁Mexico ▁City ▁into ▁the ▁state ▁of ▁More los . ▁At ▁this ▁time , ▁Gust avo ▁was ▁only ▁seven ▁years ▁old , ▁but ▁he ▁remembered ▁hearing ▁that ▁the ▁Z ap at istas ▁had ▁killed ▁two ▁neighbor ing ▁families . ▁To ▁protect ▁the ▁family , ▁the ▁father ▁moved ▁them ▁frequently , ▁often ▁going ▁to ▁one ▁house ▁at ▁night ▁and ▁Gust avo ▁w aking ▁up ▁in ▁another . ▁At ▁one ▁point , ▁they ▁were ▁at ▁the ▁house ▁of ▁a ▁stable man , ▁who ▁dressed ▁the ▁family ▁in ▁their ▁clothes . ▁When ▁Z ap at istas ▁came ▁looking ▁for
▁them , ▁they ▁were ▁told ▁the ▁family ▁was ▁not ▁there ▁and ▁then ▁b ribed ▁with ▁a ▁silver ▁coin ▁that ▁Mon to ya ' s ▁mother ▁had . ▁After ▁a ▁time , ▁Mon to ya ' s ▁father ▁decided ▁it ▁was ▁safe ▁enough ▁to ▁return ▁to ▁Mexico ▁City . ▁The ▁father ▁dressed ▁as ▁a ▁priest , ▁taking ▁advice ▁from ▁sym pathetic ▁people ▁on ▁how ▁to ▁look , ▁and ▁the ▁family ▁traveled ▁in ▁a ▁large ▁wagon ▁safely . ▁ ▁By ▁ 1 9 1 8 , ▁the ▁war ▁had ▁wound ▁down ▁and ▁Mon to ya ▁was ▁able ▁to ▁finish ▁middle ▁school , ▁when ▁he ▁expressed ▁the ▁desire ▁to ▁become ▁a ▁painter . ▁His ▁father ▁object ed ▁but ▁in ▁the ▁end ▁accepted , ▁allowing ▁Mon to ya ▁to ▁en roll ▁in ▁the ▁Academy ▁of ▁San ▁Carlos . ▁ ▁Mon to ya ▁entered ▁the ▁school ▁at ▁age ▁fifteen , ▁with ▁Germ án ▁G ed ov ius ▁and ▁Roberto ▁Mont en eg ro ▁among ▁his ▁teachers , ▁painting ▁his ▁earliest ▁works ▁such ▁as ▁" C abe za ▁de ▁vie jo ", ▁" Des n udo " ▁and ▁" La ▁mon ja ". ▁He ▁stated ▁that ▁the ▁school ▁only ▁taught ▁him ▁the ▁“ craft ” ▁of ▁art , ▁not ▁the ▁“ sp irit ” ▁of ▁it ▁and ▁for ▁this ▁reason ▁he ▁considered ▁himself ▁a ▁mostly ▁self - t aught ▁artist . ▁▁ ▁His ▁two ▁main ▁pass ions ▁in ▁life ▁were ▁women ▁and ▁painting . ▁He ▁married ▁his ▁first ▁wife , ▁L uz ▁Sa aved ra , ▁without ▁his ▁parents
’ ▁permission , ▁moving ▁into ▁a ▁very ▁small ▁apartment ▁as ▁the ▁couple ▁was ▁very ▁poor ▁with ▁no ▁means ▁of ▁support . ▁When ▁his ▁father ▁saw ▁this , ▁he ▁offered ▁to ▁help , ▁using ▁connections ▁in ▁Los ▁Angeles ▁to ▁get ▁Gust avo ▁work ▁creating ▁post ers ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States . ▁The ▁couple ▁had ▁one ▁daughter ▁Rosa ▁El ena ▁Mon to ya ▁Sa aved ra . ▁The ▁marriage ▁did ▁not ▁last ▁long , ▁and ▁Mon to ya ▁returned ▁to ▁Mexico . ▁He ▁met ▁his ▁second ▁wife , ▁Cord elia ▁U ru eta , ▁at ▁the ▁studio ▁of ▁Past or ▁Vel áz que z . ▁Vel az que z ▁was ▁rent ing ▁space ▁that ▁could ▁be ▁used ▁as ▁a ▁studio ▁and ▁Mon to ya ▁asked ▁U ru eta ▁to ▁join ▁him ▁and ▁other ▁artists ▁to ▁rent ▁it . ▁It ▁allowed ▁Mon to ya ▁to ▁date ▁U ru eta . ▁ ▁Mon to ya ▁proposed ▁to ▁U ru eta , ▁who ▁accepted ▁with ▁the ▁condition ▁that ▁he ▁move ▁with ▁her ▁to ▁Europe ▁where ▁she ▁had ▁received ▁a ▁diplom atic ▁post ▁at ▁the ▁Mexican ▁emb assy ▁in ▁Paris . ▁He ▁received ▁a ▁grant ▁from ▁the ▁Mexican ▁government ▁to ▁travel ▁to ▁Switzerland , ▁England ▁and ▁Italy ▁to ▁study ▁European ▁v angu ard ▁art ▁and ▁res ided ▁in ▁Paris ▁with ▁his ▁wife . ▁His ▁time ▁in ▁Europe ▁allowed ▁him ▁to ▁develop ▁as ▁an ▁artist , ▁including ▁learning ▁to ▁paint ▁with ▁his ▁non - domin ant ▁left ▁hand ▁in ▁order ▁to ▁experience ▁art ▁from ▁a ▁different ▁phys i ogn omy
. ▁In ▁ 1 9 6 5 , ▁Mon to ya ▁and ▁U ru eta ▁divor ced ▁after ▁twenty ▁six ▁years ▁of ▁marriage . ▁▁ ▁He ▁was ▁mostly ▁sol itary ▁and ▁did ▁not ▁involve ▁himself ▁in ▁artistic ▁circles . ▁However , ▁he ▁was ▁a ▁founding ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁Liga ▁de ▁Esc rit ores ▁y ▁Art istas ▁Rev ol uc ion arios ▁along ▁with ▁Cord elia ▁U ru eta ▁and ▁others . ▁He ▁was ▁also ▁a ▁founding ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁Sal ón ▁de ▁la ▁Pl ást ica ▁Mexican a ▁. ▁His ▁last ▁apartment ▁was ▁a ▁modest ▁dw elling ▁on ▁Cal le ▁Victoria ▁across ▁from ▁the ▁San ▁Juan ▁Market ▁in ▁the ▁historic ▁center ▁of ▁Mexico ▁City , ▁where ▁he ▁spent ▁the ▁rest ▁of ▁his ▁life . ▁ ▁He ▁won ▁three ▁med als ▁as ▁a ▁tennis ▁player , ▁the ▁last ▁of ▁which ▁when ▁he ▁was ▁seventy ▁five . ▁ ▁His ▁last ▁wife ▁was ▁Tr ina ▁Hung ria . ▁When ▁he ▁died , ▁he ▁had ▁four ▁grand children . ▁He ▁died ▁at ▁age ▁ 9 8 ▁in ▁Mexico ▁City ▁on ▁July ▁ 1 2 , ▁ 2 0 0 3 . ▁His ▁body ▁was ▁cre m ated ▁at ▁the ▁P ante ón ▁Esp añ ol . ▁ ▁Career ▁His ▁first ▁professional ▁artistic ▁work ▁was ▁making ▁post ers ▁for ▁movies ▁with ▁the ▁West ▁Coast ▁The aters ▁Co ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States , ▁starting ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 8 . ▁ ▁He ▁returned ▁for ▁a ▁time ▁to ▁Mexico , ▁working ▁with ▁Past or ▁Vel áz que z ▁and
▁other ▁artists ▁and ▁working ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 6 ▁at ▁the ▁Esc uela ▁Nacional ▁de ▁Ar tes ▁Pl ást icas ▁( EN AP ) ▁. ▁He ▁then ▁went ▁to ▁Europe , ▁then ▁New ▁York ▁where ▁he ▁had ▁several ▁exhib itions ▁before ▁returning ▁again ▁to ▁Mexico ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 2 . ▁At ▁this ▁time , ▁he ▁became ▁focused ▁on ▁the ▁work ▁of ▁fellow ▁Mex icans , ▁joining ▁the ▁Mexican ▁ne o - real ism ▁movement ▁to ▁continue ▁the ▁traditions ▁of ▁Mexican ▁m ural ism . ▁He ▁began ▁to ▁teach ▁at ▁EN AP ▁again ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 3 . ▁ ▁His ▁first ▁exhibition ▁was ▁at ▁the ▁Dur and ▁Gallery ▁in ▁Los ▁Angeles , ▁California ▁followed ▁by ▁exhib its ▁in ▁Mexico ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁Peru , ▁the ▁United ▁States , ▁Belgium , ▁Japan ▁and ▁other ▁countries . ▁In ▁ 1 9 4 5 , ▁he ▁exhib ited ▁at ▁the ▁Gal er ía ▁de ▁Pl ást ica ▁Mexican a ▁of ▁In és ▁Am or . ▁In ▁ 1 9 4 9 , ▁his ▁work ▁was ▁recognized ▁at ▁the ▁La ▁ciudad ▁de ▁México ▁y ▁sus ▁pint ores ” ▁event ▁and ▁exhib ited ▁his ▁work ▁at ▁the ▁first ▁B ien al ▁Mexican a ▁at ▁the ▁Pal acio ▁de ▁Bell as ▁Ar tes ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 8 , ▁at ▁the ▁second ▁B ien al ▁Pan american a ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 0 ▁and ▁then ▁at ▁the ▁Ret r ato ▁Mexican o ▁event ▁at ▁the ▁Pal acio ▁de ▁Bell as ▁Ar tes ▁in
▁ 1 9 6 1 . ▁In ▁ 1 9 6 6 ▁he ▁exhib ited ▁at ▁Bever ly ▁Hills ▁Collect ors ▁Gallery ▁in ▁Los ▁Angeles . ▁His ▁work ▁was ▁exhib ited ▁at ▁the ▁Museum ▁of ▁Modern ▁Art ▁in ▁San ▁Antonio , ▁Texas ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 8 . ▁In ▁ 1 9 8 5 ▁he ▁exhib ited ▁at ▁the ▁Gal eria ▁Ar te ▁N uc le o ▁in ▁Mexico ▁City . ▁He ▁participated ▁in ▁collective ▁exhib itions ▁at ▁the ▁Muse o ▁M ural ▁Diego ▁River a ▁and ▁the ▁Gal eria ▁Mar st elle ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 5 ▁and ▁ 1 9 9 6 . ▁In ▁ 1 9 9 7 , ▁the ▁Muse o ▁M ural ▁Diego ▁River a ▁realized ▁an ▁anth ology ▁of ▁his ▁work , ▁referring ▁to ▁him ▁as ▁a ▁“ Great ▁Sil ent ▁One .” ▁▁ ▁His ▁most ▁commer c ially ▁successful ▁work ▁was ▁that ▁of ▁children ▁dressed ▁in ▁regional ▁traditional ▁clothing , ▁showing ▁influence ▁from ▁Diego ▁River a . ▁Most ▁of ▁the ▁collect ors ▁of ▁his ▁work ▁were ▁those ▁who ▁appreciated ▁his ▁traditional ▁style , ▁mostly ▁from ▁the ▁United ▁States . ▁Sign ific ant ▁works ▁include ▁“ L as ▁call es ▁de ▁Mexico " ▁( 1 9 4 5 ), ▁" B ode g ones ▁me x ican os " ▁( 1 9 5 1 ), ▁" N inos ▁me x ican os " ▁( 1 9 5 4 ), ▁" M uros " ▁( 1 9 6 2 ) ▁and ▁" A jed rez "
▁( 1 9 7 1 ). ▁His ▁last ▁works ▁include ▁" Ag onia ▁de ▁una ▁tarde ", ▁" Aut or re tr ato ▁m uerto " ▁and ▁" La ▁m uerte ▁cant a " ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 6 . ▁ ▁Art istry ▁He ▁spent ▁most ▁of ▁his ▁career ▁painting ▁the ▁streets ▁of ▁Mexico ▁and ▁its ▁inhabitants . ▁He ▁painted ▁mur als , ▁still ▁lif es , ▁port ra its ▁and ▁street ▁scenes . ▁Element s ▁in ▁his ▁work ▁include ▁m ans ions , ▁ten ements , ▁churches , ▁alle ys ▁and ▁markets ▁of ▁Mexico ▁City . ▁He ▁preferred ▁to ▁paint ▁the ▁poor ▁and ▁working ▁class , ▁considering ▁them ▁the ▁more ▁“ aut hentic ” ▁of ▁Mexico ▁City ' s ▁residents . ▁His ▁work ▁has ▁been ▁called ▁“ late ▁Mexican ▁School ▁of ▁Pain ting ” ▁as ▁it ▁is ▁in ▁the ▁style ▁of ▁the ▁m ural ists ▁of ▁the ▁early ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 0 th ▁century . ▁ ▁He ▁was ▁also ▁considered ▁to ▁be ▁an ▁excellent ▁sketch ▁artist , ▁especially ▁creating ▁academic ▁style ▁port ra its ▁such ▁as ▁those ▁of ▁his ▁daughter ▁Rosa ▁El ena . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : M ex ican ▁artists ▁Category : 1 9 0 5 ▁birth s ▁Category : 2 0 0 3 ▁deaths <0x0A> </s> ▁Group ▁information ▁management ▁( G IM ) ▁is ▁an ▁extension ▁of ▁personal ▁information ▁management ▁( PI M ) ▁" as ▁it ▁functions ▁in ▁more ▁public ▁spher es " ▁ ▁as ▁a ▁result ▁of ▁peoples ' ▁efforts ▁to ▁share
▁and ▁co - man age ▁information , ▁and ▁has ▁been ▁a ▁topic ▁of ▁study ▁for ▁researchers ▁in ▁P IM , ▁human – comput er ▁interaction ▁( H CI ), ▁and ▁computer ▁supported ▁cooper ative ▁work ▁( C SC W ). ▁People ▁acquire , ▁organize , ▁maintain , ▁retrieve ▁and ▁use ▁information ▁items ▁to ▁support ▁individual ▁needs , ▁but ▁these ▁P IM ▁activities ▁are ▁often ▁embedded ▁in ▁group ▁or ▁organiz ational ▁context s ▁and ▁performed ▁with ▁sharing ▁in ▁mind . ▁The ▁act ▁of ▁sharing ▁moves ▁personal ▁information ▁into ▁spher es ▁of ▁group ▁activity ▁and ▁also ▁creates ▁t ensions ▁that ▁shape ▁what ▁and ▁how ▁the ▁information ▁is ▁shared . ▁The ▁practice ▁and ▁the ▁study ▁of ▁G IM ▁focuses ▁on ▁this ▁interaction ▁between ▁personal ▁information ▁and ▁group ▁context s . ▁ ▁Iss ues ▁in ▁the ▁study ▁and ▁practice ▁Chall eng es ▁of ▁G IM ▁that ▁have ▁been ▁identified ▁or ▁studied ▁in ▁literature ▁include ▁situ ating ▁individual ▁work sp aces ▁within ▁group ▁context s ; ▁the ▁lack ▁of ▁convent ions ▁in ▁sharing ▁information ; ▁integr ating ▁and ▁negoti ating ▁the ▁varied ▁approaches ▁to ▁organ izing ▁information ; ▁ ▁understanding ▁information ▁spaces ▁that ▁others ▁have ▁personal ized ; ▁and ▁retriev ing ▁information ▁from ▁shared ▁spaces . ▁ ▁Impro ved ▁software ▁may ▁help ▁to ▁al lev iate ▁some ▁of ▁these ▁challenges , ▁for ▁example ▁by ▁analy zing ▁group ▁activities ▁or ▁improving ▁Web ▁services ▁that ▁support ▁shared ▁fold ers . ▁F aced ▁with ▁the ▁limitations ▁of ▁current ▁software , ▁users ▁often ▁prefer ▁more ▁traditional , ▁ad ▁h oc ▁methods ▁of
▁sharing ▁information , ▁such ▁as ▁the ▁use ▁of ▁e - mail ▁attach ments , ▁and ▁will ▁even ▁circum vent ▁institutional ized ▁software ▁to ▁do ▁so . ▁Therefore ▁the ▁need ▁for ▁understanding ▁and ▁improving ▁collabor ative ▁information ▁tasks ▁is ▁clearly ▁great , ▁and ▁work ▁remains ▁to ▁be ▁done . ▁Other ▁issues ▁include : ▁ ▁formerly ▁private ▁calendar ▁entries ▁could ▁be ▁used ▁for ▁ends ▁other ▁than ▁schedul ing ▁meetings ▁what ▁users ▁choose ▁to ▁reveal ▁or ▁conce al ▁how ▁their ▁dis closure ▁of ▁personal ▁information ▁is ▁related ▁to ▁the ▁ends ▁that ▁they ▁hope ▁to ▁achieve ▁the ▁eth ics ▁of ▁' counter fe iting ' ▁links ▁or ▁con sp iring ▁to ▁gar ner ▁' in aut hentic ' ▁recommendations ▁to ▁increase ▁their ▁stat ure ▁in ▁the ▁system . ▁complex ▁questions ▁of ▁privacy ▁and ▁access ▁and ▁ownership . ▁( user ▁control , ▁privacy ▁and ▁trust ) ▁user ▁rel iance ▁on ▁system ▁defaults ▁ ▁Tool ▁support ▁Group ▁cal end aring ▁Social ▁networking ▁Pat ient ▁medical ▁records ▁Coll abor ative ▁filter ing ▁and ▁recommendations ▁Coll abor ative ▁tag ging ▁File ▁sharing ▁and ▁presentation ▁ ▁Private ▁family ▁network ▁applications ▁like ▁St ret ch ▁for ▁Famil ies . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁Coll abor ative ▁software ▁Computer - supported ▁cooper ative ▁work ▁( C SC W ) ▁ ▁Human – comput er ▁interaction ▁ ▁Personal ▁information ▁management ▁( PI M ) ▁Privacy ▁The ▁P resentation ▁of ▁Self ▁in ▁Every day ▁Life ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : Pl anning <0x0A> </s> ▁John ▁Charles ▁Bis by ▁( 4 ▁December ▁ 1 8 7 6
▁– ▁ 1 9 4 5 ) ▁was ▁an ▁English ▁professional ▁football er ▁who ▁played ▁as ▁a ▁wing ▁half . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : 1 8 7 6 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 9 4 5 ▁deaths ▁Category : People ▁from ▁Raw mar sh ▁Category : English ▁football ers ▁Category : Associ ation ▁football ▁wing ▁hal ves ▁Category : K il nh urst ▁Coll ier y ▁F . C . ▁players ▁Category : She ff ield ▁United ▁F . C . ▁players ▁Category : G rim s by ▁Town ▁F . C . ▁players ▁Category : Den aby ▁United ▁F . C . ▁players ▁Category : English ▁Football ▁League ▁players <0x0A> </s> ▁Short - handed ▁is ▁a ▁term ▁used ▁in ▁ice ▁hockey ▁and ▁several ▁related ▁sports , ▁including ▁water ▁pol o , ▁and ▁refers ▁to ▁having ▁fewer ▁sk aters ▁( play ers ) ▁on ▁the ▁ice ▁during ▁play , ▁as ▁a ▁result ▁of ▁a ▁penalty . ▁The ▁player ▁removed ▁from ▁play ▁serves ▁the ▁penalty ▁in ▁the ▁penalty ▁box ▁for ▁a ▁set ▁amount ▁of ▁time ▁proport ional ▁to ▁the ▁sever ity ▁of ▁the ▁inf raction . ▁If ▁a ▁go alt ender ▁comm its ▁a ▁minor ▁inf raction , ▁another ▁player ▁who ▁was ▁on ▁the ▁ice ▁at ▁the ▁time ▁of ▁the ▁penalty ▁serves , ▁often ▁but ▁not ▁necessarily ▁the ▁team ▁captain . ▁ ▁The ▁penal ized ▁team ▁is ▁said ▁to ▁be ▁on ▁the ▁penalty ▁kill , ▁ab bre vi ated ▁as ▁" PK " ▁for ▁recording ▁purposes , ▁while ▁their ▁players ▁are ▁in
▁the ▁penalty ▁box . ▁The ▁oppos ing ▁team ▁is ▁usually ▁referred ▁to ▁as ▁having ▁an ▁" adv antage " ▁until ▁the ▁penal ized ▁player ▁returns ▁to ▁play . ▁This ▁situation ▁is ▁often ▁called ▁a ▁power ▁play ▁for ▁the ▁oppos ing ▁team . ▁The ▁advantage ▁largely ▁comes ▁from ▁having ▁an ▁additional ▁player , ▁making ▁it ▁impossible ▁for ▁the ▁short - handed ▁team ▁to ▁defend ▁every ▁player ▁one - on - one ▁and , ▁in ▁the ▁event ▁the ▁short - handed ▁team ▁is ▁making ▁an ▁offensive ▁run , ▁the ▁team ▁on ▁the ▁power ▁play ▁can ▁double - team ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁short - handed ▁team ' s ▁players ▁while ▁still ▁covering ▁everyone ▁else . ▁ ▁The ▁short - handed ▁team ▁has ▁one ▁advantage ▁during ▁a ▁power ▁play : ▁it ▁is ▁free ▁to ▁ice ▁the ▁p uck ▁without ▁the ▁play ▁being ▁stopped ▁and ▁thus ▁can ▁change ▁lines ▁at ▁roughly ▁the ▁same ▁intervals ▁as ▁during ▁five - on - five ▁play . ▁This ▁advantage ▁can ▁also ▁be ▁explo ited ▁by ▁sk aters ▁with ▁enough ▁speed ▁and ▁offensive ▁skill : ▁without ▁the ▁threat ▁of ▁ icing , ▁break aw ays ▁can ▁be ▁more ▁safely ▁attempted , ▁which ▁opens ▁the ▁opportunity ▁for ▁short - handed ▁goals . ▁However , ▁two ▁governing ▁bodies ▁have ▁en forced ▁ icing ▁on ▁power ▁plays , ▁thus ▁putting ▁the ▁short - handed ▁team ▁at ▁an ▁even ▁stronger ▁disadv antage : ▁ ▁The ▁World ▁Hockey ▁Association ▁did ▁so ▁during ▁the ▁ 1 9 7 0 s . ▁ ▁USA ▁Hockey ▁has ▁done ▁so ▁in ▁all
▁san ction ed ▁youth ▁compet itions ▁( play ers ▁ 1 4 ▁and ▁under , ▁in ▁all ▁age ▁groups ) ▁since ▁ 2 0 1 7 – 1 8 . ▁ ▁The ▁team ▁on ▁the ▁power ▁play ▁often ▁only ▁has ▁one ▁defense man ▁at ▁the ▁rear ▁rather ▁than ▁the ▁typical ▁two , ▁in ▁favor ▁of ▁adding ▁another ▁attack er . ▁R arely , ▁teams ▁have ▁pulled ▁their ▁goal ie ▁for ▁the ▁sixth ▁on - ice ▁player ▁( such ▁as ▁in ▁Game ▁ 2 ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 9 9 3 ▁Stanley ▁Cup ▁Fin als ). ▁Players ▁assigned ▁to ▁power ▁play ▁or ▁penalty ▁killing ▁duties ▁are ▁often ▁known ▁as ▁" special ▁teams ." ▁ ▁If ▁the ▁team ▁with ▁the ▁power ▁play ▁scores ▁a ▁goal ▁while ▁the ▁other ▁team ▁is ▁short - handed , ▁the ▁penalty ▁is ▁over , ▁except ▁if ▁a ▁goal ▁was ▁scored ▁during ▁a ▁major ▁penalty ▁or ▁a ▁match ▁penalty ▁in ▁regulation ▁time . ▁ ▁In ▁le agues ▁that ▁reduce ▁the ▁number ▁of ▁players ▁on ▁the ▁ice ▁in ▁over time , ▁the ▁concept ▁still ▁exists , ▁but ▁is ▁slightly ▁modified ▁to ▁accommodate ▁the ▁reduced ▁team ▁size . ▁For ▁example , ▁over time ▁during ▁regular - season ▁N HL ▁games ▁uses ▁a ▁ 3 - on - 3 ▁format , ▁with ▁each ▁side ▁having ▁three ▁sk aters ▁plus ▁the ▁go alt ender . ▁If ▁a ▁player ▁is ▁penal ized ▁during ▁over time , ▁he ▁is ▁sent ▁to ▁the ▁penalty ▁box , ▁but ▁can ▁be ▁replaced ▁by ▁another ▁player . ▁However , ▁the ▁non
- pen al ized ▁team ▁receives ▁an ▁extra ▁sk ater ▁for ▁the ▁duration ▁of ▁the ▁penalty . ▁If ▁the ▁penalty ▁ex pires ▁without ▁a ▁goal ▁being ▁scored , ▁the ▁extra ▁sk ater ▁is ▁removed ▁from ▁the ▁ice ▁and ▁play ▁continues . ▁If ▁regulation ▁time ▁ends ▁with ▁a ▁power ▁play ▁in ▁progress , ▁the ▁advant aged ▁team ▁will ▁start ▁over time ▁with ▁more ▁than ▁three ▁sk aters ▁( al most ▁always ▁four , ▁very ▁rarely ▁five ). ▁▁ 5 - on - 3 ▁A ▁team ▁can ▁have ▁two ▁players ▁in ▁the ▁penalty ▁box , ▁but ▁can ▁only ▁be ▁limited ▁to ▁three ▁players ▁on ▁the ▁ice ▁at ▁any ▁given ▁time . ▁If ▁the ▁other ▁team ▁is ▁at ▁full ▁strength ▁and ▁the ▁penal ized ▁team ▁has ▁two ▁players ▁in ▁the ▁penalty ▁box , ▁plus ▁a ▁goal ie ▁in ▁net , ▁the ▁situation ▁is ▁called ▁a ▁ 5 - on - 3 . ▁This ▁situation ▁gives ▁the ▁team ▁on ▁the ▁power ▁play ▁an ▁even ▁greater ▁chance ▁of ▁scoring . ▁If ▁the ▁advant aged ▁team ▁on ▁the ▁ 5 - on - 3 ▁scores , ▁the ▁player ▁who ▁took ▁the ▁earlier ▁of ▁the ▁two ▁pen alties ▁may ▁return ▁to ▁the ▁ice , ▁and ▁play ▁res umes ▁as ▁a ▁power ▁play ▁with ▁only ▁one ▁player ▁in ▁the ▁penalty ▁box . ▁However , ▁if ▁the ▁first ▁penalty ▁taken ▁was ▁a ▁double - min or ▁penalty , ▁the ▁penalty ▁that ▁ex pires ▁is ▁the ▁first ▁penalty ▁of ▁the ▁double - min or , ▁and ▁the ▁clock ▁then ▁begins ▁to ▁run ▁down
▁on ▁the ▁second ▁penalty , ▁with ▁the ▁ 5 - on - 3 ▁continuing . ▁ ▁A ▁call ▁for ▁too ▁many ▁men ▁on ▁the ▁ice ▁in ▁a ▁ 5 - on - 3 ▁situation ▁in ▁the ▁last ▁two ▁minutes ▁of ▁regulation ▁or ▁in ▁over time ▁now ▁results ▁in ▁a ▁penalty ▁shot . ▁This ▁current ▁rule ▁resulted ▁from ▁Coach ▁Roger ▁Neil son ' s ▁explo itation ▁of ▁rule ▁lo oph oles ▁during ▁an ▁O HL ▁game ▁when ▁his ▁team ▁was ▁up ▁one ▁goal , ▁but ▁was ▁down ▁two ▁men ▁in ▁a ▁five - on - three ▁situation ▁for ▁the ▁last ▁minute ▁of ▁the ▁game . ▁Real izing ▁that ▁more ▁pen alties ▁could ▁not ▁be ▁served ▁under ▁the ▁existing ▁rules , ▁Neil son ▁put ▁too ▁many ▁men ▁on ▁the ▁ice ▁every ▁ten ▁seconds . ▁The ▁ref ere es ▁stopped ▁the ▁play ▁and ▁a ▁face - off ▁was ▁held , ▁relie ving ▁pressure ▁on ▁the ▁defense . ▁ ▁In ▁regular - season ▁over time ▁in ▁the ▁N HL , ▁a ▁ 5 - on - 3 ▁situation ▁is ▁possible ▁if ▁two ▁players ▁on ▁one ▁team ▁are ▁serving ▁pen alties ▁at ▁the ▁same ▁time . ▁ ▁Short - handed ▁goals ▁A ▁short - handed ▁goal ▁is ▁a ▁goal ▁scored ▁in ▁ice ▁hockey ▁when ▁a ▁team ' s ▁on - ice ▁players ▁are ▁out number ed ▁by ▁the ▁oppos ing ▁team ' s . ▁Norm ally , ▁a ▁team ▁would ▁be ▁out number ed ▁because ▁of ▁a ▁penalty ▁in cur red . ▁However , ▁the ▁oppos ing ▁team
▁on ▁the ▁power ▁play ▁often ▁only ▁has ▁one ▁defense man ▁at ▁the ▁rear ▁rather ▁than ▁the ▁typical ▁two , ▁in ▁favor ▁of ▁adding ▁another ▁attack er . ▁This ▁strategy ▁can ▁often ▁be ▁explo ited ▁by ▁the ▁short - handed ▁team , ▁if ▁they ▁do ▁manage ▁to ▁get ▁the ▁p uck ▁out ▁into ▁the ▁neutral ▁zone ▁leaving ▁most ▁of ▁the ▁oppos ing ▁players ▁behind , ▁and ▁the ▁penalty ▁kill ers ▁may ▁enjoy ▁odd ▁man ▁r ushes ▁and ▁break aw ays ▁against ▁the ▁single ▁defense man ▁of ▁the ▁advant aged ▁team . ▁As ▁previously ▁noted , ▁the ▁suspension ▁of ▁ icing ▁rules ▁also ▁allows ▁passes ▁to ▁be ▁longer ▁and ▁the ▁p uck ▁to ▁be ▁dump ed ▁and ▁ch ased ▁without ▁stopping ▁play . ▁Unlike ▁power ▁play ▁goals , ▁sh orth anded ▁goals ▁cannot ▁end ▁pen alties ▁( un less ▁if ▁a ▁sh orth anded ▁goal ▁is ▁scored ▁in ▁over time , ▁which ▁automatically ▁ends ▁the ▁game ). ▁ ▁When ▁one ▁team ▁pulls ▁its ▁goal ie ▁near ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁a ▁game ▁to ▁play ▁with ▁an ▁extra ▁attack er , ▁any ▁goal ▁scored ▁on ▁the ▁empty ▁net ▁is ▁not ▁considered ▁to ▁be ▁short - handed ▁( because ▁there ▁are ▁equal ▁numbers ▁of ▁players ▁on ▁ice ▁for ▁the ▁teams ). ▁ ▁Short - handed ▁goals ▁are ▁somewhat ▁inf requ ent ▁when ▁a ▁team ▁is ▁down ▁one ▁player , ▁and ▁some ▁instances ▁have ▁occurred ▁where ▁two ▁short - handed ▁goals ▁have ▁been ▁scored ▁on ▁the ▁same ▁penalty . ▁Very ▁rarely ▁is ▁a ▁short - handed ▁goal ▁scored ▁by
▁a ▁team ▁that ▁is ▁down ▁two ▁players . ▁( The ▁general ▁approach ▁when ▁down ▁two ▁men ▁is ▁for ▁the ▁oppos ing ▁team ▁to ▁assume ▁the ▁" iron ▁cross :" ▁establish ▁a ▁diamond ▁shape ▁with ▁one ▁forward , ▁two ▁defense men ▁and ▁the ▁go alt ender , ▁remain ▁in ▁the ▁defensive ▁zone , ▁and ▁clear ▁the ▁p uck ▁whenever ▁possible , ▁without ▁making ▁any ▁effort ▁to ▁make ▁an ▁offensive ▁play ▁and ▁je op ard ize ▁the ▁already ▁weak ened ▁defensive ▁position .) ▁Former ▁Philadelphia ▁Fly ers ▁captain ▁Mike ▁Rich ards ▁holds ▁the ▁record ▁for ▁most ▁career ▁ 3 - on - 5 ▁goals ▁with ▁three , ▁having ▁att ained ▁the ▁last ▁one ▁during ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 8 - 0 9 ▁season . ▁ ▁The ▁quick est ▁tri o ▁of ▁short - handed ▁goals ▁ever ▁scored ▁in ▁a ▁National ▁Hockey ▁League ▁game ▁occurred ▁on ▁April ▁ 1 0 , ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁during ▁a ▁game ▁at ▁the ▁TD ▁Garden ▁between ▁the ▁Boston ▁Bru ins ▁and ▁Carolina ▁Hur ric anes , ▁when ▁the ▁Bru ins ▁scored ▁three ▁short - handed ▁goals ▁against ▁Carolina ▁go alt ender ▁Cam ▁Ward ▁in ▁only ▁ 1 : 0 4 ▁of ▁game ▁time , ▁during ▁a ▁minor ▁hook ing ▁penalty ▁to ▁Bru ins ▁defense man ▁Matt ▁Hun wick . ▁ ▁The ▁Boston ▁Bru ins ▁also ▁made ▁N HL ▁history ▁for ▁those ▁short - handed ▁goals , ▁as ▁it ▁was ▁the ▁first ▁time ▁that ▁a ▁team ▁scored ▁three ▁times ▁on ▁a ▁single ▁penalty ▁kill ▁( Dan iel ▁P
aille , ▁Blake ▁Whe eler , ▁Steve ▁Begin ). ▁▁ ▁The ▁most ▁short - handed ▁goals ▁ever ▁scored ▁in ▁one ▁N HL ▁game ▁by ▁one ▁team ▁occurred ▁on ▁April ▁ 7 , ▁ 1 9 9 5 , ▁when ▁the ▁W inn ipe g ▁J ets ▁scored ▁four , ▁the ▁most ▁since ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁era ▁of ▁the ▁Original ▁Six ▁teams ▁of ▁the ▁N HL . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁Power ▁play ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : I ce ▁hockey ▁rules ▁Category : I ce ▁hockey ▁termin ology <0x0A> </s> ▁Sat anas ▁sa ▁L up a ▁(“ S atan ▁on ▁Earth ” ), ▁sub t itled ▁“ nob el ang ▁p ang k as al uk uy an ” ▁(“ Present - day ▁Nov el ” ), ▁is ▁a ▁ 1 9 7 0 ▁Tag al og - language ▁novel ▁by ▁Filip ino ▁author ▁and ▁script writer ▁Cel so ▁Al . ▁Car un ung an , ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁“ tit ans ▁of ▁Philipp ine ▁literature ”. ▁ ▁The ▁novel ▁critic izes ▁the ▁Philipp ine ▁government ▁and ▁society ▁during ▁the ▁early ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 9 7 0 s , ▁a ▁reason ▁why ▁the ▁author ▁had ▁been ▁included ▁among ▁the ▁group ▁known ▁as ▁" Class ▁ 1 0 8 1 ", ▁Filip inos ▁imprison ed ▁when ▁Mart ial ▁Law ▁was ▁declared ▁by ▁Ferd inand ▁Mar cos ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 2 . ▁ ▁Apart ▁from ▁being ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁political ▁novels ▁in ▁the ▁Philippines ▁from ▁ 1 9 6 7
▁to ▁ 1 9 7 2 ▁that ▁" rep resent ed ▁a ▁cl am or ▁for ▁change ▁in ▁society " ▁( Fil ip ino : ▁kin ata wan ▁ng ▁pag hing i ▁ng ▁pag b ab ago ▁sa ▁lip un an ), ▁Sat anas ▁sa ▁L up a ▁was ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁novels ▁in ▁the ▁Philippines ▁that ▁incorporated ▁romantic ism ▁in ▁its ▁plot ▁using ▁the ▁" love ▁triangle " ▁( Fil ip ino : ▁t ats ul uk an ▁ng ▁pag - ib ig ) ▁genre , ▁a ▁genre ▁that ▁began ▁in ▁the ▁Philippines ▁in ▁▁ 1 9 0 6 ▁through ▁another ▁novel ▁entitled ▁Juan ▁Mas ili ▁by ▁another ▁Filip ino ▁author ▁named ▁Pat ric io ▁Mar iano . ▁ ▁The ▁love ▁triangle ▁in ▁Sat anas ▁sa ▁L up a ▁is ▁ ▁between ▁the ▁characters ▁Ben ign o ▁T ala ver a , ▁Con r ado , ▁and ▁Ch ona . ▁ ▁Description ▁According ▁to ▁Ruby ▁G amb oa - Al c ant ara ▁in ▁her ▁" Rom ant is ismo , ▁Est il ong ▁Pil ip ino " ▁It in at ak ▁sa ▁Nob el ang ▁Tag al og ▁(" Rom antic ism , ▁Filip ino ▁Style " ▁St amped ▁on ▁the ▁Tag al og ▁Nov el ), ▁the ▁character ▁Ben ign o ▁T ala ver a ▁was ▁the ▁representative ▁of ▁Philipp ine ▁politics ▁in ▁Sat anas ▁sa ▁L up a . ▁T ala ver a ▁was ▁a ▁" former ly ▁good ▁citizen " ▁who ▁was ▁influenced ▁by ▁three ▁other ▁Congress men
▁( Fil ip ino : ▁Kong gres ista ) ▁Car pio , ▁David , ▁and ▁Bal b ino . ▁ ▁The ▁three ▁were ▁che ating ▁each ▁other ▁for ▁the ▁sake ▁of ▁climbing ▁up ▁the ▁ladder ▁of ▁power ▁and ▁for ▁gaining ▁wealth . ▁ ▁In ▁Sat anas ▁sa ▁L up a , ▁the ▁reign ▁of ▁greed ▁was ▁ended ▁by ▁the ▁per secut ion ▁of ▁Senator ▁Mor ales , ▁the ▁death ▁of ▁T ala ver a , ▁and ▁the ▁burning ▁of ▁evidence ▁used ▁to ▁black mail ▁T ala ver a . ▁ ▁The ▁evidence ▁was ▁burned ▁by ▁T ala ver a ' s ▁wife , ▁Virginia . ▁ ▁The ▁other ▁circumstances ▁presented ▁in ▁Sat anas ▁sa ▁L up a ▁were ▁the ▁drug ▁addiction ▁of ▁Is ma el , ▁the ▁son ▁of ▁T ala ver a ; ▁the ▁pregnancy ▁out ▁of ▁wed lock ▁and ▁mother hood ▁as ▁a ▁single ▁woman ▁by ▁Est her , ▁the ▁daughter ▁of ▁T ala ver a ; ▁the ▁love ▁affair ▁between ▁Con tr ado ▁and ▁Ch ona ; ▁and ▁the ▁el op ement ▁of ▁Con r ado ▁and ▁Ch ona ▁( Con r ado ▁was ▁supposed ▁to ▁become ▁a ▁priest ). ▁ ▁According ▁to ▁G amb oa - Al c ant ara , ▁there ▁is ▁an ▁un real istic ▁circum stance ▁in ▁Sat anas ▁sa ▁L up a , ▁which ▁is ▁the ▁excessive ▁port ray al ▁of ▁Virginia , ▁the ▁wife ▁of ▁T ala ver a , ▁as ▁the ▁mart y red ▁spouse ▁and ▁mother , ▁due ▁to ▁the ▁use ▁of
▁Philipp ine - style ▁romantic ism . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁M ga ▁An ak - B uk id ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁ ▁P ages ▁of ▁Sat anas ▁sa ▁L up a ▁online ▁ ▁Category : Phil ipp ine ▁novels ▁Category : 1 9 7 0 ▁novels ▁Category : Tag al og - language ▁novels ▁Category : Pol it ical ▁novels ▁Category : N ov els ▁set ▁in ▁the ▁Philippines <0x0A> </s> ▁" L oving ▁You " ▁is ▁a ▁song ▁by ▁Irish ▁singer ▁F ear gal ▁Shar key , ▁released ▁as ▁a ▁non - album ▁single ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 5 . ▁It ▁was ▁written ▁by ▁Shar key ▁and ▁Jo ▁Call is , ▁and ▁produced ▁by ▁Queen ▁drum mer ▁Roger ▁Taylor ▁and ▁David ▁Rich ards . ▁" L oving ▁You " ▁reached ▁No . ▁ 2 6 ▁in ▁the ▁UK ▁and ▁remained ▁in ▁the ▁charts ▁for ▁eleven ▁weeks . ▁A ▁music ▁video ▁was ▁created ▁to ▁promote ▁the ▁single , ▁while ▁Shar key ▁also ▁performed ▁the ▁song ▁on ▁the ▁UK ▁music ▁show ▁Top ▁of ▁the ▁P ops . ▁ ▁Taylor ▁provided ▁additional ▁drums ▁and ▁syn th s ▁on ▁" L oving ▁You ". ▁The ▁single ' s ▁B - side , ▁" Is ▁This ▁An ▁Ex plan ation ? ", ▁was ▁exclusive ▁to ▁the ▁single . ▁It ▁was ▁written ▁by ▁Shar key ▁and ▁Call is , ▁and ▁produced ▁by ▁Shar key . ▁ ▁Form ats ▁ ▁Chart ▁performance ▁ ▁Person nel ▁▁ ▁F ear gal ▁Shar key ▁- ▁vocals ,
▁producer ▁of ▁" Is ▁This ▁An ▁Ex plan ation ?" ▁ ▁Roger ▁Taylor ▁- ▁producer ▁of ▁" L oving ▁You ", ▁additional ▁drums ▁and ▁syn th s ▁on ▁" L oving ▁You " ▁ ▁Dave ▁Rich ards ▁- ▁producer ▁of ▁" L oving ▁You " ▁ ▁C ary n ▁G ough ▁- ▁sleeve ▁design ▁ ▁Richard ▁H aught on ▁- ▁photography ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 8 5 ▁singles ▁Category : F ear gal ▁Shar key ▁songs ▁Category : Pop ▁ball ads ▁Category : 1 9 8 5 ▁songs ▁Category : V ir gin ▁Records ▁singles ▁Category : S ongs ▁written ▁by ▁Jo ▁Call is <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Ch il tern ▁School ▁ ▁is ▁a ▁co educ ational ▁special ▁school ▁located ▁over ▁two ▁sites ▁in ▁Dun stable ▁and ▁H ought on ▁Reg is ▁in ▁Bed ford shire , ▁England . ▁The ▁school ▁accepts ▁pup ils ▁from ▁all ▁over ▁the ▁Central ▁Bed ford shire ▁area . ▁ ▁Special ▁education ▁ ▁The ▁Ch il tern ▁School ▁is ▁for ▁pup ils ▁between ▁the ▁ages ▁of ▁ 3 ▁and ▁ 1 9 ▁years ▁of ▁age , ▁whose ▁special ▁educational ▁needs ▁fall ▁within ▁the ▁categories ▁of ▁moderate ▁to ▁severe ▁learning ▁difficulties . ▁Some ▁pup ils ▁may ▁have ▁additional ▁medical , ▁physical ▁or ▁sens ory ▁imp air ments ▁or ▁emotional ▁and ▁behaviour al ▁difficulties . ▁ ▁Fac ilities ▁for ▁pup ils ▁at ▁the ▁H ought on ▁Reg is ▁campus ▁of ▁the ▁school ▁include ▁sens ory ▁rooms , ▁and ▁a ▁residential ▁b ung al ow ▁on ▁campus
▁which ▁is ▁used ▁to ▁support ▁the ▁development ▁of ▁pup ils ' ▁life ▁skills . ▁ ▁History ▁ ▁The ▁school ▁was ▁formed ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁from ▁the ▁mer ger ▁of ▁Glen wood ▁School ▁in ▁Dun stable ▁and ▁Hill cre st ▁School ▁in ▁H ought on ▁Reg is . ▁The ▁school ▁continues ▁to ▁operate ▁over ▁both ▁sites ▁with ▁the ▁primary ▁department ▁of ▁the ▁school ▁based ▁in ▁Dun stable ▁and ▁the ▁secondary ▁department ▁based ▁in ▁H ought on ▁Reg is . ▁The ▁school ▁celebrated ▁its ▁first ▁anniversary ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 3 , ▁with ▁celebr ants ▁noting ▁achievements ▁of ▁students ▁and ▁staff . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 4 , ▁head ▁teacher ▁Shir ley - An ne ▁C ros bie ▁was ▁awarded ▁the ▁Order ▁of ▁the ▁British ▁Empire ▁for ▁" For ▁services ▁to ▁Children ▁with ▁Special ▁Ne eds ▁Education ". ▁Since ▁September ▁ 2 0 1 7 , ▁Lisa ▁Leonard ▁has ▁served ▁as ▁head ▁teacher . ▁ ▁Ins pe ctions ▁and ▁evalu ations ▁ ▁The ▁UK ' s ▁Office ▁for ▁Stand ards ▁in ▁Education ▁( Of sted ) ▁ins pected ▁Ch il tern ▁School ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁and ▁again ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 7 , ▁ranking ▁it ▁overall ▁" Good " ▁on ▁both ▁reports . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁ ▁The ▁Ch il tern ▁School ▁home page ▁ ▁Category : Special ▁schools ▁in ▁Central ▁Bed ford shire ▁District ▁Category : Special ▁secondary ▁schools ▁in ▁England ▁Category : Comm unity ▁schools ▁in ▁Central ▁Bed ford
shire ▁District ▁Category : E duc ational ▁institutions ▁established ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 2 <0x0A> </s> ▁Hal de a ▁stri at ula ▁( former ly ▁Virginia ▁stri at ula ), ▁commonly ▁called ▁the ▁rough ▁earth ▁snake , ▁ ▁is ▁a ▁species ▁of ▁non ven om ous ▁nat ric ine ▁col ub rid ▁snake ▁native ▁to ▁the ▁sout he astern ▁United ▁States . ▁ ▁Tax onomy ▁The ▁species ▁was ▁first ▁described ▁by ▁Carl ▁Lin na e us ▁in ▁ 1 7 6 6 , ▁as ▁Col uber ▁stri at ulus . ▁Over ▁the ▁next ▁two ▁and ▁a ▁half ▁centuries ▁its ▁scientific ▁name ▁has ▁been ▁changed ▁several ▁times ▁( see ▁syn ony ms ). ▁Most ▁recently , ▁the ▁generic ▁name ▁was ▁changed ▁back ▁from ▁Virginia ▁to ▁Hal de a ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 3 . ▁ ▁Common ▁names ▁Other ▁common ▁names ▁for ▁Hal de a ▁stri at ula ▁include : ▁brown ▁ground ▁snake , ▁brown ▁snake , ▁ground ▁snake , ▁little ▁brown ▁snake , ▁little ▁stri ped ▁snake , ▁small ▁brown ▁vi per , ▁small - eyed ▁brown ▁snake , ▁southern ▁ground ▁snake , ▁stri ated ▁vi per , ▁and ▁worm ▁snake . ▁ ▁Ge ographic ▁range ▁The ▁rough ▁earth ▁snake ▁is ▁found ▁from ▁southern ▁Virginia ▁to ▁northern ▁Florida , ▁west ▁along ▁the ▁Gulf ▁Coast ▁to ▁southern ▁Texas , ▁and ▁north ▁into ▁south - cent ral ▁Missouri ▁and ▁sout he astern ▁Kansas . ▁ ▁Description ▁H . ▁stri at ula ▁is ▁a ▁small , ▁harm less , ▁secret ive , ▁fairly ▁sl ender
▁snake , ▁ 7 - 1 0 ▁inches ▁( 1 8 – 2 5 cm ) ▁in ▁total ▁length ▁( including ▁tail ). ▁It ▁has ▁a ▁round ▁pup il , ▁weak ly ▁ke eled ▁d ors al ▁scales , ▁and ▁usually ▁a ▁divided ▁anal ▁plate . ▁D ors ally , ▁it ▁is ▁brown , ▁gray , ▁or ▁redd ish , ▁and ▁essentially ▁has ▁no ▁pattern . ▁Fem ales ▁are ▁a ▁little ▁longer ▁and ▁heav ier ▁than ▁males , ▁with ▁relatively ▁shorter ▁t ails . ▁Young ▁individuals ▁often ▁have ▁a ▁light ▁band ▁on ▁the ▁neck , ▁which ▁is ▁normally ▁lost ▁as ▁they ▁mature . ▁The ▁belly ▁is ▁tan ▁to ▁wh it ish ▁and ▁is ▁not ▁sharply ▁defined ▁in ▁color ▁from ▁the ▁back , ▁unlike ▁in ▁the ▁worm sn ake ▁( Car ph oph is ▁am oen us ) ▁or ▁the ▁red - bell ied ▁snake ▁( St or eria ▁occ ip it om ac ul ata ). ▁Ke eled ▁scales ▁different iate ▁the ▁rough ▁earth ▁snake ▁from ▁the ▁similar ▁smooth ▁earth ▁snake ▁( V ir gin ia ▁val eria e ), ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁from ▁the ▁worm sn ake . ▁H . ▁stri at ula ▁is ▁most ▁likely ▁to ▁be ▁confused ▁with ▁De ▁Kay ' s ▁brown ▁snake ▁( St or eria ▁de k ay i ), ▁which ▁is ▁a ▁little ▁larger ▁and ▁is ▁light ▁brown ▁with ▁dark ▁mark ings ▁on ▁the ▁back ▁and ▁neck . ▁Unlike ▁the ▁rough ▁earth ▁snake , ▁De ▁Kay ' s ▁brown ▁snake ▁ret ains ▁these ▁mark ings
▁into ▁ad ul th ood . ▁Also , ▁S . ▁de k ay i ▁has ▁a ▁round er ▁sn out ▁than ▁H . ▁stri at ula . ▁ ▁Hab itat ▁The ▁rough ▁earth ▁snake ▁is ▁foss orial , ▁hiding ▁beneath ▁logs , ▁rocks , ▁or ▁or nament al ▁stones , ▁in ▁leaf ▁litter , ▁or ▁in ▁comp ost ▁p iles ▁and ▁gardens . ▁The ▁species ▁is ▁found ▁in ▁a ▁variety ▁of ▁forest ed ▁habit ats ▁with ▁plenty ▁of ▁ground ▁cover , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁in ▁many ▁urban ▁areas . ▁It ▁can ▁reach ▁very ▁high ▁dens ities ▁in ▁urban ▁gardens , ▁parks , ▁and ▁vac ant ▁lots . ▁ ▁Rep roduction ▁H . ▁stri at ula ▁is ▁viv ip ar ous , ▁giving ▁birth ▁to ▁ 3 ▁to ▁ 8 ▁live ▁young ▁in ▁mid - sum mer . ▁New born s ▁are ▁about ▁ 1 0 cm ▁( 4 ▁inches ) ▁in ▁total ▁length . ▁The ▁young ▁somewhat ▁re semble ▁the ▁ring - ne ck ed ▁snake ▁( Di ad oph is ▁punct atus ) ▁with ▁a ▁light - colored ▁neck ▁collar , ▁but ▁they ▁are ▁much ▁dr ab ber ▁and ▁lack ▁a ▁bright ly - colored ▁belly . ▁ ▁Many ▁sources ▁refer ▁to ▁sn akes ▁that ▁give ▁birth ▁to ▁live ▁young ▁as ▁either ▁ov ov iv ip ar ous ▁or ▁viv ip ar ous . ▁In ▁reality , ▁the ▁distinction ▁between ▁these ▁two ▁terms ▁is ▁not ▁very ▁sharp , ▁and ▁the ▁diversity ▁of ▁re product ive ▁modes ▁is ▁better ▁thought ▁of ▁as
▁a ▁spectrum ▁or ▁continu um ▁between ▁mat rot ro phy ▁( emb ry onic ▁nut ri ents ▁come ▁directly ▁from ▁the ▁mother ) ▁and ▁le c ith ot ro phy ▁( emb ry onic ▁nut ri ents ▁come ▁mostly ▁or ▁completely ▁from ▁egg ▁y olk ). ▁Viv ip arity ▁is ▁the ▁most ▁extreme ▁form ▁of ▁mat rot ro phy , ▁whereas ▁ov ip arity ▁is ▁the ▁most ▁extreme ▁form ▁of ▁le c ith ot ro phy . ▁ ▁Be havior ▁The ▁rough ▁earth ▁snake ▁is ▁generally ▁not ▁aggressive ▁towards ▁humans , ▁is ▁not ▁ven om ous , ▁and ▁is ▁harm less ▁if ▁encountered . ▁Although ▁it ▁has ▁teeth , ▁the ▁rough ▁earth ▁snake ▁normally ▁does ▁not ▁bite . ▁Its ▁response ▁when ▁harass ed ▁is ▁to ▁remain ▁motion less , ▁or ▁to ▁try ▁to ▁escape . ▁It ▁will ▁def ec ate ▁and ▁ex crete ▁a ▁foul ▁sm elling ▁mus k ▁as ▁a ▁defense ▁mechanism ▁to ▁make ▁itself ▁less ▁pal atable ▁to ▁would - be ▁pred ators . ▁If ▁necessary , ▁the ▁rough ▁earth ▁snake ▁can ▁be ▁safely ▁picked ▁up ▁by ▁hand ▁and ▁rel oc ated . ▁ ▁Diet ▁H . ▁stri at ula ▁e ats ▁in ver te br ates . ▁It ▁feed s ▁almost ▁exclusively ▁on ▁earth w orm s , ▁although ▁sl ugs , ▁sn ails , ▁sow ▁bugs , ▁insect ▁eggs ▁and ▁l ar va e ▁have ▁also ▁been ▁found ▁in ▁the ▁stomach . ▁H . ▁stri at ula ▁is ▁not ▁ven om ous ▁and ▁does ▁not ▁const rict ▁prey ;
▁rather , ▁it ▁sw all ows ▁prey ▁without ▁sub du ing ▁it . ▁The ▁pointed ▁sn out ▁of ▁the ▁rough ▁earth ▁snake ▁helps ▁in ▁bur row ing ▁in ▁moist ▁soil ▁where ▁prey ▁are ▁found . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁ ▁Check list ▁of ▁Florida ▁Am ph ib ians ▁and ▁Re pt iles : ▁R ough ▁Earth ▁Sn ake ▁South ▁Carolina ▁Re pt iles ▁and ▁Am ph ib ians : ▁Earth ▁Sn ake ▁Sn akes ▁of ▁Georgia ▁and ▁South ▁Carolina : ▁R ough ▁Earth ▁Sn ake ▁Virginia ▁Department ▁of ▁Game ▁& ▁In land ▁Fisher ies : ▁R ough ▁Earth ▁Sn ake ▁ ▁Further ▁reading ▁Be h ler ▁J L , ▁King ▁F W ▁( 1 9 7 9 ). ▁The ▁Aud ub on ▁Society ▁Field ▁Guide ▁to ▁North ▁American ▁Re pt iles ▁and ▁Am ph ib ians . ▁New ▁York : ▁Alfred ▁A . ▁Kn opf . ▁ 7 4 3 ▁pp . ▁. ▁( V ir gin ia ▁stri at ula , ▁pp . 6 7 8 – 6 7 9 ▁+ ▁Pl ates ▁ 4 7 0 , ▁ 4 7 3 ). ▁B oul enger ▁GA ▁( 1 8 9 3 ). ▁Catalogue ▁of ▁the ▁Sn akes ▁in ▁the ▁British ▁Museum ▁( N at ural ▁History ). ▁Volume ▁I ., ▁Cont aining ▁the ▁Famil ies ▁... ▁Col ub rid æ ▁Ag lyph æ , ▁part . ▁London : ▁Trust ees ▁of ▁the ▁British ▁Museum ▁( N at ural ▁History ). ▁( T ay lor ▁and ▁Francis ,
▁prin ters ). ▁x iii ▁+ ▁ 4 4 8 ▁pp . ▁+ ▁Pl ates ▁I - XX V III . ▁( Hal de a ▁stri at ula , ▁p . 2 9 1 ). ▁Con ant ▁R ▁( 1 9 7 5 ). ▁A ▁Field ▁Guide ▁to ▁Re pt iles ▁and ▁Am ph ib ians ▁of ▁Eastern ▁and ▁Central ▁North ▁America . ▁Boston : ▁H ought on ▁M if fl in ▁Company . ▁x v iii ▁+ ▁ 4 2 9 ▁pp . ▁+ ▁Pl ates ▁ 1 - 4 8 . ▁ ▁( hard cover ), ▁ ▁( paper back ). ▁( V ir gin ia ▁stri at ula , ▁p . 1 6 8 ▁+ ▁Pl ate ▁ 2 2 ▁+ ▁Map ▁ 1 2 4 ). ▁Con ant ▁R , ▁Br idges ▁W ▁( 1 9 3 9 ). ▁What ▁Sn ake ▁is ▁That ?: ▁A ▁Field ▁Guide ▁to ▁the ▁Sn akes ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁East ▁of ▁the ▁Rock y ▁Mountains . ▁( with ▁ 1 0 8 ▁drawings ▁by ▁Ed mond ▁Mal nate ). ▁New ▁York ▁and ▁London : ▁D . ▁App leton - Cent ury ▁Company . ▁Front is piece ▁map ▁+ ▁v iii ▁+ ▁ 1 6 3 ▁pp . ▁+ ▁Pl ates ▁A - C , ▁ 1 - 3 2 . ▁( Hal de a ▁stri at ula , ▁pp . 1 1 3 – 1 1 4 ). ▁Lin na e us ▁C ▁( 1 7 6 6 ).
▁System a ▁natur æ ▁per ▁reg na ▁tri a ▁natur æ , ▁sec und um ▁classes , ▁ord ines , ▁gener a , ▁species , ▁cum ▁character ib us , ▁difer enti is , ▁syn onym is , ▁loc is . ▁Tom us ▁I . ▁Edit io ▁Du ode c ima , ▁Re form ata . ▁Stockholm : ▁L . ▁Salv ius . ▁ 5 3 2 ▁pp . ▁( Col uber ▁stri at ulus , ▁new ▁species , ▁p . 2 7 5 ). ▁( in ▁Latin ). ▁Sch midt ▁K P , ▁Davis ▁D D ▁( 1 9 4 1 ). ▁Field ▁Book ▁of ▁Sn akes ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁and ▁Canada . ▁New ▁York : ▁G . P . ▁Put nam ' s ▁S ons . ▁ 3 6 5 ▁pp . ▁( Hal de a ▁stri at ula , ▁pp . 2 3 1 – 2 3 2 , ▁Figure ▁ 7 5 ▁+ ▁Pl ate ▁ 2 5 ). ▁Smith ▁H M , ▁Bro die ▁ED ▁Jr ▁( 1 9 8 2 ). ▁Re pt iles ▁of ▁North ▁America : ▁A ▁Guide ▁to ▁Field ▁Ident ification . ▁New ▁York : ▁Golden ▁Press . ▁ 2 4 0 ▁pp . ▁ ▁( hard cover ), ▁ ▁( paper back ). ▁( V ir gin ia ▁stri at ula , ▁pp . 1 5 2 – 1 5 3 ). ▁Ste j ne ger ▁L , ▁Bar bour ▁T ▁( 1 9 1 7 ). ▁A ▁Check
▁List ▁of ▁North ▁American ▁Am ph ib ians ▁and ▁Re pt iles . ▁Cambridge , ▁Massachusetts : ▁Harvard ▁University ▁Press . ▁ 1 2 5 ▁pp . ▁( P ot am oph is ▁stri at ulus , ▁p . 9 9 ). ▁Wright ▁A H , ▁Wright ▁AA ▁( 1 9 5 7 ). ▁Hand book ▁of ▁Sn akes ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁and ▁Canada . ▁I th aca ▁and ▁London : ▁Com stock ▁Publishing ▁Associ ates , ▁A ▁Division ▁of ▁Corn ell ▁University ▁Press . ▁ 1 , 1 0 5 ▁pp . ▁( in ▁two ▁volumes ). ▁( Hal de a ▁stri at ula , ▁pp . 2 8 7 – 2 9 0 , ▁Figure ▁ 8 8 , ▁Map ▁ 2 7 ). ▁ ▁Category : Col ub r ids ▁Category : Ext ant ▁Ple ist oc ene ▁first ▁appearances ▁Category : Re pt iles ▁described ▁in ▁ 1 7 6 6 ▁Category : Re pt iles ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Category : F a una ▁of ▁the ▁Sout he astern ▁United ▁States <0x0A> </s> ▁A cl er is ▁th om asi ▁is ▁a ▁species ▁of ▁m oth ▁of ▁the ▁family ▁T ort ric idae . ▁It ▁is ▁found ▁in ▁India ▁( S ik kim ). ▁ ▁The ▁wings pan ▁is ▁ 2 1 – 2 3 mm . ▁The ▁ground ▁colour ▁of ▁the ▁fore w ings ▁is ▁green ish ▁and ▁brown ish ▁dist ally . ▁There ▁is ▁an ▁diff use ▁och re ous - y
ellow ▁fasc ia ▁between ▁the ▁disc ▁and ▁the ▁torn us , ▁suff used ▁with ▁brown ▁dist ally ▁and ▁torn ally . ▁There ▁are ▁two ▁diff use ▁brown ish ▁rust ▁sh ades . ▁The ▁dis cal ▁and ▁ap ical ▁areas ▁are ▁grey ish , ▁marked ▁with ▁ref ract ive ▁sil very ▁scales . ▁The ▁hind w ings ▁are ▁brown ish - cre am , ▁but ▁brown ish ▁in ▁the ▁a pe x ▁area . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : M oth s ▁described ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 0 ▁th om asi ▁Category : M oth s ▁of ▁India <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁history ▁of ▁the ▁H ellen ic ▁Republic ▁const itutes ▁three ▁discrete ▁republic an ▁periods ▁in ▁the ▁modern ▁history ▁of ▁Greece : ▁from ▁ 1 8 2 2 ▁until ▁ 1 8 3 2 ; ▁from ▁ 1 9 2 4 ▁until ▁ 1 9 3 5 ; ▁and ▁from ▁ 1 9 7 4 ▁through ▁to ▁the ▁present . ▁See ▁also ▁the ▁constitutional ▁history ▁of ▁Greece . ▁ ▁First ▁H ellen ic ▁Republic ▁( 1 8 2 2 – 1 8 3 2 ) ▁ ▁The ▁First ▁H ellen ic ▁Republic ▁() ▁is ▁a ▁histor i ographic ▁term ▁used ▁for ▁a ▁series ▁of ▁coun c ils ▁and ▁" Pro vis ional ▁Govern ments " ▁during ▁the ▁Greek ▁War ▁of ▁Independ ence . ▁In ▁the ▁first ▁stages ▁of ▁the ▁up r ising , ▁various ▁areas ▁elected ▁their ▁own ▁regional ▁governing ▁coun c ils . ▁These ▁were ▁replaced ▁by ▁central ▁administration ▁at ▁the
▁First ▁National ▁Assembly ▁of ▁Ep ida ur us ▁in ▁early ▁ 1 8 2 2 , ▁which ▁also ▁adopted ▁the ▁first ▁Greek ▁Constitution . ▁A ▁series ▁of ▁National ▁As sembl ies ▁followed , ▁while ▁Greece ▁was ▁threatened ▁with ▁collapse ▁due ▁to ▁civil ▁war ▁and ▁the ▁vict ories ▁of ▁I bra him ▁P asha . ▁▁ ▁In ▁ 1 8 2 7 , ▁the ▁Third ▁National ▁Assembly ▁at ▁Tro e zen ▁selected ▁Count ▁Io ann is ▁Kap od ist rias , ▁who ▁had ▁previously ▁been ▁in ▁Russia ' s ▁diplom atic ▁service , ▁as ▁Governor ▁of ▁Greece ▁for ▁a ▁term ▁ ▁of ▁seven ▁years . ▁He ▁arrived ▁in ▁Greece ▁in ▁January ▁ 1 8 2 8 ▁and ▁established ▁the ▁H ellen ic ▁State , ▁ruling ▁with ▁quasi - dict ator ial ▁powers . ▁He ▁was ▁assass inated ▁by ▁political ▁riv als ▁in ▁ 1 8 3 1 ▁and ▁was ▁succeeded ▁by ▁his ▁brother , ▁August inos ▁Kap od ist rias ▁until ▁in ▁ 1 8 3 2 ▁the ▁Great ▁Pow ers ▁declared ▁Greece ▁a ▁Kingdom ▁and ▁selected ▁the ▁B av arian ▁Prince ▁Otto ▁to ▁be ▁its ▁king . ▁ ▁Second ▁H ellen ic ▁Republic ▁( 1 9 2 4 – 1 9 3 5 ) ▁ ▁The ▁Second ▁H ellen ic ▁Republic ▁() ▁was ▁declared ▁on ▁ 2 5 ▁March ▁ 1 9 2 4 , ▁after ▁the ▁defeat ▁of ▁Greece ▁by ▁Turkey ▁in ▁the ▁Asia ▁Minor ▁Dis aster ▁of ▁ 1 9 2 2 , ▁the ▁September ▁ 1 9 2 2 ▁Revolution
▁and ▁the ▁subsequent ▁ex ile ▁and ▁death ▁of ▁King ▁Constant ine ▁I ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 3 . ▁The ▁king ▁and ▁his ▁chief ▁opponent , ▁Ele f ther ios ▁Ven iz el os , ▁had ▁struggled ▁over ▁control ▁of ▁the ▁country ▁from ▁ 1 9 1 5 ▁to ▁his ▁death ▁and ▁the ▁country ▁was ▁sore ly ▁divided ▁( see ▁National ▁Sch ism ). ▁King ▁Constant ine ▁was ▁succeeded ▁by ▁his ▁son , ▁King ▁George ▁II , ▁who ▁in ▁the ▁wake ▁of ▁a ▁failed ▁royal ist ▁coup ▁was ▁asked ▁by ▁the ▁parliament ▁to ▁leave ▁Greece ▁so ▁the ▁nation ▁could ▁decide ▁what ▁form ▁of ▁government ▁it ▁should ▁adopt . ▁In ▁ 1 9 2 4 , ▁the ▁Republic ▁was ▁pro claimed ▁and ▁confirmed ▁by ▁ple bis cite . ▁ ▁The ▁first ▁President ▁of ▁the ▁H ellen ic ▁Republic ▁was ▁Pav los ▁K ount ouri ot is , ▁an ▁Admiral ▁and ▁supp orter ▁of ▁Ven iz el os ▁who ▁resigned ▁after ▁a ▁coup ▁d ' ét at ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 5 . ▁He ▁was ▁succeeded ▁by ▁the ▁coup ' s ▁leader ▁General ▁Theod or os ▁P ang al os , ▁who ▁was ▁likewise ▁de posed ▁by ▁the ▁military ▁ 5 ▁months ▁later ▁after ▁em bro iling ▁Greece ▁in ▁the ▁War ▁of ▁the ▁Str ay ▁Dog . ▁K ount ouri ot is ▁was ▁re inst ated ▁and ▁re e lected ▁to ▁the ▁office ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 9 , ▁but ▁was ▁forced ▁to ▁resign ▁for ▁health ▁reasons ▁later ▁that ▁year . ▁He ▁was
▁succeeded ▁by ▁Alexand ros ▁Z aim is , ▁who ▁served ▁until ▁the ▁restoration ▁of ▁mon archy ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 5 . ▁▁ ▁Despite ▁a ▁period ▁of ▁stability ▁and ▁relative ▁prosper ity ▁under ▁the ▁last ▁government ▁of ▁Ele f ther ios ▁Ven iz el os ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 8 – 1 9 3 2 , ▁the ▁effects ▁of ▁the ▁Great ▁Dep ression ▁were ▁severely ▁felt , ▁and ▁political ▁inst ability ▁returned . ▁Although ▁the ▁opposition ▁People ' s ▁Party , ▁which ▁represented ▁the ▁royal ist ▁and ▁anti - V en iz el os ▁fa ctions ▁of ▁the ▁elect or ate , ▁had ▁pl ed ged ▁to ▁support ▁the ▁Republic , ▁its ▁im min ent ▁rise ▁to ▁power ▁after ▁the ▁March ▁ 1 9 3 3 ▁elections ▁caused ▁fears ▁of ▁a ▁return ▁to ▁the ▁mon archy . ▁A ▁Ven iz el ist ▁coup ▁was ▁launched ▁but ▁quickly ▁supp ressed . ▁▁ ▁Following ▁the ▁outbreak ▁of ▁another ▁Ven iz el ist - in sp ired ▁coup ▁in ▁March ▁ 1 9 3 5 , ▁which ▁was ▁supp ressed ▁by ▁General ▁Georg ios ▁K ond yl is ▁the ▁army ▁was ▁pur ged ▁of ▁Ven iz el ist ▁and ▁republic an ▁officers , ▁and ▁the ▁return ▁of ▁the ▁mon archy ▁became ▁inevitable . ▁On ▁ 1 0 ▁October ▁ 1 9 3 5 , ▁the ▁ch iefs ▁of ▁the ▁Ar med ▁Forces ▁over th rew ▁the ▁government ▁of ▁Pan ag is ▁Ts ald aris , ▁and ▁K ond yl is ▁declared ▁himself ▁Reg ent
. ▁He ▁abol ished ▁the ▁Republic ▁and ▁st aged ▁a ▁ple bis cite ▁on ▁ 1 1 ▁November ▁which ▁resulted ▁in ▁return ▁of ▁King ▁George ▁II ▁to ▁the ▁country . ▁ ▁Third ▁H ellen ic ▁Republic ▁( 1 9 7 4 -) ▁ ▁The ▁current ▁Third ▁H ellen ic ▁Republic ▁() ▁was ▁declared ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 4 ▁during ▁the ▁Met apol ite fs i ▁( G reek , ▁" reg ime ▁change "), ▁after ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁Reg ime ▁of ▁the ▁Col on els ▁which ▁had ▁controlled ▁Greece ▁since ▁the ▁coup ▁d ' ét at ▁of ▁ 2 1 ▁April ▁ 1 9 6 7 . ▁▁ ▁The ▁Jun ta ▁had ▁already ▁held ▁a ▁st aged ▁refer end um ▁to ▁abol ish ▁the ▁mon archy ▁on ▁ 2 9 ▁July ▁ 1 9 7 3 , ▁and ▁passed ▁a ▁new ▁Constitution ▁which ▁established ▁a ▁presidential ▁republic ▁( with ▁jun ta ▁leader ▁Georg ios ▁Pap ad op oul os ▁as ▁President ). ▁This ▁short - l ived ▁attempt ▁at ▁controlled ▁democr at ization ▁was ▁ended ▁by ▁the ▁hard lin ers ▁under ▁Brig ad ier ▁D imit rios ▁Io ann ides , ▁who ▁over th rew ▁Pap ad op oul os ▁in ▁November ▁ 1 9 7 3 ▁in ▁the ▁after math ▁of ▁the ▁At hens ▁Poly techn ic ▁up r ising . ▁The ▁Republic ▁was ▁maintained , ▁but ▁was ▁nothing ▁more ▁than ▁a ▁faç ade ▁for ▁the ▁military ▁regime ▁until ▁August ▁ 1 9 7 4 , ▁when ▁the ▁Turkish ▁invasion
▁of ▁Cy pr us ▁led ▁to ▁the ▁collapse ▁of ▁the ▁Jun ta . ▁ ▁After ▁the ▁fall ▁of ▁the ▁regime ▁and ▁the ▁return ▁to ▁civilian ▁rule ▁in ▁August ▁ 1 9 7 4 ▁however , ▁the ▁legal ▁and ▁constitutional ▁acts ▁of ▁the ▁Jun ta ▁were ▁deemed ▁invalid , ▁and ▁a ▁new ▁refer end um ▁was ▁held ▁on ▁ 8 ▁December ▁ 1 9 7 4 , ▁which ▁finally ▁abol ished ▁the ▁mon archy . ▁A ▁new ▁Constitution , ▁prom ul g ated ▁on ▁ 1 1 ▁June ▁ 1 9 7 5 , ▁declared ▁Greece ▁a ▁presidential ▁parliament ary ▁democracy ▁( or ▁republic ▁– ▁the ▁Greek ▁ δ η μ ο κ ρ α τ ί α ▁can ▁be ▁translated ▁both ▁ways ). ▁This ▁constitution , ▁rev ised ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 5 , ▁ 2 0 0 1 , ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁and ▁ 2 0 1 9 , ▁is ▁still ▁in ▁force ▁today . ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁▁ ▁H ellen ic ▁Parliament ▁– ▁Const itutional ▁History ▁of ▁Greece ▁ ▁H ellen ic ▁Republic ▁H ellen ic ▁Republic ▁H ellen ic ▁Republic ▁* <0x0A> </s> ▁Ar d anj ▁() ▁is ▁a ▁village ▁in ▁Yam ▁R ural ▁District , ▁M esh kan ▁District , ▁Kh osh ab ▁County , ▁R az avi ▁K hor as an ▁Province , ▁Iran . ▁At ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁census , ▁its ▁population ▁was ▁ 2 7 9 , ▁in ▁ 5 9 ▁families . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁▁ ▁Category :
Pop ulated ▁places ▁in ▁Kh osh ab ▁County <0x0A> </s> ▁Mart ín ▁Garc ía ▁and ▁Mar iano ▁H ood ▁were ▁the ▁defending ▁champions , ▁but ▁H ood ▁could ▁not ▁compete ▁due ▁to ▁his ▁ 1 - year ▁ban ▁due ▁to ▁dop ing . ▁H ood ▁decided ▁to ▁retire ▁from ▁professional ▁tennis ▁instead . ▁ ▁Garc ía ▁team ed ▁up ▁with ▁Luis ▁Horn a ▁and ▁successfully ▁def ended ▁his ▁title ▁by ▁defe ating ▁Mar ius z ▁F yr sten berg ▁and ▁Marc in ▁Mat kow ski ▁ 7 – 6 ( 7 – 1 ), ▁ 7 – 6 ( 7 – 2 ) ▁in ▁the ▁final . ▁It ▁was ▁the ▁ 6 th ▁title ▁for ▁Garc ía ▁and ▁the ▁ 2 nd ▁title ▁for ▁Horn a ▁in ▁their ▁respective ▁dou bles ▁careers . ▁ ▁Se eds ▁ ▁Draw ▁ ▁Draw ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Main ▁Draw ▁ ▁Category : C ampion ati ▁Intern az ional i ▁di ▁Sic ilia ▁Category : 2 0 0 6 ▁A TP ▁Tour <0x0A> </s> ▁Robert ▁Dav ol ▁Bud long ▁( 1 9 0 2 – 1 9 5 5 ) ▁was ▁an ▁American ▁industrial ▁designer ▁from ▁Denver , ▁Colorado . ▁ ▁He ▁studied ▁art ▁at ▁C umm ings ▁School ▁of ▁Art ▁in ▁Des ▁Mo ines , ▁Iowa ▁and ▁graduated ▁from ▁Gr inn ell ▁College , ▁Iowa ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 1 . ▁This ▁was ▁followed ▁by ▁further ▁study ▁at ▁the ▁Chicago ▁Academy ▁of ▁Fine ▁Arts . ▁ ▁He ▁started ▁his ▁design ▁career ▁in ▁ 1 9
3 3 , ▁with ▁the ▁Ham mond ▁Cl ock ▁Company ▁and , ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 4 - 1 9 3 5 , ▁became ▁a ▁design ▁consultant ▁with ▁Zen ith ▁Radio . ▁This ▁involvement ▁with ▁Zen ith ▁was ▁to ▁last ▁until ▁his ▁death . ▁ ▁He ▁designed ▁many ▁of ▁Zen ith ' s ▁pre - war ▁portable ▁rad ios , ▁and ▁virtually ▁their ▁entire ▁" Trans - O cean ic " ▁line . ▁His ▁other ▁radio ▁designs ▁included ▁a ▁" univers al ▁portable " ▁AC / DC ▁radio ▁with ▁batteries ▁( 1 9 4 0 ), ▁the ▁" P ok et " ▁radio ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 1 , ▁and ▁the ▁" Trans o cean ic ▁Cl ipper " ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 2 . ▁Although ▁Zen ith ▁wanted ▁him ▁to ▁work ▁full - time ▁as ▁an ▁employee , ▁and ▁head ▁an ▁in - house ▁industrial ▁design ▁group , ▁Bud long ▁wished ▁to ▁remain ▁independent ▁to ▁retain ▁other ▁clients . ▁However , ▁he ▁did ▁rel ocate ▁his ▁offices ▁to ▁the ▁Zen ith ▁building ▁on ▁ 3 3 3 ▁Michigan ▁Avenue , ▁Chicago , ▁that ▁hous ed ▁Zen ith ' s ▁corporate ▁show rooms . ▁ ▁His ▁other ▁major ▁clients ▁included ▁Sun be am , ▁S ears - Ro eb uck , ▁and ▁Victor ▁Cash ▁Register . ▁For ▁Sun be am , ▁he ▁designed ▁the ▁T - 2 0 ▁To aster ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 0 ▁- ▁a ▁newer ▁type ▁of ▁appl iance ▁that ▁lowered ▁bread ▁automatically , ▁and ▁raised
▁itself ▁silently ▁when ▁done ▁- ▁and ▁worked ▁with ▁Sun be am ▁staff ▁designer ▁I var ▁J ep son ▁on ▁the ▁" Sh ave master " ▁( 1 9 5 0 ) ▁electric ▁sh aver . ▁This ▁model ▁had ▁a ▁smooth , ▁rounded ▁head ▁and ▁an ▁er g onom ic ▁shape ▁to ▁be ▁held ▁in ▁the ▁palm ▁of ▁the ▁hand , ▁rather ▁than ▁the ▁previous ▁el ong ated ▁shape ▁held ▁like ▁a ▁hammer . ▁ ▁Bud long ' s ▁business ▁was ▁taken ▁over ▁after ▁his ▁death ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 5 ▁by ▁one ▁of ▁his ▁associ ates , ▁Ken ▁Sch ory ▁Sr . ▁and ▁renamed ▁Ken ▁Sch ory ▁Associ ates . ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁ID SA ▁Bio ▁of ▁Bud long ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 0 2 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 9 5 5 ▁deaths ▁Category : American ▁industrial ▁engineers ▁Category : American ▁industrial ▁designers ▁Category : 2 0 th - century ▁American ▁engineers <0x0A> </s> ▁H allel uj ah ▁Hills ▁is ▁a ▁rural ▁local ity ▁in ▁the ▁Mid ▁North ▁region ▁of ▁South ▁Australia , ▁situated ▁in ▁the ▁Regional ▁Council ▁of ▁G oy der . ▁▁ ▁The ▁area ▁was ▁originally ▁the ▁territory ▁of ▁the ▁Ng adj uri ▁people . ▁It ▁includes ▁the ▁ 4 1 3 ▁ha ▁former ▁H allel uj ah ▁Hills ▁past oral ▁property , ▁now ▁held ▁for ▁conservation ▁purposes ▁by ▁World s ▁End ▁Conserv ation ▁P ty ▁Ltd . ▁World s ▁End ▁describes ▁the ▁site ▁as ▁" the ▁last ▁range ▁of ▁hills ▁and ▁rid ges ▁between ▁the ▁mid
- n orth ▁and ▁the ▁m alle e ▁pl ains ", ▁and ▁home ▁to ▁rare ▁and ▁threatened ▁fl ora ▁and ▁fa una . ▁It ▁is ▁home ▁to ▁a ▁large ▁population ▁of ▁the ▁end ang ered ▁Sp iller ' s ▁w attle ▁( Ac acia ▁sp iller iana ). ▁ ▁The ▁formal ▁gaz ett ed ▁local ity ▁of ▁H allel uj ah ▁Hills ▁was ▁established ▁in ▁August ▁ 2 0 0 0 . ▁World s ▁End ▁Highway ▁marks ▁the ▁eastern ▁boundary ▁of ▁the ▁local ity . ▁H allel uj ah ▁Hills ▁Road ▁is ▁the ▁only ▁road ▁through ▁H allel uj ah ▁Hills ▁itself . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : T own s ▁in ▁South ▁Australia ▁Category : M id ▁North ▁( South ▁Australia ) <0x0A> </s> ▁T ild es ley ▁is ▁a ▁surn ame , ▁and ▁may ▁refer ▁to : ▁ ▁Domin ic ▁T ild es ley ▁( born ▁ 1 9 5 2 ), ▁a ▁British ▁chem ist ▁Don ovan ▁T ild es ley ▁( born ▁ 1 9 8 4 ), ▁a ▁blind ▁Canadian ▁swim mer ▁Jim ▁T ild es ley ▁( 1 8 8 1 – 1 9 6 3 ), ▁English ▁football er ▁Mark ▁T ild es ley ▁( production ▁designer ) ▁( born ▁ 1 9 6 3 ), ▁British ▁designer ▁and ▁director ▁Mir iam ▁T ild es ley ▁( 1 8 8 3 – 1 9 7 9 ), ▁English ▁anth rop ologist ▁Mur der ▁of ▁Mark ▁T ild es ley ▁ 1 9 8 4 ▁uns
olved ▁murder ▁case ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁Ty ld es ley , ▁a ▁town ▁in ▁Gre ater ▁Manchester ▁Ty ld es ley ▁( dis ambigu ation ) <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Bat on ▁Rou ge ▁Police ▁Department ▁( BR PD ) ▁is ▁the ▁primary ▁law ▁enforcement ▁agency ▁in ▁the ▁city ▁of ▁Bat on ▁Rou ge , ▁Louisiana . ▁The ▁Chief ▁of ▁Police , ▁as ▁of ▁March ▁ 8 , ▁ 2 0 1 8 , ▁was ▁Murphy ▁Paul . ▁ ▁The ▁Bat on ▁Rou ge ▁Police ▁Department ▁has ▁been ▁acc red ited ▁by ▁the ▁Commission ▁on ▁Acc red itation ▁for ▁Law ▁En force ment ▁Ag encies ▁( CAL EA ) ▁since ▁ 1 9 9 6 . ▁ ▁History ▁Bat on ▁Rou ge ▁was ▁incorporated ▁in ▁ 1 8 1 7 ▁and ▁the ▁Bat on ▁Rou ge ▁Police ▁Department ▁was ▁formally ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 8 6 5 , ▁just ▁after ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁Civil ▁War , ▁with ▁the ▁appointment ▁of ▁the ▁first ▁Chief ▁of ▁Police . ▁ ▁Currently ▁the ▁Bat on ▁Rou ge ▁Police ▁Department ▁receives ▁about ▁ 2 1 5 , 0 0 0 ▁service ▁calls . ▁In ▁an ▁average ▁year , ▁city ▁police ▁officers : ▁ ▁Res pond ▁to ▁and ▁write ▁reports ▁on ▁ 1 3 5 , 0 0 0 ▁non - tra ffic ▁calls ▁Res pond ▁to ▁ 3 0 , 0 0 0 ▁false ▁al arms ▁Invest igate ▁ 2 1 , 0 0 0 ▁serious ▁crimes ▁Invest igate ▁ 1 7 , 0 0 0 ▁traffic ▁cr
ashes ▁Make ▁ 8 , 0 0 0 ▁arrest s ▁Sub mit ▁ 2 2 , 0 0 0 ▁pieces ▁of ▁evidence ▁or ▁property ▁Se ize ▁ 9 0 0 ▁fire arms ▁Present ▁ 2 0 0 ▁crime ▁prevention ▁and ▁education ▁sem in ars ▁( to ▁about ▁ 1 0 , 0 0 0 ▁people ) ▁Dest roy ▁ 2 , 5 0 0 ▁pounds ▁of ▁seized ▁illegal ▁n arc ot ics ▁License ▁ 1 2 , 0 0 0 ▁bicy cles ▁Drive ▁▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 5 , ▁due ▁to ▁elev ated ▁population ▁levels ▁as ▁a ▁result ▁of ▁Hur ric anes ▁K atr ina ▁and ▁R ita , ▁many ▁of ▁these ▁numbers ▁were ▁significantly ▁higher . ▁ ▁B ure aus ▁and ▁command ▁staff ▁The ▁BR PD ▁is ▁divided ▁into ▁four ▁b ure aus : ▁ ▁Un iform ▁Pat rol ▁Bureau ▁- ▁Captain ▁Kevin ▁New man ▁Crim inal ▁Invest ig ations ▁Bureau ▁- ▁Michael ▁M anning ▁Administration ▁Bureau ▁- ▁Deputy ▁chief ▁Herbert ▁An ny ▁ ▁Oper ational ▁Services ▁Bureau ▁- ▁Major ▁Er nie ▁Brew er ▁ ▁Un iform ▁Pat rol ▁Bureau ▁Un iform ▁Pat rol ▁is ▁the ▁largest ▁bureau ▁of ▁the ▁department , ▁and ▁is ▁the ▁primary ▁point ▁of ▁contact ▁for ▁services ▁to ▁the ▁public . ▁The ▁Bureau ▁operates ▁four ▁prec inct ▁stations ▁and ▁satellite ▁offices ▁throughout ▁the ▁city . ▁Off ic ers ▁assigned ▁to ▁this ▁bureau ▁perform ▁prevent ive ▁patrol s ▁and ▁respond ▁to ▁public ▁requests ▁for ▁assistance ▁ 2 4 ▁hours ▁a ▁day , ▁ 7 ▁days ▁a ▁week
. ▁The ▁Un iform ▁Pat rol ▁Bureau ▁consist ▁of ▁the ▁following ▁divisions : ▁ ▁Un iform ▁Pat rol ▁Division ▁Un iform ▁Pat rol ▁Division ▁is ▁responsible ▁for ▁pat rolling ▁all ▁areas ▁of ▁the ▁city , ▁responding ▁to ▁calls ▁from ▁citizens , ▁conducting ▁pre liminary ▁investig ations ▁of ▁all ▁crimes , ▁and ▁en for cing ▁both ▁criminal ▁and ▁traffic ▁laws . ▁The ▁Un iform ▁Pat rol ▁Division ▁is ▁divided ▁into ▁four ▁( 4 ) ▁ge ographical ▁patrol ▁sections ▁or ▁districts . ▁ ▁First ▁District ▁Prec inct ▁The ▁First ▁District ▁Prec inct ▁is ▁located ▁at ▁ 4 5 4 5 ▁Pl ank ▁Road ▁and ▁serves ▁what ▁is ▁tradition ally ▁known ▁as ▁North ▁Bat on ▁Rou ge . ▁ ▁The ▁area ▁pat rolled ▁is ▁roughly ▁b ordered ▁on ▁the ▁north ▁and ▁east ▁by ▁Ev ang eline ▁and ▁Air line ▁Highway , ▁on ▁the ▁west ▁by ▁the ▁Mississippi ▁River ▁and ▁Sc en ic ▁Highway ▁and ▁on ▁the ▁south ▁by ▁Florida ▁Bou lev ard . ▁ ▁Second ▁District ▁Prec inct ▁The ▁Second ▁District ▁Prec inct ▁is ▁located ▁at ▁ 2 2 6 5 ▁High land ▁Road ▁and ▁serves ▁what ▁is ▁tradition ally ▁known ▁as ▁South ▁Bat on ▁Rou ge . ▁ ▁The ▁area ▁pat rolled ▁is ▁roughly ▁b ordered ▁on ▁the ▁north ▁by ▁Florida ▁Bou lev ard , ▁on ▁the ▁west ▁by ▁the ▁Mississippi ▁River , ▁on ▁the ▁south ▁by ▁Bay ou ▁F ount ain , ▁and ▁on ▁the ▁east ▁by ▁Blue bon net ▁Highway , ▁Ess en ▁Lane , ▁Jefferson ▁Highway , ▁and ▁L ob d ell
▁Avenue . ▁ ▁Third ▁District ▁Prec inct ▁The ▁Third ▁District ▁is ▁located ▁at ▁ 9 0 0 0 ▁Air line ▁Highway , ▁and ▁serves ▁the ▁eastern ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁city . ▁ ▁The ▁area ▁pat rolled ▁is ▁roughly ▁b ordered ▁on ▁the ▁north ▁by ▁Green well ▁Springs ▁Road ▁and ▁the ▁South ▁Ch oct aw ▁Drive ▁Extension ▁( ra il road ▁tracks ), ▁on ▁the ▁west ▁by ▁Air line ▁Highway ▁and ▁L ob d ell ▁Avenue , ▁on ▁the ▁east ▁by ▁North ▁Ste v end ale ▁Road , ▁L ively ▁Bay ou , ▁O ' Ne al ▁Lane , ▁Jones ▁Creek ▁Road , ▁and ▁St umber g ▁Lane , ▁and ▁on ▁the ▁south ▁by ▁Air line ▁Highway ▁and ▁Jefferson ▁Highway . ▁ ▁Fourth ▁District ▁Prec inct ▁The ▁Fourth ▁District ▁Prec inct ▁is ▁located ▁at ▁ 8 2 2 7 ▁Sc en ic ▁Highway ▁and ▁serves ▁the ▁extreme ▁northern ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁city , ▁including ▁the ▁area ▁tradition ally ▁known ▁as ▁Scotland ville . ▁ ▁The ▁area ▁pat rolled ▁is ▁roughly ▁b ordered ▁on ▁the ▁north ▁by ▁Bl ount ▁Road ▁and ▁Thomas ▁Road , ▁on ▁the ▁west ▁by ▁the ▁Mississippi ▁River , ▁on ▁the ▁east ▁by ▁Button wood ▁Drive , ▁McC le ll and ▁Drive , ▁and ▁Pl ank ▁Road , ▁and ▁on ▁the ▁south ▁by ▁Ev ang eline ▁and ▁Air line ▁Highway . ▁ ▁Tra ffic ▁Division ▁The ▁Tra ffic ▁Division ▁is ▁responsible ▁for ▁parking ▁control , ▁radar ▁speed ▁enforcement , ▁motor cycle ▁escort ▁duty , ▁and ▁assist ing ▁the ▁uniform ▁patrol ▁division ▁in
▁select ive ▁traffic ▁enforcement ▁and ▁accident ▁investigation , ▁as ▁required , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁special ▁assignments ▁at ▁the ▁discret ion ▁of ▁the ▁Chief ▁of ▁Police . ▁The ▁traffic ▁division ▁carries ▁out ▁its ▁mission ▁with ▁the ▁following ▁sections : ▁ ▁Motor cycle ▁Section ▁The ▁Motor cycle ▁Section ▁concentr ates ▁on ▁traffic ▁enforcement ▁and ▁accident ▁investigation , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁esc orts ▁and ▁other ▁specialized ▁assignments ▁at ▁the ▁discret ion ▁of ▁the ▁Chief ▁of ▁Police . ▁ ▁Rad ar ▁Un its ▁Rad ar ▁Un its ▁are ▁responsible ▁for ▁enforcement ▁of ▁speed ing ▁laws , ▁serve ▁as ▁accident ▁investig ators ▁during ▁inc lement ▁weather ▁and ▁are ▁period ically ▁assigned ▁to ▁special ▁events . ▁ ▁D WI ▁Task ▁Force ▁The ▁D WI ▁Task ▁Force ▁patrol s ▁after ▁dark , ▁en for cing ▁laws ▁relating ▁to ▁imp aired ▁drivers ▁under ▁the ▁influence ▁of ▁either ▁alcohol ▁or ▁drugs . ▁ ▁B icy cle ▁Pat rol s ▁B icy cle ▁Pat rol s ▁are ▁utilized ▁for ▁concentrated , ▁more ▁personal ized ▁protection ▁of ▁contained ▁areas , ▁such ▁as ▁m alls , ▁shopping ▁centers , ▁or ▁areas ▁of ▁high - density ▁pedest rian ▁traffic . ▁B icy cle ▁Pat rol ▁officers ▁are ▁also ▁assigned ▁to ▁the ▁Dow nt own ▁Development ▁District ▁to ▁enforce ▁parking ▁ordin ances , ▁contact ▁business ▁owners ▁and ▁residents ▁to ▁check ▁for ▁problems ▁and ▁dev ise ▁solutions ▁to ▁those ▁problems . ▁ ▁Tra ffic ▁H omic ide ▁Unit ▁The ▁Tra ffic ▁H omic ide ▁Unit ▁investig ates ▁all ▁traffic ▁cr ashes ▁involving ▁death ▁or ▁life - th reat
ening ▁injuries ▁and ▁fleet ▁cr ashes ▁as ▁directed ▁by ▁the ▁Chief ▁of ▁Police . ▁ ▁School ▁Cross ing ▁Gu ards ▁School ▁Cross ing ▁Gu ards ▁are ▁civ ilians ▁used ▁to ▁supplement ▁police ▁protection ▁of ▁children ▁walking ▁to ▁and ▁from ▁schools ▁during ▁the ▁regular ▁school ▁year . ▁ ▁Reserve ▁Off ic ers ▁Reserve ▁Off ic ers ▁are ▁civ ilians ▁who ▁under go ▁necessary ▁training ▁to ▁become ▁police ▁officers ▁and ▁who ▁don ate ▁their ▁time ▁as ▁police ▁officers ▁to ▁supplement ▁existing ▁man power , ▁especially ▁during ▁special ▁events . ▁ ▁Hit ▁and ▁Run ▁Division ▁The ▁Hit ▁and ▁Run ▁Division ▁is ▁responsible ▁for ▁the ▁follow - up ▁investigation ▁of ▁hit ▁and ▁run ▁and ▁in complete ▁accidents ▁as ▁reported ▁by ▁field ▁officers . ▁ ▁Support ▁Services ▁Un its ▁The ▁Support ▁Services ▁Un its ▁perform ▁functions ▁that ▁supplement ▁the ▁uniform ▁patrol ▁division . ▁ ▁H ousing ▁Authority ▁Unit ▁The ▁H ousing ▁Authority ▁Unit ▁coordinates ▁all ▁security ▁at ▁public ▁housing ▁complex es , ▁working ▁closely ▁with ▁management ▁and ▁residents ▁to ▁enforce ▁laws , ▁resolve ▁problems ▁and ▁provide ▁a ▁safe ▁environment . ▁ ▁Building ▁Security ▁Building ▁Security ▁coordinates ▁protection ▁for ▁the ▁East ▁Bat on ▁Rou ge ▁Par ish ▁Government al ▁Building ▁and ▁its ▁employees . ▁ ▁Mis d eme an or ▁Invest igation ▁Office ▁The ▁Mis d eme an or ▁Invest igation ▁Office ▁is ▁responsible ▁for ▁conducting ▁follow - up ▁investig ations ▁of ▁mis d eme an or ▁crimes . ▁ ▁K - 9 ▁Unit ▁The ▁K - 9 ▁Unit ▁is ▁used ▁for ▁building ▁sear ches , ▁crowd ▁control ,
▁tracking ▁fle eing ▁suspect s , ▁or ▁sear ches ▁for ▁missing ▁persons , ▁or ▁any ▁other ▁missions ▁which ▁could ▁more ▁effectively ▁or ▁more ▁safely ▁be ▁carried ▁out ▁by ▁trained ▁Police ▁dogs ▁than ▁by ▁police ▁officers . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 7 , ▁the ▁American ▁Kenn el ▁Club ▁awarded ▁the ▁K - 9 ▁Division ▁with ▁its ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁Law ▁En force ment ▁Award ▁for ▁Can ine ▁Excell ence ▁due ▁to ▁the ▁units ▁work ▁in ▁the ▁year ▁following ▁Hur ricane ▁K atr ina . ▁ ▁Crime ▁Analysis ▁Section ▁The ▁Crime ▁Analysis ▁Section ▁collect s ▁data ▁generated ▁by ▁uniform ▁officers ▁and ▁reports ▁to ▁the ▁bureau ▁commander ▁with ▁respect ▁to ▁man power ▁allocation ▁and ▁directed ▁patrol ▁initiatives . ▁ ▁Crim inal ▁Invest ig ations ▁Bureau ▁Crim inal ▁Invest ig ations ▁offers ▁some ▁limited ▁first - line ▁response ▁to ▁the ▁public , ▁but ▁is ▁primarily ▁responsible ▁for ▁follow - up ▁investig ations ▁of ▁major ▁crimes . ▁Div isions ▁within ▁the ▁Crim inal ▁Invest ig ations ▁Bureau ▁include : ▁ ▁Cr imes ▁Against ▁Pers ons ▁Cr imes ▁Against ▁Pers ons ▁include ▁the ▁following ▁divisions : ▁ ▁H omic ide ▁Division ▁is ▁responsible ▁for ▁investig ating ▁all ▁criminal ▁calls ▁where ▁a ▁death ▁or ▁life - th reat ening ▁injury ▁has ▁occurred , ▁any ▁officer ▁involved ▁shooting ▁or ▁the ▁attempted ▁murder ▁of ▁a ▁police ▁officer . ▁ ▁Ar med ▁Rob bery ▁Division ▁is ▁responsible ▁for ▁investig ating ▁all ▁criminal ▁calls ▁involving ▁all ▁degrees ▁of ▁rob bery . ▁ ▁Ju ven ile ▁and ▁Sex ▁Cr imes ▁Division
▁is ▁responsible ▁for ▁maintaining ▁ju ven ile ▁investigation ▁records , ▁cases ▁of ▁child ▁abuse , ▁and ▁all ▁types ▁of ▁sex ▁crimes . ▁ ▁Major ▁Ass ault s ▁Division ▁is ▁responsible ▁for ▁investig ating ▁a ▁wide ▁range ▁of ▁non - life - th reat ening ▁fel ony ▁personal ▁crimes ▁and ▁missing ▁person ▁cases . ▁ ▁Computer ▁Cr imes ▁Division ▁investig ates ▁crimes ▁committed ▁against ▁persons ▁or ▁computer ▁systems ▁using ▁the ▁Internet , ▁e - mail ▁or ▁other ▁electronic ▁means . ▁ ▁Property ▁Cr imes ▁Property ▁Cr imes ▁includes ▁the ▁following ▁divisions : ▁ ▁Bur gl ary ▁Division ▁is ▁responsible ▁for ▁coord inating ▁all ▁follow - up ▁investig ations ▁of ▁bur gl aries , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁the ▁recovery ▁of ▁stolen ▁property ▁from ▁local ▁pa wn ▁shops . ▁ ▁Auto ▁The ft / Imp ound ▁Division ▁is ▁responsible ▁for ▁conducting ▁follow - up ▁investig ations ▁of ▁auto ▁theft s ▁and ▁un authorized ▁use ▁of ▁mov ables . ▁The ▁unit ▁also ▁coordinates ▁all ▁records ▁and ▁information ▁relating ▁to ▁vehicles ▁stored ▁and ▁imp ound ed ▁by ▁the ▁Department ▁and ▁monitoring ▁local ▁to wing ▁services ▁to ▁ins ure ▁compliance ▁with ▁applicable ▁standards ▁and ▁ordin ances . ▁ ▁For gery ▁Division : ▁is ▁responsible ▁for ▁investig ating ▁all ▁crimes ▁involving ▁theft s ▁by ▁fraud ulent ▁use ▁of ▁access ▁cards , ▁and ▁for ger ies ▁of ▁neg ot iable ▁documents . ▁ ▁Invest ig ative ▁Support ▁Invest ig ative ▁Support ▁includes ▁the ▁following ▁divisions : ▁ ▁Ev idence ▁Division ▁is ▁responsible ▁for ▁the ▁collection , ▁storage , ▁catalog uing ,
▁and ▁dis position ▁of ▁all ▁evidence ▁and ▁property ▁seized ▁by , ▁or ▁turned ▁in ▁to , ▁the ▁department . ▁ ▁Crime ▁Sc ene ▁Division ▁is ▁responsible ▁for ▁assist ing ▁in ▁investig ations ▁by ▁taking ▁photographs , ▁sketch ing ▁major ▁crime ▁scenes , ▁collecting ▁and ▁tag ging ▁evidence , ▁and ▁performing ▁various ▁scientific ▁tests ▁on ▁suspect s ▁and / or ▁evidence ▁as ▁needed . ▁ ▁Crime ▁Stop pers ▁Office ▁coordinates ▁all ▁fac ets ▁of ▁the ▁Crime ▁Stop pers ▁program ▁with ▁local ▁news ▁media , ▁businesses , ▁and ▁the ▁public . ▁ ▁Administration ▁Bureau ▁Administration ▁is ▁the ▁Chief ' s ▁staff ▁bureau , ▁concerned ▁with ▁the ▁overall ▁management ▁of ▁the ▁department ' s ▁operations ▁and ▁internal ▁controls . ▁ ▁Most ▁offices ▁are ▁hous ed ▁downtown ▁at ▁Police ▁Head quarters ▁located ▁at ▁ 9 0 0 0 ▁Air line ▁Highway . ▁ ▁Div isions ▁and ▁Pos itions ▁within ▁Administration : ▁ ▁Legal ▁Ad visor ▁acts ▁as ▁an ▁advis or ▁to ▁the ▁Chief ▁of ▁Police ▁and ▁his ▁staff ▁on ▁department ▁matters , ▁to ▁ensure ▁conform ity ▁with ▁existing ▁laws ▁and ▁court ▁decisions . ▁ ▁Office ▁of ▁Media ▁Rel ations ▁acts ▁as ▁a ▁l ia ison ▁between ▁the ▁department ▁and ▁members ▁of ▁the ▁working ▁news ▁media . ▁ ▁Fleet ▁Management ▁Division ▁is ▁responsible ▁for ▁all ▁aspects ▁of ▁assign ing ▁and ▁maintaining ▁the ▁fleet ▁of ▁vehicles ▁owned ▁and ▁operated ▁by ▁the ▁department . ▁ ▁Internal ▁Affairs ▁Division ▁conduct s ▁investig ations ▁and ▁maint ains ▁records ▁on ▁all ▁complaints ▁of ▁wrong do ing ▁lod ged ▁against ▁members . ▁ ▁Account
ing ▁and ▁Person nel ▁Office ▁handles ▁all ▁accounts ▁rece iv able ▁and ▁pay able ▁and ▁pre pa res ▁the ▁department ' s ▁annual ▁budget , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁all ▁personnel ▁records ▁and ▁actions . ▁ ▁Oper ational ▁Management ▁is ▁responsible ▁for ▁providing ▁a ▁wide ▁range ▁of ▁services ▁to ▁the ▁Chief ▁of ▁Police ▁and ▁the ▁department , ▁such ▁as ▁coord inating ▁all ▁research ; ▁writing , ▁review ing ▁and ▁distribut ing ▁policies ▁and ▁procedures ; ▁secur ing ▁state ▁and ▁federal ▁grant ▁funds ; ▁coord inating ▁travel ▁of ▁officers ▁on ▁department ▁business ; ▁conducting ▁research ▁on ▁products ▁and ▁equipment ; ▁ex changing ▁information ▁with ▁other ▁police ▁agencies ▁regarding ▁operations ; ▁inventory ▁control ▁and ▁supply ; ▁and ▁acc red itation . ▁ ▁Staff ▁Ins pe ctions ▁Office ▁is ▁responsible ▁for ▁conducting ▁daily ▁ins pe ctions ▁of ▁all ▁divisions ▁of ▁the ▁department . ▁ ▁Health ▁and ▁Safety ▁analy zes ▁conditions ▁that ▁may ▁affect ▁an ▁officer ' s ▁performance ▁or ▁result ▁in ▁loss ▁of ▁work ▁time . ▁ ▁Community ▁Resources ▁is ▁responsible ▁for ▁establishing ▁l ia ison ▁with ▁formal ▁community ▁organizations ▁and ▁other ▁community ▁groups . ▁ ▁D . A . R . E ▁places ▁police ▁officers ▁in ▁elementary ▁school ▁class rooms ▁to ▁act ▁as ▁anti - d rug ▁abuse ▁instruct ors . ▁ ▁Extra ▁D uty ▁Office ▁coordinates ▁and ▁tracks ▁all ▁off - d uty ▁employment ▁of ▁police ▁officers . ▁ ▁Intelligence ▁Division ▁g athers ▁information ▁on ▁both ▁real ▁and ▁potential ▁threats ▁to ▁the ▁public ▁peace ▁and ▁ass imil ates ▁and ▁reports ▁such ▁information ▁to ▁the ▁Chief
▁of ▁Police . ▁ ▁Expl os ives ▁and ▁Haz ard ous ▁Material s ▁UN IT ▁is ▁responsible ▁for ▁on - scene ▁and ▁follow - up ▁investig ations ▁of ▁haz ard ous ▁materials ▁sp ills ▁or ▁fires , ▁explos ions , ▁or ▁crimes ▁involving ▁inc end i ary ▁devices ▁of ▁all ▁types . ▁ ▁Special ▁Response ▁Team , ▁( S RT ) ▁S RT ▁consists ▁of ▁a ▁full - time ▁unit ▁and ▁part - time ▁unit ▁which ▁is ▁composed ▁of ▁officers ▁who ▁are ▁on - call . ▁Their ▁mission ▁is ▁to ▁respond ▁to ▁emergency ▁operations , ▁such ▁as ▁host age ▁situations , ▁and ▁to ▁provide ▁dign itary ▁and ▁V IP ▁protection . ▁ ▁Members ▁of ▁the ▁team ▁competed ▁in ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁World ▁SW AT ▁Challenge ▁and ▁finished ▁ 5 th ▁overall , ▁while ▁also ▁capt uring ▁the ▁“ R ookie ▁Team ▁Championship ” ▁title . ▁ ▁Oper ational ▁Services ▁Bureau ▁Oper ational ▁Services ▁is ▁the ▁most ▁diverse ▁bureau ▁of ▁the ▁department , ▁providing ▁numerous ▁and ▁varied ▁support ▁functions , ▁including ▁serving ▁as ▁the ▁repository ▁for ▁all ▁criminal ▁and ▁traffic ▁records . ▁ ▁Div isions ▁within ▁this ▁Bureau : ▁ ▁Al arm ▁En force ment ▁Section ▁is ▁responsible ▁for ▁lic ensing , ▁reg ulating , ▁maintaining ▁statistics , ▁and ▁collecting ▁fees ▁from ▁alarm ▁users ▁in ▁the ▁city ▁and ▁parish . ▁ ▁Lic ensing ▁Section ▁is ▁responsible ▁for ▁iss uing ▁licenses ▁and ▁maintaining ▁records ▁on ▁all ▁persons ▁and ▁businesses ▁licensed ▁by ▁the ▁Chief ▁of ▁Police . ▁ ▁Sub po ena ▁Services ▁and
▁Court ▁L ia ison ▁Section ▁is ▁responsible ▁for ▁serving ▁sub po enas ▁and ▁other ▁court ▁documents ▁to ▁department ▁personnel , ▁and ▁for ▁maintaining ▁l ia isons ▁with ▁area ▁courts . ▁ ▁B icy cle ▁Reg istration ▁Division ▁is ▁responsible ▁for ▁register ing ▁and ▁lic ensing ▁all ▁bicy cles ▁sold ▁and ▁r idden ▁in ▁the ▁city , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁en for cing ▁applicable ▁bicy cle ▁traffic ▁ordin ances . ▁This ▁division ▁is ▁also ▁responsible ▁for ▁storage ▁and ▁dis position ▁of ▁all ▁abandoned , ▁recovered ▁and ▁seized ▁bicy cles . ▁ ▁Training ▁Services ▁Unit ▁is ▁responsible ▁for ▁the ▁recruit ment ▁and ▁training ▁of ▁all ▁prospect ive ▁and ▁newly ▁hired ▁officers , ▁and ▁the ▁in - service ▁training ▁and ▁re - cert ification ▁of ▁existing ▁personnel ▁in ▁all ▁aspects ▁of ▁law ▁enforcement ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁the ▁maintenance ▁of ▁records ▁relating ▁to ▁such ▁training . ▁The ▁fire arms ▁training ▁section ▁is ▁responsible ▁for ▁all ▁training ▁of ▁potential , ▁newly ▁hired , ▁and ▁existing ▁personnel ▁in ▁the ▁area ▁of ▁fire arms ▁safety ▁and ▁prof iciency . ▁The ▁recru iting ▁section ▁is ▁responsible ▁for ▁interview ing ▁prospect ive ▁employees , ▁conducting ▁all ▁necessary ▁background ▁checks ▁and ▁tests , ▁and ▁providing ▁lists ▁of ▁qualified ▁and ▁recommended ▁candidates ▁for ▁employment ▁as ▁officers . ▁ ▁Crim inal ▁Records ▁Section ▁maint ains ▁a ▁central ized ▁record ▁system ▁of ▁all ▁criminal ▁offense ▁reports ▁prepared ▁by ▁officers ▁of ▁the ▁department , ▁arrest ▁reports , ▁finger print ▁cards , ▁and ▁all ▁necessary ▁files ▁and ▁systems ▁for ▁criminal ▁information ▁storage , ▁retriev al , ▁arch iving
, ▁and ▁dis position . ▁ ▁Tra ffic ▁Records ▁Section ▁is ▁responsible ▁for ▁the ▁maintenance ▁of ▁a ▁central ▁traffic ▁records ▁system , ▁providing ▁report ▁production , ▁a ▁public ▁counter ▁service ▁facility , ▁and ▁a ▁system ▁for ▁traffic ▁information ▁storage , ▁retriev al ▁and ▁dis position . ▁ ▁Lat ent ▁Print ▁Section ▁operates ▁as ▁an ▁identification ▁unit , ▁analy zing , ▁comparing , ▁catalog uing ▁and ▁class ifying ▁submitted ▁finger prints . ▁ ▁Crime ▁Information ▁Unit ▁is ▁responsible ▁for ▁operating ▁the ▁National ▁Crime ▁Information ▁Center ▁computer ▁and ▁te let ype ▁system , ▁receiving ▁and ▁distribut ing ▁advis ories ▁from ▁other ▁agencies , ▁and ▁input ting ▁information ▁origin ating ▁with ▁this ▁department , ▁for ▁disse min ation ▁to ▁other ▁interested ▁agencies . ▁ ▁Crime ▁Statistics ▁and ▁Research ▁Unit ▁man ages ▁the ▁FBI ▁uniform ▁crime ▁reports ▁and ▁provides ▁statist ically ▁orient ed ▁data ▁to ▁other ▁divisions ▁and ▁outside ▁agencies . ▁ ▁Communications ▁Division ▁is ▁responsible ▁for ▁proper ▁rout ing ▁of ▁all ▁telephone ▁calls ▁to ▁the ▁department . ▁This ▁division ▁receives ▁and ▁processes ▁all ▁requests ▁for ▁police ▁services . ▁Communications ▁personnel ▁also ▁dispatch , ▁via ▁radio , ▁the ▁appropriate ▁police ▁units ▁to ▁investigate ▁and ▁assist ▁as ▁needed . ▁ ▁Techn ological ▁Support ▁Unit ▁is ▁responsible ▁for ▁operating , ▁maintaining , ▁and ▁updating ▁all ▁computer ▁systems ▁used ▁by ▁the ▁department . ▁ ▁Rank ▁structure ▁ ▁The ▁Chief ▁of ▁Police ▁is ▁appointed ▁by , ▁and ▁reports ▁to , ▁the ▁Mayor . ▁The ▁Chief ▁is ▁assist ed ▁by ▁a ▁Deputy ▁Chief ; ▁who ▁is ▁a ▁Colonel . ▁This ▁post ▁has
▁replaced ▁Chief ▁of ▁Staff . ▁All ▁other ▁police ▁positions ▁are ▁promot ional ▁and ▁based ▁on ▁senior ity , ▁as ▁mand ated ▁by ▁state ▁civil ▁service ▁law . ▁ ▁Fall en ▁officers ▁Since ▁ 1 9 1 1 , ▁the ▁Bat on ▁Rou ge ▁Police ▁Department ▁has ▁lost ▁ 2 1 ▁Off ic ers ▁and ▁ 1 ▁K 9 ▁who ▁died ▁while ▁on ▁duty . ▁ ▁Former ▁ch iefs ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁▁ ▁List ▁of ▁law ▁enforcement ▁agencies ▁in ▁Louisiana ▁ ▁International ▁Union ▁of ▁Police ▁Associ ations ▁ ▁Officer ▁Down ▁Memorial ▁Page ▁ ▁Sh oot ing ▁of ▁Al ton ▁Ster ling ▁▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁shooting ▁of ▁Bat on ▁Rou ge ▁police ▁officers ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁ ▁Official ▁website ▁ ▁Category : M unicip al ▁police ▁departments ▁of ▁Louisiana ▁Category : G overn ment ▁of ▁Bat on ▁Rou ge , ▁Louisiana ▁Category : 1 8 6 5 ▁establish ments ▁in ▁Louisiana ▁Category : G overn ment ▁agencies ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 8 6 5 <0x0A> </s> ▁Parad ise ▁Park ▁was ▁a ▁tourist ▁attraction ▁and ▁rec re ational ▁facility ▁" for ▁colored ▁people ▁only ", ▁as ▁its ▁sign ▁said , ▁about ▁a ▁ ▁from ▁Silver ▁Springs , ▁near ▁O cal a , ▁Florida , ▁founded ▁and ▁run ▁by ▁the ▁same ▁management . ▁It ▁offered ▁similar ▁features , ▁such ▁as ▁glass - bottom ▁boats , ▁" j ungle ▁cru ises ," ▁a ▁pet ting ▁z oo , ▁a ▁dance ▁p av il ion ▁with ▁ju ke box , ▁perform ers ,
▁a ▁soft ball ▁field , ▁a ▁horses ho e ▁toss , ▁and ▁a ▁sand y ▁beach ▁with ▁lif egu ards . ▁It ▁operated ▁from ▁ 1 9 4 9 ▁to ▁ 1 9 6 9 , ▁during ▁which ▁time ▁Silver ▁Springs ' ▁boat ▁r ides ▁were ▁for ▁whites ▁only . ▁As ▁was ▁the ▁rule ▁during ▁the ▁alleg edly ▁separate ▁but ▁equal ▁period , ▁" Par ad ise ▁Park ▁was ▁al right , ▁but ▁it ▁wasn ' t ▁up ▁on ▁a ▁par ▁with ▁the ▁white ▁parts ▁of ▁Silver ▁Springs ." ▁ ▁At ▁the ▁time , ▁it ▁was ▁one ▁of ▁three ▁be aches ▁open ▁for ▁African ▁Americans ▁in ▁the ▁state ▁of ▁Florida . ▁Ad mission ▁was ▁free , ▁though ▁swimming ▁cost ▁ 3 5 ¢ , ▁which ▁provided ▁a ▁towel ▁and ▁clothes ▁storage . ▁" Par ad ise ▁Park ▁drew ▁about ▁ 1 0 0 , 0 0 0 ▁visitors ▁annually . ▁People ▁came , ▁sometimes ▁by ▁the ▁bus load , ▁from ▁as ▁far ▁away ▁as ▁New ▁York ▁and ▁California ." ▁At ▁times , ▁the ▁park ▁overflow ed ▁with ▁visitors . ▁One ▁day ▁there ▁were ▁ 3 0 ▁bus es ▁in ▁the ▁parking ▁lot ; ▁on ▁another ▁occasion , ▁ 2 4 7 ▁cars ▁were ▁counted . ▁" Ch arter ed ▁bus es ▁brought ▁visitors ▁from ▁many ▁states ." ▁Bro ch ures ▁were ▁distributed ▁in ▁Georgia ▁and ▁Alabama , ▁seeking ▁these ▁customers . ▁In ▁ 1 9 5 3 , ▁E b ony ▁magazine ▁called ▁it ▁" the ▁newest ▁and ▁largest ▁rec re ational ▁facility
▁for ▁Negro es ▁in ▁the ▁South ". ▁ ▁Ch urches ▁held ▁mass ▁bapt isms ▁at ▁Parad ise ▁Park , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁pic n ics . ▁Pre achers ▁and ▁cho irs ▁had ▁sun rise ▁services . ▁“ E aster ▁egg ▁hun ts , ▁bapt isms , ▁and ▁pic n ics ▁were ▁common ▁and ▁at ▁Christmas , ▁Santa ▁Cl aus ▁would ▁cruise ▁down ▁the ▁river ▁on ▁a ▁glass - bottom ▁boat ▁to ▁pass ▁out ▁candy , ▁nuts , ▁and ▁fruit ▁for ▁young ▁visitors . ▁Her pet ologist ▁Ross ▁Allen ▁even ▁set ▁up ▁a ▁re pt ile ▁exhibit ▁at ▁the ▁park , ▁similar ▁to ▁the ▁one ▁located ▁up river ▁at ▁Silver ▁Springs .” ▁According ▁to ▁a ▁sign ▁in ▁the ▁promot ional ▁movie ▁cited ▁below , ▁" R oss ▁Allen ' s ▁Wild ▁Animal ▁Exhib it " ▁included ▁" do zens ▁of ▁all ig ators , ▁hundreds ▁of ▁sn akes , ▁mon keys , ▁deer , ▁birds , ▁t urt les , ▁l iz ards , ▁exotic ▁animals " ▁and ▁" O le ▁Co o chie ", ▁a ▁" g iant ▁all igator ". ▁According ▁to ▁a ▁bro ch ure , ▁there ▁was ▁" R oss ▁Allen ' s ▁unusual ▁Re pt ile ▁Institute , ▁with ▁its ▁great ▁collection ▁of ▁sn akes , ▁all ig ators , ▁Florida ▁wild ▁animals , ▁birds , ▁and ▁an ▁ever ▁changing ▁variety ▁of ▁l ions , ▁t ig ers , ▁and ▁other ▁animals ▁of ▁that ▁breed . ▁At ▁intervals , ▁Mr . ▁Allen , ▁known ▁th ru out ▁the ▁world
▁as ▁a ▁top ▁expert ▁on ▁sn akes , ▁will ▁tell ▁you ▁all ▁about ▁their ▁habits ▁as ▁he ▁' mil ks ' ▁them ▁of ▁ven om ." ▁ ▁On ▁Labor ▁Day , ▁there ▁was ▁a ▁beauty ▁page ant , ▁sponsored ▁by ▁a ▁local ▁American ▁Leg ion ▁post . ▁" In ▁ 1 9 4 9 , ▁M ild red ▁Jones ▁of ▁San ford ▁was ▁c rowned ▁the ▁first ▁Miss ▁Parad ise ▁Park ." ▁The ▁Future ▁Farm ers ▁of ▁America ▁had ▁their ▁convent ions ▁there . ▁The ▁musician ▁B . ▁B . ▁King ▁once ▁visited , ▁as ▁did ▁Mary ▁Mc Le od ▁Beth une , ▁who ▁" did n ' t ▁care ▁too ▁much " ▁for ▁Parad ise ▁Park ▁" because ▁it ▁was ▁seg reg ated ". ▁There ▁was ▁a ▁Beth une - C ook man ▁College ▁day , ▁with ▁the ▁day ' s ▁proceed s ▁don ated ▁to ▁the ▁college . ▁ ▁Silver ▁Springs ▁began ▁adm itting ▁black ▁pat rons ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 7 . ▁During ▁Parad ise ▁Park ' s ▁last ▁season , ▁ 1 9 6 8 – 6 9 , ▁it ▁was ▁open ▁only ▁S atur days . ▁Sund ays , ▁and ▁holidays . ▁It ▁closed ▁quietly ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 9 . ▁ ▁Today , ▁Parad ise ▁Park ▁remains ▁buried ▁beneath ▁the ▁under br ush . ▁It ▁is ▁remembered ▁fond ly ▁by ▁its ▁former ▁employees ▁and ▁visitors . ▁" Par ad ise ▁Park ▁was ▁our ▁roots ." ▁ ▁Further ▁reading ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links
▁ ▁Und ated ▁but ▁probably ▁early ▁ 1 9 5 0 s ▁ 4 : 3 0 ▁silent ▁promot ional ▁movie ▁for ▁Parad ise ▁Park . ▁Phot ographer ▁was ▁Bruce ▁Moz ert . ▁ ▁" Par ad ise ▁Lost : ▁Florida ' s ▁Seg reg ated ▁Be aches ▁and ▁Park s ", ▁a ▁program ▁on ▁" Fl or ida ▁Cross ro ads ", ▁ 0 9 / 2 9 / 2 0 1 4 ▁▁ ▁Category : A fr ican - American ▁history ▁of ▁Florida ▁Category : Build ings ▁and ▁structures ▁in ▁Mar ion ▁County , ▁Florida ▁Category : T our ist ▁attra ctions ▁in ▁Mar ion ▁County , ▁Florida ▁Category : Res orts ▁in ▁Florida ▁Category : Def unct ▁am usement ▁parks ▁in ▁Florida ▁Category : Def unct ▁am usement ▁parks ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Category : A fr ican - American ▁culture ▁Category : A fr ican - American ▁res orts ▁Category : History ▁of ▁Mar ion ▁County , ▁Florida ▁Category : Be aches ▁of ▁Florida <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Church ▁of ▁St . ▁John ▁the ▁Ev angel ist ▁is ▁a ▁Roman ▁Catholic ▁parish ▁church ▁under ▁the ▁authority ▁of ▁the ▁Roman ▁Catholic ▁Arch di oc ese ▁of ▁New ▁York , ▁located ▁in ▁P aw ling , ▁D ut che ss ▁County , ▁New ▁York . ▁ ▁It ▁was ▁established ▁as ▁a ▁mission ▁of ▁Im mac ulate ▁Con ception ▁Church ▁of ▁A men ia ▁in ▁ 1 8 6 9 , ▁and ▁elev ated ▁to ▁parish ▁status ▁in ▁ 1 8 8 5
. ▁ ▁History ▁The ▁first ▁priest ▁to ▁visit ▁P aw ling ▁was ▁Father ▁Che ve au , ▁a ▁French - Can ad ian , ▁who ▁came ▁about ▁ 1 8 4 8 . ▁Pre viously , ▁at ▁long ▁intervals , ▁Cath ol ics ▁were ▁comp elled ▁to ▁journey ▁thirty - two ▁miles ▁to ▁Dan bury , ▁Connecticut ▁to ▁hear ▁Mass . ▁P aw ling ▁was ▁a ▁branch ▁mission ▁served ▁first ▁by ▁Father ▁Michael ▁R i ord an , ▁past or ▁of ▁St . ▁Peter ' s , ▁P ough ke eps ie ; ▁then ▁later ▁by ▁Den is ▁She e han , ▁past or ▁of ▁St . ▁Mary ' s , ▁W apping ers ▁Falls . ▁During ▁Father ▁She e han ' s ▁ten ure ▁Mass ▁was ▁celebrated ▁once ▁a ▁month ▁in ▁turn ▁at ▁various ▁houses , ▁as ▁well ▁as , ▁at ▁Town er ' s ▁Station , ▁some ▁six ▁miles ▁south ▁of ▁P aw ling . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 8 5 9 ▁Arch b ishop ▁Hughes ▁appointed ▁Rev . ▁Charles ▁S lev in , ▁as ▁the ▁first ▁resident ▁priest . ▁Father ▁S lev in ▁became ▁responsible ▁for ▁the ▁whole ▁Har lem ▁Valley . ▁He ▁res ided ▁at ▁D over ▁Pl ains ▁and ▁built ▁the ▁church ▁there . ▁During ▁Father ▁S lev in ' s ▁ten ure , ▁the ▁Civil ▁War ▁broke ▁out , ▁and ▁he ▁was ▁draft ed ; ▁but ▁the ▁congreg ation ▁made ▁up ▁the ▁$ 3 0 0 ▁fee ▁to ▁obtain ▁his ▁release ▁and ▁furn ish ▁a ▁substitute .
▁ ▁D over ▁Pl ains ▁was ▁chosen ▁as ▁the ▁headquarters ▁for ▁the ▁missions ▁of ▁A men ia , ▁Be ek man , ▁Mill bro ok , ▁Mill ert on , ▁and ▁P aw ling , ▁where ▁there ▁were ▁no ▁churches . ▁His ▁success or , ▁Rev . ▁John ▁Ar sen igo ▁lived ▁in ▁Pur dy ' s ▁Station . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 8 6 6 ▁Rev . ▁Father ▁T andy ▁was ▁sent ▁as ▁resident ▁past or ▁to ▁A men ia , ▁with ▁D over ▁Pl ains , ▁Mill bro ok , ▁Mill ert on , ▁P aw ling , ▁and ▁S yl van ▁Lake ▁as ▁out ▁missions . ▁Father ▁T andy ▁celebrated ▁Mass ▁on ▁alternate ▁Sund ays ▁in ▁the ▁houses ▁of ▁parish ion ers ▁in ▁P aw ling ▁until ▁ 1 8 6 9 ▁when ▁a ▁church ▁was ▁built . ▁In ▁ 1 8 7 2 ▁this ▁church ▁was ▁destroyed ▁by ▁fire ; ▁ar son ▁was ▁suspected . ▁In ▁ 1 8 7 7 ▁Rev . ▁Father ▁Mc S ween ey ▁was ▁appointed ▁resident ▁past or ▁in ▁P aw ling ▁with ▁D over ▁Pl ains ▁and ▁S yl van ▁Lake ▁as ▁missions . ▁ ▁In ▁September ▁ 2 0 1 8 , ▁Tim othy ▁Card inal ▁Dol an , ▁Arch b ishop ▁of ▁New ▁York , ▁officially ▁decre ed ▁the ▁mer ger ▁of ▁St . ▁John ▁the ▁Ev angel ist ▁with ▁St . ▁Charles ▁Bor rome o , ▁creating ▁the ▁new ▁parish ▁church ▁of ▁St . ▁John ▁the ▁Ev angel ist -
St . ▁Charles ▁Bor rome o . ▁The ▁main ▁parish ▁office ▁is ▁now ▁located ▁in ▁P aw ling , ▁NY . ▁Each ▁church ▁ret ains ▁its ▁own ▁Sunday ▁Mass ▁schedule ▁but ▁is ▁served ▁now ▁under ▁one ▁past or . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁▁ ▁Dou lin , ▁Rev . ▁George ▁T ., ▁History ▁of ▁the ▁Par ish ▁of ▁St . ▁John ▁the ▁Ev angel ist ▁ ▁Category : Rel igious ▁organizations ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 8 6 9 ▁Category : Rel igious ▁organizations ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 8 8 5 ▁Category : R oman ▁Catholic ▁churches ▁in ▁New ▁York ▁( state ) ▁Category : Ch urches ▁in ▁D ut che ss ▁County , ▁New ▁York ▁Category : 1 8 8 5 ▁establish ments ▁in ▁New ▁York ▁( state ) ▁Category : 1 8 6 9 ▁establish ments ▁in ▁New ▁York ▁( state ) <0x0A> </s> ▁This ▁is ▁a ▁list ▁of ▁women ▁who ▁stood ▁in ▁general ▁elections ▁to ▁the ▁Parliament ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁Kingdom ▁up ▁to ▁and ▁including ▁the ▁ 1 9 4 5 ▁general ▁election . ▁ ▁Summary ▁of ▁general ▁election ▁candidates ▁▁ ▁Union ist ▁candidates ▁or ▁MP s ▁in ▁Scottish ▁constitu encies ▁were ▁counted ▁as ▁Conserv atives . ▁ ▁E lection ▁results ▁▁ 1 9 1 8 ▁UK ▁general ▁election ▁ ▁By - ele ctions , ▁ 1 9 1 8 - 1 9 2 2 ▁▁ 1 9 2 2 ▁UK ▁general ▁election ▁ ▁By - ele ctions , ▁ 1 9 2 2 - 1 9 2
3 ▁▁ 1 9 2 3 ▁UK ▁general ▁election ▁ ▁Jew son ▁was ▁elected ▁by ▁taking ▁second ▁place ▁in ▁a ▁two - se at ▁constitu ency . ▁▁ 1 9 2 4 ▁UK ▁general ▁election ▁ ▁By - ele ctions , ▁ 1 9 2 4 - 1 9 2 9 ▁▁ 1 9 2 9 ▁UK ▁general ▁election ▁ ▁R ath bone ▁was ▁elected ▁by ▁taking ▁second ▁place ▁in ▁a ▁two - se at ▁constitu ency . ▁ ▁By - ele ctions , ▁ 1 9 2 9 - 1 9 3 1 ▁▁ 1 9 3 1 ▁UK ▁general ▁election ▁ ▁H ors bru gh ▁was ▁elected ▁by ▁taking ▁second ▁place ▁in ▁a ▁two - se at ▁constitu ency . ▁ ▁By - ele ctions , ▁ 1 9 3 1 - 1 9 3 5 ▁▁ 1 9 3 5 ▁UK ▁general ▁election ▁ ▁By - ele ctions , ▁ 1 9 3 5 - 1 9 4 5 ▁▁ 1 9 4 5 ▁UK ▁general ▁election ▁ ▁Castle ▁won ▁in ▁Black burn ▁by ▁taking ▁second ▁place ▁in ▁a ▁two - se at ▁constitu ency . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁List ▁of ▁female ▁Members ▁of ▁the ▁House ▁of ▁Commons ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁Kingdom ▁ ▁Parliament ▁( Qual ification ▁of ▁Women ) ▁Act ▁ 1 9 1 8 ▁ ▁Women ▁in ▁the ▁House ▁of ▁Commons ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁Kingdom ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁F . ▁W . ▁S . ▁Craig , ▁British ▁Parliament ary ▁E lection ▁Results ▁ 1 9 1
8 - 1 9 4 9 ▁ ▁Further ▁reading ▁ ▁Women ▁Members ▁of ▁Parliament ▁ ▁Women ▁Category : H ouse ▁of ▁Commons ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁Kingdom ▁Category : W omen ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁Kingdom <0x0A> </s> ▁Y . ▁P . ▁Var sh ni ▁( born ▁ 1 9 3 2 ) ▁is ▁a ▁scientist ▁in ▁the ▁areas ▁of ▁physics ▁and ▁ast ro phys ics . ▁ ▁Var sh ni ▁studied ▁at ▁All ah abad ▁University , ▁where ▁he ▁obtained ▁his ▁B . Sc ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 0 , ▁his ▁M . Sc . ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 2 , ▁and ▁his ▁Ph . D . ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 6 . ▁ ▁He ▁published ▁his ▁first ▁research ▁paper ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 1 ▁at ▁the ▁age ▁of ▁ 1 9 . ▁He ▁served ▁as ▁an ▁assistant ▁professor ▁in ▁the ▁Phys ics ▁De pt ., ▁All ah abad ▁University ▁for ▁the ▁period ▁ 1 9 5 5 – 6 0 . ▁ ▁Var sh ni ▁em igr ated ▁to ▁Canada ▁as ▁a ▁post do ctor ate ▁fellow ▁at ▁the ▁National ▁Research ▁Council , ▁Ott awa , ▁Canada ▁in ▁July ▁ 1 9 6 0 . ▁ ▁For ▁the ▁next ▁two ▁years ▁he ▁worked ▁in ▁theoretical ▁physics ▁under ▁Ta - You ▁Wu , ▁a ▁distinguished ▁phys ic ist ▁who ▁in ▁China ▁taught ▁T . D . ▁Lee ▁and ▁C . N . ▁Yang , ▁who ▁won ▁the ▁Nob el ▁Prize ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 7 . ▁ ▁In ▁July
▁ 1 9 6 2 , ▁Var sh ni ▁was ▁appointed ▁as ▁assistant ▁professor ▁in ▁the ▁Department ▁of ▁Phys ics ▁at ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Ott awa . ▁ ▁He ▁became ▁associate ▁professor ▁in ▁July ▁ 1 9 6 5 ▁and ▁full ▁professor ▁in ▁July ▁ 1 9 6 9 . ▁He ▁retired ▁in ▁June ▁ 1 9 9 7 ▁and ▁was ▁then ▁appointed ▁as ▁Emer it us ▁Professor . ▁ ▁Var sh ni ▁has ▁worked ▁in ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁areas ▁of ▁physics ▁and ▁ast ro phys ics . ▁ ▁He ▁wrote ▁on ▁the ▁Pl asma ▁Las er ▁Star ▁Theory ▁of ▁qu as ars . ▁He ▁was ▁the ▁Ph . D ▁advis or ▁of ▁David ▁Joseph ▁Singh , ▁a ▁professor ▁at ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Missouri . ▁ ▁He ▁has ▁published ▁more ▁than ▁ 2 6 0 ▁research ▁papers ▁in ▁important ▁scientific ▁jour nals . ▁Var sh ni ▁has ▁also ▁contributed ▁three ▁bi ograph ies ▁to ▁the ▁Bi ographical ▁En cycl op edia ▁of ▁Astr onom ers . ▁ ▁Var sh ni ▁is ▁a ▁Fellow ▁of ▁the ▁American ▁Physical ▁Society , ▁Institute ▁of ▁Phys ics ▁( UK ) ▁and ▁Royal ▁Astr onom ical ▁Society ▁( UK ). ▁ ▁He ▁is ▁also ▁a ▁Full ▁Member ▁of ▁the ▁American ▁Astr onom ical ▁Society . ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁Var sh ni ' s ▁home page ▁at ▁U ▁of ▁Ott awa ▁Pl asma ▁Las er ▁Star ▁theory ▁of ▁qu as ars . ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 3 2 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category :
Can ad ian ▁astronom ers ▁Category : Can ad ian ▁phys ic ists ▁Category : 2 0 th - century ▁Indian ▁phys ic ists ▁Category : Ind ian ▁ast ro phys ic ists ▁Category : Univers ity ▁of ▁All ah abad ▁al umn i ▁Category : Univers ity ▁of ▁All ah abad ▁faculty <0x0A> </s> ▁Jean ette ▁Anne ▁K ess ler ▁( 4 ▁October ▁ 1 9 0 8 ▁– ▁ 1 8 ▁March ▁ 1 9 7 2 ) ▁was ▁a ▁British ▁al p ine ▁sk ier ▁who ▁competed ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 3 6 ▁Winter ▁Olympics . ▁In ▁ 1 9 3 6 ▁she ▁finished ▁e ighth ▁in ▁the ▁al p ine ▁ski ing ▁combined ▁event . ▁She ▁married ▁James ▁R idd ell ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 9 . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁Al p ine ▁ski ing ▁ 1 9 3 6 ▁ ▁Jean ette ▁K ess ler ' s ▁profile ▁at ▁Sports ▁Reference . com ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 0 8 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 9 7 2 ▁deaths ▁Category : B rit ish ▁female ▁al p ine ▁sk iers ▁Category : O lymp ic ▁al p ine ▁sk iers ▁of ▁Great ▁Britain ▁Category : Al p ine ▁sk iers ▁at ▁the ▁ 1 9 3 6 ▁Winter ▁Olympics <0x0A> </s> ▁Robert ▁Side y ▁Shaw ▁( J uly ▁ 2 4 , ▁ 1 8 7 1 ▁– ▁February ▁ 7 , ▁ 1 9 5 3 ) ▁was ▁president ▁of ▁the ▁Michigan ▁State ▁College ▁of
▁Agricult ure ▁and ▁Ap plied ▁Science ▁( now ▁Michigan ▁State ▁University ) ▁from ▁ 1 9 2 8 ▁to ▁ 1 9 4 1 . ▁D orm itory ▁Shaw ▁Hall ▁in ▁the ▁center ▁of ▁campus ▁south ▁of ▁the ▁Red ▁C ed ar ▁River ▁is ▁named ▁in ▁his ▁honor . ▁ ▁His ▁daughter , ▁Sarah ▁May ▁Shaw , ▁married ▁John ▁A . ▁Hannah , ▁who ▁would ▁succeed ▁Shaw ▁as ▁president ▁of ▁the ▁Michigan ▁State ▁College ▁of ▁Agricult ure ▁and ▁Ap plied ▁Science . ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁Bi ographical ▁Information ▁( M ich igan ▁State ▁University ▁Archives ▁& ▁Historical ▁Collections ) ▁ ▁Category : 1 8 7 1 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 9 5 3 ▁deaths ▁Category : Pres idents ▁of ▁Michigan ▁State ▁University <0x0A> </s> ▁Th al ▁is ▁a ▁settlement ▁in ▁the ▁municip ality ▁of ▁D unk el ste iner wald ▁in ▁Mel k ▁District , ▁Lower ▁Austria ▁in ▁nort he astern ▁Austria . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : Pop ulated ▁places ▁in ▁Lower ▁Austria <0x0A> </s> ▁A ▁Night mare ▁on ▁El m ▁Street ▁ 2 : ▁Fred dy ' s ▁Rev enge ▁( st yl ized ▁on screen ▁as ▁A ▁Night mare ▁on ▁El m ▁Street ▁Part ▁ 2 : ▁Fred dy ' s ▁Rev enge ) ▁is ▁a ▁ 1 9 8 5 ▁American ▁sl as her ▁film ▁directed ▁by ▁Jack ▁Sh older ▁and ▁written ▁by ▁David ▁Ch ask in . ▁It ▁stars ▁Mark ▁P att on , ▁Kim ▁My ers , ▁Robert ▁Eng l und ▁as ▁Fred dy
▁Kr ue ger , ▁and ▁Robert ▁Rus ler . ▁It ▁is ▁the ▁second ▁install ment ▁in ▁the ▁A ▁Night mare ▁on ▁El m ▁Street ▁film ▁series . ▁The ▁film ▁follows ▁Jesse ▁Wal sh , ▁a ▁teenager ▁who ▁begins ▁having ▁recur ring ▁night ma res ▁about ▁Fred dy ▁Kr ue ger ▁after ▁moving ▁into ▁the ▁former ▁home ▁of ▁Nancy ▁Thompson ▁from ▁the ▁first ▁film . ▁ ▁Fred dy ' s ▁Rev enge ▁was ▁released ▁on ▁November ▁ 1 , ▁ 1 9 8 5 , ▁and ▁gross ed ▁$ 3 0 ▁million ▁at ▁the ▁domestic ▁box ▁office ▁on ▁a ▁budget ▁of ▁$ 3 ▁million . ▁It ▁received ▁mixed ▁reviews ▁from ▁critics ▁upon ▁release , ▁with ▁many ▁comparing ▁it ▁unf avor ably ▁to ▁its ▁predecess or . ▁However , ▁it ▁has ▁enjoyed ▁later ▁success ▁as ▁a ▁cult ▁classic , ▁with ▁critics ▁having ▁reass essed ▁the ▁film ' s ▁hom o er otic ▁themes ▁and ▁subject ▁material . ▁It ▁was ▁distributed ▁by ▁New ▁Line ▁Cin ema . ▁The ▁film ▁was ▁followed ▁by ▁A ▁Night mare ▁on ▁El m ▁Street ▁ 3 : ▁Dream ▁War riors . ▁ ▁Plot ▁Five ▁years ▁after ▁Fred dy ▁Kr ue ger ' s ▁apparent ▁defeat , ▁the ▁W als hes ▁have ▁moved ▁into ▁the ▁Thom ps ons ' ▁former ▁home . ▁Their ▁teen age ▁son , ▁Jesse , ▁has ▁a ▁nightmare ▁about ▁being ▁stalk ed ▁by ▁a ▁killer ▁driving ▁a ▁school ▁bus . ▁He ▁w akes ▁up ▁and ▁attributes ▁the ▁dream ▁to ▁the ▁unusual ▁heat ▁in ▁the ▁room . ▁Jesse ▁goes
▁to ▁school ▁with ▁his ▁friend ▁Lisa , ▁whom ▁he ▁is ▁interested ▁in ▁rom ant ically , ▁but ▁is ▁too ▁shy ▁to ▁fl irt ▁with ▁her . ▁After ▁getting ▁into ▁a ▁fight ▁with ▁a ▁boy ▁named ▁Gr ady ▁during ▁gym ▁class , ▁Coach ▁Sch ne ider ▁has ▁them ▁stay ▁after ▁class ▁and ▁they ▁become ▁friends . ▁Lisa ▁comes ▁to ▁visit ▁Jesse ▁after ▁school ▁and ▁they ▁discover ▁a ▁diary ▁from ▁Nancy ▁Thompson ▁detail ing ▁her ▁night ma res , ▁which ▁are ▁stri k ingly ▁similar ▁to ▁Jesse ' s . ▁Small ▁fires ▁happen ▁around ▁the ▁house , ▁which ▁cul min ates ▁in ▁the ▁spont aneous ▁comb ust ion ▁of ▁their ▁pet ▁birds . ▁Jesse ' s ▁father ▁acc uses ▁him ▁of ▁sab ot age . ▁ ▁The ▁following ▁night , ▁Jesse ▁has ▁a ▁nightmare ▁where ▁he ▁enc ounters ▁Fred dy , ▁who ▁tells ▁him ▁to ▁kill ▁for ▁him . ▁The ▁dreams ▁grow ▁more ▁intense ▁and ▁Jesse ▁un success fully ▁attempts ▁different ▁measures ▁to ▁keep ▁himself ▁awake . ▁He ▁eventually ▁begins ▁wand ering ▁the ▁streets ▁at ▁night . ▁One ▁night , ▁while ▁dream ing , ▁he ▁is ▁caught ▁by ▁Sch ne ider ▁ordering ▁a ▁drink ▁in ▁a ▁gay ▁bar ▁and ▁is ▁made ▁to ▁run ▁l aps ▁at ▁school ▁as ▁punishment . ▁After ▁sending ▁Jesse ▁to ▁the ▁show ers , ▁Sch ne ider ▁is ▁attacked ▁by ▁an ▁un seen ▁force ▁that ▁dr ags ▁him ▁to ▁the ▁show ers . ▁Jesse ▁van ishes ▁into ▁the ▁steam ▁and ▁Fred dy ▁emer ges , ▁killing ▁Sch ne ider ▁by ▁sl
ashing ▁his ▁back . ▁Later , ▁Jesse ▁is ▁hor r ified ▁to ▁see ▁the ▁glo ve ▁on ▁his ▁hand . ▁He ▁is ▁esc orted ▁home ▁by ▁police ▁after ▁being ▁found ▁wand ering ▁the ▁streets ▁naked , ▁and ▁his ▁parents ▁begin ▁to ▁suspect ▁that ▁Jesse ▁may ▁be ▁on ▁drugs ▁or ▁mentally ▁dist urbed . ▁Lisa ▁takes ▁Jesse ▁to ▁an ▁abandoned ▁factory ▁where ▁Fred dy ▁Kr ue ger ▁worked , ▁but ▁they ▁find ▁nothing ▁there . ▁ ▁The ▁following ▁night , ▁Jesse ▁goes ▁to ▁Lisa ' s ▁pool ▁party ▁and ▁kiss es ▁her ▁in ▁the ▁cab ana . ▁After wards , ▁his ▁body ▁begins ▁to ▁change ▁and ▁he ▁leaves ▁in ▁a ▁panic . ▁He ▁goes ▁to ▁Gr ady ' s ▁house , ▁confess es ▁to ▁killing ▁Sch ne ider , ▁and ▁instruct s ▁Gr ady ▁to ▁watch ▁him ▁as ▁he ▁sle eps ▁and ▁to ▁stop ▁him ▁if ▁he ▁tries ▁to ▁leave . ▁When ▁Gr ady ▁eventually ▁falls ▁asleep , ▁Fred dy ▁emer ges ▁from ▁Jesse ' s ▁body ▁and ▁kills ▁Gr ady . ▁Fred dy ▁then ▁changes ▁back ▁to ▁Jesse , ▁who ▁finds ▁himself ▁looking ▁at ▁Fred dy ' s ▁laughing ▁reflection ▁in ▁Gr ady ' s ▁mirror . ▁He ▁fle es ▁before ▁Gr ady ' s ▁parents ▁enter ▁the ▁room . ▁ ▁Return ing ▁to ▁Lisa ' s ▁house , ▁Jesse ▁tells ▁her ▁what ▁is ▁going ▁on . ▁Lisa ▁real izes ▁that ▁Jesse ' s ▁terror ▁is ▁giving ▁Fred dy ▁his ▁strength , ▁but ▁he ▁cannot ▁stop ▁fear ing ▁him ▁and ▁transform s ▁again
. ▁He ▁locks ▁her ▁parents ▁in ▁their ▁bedroom ▁and ▁attacks ▁Lisa , ▁but ▁real izes ▁he ▁cannot ▁harm ▁her ▁due ▁to ▁Jesse ' s ▁influence . ▁He ▁goes ▁outside ▁where ▁he ▁begins ▁to ▁slaughter ▁the ▁party go ers . ▁Lisa ' s ▁father ▁emer ges ▁with ▁a ▁shot gun , ▁but ▁Lisa ▁stops ▁him ▁from ▁shooting ▁Fred dy , ▁who ▁esc apes ▁in ▁a ▁ball ▁of ▁flame . ▁She ▁drives ▁to ▁the ▁factory , ▁facing ▁sudden ▁night ma res ▁and ▁having ▁to ▁control ▁her ▁fear ▁before ▁confront ing ▁Fred dy . ▁She ▁ple ads ▁with ▁Jesse ▁to ▁fight ▁Fred dy , ▁but ▁Fred dy ' s ▁hold ▁is ▁too ▁strong . ▁When ▁Lisa ▁confess es ▁her ▁love ▁for ▁Jesse ▁and ▁kiss es ▁Fred dy , ▁Jesse ▁begins ▁to ▁fight ▁back . ▁Fred dy ▁comb ust s ▁and ▁turns ▁to ▁ash , ▁from ▁which ▁Jesse ▁emer ges . ▁ ▁Later , ▁as ▁Jesse , ▁Lisa , ▁and ▁Lisa ' s ▁friend ▁K erry ▁are ▁taking ▁the ▁bus ▁to ▁school , ▁Jesse ▁begins ▁to ▁notice ▁similar ities ▁to ▁his ▁original ▁nightmare ▁and ▁pan ics . ▁After ▁Lisa ▁cal ms ▁Jesse ▁down , ▁K erry ▁says ▁that ▁it ▁is ▁all ▁over ▁just ▁before ▁Fred dy ' s ▁cl aw ed ▁arm ▁burst s ▁through ▁her ▁chest . ▁Fred dy ▁laugh s ▁as ▁the ▁bus ▁drives ▁into ▁the ▁field , ▁just ▁as ▁in ▁Jesse ' s ▁first ▁nightmare . ▁ ▁Cast ▁ ▁Production ▁ ▁Development ▁ ▁Screen writer ▁Les lie ▁Bo hem ▁pit ched ▁the ▁producers ▁with
▁his ▁idea ▁of ▁using ▁pregnancy ▁and ▁possession ▁as ▁a ▁plot ▁device ▁for ▁the ▁second ▁film : ▁ ▁“ My ▁concept ▁was ▁a ▁hom age ▁to ▁Rose mary ' s ▁Baby . ▁I ▁came ▁up ▁with ▁a ▁plot ▁that ▁had ▁a ▁new ▁family ▁move ▁into ▁the ▁house , ▁a ▁teen age ▁boy , ▁his ▁pregnant ▁mother ▁and ▁a ▁step father ▁the ▁boy ▁didn ' t ▁get ▁along ▁with . ▁It ▁was ▁a ▁real ▁bloody , ▁scary ▁idea , ▁much ▁more ▁physical ▁and ▁realistic ▁because ▁the ▁dream ▁reality ▁stuff ▁was ▁less ▁central ▁to ▁these ▁movies ▁then . ▁My ▁story ▁was ▁more ▁of ▁a ▁possession ▁scenario ▁with ▁Fred dy ▁getting ▁inside ▁the ▁mother ' s ▁wom b , ▁controlling ▁the ▁fet us . ▁But ▁New ▁Line ▁passed ▁on ▁it ▁because ▁[ execut ive ] ▁Sara ▁R isher ▁was ▁pregnant ▁at ▁the ▁time , ▁and ▁I ▁understand ▁the ▁idea ▁upset ▁her . ▁So ▁they ▁went ▁with ▁David ▁Ch ask in ' s ▁concept ▁instead .” ▁ ▁Though ▁both ▁films ▁ended ▁up ▁using ▁the ▁spirit ▁possession ▁concept , ▁the ▁pregnancy ▁idea ▁would ▁eventually ▁be ▁used ▁in ▁the ▁sequ el ▁A ▁Night mare ▁on ▁El m ▁Street ▁ 5 : ▁The ▁Dream ▁Child , ▁which ▁Bo hem ▁would ▁write ▁the ▁script ▁for . ▁ ▁Robert ▁Sh aye ▁offered ▁Wes ▁Cr aven ▁the ▁chance ▁to ▁direct ▁again , ▁but ▁he ▁turned ▁down ▁the ▁offer ▁since ▁he ▁had ▁many ▁problems ▁with ▁the ▁script , ▁such ▁as ▁the ▁" poss essed ▁par ake et " ▁that ▁seemed ▁very ▁ridiculous ▁to ▁him ,
▁and ▁of ▁Fred dy ▁mer ging ▁with ▁the ▁main ▁character ▁and ▁manifest ing ▁in ▁real ▁life ▁at ▁the ▁pool ▁party ▁to ▁kill ▁scores ▁of ▁teen agers ▁of ▁which ▁many ▁are ▁bigger ▁than ▁him , ▁which ▁Cr aven ▁thought ▁would ▁dimin ish ▁Fred dy ' s ▁sc are ▁factor ▁as ▁Robert ▁Eng l und ▁is ▁not ▁very ▁tall ▁in ▁stat ure . ▁ ▁The ▁intro ▁scene ▁with ▁Jesse ' s ▁nightmare ▁of ▁Fred dy ▁driving ▁the ▁bus ▁was ▁carried ▁over ▁from ▁the ▁previous ▁film ; ▁Cr aven ▁was ▁ve he ment ly ▁against ▁Fred dy ▁appearing ▁in ▁person ▁as ▁the ▁driver ▁of ▁the ▁car ▁in ▁the ▁ep il ogue ▁scene , ▁as ▁he ▁felt ▁the ▁story line ▁for ▁Nancy , ▁T ina , ▁Rod ▁and ▁Glen ▁should ▁be ▁self - cont ained ▁in ▁the ▁first ▁film . ▁The ▁compromise ▁between ▁him ▁and ▁Sh aye ▁was ▁therefore ▁to ▁use ▁the ▁idea ▁of ▁Fred dy ▁driving ▁the ▁vehicle ▁for ▁the ▁sequ el , ▁but ▁not ▁for ▁any ▁characters ▁from ▁Cr aven ' s ▁film . ▁The ▁character ▁of ▁Lisa ▁Web ber ▁was ▁named ▁Lisa ▁P ole tti ▁in ▁the ▁script . ▁On ▁Wes ▁Cr aven ' s ▁suggestions , ▁Ch ask in ▁put ▁more ▁emphasis ▁on ▁Lisa ▁in ▁the ▁film ▁than ▁he ▁originally ▁intended ; ▁he ▁explains ▁that ▁Cr aven ▁" s uggest ed ▁that ▁we ▁shift ▁the ▁focus ▁from ▁Jesse ▁the ▁male ▁lead . ▁In ▁the ▁script ▁the ▁focus ▁was ▁on ▁Jesse ▁for ▁ 9 0 % ▁of ▁the ▁film , ▁then ▁suddenly ▁it ▁shifted

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