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▁and ▁one ▁Palestinian ▁from ▁G aza ▁were ▁killed . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 5 ▁an ▁A W OL ▁ID F ▁soldier , ▁E den ▁Nat an - Z ada ▁opened ▁fire ▁in ▁a ▁bus ▁in ▁She fa - Am r ▁in ▁northern ▁Israel , ▁murder ing ▁four ▁Ar abs ▁and ▁wound ing ▁twenty - two ▁others . ▁No ▁group ▁had ▁taken ▁credit ▁for ▁the ▁terrorist ▁attack ▁and ▁an ▁official ▁in ▁the ▁sett ler ▁movement ▁den ounced ▁it . ▁ ▁Arab ▁victims ▁of ▁terror ism ▁Arab ▁citizens ▁have ▁also ▁been ▁victims ▁of ▁Palestinian , ▁Arab , ▁or ▁Islam ist ▁attacks ▁on ▁Israel ▁and ▁Israel is . ▁For ▁example , ▁on ▁ 1 2 ▁September ▁ 1 9 5 6 , ▁three ▁Dru ze ▁guards ▁were ▁killed ▁in ▁an ▁attack ▁on ▁Ein ▁Of ar im , ▁in ▁the ▁Arab ah ▁region . ▁Two ▁Arab ▁citizens ▁were ▁killed ▁in ▁the ▁Ma ' al ot ▁mass acre ▁carried ▁out ▁by ▁the ▁Democratic ▁Front ▁for ▁the ▁Liber ation ▁of ▁Palest ine ▁on ▁ 1 5 ▁May ▁ 1 9 7 4 . ▁In ▁March ▁ 2 0 0 2 , ▁a ▁resident ▁of ▁the ▁Arab ▁town ▁of ▁Tur ' an ▁was ▁killed ▁in ▁an ▁attack ▁on ▁a ▁Ha ifa ▁restaurant ▁Two ▁months ▁later , ▁a ▁woman ▁from ▁J aff a ▁was ▁killed ▁in ▁a ▁Ham as ▁suicide ▁bomb ing ▁in ▁R ish on ▁Le Z ion ▁On ▁ 1 8 ▁June ▁ 2 0 0 2 : ▁A ▁woman ▁from ▁the ▁Arab ▁border ▁town ▁of ▁Bart |
a ' a ▁was ▁one ▁of ▁ 1 9 ▁killed ▁by ▁Ham as ▁in ▁the ▁Pat ▁Jun ction ▁Bus ▁Bomb ing ▁in ▁Jerusalem ▁In ▁August ▁ 2 0 0 2 , ▁a ▁man ▁from ▁the ▁Arab ▁town ▁of ▁M gh ar ▁and ▁woman ▁from ▁the ▁Dru ze ▁village ▁of ▁S aj ur ▁were ▁killed ▁in ▁a ▁suicide ▁bomb ing ▁at ▁Mer on ▁jun ction ▁On ▁ 2 1 ▁October ▁ 2 0 0 2 , ▁an ▁Is fi ya ▁man ▁and ▁a ▁Tay ibe ▁woman ▁were ▁among ▁ 1 4 ▁killed ▁by ▁Islamic ▁J ih ad ▁in ▁the ▁E gged ▁bus ▁ 8 4 1 ▁mass acre . ▁On ▁ 5 ▁March ▁ 2 0 0 3 , ▁a ▁ 1 3 - year - old ▁girl ▁from ▁the ▁Dru ze ▁town ▁of ▁D ali y at ▁al - K arm el ▁was ▁one ▁of ▁ 1 7 ▁killed ▁in ▁the ▁Ha ifa ▁bus ▁ 3 7 ▁suicide ▁bomb ing . ▁In ▁May ▁ 2 0 0 3 : ▁A ▁J is r ▁az - Z ar qa ▁man , ▁was ▁killed ▁in ▁an ▁A ful a ▁m all ▁suicide ▁bomb ing . ▁On ▁ 1 9 ▁March ▁ 2 0 0 4 , ▁F ata h ▁al - A q sa ▁Mart yr s ' ▁Brig ades ▁gun men ▁killed ▁George ▁Kh our y , ▁a ▁He brew ▁University ▁student . ▁On ▁ 1 2 ▁December ▁ 2 0 0 4 , ▁five ▁Arab ▁ID F ▁soldiers ▁were ▁killed ▁in ▁an ▁explosion |
▁and ▁shooting ▁at ▁the ▁border ▁with ▁Egypt ▁for ▁which ▁the ▁F ata h ▁Haw ks ▁claimed ▁responsibility . ▁On ▁ 4 ▁October ▁ 2 0 0 3 , ▁four ▁Arab ▁citizens ▁of ▁Israel ▁were ▁among ▁the ▁ 2 1 ▁killed ▁by ▁Han adi ▁Jar ad at ▁in ▁the ▁Max im ▁restaurant ▁suicide ▁bomb ing . ▁In ▁July ▁ 2 0 0 6 , ▁ 1 9 ▁Arab ▁citizens ▁were ▁killed ▁due ▁to ▁He zb oll ah ▁rock et ▁fire ▁in ▁the ▁course ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁Leb anon ▁War . ▁ ▁On ▁ 2 2 ▁August ▁ 2 0 0 6 , ▁ 1 1 ▁Arab ▁tourists ▁from ▁Israel ▁were ▁killed ▁when ▁their ▁bus ▁over turn ed ▁in ▁Egypt ' s ▁S ina i ▁Pen insula . ▁Israel ▁sent ▁Mag en ▁David ▁Ad om , ▁but ▁the ▁amb ul ances ▁waited ▁for ▁hours ▁at ▁the ▁border ▁before ▁receiving ▁Egyptian ▁permission ▁to ▁enter ▁and ▁treat ▁the ▁wounded , ▁responsible ▁for ▁at ▁least ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁deaths . ▁The ▁victims ▁say ▁that ▁the ▁driver ▁acted ▁as ▁part ▁of ▁a ▁planned ▁terrorist ▁attack , ▁and ▁are ▁attempting ▁to ▁receive ▁compensation ▁from ▁the ▁government . ▁ ▁Culture ▁ ▁Many ▁Arab ▁citizens ▁of ▁Israel ▁share ▁in ▁the ▁culture ▁of ▁the ▁Palestinian ▁people ▁and ▁wider ▁Arab ▁region ▁of ▁which ▁many ▁of ▁them ▁form ▁a ▁part . ▁There ▁are ▁still ▁some ▁women ▁who ▁produce ▁Palestinian ▁cultural ▁products ▁such ▁as ▁Palestinian ▁em bro ider y , ▁and ▁costume . ▁The ▁Palestinian ▁folk ▁dance , ▁known ▁as ▁the ▁d |
ab ke , ▁continues ▁to ▁be ▁taught ▁to ▁youth ▁in ▁cultural ▁groups , ▁and ▁is ▁often ▁d anced ▁at ▁wed dings ▁and ▁other ▁parties . ▁ ▁Language ▁L ingu istically ▁speaking , ▁the ▁majority ▁of ▁Arab ic ▁citizens ▁of ▁Israel ▁are ▁flu ently ▁b iling ual , ▁speaking ▁both ▁a ▁Palestinian ▁Arab ic ▁dialect ▁and ▁He brew . ▁In ▁Arab ▁homes ▁and ▁towns , ▁the ▁primary ▁language ▁spoken ▁is ▁Arab ic . ▁Some ▁He brew ▁words ▁have ▁entered ▁the ▁col lo qu ial ▁Arab ic ▁dialect . ▁For ▁example , ▁Ar abs ▁often ▁use ▁the ▁word ▁bes eder ▁( equ ivalent ▁of ▁" Okay ") ▁while ▁speaking ▁Arab ic . ▁Other ▁He brew ▁words ▁that ▁are ▁regularly ▁inter sp ers ed ▁are ▁ram z or ▁( stop light ), ▁m az gan ▁( air ▁condition er ), ▁and ▁m ah she v ▁( comput er ). ▁The ▁resulting ▁dialect ▁is ▁usually ▁referred ▁to ▁as ▁' Is rael i ▁Arab ic '. ▁ ▁Such ▁borrow ings ▁are ▁often ▁" Ar ab ized " ▁to ▁reflect ▁not ▁only ▁Arab ic ▁ph on ology ▁but ▁the ▁ph on ology ▁of ▁He brew ▁as ▁spoken ▁by ▁Ar abs . ▁For ▁example , ▁the ▁second ▁cons on ant ▁of ▁ מ ע ו נ ו ת ▁( me ' on ot , ▁" d orm itory ") ▁would ▁be ▁pronounced ▁as ▁a ▁vo iced ▁ph ary n ge al ▁fr ic ative ▁rather ▁than ▁the ▁gl ott al ▁stop ▁tradition ally ▁used ▁by ▁the ▁vast ▁majority ▁of ▁Israeli |
▁Jews . ▁ ▁There ▁are ▁different ▁local ▁col lo qu ial ▁dialect s ▁among ▁Ar abs ▁in ▁different ▁regions ▁and ▁local ities . ▁For ▁example , ▁the ▁Little ▁Tri angle ▁residents ▁of ▁U mm ▁al - F ah m ▁are ▁known ▁for ▁pron oun cing ▁the ▁k aph ▁sound ▁with ▁a ▁" ch " ▁( as - in - che ese ) ▁rather ▁than ▁" k " ▁( as - in - k ite ). ▁Some ▁Arab ic ▁words ▁or ▁phrases ▁are ▁used ▁only ▁in ▁their ▁respective ▁local ities , ▁such ▁as ▁the ▁Naz are th ▁word ▁for ▁" now " ▁which ▁is ▁iss a , ▁and ▁s ile ma ▁a ▁local ▁modification ▁of ▁the ▁English ▁word ▁" cin ema ". ▁ ▁Arab ▁citizens ▁of ▁Israel ▁tend ▁to ▁watch ▁both ▁the ▁Arab ▁satellite ▁news ▁stations ▁and ▁Israeli ▁cable ▁stations ▁and ▁read ▁both ▁Arab ic ▁and ▁He brew ▁newspapers , ▁comparing ▁the ▁information ▁against ▁one ▁another . ▁ ▁Music ▁and ▁art ▁ ▁The ▁Palestinian ▁art ▁scene ▁in ▁general ▁has ▁been ▁supported ▁by ▁the ▁contributions ▁of ▁Arab ▁citizens ▁of ▁Israel . ▁In ▁addition ▁to ▁the ▁contribution ▁of ▁artists ▁such ▁as ▁singer ▁Am al ▁Mur k us ▁( from ▁Ka fr ▁Y as if ) ▁to ▁ev olving ▁traditional ▁Palestinian ▁and ▁Arab ic ▁music ▁styles , ▁a ▁new ▁generation ▁of ▁Arab ▁youth ▁in ▁Israel ▁has ▁also ▁begun ▁assert ing ▁a ▁Palestinian ▁identity ▁in ▁new ▁musical ▁forms . ▁For ▁instance ▁of ▁the ▁Palestinian ▁hip ▁hop ▁group ▁D AM , ▁from ▁L od , ▁has ▁sp ur red |
▁the ▁emer gence ▁of ▁other ▁hip ▁hop ▁groups ▁from ▁Ak ka , ▁to ▁Beth le hem , ▁to ▁Ram all ah , ▁to ▁G aza ▁City . ▁ ▁Athlet ics ▁Arab ▁Cit iz ens ▁of ▁Israel ▁have ▁been ▁prominent ▁in ▁the ▁field ▁of ▁Athlet ics , ▁as ▁seen ▁specifically ▁by ▁their ▁contributions ▁to ▁Israeli ▁football . ▁Players ▁such ▁as ▁Abb as ▁Su an ▁have ▁had ▁ill ust ri ous ▁careers ▁playing ▁not ▁only ▁professional ▁football , ▁but ▁also ▁most ▁notably ▁for ▁the ▁Israel ▁national ▁football ▁team . ▁These ▁players ▁have ▁been ▁argued ▁to ▁represent ▁symbols ▁of ▁political ▁movement ▁and ▁civil ▁justice ▁for ▁the ▁Arab ▁Cit iz ens ▁of ▁Israel , ▁considering ▁alleged ▁discrim in atory ▁sent iments ▁against ▁the ▁Arab ▁population . ▁Specific ally ▁in ▁a ▁ 2 0 0 5 ▁World ▁Cup ▁Qual ifying ▁match , ▁Su an ▁and ▁his ▁Arab ▁team mates ▁played ▁significant ▁roles ▁for ▁the ▁Israeli ▁National ▁Team , ▁where ▁Su an ▁scored ▁an ▁equal ising ▁goal ▁against ▁the ▁Republic ▁of ▁Ireland ▁national ▁football ▁team . ▁Following ▁this ▁match , ▁Arab ▁Cit iz ens ▁of ▁Israel ▁received ▁unpre ced ented ▁media ▁attention ▁from ▁Israeli ▁TV ▁stations . ▁Even ▁without ▁the ▁public ity , ▁the ▁Arab ▁Cit iz ens ▁of ▁Israel ▁have ▁been ▁said ▁to ▁look ▁up ▁to ▁these ▁players ▁in ▁hopes ▁that ▁they ▁speak ▁up ▁for ▁them ▁as ▁their ▁political ▁voice ▁within ▁Israel . ▁In ▁the ▁following ▁months , ▁Su an ▁and ▁other ▁players ▁were ▁supposed ly ▁being ▁critic ised ▁by ▁the ▁He brew ▁Media ▁for ▁their ▁involvement ▁with |
▁political ▁issues . ▁This ▁was ▁due ▁to ▁their ▁answers ▁to ▁questions ▁regarding ▁their ▁part aking ▁in ▁the ▁singing ▁of ▁the ▁Hat ik v ah , ▁the ▁national ▁an the m ▁of ▁Israel . ▁Overall , ▁Israel - Pal est inian ▁soccer ▁players ▁are ▁looked ▁up ▁to ▁greatly ▁by ▁the ▁Arab ▁citizens ▁of ▁Israel , ▁yet ▁are ▁alleg edly ▁critic ised ▁and ▁sil enced ▁when ▁it ▁comes ▁to ▁their ▁attempts ▁to ▁involve ▁themselves ▁in ▁political ▁issues ▁surrounding ▁equality ▁for ▁Arab ▁Cit iz ens ▁in ▁Israel . ▁ ▁Cin ema ▁and ▁theater ▁Arab ▁citizens ▁of ▁Israel ▁have ▁made ▁significant ▁contributions ▁in ▁both ▁He brew ▁and ▁Arab ic ▁cinema ▁and ▁theater . ▁Moh amm ad ▁Bak ri , ▁and ▁Jul iano ▁Mer - K ham is ▁have ▁star red ▁in ▁Israeli ▁film ▁and ▁television . ▁Direct ors ▁such ▁as ▁Moh amm ad ▁Bak ri , ▁El ia ▁S ule iman , ▁H any ▁Abu - Ass ad , ▁and ▁Michel ▁Kh le ifi ▁have ▁put ▁Arab ▁citizens ▁of ▁Israel ▁on ▁the ▁cin em atic ▁map . ▁ ▁Liter ature ▁Ac claimed ▁Israeli - Ar ab ▁authors ▁include ▁Em il ▁Hab ib i , ▁Anton ▁Sh am mas , ▁and ▁Say ed ▁K ash ua . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁▁ ▁Arab - Is rael i ▁peace ▁projects ▁ ▁Israeli ▁Jews ▁ ▁Israel is ▁ ▁List ▁of ▁Arab ▁citizens ▁of ▁Israel ▁ ▁List ▁of ▁Arab ▁members ▁of ▁the ▁K ness et ▁ ▁R ac ism ▁in ▁Israel ▁ ▁Sum ud ▁ ▁Notes ▁ ▁Further ▁reading ▁▁▁ ▁Morris , |
▁Ben ny , ▁ 1 9 4 8 : ▁A ▁History ▁of ▁the ▁First ▁Arab - Is rael i ▁War , ▁( 2 0 0 9 ) ▁Yale ▁University ▁Press . ▁▁ ▁Or g ad , ▁Li av ▁( Ph D ), ▁ID C , ▁H ert z lia , ▁" Intern ational izing ▁the ▁issue ▁of ▁Israeli ▁Ar abs ", ▁Ma ar iv , ▁ 1 9 ▁March ▁ 2 0 0 6 . ▁p . 7 . ▁ ▁" Is rael ' s ▁Arab ▁Cit iz ens : ▁The ▁Contin uing ▁Str ug gle " ▁by ▁Mark ▁T ess ler ; ▁Aud ra ▁K . ▁Grant . ▁Ann als ▁of ▁the ▁American ▁Academy ▁of ▁Political ▁and ▁Social ▁Science , ▁Vol . ▁ 5 5 5 , ▁Israel ▁in ▁Trans ition . ▁( Jan ., ▁ 1 9 9 8 ), ▁pp . 9 7 – 1 1 3 . ▁. ▁ ▁The ▁Israeli ▁Palest ini ans : ▁an ▁Arab ▁minority ▁in ▁the ▁Jewish ▁state ▁/ ▁Alexander ▁Bl igh ▁ 2 0 0 3 . ▁( book ) ▁ ▁Tall ▁shadows : ▁interviews ▁with ▁Israeli ▁Ar abs ▁/ ▁Sm ad ar ▁Bak ov ic ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁English ▁Book ▁ 3 1 3 ▁p . L an ham , ▁MD : ▁Hamilton ▁Books , ▁▁ ▁Israel ' s ▁Arab ▁Cit iz ens ▁/ ▁Lauren ce ▁Lou ë r ; ▁John ▁King ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁London : ▁C . ▁Hur st ▁& ▁Co . ▁Ltd . |
▁▁ ▁Arab ▁citizens ▁in ▁Israel : ▁the ▁ongoing ▁conflict ▁with ▁the ▁state ▁/ ▁Mass oud ▁Ah mad ▁E gh bar ie h . ▁The sis ▁( Ph D ). ▁University ▁of ▁Maryland ▁at ▁College ▁Park , ▁ 1 9 9 1 . ▁ ▁[ https :// www . c ris is group . org / middle - east - n orth - a frica / e astern - med iterr anean / is rael pal est ine / identity - c ris is - is rael - and - its - ar ab - cit iz ens ▁Identity ▁crisis : ▁Israel ▁and ▁its ▁Arab ▁citizens ]. ▁International ▁Cris is ▁Group . ▁ 2 0 0 4 . ▁ ▁P appe , ▁Il an , ▁The ▁For got ten ▁Palest ini ans : ▁A ▁History ▁of ▁the ▁Palest ini ans ▁in ▁Israel , ▁( 2 0 1 1 ) ▁Yale ▁University ▁Press ▁ ▁P ele g , ▁Il an , ▁and ▁D ov ▁W ax man , ▁Israel ' s ▁Palest ini ans : ▁The ▁Conf lict ▁Within , ▁( 2 0 1 1 ) ▁Cambridge ▁University ▁Press ▁ ▁Re iter , ▁Y itz h ak , ▁National ▁Minor ity , ▁Regional ▁Major ity : ▁Palestinian ▁Ar abs ▁Vers us ▁Jews ▁in ▁Israel ▁( S yr ac use ▁Studies ▁on ▁Peace ▁and ▁Conf lict ▁Res olution ), ▁( 2 0 0 9 ) ▁S yr ac use ▁Un iv ▁Press ▁( S d ). ▁▁▁▁ ▁* ▁Arab ▁citizens ▁Category : Is rael i ▁society |
<0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁ 1 9 2 2 ▁San ▁Jose ▁State ▁Sp art ans ▁football ▁team ▁represented ▁State ▁Te achers ▁College ▁at ▁San ▁Jose ▁during ▁the ▁ 1 9 2 2 ▁college ▁football ▁season . ▁ ▁San ▁Jose ▁State ▁competed ▁in ▁the ▁inaug ural ▁season ▁of ▁the ▁California ▁Coast ▁Conference ▁( CC C ). ▁The ▁team ▁was ▁led ▁by ▁second - year ▁head ▁coach ▁David ▁Wo oster , ▁and ▁they ▁played ▁home ▁games ▁at ▁Sp art an ▁Field ▁in ▁San ▁Jose , ▁California . ▁The ▁team ▁finished ▁the ▁season ▁with ▁a ▁record ▁of ▁two ▁wins , ▁five ▁losses ▁and ▁one ▁tie ▁( 2 – 5 – 1 , ▁ 0 – 3 ▁C CC ). ▁The ▁Sp art ans ▁were ▁out sc ored ▁by ▁their ▁opponents ▁ 3 4 - 1 2 7 ▁for ▁the ▁season , ▁including ▁being ▁shut out ▁in ▁their ▁last ▁four ▁games . ▁ ▁Schedule ▁ ▁Notes ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁San ▁Jose ▁State ▁Category : San ▁Jose ▁State ▁Sp art ans ▁football ▁seasons ▁San ▁Jose ▁State ▁Sp art ans ▁f <0x0A> </s> ▁Groß m ug l ▁is ▁a ▁town ▁in ▁the ▁district ▁of ▁K orne ub urg ▁in ▁Lower ▁Austria ▁in ▁Austria . ▁It ▁is ▁situated ▁about ▁ 1 5 km ▁north ▁of ▁Stock er au ▁within ▁the ▁We inv iert el ▁in ▁Lower ▁Austria . ▁Groß m ug l ▁takes ▁up ▁about ▁ 6 4 . 4 9 ▁square ▁kilom eters , ▁ 2 9 . 9 1 ▁percent ▁of ▁which ▁are ▁forest . ▁ ▁The |
▁giant ▁tum ulus ▁ ▁The ▁name ▁of ▁the ▁village ▁literally ▁transl ates ▁as ▁" large ▁steep ▁hill ," ▁and ▁refers ▁to ▁a ▁nearby ▁tum ulus ▁( loc ally ▁known ▁as ▁the ▁Lee berg ) ▁that ▁is ▁believed ▁to ▁have ▁been ▁ere cted ▁by ▁the ▁people ▁of ▁the ▁Kal ender berg ▁culture , ▁probably ▁around ▁ 6 0 0 - 5 0 0 ▁B . C . ▁This ▁was ▁a ▁nort he astern ▁sub group ▁of ▁the ▁Hall st att ▁culture , ▁with ▁a ▁standard ▁of ▁living ▁generally ▁somewhat ▁poor er ▁than ▁the ▁other ▁co existing ▁sub groups ▁of ▁the ▁eastern ▁Hall st att ▁cultural ▁area . ▁The ▁ge ographic ▁position ▁of ▁the ▁Lee berg ▁is ▁ 4 8 ° ▁ 2 9 . 3 4 ' N / 1 6 ° 1 3 . 4 5 ' E . ▁ ▁With ▁ 5 5 ▁m ▁diameter ▁and ▁ 1 6 ▁m ▁height ▁remaining , ▁the ▁Lee berg ▁is ▁the ▁largest ▁hill ▁grave ▁in ▁Central ▁Europe . ▁Taking ▁er os ion ▁into ▁account , ▁its ▁original ▁size ▁can ▁be ▁estimated ▁at ▁ 1 8 – 2 0 ▁m ▁height ▁and ▁a ▁base ▁diameter ▁of ▁about ▁ 7 0 ▁m . ▁Because ▁of ▁its ▁unusual ▁size ▁it ▁has ▁apparently ▁def ied ▁gra ver ob bers ▁and ▁also ▁the ▁more ▁recent ▁efforts ▁of ▁" am ateur ▁ar che ologists ." ▁Although ▁it ▁is ▁beyond ▁doubt ▁that ▁this ▁huge ▁tum ulus ▁must ▁be ▁a ▁powerful ▁local ▁ch ie ft ain ' s ▁bur ial ▁place , ▁no |
▁serious ▁attempt ▁at ▁scientific ▁investigation ▁of ▁the ▁Lee berg ▁has ▁been ▁made ▁either . ▁ ▁Groß m ug l ▁opened ▁a ▁permanent ▁star ▁walk ▁installation ▁designated ▁for ▁astronom ical ▁observations ▁with ▁the ▁una ided ▁eye . ▁The ▁Groß m ug l ▁Star ▁Walk ▁was ▁designed ▁by ▁Project ▁Night fl ight ▁and ▁built ▁in ▁close ▁collaboration ▁with ▁the ▁municip ality ▁of ▁Groß m ug l . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁ ▁Groß m ug l ▁Home page ▁( G erman ) ▁ ▁Groß m ug l ▁Star ▁Walk ▁Install ation ▁ ▁Category : C ities ▁and ▁towns ▁in ▁K orne ub urg ▁District ▁Category : I ron ▁Age ▁Austria ▁Category : T um uli ▁in ▁Austria <0x0A> </s> ▁Gar in ▁de ▁Mong lane ▁is ▁a ▁fict ional ▁character ▁created ▁by ▁Con rad ▁von ▁St öff ler ▁in ▁ 1 2 8 0 . ▁ ▁The ▁character ▁gives ▁his ▁name ▁to ▁the ▁second ▁cycle ▁of ▁Old ▁French ▁ch ans ons ▁de ▁gest e , ▁La ▁G este ▁de ▁Gar in ▁de ▁Mong lane . ▁His ▁cycle ▁tells ▁stories ▁of ▁f ie fl ess ▁l ads ▁of ▁noble ▁birth ▁who ▁went ▁off ▁seeking ▁land ▁and ▁adventure ▁fighting ▁the ▁Sar ac ens . ▁ ▁The ▁several ▁heroes ▁who ▁rode ▁off ▁seeking ▁war ▁and ▁wealth ▁in ▁this ▁way ▁are ▁given ▁gene al og ies ▁that ▁made ▁Gar in ▁de ▁Mong lane ▁their ▁common ▁ancest or . ▁Apart ▁from ▁father ing ▁a ▁race ▁of ▁land less ▁kn ights , ▁Gar in ▁de ▁Mong lane ▁himself ▁is |
▁a ▁character ▁whose ▁portrait ▁in ▁the ▁poems ▁is ▁otherwise ▁drawn ▁very ▁sketch ily . ▁Po ems ▁belonging ▁to ▁the ▁Gar in ▁cycle ▁include ▁the ▁ch ans ons ▁of ▁Gir art ▁de ▁V ienne , ▁A imer i ▁de ▁Nar bon ne , ▁and ▁Gu illa ume . ▁Of ▁these ▁poems , ▁A imer i ▁de ▁Nar bon ne ▁has ▁the ▁largest ▁literary ▁interest . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁▁ ▁M atter ▁of ▁France ▁ ▁Gir art ▁de ▁R ous s illon ▁ ▁Franco - Pro ven ç al ▁language ▁ ▁Category : F ict ional ▁French ▁people ▁Category : L iter ary ▁characters ▁Category : F ict ional ▁kn ights ▁Category : M atter ▁of ▁France ▁Category : Ch ans ons ▁de ▁gest e <0x0A> </s> ▁Steven ▁Glen n ▁C arg ile ▁( born ▁June ▁ 2 , ▁ 1 9 8 2 ) ▁is ▁a ▁former ▁American ▁football ▁safety ▁in ▁the ▁National ▁Football ▁League ▁for ▁the ▁Dallas ▁Cow boys , ▁Denver ▁Bron cos , ▁Cleveland ▁Brow ns ▁and ▁New ▁York ▁Gi ants . ▁He ▁played ▁college ▁football ▁at ▁Columbia ▁University . ▁ ▁Early ▁years ▁C arg ile ▁attended ▁St . ▁Peter ▁Ch anel ▁High ▁School , ▁where ▁he ▁pract iced ▁football , ▁basketball , ▁track ▁and ▁baseball . ▁As ▁a ▁senior ▁in ▁football , ▁he ▁was ▁an ▁All - state ▁selection ▁at ▁wide ▁receiver ▁and ▁All - con ference ▁at ▁safety , ▁while ▁helping ▁his ▁team ▁achieve ▁a ▁ 1 3 - 1 ▁record . ▁He ▁was ▁named ▁all - count y ▁in |
▁basketball , ▁while ▁helping ▁hid ▁team ▁win ▁the ▁Division ▁III ▁state ▁championship . ▁ ▁He ▁accepted ▁a ▁football ▁scholarship ▁from ▁Columbia ▁University , ▁where ▁he ▁played ▁as ▁a ▁wide ▁receiver ▁in ▁his ▁first ▁three ▁years . ▁As ▁a ▁soph om ore , ▁he ▁appeared ▁in ▁ 7 ▁games ▁ ▁a ▁backup , ▁t ally ing ▁ 1 4 ▁re ceptions ▁for ▁ 1 8 4 ▁yards ▁and ▁ 3 ▁touchdown s . ▁ ▁As ▁a ▁junior , ▁he ▁started ▁ 7 ▁out ▁of ▁ 1 0 ▁games ▁at ▁wide ▁receiver , ▁making ▁ 2 4 ▁re ceptions ▁( four th ▁on ▁the ▁team ) ▁for ▁ 3 2 0 ▁yards ▁and ▁ 4 ▁touchdown s . ▁ ▁As ▁a ▁senior , ▁he ▁was ▁converted ▁into ▁a ▁strong ▁safety , ▁register ing ▁ 1 0 ▁starts , ▁ 9 9 ▁tack les ▁( led ▁the ▁team ), ▁ 3 ▁passes ▁def ensed , ▁ 2 ▁inter ceptions ▁and ▁one ▁forced ▁f umble , ▁while ▁receiving ▁Second - team ▁All - I vy ▁League ▁recognition . ▁ ▁Professional ▁career ▁ ▁Dallas ▁Cow boys ▁C arg ile ▁was ▁signed ▁as ▁an ▁und raft ed ▁free ▁agent ▁by ▁the ▁Dallas ▁Cow boys ▁after ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 4 ▁NFL ▁D raft . ▁He ▁was ▁wa ived ▁on ▁September ▁ 5 ▁and ▁signed ▁to ▁the ▁practice ▁squad . ▁He ▁was ▁promoted ▁to ▁the ▁active ▁ro ster ▁on ▁December ▁ 5 , ▁but ▁was ▁declared ▁in active ▁for ▁the ▁game ▁against ▁the ▁New ▁York ▁Gi ants . ▁He |
▁was ▁released ▁on ▁May ▁ 3 , ▁ 2 0 0 5 . ▁ ▁T ampa ▁bay ▁Bu cc ane ers ▁( first ▁st int ) ▁After ▁being ▁out ▁of ▁football ▁for ▁a ▁year , ▁he ▁was ▁signed ▁as ▁a ▁free ▁agent ▁by ▁the ▁T ampa ▁Bay ▁Bu cc ane ers ▁on ▁January ▁ 1 0 , ▁ 2 0 0 6 . ▁He ▁was ▁cut ▁on ▁September ▁ 2 . ▁ ▁Denver ▁Bron cos ▁On ▁November ▁ 1 3 , ▁ 2 0 0 6 , ▁the ▁Denver ▁Bron cos ▁signed ▁him ▁to ▁their ▁practice ▁squad . ▁He ▁was ▁promoted ▁to ▁the ▁active ▁ro ster ▁and ▁played ▁in ▁three ▁games , ▁after ▁safety ▁Nick ▁F erg us on ▁was ▁placed ▁on ▁the ▁injured ▁reserve ▁list . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 7 , ▁he ▁was ▁tried ▁at ▁outside ▁line back er ▁before ▁being ▁released ▁on ▁September ▁ 1 ▁and ▁later ▁signed ▁to ▁the ▁practice ▁squad . ▁On ▁September ▁ 2 9 , ▁he ▁was ▁promoted ▁to ▁the ▁active ▁ro ster . ▁He ▁was ▁cut ▁on ▁April ▁ 2 8 , ▁ 2 0 0 8 , ▁after ▁playing ▁mainly ▁on ▁special ▁teams ▁for ▁the ▁Bron cos . ▁ ▁Cleveland ▁Brow ns ▁On ▁April ▁ 3 0 , ▁ 2 0 0 8 , ▁he ▁was ▁claimed ▁off ▁w ai vers ▁by ▁the ▁Cleveland ▁Brow ns . ▁He ▁was ▁released ▁on ▁August ▁ 1 0 . ▁ ▁New ▁York ▁Gi ants ▁On ▁January ▁ 1 6 , ▁ 2 0 0 9 |
, ▁he ▁signed ▁with ▁the ▁New ▁York ▁Gi ants ▁as ▁a ▁free ▁agent . ▁He ▁was ▁wa ived ▁on ▁August ▁ 1 . ▁ ▁T ampa ▁Bay ▁Bu cc ane ers ▁( second ▁st int ) ▁On ▁August ▁ 1 9 , ▁ 2 0 0 9 , ▁he ▁was ▁signed ▁as ▁a ▁free ▁agent ▁by ▁the ▁T ampa ▁Bay ▁Bu cc ane ers . ▁He ▁was ▁released ▁on ▁September ▁ 5 . ▁He ▁was ▁re - signed ▁on ▁September ▁ 1 9 ▁and ▁cut ▁ 3 ▁days ▁later . ▁ ▁Personal ▁life ▁Since ▁ 2 0 1 1 , ▁he ▁has ▁worked ▁as ▁a ▁professional ▁sc out ▁for ▁the ▁New ▁England ▁Patri ots . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 8 2 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : People ▁from ▁Bed ford , ▁Ohio ▁Category : Play ers ▁of ▁American ▁football ▁from ▁Ohio ▁Category : American ▁football ▁corner backs ▁Category : American ▁football ▁saf et ies ▁Category : Col umb ia ▁L ions ▁football ▁players ▁Category : D allas ▁Cow boys ▁players ▁Category : Den ver ▁Bron cos ▁players ▁Category : T ampa ▁Bay ▁Bu cc ane ers ▁players ▁Category : New ▁England ▁Patri ots ▁sc outs <0x0A> </s> ▁This ▁term , ▁derived ▁from ▁the ▁Greek ▁for ▁" again st ▁death " ▁(' ath án atos ), ▁was ▁incorporated ▁into ▁name ▁of ▁the ▁gene ▁B cl - 2 - associ ated ▁ath an ogene ▁ 1 ▁( B AG - 1 ; ▁alias ▁H AP 4 6 |
/ B AG - 1 M ) ▁upon ▁discovery ▁of ▁its ▁ability ▁to ▁confer ▁trans fect ed ▁cells ▁with ▁resistance ▁to ▁ap opt osis . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁▁ ▁Category : Gen es ▁Category : Ap opt osis ▁Category : Cl oning <0x0A> </s> ▁Robert ▁Gib b ons ▁( J une ▁ 2 2 , ▁ 1 9 5 8 ▁- ▁) ▁is ▁an ▁American ▁econom ist , ▁currently ▁the ▁S lo an ▁Dist ingu ished ▁Professor ▁of ▁Management ▁at ▁Massachusetts ▁Institute ▁of ▁Technology . ▁ ▁Education ▁Ph . ▁D . ▁( Dec ision ▁Sciences ), ▁Stanford ▁Grad uate ▁School ▁of ▁Business , ▁September ▁ 1 9 8 5 . ▁ ▁M . ▁Phil . ▁( E conom ics , ▁with ▁hon ours ), ▁Cambridge ▁University , ▁June ▁ 1 9 8 1 . ▁A . ▁B . ▁( Ap plied ▁Mathemat ics , ▁mag na ▁cum ▁la ude ), ▁Harvard ▁University , ▁June ▁ 1 9 8 0 . ▁ ▁Se lected ▁publications ▁▁ ▁Gib b ons , ▁Robert ▁( 1 9 9 2 ) ▁Game ▁Theory ▁for ▁Ap plied ▁Econom ists , ▁Pr inceton ▁University ▁Press ▁ ▁( The ▁non ▁US ▁version ▁is ▁A ▁Pr imer ▁in ▁Game ▁Theory ) ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : MIT ▁S lo an ▁School ▁of ▁Management ▁faculty ▁Category : 2 1 st - century ▁American ▁econom ists ▁Category : Har vard ▁University ▁al umn i ▁Category : Al umn i ▁of ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Cambridge ▁Category : St an |
ford ▁Grad uate ▁School ▁of ▁Business ▁al umn i ▁Category : 1 9 5 8 ▁birth s ▁Category : F ell ows ▁of ▁the ▁Econom etric ▁Society <0x0A> </s> ▁This ▁article ▁is ▁about ▁the ▁ph on ology ▁of ▁Lev antine ▁Arab ic ▁also ▁known ▁as ▁Sh ā mi ▁Arab ic , ▁and ▁its ▁sub - d ial ect s . ▁ ▁Var ieties ▁As ▁in ▁most ▁Arab ic - spe aking ▁areas , ▁the ▁spoken ▁language ▁diff ers ▁significantly ▁between ▁urban , ▁rural ▁and ▁nom ad ▁populations . ▁▁ ▁In ▁the ▁Lev ant , ▁nom ads ▁trace ▁to ▁various ▁tribes ▁of ▁the ▁Arab ian ▁Pen insula , ▁and ▁their ▁dialect ▁is ▁consequ ently ▁close ▁to ▁Pen ins ular ▁Arab ic ▁( N aj di ). ▁Note ▁that ▁although ▁claiming ▁a ▁Bed ou in ▁ancest ry ▁sounds ▁prest igious in ▁the ▁Lev ant , ▁the ▁Bed ou in ▁influence ▁on ▁this ▁old ▁sed ent ary ▁area ▁should ▁not ▁be ▁over est imated . ▁These ▁dialect s ▁are ▁not ▁covered ▁in ▁detail ▁here , ▁as ▁they ▁are ▁not ▁specific ▁to ▁the ▁area . ▁ ▁The ▁rural ▁language ▁is ▁the ▁one ▁that ▁changes ▁most , ▁and ▁as ▁in ▁every ▁old ▁sed ent ary ▁area , ▁the ▁changes ▁are ▁grad ual , ▁with ▁more ▁marked ▁forms ▁in ▁extrem al ▁or ▁isolated ▁areas ▁( e . g . ▁general ▁shift ▁of ▁ ▁to ▁ ▁in ▁rural ▁Palestinian , ▁or ▁conservation ▁of ▁the ▁dip h th ongs ▁ ▁and ▁ ▁in ▁the ▁Leb an ese ▁mountains ). ▁ ▁The |
▁urban ▁language ▁spoken ▁in ▁the ▁major ▁cities ▁is ▁remark ably ▁hom ogeneous , ▁with ▁a ▁few ▁sh ib b ole th s ▁( mark ers ) ▁only ▁to ▁distinguish ▁the ▁various ▁cities ▁( see ▁below ). ▁Lev antine ▁Arab ic ▁is ▁commonly ▁understood ▁to ▁be ▁this ▁urban ▁sub - var iety . ▁Te aching ▁man uals ▁for ▁foreign ers ▁provide ▁a ▁systematic ▁introduction ▁to ▁this ▁sub - var iety , ▁as ▁it ▁would ▁sound ▁very ▁strange ▁for ▁a ▁foreign er ▁to ▁speak ▁a ▁marked ▁rural ▁dialect , ▁immediately ▁raising ▁questions ▁on ▁unexpected ▁family ▁links , ▁for ▁instance . ▁ ▁Urban ▁Lev antine ▁Arab ic ▁ ▁As ▁mentioned ▁above , ▁the ▁urban ▁varieties ▁are ▁remark ably ▁hom ogeneous ▁throughout ▁the ▁whole ▁area , ▁compared ▁to ▁the ▁changes ▁the ▁language ▁under go ▁in ▁rural ▁populations . ▁This ▁hom ogene ity ▁is ▁probably ▁inherited ▁from ▁the ▁trading ▁network ▁among ▁cities ▁in ▁the ▁Ott oman ▁Empire . ▁It ▁may ▁also ▁represent ▁an ▁older ▁state ▁of ▁affairs . ▁As ▁a ▁matter ▁of ▁facts , ▁there ▁is ▁a ▁current ▁trend ▁to ▁diver ge ▁from ▁this ▁unity , ▁the ▁language ▁of ▁the ▁cities ▁taking ▁on ▁some ▁of ▁the ▁features ▁of ▁their ▁neighbor ing ▁villages ▁( e . g . ▁Jerusalem ▁used ▁to ▁say ▁as ▁Dam asc us ▁ ▁(' we ') ▁and ▁ ▁(' they ') ▁at ▁the ▁beginning ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 0 th ▁century , ▁and ▁this ▁has ▁moved ▁to ▁the ▁more ▁rural ▁ ▁and ▁ ▁now adays .). ▁The ▁table ▁below ▁shows ▁the ▁main ▁historical ▁vari ants |
▁which ▁have ▁sh ib b ole th ▁role , ▁most ▁of ▁the ▁rest ▁of ▁the ▁language ▁remaining ▁the ▁same . ▁ ▁R ural ▁sub d ial ect s ▁ ▁R ural ▁Lev antine ▁Arab ic ▁can ▁be ▁divided ▁into ▁two ▁groups ▁of ▁mut ually ▁intellig ible ▁sub d ial ect s . ▁Again , ▁these ▁dialect ▁consider ations ▁have ▁to ▁be ▁understood ▁to ▁apply ▁mainly ▁to ▁rural ▁populations , ▁as ▁the ▁urban ▁forms ▁change ▁much ▁less . ▁▁ ▁Northern ▁Lev antine ▁Arab ic , ▁spoken ▁in ▁Leb anon , ▁Northern ▁Israel ▁and ▁Syria ▁( except ▁the ▁H aur an ▁area ▁south ▁of ▁Dam asc us ). ▁It ▁is ▁characterized ▁by : ▁ ▁a ▁widespread ▁pron unci ation ▁of ▁ ▁as ▁ ▁( the ▁Dru ze , ▁however , ▁retain ▁the ▁u v ular ▁). ▁ ▁A ▁strong ▁tendency ▁to ▁pron ounce ▁long ▁ ▁as ▁ ▁( imal a ) ▁in ▁a ▁front ▁ph on emic ▁context ▁or ▁ ▁( ta f kh im ) ▁in ▁a ▁back ▁ph on emic ▁context . ▁This ▁tendency ▁is ▁stronger ▁as ▁one ▁goes ▁north ward . ▁For ▁instance , ▁Dam asc us ▁and ▁Be ir ut ▁only ▁have ▁final ▁ ▁consistently ▁pronounced ▁as ▁, ▁e . g . ▁ ▁(' r ain ') ▁is ▁pronounced ▁ ▁. ▁This ▁feature ▁may ▁be ▁used ▁to ▁distinguish ▁Central ▁from ▁Northern ▁Lev antine . ▁ ▁A ▁widespread ▁realization ▁of ▁ ▁as ▁, ▁especially ▁along ▁the ▁Mediterranean ▁coast . ▁This ▁feature ▁may ▁be ▁used ▁to ▁distinguish ▁north west ▁( co ast al |
, ▁N us ay ri yy ah ) ▁from ▁nort heast ▁( e . g . ▁Ale ppo , ▁Id lib ) ▁Lev antine ▁Arab ic ▁where ▁ ▁is ▁realized ▁as ▁. ▁ ▁The ▁second ▁and ▁third ▁person ▁plural ▁pr onom inal ▁suffix es ▁end ▁in ▁ ▁: ▁, ▁ ▁( or ▁ ▁in ▁Gal ile e ). ▁ ▁The ▁characteristic ▁v ow el ▁of ▁the ▁imper ative ▁is ▁long : ▁ ▁> ▁. ▁ ▁The ▁first ▁and ▁third ▁person ▁singular ▁imper fect ▁are ▁ ▁(' I ▁say ') ▁and ▁ ▁(' he ▁says ') ▁in ▁Leb anon ▁and ▁Dam asc us ▁instead ▁of ▁ ▁and ▁, ▁respectively , ▁everywhere ▁else , ▁which ▁may ▁be ▁used ▁to ▁further ▁distinguish ▁Central ▁from ▁Northern ▁and ▁Southern ▁Lev antine ▁Arab ic . ▁▁ ▁South ▁Lev antine ▁Arab ic , ▁spoken ▁in ▁Israel ▁and ▁the ▁Palestinian ▁territor ies ▁between ▁Naz are th ▁and ▁Beth le hem , ▁in ▁the ▁Sy rian ▁H aur an ▁mountains , ▁and ▁in ▁western ▁Jordan . ▁ ▁T af kh im ▁is ▁none x istent ▁there , ▁and ▁im ala ▁affects ▁only ▁the ▁femin ine ▁ending ▁ ▁> ▁ ▁after ▁front ▁cons on ants ▁( and ▁not ▁even ▁in ▁G aza ▁where ▁it ▁remains ▁), ▁while ▁ ▁is ▁. ▁ ▁In ▁central ▁Palestinian ▁( J aff a , ▁West ▁Bank , ▁Naz are th , ▁T iber ias ) ▁rural ▁speech , ▁ ▁changes ▁to ▁, ▁ ▁changes ▁to ▁, ▁inter d ent als ▁are ▁conserv ed , ▁and ▁ ▁is ▁pronounced |
▁. ▁In ▁southern ▁Palestinian ▁( A sh d od , ▁As q el on , ▁He br on ▁countryside ) ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁western ▁Jordan ▁and ▁Sy rian ▁H aur an , ▁ ▁changes ▁to ▁ ▁and ▁ ▁changes ▁to ▁ ▁before ▁front ▁v ow els . ▁This ▁latter ▁feature ▁re semb les ▁the ▁North ▁Arab ian ▁Bed ou in ▁dialect s . ▁ ▁In ▁Israel , ▁apart ▁from ▁Gal ile e ▁and ▁the ▁Ne ge v , ▁rural ▁dialect s ▁are ▁almost ▁ext inct , ▁and ▁this ▁description ▁gives ▁is ▁the ▁pre - 1 9 4 8 ▁state ▁of ▁affairs . ▁Palestinian ▁refugees ▁in ▁Jordan ▁have ▁brought ▁with ▁them ▁their ▁typical ▁features , ▁although ▁they ▁tend ▁to ▁adopt ▁the ▁emerging ▁Jordan ian ▁urban ▁speech . ▁ ▁To ▁these ▁typical , ▁widespread ▁sub d ial ect s , ▁one ▁could ▁add ▁marginal ▁varieties ▁such ▁as : ▁ ▁Out er ▁South ▁Lev antine , ▁spoken ▁in ▁the ▁G aza – Be ers he va ▁area ▁in ▁Israel ▁and ▁the ▁Palestinian ▁territor ies , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁in ▁cities ▁east ▁of ▁the ▁Dead ▁Sea ▁in ▁Jordan ▁( K ar ak , ▁T af il ah ), ▁which ▁display ▁different ▁Bed ou in ▁influences ▁as ▁compared ▁to ▁south ▁Lev antine . ▁For ▁instance , ▁there , ▁ ▁never ▁changes ▁to ▁. ▁This ▁reflects ▁Hij azi ▁or ▁S ina i ▁Bed ou in ▁Arab ic ▁pron unci ation ▁rather ▁than ▁that ▁of ▁North ▁Arab ian ▁Bed ou in ▁dialect s . ▁ ▁Bed ou in ▁dialect s |
▁proper , ▁which ▁on ▁top ▁of ▁the ▁above - ment ioned ▁features ▁that ▁influence ▁the ▁sed ent ary ▁dialect s , ▁present ▁typical ▁stress ▁patterns ▁( e . g . ▁g ah awa ▁syndrome ) ▁or ▁le x ical ▁items . ▁ ▁L ingu istic ▁description ▁ ▁Ph on etics ▁ ▁Cons on ants ▁ ▁The ▁table ▁below ▁shows ▁the ▁correspondence ▁between ▁Modern ▁Standard ▁Arab ic ▁( MS A ) ▁ph on em es , ▁and ▁their ▁counter part ▁realization ▁in ▁Lev antine ▁Arab ic . ▁The ▁Urban ▁speech ▁is ▁taken ▁as ▁reference , ▁the ▁variations ▁are ▁given ▁relative ▁to ▁it . ▁ ▁N B . ▁Ham za ▁has ▁a ▁special ▁treatment : ▁at ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁a ▁closed ▁sy ll able , ▁it ▁van ishes ▁and ▁l eng then s ▁the ▁preced ing ▁v ow el , ▁e . g . ▁ ▁> ▁ ▁( see ▁compens atory ▁l eng then ing ). ▁If ▁followed ▁by ▁, ▁it ▁is ▁realized ▁as ▁, ▁ ▁> ▁. ▁These ▁ev olutions ▁ple ad ▁for ▁a ▁Hij azi ▁origin ▁of ▁Lev antine ▁Arab ic . ▁Word ▁initially , ▁ham za ▁is ▁often ▁realized ▁as ▁ ▁in ▁Southern ▁Lev antine . ▁ ▁V ow els ▁and ▁dip h th ongs ▁▁ ▁The ▁table ▁below ▁shows ▁the ▁correspondence ▁between ▁Modern ▁Standard ▁Arab ic ▁( MS A ) ▁ph on em es ▁and ▁their ▁counter part ▁realization ▁in ▁Lev antine ▁Arab ic . ▁ ▁Lev antine ▁Arab ic ▁v ow els ▁can ▁be ▁represented ▁in ▁the ▁Arab ic ▁script |
▁in ▁many ▁ways ▁because ▁of ▁et ym ological ▁and ▁gram mat ical ▁reasons , ▁e . g . ▁▁ ▁(' t oday '). ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ph on ology ▁Category : Ar ab ic ▁ph on ology ▁Category : Language ▁comparison <0x0A> </s> ▁J óz ef ▁R ys ula ▁( born ▁ 1 3 ▁March ▁ 1 9 3 9 ) ▁is ▁a ▁Polish ▁cross - country ▁sk ier . ▁He ▁competed ▁at ▁the ▁ 1 9 6 0 ▁Winter ▁Olympics , ▁the ▁ 1 9 6 4 ▁Winter ▁Olympics ▁and ▁the ▁ 1 9 6 8 ▁Winter ▁Olympics . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 3 9 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : Pol ish ▁male ▁cross - country ▁sk iers ▁Category : O lymp ic ▁cross - country ▁sk iers ▁of ▁Poland ▁Category : Cross - country ▁sk iers ▁at ▁the ▁ 1 9 6 0 ▁Winter ▁Olympics ▁Category : Cross - country ▁sk iers ▁at ▁the ▁ 1 9 6 4 ▁Winter ▁Olympics ▁Category : Cross - country ▁sk iers ▁at ▁the ▁ 1 9 6 8 ▁Winter ▁Olympics ▁Category : People ▁from ▁T atra ▁County <0x0A> </s> ▁Dragon ▁T amer ▁Sound ▁Spirit ▁is ▁a ▁role - play ing ▁video ▁game ▁published ▁by ▁Nam co ▁Band ai ▁for ▁the ▁Nintendo ▁DS ▁hand held ▁video ▁game ▁console . ▁ ▁Story ▁The ▁hero , ▁a ▁nam eless ▁teen age ▁boy ▁in ▁Japan , ▁is ▁trying ▁out ▁his ▁new ▁guitar ▁one ▁sun ny ▁day ▁when ▁he ▁suddenly |
▁finds ▁himself ▁whisk ed ▁away ▁to ▁another ▁world . ▁ ▁He ▁is ▁w oken ▁by ▁T onto , ▁an ▁ot om ori ▁and ▁servant ▁of ▁the ▁recently ▁dece ased ▁O ro chi , ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁seven ▁wise ▁drag ons . ▁ ▁T onto ▁inform s ▁the ▁hero ▁that ▁he ▁was ▁summon ed ▁by ▁O ro chi ▁to ▁be ▁his ▁champion , ▁raising ▁and ▁p itting ▁dragon ▁against ▁dragon ▁in ▁a ▁series ▁of ▁battles ▁to ▁change ▁the ▁world . ▁ ▁Game play ▁Most ▁of ▁the ▁game ▁centers ▁around ▁the ▁battles , ▁which ▁use ▁a ▁turn - based ▁system ▁p itting ▁parties ▁of ▁up ▁to ▁three ▁drag ons ▁at ▁a ▁time ▁( with ▁up ▁to ▁three ▁more ▁in ▁reserve ) ▁against ▁each ▁other . ▁ ▁Drag ons ▁can ▁be ▁commanded ▁to ▁attack , ▁defend , ▁use ▁a ▁special ▁power ▁( Dr agon ▁Force ), ▁charge ▁to ▁restore ▁points ▁enabling ▁special ▁moves , ▁or ▁change ▁with ▁another ▁dragon ▁in ▁reserve . ▁ ▁Drag ons ▁gain ▁experience ▁points ▁from ▁battles ▁with ▁which ▁they ▁can ▁att ain ▁higher ▁levels . ▁ ▁The ▁game ▁also ▁has ▁a ▁unique ▁system ▁by ▁which ▁the ▁player ▁acqu ires ▁new ▁drag ons . ▁ ▁After ▁finding ▁a ▁dragon ▁egg , ▁it ▁can ▁be ▁brought ▁to ▁the ▁" N est " ▁in ▁a ▁town , ▁where ▁the ▁player ▁may ▁h atch ▁it ▁by ▁recording ▁sounds ▁into ▁the ▁DS ' s ▁built ▁in ▁micro phone . ▁ ▁Some ▁drag ons ▁can ▁only ▁be ▁att ained ▁by ▁playing ▁particular ▁melod ies . ▁ ▁Ex ternal |
▁links ▁I GN : ▁Dragon ▁T amer ▁Sound ▁Spirit ▁Official ▁Website ▁( J apan ese ) ▁ ▁Category : 2 0 0 7 ▁video ▁games ▁Category : J apan - ex clusive ▁video ▁games ▁Category : N intendo ▁DS ▁games ▁Category : N intendo ▁DS - only ▁games ▁Category : Role - play ing ▁video ▁games ▁Category : Video ▁games ▁developed ▁in ▁Japan <0x0A> </s> ▁John ▁K ő sz eg i ▁( ; ▁died ▁after ▁ 1 3 2 7 ) ▁was ▁a ▁Hung arian ▁influential ▁lord ▁in ▁the ▁early ▁ 1 4 th ▁century , ▁who ▁served ▁as ▁Master ▁of ▁the ▁horse ▁from ▁ 1 3 1 1 ▁until ▁ 1 3 1 4 . ▁He ▁inherited ▁large - scale ▁domains ▁in ▁Sl av onia ▁and ▁Trans dan ub ia ▁in ▁ 1 3 1 0 . ▁After ▁ 1 3 1 4 ▁or ▁ 1 3 1 5 , ▁he ▁became ▁an ▁ar d ent ▁enemy ▁of ▁Charles ▁I ▁of ▁Hung ary , ▁who ▁defeated ▁him ▁in ▁ 1 3 1 6 ▁and ▁ 1 3 1 7 , ▁resulting ▁the ▁collapse ▁of ▁his ▁province ▁within ▁months . ▁He ▁was ▁the ▁ancest or ▁of ▁the ▁Tam ás i ▁family . ▁ ▁Family ▁John ▁was ▁born ▁into ▁the ▁powerful ▁K ő sz eg i ▁family ▁around ▁ 1 2 8 0 ▁as ▁the ▁son ▁of ▁Henry ▁II ▁K ő sz eg i ▁and ▁his ▁un ident ified ▁wife , ▁the ▁daughter ▁of ▁Pal at ine ▁Mo js ▁II . ▁He ▁had ▁two |
▁siblings , ▁Peter ▁the ▁" Du ke ", ▁the ▁ancest or ▁of ▁the ▁Her ce g ▁de ▁Sz ek cs ő ▁family , ▁and ▁a ▁sister , ▁who ▁married ▁into ▁the ▁Ven et ian ▁patri arch ▁Mor os ini ▁family . ▁His ▁three ▁sons ▁– ▁Nicholas , ▁Peter ▁and ▁Henry ▁– ▁bore ▁the ▁Tam ás i ▁surn ame ▁since ▁ 1 3 3 9 , ▁when ▁they ▁first ▁appeared ▁in ▁contemporary ▁records . ▁The ▁Tam ás i ▁family ▁desc ended ▁from ▁Henry ▁and ▁provided ▁influential ▁bar ons ▁during ▁the ▁reign ▁of ▁King ▁Sig ism und ; ▁the ▁kin ship ▁became ▁ext inct ▁in ▁ 1 4 4 4 . ▁ ▁Power ful ▁lord ▁After ▁the ▁death ▁of ▁his ▁father ▁in ▁the ▁spring ▁of ▁ 1 3 1 0 , ▁John ▁inherited ▁his ▁large - scale ▁and ▁cont igu ous ▁domains ▁in ▁Upper ▁Sl av onia ▁– ▁e . g . ▁K rap ina ▁( K or pon a ), ▁B ele c , ▁K ost el , ▁V rb ove c ▁( Or bol c ), ▁O š tr c ▁( O sz ter c ), ▁ Đ ur đ ev ac , ▁K op riv nica ▁( K ap ron ca ) ▁– ▁and ▁Southern ▁Trans dan ub ia ▁– ▁e . g . ▁Som ogy v ár , ▁D ö br ö kö z , ▁D omb ó v ár ▁and ▁K ő sz eg ▁( B at ina ) ▁–, ▁becoming ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁most ▁powerful ▁l ords ▁in ▁the |
▁Kingdom ▁of ▁Hung ary , ▁who ▁administer ed ▁his ▁province ▁independently ▁of ▁the ▁mon arch . ▁John ▁inherited ▁Henry ' s ▁political ▁positions ▁too ; ▁he ▁function ed ▁as ▁is p án ▁of ▁Bod rog , ▁Som ogy ▁and ▁Tol na ▁count ies ▁from ▁ 1 3 1 0 ▁until ▁his ▁defeat ▁in ▁ 1 3 1 6 . ▁Init ially , ▁John ▁continued ▁his ▁father ' s ▁latest ▁policy ▁and ▁nomin ally ▁supported ▁the ▁efforts ▁of ▁Charles ▁I , ▁who ▁became ▁the ▁in cont est able ▁King ▁of ▁Hung ary ▁after ▁years ▁of ▁civil ▁war ▁fought ▁for ▁the ▁throne . ▁He ▁was ▁made ▁Master ▁of ▁the ▁horse ▁in ▁late ▁ 1 3 1 1 ▁and ▁held ▁the ▁dignity ▁until ▁the ▁second ▁half ▁of ▁ 1 3 1 4 . ▁On ▁ 2 3 ▁January ▁ 1 3 1 2 , ▁Nicholas ▁III ▁K ő sz eg i ▁confirmed ▁his ▁previously ▁concluded ▁alliance ▁with ▁the ▁House ▁of ▁Hab sburg ▁in ▁Für sten feld ▁( ), ▁beyond ▁his ▁own ▁person , ▁on ▁behalf ▁of ▁his ▁brother ▁Andrew , ▁his ▁uncle ▁Bishop ▁Nicholas ▁of ▁Gy ő r ▁and ▁the ▁sons ▁of ▁the ▁late ▁Henry , ▁John ▁and ▁Peter ▁" the ▁Duke ". ▁ ▁Despite ▁his ▁court ▁position , ▁John ▁administer ed ▁his ▁province ▁without ▁the ▁king ' s ▁intervention . ▁In ▁the ▁following ▁years , ▁there ▁are ▁several ▁reports ▁of ▁his ▁committed ▁crimes ▁and ▁domin ations ▁against ▁his ▁neighbors , ▁when ▁aimed ▁to ▁further ▁spread ▁his ▁influence ▁over ▁the ▁remaining ▁portions ▁of ▁Sl av onia |
▁and ▁the ▁eastern ▁count ies ▁of ▁Southern ▁Trans dan ub ia . ▁For ▁instance , ▁he ▁seized ▁the ▁for ts ▁of ▁K ém é nd ▁from ▁James ▁Gy ő r ▁around ▁ 1 3 1 3 ▁and ▁H ars ány ▁from ▁the ▁Mat uc s ina i ▁family ▁in ▁Bar anya ▁County . ▁There , ▁he ▁also ▁owned ▁O rah ov ica ▁( R ah ol ca ), ▁a ▁possible ▁heritage ▁from ▁his ▁father . ▁After ▁his ▁successful ▁expans ions , ▁he ▁was ▁also ▁styled ▁as ▁is p án ▁of ▁the ▁county ▁since ▁ 1 3 1 5 . ▁In ▁addition , ▁John ▁also ▁owned ▁the ▁cast les ▁of ▁Ny ék , ▁Tam ás i ▁and ▁Tol nav ár ▁in ▁Tol na ▁County ▁at ▁least ▁since ▁ 1 3 1 5 . ▁John ▁also ▁had ▁interests ▁in ▁the ▁sout he astern ▁part ▁of ▁V esz pr ém ▁County , ▁after ▁he ▁bes ie ged ▁and ▁acquired ▁Es seg v ár ▁( t oday ▁ru ins ▁near ▁B ánd ) ▁from ▁L ő r inte ▁II ▁L ő r inte ▁around ▁ 1 3 1 4 . ▁ ▁Sim ultane ously , ▁he ▁also ▁made ▁pl und ering ▁ra ids ▁and ▁invas ions ▁from ▁his ▁territory ▁of ▁Upper ▁Sl av onia . ▁He ▁acquired ▁the ▁fort ▁of ▁Lud b reg ▁from ▁the ▁P éc ▁kind red ▁in ▁B jel ov ar - K ri ž ev ci ▁County ▁and ▁B é la ▁Castle ▁from ▁the ▁Pri ory ▁of ▁V r ana ▁( Order ▁of |
▁Saint ▁John ) ▁and ▁L ob or ▁in ▁V ara ž d in ▁County . ▁Around ▁ 1 3 1 4 , ▁John ▁also ▁bes ie ged ▁and ▁occupied ▁Als ól end va ▁in ▁southern ▁Z ala ▁County ▁( t oday ▁L end ava , ▁Sl oven ia ) ▁from ▁Stephen ▁H ah ót ▁or ▁his ▁son ▁Nicholas ▁( former ly ▁histor ians ▁J án os ▁Kar á c son y i ▁and ▁Erik ▁F ü ged i ▁incorrect ly ▁identified ▁Ivan ▁K ő sz eg i ▁as ▁bell iger ent ▁and ▁set ▁ 1 2 9 2 ▁for ▁the ▁date ▁of ▁the ▁sie ge ). ▁Egy ed ▁Mon osz l ó ▁made ▁his ▁last ▁will ▁and ▁test ament ▁in ▁March ▁ 1 3 1 3 , ▁not ▁long ▁before ▁his ▁death ; ▁according ▁to ▁his ▁intention , ▁his ▁wid ow ▁and ▁minor ▁or phan ▁daughters ▁were ▁supposed ▁to ▁inherit ▁the ▁whole ▁A ty ina ▁lord ship ▁( t oday ▁Vo ć in ▁in ▁Cro at ia ). ▁However , ▁as ▁Charles ▁I ▁narr ated ▁in ▁his ▁document ▁issued ▁on ▁ 2 2 ▁May ▁ 1 3 1 7 , ▁John ▁K ő sz eg i ▁demanded ▁A ty ina ▁for ▁his ▁family ▁in ▁accordance ▁with ▁the ▁right ▁of ▁es che at age . ▁Nevertheless , ▁Egy ed ' s ▁son - in - law ▁Nicholas ▁Ab a ▁and ▁his ▁brothers ▁acquired ▁A ty ina ▁Castle . ▁John ▁K ő sz eg i ▁captured ▁and ▁imprison ed ▁Nicholas ▁and ▁Peter ▁Ab a ▁( |
or ▁A ty ina i ) ▁shortly ▁there after . ▁In ▁the ▁first ▁half ▁of ▁ 1 3 1 4 , ▁Nicholas ▁was ▁taken ▁tied ▁up ▁before ▁the ▁A ty ina ▁Castle ▁and ▁dragged ▁along ▁the ▁walls ▁at ▁the ▁heels ▁of ▁a ▁horse ▁to ▁persu ade ▁the ▁defend ers ▁to ▁surrender ▁the ▁fort . ▁Despite ▁this , ▁John ▁K ő sz eg i ▁was ▁unable ▁to ▁capture ▁A ty ina ▁and ▁took ▁Nicholas ▁back ▁to ▁prison , ▁who ▁l angu ished ▁in ▁capt ivity ▁in ▁the ▁subsequent ▁three ▁years . ▁Sometimes ▁before ▁ 1 3 1 6 , ▁John ▁also ▁occupied ▁the ▁fort ▁of ▁K oro đ ▁( K ór ó gy ) ▁in ▁V alk ó ▁County ▁from ▁its ▁owners , ▁the ▁K ór ó gy i ▁family . ▁ ▁Down fall ▁According ▁to ▁historian ▁P ál ▁Eng el , ▁John ▁K ő sz eg i ' s ▁behavior ▁regarding ▁the ▁he ird om ▁of ▁A ty ina , ▁among ▁others , ▁contributed ▁to ▁the ▁open ▁confront ation ▁between ▁Charles ▁I ▁and ▁the ▁o lig arch ic ▁powers , ▁which ▁reached ▁its ▁peak ▁at ▁the ▁general ▁diet ▁in ▁the ▁autumn ▁of ▁ 1 3 1 4 . ▁In ▁Eng el ' s ▁hypothesis , ▁Charles ▁launched ▁a ▁military ▁campaign ▁against ▁the ▁K ő sz eg is ▁beyond ▁the ▁river ▁Dr ava ▁in ▁the ▁summer . ▁There ▁were ▁some ▁cl ashes , ▁where ▁numerous ▁familia res ▁of ▁John ▁K ő sz eg i ▁were ▁captured . ▁According ly , ▁Charles ▁summon ed ▁the |
▁diet ▁there after ▁and ▁broke ▁the ▁alliance ▁with ▁the ▁provincial ▁l ords ▁and ▁intended ▁to ▁defeat ▁them ▁one ▁after ▁another . ▁In ▁contrast , ▁historian ▁Gy ula ▁Krist ó ▁questioned ▁Eng el ' s ▁analysis : ▁there ▁is ▁no ▁information ▁that ▁the ▁diet ▁has ▁been ▁held ▁in ▁ 1 3 1 4 , ▁which ▁proved ▁to ▁be ▁a ▁peaceful ▁year ▁without ▁serious ▁military ▁campaigns . ▁Krist ó ▁said ▁there ▁are ▁no ▁proof s ▁that ▁a ▁confront ation ▁between ▁John ▁and ▁the ▁royal ▁arm ies ▁took ▁place ▁in ▁that ▁year , ▁and ▁it ▁was ▁only ▁a ▁local ▁war ▁against ▁the ▁A ty ina i ▁( or ▁Ny é ki ) ▁family . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁autumn ▁of ▁ 1 3 1 5 , ▁Charles ▁I ▁launched ▁his ▁first ▁large - scale ▁campaign ▁against ▁John ▁and ▁Peter ▁K ő sz eg i ▁and ▁their ▁territory . ▁Charles ▁personally ▁led ▁his ▁troops ▁into ▁Tol na ▁County . ▁He ▁bes ie ged ▁and ▁captured ▁the ▁fort ▁of ▁Ny ék ▁in ▁November . ▁However ▁John ▁sought ▁assistance ▁from ▁his ▁relatives , ▁Andrew , ▁who ▁administer ed ▁Western ▁Trans dan ub ia ▁and ▁Nicholas ▁II ; ▁they ▁represented ▁the ▁other ▁two ▁branches ▁of ▁the ▁K ő sz eg i ▁family . ▁According ▁to ▁P ál ▁Eng el , ▁the ▁united ▁K ő sz eg i ▁troops ▁managed ▁to ▁exp el ▁the ▁royal ▁army ▁from ▁the ▁region , ▁while ▁successfully ▁recovered ▁the ▁castle ▁of ▁Ny ék . ▁Gy ula ▁Krist ó ▁doubt ed ▁Charles ' ▁personal ▁presence ▁and ▁considered ▁the |
▁royal ▁troops ▁failed ▁to ▁take ▁Ny ék . ▁After ▁a ▁few ▁months ▁of ▁ce ase fire , ▁Charles ▁launched ▁his ▁second ▁campaign ▁against ▁the ▁K ő sz eg is ' ▁province ▁in ▁Southern ▁Trans dan ub ia ▁in ▁the ▁spring ▁of ▁ 1 3 1 6 . ▁John ' s ▁relatives , ▁were ▁unable ▁to ▁provide ▁help , ▁including ▁Andrew , ▁because ▁his ▁several ▁familia res ▁pl ed ged ▁alleg iance ▁to ▁the ▁king ▁and ▁left ▁his ▁army ▁in ▁the ▁same ▁time . ▁The ▁royal ▁army ▁storm ed ▁into ▁John ' s ▁territory ▁across ▁the ▁port ▁of ▁B á ta ▁along ▁the ▁Dan ube ▁in ▁May , ▁in ▁order ▁to ▁eliminate ▁the ▁K ő sz eg is ' ▁h inter land . ▁They ▁bes ie ged ▁and ▁destroyed ▁Som ogy v ár ▁in ▁Som ogy ▁County , ▁then ▁captured ▁the ▁for ts ▁of ▁Tol nav ár , ▁Ny ék ▁and ▁Tam ás i ▁in ▁Tol na ▁County ▁within ▁weeks ▁in ▁June . ▁Sub sequently , ▁Charles ' ▁army ▁occupied ▁H ars ány ▁and ▁K ém é nd ▁in ▁Bar anya ▁County ▁before ▁their ▁ultimate ▁successful ▁sie ge ▁at ▁K ő sz eg ▁( B at ina ) ▁in ▁July . ▁John ' s ▁other ▁cast les ▁in ▁Trans dan ub ia ▁– ▁for ▁instance , ▁D omb ó v ár , ▁Sz ek cs ő , ▁D ö br ö kö z ▁and ▁M ár é ▁– ▁sur rend ered ▁without ▁combat . ▁P ál ▁Eng el ▁argued ▁several ▁familia res ▁of ▁John |
▁K ő sz eg i , ▁including ▁Nicholas ▁F els ől end v ai , ▁Alexander ▁Oz or ai ▁and ▁Stephen ▁M ár é i , ▁had ▁depart ed ▁from ▁his ▁alleg iance ▁before ▁the ▁war ▁due ▁to ▁Charles ' ▁successful ▁persu asion ▁and ▁b ri bery , ▁which ▁resulted ▁the ▁mon arch ' s ▁decis ive ▁victory . ▁In ▁the ▁upcoming ▁months , ▁Charles ▁handed ▁over ▁a ▁significant ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁occupied ▁lands ▁and ▁cast les ▁to ▁their ▁original ▁right ful ▁owners . ▁The ▁king ▁returned ▁to ▁Tem es v ár ▁( present - day ▁Tim i ș o ara , ▁Rom ania ) ▁by ▁August . ▁After ▁the ▁loss ▁of ▁Southern ▁Trans dan ub ia , ▁John ▁and ▁Peter ▁K ő sz eg i ▁withd rew ▁to ▁Upper ▁Sl av onia ▁beyond ▁the ▁Dr ava . ▁Krist ó ▁argued ▁the ▁a fore ment ioned ▁minor ▁cl ashes ▁there ▁occurred ▁in ▁the ▁second ▁half ▁of ▁ 1 3 1 6 ▁( and ▁not ▁in ▁ 1 3 1 4 , ▁as ▁Eng el ▁proposed ), ▁when ▁Mik cs ▁Á k os ▁captured ▁sevent een ▁servants ▁of ▁the ▁K ő sz eg is , ▁who ▁tried ▁to ▁destroy ▁the ▁village ▁of ▁K ri ž ev ci . ▁ ▁John ▁and ▁Peter ▁K ő sz eg i ▁entered ▁alliance ▁with ▁the ▁sons ▁of ▁the ▁late ▁Stephen ▁Bab oni ć , ▁who ▁ruled ▁Lower ▁Sl av onia , ▁at ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁ 1 3 1 6 . ▁Their ▁anti - Char les ▁league , |
▁which ▁directed ▁against ▁the ▁newly ▁appointed ▁Ban ▁John ▁Bab oni ć , ▁was ▁also ▁supported ▁by ▁a ▁local ▁powerful ▁lord , ▁Peter ▁Mon osz l ó . ▁Charles ▁I , ▁who ▁managed ▁three ▁other ▁campaigns ▁against ▁the ▁o lig arch s ▁– ▁including ▁Andrew ▁K ő sz eg i ▁– ▁at ▁the ▁same ▁time , ▁sent ▁his ▁army , ▁led ▁by ▁Dem et ri us ▁N ek c se i , ▁Paul ▁Gar ai ▁and ▁Stephen ▁M ár é i , ▁against ▁the ▁ins urg ents ▁in ▁June ▁ 1 3 1 7 . ▁John ▁Bab oni ć ▁launched ▁a ▁counter att ack ▁too ; ▁he ▁defeated ▁the ▁K ő sz eg is ▁in ▁two ▁battles ▁and ▁also ▁captured ▁several ▁cast les , ▁including ▁O rah ov ica , ▁Mon osz l ó ▁( t oday ▁Pod rav ska ▁Mos lav ina , ▁Cro at ia ), ▁Pol os nica , ▁Me đ ura č a ▁( M eg yer ic se ) ▁and ▁Z d enci ▁( I zd enc ) ▁by ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁year . ▁With draw ing ▁to ▁the ▁north western ▁portions ▁of ▁Sl av onia , ▁John ▁K ő sz eg i ▁was ▁able ▁to ▁retain ▁his ▁lands ▁and ▁for ts ▁only ▁in ▁V ara ž d in ▁County ▁and ▁Zag or je , ▁where ▁from ▁his ▁father , ▁Henry ▁II ▁extended ▁his ▁power ▁over ▁the ▁decades . ▁There ▁were ▁some ▁border ▁conflicts ▁in ▁the ▁following ▁years , ▁and ▁John ▁re to ok ▁Me đ ura č |
a ; ▁Charles ' ▁general ▁Paul ▁Sz é cs i ▁was ▁killed , ▁when ▁attempted ▁to ▁rec apture ▁the ▁fort ▁in ▁late ▁ 1 3 1 8 . ▁John ▁and ▁Peter ▁fought ▁in ▁the ▁army ▁of ▁their ▁relative ▁Andrew , ▁whose ▁province ▁was ▁ultimately ▁crushed ▁by ▁the ▁royal ▁troops ▁in ▁the ▁first ▁half ▁of ▁ 1 3 1 9 . ▁Nicholas ▁Lud b reg i ▁rec apt ured ▁B é la ▁Castle ▁for ▁the ▁Pri ory ▁of ▁V r ana ▁by ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁year , ▁and ▁finally ▁re to ok ▁his ▁seat ▁Lud b reg ▁from ▁the ▁K ő sz eg i ▁brothers ▁in ▁early ▁ 1 3 2 0 . ▁John ▁sur rend ered ▁by ▁the ▁spring ▁of ▁ 1 3 2 0 , ▁only ▁some ▁cast les ▁remained ▁in ▁his ▁possession , ▁including ▁K rap ina ▁and ▁K op riv nica . ▁On ▁ 1 8 ▁March ▁ 1 3 2 2 , ▁Charles ▁I ▁referred ▁to ▁John ▁and ▁Peter ▁as ▁" former ▁reb els , ▁now ▁Our ▁ad her ents ". ▁ ▁When ▁his ▁names ake ▁cousin , ▁John ▁the ▁" W olf " ▁rose ▁up ▁in ▁open ▁rebell ion ▁against ▁Charles ▁I ▁in ▁ 1 3 2 7 , ▁John ▁and ▁Peter ▁joined ▁to ▁him . ▁ ▁However ▁royal ▁gener als ▁Mik cs ▁Á k os ▁and ▁Alexander ▁Kö c ski ▁defeated ▁them ▁within ▁months . ▁During ▁the ▁military ▁campaign , ▁John ▁K ő sz eg i ▁lost ▁his ▁fort ress ▁of ▁K op riv nica , |
▁which ▁was ▁captured ▁by ▁Mik cs ▁Á k os . ▁John ▁died ▁sometime ▁after ▁ 1 3 2 7 , ▁but ▁presumably ▁before ▁ 1 3 3 6 ; ▁when ▁the ▁K ő sz eg is ▁made ▁an ▁alliance ▁with ▁the ▁Hab sbur gs ▁in ▁that ▁year , ▁only ▁Peter ' s ▁name ▁was ▁listed ▁among ▁the ▁trait ors ▁by ▁Charles ▁I . ▁His ▁three ▁sons ▁pl ed ged ▁alleg iance ▁to ▁the ▁king ▁in ▁May ▁ 1 3 3 9 ; ▁in ▁exchange ▁for ▁V rb ove c , ▁they ▁were ▁granted ▁( back ) ▁Tam ás i , ▁following ▁that ▁they ▁were ▁referred ▁to ▁with ▁the ▁surn ame ▁" T am ás i ". ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁S ources ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁| - ▁ ▁| - ▁ ▁John ▁Category : 1 3 th - century ▁Hung arian ▁people ▁Category : 1 4 th - century ▁Hung arian ▁people <0x0A> </s> ▁Patrick ▁Gray ▁Che ves ▁or ▁Che eves ▁( May ▁ 1 6 , ▁ 1 8 2 0 ▁– ▁April ▁ 2 1 , ▁ 1 8 8 3 ) ▁was ▁an ▁American ▁farmer ▁from ▁Norway , ▁Wisconsin ▁who ▁served ▁two ▁terms , ▁ 1 8 5 6 ▁and ▁ 1 8 7 8 , ▁ 2 2 ▁years ▁apart , ▁as ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁Wisconsin ▁State ▁Assembly ▁from ▁R ac ine ▁County , ▁Wisconsin . ▁ ▁Background ▁ ▁Che eves ▁was ▁born ▁in ▁Fr aser burgh , ▁Aber de ens hire , ▁Scotland ▁on ▁May ▁ 1 6 , |
▁ 1 8 2 0 , ▁son ▁of ▁James ▁Che ves , ▁a ▁st on em ason , ▁and ▁ ▁Elizabeth ▁( M orr ison ) ▁Che ves . ▁Due ▁to ▁the ▁poverty ▁of ▁his ▁father ▁and ▁the ▁ill ▁health ▁of ▁his ▁mother , ▁Che ves ▁was ▁sent ▁at ▁an ▁early ▁age ▁to ▁live ▁with ▁his ▁grandmother , ▁and ▁remained ▁there ▁until ▁the ▁age ▁of ▁eight ; ▁spent ▁six ▁more ▁years ▁with ▁one ▁uncle ▁working ▁on ▁the ▁farm ▁and ▁as ▁a ▁her db oy ▁and ▁occasionally ▁attending ▁the ▁local ▁schools ; ▁then ▁two ▁more ▁years ▁with ▁another ▁uncle , ▁a ▁farmer ▁and ▁small ▁merchant . ▁He ▁left ▁home ▁for ▁Aber de en , ▁and ▁after ▁many ▁trib ulations ▁found ▁employment ▁in ▁a ▁counting ▁house . ▁Return ing ▁home , ▁he ▁was ▁welcomed ▁by ▁the ▁family ▁he ' d ▁fled , ▁but ▁eventually ▁resolved ▁to ▁em igr ate ▁to ▁the ▁United ▁States . ▁Having ▁met ▁one ▁William ▁Smith , ▁a ▁native ▁Sc ots man ▁now ▁resident ▁in ▁P ike ▁Gro ve , ▁Ken os ha ▁County , ▁in ▁the ▁Wisconsin ▁Terr itory ▁who ▁was ▁home ▁visiting ▁friends ▁and ▁family , ▁Che ves ▁accepted ▁Smith ' s ▁offer ▁of ▁passage ▁money ▁to ▁America , ▁and ▁a ▁job ▁once ▁he ▁arrived ▁there . ▁He ▁traveled ▁in ▁company ▁with ▁three ▁others : ▁Margaret , ▁a ▁sister ▁of ▁William ▁Smith ; ▁James ▁Smith , ▁his ▁nep hew ; ▁and ▁James ▁D ug uid , ▁a ▁k ins man ▁of ▁Che ves . ▁They ▁s ailed ▁from ▁Liverpool ▁in |
▁April ▁ 1 8 4 0 , ▁landed ▁in ▁New ▁York ▁City , ▁and ▁proceed ed ▁by ▁land ▁and ▁lake boat , ▁arriving ▁in ▁South port ▁( now ▁Ken os ha ) ▁in ▁the ▁Wisconsin ▁Terr itory , ▁on ▁June ▁ 1 ▁of ▁ 1 8 4 0 . ▁He ▁worked ▁for ▁Smith ▁until ▁his ▁debt ▁was ▁paid , ▁and ▁then ▁briefly ▁worked ▁on ▁the ▁Illinois ▁and ▁Michigan ▁Canal . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 8 4 2 ▁he ▁move ▁on ▁to ▁the ▁lead ▁mining ▁district ▁flour ishing ▁at ▁and ▁around ▁Min eral ▁Point , ▁Wisconsin . ▁There ▁he ▁worked ▁in ▁a ▁brew ery ▁during ▁the ▁win ters , ▁while ▁in ▁the ▁sum mers ▁he ▁worked ▁washing ▁copper ▁ore . ▁While ▁working ▁in ▁the ▁mining ▁country , ▁he ▁became ▁involved ▁in ▁the ▁spont aneous ▁defense ▁of ▁two ▁British - born ▁abol ition ist ▁speakers ▁from ▁a ▁row dy ▁crowd , ▁and ▁developed ▁a ▁lif el ong ▁ant ip ath y ▁to ▁slavery . ▁The ▁winter ▁of ▁ 1 8 4 4 - 4 5 ▁he ▁worked ▁in ▁a ▁saw mill ▁near ▁R ac ine . ▁In ▁the ▁spring ▁of ▁ 1 8 4 5 ▁he ▁purchased ▁eight y ▁acres ▁of ▁land ▁in ▁what ▁was ▁then ▁the ▁Town ▁of ▁York ville , ▁where ▁he ▁took ▁up ▁the ▁profession ▁of ▁farming . ▁In ▁June ▁ 1 8 4 5 , ▁he ▁married ▁Elizabeth ▁Smith ▁of ▁P ike ▁Gro ve ▁in ▁Ken os ha ▁County , ▁like ▁himself ▁a ▁native ▁of ▁Scotland ▁( born ▁February ▁ 1 |
0 , ▁ 1 8 2 2 ). ▁They ▁eventually ▁had ▁six ▁children , ▁two ▁of ▁whom ▁died ▁in ▁inf ancy . ▁ ▁Public ▁office ▁and ▁private ▁business ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 8 4 7 ▁the ▁town ▁York ville ▁was ▁divided , ▁and ▁the ▁Town ▁of ▁Norway ▁( named ▁after ▁the ▁hom eland ▁of ▁many ▁of ▁its ▁sett lers ) ▁was ▁split ▁off ▁from ▁it . ▁The ▁new ▁town ▁had ▁only ▁nine ▁legal ▁voters , ▁none ▁of ▁whom ▁had ▁previously ▁held ▁public ▁office , ▁and ▁Che ves ▁found ▁himself ▁elected ▁town ▁cl erk , ▁an ▁office ▁he ▁held ▁for ▁three ▁years . ▁He ▁was ▁subsequently ▁elected ▁to ▁the ▁town ▁board , ▁holding ▁office ▁for ▁three ▁years , ▁and ▁chairman ▁of ▁the ▁town ▁board , ▁thus ▁ex ▁offic io ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁county ▁Board ▁of ▁Super vis ors . ▁ ▁Che ves ▁had ▁been ▁known ▁as ▁a ▁Free ▁So iler , ▁and ▁was ▁elected ▁to ▁the ▁legisl ature ▁in ▁the ▁fall ▁of ▁ 1 8 5 5 , ▁from ▁R ac ine ▁County ' s ▁ 4 th ▁Assembly ▁district , ▁as ▁a ▁Republican ▁Party ▁succeed ing ▁fellow ▁Republican ▁E b ene zer ▁Adams . ▁He ▁served ▁one ▁term , ▁and ▁was ▁succeeded ▁the ▁following ▁year ▁by ▁James ▁C att on , ▁another ▁Republican . ▁In ▁the ▁autumn ▁of ▁ 1 8 5 6 ▁he ▁was ▁elected ▁by ▁the ▁new ▁party ▁as ▁cl erk ▁of ▁the ▁board ▁of ▁super vis ors ▁of ▁R ac ine ▁County , ▁a ▁position ▁he ▁held ▁for ▁two |
▁years . ▁In ▁the ▁autumn ▁of ▁ 1 8 5 6 ▁his ▁barn , ▁which ▁contained ▁all ▁his ▁crops ▁and ▁farming ▁implements , ▁bur nt ▁down ▁with ▁all ▁its ▁contents . ▁During ▁his ▁term ▁of ▁office ▁he ▁spec ulated ▁in ▁personal ▁loans , ▁often ▁to ▁his ▁profit ; ▁but ▁also ▁sustained ▁revers es ▁in ▁that ▁business , ▁and ▁in ▁several ▁years ▁of ▁expensive ▁and ▁ve x at ious ▁lit igation . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 8 6 3 ▁he ▁was ▁once ▁again ▁elected ▁cl erk ▁of ▁the ▁board , ▁a ▁position ▁which ▁he ▁held ▁for ▁four ▁years ▁more . ▁He ▁then ▁purchased ▁a ▁soap ▁and ▁candle ▁factory ▁in ▁R ac ine , ▁which ▁he ▁conducted ▁successfully ▁for ▁several ▁years , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁engaging ▁in ▁other ▁branches ▁of ▁business ▁( and ▁continued ▁to ▁operate ▁his ▁re built ▁farm ). ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 8 6 9 , ▁he ▁was ▁the ▁Republican ▁candidate ▁for ▁R ac ine ▁County ▁Judge , ▁but ▁was ▁defeated ▁by ▁an ▁independent , ▁El bert ▁O . ▁Hand ▁( who ▁also ▁received ▁the ▁Democratic ▁endorse ment ) ▁by ▁ 8 8 6 ▁votes . ▁ ▁Back ▁to ▁the ▁Assembly ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 8 7 6 ▁he ▁was ▁again ▁elected ▁to ▁the ▁Assembly ▁from ▁R ac ine ▁County ' s ▁ 2 nd ▁District ▁( the ▁Town s ▁of ▁Bur lington , ▁Cal ed onia , ▁D over , ▁M t . ▁Ple asant , ▁Norway , ▁Roche ster , ▁Raymond , ▁Water ford ▁and ▁York ville ) ▁as ▁a |
▁member ▁of ▁the ▁Liberal ▁Re form ▁Party ▁( a ▁short - l ived ▁coalition ▁of ▁Democrats , ▁reform ▁and ▁Liberal ▁Republicans , ▁and ▁Gr angers ▁formed ▁in ▁ 1 8 7 3 , ▁which ▁had ▁secured ▁the ▁election ▁for ▁two ▁years ▁of ▁a ▁Governor ▁of ▁Wisconsin ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁elect ing ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁state ▁legisl ators , ▁but ▁was ▁in ▁the ▁last ▁thro es ▁of ▁dis integr ation . ▁He ▁won ▁ 1 , 1 9 4 ▁votes ▁to ▁ 1 , 0 3 4 ▁for ▁Jacob ▁S . ▁Cr ane , ▁the ▁Republican ▁candidate ▁( Rep ublic an ▁inc umb ent ▁John ▁T . ▁Rice ▁was ▁not ▁a ▁candidate ). ▁He ▁was ▁assigned ▁to ▁the ▁standing ▁committee ▁on ▁town ▁and ▁county ▁organization , ▁and ▁the ▁joint ▁committee ▁on ▁claims . ▁He ▁was ▁not ▁a ▁candidate ▁for ▁re - election ▁in ▁ 1 8 7 7 , ▁and ▁was ▁succeeded ▁by ▁Republican ▁Kn ud ▁Ad land ; ▁there ▁was ▁no ▁Re former ▁( or ▁Democrat ) ▁in ▁the ▁race ▁in ▁that ▁district . ▁ ▁Return ing ▁home ▁ ▁He ▁died ▁April ▁ 2 1 , ▁ 1 8 8 3 , ▁at ▁his ▁farm ▁in ▁Norway . ▁Elizabeth ▁lived ▁until ▁July ▁ 7 , ▁ 1 9 0 2 , ▁dying ▁after ▁a ▁fall ▁at ▁the ▁old ▁family ▁farm ▁in ▁Norway ; ▁in ▁her ▁ob it uary , ▁Patrick ▁was ▁recalled ▁as ▁" one ▁of ▁the ▁most ▁prominent ▁farmers ▁and ▁Republicans ▁in ▁the ▁county ." ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁▁ ▁Category : 1 |
8 2 0 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 8 8 3 ▁deaths ▁Category : Count y ▁super vis ors ▁in ▁Wisconsin ▁Category : F arm ers ▁from ▁Wisconsin ▁Category : Members ▁of ▁the ▁Wisconsin ▁State ▁Assembly ▁Category : Sc ott ish ▁em igr ants ▁to ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Category : People ▁from ▁Norway , ▁Wisconsin ▁Category : W is consin ▁Free ▁So ilers ▁Category : 1 9 th - century ▁American ▁politicians ▁Category : W is consin ▁Re form ers ▁( 1 9 th ▁century ) ▁Category : W is consin ▁Republicans ▁Category : People ▁from ▁Fr aser burgh <0x0A> </s> ▁Dr . ▁K et an ▁Des ai ▁is ▁the ▁former ▁president ▁of ▁Medical ▁Council ▁of ▁India ▁and ▁the ▁President ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁of ▁the ▁World ▁Medical ▁Association . ▁He ▁has ▁served ▁as ▁Head ▁of ▁U rol ogy ▁department ▁at ▁B . J . ▁Medical ▁College , ▁Ah med abad . ▁He ▁is ▁currently ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁Gu jar at ▁Medical ▁Council . ▁ ▁Early ▁life ▁Des ai ▁is ▁a ▁native ▁of ▁Gu jar at ’ s ▁Mar oli ▁village . ▁He ▁completed ▁his ▁school ▁gradu ation ▁from ▁Hans raj ▁Mor ar ji ▁Public ▁School , ▁where ▁his ▁father ▁Dir ub h ai ▁Des ai ▁was ▁a ▁teacher ▁for ▁the ▁primary ▁section . ▁After ▁school , ▁he ▁completed ▁his ▁MB BS ▁and ▁M . Ch ▁in ▁u rol ogy ▁in ▁the ▁year ▁ 1 9 8 3 ▁from ▁B . J . ▁Medical ▁College , ▁Ah med abad ▁. ▁ ▁Career |
▁After ▁gradu ating ▁from ▁B . J . ▁Medical ▁College ▁in ▁Ah med abad ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 3 , ▁he ▁became ▁the ▁head ▁of ▁u rol ogy ▁department ▁in ▁the ▁same ▁year ▁and ▁still ▁serves ▁as ▁Head . ▁He ▁became ▁the ▁youngest ▁head ▁ever ▁in ▁Indian ▁history . ▁He ▁later ▁became ▁synd icate ▁and ▁sen ate ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁Gu jar at ▁University ▁with ▁most ▁of ▁the ▁time ▁un cont ested . ▁He ▁became ▁president ▁of ▁Gu jar at ▁Medical ▁Council ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 9 0 s ▁and ▁became ▁president ▁of ▁Medical ▁Council ▁of ▁India ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 1 . ▁He ▁has ▁also ▁served ▁as ▁president ▁of ▁Indian ▁Medical ▁Association ▁and ▁D ental ▁Council ▁of ▁India . ▁He ▁later ▁become ▁president ▁of ▁World ▁Medical ▁Association ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 6 . ▁ ▁On ▁ 2 3 ▁April ▁ 2 0 1 0 , ▁he ▁and ▁other ▁doctors ▁were ▁arrested ▁on ▁corruption ▁charges ▁of ▁Rs ▁ 2 ▁cro re ▁to ▁recognize ▁a ▁college ▁in ▁Pun j ab . ▁His ▁medical ▁practition er ' s ▁license ▁was ▁suspended ▁by ▁the ▁M CI ▁in ▁October . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁year ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁he ▁was ▁re e lected ▁as ▁sen ate ▁member ▁of ▁Gu jar at ▁University ▁after ▁a ▁legal ▁challenge ▁was ▁dismissed . ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 3 , ▁the ▁Gu jar at ▁University ▁sen ate ▁un anim ously ▁nominated ▁Dr ▁Des ai ▁to ▁the ▁M CI , ▁which ▁apparently ▁has ▁no ▁powers ▁to ▁reject |
▁the ▁nom ination . ▁ ▁Cont ro vers y ▁The ▁M CI ▁was ▁diss olved ▁by ▁the ▁President ▁of ▁India ▁on ▁ 1 5 ▁May ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁following ▁the ▁arrest ▁of ▁M CI ' s ▁president ▁K et an ▁Des ai ▁by ▁the ▁C BI ▁on ▁ 2 2 ▁April ▁ 2 0 1 0 . ▁Des ai , ▁alleged ▁middle - man ▁J . ▁P . ▁Singh ▁and ▁doctors ▁Su k hw inder ▁Singh ▁and ▁Kan wal j it ▁Singh ▁have ▁been ▁book ed ▁under ▁the ▁Pre vention ▁of ▁Cor ruption ▁Act . ▁The ▁C BI ▁recovered ▁ 1 . 5 kg ▁of ▁gold ▁and ▁ 8 0 kg ▁of ▁silver ▁from ▁Des ai ' s ▁prem ises . ▁Further , ▁gold ▁worth ▁ <0xE2> <0x82> <0xA8> ▁ 3 5 ▁l ak hs ▁were ▁recovered ▁from ▁Des ai ' s ▁bank ▁lock ers ▁in ▁Ah med abad . ▁C BI ▁told ▁that ▁he ▁had ▁more ▁than ▁ 3 5 ▁lock ers ▁which ▁were ▁then ▁yet ▁to ▁be ▁opened ▁and ▁contents ▁noted . ▁He ▁also ▁was ▁reported ▁to ▁own ▁more ▁than ▁ 4 0 0 ▁properties ▁across ▁the ▁country . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁ ▁Official ▁Website ▁ ▁Category : Ind ian ▁academ ics ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : People ▁from ▁Gu jar at ▁Category : G uj ar at ▁University ▁al umn i ▁Category : Ind ian ▁medical ▁academ ics ▁Category : People ▁from ▁Nav s ari ▁district ▁Category : Year ▁of |
▁birth ▁missing ▁( l iving ▁people ) <0x0A> </s> ▁Vill ard ▁is ▁a ▁city ▁in ▁Pope ▁County , ▁Minnesota , ▁United ▁States . ▁The ▁population ▁was ▁ 2 5 4 ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁census . ▁ ▁History ▁Vill ard ▁was ▁pl atted ▁in ▁ 1 8 8 2 , ▁and ▁named ▁for ▁Henry ▁Vill ard , ▁a ▁rail road ▁official . ▁A ▁post ▁office ▁has ▁been ▁in ▁operation ▁at ▁Vill ard ▁since ▁ 1 8 8 2 . ▁ ▁Ge ography ▁According ▁to ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Census ▁Bureau , ▁the ▁city ▁has ▁a ▁total ▁area ▁of ▁, ▁all ▁of ▁it ▁land . ▁ ▁Minnesota ▁State ▁Highway ▁ 2 8 ▁serves ▁as ▁a ▁main ▁route ▁in ▁the ▁community . ▁ ▁Dem ograph ics ▁▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁census ▁As ▁of ▁the ▁census ▁of ▁ 2 0 1 0 , ▁there ▁were ▁ 2 5 4 ▁people , ▁ 1 1 5 ▁households , ▁and ▁ 7 2 ▁families ▁living ▁in ▁the ▁city . ▁The ▁population ▁density ▁was ▁. ▁There ▁were ▁ 1 2 7 ▁housing ▁units ▁at ▁an ▁average ▁density ▁of ▁. ▁The ▁racial ▁makeup ▁of ▁the ▁city ▁was ▁ 9 5 . 7 % ▁White , ▁ 2 . 0 % ▁Native ▁American , ▁ 0 . 8 % ▁Asian , ▁and ▁ 1 . 6 % ▁from ▁two ▁or ▁more ▁races . ▁His panic ▁or ▁Lat ino ▁of ▁any ▁race ▁were ▁ 0 . 4 % ▁of ▁the ▁population . ▁ ▁There ▁were ▁ 1 1 5 |
▁households ▁of ▁which ▁ 2 4 . 3 % ▁had ▁children ▁under ▁the ▁age ▁of ▁ 1 8 ▁living ▁with ▁them , ▁ 5 0 . 4 % ▁were ▁married ▁couples ▁living ▁together , ▁ 9 . 6 % ▁had ▁a ▁female ▁house holder ▁with ▁no ▁husband ▁present , ▁ 2 . 6 % ▁had ▁a ▁male ▁house holder ▁with ▁no ▁wife ▁present , ▁and ▁ 3 7 . 4 % ▁were ▁non - f amil ies . ▁ 3 3 . 0 % ▁of ▁all ▁households ▁were ▁made ▁up ▁of ▁individuals ▁and ▁ 1 3 . 1 % ▁had ▁someone ▁living ▁alone ▁who ▁was ▁ 6 5 ▁years ▁of ▁age ▁or ▁older . ▁The ▁average ▁household ▁size ▁was ▁ 2 . 2 1 ▁and ▁the ▁average ▁family ▁size ▁was ▁ 2 . 7 9 . ▁ ▁The ▁median ▁age ▁in ▁the ▁city ▁was ▁ 4 5 . 3 ▁years . ▁ 2 2 . 4 % ▁of ▁residents ▁were ▁under ▁the ▁age ▁of ▁ 1 8 ; ▁ 6 . 3 % ▁were ▁between ▁the ▁ages ▁of ▁ 1 8 ▁and ▁ 2 4 ; ▁ 2 0 . 8 % ▁were ▁from ▁ 2 5 ▁to ▁ 4 4 ; ▁ 3 1 . 6 % ▁were ▁from ▁ 4 5 ▁to ▁ 6 4 ; ▁and ▁ 1 8 . 9 % ▁were ▁ 6 5 ▁years ▁of ▁age ▁or ▁older . ▁The ▁gender ▁makeup ▁of ▁the ▁city ▁was ▁ 4 9 . 6 % ▁male ▁and ▁ 5 0 |
. 4 % ▁female . ▁▁ 2 0 0 0 ▁census ▁As ▁of ▁the ▁census ▁of ▁ 2 0 0 0 , ▁there ▁were ▁ 2 4 4 ▁people , ▁ 9 9 ▁households , ▁and ▁ 6 8 ▁families ▁living ▁in ▁the ▁city . ▁ ▁The ▁population ▁density ▁was ▁ 3 0 8 . 5 ▁people ▁per ▁square ▁mile ▁( 1 1 9 . 3 / km ² ). ▁ ▁There ▁were ▁ 1 1 6 ▁housing ▁units ▁at ▁an ▁average ▁density ▁of ▁ 1 4 6 . 7 ▁per ▁square ▁mile ▁( 5 6 . 7 / km ² ). ▁ ▁The ▁racial ▁makeup ▁of ▁the ▁city ▁was ▁ 9 8 . 3 6 % ▁White , ▁ 0 . 4 1 % ▁Native ▁American , ▁ 0 . 8 2 % ▁Asian , ▁and ▁ 0 . 4 1 % ▁from ▁two ▁or ▁more ▁races . ▁ ▁There ▁were ▁ 9 9 ▁households ▁out ▁of ▁which ▁ 3 4 . 3 % ▁had ▁children ▁under ▁the ▁age ▁of ▁ 1 8 ▁living ▁with ▁them , ▁ 5 6 . 6 % ▁were ▁married ▁couples ▁living ▁together , ▁ 1 1 . 1 % ▁had ▁a ▁female ▁house holder ▁with ▁no ▁husband ▁present , ▁and ▁ 3 1 . 3 % ▁were ▁non - f amil ies . ▁ 2 6 . 3 % ▁of ▁all ▁households ▁were ▁made ▁up ▁of ▁individuals ▁and ▁ 1 5 . 2 % ▁had ▁someone ▁living ▁alone ▁who ▁was ▁ 6 5 ▁years ▁of ▁age |
▁or ▁older . ▁ ▁The ▁average ▁household ▁size ▁was ▁ 2 . 4 6 ▁and ▁the ▁average ▁family ▁size ▁was ▁ 3 . 0 4 . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁city , ▁the ▁population ▁was ▁spread ▁out ▁with ▁ 2 6 . 6 % ▁under ▁the ▁age ▁of ▁ 1 8 , ▁ 6 . 1 % ▁from ▁ 1 8 ▁to ▁ 2 4 , ▁ 2 2 . 1 % ▁from ▁ 2 5 ▁to ▁ 4 4 , ▁ 2 4 . 6 % ▁from ▁ 4 5 ▁to ▁ 6 4 , ▁and ▁ 2 0 . 5 % ▁who ▁were ▁ 6 5 ▁years ▁of ▁age ▁or ▁older . ▁ ▁The ▁median ▁age ▁was ▁ 4 3 ▁years . ▁For ▁every ▁ 1 0 0 ▁females , ▁there ▁were ▁ 9 2 . 1 ▁males . ▁ ▁For ▁every ▁ 1 0 0 ▁females ▁age ▁ 1 8 ▁and ▁over , ▁there ▁were ▁ 8 6 . 5 ▁males . ▁ ▁The ▁median ▁income ▁for ▁a ▁household ▁in ▁the ▁city ▁was ▁$ 2 4 , 6 8 8 , ▁and ▁the ▁median ▁income ▁for ▁a ▁family ▁was ▁$ 3 3 , 2 1 4 . ▁M ales ▁had ▁a ▁median ▁income ▁of ▁$ 2 5 , 1 5 6 ▁versus ▁$ 1 5 , 3 5 7 ▁for ▁females . ▁The ▁per ▁cap ita ▁income ▁for ▁the ▁city ▁was ▁$ 1 4 , 1 5 4 . ▁ ▁About ▁ 1 2 . 2 % ▁of ▁families ▁and ▁ |
1 8 . 3 % ▁of ▁the ▁population ▁were ▁below ▁the ▁poverty ▁line , ▁including ▁ 3 0 . 2 % ▁of ▁those ▁under ▁the ▁age ▁of ▁eighteen ▁and ▁ 1 6 . 0 % ▁of ▁those ▁sixty ▁five ▁or ▁over . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : C ities ▁in ▁Pope ▁County , ▁Minnesota ▁Category : C ities ▁in ▁Minnesota <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Nord he ide ▁( liter ally : ▁" N orth ▁He ath ") ▁is ▁the ▁northern most ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁L ü ne burg ▁He ath ▁in ▁Germany . ▁It ▁runs ▁from ▁the ▁Har burg ▁Hills ▁to ▁the ▁municip ality ▁of ▁Hand el oh . ▁ ▁South ▁of ▁that ▁lies ▁the ▁L ü ne burg ▁He ath ▁Nature ▁Park ▁and ▁the ▁Süd he ide ▁with ▁the ▁Süd he ide ▁Nature ▁Park . ▁The ▁highest ▁point ▁on ▁the ▁Nord he ide ▁is ▁the ▁Br uns berg ▁near ▁Buch hol z ▁in ▁der ▁Nord he ide ▁which ▁has ▁a ▁height ▁of ▁. ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁▁ ▁Nord he ide ▁Region ▁website ▁ ▁Category : L ü ne burg ▁He ath <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁M its ub ishi ▁Silver ▁P ige on ▁is ▁a ▁series ▁of ▁sc oot ers ▁made ▁in ▁Japan ▁by ▁M its ub ishi ▁between ▁ 1 9 4 6 ▁and ▁ 1 9 6 3 . ▁The ▁first ▁was ▁the ▁C - 1 0 , ▁based ▁on ▁a ▁sc oot er ▁imported ▁from ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁by ▁K ou ji ro ▁Mar uy ama , ▁which ▁began |
▁production ▁at ▁the ▁Nag oya ▁Mach inery ▁Works ▁of ▁M its ub ishi ▁Heavy ▁Indust ries . ▁Along ▁with ▁the ▁M iz ush ima ▁three - whe eler ▁pick up ▁truck ▁it ▁represented ▁M its ub ishi ' s ▁first ▁contributions ▁to ▁the ▁Japanese ▁post - war ▁personal ▁transport ▁boom . ▁The ▁Silver ▁P ige on ' s ▁primary ▁compet itor ▁was ▁the ▁Fu ji ▁Rab bit ▁( and ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 4 , ▁the ▁H onda ▁Jun o ). ▁Motor ▁sc oot ers ▁were ▁so ▁important ▁to ▁the ▁post - war ▁vehicle ▁industry ▁that ▁In ▁May ▁ 1 9 4 8 ▁both ▁a ▁Silver ▁P ige on ▁and ▁a ▁Rab bit ▁were ▁presented ▁to ▁the ▁Emperor ▁of ▁Japan . ▁The ▁Society ▁of ▁Autom otive ▁Engine ers ▁of ▁Japan ▁ ▁lists ▁the ▁Silver ▁P ige on ▁C - 1 0 ▁model ▁introduced ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 6 ▁as ▁one ▁of ▁their ▁ 2 4 0 ▁Land marks ▁of ▁Japanese ▁Autom otive ▁Technology . ▁ ▁The ▁Silver ▁P ige on ▁proved ▁sufficiently ▁successful ▁to ▁remain ▁in ▁production ▁for ▁almost ▁twenty ▁years . ▁Motor ▁Cycl ist ▁magazine ▁voted ▁it ▁" best ▁in ▁sty ling " ▁for ▁three ▁consecutive ▁years ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 5 0 s , ▁a ▁decade ▁after ▁its ▁introduction , ▁while ▁from ▁ 1 9 5 0 ▁to ▁ 1 9 6 4 ▁it ▁maintained ▁an ▁average ▁ 4 5 ▁percent ▁share ▁of ▁the ▁domestic ▁sc oot er ▁market . ▁American ▁retail er ▁Mont gomery ▁Ward ▁imported ▁the |
▁Silver ▁P ige on ▁and ▁sold ▁it ▁via ▁their ▁catalog ▁under ▁the ▁Rivers ide ▁capt ive ▁import ▁brand . ▁By ▁the ▁time ▁production ▁came ▁to ▁an ▁end ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 3 ▁over ▁ 4 6 3 , 0 0 0 ▁had ▁been ▁manufactured , ▁with ▁the ▁ 1 9 6 0 ▁C - 2 0 0 ▁prov ing ▁the ▁most ▁popular ▁individual ▁model , ▁with ▁almost ▁ 3 8 , 0 0 0 ▁sales . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁List ▁of ▁motor cy cles ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 9 4 0 s ▁List ▁of ▁motor cy cles ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 9 5 0 s ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁ ▁" What ' s ▁a ▁Silver ▁P ige on ? ", ▁Mar vin ▁W ue h le , ▁silver p ige ons . com ▁▁ 1 9 5 9 ▁Silver ▁P ige on , ▁Max ' s ▁sc oot er ▁page ▁ ▁Silver ▁P ige on ▁Category : M ot or ▁sc oot ers ▁Category : J apan ese ▁motor cy cles ▁Category : M ot or cycle ▁manufacturers ▁of ▁Japan ▁Category : M ot or cy cles ▁introduced ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 4 0 s <0x0A> </s> ▁Charles ▁V . ▁Bl anch ard ▁( F ebru ary ▁ 2 , ▁ 1 8 6 6 ▁– ▁February ▁ 2 0 , ▁ 1 9 3 9 ) ▁was ▁an ▁American ▁politician ▁who ▁served ▁as ▁a ▁Massachusetts ▁State ▁Represent ative ▁and ▁as ▁a ▁Massachusetts ▁State ▁Senator . ▁ |
▁While ▁he ▁was ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁Massachusetts ▁House ▁Bl anch ard ▁developed ▁a ▁close ▁friendship ▁with ▁Cal vin ▁Cool idge . ▁ ▁Bl anch ard , ▁it ▁was ▁rum ored , ▁taught ▁Cool idge ▁how ▁to ▁properly ▁dress ▁for ▁various ▁occasions . ▁ ▁Bl anch ard ▁did ▁not ▁seek ▁re ë lection ▁to ▁the ▁sen ate ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 3 . ▁ ▁Bl anch ard ▁was ▁replaced ▁by ▁Charles ▁W . ▁Eld ridge ▁for ▁the ▁ 1 9 1 4 ▁legisl ative ▁term . ▁ ▁Bl anch ard ▁worked ▁for ▁many ▁years ▁for ▁the ▁N . ▁E . ▁Tel ▁& ▁Tel ▁Co . ▁ ▁Bl anch ard ▁had ▁a ▁heart ▁attack ▁and ▁died ▁while ▁he ▁was ▁on ▁a ▁trip ▁to ▁Florida , ▁where ▁he ▁had ▁gone ▁to ▁spend ▁the ▁winter . ▁ ▁Notes ▁ ▁Category : 1 8 6 6 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 9 3 9 ▁deaths ▁Category : Members ▁of ▁the ▁Massachusetts ▁House ▁of ▁Represent atives ▁Category : Mass achusetts ▁state ▁sen ators ▁Category : Pol it icians ▁from ▁Cambridge , ▁Massachusetts ▁Category : Mass achusetts ▁Republicans <0x0A> </s> ▁Gab ri ele ▁Me hl ▁( born ▁ 2 5 ▁February ▁ 1 9 6 7 , ▁in ▁H agen bach ) ▁is ▁a ▁former ▁German ▁row er . ▁She ▁won ▁a ▁bronze ▁medal ▁at ▁the ▁Olympic ▁Games ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 2 . ▁ ▁Career ▁ ▁Me hl ▁was ▁Member ▁of ▁the ▁row ing ▁club ▁" am ▁Bal den ey see " ▁in ▁Ess en , |
▁Germany . ▁In ▁ 1 9 8 7 ▁and ▁ 1 9 8 8 ▁she ▁and ▁Me ike ▁Holl ä nder ▁formed ▁a ▁co x less ▁pair ▁team ▁at ▁the ▁German ▁Championship ▁and ▁scored ▁second . ▁At ▁the ▁World ▁Championship ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 7 ▁the ▁team ▁started ▁as ▁part ▁of ▁an ▁Eight ▁and ▁scored ▁fifth . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 9 0 , ▁Me hl ▁and ▁Holl ä nder ▁participated ▁as ▁a ▁co x less ▁four ▁team ▁with ▁Cer st in ▁Peters mann ▁and ▁Sylv ia ▁Dr ö del mann . ▁After ▁their ▁victory ▁at ▁the ▁German ▁Championships ▁they ▁scored ▁second ▁at ▁the ▁World ▁Championships ▁in ▁T as mania . ▁After ▁the ▁German ▁reun ification ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 0 ▁the ▁row ing ▁clubs ▁of ▁western ▁and ▁eastern ▁Germany ▁united . ▁As ▁a ▁newly ▁formed ▁co x less ▁four ▁team , ▁Gab ri ele ▁Me hl , ▁Cer st in ▁Peters mann , ▁Jud ith ▁Ze id ler ▁and ▁Kath rin ▁Ha aker ▁won ▁the ▁German ▁Championship ▁and ▁scored ▁third ▁at ▁the ▁World ▁Championship . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 9 2 , ▁Gab ri ele ▁Me hl ▁was ▁member ▁of ▁a ▁co x less ▁four ▁with ▁Ant je ▁Frank , ▁Bir te ▁Sie ch ▁and ▁An net te ▁H ohn ▁at ▁the ▁Olympic ▁Games ▁ 1 9 9 2 . ▁They ▁scored ▁third , ▁arriving ▁after ▁both ▁the ▁Canadian ▁and ▁the ▁American ▁team . ▁ ▁Further ▁reading ▁▁ ▁National es ▁Olymp isches ▁Kom ite e ▁für ▁Deutschland : |
▁Barcelona ▁ 1 9 9 2 . ▁Die ▁de utsche ▁Olymp iam ann schaft . ▁Frankfurt ▁am ▁Main ▁ 1 9 9 2 ▁( G erman ) ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁▁ ▁Gab ri ele ▁Me hl ▁( database ▁of ▁Sports - Reference ) ▁ ▁German ▁co x less ▁four ▁championship s ▁▁▁ ▁Category : 1 9 6 7 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : Row ers ▁at ▁the ▁ 1 9 8 8 ▁Summer ▁Olympics ▁Category : Row ers ▁at ▁the ▁ 1 9 9 2 ▁Summer ▁Olympics ▁Category : O lymp ic ▁bronze ▁medal ists ▁for ▁Germany ▁Category : O lymp ic ▁row ers ▁of ▁West ▁Germany ▁Category : O lymp ic ▁row ers ▁of ▁Germany ▁Category : O lymp ic ▁medal ists ▁in ▁row ing ▁Category : West ▁German ▁female ▁row ers ▁Category : World ▁Row ing ▁Championships ▁medal ists ▁for ▁West ▁Germany ▁Category : World ▁Row ing ▁Championships ▁medal ists ▁for ▁Germany ▁Category : Med al ists ▁at ▁the ▁ 1 9 9 2 ▁Summer ▁Olympics <0x0A> </s> ▁D . ▁Gordon ▁Smith ▁( born ▁ 1 6 ▁November ▁ 1 9 6 2 ) ▁is ▁the ▁current ▁de an ▁of ▁the ▁J . ▁Re ub en ▁Clark ▁Law ▁School ▁of ▁Br igh am ▁Young ▁University ▁( BY U ). ▁Smith ▁has ▁taught ▁classes ▁in ▁business ▁associations , ▁contracts , ▁corporate ▁finance , ▁law ▁& ▁entrepreneur ship , ▁and ▁secur ities ▁regulation . ▁ ▁Smith ▁was ▁born ▁in ▁Bre mer ton , ▁Washington . |
▁He ▁received ▁a ▁b achelor ' s ▁degree ▁in ▁accounting ▁from ▁BY U ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 6 . ▁ ▁He ▁then ▁went ▁to ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Chicago ▁Law ▁School ▁where ▁he ▁earned ▁his ▁J D ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 0 . ▁He ▁then ▁was ▁a ▁cl erk ▁for ▁W . ▁Eug ene ▁Davis ▁of ▁the ▁U . S . ▁Court ▁of ▁Appe als ▁for ▁the ▁Fifth ▁Circ uit . ▁Smith ▁spent ▁three ▁years ▁with ▁the ▁law ▁firm ▁of ▁Sk add en , ▁Ar ps , ▁Sl ate , ▁Me ag her ▁& ▁Fl om ▁before ▁joining ▁the ▁faculty ▁of ▁Lewis ▁and ▁Clark ▁Law ▁School . ▁After ▁being ▁on ▁the ▁faculty ▁there ▁for ▁a ▁few ▁years ▁he ▁was ▁a ▁professor ▁at ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Wisconsin – Mad ison ▁until ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁when ▁he ▁joined ▁the ▁BY U ▁faculty ▁with ▁the ▁appointment ▁of ▁being ▁the ▁Glen ▁L . ▁F arr ▁Professor ▁of ▁Law . ▁ ▁Smith ' s ▁main ▁expertise ▁is ▁in ▁business ▁law . ▁ ▁He ▁co - auth ored ▁with ▁C yn th ia ▁Williams ▁the ▁case book ▁Business ▁Organ izations : ▁C ases , ▁Pro ble ms ▁and ▁Case ▁Studies . ▁ ▁S ources ▁▁ ▁Smith ' s ▁vita ▁ ▁BY U ▁Law ▁School ▁bio ▁of ▁Smith ▁ ▁listing ▁of ▁BY U ▁law ▁profess ors ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁▁ ▁Category : 1 9 6 2 ▁birth s ▁Category : Br igh am ▁Young ▁University ▁al umn i ▁Category : Br igh am ▁Young ▁University ▁faculty ▁Category |
: L ew is ▁& ▁Clark ▁College ▁faculty ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : People ▁from ▁Bre mer ton , ▁Washington ▁Category : Sk add en , ▁Ar ps , ▁Sl ate , ▁Me ag her ▁& ▁Fl om ▁al umn i ▁Category : Univers ity ▁of ▁Chicago ▁Law ▁School ▁al umn i ▁Category : Univers ity ▁of ▁Wisconsin – Mad ison ▁faculty ▁Category : L aw ▁school ▁de ans <0x0A> </s> ▁Miss ▁Kum ari ▁( 1 9 3 2 – 1 9 6 9 ) ▁was ▁a ▁Mal ay al am ▁film ▁actress ▁active ▁between ▁ 1 9 4 9 ▁and ▁ 1 9 6 9 . ▁ ▁Early ▁life ▁Miss ▁Kum ari , ▁whose ▁real ▁name ▁was ▁Th res iam ma , ▁was ▁born ▁on ▁ 1 ▁June ▁ 1 9 3 2 , ▁to ▁Thomas ▁and ▁Eli y amma , ▁at ▁B har an ang an am ▁in ▁K ott ay am , ▁Tr av anc ore , ▁British ▁India , ▁which ▁is ▁now ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁state ▁of ▁Ker ala . ▁She ▁had ▁her ▁primary ▁education ▁from ▁B har ang an am ▁Sac red ▁He arts ▁high ▁school , ▁a ▁school ▁for ▁girls ▁run ▁by ▁Francis can ▁Clar ist ▁Sister s . ▁After ▁studies ▁she ▁worked ▁as ▁a ▁teacher ▁in ▁the ▁same ▁school . ▁ ▁Family ▁She ▁was ▁married ▁to ▁H orm is ▁Th ali ath , ▁a ▁F . A . C . T ▁engineer ▁and ▁the ▁couple ▁had ▁three ▁children : ▁Johnny , ▁Thomas ▁and ▁Bab |
u . ▁She ▁was ▁forced ▁to ▁stop ▁acting . ▁Grad ually , ▁she ▁disappeared ▁from ▁public ▁gaze , ▁conf ined ▁to ▁the ▁four ▁walls ▁of ▁her ▁house . ▁Johnny ▁is ▁in ▁the ▁movie ▁industry , ▁Thomas ▁is ▁an ▁engineer ▁in ▁California ▁and ▁Bab u ▁is ▁a ▁Professor ▁in ▁J aw ah arl al ▁Ne h ru ▁University ▁New ▁Delhi . ▁ ▁Mal ay al am ▁cinema ▁Miss ▁Kum ari ▁debut ed ▁in ▁Mal ay al am ▁with ▁the ▁ 1 9 4 9 ▁film ▁V ell in ak sh at ram . ▁She ▁got ▁her ▁break ▁through ▁the ▁ 1 9 5 0 ▁box ▁office ▁hit ▁film ▁N alla ▁Thank a . ▁S ath yan ▁and ▁Miss ▁Kum ari ▁were ▁elev ated ▁to ▁st ard om ▁after ▁the ▁huge ▁success ▁of ▁the ▁film ▁Ne el ak uy il ▁( 1 9 5 4 ). ▁She ▁acted ▁in ▁more ▁than ▁ 5 0 ▁films , ▁in ▁a ▁career ▁sp anning ▁about ▁two ▁decades . ▁She ▁has ▁acted ▁in ▁a ▁few ▁T amil ▁movies ▁as ▁well . ▁Pet r aval ▁K anda ▁Per uv az h v u ▁along ▁with ▁Prem ▁Naz ir ▁was ▁one ▁among ▁them . ▁Another ▁one ▁was ▁K anch ana . ▁She ▁also ▁received ▁the ▁Mad ras ▁State ▁award ▁for ▁best ▁actress ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 6 . ▁She ▁died ▁on ▁ 9 ▁June ▁ 1 9 6 9 . ▁The ▁newspapers ▁had ▁a ▁bold ▁heading , ▁but ▁very ▁little ▁details ▁on ▁her ▁death . ▁It ▁simply ▁read ▁something ▁like |
▁" Miss ▁Kum ari ▁was ▁rushed ▁to ▁J aw ah arl al ▁Memorial ▁Hospital , ▁U dy og am andal , ▁following ▁a ▁stomach ▁a il ment ▁but ▁she ▁died ▁on ▁the ▁way ". ▁The ▁bur ial ▁took ▁place ▁in ▁B har an ang an am , ▁her ▁native ▁place . ▁Miss ▁Kum ari ▁Memorial ▁Mini ▁Stadium ▁was ▁built ▁in ▁B har an ang an am , ▁which ▁was ▁inaugur ated ▁by ▁veteran ▁actor ▁Prem ▁Naz ir . ▁ ▁Film ography ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁▁▁ ▁Category : 1 9 3 2 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 9 6 9 ▁deaths ▁Category : Ind ian ▁film ▁actress es ▁Category : Act ress es ▁from ▁K ott ay am ▁Category : Act ress es ▁in ▁Mal ay al am ▁cinema ▁Category : 2 0 th - century ▁Indian ▁actress es <0x0A> </s> ▁Edward ▁Lee ▁Victor ▁Howard ▁( 2 7 ▁October ▁ 1 9 5 1 ▁– ▁ 1 2 ▁July ▁ 2 0 0 2 ) ▁was ▁a ▁CIA ▁case ▁officer ▁who ▁defect ed ▁to ▁the ▁Soviet ▁Union . ▁ ▁Pre - CI A ▁career ▁Howard ▁served ▁as ▁a ▁Peace ▁Corps ▁volunteer ▁in ▁Buc aram anga , ▁Colombia . ▁There ▁he ▁met ▁Mary ▁C ed ar leaf ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 3 , ▁and ▁they ▁were ▁married ▁three ▁years ▁later ▁in ▁St . ▁Paul , ▁Minnesota . ▁In ▁ 1 9 7 6 , ▁Howard ▁earned ▁a ▁master ' s ▁degree ▁in ▁business ▁administration ▁from ▁the ▁American ▁University ▁in ▁Washington |
, ▁D . C ., ▁and ▁joined ▁USA ID . ▁In ▁February ▁ 1 9 7 7 , ▁the ▁How ards ▁left ▁for ▁two ▁years ▁to ▁live ▁in ▁L ima , ▁Peru , ▁where ▁he ▁worked ▁on ▁loan ▁projects . ▁There ▁is ▁no ▁evidence ▁to ▁suggest ▁that ▁Howard ▁was ▁anything ▁but ▁a ▁USA ID ▁loan ▁officer . ▁After ▁Peru , ▁the ▁How ards ▁returned ▁to ▁the ▁United ▁States , ▁and ▁he ▁went ▁to ▁work ▁in ▁Chicago ▁for ▁a ▁company ▁doing ▁environmental ▁work . ▁On ▁March ▁ 1 9 , ▁ 1 9 8 3 , ▁the ▁How ards ▁had ▁a ▁son ▁named ▁Lee ▁Howard . ▁ ▁CIA ▁career ▁Howard ▁was ▁hired ▁by ▁the ▁CIA ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 0 ▁and ▁was ▁later ▁joined ▁by ▁his ▁wife , ▁Mary , ▁where ▁they ▁were ▁both ▁trained ▁in ▁intelligence ▁and ▁counter - int elligence ▁methods . ▁Short ly ▁after ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁their ▁training ▁and ▁before ▁going ▁on ▁their ▁first ▁assignment , ▁a ▁routine ▁poly graph ▁test ▁indicated ▁that ▁he ▁had ▁lied ▁about ▁past ▁drug ▁use , ▁and ▁he ▁was ▁fired ▁by ▁the ▁CIA ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 3 ▁shortly ▁before ▁he ▁was ▁to ▁report ▁to ▁the ▁CIA ' s ▁station ▁at ▁the ▁American ▁emb assy ▁in ▁Moscow . ▁ ▁Dis gr unt led ▁over ▁the ▁perceived ▁unfair ness ▁of ▁having ▁been ▁dismissed ▁over ▁accus ations ▁of ▁drug ▁use , ▁pet ty ▁theft ▁and ▁de ception , ▁he ▁began ▁to ▁abuse ▁alcohol . ▁He ▁then ▁began ▁making ▁mysterious ▁phone ▁calls ▁to ▁some ▁former ▁colleagues |
, ▁both ▁in ▁Washington ▁and ▁in ▁Moscow . ▁In ▁February ▁ 1 9 8 4 ▁after ▁a ▁drunk en ▁b raw l ▁he ▁was ▁arrested ▁and ▁charged ▁with ▁assault ▁with ▁a ▁deadly ▁weapon . ▁The ▁charges ▁were ▁later ▁reduced ▁to ▁ag grav ated ▁assault . ▁ ▁At ▁some ▁point ▁Howard ▁apparently ▁began ▁providing ▁classified ▁information ▁to ▁the ▁K GB , ▁possibly ▁contact ing ▁K GB ▁officers ▁in ▁Austria ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 4 ▁during ▁a ▁visit ▁there . ▁His ▁information ▁has ▁been ▁bl amed ▁for ▁expos ing ▁Ad olf ▁Tol k ache v ▁who ▁was ▁then ▁executed ▁by ▁the ▁K GB . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 8 5 , ▁the ▁CIA ▁was ▁severely ▁sh aken ▁by ▁several ▁security ▁le aks ▁that ▁led ▁to ▁exposure ▁of ▁officers ▁and ▁assets . ▁On ▁August ▁ 1 , ▁ 1 9 8 5 , ▁after ▁twenty - five ▁years ▁of ▁service ▁in ▁the ▁K GB , ▁V ital y ▁Y ur chen ko ▁walked ▁into ▁the ▁US ▁Emb assy ▁in ▁Rome ▁and ▁defect ed ▁to ▁the ▁United ▁States . ▁In ▁the ▁following ▁interrog ations ▁by ▁the ▁CIA , ▁he ▁accused ▁Howard ▁and ▁another ▁officer , ▁Ronald ▁Pel ton , ▁of ▁working ▁for ▁the ▁K GB . ▁In ▁November ▁of ▁that ▁year , ▁Y ur chen ko ▁himself ▁re - def ect ed ▁back ▁to ▁the ▁Soviet ▁Union . ▁It ▁has ▁been ▁suggested ▁that ▁Y ur chen ko ▁was ▁acting ▁as ▁a ▁re - d ou bled ▁agent , ▁seeking ▁to ▁fool ▁the ▁CIA ▁with ▁wrong |
▁leads ▁to ▁protect ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁Soviet ▁Union ' s ▁most ▁important ▁CIA ▁double - ag ents , ▁Ald rich ▁Am es . ▁ ▁Sur ve illance ▁and ▁escape ▁to ▁H els ink i ▁The ▁FBI ▁began ▁watching ▁the ▁How ards ▁in ▁Santa ▁Fe , ▁New ▁Mexico . ▁A ▁search ▁warrant ▁was ▁subsequently ▁secured ▁to ▁tap ▁the ▁How ards ’ ▁phone . ▁On ▁September ▁ 2 0 , ▁ 1 9 8 5 , ▁Howard ▁walked ▁up ▁to ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁a ▁surveillance ▁team ▁and ▁indicated ▁that ▁he ▁was ▁ready ▁to ▁talk ▁but ▁wanted ▁first ▁to ▁get ▁a ▁lawyer ; ▁a ▁meeting ▁was ▁scheduled ▁for ▁the ▁following ▁week . ▁ ▁The ▁following ▁night , ▁however , ▁Howard ▁disappeared . ▁ ▁As ▁he ▁and ▁his ▁wife ▁Mary ▁drove ▁back ▁from ▁a ▁dinner ▁away ▁from ▁their ▁home , ▁Howard ▁le apt ▁from ▁the ▁car ▁as ▁Mary ▁slowed ▁to ▁round ▁a ▁corner . ▁He ▁left ▁a ▁dummy ▁made ▁from ▁stuffed ▁clothes ▁and ▁an ▁old ▁w ig ▁stand ▁in ▁his ▁seat ▁to ▁fool ▁the ▁purs uing ▁agents , ▁and ▁fled ▁to ▁Al bu quer que , ▁where ▁he ▁took ▁a ▁plane ▁to ▁New ▁York ▁City . ▁Once ▁at ▁home , ▁Mary ▁called ▁a ▁number ▁she ▁knew ▁would ▁reach ▁an ▁answering ▁machine , ▁and ▁played ▁a ▁pre - record ed ▁message ▁from ▁Edward ▁to ▁fool ▁the ▁wire t ap ▁and ▁buy ▁her ▁husband ▁more ▁time . ▁From ▁New ▁York , ▁Howard ▁flew ▁to ▁H els ink i , ▁and ▁there ▁he ▁walked ▁into ▁the ▁Soviet ▁emb assy . |
▁ ▁Howard ▁maintained ▁his ▁innoc ence ▁until ▁his ▁death . ▁He ▁only ▁fled , ▁he ▁said , ▁because ▁he ▁could ▁see ▁the ▁agency ▁had ▁chosen ▁him ▁to ▁fill ▁Y ur chen ko ’ s ▁profile ▁and ▁wanted ▁a ▁sc ap ego at . ▁Howard ▁insisted ▁he ▁refused ▁to ▁div ul ge ▁anything ▁of ▁real ▁importance ▁in ▁exchange ▁for ▁his ▁Soviet ▁protection . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 9 5 ▁Howard ’ s ▁mem oirs , ▁called ▁Safe ▁House , ▁were ▁published ▁by ▁National ▁Press ▁Books ▁in ▁which ▁Howard ▁indicated ▁that ▁he ▁was ▁prepared ▁for ▁a ▁ple a ▁barg ain ▁with ▁the ▁U . S . ▁ ▁Death ▁Howard ▁died ▁on ▁July ▁ 1 2 , ▁ 2 0 0 2 , ▁at ▁his ▁Russian ▁d ach a , ▁reported ly ▁from ▁a ▁broken ▁neck ▁after ▁a ▁fall ▁in ▁his ▁home . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁▁ ▁Robert ▁Hans sen ▁ ▁Ald rich ▁Am es ▁ ▁Harold ▁James ▁Nich ol son ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁ ▁Par ano ia ▁Magazine ▁interview ▁ ▁Peace ▁Corps ▁bi ography ▁of ▁Edward ▁Lee ▁Howard ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 5 1 ▁birth s ▁Category : 2 0 0 2 ▁deaths ▁Category : American ▁intelligence ▁personnel ▁who ▁defect ed ▁to ▁the ▁Soviet ▁Union ▁Category : Pe ace ▁Corps ▁volunteers ▁Category : People ▁from ▁Santa ▁Fe , ▁New ▁Mexico ▁Category : People ▁of ▁the ▁Central ▁Intelligence ▁Agency ▁Category : Double ▁agents ▁Category : F ug it ives ▁wanted ▁under ▁the ▁Esp ion age ▁Act ▁of ▁ 1 9 |
1 7 ▁Category : People ▁granted ▁political ▁as yl um ▁in ▁the ▁Soviet ▁Union ▁Category : American ▁mem oir ists <0x0A> </s> ▁In ▁mathemat ics , ▁the ▁limit ▁of ▁a ▁sequence ▁of ▁sets ▁A 1 , ▁A 2 , ▁... ▁( sub sets ▁of ▁a ▁common ▁set ▁X ) ▁is ▁a ▁set ▁whose ▁elements ▁are ▁determined ▁by ▁the ▁sequence ▁in ▁either ▁of ▁two ▁equivalent ▁ways : ▁( 1 ) ▁by ▁upper ▁and ▁lower ▁bounds ▁on ▁the ▁sequence ▁that ▁conver ge ▁mon oton ically ▁to ▁the ▁same ▁set ▁( anal og ous ▁to ▁convergence ▁of ▁real - val ued ▁sequences ) ▁and ▁( 2 ) ▁by ▁convergence ▁of ▁a ▁sequence ▁of ▁indicator ▁functions ▁which ▁are ▁themselves ▁real - val ued . ▁As ▁is ▁the ▁case ▁with ▁sequences ▁of ▁other ▁objects , ▁convergence ▁is ▁not ▁necessary ▁or ▁even ▁usual . ▁ ▁More ▁generally , ▁again ▁analog ous ▁to ▁real - val ued ▁sequences , ▁the ▁less ▁restrict ive ▁limit ▁inf imum ▁and ▁limit ▁sup rem um ▁of ▁a ▁set ▁sequence ▁always ▁exist ▁and ▁can ▁be ▁used ▁to ▁determine ▁convergence : ▁the ▁limit ▁exists ▁if ▁the ▁limit ▁inf imum ▁and ▁limit ▁sup rem um ▁are ▁identical . ▁( See ▁below ). ▁Such ▁set ▁limits ▁are ▁essential ▁in ▁measure ▁theory ▁and ▁probability . ▁ ▁It ▁is ▁a ▁common ▁mis con ception ▁that ▁the ▁limits ▁inf imum ▁and ▁sup rem um ▁described ▁here ▁involve ▁sets ▁of ▁accum ulation ▁points , ▁that ▁is , ▁sets ▁of ▁x ▁= ▁lim k → ∞ x k , ▁where ▁each ▁x k |
▁is ▁in ▁some ▁An k . ▁This ▁is ▁only ▁true ▁if ▁convergence ▁is ▁determined ▁by ▁the ▁discrete ▁metric ▁( that ▁is , ▁x n ▁→ ▁x ▁if ▁there ▁is ▁N ▁such ▁that ▁x n ▁= ▁x ▁for ▁all ▁n ▁ ≥ ▁N ). ▁This ▁article ▁is ▁restricted ▁to ▁that ▁situation ▁as ▁it ▁is ▁the ▁only ▁one ▁relevant ▁for ▁measure ▁theory ▁and ▁probability . ▁ ▁See ▁the ▁examples ▁below . ▁( On ▁the ▁other ▁hand , ▁there ▁are ▁more ▁general ▁top ological ▁not ions ▁of ▁set ▁convergence ▁that ▁do ▁involve ▁accum ulation ▁points ▁under ▁different ▁metrics ▁or ▁top ologies .) ▁ ▁Def initions ▁ ▁The ▁two ▁definitions ▁Suppose ▁that ▁ ▁is ▁a ▁sequence ▁of ▁sets . ▁The ▁two ▁equivalent ▁definitions ▁are ▁as ▁follows . ▁ ▁Using ▁union ▁and ▁intersection , ▁define ▁▁▁ ▁and ▁▁▁ ▁If ▁these ▁two ▁sets ▁are ▁equal , ▁then ▁the ▁set - the oret ic ▁limit ▁of ▁the ▁sequence ▁An ▁exists ▁and ▁is ▁equal ▁to ▁that ▁common ▁set . ▁Either ▁set ▁as ▁described ▁above ▁can ▁be ▁used ▁to ▁get ▁the ▁limit , ▁and ▁there ▁may ▁be ▁other ▁means ▁to ▁get ▁the ▁limit ▁as ▁well . ▁ ▁Using ▁indicator ▁functions , ▁let ▁ 1 An ( x ) ▁equal ▁ 1 ▁if ▁x ▁is ▁in ▁An ▁and ▁ 0 ▁otherwise . ▁Define ▁▁ ▁and ▁▁ ▁where ▁the ▁expressions ▁inside ▁the ▁br ack ets ▁on ▁the ▁right ▁are , ▁respectively , ▁the ▁limit ▁inf imum ▁and ▁limit ▁sup rem um ▁of ▁the ▁real - val ued ▁sequence ▁ 1 An ( x ). |
▁Again , ▁if ▁these ▁two ▁sets ▁are ▁equal , ▁then ▁the ▁set - the oret ic ▁limit ▁of ▁the ▁sequence ▁An ▁exists ▁and ▁is ▁equal ▁to ▁that ▁common ▁set , ▁and ▁either ▁set ▁as ▁described ▁above ▁can ▁be ▁used ▁to ▁get ▁the ▁limit . ▁ ▁To ▁see ▁the ▁equival ence ▁of ▁the ▁definitions , ▁consider ▁the ▁limit ▁inf imum . ▁The ▁use ▁of ▁De M organ ' s ▁rule ▁below ▁explains ▁why ▁this ▁suff ices ▁for ▁the ▁limit ▁sup rem um . ▁Since ▁indicator ▁functions ▁take ▁only ▁values ▁ 0 ▁and ▁ 1 , ▁ ▁if ▁and ▁only ▁if ▁ 1 An ( x ) ▁takes ▁value ▁ 0 ▁only ▁fin it ely ▁many ▁times . ▁Equ ival ently , ▁if ▁and ▁only ▁if ▁there ▁exists ▁n ▁such ▁that ▁the ▁element ▁is ▁in ▁Am ▁for ▁every ▁m ▁ ≥ ▁n , ▁which ▁is ▁to ▁say ▁if ▁and ▁only ▁if ▁x ▁ ∉ ▁An ▁for ▁only ▁fin it ely ▁many ▁n . ▁ ▁Therefore , ▁x ▁is ▁in ▁the ▁ ▁if f ▁x ▁is ▁in ▁all ▁except ▁fin it ely ▁many ▁An . ▁For ▁this ▁reason , ▁a ▁sh orth and ▁phrase ▁for ▁the ▁limit ▁inf imum ▁is ▁" x ▁ ∈ ▁An ▁all ▁except ▁fin it ely ▁often " ▁( or ▁" x ▁ ∈ ▁An ▁all ▁but ▁fin it ely ▁often "), ▁typically ▁expressed ▁by ▁" An ▁a . e . f . o ." ▁( or ▁by ▁" An ▁a . b . f . o ." ). ▁ ▁Similarly , |
▁an ▁element ▁x ▁is ▁in ▁the ▁limit ▁sup rem um ▁if , ▁no ▁matter ▁how ▁large ▁n ▁is ▁there ▁exists ▁m ▁ ≥ ▁n ▁such ▁that ▁the ▁element ▁is ▁in ▁Am . ▁That ▁is , ▁x ▁is ▁in ▁the ▁limit ▁sup rem um ▁if f ▁x ▁is ▁in ▁inf initely ▁many ▁An . ▁For ▁this ▁reason , ▁a ▁sh orth and ▁phrase ▁for ▁the ▁limit ▁sup rem um ▁is ▁" x ▁ ∈ ▁An ▁inf initely ▁often ", ▁typically ▁expressed ▁by ▁" An ▁i . o ." . ▁ ▁To ▁put ▁it ▁another ▁way , ▁the ▁limit ▁inf imum ▁consists ▁of ▁elements ▁that ▁" event ually ▁stay ▁forever " ▁( are ▁in ▁each ▁set ▁after ▁some ▁n ), ▁while ▁the ▁limit ▁sup rem um ▁consists ▁of ▁elements ▁that ▁" never ▁leave ▁forever " ▁( are ▁in ▁some ▁set ▁after ▁each ▁n ). ▁ ▁Mon ot one ▁sequences ▁ ▁The ▁sequence ▁{ An } ▁is ▁said ▁to ▁be ▁non in cre asing ▁if ▁each ▁An + 1 ▁ ⊂ ▁An ▁and ▁non de cre asing ▁if ▁each ▁An ▁ ⊂ ▁An + 1 . ▁In ▁each ▁of ▁these ▁cases ▁the ▁set ▁limit ▁exists . ▁Consider , ▁for ▁example , ▁a ▁non in cre asing ▁sequence ▁{ An }. ▁Then ▁▁ ▁From ▁these ▁it ▁follows ▁that ▁ ▁Similarly , ▁if ▁{ An } ▁is ▁non de cre asing ▁then ▁ ▁Properties ▁If ▁the ▁limit ▁of ▁ 1 An ( x ), ▁as ▁n ▁goes ▁to ▁in finity , ▁exists ▁for ▁all ▁x ▁then ▁▁ ▁Otherwise |
, ▁the ▁limit ▁for ▁{ An } ▁does ▁not ▁exist . ▁ ▁It ▁can ▁be ▁shown ▁that ▁the ▁limit ▁inf imum ▁is ▁contained ▁in ▁the ▁limit ▁sup rem um : ▁▁ ▁for ▁example , ▁simply ▁by ▁observ ing ▁that ▁x ▁ ∈ ▁An ▁all ▁except ▁fin it ely ▁often ▁implies ▁x ▁ ∈ ▁An ▁inf initely ▁often . ▁ ▁Using ▁the ▁mon ot onic ity ▁of ▁ ▁and ▁of ▁, ▁ ▁By ▁using ▁De M organ ' s ▁rule ▁twice , ▁with ▁set ▁complement ▁Ac ▁= ▁X \ A , ▁ ▁That ▁is , ▁x ▁ ∈ ▁An ▁all ▁except ▁fin it ely ▁often ▁is ▁the ▁same ▁as ▁x ▁ ∉ ▁An ▁fin it ely ▁often . ▁ ▁From ▁the ▁second ▁definition ▁above ▁and ▁the ▁definitions ▁for ▁limit ▁inf imum ▁and ▁limit ▁sup rem um ▁of ▁a ▁real - val ued ▁sequence , ▁▁ ▁and ▁ ▁Suppose ▁ ▁is ▁a ▁ σ - al gebra ▁of ▁sub sets ▁of ▁X . ▁That ▁is , ▁ ▁is ▁non empty ▁and ▁is ▁closed ▁under ▁complement ▁and ▁under ▁un ions ▁and ▁inter sections ▁of ▁count ably ▁many ▁sets . ▁Then , ▁by ▁the ▁first ▁definition ▁above , ▁if ▁each ▁An ▁ ∈ ▁ ▁then ▁both ▁ ▁and ▁ ▁are ▁elements ▁of ▁. ▁ ▁Examples ▁Let ▁ ▁Then ▁ ▁and ▁ ▁So ▁ ▁exists . ▁ ▁Change ▁the ▁previous ▁example ▁to ▁ ▁Then ▁ ▁and ▁ ▁So ▁ ▁does ▁not ▁exist , ▁despite ▁the ▁fact ▁that ▁the ▁left ▁and ▁right ▁end points ▁of ▁the ▁intervals ▁conver ge |
▁to ▁ 0 ▁and ▁ 1 , ▁respectively . ▁ ▁Let ▁} . ▁ ▁Then ▁▁▁ ▁( which ▁is ▁all ▁rational ▁numbers ▁between ▁ 0 ▁and ▁ 1 , ▁inclusive ) ▁since ▁even ▁for ▁j ▁< ▁n ▁and ▁ 0 ▁ ≤ ▁k ▁ ≤ ▁j , ▁k / j ▁= ▁( n × k )/ ( n × j ) ▁is ▁an ▁element ▁of ▁the ▁above . ▁Therefore , ▁▁▁ ▁On ▁the ▁other ▁hand , ▁▁ ▁which ▁implies ▁▁▁ ▁In ▁this ▁case , ▁the ▁sequence ▁A 1 , ▁A 2 , ▁... ▁does ▁not ▁have ▁a ▁limit . ▁Note ▁that ▁ ▁is ▁not ▁the ▁set ▁of ▁accum ulation ▁points , ▁which ▁would ▁be ▁the ▁entire ▁interval ▁ ▁( acc ording ▁to ▁the ▁usual ▁Eu cl ide an ▁metric ). ▁ ▁Pro b ability ▁uses ▁Set ▁limits , ▁particularly ▁the ▁limit ▁inf imum ▁and ▁the ▁limit ▁sup rem um , ▁are ▁essential ▁for ▁probability ▁and ▁measure ▁theory . ▁Such ▁limits ▁are ▁used ▁to ▁calculate ▁( or ▁prove ) ▁the ▁prob abilities ▁and ▁measures ▁of ▁other , ▁more ▁purpose ful , ▁sets . ▁For ▁the ▁following , ▁ ▁is ▁a ▁probability ▁space , ▁which ▁means ▁ ▁is ▁a ▁ σ - al gebra ▁of ▁sub sets ▁of ▁ ▁and ▁ ▁is ▁a ▁probability ▁measure ▁defined ▁on ▁that ▁ σ - al gebra . ▁Sets ▁in ▁the ▁ σ - al gebra ▁are ▁known ▁as ▁events . ▁ ▁If ▁A 1 , ▁A 2 , ▁... ▁is ▁a ▁mon ot one ▁sequence ▁of ▁events ▁in |
▁ ▁then ▁ ▁exists ▁and ▁ ▁B ore l – C ant elli ▁le mm as ▁In ▁probability , ▁the ▁two ▁B ore l – C ant elli ▁le mm as ▁can ▁be ▁useful ▁for ▁showing ▁that ▁the ▁lim sup ▁of ▁a ▁sequence ▁of ▁events ▁has ▁probability ▁equal ▁to ▁ 1 ▁or ▁to ▁ 0 . ▁The ▁statement ▁of ▁the ▁first ▁( original ) ▁B ore l – C ant elli ▁le mma ▁is ▁ ▁The ▁second ▁B ore l – C ant elli ▁le mma ▁is ▁a ▁partial ▁con verse : ▁ ▁Almost ▁sure ▁convergence ▁One ▁of ▁the ▁most ▁important ▁applications ▁to ▁probability ▁is ▁for ▁demonstr ating ▁the ▁almost ▁sure ▁convergence ▁of ▁a ▁sequence ▁of ▁random ▁variables . ▁The ▁event ▁that ▁a ▁sequence ▁of ▁random ▁variables ▁Y 1 , ▁Y 2 , ▁... ▁conver ges ▁to ▁another ▁random ▁variable ▁Y ▁is ▁formally ▁expressed ▁as ▁. ▁It ▁would ▁be ▁a ▁mistake , ▁however , ▁to ▁write ▁this ▁simply ▁as ▁a ▁lim sup ▁of ▁events . ▁ ▁That ▁is , ▁this ▁is ▁not ▁the ▁event ▁! ▁Instead , ▁the ▁complement ▁of ▁the ▁event ▁is ▁▁ ▁Therefore , ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : Set ▁theory ▁ ▁Category : Pro b ability ▁theory <0x0A> </s> ▁" Ch ains ▁Of ▁Love ", ▁a ▁ 1 2 - bar ▁blues , ▁was ▁written ▁by ▁Doc ▁Pom us ▁( a . k . a . ▁Jer ome ▁Sol on ▁Fel der ) ▁who ▁sold ▁the ▁copyright ▁to ▁Ah met ▁Er te gun ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 0 |
▁for ▁$ 5 0 . 0 0 ▁( refer encing ▁Doc ▁Pom us ▁and ▁his ▁family ). ▁ ▁Since ▁Er te gun ▁owned ▁the ▁copyright ▁from ▁that ▁point ▁forward , ▁he ▁had ▁legal ▁right ▁to ▁claim ▁the ▁song ▁as ▁his ▁own ▁which ▁he ▁did ▁using ▁the ▁pseud onym ▁" A . ▁Nu get re ". ▁ ▁The ▁song ▁has ▁chart ed ▁numerous ▁times ▁in ▁the ▁US ▁and ▁abroad ▁the ▁first ▁by ▁Big ▁Joe ▁Turner ▁( as ▁Joe ▁Turner ) ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 1 ▁reaching ▁number ▁ 2 ▁on ▁the ▁US ▁Bill board ▁R & B ▁chart .. ▁ ▁Turner ' s ▁version ▁was ▁his ▁first ▁success ▁on ▁the ▁Atlantic ▁label ▁established ▁by ▁Er te gun . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 5 6 , ▁the ▁song ▁was ▁covered ▁by ▁Pat ▁Bo one , ▁whose ▁version ▁made ▁no . ▁ 1 0 ▁on ▁the ▁Bill board ▁Hot ▁ 1 0 0 . ▁ ▁Another ▁commer c ially ▁successful ▁version ▁was ▁by ▁Bobby ▁B land , ▁whose ▁recording ▁reached ▁no . ▁ 9 ▁on ▁the ▁R & B ▁chart ▁and ▁no . ▁ 6 0 ▁on ▁the ▁Hot ▁ 1 0 0 ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 9 . ▁ ▁American ▁country ▁music ▁artist ▁Mic key ▁Gil ley ▁released ▁this ▁song ▁in ▁October ▁ 1 9 7 7 ▁as ▁the ▁third ▁and ▁final ▁single ▁from ▁his ▁album , ▁First ▁Class . ▁The ▁song ▁reached ▁number ▁ 9 ▁on ▁the ▁U . S . ▁Bill board ▁Hot ▁Country ▁Singles ▁chart [ 1 ] ▁and |
▁number ▁ 7 ▁on ▁the ▁Canadian ▁R PM ▁Country ▁Tr acks ▁chart ▁in ▁Canada . ▁ ▁Other ▁Cover ▁versions ▁The ▁Hollywood ▁Fl ames ▁released ▁a ▁version ▁of ▁the ▁song ▁as ▁a ▁single ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 8 . ▁ ▁Other ▁covers ▁include : ▁Johnny ▁Burn ette ▁& ▁The ▁Rock ▁' N ' ▁Roll ▁T rio ▁( 1 9 5 7 ); ▁Sam ▁Co oke ▁( 1 9 6 2 ); ▁B . ▁B . ▁King ▁( 1 9 6 2 ); ▁Bobby ▁' Blue ' ▁B land ▁( 1 9 6 9 ); ▁Little ▁Richard ▁( 1 9 7 3 ); ▁Lou ▁Raw ls ▁( 1 9 9 2 ); ▁and ▁Ir ma ▁Thomas ▁( 1 9 9 2 ). ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 5 1 ▁songs ▁Category : 1 9 5 1 ▁singles ▁Category : 1 9 5 6 ▁singles ▁Category : 1 9 5 8 ▁singles ▁Category : 1 9 5 9 ▁singles ▁Category : S ongs ▁written ▁by ▁Ah met ▁Er te gun ▁Category : Big ▁Joe ▁Turner ▁songs ▁Category : Pat ▁Bo one ▁songs ▁Category : B obby ▁B land ▁songs ▁Category : The ▁Hollywood ▁Fl ames ▁songs ▁Category : At l antic ▁Records ▁singles <0x0A> </s> ▁Cap ella ▁Air craft ▁Corporation ▁was ▁an ▁American ▁aircraft ▁manufacturer ▁based ▁in ▁Austin , ▁Texas . ▁Form ed ▁about ▁ 1 9 8 8 , ▁the ▁company ▁specialized ▁in ▁the ▁design ▁and ▁manufact ure ▁of ▁light ▁aircraft ▁in ▁the ▁form ▁of ▁k its ▁for ▁amateur ▁construction , |
▁including ▁for ▁the ▁US ▁F AR ▁ 1 0 3 ▁Ul tr al ight ▁V eh icles ▁rules . ▁The ▁company ▁went ▁out ▁of ▁business ▁about ▁ 2 0 0 7 . ▁ ▁Cap ella ▁produced ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁aircraft ▁designs , ▁all ▁of ▁a ▁str ut - br aced , ▁high ▁wing ▁configuration . ▁The ▁first ▁series ▁were ▁all ▁en closed ▁cock pit ▁designs , ▁starting ▁with ▁the ▁Cap ella ▁SS , ▁a ▁single ▁seat ▁model ▁introduced ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 8 . ▁In ▁ 1 9 9 0 ▁the ▁Cap ella ▁X S ▁two - se at ▁conventional ▁landing ▁gear ▁model ▁followed , ▁along ▁with ▁a ▁tr icy cle ▁gear ▁model , ▁the ▁Cap ella ▁X LS . ▁The ▁Cap ella ▁Fast back ▁was ▁introduced ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 5 . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 9 8 ▁the ▁open ▁cock pit ▁single - se at ▁Cap ella ▁J avel in ▁I ▁was ▁introduced ▁as ▁a ▁F AR ▁ 1 0 3 ▁ul tr al ight . ▁This ▁was ▁followed ▁by ▁the ▁Cap ella ▁J avel in ▁II ▁the ▁same ▁year ▁and ▁finally ▁the ▁Cap ella ▁T - R apt or , ▁all ▁vari ants ▁of ▁the ▁basic ▁J avel in ▁design . ▁ ▁Air craft ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : Def unct ▁aircraft ▁manufacturers ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Category : U l tr al ight ▁aircraft ▁Category : Home built ▁aircraft <0x0A> </s> ▁U x bridge ▁() ▁is ▁a ▁subur ban ▁town ▁in ▁west ▁London , ▁and |
▁the ▁administrative ▁headquarters ▁of ▁the ▁London ▁Bor ough ▁of ▁Hill ing don . ▁ ▁west - n orth west ▁of ▁Ch aring ▁Cross , ▁it ▁is ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁major ▁met ropolitan ▁cent res ▁identified ▁in ▁the ▁London ▁Plan . ▁U x bridge ▁histor ically ▁formed ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁parish ▁of ▁Hill ing don ▁in ▁the ▁county ▁of ▁M idd les ex , ▁and ▁was ▁a ▁significant ▁local ▁commercial ▁centre ▁from ▁an ▁early ▁time . ▁As ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁subur ban ▁growth ▁of ▁London ▁in ▁the ▁ 2 0 th ▁century ▁it ▁expanded ▁and ▁increased ▁in ▁population , ▁becoming ▁a ▁municipal ▁b orough ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 5 , ▁and ▁has ▁formed ▁part ▁of ▁Gre ater ▁London ▁since ▁ 1 9 6 5 . ▁It ▁is ▁a ▁significant ▁retail ▁and ▁commercial ▁centre , ▁and ▁is ▁the ▁location ▁of ▁Brun el ▁University ▁and ▁the ▁U x bridge ▁campus ▁of ▁Buck ingham shire ▁New ▁University . ▁The ▁town ▁is ▁close ▁to ▁the ▁boundary ▁with ▁Buck ingham shire , ▁which ▁is ▁locally ▁the ▁River ▁Col ne . ▁ ▁Several ▁historical ▁events ▁have ▁taken ▁place ▁in ▁and ▁around ▁the ▁town , ▁including ▁attempted ▁negotiations ▁between ▁King ▁Charles ▁I ▁and ▁the ▁Parliament ary ▁Army ▁during ▁the ▁English ▁Civil ▁War . ▁The ▁public ▁house ▁at ▁the ▁centre ▁of ▁those ▁events , ▁since ▁renamed ▁the ▁Crown ▁& ▁Treat y , ▁still ▁stands . ▁U x bridge ▁also ▁houses ▁the ▁Battle ▁of ▁Britain ▁B unk er , ▁from ▁where ▁the ▁air ▁defence ▁of ▁the ▁south - east ▁of ▁England ▁was |
▁coord inated ▁during ▁the ▁Battle ▁of ▁Britain . ▁Situ ated ▁in ▁R AF ▁U x bridge , ▁the ▁No . ▁ 1 1 ▁Group ▁Operations ▁Room ▁within ▁the ▁bunk er ▁played ▁a ▁crucial ▁role ▁during ▁the ▁battle ▁and ▁was ▁later ▁used ▁during ▁the ▁D - Day ▁land ings . ▁ ▁U x bridge ▁overall ▁includes ▁H are field , ▁I cken ham , ▁Hill ing don , ▁New year s ▁Green ▁and ▁Cow ley ; ▁altogether ▁are ▁represented ▁by ▁six ▁elect oral ▁w ards ▁that ▁are ▁used ▁for ▁the ▁election ▁of ▁coun c ill ors ▁to ▁Hill ing don ▁Council ▁and ▁for ▁statistical ▁purposes . ▁The ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁Census ▁recorded ▁a ▁population ▁figure ▁of ▁ 7 0 , 5 6 0 ▁for ▁all ▁w ards ▁combined . ▁ ▁History ▁ ▁Top onym y ▁ ▁The ▁name ▁of ▁the ▁town ▁is ▁derived ▁from ▁" W ix an ' s ▁Bridge ", ▁which ▁was ▁s ited ▁near ▁the ▁bottom ▁of ▁Oxford ▁Road ▁where ▁a ▁modern ▁road ▁bridge ▁now ▁stands , ▁beside ▁the ▁Sw an ▁and ▁B ott le ▁public ▁house . ▁The ▁W ix an ▁were ▁a ▁ 7 th - century ▁Sax on ▁tribe ▁from ▁Lincoln shire ▁who ▁also ▁began ▁to ▁settle ▁in ▁what ▁became ▁M idd les ex . ▁Ang lo - S ax ons ▁began ▁to ▁settle ▁and ▁farm ▁in ▁the ▁area ▁of ▁U x bridge ▁in ▁the ▁ 5 th ▁century , ▁clearing ▁the ▁dense ▁wood land ▁and ▁remaining ▁there ▁for ▁around ▁ 5 0 0 ▁years . |
▁Two ▁other ▁places ▁in ▁M idd les ex ▁bore ▁the ▁name ▁of ▁the ▁W ix an : ▁U x end on ▁(" W ix an ' s ▁Hill "), ▁a ▁name ▁now ▁preserved ▁only ▁in ▁the ▁street ▁names ▁of ▁U x end on ▁Hill ▁and ▁C res cent ▁in ▁H arrow , ▁and ▁W ax low ▁(" W ix an ' s ▁Wood ") ▁near ▁South all . ▁ ▁Arch ae ologists ▁found ▁Bron ze ▁Age ▁remains ▁( before ▁ 7 0 0 ▁BC ) ▁and ▁medieval ▁remains ▁during ▁the ▁construction ▁of ▁The ▁Ch imes ▁shopping ▁centre ; ▁two ▁miles ▁( 3 . 2 km ) ▁away ▁at ▁Den ham , ▁Upper ▁P ale ol ith ic ▁remains ▁have ▁been ▁found . ▁U x bridge ▁is ▁not ▁mentioned ▁in ▁the ▁Dom es day ▁Book ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 1 th ▁century , ▁but ▁a ▁hundred ▁years ▁later ▁the ▁existing ▁church , ▁St ▁Margaret ' s , ▁was ▁built . ▁The ▁town ▁appears ▁in ▁records ▁from ▁ 1 1 0 7 ▁as ▁" W ox br ig ge ", ▁and ▁became ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁El th orne ▁H undred ▁with ▁other ▁settlement s ▁in ▁the ▁area . ▁ ▁Early ▁developments ▁ ▁The ▁Parliament ary ▁Army ▁g arr ison ed ▁the ▁town ▁upon ▁the ▁outbreak ▁of ▁the ▁English ▁Civil ▁War ▁in ▁ 1 6 4 2 ▁and ▁established ▁their ▁headquarters ▁there ▁in ▁June ▁ 1 6 4 7 ▁on ▁a ▁line ▁from ▁St aines ▁to ▁Wat ford , ▁although ▁the ▁king ▁passed ▁through ▁U |
x bridge ▁in ▁April ▁ 1 6 4 6 , ▁resting ▁at ▁the ▁Red ▁Lion ▁public ▁house ▁for ▁several ▁hours . ▁Charles ▁I ▁met ▁with ▁representatives ▁of ▁Parliament ▁at ▁the ▁Crown ▁Inn ▁in ▁U x bridge ▁in ▁ 1 6 4 5 , ▁but ▁negotiations ▁for ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁host ilities ▁were ▁un successful ▁due ▁in ▁part ▁to ▁the ▁king ' s ▁stub born ▁attitude . ▁The ▁town ▁had ▁been ▁chosen ▁as ▁it ▁was ▁located ▁between ▁the ▁Royal ▁headquarters ▁at ▁Oxford ▁and ▁the ▁Parliament ary ▁strong hold ▁of ▁London . ▁ ▁The ▁covered ▁market ▁was ▁built ▁in ▁ 1 7 8 8 , ▁replacing ▁a ▁building ▁constructed ▁in ▁ 1 5 6 1 . ▁In ▁the ▁early ▁ 1 9 th ▁century , ▁U x bridge ▁had ▁an ▁uns av our y ▁reputation ; ▁the ▁jur ist ▁William ▁Arab in ▁said ▁of ▁its ▁residents ▁" They ▁will ▁steal ▁the ▁very ▁teeth ▁out ▁of ▁your ▁mouth ▁as ▁you ▁walk ▁through ▁the ▁streets . ▁I ▁know ▁it ▁from ▁experience ." ▁For ▁about ▁ 2 0 0 ▁years ▁most ▁of ▁London ' s ▁flour ▁was ▁produced ▁in ▁the ▁U x bridge ▁area . ▁ ▁The ▁Grand ▁Jun ction ▁Canal ▁opened ▁in ▁ 1 7 9 4 , ▁link ing ▁U x bridge ▁with ▁Birmingham . ▁By ▁ 1 8 0 0 ▁U x bridge ▁had ▁become ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁most ▁important ▁market ▁towns ▁in ▁M idd les ex , ▁helped ▁by ▁its ▁status ▁as ▁the ▁first ▁stopping ▁point ▁for ▁stage co aches ▁travelling ▁from ▁London ▁to |
▁Oxford . ▁The ▁development ▁of ▁U x bridge ▁declined ▁after ▁the ▁opening ▁of ▁the ▁Great ▁Western ▁Railway ▁in ▁ 1 8 3 8 , ▁which ▁passed ▁through ▁West ▁D ray ton . ▁A ▁branch ▁line ▁to ▁U x bridge ▁was ▁not ▁built ▁until ▁ 1 9 0 4 . ▁ ▁Har man ' s ▁Brew ery ▁was ▁established ▁in ▁U x bridge ▁by ▁George ▁Har man ▁in ▁ 1 7 6 3 , ▁and ▁moved ▁into ▁its ▁new ▁headquarters ▁in ▁U x bridge ▁High ▁Street ▁in ▁ 1 8 7 5 . ▁The ▁event ual ▁owners ▁of ▁the ▁brew ery , ▁Cour age , ▁closed ▁the ▁headquarters ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 4 . ▁It ▁was ▁demol ished ▁and ▁replaced ▁by ▁a ▁Bud gen ' s ▁super market , ▁which ▁in ▁turn ▁was ▁demol ished ▁with ▁the ▁construction ▁of ▁The ▁Ch imes ▁shopping ▁centre . ▁The ▁brew ery ▁building ▁in ▁George ▁Street ▁remained ▁in ▁place ▁until ▁it ▁was ▁demol ished ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 7 . ▁The ▁office ▁building ▁Har man ▁House ▁was ▁built ▁on ▁the ▁site ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 5 , ▁named ▁after ▁the ▁brew ery . ▁ ▁Urban ▁development ▁ ▁The ▁en closure ▁of ▁Hill ing don ▁Par ish ▁in ▁ 1 8 1 9 ▁saw ▁the ▁reduction ▁in ▁size ▁of ▁U x bridge ▁Common , ▁which ▁at ▁its ▁largest ▁had ▁been ▁ ▁in ▁circum ference . ▁The ▁common ▁originally ▁covered ▁both ▁sides ▁of ▁Park ▁Road ▁to ▁the ▁north ▁of ▁the ▁town ▁centre ▁but ▁now ▁covers ▁. ▁ |
▁In ▁ 1 8 7 1 ▁the ▁town ' s ▁first ▁purpose - built ▁police ▁station ▁was ▁built ▁in ▁Wind sor ▁Street . ▁The ▁building ▁included ▁three ▁cells ▁and ▁st ables . ▁The ▁Met ropolitan ▁Police ▁continued ▁to ▁use ▁the ▁building ▁until ▁ 1 9 8 8 , ▁when ▁operations ▁moved ▁to ▁a ▁new ▁site ▁in ▁H are field ▁Road . ▁The ▁building ▁subsequently ▁became ▁the ▁Old ▁Bill ▁public ▁house ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 6 , ▁renamed ▁the ▁Fig ▁Tree ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 6 . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁early ▁ 1 9 0 0 s ▁the ▁U x bridge ▁and ▁District ▁Electric ity ▁Supp ly ▁Company ▁had ▁been ▁established ▁in ▁Water lo o ▁Road , ▁and ▁much ▁of ▁the ▁town ▁was ▁connected ▁by ▁ 1 9 0 2 , ▁although ▁some ▁houses ▁still ▁had ▁gas ▁lighting ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 2 . ▁A ▁water ▁tower ▁on ▁U x bridge ▁Common ▁was ▁built ▁in ▁ 1 9 0 6 , ▁re sem bling ▁a ▁church ▁tower , ▁to ▁improve ▁the ▁supply ▁to ▁the ▁town . ▁ ▁Wood ▁pan elling ▁from ▁a ▁room ▁in ▁the ▁Crown ▁& ▁Treat y ▁public ▁house ▁was ▁sold ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 4 ▁to ▁an ▁American ▁business man , ▁who ▁installed ▁it ▁in ▁his ▁office ▁in ▁the ▁Empire ▁State ▁Building ▁in ▁New ▁York . ▁It ▁was ▁returned ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 3 ▁as ▁a ▁gift ▁to ▁the ▁newly ▁c rowned ▁Queen ▁Elizabeth ▁II ▁and ▁returned ▁to ▁the ▁house , ▁although ▁the ▁mon arch ▁retained |
▁ownership . ▁ ▁On ▁ 3 1 ▁August ▁ 1 9 3 5 ▁U x bridge ▁L ido , ▁an ▁outdoor ▁swimming ▁pool ▁built ▁in ▁the ▁" Mod erne " ▁or ▁Art ▁Dec o ▁style , ▁was ▁officially ▁opened . ▁Before ▁the ▁opening , ▁many ▁residents ▁sw am ▁in ▁a ▁section ▁of ▁the ▁Fr ays ▁River ▁near ▁H are field ▁Road , ▁and ▁the ▁Col ne . ▁The ▁pool , ▁p av il ion ▁building , ▁entrance ▁building ▁and ▁both ▁f ount ains ▁were ▁designated ▁Grade ▁II ▁listed ▁buildings ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 8 . ▁Despite ▁the ▁listing , ▁the ▁pool ▁was ▁closed ▁to ▁the ▁public ▁and ▁the ▁buildings ▁became ▁subject ▁to ▁heavy ▁v andal ism . ▁U x bridge ▁open - air ▁pool ▁was ▁fully ▁ref urb ished ▁during ▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁and ▁re - op ened ▁in ▁May ▁ 2 0 1 0 . ▁Add ed ▁to ▁the ▁site , ▁now ▁named ▁Hill ing don ▁Sports ▁and ▁Le isure ▁Complex , ▁is ▁a ▁ 5 0 ▁m ▁indoor ▁competition ▁pool , ▁a ▁le isure ▁pool , ▁a ▁ 1 0 0 - station ▁gym , ▁a ▁wide ▁range ▁of ▁exercise ▁classes , ▁an ▁athlet ics ▁stadium ▁and ▁track , ▁ 3 G ▁flood lit ▁pit ches , ▁a ▁sports ▁hall , ▁a ▁café ▁and ▁a ▁cr è che . ▁The ▁Grade ▁II ▁listed ▁buildings ▁are ▁still ▁standing . ▁ ▁During ▁the ▁Second ▁World ▁War ▁U x bridge ▁adopted ▁the ▁Royal ▁Navy ▁destroy er ▁ ▁in ▁ 1 9 |
4 2 , ▁to ▁help ▁towards ▁the ▁ship ' s ▁costs ; ▁Int rep id ▁was ▁lost ▁to ▁enemy ▁action ▁the ▁following ▁year . ▁The ▁town ▁and ▁surrounding ▁areas ▁suffered ▁bomb ing ▁by ▁the ▁Luft w affe . ▁V 1 ▁flying ▁bombs ▁fell ▁on ▁the ▁town ▁between ▁June ▁ 1 9 4 4 ▁and ▁March ▁ 1 9 4 5 . ▁The ▁first ▁recorded ▁bomb ing ▁using ▁a ▁V 1 ▁was ▁on ▁ 2 2 ▁June ▁ 1 9 4 4 ▁at ▁ 0 7 : 0 0 , ▁when ▁the ▁bomb ▁passed ▁over ▁the ▁top ▁of ▁a ▁bus ▁and ▁hit ▁four ▁houses ▁nearby . ▁Seven ▁people ▁were ▁killed ▁and ▁ 2 5 ▁injured , ▁leaving ▁ 4 6 ▁houses ▁in ▁the ▁area ▁un in hab itable . ▁In ▁all ▁the ▁U x bridge ▁Urban ▁District ▁suffered ▁ 7 9 ▁civilian ▁deaths ▁through ▁enemy ▁action ▁in ▁the ▁war . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 5 8 ▁the ▁ ▁L owe ▁& ▁Shaw yer ▁plant ▁nur ser y ▁to ▁the ▁west ▁of ▁R AF ▁U x bridge ▁entered ▁volunt ary ▁liquid ation . ▁The ▁nur ser y ▁had ▁stood ▁in ▁King ston ▁Lane ▁since ▁ 1 8 6 8 , ▁and ▁was ▁the ▁largest ▁producer ▁of ▁cut ▁flowers ▁in ▁the ▁country . ▁Dem ol ition ▁work ▁began ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 2 , ▁and ▁the ▁construction ▁of ▁Brun el ▁University ▁comm enced . ▁Ch rys ant hem ums ▁are ▁included ▁the ▁coat ▁of ▁arms ▁of ▁the ▁Bor ough ▁of ▁U x bridge ▁in |
▁memory ▁of ▁the ▁nur ser y . ▁The ▁U x bridge ▁( V ine ▁Street ) ▁railway ▁branch ▁line , ▁which ▁partly ▁ran ▁alongside ▁the ▁site , ▁was ▁closed ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 4 ▁and ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 6 ▁the ▁university ▁opened , ▁purchasing ▁the ▁land ▁where ▁the ▁railway ▁had ▁run ▁from ▁the ▁local ▁council ▁for ▁£ 6 5 , 0 0 0 . ▁ ▁The ▁U x bridge ▁Cr icket ▁Club ▁moved ▁from ▁Cr icket field ▁Road ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 1 ▁to ▁make ▁way ▁for ▁the ▁new ▁C iv ic ▁Centre . ▁The ▁club ▁had ▁been ▁at ▁Cr icket field ▁Road ▁since ▁ 1 8 5 8 , ▁but ▁moved ▁to ▁a ▁new ▁site ▁on ▁part ▁of ▁U x bridge ▁Common ▁on ▁Park ▁Road . ▁The ▁Market ▁Square ▁shopping ▁prec inct ▁in ▁the ▁town ▁centre ▁was ▁built ▁in ▁the ▁late ▁ 1 9 7 0 s , ▁but ▁its ▁lack ▁of ▁shelter ▁made ▁it ▁un pop ular ▁and ▁it ▁did ▁not ▁attract ▁the ▁expected ▁levels ▁of ▁custom . ▁Many ▁buildings ▁along ▁the ▁High ▁Street ▁and ▁Wind sor ▁Street ▁had ▁been ▁demol ished ▁to ▁make ▁way ▁for ▁the ▁new ▁prec inct , ▁which ▁was ▁eventually ▁sold ▁to ▁the ▁P rud ential ▁Ass urance ▁Company ▁and ▁re develop ed ▁with ▁a ▁roof ▁in ▁the ▁early ▁ 1 9 8 0 s ▁to ▁become ▁the ▁Pav il ions ▁Shop ping ▁Centre . ▁The ▁Pe ac ock ▁public ▁house ▁in ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁two ▁main ▁squ ares ▁was ▁demol ished ▁and |
▁replaced ▁with ▁a ▁café ▁named ▁The ▁Che qu ers , ▁which ▁remains . ▁Ray ner ' s ▁pharm acy ▁shop ▁was ▁also ▁demol ished ▁during ▁the ▁Market ▁Square ▁development , ▁although ▁the ▁shop front ▁was ▁saved ▁by ▁the ▁Museum ▁of ▁London ▁and ▁is ▁held ▁in ▁storage . ▁ ▁The ▁Ch imes ▁shopping ▁centre ▁was ▁built ▁beside ▁U x bridge ▁station ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 1 , ▁incorpor ating ▁many ▁of ▁the ▁existing ▁buildings ▁into ▁the ▁new ▁structure . ▁The ▁centre ▁was ▁originally ▁to ▁be ▁named ▁St ▁George ' s ▁Centre ▁in ▁plans ▁dating ▁back ▁to ▁the ▁early ▁ 1 9 9 0 s , ▁though ▁this ▁name ▁was ▁eventually ▁taken ▁by ▁another ▁shopping ▁centre ▁in ▁H arrow . ▁Instead , ▁The ▁Ch imes ▁was ▁said ▁to ▁refer ▁to ▁the ▁sound ▁of ▁the ▁b ells ▁from ▁the ▁nearby ▁market ▁house ▁on ▁the ▁High ▁Street . ▁An ▁O de on ▁cinema ▁opened ▁as ▁a ▁major ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁centre , ▁with ▁the ▁smaller ▁cinema ▁at ▁the ▁opposite ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁High ▁Street ▁closing . ▁Some ▁houses ▁on ▁Ch ip pend ale ▁Way ▁and ▁the ▁St ▁George ' s ▁car ▁park ▁were ▁demol ished ▁to ▁allow ▁for ▁the ▁construction ▁of ▁the ▁new ▁shopping ▁centre ▁car ▁park . ▁The ▁offices ▁of ▁the ▁local ▁building ▁company ▁F ass n idge ▁were ▁also ▁included ▁in ▁the ▁new ▁development ; ▁built ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 th ▁century , ▁they ▁now ▁house ▁a ▁P izza ▁Express ▁restaurant . ▁Pres erved ▁tim ber ▁from ▁earlier ▁demol ished ▁buildings ▁in ▁U |
x bridge ▁was ▁used ▁in ▁the ▁construction ▁of ▁a ▁new ▁building ▁beside ▁the ▁former ▁offices ▁of ▁F ass n idge , ▁designed ▁to ▁re semble ▁a ▁much ▁older ▁structure . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 2 ▁the ▁dry ▁ski ▁slope ▁near ▁Park ▁Road ▁and ▁the ▁U x bridge ▁L ido ▁was ▁closed ▁and ▁the ▁remaining ▁buildings ▁and ▁structures ▁removed . ▁The ▁Hill ing don ▁S ki ▁Centre ▁had ▁been ▁subject ▁to ▁several ▁ar son ▁attacks ▁during ▁ 2 0 0 1 ▁and ▁the ▁company ▁operating ▁it ▁became ▁ins ol vent . ▁The ▁slope , ▁which ▁had ▁been ▁built ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 7 , ▁was ▁left ▁to ▁return ▁to ▁nature . ▁ ▁Work ▁began ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁to ▁extens ively ▁ref urb ish ▁and ▁extend ▁U x bridge ▁L ido , ▁and ▁it ▁re op ened ▁to ▁the ▁public ▁in ▁February ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁as ▁the ▁Hill ing don ▁Sports ▁and ▁Le isure ▁Complex . ▁On ▁ 8 ▁September ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁the ▁ 7 5 th ▁anniversary ▁of ▁the ▁first ▁opening ▁of ▁the ▁L ido ▁was ▁celebrated ▁at ▁the ▁pool . ▁ ▁Govern ance ▁U x bridge ▁originally ▁formed ▁a ▁chap el ry ▁within ▁the ▁parish ▁of ▁Hill ing don . ▁It ▁was ▁split ▁off ▁as ▁a ▁separate ▁civil ▁parish ▁in ▁ 1 8 6 6 , ▁and ▁became ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁U x bridge ▁Urban ▁District ▁under ▁the ▁Local ▁Government ▁Act ▁ 1 8 9 4 . ▁In ▁ 1 9 5 |
5 ▁the ▁urban ▁district ▁council ▁successfully ▁petition ed ▁for ▁a ▁char ter ▁of ▁incorpor ation ▁and ▁became ▁a ▁municipal ▁b orough . ▁This ▁remained ▁until ▁ 1 9 6 5 , ▁when ▁the ▁b orough ▁was ▁incorporated ▁into ▁the ▁new ▁London ▁Bor ough ▁of ▁Hill ing don . ▁Within ▁the ▁b orough , ▁U x bridge ▁is ▁split ▁into ▁two ▁w ards : ▁U x bridge ▁North ▁and ▁U x bridge ▁South . ▁Each ▁is ▁served ▁by ▁three ▁Conservative ▁Party ▁coun c ill ors . ▁ ▁U x bridge ▁had ▁its ▁own ▁parliament ary ▁constitu ency ▁until ▁boundary ▁changes ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁general ▁election ▁meant ▁it ▁became ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁U x bridge ▁and ▁South ▁Ru isl ip ▁constitu ency . ▁U x bridge ▁and ▁South ▁Ru isl ip ▁is ▁represented ▁by ▁the ▁UK ▁Prime ▁Minister ▁Bor is ▁Johnson ▁MP , ▁of ▁the ▁Conservative ▁Party . ▁He ▁took ▁over ▁from ▁John ▁Rand all ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 5 , ▁who ▁was ▁first ▁elected ▁to ▁represent ▁U x bridge ▁in ▁a ▁ 1 9 9 7 ▁by - election ▁after ▁the ▁sitting ▁MP , ▁Sir ▁Michael ▁Sh ers by , ▁died ▁shortly ▁after ▁the ▁ 1 9 9 7 ▁general ▁election . ▁ ▁Ge ography ▁ ▁U x bridge ▁lies ▁at ▁a ▁mean ▁elev ation ▁of ▁ ▁above ▁mean ▁sea ▁level . ▁Like ▁much ▁of ▁the ▁rest ▁of ▁the ▁UK ▁its ▁climate ▁is ▁generally ▁temper ate , ▁with ▁few ▁extrem es ▁of ▁temperature ▁or ▁weather . ▁ ▁The ▁landscape |
▁upon ▁which ▁the ▁settlement ▁of ▁U x bridge ▁was ▁established ▁is ▁largely ▁un changed ▁from ▁the ▁Mes ol ith ic ▁era . ▁Much ▁of ▁it ▁was ▁covered ▁by ▁oak ▁and ▁el m ▁trees , ▁which ▁were ▁gradually ▁cleared ▁by ▁early ▁sett lers . ▁An ▁archae ological ▁exc av ation ▁by ▁the ▁Museum ▁of ▁London ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 9 0 s ▁found ▁evidence ▁of ▁fl int ▁items ▁shaped ▁by ▁Mes ol ith ic ▁hun ters , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁various ▁animal ▁bones ▁and ▁traces ▁of ▁char co al ▁from ▁the ▁remains ▁of ▁camp f ires . ▁ ▁The ▁River ▁P inn ▁runs ▁through ▁U x bridge , ▁passing ▁through ▁the ▁former ▁site ▁of ▁R AF ▁U x bridge ▁and ▁the ▁grounds ▁of ▁Brun el ▁University . ▁It ▁jo ins ▁the ▁Fr ays ▁River , ▁which ▁branches ▁off ▁from ▁the ▁River ▁Col ne ▁and ▁acts ▁as ▁the ▁boundary ▁between ▁U x bridge ▁and ▁the ▁neighbour ing ▁county ▁of ▁Buck ingham shire . ▁ ▁U x bridge ▁is ▁located ▁ ▁from ▁Ch aring ▁Cross ▁in ▁Central ▁London ; ▁ ▁from ▁Hay es ; ▁ ▁from ▁Ru isl ip ; ▁ ▁from ▁North olt ; ▁ ▁from ▁Sl ough ; ▁and ▁ ▁from ▁High ▁Wy com be . ▁ ▁Dem ography ▁The ▁approximate ▁population ▁figure ▁for ▁U x bridge ▁North ▁was ▁recorded ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁by ▁the ▁Office ▁for ▁National ▁Statistics ▁as ▁ 1 1 , 8 1 2 , ▁and ▁ 1 1 , 8 8 7 ▁in ▁U x bridge |
▁South . ▁The ▁majority ▁of ▁residents ▁in ▁U x bridge ▁North ▁were ▁White , ▁with ▁ 8 5 % ▁categor ised , ▁against ▁ 7 9 % ▁for ▁the ▁entire ▁b orough ▁of ▁Hill ing don . ▁U x bridge ▁South ▁also ▁had ▁a ▁majority ▁of ▁White ▁residents , ▁matching ▁the ▁b orough ▁figure . ▁In ▁both ▁w ards , ▁the ▁remaining ▁percentage ▁was ▁made ▁up ▁of ▁mixed - r ace , ▁Asian ▁or ▁Asian ▁British , ▁Black ▁or ▁Black ▁British , ▁and ▁Chinese ▁or ▁other ▁ethnic ▁groups . ▁Of ▁the ▁two ▁w ards , ▁U x bridge ▁South ▁had ▁a ▁higher ▁percentage ▁of ▁Black ▁and ▁Chinese ▁residents , ▁when ▁compared ▁with ▁the ▁b orough . ▁ ▁By ▁the ▁time ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁UK ▁Census , ▁the ▁population ▁of ▁U x bridge ▁had ▁reached ▁ 1 2 , 0 4 8 ▁in ▁U x bridge ▁North ▁and ▁ 1 3 , 9 7 9 ▁in ▁U x bridge ▁South . ▁The ▁most ▁common ▁ethnic ▁group ▁was ▁White ▁British ▁in ▁U x bridge ▁North , ▁at ▁ 6 9 . 8 %, ▁followed ▁by ▁Asian ▁or ▁Asian ▁British ▁( 1 9 . 5 %) ▁and ▁Black ▁or ▁Black ▁British ▁( 4 . 1 % ). ▁The ▁remaining ▁percentage ▁was ▁made ▁up ▁of ▁mixed - r ace ▁and ▁other ▁un spec ified ▁ethnic ▁groups . ▁White ▁British ▁was ▁also ▁the ▁largest ▁ethnic ▁group ▁in ▁U x bridge ▁South , ▁at ▁ 6 2 . 1 %, ▁followed ▁by ▁Asian ▁or ▁Asian |
▁British ▁( 2 2 . 6 % ), ▁Black ▁or ▁Black ▁British ▁( 7 . 3 %) ▁and ▁mixed - r ace ▁( 4 . 3 % ). ▁The ▁remaining ▁percentage ▁was ▁made ▁up ▁of ▁other ▁un spec ified ▁ethnic ▁groups . ▁ ▁In ▁terms ▁of ▁employment , ▁U x bridge ▁North ▁had ▁a ▁larger ▁number ▁of ▁residents ▁employed ▁in ▁manager ial ▁roles , ▁at ▁the ▁time ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 1 ▁UK ▁Census . ▁The ▁majority ▁of ▁residents ▁in ▁U x bridge ▁South ▁were ▁categor ised ▁as ▁" not ▁classified s ". ▁ ▁The ▁life ▁expect ancy ▁for ▁men ▁is ▁ 7 7 ▁years ▁in ▁U x bridge ▁North , ▁compared ▁with ▁ 7 4 ▁years ▁in ▁U x bridge ▁South . ▁The ▁figures ▁for ▁women ▁are ▁ 8 3 ▁years ▁in ▁U x bridge ▁North ▁and ▁ 8 1 ▁years ▁in ▁U x bridge ▁South . ▁ ▁The ▁table ▁below ▁shows ▁housing ▁data ▁for ▁U x bridge ▁and ▁its ▁neighbour hood s . ▁ ▁Relig ion ▁In ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁census , ▁ 7 2 . 8 % ▁of ▁residents ▁in ▁the ▁U x bridge ▁North ▁ward ▁answered ▁that ▁they ▁had ▁a ▁religion , ▁compared ▁with ▁ 1 9 . 3 % ▁who ▁did ▁not ▁and ▁ 7 . 9 % ▁who ▁did ▁not ▁answer . ▁Of ▁those ▁who ▁answered , ▁ 5 3 % ▁identified ▁as ▁Christian , ▁followed ▁by ▁ 6 . 7 % ▁who ▁identified ▁as ▁Muslim ▁and ▁ 6 . 2 % |
▁as ▁S ikh . ▁The ▁percentage ▁identifying ▁as ▁Hindu ▁was ▁ 5 . 4 %. ▁Fig ures ▁for ▁residents ▁identifying ▁as ▁either ▁Jewish , ▁Budd hist ▁or ▁other ▁un spec ified ▁relig ions ▁were ▁each ▁below ▁ 1 %. ▁ ▁Within ▁the ▁U x bridge ▁South ▁ward , ▁ 6 9 . 2 % ▁of ▁residents ▁answered ▁that ▁they ▁had ▁a ▁religion , ▁compared ▁with ▁ 2 3 . 8 % ▁who ▁did ▁not ▁and ▁ 7 % ▁who ▁did ▁not ▁answer . ▁As ▁with ▁U x bridge ▁North , ▁the ▁majority ▁( 4 6 . 4 %) ▁identified ▁as ▁Christian , ▁followed ▁by ▁ 1 3 . 4 % ▁who ▁identified ▁as ▁Muslim ▁and ▁ 5 % ▁as ▁Hindu . ▁The ▁percentage ▁identifying ▁as ▁S ikh ▁was ▁ 2 . 3 % ▁and ▁those ▁identifying ▁as ▁Budd hist ▁were ▁ 1 . 2 %. ▁Fig ures ▁for ▁residents ▁identifying ▁as ▁either ▁Jewish ▁or ▁other ▁un spec ified ▁relig ions ▁were ▁each ▁below ▁ 1 %. ▁ ▁Ch urches ▁ ▁St ▁Margaret ' s ▁Church ▁This ▁is ▁the ▁original ▁parish ▁church ▁of ▁U x bridge , ▁and ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁oldest ▁buildings ▁in ▁the ▁town . ▁Loc ated ▁in ▁Wind sor ▁Street , ▁it ▁is ▁known ▁to ▁have ▁existed ▁since ▁at ▁least ▁ 1 2 4 5 , ▁when ▁a ▁series ▁of ▁hear ings ▁took ▁place ▁there ▁in ▁which ▁the ▁Abb ot ▁of ▁B ec ▁in ▁Norm andy ▁brought ▁an ▁action ▁against ▁the ▁re ctor ▁of ▁Great ▁Wr atting ▁in ▁S uff olk |
▁for ▁non - payment ▁of ▁tit hes . ▁On ▁par ch ments ▁kept ▁at ▁St . ▁George ' s ▁Chap el , ▁Wind sor , ▁in ▁connection ▁with ▁this ▁event , ▁St . ▁Margaret ' s ▁is ▁mentioned ▁by ▁name , ▁and ▁there ▁are ▁several ▁other ▁references ▁between ▁ 1 2 4 5 ▁and ▁ 1 2 4 7 ▁to ▁the ▁" chap el ▁at ▁U x bridge ". ▁ ▁The ▁oldest ▁portion ▁of ▁the ▁existing ▁building ▁is ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁north ▁tower , ▁which ▁was ▁built ▁in ▁the ▁late ▁ 1 4 th ▁century . ▁The ▁north ▁a isle , ▁together ▁with ▁the ▁n ave ▁and ▁its ▁arc ades , ▁dates ▁from ▁the ▁early ▁ 1 5 th ▁century , ▁while ▁the ▁south ▁a isle , ▁with ▁its ▁fine ▁hammer - be am ▁roof , ▁was ▁added ▁about ▁ 1 4 5 0 . ▁The ▁carved ▁stone ▁font ▁was ▁placed ▁in ▁the ▁church ▁soon ▁afterwards , ▁dating ▁from ▁about ▁ 1 4 8 0 . ▁ ▁For ▁most ▁of ▁its ▁history , ▁St ▁Margaret ' s ▁served ▁as ▁a ▁chap el - of - e ase ▁to ▁St ▁John ▁the ▁Bapt ist ' s ▁Church ▁in ▁Hill ing don ; ▁it ▁was ▁not ▁until ▁ 1 8 2 7 ▁that ▁it ▁was ▁given ▁its ▁own ▁parish . ▁ ▁St ▁Andrew ' s ▁Church ▁ ▁By ▁the ▁ 1 8 5 0 s ▁the ▁population ▁of ▁both ▁Hill ing don ▁and ▁U x bridge ▁was ▁beginning ▁to ▁rise . ▁With ▁new ▁housing ▁being |
▁built ▁between ▁the ▁two ▁cent res ▁the ▁then ▁Vic ar ▁of ▁Hill ing don , ▁the ▁Rev ▁Richard ▁Cro ft ▁( 1 8 5 6 – 6 9 ) ▁gained ▁permission ▁to ▁build ▁a ▁new ▁church ▁in ▁the ▁area , ▁sometimes ▁referred ▁to ▁as ▁Hill ing don ▁West . ▁He ▁asked ▁the ▁well - known ▁architect ▁Sir ▁George ▁Gilbert ▁Scott : ▁ ▁Scott ▁produced ▁his ▁plans ▁and ▁local ▁U x bridge ▁builder ▁William ▁F ass n idge ▁was ▁employed ▁to ▁construct ▁the ▁church . ▁On ▁St ▁Peter ' s ▁Day , ▁ 2 9 ▁June ▁ 1 8 6 4 , ▁the ▁foundation ▁stone ▁was ▁laid ▁at ▁the ▁south ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁ch ancel ▁arch ▁by ▁the ▁Lord ▁Bishop ▁of ▁London , ▁Arch ib ald ▁Campbell ▁T ait . ▁He ▁returned ▁less ▁than ▁a ▁year ▁later ▁to ▁con sec rate ▁and ▁open ▁the ▁church ▁on ▁the ▁fe ast ▁of ▁SS ▁Philip ▁and ▁James , ▁ 1 ▁May ▁ 1 8 6 5 . ▁ ▁The ▁sp ire ▁was ▁completed ▁the ▁following ▁year . ▁Together ▁with ▁the ▁b ells , ▁vest ry ▁and ▁organ ▁and ▁other ▁emb ell ish ments , ▁the ▁cost ▁of ▁the ▁building , ▁in ▁Hill ing don ▁Road , ▁was ▁some ▁£ 1 2 , 0 0 0 . ▁ ▁Church ▁of ▁Our ▁Lady ▁of ▁L our des ▁and ▁St ▁Michael ▁ ▁After ▁St ▁Margaret ' s ▁turned ▁Protest ant ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 6 th ▁century , ▁there ▁was ▁no ▁official ▁Roman ▁Catholic ▁place ▁of ▁worship ▁in ▁U x |
bridge ▁until ▁the ▁late ▁ 1 9 th ▁century , ▁following ▁the ▁passing ▁of ▁the ▁Catholic ▁Em anc ip ation ▁Act . ▁In ▁ 1 8 9 2 ▁Father ▁Michael ▁A lo ys ius ▁W ren ▁bought ▁a ▁pres by tery ▁at ▁ 3 7 ▁La wn ▁Road , ▁next ▁to ▁which ▁a ▁temporary ▁church ▁was ▁built ▁of ▁cor rug ated ▁iron , ▁dedicated ▁to ▁Our ▁Lady ▁of ▁L our des ▁and ▁St ▁Michael . ▁St ▁Mary ' s ▁School ▁was ▁also ▁founded ▁on ▁Rock ingham ▁Road ▁at ▁this ▁time . ▁Fr ▁W ren ▁was ▁helped ▁by ▁his ▁nep hew ▁John , ▁who ▁acted ▁as ▁his ▁assistant ▁priest . ▁They ▁covered ▁an ▁extensive ▁area , ▁including ▁the ▁modern ▁Catholic ▁par ishes ▁of ▁Ru isl ip ▁and ▁Hill ing don . ▁ ▁The ▁mission ▁grew ▁from ▁strength ▁to ▁strength , ▁and ▁by ▁ 1 9 0 7 ▁the ▁congreg ation ▁number ed ▁ 1 5 0 , ▁with ▁school ▁attendance ▁at ▁ 6 0 . ▁In ▁time ▁plans ▁were ▁made ▁for ▁a ▁larger , ▁more ▁permanent ▁church . ▁This ▁was ▁the ▁brain child ▁of ▁Father ▁Thomas ▁Mol oney , ▁who ▁bought ▁the ▁current ▁pres by tery ▁and ▁acquired ▁the ▁land ▁that ▁stood ▁at ▁the ▁back ▁so ▁that ▁a ▁church ▁could ▁be ▁built . ▁The ▁foundation ▁stone ▁was ▁eventually ▁laid ▁on ▁Low ▁Sunday ▁ 1 9 3 1 ▁by ▁Arch b ishop ▁Alban ▁Good ier , ▁an ▁English ▁Jes uit ▁who ▁had ▁been ▁Arch b ishop ▁of ▁Bomb ay ▁between ▁ 1 9 1 9 |
▁and ▁ 1 9 2 6 . ▁The ▁new ▁church , ▁in ▁Oxford ▁Road , ▁was ▁designed ▁by ▁the ▁di oc es an ▁architect , ▁T . ▁H . ▁B . ▁Scott . ▁It ▁was ▁built ▁of ▁brick ▁in ▁the ▁Roman es que ▁style , ▁se ating ▁ 3 5 0 . ▁The ▁church ▁was ▁built ▁quickly ▁and ▁opened ▁by ▁Card inal ▁Bour ne ▁on ▁ 2 9 ▁September ▁ 1 9 3 1 . ▁It ▁was ▁officially ▁con sec rated ▁on ▁ 1 4 ▁May ▁ 1 9 3 6 , ▁after ▁its ▁deb ts ▁were ▁cleared . ▁ ▁Faith ▁Assembly , ▁U x bridge ▁There ▁is ▁a ▁contemporary ▁Pent ec ost al ▁church ▁now ▁in ▁U x bridge . ▁The ▁parish ▁of ▁The ▁Red e emed ▁Christian ▁Church ▁of ▁God ▁teaches ▁the ▁whole ▁counsel ▁of ▁God ▁and ▁accommod ates ▁families ▁from ▁all ▁nations ▁of ▁the ▁world . ▁ ▁The ▁church ▁is ▁currently ▁located ▁in ▁Bel mont ▁Road , ▁and ▁they ▁worship ▁in ▁the ▁famous ▁Herm itage ▁Primary ▁School ▁every ▁Sunday ▁at ▁ 1 1 : 0 0 am . ▁ ▁http :// www . r cc g fa ith assembly . com ▁ ▁Econom y ▁ ▁As ▁of ▁ 2 0 1 2 , ▁U x bridge ▁has ▁ ▁of ▁total ▁town ▁centre ▁floors pace . ▁U x bridge ▁has ▁two ▁shopping ▁cent res , ▁The ▁Pav il ions ▁and ▁Int u ▁U x bridge ▁( former ly ▁The ▁Ch imes ). ▁Much ▁of ▁the ▁town ▁centre ▁is ▁pedest rian |
ised . ▁Just ▁off ▁the ▁High ▁Street ▁is ▁Wind sor ▁Street , ▁a ▁short ▁road ▁pop ulated ▁by ▁older ▁shops . ▁A ▁notable ▁land mark ▁on ▁V ine ▁Street ▁is ▁Rand alls , ▁the ▁Art ▁Dec o ▁style ▁former ▁department ▁store ▁owned ▁by ▁the ▁family ▁of ▁the ▁former ▁MP ▁for ▁U x bridge ▁and ▁South ▁Ru isl ip , ▁John ▁Rand all . ▁The ▁present ▁store ▁was ▁constructed ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 9 ▁on ▁the ▁site ▁of ▁another ▁that ▁had ▁been ▁built ▁in ▁ 1 9 0 0 . ▁It ▁was ▁awarded ▁Grade ▁II ▁listed ▁status ▁in ▁October ▁ 2 0 0 8 . ▁The ▁store ▁closed ▁in ▁January ▁ 2 0 1 5 ▁following ▁a ▁decline ▁in ▁trade . ▁ ▁The ▁town ▁centre ▁consists ▁of ▁retail ▁out lets ▁and ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁office ▁buildings , ▁including ▁the ▁main ▁UK ▁and ▁European ▁offices ▁of ▁international ▁companies ▁such ▁as ▁C oca - Col a ▁European ▁Part ners , ▁Cad bury ▁pl c , ▁X er ox , ▁General ▁M ills , ▁F . ▁Hind s , ▁P ARE X EL , ▁Ar ri , ▁Brist ol - My ers ▁S qu ib b , ▁Mon ster ▁Energy , ▁A PL , ▁Her bal ife ▁Europe . ▁Other ▁employers ▁include ▁Net App , ▁An ix ter ▁International , ▁Price water house Co op ers , ▁W MS ▁G aming , ▁I BB ▁Sol ic itors ▁and ▁N ex en . ▁ ▁Within ▁the ▁b orough ▁of ▁Hill ing don , ▁ 5 5 . |
1 % ▁of ▁residents ▁travel ▁to ▁the ▁U x bridge ▁North ▁and ▁U x bridge ▁South ▁w ards ▁to ▁work , ▁and ▁only ▁ 8 % ▁of ▁residents ▁working ▁there ▁also ▁live ▁within ▁the ▁w ards . ▁The ▁ 2 0 0 1 ▁census ▁measured ▁a ▁total ▁of ▁ 6 , 0 0 7 ▁( 3 5 . 9 %) ▁of ▁residents ▁leaving ▁the ▁North ▁ward ▁to ▁go ▁to ▁work . ▁U x bridge ▁South ▁had ▁a ▁figure ▁of ▁ 5 , 6 6 6 ▁( 2 6 . 5 %) ▁of ▁residents ▁leaving ▁the ▁ward ▁to ▁work ▁elsewhere . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 5 ▁retail ▁foot print ▁research , ▁U x bridge ▁ranked ▁ 9 th ▁in ▁terms ▁of ▁retail ▁expend iture ▁in ▁Gre ater ▁London ▁at ▁£ 3 1 1 mill ion . ▁ ▁Education ▁ ▁Primary ▁schools ▁in ▁U x bridge ▁include ▁Herm itage ▁Primary ▁School , ▁St ▁Andrew ' s ▁Church ▁of ▁England ▁Primary ▁School , ▁St ▁Mary ' s ▁Catholic ▁Primary ▁School , ▁White hall ▁Inf ant ▁School , ▁and ▁White hall ▁Junior ▁School . ▁U x bridge ▁High ▁School ▁is ▁a ▁comprehensive ▁secondary ▁school ▁in ▁the ▁town . ▁ ▁U x bridge ▁is ▁also ▁home ▁to ▁Brun el ▁University ▁and ▁the ▁Buck ingham shire ▁New ▁University ' s ▁nursing ▁campus . ▁The ▁main ▁campus ▁of ▁U x bridge ▁College ▁is ▁also ▁in ▁the ▁town . ▁ ▁Transport ▁ ▁U x bridge ▁tube ▁station ▁is ▁the ▁western ▁termin us ▁for ▁branches ▁of ▁the ▁Met ropolitan |
▁and ▁Pic c ad illy ▁lines ▁of ▁the ▁London ▁Under ground . ▁The ▁station , ▁built ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 3 , ▁is ▁front ed ▁by ▁a ▁pedest rian ▁high ▁street ▁and ▁is ▁connected ▁to ▁a ▁bus ▁termin us ▁with ▁connections ▁to ▁Hill ing don , ▁Hay es , ▁E aling , ▁Ru isl ip , ▁and ▁Sl ough . ▁ ▁There ▁were ▁once ▁two ▁railway ▁stations : ▁U x bridge ▁V ine ▁Street ▁( origin ally ▁just ▁U x bridge ▁Station ) ▁and ▁U x bridge ▁High ▁Street . ▁Both ▁were ▁planned ▁to ▁be ▁linked , ▁hence ▁High ▁Street ▁ending ▁on ▁a ▁half - built ▁bridge . ▁High ▁Street ▁closed ▁to ▁passengers ▁as ▁a ▁war ▁economy ▁and ▁never ▁re op ened . ▁Despite ▁having ▁the ▁most ▁int ensive ▁service , ▁the ▁V ine ▁Street ▁line ▁was ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁first ▁Western ▁Region ▁urban ▁branches ▁to ▁close ▁under ▁the ▁Be ech ing ▁ax e . ▁U x bridge ▁Bel mont ▁Road ▁was ▁the ▁first ▁underground ▁station , ▁built ▁slightly ▁outside ▁the ▁town ▁centre ▁to ▁allow ▁for ▁a ▁possible ▁extension ▁to ▁High ▁Wy com be . ▁This ▁was ▁subsequently ▁replaced ▁by ▁the ▁current ▁station . ▁ ▁The ▁B 4 8 3 ▁road ▁connect s ▁the ▁centre ▁of ▁U x bridge ▁with ▁the ▁Sw ake le ys ▁Round about ▁jun ction ▁of ▁the ▁A 4 0 . ▁U x bridge ▁is ▁also ▁connected ▁by ▁major ▁roads ▁to ▁Sl ough , ▁Den ham , ▁I cken ham , ▁Cow ley , ▁I ver ▁He ath |
, ▁Hill ing don ▁He ath ▁and ▁Hay es . ▁ ▁The ▁Grand ▁Union ▁Canal , ▁formerly ▁the ▁Grand ▁Jun ction ▁Canal , ▁connect s ▁London ▁with ▁Birmingham ▁and ▁passes ▁immediately ▁to ▁the ▁west ▁of ▁U x bridge , ▁forming ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁b orough ▁boundary . ▁The ▁first ▁stretch ▁was ▁built ▁in ▁the ▁late ▁ 1 8 th ▁century ▁from ▁B rent ford ▁to ▁U x bridge . ▁Further ▁up stream ▁is ▁U x bridge ▁Lock , ▁and ▁nearby ▁is ▁a ▁der el ict ▁flour ▁mill ▁formerly ▁owned ▁by ▁All ied ▁M ills . ▁The ▁mill ▁was ▁bought ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 th ▁century ▁by ▁William ▁King , ▁who ▁named ▁it ▁" K ings mill ". ▁Kings mill ▁continues ▁to ▁be ▁used ▁as ▁a ▁brand ▁of ▁bread ▁by ▁Associ ated ▁British ▁Food s . ▁ ▁London ▁Bus es ▁routes ▁ 2 2 2 , ▁ 3 3 1 , ▁ 4 2 7 , ▁ 6 0 7 , ▁A 1 0 , ▁U 1 , ▁U 2 , ▁U 3 , ▁U 4 , ▁U 5 , ▁U 7 , ▁U 9 , ▁U 1 0 ▁and ▁N 2 0 7 ▁serve ▁the ▁area , ▁alongside ▁ 8 ▁non - Transport ▁for ▁London ▁( T f L ) ▁routes : ▁First ▁Ber k shire ▁& ▁The ▁Th ames ▁Valley ▁route ▁ 3 , ▁Green ▁Line ▁route ▁ 7 2 4 ▁and ▁Car ousel ▁Bus es ▁routes ▁ 1 0 1 , ▁ 1 0 2 , ▁ 1 0 5 |
, ▁ 5 8 0 , ▁ 5 8 1 ▁& ▁ 5 8 3 . ▁ ▁The ▁proposed ▁West ▁London ▁Tr am ▁was ▁post pon ed ▁in def initely ▁by ▁T f L ▁in ▁August ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁after ▁it ▁was ▁announced ▁that ▁the ▁Cross ra il ▁project ▁would ▁be ▁going ▁ahead . ▁T f L ▁cited ▁" an ▁effective ▁bus - based ▁solution " ▁as ▁an ▁alternative , ▁delivered ▁in ▁conj unction ▁with ▁local ▁coun c ils . ▁Since ▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁the ▁route ▁has ▁been ▁served ▁by ▁the ▁ 4 2 7 , ▁ 2 0 7 , ▁and ▁ 6 0 7 ▁bus ▁services . ▁ ▁Land marks ▁ ▁C iv ic ▁Centre ▁ ▁The ▁London ▁Bor ough ▁of ▁Hill ing don ' s ▁Hill ing don ▁C iv ic ▁Centre ▁was ▁built ▁in ▁U x bridge ▁High ▁Street ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 3 , ▁as ▁part ▁of ▁an ▁effort ▁to ▁un ite ▁the ▁services ▁of ▁the ▁council , ▁which ▁had ▁formed ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 5 ▁with ▁the ▁mer ger ▁of ▁the ▁Municipal ▁Bor ough ▁of ▁U x bridge , ▁Ru isl ip - N orth wood ▁Urban ▁District , ▁Hay es ▁and ▁Har lington ▁Urban ▁District ▁and ▁Y iew s ley ▁and ▁West ▁D ray ton ▁Urban ▁District . ▁Before ▁the ▁new ▁building ▁was ▁completed , ▁council ▁services ▁had ▁been ▁spread ▁throughout ▁U x bridge ▁and ▁the ▁rest ▁of ▁the ▁b orough ▁and ▁various ▁buildings , ▁as ▁a ▁result ▁of ▁the |
▁mer ging ▁of ▁the ▁former ▁district ▁coun c ils . ▁ ▁Part ▁of ▁the ▁original ▁M idd les ex ▁County ▁Council ▁office ▁building ▁that ▁stood ▁on ▁site ▁was ▁incorporated ▁into ▁the ▁new ▁C iv ic ▁Centre . ▁The ▁centre ' s ▁clock ▁tower ▁is ▁the ▁only ▁visible ▁section ▁from ▁the ▁old ▁building . ▁The ▁U x bridge ▁Cr icket ▁Club ▁Ground ▁and ▁U x bridge ▁fire ▁station ▁were ▁rel oc ated ▁as ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁new ▁development , ▁which ▁became ▁controversial ▁o wing ▁to ▁its ▁size ▁and ▁cost . ▁Are as ▁of ▁the ▁building , ▁particularly ▁the ▁council ▁ch ambers , ▁continue ▁to ▁suffer ▁from ▁poor ▁ac oust ics . ▁ ▁U x bridge ▁Mag istr ates ' ▁Court ▁The ▁original ▁Mag istr ates ' ▁Court ▁opened ▁in ▁ 1 9 0 7 ▁in ▁an ▁Edward ian ▁style . ▁A ▁new ▁building ▁with ▁little ▁exterior ▁sty ling ▁opened ▁nearby ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 9 0 s ▁and ▁legal ▁proceedings ▁were ▁transferred . ▁The ▁Mag istr ates ' ▁Court ▁is ▁often ▁referred ▁to ▁in ▁John ▁Mort imer ' s ▁R ump ole ▁of ▁the ▁Ba iley ▁short ▁stories . ▁ ▁R AF ▁U x bridge , ▁Battle ▁of ▁Britain ▁B unk er ▁and ▁Hill ing don ▁House ▁ ▁U x bridge ▁had ▁a ▁Royal ▁Air ▁Force ▁station , ▁known ▁as ▁R AF ▁U x bridge , ▁until ▁its ▁closure ▁on ▁ 3 1 ▁March ▁ 2 0 1 0 . ▁The ▁station ▁was ▁built ▁within ▁the ▁grounds ▁of ▁Hill ing don ▁House , |
▁a ▁ 1 9 th - century ▁m ansion ▁bought ▁by ▁the ▁British ▁government ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 5 , ▁and ▁became ▁most ▁famous ▁as ▁the ▁home ▁of ▁R AF ▁F ighter ▁Command ' s ▁No . ▁ 1 1 ▁Group ▁Operations ▁Room ▁during ▁the ▁Battle ▁of ▁Britain . ▁F ighter ▁squad rons ▁at ▁air fields ▁in ▁the ▁south - east ▁of ▁England ▁were ▁directed ▁from ▁the ▁station , ▁which ▁was ▁visited ▁by ▁Prime ▁Minister ▁W inst on ▁Churchill ▁during ▁the ▁battle , ▁and ▁other ▁foreign ▁leaders ▁throughout ▁the ▁rest ▁of ▁the ▁war . ▁ ▁Following ▁the ▁station ' s ▁closure , ▁the ▁re plica ▁No . ▁ 3 3 ▁Squadron ▁Super mar ine ▁Sp it fire ▁gate ▁guard ian ▁was ▁removed ▁from ▁the ▁main ▁entrance ▁for ▁restoration ▁work ▁and ▁moved ▁to ▁the ▁entrance ▁of ▁the ▁Operations ▁Room ▁( now ▁known ▁as ▁the ▁Battle ▁of ▁Britain ▁B unk er ). ▁The ▁area ▁around ▁the ▁bunk er ▁was ▁retained ▁as ▁an ▁en cl ave ▁under ▁the ▁R AF ▁U x bridge ▁name , ▁under ▁the ▁care ▁of ▁R AF ▁North olt . ▁An ▁additional ▁guard ian , ▁a ▁Haw ker ▁Hur ricane ▁in ▁the ▁colours ▁of ▁No . ▁ 3 0 3 ▁( Pol ish ) ▁Squadron , ▁was ▁added ▁to ▁the ▁area ▁in ▁November ▁ 2 0 1 0 . ▁ ▁Sport ▁and ▁le isure ▁U x bridge ▁has ▁a ▁Non - Le ague ▁football ▁team , ▁U x bridge ▁F . C ., ▁which ▁plays ▁at ▁H oney cro ft , |
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