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▁Charles ▁Gil pin ▁\| Rad ical ▁\| - ▁\| 1 8 5 9 ▁\| row span =" 3 " ▁style =" background - color : ▁" ▁\| ▁\| row span =" 3 " \| ▁Liberal ▁\| row span =" 1 " ▁style =" background - color : ▁" ▁\| ▁\| row span =" 1 " \| ▁Liberal ▁\| - ▁\| 1 8 5 9 ▁by - election ▁\| style =" background - color : ▁" ▁\| ▁\| ▁Anthony ▁Hen ley ▁\| L iber al ▁\| - ▁\| F ebru ary ▁ 1 8 7 4 ▁\| row span =" 2 " ▁style =" background - color : ▁" ▁\| ▁\| row span =" 2 " \| ▁Pick ering ▁P hip ps ▁\| row span =" 2 " \| Con serv ative ▁\| - ▁\| Oct ober ▁ 1 8 7 4 ▁by - election ▁\| style =" background - color : ▁" ▁\| ▁\| ▁Charles ▁M ere w ether ▁ ▁\| Con serv ative ▁\| - ▁\| 1 8 8 0 ▁\| row span =" 4 " ▁style =" background - color : ▁" ▁\| ▁\| row span =" 4 " \| ▁Henry ▁Lab ouch ère ▁\| row span =" 4 " \| L iber al ▁\| style =" background - color : ▁" ▁\| ▁\| ▁Charles ▁Brad l augh ▁\| L iber al ▁\| - ▁\| 1 8 9 1 ▁by - election ▁\| style =" background - color : ▁" ▁\| ▁\| ▁Philip ▁Man field ▁\| L iber al ▁\| -
▁\| 1 8 9 5 ▁\| style =" background - color : ▁" ▁\| ▁\| ▁Ad olph us ▁Dru cker ▁\| Con serv ative ▁\| - ▁\| 1 9 0 0 ▁\| row span =" 2 " ▁style =" background - color : ▁" ▁\| ▁\| row span =" 2 " \| ▁John ▁Green wood ▁Ship man ▁\| row span =" 2 " \| L iber al ▁\| - ▁\| 1 9 0 6 ▁\| style =" background - color : ▁" ▁\| ▁\| ▁Herbert ▁Paul ▁\| L iber al ▁\| - ▁\| Jan . ▁ 1 9 1 0 ▁\| style =" background - color : ▁" ▁\| ▁\| ▁H ast ings ▁Le es - Sm ith ▁\| L iber al ▁\| style =" background - color : ▁" ▁\| ▁\| ▁Charles ▁Mc Cur dy ▁\| L iber al ▁\| - ▁\| 1 9 1 8 ▁\| col span =" 6 " \| ▁Rep resentation ▁reduced ▁to ▁one ▁member \| } ▁ ▁MP s ▁ 1 9 1 8 – 1 9 7 4 ▁▁ ▁E lection ▁results ▁ ▁E lections ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 8 3 0 s ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁After ▁the ▁election , ▁a ▁ 1 3 - day ▁scrut iny ▁was ▁approved ▁by ▁the ▁Mayor ▁and ▁tall ies ▁were ▁rev ised ▁to ▁ 1 , 5 7 0 ▁for ▁Robinson , ▁ 1 , 2 7 9 ▁for ▁Vern on ▁Smith , ▁ 1 , 1 5 7 ▁for ▁G unning , ▁and ▁ 1 8 5 ▁for ▁Ly on
. ▁ 1 8 8 ▁votes ▁were ▁rejected . ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁E lections ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 8 4 0 s ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁E lections ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 8 5 0 s ▁Vern on ▁Smith ▁was ▁appointed ▁Secretary ▁of ▁State ▁for ▁War , ▁requiring ▁a ▁by - election . ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁ ▁Vern on ▁Smith ▁was ▁appointed ▁President ▁of ▁the ▁Board ▁of ▁Control , ▁requiring ▁a ▁by - election . ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁▁▁▁ ▁Vern on ▁Smith ▁was ▁raised ▁to ▁the ▁peer age , ▁becoming ▁ 1 st ▁Baron ▁Ly ved en , ▁and ▁causing ▁a ▁by - election . ▁▁▁▁ ▁E lections ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 8 6 0 s ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁▁▁▁ ▁E lections ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 8 7 0 s ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁Gil pin ' s ▁death ▁caused ▁a ▁by - election . ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁E lections ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 8 8 0 s ▁▁▁▁ ▁Brad l augh ▁was ▁un se ated ▁after ▁voting ▁in ▁the ▁Commons ▁before ▁taking ▁the ▁O ath ▁of ▁Al leg iance , ▁causing ▁a ▁by - election . ▁▁▁▁ ▁Brad l augh ▁was ▁exp elled ▁from ▁the ▁House ▁of ▁Commons ▁due ▁to ▁his ▁continuing ▁prevention ▁from ▁taking ▁the ▁O ath , ▁causing ▁a ▁by - election . ▁▁▁▁ ▁Brad l augh ▁resigned ▁and ▁sought ▁election ▁once ▁more , ▁after ▁a ▁resolution ▁to ▁exclude ▁him ▁from ▁the ▁prec inct s ▁of ▁the ▁House ▁of ▁Commons ▁was ▁sought . ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁E lections ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 8 9 0 s ▁Brad l augh ' s ▁death ▁caused ▁a ▁by - election
. ▁▁ ▁E lections ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 0 0 s ▁▁ ▁E lections ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 1 0 s ▁ ▁A ▁General ▁E lection ▁was ▁due ▁to ▁take ▁place ▁by ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁ 1 9 1 5 . ▁By ▁the ▁summer ▁of ▁ 1 9 1 4 , ▁the ▁following ▁candidates ▁had ▁been ▁adopted ▁to ▁contest ▁that ▁election . ▁Due ▁to ▁the ▁outbreak ▁of ▁war , ▁the ▁election ▁never ▁took ▁place . ▁British ▁Social ist ▁Party : ▁Ben ▁T ille tt ▁▁ ▁E lections ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 2 0 s ▁▁▁ ▁E lections ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 3 0 s ▁▁ ▁General ▁E lection ▁ 1 9 3 9 / 4 0 ▁ ▁Another ▁General ▁E lection ▁was ▁required ▁to ▁take ▁place ▁before ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁ 1 9 4 0 . ▁The ▁political ▁parties ▁had ▁been ▁making ▁prepar ations ▁for ▁an ▁election ▁to ▁take ▁place ▁and ▁by ▁the ▁Aut umn ▁of ▁ 1 9 3 9 , ▁the ▁following ▁candidates ▁had ▁been ▁selected ; ▁ ▁Conservative : ▁ ▁Labour : ▁R egin ald ▁P ag et ▁British ▁Union : ▁Nor ah ▁El am ▁▁ ▁E lections ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 4 0 s ▁▁ ▁E lections ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 5 0 s ▁ ▁E lections ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 6 0 s ▁ ▁E lections ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 7 0 s ▁▁ ▁Re ferences ▁▁▁ ▁Robert ▁Beat son , ▁" A ▁Chron ological ▁Register ▁of ▁Both ▁H ouses
▁of ▁Parliament " ▁( London : ▁Long man , ▁Hur st , ▁Res ▁& ▁Or me , ▁ 1 8 0 7 ) ▁▁ ▁D ▁Brun ton ▁& ▁D ▁H ▁Pen ning ton , ▁Members ▁of ▁the ▁Long ▁Parliament ▁( London : ▁George ▁Allen ▁& ▁Un win , ▁ 1 9 5 4 ) ▁ ▁C obb ett ' s ▁Parliament ary ▁history ▁of ▁England , ▁from ▁the ▁Norman ▁Con quest ▁in ▁ 1 0 6 6 ▁to ▁the ▁year ▁ 1 8 0 3 '' ▁( London : ▁Thomas ▁Hans ard , ▁ 1 8 0 8 ) ▁▁▁▁ ▁Category : Par liament ary ▁constitu encies ▁in ▁North ampton shire ▁( hist oric ) ▁Category : Un ited ▁Kingdom ▁Parliament ary ▁constitu encies ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 2 9 5 ▁Category : Un ited ▁Kingdom ▁Parliament ary ▁constitu encies ▁dis est ab lished ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 4 ▁Category : Un ited ▁Kingdom ▁Parliament ary ▁constitu encies ▁represented ▁by ▁a ▁sitting ▁Prime ▁Minister ▁Category : Pol it ics ▁of ▁North ampton <0x0A> </s> ▁Gl uten ▁ex orph ins ▁are ▁a ▁group ▁of ▁op io id ▁pe pt ides ▁formed ▁during ▁digest ion ▁of ▁the ▁gl uten ▁protein . ▁It ▁has ▁been ▁hypothes ized ▁that ▁people ▁with ▁aut ism ▁and ▁sch iz oph ren ia ▁have ▁ab normal ▁leak age ▁from ▁the ▁gut ▁of ▁these ▁comp ounds , ▁which ▁then ▁pass ▁into ▁the ▁brain ▁and ▁disrupt ▁brain ▁function , ▁a ▁process ▁collect ively ▁known ▁as ▁the ▁op io id ▁excess ▁theory ▁or
▁a ▁part ▁of ▁le aky ▁gut ▁syndrome . ▁This ▁is ▁partly ▁the ▁basis ▁for ▁the ▁gl uten - free , ▁case in - free ▁diet . ▁The ▁medical ▁evidence ▁is ▁mixed . ▁Two ▁clinical ▁studies ▁of ▁aut ism ▁patients ▁who ▁followed ▁this ▁diet ▁found ▁no ▁benefit . ▁Another ▁study ▁found ▁a ▁benefit . ▁Another ▁study ▁suggested ▁the ▁diet ▁may ▁present ▁a ▁greater ▁risk ▁to ▁brain ▁development . ▁ ▁C ategor ization ▁There ▁are ▁four ▁known ▁gl uten ▁ex orph ins ▁with ▁known ▁structure : ▁ ▁Gl uten ▁ex orph in ▁A 5 ▁▁ ▁Str ucture : ▁H - G ly - T yr - T yr - Pro - Th r - O H ▁Chem ical ▁formula : ▁C 2 4 H 3 7 N 5 O 9 ▁M ole cular ▁weight : ▁ 5 9 9 . 6 4 ▁g / m ol ▁ ▁Gl uten ▁ex orph in ▁B 4 ▁▁ ▁Str ucture : ▁H - T yr - G ly - G ly - Tr p - O H ▁Chem ical ▁formula : ▁C 2 4 H 2 7 N 5 O 6 ▁M ole cular ▁weight : ▁ 4 8 1 . 5 0 ▁g / m ol ▁ ▁Gl uten ▁ex orph in ▁B 5 ▁▁ ▁Str ucture : ▁H - T yr - G ly - G ly - Tr p - Le u - O H ▁Chem ical ▁formula : ▁C 3 0 H 3 8 N 6 O 7 ▁M ole cular ▁weight : ▁
5 9 4 . 6 6 ▁g / m ol ▁ ▁Gl uten ▁ex orph in ▁C ▁▁ ▁Str ucture : ▁H - T yr - Pro - I le - Ser - Le u - O H ▁Chem ical ▁formula : ▁C 2 9 H 4 5 N 5 O 8 ▁M ole cular ▁weight : ▁ 5 9 1 . 7 0 ▁g / m ol ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : Op io id ▁pe pt ides <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Big ▁Ten ▁Conference ▁began ▁spons oring ▁women ' s ▁basketball ▁during ▁the ▁ 1 9 8 2 – 8 3 ▁basketball ▁season . ▁In ▁February ▁ 1 9 8 2 ▁during ▁the ▁ 1 9 8 1 – 8 2 ▁season , ▁the ▁conference ▁held ▁a ▁tournament ▁at ▁Michigan ▁State ▁in ▁which ▁Ohio ▁State ▁defeated ▁Illinois ▁ 6 9 – 6 6 ▁in ▁the ▁championship ▁game . ▁The ▁conference ▁has ▁listed ▁this ▁in ▁some ▁publications ▁as ▁a ▁regular ▁season ▁championship . ▁ ▁Championships ▁by ▁school ▁▁ ▁B old ▁indicates ▁an ▁out right ▁championship . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁▁ ▁Big ▁Ten ▁Conference ▁men ' s ▁basketball ▁regular ▁season ▁champions ▁ ▁Big ▁Ten ▁Conference ▁Men ' s ▁Basket ball ▁Tour nament ▁ ▁Big ▁Ten ▁Conference ▁Women ' s ▁Basket ball ▁Tour nament ▁ ▁Champions <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁European ▁University ▁Center ▁for ▁Peace ▁Studies ▁offered ▁post graduate ▁political ▁studies ▁from ▁ 1 9 9 0 – 2 0 1 3 ▁in ▁Stad ts ch l aining , ▁Austria . ▁ ▁The ▁institution ▁was
▁founded ▁ ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 8 ▁by ▁Ger ald ▁M ader ▁in ▁his ▁capacity ▁as ▁president ▁of ▁the ▁A SP R , ▁with ▁the ▁support ▁of ▁European ▁UN ES CO ▁comm issions , ▁and ▁is ▁affili ated ▁to ▁the ▁Aust rian ▁Study ▁Center ▁for ▁Peace ▁and ▁Conf lict ▁Res olution ▁( AS PR ), ▁also ▁located ▁at ▁Stad ts ch l aining . ▁ ▁The ▁original ▁curriculum ▁of ▁E PU ▁was ▁designed ▁along ▁the ▁lines ▁of ▁Joh an ▁G alt ung ’ s ▁” Plan ▁for ▁a ▁Master ▁of ▁Peace ▁and ▁Conf lict ▁Res olution ” ▁which ▁he ▁developed ▁for ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Hawaii . ▁The ▁E PU ▁has ▁been ▁offering ▁post graduate ▁programs ▁in ▁Peace ▁Studies ▁since ▁ 1 9 9 0 . ▁In ▁ 1 9 9 5 , ▁E PU ▁was ▁co - w inner ▁of ▁the ▁UN ES CO ▁Prize ▁for ▁Peace ▁Education . ▁The ▁E PU ' s ▁UN ES CO ▁Chair ▁on ▁Peace , ▁Human ▁Rights ▁and ▁Democr acy ▁was ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 6 . ▁ ▁Between ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁and ▁ 2 0 1 3 , ▁the ▁inst itute ▁gained ▁acc red ited ▁private ▁university ▁status ▁and ▁was ▁renamed ▁to ▁" Europe an ▁Peace ▁University ▁( E PU ) ▁- ▁Private ▁Universität ". ▁In ▁July ▁ 2 0 1 3 , ▁E PU ' s ▁acc red itation ▁was ▁withd rawn ▁by ▁Austria ' s ▁acc red itation ▁body ; ▁students ▁currently ▁en rolled ▁in ▁the ▁" Master ▁of
▁Arts ▁in ▁Peace ▁and ▁Conf lict ▁Studies " ▁programme ▁may ▁finish ▁their ▁studies ▁until ▁ 2 0 1 4 . ▁ ▁Primary ▁goals ▁of ▁the ▁E PU ▁are : ▁▁ ▁Sp read ing ▁the ▁idea ▁of ▁peace ▁in ▁the ▁spirit ▁of ▁the ▁UN ES CO ▁ ▁G iving ▁scientific ▁and ▁educational ▁support ▁to ▁global ▁peace ▁ ▁Prom oting ▁a ▁" world ▁domestic ▁policy " ▁based ▁on ▁sustainable ▁development , ▁cooper ative ▁responsibility ▁and ▁ec ological ▁security ▁ ▁Contribut ing ▁to ▁the ▁development ▁of ▁a ▁global ▁peace ▁culture ▁ ▁Training ▁and ▁improving ▁individual ▁capabilities ▁in ▁peace - making ▁and ▁conflict ▁resolution ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : UN ES CO ▁Category : Univers ities ▁and ▁colleges ▁in ▁Austria ▁Category : Private ▁universities ▁and ▁colleges ▁in ▁Austria <0x0A> </s> ▁{{ Spec ies box ▁\| ▁image ▁= ▁For pus _ pas ser inus - V enez uela - 8 a . jpg ▁\| ▁image _ caption ▁= ▁Male ▁( right ) ▁and ▁female ▁( left ) ▁in ▁Venezuela ▁\| ▁status ▁= ▁L C ▁\| ▁status _ system ▁= ▁I U CN 3 . 1 ▁\| ▁status _ ref ▁= ▁ ▁\| ▁genus ▁= ▁For pus ▁\| ▁species ▁= ▁pas ser inus ▁\| ▁authority ▁= ▁( Lin na e us , ▁ 1 7 5 8 ) ▁\| ▁syn ony ms ▁= ▁* Ps itt ac us ▁pas ser inus ▁ ▁\| ▁sub div ision _ r anks ▁= ▁Sub spec ies ▁\| ▁sub div ision ▁= ▁* F . ▁p . ▁cy an oph anes ▁F
. ▁p . ▁vir id iss im us ▁F . ▁p . ▁cy ano ch lor us ▁F . ▁p . ▁del icios us ▁}} ▁ ▁The ▁green - r umped ▁par rot let ▁( For pus ▁pas ser inus ) ▁is ▁a ▁species ▁of ▁par rot ▁in ▁the ▁family ▁P s itt ac idae . ▁It ▁is ▁the ▁nom inate ▁species ▁( F . ▁p . ▁pas ser inus ). ▁ ▁There ▁are ▁four ▁sub spec ies : ▁the ▁Colomb ian ▁green - r umped ▁par rot let ▁or ▁Rio ▁H ach a ▁par rot let ▁( F . ▁p . ▁cy an oph anes ), ▁the ▁Tr in idad ▁green - r umped ▁par rot let ▁or ▁Venez uel an ▁par rot let ▁( F . ▁p . ▁vir id iss im us ), ▁the ▁R or aim a ▁green - r umped ▁par rot let ▁or ▁Sch leg el ' s ▁par rot let ▁( F . ▁p . ▁cy ano ch lor us ), ▁and ▁the ▁Amazon ▁green - r umped ▁par rot let ▁or ▁delicate ▁par rot let ▁or ▁Sant are m ▁pas ser ine ▁par rot let ▁( F . ▁p . ▁del icios us ). ▁▁ ▁Description ▁▁ ▁Distribution ▁and ▁habitat ▁Green - r umped ▁par rot lets ▁are ▁found ▁in ▁tropical ▁South ▁America , ▁from ▁Caribbean ▁regions ▁of ▁Colombia , ▁Venezuela ▁and ▁Tr in idad ▁south ▁and ▁east ▁to ▁the ▁Gu ian as ▁and ▁Brazil , ▁on ▁the ▁lower ▁Amazon ▁River . ▁It ▁has ▁been
▁introduced ▁in ▁Jama ica , ▁C ura ç ao , ▁Barb ados ▁and ▁Tob ago , ▁and ▁was ▁not ▁recorded ▁on ▁Tr in idad ▁prior ▁to ▁ 1 9 1 6 . ▁They ▁are ▁the ▁only ▁par rot let ▁species ▁to ▁occur ▁in ▁the ▁Caribbean . ▁ ▁Green - r umped ▁par rot lets ▁are ▁fairly ▁common ▁in ▁open , ▁semi - ar id ▁habitat ▁and ▁are ▁found ▁res iding ▁in ▁dry ▁scrub land , ▁decid uous ▁wood land , ▁gallery ▁forest , ▁farm land , ▁forest ▁edges , ▁and ▁def ore sted ▁areas ▁throughout ▁their ▁range . ▁While ▁they ▁are ▁non - migr atory , ▁they ▁may ▁w ander ▁locally ▁to ▁locate ▁sources ▁of ▁food . ▁They ▁are ▁not ▁found ▁at ▁alt itudes ▁greater ▁than ▁ ▁above ▁sea ▁level . ▁ ▁Conserv ation ▁The ▁global ▁population ▁size ▁is ▁not ▁known , ▁but ▁this ▁species ▁has ▁been ▁described ▁as ▁widespread ▁and ▁common . ▁However , ▁there ▁is ▁strong ▁evidence ▁that ▁populations ▁are ▁decre asing , ▁which ▁is ▁likely ▁related ▁to ▁habitat ▁destruction ▁by ▁def orest ation . ▁The ▁species ▁has ▁been ▁classified ▁as ▁Le ast ▁Con c ern ▁by ▁the ▁I U CN ▁Red ▁List . ▁ ▁Be havior ▁and ▁ec ology ▁ ▁Social ▁ ▁Green - r umped ▁par rot lets ▁are ▁very ▁g reg ar ious ▁and ▁ro ost ▁commun ally ; ▁they ▁are ▁often ▁seen ▁in ▁fl ocks ▁of ▁up ▁to ▁ 1 0 0 ▁individuals . ▁▁ ▁Green - r umped ▁par rot lets ▁make ▁light , ▁tw itter
ing ▁calls . ▁While ▁in ▁fl ocks , ▁calls ▁are ▁lou der ▁and ▁more ▁penetr ating . ▁Contact ▁calls , ▁similar ▁to ▁names , ▁are ▁individually ▁distinct ▁and ▁are ▁used ▁for ▁individual ▁mate ▁recognition . ▁Each ▁call ▁varies ▁in ▁duration , ▁frequency , ▁and ▁pitch . ▁ ▁Green - r umped ▁par rot lets ▁have ▁been ▁observed ▁in ▁fl ocks ▁consisting ▁of ▁combinations ▁of ▁breed ing ▁male - fem ale ▁pairs , ▁non bre eding ▁male - fem ale ▁pairs , ▁male - m ale ▁pairs , ▁and ▁individual ▁non bre eding ▁males ; ▁the ▁number ▁of ▁each ▁type ▁depends ▁on ▁the ▁season . ▁Extra - pair ▁cop ulation ▁is ▁relatively ▁un common ▁( less ▁than ▁ 8 % ▁of ▁young ▁are ▁con ceived ▁through ▁extra - pair ▁fert il ization ). ▁▁ ▁Rep roduction ▁ ▁Green - r umped ▁par rot lets ▁form ▁strong ▁pair ▁bonds ▁and ▁rarely ▁switch ▁m ates , ▁but ▁typically ▁only ▁breed ▁with ▁the ▁same ▁individual ▁for ▁ 1 - 2 ▁seasons . ▁Almost ▁half ▁of ▁wild ▁females ▁attempt ▁a ▁second ▁bro od ▁during ▁their ▁breed ing ▁season . ▁Green - r umped ▁par rot lets ▁breed ▁during ▁the ▁rain y ▁season ▁( May - N ovember ), ▁though ▁each ▁sub spec ies ▁tends ▁to ▁breed ▁during ▁different ▁months . ▁They ▁typically ▁make ▁their ▁n ests ▁in ▁un lined ▁tree ▁cav ities , ▁holes ▁found ▁in ▁ar b ore al ▁term ite ▁n ests , ▁or ▁in ▁cav ities ▁in ▁wooden ▁fence ▁posts . ▁ ▁The ▁female ▁l
ays ▁ 5 - 6 ▁small ▁white ▁eggs ▁over ▁a ▁period ▁of ▁ 9 – 1 6 ▁days . ▁The ▁female ▁usually ▁initi ates ▁inc ub ation ▁after ▁the ▁first ▁egg ▁is ▁laid , ▁leading ▁to ▁as ynchron ous ▁h atch ing ▁which ▁begins ▁ 1 8 – 2 2 ▁days ▁after ▁the ▁start ▁of ▁inc ub ation . ▁Dep ending ▁on ▁the ▁clutch ▁size , ▁h atch ing ▁concl udes ▁ 2 – 1 4 ▁days ▁after ▁the ▁first ▁egg ▁hat ches . ▁F led ging ▁occurs ▁ 2 9 – 3 5 ▁days ▁after ▁h atch ing , ▁with ▁the ▁clutch ▁fled ging ▁over ▁a ▁period ▁of ▁ 1 4 ▁days ▁on ▁average . ▁ ▁The ▁unusual ▁length ▁of ▁the ▁green - r umped ▁par rot let ' s ▁nest ling ▁period ▁is ▁believed ▁to ▁be ▁caused , ▁or ▁at ▁least ▁influenced , ▁by ▁the ▁low ▁levels ▁of ▁available ▁nut ri ents ▁and ▁miner als ▁for ▁young ▁found ▁in ▁typical ▁green - r umped ▁par rot let ▁habitat . ▁Because ▁of ▁the ▁difference ▁in ▁h atch ing ▁time , ▁not ▁all ▁ch icks ▁are ▁the ▁same ▁size ▁when ▁they ▁are ▁young . ▁Research ▁has ▁been ▁done ▁on ▁resource ▁allocation ▁between ▁different ▁chick ▁sizes ▁by ▁green - r umped ▁par rot let ▁parents . ▁It ▁was ▁shown ▁that ▁male ▁parents ▁tend ▁to ▁feed ▁larger ▁ch icks ▁more ▁often , ▁while ▁females ▁are ▁far ▁more ▁likely ▁to ▁feed ▁smaller ▁individuals ▁first ▁because ▁of ▁their ▁begg ing ▁habits ▁- ▁smaller ▁ch icks ▁tend ▁to
▁beg ▁more , ▁while ▁larger ▁ch icks ▁are ▁more ▁sub miss ive . ▁This ▁effect ▁has ▁also ▁been ▁observed ▁in ▁other ▁par rot ▁species . ▁ ▁Research ▁has ▁shown ▁that ▁by ▁planning ▁as ynchron ous ▁h atch ing , ▁parent ▁par rot lets ▁don ' t ▁have ▁to ▁spend ▁as ▁much ▁time ▁ex pending ▁the ▁high ▁levels ▁of ▁energy ▁associated ▁with ▁bro oding , ▁but ▁the ▁amount ▁of ▁energy ▁expend ed ▁does ▁not ▁change . ▁▁ ▁It ▁has ▁been ▁observed ▁that ▁over ▁the ▁course ▁of ▁m ating ▁and ▁raising ▁a ▁bro od ▁of ▁ch icks , ▁a ▁female ▁green - r umped ▁par rot let ' s ▁mass ▁varies ▁greatly . ▁Fem ale ▁individuals ▁gained ▁up ▁to ▁ 2 5 % ▁more ▁mass ▁before ▁laying ▁and ▁maintained ▁this ▁mass ▁through ▁inc ub ation ▁until ▁h atch ing ▁began . ▁The ▁amount ▁of ▁mass ▁lost ▁over ▁the ▁bro oding ▁and ▁fled ging ▁periods ▁was ▁dependent ▁on ▁the ▁size ▁of ▁the ▁bro od . ▁It ▁is ▁believed ▁that ▁this ▁mass ▁change ▁is ▁caused ▁by ▁a ▁combination ▁of ▁bro oding ▁star v ation , ▁adaptation ▁to ▁a ▁new ▁lifestyle , ▁and ▁sexual ▁activity . ▁ ▁Diet ▁Green - r umped ▁par rot lets ▁primarily ▁eat ▁seeds ▁from ▁grass es ▁and ▁for bs , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁flowers , ▁bud s , ▁ber ries , ▁and ▁fruits . ▁They ▁have ▁also ▁been ▁observed ▁to ▁eat ▁the ▁seeds ▁from ▁fruit ▁trees ▁including ▁Ann ona ▁sp . ▁and ▁gu ava . ▁ ▁Av icult ure ▁Green - r umped
▁par rot lets ▁are ▁b red ▁in ▁capt ivity ▁and ▁kept ▁as ▁pets , ▁though ▁they ▁are ▁less ▁common ▁than ▁some ▁other ▁For pus ▁species . ▁Im ports ▁of ▁wild ▁green - r umped ▁par rot lets ▁into ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁are ▁prohib ited ▁under ▁the ▁Wild ▁Bird ▁Conserv ation ▁Act ▁and ▁international ▁trade ▁is ▁limited ▁by ▁other ▁laws , ▁so ▁av icult ure ▁is ▁dependent ▁on ▁existing ▁capt ive ▁populations . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Related ▁books ▁and ▁articles ▁ ▁Bird s ▁of ▁Venezuela '' ▁by ▁H ilty , ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁▁ ▁World ▁Par rot ▁Trust ▁Par rot ▁En cycl op edia : ▁species ▁profile ▁ ▁Green - r umped ▁par rot let ▁photo ▁gallery ▁on ▁VI RE O ▁Ne ot rop ical ▁Bird s ▁by ▁Corn ell ▁Lab ▁of ▁Or n ith ology : ▁species ▁profile ▁e B ird ▁by ▁Corn ell ▁Lab ▁of ▁Or n ith ology : ▁species ▁profile ▁ ▁green - r umped ▁par rot let ▁Category : B ird s ▁of ▁Jama ica ▁Category : B ird s ▁of ▁Barb ados ▁Category : B ird s ▁of ▁Colombia ▁Category : B ird s ▁of ▁Venezuela ▁Category : B ird s ▁of ▁C ura ç ao ▁Category : B ird s ▁of ▁the ▁Gu ian as ▁Category : B ird s ▁of ▁Tr in idad ▁and ▁Tob ago ▁Category : B ird s ▁of ▁the ▁Amazon ▁Bas in ▁green - r umped ▁par rot let <0x0A> </s> ▁Sab am ▁Pand ap ot an ▁Si ag ian
▁( 4 ▁May ▁ 1 9 3 2 ▁ – ▁ 3 ▁June ▁ 2 0 1 6 ) ▁was ▁an ▁Indones ian ▁journalist . ▁He ▁served ▁as ▁the ▁first ▁editor ▁in ▁chief ▁of ▁The ▁Jak arta ▁Post . ▁Si ag ian ▁depart ed ▁the ▁Jak arta ▁Post ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 1 ▁upon ▁his ▁appointment ▁as ▁Amb assador ▁of ▁Indonesia ▁to ▁Australia . ▁ ▁From ▁ 1 9 9 1 ▁to ▁ 1 9 9 5 , ▁while ▁amb assador , ▁Sab am ▁lived ▁in ▁Can ber ra . ▁He ▁critic ised ▁the ▁Australian ▁media ▁for ▁lag ging ▁behind ▁other ▁sectors ▁in ▁Australia ▁when ▁it ▁came ▁to ▁engaging ▁with ▁Indonesia . ▁ ▁After ▁leaving ▁Can ber ra ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 5 , ▁Sab am ▁joined ▁the ▁board ▁of ▁Jak arta ▁Post . ▁ ▁Sab am ▁died ▁in ▁Jak arta ▁on ▁ 3 ▁June ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁after ▁extended ▁health ▁complic ations . ▁ ▁N umer ous ▁colleagues , ▁including ▁former ▁Indones ian ▁foreign ▁minister ▁Hass an ▁W ir aj uda , ▁paid ▁t ribute ▁to ▁his ▁contributions ▁during ▁a ▁long ▁career ▁as ▁a ▁journalist ▁in ▁Indonesia . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 3 2 ▁birth s ▁Category : 2 0 1 6 ▁deaths ▁Category : The ▁Jak arta ▁Post ▁people ▁Category : Ind ones ian ▁newspaper ▁ed itors ▁Category : Ind ones ian ▁journalists ▁Category : Ind ones ian ▁diplom ats ▁Category : A mb ass ad ors ▁of ▁Indonesia ▁to ▁Australia ▁Category
: People ▁of ▁Bat ak ▁descent <0x0A> </s> ▁John ▁Young ▁Fil more ▁Blake ▁or ▁also ▁known ▁as ▁John ▁Y . F . ▁Blake ▁and ▁J . Y . F . ▁Blake ▁was ▁an ▁Irish - American ▁soldier ▁and ▁military ▁writer . ▁He ▁was ▁born ▁October ▁ 6 , ▁ 1 8 5 6 , ▁in ▁Bol iv ar , ▁Missouri , ▁United ▁States , ▁and ▁died ▁January ▁ 2 4 , ▁ 1 9 0 7 , ▁in ▁New ▁York ▁City . ▁He ▁was ▁an ▁av owed ▁advocate ▁of ▁resistance ▁to ▁British ▁imperial ism ▁worldwide ▁and ▁fought ▁as ▁a ▁foreign ▁volunteer ▁for ▁the ▁Bo er ▁republic s ▁during ▁the ▁Second ▁Bo er ▁War . ▁ ▁Early ▁life ▁After ▁his ▁birth , ▁Blake ' s ▁family ▁soon ▁moved ▁to ▁D ent on ▁County , ▁Texas . ▁There ▁he ▁grew ▁up ▁cattle ▁ranch ing ▁and ▁learned ▁to ▁ride ▁horses . ▁His ▁father ▁sent ▁him ▁to ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Arkansas ▁at ▁F ay ette ville ▁in ▁ 1 8 7 1 . ▁Soon ▁after ▁gradu ating , ▁he ▁received ▁an ▁appointment ▁to ▁the ▁U . S . ▁Military ▁Academy ▁at ▁West ▁Point ▁in ▁ 1 8 7 6 . ▁Upon ▁gradu ating ▁from ▁West ▁Point ▁in ▁June ▁ 1 8 8 0 , ▁Blake ▁began ▁his ▁military ▁career , ▁assigned ▁as ▁a ▁ 2 nd ▁Lieutenant ▁to ▁the ▁ 6 th ▁U . S . ▁C aval ry ▁station ed ▁in ▁Arizona . ▁He ▁served ▁under ▁General ▁Will co x , ▁General ▁Cro ok , ▁and
▁General ▁Miles ▁during ▁the ▁Apache ▁wars . ▁He ▁was ▁known ▁as ▁a ▁fear less ▁and ▁magnetic ▁leader , ▁at ▁one ▁point ▁rust ling ▁an ▁Apache ▁p ony ▁her d . ▁Res ign ing ▁from ▁the ▁military ▁in ▁ 1 8 8 9 , ▁Blake ▁moved ▁to ▁Grand ▁Rap ids , ▁Michigan ▁to ▁become ▁a ▁business man , ▁as ▁his ▁wife ▁and ▁family ▁wanted ▁him ▁to ▁settle ▁down . ▁After ▁about ▁ 5 ▁years ▁he ▁soon ▁found ▁out ▁that ▁"' the ▁tricks ▁of ▁the ▁trade ', ▁were ▁too ▁deep ▁for ▁me " ▁and ▁giving ▁into ▁his ▁desire ▁for ▁adventure , ▁headed ▁to ▁South ▁Africa ▁as ▁a ▁gold ▁prospect or . ▁ ▁Bo er ▁War ▁While ▁in ▁South ▁Africa ▁he ▁became ▁deeply ▁involved ▁in ▁the ▁Second ▁Bo er ▁War , ▁leading ▁the ▁Chicago ▁Irish - American ▁Corps , ▁known ▁as ▁Blake ' s ▁Irish ▁Brigade ▁against ▁the ▁British . ▁. ▁He ▁returned ▁to ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁after ▁the ▁war ▁to ▁a ▁hero ' s ▁welcome ▁and ▁the ▁lecture ▁circuit . ▁He ▁subsequently ▁published ▁a ▁mem oir ▁of ▁his ▁African ▁experience , ▁A ▁West ▁Pointer ▁With ▁The ▁Bo ers . ▁Blake ' s ▁mem oir ▁is ▁con ceived ▁as ▁a ▁highly ▁critical ▁expose ▁of ▁the ▁mot ives ▁and ▁actions ▁of ▁Great ▁Britain , ▁particularly ▁in ▁its ▁support ▁of ▁Cec il ▁Rh odes . ▁He ▁also ▁ling ers ▁on ▁the ▁British ▁m alt reat ment ▁of ▁black ▁Afr icans ▁and ▁Af rik an ers ▁alike , ▁and ▁the ▁honor ▁and ▁dec ency ▁of ▁Bo er ▁part is
ans ▁in ▁defending ▁their ▁liberty ▁and ▁families . ▁ ▁Family ▁John ' s ▁mother ▁S incl air ▁T . ▁Ch itty ▁married ▁his ▁father ▁Thomas ▁K inc aid ▁Blake ▁Jr . ▁at ▁the ▁age ▁of ▁ 1 5 . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 8 8 5 ▁John ▁married ▁K atherine ▁E up hr asia ▁Ald rich ▁in ▁Grand ▁Rap ids ▁while ▁still ▁in ▁the ▁service . ▁Together ▁they ▁lived ▁in ▁the ▁officers ' ▁quarters ▁at ▁Fort ▁Le aven worth , ▁where ▁John ' s ▁first ▁son ▁Ald rich ▁Blake ▁was ▁born ▁on ▁November ▁ 6 , ▁ 1 8 8 5 . ▁In ▁ 1 8 8 8 ▁K atherine , ▁being ▁pregnant ▁with ▁John ' s ▁second ▁son , ▁persu aded ▁him ▁to ▁resign ▁from ▁the ▁military ▁and ▁return ▁to ▁Grand ▁Rap ids . ▁He ▁agreed , ▁and ▁on ▁September ▁ 1 9 , ▁ 1 8 8 9 ▁L edy ard ▁Blake ▁was ▁born . ▁ ▁Death ▁Blake ▁was ▁found ▁dead ▁in ▁his ▁home ▁in ▁Har lem , ▁New ▁York ▁City ▁of ▁gas ▁as phy xi ation ▁on ▁January ▁ 2 4 , ▁ 1 9 0 7 . ▁He ▁had ▁previously ▁been ▁t ending ▁a ▁sick ▁friend ▁for ▁ 3 ▁days . ▁Some ▁sources ▁said ▁the ▁death ▁was ▁accident al , ▁while ▁others ▁called ▁it ▁suicide . ▁He ▁is ▁buried ▁at ▁West ▁Point , ▁New ▁York . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁Bo er ▁Foreign ▁Vol unte ers ▁Irish ▁command os ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁Blake , ▁John ▁Y . ▁F . ▁"
A ▁West ▁Pointer ▁with ▁the ▁Bo ers " ▁http :// pen and sp ind le . blog spot . com / search / label / bl ake % 2 0 j ohn % 2 0 you ng % 2 0 fil more ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁https :// web . archive . org / web / 2 0 1 2 1 1 0 8 1 7 1 2 3 7 / http :// www . ro gu ery . com / sa frica / gi orno 5 . ht m ▁https :// times machine . ny times . com / times machine / 1 9 0 7 / 0 1 / 2 5 / 1 0 6 1 0 9 8 9 7 . pdf ▁https :// times machine . ny times . com / times machine / 1 9 0 7 / 0 1 / 2 8 / 1 0 1 7 2 3 5 2 2 . pdf ▁ ▁Category : 1 8 5 6 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 9 0 7 ▁deaths ▁Category : People ▁from ▁Bol iv ar , ▁Missouri ▁Category : Un ited ▁States ▁Military ▁Academy ▁al umn i ▁Category : South ▁African ▁military ▁personnel ▁Category : Univers ity ▁of ▁Arkansas ▁al umn i ▁Category : Bo er ▁military ▁personnel ▁of ▁the ▁Second ▁Bo er ▁War ▁Category : People ▁from ▁D ent on , ▁Texas <0x0A> </s> ▁Hub ert ▁Mil ton ▁J . ▁Nelson ▁( Aug ust ▁ 1 4 , ▁ 1 9 0 7 ▁–
▁May ▁ 1 0 , ▁ 1 9 8 1 ) ▁was ▁a ▁professional ▁ice ▁hockey ▁player . ▁Born ▁in ▁Min ne apolis , ▁Minnesota , ▁Nelson ▁played ▁profession ally ▁in ▁United ▁States ▁Hockey ▁League ▁for ▁the ▁Min ne apolis ▁Mill ers ▁( A HA ) ▁and ▁St . ▁Louis ▁Fly ers . ▁He ▁was ▁indu cted ▁into ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Hockey ▁Hall ▁of ▁Fame ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 8 . ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁ ▁United ▁States ▁Hockey ▁Hall ▁of ▁Fame ▁bi ography ▁▁▁ ▁Category : 1 9 0 7 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 9 8 1 ▁deaths ▁Category : American ▁men ' s ▁ice ▁hockey ▁go alt enders ▁Category : I ce ▁hockey ▁people ▁from ▁Minnesota ▁Category : S ports people ▁from ▁Min ne apolis ▁Category : Un ited ▁States ▁Coast ▁Guard ▁Cut ters ▁players ▁Category : Un ited ▁States ▁Hockey ▁Hall ▁of ▁Fame ▁in duct ees <0x0A> </s> ▁ 1 8 th ▁Avenue ▁is ▁an ▁av enue ▁in ▁Brooklyn . ▁It ▁may ▁refer ▁to ▁the ▁following ▁New ▁York ▁City ▁Sub way ▁stations ▁that ▁serve ▁the ▁av enue : ▁▁ 1 8 th ▁Avenue ▁( IND ▁C ul ver ▁Line ); ▁serving ▁the ▁F ▁train ▁ 1 8 th ▁Avenue ▁( B MT ▁Sea ▁Beach ▁Line ); ▁serving ▁the ▁N ▁train ▁( W ▁train ▁part - time ) ▁ 1 8 th ▁Avenue ▁( B MT ▁West ▁End ▁Line ); ▁serving ▁the ▁D ▁train <0x0A> </s> ▁T inct ure ▁is ▁the ▁limited ▁pal ette ▁of ▁colours ▁and ▁patterns ▁used
▁in ▁her ald ry . ▁The ▁need ▁to ▁define , ▁dep ict , ▁and ▁correctly ▁bl az on ▁the ▁various ▁t inct ures ▁is ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁most ▁important ▁aspects ▁of ▁her ald ic ▁art ▁and ▁design . ▁ ▁Development ▁and ▁history ▁ ▁The ▁use ▁of ▁t inct ures ▁dates ▁back ▁to ▁the ▁form ative ▁period ▁of ▁European ▁her ald ry ▁in ▁the ▁tw elf th ▁and ▁th ir teenth ▁centuries . ▁The ▁range ▁of ▁t inct ures ▁and ▁the ▁manner ▁of ▁dep ict ing ▁and ▁describing ▁them ▁has ▁evolved ▁over ▁time , ▁as ▁new ▁variations ▁and ▁practices ▁have ▁developed . ▁ ▁The ▁basic ▁scheme ▁and ▁rules ▁of ▁applying ▁the ▁her ald ic ▁t inct ures ▁dates ▁back ▁to ▁the ▁ 1 2 th ▁century . ▁The ▁earliest ▁surviving ▁col oured ▁her ald ic ▁illustr ations , ▁from ▁the ▁mid - th ir teenth ▁century , ▁show ▁the ▁standard ized ▁usage ▁of ▁two ▁met als , ▁five ▁colours , ▁and ▁two ▁f urs . ▁Since ▁that ▁time , ▁the ▁great ▁majority ▁of ▁her ald ic ▁art ▁has ▁employed ▁these ▁nine ▁t inct ures . ▁ ▁Over ▁time , ▁variations ▁on ▁these ▁basic ▁t inct ures ▁were ▁developed , ▁particularly ▁with ▁respect ▁to ▁the ▁f urs . ▁Author ities ▁differ ▁as ▁to ▁whether ▁these ▁variations ▁should ▁be ▁considered ▁separate ▁t inct ures , ▁or ▁merely ▁varieties ▁of ▁existing ▁ones . ▁Two ▁additional ▁colours ▁appeared , ▁and ▁were ▁generally ▁accepted ▁by ▁her ald ic ▁writers , ▁although ▁they ▁remained ▁scar ce , ▁and ▁were ▁eventually
▁term ed ▁st ains , ▁from ▁the ▁belief ▁that ▁they ▁were ▁used ▁to ▁sign ify ▁some ▁dish on our ▁on ▁the ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁bear er . ▁The ▁practice ▁of ▁dep ict ing ▁certain ▁charges ▁as ▁they ▁appear ▁in ▁nature , ▁term ed ▁proper , ▁was ▁established ▁in ▁the ▁sevent eenth ▁century . ▁ ▁Other ▁colours ▁have ▁appeared ▁occasionally ▁since ▁the ▁eight eenth ▁century , ▁especially ▁in ▁contin ental ▁her ald ry , ▁but ▁their ▁use ▁is ▁inf requ ent , ▁and ▁they ▁have ▁never ▁been ▁regarded ▁as ▁particularly ▁her ald ic , ▁or ▁number ed ▁among ▁the ▁t inct ures ▁that ▁form ▁the ▁basis ▁of ▁her ald ic ▁design . ▁ ▁F requency ▁and ▁national ▁vari ants ▁ ▁The ▁frequency ▁with ▁which ▁different ▁t inct ures ▁have ▁been ▁used ▁over ▁time ▁has ▁been ▁much ▁observed , ▁but ▁little ▁studied . ▁There ▁are ▁some ▁general ▁trends ▁of ▁note , ▁both ▁with ▁respect ▁to ▁the ▁passage ▁of ▁time , ▁and ▁noted ▁preferences ▁from ▁one ▁region ▁to ▁another . ▁ ▁In ▁medieval ▁her ald ry , ▁g ules ▁was ▁by ▁far ▁the ▁most ▁common ▁t inct ure , ▁followed ▁by ▁the ▁met als ▁arg ent ▁and ▁or , ▁at ▁least ▁one ▁of ▁which ▁necessarily ▁appeared ▁on ▁the ▁majority ▁of ▁arms ▁( see ▁below ). ▁ ▁Among ▁the ▁colours , ▁s able ▁was ▁the ▁second ▁most ▁common , ▁followed ▁by ▁az ure . ▁Vert , ▁although ▁present ▁from ▁the ▁form ative ▁period ▁of ▁her ald ic ▁design , ▁was ▁relatively ▁scar ce . ▁ ▁Over ▁time
, ▁the ▁popularity ▁of ▁az ure ▁increased ▁above ▁that ▁of ▁s able , ▁while ▁g ules , ▁still ▁the ▁most ▁common , ▁became ▁less ▁dominant . ▁ ▁A ▁survey ▁of ▁French ▁arms ▁granted ▁during ▁the ▁sevent eenth ▁century ▁reveals ▁a ▁distinct ▁split ▁between ▁the ▁trends ▁for ▁the ▁arms ▁granted ▁to ▁nob les ▁and ▁common ers . ▁Among ▁nob les , ▁g ules ▁remained ▁the ▁most ▁common ▁t inct ure , ▁closely ▁followed ▁by ▁or , ▁then ▁by ▁arg ent ▁and ▁az ure ▁at ▁nearly ▁equal ▁levels ; ▁s able ▁was ▁a ▁very ▁distant ▁fifth ▁choice , ▁while ▁vert ▁remained ▁scar ce . ▁Among ▁common ers , ▁az ure ▁was ▁easily ▁the ▁most ▁common ▁t inct ure , ▁followed ▁by ▁or , ▁and ▁only ▁then ▁by ▁g ules , ▁arg ent , ▁and ▁s able , ▁which ▁was ▁used ▁more ▁by ▁common ers ▁than ▁among ▁the ▁nob ility ; ▁vert , ▁however , ▁was ▁even ▁scar cer ▁in ▁common ▁arms . ▁Pur p ure ▁is ▁so ▁scar ce ▁in ▁French ▁her ald ry ▁that ▁some ▁authorities ▁do ▁not ▁regard ▁it ▁as ▁a ▁" real ▁her ald ic ▁t inct ure ". ▁ ▁On ▁the ▁whole , ▁French ▁her ald ry ▁is ▁known ▁for ▁its ▁use ▁of ▁az ure ▁and ▁or , ▁while ▁English ▁her ald ry ▁is ▁characterized ▁by ▁heavy ▁use ▁of ▁g ules ▁and ▁arg ent , ▁and ▁unlike ▁French ▁her ald ry , ▁it ▁has ▁always ▁made ▁regular ▁use ▁of ▁vert , ▁and ▁occasional , ▁if ▁not ▁extensive , ▁use ▁of ▁pur
p ure . ▁German ▁her ald ry ▁is ▁known ▁for ▁its ▁extensive ▁use ▁of ▁or ▁and ▁s able . ▁German ▁and ▁Nord ic ▁her ald ry ▁rarely ▁make ▁use ▁of ▁pur p ure ▁or ▁ ermine , ▁except ▁in ▁mant ling , ▁p av il ions , ▁and ▁the ▁l ining ▁of ▁crow ns ▁and ▁caps . ▁In ▁fact , ▁f urs ▁occur ▁inf requ ently ▁in ▁German ▁and ▁Nord ic ▁her ald ry . ▁ ▁List ▁ ▁The ▁colours ▁and ▁patterns ▁of ▁the ▁her ald ic ▁pal ette ▁are ▁divided ▁into ▁three ▁groups , ▁usually ▁known ▁as ▁met als , ▁colours , ▁and ▁f urs . ▁ ▁Met als ▁ ▁The ▁met als ▁are ▁or ▁and ▁arg ent , ▁representing ▁gold ▁and ▁silver ▁respectively , ▁although ▁in ▁practice ▁they ▁are ▁often ▁depicted ▁as ▁yellow ▁and ▁white . ▁ ▁Or ▁( G er . ▁, ▁, ▁or ▁) ▁der ives ▁its ▁name ▁from ▁the ▁Latin ▁aur um , ▁" gold ". ▁ ▁It ▁may ▁be ▁depicted ▁using ▁either ▁yellow ▁or ▁metall ic ▁gold , ▁at ▁the ▁artist ' s ▁discret ion ; ▁" y ellow " ▁has ▁no ▁separate ▁existence ▁in ▁her ald ry , ▁and ▁is ▁never ▁used ▁to ▁represent ▁any ▁t inct ure ▁other ▁than ▁or . ▁ ▁Argent ▁( G er . ▁, ▁, ▁, ▁or ▁) ▁is ▁similarly ▁derived ▁from ▁the ▁Latin ▁arg ent um , ▁" sil ver ". ▁ ▁Although ▁sometimes ▁depicted ▁as ▁metall ic ▁silver ▁or ▁faint ▁grey , ▁it ▁is ▁more ▁often ▁represented ▁by ▁white
, ▁in ▁part ▁because ▁of ▁the ▁tendency ▁for ▁silver ▁paint ▁to ▁ox id ize ▁and ▁dark en ▁over ▁time , ▁and ▁in ▁part ▁because ▁of ▁the ▁ple asing ▁effect ▁of ▁white ▁against ▁a ▁contrast ing ▁colour . ▁ ▁Not with standing ▁the ▁widespread ▁use ▁of ▁white ▁for ▁arg ent , ▁some ▁her ald ic ▁authorities ▁have ▁suggested ▁the ▁existence ▁of ▁white ▁as ▁a ▁distinct ▁her ald ic ▁colour . ▁ ▁Col ours ▁ ▁Five ▁colours ▁have ▁been ▁recognized ▁since ▁the ▁earliest ▁days ▁of ▁her ald ry . ▁ ▁These ▁are : ▁g ules , ▁or ▁red ; ▁s able , ▁or ▁black ; ▁az ure , ▁or ▁blue ; ▁vert , ▁or ▁green ; ▁and ▁pur p ure , ▁or ▁purple . ▁ ▁G ules ▁( Fr . ▁, ▁Ger . ▁) ▁is ▁of ▁uncertain ▁deriv ation ; ▁outside ▁of ▁the ▁her ald ic ▁context , ▁the ▁modern ▁French ▁word ▁refers ▁to ▁the ▁mouth ▁of ▁an ▁animal . ▁ ▁S able ▁( G er . ▁) ▁is ▁named ▁for ▁a ▁type ▁of ▁m arten , ▁known ▁for ▁its ▁dark , ▁lux ur iant ▁fur . ▁ ▁Azure ▁( Fr . ▁ ▁or ▁, ▁Ger . ▁) ▁comes ▁through ▁the ▁Arab ic ▁l ā za ward , ▁ ▁from ▁the ▁Pers ian ▁l ā ž av ard ▁both ▁referring ▁to ▁the ▁blue ▁mineral ▁lap is ▁la z uli , ▁used ▁to ▁produce ▁blue ▁pig ments . ▁ ▁Vert ▁( Fr . ▁ ▁or ▁, ▁Ger . ▁) ▁is ▁from ▁Latin ▁vir id is ,
▁" green ". ▁ ▁The ▁alternative ▁name ▁in ▁French , ▁sin ople , ▁is ▁derived ▁from ▁the ▁ancient ▁city ▁of ▁Sin ope ▁in ▁Asia ▁Minor , ▁which ▁was ▁famous ▁for ▁its ▁pig ments . ▁ ▁Pur p ure ▁( Fr . ▁ ▁or ▁, ▁Ger . ▁) ▁is ▁from ▁Latin ▁pur p ura , ▁in ▁turn ▁from ▁Greek ▁por phy ra , ▁the ▁d ye ▁known ▁as ▁Ty rian ▁purple . ▁ ▁This ▁expensive ▁d ye , ▁known ▁from ▁ant iqu ity , ▁produced ▁a ▁much ▁red der ▁purple ▁than ▁the ▁modern ▁her ald ic ▁colour ; ▁and ▁in ▁fact ▁earlier ▁dep ictions ▁of ▁pur p ure ▁are ▁far ▁red der ▁than ▁recent ▁ones . ▁ ▁As ▁a ▁her ald ic ▁colour , ▁pur p ure ▁may ▁have ▁origin ated ▁as ▁a ▁variation ▁of ▁g ules . ▁ ▁St ains ▁Two ▁more ▁t inct ures ▁were ▁eventually ▁acknowledged ▁by ▁most ▁her ald ic ▁authorities : ▁s angu ine ▁or ▁mur rey , ▁a ▁dark ▁red ▁or ▁mul berry ▁colour ; ▁and ▁t enn é , ▁an ▁orange ▁or ▁dark ▁yellow ▁to ▁brown ish ▁colour . ▁ ▁These ▁were ▁term ed ▁" st ains " ▁by ▁some ▁of ▁the ▁more ▁influential ▁her ald ic ▁writers , ▁and ▁supposed ▁to ▁represent ▁some ▁sort ▁of ▁dish on our ▁on ▁the ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁bear er ; ▁but ▁in ▁fact ▁there ▁is ▁no ▁evidence ▁that ▁they ▁were ▁ever ▁so ▁employed , ▁and ▁they ▁probably ▁origin ated ▁as ▁mere ▁variations ▁of ▁existing ▁colours . ▁ ▁Nevertheless , ▁the
▁belief ▁that ▁they ▁represented ▁st ains ▁upon ▁the ▁honour ▁of ▁an ▁arm iger ▁served ▁to ▁prevent ▁them ▁receiving ▁widespread ▁use , ▁and ▁it ▁is ▁only ▁in ▁recent ▁times ▁that ▁they ▁have ▁begun ▁to ▁appear ▁on ▁a ▁regular ▁basis . ▁ ▁S angu ine ▁or ▁Mur rey , ▁from ▁Latin ▁, ▁" blo od ▁red ", ▁and ▁Greek ▁, ▁" mul berry ", ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁two ▁so - called ▁" st ains " ▁in ▁British ▁arm ory , ▁is ▁a ▁dark ▁red ▁or ▁mul berry ▁colour , ▁between ▁g ules ▁and ▁pur p ure ▁in ▁h ue . ▁ ▁It ▁probably ▁origin ated ▁as ▁a ▁mere ▁variation ▁of ▁one ▁of ▁those ▁two ▁colours , ▁and ▁may ▁in ▁fact ▁represent ▁the ▁original ▁h ue ▁of ▁pur p ure , ▁which ▁is ▁now ▁treated ▁as ▁a ▁much ▁bl uer ▁colour ▁than ▁when ▁it ▁first ▁appeared ▁in ▁her ald ry . ▁ ▁Although ▁long ▁sh unned ▁in ▁the ▁belief ▁that ▁it ▁represented ▁some ▁dish on our ▁on ▁the ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁bear er , ▁it ▁has ▁found ▁some ▁use ▁in ▁the ▁twentieth ▁and ▁twenty - first ▁centuries . ▁ ▁T enn é ▁or ▁ten ny , ▁from ▁Latin ▁, ▁" to ▁tan ", ▁is ▁the ▁second ▁of ▁the ▁so - called ▁" st ains ". ▁ ▁It ▁is ▁most ▁often ▁depicted ▁as ▁orange , ▁but ▁sometimes ▁as ▁t awn y ▁yellow ▁or ▁brown . ▁ ▁In ▁earlier ▁times ▁it ▁was ▁occasionally ▁used ▁in ▁contin ental ▁her ald ry , ▁but ▁in ▁England ▁largely ▁conf ined ▁to
▁li very . ▁ ▁F urs ▁ ▁The ▁use ▁of ▁her ald ic ▁f urs ▁alongside ▁the ▁met als ▁and ▁colours ▁dates ▁to ▁the ▁beginning ▁of ▁the ▁art . ▁ ▁In ▁this ▁earliest ▁period , ▁there ▁were ▁only ▁two ▁f urs , ▁ ermine ▁and ▁v air . ▁ ▁E rm ine ▁represents ▁the ▁fur ▁of ▁the ▁sto at , ▁a ▁type ▁of ▁we as el , ▁in ▁its ▁white ▁winter ▁coat , ▁when ▁it ▁is ▁called ▁an ▁ ermine . ▁V air ▁represents ▁the ▁winter ▁coat ▁of ▁the ▁red ▁squ ir rel , ▁which ▁is ▁blue - g rey ▁above ▁and ▁white ▁below . ▁ ▁These ▁f urs ▁were ▁commonly ▁used ▁to ▁line ▁the ▁clo aks ▁and ▁rob es ▁of ▁the ▁nob ility . ▁ ▁Both ▁ ermine ▁and ▁v air ▁give ▁the ▁appearance ▁of ▁being ▁a ▁combination ▁of ▁metal ▁and ▁colour , ▁but ▁in ▁her ald ic ▁convention ▁they ▁are ▁considered ▁a ▁separate ▁class ▁of ▁t inct ure ▁that ▁is ▁neither ▁metal ▁nor ▁colour . ▁ ▁Over ▁time , ▁several ▁variations ▁of ▁ ermine ▁and ▁v air ▁have ▁appeared , ▁together ▁with ▁three ▁additional ▁f urs ▁typically ▁encountered ▁in ▁contin ental ▁her ald ry , ▁known ▁as ▁pl um et é , ▁pap el on né , ▁and ▁k ür sch , ▁the ▁origins ▁of ▁which ▁are ▁more ▁mysterious , ▁but ▁which ▁probably ▁began ▁as ▁variations ▁of ▁v air . ▁ ▁E rm ine ▁ ▁E rm ine ▁( Fr . ▁, ▁Ger . ▁) ▁is ▁normally ▁depicted ▁as ▁a ▁white
▁field ▁powder ed ▁with ▁black ▁spots , ▁known ▁as ▁" ermine ▁spots ", ▁representing ▁the ▁ ermine ' s ▁black ▁tail . ▁ ▁The ▁use ▁of ▁white ▁instead ▁of ▁silver ▁is ▁normal , ▁even ▁when ▁silver ▁is ▁available , ▁since ▁this ▁is ▁how ▁the ▁fur ▁naturally ▁appears ; ▁but ▁occasionally ▁silver ▁is ▁used ▁to ▁dep ict ▁ ermine . ▁There ▁is ▁considerable ▁variation ▁in ▁the ▁shape ▁of ▁ ermine ▁spots ; ▁in ▁the ▁oldest ▁dep ictions , ▁they ▁were ▁drawn ▁real istically , ▁as ▁long , ▁tap ering ▁points ; ▁in ▁modern ▁times ▁they ▁are ▁typically ▁drawn ▁as ▁arrow heads , ▁usually ▁to pped ▁by ▁three ▁small ▁d ots . ▁ ▁V air ▁ ▁V air ▁( G er . ▁) ▁der ives ▁its ▁name ▁from ▁Latin ▁, ▁" var ieg ated ". ▁ ▁It ▁is ▁usually ▁depicted ▁as ▁a ▁series ▁of ▁altern ating ▁shapes , ▁convention ally ▁known ▁as ▁pan es ▁or ▁" v air ▁b ells ", ▁of ▁arg ent ▁and ▁az ure , ▁arranged ▁in ▁horizontal ▁rows , ▁so ▁that ▁the ▁pan es ▁of ▁one ▁t inct ure ▁form ▁the ▁upper ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁row , ▁while ▁those ▁of ▁the ▁opposite ▁t inct ure ▁are ▁on ▁the ▁bottom . ▁S uc ceed ing ▁rows ▁are ▁stagger ed , ▁so ▁that ▁the ▁bases ▁of ▁the ▁pan es ▁making ▁up ▁each ▁row ▁are ▁opposite ▁those ▁of ▁the ▁other ▁t inct ure ▁in ▁the ▁rows ▁above ▁and ▁below . ▁ ▁As ▁with ▁ ermine , ▁the ▁arg ent ▁pan es ▁may ▁be ▁depicted
▁as ▁either ▁white ▁or ▁silver ; ▁silver ▁is ▁used ▁more ▁often ▁with ▁v air ▁than ▁with ▁ ermine , ▁but ▁the ▁natural ▁fur ▁is ▁white . ▁ ▁When ▁the ▁pattern ▁of ▁v air ▁is ▁used ▁with ▁other ▁colours , ▁the ▁field ▁is ▁term ed ▁v air é ▁or ▁v airy ▁of ▁the ▁t inct ures ▁used . ▁ ▁Norm ally ▁v air é ▁consists ▁of ▁one ▁metal ▁and ▁one ▁colour , ▁although ▁ ermine ▁or ▁one ▁of ▁its ▁vari ants ▁is ▁sometimes ▁used , ▁with ▁an ▁ ermine ▁spot ▁appearing ▁in ▁each ▁p ane ▁of ▁that ▁t inct ure . ▁ ▁V air é ▁of ▁four ▁colours ▁( G er . ▁, ▁" g ay - col oured " ▁or ▁" checked ▁v air ") ▁is ▁also ▁known , ▁usually ▁consisting ▁of ▁two ▁met als ▁and ▁two ▁colours . ▁ ▁Several ▁variant ▁shapes ▁exist , ▁of ▁which ▁the ▁most ▁common ▁is ▁known ▁as ▁pot ent ▁( G er . ▁, ▁" up side - down ▁cr utch ▁v air "). ▁In ▁this ▁form , ▁the ▁familiar ▁" v air ▁bell " ▁is ▁replaced ▁by ▁a ▁T - shaped ▁figure , ▁known ▁as ▁a ▁" pot ent " ▁due ▁to ▁its ▁re sembl ance ▁to ▁a ▁cr utch . ▁Other ▁f urs ▁sometimes ▁encountered ▁in ▁contin ental ▁her ald ry , ▁which ▁are ▁thought ▁to ▁be ▁derived ▁from ▁v air , ▁include ▁pl um et é ▁or ▁pl um et ty ▁and ▁ ▁pap el on né ▁or ▁pap ell ony . ▁In ▁pl
um et é , ▁the ▁pan es ▁are ▁depicted ▁as ▁fe athers ; ▁in ▁pap el on né ▁they ▁are ▁depicted ▁as ▁scales , ▁re sem bling ▁those ▁of ▁a ▁butter fly ' s ▁wings ▁( when ce ▁the ▁name ▁is ▁derived ). ▁These ▁can ▁be ▁modified ▁with ▁the ▁color , ▁arrangement , ▁and ▁size ▁vari ants ▁of ▁v air , ▁though ▁those ▁vari ants ▁are ▁much ▁less ▁common . ▁In ▁German ▁her ald ry ▁there ▁is ▁also ▁a ▁fur ▁known ▁as ▁K ür sch , ▁or ▁" v air ▁bell ies ", ▁consisting ▁of ▁pan es ▁depicted ▁hair y ▁and ▁brown . ▁ ▁Here ▁the ▁phrase ▁" v air ▁bell ies " ▁may ▁be ▁a ▁mis nom er , ▁as ▁the ▁belly ▁of ▁the ▁red ▁squ ir rel ▁is ▁always ▁white , ▁although ▁its ▁summer ▁coat ▁is ▁indeed ▁redd ish ▁brown . ▁ ▁Other ▁t inct ures ▁ ▁Several ▁other ▁t inct ures ▁are ▁occasionally ▁encountered , ▁usually ▁in ▁contin ental ▁her ald ry : ▁ ▁C end r ée , ▁or ▁" ash - col our "; ▁Brun âtre ▁( G er . ▁), ▁or ▁brown , ▁occasionally ▁used ▁in ▁German ▁her ald ry , ▁in ▁place ▁of ▁pur p ure ; ▁B le u - c él este ▁or ▁ble u ▁de ▁c iel , ▁a ▁sky ▁blue ▁colour ▁intended ▁to ▁be ▁lighter ▁than ▁az ure ; ▁Am ar anth ▁or ▁col umb ine , ▁a ▁strong ▁v iolet - red , ▁found ▁in ▁at ▁least ▁one ▁grant ▁of ▁arms
▁to ▁a ▁Bo hem ian ▁kn ight ▁in ▁ 1 7 0 1 ; ▁Eisen - far be , ▁or ▁iron - col our , ▁found ▁in ▁German ▁her ald ry ; ▁and ▁Carn ation , ▁often ▁used ▁in ▁French ▁her ald ry ▁as ▁the ▁colour ▁of ▁flesh . ▁ ▁The ▁her ald ic ▁scholar ▁A . ▁C . ▁Fox - D av ies ▁proposed ▁that , ▁in ▁some ▁circumstances , ▁white ▁should ▁be ▁considered ▁a ▁her ald ic ▁colour , ▁distinct ▁from ▁arg ent . ▁ ▁In ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁instances , ▁a ▁label ▁or ▁collar ▁bl az oned ▁as ▁" white " ▁rather ▁than ▁" arg ent " ▁appears ▁on ▁a ▁supp orter ▁bl az oned ▁arg ent ▁or ▁or . ▁ ▁The ▁use ▁of ▁" white " ▁in ▁place ▁of ▁" arg ent " ▁would ▁be ▁consistent ▁with ▁the ▁practice ▁of ▁her ald ic ▁bl az on ▁that ▁discour ages ▁repe ating ▁the ▁name ▁of ▁a ▁t inct ure ▁in ▁describing ▁a ▁coat ▁of ▁arms , ▁but ▁if ▁it ▁were ▁merely ▁intended ▁as ▁a ▁syn onym ▁of ▁" arg ent ", ▁this ▁placement ▁would ▁clearly ▁viol ate ▁the ▁rule ▁against ▁placing ▁metal ▁on ▁metal ▁or ▁colour ▁on ▁colour ▁( see ▁below ). ▁ ▁This ▁difficulty ▁is ▁avoided ▁if ▁" white " ▁is ▁considered ▁a ▁colour ▁in ▁this ▁particular ▁instance , ▁rather ▁than ▁a ▁syn onym ▁of ▁" arg ent ". ▁ ▁This ▁interpretation ▁has ▁neither ▁been ▁accepted ▁nor ▁ref ut ed ▁by ▁any ▁her ald ic ▁authority , ▁but ▁a
▁counter - argument ▁is ▁that ▁the ▁labels ▁are ▁not ▁intended ▁to ▁represent ▁a ▁her ald ic ▁t inct ure , ▁but ▁are ▁in ▁fact ▁white ▁labels ▁proper . ▁ ▁Other ▁exceptional ▁colours ▁have ▁occasionally ▁appeared ▁during ▁the ▁twentieth ▁and ▁twenty - first ▁centuries : ▁ ▁The ▁arms ▁of ▁the ▁Jewish ▁Aut onom ous ▁Region ▁in ▁Russia ▁have ▁a ▁field ▁of ▁aqu amar ine , ▁which ▁is ▁em bl az oned ▁more ▁as ▁a ▁kind ▁of ▁dark ▁green ▁than ▁a ▁true ▁aqu amar ine ▁colour . ▁ ▁The ▁Canadian ▁Her ald ic ▁Authority ▁granted ▁arms ▁containing ▁rose ▁as ▁a ▁colour ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 7 . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 2 , ▁the ▁Authority ▁granted ▁arms ▁including ▁copper , ▁treated ▁as ▁a ▁metal , ▁to ▁the ▁municip ality ▁of ▁White hor se , ▁Y uk on . ▁ ▁O ch re , ▁both ▁red ▁and ▁yellow , ▁appears ▁in ▁South ▁African ▁her ald ry ; ▁the ▁national ▁coat ▁of ▁arms , ▁adopted ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 0 , ▁includes ▁red ▁och re , ▁while ▁( y ellow ) ▁och re ▁appears ▁in ▁the ▁arms ▁of ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Trans ke i . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁United ▁States , ▁her ald ry ▁is ▁not ▁governed ▁by ▁any ▁official ▁authority ; ▁but ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Army , ▁which ▁makes ▁extensive ▁use ▁of ▁her ald ry , ▁does ▁have ▁its ▁own ▁authority , ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Army ▁Institute ▁of ▁Her ald ry . ▁ ▁The ▁arm orial ▁designs ▁of ▁the ▁Institute ▁of ▁Her
ald ry ▁include ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁novel ▁t inct ures , ▁including ▁buff ▁( em ployed ▁various ly ▁as ▁either ▁a ▁metal ▁or ▁a ▁colour ), ▁and ▁horizon ▁blue . ▁ ▁Silver ▁gray ▁has ▁appeared ▁in ▁the ▁her ald ry ▁of ▁both ▁the ▁Army ▁and ▁the ▁Air ▁Force . ▁ ▁Bron ze ▁appears ▁as ▁a ▁colour ▁in ▁the ▁arms ▁of ▁the ▁Special ▁Tro ops ▁Batt alion ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 nd ▁Brigade , ▁ 1 st ▁C aval ry ▁Division . ▁ ▁There ▁seems ▁to ▁be ▁some ▁confusion ▁about ▁the ▁colour ▁crim son , ▁as ▁in ▁some ▁cases ▁it ▁is ▁treated ▁as ▁a ▁separate ▁t inct ure , ▁while ▁in ▁others ▁it ▁is ▁used ▁to ▁specify ▁the ▁shade ▁of ▁g ules ▁to ▁be ▁employed ▁by ▁the ▁artist . ▁ ▁D iffer ing ▁from ▁most ▁her ald ic ▁practice , ▁the ▁Institute ▁of ▁Her ald ry ▁often ▁spec ifies ▁the ▁exact ▁sh ades ▁to ▁be ▁used ▁in ▁dep ict ing ▁various ▁arms . ▁ ▁Buff ▁is ▁also ▁used ▁by ▁the ▁Canadian ▁Her ald ic ▁Authority , ▁who ▁treat ▁it ▁as ▁a ▁colour . ▁ ▁Pro per ▁ ▁A ▁charge ▁that ▁is ▁col oured ▁as ▁it ▁naturally ▁appears ▁is ▁bl az oned ▁proper ▁( Fr . ▁), ▁or ▁" the ▁colour ▁of ▁nature ". ▁ ▁Str ict ly ▁speaking , ▁proper ▁is ▁not ▁a ▁t inct ure ▁in ▁itself , ▁and ▁if , ▁as ▁is ▁sometimes ▁the ▁case , ▁a ▁charge ▁is ▁meant ▁to ▁be ▁depicted ▁in ▁particular ▁colours ▁that ▁are ▁not ▁apparent ▁from ▁the
▁word ▁" pro per " ▁alone , ▁they ▁may ▁be ▁specified ▁in ▁whatever ▁detail ▁is ▁necessary . ▁ ▁Certain ▁charges ▁are ▁considered ▁" pro per " ▁when ▁port rayed ▁with ▁particular ▁colours , ▁even ▁though ▁a ▁range ▁of ▁different ▁colours ▁is ▁found ▁in ▁nature ; ▁for ▁instance , ▁a ▁pop in j ay ▁proper ▁is ▁green , ▁even ▁though ▁wild ▁par ro ts ▁occur ▁in ▁a ▁variety ▁of ▁colours . ▁In ▁some ▁cases , ▁a ▁charge ▁depicted ▁in ▁a ▁particular ▁set ▁of ▁colours ▁may ▁be ▁referred ▁to ▁as ▁" pro per ", ▁even ▁though ▁it ▁consists ▁entirely ▁of ▁her ald ic ▁t inct ures ; ▁a ▁rose ▁proper , ▁whether ▁red ▁or ▁white , ▁is ▁bar bed ▁vert ▁and ▁seed ed ▁or . ▁ ▁The ▁most ▁extensive ▁use ▁of ▁non - her ald ic ▁colours ▁is ▁probably ▁associated ▁with ▁" land scape ▁her ald ry ", ▁a ▁common ▁feature ▁of ▁British ▁and ▁German ▁arm ory ▁during ▁the ▁latter ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁eight eenth ▁century , ▁and ▁the ▁early ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁nineteenth . ▁ ▁Although ▁rarely ▁used ▁for ▁the ▁field ▁itself , ▁landsc apes ▁were ▁often ▁granted ▁as ▁augment ations , ▁typically ▁dep ict ing ▁a ▁fort ress ▁successfully ▁captured ▁or ▁def ended , ▁or ▁a ▁particular ▁ship , ▁or ▁a ▁battle ▁in ▁which ▁the ▁arm iger ▁to ▁whom ▁the ▁augment ation ▁was ▁granted ▁was ▁involved . ▁ ▁Such ▁landsc apes , ▁usually ▁appearing ▁on ▁a ▁chief , ▁might ▁be ▁bl az oned ▁with ▁great ▁particular ity ▁as ▁to ▁the ▁things ▁port rayed
▁and ▁the ▁colours ▁used ▁to ▁port ray ▁them . ▁ ▁Off ic ially , ▁these ▁landsc apes ▁appeared ▁on ▁a ▁field ▁of ▁arg ent , ▁but ▁it ▁was ▁common , ▁and ▁perhaps ▁expected , ▁for ▁the ▁artist ▁to ▁add ▁further ▁details , ▁such ▁as ▁the ▁sky ▁and ▁clouds , ▁by ▁which ▁the ▁field ▁might ▁be ▁wh olly ▁obsc ured . ▁ ▁The ▁use ▁of ▁landsc apes ▁in ▁her ald ry ▁fell ▁out ▁of ▁fashion ▁during ▁the ▁Victorian ▁era , ▁when ▁her ald ic ▁scholars ▁and ▁artists ▁began ▁looking ▁to ▁earlier ▁and ▁simpler ▁periods ▁of ▁arm orial ▁design ▁for ▁inspiration . ▁ ▁Term in ology ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁English - spe aking ▁world , ▁her ald ic ▁termin ology ▁is ▁based ▁largely ▁on ▁that ▁of ▁British ▁arm ory , ▁which ▁in ▁turn ▁is ▁based ▁on ▁Norman ▁French . ▁With ▁respect ▁to ▁the ▁her ald ic ▁t inct ures , ▁French ▁her ald ry , ▁which ▁is ▁often ▁cited ▁by ▁her ald ic ▁authors , ▁uses ▁similar ▁termin ology . ▁However , ▁German ▁her ald ry , ▁also ▁highly ▁influential , ▁uses ▁a ▁different ▁voc abulary ; ▁it ▁calls ▁the ▁colours ▁by ▁their ▁everyday ▁names . ▁ ▁In ▁its ▁original ▁sense , ▁t inct ure ▁refers ▁only ▁to ▁the ▁group ▁convention ally ▁referred ▁to ▁as ▁" col ours ". ▁But ▁as ▁the ▁word ▁" col our " ▁seems ▁in ap plic able ▁to ▁the ▁her ald ic ▁f urs , ▁and ▁no ▁other ▁term ▁clearly ▁en compass es ▁all ▁three ▁classes , ▁the ▁word ▁"
t inct ure " ▁has ▁come ▁to ▁be ▁used ▁in ▁this ▁broader ▁sense , ▁while ▁" col our " ▁has ▁acquired ▁the ▁more ▁restricted ▁sense ▁originally ▁given ▁to ▁" t inct ure ". ▁Thus , ▁when ▁consulting ▁various ▁her ald ic ▁authorities , ▁care ▁must ▁be ▁taken ▁to ▁determine ▁which ▁meaning ▁each ▁term ▁is ▁given . ▁ ▁Design ations ▁ ▁Art istic ▁libert ies ▁In ▁most ▁her ald ic ▁tradition , ▁the ▁various ▁met als ▁and ▁colours ▁have ▁no ▁fixed ▁appearance , ▁h ue , ▁or ▁shade . ▁ ▁The ▁her ald ic ▁artist ▁is ▁free ▁to ▁choose ▁a ▁lighter ▁or ▁dark er ▁blue ▁or ▁green , ▁a ▁deeper ▁or ▁br ighter ▁red ; ▁to ▁choose ▁between ▁dep ict ing ▁or ▁with ▁yellow ▁or ▁any ▁of ▁various ▁gold ▁pain ts , ▁to ▁dep ict ▁arg ent ▁as ▁white ▁or ▁silver . ▁ ▁Recently ▁the ▁College ▁of ▁Ar ms ▁explained , ▁" there ▁are ▁no ▁fixed ▁sh ades ▁for ▁her ald ic ▁colours . ▁If ▁the ▁official ▁description ▁of ▁a ▁coat ▁of ▁arms ▁gives ▁its ▁t inct ures ▁as ▁G ules ▁( red ), ▁Azure ▁( blue ) ▁and ▁Argent ▁( white ▁or ▁silver ) ▁then , ▁as ▁long ▁as ▁the ▁blue ▁is ▁not ▁too ▁light ▁and ▁the ▁red ▁not ▁too ▁orange , ▁purple ▁or ▁pink , ▁it ▁is ▁up ▁to ▁the ▁artist ▁to ▁decide ▁which ▁particular ▁sh ades ▁they ▁think ▁are ▁appropriate ." ▁ ▁In ▁bl az oning ▁▁ ▁Most ▁her ald ic ▁authors ▁do ▁not ▁capital ize ▁the ▁names ▁of ▁the ▁various
▁t inct ures , ▁although ▁a ▁few ▁do ▁( s ometimes ▁incons ist ently ), ▁and ▁some ▁who ▁do ▁not ▁capital ize ▁the ▁other ▁t inct ures ▁recommend ▁capital izing ▁" or " ▁in ▁order ▁to ▁avoid ▁confusion ▁with ▁the ▁conj unction . ▁ ▁However , ▁there ▁are ▁relatively ▁few ▁occasions ▁in ▁which ▁the ▁conj unction ▁" or " ▁would ▁appear ▁in ▁the ▁bl az on ▁of ▁a ▁coat ▁of ▁arms ; ▁and ▁if ▁properly ▁word ed , ▁which ▁meaning ▁is ▁intended ▁should ▁be ▁readily ▁apparent ▁from ▁the ▁context . ▁ ▁Another ▁convention ▁has ▁been ▁to ▁capital ize ▁only ▁the ▁first ▁word ▁or ▁the ▁first ▁t inct ure ▁appearing ▁in ▁the ▁bl az on , ▁but ▁no ▁other ▁words . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁elaborate ▁call ig raph y ▁appearing ▁on ▁most ▁grants ▁of ▁arms , ▁all ▁of ▁the ▁t inct ures ▁are ▁capital ized , ▁as ▁indeed ▁are ▁the ▁names ▁of ▁the ▁charges ; ▁but ▁this ▁is ▁purely ▁a ▁matter ▁of ▁decor ative ▁style , ▁and ▁in ▁no ▁way ▁does ▁the ▁manner ▁of ▁capital ization ▁used ▁in ▁the ▁original ▁grant ▁affect ▁how ▁the ▁arms ▁may ▁be ▁described ▁on ▁other ▁occasions . ▁ ▁A ▁long - standing ▁her ald ic ▁tradition ▁has ▁been ▁to ▁avoid ▁repe ating ▁the ▁names ▁of ▁t inct ures ▁multiple ▁times ▁in ▁any ▁given ▁bl az on . ▁ ▁If ▁it ▁is ▁possible ▁to ▁mention ▁multiple ▁charges ▁of ▁the ▁same ▁t inct ure ▁at ▁once , ▁followed ▁by ▁the ▁name ▁of ▁the ▁t inct ure , ▁then ▁this ▁problem ▁is
▁avoided ; ▁but ▁when ▁it ▁is ▁impossible ▁to ▁combine ▁elements ▁of ▁the ▁same ▁t inct ure ▁in ▁this ▁manner , ▁more ▁creative ▁descriptions ▁may ▁be ▁used . ▁ ▁For ▁example , ▁instead ▁of ▁" g ules , ▁on ▁a ▁f ess ▁or ▁between ▁three ▁che ss - ro oks ▁arg ent , ▁a ▁lion ▁pass ant ▁g ules , ▁armed ▁and ▁l angu ed ▁arg ent ", ▁one ▁might ▁say , ▁" g ules , ▁on ▁a ▁f ess ▁or ▁between ▁three ▁che ss - ro oks ▁arg ent , ▁a ▁lion ▁pass ant ▁of ▁the ▁field , ▁armed ▁and ▁l angu ed ▁of ▁the ▁third ." ▁ ▁Similar ▁phrases ▁include ▁" of ▁the ▁last " ▁and ▁" of ▁the ▁like ". ▁ ▁Altern ately , ▁descriptions ▁such ▁as ▁" gold " ▁and ▁" sil ver " ▁might ▁be ▁subst ituted ▁for ▁" or " ▁and ▁" arg ent " ▁on ▁a ▁subsequent ▁occur rence . ▁ ▁Another ▁rule ▁of ▁bl az on ▁relating ▁to ▁t inct ures ▁suggests ▁the ▁placing ▁of ▁a ▁com ma ▁after ▁each ▁occur rence ▁of ▁a ▁t inct ure . ▁ ▁In ▁recent ▁years , ▁the ▁College ▁of ▁Ar ms ▁has ▁regularly ▁disp ensed ▁with ▁many ▁of ▁these ▁practices , ▁believing ▁them ▁to ▁cause ▁confusion ; ▁and ▁in ▁new ▁grants ▁of ▁arms , ▁the ▁names ▁of ▁t inct ures ▁are ▁repeated ▁on ▁each ▁instance ▁that ▁they ▁occur . ▁ ▁The ▁names ▁of ▁all ▁t inct ures ▁and ▁charges ▁are ▁capital ized , ▁although ▁the ▁word ▁" pro per
", ▁indicating ▁the ▁colour ▁of ▁nature , ▁is ▁not ; ▁and ▁internal ▁comm as ▁are ▁entirely ▁om itted . ▁ ▁Rule ▁of ▁t inct ure ▁▁ ▁The ▁first ▁so - called ▁" rule " ▁of ▁her ald ry ▁is ▁the ▁rule ▁of ▁t inct ure : ▁metal ▁should ▁not ▁be ▁placed ▁upon ▁metal , ▁nor ▁colour ▁upon ▁colour , ▁for ▁the ▁sake ▁of ▁contrast . ▁ ▁The ▁main ▁duty ▁of ▁a ▁her ald ic ▁device ▁is ▁to ▁be ▁recognized , ▁and ▁the ▁dark ▁colours ▁or ▁light ▁met als ▁are ▁supposed ▁to ▁be ▁too ▁difficult ▁to ▁distinguish ▁if ▁they ▁are ▁placed ▁on ▁top ▁of ▁other ▁dark ▁or ▁light ▁colours , ▁particularly ▁in ▁poor ▁light . ▁Though ▁this ▁is ▁the ▁practical ▁gen esis ▁of ▁the ▁rule , ▁the ▁rule ▁is ▁technical ▁and ▁appearance ▁is ▁not ▁used ▁in ▁determining ▁whether ▁arms ▁conform ▁to ▁the ▁rule . ▁Another ▁reason ▁sometimes ▁given ▁to ▁justify ▁this ▁rule ▁is ▁that ▁it ▁was ▁difficult ▁to ▁paint ▁with ▁en am el ▁( col our ) ▁over ▁en am el , ▁or ▁with ▁metal ▁over ▁metal . ▁ ▁This ▁" rule " ▁has ▁at ▁times ▁been ▁followed ▁so ▁ped ant ically ▁that ▁arms ▁that ▁viol ate ▁it ▁were ▁called ▁arm es ▁fa uss es ▁( false ▁arms ) ▁or ▁arm es ▁à ▁en qu ér ir ▁( arms ▁of ▁en quiry ); ▁any ▁violation ▁was ▁presum ed ▁to ▁be ▁intent ional , ▁to ▁the ▁point ▁that ▁one ▁was ▁supposed ▁to ▁en quire ▁how ▁it ▁came ▁to ▁pass . ▁One ▁of ▁the ▁most ▁famous
▁arm es ▁à ▁en qu ér ir ▁( o ften ▁said ▁to ▁be ▁the ▁only ▁example ) ▁was ▁the ▁shield ▁of ▁the ▁Kingdom ▁of ▁Jerusalem , ▁which ▁had ▁gold ▁cross es ▁on ▁silver . ▁This ▁use ▁of ▁metal ▁on ▁metal , ▁that ▁is ▁to ▁say ▁white ▁and ▁gold ▁together , ▁is ▁seen ▁on ▁the ▁arms ▁of ▁the ▁King ▁of ▁Jerusalem , ▁the ▁flag ▁and ▁arms ▁of ▁the ▁V atic an , ▁and ▁the ▁b ishop ' s ▁mit re ▁in ▁the ▁arms ▁of ▁And or ra . ▁It ▁indicates ▁the ▁exceptional ▁holy ▁and ▁special ▁status ▁of ▁the ▁Co at ▁of ▁Ar ms . ▁An ▁example ▁of ▁" col our ▁on ▁colour " ▁is ▁the ▁arms ▁of ▁Alban ia , ▁with ▁its ▁s able ▁two - headed ▁e agle ▁on ▁a ▁g ules ▁field . ▁ ▁The ▁" rule ▁of ▁t inct ure " ▁has ▁had ▁an ▁influence ▁reaching ▁far ▁beyond ▁her ald ry . ▁It ▁has ▁been ▁applied ▁to ▁the ▁design ▁of ▁flags , ▁so ▁that ▁the ▁flag ▁of ▁Sax e - We im ar - E isen ach ▁was ▁modified ▁to ▁conform ▁to ▁the ▁rule . ▁ ▁Coun ter changing ▁ ▁When ▁a ▁charge ▁or ▁group ▁of ▁charges ▁is ▁placed ▁across ▁a ▁division ▁line , ▁variation , ▁or ▁ordinary , ▁it ▁may ▁be ▁counter changed ▁( Fr . ▁, ▁but ▁modern ▁, ▁Ger . ▁ ▁or ▁), ▁meaning ▁that ▁the ▁charges ▁are ▁divided ▁the ▁same ▁way ▁as ▁the ▁field ▁upon ▁which ▁they ▁rest , ▁with ▁the ▁colours ▁revers ed . ▁ ▁In
▁the ▁municipal ▁arms ▁of ▁Be h ns dorf , ▁Sax ony - An halt , ▁seen ▁below , ▁the ▁field ▁is ▁divided ▁with ▁the ▁left ▁half ▁white ▁( arg ent ) ▁and ▁the ▁right ▁half ▁green ▁( vert ), ▁and ▁the ▁counter changed ▁tree ▁is ▁green ▁where ▁it ▁lies ▁on ▁the ▁white ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁field , ▁and ▁white ▁where ▁it ▁lies ▁on ▁the ▁green ▁part . ▁ ▁The ▁flag ▁of ▁Maryland ▁is ▁another ▁example ▁of ▁counter changing . ▁ ▁The ▁only ▁U . S . ▁state ▁flag ▁to ▁be ▁directly ▁based ▁on ▁English ▁her ald ry , ▁it ▁is ▁the ▁arms ▁of ▁George ▁Cal vert , ▁ 1 st ▁Baron ▁Baltimore , ▁who ▁founded ▁the ▁colony ▁of ▁Maryland ▁in ▁ 1 6 3 2 . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁ 1 st ▁and ▁ 4 th ▁quarters , ▁the ▁field ▁is ▁divided ▁into ▁six ▁vertical ▁bands ▁of ▁gold ▁( or ) ▁and ▁black ▁( s able ) ▁with ▁a ▁diagonal ▁band ▁( a ▁bend ) ▁in ▁which ▁the ▁colours ▁are ▁revers ed ▁( i . e ., ▁the ▁bend ▁is ▁counter changed ). ▁ ▁The ▁ 2 nd ▁and ▁ 3 rd ▁quarters ▁are ▁themselves ▁quarter ed ▁between ▁white ▁( arg ent ) ▁and ▁red ▁( g ules ) ▁with ▁a ▁counter changed ▁cross ▁bot ton y ▁that ▁is ▁red ▁where ▁it ▁lies ▁on ▁the ▁white ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁field ▁and ▁white ▁where ▁it ▁lies ▁on ▁the ▁red ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁field . ▁ ▁Coun ter changing ▁is ▁rare ▁in ▁early ▁her ald
ry ; ▁early ▁examples ▁from ▁German ▁her ald ry ▁are ▁found ▁in ▁the ▁late ▁fif teenth - century ▁W ern iger ode ▁Arm orial ; ▁it ▁becomes ▁more ▁frequently ▁applied ▁from ▁the ▁sevent eenth ▁century ▁on ward , ▁especially ▁with ▁the ▁substantial ▁number ▁of ▁newly - created ▁co ats ▁of ▁arms , ▁of ▁which ▁some ▁notable ▁examples ▁include ▁Baron ▁Baltimore ▁( 1 6 2 4 ), ▁Night ing ale ▁bar on ets ▁( 1 6 2 8 ), ▁Bar rett - L enn ard ▁bar on ets ▁( 1 8 0 1 ), ▁Ver ney ▁bar on ets ▁( 1 8 1 8 ), ▁and ▁Baron ▁Al ving ham ▁( 1 9 2 9 ). ▁ ▁In ▁Scottish ▁her ald ry , ▁charges ▁are ▁sometimes ▁bl az oned ▁as ▁counter changed ▁of ▁different ▁colours ▁from ▁the ▁field ; ▁for ▁instance , ▁per ▁f ess ▁g ules ▁and ▁az ure , ▁a ▁sun ▁in ▁spl end our ▁counter changed ▁or ▁and ▁of ▁the ▁first . ▁ ▁A ▁more ▁typical ▁bl az on ▁for ▁this ▁would ▁be ▁per ▁f ess ▁g ules ▁and ▁az ure , ▁a ▁sun ▁in ▁spl end our ▁per ▁f ess ▁or ▁and ▁of ▁the ▁first . ▁ ▁The ▁term ▁counter col oured ▁is ▁sometimes ▁used ▁in ▁place ▁of ▁counter changed . ▁ ▁The ▁arms ▁of ▁the ▁Fen wick ▁bar on ets ▁were ▁originally ▁bl az oned ▁as ▁silver , ▁a ▁chief ▁g ules ▁with ▁six ▁mart lets ▁counter col oured . ▁ ▁In ▁this ▁case , ▁three ▁mart lets ▁arg
ent ▁rest ▁on ▁a ▁chief ▁g ules , ▁while ▁three ▁mart lets ▁g ules ▁rest ▁on ▁the ▁arg ent ▁field . ▁ ▁Some ▁her ald ic ▁authorities ▁regard ▁the ▁use ▁of ▁this ▁term ▁as ▁err one ous . ▁ ▁Mon och rom atic ▁presentation ▁ ▁H atch ing ▁ ▁During ▁the ▁first ▁half ▁of ▁the ▁sevent eenth ▁century , ▁the ▁pro lifer ation ▁of ▁the ▁printing ▁press ▁coupled ▁with ▁the ▁pers istence ▁of ▁difficulties ▁in ▁and ▁expense ▁of ▁colour ▁printing ▁prompt ed ▁the ▁development ▁of ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁systems ▁of ▁h atch ing ▁for ▁the ▁purpose ▁of ▁dep ict ing ▁her ald ic ▁designs ▁without ▁the ▁use ▁of ▁colour . ▁ ▁Int ended ▁chief ly ▁for ▁printing ▁and ▁en gr aving , ▁the ▁system ▁which ▁eventually ▁gained ▁widespread ▁acceptance ▁was ▁that ▁of ▁Sil vest ro ▁de ▁Pet ra ▁San ct a , ▁a ▁Jes uit ▁priest ▁and ▁her ald ic ▁scholar , ▁originally ▁published ▁in ▁ 1 6 3 8 . ▁ ▁In ▁Pet ra ▁San ct a ' s ▁method , ▁illustrated ▁in ▁the ▁table ▁above , ▁a ▁separate ▁h atch ing ▁represents ▁each ▁metal ▁and ▁colour , ▁while ▁the ▁f urs ▁are ▁treated ▁as ▁combinations ▁of ▁metal ▁and ▁colour . ▁ ▁Argent ▁is ▁represented ▁by ▁a ▁plain ▁field , ▁while ▁or ▁is ▁represented ▁by ▁a ▁field ▁stre wn ▁with ▁d ots . ▁ ▁G ules ▁is ▁represented ▁by ▁vertical ▁lines , ▁az ure ▁by ▁horizontal ▁lines , ▁and ▁s able ▁by ▁a ▁combination ▁of ▁horizontal ▁and ▁vertical ▁lines . ▁ ▁Di
agonal ▁lines ▁running ▁from ▁de x ter ▁chief ▁to ▁sin ister ▁base ▁represent ▁vert , ▁while ▁pur p ure ▁is ▁the ▁reverse , ▁represented ▁by ▁diagonal ▁lines ▁running ▁from ▁sin ister ▁chief ▁to ▁de x ter ▁base . ▁ ▁S angu ine ▁is ▁represented ▁by ▁diagonal ▁lines ▁running ▁in ▁each ▁direction , ▁while ▁t enn é ▁is ▁represented ▁by ▁a ▁combination ▁of ▁horizontal ▁lines ▁and ▁diagonal ▁lines ▁running ▁from ▁sin ister ▁chief ▁to ▁de x ter ▁base . ▁ ▁N ine ▁additional ▁h atch ings , ▁published ▁by ▁Marcus ▁V ul son ▁de ▁la ▁Colomb ière ▁in ▁ 1 6 3 9 , ▁were ▁intended ▁to ▁represent ▁other ▁colours , ▁although ▁none ▁of ▁them ▁correspond ▁with ▁regular ▁her ald ic ▁t inct ures , ▁and ▁they ▁have ▁never ▁been ▁used ▁in ▁British ▁arm ory . ▁ ▁A ▁combination ▁of ▁vertical ▁lines ▁with ▁diagonal ▁lines ▁running ▁from ▁de x ter ▁chief ▁to ▁sin ister ▁base ▁represents ▁brown ; ▁blood ▁red ▁is ▁represented ▁by ▁vertical ▁lines ▁combined ▁with ▁diagonal ▁lines ▁running ▁from ▁sin ister ▁chief ▁to ▁de x ter ▁base ; ▁earth - col our ▁by ▁horizontal ▁and ▁vertical ▁lines ▁combined ▁with ▁diagonal ▁lines ▁running ▁from ▁de x ter ▁chief ▁to ▁sin ister ▁base ; ▁iron - g rey ▁by ▁diagonal ▁lines ▁running ▁in ▁each ▁direction ▁( the ▁same ▁as ▁s angu ine ▁in ▁Pet ra ▁San ct a ' s ▁system ); ▁water - col our ▁by ▁broken ▁horizontal ▁lines ; ▁flesh - col our ▁by ▁broken ▁vertical ▁lines ; ▁as hen - g
rey ▁by ▁a ▁combination ▁of ▁broken ▁horizontal ▁and ▁broken ▁diagonal ▁lines ; ▁orange ▁by ▁broken ▁vertical ▁lines ▁inter sp ers ed ▁with ▁d ots ; ▁and ▁the ▁colour ▁of ▁nature ▁by ▁z ig - z ag ▁lines ▁running ▁from ▁de x ter ▁chief ▁to ▁sin ister ▁base . ▁ ▁Tr icking ▁ ▁Before ▁the ▁use ▁of ▁h atch ing ▁to ▁dep ict ▁individual ▁her ald ic ▁t inct ures , ▁it ▁was ▁common ▁to ▁" tr ick " ▁her ald ic ▁designs ▁when ▁colours ▁were ▁un available . ▁ ▁The ▁arms ▁would ▁be ▁drawn ▁in ▁outline , ▁and ▁the ▁t inct ures ▁written ▁in ▁ab bre vi ated ▁form : ▁O ▁or ▁or ▁for ▁or ; ▁A , ▁ar , ▁or ▁arg ▁for ▁arg ent , ▁G ▁or ▁gu ▁for ▁g ules ; ▁S ▁or ▁sa ▁for ▁s able ; ▁Az ▁or ▁B ▁for ▁az ure ▁( B ▁for ▁" blue " ▁being ▁used ▁in ▁older ▁trick ings ▁to ▁avoid ▁confusion ▁between ▁ar ▁and ▁az ); ▁V t ▁for ▁vert , ▁Pur p ▁for ▁pur p ure , ▁and ▁Pr ▁for ▁proper . ▁ ▁Although ▁most ▁records ▁of ▁the ▁College ▁of ▁Ar ms ▁are ▁in ▁colour , ▁the ▁practice ▁of ▁trick ing ▁is ▁used ▁in ▁all ▁other ▁cases , ▁even ▁after ▁the ▁widespread ▁adoption ▁of ▁h atch ing ▁for ▁printing ▁and ▁en gr aving ▁arms . ▁ ▁French ▁her ald ry ▁also ▁uses ▁trick ing ▁to ▁dep ict ▁her ald ic ▁t inct ures , ▁using ▁O ▁for ▁; ▁A ▁for ▁; ▁G
▁for ▁; ▁S ▁for ▁; ▁B ▁for ▁ ▁( to ▁avoid ▁confusing ▁ ▁with ▁); ▁ ▁V ▁for ▁ ▁( to ▁avoid ▁confusing ▁ ▁with ▁); ▁P ▁for ▁ ▁or ▁; ▁and ▁Pr ▁for ▁. ▁ ▁In ▁German ▁her ald ry , ▁G ▁is ▁used ▁for ▁ ▁( gold ); ▁W ▁for ▁ ▁( white ); ▁R ▁for ▁ ▁( red ); ▁S ▁for ▁ ▁( black ); ▁B ▁for ▁ ▁( blue ); ▁and ▁Gr , ▁or ▁a ▁shape ▁like ▁an ▁upright ▁leaf , ▁for ▁ ▁( green ); ▁German ▁her ald ry ▁makes ▁little ▁use ▁of ▁pur p ure , ▁but ▁in ▁its ▁place ▁allows ▁Br ▁for ▁ ▁( b rown ). ▁ ▁These ▁ab bre vi ations ▁may ▁be ▁either ▁capital ized ▁or ▁lower case . ▁ ▁Po etic ▁representation ▁ ▁Her ald ry ▁has ▁been ▁influenced ▁by ▁alleg or ical ▁and ▁ast rolog ical ▁views , ▁including ▁the ▁idea ▁of ▁sym path ies ▁and ▁ant ip ath ies ▁among ▁stars , ▁miner als , ▁animals , ▁plants , ▁and ▁people . ▁Some ▁t inct ures ▁were ▁considered ▁to ▁represent ▁ast rolog ical ▁symbols . ▁ ▁The ▁l ore ▁of ▁sym path ies ▁origin ated ▁with ▁the ▁Bab ylon ians , ▁who ▁saw ▁g ems ▁and ▁rare ▁miner als ▁as ▁the ▁concentr ates ▁of ▁cos mic ▁powers . ▁ ▁Later , ▁Pl iny ▁the ▁Eld er ' s ▁Natural ▁History ▁organized ▁nature ▁according ▁to ▁a ▁system ▁of ▁sym path ies ▁and ▁ant ip ath ies ▁among ▁species ▁and ▁other ▁elements
▁of ▁the ▁natural ▁world . ▁This ▁doctrine ▁influenced ▁medieval ▁medicine , ▁pharm acy , ▁al che my ▁and ▁also ▁her ald ry . ▁During ▁the ▁ 1 3 5 0 s , ▁the ▁work ▁of ▁Bart olo ▁de ▁S asso fer r ato ▁( 1 3 1 3 / 1 3 1 4 - 1 3 5 7 ) ▁linked ▁Or ▁to ▁the ▁sun , ▁Azure ▁to ▁the ▁element ▁air , ▁and ▁G ules ▁to ▁the ▁element ▁fire . ▁Honor é ▁Bon et , ▁a ▁her ald ist ▁from ▁Prov ence , ▁declared ▁in ▁his ▁work ▁Ar bre ▁des ▁B ata illes ▁( 1 3 8 7 ) ▁that ▁the ▁metal ▁gold ▁( Or ) ▁is ▁the ▁nob l est ▁in ▁the ▁world ▁because , ▁due ▁to ▁its ▁very ▁nature , ▁it ▁is ▁bright ▁and ▁shining ▁and ▁full ▁of ▁virt ues . ▁During ▁the ▁late ▁medieval ▁period ▁and ▁Rena issance , ▁there ▁was ▁an ▁occasional ▁practice ▁of ▁bl az oning ▁t inct ures ▁by ▁gem st ones , ▁or ▁by ▁references ▁to ▁the ▁seven ▁classical ▁" plan ets " ▁( including ▁the ▁sun ▁and ▁the ▁moon ). ▁ ▁The ▁work ▁of ▁Bon et ▁influenced ▁the ▁ 1 5 th ▁century ▁Burg und ian ▁her ald ist ▁Jean ▁Cour to is ▁( d . ▁ 1 4 3 6 ), ▁also ▁known ▁as ▁the ▁Sic ily ▁Her ald . ▁In ▁his ▁work ▁Le ▁Bl ason ▁des ▁Cou le urs ▁( 1 4 1 4 ), ▁Cour to is ▁developed ▁a ▁her ald ic ▁system
▁consisting ▁of ▁the ▁t inct ures , ▁planets ▁and ▁carb un cles , ▁together ▁with ▁the ▁virt ues , ▁met als , ▁months , ▁the ▁z od iac , ▁and ▁week days . ▁His ▁main ▁contribution ▁was ▁the ▁development ▁of ▁a ▁gem stone - plan etary ▁bl az on ▁that ▁related ▁color ▁to ▁gem stone ▁to ▁planet : ▁or , ▁top az , ▁the ▁sun ; ▁arg ent , ▁pear l , ▁the ▁moon ; ▁g ules , ▁rub y , ▁Mars ; ▁s able , ▁diamond , ▁Sat urn ; ▁az ure , ▁sap ph ire , ▁J upiter ; ▁vert , ▁emer ald , ▁Ven us ; ▁pur p ure , ▁am eth yst , ▁Mer cury ; ▁t enn é , ▁j ac inth , ▁dragon ' s ▁head ▁( asc ending ▁lun ar ▁node ); ▁s angu ine / m ur rey , ▁s ard ony x , ▁dragon ' s ▁tail ▁( desc ending ▁lun ar ▁node ). ▁ ▁The ▁dragon ' s ▁head ▁( also ▁called ▁An ab ib az on ▁in ▁astr onomy ▁and ▁ast rol ogy ) ▁and ▁dragon ' s ▁tail ▁( also ▁called ▁Cat ab ib az on ) ▁were ▁in ▁use ▁from ▁ancient ▁times . ▁In ▁her ald ry ▁the ▁dragon ' s ▁head ▁symbol izes ▁a ▁light ▁colour ▁( ten né ), ▁and ▁dragon ' s ▁tail ▁symbol izes ▁a ▁dark ▁colour ▁( s angu ine ). ▁In ▁al che my ▁the ▁dragon ' s ▁head ▁is ▁the ▁mater ia ▁prima
▁that ▁is ▁subject ed ▁to ▁trans mut ation ▁to ▁produce ▁the ▁philos opher ' s ▁stone . ▁During ▁the ▁process ▁of ▁trans mut ation ▁the ▁light - colored ▁starting ▁material ▁is ▁transformed ▁to ▁a ▁dark er ▁and ▁more ▁redd ish ▁one . ▁In ▁ast rol ogy ▁the ▁dragon ' s ▁head ▁is ▁connected ▁to ▁good ▁luck , ▁while ▁the ▁dragon ' s ▁tail ▁is ▁un l ucky . ▁These ▁links ▁indicate ▁that ▁her ald ry ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 5 th ▁century ▁was ▁strongly ▁under ▁the ▁influence ▁of ▁magical ▁views ▁and ▁al chem istic ▁ideas , ▁which ▁were ▁in ▁turn ▁connected ▁to ▁the ▁l ore ▁of ▁sym path ies ▁between ▁colors , ▁planets , ▁gem st ones , ▁met als , ▁virt ues ▁etc . ▁▁ ▁The ▁work ▁of ▁Jean ▁Cour to is ▁was ▁distributed ▁in ▁manuscript s ▁and ▁later ▁in ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁first ▁books ▁printed ▁in ▁French . ▁During ▁the ▁T ud or ▁and ▁Stuart ▁dyn ast ies ▁in ▁England ▁( 1 4 8 5 – 1 7 0 2 ), ▁it ▁appeared ▁in ▁her ald ry ▁man uals . ▁In ▁his ▁book ▁Tra ité ▁du ▁bl ason ▁( 1 4 6 5 ), ▁Cl ément ▁Pr ins ault ▁deals ▁with ▁the ▁relation ▁of ▁colors ▁to ▁the ▁virt ues , ▁the ▁seven ▁planets , ▁the ▁ 1 2 ▁cel est ial ▁signs , ▁gem st ones , ▁week days , ▁the ▁three ▁elements ▁etc . ▁This ▁book ▁is ▁among ▁the ▁earliest ▁writ ings ▁on ▁her ald ry ▁available ▁today . ▁
▁The ▁English ▁historian ▁and ▁her ald ist ▁Sir ▁Henry ▁Sp el man ▁( 1 5 6 4 – 1 6 4 1 ) ▁used ▁the ▁symbols ▁of ▁the ▁planets ▁to ▁design ate ▁t inct ures ▁in ▁his ▁ 1 6 5 4 ▁book ▁A sp il og ia . ▁Sir ▁John ▁Fer ne ▁( d . ▁ 1 6 0 9 ) ▁enumer ates ▁ 1 4 ▁different ▁methods ▁of ▁bl az on : ▁ 1 . ▁by ▁colors ; ▁▁ 2 . ▁by ▁planets ; ▁▁ 3 . ▁by ▁precious ▁stones ; ▁▁ 4 . ▁by ▁virt ues ; ▁▁ 5 . ▁by ▁cel est ial ▁signs ; ▁▁ 6 . ▁by ▁the ▁months ▁of ▁the ▁y ea ; ▁▁ 7 . ▁by ▁the ▁days ▁of ▁the ▁week ; ▁ 8 . ▁by ▁the ▁ages ▁of ▁man ; ▁ 9 . ▁by ▁flowers ; ▁ 1 0 . ▁by ▁the ▁elements ; ▁ 1 1 . ▁by ▁the ▁seasons ▁of ▁the ▁year ; ▁ 1 2 . ▁by ▁the ▁complex ions ▁of ▁man ; ▁ 1 3 . ▁by ▁numbers ; ▁and ▁ 1 4 . ▁by ▁met als . ▁▁ ▁As ▁well ▁as ▁the ▁main ▁t inct ures , ▁trick ing ▁ab bre vi ations ▁for ▁other ▁t inct ures ▁such ▁as ▁Pro per ▁– ▁p pr , ▁pp , ▁E rm ine ▁– ▁er ▁etc . ▁existed ▁in ▁English ▁and ▁some ▁other ▁languages ▁during ▁the ▁Rena issance . ▁To ▁design ate ▁car n ation ▁( car nea ▁t inct ura
), ▁the ▁z od iac ▁sign ▁of ▁Leo ▁was ▁used ▁in ▁reverse ▁( ). ▁German ▁her ald ry ▁used ▁tre fo il ▁to ▁design ate ▁colors ▁other ▁than ▁the ▁seven ▁main ▁t inct ures ▁( "" ). ▁Sp ener ▁( 1 7 1 7 . ▁p . 1 1 3 ) ▁also ▁linked ▁t enn é ▁and ▁s angu ine ▁to ▁the ▁z od iac ▁sign ▁of ▁Leo ▁() ▁. ▁Rud ol phi ▁also ▁refers ▁to ▁tre fo il ▁( ♣ ) ▁as ▁a ▁design ation ▁of ▁colour ▁vert , ▁usually ▁connected ▁with ▁Ven us . ▁He ▁also ▁assigned ▁specific ▁vari ants ▁of ▁ast rolog ical ▁signs ▁for ▁dragon ' s ▁head ▁and ▁dragon ' s ▁tail ▁( <0xE2> <0x98> <0x8A> <0xE2> <0x98> <0x8B> ), ▁derived ▁from ▁the ▁sign ▁for ▁Leo , ▁to ▁the ▁t inct ures ▁orange ▁and ▁car n ation , ▁respectively . ▁ ▁Ult imately , ▁a ▁system ▁of ▁nine ▁t inct ures ▁was ▁developed , ▁with ▁du kes , ▁ ▁e arl s , ▁and ▁bar ons ▁having ▁their ▁arms ▁bl az oned ▁by ▁gem st ones , ▁and ▁prin ces , ▁kings ▁and ▁em per ors ▁having ▁arms ▁bl az oned ▁by ▁the ▁planets . ▁It ▁is ▁worth ▁noting ▁that ▁the ▁Aust rian ▁trou bad our ▁and ▁her ald ▁Peter ▁S uc hen w irt ▁( c . ▁ 1 3 2 0 - 1 3 9 5 ) ▁used ▁gem st ones ▁to ▁design ate ▁the ▁t inct ures ▁even ▁earlier ▁( c . ▁
1 3 5 5 ) ▁in ▁the ▁coat ▁of ▁arms ▁of ▁the ▁Hung arian ▁king ▁Louis ▁the ▁Great ▁( 1 3 4 2 – 1 3 8 2 ). ▁ ▁Kon rad ▁von ▁W ür z burg ▁( c . ▁ 1 2 3 0 ▁- 1 2 8 7 ) ▁also ▁mentioned ▁co ats ▁of ▁arms ▁made ▁of ▁gem st ones ▁in ▁his ▁poem ▁Turn ier ▁von ▁N ant he iz ▁( c . ▁ 1 2 5 8 ), ▁for ▁example ▁describing ▁the ▁arms ▁of ▁the ▁king ▁of ▁England ▁as ▁an ▁esc ut che on ▁covered ▁with ▁Arab ian ▁gold ▁with ▁le op ards ▁made ▁of ▁rub ies ▁( lines ▁ 3 1 0 - 3 2 0 ). ▁ ▁Foot notes ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Bibli ography ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁▁▁▁ ▁Category : Color ▁in ▁culture ▁Category : Her ald ry <0x0A> </s> ▁Mach iner ies ▁of ▁Empire ▁is ▁a ▁tr il ogy ▁of ▁military ▁science ▁fiction / science ▁fantasy / space ▁opera ▁novels ▁by ▁the ▁American ▁writer ▁Y oon ▁Ha ▁Lee ▁and ▁published ▁by ▁Sol aris ▁Books . ▁It ▁consists ▁of ▁N ine fox ▁G amb it ▁( 2 0 1 6 ), ▁R aven ▁Str at agem ▁( 2 0 1 7 ) ▁and ▁Rev en ant ▁Gun ▁( 2 0 1 8 ). ▁The ▁tr il ogy ▁follows ▁the ▁young ▁inf antry ▁captain ▁Kel ▁Cher is ▁and ▁the ▁trait orous ▁general ▁Sh u os ▁Jed ao ▁in ▁a ▁war ▁among ▁fa ctions ▁of ▁a ▁desp otic
▁inter stell ar ▁empire , ▁the ▁He x arch ate , ▁whose ▁technology ▁and ▁power ▁is ▁based ▁on ▁the ▁population ' s ▁faith ▁in ▁the ▁imperial ▁calendar . ▁ ▁Several ▁of ▁Lee ' s ▁short ▁stories ▁are ▁pre qu els ▁to ▁the ▁tr il ogy . ▁ ▁N ine fox ▁G amb it ▁received ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 7 L ocus ▁Award ▁for ▁Best ▁First ▁Nov el , ▁and ▁was ▁nominated ▁for ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁Neb ula ▁and ▁ 2 0 1 7 ▁Hugo ▁Awards ▁for ▁Best ▁Nov el , ▁and ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 7 ▁Clar ke ▁award . ▁R aven ▁Str at agem ▁was ▁nominated ▁for ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 8 ▁Hugo ▁Award ▁for ▁Best ▁Nov el . ▁Rev en ant ▁Gun ▁was ▁nominated ▁for ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 9 ▁Hugo ▁Award ▁for ▁Best ▁Nov el ▁ ▁Nov els ▁N ine fox ▁G amb it , ▁Sol aris , ▁ 1 4 ▁June ▁ 2 0 1 6 , ▁ ▁R aven ▁Str at agem , ▁Sol aris , ▁ 1 3 ▁June ▁ 2 0 1 7 , ▁ ▁Rev en ant ▁Gun , ▁Sol aris , ▁ 1 2 ▁June ▁ 2 0 1 8 , ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : N ov el ▁series ▁Category : 2 1 st - century ▁American ▁novels ▁Category : Space ▁opera ▁novels ▁Category : Mil itary ▁science ▁fiction ▁novels <0x0A> </s> ▁This ▁is ▁list ▁of ▁Eastern ▁Catholic ▁sem in aries ▁in ▁the ▁world
. ▁They ▁prepare ▁candidates ▁for ▁the ▁p ries th ood . ▁ ▁Alexand rian ▁lit urg ical ▁tradition ▁ ▁( C opt ic ) ▁St . ▁Leo ’ s ▁Patri arch al ▁Sem inary ▁in ▁Ma adi ▁( 1 9 5 3 ), ▁a ▁sub urb ▁of ▁C airo ▁( E th iop ian ) ▁Sem inary ▁in ▁As m ara , ▁E rit rea ▁( E th iop ian ) ▁Sem inary ▁in ▁K eren , ▁E rit rea ▁( E th iop ian ) ▁Cap uch in ▁Francis can ▁Institute ▁of ▁Philosoph y ▁and ▁The ology ▁in ▁Add is ▁Ab aba , ▁Eth iop ia ▁( E th iop ian ) ▁Sem inary ▁in ▁Ad igr at , ▁Eth iop ia ▁( E th iop ian ) ▁Pont if ical ▁Eth iop ian ▁College ▁in ▁Rome ▁ ▁Ant io ch ian ▁( Ant i oche ne ▁or ▁West - Sy ri ac ) ▁lit urg ical ▁tradition ▁▁ ▁( M aron ite ) ▁Sem inary ▁of ▁St . ▁Ant oine ▁in ▁Leb anon ▁ ▁( M aron ite ) Col leg io ▁dei ▁Mar on iti ▁( 1 5 8 4 , ▁re op ened ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 0 ) ▁in ▁Rome ▁ ▁( M aron ite ) ▁Mar on ite ▁Patri arch al ▁Sem inary ▁at ▁Gh az ir ▁ ▁( M aron ite ) ▁di oc es an ▁sem inary ▁at ▁K arm ▁Sad de , ▁near ▁Tri pol i ▁ ▁( M aron ite ) ▁Our
▁Lady ▁of ▁Leb anon ▁Sem inary ▁in ▁Washington , ▁D . C . ▁ ▁The ▁Holy ▁Spirit ▁University ▁of ▁Kas lik ▁, ▁Leb anon ▁provides ▁advanced ▁the ological ▁education ▁for ▁Mar on ite ▁ ▁( Sy ri ac ) ▁Al - Char f et ▁Patri arch al ▁Sem inary ▁ ▁in ▁Leb anon ▁ ▁( Sy ro - Mal ank ara ) ▁St . ▁Mary ’ s ▁Mal ank ara ▁Major ▁Sem inary ▁( 1 9 8 3 ) ▁at ▁T riv and rum ▁ ▁Armen ian ▁lit urg ical ▁tradition ▁ ▁Italy ▁Col leg io ▁Armen o ▁in ▁Rome ▁ ▁Leb anon ▁ ▁B z ou mm ar ▁Sem inary ▁in ▁B z ou mm ar ▁ ▁Me ch itar ist ▁F athers ▁Sem inary ▁in ▁B ik f aya ▁ ▁Ch al de an ▁or ▁East ▁Sy ri ac ▁lit urg ical ▁tradition ▁ ▁India ▁ ▁Mal pan ▁Sem inary ▁with ▁University ▁status ▁in ▁K ott ap ur am / ▁P all ip ur am ▁Est ab lished ▁by ▁Patri arch ▁of ▁Church ▁of ▁The ▁East ▁in ▁AD ▁ 4 5 0 ▁for ▁Mal ab ar , ▁later ▁sem inary ▁was ▁shifted ▁to ▁Man an am ▁and ▁diss olved ▁in ▁St . J ose ph ' s ▁Sem inary ▁of ▁Sy ro ▁- ▁Mal ab ar ▁Church ▁C MI ▁f athers ▁ ▁Sy ro - Mal ab ar ▁St . ▁Joseph ' s ▁Pont if ical ▁Sem inary ▁( M ang al ap uz ha ▁Sem inary ) ▁in ▁M ang
al ap uz ha , ▁Al u va ▁ ▁Sy ro - Mal ab ar ▁St . ▁Thomas ▁A post olic ▁Sem inary ▁in ▁V ad av ath oor ▁ ▁Sy ro - Mal ab ar ▁Good ▁She pher d ▁Major ▁Sem inary ▁ ▁in ▁K unn oth , ▁Tell ich erry ▁ ▁Sy ro - Mal ab ar ▁St . ▁E ph rem ▁Major ▁Sem inary ▁for ▁M issions , ▁Sat na ▁ ▁Sy ro - Mal ab ar ▁Mary ▁Math a ▁Major ▁Sem inary , ▁Th r iss ur ▁ ▁Iraq ▁ ▁( Ch al de an ) ▁St . ▁Peter ▁Sem inary ▁for ▁Ch al de an ▁Patri arch ate ▁in ▁Iraq . ▁http :// ch al de anse min ary . com / ▁United ▁States ▁ ▁( Ch al de an ) ▁The ▁Sem inary ▁of ▁Mar ▁Abb a ▁the ▁Great ▁in ▁San ▁Diego ▁ ▁By z antine ▁( Constant in opol itan ) ▁lit urg ical ▁tradition ▁▁ ▁Brazil ▁ ▁( U kr ain ian ) ▁Greek ▁Catholic ▁Sem inary ▁in ▁Cur it iba ▁ ▁Canada ▁ ▁( U kr ain ian ) ▁Holy ▁Spirit ▁Sem inary ▁of ▁Ukrain ian ▁Greek ▁Catholic ▁Church , ▁Ed mont on , ▁Alber ta ▁ ▁Cro at ia ▁ ▁Greek ▁Catholic ▁Sem inary ▁in ▁Zag reb ▁ ▁Germany ▁ ▁Col leg ium ▁O rient ale ▁in ▁E ich st ätt ▁Hung ary ▁▁▁ ▁Saint ▁Ath anas ius ▁Greek ▁Catholic ▁College ▁of ▁The ology ▁and ▁Sem inary ▁in ▁Ny í reg y h
á za ▁ ▁Israel ▁and ▁the ▁Palestinian ▁Terr itories ▁▁ ▁( M el k ite ) ▁St . ▁Anne ’ s ▁Sem inary ▁in ▁Jerusalem , ▁under ▁the ▁direction ▁of ▁the ▁White ▁F athers ▁( now ▁called ▁the ▁Mission aries ▁of ▁Africa ) ▁closed ▁ ▁( M el k ite ) ▁Holy ▁Sav ior ▁Sem inary ▁in ▁Be it ▁S ah our , ▁Holy ▁Land , ▁for ▁di oc es es ▁in ▁Israel , ▁Jordan , ▁the ▁West ▁Bank ▁and ▁G aza ▁of ▁Mel k ite ▁ ▁Italy ▁ ▁Ukrain ian ▁Pont if ical ▁College ▁of ▁Saint ▁Jos aph at ▁( 1 8 9 7 ) ▁ ▁Pont if ical ▁Ukrain ian ▁College ▁of ▁the ▁Protection ▁of ▁our ▁Lady ▁in ▁Rome ▁( closed ) ▁ ▁Pont if ical ▁Greek ▁College ▁of ▁Saint ▁Ath anas ius ▁( P ont ific io ▁Col leg io ▁Gre co ) ▁in ▁Rome ▁ ▁Col leg ium ▁Russ ic um ▁ ▁( P ont ific io ▁Col leg io ▁Rus so ) ▁( 1 9 2 9 ) ▁in ▁Rome ▁ ▁Pont if ical ▁Roman ian ▁College ▁(“ P io ▁Rom eno ”) ▁in ▁Rome ▁ ▁Leb anon ▁ ▁( M el k ite ) ▁Patri arch al ▁Sem inary ▁of ▁St . ▁Anne ▁in ▁Rab ou eh , ▁Ant el ias , ▁Leb anon ▁ ▁Rom ania ▁ ▁Greek ▁Catholic ▁The ological ▁Fac ulty ▁at ▁the ▁B abe ș - B oly ai ▁University ▁in ▁Cl uj - N ap oca ▁ ▁Slov ak ia ▁ ▁(
Sl ov ak ) ▁By z antine ▁Catholic ▁Sem inary ▁of ▁Pav ol ▁Peter ▁Go j di č ▁in ▁Pre š ov ▁ ▁United ▁States ▁ ▁( R ut hen ian ) ▁By z antine ▁Catholic ▁Sem inary ▁of ▁SS . ▁Cyr il ▁and ▁Method ius ▁of ▁( R ut hen ian ) ▁By z antine ▁Catholic ▁Church ▁Pittsburgh , ▁PA ▁ ▁( U kr ain ian ) ▁St . ▁Bas il ▁College ▁Sem inary , ▁of ▁Ukrain ian ▁Catholic ▁Ep archy ▁of ▁St am ford ▁ ▁( U kr ain ian ) ▁Saint ▁Jos aph at ▁Sem inary , ▁Washington , ▁DC ▁ ▁St . ▁Bas il ' s ▁Greek ▁Mel k ite ▁Catholic ▁Sem inary ▁M eth uen , ▁Massachusetts ▁ ▁Ukraine ▁ ▁Ukrain ian ▁Catholic ▁University ▁in ▁L viv ▁ ▁Holy ▁Spirit ▁Sem inary ▁of ▁Ukrain ian ▁Greek ▁Catholic ▁Church , ▁L viv ▁ ▁Greek ▁Catholic ▁Sem inary ▁in ▁U zh hor od ▁( 1 9 9 5 ) ▁ ▁Sem inary ▁of ▁B less ed ▁Mart yr s ▁Se very n , ▁Y ak ym ▁and ▁V ital ij ▁of ▁Ukrain ian ▁Greek ▁Catholic ▁Church , ▁in ▁D ro h ob ych ▁ ▁Greek ▁Catholic ▁Sem inary ▁in ▁Iv ano - Fr ank iv sk ▁ ▁Greek ▁Catholic ▁Sem inary ▁in ▁T ern op il ▁ ▁Greek ▁Catholic ▁Three ▁S aints ▁Inter ep ach ial ▁Sem inary ▁in ▁Ky iv ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁List ▁of ▁Roman ▁Catholic ▁sem in aries ▁List ▁of ▁evangel ical ▁sem in aries ▁and ▁the
ological ▁colleges ▁Pont if ical ▁Ori ental ▁Institute ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁ ▁Sy ro - Mal ank ara ▁Sem in aries ▁and ▁Institut ions ▁ ▁Sy ro - Mal ab ar ▁Sem in aries ▁ ▁* se min aries ▁Category : List s ▁of ▁Catholic ▁universities ▁and ▁colleges ▁* <0x0A> </s> ▁Mass imo ▁Mar che se ▁( born ▁ ▁in ▁Sav ona , ▁Italy ) ▁is ▁an ▁Italian ▁musician , ▁l uten ist , ▁the orb ist ▁and ▁recording ▁artist . ▁ ▁Biography ▁Born ▁in ▁Sav ona ▁in ▁the ▁Italian ▁region ▁of ▁L ig ur ia , ▁Mar che se ▁was ▁a ▁student ▁of ▁Jak ob ▁Lind berg ▁at ▁the ▁Royal ▁College ▁of ▁Music ▁in ▁London . ▁ ▁Coll abor ations ▁He ▁collabor ated ▁with ▁the ▁pip a ▁player ▁J iao ▁X i ang wen ▁and ▁the ▁poet ▁Sand ro ▁B oc card i ▁He ▁accompanied ▁N ig el ▁Rogers , ▁Ott av io ▁D ant one , ▁Fl av io ▁Col us so , ▁Fl av io ▁Em ilio ▁Sc og na , ▁and ▁many ▁ensemble ▁as ▁a ▁Bass o ▁continu o ▁musician . ▁ ▁He ▁played ▁in ▁Europe , ▁Asia ▁and ▁South ▁America . ▁ ▁His ▁record ings ▁include ▁the ▁works ▁of ▁Francesco ▁Sp in ac ino ▁, ▁Francis c us ▁B oss in ensis , ▁Jo ach im ▁van ▁den ▁H ove ▁, ▁Robert ▁de ▁Vis ée , ▁Gab ri ele ▁Fall am ero , ▁and ▁Roman ▁T uro v sky - S av ch uk
. ▁ ▁Partial ▁disc ography ▁ ▁Roman ▁T uro v sky - S av ch uk ▁- ▁" Dialog ues ▁with ▁Time " ▁( da V in ci ▁Edition ▁C 0 0 0 2 8 , ▁ 2 0 1 7 ) ▁ ▁Francesco ▁Sp in ac ino ▁- ▁Int av ol atura ▁di ▁Le uto , ▁Lib ri ▁I ▁e ▁II ▁( T act us , ▁ 2 0 0 6 ) ▁ ▁Francis c us ▁B oss in ensis ▁- ▁Pet rar ca ▁ed ▁il ▁cant are ▁a ▁Le uro ▁( T act us , ▁ 2 0 0 7 ) ▁ ▁The ▁jour neys ▁of ▁Rub ens ▁- ▁Music ▁from ▁the ▁courts ▁of ▁Europe ▁ ▁( Cent aur ▁Records ▁ 2 0 1 1 ) ▁ ▁V irt u oso ▁V ih uela ▁music ▁from ▁Spain ▁and ▁Italy ▁ ▁( Cent aur ▁records , ▁ 2 0 1 3 ) ▁ ▁Robert ▁de ▁V ise e ▁La ▁mus ique ▁de ▁la ▁ch amb re ▁du ▁R oi ▁voll ▁I , ▁II ▁and ▁III ▁( Br ill iant ▁Class ics ▁ 2 0 1 3 ) ▁ ▁Jo ach im ▁van ▁den ▁H ove ▁- ▁Florida ▁ ▁( Br ill iant ▁Class ics ▁ 2 0 1 5 ) ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁L ute ▁The or bo ▁V ih uela ▁Bass o ▁continu o ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁▁▁ ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : It al ian ▁l uten ists ▁Category : People ▁from ▁Sav ona
▁Category : 1 9 6 5 ▁birth s <0x0A> </s> ▁Tr iss od or is ▁p ans ella ▁is ▁a ▁m oth ▁in ▁the ▁family ▁Cos m opter ig idae . ▁It ▁is ▁found ▁on ▁R enn ell ▁Island . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Natural ▁History ▁Museum ▁L ep id opter a ▁generic ▁names ▁catalog ▁ ▁Category : C os m opter ig ina e <0x0A> </s> ▁F rog ▁Station ▁is ▁an ▁un inc or por ated ▁community ▁in ▁the ▁towns ▁of ▁Red ▁River ▁and ▁Luxem burg , ▁in ▁K ew a une e ▁County , ▁Wisconsin , ▁United ▁States . ▁It ▁sits ▁at ▁the ▁jun ction ▁of ▁County ▁Tr unk ▁K ▁and ▁County ▁Tr unk ▁AB , ▁about ▁ ▁north ▁of ▁the ▁village ▁of ▁Luxem burg . ▁ ▁Notes ▁ ▁Category : Un inc or por ated ▁communities ▁in ▁Wisconsin ▁Category : Un inc or por ated ▁communities ▁in ▁K ew a une e ▁County , ▁Wisconsin <0x0A> </s> ▁A ▁swing ▁yard er ▁is ▁a ▁mobile ▁piece ▁of ▁heavy ▁duty ▁forest ry ▁equipment ▁used ▁for ▁pulling ▁logs ▁from ▁the ▁woods ▁to ▁a ▁logging ▁road ▁with ▁c ables . ▁ ▁The ▁swing ▁yard er ▁is ▁also ▁known ▁as ▁a ▁gr apple ▁yard er . ▁ ▁In ▁any ▁logging ▁operation , ▁it ▁is ▁necessary ▁to ▁transport ▁the ▁harvest ed ▁tree ▁from ▁the ▁st ump ▁to ▁a ▁landing ▁for ▁transport ▁to ▁market ▁( us ually ▁on ▁a ▁truck ). ▁If ▁the ▁ground ▁is ▁relatively ▁flat ▁it ▁may ▁be ▁possible ▁to ▁transport ▁the ▁tree ▁or ▁logs
▁cut ▁from ▁the ▁tree ▁on ▁a ▁wheel ed ▁or ▁track ed ▁machine . ▁▁ ▁However ▁if ▁the ▁ground ▁is ▁too ▁steep ▁for ▁the ▁operation ▁of ▁such ▁machinery , ▁it ▁is ▁common ▁practice ▁to ▁rig ▁some ▁sort ▁of ▁a ▁cable ▁system ▁for ▁moving ▁the ▁wood . ▁ ▁The ▁swing ▁yard er ▁is ▁one ▁of ▁several ▁varieties ▁of ▁machines ▁that ▁have ▁been ▁used ▁for ▁this ▁purpose . ▁▁ ▁The ▁swing ▁yard er ▁has ▁several ▁drums ▁to ▁pull ▁in ▁the ▁c ables . ▁The ▁c ables ▁run ▁up ▁an ▁ang led ▁boom ▁and ▁then ▁to ▁the ▁far ▁side ▁of ▁a ▁setting . ▁ ▁By ▁using ▁two ▁c ables ▁set ▁up ▁like ▁a ▁clothes ▁line , ▁the ▁rig ging ▁can ▁be ▁pulled ▁out ▁and ▁logs ▁can ▁be ▁pulled ▁across ▁a ▁logging ▁setting ▁where ▁the ▁trees ▁have ▁been ▁previously ▁fell ed . ▁ ▁This ▁machine ▁is ▁most ▁suitable ▁for ▁steep ▁ground ▁where ▁it ▁is ▁difficult ▁to ▁access ▁the ▁logs ▁with ▁other ▁machinery . ▁ ▁Sw ing ▁yard ers ▁can ▁also ▁be ▁used ▁in ▁fl atter ▁areas ▁with ▁lighter ▁loads . ▁ ▁While ▁there ▁are ▁various ▁rig ging ▁options , ▁the ▁most ▁common ▁one ▁uses ▁a ▁gr apple ▁that ▁can ▁be ▁lowered ▁onto ▁a ▁logs ▁and ▁closed ▁via ▁the ▁cable ▁system . ▁ ▁Using ▁a ▁gr apple ▁avoid s ▁the ▁need ▁for ▁people ▁in ▁the ▁setting ▁to ▁attach ▁ch ok ers ▁to ▁the ▁log . ▁ ▁Ch oker ▁setting ▁as ▁a ▁profession ▁is ▁a ▁very ▁dangerous ▁occupation . ▁ ▁The ▁main ▁difference ▁between ▁a ▁swing ▁yard er ▁and ▁a
▁tower ▁yard er ▁is ▁that ▁the ▁upper works ▁is ▁mounted ▁on ▁a ▁large ▁sle wing ▁bearing . ▁ ▁This ▁bearing ▁perm its ▁the ▁boom ▁and ▁cable ▁system ▁to ▁be ▁' sw ung ' ▁across ▁a ▁setting ▁without ▁rel oc ating ▁the ▁machine . ▁ ▁An ▁experienced ▁operator ▁uses ▁timing ▁and ▁cable ▁tension ▁to ▁swing ▁the ▁gr apple ▁to ▁the ▁desired ▁location . ▁▁ ▁In ▁practice , ▁however , ▁the ▁main ▁benefit ▁of ▁a ▁swing ing ▁machine ▁is ▁that ▁once ▁the ▁logs ▁are ▁yard ed ▁up ▁to ▁the ▁machine , ▁they ▁can ▁be ▁swung ▁to ▁the ▁side ▁and ▁landed . ▁▁ ▁This ▁allows ▁the ▁machine ▁to ▁be ▁positioned ▁in ▁a ▁small ▁area ▁such ▁as ▁on ▁a ▁road , ▁and ▁to ▁land ▁( set ▁down ) ▁the ▁logs ▁on ▁the ▁road ▁behind ▁( or ▁in ▁front ▁of ) ▁the ▁machine . ▁ ▁By ▁contrast ▁a ▁tower ▁has ▁no ▁options ▁on ▁where ▁to ▁set ▁the ▁logs --- so ▁the ▁tower ▁has ▁to ▁be ▁positioned ▁back ▁from ▁the ▁break ▁of ▁the ▁hill ▁so ▁as ▁to ▁leave ▁a ▁landing ▁area ▁on ▁the ▁down hill ▁side ▁of ▁the ▁machine , ▁the ▁logs ▁can ▁only ▁be ▁pulled ▁up ▁to ▁near ▁the ▁tower ▁and ▁then ▁lowered ▁to ▁the ▁ground ▁making ▁it ▁necessary ▁for ▁a ▁sh ov el ▁( log ▁loader ) ▁to ▁also ▁be ▁present ▁to ▁remove ▁the ▁logs ▁once ▁landed . ▁▁ ▁Im plicit ly ▁a ▁swing ▁machine ▁does ▁not ▁need ▁to ▁be ▁as ▁tall ▁as ▁a ▁tower ▁machine ▁particularly ▁in ▁steep ▁ground ▁because ▁the ▁swing ▁machine ▁can ▁be ▁set
▁right ▁up ▁to ▁the ▁' edge ' ▁of ▁the ▁steep ▁ground ▁while ▁the ▁tower ▁must ▁be ▁set ▁back ▁from ▁the ▁' edge ' ▁to ▁allow ▁landing ▁space . ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁ ▁Washington ▁TL - 6 ▁Sw ing ▁yard er ▁ ▁Category : Log ▁transport ▁Category : Fore st ry ▁equipment <0x0A> </s> ▁Ber cz ik ▁Á rp ád ▁ ▁( J uly ▁ 8 , ▁ 1 8 4 2 ▁in ▁Tem es v ár ▁– ▁July ▁ 1 6 , ▁ 1 9 1 9 ▁in ▁Budapest ) ▁was ▁a ▁Hung arian ▁writer . ▁ ▁He ▁studied ▁laws ▁and ▁worked ▁for ▁the ▁administration , ▁K isf al ud y ▁T á rs as ág ▁( 1 8 7 3 ) ▁and ▁ ▁B ors sz em ▁J ank ó . ▁He ▁published ▁his ▁writ ings ▁in ▁publications ▁such ▁as ▁P est i ▁Nap l ó ▁( 1 8 7 0 – 7 2 ), ▁but ▁he ▁is ▁mainly ▁known ▁for ▁his ▁the atr ical ▁plays . ▁ ▁Works ▁Az ▁ig m ánd i ▁k isp ap , ▁( 1 8 8 1 ); ▁N é zd ▁meg ▁az ▁any j át ▁( B p ., ▁ 1 8 8 3 ); ▁A ▁Prote k ció ▁( B p ., ▁ 1 8 8 5 ); ▁Him fy ▁dal ai ▁( 1 8 9 8 ) ▁Sz ín m ű ve i ▁( I - V ., ▁ 1 9 1 2 ) ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁K oz ma ▁And or
: ▁B . ▁Á . ▁em lé ke z ete ▁( M TA ▁E ml ék bes z é de k , ▁B p ., ▁ 1 9 2 1 ); ▁Ber cz ik ▁Á rp ád : ▁B . ▁Á . ▁( B p ., ▁ 1 9 3 3 ); ▁Mol n ár ▁P ál : ▁B . ▁Á . ▁a ▁dr á ma í ró ▁( B p ., ▁ 1 9 3 6 ). ▁Mag yar ▁É le tr aj zi ▁Lex ik on ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁▁▁ ▁Category : 1 8 4 2 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 9 1 9 ▁deaths ▁Category : H ung arian ▁writers <0x0A> </s> ▁Bern ardo ▁V arg as ▁( born ▁March ▁ 3 1 , ▁ 1 9 3 9 ) ▁is ▁an ▁Argent ine ▁former ▁football er . ▁ ▁Career ▁ ▁V arg as ▁played ▁with ▁T aller es ▁Cord oba ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 8 . ▁In ▁ 1 9 6 0 , ▁he ▁played ▁in ▁the ▁Argent ine ▁Prim era ▁Div isión ▁with ▁Racing , ▁and ▁later ▁with ▁Argent inos ▁Jun iors . ▁In ▁ 1 9 6 4 , ▁he ▁played ▁in ▁the ▁Mexican ▁Prim era ▁Div isión ▁with ▁Club ▁Am érica . ▁In ▁ 1 9 6 5 , ▁he ▁played ▁in ▁the ▁Eastern ▁Canada ▁Professional ▁Soc cer ▁League ▁with ▁Toronto ▁Italia , ▁where ▁he ▁secured ▁an ▁E CP SL ▁Championship ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 6 . ▁He ▁played ▁with ▁Toronto ▁Fal cons
▁originally ▁in ▁the ▁National ▁Professional ▁Soc cer ▁League ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 7 , ▁and ▁later ▁in ▁the ▁North ▁American ▁Soc cer ▁League . ▁In ▁ 1 9 6 8 , ▁he ▁played ▁in ▁the ▁American ▁Soc cer ▁League ▁with ▁Roche ster ▁Lanc ers . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁▁ ▁Category : 1 9 3 9 ▁birth s ▁Category : Arg ent ine ▁football ers ▁Category : T aller es ▁de ▁C ó rd oba ▁football ers ▁Category : R acing ▁Club ▁de ▁Av ellan eda ▁football ers ▁Category : Arg ent inos ▁Jun iors ▁football ers ▁Category : Cl ub ▁Am érica ▁football ers ▁Category : Tor onto ▁Italia ▁players ▁Category : Tor onto ▁Fal cons ▁( 1 9 6 7 - 6 8 ) ▁players ▁Category : R oche ster ▁Lanc ers ▁( 1 9 6 7 – 1 9 8 0 ) ▁players ▁Category : Arg ent ine ▁Prim era ▁Div isión ▁players ▁Category : L iga ▁M X ▁players ▁Category : E astern ▁Canada ▁Professional ▁Soc cer ▁League ▁players ▁Category : National ▁Professional ▁Soc cer ▁League ▁( 1 9 6 7 ) ▁players ▁Category : N orth ▁American ▁Soc cer ▁League ▁( 1 9 6 8 – 1 9 8 4 ) ▁players ▁Category : American ▁Soc cer ▁League ▁( 1 9 3 3 – 1 9 8 3 ) ▁players ▁Category : People ▁from ▁M endo za , ▁Argentina ▁Category : L iving ▁people <0x0A> </s> ▁Py ram id ▁G 1 - d ▁( also ▁known ▁as ▁'
G ▁Id ', ▁' G 1 d ', ▁or ▁' G Id ') ▁is ▁a ▁satellite ▁py ram id ▁within ▁the ▁Kh uf u ▁Py ram id ▁complex . ▁It ▁was ▁discovered ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 3 ▁during ▁work ▁to ▁remove ▁a ▁road ▁near ▁the ▁py ram id ▁G 1 ▁( the ▁Great ▁Py ram id ▁of ▁G iza ). ▁It ▁is ▁located ▁about ▁ 2 5 m ▁sout heast ▁of ▁the ▁sout heast ▁corner ▁of ▁the ▁Great ▁Py ram id ▁of ▁G iza ▁and ▁about ▁ 7 ▁m ▁west ▁of ▁the ▁subs idi ary ▁py ram ids ▁G 1 – b ▁and ▁G 1 – c . ▁▁ ▁All ▁the ▁stone work ▁of ▁the ▁py ram id ▁core ▁had ▁been ▁removed ▁in ▁ancient ▁times . ▁What ▁remains ▁of ▁the ▁super structure ▁core ▁is ▁two ▁courses ▁of ▁stone . ▁ ▁There ▁was ▁also ▁a ▁sub structure ▁which ▁was ▁U - shaped ▁but ▁this ▁was ▁destroyed ▁in ▁ant iqu ity . ▁During ▁the ▁exc av ation ▁the ▁actual ▁a pe x ▁stone ▁of ▁the ▁py ram id , ▁a ▁single ▁piece ▁of ▁fine ▁T ura - quality ▁lim estone , ▁was ▁found . ▁It ▁is ▁the ▁second ▁oldest ▁py ram id ion ▁ever ▁found , ▁the ▁earliest ▁belonging ▁to ▁the ▁North ▁Py ram id ▁of ▁S ne fer u ▁discovered ▁by ▁R ainer ▁Stad el mann ▁at ▁D ah sh ur . ▁This ▁rare ▁find ▁has ▁been ▁left ▁in ▁place . ▁ ▁One ▁in scription ▁was ▁found ▁written ▁in ▁red ▁paint ▁on ▁the
▁inside ▁surface ▁of ▁one ▁block ▁set ▁in ▁the ▁south ▁wall . ▁The ▁notation ▁says , ▁" im y ▁r sy ▁S 3 ." ▁This ▁gra ff iti , ▁meaning ▁" on ▁the ▁south ▁( back ) ▁side ," ▁probably ▁instruct ed ▁the ▁stone ▁mo vers ▁where ▁to ▁place ▁the ▁block . ▁ ▁The ▁purpose ▁of ▁the ▁py ram id ▁is ▁under ▁debate ▁by ▁scholars . ▁Some ▁possible ▁explan ations ▁are ▁that ▁it ▁is ▁for ▁the ▁king ' s ▁Ka , ▁or ▁it ▁represents ▁the ▁king ▁as ▁the ▁rul er ▁of ▁Upper ▁Egypt , ▁or ▁it ▁is ▁for ▁the ▁vis c era ▁of ▁the ▁King , ▁or ▁it ▁is ▁a ▁dummy ▁room ▁for ▁the ▁Sed ▁festival , ▁or ▁it ▁has ▁a ▁solar ▁function . ▁Z ah i ▁Haw ass , ▁who ▁led ▁the ▁un cover ing ▁of ▁the ▁py ram id , ▁believed ▁that ▁the ▁satellite ▁py ram id ▁was ▁used ▁symbol ically ▁as ▁a ▁changing ▁room ▁for ▁the ▁Sed ▁festival . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁Py ram id ▁G 1 - a ▁Py ram id ▁G 1 - b ▁Py ram id ▁G 1 - c ▁ ▁List ▁of ▁Egyptian ▁py ram ids ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁ ▁The ▁discovery ▁of ▁the ▁satellite ▁Py ram id ▁of ▁Kh uf u ▁▁ ▁The ▁discovery ▁of ▁the ▁satellite ▁Py ram id ▁of ▁Kh uf u ▁ ▁The ▁rev ised ▁and ▁complete ▁article ▁on ▁the ▁py ram id ion ▁of ▁the ▁satellite ▁py ram id ▁of ▁Kh uf u , ▁g 1 d ▁
▁Or ig ins ▁of ▁Py ram id ▁G I - d , ▁Sout heast ▁of ▁the ▁Great ▁Py ram id ▁ ▁Category : G iza ▁Pl ate au ▁Category : Py ram ids ▁of ▁the ▁Fourth ▁D yn asty ▁of ▁Egypt <0x0A> </s> ▁Mike ▁Jim enez ▁( born ▁May ▁ 1 5 , ▁ 1 9 8 7 ) ▁is ▁an ▁American ▁professional ▁box er ▁in ▁the ▁Super ▁Middle weight ▁division . ▁ ▁Jim enez ▁fought ▁Jesse ▁Hart ▁for ▁the ▁US BA ▁Super ▁Middle weight ▁title ▁on ▁the ▁under card ▁of ▁May we ather - P ac qu iao . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁▁▁ ▁Category : 1 9 8 7 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : American ▁male ▁box ers ▁Category : Super - middle weight ▁box ers <0x0A> </s> ▁A ▁f ret less ▁guitar ▁is ▁a ▁guitar ▁with ▁a ▁finger board ▁without ▁fre ts , ▁typically ▁a ▁standard ▁instrument ▁that ▁has ▁had ▁the ▁fre ts ▁removed , ▁though ▁some ▁custom - built ▁and ▁commercial ▁f ret less ▁gu it ars ▁are ▁occasionally ▁made . ▁F ret less ▁bass ▁gu it ars ▁are ▁readily ▁available , ▁with ▁most ▁major ▁guitar ▁manufacturers ▁producing ▁f ret less ▁models . ▁The ▁for er un ner ▁to ▁f ret less ▁gu it ars ▁like ▁the ▁Hawai ian ▁Gu itar ▁is ▁the ▁traditional ▁ 3 0 0 0 ▁year ▁old ▁Indian ▁Ch it rav ina , ▁a ka ▁Got uv ady am , ▁popular ised ▁glob ally ▁by ▁Ch it rav
ina ▁N ▁Rav ik ir an ▁▁ ▁On ▁the ▁f ret less ▁guitar , ▁the ▁perform er ' s ▁fingers ▁press ▁the ▁string ▁directly ▁against ▁the ▁finger board , ▁as ▁with ▁a ▁viol in , ▁resulting ▁in ▁a ▁vibr ating ▁string ▁that ▁extends ▁from ▁the ▁bridge ▁( where ▁the ▁strings ▁are ▁attached ) ▁to ▁the ▁fing ert ip ▁instead ▁of ▁to ▁a ▁f ret . ▁ ▁Techn ique ▁▁ ▁Mus icians ▁employ ▁a ▁standard ▁harmony ▁and ▁the ▁twelve - t one ▁technique ▁as ▁a ▁base ▁for ▁exploring ▁t ones , ▁using ▁a ▁f ret less ▁guitar . ▁F ret less ▁gu it ars ▁offer ▁musicians ▁an ▁ability ▁to ▁explore ▁new ▁sounds ▁through ▁using ▁micro ton al ▁harmon ies ▁and ▁folk ▁melod ies ▁in ▁a ▁jazz - gro ove ▁context . ▁A ▁detailed ▁article ▁on ▁extended ▁techniques ▁for ▁f ret less ▁electric ▁guitar ▁- ▁written ▁by ▁British ▁guitar ist ▁Rich ▁Per ks ▁- ▁was ▁published ▁by ▁Music ▁and ▁Practice ▁journal ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 9 . ▁▁ ▁Mus icians hip ▁with ▁f ret less ▁gu it ars ▁differ ▁from ▁fre tt ed ▁gu it ars : ▁ ▁They ▁require ▁greater ▁finger ▁position ▁precision , ▁because ▁the ▁position ▁of ▁the ▁node ▁of ▁the ▁string ▁is ▁continuously ▁variable ▁( being ▁established ▁by ▁the ▁position ▁of ▁the ▁finger ) ▁rather ▁than ▁fixed ▁( est ab lished ▁by ▁the ▁position ▁of ▁a ▁f ret ). ▁As ▁a ▁consequence ▁of ▁this , ▁ch ord al ▁playing ▁in ▁particular ▁is ▁more ▁difficult ▁to ▁achieve ▁accurately . ▁ ▁The ▁string
▁reson ance ▁is ▁reduced , ▁requiring ▁more ▁force ful ▁pl uck ing ▁or ▁modified ▁ampl ification ▁( pick ups ) ▁to ▁achieve ▁desired ▁volume . ▁ ▁The ▁smooth ▁surface ▁of ▁the ▁finger board ▁allows ▁leg ato ▁playing , ▁with ▁smooth ▁trans itional ▁sl urs ▁between ▁notes ▁ ▁F ret less ▁gu it ars ▁are ▁un common ▁in ▁most ▁forms ▁of ▁western ▁music ▁and ▁generally ▁limited ▁to ▁the ▁elect r ified ▁instruments , ▁due ▁to ▁their ▁decre ased ▁ac oustic ▁volume ▁and ▁sustain . ▁The ▁f ret less ▁bass ▁guitar ▁has ▁found ▁popularity ▁in ▁many ▁forms ▁of ▁western ▁music , ▁from ▁pop ▁to ▁jazz . ▁The ▁first ▁use ▁of ▁f ret less ▁bass ▁gu it ars ▁dates ▁back ▁to ▁Bill ▁W yman ▁in ▁the ▁early ▁ 1 9 6 0 s . ▁▁ ▁Fest ivals ▁featuring ▁live ▁f ret less ▁guitar ▁music ▁have ▁been ▁held ▁for ▁several ▁years ▁both ▁in ▁the ▁US ▁and ▁in ▁Europe . ▁In ▁New ▁York , ▁the ▁first ▁NY C ▁F ret less ▁Gu itar ▁Festival ▁was ▁held ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 5 . ▁In ▁the ▁Netherlands , ▁the ▁Dutch ▁F ret less ▁Gu itar ▁Festival ▁has ▁taken ▁place ▁since ▁ 2 0 0 6 . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁▁ ▁Fre ts ▁on ▁bass ▁guitar ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁links ▁▁ ▁Un f rett ed . com ▁- ▁f ret less ▁guitar ▁resource : ▁history , ▁news , ▁reviews , ▁tips , ▁FA Q s , ▁MP 3 s , ▁lists , ▁dictionary , ▁etc . ▁ ▁NY C
▁F ret less ▁Gu itar ▁Festival ▁- ▁The ▁New ▁York ▁F ret less ▁Gu itar ▁Festival ▁features ▁the ▁best ▁f ret less ▁players ▁from ▁around ▁the ▁world . ▁ ▁Ned ▁Ev ett ▁The ▁home ▁of ▁the ▁glass ▁guitar ist . ▁Rich ▁Per ks ▁Official ▁website ▁for ▁the ▁British ▁f ret less ▁guitar ist , ▁composer ▁and ▁academic . ▁" I ki ▁ke k lik " ▁by ▁Er kan ▁Og ur ▁A ▁beautiful ▁Er kan ▁Og ur ▁piece ▁Turkish ▁f ret less ▁guitar ▁virt u oso ▁Er kan ▁Og ur ▁in ▁concert ▁ ▁Category : G uit ars ▁Category : Contin uous ▁pitch ▁instruments <0x0A> </s> ▁King f isher ▁First ▁Nation ▁( O ji - C ree ▁language : ▁ <0xE1> <0x91> <0xAE> <0xE1> <0x90> <0xA1> <0xE1> <0x91> <0xAD> <0xE1> <0x92> <0xAA> <0xE1> <0x93> <0x82> <0xE1> <0x90> <0xA6> <0xE1> <0x93> <0xB0> <0xE1> <0x90> <0x8B> <0xE1> <0x90> <0xA7> <0xE1> <0x90> <0xB4> <0xE1> <0x95> <0xBD> ▁( G i ish kim an is ii wa ab o ong , ▁" At ▁King f isher - w aters "); ▁un point ed : ▁ <0xE1> <0x91> <0xAD> <0xE1> <0x90> <0xA1> <0xE1> <0x91> <0xAD> <0xE1> <0x92> <0xAA> <0xE1> <0x93> <0x82> <0xE1> <0x93> <0xAF> <0xE1> <0x90> <0x8A> <0xE1> <0x90> <0xA7> <0xE1> <0x90> <0xB3> <0xE1> <0x90> <0xA0> ) ▁is ▁an ▁O ji - C ree ▁First ▁Nation ▁reserve ▁located ▁ ▁north ▁of ▁Si oux ▁Look out , ▁Ontario . ▁It ▁is ▁accessible ▁by ▁air ▁all ▁year ▁and ▁by ▁water way ▁in ▁summer ▁and ▁ice ▁roads ▁in ▁winter . ▁As ▁of ▁December
▁ 2 0 0 9 , ▁the ▁First ▁Nation ▁had ▁a ▁total ▁registered ▁population ▁of ▁ 5 0 0 ▁people , ▁the ▁on - res erve ▁population ▁being ▁ 4 6 2 . ▁The ▁community ▁speaks ▁the ▁O ji - C ree ▁language , ▁but ▁most ▁of ▁it ▁is ▁fl uent ▁in ▁English ▁as ▁well . ▁ ▁The ▁police ▁King f isher ▁Lake ▁is ▁the ▁N ish n aw be - A ski ▁Police ▁Service , ▁an ▁Ab original - based ▁service . ▁ ▁History ▁In ▁ 1 8 0 8 ▁the ▁Hudson ' s ▁Bay ▁Company ▁established ▁an ▁out post ▁at ▁Big ▁Be aver ▁House , ▁located ▁approximately ▁ 1 2 ▁kilometres ▁south west ▁of ▁the ▁present ▁King f isher ▁Lake ▁reserve . ▁Big ▁Be aver ▁House ▁was ▁frequ ented ▁by ▁King f isher ▁Lake ▁people ▁for ▁trading ▁fur , ▁community ▁activity ▁and ▁fre ight ▁haul ing ▁employment . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 2 9 ▁to ▁ 1 9 3 0 , ▁the ▁leaders ▁of ▁King f isher ▁Lake ▁First ▁Nation ▁were ▁required ▁to ▁gather ▁at ▁Big ▁Tr out ▁Lake ▁to ▁participate ▁in ▁the ▁signing ▁of ▁the ▁ad hes ion ▁to ▁Treat y ▁ 9 . ▁As ▁the ▁result , ▁King f isher ▁Lake ▁was ▁considered ▁a ▁part ▁of ▁Big ▁Tr out ▁Lake ▁Band . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 4 7 , ▁Ontario ▁en act ed ▁the ▁T rap line ▁Reg istration ▁and ▁F ee ▁Program , ▁which ▁eventually ▁forced ▁the ▁King f isher ▁Lake ▁people ▁to ▁outline ▁their ▁ancest
ral ▁hunting ▁areas ▁into ▁tr apping ▁boundaries ▁and ▁also ▁to ▁pay ▁for ▁the ▁land ▁use ▁requirements . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 6 4 , ▁the ▁leaders ▁of ▁King f isher ▁Lake ▁decided ▁to ▁establish ▁permanent ▁community ▁and ▁to ▁move ▁to ▁the ▁current ▁location ▁of ▁the ▁reserve ▁lands . ▁As ▁King f isher ▁Lake ▁was ▁already ▁included ▁in ▁the ▁Big ▁Tr out ▁Lake ▁Band ▁and ▁so ▁had ▁reserve ▁status , ▁the ▁form ality ▁of ▁gaining ▁band ▁status ▁was ▁achieved ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 5 . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 1 , ▁many ▁of ▁the ▁residents ▁were ▁temporarily ▁hous ed ▁in ▁Ott awa ▁because ▁of ▁forest ▁fires ▁in ▁the ▁surrounding ▁area . ▁ ▁Govern ance ▁▁ ▁The ▁officials ▁of ▁King f isher ▁First ▁Nation ▁are ▁elected ▁for ▁a ▁two - year ▁term ▁through ▁the ▁Custom ▁E lector al ▁System . ▁Their ▁council ▁consists ▁of ▁Chief ▁Eddie ▁Mam ak wa , ▁Deputy ▁Chief ▁V erna ▁A gan ash ▁and ▁three ▁Coun c ill ors : ▁Am os ▁Mam ak wa , ▁Est her ▁Sak ake ep , ▁and ▁Samuel ▁St ur geon . ▁ ▁The ▁First ▁Nation ▁is ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁Sh ib og ama ▁First ▁Nations ▁Council , ▁a ▁Regional ▁Ch iefs ▁Council , ▁and ▁the ▁N ish n aw be ▁As ki ▁Nation , ▁a ▁Trib al ▁Political ▁Organization ▁representing ▁majority ▁of ▁the ▁First ▁Nations ▁in ▁northern ▁Ontario . ▁ ▁Reserve ▁ ▁The ▁First ▁Nation ▁have ▁reserved ▁three ▁tr acts ▁for ▁their ▁Indian ▁Reserve : ▁▁ ▁King f isher ▁Lake
▁ 1 ▁Indian ▁Reserve , ▁which ▁serves ▁as ▁their ▁main ▁Reserve , ▁containing ▁the ▁community ▁of ▁King f isher ▁Lake , ▁Ontario . ▁▁ ▁King f isher ▁ 2 A ▁Indian ▁Reserve ▁▁ ▁King f isher ▁ 3 A ▁Indian ▁Reserve ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁ ▁A AND C ▁profile ▁Profile ▁from ▁Ch iefs ▁of ▁Ontario ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁Canadian ▁Census : ▁King f isher ▁Lake ▁Indian ▁Reserve ▁ 1 ▁ ▁Category : Comm un ities ▁in ▁Ken ora ▁District ▁Category : N ish n aw be ▁As ki ▁Nation ▁Category : R oad - in access ible ▁communities ▁of ▁Ontario <0x0A> </s> ▁Ther esa ▁Bow yer ▁was ▁a ▁former ▁Women ' s ▁Editor ▁of ▁the ▁Daily ▁Times ▁of ▁Nigeria . ▁ ▁She ▁is ▁a ▁graduate ▁of ▁the ▁London ▁School ▁of ▁Journal ism . ▁Bow yer ▁started ▁work ▁with ▁Daily ▁Times ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 1 , ▁after ▁two ▁years ▁on ▁the ▁job , ▁she ▁became ▁the ▁first ▁Women ' s ▁Editor . ▁In ▁ 1 9 6 1 , ▁she ▁attended ▁the ▁ 8 th ▁U . ▁S . ▁National ▁Commission ▁for ▁UN ES CO ▁Conference ▁in ▁Boston . ▁After ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁conference , ▁she ▁went ▁on ▁a ▁State ▁Department ▁sponsored ▁tour ▁of ▁select ▁American ▁cities . ▁ ▁Bow yer ▁left ▁the ▁Times ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 3 . ▁She ▁founded ▁a ▁school ▁in ▁Z aria ▁where ▁she ▁lived ▁with ▁her ▁husband . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : Year ▁of ▁birth ▁missing ▁( l iving
▁people ) ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : N iger ian ▁women ▁journalists ▁Category : Al umn i ▁of ▁the ▁London ▁School ▁of ▁Journal ism <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁ 2 0 1 1 – 1 2 ▁T ul sa ▁Golden ▁Hur ricane ▁men ' s ▁basketball ▁team ▁represented ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁T ul sa ▁during ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 1 – 1 2 ▁NC AA ▁Division ▁I ▁men ' s ▁basketball ▁season . ▁The ▁Golden ▁Hur ricane , ▁led ▁by ▁seventh ▁year ▁head ▁coach ▁Doug ▁W oj c ik , ▁played ▁their ▁home ▁games ▁at ▁the ▁Reyn olds ▁Center ▁and ▁are ▁members ▁of ▁Conference ▁USA . ▁They ▁finished ▁the ▁season ▁ 1 7 – 1 4 , ▁ 1 0 – 6 ▁in ▁C - USA ▁to ▁finish ▁in ▁a ▁tie ▁for ▁third ▁place . ▁They ▁lost ▁in ▁the ▁quarter fin als ▁of ▁the ▁C - USA ▁Basket ball ▁Tour nament ▁to ▁Marshall . ▁They ▁did ▁not ▁accept ▁an ▁invitation ▁to ▁a ▁post ▁season ▁tournament . ▁Head ▁coach ▁Doug ▁W oj c ik ▁was ▁fired ▁at ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁season . ▁He ▁compiled ▁a ▁record ▁of ▁ 1 4 0 – 9 2 ▁in ▁seven ▁seasons ▁and ▁is ▁the ▁school ’ s ▁all - time ▁leader ▁in ▁coaching ▁vict ories . ▁He ▁will ▁be ▁replaced ▁by ▁Danny ▁M anning . ▁ ▁R oster ▁ ▁Schedule ▁ ▁\| - ▁! col span = 9 \| ▁Exhib ition ▁ ▁\| - ▁! col span = 9 \| ▁Regular ▁Season ▁ ▁\| -
▁! col span = 9 \| ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁Conference ▁USA ▁Men ' s ▁Basket ball ▁Tour nament ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : T ul sa ▁Golden ▁Hur ricane ▁men ' s ▁basketball ▁seasons ▁T ul sa ▁Category : 2 0 1 1 ▁in ▁sports ▁in ▁Oklahoma ▁Category : 2 0 1 2 ▁in ▁sports ▁in ▁Oklahoma <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁history ▁of ▁the ▁Irish ▁Gu ards ▁as ▁an ▁inf antry ▁reg iment ▁of ▁the ▁British ▁Army ▁dates ▁from ▁the ▁Regiment ' s ▁formation ▁in ▁ 1 9 0 0 . ▁The ▁Irish ▁Gu ards ▁have ▁an ▁over ▁one ▁hundred ▁year - long ▁history ▁during ▁which ▁the ▁reg iment ▁have ▁served ▁with ▁distinction ▁in ▁almost ▁all ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁Kingdom ' s ▁ ▁conflicts ▁throughout ▁the ▁ 2 0 th ▁and ▁early ▁ 2 1 st ▁centuries ▁ranging ▁from ▁the ▁First ▁World ▁War ▁to ▁the ▁War ▁in ▁Afghanistan . ▁ ▁The ▁Irish ▁Gu ards ▁were ▁formed ▁by ▁Queen ▁Victoria ▁in ▁ 1 9 0 0 ▁to ▁honour ▁the ▁Irish men ▁who ▁had ▁fought ▁in ▁the ▁Second ▁Bo er ▁War . ▁The ▁Irish ▁Gu ards ▁first ▁saw ▁combat ▁as ▁a ▁reg iment ▁in ▁the ▁First ▁World ▁War ▁during ▁which ▁they ▁fought ▁on ▁the ▁Western ▁Front ▁from ▁the ▁beginning ▁to ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁war . ▁The ▁reg iment ▁played ▁a ▁significant ▁role ▁in ▁many ▁of ▁the ▁First ▁World ▁War ' s ▁p iv otal ▁battles ▁such ▁as ▁the ▁First ▁Battle ▁of ▁Y pres , ▁the ▁Battle ▁of ▁Lo os ▁and ▁the ▁Battle
▁of ▁the ▁Som me . ▁By ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁war , ▁the ▁reg iment ▁had ▁experienced ▁significant ▁losses ▁and ▁won ▁four ▁Victoria ▁Cross es , ▁two ▁of ▁them ▁post hum ous . ▁The ▁Irish ▁Gu ards ▁were ▁to ▁experience ▁similar ▁fighting ▁just ▁twenty ▁one ▁years ▁later ▁with ▁the ▁commence ment ▁of ▁the ▁Second ▁World ▁War . ▁The ▁reg iment ▁won ▁two ▁further ▁Victoria ▁Cross es ▁and ▁saw ▁action ▁during ▁the ▁Norweg ian ▁Campaign , ▁the ▁Battle ▁of ▁France , ▁the ▁Tun is ian ▁Campaign , ▁the ▁Italian ▁Campaign , ▁Operation ▁Over lord ▁and ▁Operation ▁Market ▁Garden . ▁Following ▁the ▁conclusion ▁of ▁the ▁Second ▁World ▁War , ▁the ▁Irish ▁Gu ards ▁were ▁involved ▁in ▁several ▁conflicts ▁ar ising ▁from ▁the ▁decline ▁of ▁the ▁British ▁Empire , ▁including ▁the ▁Jewish ▁ins urg ency ▁in ▁Mand atory ▁Palest ine , ▁against ▁the ▁E OK A ▁group ▁in ▁Cy pr us ▁and ▁in ▁the ▁A den ▁Emer gency . ▁M oving ▁into ▁the ▁ 2 1 st ▁Century , ▁the ▁Irish ▁Gu ards ▁served ▁in ▁the ▁B alk ans ▁Conf lic ts , ▁the ▁Iraq ▁War ▁and ▁the ▁War ▁in ▁Afghanistan . ▁ ▁C reation ▁ ▁The ▁Irish ▁Gu ards ▁was ▁formed ▁on ▁ 1 ▁April ▁ 1 9 0 0 ▁by ▁order ▁of ▁Queen ▁Victoria ▁to ▁comm emor ate ▁the ▁Irish ▁people ▁who ▁fought ▁in ▁the ▁Second ▁Bo er ▁War ▁for ▁the ▁British ▁Empire . ▁This ▁followed ▁an ▁initial ▁suggestion ▁from ▁the ▁Irish - born ▁British ▁Army ▁officer ▁Field ▁Marshal ▁Vis count ▁Wol se ley
▁to ▁allow ▁soldiers ▁in ▁Irish ▁Reg iments ▁to ▁wear ▁the ▁sh am rock ▁in ▁their ▁he address ▁on ▁St . ▁Patrick ' s ▁Day . ▁This ▁developed ▁into ▁a ▁suggestion ▁that ▁an ▁Irish ▁Gu ards ▁reg iment ▁should ▁be ▁created . ▁ ▁The ▁Irish ▁Gu ards ' ▁first ▁honor ary ▁Colonel - of - the - Reg iment ▁was ▁Field ▁Marshal ▁Lord ▁Roberts , ▁known ▁to ▁many ▁troops ▁as ▁" B obs ". ▁Because ▁of ▁this , ▁the ▁reg iment ▁gained ▁the ▁nick name ▁" B ob ' s ▁Own " ▁but ▁are ▁now ▁known ▁affection ately ▁as ▁" The ▁M icks " ▁( although ▁a ▁generally ▁der og atory ▁term ▁if ▁used ▁in ▁society , ▁this ▁term ▁is ▁not ▁seen ▁as ▁offensive ▁or ▁der og atory ▁by ▁the ▁reg iment .) ▁ ▁Roberts , ▁as ▁the ▁new ▁Commander - in - Ch ief ▁in ▁the ▁Second ▁Bo er ▁War , ▁was ▁too ▁busy ▁at ▁the ▁time ▁to ▁take ▁over ▁a ▁new ▁reg iment , ▁but ▁he ▁was ▁appointed ▁a ▁Colonel ▁of ▁the ▁reg iment ▁on ▁ 1 7 ▁October ▁ 1 9 0 0 . ▁Major ▁Richard ▁Joshua ▁Cooper , ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 st ▁Batt alion , ▁Gren ad ier ▁Gu ards , ▁was ▁appointed ▁the ▁first ▁Command ing ▁Officer ▁on ▁ 2 ▁May ▁ 1 9 0 0 ▁and ▁ 2 0 0 ▁Irish men ▁from ▁the ▁same ▁reg iment ▁were ▁transferred ▁as ▁the ▁nucle us ▁of ▁the ▁new ▁reg iment . ▁Se lected ▁members ▁of ▁the ▁line ▁inf antry
▁reg iments ▁were ▁chosen ▁to ▁fill ▁out ▁the ▁ranks ▁of ▁the ▁new ▁reg iment . ▁ ▁The ▁reg iment ' s ▁first ▁Col ours ▁were ▁presented ▁by ▁King ▁Edward ▁VII ▁to ▁the ▁ 1 st ▁Batt alion ▁on ▁ 3 0 ▁May ▁ 1 9 0 2 ▁at ▁Horse ▁Gu ards ▁Par ade . ▁ ▁A ▁few ▁Irish ▁Gu ards men ▁saw ▁action ▁as ▁mounted ▁inf antry ▁in ▁the ▁final ▁stages ▁of ▁the ▁Bo er ▁War . ▁Otherwise , ▁the ▁Irish ▁Gu ards ▁were ▁station ed ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁Kingdom ▁for ▁the ▁first ▁fourteen ▁years ▁of ▁its ▁existence , ▁performing ▁ceremon ial ▁duties ▁in ▁London ▁during ▁that ▁time ▁until ▁the ▁beginning ▁of ▁World ▁War ▁I . ▁ ▁First ▁World ▁War ▁▁ 1 9 1 4 - 1 9 1 5 : ▁Out break ▁of ▁War ▁and ▁the ▁first ▁battles ▁on ▁the ▁Western ▁Front ▁ ▁The ▁ 1 st ▁Batt alion , ▁Irish ▁Gu ards ▁deployed ▁to ▁France , ▁eight ▁days ▁after ▁the ▁United ▁Kingdom ▁had ▁declared ▁war ▁upon ▁the ▁German ▁Empire , ▁as ▁part ▁of ▁ 4 th ▁( Gu ards ) ▁Brigade ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 nd ▁Division , ▁and ▁would ▁remain ▁on ▁the ▁Western ▁Front ▁for ▁the ▁duration ▁of ▁the ▁war . ▁ ▁The ▁batt alion ▁took ▁part ▁in ▁the ▁Battle ▁of ▁Mons ▁and ▁the ▁subsequent ▁ar du ous ▁and ▁bloody ▁Great ▁Ret reat . ▁The ▁Irish ▁Gu ards ▁was ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁re arg u ard ▁during ▁the ▁retreat ▁and ▁took ▁part ▁in ▁a ▁small - scale ▁action ▁at ▁Land
rec ies ▁against ▁the ▁adv ancing ▁Germans . ▁The ▁ 1 st ▁Irish ▁Gu ards ▁also ▁took ▁part ▁in ▁another ▁re arg u ard ▁action ▁at ▁the ▁woods ▁near ▁Vill ers - C ot ter ets , ▁on ▁ 1 ▁September , ▁during ▁the ▁Battle ▁of ▁Le ▁C ate au ▁in ▁which ▁their ▁Command ing ▁Officer , ▁Lieutenant - Col onel ▁the ▁Hon . ▁George ▁Morris ▁and ▁the ▁Second - in - Command ▁Major ▁Hub ert ▁C richt on ▁were ▁killed . ▁Le ▁C ate au ▁was ▁a ▁successful ▁action ▁that ▁inf lict ed ▁very ▁heavy ▁losses ▁on ▁the ▁Germans ▁and ▁helped ▁delay ▁their ▁advance ▁towards ▁Paris . ▁ ▁In ▁August ▁that ▁year , ▁the ▁ 2 nd ▁( Res erve ) ▁Batt alion ▁was ▁raised ▁at ▁War ley ▁Barr acks ▁to ▁serve ▁as ▁a ▁training ▁batt alion ▁for ▁the ▁men ▁needed ▁to ▁replace ▁losses ▁sustained ▁by ▁the ▁ 1 st ▁Batt alion ▁in ▁France . ▁The ▁ 1 st ▁Irish ▁Gu ards ▁later ▁in ▁September ▁took ▁part ▁in ▁the ▁First ▁Battle ▁of ▁the ▁Mar ne ▁and ▁the ▁advance ▁towards ▁the ▁A is ne . ▁The ▁Irish ▁Gu ards , ▁having ▁lost ▁their ▁Command ing ▁Officer ▁only ▁a ▁few ▁weeks ▁after ▁they ▁had ▁reached ▁France , ▁would ▁take ▁part ▁in ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁blood iest ▁battles ▁of ▁ 1 9 1 4 , ▁the ▁First ▁Battle ▁of ▁Y pres , ▁which ▁began ▁on ▁ 1 9 ▁October . ▁The ▁battle ▁caused ▁major ▁casual ties ▁among ▁the ▁old ▁Regular ▁Army . ▁The ▁ 1
st ▁Batt alion ▁was ▁involved ▁in ▁fighting ▁for ▁the ▁duration ▁of ▁the ▁battle , ▁taking ▁part ▁in ▁the ▁major ▁actions , ▁at ▁Lang em ar ck , ▁G hel u velt ▁and ▁Non ne ▁Bos schen . ▁ ▁The ▁ 1 st ▁Batt alion ▁suffered ▁huge ▁casual ties ▁between ▁November ▁ 1 – 8 ▁holding ▁the ▁line ▁against ▁near ▁defeat ▁by ▁German ▁forces , ▁while ▁defending ▁Klein ▁Z ille be ke , ▁with ▁No . ▁ 3 ▁Company ▁suffering ▁severe ▁casual ties ▁on ▁November ▁ 1 ▁and ▁No . ▁ 1 ▁Company ▁being ▁caught ▁in ▁the ▁open ▁after ▁a ▁French ▁retreat ▁on ▁November ▁ 6 ▁exposed ▁their ▁fl ank , ▁ensuring ▁that ▁at ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁day ▁" the ▁greater ▁part ▁of ▁them ▁were ▁missing ". ▁By ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁First ▁Battle ▁of ▁Y pres ▁on ▁the ▁ 2 2 ▁November , ▁the ▁batt alion ▁had ▁suffered ▁over ▁ 7 0 0 ▁casual ties ▁and ▁could ▁only ▁field ▁two ▁companies ▁from ▁the ▁survivors . ▁The ▁ 2 nd ▁Division , ▁of ▁which ▁the ▁ 1 st ▁Irish ▁Gu ards ▁were ▁part ▁of , ▁suffered ▁ 5 , 7 6 9 ▁officers ▁and ▁men ▁killed , ▁wounded ▁or ▁missing ▁in ▁action . ▁The ▁original ▁batt alion ▁of ▁ 1 st ▁Irish ▁Gu ards ▁which ▁had ▁arrived ▁in ▁France ▁barely ▁two ▁months ▁before ▁had ▁been ▁practically ▁wiped ▁out ▁and ▁had ▁to ▁be ▁recon struct ed ▁with ▁new ▁arriv als . ▁The ▁rest ▁of ▁ 1 9 1 4 ▁and ▁early ▁ 1 9 1
5 ▁was ▁spent ▁in ▁the ▁tren ches ▁with ▁little ▁action , ▁although ▁the ▁soldiers ▁were ▁at ▁risk ▁from ▁sn ip ers ▁and ▁shell s . ▁ ▁In ▁February ▁ 1 9 1 5 , ▁L ance - Cor por al ▁Michael ▁O ' Le ary ▁performed ▁an ▁act ▁of ▁bra very ▁at ▁Cu inch y , ▁where ▁attack ▁and ▁counter - att ack ▁had ▁been ▁taking ▁place ▁between ▁the ▁British ▁and ▁Germans ▁since ▁ 2 9 ▁January ▁until ▁early ▁February . ▁On ▁ 1 ▁February , ▁O ' Le ary ▁was ▁part ▁of ▁a ▁storm ing ▁party ▁which ▁attacked ▁an ▁enemy ▁bar ric ade , ▁during ▁the ▁attack ▁the ▁party ▁suffered ▁casual ties ▁and ▁a ▁group ▁of ▁the ▁storm ing ▁party ▁then ▁were ▁hit ▁by ▁their ▁own ▁artillery ▁bomb ard ment . ▁O ' Le ary ▁rushed ▁forward , ▁shooting ▁five ▁Germans ▁before ▁attacking ▁a ▁further ▁three ▁in ▁a ▁machine - gun ▁position ▁at ▁the ▁next ▁bar ric ade , ▁capt uring ▁two ▁Germans ▁in ▁the ▁process . ▁The ▁t rench ▁and ▁many ▁prisoners ▁were ▁taken ▁thanks ▁to ▁the ▁actions ▁of ▁O ' Le ary . ▁He ▁was ▁awarded ▁the ▁Victoria ▁Cross , ▁the ▁first ▁V C ▁the ▁Irish ▁Gu ards ▁won ▁in ▁the ▁war . ▁ ▁In ▁May ▁ 1 9 1 5 , ▁the ▁ 1 st ▁Irish ▁Gu ards ▁took ▁part ▁in ▁the ▁Battle ▁of ▁Fest ub ert , ▁though ▁did ▁not ▁see ▁much ▁action . ▁In ▁July ▁ 1 9 1 5 , ▁the ▁ 2 nd ▁( Res
erve ) ▁Batt alion ▁was ▁re design ated ▁the ▁ 3 rd ▁( Res erve ) ▁Batt alion , ▁and ▁another ▁batt alion , ▁the ▁ 2 nd ▁Batt alion ▁Irish ▁Gu ards ▁was ▁formed ▁at ▁War ley ▁Barr acks . ▁In ▁August ▁that ▁year ▁the ▁ 1 st ▁Irish ▁Gu ards , ▁along ▁with ▁the ▁rest ▁of ▁the ▁ 4 th ▁( Gu ards ) ▁Brigade , ▁was ▁moved ▁to ▁the ▁Gu ards ▁Division . ▁The ▁brig ade ▁was ▁re design ated ▁the ▁ 1 st ▁Gu ards ▁Brigade . ▁August ▁ 1 9 1 5 ▁also ▁saw ▁the ▁arrival ▁to ▁France ▁of ▁ 2 nd ▁Irish ▁Gu ards ▁who ▁were ▁subsequently ▁attached ▁to ▁the ▁ 2 nd ▁Gu ards ▁Brigade . ▁In ▁September ▁that ▁year , ▁both ▁batt al ions ▁of ▁the ▁Irish ▁Gu ards ▁fought ▁together ▁for ▁the ▁first ▁time ▁in ▁the ▁Battle ▁of ▁Lo os , ▁which ▁lasted ▁from ▁ 2 5 ▁September ▁until ▁early ▁October . ▁▁ 1 9 1 6 - 1 7 : ▁The ▁Battle ▁of ▁the ▁Som me ▁and ▁Pass che nd a ele ▁ ▁Both ▁the ▁ 1 st ▁and ▁ 2 nd ▁Irish ▁Gu ards ▁spent ▁much ▁of ▁the ▁remainder ▁of ▁ 1 9 1 5 ▁and ▁early ▁ 1 9 1 6 ▁in ▁the ▁tren ches ▁until ▁ 1 ▁July ▁ 1 9 1 6 ▁when ▁the ▁Battle ▁of ▁the ▁Som me ▁began , ▁which ▁was , ▁and ▁still ▁is , ▁the ▁blood iest ▁day ▁in ▁the ▁history ▁of ▁the ▁British ▁Army
, ▁but ▁the ▁ 1 st ▁Irish ▁Gu ards ▁were ▁sp ared ▁the ▁day ' s ▁blood s hed ▁as ▁they ▁were ▁held ▁in ▁reserve . ▁The ▁ 1 st ▁Irish ▁Gu ards ▁were ▁soon ▁called ▁into ▁the ▁f ray ▁at ▁the ▁Battle ▁of ▁Fl ers – C ource lette ▁where ▁they ▁suffered ▁severe ▁casual ties ▁in ▁the ▁attack ▁in ▁the ▁face ▁of ▁with ering ▁fire ▁from ▁the ▁German ▁machine - gun s . ▁The ▁batt alion ▁then ▁went ▁on ▁to ▁take ▁part ▁in ▁the ▁Battle ▁of ▁Mor val . ▁They ▁were ▁involved ▁in ▁the ▁capture ▁of ▁the ▁northern ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁village ▁on ▁ 2 5 ▁September ▁and ▁were ▁relieved ▁the ▁following ▁day ▁by ▁the ▁ 2 nd ▁Irish ▁Gu ards . ▁The ▁ 1 st ▁Irish ▁Gu ards ▁suffered ▁quite ▁heavily ▁during ▁the ▁Mor val ▁engagement ▁with ▁over ▁ 2 5 0 ▁casual ties . ▁The ▁ 2 nd ▁Irish ▁Gu ards ▁fought ▁until ▁ 2 8 ▁September ▁when ▁they ▁too ▁were ▁relieved ▁and ▁entered ▁into ▁a ▁period ▁of ▁rest ▁along ▁with ▁the ▁rest ▁of ▁the ▁Guard ' s ▁Division . ▁ ▁The ▁Irish ▁Gu ards ▁had ▁been ▁brought ▁back ▁up ▁to ▁strength ▁sufficiently ▁during ▁their ▁rest ▁period ▁so ▁that ▁by ▁the ▁summer ▁of ▁ 1 9 1 7 ▁they ▁would ▁once ▁again ▁be ▁called ▁on ▁to ▁front ▁a ▁major ▁British ▁offensive ▁with ▁the ▁start ▁of ▁the ▁Battle ▁of ▁Pass che nd a ele . ▁The ▁ 2 nd ▁Irish ▁Gu ards ▁were ▁the ▁first ▁to ▁enter ▁the ▁Battle ▁of ▁Pil
ck em ▁which ▁began ▁on ▁ 3 1 ▁July ▁and ▁despite ▁taking ▁heavy ▁casual ties , ▁including ▁their ▁Command ing ▁Officer , ▁achieved ▁their ▁objectives ▁in ▁the ▁face ▁of ▁heavy ▁German ▁resistance . ▁ 1 st ▁Irish ▁Gu ards ▁spent ▁the ▁first ▁day ▁of ▁the ▁offensive ▁in ▁reserve ▁before ▁joining ▁their ▁sister ▁batt alion ▁on ▁ 1 ▁September . ▁Further ▁actions ▁took ▁place ▁for ▁the ▁ 1 st ▁Irish ▁Gu ards ▁at ▁the ▁Battle ▁of ▁the ▁Men in ▁Road ▁Ridge , ▁where ▁they ▁beat ▁off ▁several ▁German ▁counter att acks , ▁and ▁at ▁the ▁Battle ▁of ▁Po el cap elle , ▁during ▁which ▁the ▁batt alion ▁lost ▁every ▁one ▁of ▁its ▁company ▁command ers ▁although ▁ 2 nd ▁Irish ▁Gu ards ▁suffered ▁few ▁casual ties . ▁ ▁In ▁a ▁test ament ▁to ▁the ▁fer ocity ▁of ▁fighting ▁that ▁the ▁Irish ▁Gu ards ▁faced ▁at ▁the ▁Battle ▁of ▁Pass che nd a ele , ▁an ▁action ▁took ▁place ▁on ▁ 1 2 ▁September ▁that ▁would ▁see ▁two ▁members ▁of ▁the ▁reg iment ▁win ▁the ▁Victoria ▁Cross . ▁L ance - Ser ge ant ▁John ▁M oy ney ▁and ▁Private ▁Thomas ▁Wood cock ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 nd ▁Batt alion , ▁Irish ▁Gu ards , ▁were ▁part ▁of ▁an ▁advance ▁post ▁that ▁became ▁surrounded ▁by ▁Germans . ▁During ▁the ▁defence , ▁the ▁L ance - Ser ge ant ▁attacked ▁the ▁adv ancing ▁Germans ▁with ▁gren ades ▁and ▁with ▁his ▁le w is ▁gun . ▁He , ▁and ▁his ▁men , ▁then ▁charged ▁the ▁Germans ,
▁breaking ▁through ▁them ▁and ▁reaching ▁a ▁stream ▁where ▁he ▁and ▁Private ▁Wood cock ▁formed ▁a ▁re arg u ard ▁while ▁the ▁rest ▁of ▁the ▁party ▁withd rew . ▁They ▁subsequently ▁began ▁to ▁withdraw , ▁crossing ▁the ▁stream , ▁but ▁Private ▁Wood cock ▁heard ▁c ries ▁for ▁help ▁and ▁he ▁returned , ▁retriev ing ▁the ▁wounded ▁man ▁and ▁carrying ▁him ▁back ▁to ▁British ▁lines ▁under ▁machine - gun ▁fire . ▁They ▁had ▁held ▁out ▁for ▁nin ety - six ▁hours . ▁ ▁The ▁Irish ▁Gu ards ▁took ▁part ▁in ▁the ▁Battle ▁of ▁Camb rai , ▁the ▁first ▁large ▁use ▁of ▁the ▁tank ▁in ▁battle ▁took ▁place ▁during ▁the ▁engagement . ▁The ▁ 1 st ▁Irish ▁Gu ards ▁initially ▁enjoyed ▁a ▁quite ▁sector ▁for ▁the ▁opening ▁of ▁the ▁battle ▁until ▁ 3 0 ▁November ▁when ▁they ▁suffered ▁heavy ▁casual ties ▁fighting ▁through ▁the ▁streets ▁of ▁the ▁village ▁of ▁G ou ze auc ourt . ▁The ▁Gu ards ▁Division , ▁and ▁with ▁it ▁the ▁ 1 st ▁and ▁ 2 nd ▁Irish ▁Gu ards , ▁were ▁pulled ▁off ▁the ▁line ▁on ▁ 6 ▁December ▁for ▁a ▁rest ▁period , ▁having ▁fought ▁almost ▁continuously ▁since ▁the ▁start ▁of ▁August . ▁▁ 1 9 1 8 : ▁Final ▁victory ▁and ▁the ▁ending ▁of ▁the ▁War ▁ ▁The ▁reg iment ▁enjoyed ▁the ▁relative ▁res pite ▁provided ▁by ▁the ▁st al em ate ▁that ▁the ▁Western ▁Front ▁experienced ▁in ▁early ▁ 1 9 1 8 . ▁This ▁res pite , ▁however , ▁was ▁going ▁to ▁be ▁short ▁lived ▁with ▁a
▁major ▁German ▁offensive ▁expected . ▁This ▁great ▁German ▁offensive , ▁term ed ▁the ▁Spring ▁Off ensive , ▁began ▁on ▁ 2 1 ▁March ▁ 1 9 1 8 ▁with ▁the ▁launch ing ▁of ▁Operation ▁Michael . ▁The ▁ 1 st ▁Irish ▁Gu ards ▁were ▁ordered ▁to ▁join ▁the ▁fight ▁on ▁the ▁night ▁of ▁ 2 1 ▁March ▁once ▁the ▁British ▁realised ▁how ▁serious ▁the ▁situation ▁had ▁become ▁and ▁the ▁batt alion ▁found ▁themselves ▁forming ▁the ▁re arg u ard ▁for ▁a ▁retreat ing ▁army ▁on ▁the ▁defensive ▁for ▁the ▁first ▁time ▁since ▁the ▁opening ▁stages ▁of ▁the ▁war ▁four ▁years ▁previously . ▁The ▁ 2 nd ▁Irish ▁Gu ards , ▁who ▁had ▁been ▁in ▁reserve ▁to ▁meet ▁the ▁expected ▁German ▁offensive , ▁were ▁ordered ▁to ▁create ▁a ▁defensive ▁line ▁east ▁of ▁Bo isle ux - Saint - M arc ▁in ▁an ▁attempt ▁to ▁stem ▁the ▁German ▁advance . ▁The ▁men ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 nd ▁Irish ▁Gu ards ▁would ▁continue ▁a ▁fighting ▁withdrawal ▁for ▁ten ▁days ▁until , ▁finally , ▁the ▁German ▁offensive ▁ran ▁out ▁of ▁momentum ▁and ▁the ▁batt alion ▁were ▁relieved ▁from ▁the ▁line ▁on ▁ 3 1 ▁March . ▁The ▁failed ▁German ▁offensive ▁marked ▁the ▁beginning ▁of ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁war ▁but ▁the ▁Irish ▁Gu ards ▁would ▁fight ▁in ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁eng ag ements ▁before ▁its ▁finish , ▁including ▁at ▁the ▁Battle ▁of ▁Ar ras ▁and ▁the ▁Battle ▁of ▁Albert . ▁The ▁reg iment ▁also ▁took ▁part ▁in ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁battles ▁during ▁the ▁British ▁off ens ives
▁against ▁the ▁Hind enburg ▁Line . ▁ ▁On ▁ 4 ▁November ▁ 1 9 1 8 ▁at ▁the ▁S amb re - O ise ▁Canal , ▁Act ing ▁Lieutenant ▁Colonel ▁James ▁Marshall ▁of ▁the ▁Irish ▁Gu ards ▁but ▁attached ▁to ▁the ▁ 1 6 th ▁( Service ) ▁Batt alion , ▁Lanc ash ire ▁F us ili ers , ▁organ ised ▁repair ▁parties ▁who ▁were ▁trying ▁to ▁repair ▁a ▁damaged ▁partly ▁finished ▁bridge . ▁The ▁first ▁party ▁soon ▁came ▁under ▁fire ▁and ▁all ▁were ▁killed ▁or ▁wounded . ▁Marshall , ▁dis reg arding ▁his ▁own ▁safety , ▁stood ▁on ▁the ▁bank , ▁encouraging ▁and ▁helping ▁the ▁men ▁as ▁they ▁worked ▁on ▁the ▁bridge . ▁Once ▁it ▁was ▁rep aired , ▁he ▁began ▁to ▁lead ▁his ▁men ▁across ▁the ▁bridge ▁but ▁was ▁shot ▁and ▁killed . ▁He ▁was ▁awarded ▁the ▁post hum ous ▁Victoria ▁Cross , ▁the ▁fourth ▁and ▁final ▁to ▁be ▁earned ▁by ▁the ▁Irish ▁Gu ards ▁during ▁the ▁First ▁World ▁War . ▁ ▁Throughout ▁October ▁and ▁early ▁November , ▁the ▁Irish ▁Gu ards ▁took ▁place ▁in ▁the ▁last ▁advances ▁on ▁the ▁Western ▁Front ▁against ▁the ▁cr umbling ▁German ▁Army . ▁On ▁ 1 1 ▁November ▁ 1 9 1 8 ▁the ▁Arm ist ice ▁with ▁Germany ▁was ▁signed . ▁The ▁ 1 st ▁Batt alion , ▁Irish ▁Gu ards ▁were ▁at ▁Ma ube uge ▁when ▁the ▁Arm ist ice ▁was ▁signed , ▁which ▁was ▁near ▁to ▁where ▁the ▁Irish ▁Gu ards ▁began ▁their ▁war ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 4 ▁at ▁Mons
, ▁although ▁by ▁ 1 1 ▁November ▁there ▁were ▁few ▁surviving ▁Irish ▁Gu ards men ▁of ▁that ▁first ▁battle . ▁The ▁sacrifice ▁by ▁the ▁Irish ▁Gu ards ▁during ▁the ▁First ▁World ▁War ▁had ▁been ▁immense . ▁The ▁two ▁batt al ions ▁of ▁Irish ▁Gu ards ▁had ▁suffered ▁ 2 , 3 4 9 ▁officers ▁and ▁men ▁killed ▁and ▁well ▁over ▁ 5 , 0 0 0 ▁wounded . ▁The ▁reg iment ▁was ▁awarded ▁ 4 0 6 ▁med als , ▁including ▁four ▁Victoria ▁Cross es , ▁during ▁the ▁Great ▁War . ▁ ▁Among ▁those ▁killed ▁serving ▁with ▁the ▁Irish ▁Gu ards ▁in ▁the ▁First ▁World ▁War ▁was ▁Second ▁Lieutenant ▁John ▁Ki pling , ▁the ▁ 1 8 - year - old ▁son ▁of ▁author ▁Rud yard ▁Ki pling , ▁who ▁was ▁listed ▁as ▁missing ▁during ▁the ▁Battle ▁of ▁Lo os ▁in ▁September ▁ 1 9 1 5 . ▁In ▁t ribute ▁to ▁his ▁son ' s ▁reg iment , ▁Ki pling ▁composed ▁the ▁poem ▁" The ▁Irish ▁Gu ards " ▁and ▁after ▁the ▁war ▁wrote ▁a ▁two - volume ▁history ▁of ▁the ▁reg iment ' s ▁service ▁in ▁the ▁war . ▁ ▁Inter - War ▁ ▁With ▁the ▁First ▁World ▁War ▁at ▁an ▁end , ▁occupation ▁duties ▁await ed ▁the ▁Irish ▁Gu ards ▁and ▁on ▁ 1 1 ▁December ▁ 1 9 1 8 ▁the ▁reg iment ▁mar ched ▁into ▁Germany , ▁drums ▁beating , ▁as ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁British ▁Army ▁of ▁the ▁Rh ine . ▁Both ▁batt al ions ▁returned ▁to ▁Britain
▁vict or iously ▁in ▁the ▁spring ▁of ▁ 1 9 1 9 ▁and ▁after ▁a ▁final ▁par ade ▁through ▁London , ▁the ▁ 2 nd ▁and ▁ 3 rd ▁Irish ▁Gu ards ▁were ▁now ▁sur plus ▁to ▁requirements ▁and ▁dis band ed . ▁In ▁ 1 9 2 0 , ▁for ▁St ▁Patrick ' s ▁Day , ▁the ▁reg iment ▁don ned ▁its ▁full - d ress ▁for ▁the ▁first ▁time ▁since ▁before ▁the ▁outbreak ▁of ▁World ▁War ▁I . ▁The ▁reg iment ▁was ▁also ▁comp elled ▁to ▁cope ▁with ▁the ▁internal ▁t ensions ▁caused ▁by ▁the ▁political ▁situation ▁back ▁home ▁in ▁Ireland ▁following ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁First ▁World ▁War ▁although ▁the ▁reg iment ▁remained ▁largely ▁det ached ▁from ▁the ▁events ▁of ▁the ▁Irish ▁War ▁of ▁Independ ence , ▁with ▁only ▁one ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁Irish ▁Gu ards ▁being ▁charged ▁with ▁trying ▁to ▁sm ug gle ▁weapons ▁to ▁republic ans ▁and ▁even ▁this ▁act ▁was ▁motivated ▁by ▁a ▁desire ▁for ▁mon etary ▁gain ▁rather ▁than ▁political ▁mot ives . ▁ ▁The ▁reg iment ' s ▁continued ▁existence ▁was ▁threatened ▁briefly ▁when ▁W inst on ▁Churchill ▁( l ater ▁dest ined ▁to ▁become ▁the ▁Prime ▁Minister ), ▁who ▁served ▁as ▁Secretary ▁of ▁State ▁for ▁War ▁between ▁ 1 9 1 9 ▁and ▁ 1 9 2 1 , ▁sought ▁the ▁elim ination ▁of ▁the ▁Irish ▁Gu ards ▁and ▁Wel sh ▁Gu ards ▁as ▁an ▁economy ▁measure . ▁This ▁proposal , ▁however , ▁did ▁not ▁find ▁favour ▁in ▁government ▁or ▁Army ▁circles ▁and ▁was
▁dropped . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 2 2 ▁the ▁reg iment ▁deployed ▁to ▁Constant in ople ▁as ▁part ▁of ▁an ▁all ied ▁force ▁during ▁the ▁troubles ▁in ▁that ▁region . ▁In ▁late ▁ 1 9 2 3 ▁the ▁reg iment ▁deployed ▁to ▁the ▁g arr ison ▁at ▁Gib ral tar . ▁They ▁returned ▁to ▁the ▁United ▁Kingdom ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 4 . ▁They ▁were ▁then ▁based ▁in ▁the ▁south ▁of ▁England ▁until ▁ 1 9 3 6 ▁when ▁they ▁deployed ▁to ▁Egypt . ▁While ▁station ed ▁there , ▁the ▁reg iment ▁deployed ▁to ▁Palest ine ▁for ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁months ▁on ▁internal ▁security ▁duties ▁against ▁Arab ▁milit ants . ▁The ▁reg iment ▁returned ▁to ▁the ▁United ▁Kingdom ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 8 ▁as ▁war ▁with ▁Germany ▁looked ▁increasingly ▁likely . ▁The ▁following ▁year ▁the ▁ 2 nd ▁Batt alion ▁of ▁the ▁Irish ▁Gu ards ▁was ▁re - formed ▁five ▁months ▁before ▁World ▁War ▁II ▁began . ▁ ▁Second ▁World ▁War ▁ ▁Norweg ian ▁Campaign ▁and ▁retreat ▁from ▁North - West ▁Europe ▁ ▁Upon ▁the ▁outbreak ▁of ▁war ▁in ▁September ▁ 1 9 3 9 , ▁both ▁batt al ions ▁of ▁the ▁Irish ▁Gu ards ▁were ▁based ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁Kingdom . ▁In ▁April ▁ 1 9 4 0 , ▁the ▁ 1 st ▁Batt alion ▁deployed ▁to ▁Norway ▁as ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 4 th ▁( Gu ards ) ▁Brigade . ▁In ▁May ▁the ▁brig ade ▁H Q ▁and ▁the ▁ 1 st ▁Irish ▁Gu ards ▁was ▁aboard
▁the ▁Polish ▁l iner / t ro op ship ▁Ch rob ry , ▁being ▁transport ed ▁to ▁the ▁northern ▁Norweg ian ▁town ▁of ▁Bod ø ▁from ▁another ▁area ▁of ▁Norway . ▁Ch rob ry ▁was ▁attacked ▁by ▁German ▁He ink el ▁He ▁ 1 1 1 ▁bom bers ▁which ▁killed ▁many ▁men , ▁including ▁the ▁command ing ▁officer ▁( CO ), ▁the ▁second - in - command , ▁the ▁adj ut ant ▁and ▁three ▁of ▁the ▁five ▁company ▁command ers ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 st ▁Irish ▁Gu ards , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁all ▁their ▁heavy ▁equipment . ▁Fire ▁eng ulf ed ▁the ▁ship ▁and , ▁considering ▁the ▁amount ▁of ▁am mun ition ▁on ▁board , ▁an ▁immense ▁explosion ▁seemed ▁im min ent . ▁However , ▁the ▁surviving ▁Gu ards men ▁were ▁resc ued ▁by ▁escort ing ▁vessels . ▁ ▁Later ▁that ▁month ▁the ▁batt alion ▁fought ▁in ▁northern ▁Norway , ▁seeing ▁action ▁at ▁P oth us , ▁where ▁they ▁held ▁out ▁against ▁heavy ▁German ▁attacks ▁for ▁two ▁days ▁until ▁they ▁were ▁finally ▁forced ▁to ▁withdraw ▁as ▁their ▁positions ▁were ▁being ▁out fl anked . ▁The ▁brig ade ▁H Q ▁and ▁batt alion ▁were ▁withd rawn ▁by ▁boat , ▁though ▁they ▁left ▁many ▁men ▁behind , ▁who ▁managed ▁to ▁break ▁through ▁the ▁German ▁forces ▁and ▁reach ▁All ied ▁lines ▁later ▁that ▁day . ▁With ▁the ▁situation ▁w ors ening ▁for ▁the ▁British ▁in ▁the ▁Battle ▁of ▁France , ▁it ▁was ▁decided ▁to ▁withdraw ▁all ▁British ▁forces ▁from ▁Norway ▁and ▁the ▁ 1 st ▁Irish
▁Gu ards ▁were ▁evac uated ▁back ▁to ▁the ▁United ▁Kingdom ▁with ▁the ▁rest ▁of ▁the ▁expedition ary ▁force ▁in ▁June . ▁ ▁In ▁May ▁ 1 9 4 0 , ▁the ▁ 2 nd ▁Batt alion , ▁Irish ▁Gu ards ▁deployed ▁to ▁the ▁Hook ▁of ▁Holland ▁to ▁cover ▁the ▁evac uation ▁of ▁the ▁Dutch ▁Royal ▁Family ▁and ▁Government . ▁The ▁batt alion ▁returned ▁to ▁the ▁United ▁Kingdom ▁the ▁day ▁after ▁the ▁evac uation , ▁but ▁had ▁only ▁a ▁short ▁res pite , ▁for ▁just ▁a ▁few ▁days ▁later ▁they , ▁along ▁with ▁the ▁Wel sh ▁Gu ards , ▁crossed ▁over ▁to ▁the ▁northern ▁French ▁port ▁of ▁Bou log ne , ▁reaching ▁the ▁town ▁on ▁ 2 2 ▁May . ▁Their ▁orders ▁were ▁to ▁defend ▁part ▁of ▁Bou log ne ▁during ▁the ▁evac uation ▁of ▁the ▁British ▁Ex ped ition ary ▁Force ▁( BE F ) ▁from ▁the ▁overwhelming ▁and ▁in ex orable ▁advance ▁of ▁the ▁Germans . ▁The ▁Gu ards ▁st out ly ▁def ended ▁their ▁area ▁of ▁responsibility ▁from ▁better - equ ipped ▁German ▁forces , ▁rep uls ing ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁German ▁attacks ▁on ▁the ▁ 2 2 nd , ▁but ▁on ▁the ▁morning ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 3 rd , ▁superior ▁German ▁forces ▁attacked ▁the ▁batt alion ▁and ▁the ▁Gu ards ▁suffered ▁very ▁heavily . ▁Later ▁that ▁day ▁the ▁batt alion ▁was ▁evac uated ▁from ▁Bou log ne , ▁being ▁the ▁last ▁to ▁leave ▁and ▁having ▁fought ▁val iant ly ▁while ▁await ing ▁evac uation . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1
9 4 1 , ▁ 2 nd ▁Irish ▁Gu ards ▁made ▁reg imental ▁history ▁when ▁they ▁were ▁re organ ised ▁as ▁an ▁arm oured ▁batt alion , ▁the ▁first ▁in ▁the ▁Irish ▁Guard ' s ▁history , ▁joining ▁the ▁newly ▁formed ▁Gu ards ▁Arm oured ▁Division ▁as ▁part ▁of ▁ 5 th ▁Gu ards ▁Arm oured ▁Brigade . ▁The ▁Training ▁Batt alion ▁of ▁the ▁Irish ▁Gu ards ▁was ▁raised ▁the ▁same ▁year , ▁later ▁becoming ▁the ▁ 3 rd ▁Batt alion , ▁Irish ▁Gu ards . ▁In ▁ 1 9 4 3 , ▁the ▁ 3 rd ▁Irish ▁Gu ards ▁were ▁re organ ised ▁as ▁a ▁full ▁inf antry ▁batt alion ▁and ▁followed ▁their ▁sister ▁reg iment ▁into ▁the ▁Gu ards ▁Arm oured ▁Division ▁as ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁ 3 2 nd ▁Gu ards ▁Brigade . ▁ ▁North ▁Africa ▁and ▁Italy ▁In ▁March ▁ 1 9 4 3 ▁the ▁ 1 st ▁Batt alion , ▁Irish ▁Gu ards , ▁who ▁had ▁been ▁based ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁Kingdom ▁since ▁their ▁return ▁from ▁Norway ▁in ▁June ▁ 1 9 4 0 , ▁landed , ▁with ▁the ▁rest ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 4 th ▁Gu ards ▁Brigade , ▁in ▁Tun is ia , ▁to ▁fight ▁in ▁the ▁final ▁stages ▁of ▁the ▁campaign ▁in ▁North ▁Africa . ▁The ▁batt alion ▁fought ▁in ▁the ▁Med je z ▁Pl ain ▁area , ▁seeing ▁heavy ▁action ▁at ▁D j eb el ▁bou ▁A ou k az , ▁or ▁' B ou '. ▁The ▁ 1 st ▁Irish ▁Gu ards ▁were
▁task ed ▁with ▁capt uring ▁a ▁vital ▁r idge ▁and ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁area ▁was ▁taken ▁on ▁ 2 7 ▁April ▁but ▁further ▁fighting ▁continued ▁for ▁several ▁days ▁with ▁the ▁Irish ▁Gu ards ▁beating ▁off ▁several ▁German ▁counter att acks ▁and ▁suffering ▁heavy ▁casual ties ▁before ▁they ▁were ▁relieved ▁on ▁ 1 ▁May . ▁ ▁It ▁was ▁in ▁this ▁fierce ▁fighting ▁which ▁marked ▁the ▁Irish ▁Guard ' s ▁Tun is ian ▁Campaign ▁that ▁the ▁reg iment ▁would ▁win ▁their ▁first ▁Victoria ▁Cross ▁of ▁the ▁Second ▁World ▁War . ▁During ▁an ▁action ▁on ▁ 2 8 ▁April , ▁L ance - Cor por al ▁John ▁Patrick ▁Ken ne ally ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 st ▁Irish ▁Gu ards ▁charged ▁down ▁the ▁forward ▁slope ▁of ▁the ▁r idge ▁on ▁which ▁his ▁company ▁was ▁positioned , ▁attacking ▁the ▁main ▁body ▁of ▁a ▁German ▁company ▁preparing ▁to ▁assault ▁the ▁r idge . ▁He ▁fired ▁his ▁Bren ▁L MG ▁as ▁he ▁advanced , ▁causing ▁so ▁much ▁surprise ▁and ▁confusion ▁that ▁the ▁Germans ▁broke ▁in ▁disorder ▁and ▁ret reated . ▁L ance - Cor por al ▁Ken ne ally ▁then ▁returned ▁to ▁his ▁position ▁un har med . ▁On ▁ 3 0 ▁April ▁L ance - Cor por al ▁Ken ne ally ▁repeated ▁his ▁brave ▁actions ▁when , ▁accompanied ▁by ▁a ▁ser ge ant ▁of ▁the ▁Re con naissance ▁Corps , ▁he ▁charged ▁the ▁enemy ▁who ▁were ▁again ▁forming ▁up ▁to ▁assault ▁the ▁same ▁r idge . ▁ ▁Both ▁men ▁charged ▁the ▁Germans , ▁inf lic ting ▁heavy ▁casual ties
▁on ▁the ▁Germans ▁which ▁resulted ▁in ▁the ▁rout ▁of ▁the ▁German ▁force . ▁The ▁two ▁men ▁began ▁to ▁return ▁to ▁their ▁position ▁but ▁as ▁they ▁did ▁so , ▁Ken ne ally ▁was ▁hit ▁in ▁the ▁thigh . ▁However , ▁he ▁continued ▁to ▁fight , ▁ref using ▁to ▁rel in qu ish ▁his ▁Bren ▁gun ▁or ▁leave ▁his ▁position . ▁Despite ▁his ▁wound ▁he ▁fought ▁for ▁the ▁rest ▁of ▁the ▁day ▁and ▁for ▁his ▁actions ▁was ▁awarded ▁the ▁Victoria ▁Cross . ▁ ▁Si xt y ▁hand - p icked ▁men ▁of ▁the ▁Irish ▁Gu ards ▁were ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 4 , 0 0 0 ▁strong ▁British ▁conting ent ▁that ▁took ▁part ▁in ▁the ▁victory ▁par ade ▁in ▁the ▁capital ▁Tun is ▁on ▁ 2 0 ▁May ▁ 1 9 4 3 . ▁The ▁ 1 st ▁Irish ▁Gu ards ▁did ▁not ▁have ▁much ▁time ▁to ▁b ask ▁on ▁their ▁vict ories ▁in ▁North ▁Africa ▁however ▁when ▁in ▁December ▁of ▁that ▁year ▁they ▁were , ▁together ▁with ▁the ▁rest ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 4 th ▁Gu ards ▁Brigade , ▁deployed ▁to ▁the ▁Italian ▁Front . ▁ ▁The ▁batt alion ▁took ▁part ▁in ▁the ▁An z io ▁land ings ▁( cod en amed ▁Operation ▁Sh ingle ) ▁as ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁first ▁units ▁to ▁land ▁in ▁Italy ▁on ▁ 2 2 ▁January ▁ 1 9 4 4 . ▁The ▁land ings ▁were ▁met ▁by ▁stronger ▁than ▁expected ▁resistance ▁as ▁the ▁All ied ▁arm ies ▁moved ▁in land ▁and ▁a ▁German ▁counter att ack ▁was
▁launched ▁several ▁days ▁later . ▁The ▁All ies ▁were ▁soon ▁driven ▁back ▁to ▁the ▁beach head ▁where ▁fierce ▁fighting ▁r aged ▁and ▁the ▁ 1 st ▁Irish ▁Gu ards ▁saw ▁action ▁at ▁Car roc eto ▁where ▁they ▁rep uls ed ▁several ▁German ▁attacks . ▁The ▁batt alion ▁also ▁took ▁part ▁in ▁the ▁attack ▁on ▁Camp ole one , ▁where ▁they ▁experienced ▁heavy ▁casual ties . ▁The ▁Irish ▁Gu ards ▁inf lict ed ▁heavy ▁casual ties ▁on ▁the ▁Germans , ▁but ▁were ▁surrounded ▁the ▁following ▁day ▁with ▁little ▁support ▁against ▁German ▁arm our , ▁and ▁were ▁forced ▁to ▁fight ▁their ▁way ▁through ▁to ▁All ied ▁lines , ▁suffering ▁many ▁casual ties ▁in ▁the ▁process . ▁A ▁few ▁further ▁actions ▁took ▁place ▁for ▁the ▁batt alion ' s ▁companies ▁but , ▁by ▁April , ▁the ▁ 1 st ▁Irish ▁Gu ards , ▁having ▁suffered ▁devast ating ▁losses , ▁had ▁been ▁severely ▁de pleted ▁in ▁man power ▁and ▁were ▁returned ▁to ▁the ▁UK ▁along ▁with ▁the ▁remainder ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 4 th ▁Gu ards ▁Brigade . ▁Back ▁in ▁the ▁UK , ▁it ▁was ▁decided ▁that ▁the ▁ 1 st ▁Irish ▁Gu ards ▁would ▁become ▁the ▁reg iment ' s ▁training ▁batt alion ▁in ▁order ▁to ▁provide ▁man power ▁to ▁the ▁ 2 nd ▁and ▁ 3 rd ▁Irish ▁Gu ards ▁who ▁would ▁soon ▁be ▁undert aking ▁the ▁invasion ▁of ▁Europe . ▁ ▁Land ing ▁in ▁Norm andy , ▁Market ▁Garden ▁and ▁the ▁advance ▁to ▁Germany ▁ ▁Following ▁the ▁Norm andy ▁land ings ▁on ▁ 6

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