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▁to ▁Lisa , ▁his ▁girlfriend . ▁I ▁pretty ▁much ▁added ▁some ▁focus ▁on ▁Lisa , ▁and ▁now ▁it ' s ▁like ▁ 5 0 - 5 0 ." ▁ ▁Cast ing ▁New ▁Line ▁Cin ema ▁originally ▁thought ▁to ▁save ▁money ▁by ▁simply ▁using ▁an ▁un named ▁extra ▁in ▁a ▁rubber ▁mask ▁to ▁play ▁Fred dy ▁- ▁as ▁had ▁been ▁the ▁case ▁for ▁mask ed , ▁m ute , ▁imp erson al ▁kill ers ▁like ▁Jason ▁V oor he es ▁and ▁Michael ▁My ers ▁- ▁but ▁re cons ider ed ▁when ▁they ▁realized ▁that ▁the ▁man ▁had ▁the ▁g ait ▁and ▁post ure ▁of ▁" a ▁dim est ore ▁monster " ▁or ▁" Fr ank en stein ' s ▁monster " ▁as ▁opposed ▁to ▁Robert ▁Eng l und ' s ▁class ically ▁trained ▁physical ▁acting . ▁The ▁extra ▁as ▁Fred dy ▁still ▁remained ▁in ▁one ▁scene ▁left ▁in ▁the ▁film , ▁during ▁coach ▁Sch ne ider ' s ▁death ▁scene ▁in ▁the ▁shower , ▁though ▁obsc ured ▁by ▁excessive ▁water ▁steam . ▁Real izing ▁their ▁mistake , ▁the ▁producers ▁quickly ▁brought ▁back ▁Eng l und ▁for ▁the ▁rest ▁of ▁the ▁film ▁and ▁series . ▁ ▁Fil ming ▁ ▁The ▁film ' s ▁special ▁effects ▁were ▁headed ▁by ▁Kevin ▁Y ag her , ▁who ▁handled ▁Fred dy ' s ▁design , ▁and ▁Mark ▁Sh ost rom , ▁who ▁was ▁responsible ▁for ▁the ▁transformation ▁effects ▁wherein ▁Fred dy ▁comes ▁out ▁of ▁Jesse ' s ▁body . ▁David ▁B . ▁Miller , ▁who ▁created ▁the ▁makeup ▁for |
▁the ▁original ▁film , ▁was ▁busy ▁working ▁on ▁C oc oon ▁and ▁My ▁Science ▁Project . ▁In ▁a ▁later ▁interview , ▁Y ag her ▁expressed ▁disappointment ▁and ▁confusion ▁regarding ▁the ▁ending ▁of ▁the ▁film . ▁ ▁Release ▁ ▁Box ▁office ▁ ▁The ▁film ▁opened ▁on ▁ 5 2 2 ▁screens ▁in ▁the ▁New ▁York , ▁Washington ▁D . C ., ▁Detroit ▁and ▁Texas ▁areas . ▁V ary ing ▁figures ▁have ▁been ▁reported ▁for ▁its ▁opening ▁weekend . ▁Daily ▁Var iety ▁reported ▁it ▁opening ▁with ▁$ 3 , 8 6 5 , 4 7 5 ▁placing ▁it ▁second ▁for ▁the ▁weekend ▁behind ▁Death ▁W ish ▁ 3 . ▁An ▁advert ▁in ▁the ▁following ▁day ' s ▁Week ly ▁Var iety ▁claimed ▁it ▁had ▁gross ed ▁$ 3 , 2 2 0 , 3 4 8 ▁placing ▁it ▁third ▁behind ▁To ▁Live ▁and ▁Die ▁in ▁L . A . ▁and ▁contemporary ▁websites ▁such ▁as ▁Box ▁Office ▁Mo jo ▁report ▁it ▁gross ing ▁exactly ▁$ 1 ▁million ▁less ▁than ▁the ▁initial ▁Daily ▁Var iety ▁figure , ▁with ▁only ▁$ 2 . 9 ▁million , ▁coming ▁in ▁fourth ▁place . ▁Wh iche ver ▁figure ▁is ▁used , ▁the ▁per ▁screen ▁total ▁was ▁higher ▁than ▁the ▁other ▁films ▁in ▁the ▁top ▁ 1 0 . ▁The ▁following ▁weekend , ▁it ▁gross ed ▁$ 1 , 8 1 9 , 2 0 3 ▁for ▁a ▁ 1 0 - day ▁total ▁of ▁$ 5 , 5 6 9 , 3 3 4 ▁( which ▁New ▁Line ▁also ▁reported ▁in |
▁an ▁advertis ement ), ▁which ▁indicates ▁that ▁the ▁initial ▁figure ▁reported ▁by ▁Daily ▁Var iety ▁was ▁over st ated . ▁In ▁the ▁US , ▁the ▁film ▁eventually ▁made ▁$ 3 0 ▁million ▁on ▁a ▁budget ▁of ▁$ 3 ▁million . ▁ ▁Re ception ▁ ▁Crit ical ▁reception ▁ ▁Crit ical ▁reaction ▁of ▁the ▁film ▁was ▁mixed ▁upon ▁release , ▁with ▁some ▁criticism ▁in ▁comparison ▁to ▁its ▁predecess or . ▁Jan et ▁Mas lin ▁of ▁The ▁New ▁York ▁Times ▁praised ▁the ▁film , ▁saying ▁that ▁it ▁has ▁" cle ver ▁special ▁effects , ▁a ▁good ▁leading ▁performance ▁and ▁a ▁vill ain ▁so ▁chat ty ▁he ▁practically ▁makes ▁this ▁a ▁human - interest ▁story ". ▁The ▁review ▁also ▁gave ▁the ▁lead ▁performances ▁positive ▁reviews , ▁noting , ▁" Mr . ▁P att on ▁and ▁Miss ▁My ers ▁make ▁lik able ▁teen - age ▁heroes , ▁and ▁Mr . ▁Eng l und ▁actually ▁turns ▁Fred dy ▁into ▁a ▁welcome ▁presence . ▁Cl u ▁G ul ager ▁and ▁Hope ▁L ange ▁have ▁some ▁good ▁moments ▁as ▁Jesse ' s ▁parents , ▁and ▁Marshall ▁Bell ▁sc ow ls ▁fer oc iously ▁as ▁the ▁coach ▁who ▁calls ▁his ▁charges ▁dirt ball s ▁and ▁who ▁is ▁eventually ▁attacked ▁by ▁a ▁demon ic ▁towel ." ▁Var iety ▁gave ▁the ▁film ▁a ▁positive ▁review ▁saying , ▁" E pis od ic ▁treatment ▁is ▁pun ched ▁up ▁by ▁an ▁imagin ative ▁series ▁of ▁special ▁effects . ▁The ▁stand out ▁is ▁a ▁gr is ly ▁chest - bur ster ▁set piece ." ▁In ▁a |
▁negative ▁review , ▁People ▁called ▁the ▁film ▁a ▁" ted ious , ▁humor less ▁mess ". ▁ ▁The ▁film ▁currently ▁holds ▁a ▁ 4 3 % ▁approval ▁rating ▁on ▁the ▁review ▁aggreg ator ▁website ▁Rot ten ▁Tom atoes , ▁based ▁on ▁ 2 8 ▁reviews . ▁The ▁site ' s ▁consensus ▁is : ▁An ▁intr igu ing ▁sub text ▁of ▁re pressed ▁sexual ity ▁gives ▁Fred dy ' s ▁Rev enge ▁some ▁texture , ▁but ▁the ▁Night mare ▁los es ▁its ▁edge ▁in ▁a ▁sequ el ▁that ▁lack s ▁conv incing ▁performances ▁or ▁memorable ▁sc ares . ▁ ▁Hom o er otic ▁sub text ▁Film ▁comment ators ▁have ▁often ▁remarked ▁on ▁the ▁film ' s ▁perceived ▁hom o er otic ▁theme , ▁claiming ▁its ▁sub text ▁suggests ▁Jesse ▁is ▁a ▁re pressed ▁homosexual ▁( never ▁clar ified ▁in ▁the ▁movie ). ▁They ▁note , ▁in ▁particular , ▁the ▁scenes ▁where ▁he ▁enc ounters ▁his ▁gym ▁teacher ▁at ▁a ▁gay ▁bar , ▁and ▁his ▁flight ▁to ▁a ▁male ▁friend ' s ▁house ▁after ▁he ▁attempts ▁to ▁make ▁out ▁with ▁his ▁girlfriend ▁at ▁her ▁pool ▁party . ▁Further , ▁actor ▁Mark ▁P att on , ▁who ▁plays ▁Jesse , ▁played ▁a ▁role ▁so ▁often ▁written ▁as ▁female ▁in ▁the ▁sub gen re ▁( such ▁as ▁in ▁the ▁first ▁film ) ▁that ▁it ▁has ▁become ▁known ▁as ▁the ▁" final ▁girl ". ▁At ▁the ▁time ▁of ▁its ▁release , ▁one ▁publication ▁referred ▁to ▁it ▁as ▁" the ▁gay est ▁horror ▁film ▁ever ". ▁In ▁the ▁ |
2 1 st ▁century , ▁it ▁has ▁become ▁a ▁cult ▁film ▁for ▁gay ▁audiences . ▁On ▁Never ▁Sleep ▁Again : ▁The ▁El m ▁Street ▁Leg acy , ▁David ▁Ch ask in ▁refers ▁to ▁a ▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁list ▁on ▁Cr acked . com ▁which ▁lists ▁" The ▁ 5 ▁Most ▁Un int ention ally ▁Gay ▁Hor ror ▁Mov ies ", ▁with ▁Fred dy ' s ▁Rev enge ▁as ▁number ▁one , ▁and ▁states ▁that ▁" There ▁is ▁nothing ▁logical ▁that ▁can ▁explain ▁the ▁level ▁of ▁hom o er otic ism ▁in ▁this ▁movie ". ▁ ▁The ▁book ▁Welcome ▁to ▁Our ▁Night ma res : ▁Behind ▁the ▁Sc ene ▁with ▁Today ' s ▁Hor ror ▁Act ors ▁elabor ates ▁on ▁the ▁film ' s ▁hom o er otic ▁sub text , ▁stating ▁that : ▁ ▁" The ▁film ▁suggested ▁an ▁undert one ▁of ▁homosexual ity , ▁starting ▁with ▁the ▁protagon ist ' s ▁gender - neut ral ▁name . ▁Jesse ' s ▁rarely ▁fully ▁cl ot hed . ▁He ▁and ▁a ▁tor ment or ▁have ▁a ▁sweat y ▁wrest ling ▁match . ▁His ▁coach , ▁cl ad ▁in ▁leather , ▁basically ▁hits ▁on ▁him ▁in ▁a ▁gay ▁bar , ▁then ▁gets ▁killed ▁by ▁Fred dy , ▁including ▁a ▁bare - ass ▁sp ank ing . ▁Fred dy ▁emer ges ▁from ▁Jesse ' s ▁stomach ▁in ▁the ▁same ▁forced - b irth ▁technique ▁that ▁made ▁the ▁Al ien ▁films ▁legendary ." ▁ ▁Mark ▁P att on ▁has ▁claimed ▁the ▁film ' s ▁gay |
▁sub text ▁was ▁increasingly ▁emphas ised ▁through ▁script ▁re writ es ▁as ▁production ▁progress ed . ▁" It ▁just ▁became ▁und en iable " ▁he ▁told ▁B uzz Feed ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 6 . ▁" I ' m ▁lying ▁in ▁bed ▁and ▁I ' m ▁a ▁p iet à ▁and ▁the ▁cand les ▁are ▁dri pping ▁and ▁they ' re ▁b ending ▁like ▁ph all uses ▁and ▁white ▁wax ▁is ▁dri pping ▁all ▁over . ▁It ' s ▁like ▁I ' m ▁the ▁center ▁of ▁a ▁[...] ▁bu kk ake ▁video ." ▁He ▁has ▁felt ▁bet rayed ▁since ▁he ▁knew ▁the ▁film makers ▁were ▁aware ▁he ▁was ▁gay , ▁but ▁clos eted . ▁They ▁had ▁considerable ▁leverage ▁over ▁him ▁in ▁having ▁him ▁perform ▁a ▁role ▁that , ▁combined ▁with ▁his ▁performance ▁as ▁a ▁gay ▁teen ▁in ▁Come ▁Back ▁to ▁the ▁Five ▁and ▁D ime , ▁Jimmy ▁Dean , ▁Jimmy ▁Dean ▁the ▁year ▁before , ▁led ▁to ▁him ▁being ▁type cast ▁as ▁gay . ▁The ▁role ▁called ▁attention ▁to ▁what ▁he ▁was ▁trying ▁to ▁avoid ▁discussing ▁and ▁would ▁have ▁forest alled ▁him ▁getting ▁any ▁significant ▁roles ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 0 s ▁Hollywood . ▁ ▁In ▁particular , ▁P att on ▁bl ames ▁Ch ask in , ▁who ▁he ▁says ▁claimed ▁the ▁sub text ▁a rose ▁from ▁how ▁P att on ▁played ▁the ▁part . ▁" I ▁love ▁when ▁[ he ] ▁uses ▁the ▁word ▁' sub text ,' " ▁he ▁complained . ▁" Did ▁you ▁actually ▁go ▁to ▁a ▁fresh |
man ▁English ▁course ▁in ▁high ▁school ? ▁This ▁is ▁not ▁sub text ." ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁he ▁said ▁Ch ask in ▁" s ab ot age [ d ] " ▁him . ▁" N ob ody ▁ever ▁affected ▁my ▁confidence — the ▁boys ▁that ▁threw ▁rocks ▁at ▁me , ▁nobody — but ▁this ▁man ▁did ." ▁Ch ask in ▁denied ▁for ▁years ▁that ▁there ▁was ▁a ▁gay ▁sub text ▁in ▁his ▁screen play . ▁Instead , ▁at ▁one ▁point , ▁he ▁told ▁a ▁reporter ▁that ▁P att on ▁had ▁simply ▁played ▁the ▁part ▁" too ▁gay ". ▁The ▁emotional ▁stress ▁of ▁the ▁film ▁led ▁P att on ▁to ▁leave ▁acting ▁shortly ▁afterwards ▁for ▁a ▁career ▁in ▁interior ▁decor ating . ▁ ▁While ▁Ch ask in ▁has ▁tried ▁to ▁reach ▁out ▁and ▁apolog ize ▁to ▁P att on ▁over ▁the ▁years , ▁with ▁limited ▁success , ▁he ▁maint ains ▁that ▁P att on ' s ▁" interpret ations ▁of ▁Jesse ▁were ▁choices ▁that ▁he ▁made ▁... ▁I ▁have ▁to ▁believe ▁that ▁he ▁' got ▁it ' ▁and ▁that ▁was ▁how ▁he ▁decided ▁to ▁play ▁it ." ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 0 , ▁Ch ask in ▁finally ▁admitted ▁it ▁was ▁a ▁deliber ate ▁choice ▁on ▁his ▁part . ▁" Hom oph ob ia ▁was ▁sky rock eting ▁and ▁I ▁began ▁to ▁think ▁about ▁our ▁core ▁audience — ad oles cent ▁boys — and ▁how ▁all ▁of ▁this ▁stuff ▁might ▁be ▁trick ling ▁down ▁into ▁their ▁psy ches ," ▁he ▁explained . |
▁" My ▁thought ▁was ▁that ▁t apping ▁into ▁that ▁ang st ▁would ▁give ▁an ▁extra ▁edge ▁to ▁the ▁horror ." ▁ ▁One ▁scene ▁that ▁would ▁have ▁made ▁the ▁gay ▁sub text ▁more ▁apparent , ▁however , ▁was ▁ton ed ▁down . ▁Eng l und ▁was ▁actually ▁prepared ▁to ▁insert ▁one ▁of ▁his ▁hand ' s ▁knife ▁bl ades ▁into ▁Jess ie ' s ▁mouth ▁instead ▁of ▁merely ▁ca ress ing ▁his ▁lips ▁with ▁it ▁as ▁he ▁does ▁in ▁the ▁finished ▁film , ▁but ▁P att on ▁did ▁not ▁feel ▁comfortable ▁with ▁it . ▁The ▁film ' s ▁makeup ▁artist ▁suggested ▁to ▁P att on ▁that ▁he ▁not ▁do ▁the ▁scene ▁that ▁way ▁to ▁protect ▁his ▁image . ▁ ▁In ▁a ▁February ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁interview ▁with ▁Att itude ▁magazine , ▁Eng l und ▁said ▁" ... ▁the ▁second ▁Night mare ▁on ▁El m ▁Street ▁is ▁obviously ▁intended ▁as ▁a ▁bis ex ual ▁them ed ▁film . ▁It ▁was ▁early ▁' 8 0 s , ▁pre - A IDS ▁par ano ia . ▁Jesse ' s ▁wrest ling ▁with ▁whether ▁to ▁come ▁out ▁or ▁not ▁and ▁his ▁own ▁sexual ▁desires ▁was ▁manifest ed ▁by ▁Fred dy . ▁His ▁friend ▁is ▁the ▁object ▁of ▁his ▁affection . ▁That ' s ▁all ▁there ▁in ▁that ▁film . ▁We ▁did ▁it ▁sub t ly ▁but ▁the ▁casting ▁of ▁Mark ▁P att on ▁was ▁intent ional ▁too , ▁because ▁Mark ▁was ▁out ▁and ▁had ▁done ▁Come ▁Back ▁to ▁the ▁Five ▁and ▁D ime , ▁Jimmy ▁Dean |
, ▁Jimmy ▁Dean ." ▁ ▁In ▁an ▁article ▁written ▁by ▁B rent ▁Hart inger ▁for ▁After El ton . com , ▁he ▁notes ▁that ▁a ▁" f requ ent ▁debate ▁in ▁gay ▁pop ▁culture ▁circles ▁is ▁this : ▁Just ▁how ▁' g ay ' ▁was ▁ 1 9 8 5 ' s ▁A ▁Night mare ▁on ▁El m ▁Street ▁ 2 : ▁Fred dy ' s ▁Rev enge ▁( the ▁first ▁El m ▁Street ▁sequ el )? ▁The ▁imag ery ▁in ▁the ▁movie ▁makes ▁it ▁seem ▁unm ist ak ably ▁gay ▁— ▁but ▁the ▁film makers ▁have ▁all ▁along ▁denied ▁that ▁that ▁was ▁their ▁intention ." ▁During ▁his ▁interview ▁segment ▁for ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁documentary ▁film ▁Never ▁Sleep ▁Again : ▁The ▁El m ▁Street ▁Leg acy , ▁David ▁Ch ask in ▁admitted ▁that ▁the ▁gay ▁themes ▁were ▁intent ional , ▁something ▁he ▁had ▁denied ▁until ▁that ▁point . ▁ ▁The ▁rest ▁of ▁the ▁cast ▁and ▁crew ▁have ▁said ▁that ▁they ▁were ▁un aware ▁of ▁any ▁such ▁themes ▁at ▁the ▁time ▁they ▁made ▁the ▁film , ▁but ▁that ▁a ▁series ▁of ▁creative ▁decisions ▁on ▁the ▁part ▁of ▁director ▁Jack ▁Sh older ▁un int ention ally ▁brought ▁Ch ask in ' s ▁themes ▁to ▁the ▁fore front . ▁In ▁an ▁interview ▁Sh older ▁said , ▁" I ▁simply ▁didn ' t ▁have ▁the ▁self - aware ness ▁to ▁realize ▁that ▁any ▁of ▁this ▁might ▁be ▁interpreted ▁as ▁gay ". ▁Now - out ▁Mark ▁P att on ▁said , ▁" I ▁don ' |
t ▁think ▁that ▁[ the ▁character ] ▁Jesse ▁was ▁originally ▁written ▁as ▁a ▁gay ▁character . ▁I ▁think ▁it ' s ▁something ▁that ▁happened ▁along ▁the ▁line ▁by ▁ser end ip ity ". ▁P att on ▁also ▁wrote ▁Jesse ' s ▁Lost ▁Journal ▁about ▁Jesse ' s ▁life ▁after ▁the ▁film ▁and ▁dealing ▁with ▁his ▁homosexual ity . ▁ ▁Sound track ▁ ▁The ▁film ' s ▁score ▁was ▁composed ▁by ▁Christopher ▁Young . ▁The ▁song ▁" Have ▁You ▁Ever ▁Se en ▁a ▁Dream ▁Walk ing " ▁performed ▁by ▁B ing ▁C ros by ▁plays ▁over ▁the ▁film ' s ▁end ▁credits . ▁The ▁songs ▁" Touch ▁Me ▁( All ▁Night ▁Long )" ▁by ▁F onda ▁R ae , ▁" Wh is per ▁to ▁a ▁Scre am " ▁by ▁Bobby ▁Or lando , ▁" On ▁the ▁Air ▁Ton ight " ▁by ▁Wil ly ▁Fin l ays on , ▁" M oving ▁in ▁the ▁Night " ▁by ▁Sk ager ack , ▁and ▁" T error ▁in ▁My ▁Heart " ▁by ▁the ▁Red s ▁are ▁also ▁featured ▁in ▁the ▁film . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁List ▁of ▁ghost ▁films ▁ ▁List ▁of ▁monster ▁movies ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁Category : 1 9 8 5 ▁films ▁Category : 1 9 8 5 ▁horror ▁films ▁Category : 1 9 8 0 s ▁independent ▁films ▁Category : 1 9 8 0 s ▁LGBT - related ▁films ▁Category : 1 9 8 0 s ▁sequ el ▁films ▁Category : 1 9 8 0 s ▁serial ▁killer |
▁films ▁Night mare ▁El m ▁Street ▁ 2 ▁Category : 1 9 8 0 s ▁teen ▁horror ▁films ▁Category : American ▁films ▁Category : American ▁independent ▁films ▁Category : American ▁sequ el ▁films ▁Category : American ▁serial ▁killer ▁films ▁Category : American ▁sl as her ▁films ▁Category : American ▁teen ▁horror ▁films ▁Category : American ▁teen ▁LGBT - related ▁films ▁Category : English - language ▁films ▁Category : Fil ms ▁about ▁night ma res ▁Category : American ▁films ▁about ▁revenge ▁Category : Fil ms ▁about ▁sleep ▁disorders ▁Category : Fil ms ▁about ▁spirit ▁possession ▁Category : Fil ms ▁directed ▁by ▁Jack ▁Sh older ▁Category : Fil ms ▁scored ▁by ▁Christopher ▁Young ▁Category : Fil ms ▁set ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 6 ▁Category : Fil ms ▁set ▁in ▁Ohio ▁Category : Fil ms ▁shot ▁in ▁Los ▁Angeles ▁Category : G ay - related ▁films ▁Category : L GBT - related ▁horror ▁films ▁Category : New ▁Line ▁Cin ema ▁films ▁Category : A ▁Night mare ▁on ▁El m ▁Street ▁( fr anch ise ) ▁films <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁ 2 0 1 8 ▁European ▁Sk ate board ing ▁Championships ▁was ▁held ▁in ▁Bas el , ▁Switzerland , ▁between ▁ 3 1 ▁August ▁and ▁ 2 ▁September ▁for ▁street ▁sk ate board ing ▁and ▁in ▁Mal m ö , ▁Sweden , ▁between ▁September ▁ 3 – 6 ▁for ▁park ▁sk ate board ing . ▁ ▁Medal ▁summary ▁ ▁Park ▁sk ate board ing ▁ ▁Street ▁sk ate board ing W omen ' s ▁results ▁ |
▁° His ▁name ▁is ▁miss p elled ▁" D ow we " ▁in ▁the ▁official ▁scores heet . ▁ ▁° ° D ou we ▁Mac are ▁came ▁ 4 th ▁in ▁the ▁competition , ▁but ▁he ▁was ▁the ▁ 3 rd ▁placed ▁European , ▁as ▁the ▁third ▁best ▁score ▁was ▁made ▁by ▁the ▁sole ▁compet itor ▁from ▁outside ▁of ▁Europe ▁– ▁' s ▁Mat ias ▁D ell ▁Ol io ▁( 8 2 , 3 3 ). ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁▁ 2 0 1 8 ▁European ▁Sk ate board ing ▁Championships ▁European ▁Sk ate board ing ▁Championships ▁ 2 0 1 8 ▁European ▁Sk ate board ing ▁Championships ▁European ▁Cl im bing ▁Championships ▁Category : Europe an ▁Sk ate board ing ▁Championships <0x0A> </s> ▁R ok it no - K ol onia ▁ ▁is ▁a ▁village ▁in ▁the ▁administrative ▁district ▁of ▁G mina ▁R ok it no , ▁within ▁B ia ła ▁Pod l aska ▁County , ▁Lub lin ▁Vo iv odes hip , ▁in ▁eastern ▁Poland , ▁close ▁to ▁the ▁border ▁with ▁Bel ar us . ▁It ▁lies ▁approximately ▁ ▁north - east ▁of ▁B ia ła ▁Pod l aska ▁and ▁ ▁north - east ▁of ▁the ▁regional ▁capital ▁Lub lin . ▁ ▁The ▁village ▁has ▁a ▁population ▁of ▁ 1 1 0 . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : V ill ages ▁in ▁B ia ła ▁Pod l aska ▁County <0x0A> </s> ▁She ikh ▁F az l ul ▁Kar im ▁Sel im , ▁better ▁known ▁as ▁She ikh ▁Sel im , ▁is |
▁a ▁Bangl ades hi ▁member ▁of ▁parliament ▁and ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁standing ▁committee ▁of ▁Bangl adesh ▁Aw ami ▁League ▁party . ▁ ▁Early ▁life ▁▁ ▁Sel im ▁is ▁the ▁nep hew ▁of ▁She ikh ▁M uj ib ur ▁Rah man , ▁former ▁President ▁of ▁Bangl adesh . ▁He ▁is ▁the ▁younger ▁brother ▁of ▁She ikh ▁F az l ul ▁Ha que ▁Man i ▁founder ▁of ▁J ub o ▁League . ▁He ▁is ▁a ▁cousin ▁of ▁Prime ▁Minister ▁She ikh ▁Has ina . ▁ ▁Career ▁▁ ▁Sal im ▁is ▁the ▁current ▁parliament ary ▁representative ▁for ▁the ▁a ▁constitu ency ▁of ▁G op al gan j - 2 . ▁He ▁is ▁a ▁Pres id ium ▁member ▁of ▁Bangl adesh ▁Aw ami ▁League . ▁He ▁has ▁won ▁parliament ary ▁elections ▁from ▁G op al gan j - 2 ▁seven ▁times . ▁He ▁served ▁as ▁the ▁Minister ▁for ▁Health ▁and ▁Family ▁W elfare ▁in ▁the ▁First ▁She ikh ▁Has ina ▁Cab inet . ▁He ▁is ▁the ▁Chairman ▁of ▁the ▁Parliament ary ▁Stand ing ▁Committee ▁on ▁Health ▁and ▁Family ▁W elfare ▁Ministry . ▁ ▁Cont ro vers y ▁ ▁On ▁ 2 3 ▁April ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁Bangl adesh ▁Anti ▁Cor ruption ▁Commission ▁su ed ▁him ▁for ▁corruption ▁with ▁Ram na ▁Police ▁Station . ▁He ▁secured ▁bail ▁from ▁Bangl adesh ▁High ▁Court ▁on ▁ 1 6 ▁September ▁ 2 0 0 8 . ▁Bangl adesh ▁High ▁Court ▁in ▁September ▁stayed ▁proceed ing ▁of ▁the ▁case ▁against ▁Sel im . ▁On ▁ 2 4 ▁October ▁ |
2 0 1 0 ▁Bangl adesh ▁Supreme ▁Court ▁stayed ▁the ▁High ▁Court ▁order ▁allowing ▁the ▁case ▁to ▁proceed . ▁ ▁Personal ▁life ▁ ▁Sel im ▁lost ▁a ▁grand son ▁in ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 9 ▁Sri ▁L anka ▁Easter ▁bomb ings , ▁which ▁also ▁left ▁the ▁grand son ' s ▁father ▁wounded . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : B ang l adesh ▁Aw ami ▁League ▁politicians ▁Category : 1 9 4 7 ▁birth s ▁Category : She ikh ▁M uj ib ur ▁Rah man ▁family ▁Category : 8 th ▁J ati ya ▁S angs ad ▁members ▁Category : Health ▁and ▁Family ▁W elfare ▁minister s ▁of ▁Bangl adesh ▁Category : 1 1 th ▁J ati ya ▁S angs ad ▁members ▁Category : 5 th ▁J ati ya ▁S angs ad ▁members ▁Category : 7 th ▁J ati ya ▁S angs ad ▁members ▁Category : 9 th ▁J ati ya ▁S angs ad ▁members ▁Category : 1 0 th ▁J ati ya ▁S angs ad ▁members ▁Category : 3 rd ▁J ati ya ▁S angs ad ▁members ▁Category : People ▁from ▁G op al gan j ▁District , ▁Bangl adesh <0x0A> </s> ▁Arab ▁citizens ▁of ▁Israel , ▁or ▁Arab ▁Israel is , ▁are ▁Israeli ▁citizens ▁who ▁are ▁Arab . ▁Many ▁Arab ▁citizens ▁of ▁Israel ▁self - ident ify ▁as ▁Palestinian ▁and ▁commonly ▁self - design ate ▁themselves ▁as ▁Palestinian ▁citizens ▁of ▁Israel ▁or ▁Israeli ▁Palest ini ans . ▁According ▁to ▁a ▁ 2 0 1 7 ▁survey |
▁by ▁University ▁of ▁Ha ifa ▁professor ▁Sam my ▁Sm o oh a , ▁ 1 6 % ▁of ▁the ▁Arab ▁population ▁pre fers ▁the ▁term ▁" Is rael i ▁Arab ", ▁while ▁the ▁largest ▁and ▁fastest ▁growing ▁proportion ▁pre fers ▁" Pal est inian ▁in ▁Israel ", ▁and ▁ 1 7 % ▁prefer ▁" Pal est inian ▁Arab ", ▁reject ing ▁entirely ▁the ▁identity ▁of ▁" Is rael i ". ▁ ▁The ▁traditional ▁ver n acular ▁of ▁most ▁Arab ▁citizens , ▁ir res pective ▁of ▁religion , ▁is ▁Lev antine ▁Arab ic , ▁including ▁Leb an ese ▁Arab ic ▁in ▁northern ▁Israel , ▁Palestinian ▁dialect ▁of ▁Arab ic ▁in ▁central ▁Israel ▁and ▁Bed ou in ▁dialect s ▁across ▁the ▁Ne ge v ▁desert ; ▁having ▁absorbed ▁much ▁He brew ▁loan words ▁and ▁phrases , ▁the ▁modern ▁dialect ▁of ▁Arab ▁citizens ▁of ▁Israel ▁is ▁defined ▁by ▁some ▁as ▁the ▁Israeli ▁Arab ic ▁dialect . ▁Most ▁Arab ▁citizens ▁of ▁Israel ▁are ▁function ally ▁b iling ual , ▁their ▁second ▁language ▁being ▁Modern ▁He brew . ▁By ▁religious ▁affili ation , ▁most ▁are ▁Muslim , ▁particularly ▁of ▁the ▁Sun ni ▁branch ▁of ▁Islam . ▁There ▁is ▁a ▁significant ▁Arab ▁Christian ▁minority ▁from ▁various ▁denom inations ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁the ▁Dru ze , ▁among ▁other ▁religious ▁communities . ▁ ▁According ▁to ▁Israel ' s ▁Central ▁Bureau ▁of ▁Statistics , ▁the ▁Arab ▁population ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 9 ▁was ▁estimated ▁at ▁ 1 , 8 9 0 , 0 0 0 , ▁representing ▁ 2 0 . |
9 5 % ▁of ▁the ▁country ' s ▁population . ▁The ▁majority ▁of ▁these ▁identify ▁themselves ▁as ▁Arab ▁or ▁Palestinian ▁by ▁national ity ▁and ▁Israeli ▁by ▁citizens hip . ▁Arab ▁citizens ▁of ▁Israel ▁mostly ▁live ▁in ▁Arab - major ity ▁towns ▁and ▁cities ; ▁eight ▁of ▁Israel ' s ▁ten ▁po orest ▁cities ▁are ▁Arab . ▁The ▁vast ▁majority ▁attend ▁separate ▁schools ▁to ▁Jewish ▁Israel is , ▁and ▁Arab ▁political ▁parties ▁have ▁never ▁joined ▁a ▁government ▁coalition . ▁Many ▁have ▁family ▁ties ▁to ▁Palest ini ans ▁in ▁the ▁West ▁Bank ▁and ▁G aza ▁St rip ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁to ▁Palestinian ▁refugees ▁in ▁Jordan , ▁Syria ▁and ▁Leb anon . ▁Gal ile e ▁Bed ou ins , ▁Ne ge v ▁Bed ou ins ▁and ▁the ▁Dru ze ▁tend ▁to ▁identify ▁more ▁as ▁Israel is ▁than ▁other ▁Arab ▁citizens ▁of ▁Israel . ▁ ▁The ▁Ar abs ▁living ▁in ▁East ▁Jerusalem ▁and ▁the ▁Dru ze ▁in ▁the ▁G olan ▁He ights , ▁occupied ▁by ▁Israel ▁in ▁the ▁Six - Day ▁War ▁of ▁ 1 9 6 7 ▁and ▁later ▁an nex ed , ▁were ▁offered ▁Israeli ▁citizens hip , ▁but ▁most ▁have ▁refused , ▁not ▁wanting ▁to ▁recognize ▁Israel ' s ▁claim ▁to ▁sovere ig nt y . ▁They ▁became ▁permanent ▁residents ▁instead . ▁They ▁have ▁the ▁right ▁to ▁apply ▁for ▁citizens hip , ▁are ▁entitled ▁to ▁municipal ▁services ▁and ▁have ▁municipal ▁voting ▁rights . ▁ ▁Term in ology ▁How ▁to ▁refer ▁to ▁the ▁Arab ▁citizen ry ▁of ▁Israel ▁is ▁a ▁highly ▁polit ic ized ▁issue |
, ▁and ▁there ▁are ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁self - ident ification ▁labels ▁used ▁by ▁members ▁of ▁this ▁community . ▁Gener ally ▁speaking , ▁supporters ▁of ▁Israel ▁tend ▁to ▁use ▁Israeli ▁Arab ▁or ▁Arab ▁Israeli ▁to ▁refer ▁to ▁this ▁population ▁without ▁mention ing ▁Palest ine , ▁while ▁critics ▁of ▁Israel ▁( or ▁supporters ▁of ▁Palest ini ans ) ▁tend ▁to ▁use ▁Palestinian ▁or ▁Palestinian ▁Arab ▁without ▁refer encing ▁Israel . ▁According ▁to ▁The ▁New ▁York ▁Times , ▁most ▁preferred ▁to ▁identify ▁themselves ▁as ▁Palestinian ▁citizens ▁of ▁Israel ▁rather ▁than ▁as ▁Israeli ▁Ar abs , ▁as ▁of ▁ 2 0 1 2 . ▁The ▁New ▁York ▁Times ▁uses ▁both ▁' Pal est inian ▁Israel is ' ▁and ▁' Is rael i ▁Ar abs ' ▁to ▁refer ▁to ▁the ▁same ▁population . ▁ ▁Common ▁practice ▁in ▁contemporary ▁academic ▁literature ▁is ▁to ▁identify ▁this ▁community ▁as ▁Palestinian ▁as ▁it ▁is ▁how ▁the ▁majority ▁self - ident ify ▁( See ▁Self - Ident ification ▁below ▁for ▁more ). ▁Terms ▁preferred ▁by ▁most ▁Arab ▁citizens ▁to ▁identify ▁themselves ▁include ▁Palest ini ans , ▁Palest ini ans ▁in ▁Israel , ▁Israeli ▁Palest ini ans , ▁the ▁Palest ini ans ▁of ▁ 1 9 4 8 , ▁Palestinian ▁Ar abs , ▁Palestinian ▁Arab ▁citizens ▁of ▁Israel ▁or ▁Palestinian ▁citizens ▁of ▁Israel . ▁There ▁are , ▁however , ▁individuals ▁from ▁among ▁the ▁Arab ▁citizen ry ▁who ▁reject ▁the ▁term ▁Palestinian ▁altogether . ▁A ▁minority ▁of ▁Israel ' s ▁Arab ▁citizens ▁include ▁" Is rael i " ▁in ▁some ▁way ▁in ▁their ▁self |
- ident ifying ▁label ; ▁the ▁majority ▁identify ▁as ▁Palestinian ▁by ▁national ity ▁and ▁Israeli ▁by ▁citizens hip . ▁ ▁The ▁Israeli ▁establishment ▁pre fers ▁Israeli ▁Ar abs ▁or ▁Ar abs ▁in ▁Israel , ▁and ▁also ▁uses ▁the ▁terms ▁the ▁minor ities , ▁the ▁Arab ▁sector , ▁Ar abs ▁of ▁Israel ▁and ▁Arab ▁citizens ▁of ▁Israel . ▁These ▁labels ▁have ▁been ▁critic ized ▁for ▁den ying ▁this ▁population ▁a ▁political ▁or ▁national ▁identification , ▁obsc uring ▁their ▁Palestinian ▁identity ▁and ▁connection ▁to ▁Palest ine . ▁The ▁term ▁Israeli ▁Ar abs ▁in ▁particular ▁is ▁viewed ▁as ▁a ▁construct ▁of ▁the ▁Israeli ▁authorities . ▁It ▁is ▁nonetheless ▁used ▁by ▁a ▁significant ▁minority ▁of ▁the ▁Arab ▁population , ▁" reflect ing ▁its ▁domin ance ▁in ▁Israeli ▁social ▁disc ourse ." ▁ ▁Other ▁terms ▁used ▁to ▁refer ▁to ▁this ▁population ▁include ▁Palestinian ▁Ar abs ▁in ▁Israel , ▁Israeli ▁Palestinian ▁Ar abs , ▁the ▁Ar abs ▁inside ▁the ▁Green ▁Line , ▁and ▁the ▁Ar abs ▁within ▁( ). ▁The ▁latter ▁two ▁app ell ations , ▁among ▁others ▁listed ▁above , ▁are ▁not ▁applied ▁to ▁the ▁East ▁Jerusalem ▁Arab ▁population ▁or ▁the ▁Dru ze ▁in ▁the ▁G olan ▁He ights , ▁as ▁these ▁territor ies ▁were ▁occupied ▁by ▁Israel ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 7 . ▁As ▁the ▁Israel ▁Central ▁Bureau ▁of ▁Statistics ▁defines ▁the ▁area ▁covered ▁in ▁its ▁statistics ▁survey ▁as ▁including ▁East ▁Jerusalem ▁and ▁the ▁G olan ▁He ights , ▁the ▁number ▁of ▁Ar abs ▁in ▁Israel ▁is ▁calculated ▁as ▁ 2 0 . 9 5 % |
▁of ▁the ▁Israeli ▁population ▁( 2 0 1 9 ). ▁ ▁History ▁▁ 1 9 4 8 ▁Arab – Is rael i ▁War ▁Most ▁Israel is ▁refer ▁to ▁the ▁ 1 9 4 8 ▁Arab – Is rael i ▁War ▁as ▁the ▁War ▁of ▁Independ ence , ▁while ▁most ▁Arab ▁citizens ▁refer ▁to ▁it ▁as ▁al - N ak ba ▁( the ▁cat ast rop he ), ▁a ▁reflection ▁of ▁differences ▁in ▁perception ▁of ▁the ▁purpose ▁and ▁outcomes ▁of ▁the ▁war . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁after math ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 9 4 7 – 4 9 ▁war , ▁the ▁territory ▁previously ▁administer ed ▁by ▁the ▁British ▁Empire ▁as ▁Mand atory ▁Palest ine ▁was ▁de ▁fact o ▁divided ▁into ▁three ▁parts : ▁the ▁State ▁of ▁Israel , ▁the ▁Jordan ian - held ▁West ▁Bank , ▁and ▁the ▁Egyptian - held ▁G aza ▁St rip . ▁Of ▁the ▁estimated ▁ 9 5 0 , 0 0 0 ▁Ar abs ▁that ▁lived ▁in ▁the ▁territory ▁that ▁became ▁Israel ▁before ▁the ▁war , ▁over ▁ 8 0 % ▁fled ▁or ▁were ▁exp elled . ▁The ▁other ▁ 2 0 %, ▁some ▁ 1 5 6 , 0 0 0 , ▁remained . ▁Arab ▁citizens ▁of ▁Israel ▁today ▁are ▁largely ▁composed ▁of ▁the ▁people ▁who ▁remained ▁and ▁their ▁descend ants . ▁Others ▁include ▁some ▁from ▁the ▁G aza ▁St rip ▁and ▁the ▁West ▁Bank ▁who ▁proc ured ▁Israeli ▁citizens hip ▁under ▁family - un ification ▁provisions ▁made ▁significantly ▁more ▁string ent ▁in ▁the ▁after math ▁of ▁the |
▁Second ▁Int if ada . ▁ ▁Ar abs ▁who ▁left ▁their ▁homes ▁during ▁the ▁period ▁of ▁armed ▁conflict , ▁but ▁remained ▁in ▁what ▁had ▁become ▁Israeli ▁territory , ▁were ▁considered ▁to ▁be ▁" present ▁abs ente es ". ▁In ▁some ▁cases , ▁they ▁were ▁refused ▁permission ▁to ▁return ▁to ▁their ▁homes , ▁which ▁were ▁ex propri ated ▁and ▁turned ▁over ▁to ▁state ▁ownership , ▁as ▁was ▁the ▁property ▁of ▁other ▁Palestinian ▁refugees . ▁Some ▁ 2 7 4 , 0 0 0 , ▁or ▁ 1 ▁of ▁every ▁ 4 ▁Arab ▁citizens ▁of ▁Israel ▁are ▁" present ▁abs ente es " ▁or ▁intern ally ▁displ aced ▁Palest ini ans . ▁Not able ▁cases ▁of ▁" present ▁abs ente es " ▁include ▁the ▁residents ▁of ▁S aff uri y ya ▁and ▁the ▁Gal ile e ▁villages ▁of ▁Ka fr ▁Bir ' im ▁and ▁I q rit . ▁▁ 1 9 4 9 – 1 9 6 6 ▁ ▁While ▁most ▁Ar abs ▁remaining ▁in ▁Israel ▁were ▁granted ▁citizens hip , ▁they ▁were ▁subject ▁to ▁mart ial ▁law ▁in ▁the ▁early ▁years ▁of ▁the ▁state . ▁Z ion ism ▁had ▁given ▁little ▁serious ▁thought ▁as ▁to ▁how ▁to ▁integrate ▁Ar abs , ▁and ▁according ▁to ▁Ian ▁L ust ick ▁subsequent ▁policies ▁were ▁' implement ed ▁by ▁a ▁rig orous ▁regime ▁of ▁military ▁rule ▁that ▁dominated ▁what ▁remained ▁of ▁the ▁Arab ▁population ▁in ▁territory ▁ruled ▁by ▁Israel , ▁enabling ▁the ▁state ▁to ▁ex propri ate ▁most ▁Arab - owned ▁land , ▁severely ▁limit ▁its ▁access ▁to |
▁investment ▁capital ▁and ▁employment ▁opportunity , ▁and ▁eliminate ▁virtually ▁all ▁opportunities ▁to ▁use ▁citizens hip ▁as ▁a ▁vehicle ▁for ▁gaining ▁political ▁influence '. ▁ ▁Travel ▁perm its , ▁cur f ew s , ▁administrative ▁det ent ions , ▁and ▁exp uls ions ▁were ▁part ▁of ▁life ▁until ▁ 1 9 6 6 . ▁A ▁variety ▁of ▁Israeli ▁legisl ative ▁measures ▁facil itated ▁the ▁transfer ▁of ▁land ▁abandoned ▁by ▁Ar abs ▁to ▁state ▁ownership . ▁These ▁included ▁the ▁Abs ent ee ▁Property ▁Law ▁of ▁ 1 9 5 0 ▁which ▁allowed ▁the ▁state ▁to ▁take ▁control ▁of ▁land ▁belonging ▁to ▁land ▁owners ▁who ▁em igr ated ▁to ▁other ▁countries , ▁and ▁the ▁Land ▁Ac quis ition ▁Law ▁of ▁ 1 9 5 3 ▁which ▁authorized ▁the ▁Ministry ▁of ▁Finance ▁to ▁transfer ▁ex propri ated ▁land ▁to ▁the ▁state . ▁Other ▁common ▁legal ▁exped ients ▁included ▁the ▁use ▁of ▁emergency ▁regulations ▁to ▁declare ▁land ▁belonging ▁to ▁Arab ▁citizens ▁a ▁closed ▁military ▁zone , ▁followed ▁by ▁the ▁use ▁of ▁Ott oman ▁legislation ▁on ▁abandoned ▁land ▁to ▁take ▁control ▁of ▁the ▁land . ▁ ▁Ar abs ▁who ▁held ▁Israeli ▁citizens hip ▁were ▁entitled ▁to ▁vote ▁for ▁the ▁Israeli ▁K ness et . ▁Arab ▁K ness et ▁members ▁have ▁served ▁in ▁office ▁since ▁the ▁First ▁K ness et . ▁The ▁first ▁Arab ▁K ness et ▁members ▁were ▁A min - Sal im ▁Jar j ora ▁and ▁Se if ▁el - D in ▁el - Z ou bi ▁who ▁were ▁members ▁of ▁the ▁Democratic ▁List ▁of ▁Naz are th |
▁party ▁and ▁T aw f ik ▁T ou bi ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁M aki ▁party . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 6 5 ▁a ▁radical ▁independent ▁Arab ▁group ▁called ▁al - Ar d ▁forming ▁the ▁Arab ▁Social ist ▁List ▁tried ▁to ▁run ▁for ▁K ness et ▁elections . ▁The ▁list ▁was ▁banned ▁by ▁the ▁Israeli ▁Central ▁E lections ▁Committee . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 6 6 , ▁mart ial ▁law ▁was ▁lifted ▁completely , ▁and ▁the ▁government ▁set ▁about ▁dis m ant ling ▁most ▁of ▁the ▁discrim in atory ▁laws , ▁while ▁Arab ▁citizens ▁were ▁granted ▁the ▁same ▁rights ▁as ▁Jewish ▁citizens ▁under ▁law . ▁▁ 1 9 6 7 – 2 0 0 0 ▁ ▁After ▁the ▁ 1 9 6 7 ▁Six - Day ▁War , ▁Arab ▁citizens ▁were ▁able ▁to ▁contact ▁Palest ini ans ▁in ▁the ▁West ▁Bank ▁and ▁G aza ▁St rip ▁for ▁the ▁first ▁time ▁since ▁the ▁establishment ▁of ▁the ▁state . ▁This ▁along ▁with ▁the ▁lifting ▁of ▁military ▁rule , ▁led ▁to ▁increased ▁political ▁activ ism ▁among ▁Arab ▁citizens . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 7 4 , ▁a ▁committee ▁of ▁Arab ▁may ors ▁and ▁municipal ▁council men ▁was ▁established ▁which ▁played ▁an ▁important ▁role ▁in ▁representing ▁the ▁community ▁and ▁press uring ▁the ▁Israeli ▁government . ▁This ▁was ▁followed ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 5 ▁by ▁the ▁formation ▁of ▁the ▁Committee ▁for ▁the ▁Defense ▁of ▁the ▁Land , ▁which ▁sought ▁to ▁prevent ▁continuing ▁land ▁ex propri ations . ▁That ▁same ▁year , ▁a ▁political ▁break through |
▁took ▁place ▁with ▁the ▁election ▁of ▁Arab ▁poet ▁T aw fi q ▁Z i ad , ▁a ▁M aki ▁member , ▁as ▁mayor ▁of ▁Naz are th , ▁accompanied ▁by ▁a ▁strong ▁commun ist ▁presence ▁in ▁the ▁town ▁council . ▁In ▁ 1 9 7 6 , ▁six ▁Arab ▁citizens ▁of ▁Israel ▁were ▁killed ▁by ▁Israeli ▁security ▁forces ▁at ▁a ▁protest ▁against ▁land ▁ex propri ations ▁and ▁house ▁demol itions . ▁The ▁date ▁of ▁the ▁protest , ▁ 3 0 ▁March , ▁has ▁since ▁been ▁comm emor ated ▁annually ▁as ▁Land ▁Day . ▁ ▁The ▁ 1 9 8 0 s ▁saw ▁the ▁birth ▁of ▁the ▁Islamic ▁Movement . ▁As ▁part ▁of ▁a ▁larger ▁trend ▁in ▁the ▁Arab ▁World , ▁the ▁Islamic ▁Movement ▁emphas ized ▁moving ▁Islam ▁into ▁the ▁political ▁realm . ▁The ▁Islamic ▁movement ▁built ▁schools , ▁provided ▁other ▁essential ▁social ▁services , ▁constructed ▁mos ques , ▁and ▁encouraged ▁prayer ▁and ▁conservative ▁Islamic ▁dress . ▁The ▁Islamic ▁Movement ▁began ▁to ▁affect ▁elect oral ▁politics ▁particularly ▁at ▁the ▁local ▁level . ▁ ▁Many ▁Arab ▁citizens ▁supported ▁the ▁First ▁Int if ada ▁and ▁assist ed ▁Palest ini ans ▁in ▁the ▁West ▁Bank ▁and ▁G aza , ▁providing ▁them ▁with ▁money , ▁food , ▁and ▁clothes . ▁A ▁number ▁of ▁strikes ▁were ▁also ▁held ▁by ▁Arab ▁citizens ▁in ▁solid arity ▁with ▁Palest ini ans ▁in ▁the ▁occupied ▁territor ies . ▁ ▁The ▁years ▁leading ▁up ▁to ▁the ▁Os lo ▁Acc ords ▁were ▁a ▁time ▁of ▁optim ism ▁for ▁Arab ▁citizens . ▁During ▁the ▁administration ▁of |
▁Y itz h ak ▁Rab in , ▁Arab ▁parties ▁played ▁an ▁important ▁role ▁in ▁the ▁formation ▁of ▁a ▁governing ▁coalition . ▁Incre ased ▁participation ▁of ▁Arab ▁citizens ▁was ▁also ▁seen ▁at ▁the ▁civil ▁society ▁level . ▁However , ▁tension ▁continued ▁to ▁exist ▁with ▁many ▁Ar abs ▁calling ▁for ▁Israel ▁to ▁become ▁a ▁" state ▁of ▁all ▁its ▁citizens ", ▁thereby ▁challenging ▁the ▁state ' s ▁Jewish ▁identity . ▁In ▁the ▁ 1 9 9 9 ▁elections ▁for ▁prime ▁minister , ▁ 9 4 % ▁of ▁the ▁Arab ▁elect or ate ▁voted ▁for ▁E h ud ▁Bar ak . ▁However , ▁Bar ak ▁formed ▁a ▁broad ▁left - right - center ▁government ▁without ▁consulting ▁the ▁Arab ▁parties , ▁disappoint ing ▁the ▁Arab ▁community . ▁▁ 2 0 0 0 – present ▁ ▁T ensions ▁between ▁Ar abs ▁and ▁the ▁state ▁rose ▁in ▁October ▁ 2 0 0 0 ▁when ▁ 1 2 ▁Arab ▁citizens ▁and ▁one ▁man ▁from ▁G aza ▁were ▁killed ▁while ▁protest ing ▁the ▁government ' s ▁response ▁to ▁the ▁Second ▁Int if ada . ▁In ▁response ▁to ▁this ▁incident , ▁the ▁government ▁established ▁the ▁Or ▁Commission . ▁The ▁events ▁of ▁October ▁ 2 0 0 0 ▁caused ▁many ▁Ar abs ▁to ▁question ▁the ▁nature ▁of ▁their ▁Israeli ▁citizens hip . ▁To ▁a ▁large ▁extent , ▁they ▁boy c otted ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 1 ▁Israeli ▁E lections ▁as ▁a ▁means ▁of ▁protest . ▁This ▁boy cott ▁helped ▁A riel ▁Sh aron ▁defeat ▁E h ud ▁Bar ak ; ▁as ▁a |
fore ment ioned , ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 9 9 ▁elections , ▁ 9 4 ▁percent ▁of ▁Israel ' s ▁Arab ▁minority ▁had ▁voted ▁for ▁E h ud ▁Bar ak . ▁ID F ▁en list ment ▁by ▁Bed ou in ▁citizens ▁of ▁Israel ▁dropped ▁significantly . ▁ ▁During ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁Leb anon ▁War , ▁Arab ▁advoc acy ▁organizations ▁complained ▁that ▁the ▁Israeli ▁government ▁had ▁invested ▁time ▁and ▁effort ▁to ▁protect ▁Jewish ▁citizens ▁from ▁He zb oll ah ▁attacks , ▁but ▁had ▁neg lected ▁Arab ▁citizens . ▁They ▁pointed ▁to ▁a ▁de arth ▁of ▁bomb ▁shel ters ▁in ▁Arab ▁towns ▁and ▁villages ▁and ▁a ▁lack ▁of ▁basic ▁emergency ▁information ▁in ▁Arab ic . ▁Many ▁Israeli ▁Jews ▁viewed ▁the ▁Arab ▁opposition ▁to ▁government ▁policy ▁and ▁sympathy ▁with ▁the ▁Leb an ese ▁as ▁a ▁sign ▁of ▁dis lo yal ty . ▁ ▁In ▁October ▁ 2 0 0 6 , ▁t ensions ▁rose ▁when ▁Israeli ▁Prime ▁Minister ▁E h ud ▁Ol mer t ▁invited ▁a ▁right - wing ▁political ▁party ▁Y is rael ▁Be ite in u , ▁to ▁join ▁his ▁coalition ▁government . ▁The ▁party ▁leader , ▁Av igd or ▁Lie ber man , ▁advoc ated ▁an ▁ethnic ity ▁based ▁territory ▁exchange , ▁the ▁Lie ber man ▁Plan , ▁by ▁transfer ring ▁heavily ▁pop ulated ▁Arab ▁areas ▁( main ly ▁the ▁Tri angle ), ▁to ▁Palestinian ▁Authority ▁control ▁and ▁an nex ing ▁major ▁Jewish ▁Israeli ▁settlement ▁bl oc s ▁in ▁the ▁West ▁Bank ▁close ▁to ▁the ▁green ▁line ▁as ▁part |
▁of ▁a ▁peace ▁proposal . ▁Ar abs ▁who ▁would ▁prefer ▁to ▁remain ▁in ▁Israel ▁instead ▁of ▁becoming ▁citizens ▁of ▁a ▁Palestinian ▁state ▁would ▁be ▁able ▁to ▁move ▁to ▁Israel . ▁All ▁citizens ▁of ▁Israel , ▁whether ▁Jews ▁or ▁Ar abs , ▁would ▁be ▁required ▁to ▁pl edge ▁an ▁o ath ▁of ▁alleg iance ▁to ▁retain ▁citizens hip . ▁Those ▁who ▁refuse ▁could ▁remain ▁in ▁Israel ▁as ▁permanent ▁residents . ▁ ▁In ▁January ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁the ▁first ▁non - D ru ze ▁Arab ▁minister ▁in ▁Israel ' s ▁history , ▁R ale b ▁Maj ade le , ▁was ▁appointed ▁minister ▁without ▁portfolio ▁( Sal ah ▁Tar if , ▁a ▁Dru ze , ▁had ▁been ▁appointed ▁a ▁minister ▁without ▁portfolio ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 1 ). ▁The ▁appointment ▁was ▁critic ized ▁by ▁the ▁left , ▁which ▁felt ▁it ▁was ▁an ▁attempt ▁to ▁cover ▁up ▁the ▁Labor ▁Party ' s ▁decision ▁to ▁sit ▁with ▁Y is rael ▁Be ite in u ▁in ▁the ▁government , ▁and ▁by ▁the ▁right , ▁who ▁saw ▁it ▁as ▁a ▁threat ▁to ▁Israel ' s ▁status ▁as ▁a ▁Jewish ▁state . ▁ ▁S ect arian ▁and ▁religious ▁group ings ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 6 , ▁the ▁official ▁number ▁of ▁Arab ▁residents ▁in ▁Israel ▁ ▁– ▁including ▁East ▁Jerusalem ▁permanent ▁residents ▁many ▁of ▁whom ▁are ▁not ▁citizens ▁– ▁was ▁ 1 , 4 1 3 , 5 0 0 ▁people , ▁about ▁ 2 0 % ▁of ▁Israel ' s ▁population . ▁The ▁Arab ▁population ▁in |
▁ 2 0 1 9 ▁was ▁estimated ▁at ▁ 1 , 8 9 0 , 0 0 0 , ▁representing ▁ 2 0 . 9 5 % ▁of ▁the ▁country ' s ▁population . ▁According ▁to ▁the ▁Israel ▁Central ▁Bureau ▁of ▁Statistics ▁( May ▁ 2 0 0 3 ), ▁Muslims , ▁including ▁Bed ou ins , ▁make ▁up ▁ 8 2 % ▁of ▁the ▁entire ▁Arab ▁population ▁in ▁Israel , ▁along ▁with ▁around ▁ 9 % ▁Dru ze , ▁and ▁ 9 % ▁Christians . ▁Pro jections ▁based ▁on ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁data , ▁predicted ▁that ▁Arab ▁Israel is ▁will ▁const itute ▁ 2 5 % ▁of ▁Israel ' s ▁population ▁by ▁ 2 0 2 5 . ▁ ▁The ▁national ▁language ▁and ▁mother ▁tongue ▁of ▁Arab ▁citizens , ▁including ▁the ▁Dru ze , ▁is ▁Arab ic ▁and ▁the ▁col lo qu ial ▁spoken ▁language ▁is ▁of ▁the ▁Palestinian ▁Arab ic ▁dialect . ▁Know ledge ▁and ▁command ▁of ▁Modern ▁Standard ▁Arab ic ▁varies . ▁ ▁Muslims ▁ ▁S ett led ▁Trad itionally ▁settled ▁communities ▁of ▁Muslim ▁Ar abs ▁compr ise ▁about ▁ 7 0 % ▁of ▁the ▁Arab ▁population ▁in ▁Israel . ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 0 , ▁the ▁average ▁number ▁of ▁children ▁per ▁mother ▁was ▁ 3 . 8 4 , ▁dropping ▁from ▁ 3 . 9 7 ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 8 . ▁The ▁Muslim ▁population ▁is ▁mostly ▁young : ▁ 4 2 % ▁of ▁Muslims ▁are ▁under ▁the ▁age ▁of ▁ 1 5 . ▁The |
▁median ▁age ▁of ▁Muslim ▁Israel is ▁is ▁ 1 8 , ▁while ▁the ▁median ▁age ▁of ▁Jewish ▁Israel is ▁is ▁ 3 0 . ▁The ▁percentage ▁of ▁people ▁over ▁ 6 5 ▁is ▁less ▁than ▁ 3 % ▁for ▁Muslims , ▁compared ▁with ▁ 1 2 % ▁for ▁the ▁Jewish ▁population . ▁ ▁Bed ou in ▁( nom ad ic ) ▁ ▁According ▁to ▁the ▁Foreign ▁Affairs ▁Minister ▁of ▁Israel , ▁ 1 1 0 , 0 0 0 ▁Bed ou ins ▁live ▁in ▁the ▁Ne ge v , ▁ 5 0 , 0 0 0 ▁in ▁the ▁Gal ile e , ▁and ▁ 1 0 , 0 0 0 ▁in ▁the ▁central ▁region ▁of ▁Israel . ▁Prior ▁to ▁the ▁establishment ▁of ▁Israel ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 8 , ▁there ▁were ▁an ▁estimated ▁ 6 5 , 0 0 0 – 9 0 , 0 0 0 ▁Bed ou in ▁living ▁in ▁the ▁Ne ge v . ▁The ▁ 1 1 , 0 0 0 ▁who ▁remained ▁were ▁rel oc ated ▁by ▁the ▁Israeli ▁government ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 5 0 s ▁and ▁ 1 9 6 0 s ▁to ▁an ▁area ▁in ▁the ▁nort he astern ▁Ne ge v ▁compr ising ▁ 1 0 % ▁of ▁the ▁Ne ge v ▁desert . ▁The ▁Israeli ▁government ▁built ▁seven ▁development ▁towns ▁for ▁the ▁Bed ou in ▁between ▁ 1 9 7 9 ▁and ▁ 1 9 8 2 . ▁Around ▁half ▁the ▁Bed ou in ▁population ▁live ▁in ▁these ▁towns , ▁the |
▁largest ▁of ▁which ▁is ▁the ▁city ▁of ▁Rah at , ▁others ▁being ▁Ar ' ar at ▁an - Na q ab ▁( Ar ' ara ▁Ba Ne ge v ), ▁Bir ▁Had aj , ▁H ura , ▁K use ife , ▁L aki ya , ▁Sha q ib ▁al - Sal am ▁( Se ge v ▁Sh alom ) ▁and ▁Tel ▁as - S abi ▁( T el ▁She va ). ▁ ▁Appro xim ately ▁ 4 0 – 5 0 % ▁of ▁Bed ou in ▁citizens ▁of ▁Israel ▁live ▁in ▁ 3 9 – 4 5 ▁un recogn ized ▁villages ▁that ▁are ▁not ▁connected ▁to ▁the ▁electrical ▁grid ▁and ▁water ▁m ains . ▁ ▁Dru ze ▁ ▁Most ▁Israeli ▁Dru ze ▁live ▁in ▁the ▁north ▁of ▁the ▁country ▁and ▁are ▁recognised ▁as ▁a ▁separate ▁community ▁to ▁Ar abs . ▁The ▁Gal ile an ▁Dru ze ▁and ▁Dru ze ▁of ▁the ▁Ha ifa ▁region ▁received ▁Israeli ▁citizens hip ▁automatically ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 8 . ▁After ▁Israel ▁captured ▁the ▁G olan ▁He ights ▁from ▁Syria ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 7 ▁and ▁an nex ed ▁it ▁to ▁Israel ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 1 , ▁the ▁Dru ze ▁of ▁the ▁G olan ▁He ights ▁were ▁offered ▁full ▁Israeli ▁citizens hip ▁under ▁the ▁G olan ▁He ights ▁Law . ▁Most ▁declined ▁Israeli ▁citizens hip ▁and ▁retain ▁Sy rian ▁citizens hip ▁and ▁identity ▁and ▁are ▁treated ▁as ▁permanent ▁residents ▁of ▁Israel . ▁ ▁During ▁the ▁British ▁Mand ate ▁for ▁Palest ine , ▁the ▁Dru |
ze ▁did ▁not ▁embrace ▁the ▁rising ▁Arab ▁national ism ▁of ▁the ▁time ▁or ▁participate ▁in ▁violent ▁confront ations . ▁In ▁ 1 9 4 8 , ▁many ▁Dru ze ▁volunte ered ▁for ▁the ▁Israeli ▁army ▁and ▁no ▁Dru ze ▁villages ▁were ▁destroyed ▁or ▁permanently ▁abandoned . ▁Since ▁the ▁establishment ▁of ▁the ▁state , ▁the ▁Dru ze ▁have ▁demonstrated ▁solid arity ▁with ▁Israel ▁and ▁dist anced ▁themselves ▁from ▁Arab ▁and ▁Islamic ▁radical ism . ▁Dru ze ▁citizens ▁serve ▁in ▁the ▁Israel ▁Defense ▁Forces . ▁ ▁From ▁ 1 9 5 7 , ▁the ▁Israeli ▁government ▁formally ▁recognized ▁the ▁Dru ze ▁as ▁a ▁separate ▁religious ▁community , ▁and ▁are ▁defined ▁as ▁a ▁distinct ▁ethnic ▁group ▁in ▁the ▁Israeli ▁Ministry ▁of ▁Interior ' s ▁census ▁registration . ▁While ▁the ▁Israeli ▁education ▁system ▁is ▁basically ▁divided ▁into ▁He brew ▁and ▁Arab ic ▁speaking ▁schools , ▁the ▁Dru ze ▁have ▁aut onomy ▁within ▁the ▁Arab ic ▁speaking ▁branch . ▁ ▁In ▁a ▁survey ▁conducted ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁by ▁Dr . ▁Y us uf ▁Hass an ▁of ▁Tel ▁Av iv ▁University ▁ 9 4 % ▁of ▁Dru ze ▁respond ents ▁identified ▁as ▁" D ru ze - Is rael is " ▁in ▁the ▁religious ▁and ▁national ▁context , ▁while ▁a ▁ 2 0 1 7 ▁P ew ▁Research ▁Center ▁poll ▁reported ▁that ▁while ▁ 9 9 % ▁of ▁Muslims ▁and ▁ 9 6 % ▁of ▁Christians ▁identified ▁as ▁eth n ically ▁Arab , ▁a ▁smaller ▁share ▁of ▁Dru ze , ▁ 7 1 %, ▁identified ▁likewise |
. ▁Comp ared ▁to ▁other ▁Christians ▁and ▁Muslims , ▁Dru ze ▁place ▁less ▁emphasis ▁on ▁Arab ▁identity ▁and ▁self - ident ify ▁more ▁as ▁Israeli . ▁Most ▁do ▁not ▁identify ▁as ▁Palest ini ans . ▁Dru ze ▁politicians ▁in ▁Israel ▁include ▁A yo ob ▁K ara , ▁who ▁represented ▁L ik ud ▁in ▁the ▁K ness et ; ▁Maj all i ▁W ah abi ▁of ▁K ad ima , ▁the ▁Deputy ▁Spe aker ▁of ▁the ▁K ness et ; ▁and ▁S aid ▁N af a ▁of ▁the ▁Arab ▁party ▁Bal ad . ▁ ▁Christians ▁ ▁Christian ▁Ar abs ▁compr ise ▁about ▁ 9 % ▁of ▁the ▁Arab ▁population ▁in ▁Israel . ▁Appro xim ately ▁ 7 0 % ▁res ide ▁in ▁the ▁north , ▁in ▁J ish , ▁E il ab un , ▁Ka fr ▁Y as if , ▁Ka fr ▁K anna , ▁I ' b ill in , ▁She fa - ' Am r . ▁Some ▁Dru ze ▁villages , ▁such ▁as ▁Hur fe ish ▁and ▁Mag har , ▁have ▁small ▁Christian ▁Arab ▁populations . ▁Naz are th ▁has ▁the ▁largest ▁Christian ▁Arab ▁population . ▁The ▁near ▁entire ty ▁of ▁Ha ifa ' s ▁Arab ▁minority ▁is ▁Christian ▁as ▁well . ▁There ▁are ▁ 1 1 7 , 0 0 0 ▁or ▁more ▁Christian ▁Ar abs ▁in ▁Israel ▁( and ▁more ▁than ▁ 3 5 , 0 0 0 ▁non - Ar ab ▁Christians ). ▁As ▁of ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁the ▁Mel k ite ▁Greek ▁Catholic ▁Church ▁was ▁the |
▁largest ▁Christian ▁community ▁in ▁Israel , ▁where ▁about ▁ 6 0 % ▁of ▁Israeli ▁Christians ▁belonged ▁to ▁the ▁Mel k ite ▁Greek ▁Catholic ▁Church , ▁while ▁around ▁ 3 0 % ▁of ▁Israeli ▁Christians ▁belonged ▁to ▁the ▁Greek ▁Orth odox ▁Church ▁of ▁Jerusalem . ▁ ▁Many ▁Christian ▁Ar abs ▁have ▁been ▁prominent ▁in ▁Arab ▁political ▁parties ▁in ▁Israel , ▁and ▁leaders ▁have ▁included ▁Arch b ishop ▁George ▁H ak im , ▁Em ile ▁Tom a , ▁T aw f ik ▁T ou bi , ▁Em ile ▁Hab ib i , ▁and ▁Az mi ▁B ish ara . ▁Not able ▁Christian ▁religious ▁figures ▁include ▁the ▁Mel k ite ▁Arch b ish ops ▁of ▁the ▁Gal ile e ▁Eli as ▁Ch ac our ▁and ▁B out ros ▁M ou al lem , ▁the ▁Latin ▁Patri arch ▁of ▁Jerusalem ▁Michel ▁Sab b ah , ▁and ▁Bishop ▁Mun ib ▁You nan ▁of ▁the ▁Luther an ▁Church ▁of ▁Jordan ▁and ▁the ▁Holy ▁Land . ▁Israeli ▁Supreme ▁Court ▁judge ▁Sal im ▁J ou br an ▁is ▁a ▁Christian ▁Arab . ▁Not able ▁Christian ▁figures ▁in ▁science ▁and ▁high ▁tech ▁include ▁H oss am ▁Ha ick ▁who ▁has ▁many ▁contributions ▁in ▁mult id is cipl inary ▁fields ▁such ▁as ▁N an ote chn ology , ▁N anos ensors ▁and ▁M ole cular ▁Elect ron ics , ▁and ▁Joh ny ▁S rou ji ▁who ▁is ▁Apple ' s ▁senior ▁vice ▁president ▁of ▁Hard ware ▁Techn ologies . ▁ ▁Since ▁September ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁Christian ▁families ▁or ▁cl ans ▁who |
▁can ▁speak ▁the ▁Ar ama ic ▁language ▁are ▁eligible ▁to ▁register ▁as ▁Ar ame ans ▁in ▁Israel . ▁This ▁recognition ▁comes ▁after ▁about ▁seven ▁years ▁of ▁activity ▁by ▁the ▁Ar ame an ▁Christian ▁Foundation ▁in ▁Israel , ▁which ▁rather ▁than ▁sticking ▁to ▁an ▁Arab ▁identity , ▁wishes ▁to ▁ass imil ate ▁into ▁an ▁Israeli ▁lifestyle . ▁Ar am ▁is ▁led ▁by ▁ID F ▁Major ▁Sh adi ▁Kh all oul ▁R ish o ▁and ▁the ▁Israeli ▁Christian ▁Rec ruit ment ▁Forum , ▁headed ▁by ▁Father ▁Gabriel ▁N add af ▁of ▁the ▁Greek - Or th odox ▁Church ▁and ▁Major ▁I hab ▁Sh lay an . ▁The ▁move ▁was ▁condem ned ▁by ▁the ▁Greek ▁Orth odox ▁Patri arch ate , ▁which ▁described ▁it ▁as ▁an ▁attempt ▁to ▁divide ▁the ▁Palestinian ▁minority ▁in ▁Israel . ▁ ▁Christian ▁Ar abs ▁are ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁most ▁educated ▁groups ▁in ▁Israel . ▁Stat istically , ▁Christian ▁Ar abs ▁in ▁Israel ▁have ▁the ▁highest ▁rates ▁of ▁educational ▁att ain ment ▁among ▁all ▁religious ▁communities , ▁according ▁to ▁a ▁data ▁by ▁Israel ▁Central ▁Bureau ▁of ▁Statistics ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 0 , ▁ 6 3 % ▁of ▁Israeli ▁Christian ▁Ar abs ▁have ▁had ▁college ▁or ▁post graduate ▁education , ▁the ▁highest ▁of ▁any ▁religious ▁and ▁eth no - rel igious ▁group . ▁Despite ▁the ▁fact ▁that ▁Arab ▁Christians ▁only ▁represent ▁ 2 % ▁of ▁the ▁total ▁Israeli ▁population , ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁they ▁account ed ▁for ▁ 1 7 % ▁of ▁the ▁country ' s ▁university ▁students |
, ▁and ▁for ▁ 1 4 % ▁of ▁its ▁college ▁students . ▁There ▁are ▁more ▁Christians ▁who ▁have ▁att ained ▁a ▁b achelor ' s ▁degree ▁or ▁higher ▁academic ▁degrees ▁than ▁the ▁median ▁Israeli ▁population . ▁The ▁rate ▁of ▁students ▁studying ▁in ▁the ▁field ▁of ▁medicine ▁was ▁higher ▁among ▁Christian ▁Arab ▁students ▁than ▁that ▁of ▁all ▁other ▁sectors . ▁and ▁the ▁percentage ▁of ▁Arab ▁Christian ▁women ▁who ▁are ▁receiving ▁higher ▁education ▁is ▁also ▁higher ▁than ▁that ▁of ▁other ▁groups . ▁ ▁The ▁Israel ▁Central ▁Bureau ▁of ▁Statistics ▁noted ▁that ▁when ▁taking ▁into ▁account ▁the ▁data ▁recorded ▁over ▁the ▁years , ▁Israeli ▁Christian ▁Ar abs ▁f ared ▁the ▁best ▁in ▁terms ▁of ▁education ▁in ▁comparison ▁to ▁any ▁other ▁group ▁receiving ▁an ▁education ▁in ▁Israel . ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁Christian ▁Ar abs ▁had ▁the ▁highest ▁rates ▁of ▁success ▁at ▁mat ric ulation ▁exam inations , ▁namely ▁ 6 9 %, ▁both ▁in ▁comparison ▁to ▁Muslim ▁and ▁Dru ze ▁Israel is ▁( 5 0 % ▁and ▁ 6 4 % ▁respectively ), ▁and ▁to ▁the ▁students ▁from ▁the ▁different ▁branches ▁of ▁the ▁Jewish ▁education ▁system ▁considered ▁as ▁one ▁group ▁( 6 1 % ). ▁ ▁In ▁terms ▁of ▁their ▁soc io - econom ic ▁situation , ▁Arab ▁Christians ▁are ▁more ▁similar ▁to ▁the ▁Jewish ▁population ▁than ▁to ▁the ▁Muslim ▁Arab ▁population . ▁They ▁have ▁the ▁lowest ▁inc idence ▁of ▁poverty ▁and ▁the ▁lowest ▁percentage ▁of ▁unemployment , ▁at ▁ 4 . 9 %, ▁compared ▁to ▁ 6 . 5 % ▁among ▁Jewish ▁men |
▁and ▁women . ▁They ▁have ▁also ▁the ▁highest ▁median ▁household ▁income ▁among ▁Arab ▁citizens ▁of ▁Israel ▁and ▁second ▁highest ▁median ▁household ▁income ▁among ▁the ▁Israeli ▁eth no - rel igious ▁groups . ▁Also ▁Arab ▁Christians ▁have ▁a ▁high ▁presentation ▁in ▁science ▁and ▁in ▁the ▁white ▁collar ▁profess ions . ▁In ▁Israel ▁Arab ▁Christians ▁are ▁port rayed ▁as ▁a ▁hard ▁working ▁and ▁upper ▁middle ▁class ▁educated ▁eth no - rel igious ▁minority . ▁ ▁According ▁to ▁the ▁study ▁" Are ▁Christian ▁Ar abs ▁the ▁New ▁Israeli ▁Jews ? ▁Ref lections ▁on ▁the ▁Educ ational ▁Level ▁of ▁Arab ▁Christians ▁in ▁Israel " ▁by ▁H anna ▁David ▁from ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Tel ▁Av iv , ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁factors ▁why ▁Israeli ▁Arab ▁Christians ▁are ▁the ▁most ▁educated ▁segment ▁of ▁Israel ' s ▁population ▁is ▁the ▁high ▁level ▁of ▁the ▁Christian ▁educational ▁institutions . ▁Christian ▁schools ▁in ▁Israel ▁are ▁among ▁the ▁best ▁schools ▁in ▁the ▁country , ▁and ▁while ▁those ▁schools ▁represent ▁only ▁ 4 % ▁of ▁the ▁Arab ▁school ing ▁sector , ▁about ▁ 3 4 % ▁of ▁Arab ▁university ▁students ▁come ▁from ▁Christian ▁schools , ▁and ▁about ▁ 8 7 % ▁of ▁the ▁Israeli ▁Ar abs ▁in ▁the ▁high ▁tech ▁sector ▁have ▁been ▁educated ▁in ▁Christian ▁schools . ▁A ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁Ma ar iv ▁article ▁described ▁the ▁Christian ▁Arab ▁sector ▁as ▁" the ▁most ▁successful ▁in ▁the ▁education ▁system ", ▁an ▁opinion ▁supported ▁by ▁the ▁Israel ▁Central ▁Bureau ▁of ▁Statistics ▁and ▁others ▁who ▁point ▁out ▁that ▁Christian ▁Ar abs ▁f ared ▁best |
▁in ▁terms ▁of ▁education ▁in ▁comparison ▁to ▁any ▁other ▁group ▁receiving ▁an ▁education ▁in ▁Israel . ▁ ▁Self - ident ification ▁The ▁relationship ▁of ▁Arab ▁citizens ▁to ▁the ▁State ▁of ▁Israel ▁is ▁often ▁fra ug ht ▁with ▁tension ▁and ▁can ▁be ▁regarded ▁in ▁the ▁context ▁of ▁relations ▁between ▁minority ▁populations ▁and ▁state ▁authorities ▁elsewhere ▁in ▁the ▁world . ▁Arab ▁citizens ▁consider ▁themselves ▁to ▁be ▁an ▁ind igenous ▁people . ▁The ▁tension ▁between ▁their ▁Palestinian ▁Arab ▁national ▁identity ▁and ▁their ▁identity ▁as ▁citizens ▁of ▁Israel ▁was ▁fam ously ▁described ▁by ▁an ▁Arab ▁public ▁figure ▁as : ▁" My ▁state ▁is ▁at ▁war ▁with ▁my ▁nation ". ▁ ▁Between ▁ 1 9 4 8 ▁and ▁ 1 9 6 7 , ▁very ▁few ▁Arab ▁citizens ▁of ▁Israel ▁identified ▁openly ▁as ▁" Pal est inian ", ▁and ▁an ▁" Is rael i - Ar ab " ▁identity , ▁the ▁preferred ▁phrase ▁of ▁the ▁Israeli ▁establishment ▁and ▁public , ▁was ▁predomin ant . ▁Public ▁expressions ▁of ▁Palestinian ▁identity , ▁such ▁as ▁displays ▁of ▁the ▁Palestinian ▁flag ▁or ▁the ▁singing ▁and ▁rec iting ▁of ▁national ist ▁songs ▁or ▁poetry ▁were ▁illegal . ▁With ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁military ▁administrative ▁rule ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 6 ▁and ▁following ▁the ▁ 1 9 6 7 ▁war , ▁national ▁consciousness ▁and ▁its ▁expression ▁among ▁Israel ' s ▁Arab ▁citizens ▁spread . ▁A ▁majority ▁then ▁self - ident ified ▁as ▁Palestinian , ▁prefer ring ▁this ▁descriptor ▁to ▁Israeli ▁Arab ▁in ▁numerous ▁surveys ▁over ▁the ▁years . ▁In ▁a ▁ 2 0 1 |
7 ▁telephone ▁poll , ▁ 4 0 % ▁of ▁Arab ▁citizens ▁of ▁Israel ▁identified ▁as ▁" Ar ab ▁in ▁Israel ▁/ ▁Arab ▁citizen ▁of ▁Israel ", ▁ 1 5 % ▁identified ▁as ▁" Pal est inian ", ▁ 8 . 9 % ▁as ▁" Pal est inian ▁in ▁Israel ▁/ ▁Palestinian ▁citizen ▁of ▁Israel ", ▁and ▁ 8 . 7 % ▁as ▁" Ar ab "; ▁the ▁focus ▁groups ▁associated ▁with ▁the ▁poll ▁provided ▁a ▁different ▁outcome , ▁in ▁which ▁" there ▁was ▁consensus ▁that ▁Palestinian ▁identity ▁occup ies ▁a ▁central ▁place ▁in ▁their ▁consciousness ". ▁ ▁Ar abs ▁living ▁in ▁East ▁Jerusalem , ▁occupied ▁and ▁administer ed ▁by ▁Israel ▁since ▁the ▁Six - Day ▁War ▁of ▁ 1 9 6 7 , ▁are ▁a ▁special ▁case . ▁Although ▁they ▁hold ▁Israeli ▁ID ▁cards , ▁most ▁are ▁permanent ▁residents ▁since ▁few ▁accepted ▁Israel ' s ▁offer ▁of ▁citizens hip ▁after ▁the ▁war ' s ▁end , ▁ref using ▁to ▁recognize ▁its ▁sovere ig nt y , ▁and ▁most ▁maintain ▁close ▁ties ▁with ▁the ▁West ▁Bank . ▁As ▁permanent ▁residents , ▁they ▁are ▁eligible ▁to ▁vote ▁in ▁Jerusalem ' s ▁municipal ▁elections , ▁although ▁only ▁a ▁small ▁percentage ▁takes ▁advantage ▁of ▁this ▁right . ▁ ▁The ▁remaining ▁Dru ze ▁population ▁of ▁the ▁G olan ▁He ights , ▁occupied ▁and ▁administer ed ▁by ▁Israel ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 7 , ▁are ▁considered ▁permanent ▁residents ▁under ▁the ▁G olan ▁He ights ▁Law ▁of ▁ 1 9 8 1 . ▁F ew ▁have ▁accepted ▁full ▁Israeli |
▁citizens hip ▁and ▁the ▁vast ▁majority ▁consider ▁themselves ▁citizens ▁of ▁Syria . ▁ ▁Pop ulation ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 6 , ▁the ▁official ▁number ▁of ▁Arab ▁residents ▁in ▁Israel ▁was ▁ 1 , 4 1 3 , 5 0 0 ▁people , ▁about ▁ 2 0 % ▁of ▁Israel ' s ▁population . ▁This ▁figure ▁includes ▁ 2 0 9 , 0 0 0 ▁Ar abs ▁( 1 4 % ▁of ▁the ▁Israeli ▁Arab ▁population ) ▁in ▁East ▁Jerusalem , ▁also ▁counted ▁in ▁the ▁Palestinian ▁statistics , ▁although ▁ 9 8 % ▁of ▁East ▁Jerusalem ▁Palest ini ans ▁have ▁either ▁Israeli ▁resid ency ▁or ▁Israeli ▁citizens hip . ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 2 , ▁the ▁official ▁number ▁of ▁Arab ▁residents ▁in ▁Israel ▁increased ▁to ▁ 1 , 6 1 7 , 0 0 0 ▁people , ▁about ▁ 2 1 % ▁of ▁Israel ' s ▁population . ▁The ▁Arab ▁population ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 9 ▁was ▁estimated ▁at ▁ 1 , 8 9 0 , 0 0 0 ▁people , ▁representing ▁ 2 0 . 9 5 % ▁of ▁the ▁country ' s ▁population . ▁ ▁In ▁Israel ' s ▁Northern ▁District ▁Arab ▁citizens ▁of ▁Israel ▁form ▁a ▁majority ▁of ▁the ▁population ▁( 5 2 %) ▁and ▁about ▁ 5 0 % ▁of ▁the ▁Arab ▁population ▁lives ▁in ▁ 1 1 4 ▁different ▁local ities ▁throughout ▁Israel . ▁In ▁total ▁there ▁are ▁ 1 2 2 ▁primarily ▁if ▁not ▁entirely ▁Arab ▁local ities ▁in ▁Israel , ▁ 8 9 |
▁of ▁them ▁having ▁populations ▁over ▁two ▁thousand . ▁The ▁seven ▁town ships ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁the ▁Abu ▁Bas ma ▁Regional ▁Council ▁that ▁have ▁been ▁constructed ▁by ▁the ▁government ▁for ▁the ▁Bed ou in ▁population ▁of ▁the ▁Ne ge v , ▁are ▁the ▁only ▁Arab ▁local ities ▁to ▁have ▁been ▁established ▁since ▁ 1 9 4 8 , ▁with ▁the ▁aim ▁of ▁rel oc ating ▁the ▁Arab ▁Bed ou in ▁citizens ▁( see ▁preced ing ▁section ▁on ▁Bed ou in ). ▁▁ 4 6 % ▁of ▁the ▁country ' s ▁Ar abs ▁( 6 2 2 , 4 0 0 ▁people ) ▁live ▁in ▁predomin antly ▁Arab ▁communities ▁in ▁the ▁north . ▁In ▁ ▁Naz are th ▁was ▁the ▁largest ▁Arab ▁city , ▁with ▁a ▁population ▁of ▁, ▁roughly ▁ 4 0 , 0 0 0 ▁of ▁whom ▁are ▁Muslim . ▁She fa - ' Am r ▁has ▁a ▁population ▁of ▁approximately ▁ ▁and ▁the ▁city ▁is ▁mixed ▁with ▁s izable ▁populations ▁of ▁Muslims , ▁Christians , ▁and ▁Dru ze . ▁ ▁Jerusalem , ▁a ▁mixed ▁city , ▁has ▁the ▁largest ▁overall ▁Arab ▁population . ▁Jerusalem ▁hous ed ▁ 3 3 2 , 4 0 0 ▁Ar abs ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁( 3 7 . 7 % ▁of ▁the ▁city ' s ▁residents ) ▁and ▁together ▁with ▁the ▁local ▁council ▁of ▁Abu ▁Gh osh , ▁some ▁ 1 9 % ▁of ▁the ▁country ' s ▁entire ▁Arab ▁population . ▁▁ 1 4 % ▁of ▁Arab ▁citizens ▁live ▁in ▁the ▁Ha ifa |
▁District ▁predomin antly ▁in ▁the ▁W adi ▁A ra ▁region . ▁Here ▁is ▁the ▁largest ▁Muslim ▁city , ▁U mm ▁al - F ah m , ▁with ▁a ▁population ▁of ▁. ▁Ba qa - J att ▁is ▁the ▁second ▁largest ▁Arab ▁population ▁center ▁in ▁the ▁district . ▁The ▁city ▁of ▁Ha ifa ▁has ▁an ▁Arab ▁population ▁of ▁ 1 0 %, ▁much ▁of ▁it ▁in ▁the ▁W adi ▁N is nas , ▁Abb as ▁and ▁Hal issa ▁neighborhood s . ▁▁ 1 0 % ▁of ▁the ▁country ' s ▁Arab ▁population ▁res ides ▁in ▁the ▁Central ▁District ▁of ▁Israel , ▁primarily ▁the ▁cities ▁of ▁Tay ibe , ▁T ira , ▁and ▁Q al ans a we ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁the ▁mixed ▁cities ▁of ▁L od ▁and ▁Ram la ▁which ▁have ▁mainly ▁Jewish ▁populations . ▁ ▁Of ▁the ▁remaining ▁ 1 1 %, ▁ 1 0 % ▁live ▁in ▁Bed ou in ▁communities ▁in ▁the ▁north western ▁Ne ge v . ▁The ▁Bed ou in ▁city ▁of ▁Rah at ▁is ▁the ▁only ▁Arab ▁city ▁in ▁the ▁Southern ▁District ▁and ▁it ▁is ▁the ▁third ▁largest ▁Arab ▁city ▁in ▁Israel . ▁ ▁The ▁remaining ▁ 1 % ▁of ▁the ▁country ' s ▁Arab ▁population ▁lives ▁in ▁cities ▁that ▁are ▁almost ▁entirely ▁Jewish , ▁such ▁as ▁Naz are th ▁Ill it ▁with ▁an ▁Arab ▁population ▁of ▁ 2 2 % ▁and ▁Tel ▁Av iv - Y a fo , ▁ 4 %. ▁ ▁In ▁February ▁ 2 0 0 8 , ▁the ▁government ▁announced ▁that ▁the ▁first |
▁new ▁Arab ▁city ▁would ▁be ▁constructed ▁in ▁Israel . ▁According ▁to ▁Ha aret z , ▁"[ s ] ince ▁the ▁establishment ▁of ▁the ▁State ▁of ▁Israel , ▁not ▁a ▁single ▁new ▁Arab ▁settlement ▁has ▁been ▁established , ▁with ▁the ▁exception ▁of ▁permanent ▁housing ▁projects ▁for ▁Bed ou ins ▁in ▁the ▁Ne ge v ". ▁The ▁city , ▁G iv at ▁T ant ur , ▁was ▁never ▁constructed ▁even ▁after ▁ 1 0 ▁years . ▁ ▁Major ▁Arab ▁local ities ▁ ▁Ar abs ▁make ▁up ▁the ▁majority ▁of ▁the ▁population ▁of ▁the ▁" heart ▁of ▁the ▁Gal ile e " ▁and ▁of ▁the ▁areas ▁along ▁the ▁Green ▁Line ▁including ▁the ▁W adi ▁A ra ▁region . ▁Bed ou in ▁Ar abs ▁make ▁up ▁the ▁majority ▁of ▁the ▁nort he astern ▁section ▁of ▁the ▁Ne ge v . ▁ ▁Per ceived ▁dem ographic ▁threat ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁northern ▁part ▁of ▁Israel ▁the ▁percentage ▁of ▁Jewish ▁population ▁is ▁decl ining . ▁The ▁increasing ▁population ▁of ▁Ar abs ▁within ▁Israel , ▁and ▁the ▁majority ▁status ▁they ▁hold ▁in ▁two ▁major ▁ge ographic ▁regions ▁– ▁the ▁Gal ile e ▁and ▁the ▁Tri angle ▁– ▁has ▁become ▁a ▁growing ▁point ▁of ▁open ▁political ▁cont ention ▁in ▁recent ▁years . ▁Dr . ▁W ah id ▁Abd ▁Al - Mag id , ▁the ▁editor ▁of ▁Al - A hr am ▁Week ly ' s ▁" Ar ab ▁Strateg ic ▁Report ", ▁predict s ▁that : ▁" The ▁Ar abs ▁of ▁ 1 9 4 8 ▁( i . e . ▁Ar |
abs ▁who ▁stayed ▁within ▁the ▁bounds ▁of ▁Israel ▁and ▁accepted ▁citizens hip ) ▁may ▁become ▁a ▁majority ▁in ▁Israel ▁in ▁ 2 0 3 5 , ▁and ▁they ▁will ▁certainly ▁be ▁the ▁majority ▁in ▁ 2 0 4 8 ." ▁Among ▁Ar abs , ▁Muslims ▁have ▁the ▁highest ▁birth ▁rate , ▁followed ▁by ▁Dru ze , ▁and ▁then ▁Christians . ▁The ▁phrase ▁dem ographic ▁threat ▁( or ▁dem ographic ▁bomb ) ▁is ▁used ▁within ▁the ▁Israeli ▁political ▁sphere ▁to ▁describe ▁the ▁growth ▁of ▁Israel ' s ▁Arab ▁citizen ry ▁as ▁const itut ing ▁a ▁threat ▁to ▁its ▁maintenance ▁of ▁its ▁status ▁as ▁a ▁Jewish ▁state ▁with ▁a ▁Jewish ▁dem ographic ▁majority . ▁ ▁Israeli ▁historian ▁Ben ny ▁Morris ▁stated ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 4 ▁that , ▁while ▁he ▁strongly ▁oppos es ▁exp ulsion ▁of ▁Israeli ▁Ar abs , ▁in ▁case ▁of ▁an ▁" ap oc aly ptic " ▁scenario ▁where ▁Israel ▁comes ▁under ▁total ▁attack ▁with ▁non - con vent ional ▁weapons ▁and ▁comes ▁under ▁exist ential ▁threat , ▁an ▁exp ulsion ▁might ▁be ▁the ▁only ▁option . ▁He ▁compared ▁the ▁Israeli ▁Ar abs ▁to ▁a ▁" time ▁bomb " ▁and ▁" a ▁potential ▁fifth ▁column " ▁in ▁both ▁dem ographic ▁and ▁security ▁terms ▁and ▁said ▁they ▁are ▁li able ▁to ▁und ermine ▁the ▁state ▁in ▁time ▁of ▁war . ▁ ▁Several ▁politicians ▁have ▁viewed ▁the ▁Ar abs ▁in ▁Israel ▁as ▁a ▁security ▁and ▁dem ographic ▁threat . ▁ ▁The ▁phrase ▁" dem ographic ▁bomb " ▁was ▁fam ously ▁used ▁by ▁Benjamin |
▁Net any ahu ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 3 ▁when ▁he ▁noted ▁that , ▁if ▁the ▁percentage ▁of ▁Arab ▁citizens ▁r ises ▁above ▁its ▁current ▁level ▁of ▁about ▁ 2 0 ▁percent , ▁Israel ▁will ▁not ▁be ▁able ▁to ▁maintain ▁a ▁Jewish ▁dem ographic ▁majority . ▁Net any ahu ' s ▁comments ▁were ▁critic ized ▁as ▁racist ▁by ▁Arab ▁K ness et ▁members ▁and ▁a ▁range ▁of ▁civil ▁rights ▁and ▁human ▁rights ▁organizations , ▁such ▁as ▁the ▁Association ▁for ▁Civil ▁Rights ▁in ▁Israel . ▁Even ▁earlier ▁all usions ▁to ▁the ▁" dem ographic ▁threat " ▁can ▁be ▁found ▁in ▁an ▁internal ▁Israeli ▁government ▁document ▁draft ed ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 6 ▁known ▁as ▁the ▁K oen ig ▁Mem or and um , ▁which ▁laid ▁out ▁a ▁plan ▁for ▁reducing ▁the ▁number ▁and ▁influence ▁of ▁Arab ▁citizens ▁of ▁Israel ▁in ▁the ▁Gal ile e ▁region . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 3 , ▁the ▁Israeli ▁daily ▁Ma ' ar iv ▁published ▁an ▁article ▁entitled ▁" Special ▁Report : ▁Pol yg amy ▁is ▁a ▁Security ▁Th reat ", ▁detail ing ▁a ▁report ▁put ▁forth ▁by ▁the ▁Director ▁of ▁the ▁Pop ulation ▁Administration ▁at ▁the ▁time , ▁Herz l ▁G ed j ; ▁the ▁report ▁described ▁pol yg amy ▁in ▁the ▁Bed ou in ▁sector ▁a ▁" security ▁threat " ▁and ▁advoc ated ▁means ▁of ▁reducing ▁the ▁birth ▁rate ▁in ▁the ▁Arab ▁sector . ▁The ▁Pop ulation ▁Administration ▁is ▁a ▁department ▁of ▁the ▁Dem ographic ▁Council , ▁whose ▁purpose , ▁according ▁to ▁the ▁Israeli |
▁Central ▁Bureau ▁of ▁Statistics , ▁is : ▁" ... to ▁increase ▁the ▁Jewish ▁birth rate ▁by ▁encouraging ▁women ▁to ▁have ▁more ▁children ▁using ▁government ▁grants , ▁housing ▁benefits , ▁and ▁other ▁incent ives ". ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁the ▁minister ▁of ▁the ▁interior ▁appointed ▁Ya akov ▁G an ot ▁as ▁new ▁head ▁of ▁the ▁Pop ulation ▁Administration , ▁which ▁according ▁to ▁Ha aret z ▁is ▁" pro bably ▁the ▁most ▁important ▁appointment ▁an ▁interior ▁minister ▁can ▁make ". ▁ ▁A ▁January ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁study ▁reject s ▁the ▁" dem ographic ▁time ▁bomb " ▁threat ▁based ▁on ▁statistical ▁data ▁that ▁shows ▁Jewish ▁birth s ▁have ▁increased ▁while ▁Arab ▁birth s ▁have ▁begun ▁to ▁drop . ▁The ▁study ▁noted ▁short com ings ▁in ▁earlier ▁dem ographic ▁predictions ▁( for ▁example , ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 6 0 s , ▁predictions ▁suggested ▁that ▁Ar abs ▁would ▁be ▁the ▁majority ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 0 ). ▁The ▁study ▁also ▁demonstrated ▁that ▁Christian ▁Arab ▁and ▁Dru ze ▁birth ▁rates ▁were ▁actually ▁below ▁those ▁of ▁Jewish ▁birth ▁rates ▁in ▁Israel . ▁The ▁study ▁used ▁data ▁from ▁a ▁Gall up ▁poll ▁to ▁demonstrate ▁that ▁the ▁desired ▁family ▁size ▁for ▁Ar abs ▁in ▁Israel ▁and ▁Jewish ▁Israel is ▁were ▁the ▁same . ▁The ▁study ' s ▁population ▁forecast ▁for ▁ 2 0 2 5 ▁predicted ▁that ▁Ar abs ▁would ▁compr ise ▁only ▁ 2 5 % ▁of ▁the ▁Israeli ▁population . ▁Nevertheless , ▁the ▁Bed ou in ▁population , ▁with ▁its ▁high ▁birth ▁rates |
, ▁continues ▁to ▁be ▁perceived ▁as ▁a ▁threat ▁to ▁a ▁Jewish ▁dem ographic ▁majority ▁in ▁the ▁south , ▁and ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁development ▁plans , ▁such ▁as ▁the ▁Blue print ▁Ne ge v , ▁address ▁this ▁concern . ▁ ▁A ▁study ▁showed ▁that ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 0 , ▁Jewish ▁birth r ates ▁rose ▁by ▁ 3 1 % ▁and ▁ 1 9 , 0 0 0 ▁di as por a ▁Jews ▁immigr ated ▁to ▁Israel , ▁while ▁the ▁Arab ▁birth rate ▁fell ▁by ▁ 2 %. ▁ ▁Land ▁and ▁population ▁exchange ▁ ▁Some ▁Israeli ▁politicians ▁advocate ▁land - swap ▁proposals ▁in ▁order ▁to ▁assure ▁a ▁continued ▁Jewish ▁majority ▁within ▁Israel . ▁A ▁specific ▁proposal ▁is ▁that ▁Israel ▁transfer ▁sovere ig nt y ▁of ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁Arab - pop ulated ▁W adi ▁A ra ▁area ▁( west ▁of ▁the ▁Green ▁Line ) ▁to ▁a ▁future ▁Palestinian ▁state , ▁in ▁return ▁for ▁formal ▁sovere ig nt y ▁over ▁the ▁major ▁Jewish ▁settlement ▁" blocks " ▁that ▁lie ▁inside ▁the ▁West ▁Bank ▁east ▁of ▁the ▁Green ▁Line . ▁ ▁Av igd or ▁Lie ber man ▁of ▁Y is rael ▁Be ite in u , ▁the ▁fourth ▁largest ▁f action ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 7 th ▁K ness et , ▁is ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁fore most ▁advoc ates ▁of ▁the ▁transfer ▁of ▁large ▁Arab ▁towns ▁located ▁just ▁inside ▁Israel ▁near ▁the ▁border ▁with ▁the ▁West ▁Bank ▁( e . g . ▁Tay ibe , ▁U mm ▁al - F ah m , ▁Ba qa |
▁al - G har bi y ye ), ▁to ▁the ▁juris diction ▁of ▁the ▁Palestinian ▁National ▁Authority ▁in ▁exchange ▁for ▁Israeli ▁settlement s ▁located ▁inside ▁the ▁West ▁Bank . ▁ ▁In ▁October ▁ 2 0 0 6 , ▁Y is rael ▁Be ite in u ▁formally ▁joined ▁in ▁the ▁ruling ▁government ' s ▁parliament ary ▁coalition , ▁headed ▁by ▁K ad ima . ▁After ▁the ▁Israeli ▁Cab inet ▁confirmed ▁Av igd or ▁Lie ber man ' s ▁appointment ▁to ▁the ▁position ▁of ▁" minister ▁for ▁strategic ▁threats ", ▁Labour ▁Party ▁representative ▁and ▁science , ▁sport ▁and ▁culture ▁minister ▁O ph ir ▁P ines - P az ▁resigned ▁his ▁post . ▁In ▁his ▁resign ation ▁letter ▁to ▁E h ud ▁Ol mer t , ▁P ines - P az ▁wrote : ▁" I ▁couldn ' t ▁sit ▁in ▁a ▁government ▁with ▁a ▁minister ▁who ▁pre aches ▁racism ." ▁ ▁The ▁Lie ber man ▁Plan ▁caused ▁a ▁stir ▁among ▁Arab ▁citizens ▁of ▁Israel . ▁Var ious ▁poll s ▁show ▁that ▁Ar abs ▁in ▁Israel ▁do ▁not ▁wish ▁to ▁move ▁to ▁the ▁West ▁Bank ▁or ▁G aza ▁if ▁a ▁Palestinian ▁state ▁is ▁created ▁there . ▁In ▁a ▁survey ▁conducted ▁by ▁K ul ▁Al - Ar ab ▁among ▁ 1 , 0 0 0 ▁residents ▁of ▁Um ▁Al - F ah m , ▁ 8 3 ▁percent ▁of ▁respond ents ▁opposed ▁the ▁idea ▁of ▁transfer ring ▁their ▁city ▁to ▁Palestinian ▁juris diction , ▁while ▁ 1 1 ▁percent ▁supported ▁the ▁proposal ▁and ▁ 6 ▁percent ▁did ▁not |
▁express ▁their ▁position . ▁ ▁Of ▁those ▁opposed ▁to ▁the ▁idea , ▁ 5 4 % ▁said ▁that ▁they ▁were ▁against ▁becoming ▁part ▁of ▁a ▁Palestinian ▁state ▁because ▁they ▁wanted ▁to ▁continue ▁living ▁under ▁a ▁democratic ▁regime ▁and ▁enjoying ▁a ▁good ▁standard ▁of ▁living . ▁Of ▁these ▁opponents , ▁ 1 8 % ▁said ▁that ▁they ▁were ▁satisfied ▁with ▁their ▁present ▁situation , ▁that ▁they ▁were ▁born ▁in ▁Israel ▁and ▁that ▁they ▁were ▁not ▁interested ▁in ▁moving ▁to ▁any ▁other ▁state . ▁Another ▁ 1 4 % ▁of ▁this ▁same ▁group ▁said ▁that ▁they ▁were ▁not ▁prepared ▁to ▁make ▁sacrific es ▁for ▁the ▁sake ▁of ▁the ▁creation ▁of ▁a ▁Palestinian ▁state . ▁Another ▁ 1 1 ▁percent ▁cited ▁no ▁reason ▁for ▁their ▁opposition . ▁ ▁Politics ▁ ▁Arab ▁political ▁parties ▁ ▁There ▁are ▁three ▁mainstream ▁Arab ▁parties ▁in ▁Israel : ▁Had ash ▁( a ▁joint ▁Arab - J ew ish ▁party ▁with ▁a ▁large ▁Arab ▁presence ), ▁Bal ad , ▁and ▁the ▁United ▁Arab ▁List , ▁which ▁is ▁a ▁coalition ▁of ▁several ▁different ▁political ▁organizations ▁including ▁the ▁Islamic ▁Movement ▁in ▁Israel . ▁In ▁addition ▁to ▁these , ▁there ▁is ▁Ta ' al . ▁All ▁of ▁these ▁parties ▁primarily ▁represent ▁Arab - Is rael i ▁and ▁Palestinian ▁interests , ▁and ▁the ▁Islamic ▁Movement ▁is ▁an ▁Islam ist ▁organization ▁with ▁two ▁fa ctions : ▁one ▁that ▁oppos es ▁Israel ' s ▁existence , ▁and ▁another ▁that ▁oppos es ▁its ▁existence ▁as ▁a ▁Jewish ▁state . ▁Two ▁Arab ▁parties ▁ran ▁in ▁Israel ' s ▁first ▁election |
▁in ▁ 1 9 4 9 , ▁with ▁one , ▁the ▁Democratic ▁List ▁of ▁Naz are th , ▁winning ▁two ▁seats . ▁Until ▁the ▁ 1 9 6 0 s ▁all ▁Arab ▁parties ▁in ▁the ▁K ness et ▁were ▁aligned ▁with ▁Map ai , ▁the ▁ruling ▁party . ▁ ▁A ▁minority ▁of ▁Ar abs ▁join ▁and ▁vote ▁for ▁Z ion ist ▁parties ; ▁in ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁elections ▁ 3 0 % ▁of ▁the ▁Arab ▁vote ▁went ▁to ▁such ▁parties , ▁up ▁from ▁ 2 5 % ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 3 , ▁though ▁down ▁on ▁the ▁ 1 9 9 9 ▁( 3 1 %) ▁and ▁ 1 9 9 6 ▁elections ▁( 3 3 % ). ▁Left - wing ▁parties ▁( i . e . ▁Labor ▁Party ▁and ▁Mer etz - Y ach ad , ▁and ▁previously ▁One ▁Nation ) ▁are ▁the ▁most ▁popular ▁parties ▁amongst ▁Ar abs , ▁though ▁some ▁Dru ze ▁have ▁also ▁voted ▁for ▁right - wing ▁parties ▁such ▁as ▁L ik ud ▁and ▁Y is rael ▁Be ite in u , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁the ▁cent rist ▁K ad ima . ▁ ▁Arab - dom inated ▁parties ▁typically ▁do ▁not ▁join ▁governing ▁coal itions . ▁However , ▁histor ically ▁these ▁parties ▁have ▁formed ▁all iances ▁with ▁do v ish ▁Israeli ▁parties ▁and ▁promoted ▁the ▁formation ▁of ▁their ▁governments ▁by ▁voting ▁with ▁them ▁from ▁the ▁opposition . ▁Arab ▁parties ▁are ▁cred ited ▁with ▁keeping ▁Prime ▁Minister ▁Y itz h ak ▁Rab in ▁in ▁power |
, ▁and ▁they ▁have ▁suggested ▁they ▁would ▁do ▁the ▁same ▁for ▁a ▁government ▁led ▁by ▁Labor ▁leader ▁Isaac ▁Herz og ▁and ▁peace ▁negoti ator ▁T zip i ▁Liv ni . ▁A ▁ 2 0 1 5 ▁Ha aret z ▁poll ▁found ▁that ▁a ▁majority ▁of ▁Israeli ▁Ar abs ▁would ▁like ▁their ▁parties , ▁then ▁running ▁on ▁a ▁joint ▁list , ▁to ▁join ▁the ▁governing ▁coalition . ▁ ▁Rep resentation ▁in ▁the ▁K ness et ▁ ▁Palestinian ▁Ar abs ▁sat ▁in ▁the ▁state ' s ▁first ▁parliament ary ▁assembly ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 9 . ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 1 , ▁ 1 3 ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 2 0 ▁members ▁of ▁the ▁Israeli ▁Parliament ▁are ▁Arab ▁citizens , ▁most ▁representing ▁Arab ▁political ▁parties , ▁and ▁one ▁of ▁Israel ' s ▁Supreme ▁Court ▁judges ▁is ▁a ▁Palestinian ▁Arab . ▁ ▁The ▁ 2 0 1 5 ▁elections ▁included ▁ 1 8 ▁Arab ▁members ▁of ▁K ness et . ▁Along ▁with ▁ 1 3 ▁members ▁of ▁the ▁J oint ▁List , ▁there ▁were ▁five ▁Arab ▁parliament arians ▁representing ▁Z ion ist ▁parties , ▁which ▁is ▁more ▁than ▁double ▁their ▁number ▁in ▁the ▁previous ▁K ness et . ▁ ▁Some ▁Arab ▁Members ▁of ▁the ▁K ness et , ▁past ▁and ▁present , ▁are ▁under ▁police ▁investigation ▁for ▁their ▁visits ▁to ▁countries ▁designated ▁as ▁enemy ▁countries ▁by ▁Israeli ▁law . ▁This ▁law ▁was ▁am ended ▁following ▁M K ▁Moh amm ad ▁Bar ake h ' s ▁trip ▁to ▁Syria ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 1 |
, ▁such ▁that ▁M K s ▁must ▁explicitly ▁request ▁permission ▁to ▁visit ▁these ▁countries ▁from ▁the ▁Minister ▁of ▁the ▁Interior . ▁In ▁August ▁ 2 0 0 6 , ▁Bal ad ▁M K s ▁Az mi ▁B ish ara , ▁Jam al ▁Z ah alk a , ▁and ▁Was il ▁T aha ▁visited ▁Syria ▁without ▁request ing ▁nor ▁receiving ▁such ▁permission , ▁and ▁a ▁criminal ▁investigation ▁of ▁their ▁actions ▁was ▁launched . ▁Former ▁Arab ▁Member ▁of ▁K ness et ▁Moh ammed ▁Mi ari ▁was ▁questioned ▁ 1 8 ▁September ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁by ▁police ▁on ▁suspicion ▁of ▁having ▁entered ▁a ▁designated ▁enemy ▁country ▁without ▁official ▁permission . ▁He ▁was ▁questioned ▁" under ▁caution " ▁for ▁ 2 . 5 ▁hours ▁in ▁the ▁Pet ah ▁T ik va ▁station ▁about ▁his ▁recent ▁visit ▁to ▁Syria . ▁Another ▁former ▁Arab ▁Member ▁of ▁K ness et , ▁Muhammad ▁K ana an , ▁was ▁also ▁summon ed ▁for ▁police ▁questioning ▁regarding ▁the ▁same ▁trip . ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 0 , ▁six ▁Arab ▁M K s ▁visited ▁Lib ya , ▁an ▁openly ▁anti - Z ion ist ▁Arab ▁state , ▁and ▁met ▁with ▁Mu am mar ▁al - G add afi ▁and ▁various ▁senior ▁government ▁officials . ▁G add afi ▁urged ▁them ▁to ▁seek ▁a ▁one - state ▁solution , ▁and ▁for ▁Ar abs ▁to ▁" multip ly " ▁in ▁order ▁to ▁counter ▁any ▁" pl ots " ▁to ▁exp el ▁them . ▁ ▁According ▁to ▁a ▁study ▁commissioned ▁by ▁the ▁Arab ▁Association ▁of |
▁Human ▁Rights ▁entitled ▁" Sil encing ▁D issent ," ▁over ▁the ▁period ▁ 1 9 9 9 – 2 0 0 2 , ▁eight ▁of ▁nine ▁of ▁the ▁then ▁Arab ▁K ness et ▁members ▁were ▁beaten ▁by ▁Israeli ▁forces ▁during ▁demonstr ations . ▁Most ▁recently ▁according ▁to ▁the ▁report , ▁legislation ▁has ▁been ▁passed , ▁including ▁three ▁election ▁laws ▁[ e . g ., ▁b anning ▁political ▁parties ], ▁and ▁two ▁K ness et ▁related ▁laws ▁aimed ▁to ▁" sign ific antly ▁cur b ▁the ▁minority ▁[ Ar ab ▁population ] ▁right ▁to ▁choose ▁a ▁public ▁representative ▁and ▁for ▁those ▁representatives ▁to ▁develop ▁independent ▁political ▁platforms ▁and ▁carry ▁out ▁their ▁duties ". ▁ ▁Rep resentation ▁in ▁the ▁civil ▁service ▁sphere ▁In ▁the ▁public ▁employment ▁sphere , ▁by ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁ 2 0 0 2 , ▁ 6 % ▁of ▁ 5 6 , 3 6 2 ▁Israeli ▁civil ▁servants ▁were ▁Arab . ▁In ▁January ▁ 2 0 0 4 , ▁Prime ▁Minister ▁A riel ▁Sh aron ▁declared ▁that ▁every ▁state - run ▁company ▁must ▁have ▁at ▁least ▁one ▁Arab ▁citizen ▁of ▁Israel ▁on ▁its ▁board ▁of ▁directors . ▁ ▁Rep resentation ▁in ▁political , ▁jud icial ▁and ▁military ▁positions ▁ ▁Cab inet : ▁N aw af ▁Mass al ha , ▁an ▁Arab ▁Muslim , ▁has ▁served ▁in ▁various ▁junior ▁minister ial ▁roles , ▁including ▁Deputy ▁Minister ▁of ▁Foreign ▁Affairs , ▁since ▁ 1 9 9 9 . ▁Until ▁ 2 0 0 1 , ▁no ▁Arab ▁had ▁been ▁included ▁in ▁a ▁Prime |
▁Minister ' s ▁cabinet . ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 1 , ▁this ▁changed , ▁when ▁Sal ah ▁Tar if , ▁a ▁Dru ze ▁Arab ▁citizen ▁of ▁Israel , ▁was ▁appointed ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁Sh aron ' s ▁cabinet ▁without ▁a ▁portfolio . ▁Tar if ▁was ▁later ▁e ject ed ▁after ▁being ▁convicted ▁of ▁corruption . ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁the ▁first ▁non - D ru ze ▁Arab ▁minister ▁in ▁Israel ' s ▁history , ▁R ale b ▁Maj ade le , ▁was ▁appointed ▁a ▁minister ▁without ▁portfolio , ▁and ▁a ▁month ▁later ▁appointed ▁minister ▁for ▁Science , ▁Culture ▁and ▁Sport . ▁The ▁appointment ▁of ▁Maj ade le ▁was ▁critic ized ▁by ▁far - right ▁Israel is , ▁some ▁of ▁whom ▁are ▁also ▁within ▁the ▁Cab inet , ▁but ▁this ▁drew ▁condem n ation ▁across ▁the ▁mainstream ▁Israeli ▁political ▁spectrum . ▁Meanwhile , ▁Arab ▁law makers ▁called ▁the ▁appointment ▁an ▁attempt ▁to ▁" white w ash ▁Israel ' s ▁discrim in atory ▁policies ▁against ▁its ▁Arab ▁minority ". ▁ ▁K ness et : ▁Arab ▁citizens ▁of ▁Israel ▁have ▁been ▁elected ▁to ▁every ▁K ness et , ▁and ▁currently ▁hold ▁ 1 7 ▁of ▁its ▁ 1 2 0 ▁seats . ▁The ▁first ▁female ▁Arab ▁MP ▁was ▁H uss ni ya ▁J ab ara , ▁a ▁Muslim ▁Arab ▁from ▁central ▁Israel , ▁who ▁was ▁elected ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 9 . ▁ ▁Supreme ▁Court : ▁Ab del ▁Rah man ▁Zu abi , ▁a ▁Muslim ▁from ▁northern ▁Israel , ▁was ▁the ▁first |
▁Arab ▁on ▁the ▁Israeli ▁Supreme ▁Court , ▁serving ▁a ▁ 9 - month ▁term ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 9 . ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 4 , ▁Sal im ▁J ou br an , ▁a ▁Christian ▁Arab ▁from ▁Ha ifa ▁desc ended ▁from ▁Leb an ese ▁Mar on ites , ▁became ▁the ▁first ▁Arab ▁to ▁hold ▁a ▁permanent ▁appointment ▁on ▁the ▁Court . ▁J ou br an ' s ▁expertise ▁lies ▁in ▁the ▁field ▁of ▁criminal ▁law . ▁George ▁Kar ra , ▁a ▁Christian ▁Arab ▁from ▁J aff a ▁has ▁served ▁as ▁a ▁Tel ▁Av iv ▁District ▁Court ▁judge ▁since ▁ 2 0 0 0 . ▁He ▁was ▁the ▁pres iding ▁judge ▁in ▁the ▁trial ▁of ▁Mos he ▁K ats av . ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 1 , ▁he ▁was ▁nominated ▁as ▁a ▁candidate ▁for ▁the ▁Israeli ▁Supreme ▁Court . ▁ ▁Foreign ▁Service : ▁Ali ▁Y ah ya , ▁an ▁Arab ▁Muslim , ▁became ▁the ▁first ▁Arab ▁amb assador ▁for ▁Israel ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 5 ▁when ▁he ▁was ▁appointed ▁amb assador ▁to ▁Finland . ▁He ▁served ▁until ▁ 1 9 9 9 , ▁and ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁was ▁appointed ▁amb assador ▁to ▁Greece . ▁Other ▁Arab ▁amb ass ad ors ▁include ▁Wal id ▁Mans our , ▁a ▁Dru ze , ▁appointed ▁amb assador ▁to ▁Vietnam ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 9 , ▁and ▁Red a ▁Mans our , ▁also ▁a ▁Dru ze , ▁a ▁former ▁amb assador ▁to ▁E cu ador . ▁Moh ammed ▁Mas ar |
wa , ▁an ▁Arab ▁Muslim , ▁was ▁Cons ul - General ▁in ▁Atlanta . ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 6 , ▁I sh ma el ▁Kh ald i ▁was ▁appointed ▁Israeli ▁cons ul ▁in ▁San ▁Francisco , ▁becoming ▁the ▁first ▁Bed ou in ▁cons ul ▁of ▁the ▁State ▁of ▁Israel . ▁ ▁Israel ▁Defense ▁Forces : ▁Arab ▁Gener als ▁in ▁the ▁ID F ▁include ▁Major ▁General ▁H uss ain ▁F ares , ▁commander ▁of ▁Israel ' s ▁border ▁police , ▁and ▁Major ▁General ▁Y ose f ▁M ish lav , ▁head ▁of ▁the ▁Home ▁Front ▁Command ▁and ▁current ▁Coord inator ▁of ▁Government ▁Activ ities ▁in ▁the ▁Terr itories . ▁Both ▁are ▁members ▁of ▁the ▁Dru ze ▁community . ▁Other ▁high - rank ing ▁officers ▁in ▁the ▁ID F ▁include ▁Lieutenant ▁Colonel ▁Am os ▁Y ark oni ▁( born ▁Abd ▁el - M aj id ▁H id r / ▁ ع ب د ▁ال م ا ج د ▁ ح ي د ر ) ▁from ▁the ▁Bed ou in ▁community , ▁a ▁legendary ▁officer ▁in ▁the ▁Israel ▁Defense ▁Forces ▁and ▁one ▁of ▁six ▁Israeli ▁Ar abs ▁to ▁have ▁received ▁the ▁ID F ' s ▁third ▁highest ▁decor ation , ▁the ▁Medal ▁of ▁Dist ingu ished ▁Service . ▁ ▁Israeli ▁Police : ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 1 , ▁Jam al ▁H ak rou sh ▁became ▁the ▁first ▁Muslim ▁Arab ▁deputy ▁In spector - General ▁in ▁the ▁Israeli ▁Police . ▁He ▁has ▁previously ▁served ▁as ▁district ▁commander ▁of ▁two ▁districts . ▁ ▁Jewish ▁National ▁Fund |
: ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 7 , ▁Ra ' adi ▁S for i ▁became ▁the ▁first ▁Arab ▁citizen ▁of ▁Israel ▁to ▁be ▁elected ▁as ▁a ▁J NF ▁director , ▁over ▁a ▁petition ▁against ▁his ▁appointment . ▁The ▁court ▁up held ▁the ▁J NF ' s ▁appointment , ▁explaining , ▁" As ▁this ▁is ▁one ▁director ▁among ▁a ▁large ▁number , ▁there ▁is ▁no ▁chance ▁he ▁will ▁have ▁the ▁opportunity ▁to ▁cancel ▁the ▁organization ' s ▁goals ." ▁ ▁Other ▁political ▁organizations ▁and ▁movements ▁ ▁Ab na ▁el - Bal ad ▁Ab na a ▁el - Bal ad ▁is ▁a ▁political ▁movement ▁that ▁grew ▁out ▁of ▁organ izing ▁by ▁Arab ▁university ▁youth , ▁beginning ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 9 . ▁It ▁is ▁not ▁affili ated ▁with ▁the ▁Arab ▁K ness et ▁party ▁Bal ad . ▁While ▁participating ▁in ▁municipal ▁elections , ▁Ab na a ▁al - Bal ad ▁firmly ▁reject ▁any ▁participation ▁in ▁the ▁Israeli ▁K ness et . ▁Political ▁demands ▁include ▁" the ▁return ▁of ▁all ▁Palestinian ▁refugees ▁to ▁their ▁homes ▁and ▁lands , ▁[ an ] ▁end ▁[ to ] ▁the ▁Israeli ▁occupation ▁and ▁Z ion ist ▁apart heid ▁and ▁the ▁establishment ▁[ of ] ▁a ▁democratic ▁sec ular ▁state ▁in ▁Palest ine ▁as ▁the ▁ultimate ▁solution ▁to ▁the ▁Arab - Z ion ist ▁conflict ." ▁▁ ▁High ▁Follow - Up ▁Committee ▁for ▁Arab ▁Cit iz ens ▁of ▁Israel ▁The ▁High ▁Follow - Up ▁Committee ▁for ▁Arab ▁Cit iz ens ▁of ▁Israel ▁is ▁an ▁extra - par liament ary ▁u |
mbre lla ▁organization ▁that ▁represents ▁Arab ▁citizens ▁of ▁Israel ▁at ▁the ▁national ▁level . ▁It ▁is ▁" the ▁top ▁representative ▁body ▁deliber ating ▁matters ▁of ▁general ▁concern ▁to ▁the ▁entire ▁Arab ▁community ▁and ▁making ▁binding ▁decisions ." ▁While ▁it ▁enjo ys ▁de ▁fact o ▁recognition ▁from ▁the ▁State ▁of ▁Israel , ▁it ▁lack s ▁official ▁or ▁de ▁j ure ▁recognition ▁from ▁the ▁state ▁for ▁its ▁activities ▁in ▁this ▁capacity . ▁▁ ▁Ta ' ay ush ▁Ta ' ay ush ▁is ▁" a ▁grass ro ots ▁movement ▁of ▁Ar abs ▁and ▁Jews ▁working ▁to ▁break ▁down ▁the ▁walls ▁of ▁racism ▁and ▁seg regation ▁by ▁construct ing ▁a ▁true ▁Arab - J ew ish ▁partnership ." ▁▁ ▁Regional ▁Council ▁of ▁Un recogn ized ▁Vill ages ▁The ▁Regional ▁Council ▁of ▁Un recogn ized ▁Vill ages ▁is ▁a ▁body ▁of ▁un off icial ▁representatives ▁of ▁the ▁un recogn ized ▁villages ▁throughout ▁the ▁Ne ge v ▁region ▁in ▁the ▁south . ▁ ▁Att empt s ▁to ▁ban ▁Arab ▁political ▁parties ▁Am endment ▁ 9 ▁to ▁the ▁' Basic ▁Law : ▁The ▁K ness et ▁and ▁the ▁Law ▁of ▁Political ▁Part ies ' ▁states ▁that ▁a ▁political ▁party ▁" may ▁not ▁participate ▁in ▁the ▁elections ▁if ▁there ▁is ▁in ▁its ▁goals ▁or ▁actions ▁a ▁den ial ▁of ▁the ▁existence ▁of ▁the ▁State ▁of ▁Israel ▁as ▁the ▁state ▁of ▁the ▁Jewish ▁people , ▁a ▁den ial ▁of ▁the ▁democratic ▁nature ▁of ▁the ▁state , ▁or ▁inc it ement ▁to ▁racism ." ▁A ▁number ▁of ▁attempts ▁were ▁done ▁to ▁dis qual |
ify ▁Arab ▁parties ▁based ▁on ▁this ▁rule , ▁however ▁as ▁of ▁ 2 0 1 0 , ▁all ▁such ▁attempts ▁were ▁either ▁rejected ▁by ▁the ▁Israeli ▁Central ▁E lections ▁Committee ▁or ▁over turn ed ▁by ▁the ▁Israeli ▁Supreme ▁Court . ▁ ▁Progress ive ▁List ▁for ▁Peace ▁An ▁Israeli ▁Central ▁E lections ▁Committee ▁ruling ▁which ▁allowed ▁the ▁Progress ive ▁List ▁for ▁Peace ▁to ▁run ▁for ▁the ▁K ness et ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 8 ▁was ▁challenged ▁based ▁on ▁this ▁am endment , ▁but ▁the ▁committee ' s ▁decision ▁was ▁up held ▁by ▁the ▁Israeli ▁Supreme ▁Court , ▁which ▁ruled ▁that ▁the ▁P LP ' s ▁platform ▁calling ▁for ▁Israel ▁to ▁become ▁" a ▁state ▁of ▁all ▁its ▁citizens " ▁does ▁not ▁viol ate ▁the ▁ide ology ▁of ▁Israel ▁as ▁the ▁State ▁of ▁the ▁Jewish ▁people , ▁and ▁thus ▁section ▁ 7 ( a ) ▁does ▁not ▁apply . ▁ ▁Bal ad ▁In ▁December ▁ 2 0 0 2 , ▁Az mi ▁B ish ara ▁and ▁his ▁party , ▁Bal ad , ▁which ▁calls ▁for ▁Israel ▁to ▁become ▁" a ▁state ▁of ▁all ▁its ▁citizens ," ▁were ▁banned ▁by ▁the ▁Israeli ▁Central ▁E lections ▁Committee , ▁for ▁ref using ▁to ▁recognize ▁Israel ▁as ▁a ▁" J ew ish ▁and ▁democratic ▁state " ▁and ▁making ▁statements ▁promoting ▁armed ▁struggle ▁against ▁it . ▁The ▁Supreme ▁Court ▁over r ul ed ▁the ▁decision ▁in ▁January ▁ 2 0 0 3 . ▁B ish ara ▁served ▁as ▁a ▁K ness et ▁member ▁from ▁ 1 9 9 6 |
▁to ▁ 2 0 0 7 . ▁He ▁reported ly ▁told ▁an ▁audience ▁in ▁Leb anon ▁in ▁December ▁ 2 0 0 5 ▁that ▁Arab ▁citizens ▁"[ ... ] ▁are ▁like ▁all ▁Ar abs , ▁only ▁with ▁Israeli ▁citizens hip ▁forced ▁upon ▁them ▁[...] ▁Return ▁Palest ine ▁to ▁us ▁and ▁take ▁your ▁democracy ▁with ▁you . ▁We ▁Ar abs ▁are ▁not ▁interested ▁in ▁it ". ▁B ish ara ▁resigned ▁his ▁K ness et ▁office ▁and ▁left ▁the ▁country ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁amid st ▁news ▁that ▁criminal ▁charges ▁were ▁being ▁laid ▁against ▁him . ▁He ▁has ▁been ▁charged ▁with ▁esp ion age ▁and ▁money ▁laund ering , ▁stem ming ▁from ▁alleg ations ▁that ▁he ▁gave ▁H iz b ull ah ▁information ▁on ▁strategic ▁targets ▁that ▁should ▁be ▁attacked ▁with ▁rock ets ▁during ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁Leb anon ▁War , ▁in ▁exchange ▁for ▁large ▁amounts ▁of ▁money . ▁ ▁United ▁Arab ▁List ▁– ▁Ta ' al ▁and ▁Bal ad ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 9 , ▁United ▁Arab ▁List ▁– ▁Ta ' al ▁and ▁Bal ad ▁were ▁dis qual ified , ▁on ▁grounds ▁that ▁they ▁do ▁not ▁recognize ▁the ▁State ▁of ▁Israel ▁and ▁call ▁for ▁armed ▁conflict ▁against ▁it . ▁The ▁Supreme ▁Court ▁of ▁Israel ▁over turn ed ▁the ▁Committee ' s ▁decision ▁by ▁a ▁majority ▁of ▁eight ▁to ▁one . ▁ ▁Legal ▁and ▁political ▁status ▁Israel ' s ▁Decl aration ▁of ▁Independ ence ▁called ▁for ▁the ▁establishment ▁of ▁a ▁Jewish ▁state ▁with ▁equality ▁of ▁social ▁and ▁political ▁rights |
, ▁ir res pective ▁of ▁religion , ▁race , ▁or ▁sex . ▁ ▁The ▁rights ▁of ▁citizens ▁are ▁guaranteed ▁by ▁a ▁set ▁of ▁basic ▁laws ▁( Is rael ▁does ▁not ▁have ▁a ▁written ▁constitution ). ▁Although ▁this ▁set ▁of ▁laws ▁does ▁not ▁explicitly ▁include ▁the ▁term ▁" right ▁to ▁equality ", ▁the ▁Israeli ▁Supreme ▁Court ▁has ▁consistently ▁interpreted ▁" Basic ▁Law : ▁Human ▁D ign ity ▁and ▁Liberty " ▁and ▁" Basic ▁Law : ▁Freedom ▁of ▁Occ up ation ▁( 1 9 9 4 )" ▁as ▁guarantee ing ▁equal ▁rights ▁for ▁all ▁Israeli ▁citizens . ▁ ▁The ▁Israeli ▁Ministry ▁of ▁Foreign ▁Affairs ▁states ▁that ▁" Ar ab ▁Israel is ▁are ▁citizens ▁of ▁Israel ▁with ▁equal ▁rights " ▁and ▁states ▁that ▁" The ▁only ▁legal ▁distinction ▁between ▁Arab ▁and ▁Jewish ▁citizens ▁is ▁not ▁one ▁of ▁rights , ▁but ▁rather ▁of ▁civ ic ▁duty . ▁Since ▁Israel ' s ▁establishment , ▁Arab ▁citizens ▁have ▁been ▁ex empt ed ▁from ▁comp uls ory ▁service ▁in ▁the ▁Israel ▁Defense ▁Forces ▁( ID F ). " ▁Dru ze ▁and ▁Circ ass ians ▁are ▁draft ed ▁into ▁the ▁Israeli ▁army , ▁while ▁other ▁Ar abs ▁may ▁serve ▁volunt arily ; ▁however , ▁only ▁a ▁very ▁small ▁number ▁of ▁Ar abs ▁choose ▁to ▁volunteer ▁for ▁the ▁Israeli ▁army ). ▁ ▁Many ▁Arab ▁citizens ▁feel ▁that ▁the ▁state , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁society ▁at ▁large , ▁not ▁only ▁actively ▁limits ▁them ▁to ▁second - class ▁citizens hip , ▁but ▁treats ▁them ▁as ▁enemies , ▁affecting ▁their ▁perception ▁of ▁the ▁de ▁j |
ure ▁versus ▁de ▁fact o ▁quality ▁of ▁their ▁citizens hip . ▁The ▁joint ▁document ▁The ▁Future ▁Vision ▁of ▁the ▁Palestinian ▁Ar abs ▁in ▁Israel , ▁as serts : ▁" Def ining ▁the ▁Israeli ▁State ▁as ▁a ▁Jewish ▁State ▁and ▁explo iting ▁democracy ▁in ▁the ▁service ▁of ▁its ▁Jewish ness ▁excl udes ▁us , ▁and ▁creates ▁tension ▁between ▁us ▁and ▁the ▁nature ▁and ▁essence ▁of ▁the ▁State ." ▁The ▁document ▁explains ▁that ▁by ▁definition ▁the ▁" J ew ish ▁State " ▁concept ▁is ▁based ▁on ▁eth n ically ▁prefer ential ▁treatment ▁towards ▁Jews ▁en sh r ined ▁in ▁immigration ▁( the ▁Law ▁of ▁Return ) ▁and ▁land ▁policy ▁( the ▁Jewish ▁National ▁Fund ), ▁and ▁calls ▁for ▁the ▁establishment ▁of ▁minority ▁rights ▁prote ctions ▁en forced ▁by ▁an ▁independent ▁anti - dis crim ination ▁commission . ▁ ▁A ▁ 2 0 0 4 ▁report ▁by ▁M oss awa , ▁an ▁advoc acy ▁center ▁for ▁Palestinian - Ar ab ▁citizens ▁of ▁Israel , ▁states ▁that ▁since ▁the ▁events ▁of ▁October ▁ 2 0 0 0 , ▁ 1 6 ▁Ar abs ▁had ▁been ▁killed ▁by ▁security ▁forces , ▁bringing ▁the ▁total ▁to ▁ 2 9 ▁victims ▁of ▁" inst itutional ▁violence " ▁in ▁four ▁years . ▁Ah med ▁Sa ' adi , ▁in ▁his ▁article ▁on ▁The ▁Con cept ▁of ▁Protest ▁and ▁its ▁Rep resentation ▁by ▁the ▁Or ▁Commission , ▁states ▁that ▁since ▁ 1 9 4 8 ▁the ▁only ▁protest ors ▁to ▁be ▁killed ▁by ▁the ▁police ▁have ▁been ▁Ar abs . ▁ ▁You |
se f ▁Mun ay yer , ▁an ▁Israeli ▁citizen ▁and ▁the ▁executive ▁director ▁of ▁The ▁Jerusalem ▁Fund , ▁wrote ▁that ▁Palest ini ans ▁only ▁have ▁varying ▁degrees ▁of ▁limited ▁rights ▁in ▁Israel . ▁He ▁states ▁that ▁although ▁Palest ini ans ▁make ▁up ▁about ▁ 2 0 % ▁of ▁Israel ' s ▁population , ▁less ▁than ▁ 7 % ▁of ▁the ▁budget ▁is ▁allocated ▁to ▁Palestinian ▁citizens . ▁He ▁describes ▁the ▁ 1 . 5 ▁million ▁Arab ▁citizens ▁of ▁Israel ▁as ▁second - class ▁citizens ▁while ▁four ▁million ▁more ▁are ▁not ▁citizens ▁at ▁all . ▁He ▁states ▁that ▁a ▁Jew ▁from ▁any ▁country ▁can ▁move ▁to ▁Israel ▁but ▁a ▁Palestinian ▁refuge e , ▁with ▁a ▁valid ▁claim ▁to ▁property ▁in ▁Israel , ▁cannot . ▁Mun ay yer ▁also ▁described ▁the ▁difficulties ▁he ▁and ▁his ▁wife ▁faced ▁when ▁visiting ▁the ▁country . ▁ ▁Arab ic ▁and ▁He brew ▁as ▁official ▁languages ▁ ▁Arab ic ▁was ▁until ▁July ▁ 2 0 1 8 ▁one ▁of ▁Israel ' s ▁official ▁languages . ▁The ▁use ▁of ▁Arab ic ▁increased ▁significantly ▁following ▁Supreme ▁Court ▁rul ings ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 9 0 s . ▁Basic ▁Law : ▁Israel ▁as ▁the ▁Nation - State ▁of ▁the ▁Jewish ▁People ▁defines ▁He brew ▁as ▁the ▁official ▁language ▁of ▁the ▁State ▁and ▁gives ▁the ▁Arab ic ▁language ▁a ▁special ▁status . ▁ ▁Government ▁minist ries ▁publish ▁all ▁material ▁intended ▁for ▁the ▁public ▁in ▁He brew , ▁with ▁selected ▁material ▁translated ▁into ▁Arab ic , ▁English , ▁Russian , ▁and ▁other ▁languages ▁spoken |
▁in ▁Israel . ▁There ▁are ▁laws ▁that ▁secure ▁the ▁Arab ▁population ' s ▁right ▁to ▁receive ▁information ▁in ▁Arab ic . ▁Some ▁examples ▁include ▁a ▁portion ▁of ▁the ▁public ▁television ▁channels ' ▁produ ctions ▁must ▁be ▁in ▁Arab ic ▁or ▁translated ▁into ▁Arab ic , ▁safety ▁regulations ▁in ▁working ▁places ▁must ▁be ▁published ▁in ▁Arab ic ▁if ▁a ▁significant ▁number ▁of ▁the ▁workers ▁are ▁Ar abs , ▁information ▁about ▁medic ines ▁or ▁dangerous ▁chemicals ▁must ▁be ▁provided ▁in ▁Arab ic , ▁and ▁information ▁regarding ▁elections ▁must ▁be ▁provided ▁in ▁Arab ic . ▁The ▁country ' s ▁laws ▁are ▁published ▁in ▁He brew , ▁and ▁eventually ▁English ▁and ▁Arab ic ▁transl ations ▁are ▁published . ▁Publishing ▁the ▁law ▁in ▁He brew ▁in ▁the ▁official ▁gaz ette ▁( Res hum ot ) ▁is ▁enough ▁to ▁make ▁it ▁valid . ▁Un av ailability ▁of ▁an ▁Arab ic ▁translation ▁can ▁be ▁regarded ▁as ▁a ▁legal ▁defense ▁only ▁if ▁the ▁def endant ▁proves ▁he ▁could ▁not ▁understand ▁the ▁meaning ▁of ▁the ▁law ▁in ▁any ▁conce iv able ▁way . ▁Following ▁appe als ▁to ▁the ▁Israeli ▁Supreme ▁Court , ▁the ▁use ▁of ▁Arab ic ▁on ▁street ▁signs ▁and ▁labels ▁increased ▁dramatically . ▁In ▁response ▁to ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁appe als ▁presented ▁by ▁Arab ▁Israeli ▁organizations , ▁the ▁Supreme ▁Court ▁ruled ▁that ▁although ▁second ▁to ▁He brew , ▁Arab ic ▁is ▁an ▁official ▁language ▁of ▁the ▁State ▁of ▁Israel , ▁and ▁should ▁be ▁used ▁extens ively . ▁Today ▁most ▁highway ▁sign age ▁is ▁tr iling ual ▁( H eb rew |
, ▁Arab ic , ▁and ▁English ). ▁ ▁Many ▁Arab ▁villages ▁lack ▁street ▁signs ▁of ▁any ▁kind ▁and ▁the ▁He brew ▁name ▁is ▁often ▁used . ▁The ▁state ' s ▁schools ▁in ▁Arab ▁communities ▁teach ▁in ▁Arab ic ▁according ▁to ▁a ▁spec ially ▁adapted ▁curriculum . ▁This ▁curriculum ▁includes ▁mandatory ▁lessons ▁of ▁He brew ▁as ▁foreign ▁language ▁from ▁the ▁ 3 rd ▁grade ▁on wards . ▁Arab ic ▁is ▁taught ▁in ▁He brew - spe aking ▁schools , ▁but ▁only ▁the ▁basic ▁level ▁is ▁mandatory . ▁In ▁the ▁summer ▁of ▁ 2 0 0 8 , ▁there ▁was ▁an ▁un successful ▁attempt ▁of ▁right - wing ▁law makers ▁to ▁strip ▁Arab ic ▁of ▁its ▁status ▁alongside ▁He brew ▁as ▁an ▁official ▁language ▁of ▁the ▁state . ▁ ▁Israeli ▁national ▁symbols ▁ ▁Some ▁Arab ▁politicians ▁have ▁requested ▁a ▁re evalu ation ▁of ▁the ▁Israeli ▁flag ▁and ▁national ▁an the m , ▁arguing ▁that ▁the ▁Star ▁of ▁David ▁at ▁the ▁flag ' s ▁center ▁is ▁an ▁exclusively ▁Jewish ▁symbol , ▁and ▁Hat ik v ah ▁does ▁not ▁represent ▁Arab ▁citizens , ▁since ▁it ▁speaks ▁of ▁the ▁Jewish ▁people ' s ▁desire ▁to ▁return ▁to ▁their ▁hom eland . ▁The ▁High ▁Follow - Up ▁Committee ▁for ▁Arab ▁Cit iz ens ▁of ▁Israel ▁and ▁the ▁National ▁Committee ▁for ▁the ▁He ads ▁of ▁the ▁Arab ▁Local ▁Author ities ▁in ▁Israel ▁stated ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 6 , ▁ ▁Michael ▁O ren , ▁the ▁former ▁Israeli ▁amb assador ▁to ▁the ▁United ▁Nations , ▁has ▁argued ▁that ▁since ▁the |
▁Se al ▁of ▁Sol omon ▁( Star ▁of ▁David ) ▁is ▁also ▁considered ▁to ▁be ▁an ▁Islamic ▁symbol , ▁Arab ▁citizens ▁of ▁Israel ▁should ▁be ▁able ▁to ▁feel ▁the ▁same ▁sense ▁of ▁loyalty ▁to ▁the ▁flag ▁as ▁Jewish ▁citizens ▁do . ▁ ▁Independ ence ▁Day ▁In ▁Israel , ▁Independ ence ▁Day ▁takes ▁place ▁on ▁ 5 ▁I yar ▁according ▁to ▁the ▁He brew ▁calendar , ▁which ▁means ▁it ▁falls ▁on ▁different ▁dates ▁every ▁year ▁under ▁the ▁Greg or ian ▁calendar . ▁Arab ▁citizens ▁of ▁Israel ▁generally ▁mark ▁al - N ak ba ▁both ▁on ▁this ▁day , ▁and ▁on ▁ 1 5 ▁May , ▁as ▁do ▁other ▁Palest ini ans . ▁Dru ze ▁soldiers , ▁however , ▁were ▁present ▁at ▁Israel ' s ▁first ▁Independ ence ▁Day ▁Par ade ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 9 , ▁and ▁there ▁have ▁since ▁been ▁par ades ▁for ▁Dru ze ▁and ▁Circ ass ians , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁special ▁events ▁for ▁Bed ou ins , ▁on ▁Independ ence ▁Day . ▁ ▁In ▁January ▁ 2 0 0 8 , ▁the ▁mayor ▁of ▁She fa - ' Am r , ▁Urs an ▁Y ass in , ▁met ▁with ▁officials ▁of ▁the ▁Israeli ▁state ▁committee ▁on ▁the ▁celebr ations ▁for ▁the ▁ 6 0 th ▁anniversary ▁of ▁independence ▁and ▁announced ▁that ▁She fa - ' Am r ▁intended ▁to ▁take ▁part ▁in ▁the ▁celebr ations . ▁He ▁stated : ▁" This ▁is ▁our ▁country ▁and ▁we ▁completely ▁dis appro ve ▁of ▁the ▁statements ▁made ▁by ▁the ▁Hig her ▁Monitor |
ing ▁Committee . ▁I ▁want ▁to ▁hold ▁a ▁central ▁ceremony ▁in ▁She fa - ' Am r , ▁raise ▁all ▁the ▁flags ▁and ▁have ▁a ▁huge ▁fe ast . ▁The ▁ 4 0 , 0 0 0 ▁residents ▁of ▁She fa - ' Am r ▁feel ▁that ▁they ▁are ▁a ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁State ▁of ▁Israel ... The ▁desire ▁to ▁participate ▁in ▁the ▁fest iv ities ▁is ▁shared ▁by ▁most ▁of ▁the ▁residents . ▁We ▁will ▁not ▁raise ▁our ▁children ▁to ▁hate ▁the ▁country . ▁This ▁is ▁our ▁country ▁and ▁we ▁want ▁to ▁live ▁in ▁co ex istence ▁with ▁its ▁Jewish ▁residents ." ▁ ▁Cit iz ens hip ▁and ▁Entry ▁Law ▁On ▁ 3 1 ▁July ▁ 2 0 0 3 , ▁Israel ▁en act ed ▁the ▁Cit iz ens hip ▁and ▁Entry ▁into ▁Israel ▁Law ▁( T emporary ▁Prov ision ), ▁ 5 7 6 3 - 2 0 0 3 , ▁a ▁one - year ▁am endment ▁to ▁Israel ' s ▁Cit iz ens hip ▁Law ▁den ying ▁citizens hip ▁and ▁Israeli ▁residence ▁to ▁Palest ini ans ▁who ▁res ide ▁in ▁the ▁West ▁Bank ▁or ▁G aza ▁St rip ▁and ▁who ▁marry ▁Israel is ; ▁the ▁rule ▁has ▁been ▁wa ived ▁for ▁any ▁Palestinian ▁" who ▁ident ifies ▁with ▁the ▁State ▁of ▁Israel ▁and ▁its ▁goals , ▁when ▁he ▁or ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁his ▁family ▁has ▁taken ▁concrete ▁action ▁to ▁advance ▁the ▁security , ▁economy ▁or ▁any ▁other ▁matter ▁important ▁to ▁the ▁State ". ▁Upon ▁exp iration ▁the ▁law ▁was ▁extended |
▁for ▁six ▁months ▁in ▁August ▁ 2 0 0 4 , ▁and ▁again ▁for ▁four ▁months ▁in ▁February ▁ 2 0 0 5 . ▁On ▁ 8 ▁May ▁ 2 0 0 5 , ▁the ▁Israeli ▁minister ial ▁committee ▁for ▁issues ▁of ▁legislation ▁once ▁again ▁am ended ▁the ▁Cit iz ens hip ▁and ▁Entry ▁into ▁Israel ▁Law , ▁to ▁restrict ▁citizens hip ▁and ▁residence ▁in ▁Israel ▁only ▁to ▁Palestinian ▁men ▁over ▁the ▁age ▁of ▁ 3 5 , ▁and ▁Palestinian ▁women ▁over ▁the ▁age ▁of ▁ 2 5 . ▁ ▁Def enders ▁of ▁the ▁Cit iz ens hip ▁and ▁Entry ▁Law ▁say ▁it ▁is ▁aimed ▁at ▁preventing ▁terrorist ▁attacks ▁and ▁preserv ing ▁the ▁" J ew ish ▁character " ▁of ▁Israel ▁by ▁restrict ing ▁Arab ▁immigration . ▁The ▁new ▁bill ▁was ▁form ulated ▁in ▁accordance ▁with ▁Sh in ▁Bet ▁statistics ▁showing ▁that ▁involvement ▁in ▁terror ▁attacks ▁decl ines ▁with ▁age . ▁This ▁newest ▁am endment , ▁in ▁practice , ▁rem oves ▁restrictions ▁from ▁half ▁of ▁the ▁Palestinian ▁population ▁request ing ▁legal ▁status ▁through ▁marriage ▁in ▁Israel . ▁This ▁law ▁was ▁up held ▁by ▁a ▁High ▁Court ▁decision ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 6 . ▁ ▁Although ▁this ▁law ▁theoret ically ▁applies ▁to ▁all ▁Israel is , ▁it ▁has ▁dis pro port ion ately ▁affected ▁Arab ▁citizens ▁of ▁Israel ; ▁Ar abs ▁are ▁far ▁more ▁likely ▁to ▁have ▁Palestinian ▁sp ouses ▁than ▁other ▁Israel is . ▁Thus ▁the ▁law ▁has ▁been ▁widely ▁considered ▁discrim in atory ▁and ▁the ▁United ▁Nations ▁Committee ▁on ▁the ▁El |
im ination ▁of ▁R ac ial ▁Dis crim ination ▁has ▁un anim ously ▁approved ▁a ▁resolution ▁saying ▁that ▁the ▁Israeli ▁law ▁viol ated ▁an ▁international ▁human ▁rights ▁treat y ▁against ▁racism . ▁ ▁Civil ▁rights ▁ ▁The ▁Israeli ▁Decl aration ▁of ▁Independ ence ▁stated ▁that ▁the ▁State ▁of ▁Israel ▁would ▁ensure ▁complete ▁equality ▁of ▁social ▁and ▁political ▁rights ▁to ▁all ▁its ▁inhabitants ▁ir res pective ▁of ▁religion , ▁race ▁or ▁sex , ▁and ▁guaranteed ▁freedom ▁of ▁religion , ▁conscience , ▁language , ▁education ▁and ▁culture . ▁While ▁formally ▁equal ▁according ▁to ▁Israeli ▁law , ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁official ▁sources ▁acknowledge ▁that ▁Arab ▁citizens ▁of ▁Israel ▁experience ▁discrimination ▁in ▁many ▁aspects ▁of ▁life . ▁Israeli ▁High ▁Court ▁Justice ▁( Ret .) ▁Theod or ▁Or ▁wrote ▁in ▁The ▁Report ▁by ▁the ▁State ▁Commission ▁of ▁In quiry ▁into ▁the ▁Events ▁of ▁October ▁ 2 0 0 0 : ▁The ▁Arab ▁citizens ▁of ▁Israel ▁live ▁in ▁a ▁reality ▁in ▁which ▁they ▁experience ▁discrimination ▁as ▁Ar abs . ▁This ▁inequality ▁has ▁been ▁documented ▁in ▁a ▁large ▁number ▁of ▁professional ▁surveys ▁and ▁studies , ▁has ▁been ▁confirmed ▁in ▁court ▁judg ments ▁and ▁government ▁res olutions , ▁and ▁has ▁also ▁found ▁expression ▁in ▁reports ▁by ▁the ▁state ▁compt roller ▁and ▁in ▁other ▁official ▁documents . ▁Although ▁the ▁Jewish ▁majority ' s ▁awareness ▁of ▁this ▁discrimination ▁is ▁often ▁quite ▁low , ▁it ▁plays ▁a ▁central ▁role ▁in ▁the ▁sens ibilities ▁and ▁attitudes ▁of ▁Arab ▁citizens . ▁This ▁discrimination ▁is ▁widely ▁accepted , ▁both ▁within ▁the ▁Arab ▁sector ▁and ▁outside ▁it , |
▁and ▁by ▁official ▁assess ments , ▁as ▁a ▁chief ▁cause ▁of ▁ag itation . ▁ ▁The ▁Or ▁Commission ▁report ▁also ▁states ▁that ▁activities ▁by ▁Islamic ▁organizations ▁may ▁be ▁using ▁religious ▁pret enses ▁to ▁further ▁political ▁aims . ▁The ▁commission ▁describes ▁such ▁actions ▁as ▁a ▁factor ▁in ▁' infl aming ' ▁the ▁Muslim ▁population ▁in ▁Israel ▁against ▁the ▁authorities , ▁and ▁c ites ▁the ▁al - S ar af and ▁mos que ▁episode , ▁with ▁Muslims ' ▁attempts ▁to ▁restore ▁the ▁mos que ▁and ▁Jewish ▁attempts ▁to ▁stop ▁them , ▁as ▁an ▁example ▁of ▁the ▁' sh ifting ▁of ▁dynamics ' ▁of ▁the ▁relationship ▁between ▁Muslims ▁and ▁the ▁Israeli ▁authorities . ▁ ▁According ▁to ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 4 ▁U . S . ▁State ▁Department ▁Country ▁Re ports ▁on ▁Human ▁Rights ▁Pract ices ▁for ▁Israel ▁and ▁the ▁Occ up ied ▁Terr itories , ▁the ▁Israeli ▁government ▁had ▁done ▁" l ittle ▁to ▁reduce ▁institutional , ▁legal , ▁and ▁societ al ▁discrimination ▁against ▁the ▁country ' s ▁Arab ▁citizens ". ▁ ▁The ▁ 2 0 0 4 ▁U . S . ▁State ▁Department ▁Country ▁Re ports ▁on ▁Human ▁Rights ▁Pract ices ▁notes ▁that : ▁ ▁" Is rael i - Ar ab ▁advoc acy ▁organizations ▁have ▁challenged ▁the ▁Government ' s ▁policy ▁of ▁demol ishing ▁illegal ▁buildings ▁in ▁the ▁Arab ▁sector , ▁and ▁claimed ▁that ▁the ▁Government ▁was ▁more ▁restrict ive ▁in ▁iss uing ▁building ▁perm its ▁in ▁Arab ▁communities ▁than ▁in ▁Jewish ▁communities , ▁thereby ▁not ▁accommod ating ▁natural ▁growth ." ▁ ▁" |
In ▁June , ▁the ▁Supreme ▁Court ▁ruled ▁that ▁om itting ▁Arab ▁towns ▁from ▁specific ▁government ▁social ▁and ▁economic ▁plans ▁is ▁discrim in atory . ▁This ▁judgment ▁builds ▁on ▁previous ▁assess ments ▁of ▁disadv ant ages ▁suffered ▁by ▁Arab ▁Israel is ." ▁ ▁" Is rael i - Ar ab ▁organizations ▁have ▁challenged ▁as ▁discrim in atory ▁the ▁ 1 9 9 6 ▁" Master ▁Plan ▁for ▁the ▁Northern ▁Are as ▁of ▁Israel ," ▁which ▁listed ▁as ▁priority ▁goals ▁increasing ▁the ▁Gal ile e ' s ▁Jewish ▁population ▁and ▁blocking ▁the ▁territor ial ▁cont igu ity ▁of ▁Arab ▁towns ." ▁ ▁" Is rael i ▁Ar abs ▁were ▁not ▁required ▁to ▁perform ▁mandatory ▁military ▁service ▁and , ▁in ▁practice , ▁only ▁a ▁small ▁percentage ▁of ▁Israeli ▁Ar abs ▁served ▁in ▁the ▁military . ▁Those ▁who ▁did ▁not ▁serve ▁in ▁the ▁army ▁had ▁less ▁access ▁than ▁other ▁citizens ▁to ▁social ▁and ▁economic ▁benefits ▁for ▁which ▁military ▁service ▁was ▁a ▁pr ere quis ite ▁or ▁an ▁advantage , ▁such ▁as ▁housing , ▁new - house hold ▁subs id ies , ▁and ▁employment , ▁especially ▁government ▁or ▁security - related ▁industrial ▁employment . ▁The ▁Iv ri ▁Committee ▁on ▁National ▁Service ▁has ▁issued ▁official ▁recommendations ▁to ▁the ▁Government ▁that ▁Israel ▁Ar abs ▁not ▁be ▁comp elled ▁to ▁perform ▁national ▁or ▁" c iv ic " ▁service , ▁but ▁be ▁afford ed ▁an ▁opportunity ▁to ▁perform ▁such ▁service " ." ▁ ▁" Acc ording ▁to ▁a ▁ 2 0 0 3 ▁University ▁of ▁Ha ifa ▁study , ▁a ▁tendency |
▁existed ▁to ▁imp ose ▁heav ier ▁prison ▁terms ▁to ▁Arab ▁citizens ▁than ▁to ▁Jewish ▁citizens . ▁Human ▁rights ▁advoc ates ▁claimed ▁that ▁Arab ▁citizens ▁were ▁more ▁likely ▁to ▁be ▁convicted ▁of ▁murder ▁and ▁to ▁have ▁been ▁denied ▁bail ." ▁ ▁" The ▁O rr ▁Commission ▁of ▁In quiry ' s ▁report ▁[…] ▁stated ▁that ▁the ▁' G overn ment ▁handling ▁of ▁the ▁Arab ▁sector ▁has ▁been ▁primarily ▁neglect ful ▁and ▁discrim in atory ,' ▁that ▁the ▁Government ▁' did ▁not ▁show ▁sufficient ▁sensitivity ▁to ▁the ▁needs ▁of ▁the ▁Arab ▁population , ▁and ▁did ▁not ▁take ▁enough ▁action ▁to ▁allocate ▁state ▁resources ▁in ▁an ▁equal ▁manner .' ▁As ▁a ▁result , ▁' ser ious ▁distress ▁prev ailed ▁in ▁the ▁Arab ▁sector ▁in ▁various ▁areas . ▁Ev idence ▁of ▁distress ▁included ▁poverty , ▁unemployment , ▁a ▁short age ▁of ▁land , ▁serious ▁problems ▁in ▁the ▁education ▁system , ▁and ▁substant ially ▁defect ive ▁infrastructure .'" ▁ ▁The ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁U . S . ▁State ▁Department ▁Country ▁Re ports ▁on ▁Human ▁Rights ▁Pract ices ▁notes ▁that : ▁ ▁" Acc ording ▁to ▁a ▁ 2 0 0 5 ▁study ▁at ▁He brew ▁University , ▁three ▁times ▁more ▁money ▁was ▁invested ▁in ▁education ▁of ▁Jewish ▁children ▁as ▁in ▁Arab ▁children ." ▁ ▁Human ▁Rights ▁Watch ▁has ▁charged ▁that ▁cuts ▁in ▁veteran ▁benefits ▁and ▁child ▁allow ances ▁based ▁on ▁parents ' ▁military ▁service ▁discrim inate ▁against ▁Arab ▁children : ▁" The ▁cuts ▁will ▁also ▁affect ▁the ▁children ▁of ▁Jewish ▁ultra - orth odox ▁parents ▁who |
▁do ▁not ▁serve ▁in ▁the ▁military , ▁but ▁they ▁are ▁eligible ▁for ▁extra ▁subs id ies , ▁including ▁educational ▁supplement s , ▁not ▁available ▁to ▁Palestinian ▁Arab ▁children ." ▁ ▁According ▁to ▁the ▁Guard ian , ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁just ▁ 5 % ▁of ▁civil ▁servants ▁were ▁Ar abs , ▁many ▁of ▁them ▁hired ▁to ▁deal ▁with ▁other ▁Ar abs , ▁despite ▁the ▁fact ▁that ▁Arab ▁citizens ▁of ▁Israel ▁compr ise ▁ 2 0 % ▁of ▁the ▁population . ▁ ▁Although ▁the ▁Bed ou in ▁infant ▁mort ality ▁rate ▁is ▁still ▁the ▁highest ▁in ▁Israel , ▁and ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁highest ▁in ▁the ▁developed ▁world , ▁The ▁Guard ian ▁reports ▁that ▁in ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 2 ▁budget , ▁Israel ' s ▁health ▁ministry ▁allocated ▁Arab ▁communities ▁less ▁than ▁ 1 % ▁of ▁its ▁budget ▁for ▁healthcare ▁facility ▁development . ▁ ▁In ▁March ▁ 2 0 1 0 , ▁a ▁report ▁released ▁by ▁several ▁Israeli ▁civil ▁rights ▁groups ▁stated ▁that ▁the ▁current ▁K ness et ▁was ▁" the ▁most ▁racist ▁in ▁Israeli ▁history " ▁with ▁ 2 1 ▁bills ▁proposed ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁and ▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁that ▁would ▁discrim inate ▁against ▁the ▁country ' s ▁Arab ▁minority . ▁ ▁A ▁pre liminary ▁report ▁commissioned ▁by ▁Israel ' s ▁Cour ts ▁Administration ▁and ▁the ▁Israel ▁Bar ▁Association ▁found ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁that ▁Israeli ▁Ar abs ▁are ▁more ▁likely ▁than ▁Israeli ▁Jews ▁to ▁be ▁convicted ▁of ▁crimes ▁after ▁being ▁charged , ▁more |
▁likely ▁to ▁be ▁given ▁cust od ial ▁sentences , ▁and ▁were ▁given ▁longer ▁sentences . ▁It ▁did ▁not ▁account ▁for ▁" mit ig ating ▁or ▁ag grav ating ▁circumstances , ▁prior ▁criminal ▁record ▁and ▁the ▁conv ict ' s ▁gender ". ▁ ▁Property ▁ownership ▁and ▁housing ▁ ▁The ▁Jewish ▁National ▁Fund ▁is ▁a ▁private ▁organization ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 9 0 1 ▁to ▁buy ▁and ▁develop ▁land ▁in ▁the ▁Land ▁of ▁Israel ▁for ▁Jewish ▁settlement ; ▁land ▁purchases ▁were ▁funded ▁by ▁don ations ▁from ▁world ▁Jew ry ▁exclusively ▁for ▁that ▁purpose . ▁The ▁J NF ▁currently ▁owns ▁ 1 3 % ▁of ▁land ▁in ▁Israel , ▁while ▁ 8 0 % ▁is ▁owned ▁by ▁the ▁government , ▁and ▁the ▁rest , ▁around ▁ 7 %, ▁is ▁even ly ▁divided ▁between ▁private ▁Arab ▁and ▁Jewish ▁owners . ▁Thus , ▁the ▁Israel ▁Land ▁Administration ▁( IL A ) ▁administer s ▁ 9 4 % ▁of ▁the ▁land ▁in ▁Israel ▁( G overn ment ▁Press ▁Office , ▁Israel , ▁ 2 2 ▁May ▁ 1 9 9 7 ). ▁A ▁significant ▁portion ▁of ▁J NF ▁lands ▁were ▁originally ▁properties ▁left ▁behind ▁by ▁Palestinian ▁" abs ente es " ▁and ▁as ▁a ▁result ▁the ▁legit im acy ▁of ▁some ▁J NF ▁land ▁ownership ▁has ▁been ▁a ▁matter ▁of ▁dispute . ▁The ▁J NF ▁purchased ▁these ▁lands ▁from ▁the ▁State ▁of ▁Israel ▁between ▁ 1 9 4 9 ▁and ▁ 1 9 5 3 , ▁after ▁the ▁state ▁took ▁control ▁of ▁them ▁according ▁to ▁the ▁Abs ent ee |
▁Properties ▁Law . ▁While ▁the ▁J NF ▁char ter ▁spec ifies ▁the ▁land ▁is ▁for ▁the ▁use ▁of ▁the ▁Jewish ▁People , ▁land ▁has ▁been ▁le ased ▁to ▁Bed ou in ▁her ders . ▁Nevertheless , ▁J NF ▁land ▁policy ▁has ▁been ▁critic ized ▁as ▁discrimination . ▁When ▁the ▁I LA ▁le ased ▁J NF ▁land ▁to ▁Ar abs , ▁it ▁took ▁control ▁of ▁the ▁land ▁in ▁question ▁and ▁compens ated ▁the ▁J NF ▁with ▁an ▁equivalent ▁amount ▁of ▁land ▁in ▁areas ▁not ▁designated ▁for ▁development ▁( gener ally ▁in ▁the ▁Gal ile e ▁and ▁the ▁Ne ge v ), ▁thus ▁ensuring ▁that ▁the ▁total ▁amount ▁of ▁land ▁owned ▁by ▁the ▁J NF ▁remains ▁the ▁same . ▁This ▁was ▁a ▁complicated ▁and ▁controversial ▁mechanism , ▁and ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 4 ▁use ▁of ▁it ▁was ▁suspended . ▁After ▁Supreme ▁Court ▁discussions ▁and ▁a ▁direct ive ▁by ▁the ▁Attorney ▁General ▁instruct ing ▁the ▁I LA ▁to ▁lease ▁J NF ▁land ▁to ▁Ar abs ▁and ▁Jews ▁alike , ▁in ▁September ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁the ▁J NF ▁suggested ▁re inst ating ▁the ▁land - ex change ▁mechanism . ▁ ▁While ▁the ▁J NF ▁and ▁the ▁I LA ▁view ▁an ▁exchange ▁of ▁lands ▁as ▁a ▁long - term ▁solution , ▁opponents ▁say ▁that ▁such ▁man eu vers ▁priv at ize ▁municipal ▁lands ▁and ▁preserve ▁a ▁situation ▁in ▁which ▁significant ▁lands ▁in ▁Israel ▁are ▁not ▁available ▁for ▁use ▁by ▁all ▁of ▁its ▁citizens . ▁As ▁of ▁ 2 0 0 7 , ▁the ▁High ▁Court |
▁delayed ▁ruling ▁on ▁J NF ▁policy ▁regarding ▁le asing ▁lands ▁to ▁non - J ew s , ▁and ▁changes ▁to ▁the ▁I LA - J NF ▁relationship ▁were ▁up ▁in ▁the ▁air . ▁Ad al ah ▁and ▁other ▁organizations ▁further more ▁express ▁concern ▁that ▁proposed ▁sever ance ▁of ▁the ▁relation ▁between ▁the ▁I LA ▁and ▁J NF , ▁as ▁suggested ▁by ▁Am i ▁A yal on , ▁would ▁leave ▁the ▁J NF ▁free ▁to ▁retain ▁the ▁same ▁proportion ▁of ▁lands ▁for ▁Jewish ▁uses ▁as ▁it ▁seeks ▁to ▁settle ▁hundreds ▁of ▁thousands ▁of ▁Jews ▁in ▁areas ▁with ▁a ▁ten uous ▁Jewish ▁dem ographic ▁majority ▁( in ▁particular , ▁ 1 0 0 , 0 0 0 ▁Jews ▁in ▁existing ▁Gal ile e ▁communities ▁and ▁ 2 5 0 , 0 0 0 ▁Jews ▁in ▁new ▁Ne ge v ▁communities ▁via ▁the ▁Blue print ▁Ne ge v ). ▁ ▁The ▁Israel ▁Land ▁Administration , ▁which ▁administer s ▁ 9 3 % ▁of ▁the ▁land ▁in ▁Israel ▁( including ▁the ▁land ▁owned ▁by ▁the ▁Jewish ▁National ▁Fund ), ▁ref uses ▁to ▁lease ▁land ▁to ▁non - J ew ish ▁foreign ▁nation als , ▁who ▁include ▁Palestinian ▁residents ▁of ▁Jerusalem ▁who ▁have ▁identity ▁cards ▁but ▁are ▁not ▁citizens ▁of ▁Israel . ▁When ▁I LA ▁land ▁is ▁" b ought " ▁in ▁Israel ▁it ▁is ▁actually ▁le ased ▁to ▁the ▁" owner " ▁for ▁a ▁period ▁of ▁ 4 9 ▁years . ▁According ▁to ▁article ▁ 1 9 ▁of ▁the ▁I LA ▁lease , ▁foreign ▁nation als ▁are |
▁excluded ▁from ▁le asing ▁I LA ▁land , ▁and ▁in ▁practice ▁foreign ers ▁may ▁just ▁show ▁that ▁they ▁qualify ▁as ▁Jewish ▁under ▁the ▁Law ▁of ▁Return . ▁ ▁Israeli ▁law ▁also ▁discrim inates ▁between ▁Jewish ▁and ▁Arab ▁residents ▁of ▁Jerusalem ▁regarding ▁rights ▁to ▁recover ▁property ▁owned ▁before ▁the ▁dis loc ations ▁created ▁by ▁the ▁ 1 9 4 8 ▁Arab – Is rael i ▁War . ▁The ▁ 1 9 5 0 ▁Abs ente es ▁Property ▁Law ▁said ▁that ▁any ▁property ▁within ▁post - war ▁Israel ▁which ▁was ▁owned ▁by ▁an ▁Arab ▁who ▁had ▁left ▁the ▁country ▁between ▁ 2 9 ▁November ▁ 1 9 4 7 ▁and ▁ 1 9 ▁May ▁ 1 9 4 8 , ▁or ▁by ▁a ▁Palestinian ▁who ▁had ▁merely ▁been ▁abroad ▁or ▁in ▁area ▁of ▁Palest ine ▁held ▁by ▁hostile ▁forces ▁up ▁to ▁ 1 ▁September ▁ 1 9 4 8 , ▁lost ▁all ▁rights ▁to ▁that ▁property . ▁Palest ini ans ▁who ▁fled ▁or ▁were ▁exp elled ▁from ▁their ▁homes ▁by ▁Jewish ▁or ▁Israeli ▁forces , ▁before ▁and ▁during ▁the ▁ 1 9 4 8 ▁Arab – Is rael i ▁war , ▁but ▁remained ▁within ▁the ▁borders ▁of ▁what ▁would ▁become ▁Israel , ▁that ▁is , ▁those ▁currently ▁known ▁as ▁Arab ▁citizens ▁of ▁Israel , ▁are ▁deemed ▁present ▁abs ente es ▁by ▁the ▁legislation . ▁Present ▁abs ente es ▁are ▁regarded ▁as ▁absent ▁by ▁the ▁Israeli ▁government ▁because ▁they ▁left ▁their ▁homes , ▁even ▁if ▁they ▁did ▁not ▁intend ▁to ▁leave ▁them ▁for ▁more ▁than ▁a |
▁few ▁days , ▁and ▁even ▁if ▁they ▁did ▁so ▁invol unt arily . ▁ ▁Following ▁the ▁ 1 9 6 7 ▁Six - Day ▁War ▁in ▁which ▁Israel ▁occupied ▁the ▁West ▁Bank , ▁from ▁where ▁it ▁an nex ed ▁East ▁Jerusalem , ▁Israel ▁then ▁passed ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 0 ▁the ▁Law ▁and ▁Administration ▁Arr ang ements ▁Law ▁allowing ▁for ▁Jews ▁who ▁had ▁lost ▁property ▁in ▁East ▁Jerusalem ▁and ▁the ▁West ▁Bank ▁during ▁the ▁ 1 9 4 8 ▁war ▁to ▁re claim ▁it . ▁Palestinian ▁residents ▁of ▁Jerusalem ▁( abs ente es ) ▁in ▁the ▁same ▁positions , ▁and ▁Arab ▁Israel is ▁( present ▁abs ente es ), ▁who ▁owned ▁property ▁in ▁West ▁Jerusalem ▁or ▁other ▁areas ▁within ▁the ▁state ▁of ▁Israel , ▁and ▁lost ▁it ▁as ▁a ▁result ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 9 4 8 ▁war , ▁cannot ▁recover ▁their ▁properties . ▁Israeli ▁legislation , ▁therefore , ▁allows ▁Jews ▁to ▁recover ▁their ▁land , ▁but ▁not ▁Ar abs . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁early ▁ 2 0 0 0 s , ▁several ▁community ▁settlement s ▁in ▁the ▁Ne ge v ▁and ▁the ▁Gal ile e ▁were ▁accused ▁of ▁bar ring ▁Arab ▁applic ants ▁from ▁moving ▁in . ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 0 , ▁the ▁K ness et ▁passed ▁legislation ▁that ▁allowed ▁adm issions ▁commit te es ▁to ▁function ▁in ▁smaller ▁communities ▁in ▁the ▁Gal ile e ▁and ▁the ▁Ne ge v , ▁while ▁explicitly ▁for b idding ▁commit te es ▁to ▁bar ▁applic ants ▁based ▁on ▁the ▁basis ▁of ▁race |
, ▁religion , ▁sex , ▁ethnic ity , ▁disability , ▁personal ▁status , ▁age , ▁p aren th ood , ▁sexual ▁orientation , ▁country ▁of ▁origin , ▁political ▁views , ▁or ▁political ▁affili ation . ▁Crit ics , ▁however , ▁say ▁the ▁law ▁gives ▁the ▁priv ately ▁run ▁adm issions ▁commit te es ▁a ▁wide ▁lat itude ▁over ▁public ▁lands , ▁and ▁believe ▁it ▁will ▁w ors en ▁discrimination ▁against ▁the ▁Arab ▁minority . ▁ ▁Cont est ing ▁alleg ations ▁of ▁discrimination ▁While ▁groups ▁are ▁not ▁separated ▁by ▁official ▁policy , ▁Israel ▁has ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁different ▁sectors ▁within ▁the ▁society ▁that ▁maintain ▁their ▁strong ▁cultural , ▁religious , ▁ide ological , ▁and / or ▁ethnic ▁identity . ▁The ▁Israeli ▁foreign ▁ministry ▁maint ains ▁that ▁in ▁spite ▁of ▁the ▁existing ▁social ▁cle av ages ▁and ▁economic ▁dispar ities , ▁the ▁political ▁systems ▁and ▁the ▁courts ▁represent ▁strict ▁legal ▁and ▁civ ic ▁equality . ▁The ▁Israeli ▁foreign ▁ministry ▁describes ▁the ▁country ▁as : ▁" Not ▁a ▁mel ting pot ▁society , ▁but ▁rather ▁more ▁of ▁a ▁m osa ic ▁made ▁up ▁of ▁different ▁population ▁groups ▁co existing ▁in ▁the ▁framework ▁of ▁a ▁democratic ▁state ". ▁ ▁According ▁to ▁I sh ma el ▁Kh ald i , ▁an ▁Arab ▁citizen ▁of ▁Israel ▁and ▁the ▁nation ' s ▁first ▁high - rank ing ▁Muslim ▁in ▁the ▁Israeli ▁foreign ▁service , ▁while ▁Israeli ▁society ▁is ▁far ▁from ▁perfect , ▁minor ities ▁in ▁Israel ▁fare ▁far ▁better ▁than ▁any ▁other ▁country ▁in ▁the ▁Middle ▁East . ▁He ▁wrote |
: ▁ ▁I ▁am ▁a ▁proud ▁Israeli ▁– ▁along ▁with ▁many ▁other ▁non - J ew ish ▁Israel is ▁such ▁as ▁Dru ze , ▁Bah ai , ▁Bed ou in , ▁Christians ▁and ▁Muslims , ▁who ▁live ▁in ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁most ▁cult ur ally ▁divers ified ▁societies ▁and ▁the ▁only ▁true ▁democracy ▁in ▁the ▁Middle ▁East . ▁Like ▁America , ▁Israeli ▁society ▁is ▁far ▁from ▁perfect , ▁but ▁let ▁us ▁deal ▁honestly . ▁By ▁any ▁yard stick ▁you ▁choose ▁– ▁educational ▁opportunity , ▁economic ▁development , ▁women ▁and ▁gay ' s ▁rights , ▁freedom ▁of ▁speech ▁and ▁assembly , ▁legisl ative ▁representation ▁– ▁Israel ' s ▁minor ities ▁fare ▁far ▁better ▁than ▁any ▁other ▁country ▁in ▁the ▁Middle ▁East . ▁ ▁Opp os ition ▁to ▁inter mar riage ▁Inter mar riage ▁is ▁prohib ited ▁by ▁the ▁Jewish ▁Hal ak ha . ▁In ▁the ▁case ▁of ▁mixed ▁Arab - J ew ish ▁mar riages , ▁emotions ▁run ▁especially ▁high . ▁A ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁opinion ▁survey ▁found ▁that ▁more ▁than ▁half ▁of ▁Israeli ▁Jews ▁believed ▁inter mar riage ▁was ▁equivalent ▁to ▁national ▁tre ason . ▁A ▁group ▁of ▁Jewish ▁men ▁in ▁the ▁Jerusalem ▁neighborhood ▁of ▁P is g at ▁Ze ' ev ▁started ▁pat rolling ▁the ▁neighborhood ▁to ▁stop ▁Jewish ▁women ▁from ▁dating ▁Arab ▁men . ▁The ▁municip ality ▁of ▁Pet ah ▁T ik va ▁has ▁also ▁announced ▁an ▁initiative ▁to ▁providing ▁a ▁telephone ▁hot line ▁for ▁friends ▁and ▁family ▁to ▁report ▁Jewish ▁girls ▁who ▁date ▁Arab ▁men ▁as ▁well ▁as |
▁psych ologists ▁to ▁provide ▁coun selling . ▁The ▁city ▁of ▁Kir y at ▁G at ▁launched ▁a ▁campaign ▁in ▁schools ▁to ▁warn ▁Jewish ▁girls ▁against ▁dating ▁local ▁Bed ou in ▁men . ▁ ▁A ▁ 2 0 1 5 ▁survey ▁found ▁that ▁ 8 2 % ▁of ▁Israeli ▁Muslims ▁and ▁ 8 8 % ▁of ▁Israeli ▁Christians ▁would ▁be ▁uncomfortable ▁with ▁a ▁child ▁of ▁their s ▁mar rying ▁a ▁Jew . ▁ 9 7 % ▁of ▁Israeli ▁Jews ▁would ▁be ▁uncomfortable ▁if ▁a ▁child ▁of ▁their s ▁married ▁a ▁Muslim ▁and ▁ 8 9 % ▁would ▁be ▁uncomfortable ▁if ▁a ▁child ▁of ▁their s ▁married ▁a ▁Christian . ▁ ▁K ness et ▁The ▁M oss awa ▁Center ▁– ▁an ▁advoc acy ▁organization ▁for ▁Ar abs ▁in ▁Israel ▁– ▁bl ames ▁the ▁K ness et ▁of ▁discrimination ▁against ▁Ar abs , ▁c iting ▁a ▁ 7 5 % ▁increase ▁in ▁discrim in atory ▁and ▁racist ▁bills ▁submitted ▁to ▁the ▁K ness et ▁in ▁the ▁year ▁ 2 0 0 9 . ▁According ▁to ▁the ▁report , ▁ 1 1 ▁bills ▁deemed ▁by ▁the ▁center ▁to ▁be ▁" dis crim in atory ▁and ▁racist " ▁were ▁placed ▁on ▁the ▁legisl ature ' s ▁table ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 7 , ▁while ▁ 1 2 ▁such ▁bills ▁were ▁initiated ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 8 . ▁However , ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁a ▁full ▁ 2 1 ▁bills ▁deemed ▁discrim in atory ▁by ▁the ▁M oss awa ▁Center ▁were ▁discussed ▁in ▁the ▁K |
ness et . ▁ ▁The ▁reports ▁categor izes ▁as ▁" rac ist " ▁proposals ▁such ▁as ▁giving ▁academic ▁scholar ships ▁to ▁soldiers ▁who ▁served ▁in ▁combat ▁units , ▁and ▁a ▁bill ▁to ▁rev oke ▁government ▁funding ▁from ▁organizations ▁acting ▁" again st ▁the ▁principles ▁of ▁the ▁State ". ▁The ▁Coal ition ▁Against ▁R ac ism ▁and ▁the ▁M oss awa ▁Center ▁said ▁that ▁the ▁proposed ▁legislation ▁seeks ▁to ▁de - leg it im ize ▁Israel ' s ▁Arab ▁citizens ▁by ▁decre asing ▁their ▁civil ▁rights . ▁ ▁Economic ▁status ▁I ne quality ▁in ▁the ▁allocation ▁of ▁public ▁funding ▁for ▁Jewish ▁and ▁Arab ▁needs , ▁and ▁widespread ▁employment ▁discrimination , ▁present ▁significant ▁economic ▁hur d les ▁for ▁Arab ▁citizens ▁of ▁Israel . ▁On ▁the ▁other ▁hand , ▁the ▁Minor ities ▁at ▁R isk ▁( M AR ) ▁group ▁states ▁that ▁" des pite ▁obvious ▁discrimination , ▁Israeli ▁Ar abs ▁are ▁relatively ▁much ▁better ▁off ▁econom ically ▁than ▁neighbor ing ▁Ar abs ." ▁ ▁The ▁predomin ant ▁feature ▁of ▁the ▁Arab ▁community ' s ▁economic ▁development ▁after ▁ 1 9 4 9 ▁was ▁its ▁transformation ▁from ▁a ▁predomin antly ▁pe asant ▁farming ▁population ▁to ▁a ▁pro let arian ▁industrial ▁work force . ▁It ▁has ▁been ▁suggested ▁that ▁the ▁economic ▁development ▁of ▁the ▁community ▁was ▁marked ▁by ▁distinct ▁stages . ▁The ▁first ▁period , ▁until ▁ 1 9 6 7 , ▁was ▁character ised ▁by ▁this ▁process ▁of ▁pro let arian isation . ▁From ▁ 1 9 6 7 ▁on , ▁economic ▁development ▁of ▁the ▁population |
▁was ▁encouraged ▁and ▁an ▁Arab ▁bour ge ois ie ▁began ▁to ▁develop ▁on ▁the ▁margin ▁of ▁the ▁Jewish ▁bour ge ois ie . ▁From ▁the ▁ 1 9 8 0 s ▁on , ▁the ▁community ▁developed ▁its ▁economic ▁and , ▁in ▁particular , ▁industrial ▁potential . ▁ ▁In ▁July ▁ 2 0 0 6 , ▁the ▁Government ▁categor ized ▁all ▁Arab ▁communities ▁in ▁the ▁country ▁as ▁' class ▁A ' ▁development ▁areas , ▁thus ▁making ▁them ▁eligible ▁for ▁tax ▁benefits . ▁This ▁decision ▁aims ▁to ▁encourage ▁investments ▁in ▁the ▁Arab ▁sector . ▁ ▁Ra an an ▁Din ur , ▁director - general ▁of ▁Prime ▁Minister ▁office , ▁said ▁in ▁December ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁that ▁Israel ▁had ▁final ized ▁plans ▁to ▁set ▁up ▁a ▁N IS ▁ 1 6 0 ▁million ▁private ▁equity ▁fund ▁to ▁help ▁develop ▁the ▁businesses ▁of ▁the ▁country ' s ▁Arab ▁community ▁over ▁the ▁next ▁decade . ▁According ▁to ▁Din ur , ▁companies ▁owned ▁by ▁Arab ▁citizens ▁of ▁Israel ▁will ▁be ▁eligible ▁to ▁apply ▁to ▁the ▁fund ▁for ▁as ▁much ▁as ▁N IS ▁ 4 ▁million ▁( US $ 9 5 2 , 0 0 0 ), ▁enabling ▁as ▁many ▁as ▁ 8 0 ▁enter prises ▁to ▁receive ▁money ▁over ▁the ▁next ▁ 1 0 ▁years . ▁The ▁Israeli ▁government ▁will , ▁according ▁to ▁Din ur , ▁sol icit ▁b ids ▁to ▁operate ▁the ▁fund ▁from ▁various ▁financial ▁inst itutes ▁and ▁private ▁firms , ▁which ▁must ▁pl edge ▁to ▁raise ▁at ▁least ▁N IS ▁ 8 0 ▁million |
▁( about ▁US $ 1 9 ▁million ) ▁from ▁private ▁investors . ▁ ▁In ▁February ▁ 2 0 0 7 , ▁The ▁New ▁York ▁Times ▁reported ▁that ▁ 5 3 ▁percent ▁of ▁the ▁imp over ished ▁families ▁in ▁Israel ▁were ▁Ar abs . ▁Since ▁the ▁majority ▁of ▁Ar abs ▁in ▁Israel ▁do ▁not ▁serve ▁in ▁the ▁army , ▁they ▁are ▁in el igible ▁for ▁many ▁financial ▁benefits ▁such ▁as ▁scholar ships ▁and ▁housing ▁loans . ▁ ▁Arab ▁towns ▁in ▁Israel ▁are ▁reluct ant ▁to ▁collect ▁city ▁taxes ▁from ▁their ▁residents . ▁S ik ku y , ▁a ▁prominent ▁Arab - J ew ish ▁N GO , ▁found ▁that ▁Ar abs ▁as ▁a ▁group ▁have ▁the ▁highest ▁home ▁ownership ▁in ▁Israel : ▁ 9 3 % ▁compared ▁to ▁ 7 0 % ▁among ▁Jews . ▁ ▁While ▁per ▁cap ita ▁income ▁is ▁lower ▁in ▁the ▁Arab ▁community , ▁these ▁figures ▁do ▁not ▁take ▁into ▁account ▁age ▁( the ▁average ▁age ▁in ▁the ▁Arab ▁community ▁is ▁lower ▁and ▁young ▁people ▁earn ▁less ), ▁the ▁low ▁percentage ▁of ▁women ▁who ▁join ▁the ▁work force , ▁and ▁the ▁large ▁size ▁of ▁Arab ▁families . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 5 , ▁of ▁the ▁ 4 0 ▁towns ▁in ▁Israel ▁with ▁the ▁highest ▁unemployment ▁rates , ▁ 3 6 ▁were ▁Arab ▁towns . ▁According ▁to ▁the ▁Central ▁Bank ▁of ▁Israel ▁statistics ▁for ▁ 2 0 0 3 , ▁salary ▁aver ages ▁for ▁Arab ▁workers ▁were ▁ 2 9 % ▁lower ▁than ▁for ▁Jewish ▁workers . ▁Diff icult |
ies ▁in ▁pro cur ing ▁employment ▁have ▁been ▁attributed ▁to ▁a ▁compar atively ▁low ▁level ▁of ▁education ▁vis - a - vis ▁their ▁Jewish ▁counter parts , ▁ins ufficient ▁employment ▁opportunities ▁in ▁the ▁vic inity ▁of ▁their ▁towns , ▁discrimination ▁by ▁Jewish ▁employers , ▁and ▁competition ▁with ▁foreign ▁workers ▁in ▁fields , ▁such ▁as ▁construction ▁and ▁agriculture . ▁Arab ▁women ▁have ▁a ▁higher ▁unemployment ▁rate ▁in ▁the ▁work ▁force ▁relative ▁to ▁both ▁religious ▁and ▁sec ular ▁Jewish ▁women . ▁While ▁among ▁Arab ▁men ▁the ▁employment ▁was ▁found ▁to ▁be ▁on ▁par ▁with ▁Jewish ▁men , ▁ 1 7 % ▁of ▁Arab ▁women ▁were ▁found ▁to ▁be ▁employed . ▁This ▁puts ▁the ▁Arab ▁employment ▁at ▁ 6 8 % ▁of ▁the ▁Israeli ▁average . ▁The ▁Dru ze ▁and ▁Christian ▁Ar abs ▁have ▁higher ▁employment ▁than ▁Muslims . ▁ ▁Im ad ▁Tel ham i , ▁founder ▁and ▁CEO ▁of ▁Bab com , ▁a ▁call ▁center ▁in ▁the ▁T ef en ▁Industrial ▁Park ▁with ▁ 3 0 0 ▁employees , ▁is ▁committed ▁to ▁developing ▁career ▁opportunities ▁for ▁Arab ▁workers ▁in ▁Israel . ▁Tel ham i , ▁a ▁Christian ▁Arab , ▁was ▁a ▁senior ▁executive ▁at ▁the ▁Delta ▁Gal il ▁Indust ries ▁text ile ▁plant ▁before ▁establishing ▁Bab com . ▁He ▁hopes ▁to ▁employ ▁ 5 , 0 0 0 ▁workers ▁within ▁five ▁years : ▁" Is rael i ▁companies ▁have ▁been ▁export ing ▁thousands ▁of ▁jobs ▁to ▁India , ▁Eastern ▁Europe ▁and ▁other ▁spots ▁around ▁the ▁globe . ▁I ▁want ▁to ▁bring ▁the ▁jobs ▁here . |
▁There ▁are ▁terr ific ▁engineers ▁in ▁the ▁Arab ▁sector , ▁and ▁the ▁potential ▁is ▁huge . ▁ ▁In ▁March ▁ 2 0 1 0 , ▁the ▁government ▁approved ▁a ▁$ 2 1 6 ▁million , ▁five - year ▁development ▁plan ▁for ▁the ▁Israeli ▁Arab ▁sector ▁with ▁the ▁goal ▁of ▁increasing ▁job ▁access ibility , ▁particularly ▁for ▁women ▁and ▁academ ics . ▁Under ▁this ▁program , ▁some ▁ 1 5 , 0 0 0 ▁new ▁employees ▁will ▁be ▁added ▁to ▁the ▁work ▁ro ster ▁by ▁ 2 0 1 4 . ▁ ▁By ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 0 s , ▁the ▁Israeli - Ar ab ▁standard ▁of ▁living ▁was ▁found ▁to ▁be ▁improving , ▁with ▁the ▁number ▁of ▁middle ▁class ▁Ar abs ▁growing . ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 7 , ▁Ha aret z , ▁which ▁term ed ▁Ar abs ▁as ▁Israel ' s ▁" new ▁y upp ies ", ▁reported ▁that ▁Ar abs , ▁especially ▁women , ▁were ▁purs uing ▁higher ▁education ▁in ▁increasing ▁numbers , ▁and ▁increasingly ▁seeking ▁white - coll ar ▁jobs . ▁According ▁to ▁Professor ▁Az iz ▁H aid ar ▁of ▁the ▁He brew ▁University ▁of ▁Jerusalem , ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 7 ▁about ▁ 2 7 % ▁of ▁Ar abs ▁were ▁middle ▁class ▁( as ▁opposed ▁to ▁ 1 7 % ▁two ▁decades ▁before ) ▁and ▁ 3 % ▁were ▁wealthy , ▁and ▁although ▁most ▁Ar abs ▁were ▁still ▁in ▁lower - inc ome ▁br ack ets , ▁the ▁Arab ▁middle ▁class ▁is ▁expanding ▁dramatically . ▁ |
▁Health ▁ ▁The ▁most ▁common ▁health - related ▁causes ▁of ▁death ▁are ▁heart ▁disease ▁and ▁cancer . ▁R ough ly ▁ 1 4 % ▁were ▁diagnosed ▁with ▁diabetes ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 0 . ▁Around ▁half ▁of ▁all ▁Arab ▁men ▁smoke . ▁Life ▁expect ancy ▁has ▁increased ▁ 2 7 ▁years ▁since ▁ 1 9 4 8 . ▁Further , ▁due ▁largely ▁to ▁improvements ▁in ▁health ▁care , ▁the ▁Arab ▁infant ▁mort ality ▁rate ▁dropped ▁from ▁ 3 2 ▁deaths ▁per ▁thousand ▁birth s ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 0 ▁to ▁ 8 . 6 ▁per ▁thousand ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 0 . ▁However , ▁the ▁Bed ou in ▁infant ▁mort ality ▁rate ▁is ▁still ▁the ▁highest ▁in ▁Israel , ▁and ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁highest ▁in ▁the ▁developed ▁world . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 3 , ▁the ▁infant ▁mort ality ▁rate ▁among ▁Arab ▁citizens ▁overall ▁was ▁ 8 . 4 ▁per ▁thousand , ▁more ▁than ▁twice ▁as ▁high ▁as ▁the ▁rate ▁ 3 . 6 ▁per ▁thousand ▁among ▁the ▁Jewish ▁population . ▁In ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 2 ▁budget , ▁Israel ' s ▁health ▁ministry ▁allocated ▁Arab ▁communities ▁less ▁than ▁ 1 % ▁of ▁its ▁ 2 7 7 ▁m - she kel ▁( £ 3 5 m ) ▁budget ▁( 1 . 6 ▁m ▁she k els ▁{ £ 2 0 0 , 0 0 0 }) ▁to ▁develop ▁healthcare ▁facilities . ▁ ▁Despite ▁the ▁fact ▁that ▁Arab ▁represent ▁ 2 0 % ▁of ▁the ▁total ▁Israeli |
▁population , ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 5 ▁they ▁account ed ▁ 3 5 % ▁of ▁all ▁doctors ▁in ▁Israel , ▁and ▁according ▁to ▁a ▁study ▁by ▁the ▁Tel ▁Av iv ▁University ▁Ar abs ▁account ▁about ▁ 3 5 % ▁of ▁all ▁pharm ac ists ▁in ▁Israel . ▁The ▁Arab ic ▁local ▁council ▁Arr aba ▁has ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁highest ▁numbers ▁of ▁doctors ▁per ▁cap ita ▁in ▁the ▁world . ▁ ▁Education ▁ ▁The ▁Israeli ▁government ▁regul ates ▁and ▁fin ances ▁most ▁of ▁the ▁schools ▁operating ▁in ▁the ▁country , ▁including ▁the ▁majority ▁of ▁those ▁run ▁by ▁private ▁organizations . ▁The ▁national ▁school ▁system ▁has ▁two ▁major ▁branches ▁– ▁a ▁He brew - spe aking ▁branch ▁and ▁an ▁Arab ic - spe aking ▁branch . ▁The ▁cur ric ula ▁for ▁the ▁two ▁systems ▁are ▁almost ▁identical ▁in ▁mathemat ics , ▁sciences , ▁and ▁English . ▁It ▁is ▁different ▁in ▁human ities ▁( history , ▁literature , ▁etc .). ▁While ▁He brew ▁is ▁taught ▁as ▁a ▁second ▁language ▁in ▁Arab ▁schools ▁since ▁the ▁third ▁grade ▁and ▁oblig atory ▁for ▁Arab ic - spe aking ▁school ' s ▁mat ric ulation ▁exam s , ▁only ▁basic ▁knowledge ▁of ▁Arab ic ▁is ▁taught ▁in ▁He brew - spe aking ▁schools , ▁usually ▁from ▁the ▁ 7 th ▁to ▁the ▁ 9 th ▁grade . ▁Arab ic ▁is ▁not ▁oblig atory ▁for ▁He brew ▁speaking ▁school ' s ▁mat ric ulation ▁exam s . ▁The ▁school ing ▁language ▁split ▁operates ▁from ▁pres ch ool , ▁up ▁to |
▁the ▁end ▁of ▁high ▁school . ▁At ▁the ▁university ▁level , ▁they ▁merge ▁into ▁a ▁single ▁system , ▁which ▁operates ▁mostly ▁in ▁He brew ▁and ▁in ▁English . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 1 , ▁Human ▁Rights ▁Watch ▁described ▁government - run ▁Arab ▁schools ▁as ▁" a ▁world ▁apart ▁from ▁government - run ▁Jewish ▁schools ." ▁The ▁report ▁found ▁striking ▁differences ▁in ▁virtually ▁every ▁aspect ▁of ▁the ▁education ▁system . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 5 , ▁the ▁Follow - Up ▁Committee ▁for ▁Arab ▁Education ▁said ▁that ▁the ▁Israeli ▁government ▁spent ▁an ▁average ▁of ▁$ 1 9 2 ▁a ▁year ▁on ▁Arab ▁students ▁compared ▁to ▁$ 1 , 1 0 0 ▁for ▁Jewish ▁students . ▁The ▁drop - out ▁rate ▁for ▁Ar abs ▁was ▁twice ▁as ▁high ▁as ▁for ▁Jews ▁( 1 2 % ▁versus ▁ 6 % ). ▁There ▁was ▁a ▁ 5 , 0 0 0 - class room ▁short age ▁in ▁the ▁Arab ▁sector . ▁ ▁According ▁to ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 4 ▁U . S . ▁State ▁Department ▁Country ▁Re ports ▁on ▁Human ▁Rights ▁Pract ices ▁for ▁Israel ▁and ▁the ▁occupied ▁territor ies , ▁" Is rael i ▁Ar abs ▁were ▁under rep resent ed ▁in ▁the ▁student ▁bodies ▁and ▁fac ult ies ▁of ▁most ▁universities ▁and ▁in ▁higher ▁professional ▁and ▁business ▁ranks . ▁Well ▁educated ▁Ar abs ▁often ▁were ▁unable ▁to ▁find ▁jobs ▁comm ens ur ate ▁with ▁their ▁level ▁of ▁education . ▁According ▁to ▁S ik ku y , ▁Arab ▁citizens ▁held ▁approximately ▁ |
6 0 ▁to ▁ 7 0 ▁of ▁the ▁country ' s ▁ 5 , 0 0 0 ▁university ▁faculty ▁positions ." ▁ ▁Arab ▁educ ators ▁have ▁long ▁vo iced ▁concerns ▁over ▁institutional ized ▁budget ary ▁discrimination . ▁An ▁August ▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁study ▁published ▁by ▁the ▁He brew ▁University ' s ▁School ▁of ▁Education ▁claimed ▁that ▁Israel ' s ▁Education ▁Ministry ▁discrim inated ▁against ▁Ar abs ▁in ▁its ▁alloc ations ▁of ▁special ▁assistance ▁for ▁students ▁from ▁low ▁soc io econom ic ▁background s ▁and ▁the ▁average ▁per - student ▁allocation ▁at ▁Arab ▁junior ▁high ▁schools ▁was ▁one - fif th ▁the ▁average ▁at ▁Jewish ▁ones . ▁This ▁was ▁due ▁to ▁the ▁allocation ▁method : ▁funds ▁were ▁first ▁divided ▁between ▁Arab ▁and ▁Jewish ▁school ▁systems ▁according ▁to ▁the ▁number ▁of ▁students ▁in ▁each , ▁and ▁then ▁allocated ▁to ▁need y ▁students ; ▁however , ▁due ▁to ▁the ▁large ▁proportion ▁of ▁such ▁students ▁in ▁the ▁Arab ▁sector , ▁they ▁receive ▁less ▁funds , ▁per ▁student , ▁than ▁Jewish ▁students . ▁The ▁Ministry ▁of ▁Education ▁said ▁it ▁was ▁dis contin uing ▁this ▁method ▁in ▁favor ▁of ▁a ▁uniform ▁index . ▁Ministry ▁data ▁on ▁the ▁percentage ▁of ▁high ▁school ▁students ▁who ▁passed ▁their ▁mat ric ulation ▁exam s ▁showed ▁that ▁Arab ▁towns ▁were ▁ranked ▁lowest ▁except ▁for ▁F ure id is , ▁which ▁had ▁the ▁third ▁highest ▁pass ▁rate ▁( 7 6 %) ▁in ▁Israel . ▁ ▁Hig her ▁education ▁ ▁Near ly ▁half ▁of ▁Arab ▁students ▁who ▁passed ▁their ▁mat ric ulation ▁exam s |
▁failed ▁to ▁win ▁a ▁place ▁in ▁higher ▁education ▁because ▁they ▁performed ▁poorly ▁in ▁the ▁Psych ometric ▁En tr ance ▁Test , ▁compared ▁to ▁ 2 0 % ▁of ▁Jewish ▁applic ants . ▁Kh aled ▁Ar ar , ▁a ▁professor ▁at ▁Be it ▁Ber l ▁College , ▁believes ▁the ▁psych ometric ▁test ▁is ▁cult ur ally ▁bi ased : ▁" The ▁gap ▁in ▁psych ometric ▁scores ▁between ▁Jewish ▁and ▁Arab ▁students ▁has ▁remained ▁steady ▁– ▁at ▁more ▁than ▁ 1 0 0 ▁points ▁out ▁of ▁a ▁total ▁of ▁ 8 0 0 ▁– ▁since ▁ 1 9 8 2 . ▁That ▁alone ▁should ▁have ▁raised ▁suspic ions ." ▁ ▁However , ▁a ▁ 1 9 8 6 ▁research ▁found ▁negl igible ▁differences ▁in ▁construct ▁or ▁predict ive ▁test ▁valid ity ▁across ▁varying ▁cultural ▁groups ▁and ▁the ▁findings ▁appeared ▁to ▁be ▁more ▁consistent ▁with ▁the ▁psych ometric ▁than ▁with ▁the ▁cultural ▁bias ▁position . ▁ ▁Military ▁con scription ▁ ▁Arab ▁citizens ▁are ▁not ▁required ▁to ▁serve ▁in ▁the ▁Israeli ▁military , ▁and , ▁outside ▁the ▁Bed ou in ▁community , ▁very ▁few ▁( around ▁ 1 2 0 ▁a ▁year ) ▁volunteer . ▁Until ▁ 2 0 0 0 , ▁each ▁year ▁between ▁ 5 – 1 0 % ▁of ▁the ▁Bed ou in ▁population ▁of ▁draft ▁age ▁volunte ered ▁for ▁the ▁Israeli ▁army , ▁and ▁Bed ou in ▁were ▁well ▁known ▁for ▁their ▁unique ▁status ▁as ▁volunteers . ▁The ▁legendary ▁Israeli ▁soldier , ▁Am os ▁Y ark oni , ▁first ▁commander ▁of ▁the ▁Sh |
aked ▁Re con naissance ▁Batt alion ▁in ▁the ▁G iv ati ▁Brigade , ▁was ▁a ▁Bed ou in ▁( born ▁Abd ▁el - M aj id ▁H id r ). ▁Bed ou in ▁soldiers ▁dom inate ▁the ▁elite ▁human ▁tracking ▁units ▁that ▁guard ▁Israel ' s ▁northern ▁and ▁southern ▁border . ▁Lieutenant ▁Colonel ▁Mag di ▁M azar ib , ▁a ▁Bed ou in , ▁who ▁is ▁the ▁Israeli ▁army ' s ▁highest - rank ing ▁tracking ▁commander , ▁told ▁the ▁A FP ▁that ▁he ▁believes ▁that ▁" the ▁state ▁of ▁Bed ou in ▁in ▁Israel ▁is ▁better , ▁as ▁far ▁as ▁the ▁respect ▁we ▁get , ▁our ▁progress , ▁education ". ▁Today ▁the ▁number ▁of ▁Bed ou in ▁in ▁the ▁army ▁may ▁be ▁less ▁than ▁ 1 %. ▁A ▁ 2 0 0 3 ▁report ▁stated ▁that ▁willing ness ▁among ▁Bed ou in ▁to ▁serve ▁in ▁the ▁army ▁had ▁dr astically ▁dropped ▁in ▁recent ▁years , ▁as ▁the ▁Israeli ▁government ▁has ▁failed ▁to ▁fulfill ▁promises ▁of ▁equal ▁service ▁provision ▁to ▁Bed ou in ▁citizens . ▁However , ▁a ▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁article ▁in ▁Ha aret z ▁stated ▁that ▁volunteer ▁recruit ment ▁for ▁a ▁crack ▁elite ▁Bed ou in ▁army ▁unit ▁rose ▁three fold . ▁ ▁ID F ▁figures ▁indicate ▁that , ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 2 ▁and ▁ 2 0 0 3 , ▁Christians ▁represented ▁ 0 . 1 ▁percent ▁of ▁all ▁recru its . ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 4 , ▁the ▁number ▁of ▁recru its ▁had ▁dou bled |
. ▁Alt ogether , ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 3 , ▁the ▁percentage ▁of ▁Christians ▁serving ▁had ▁grown ▁by ▁ 1 6 ▁percent ▁over ▁the ▁year ▁ 2 0 0 0 . ▁The ▁ID F ▁does ▁not ▁publish ▁figures ▁on ▁the ▁exact ▁number ▁of ▁recru its ▁by ▁religious ▁denom ination , ▁and ▁it ▁is ▁estimated ▁that ▁merely ▁a ▁few ▁dozen ▁Christians ▁currently ▁serve ▁in ▁the ▁ID F . ▁ ▁The ▁Dru ze ▁are ▁required ▁to ▁serve ▁in ▁the ▁ID F ▁in ▁accordance ▁with ▁an ▁agreement ▁between ▁their ▁local ▁religious ▁leaders ▁and ▁the ▁Israeli ▁government ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 6 . ▁Opp os ition ▁to ▁the ▁decision ▁among ▁the ▁Dru ze ▁popul ace ▁was ▁evident ▁immediately , ▁but ▁was ▁un successful ▁in ▁revers ing ▁the ▁decision . ▁It ▁is ▁estimated ▁that ▁ 8 5 % ▁of ▁Dru ze ▁men ▁in ▁Israel ▁serve ▁in ▁the ▁army , ▁many ▁of ▁them ▁becoming ▁officers ▁and ▁some ▁rising ▁to ▁general ▁officer ▁rank . ▁In ▁recent ▁years , ▁a ▁growing ▁minority ▁from ▁within ▁the ▁Dru ze ▁community ▁have ▁den ounced ▁this ▁mandatory ▁en rollment , ▁and ▁refused ▁to ▁serve . ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 1 , ▁S aid ▁N af a , ▁who ▁ident ifies ▁as ▁a ▁Palestinian ▁Dru ze ▁and ▁serves ▁as ▁the ▁head ▁of ▁the ▁Bal ad ▁party ' s ▁national ▁council , ▁founded ▁the ▁" P act ▁of ▁Free ▁Dru ze ", ▁an ▁organization ▁that ▁aims ▁" to ▁stop ▁the ▁con scription ▁of ▁the ▁Dru ze ▁and ▁claims ▁the ▁community ▁is ▁an ▁in al |
ien able ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁Ar abs ▁in ▁Israel ▁and ▁the ▁Palestinian ▁nation ▁at ▁large ". ▁ ▁National ▁Service ▁Rather ▁than ▁perform ▁army ▁service , ▁Israeli ▁Arab ▁youth s ▁have ▁the ▁option ▁to ▁volunteer ▁to ▁national ▁service ▁and ▁receive ▁benefits ▁similar ▁to ▁those ▁received ▁by ▁dis charg ed ▁soldiers . ▁The ▁volunteers ▁are ▁generally ▁allocated ▁to ▁Arab ▁populations , ▁where ▁they ▁assist ▁with ▁social ▁and ▁community ▁matters . ▁ ▁there ▁are ▁ 1 , 4 7 3 ▁Ar abs ▁volunte ering ▁for ▁national ▁service . ▁According ▁to ▁sources ▁in ▁the ▁national ▁service ▁administration , ▁Arab ▁leaders ▁are ▁counsel ing ▁youth s ▁to ▁refr ain ▁from ▁performing ▁services ▁to ▁the ▁state . ▁According ▁to ▁a ▁National ▁Service ▁official : ▁" For ▁years ▁the ▁Arab ▁leadership ▁has ▁demanded , ▁just ifi ably , ▁benefits ▁for ▁Arab ▁youth s ▁similar ▁to ▁those ▁received ▁by ▁dis charg ed ▁soldiers . ▁Now , ▁when ▁this ▁opportunity ▁is ▁available , ▁it ▁is ▁precisely ▁these ▁leaders ▁who ▁reject ▁the ▁state ' s ▁call ▁to ▁come ▁and ▁do ▁the ▁service , ▁and ▁receive ▁these ▁benefits ." ▁ ▁Inter commun al ▁relations ▁ ▁Sur ve ys ▁and ▁poll s ▁In ▁a ▁ 2 0 0 4 ▁survey ▁by ▁Sam my ▁Sm o oh a ▁of ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Ha ifa ▁Jewish - Ar ab ▁Center , ▁ 8 5 % ▁of ▁Israeli ▁Ar abs ▁stated ▁that ▁Israel ▁has ▁a ▁right ▁to ▁exist ▁as ▁an ▁independent ▁state , ▁and ▁ 7 0 % ▁that ▁it ▁has ▁a ▁right ▁to ▁exist ▁as ▁a ▁democratic |
, ▁Jewish ▁state . ▁A ▁Tr uman ▁Institute ▁survey ▁from ▁ 2 0 0 5 ▁found ▁that ▁ 6 3 % ▁of ▁the ▁Arab ▁citizens ▁accepted ▁the ▁principle ▁that ▁Israel ▁is ▁the ▁state ▁of ▁the ▁Jewish ▁people . ▁ ▁A ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁poll ▁by ▁the ▁Arab ▁advoc acy ▁group ▁the ▁Center ▁Against ▁R ac ism ▁showed ▁negative ▁attitudes ▁towards ▁Ar abs . ▁The ▁poll ▁found ▁that ▁ 6 3 % ▁of ▁Jews ▁believe ▁Ar abs ▁are ▁a ▁security ▁threat ; ▁ 6 8 % ▁would ▁refuse ▁to ▁live ▁in ▁the ▁same ▁building ▁as ▁an ▁Arab ; ▁ 3 4 % ▁believe ▁that ▁Arab ▁culture ▁is ▁inferior ▁to ▁Israeli ▁culture . ▁Support ▁for ▁seg regation ▁between ▁Jewish ▁and ▁Arab ▁citizens ▁was ▁higher ▁among ▁Jews ▁of ▁Middle ▁Eastern ▁origin . ▁ ▁In ▁a ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁patri ot ism ▁survey , ▁ 5 6 % ▁of ▁Israeli ▁Ar abs ▁were ▁not ▁proud ▁of ▁their ▁citizens hip ▁and ▁ 7 3 % ▁were ▁not ▁ready ▁to ▁fight ▁to ▁defend ▁the ▁state , ▁but ▁ 7 7 % ▁said ▁that ▁Israel ▁was ▁better ▁than ▁most ▁other ▁countries ▁and ▁ 5 3 % ▁were ▁proud ▁of ▁the ▁country ' s ▁welfare ▁system . ▁Eight y - two ▁percent ▁said ▁they ▁would ▁rather ▁be ▁a ▁citizen ▁of ▁Israel ▁than ▁of ▁any ▁other ▁country ▁in ▁the ▁world . ▁ ▁An ▁Israeli ▁Democr acy ▁Institute ▁( ID I ) ▁poll ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁showed ▁that ▁ 7 5 % ▁of ▁" Is rael |
i ▁Ar abs ▁would ▁support ▁a ▁constitution ▁that ▁maintained ▁Israel ' s ▁status ▁as ▁a ▁Jewish ▁and ▁democratic ▁state ▁while ▁guarantee ing ▁equal ▁rights ▁for ▁minor ities , ▁while ▁ 2 3 % ▁said ▁they ▁would ▁opp ose ▁such ▁a ▁definition ". ▁Another ▁survey ▁that ▁year ▁showed ▁that ▁ 6 2 % ▁of ▁Israel ' s ▁Ar abs ▁would ▁prefer ▁to ▁remain ▁Israeli ▁citizens ▁rather ▁than ▁become ▁citizens ▁of ▁a ▁future ▁Palestinian ▁state . ▁A ▁separate ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁poll ▁found ▁that ▁ 7 7 % ▁would ▁rather ▁live ▁in ▁Israel ▁than ▁in ▁any ▁other ▁country ▁in ▁the ▁world . ▁Another ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁poll ▁by ▁Sam my ▁Sm o oh a ▁found ▁that ▁ 6 3 % ▁of ▁Jewish ▁Israel is ▁avoided ▁entering ▁Arab ▁towns ▁and ▁cities ; ▁ 6 8 % ▁feared ▁the ▁possibility ▁of ▁widespread ▁civil ▁un rest ▁among ▁Israeli ▁Ar abs ; ▁ 5 0 % ▁of ▁Israeli ▁Ar abs ▁justified ▁He zb oll ah ' s ▁capture ▁of ▁ID F ▁reserv ists ▁E h ud ▁Gold was ser ▁and ▁Eld ad ▁Re ge v ▁in ▁a ▁cross - border ▁raid ; ▁ 1 9 % ▁thought ▁Israel ▁was ▁justified ▁in ▁going ▁to ▁war ▁following ▁the ▁kidn apping ; ▁ 4 8 % ▁justified ▁He zb oll ah ▁rock et ▁attacks ▁on ▁northern ▁Israel ▁during ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁Leb anon ▁War ; ▁ 8 9 % ▁of ▁Israeli ▁Ar abs ▁saw ▁the ▁ID F ▁bomb ing ▁of ▁Leb anon ▁as ▁a ▁war |
▁crime , ▁while ▁ 4 4 % ▁of ▁Israeli ▁Ar abs ▁viewed ▁He zb oll ah ' s ▁bomb ing ▁of ▁Israel ▁as ▁a ▁war ▁crime ; ▁ 6 2 % ▁of ▁Israeli ▁Ar abs ▁worried ▁that ▁Israel ▁could ▁transfer ▁their ▁communities ▁to ▁the ▁juris diction ▁of ▁a ▁future ▁Palestinian ▁state , ▁and ▁ 6 0 % ▁said ▁they ▁were ▁concerned ▁about ▁a ▁possible ▁mass ▁exp ulsion ; ▁ 7 6 % ▁of ▁Israeli ▁Ar abs ▁described ▁Z ion ism ▁as ▁racist ; ▁ 6 8 % ▁of ▁Israeli ▁Ar abs ▁would ▁be ▁content ▁to ▁live ▁in ▁the ▁Jewish ▁state ▁alongside ▁a ▁Palestinian ▁state ▁in ▁the ▁West ▁Bank ▁and ▁G aza ▁St rip ; ▁ 4 1 % ▁of ▁Israeli ▁Arab ▁citizens ▁denied ▁the ▁Hol oca ust ▁ever ▁happened . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 7 , ▁the ▁Association ▁for ▁Civil ▁Rights ▁in ▁Israel ▁reported ▁a ▁" dr am atic ▁increase " ▁in ▁racism ▁against ▁Arab ▁citizens , ▁including ▁a ▁ 2 6 ▁percent ▁rise ▁in ▁anti - Ar ab ▁incidents . ▁A CR I ▁president ▁Sam i ▁Michael ▁said ▁that ▁" Is rael i ▁society ▁is ▁reaching ▁new ▁he ights ▁of ▁racism ▁that ▁damages ▁freedom ▁of ▁expression ▁and ▁privacy ". ▁ ▁A ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁poll ▁on ▁inter commun al ▁relations ▁by ▁Harvard ▁Kennedy ▁School ▁found ▁that ▁Ar abs ▁and ▁Jews ▁in ▁Israel ▁under est imated ▁the ▁extent ▁to ▁which ▁their ▁communities ▁" lik ed " ▁one ▁another . ▁ 6 8 % ▁of ▁the ▁Jews ▁supported ▁teaching ▁Arab |
ic ▁in ▁Jewish ▁schools . ▁ ▁A ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁poll ▁by ▁the ▁Center ▁Against ▁R ac ism ▁found ▁that ▁ 7 5 % ▁of ▁Israeli ▁Jews ▁would ▁not ▁live ▁in ▁a ▁building ▁with ▁Ar abs ; ▁over ▁ 6 0 % ▁would ▁not ▁invite ▁Ar abs ▁to ▁their ▁homes ; ▁ 4 0 % ▁believed ▁that ▁Ar abs ▁should ▁be ▁stripped ▁of ▁the ▁right ▁to ▁vote ; ▁over ▁ 5 0 % ▁agreed ▁that ▁the ▁State ▁should ▁encourage ▁em igration ▁of ▁Arab ▁citizens ▁to ▁other ▁countries ; ▁ 5 9 % ▁considered ▁Arab ▁culture ▁primitive . ▁As ked ▁" What ▁do ▁you ▁feel ▁when ▁you ▁hear ▁people ▁speaking ▁Arab ic ?" ▁ 3 1 % ▁said ▁hate ▁and ▁ 5 0 % ▁said ▁fear . ▁Only ▁ 1 9 % ▁reported ▁positive ▁or ▁neutral ▁feelings . ▁ ▁Sur ve ys ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁found ▁a ▁radical ization ▁in ▁the ▁positions ▁of ▁Israeli ▁Ar abs ▁towards ▁the ▁State ▁of ▁Israel , ▁with ▁ 4 1 % ▁of ▁Israeli ▁Ar abs ▁recogn izing ▁Israel ' s ▁right ▁to ▁exist ▁as ▁a ▁Jewish ▁and ▁democratic ▁state ▁( down ▁from ▁ 6 6 % ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 3 ), ▁and ▁ 5 4 % ▁believing ▁Israel ▁has ▁a ▁right ▁to ▁exist ▁as ▁an ▁independent ▁country ▁( down ▁from ▁ 8 1 % ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 3 ). ▁Poll s ▁also ▁showed ▁that ▁ 4 0 % ▁of ▁Arab ▁citizens ▁engaged ▁in ▁Hol oca ust ▁den ial . |
▁ ▁A ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁poll ▁of ▁Israeli ▁high ▁school ▁students ▁found ▁that ▁ 5 0 % ▁did ▁not ▁think ▁Israeli ▁Ar abs ▁were ▁entitled ▁to ▁the ▁same ▁rights ▁as ▁Jews ▁in ▁Israel , ▁and ▁ 5 6 % ▁thought ▁Ar abs ▁should ▁not ▁be ▁elected ▁to ▁the ▁K ness et . ▁The ▁figures ▁rose ▁among ▁religious ▁students . ▁ ▁A ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁Arab ▁Jewish ▁Rel ations ▁Survey , ▁compiled ▁by ▁Prof . ▁Sam i ▁Sm oo cha ▁in ▁collaboration ▁with ▁the ▁Jewish - Ar ab ▁Center ▁at ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Ha ifa ▁shows ▁that ▁ 7 1 % ▁Arab ▁citizens ▁of ▁Israel ▁said ▁they ▁bl amed ▁Jews ▁for ▁the ▁hard ships ▁suffered ▁by ▁Palest ini ans ▁during ▁and ▁after ▁the ▁" N ak ba " ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 8 . ▁ 3 8 % ▁denied ▁the ▁Hol oca ust . ▁The ▁percentage ▁supporting ▁the ▁use ▁of ▁violence ▁to ▁advance ▁Arab ▁causes ▁climbed ▁from ▁ 6 % ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 5 ▁to ▁ 1 2 % ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 0 . ▁ 6 6 % ▁say ▁they ▁reject ▁Israel ▁as ▁a ▁Jewish ▁and ▁Z ion ist ▁state , ▁while ▁ 3 0 % ▁opposed ▁its ▁existence ▁under ▁any ▁terms . ▁ 6 3 % ▁saw ▁the ▁Jews ▁as ▁" fore ign ▁sett lers ▁who ▁do ▁not ▁fit ▁into ▁the ▁region ▁and ▁will ▁eventually ▁leave , ▁when ▁the ▁land ▁will ▁return ▁to ▁the ▁Palest ini ans ". ▁ ▁A ▁ 2 0 1 |
0 ▁University ▁of ▁Maryland ▁/ ▁Z og by ▁International ▁poll ▁of ▁ 6 0 0 ▁Arab ▁Israel is ▁compiled ▁by ▁Sh ible y ▁Tel ham i ▁found ▁that ▁ 3 6 ▁percent ▁considered ▁their ▁Arab ▁identity ▁to ▁be ▁" most ▁important ", ▁while ▁ 2 2 % ▁answered ▁" Pal est inian ", ▁ 1 9 % ▁Muslim , ▁and ▁ 1 2 % ▁Israeli . ▁ ▁Among st ▁other ▁things , ▁a ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁survey ▁by ▁M ada ▁al - C arm el , ▁the ▁Arab ▁Center ▁for ▁Ap plied ▁Social ▁Research , ▁asked ▁Arab ▁students ▁what ▁obst acles ▁they ▁felt ▁they ▁faced ▁in ▁getting ▁into ▁university : ▁ 7 1 % ▁said ▁the ▁psych ometric ▁exam ▁was ▁the ▁primary ▁obst acle , ▁while ▁ 4 0 % ▁cited ▁" J ew ish ▁racism ". ▁The ▁survey ▁also ▁found ▁that ▁ 4 5 ▁percent ▁of ▁those ▁questioned ▁felt ▁no ▁pride ▁in ▁Israeli ▁achievements ▁in ▁whatever ▁field , ▁with ▁another ▁ 1 3 % ▁reporting ▁negative ▁feelings ▁about ▁them . ▁ ▁A ▁P ew ▁Research ▁poll ▁released ▁in ▁March ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁showed ▁that ▁close ▁to ▁half ▁of ▁all ▁Israeli ▁Jews ▁are ▁in ▁favor ▁of ▁" transfer ring ▁or ▁exp elling " ▁Israel ' s ▁Arab ▁population . ▁ 4 8 % ▁of ▁Israeli ▁Jews ▁strongly ▁agree ▁or ▁agree ▁with ▁the ▁idea , ▁and ▁ 4 6 % ▁strongly ▁disagree ▁or ▁disagree . ▁The ▁in - person ▁poll ing ▁was ▁conducted ▁in ▁a ▁relatively ▁" cal m " |
▁from ▁late ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁through ▁early ▁ 2 0 1 5 . ▁ ▁In vol vement ▁in ▁terrorist ▁attacks ▁Because ▁Israeli ▁Ar abs ▁have ▁Israeli ▁citizens hip , ▁they ▁have ▁become ▁increasingly ▁targeted ▁for ▁recruit ment ▁as ▁oper atives ▁by ▁organizations ▁that ▁attack ▁civ ilians . ▁According ▁to ▁the ▁Israeli ▁General ▁Security ▁Service ▁( Sh ab ak ), ▁from ▁ 2 0 0 1 ▁to ▁ 2 0 0 4 , ▁at ▁the ▁height ▁of ▁the ▁Second ▁Int if ada , ▁there ▁were ▁ 1 0 2 ▁cases ▁where ▁some ▁Arab - Is rael is ▁were ▁involved ▁in ▁some ▁way ▁in ▁terrorist ▁attacks ▁killing ▁hundreds ▁of ▁Israel is . ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 1 , ▁for ▁example , ▁passengers ▁dis emb ark ing ▁from ▁a ▁train ▁in ▁Nah ari ya ▁were ▁attacked ▁by ▁an ▁Israeli ▁Arab ▁who ▁killed ▁ 3 ▁and ▁wounded ▁ 9 0 . ▁In ▁March ▁ 2 0 0 7 , ▁two ▁Israeli ▁Ar abs ▁were ▁convicted ▁of ▁m ans l aughter ▁for ▁sm ug gling ▁a ▁suicide ▁bom ber ▁into ▁Israel . ▁ ▁From ▁ 2 0 0 0 ▁to ▁ 2 0 0 4 , ▁some ▁ 1 5 0 ▁Ar abs ▁from ▁East ▁Jerusalem ▁were ▁arrested ▁for ▁participation ▁in ▁such ▁attacks . ▁ ▁He zb oll ah ▁has ▁taken ▁advantage ▁of ▁family ▁and ▁criminal ▁ties ▁with ▁Israeli - Ar abs ▁who ▁can ▁easily ▁cross ▁the ▁border ▁into ▁Leb anon , ▁meet ▁with ▁Palest ini ans ▁in ▁the ▁G aza ▁St rip ▁and ▁the |
▁West ▁Bank , ▁transfer ▁weapons , ▁drugs ▁and ▁money ▁to ▁Israel , ▁gather ▁intelligence ▁and ▁recruit ▁oper atives . ▁This ▁phenomenon ▁is ▁particularly ▁widespread ▁in ▁the ▁village ▁of ▁Gh aj ar . ▁Arab ▁citizens ▁of ▁Israel ▁have ▁been ▁convicted ▁of ▁esp ion age ▁for ▁He zb oll ah . ▁Arab - Is rael i ▁terror ▁cells ▁have ▁been ▁established , ▁such ▁as ▁a ▁cell ▁in ▁Re ine h ▁whose ▁members ▁were ▁arrested ▁in ▁February ▁ 2 0 0 4 . ▁ ▁Vi olence ▁against ▁Arab ▁citizens ▁in ▁Israel ▁Alexander ▁Y ak ob son ▁of ▁Jerusalem ' s ▁He brew ▁University ▁has ▁said ▁" There ▁is ▁very ▁little ▁actual ▁violence ▁between ▁Israeli ▁Jews ▁and ▁Israeli ▁Ar abs . ▁Given ▁the ▁length ▁and ▁the ▁intensity ▁of ▁the ▁conflict , ▁that ▁is ▁both ▁surprising ▁and ▁encouraging ." ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁ 1 9 5 6 ▁Ka fr ▁Q as im ▁mass acre , ▁ 4 8 ▁un armed ▁Arab ▁citizens , ▁returning ▁to ▁their ▁village , ▁were ▁gun ned ▁down ▁by ▁an ▁Israel ▁B order ▁Police ▁pl ato on ; ▁a ▁cur f ew ▁had ▁been ▁imposed , ▁but ▁the ▁vill agers ▁were ▁not ▁informed ▁of ▁it . ▁Arab ▁citizens ▁have ▁also ▁been ▁killed ▁by ▁Israeli ▁security ▁forces ▁in ▁the ▁wake ▁of ▁violent ▁demonstr ations ▁and ▁ri ots , ▁such ▁as ▁the ▁March ▁ 1 9 7 6 ▁Land ▁Day ▁demonstr ations , ▁which ▁left ▁ 6 ▁dead , ▁and ▁the ▁October ▁ 2 0 0 0 ▁events ▁in ▁which ▁ 1 2 ▁Israeli ▁Ar abs |
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