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▁Mary ▁( 1 8 0 0 – 1 8 2 9 ), ▁Joseph ▁( 1 8 0 5 – 1 8 6 1 ), ▁Lucy ▁( 1 8 0 7 – 1 8 9 1 ), ▁Hannah ▁( 1 8 1 3 – 1 8 8 8 ), ▁and ▁Thomas ▁( 1 8 1 9 – 1 8 1 9 ). ▁She ▁was ▁educated ▁in ▁the ▁public ▁schools ▁and ▁by ▁private ▁tut ors . ▁ ▁Career ▁Ball ▁was ▁a ▁school ▁teacher ▁for ▁thirty ▁years ▁and ▁a ▁Sunday ▁school ▁teacher ▁for ▁forty ▁years . ▁From ▁ 1 8 3 3 ▁to ▁ 1 8 3 9 , ▁Ball ▁and ▁her ▁sister ▁operated ▁a ▁ ▁school ▁for ▁young ▁African ▁American ▁girls ▁in ▁West ▁End , ▁Boston . ▁In ▁ 1 8 3 8 , ▁under ▁the ▁aus p ices ▁of ▁the ▁New ▁England ▁Fem ale ▁Mor al ▁Re form ▁Society , ▁she ▁started ▁providing ▁services ▁for ▁fallen , ▁int emper ate ▁women ▁and ▁unfortunate ▁young ▁girls . ▁In ▁this ▁regard , ▁Ball ▁served ▁on ▁The ▁Home ▁Guard ian , ▁a ▁monthly ▁period ical ▁published ▁by ▁the ▁society , ▁for ▁twenty - seven ▁years , ▁ten ▁years , ▁beginning ▁in ▁ 1 8 3 7 , ▁as ▁assistant ▁and ▁sevent een ▁years ▁as ▁editor . ▁She ▁resigned ▁in ▁ 1 8 9 0 , ▁on ▁account ▁of ▁the ▁illness ▁of ▁her ▁sister , ▁Lucy . ▁ ▁Ball ▁was ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁women ▁who ▁in ▁ 1 8 3 3 ▁assist ed ▁in ▁forming ▁the ▁Boston ▁Fem |
ale ▁Anti - S la very ▁Society ▁in ▁the ▁par lor ▁of ▁Mrs . ▁J . ▁N . ▁Bar bour . ▁She ▁served ▁as ▁recording ▁secretary ▁in ▁ 1 8 3 7 – 3 8 . ▁She ▁continued ▁to ▁labor ▁for ▁the ▁over throw ▁of ▁slavery ▁until ▁it ▁was ▁abol ished . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 8 3 6 , ▁assist ed ▁by ▁a ▁few ▁friends , ▁she ▁opened ▁an ▁evening ▁school ▁for ▁young ▁African ▁American ▁girls ▁in ▁the ▁west ▁part ▁of ▁Boston . ▁In ▁ 1 8 4 0 , ▁after ▁the ▁diss olution ▁of ▁the ▁Boston ▁Fem ale ▁Anti - S la very ▁Society , ▁Ball ▁and ▁her ▁sister , ▁Lucy , ▁helped ▁found ▁the ▁Massachusetts ▁Fem ale ▁Em anc ip ation ▁Society . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 8 4 2 , ▁Ball ▁was ▁sent ▁as ▁a ▁delegate ▁to ▁an ▁anti - sl a very ▁convention ▁of ▁women ▁held ▁in ▁Philadelphia , ▁Pennsylvania ▁Hall , ▁where ▁the ▁convention ▁met , ▁was ▁attacked ▁by ▁a ▁mob ▁of ▁several ▁thousands , ▁the ▁women ▁were ▁driven ▁out ▁and ▁p elt ed ▁with ▁stones , ▁mud ▁and ▁miss iles ▁of ▁various ▁kinds , ▁and ▁Ball ▁was ▁struck ▁in ▁her ▁chest ▁by ▁a ▁piece ▁of ▁brick . ▁The ▁hall ▁was ▁shortly ▁after ▁burned ▁to ▁the ▁ground ▁by ▁the ▁mob . ▁ ▁Ball ▁a ided ▁in ▁forming ▁the ▁Lad ies ' ▁Bapt ist ▁Bet hel ▁Society ▁and ▁was ▁secretary ▁for ▁a ▁time . ▁She ▁was ▁then ▁elected ▁president , ▁and ▁retained ▁that ▁office ▁for ▁thirty ▁years . |
▁The ▁society ▁became ▁a ▁large ▁and ▁influential ▁body , ▁labor ing ▁under ▁the ▁aus p ices ▁of ▁the ▁Boston ▁Bapt ist ▁Bet hel ▁Society . ▁In ▁ 1 8 6 0 , ▁Ball , ▁with ▁a ▁few ▁other ▁women , ▁organized ▁the ▁Woman ' s ▁Union ▁Mission ary ▁Society ▁of ▁America ▁for ▁Heat hen ▁L ands . ▁▁ ▁A ▁char ter ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁New ▁England ▁Woman ' s ▁Press ▁Association , ▁she ▁was ▁the ▁author ▁of ▁several ▁small , ▁popular ▁books . ▁ ▁Personal ▁life ▁In ▁religion , ▁Ball ▁was ▁a ▁Bapt ist . ▁She ▁was ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁R owe ▁Street ▁Bapt ist ▁Church ▁in ▁Boston , ▁where ▁she ▁was ▁prominent ▁in ▁social ▁and ▁religious ▁work , ▁and ▁was ▁long ▁interested ▁in ▁Home ▁and ▁Foreign ▁M issions . ▁She ▁died ▁in ▁Boston ▁on ▁December ▁ 2 2 , ▁ 1 8 9 4 . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Cit ations ▁ ▁Att ribut ion ▁ ▁Bibli ography ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁Category : 1 8 1 1 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 8 9 4 ▁deaths ▁Category : People ▁from ▁Boston ▁Category : E duc ators ▁from ▁Massachusetts ▁Category : Phil anth rop ists ▁from ▁Massachusetts ▁Category : Activ ists ▁from ▁Massachusetts ▁Category : Writ ers ▁from ▁Boston ▁Category : American ▁ed itors ▁Category : 1 9 th - century ▁American ▁women ▁writers ▁Category : B apt ists ▁from ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Category : Sch ool ▁found ers ▁Category : W ik ipedia ▁articles ▁incorpor ating ▁text ▁from ▁A ▁Woman ▁of ▁the ▁Century |
<0x0A> </s> ▁Ar un ▁Kr ish nam ur thy ▁( born ▁ 1 9 8 6 ) ▁is ▁an ▁Indian ▁environmental ▁activ ist ▁who ▁has ▁initiated ▁the ▁campaign ▁of ▁cleaning ▁various ▁l akes ▁across ▁India . ▁He ▁is ▁known ▁for ▁founding ▁the ▁N GO , ▁Environmental ist ▁Foundation ▁of ▁India ▁( E FI ) ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁based ▁in ▁Chen na i ▁which ▁has ▁its ▁branches ▁in ▁other ▁cities ▁such ▁as ▁Hy der abad , ▁Delhi ▁and ▁Co im bat ore . ▁Ar un ▁with ▁the ▁organisation ▁has ▁been ▁successful ▁in ▁cleaning ▁at ▁least ▁ 3 9 ▁l akes ▁in ▁the ▁country ▁and ▁having ▁worked ▁in ▁Google ▁before ▁qu itting ▁the ▁job ▁to ▁ded icate ▁volunt arily . ▁He ▁was ▁chosen ▁as ▁among ▁the ▁five ▁people ▁for ▁prest igious ▁Role x ▁Awards ▁for ▁Enterprise ▁award ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁for ▁scientific ▁lake ▁restoration ▁in ▁Chen na i . ▁ ▁Early ▁life ▁and ▁education ▁ ▁Ar un ▁spent ▁his ▁childhood ▁in ▁M ud ich ur , ▁a ▁village ▁ 2 9 km ▁from ▁Chen na i . ▁He ▁studied ▁in ▁Good ▁Earth ▁School ▁located ▁in ▁Nad uve er ap att u . ▁He ▁has ▁said ▁that ▁he ▁was ▁inspired ▁by ▁a ▁village ▁p anch ay at ▁head , ▁D ham od har an ▁who ▁had ▁encouraged ▁people ▁to ▁collect ▁the ▁garbage ▁from ▁the ▁p ond ▁to ▁keep ▁it ▁clean . ▁Ar un ' s ▁friend ▁K arth ik ▁Sh ivas und aram ▁was ▁also ▁his ▁inspiration . ▁He |
▁enjo ys ▁film - making , ▁photography ▁and ▁cycl ing . ▁Kr ish nam ur thy ▁completed ▁his ▁b achelor ' s ▁in ▁micro bi ology ▁from ▁Mad ras ▁Christian ▁College ▁and ▁worked ▁at ▁Google , ▁Hy der abad ▁for ▁over ▁three ▁years . ▁Ar un ▁then ▁went ▁to ▁study ▁in ▁The ▁Indian ▁Institute ▁of ▁Mass ▁Commun ication ▁in ▁Delhi . ▁He ▁then ▁joined ▁Good all ' s ▁Root s ▁& ▁Sh oot s ▁in ▁India ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 8 , ▁an ▁organisation ▁that ▁helps ▁young ▁people ▁to ▁resolve ▁problems ▁within ▁the ▁communities . ▁ ▁Ted X ▁Talk s ▁ ▁As ▁a ▁strong ▁environment ▁public ▁speaker , ▁Ar un ▁is ▁known ▁for ▁his ▁riv eting ▁spe e ches . ▁His ▁Ted X ▁talks ▁at ▁Bang al ore , ▁N IT ▁Tr ich y , ▁X L RI - J ams hed pur , ▁V SS UT - S amb al pur , ▁G CT - Co im bat ore , ▁II M - K ash ip ur ▁and ▁others ▁were ▁well ▁received . ▁His ▁spe e ches ▁focus ▁on ▁India ' s ▁rivers , ▁l akes , ▁wildlife . ▁ ▁Role x ▁La ure ate ▁▁ ▁Ar un ▁Kr ish nam ur thy ▁was ▁chosen ▁to ▁receive ▁the ▁prest igious ▁Role x ▁Awards ▁for ▁enterprise . ▁Ar un ▁was ▁awarded ▁in ▁the ▁year ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁at ▁Gen eva . ▁He ▁was ▁the ▁youngest ▁to ▁win ▁the ▁award . ▁The ▁award ▁was ▁in ▁recognition ▁of ▁Ar un ' s |
▁work ▁towards ▁lake ▁restoration ▁in ▁India . ▁ ▁Career ▁ ▁Ar un ▁worked ▁at ▁Google ▁but ▁later ▁quit ▁to ▁start ▁his ▁own ▁company . ▁Ar un ▁has ▁stated ▁that ▁environment ▁and ▁wildlife ▁has ▁always ▁attracted ▁him , ▁but ▁the ▁de grad ation ▁of ▁the ▁urban ▁gre ener y ▁had ▁motivated ▁him ▁to ▁protect ▁it . ▁Kr ish nam ur thy ▁had ▁founded ▁an ▁internation ally ▁recognised ▁organisation , ▁E FI ▁which ▁was ▁founded ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁, ▁self - fund ed ▁and ▁was ▁registered ▁as ▁a ▁trust ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 2 . ▁The ▁organisation ▁recru its ▁volunteers ▁mainly ▁through ▁school ▁program mes ▁including ▁sem in ars ▁and ▁workshops . ▁ ▁Their ▁main ▁projects ▁include ▁lake ▁restoration , ▁beach ▁clean ▁up s , ▁her bs ▁restoration , ▁st ray ▁animal ▁care ▁and ▁e co ▁bags ▁introduction . ▁Ar un ▁owns ▁his ▁company ▁Business ▁Kr ish ▁Info ▁Media , ▁which ▁works ▁in ▁the ▁area ▁of ▁digital ▁media ▁marketing , ▁corporate ▁training , ▁business ▁development ▁and ▁election ▁results ▁predictions . ▁ ▁Document ary ▁Films ▁ ▁Ar un ▁Kr ish nam ur thy ▁is ▁known ▁for ▁direct ing ▁several ▁environmental ▁documentary ▁films . ▁This ▁includes ▁a ▁television ▁series ▁titled ▁' Ne er um ▁N il am um ' ▁which ▁was ▁tele cast ed ▁for ▁ 8 ▁months ▁on ▁Th anth i ▁TV . ▁The ▁travel ▁documentary ▁on ▁rivers ▁of ▁T amil ▁Nad u ▁script ed ▁and ▁shot ▁by ▁Ar un ▁and ▁team ▁Environmental ▁Film ▁Association ▁was ▁well ▁received . ▁The ▁document aries |
▁were ▁on ▁the ▁C au very , ▁Th am ir ab har ani , ▁Va ig ai , ▁Ad yar , ▁Co ou m , ▁Kos as thal ay ar , ▁Pal ar ▁and ▁Then pen na i ya ar . ▁ ▁Lake ▁restoration ▁ ▁Ar un ▁started ▁with ▁cleaning ▁the ▁G ur un ad ham ▁Lake ▁in ▁Hy der abad ▁and ▁a ▁lake ▁in ▁Delhi ▁and ▁included ▁several ▁other ▁program mes ▁such ▁as ▁' Green ▁Gram am ', ▁which ▁is ▁a ▁development ▁plan ▁for ▁establishing ▁e co - friendly ▁villages , ▁' An i Pal ' ▁which ▁is ▁st ray ▁animal ▁care ▁programme ▁and ▁' W aste ▁Not ' ▁which ▁offers ▁waste ▁management ▁solutions . ▁They ▁have ▁set ▁up ▁ 1 9 ▁b iod ivers ity ▁parks ▁in ▁schools . ▁Kr ish nam ur thy ▁is ▁involved ▁in ▁a ▁ 1 6 - month ▁project ▁which ▁not ▁only ▁provides ▁physical ▁garbage ▁removal ▁but ▁also ▁puts ▁f encing ▁in ▁the ▁l akes ▁to ▁protect ▁them ▁from ▁human ▁activities ▁as ▁in ▁the ▁case ▁of ▁cleaning ▁beach ▁from ▁In j amb ak k am ▁to ▁Bes ant ▁Nag ar ▁in ▁Chen na i . ▁Ar un ▁has ▁further ▁told ▁that ▁they ▁have ▁introduced ▁animal ▁amb ul ance ▁for ▁street ▁animals ▁and ▁on ▁establishing ▁one ▁animal ▁rescue ▁and ▁a ▁re habil itation ▁centre ▁in ▁Chen na i ▁and ▁Hy der abad ▁by ▁ 2 0 1 5 . ▁ ▁He ▁as ▁a ▁team ▁follows ▁a ▁scientific ▁approach ▁towards ▁cleaning ▁and ▁saving ▁aqu atic ▁species . ▁On |
▁wildlife ▁conservation , ▁the ▁team ▁is ▁currently ▁focusing ▁on ▁fresh water ▁life ▁forms , ▁birds ▁that ▁are ▁dependent ▁on ▁the ▁l akes ▁where ▁many ▁t urt les ▁live . ▁Ar un ▁plans ▁blocking ▁access ▁to ▁any ▁lake ▁once ▁cleaning ▁is ▁completed ▁so ▁that ▁the ▁aqu atic ▁plants ▁and ▁species ▁would ▁be ▁protected . ▁Kr ish nam ur thy ▁had ▁won ▁Google ▁Al umn i ▁Impact ▁Award ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁for ▁rest oring ▁l akes ▁in ▁Hy der abad . ▁He ▁had ▁directed ▁documentary ▁films ▁such ▁as ▁‘ C aught ▁By ’, ▁which ▁focuses ▁on ▁land ▁and ▁sea ▁connection ▁and ▁f ishes ▁in ▁the ▁l akes ▁Kur ma ▁( 2 0 1 0 ), ▁for ▁which ▁he ▁received ▁a ▁British ▁Council ▁International ▁Cl imate ▁Champion ▁Excell ence ▁Award ▁for ▁showing ▁the ▁poor ▁condition ▁of ▁sea ▁t urt les ▁and ▁El ix ir ▁Po ison ed ▁( 2 0 1 1 ) ▁which ▁highlights ▁the ▁need ▁to ▁protect ▁the ▁aqu atic ▁environment . ▁As ▁of ▁May ▁ 2 0 1 7 , ▁ 3 9 ▁l akes ▁and ▁ 4 8 ▁p onds ▁have ▁been ▁restored ▁in ▁states ▁such ▁as ▁Ker ala , ▁K arn at aka , ▁And h ra ▁Pr adesh , ▁Tel ang ana ▁and ▁Gu jar at . ▁ ▁Rest oration ▁in ▁T amil ▁Nad u ▁ ▁Ar un ▁along ▁with ▁his ▁team ▁E FI ▁is ▁cred ited ▁in ▁cleaning ▁many ▁l akes ▁in ▁T amil ▁Nad u ▁with ▁majority ▁of ▁them ▁in ▁Chen na i ▁district . |
▁Different ▁methods ▁were ▁employed ▁for ▁scientific ▁restoration ▁such ▁as ▁including ▁" G " ▁shaped ▁central ▁island ▁for ▁aqu atic ▁species , ▁per col ation ▁tren ches ▁for ▁effective ▁water ▁harvest ing , ▁re ef ▁bed ▁for ▁growing ▁pl ank ton ▁and ▁installation ▁of ▁decent ral ised ▁water ▁treatment ▁plant ▁in ▁case ▁of ▁Sel v ach int am ani ▁K ul am ▁lake ▁in ▁Co im bat ore . ▁It ▁had ▁also ▁included ▁entire ▁lake ▁division ▁into ▁patches ▁and ▁removal ▁of ▁was tes ▁such ▁as ▁glass , ▁plastic , ▁p oul try ▁waste ▁and ▁construction ▁debris ▁from ▁Mad amb ak k am ▁lake , ▁repeated ▁clean ▁up ▁of ▁physical ▁garbage ▁with ▁study ▁of ▁the ▁soil ▁pattern ▁and ▁the ▁quality ▁of ▁water ▁in ▁K ee zh k att al ai ▁lake ▁along ▁with ▁the ▁awareness ▁and ▁mass ▁sens it isation ▁campaign ▁created ▁among ▁the ▁people . ▁The ▁funding ▁for ▁the ▁restoration ▁had ▁also ▁been ▁done ▁through ▁crowds our cing ▁with ▁support ▁from ▁the ▁local ▁corporation ▁as ▁well . ▁Similar ▁efforts ▁have ▁been ▁done ▁for ▁cleaning ▁other ▁l akes ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁as ▁well . ▁ ▁Present ▁Sc enario ▁ ▁Ar un ' s ▁organisation ▁E FI ▁has ▁ 2 1 2 ▁volunteers ▁in ▁Chen na i ▁and ▁membership ▁of ▁over ▁ 1 0 0 0 ▁in ▁India ▁by ▁July ▁ 2 0 1 3 . ▁Kr ish nam ur thy ▁is ▁cred ited ▁in ▁cleaning ▁ 1 7 ▁l akes ▁in ▁the ▁country ▁including ▁five ▁in ▁Chen na i ▁by ▁May ▁ |
2 0 1 3 . ▁Ar un ▁had ▁mentioned ▁that ▁his ▁N GO ▁plans ▁to ▁clean ▁over ▁ 2 0 ▁l akes ▁by ▁ 2 0 1 6 . ▁Ar un ▁wants ▁to ▁initi ate ▁conservation ▁projects ▁for ▁the ▁corporate ▁and ▁start ▁activities ▁in ▁neighbour ▁countries ▁such ▁as ▁Nep al ▁and ▁Bh ut an . ▁He ▁had ▁said ▁that ▁he ▁does ▁not ▁see ▁personal ▁success ▁in ▁winning ▁Role x ▁award ▁but ▁as ▁a ▁team ▁effort ▁and ▁had ▁stated ▁that ▁people ▁think ▁that ▁without ▁going ▁on ▁the ▁ground ▁the ▁l akes ▁would ▁be ▁free ▁from ▁garbage ▁and ▁dirt , ▁with ▁laying ▁stress ▁on ▁public ▁support ▁through ▁awareness ▁campaigns . ▁ ▁The ▁Ar un ▁and ▁E FI ▁has ▁received ▁volunt ary ▁support ▁from ▁cele brit ies ▁of ▁film ▁industry ▁as ▁well , ▁including ▁Kam al ▁Has an ▁and ▁Tr isha ▁Kr ish nan . ▁ ▁During ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 5 ▁flood s ▁in ▁Chen na i ▁and ▁areas ▁of ▁T amil ▁Nad u , ▁Ar un ▁and ▁E FI ▁was ▁involved ▁in ▁relief ▁work ▁in ▁Chen na i ▁and ▁several ▁villages ▁in ▁C udd al ore ▁District . ▁ ▁Rec ogn ition ▁▁ ▁British ▁Council ▁International ▁Cl imate ▁Champion ▁Excell ence ▁Award ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 0 . ▁▁ ▁Google ▁Al umn i ▁Impact ▁Award ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 1 . ▁▁ ▁Role x ▁Awards ▁for ▁Enterprise ▁award ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁for ▁Lake ▁Rest oration ▁efforts ▁in ▁Chen na i . ▁▁ ▁Jane ▁Good all ▁Institute ▁Global ▁Youth |
▁Lead ership ▁Award ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 0 . ▁▁ ▁Youth ▁Action ▁Net ▁Fellow . ▁ ▁P uth i ya ▁Th al aim ur ai ▁T amil an ▁Award ▁▁ ▁Ar un ▁was ▁chosen ▁as ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁ 4 0 ▁under ▁ 4 0 ▁young ▁leaders ▁by ▁The ▁New ▁Indian ▁Express ▁▁ ▁Ar un ▁Kr ish nam ur thy ▁was ▁chosen ▁as ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁brand ▁amb ass ad ors ▁for ▁the ▁Ox ember g ▁brand ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 8 ▁part ▁of ▁their ▁# Make Your Move ▁campaign . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁▁▁ ▁E FI ▁ ▁Vol unte er ▁in ▁Environmental ist ▁Foundation ▁of ▁India ▁ ▁Kr ish ▁Info ▁Media ▁ ▁Category : Ind ian ▁environmental ists ▁Category : People ▁from ▁Chen na i ▁district ▁Category : 1 9 8 6 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : Mad ras ▁Christian ▁College ▁al umn i ▁Category : J aw ah arl al ▁Ne h ru ▁University ▁al umn i <0x0A> </s> ▁Cas a ▁Ar am ara ▁is ▁a ▁private , ▁seas ide ▁estate ▁in ▁Pun ta ▁M ita , ▁Mexico . ▁The ▁property ▁was ▁built ▁by ▁media ▁entrepreneur , ▁Joe ▁Francis . ▁ ▁Cas a ▁Ar am ara ▁is ▁in ▁Pun ta ▁M ita , ▁a ▁ 1 , 5 0 0 - acre ▁beach front ▁village ▁on ▁the ▁north ▁end ▁of ▁B ander as ▁Bay ▁in ▁the ▁Mexican ▁state ▁of ▁N ay ar it , ▁about ▁ 1 0 ▁miles ▁( 1 |
6 km ) ▁north ▁of ▁Puerto ▁Vall arta , ▁J alis co . ▁ ▁History ▁and ▁residence ▁The ▁estate ▁was ▁named ▁after ▁Ar am ara , ▁the ▁Hu ich ol ▁Indian ▁god dess ▁of ▁life , ▁from ▁the ▁nat ives ▁who ▁lived ▁on ▁the ▁land ▁where ▁the ▁resort ▁is ▁now ▁located . ▁The ▁ 4 0 , 0 0 0 - square - foot ▁property ▁was ▁commissioned ▁by ▁Joe ▁Francis ▁and ▁designed ▁by ▁Mart yn - L aw rence ▁Bull ard . ▁The ▁home ▁was ▁featured ▁on ▁Br avo ' s ▁hit ▁television ▁show , ▁Mill ion ▁D ollar ▁Dec or ators , ▁and ▁E !' s ▁me ga ▁franchise , ▁Keep ing ▁Up ▁with ▁the ▁K ard ash ians . ▁ ▁The ▁estate ▁has ▁been ▁a ▁private ▁get away ▁for ▁Jennifer ▁An ist on , ▁Eva ▁Long oria , ▁Dem i ▁Moore , ▁and ▁the ▁K ard ash ian ▁family . ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 3 , ▁K ourt ney ▁K ard ash ian ▁and ▁boyfriend ▁Scott ▁Dis ick ▁took ▁their ▁children ▁to ▁Cas a ▁Ar am ara . ▁In ▁December ▁ 2 0 1 2 , ▁Extra ▁and ▁The ▁X ▁F actor ▁host ▁Mario ▁L ope z ▁used ▁the ▁property ▁as ▁the ▁site ▁for ▁his ▁wedding ▁to ▁Court ney ▁Maz za , ▁which ▁was ▁fil med ▁by ▁the ▁cable ▁network ▁T LC ▁in ▁Mario ▁and ▁Court ney ' s ▁Wed ding ▁Fi esta . ▁K ourt ney ▁K ard ash ian ▁re vis ited ▁the ▁resort ▁in ▁April ▁ |
2 0 1 4 ▁with ▁her ▁partner , ▁Scott ▁Dis ick , ▁and ▁their ▁children , ▁Mason ▁and ▁Pen el ope ▁Dis ick ▁to ▁celebrate ▁her ▁ 3 5 th ▁Birth day . ▁Kim ▁K ard ash ian ▁and ▁K any e ▁West ▁celebrated ▁their ▁h one ym oon ▁in ▁June ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁in ▁Cas a ▁Ar am ara . ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁ ▁Cas a ▁Ar am ara ▁Official ▁Website ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : Hot els ▁in ▁Mexico ▁Category : Build ings ▁and ▁structures ▁in ▁N ay ar it ▁Category : Hot els ▁established ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁Category : 2 0 1 3 ▁establish ments ▁in ▁Mexico <0x0A> </s> ▁Black ▁Mass ▁is ▁a ▁ 2 0 1 5 ▁American ▁bi ographical ▁crime ▁drama ▁film ▁produced ▁and ▁directed ▁by ▁Scott ▁Cooper ▁and ▁written ▁by ▁Mark ▁Mall ou k ▁and ▁Je z ▁Butter worth , ▁based ▁on ▁Dick ▁Le hr ▁and ▁Ger ard ▁O ' Ne ill ' s ▁ 2 0 0 1 ▁book ▁Black ▁Mass : ▁The ▁True ▁Story ▁of ▁an ▁Un hol y ▁Alliance ▁Between ▁the ▁FBI ▁and ▁the ▁Irish ▁M ob . ▁The ▁film ▁has ▁an ▁ensemble ▁cast ▁including ▁Johnny ▁De pp , ▁Joel ▁Ed g ert on , ▁Bened ict ▁C umber batch , ▁Kevin ▁B acon , ▁Jesse ▁P lem ons , ▁Peter ▁S ars ga ard , ▁R ory ▁Co chr ane , ▁Adam ▁Scott , ▁Julian ne ▁Nich ol son , ▁Dakota ▁Johnson , ▁and ▁Core y |
▁St oll . ▁ ▁The ▁film ▁follows ▁the ▁criminal ▁career ▁of ▁inf amous ▁American ▁mob ster ▁James ▁" White y " ▁Bul ger ▁( De pp ). ▁Pr incipal ▁photography ▁of ▁the ▁film ▁began ▁on ▁May ▁ 1 9 , ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁in ▁Boston ▁and ▁wrapped ▁on ▁August ▁ 1 , ▁ 2 0 1 4 . ▁It ▁had ▁its ▁world ▁premi ere ▁at ▁the ▁ 7 2 nd ▁Ven ice ▁International ▁Film ▁Festival ▁and ▁was ▁released ▁by ▁Warner ▁B ros . ▁worldwide ▁on ▁September ▁ 1 8 , ▁ 2 0 1 5 . ▁It ▁received ▁generally ▁positive ▁reviews ▁and ▁gross ed ▁$ 9 9 ▁million . ▁ ▁Plot ▁In ▁ 1 9 7 5 , ▁James ▁" White y " ▁Bul ger , ▁leader ▁of ▁the ▁Winter ▁Hill ▁G ang , ▁controls ▁most ▁organized ▁crime ▁within ▁South ▁Boston , ▁along ▁with ▁his ▁right - hand ▁man ▁Stephen ▁F lem mi , ▁new com er ▁Kevin ▁Week s , ▁and ▁call ous ▁hit man ▁Johnny ▁Mart or ano . ▁Bul ger ▁lives ▁with ▁his ▁common - law ▁wife ▁Lind sey ▁Cyr ▁and ▁their ▁young ▁son ▁Douglas . ▁ ▁Bul ger ' s ▁sup rem acy ▁is ▁challenged ▁by ▁the ▁North ▁End - based ▁Ang i ulo ▁Brothers , ▁a ▁rival ▁gang ▁that ▁is ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁New ▁England ▁M af ia ▁family . ▁FBI ▁agent ▁John ▁Con n olly ▁returns ▁to ▁the ▁area , ▁having ▁grown ▁up ▁in ▁South ▁Boston ▁as ▁a ▁friend ▁of ▁White y ▁and ▁his ▁brother |
▁William ▁" B illy " ▁Bul ger ' s ; ▁Billy ▁is ▁now ▁the ▁Massachusetts ▁Senate ▁President . ▁Con n olly ▁tries ▁in fil tr ating ▁the ▁Ang i ulo ▁Brothers ▁and ▁attempts ▁to ▁get ▁White y ▁to ▁work ▁with ▁the ▁FBI . ▁Although ▁White y ▁h ates ▁the ▁idea ▁of ▁being ▁a ▁rat , ▁he ▁understands ▁the ▁protection ▁doing ▁so ▁would ▁afford ▁him , ▁his ▁gang , ▁and ▁his ▁family . ▁ ▁Douglas ▁suff ers ▁from ▁Re ye ▁syndrome , ▁leading ▁the ▁devast ated ▁Lind sey ▁to ▁remove ▁him ▁from ▁life ▁support ▁over ▁White y ' s ▁fur ious ▁ob jections . ▁When ▁the ▁Ang i ulo ▁Brothers ▁murder ▁a ▁Winter ▁Hill ▁soldier , ▁White y ▁becomes ▁an ▁inform ant . ▁ ▁Although ▁Con n olly ▁is ▁supported ▁by ▁his ▁co - worker ▁John ▁Morris , ▁their ▁boss , ▁Charles ▁Mc Gu ire , ▁is ▁suspicious . ▁White y ▁increasingly ▁explo its ▁his ▁status ▁as ▁an ▁inform ant , ▁using ▁Con n olly ' s ▁" prote ction " ▁as ▁a ▁cover ▁for ▁his ▁crimes . ▁When ▁Con n olly ▁demands ▁information ▁on ▁the ▁Ang i ulos ' ▁rack ete ering ▁locations , ▁White y ▁gets ▁pictures ▁of ▁the ▁rival ▁gang ' s ▁hide outs , ▁allowing ▁the ▁FBI ▁to ▁plant ▁wire t aps . ▁The ▁FBI ▁arrest s ▁the ▁Ang i ulos , ▁thus ▁elim inating ▁the ▁remaining ▁opposition ▁to ▁White y ' s ▁power . ▁Con n olly , ▁blind ed ▁by ▁his ▁past , ▁grows ▁closer ▁to ▁White y |
▁and ▁the ▁gang , ▁and ▁even ▁inv ites ▁them ▁to ▁his ▁house ▁for ▁a ▁cook out . ▁His ▁wife , ▁Marian ne , ▁sees ▁negative ▁changes ▁in ▁her ▁husband ▁as ▁his ▁agent - in form ant ▁relationship ▁with ▁White y ▁grows , ▁including ▁accepting ▁expensive ▁gifts ▁and ▁money ▁from ▁the ▁gang . ▁ ▁An ▁associate , ▁Brian ▁Hall or an , ▁goes ▁to ▁the ▁FBI ▁to ▁report ▁White y ' s ▁involvement , ▁much ▁to ▁Con n olly ' s ▁dis ple asure . ▁Con n olly ▁then ▁tells ▁White y ▁of ▁Hall or an ' s ▁accus ation , ▁thereby ▁resulting ▁in ▁the ▁mur ders ▁of ▁Hall or an ▁and ▁an ▁un named ▁accompl ice . ▁Following ▁his ▁mother ' s ▁death , ▁White y ' s ▁behavior ▁becomes ▁increasingly ▁violent ▁and ▁un predict able , ▁deter ior ating ▁his ▁inform ant ▁relationship . ▁ ▁When ▁" bul ld og " ▁prosecut or ▁Fred ▁Wy sh ak ▁is ▁appointed ▁the ▁new ▁assistant ▁U . ▁S . ▁Attorney ▁in ▁Boston , ▁Con n olly ▁attempts ▁to ▁make ▁friends ▁and ▁to ▁perhaps ▁di vert ▁his ▁attention ▁from ▁White y , ▁but ▁Wy sh ak ▁bl unt ly ▁ref uses ▁and ▁demands ▁the ▁FBI ▁arrest ▁him . ▁John ▁Mc Int y re , ▁an ▁inform ant ▁within ▁the ▁Winter ▁Hill ▁G ang , ▁inform s ▁on ▁an ▁attempt ▁by ▁White y ▁to ▁sm ug gle ▁weapons ▁for ▁the ▁I RA . ▁The ▁ship ment ▁is ▁seized , ▁but ▁White y ▁kills ▁Mc Int y re |
▁after ▁Con n olly ▁tips ▁him ▁off . ▁Wy sh ak ▁and ▁Mc Gu ire ▁investigate ▁Con n olly ' s ▁management ▁of ▁White y ' s ▁inform ant ▁role ▁and ▁realize ▁that ▁most ▁of ▁the ▁" t ips " ▁provided ▁by ▁White y ▁were ▁already ▁obtained ▁from ▁other ▁sources . ▁Morris , ▁dis ill usion ed ▁and ▁fear ing ▁prosecut ion ▁for ▁his ▁association ▁with ▁Con n olly ' s ▁activities , ▁an onym ously ▁div ul ges ▁Con n olly ' s ▁and ▁White y ' s ▁relationship ▁to ▁The ▁Boston ▁Gl obe , ▁and ▁a ▁front - page ▁story ▁ex poses ▁the ▁FBI ' s ▁links ▁to ▁organized ▁crime . ▁ ▁Con n olly , ▁F lem mi , ▁Week s , ▁and ▁Mart or ano ▁are ▁arrested . ▁White y ▁goes ▁on ▁the ▁run , ▁but ▁not ▁before ▁giving ▁Billy ▁a ▁final ▁good bye ▁from ▁a ▁pay ▁phone . ▁Morris ▁turns ▁state ' s ▁evidence ▁and ▁test ifies ▁against ▁Con n olly ▁in ▁return ▁for ▁imm unity . ▁Con n olly ' s ▁and ▁the ▁other ▁characters ' ▁sentences ▁are ▁listed , ▁and ▁a ▁concl uding ▁sequence ▁shows ▁the ▁now - el der ly ▁White y ▁being ▁caught ▁by ▁the ▁FBI ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 1 . ▁ ▁Cast ▁▁ ▁Johnny ▁De pp ▁as ▁James ▁" White y " ▁Bul ger ▁ ▁Joel ▁Ed g ert on ▁as ▁John ▁Con n olly ▁ ▁Bened ict ▁C umber batch ▁as ▁William ▁" B illy " ▁Bul ger ▁ ▁R |
ory ▁Co chr ane ▁as ▁Stephen ▁" The ▁R if le man " ▁F lem mi ▁ ▁Kevin ▁B acon ▁as ▁Charles ▁Mc Gu ire ▁ ▁Jesse ▁P lem ons ▁as ▁Kevin ▁Week s ▁ ▁Peter ▁S ars ga ard ▁as ▁Brian ▁Hall or an ▁ ▁Dakota ▁Johnson ▁as ▁Lind sey ▁Cyr ▁ ▁Core y ▁St oll ▁as ▁Fred ▁Wy sh ak ▁ ▁David ▁Har bour ▁as ▁John ▁Morris ▁ ▁Julian ne ▁Nich ol son ▁as ▁Marian ne ▁Con n olly ▁( née ▁Lock ary ) ▁ ▁Adam ▁Scott ▁as ▁Robert ▁Fitz pat rick ▁ ▁Brad ▁Carter ▁as ▁John ▁Mc Int y re ▁ ▁W . ▁Earl ▁Brown ▁as ▁Johnny ▁Mart or ano ▁ ▁Mark ▁Mah oney ▁as ▁Mic key ▁Mal oney ▁ ▁Jun o ▁Temple ▁as ▁Deb or ah ▁Hus sey ▁ ▁Er ica ▁Mc D erm ott ▁as ▁Mary ▁Bul ger ▁ ▁Bill ▁Camp ▁as ▁John ▁Call ahan ▁ ▁Scott ▁Anderson ▁as ▁Tommy ▁King ▁ ▁David ▁De Be ck ▁as ▁Roger ▁Whe eler ▁ ▁Jamie ▁Don nel ly ▁as ▁Ms . ▁C ody ▁ ▁Patrick ▁M . ▁Wal sh ▁as ▁Michael ▁Don ah ue ▁ ▁Jeremy ▁Strong ▁as ▁Josh ▁Bond ▁( unc red ited ) ▁ ▁James ▁Rus so ▁as ▁Scott ▁Gar ri ola ▁( unc red ited ) ▁ ▁Production ▁ ▁Development ▁An ▁idea ▁for ▁a ▁film ▁adaptation ▁of ▁Black ▁Mass : ▁The ▁True ▁Story ▁of ▁an ▁Un hol y ▁Alliance ▁Between ▁the ▁FBI ▁and ▁the ▁Irish ▁M ob ▁gar ner ed ▁interest ▁inter mitt ently ▁since ▁ 2 0 |
0 0 . ▁Even ▁before ▁its ▁published ▁release , ▁the ▁book ' s ▁film ▁rights ▁had ▁already ▁been ▁sold ▁to ▁Mir am ax , ▁when ▁Harvey ▁We in stein ▁was ▁still ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁company . ▁According ▁to ▁co - author ▁Dick ▁Le hr , ▁We in stein ▁had ▁never ▁exerc ised ▁the ▁film ▁option ▁for ▁unknown ▁reasons , ▁and ▁the ▁rights ▁exp ired . ▁At ▁one ▁point ▁afterwards , ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 2 , ▁film maker ▁Robert ▁Green wald ▁had ▁planned ▁to ▁adapt ▁Black ▁Mass ▁into ▁a ▁ 4 - hour ▁min iser ies ▁for ▁USA ▁Network , ▁but ▁the ▁project ▁was ▁never ▁developed . ▁Eventually ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 6 , ▁film ▁producer ▁Brian ▁Oliver ▁acquired ▁the ▁film ▁rights ▁for ▁Black ▁Mass , ▁and ▁was ▁set ▁to ▁produce ▁the ▁adaptation ▁with ▁CP ▁Production ▁partners ▁Michael ▁Cer enz ie ▁and ▁Christ ine ▁Peters . ▁ ▁After ▁Oliver ' s ▁acquisition , ▁Jim ▁Sher idan ▁was ▁attached ▁to ▁direct ▁the ▁film . ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 9 , ▁Sher idan ▁had ▁finished ▁writing ▁a ▁draft ▁of ▁the ▁adapted ▁screen play ▁with ▁N ye ▁Her on , ▁and ▁principal ▁photography ▁was ▁reported ly ▁scheduled ▁to ▁begin ▁in ▁April ▁ 2 0 1 0 . ▁However , ▁in ▁December ▁ 2 0 1 0 , ▁while ▁discussing ▁the ▁trou bled ▁production ▁of ▁his ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁film ▁Dream ▁House , ▁Sher idan ▁hint ed ▁at ▁his ▁det achment ▁from ▁the ▁Black ▁Mass ▁project . ▁Oliver ' s ▁then - |
new ly ▁founded ▁Cross ▁Creek ▁Pictures ▁film ▁production ▁company ▁took ▁over ▁financing ▁for ▁Black ▁Mass , ▁and ▁Sher idan ' s ▁exit ▁was ▁confirmed ▁when ▁Russell ▁Gew irt z ▁was ▁hired ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁to ▁write ▁another ▁draft ▁for ▁the ▁adaptation , ▁and ▁Barry ▁Lev inson ▁was ▁attached ▁to ▁direct ▁instead . ▁The ▁finished ▁version ▁of ▁Black ▁Mass ▁was ▁script ed ▁by ▁Mark ▁Mall ou k ▁and ▁Je z ▁Butter worth , ▁and ▁has ▁been ▁b illed ▁as ▁the ▁" true ▁story ▁of ▁White y ▁Bul ger , ▁FBI ▁agent ▁John ▁Con n olly ▁and ▁the ▁FBI ' s ▁witness ▁protection ▁program ▁that ▁was ▁created ▁by ▁J . ▁Ed gar ▁Ho over ." ▁ ▁Later ▁in ▁January ▁ 2 0 1 4 , ▁Scott ▁Cooper ▁was ▁attached ▁to ▁re - write ▁and ▁direct ▁the ▁film . ▁On ▁February ▁ 2 7 , ▁ 2 0 1 4 , ▁Warner ▁B ros . ▁picked ▁up ▁the ▁film ' s ▁worldwide ▁distribution ▁rights , ▁eye ing ▁an ▁October ▁ 2 0 1 5 ▁release , ▁and ▁the ▁studio ▁co - fin anced ▁the ▁film ▁with ▁Cross ▁Creek . ▁ ▁Cast ing ▁Johnny ▁De pp ' s ▁involvement ▁with ▁Black ▁Mass ▁dates ▁back ▁to ▁February ▁ 2 0 1 3 , ▁when ▁he ▁was ▁attached ▁to ▁star ▁in ▁the ▁film , ▁while ▁Barry ▁Lev inson ▁was ▁still ▁sl ated ▁to ▁direct ▁and ▁principal ▁photography ▁was ▁scheduled ▁to ▁begin ▁in ▁May ▁ 2 0 1 3 . ▁De pp ▁briefly ▁ex ited ▁the ▁project |
▁shortly ▁after ▁its ▁sale ▁at ▁the ▁ 6 6 th ▁annual ▁Cann es ▁Film ▁Festival , ▁because ▁of ▁a ▁salary ▁dispute ▁with ▁Cross ▁Creek ▁Pictures . ▁He ▁later ▁rejo ined ▁at ▁around ▁the ▁same ▁time ▁Scott ▁Cooper ▁was ▁attached ▁to ▁replace ▁Lev inson ▁as ▁director , ▁and ▁his ▁signing ▁for ▁the ▁film ▁was ▁made ▁official ▁in ▁February ▁ 2 0 1 4 . ▁Jesse ▁P lem ons ▁and ▁Jun o ▁Temple ▁joined ▁the ▁cast ▁to ▁play ▁as ▁Kevin ▁Week s ▁( a ▁co h ort ▁of ▁Bul ger ) ▁and ▁Deb or ah ▁Hus sey , ▁one ▁of ▁Bul ger ' s ▁victims , ▁respectively , ▁around ▁April ▁ 2 0 1 4 . ▁P lem ons ▁reported ly ▁prepared ▁for ▁his ▁role ▁by ▁hiring ▁a ▁dialect ▁coach ▁and ▁studying ▁video ▁of ▁the ▁actual ▁Kevin ▁Week s . ▁ ▁Bened ict ▁C umber batch ▁replaced ▁Guy ▁Pear ce ▁as ▁William ▁" B illy " ▁Bul ger ▁on ▁May ▁ 2 2 , ▁ 2 0 1 4 . ▁On ▁June ▁ 1 0 , ▁it ▁was ▁announced ▁that ▁Jeremy ▁Strong ▁would ▁co - star ▁in ▁the ▁film . ▁On ▁June ▁ 1 4 , ▁James ▁Rus so ▁joined ▁the ▁cast ▁of ▁the ▁film ▁to ▁play ▁Scott ▁Gar ri ola , ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁FBI ▁agents ▁who ▁took ▁down ▁Bul ger . ▁On ▁June ▁ 2 6 , ▁Kevin ▁B acon ▁was ▁added ▁to ▁the ▁cast ▁to ▁play ▁Charles ▁Mc Gu ire , ▁the ▁FBI ▁Special ▁Agent ▁in ▁charge ▁of ▁the ▁Boston ▁field ▁office |
▁and ▁John ▁Con n olly ' s ▁boss . ▁On ▁July ▁ 1 , ▁David ▁Har bour ▁was ▁added ▁to ▁the ▁cast ▁of ▁the ▁film ▁to ▁star ▁as ▁John ▁Morris , ▁a ▁corrupt ▁FBI ▁agent ▁along ▁with ▁Con n olly . ▁ ▁The ▁roles ▁of ▁Con n olly ▁– ▁who ▁was ▁White y ▁Bul ger ' s ▁FBI ▁handler ▁– ▁and ▁his ▁first ▁wife ▁Marian ne , ▁were ▁filled ▁by ▁Joel ▁Ed g ert on ▁and ▁Julian ne ▁Nich ol son , ▁respectively . ▁Cooper ▁chose ▁Nich ol son ▁for ▁the ▁part ▁after ▁her ▁performance ▁as ▁Sally ▁in ▁Sam ▁She p ard ' s ▁off - Broad way ▁play ▁Heart less ▁( before ▁Claire ▁van ▁der ▁Bo om ▁succeeded ▁her ▁for ▁the ▁play ' s ▁two - week ▁extension ). ▁Ed g ert on ▁developed ▁his ▁port ray al ▁of ▁Con n olly ▁by ▁studying ▁past ▁footage ▁of ▁the ▁FBI ▁agent ▁before ▁his ▁imprison ment , ▁some ▁of ▁which ▁include ▁his ▁appearances ▁on ▁talk ▁shows ▁and ▁in ▁court rooms . ▁In ▁an ▁interview ▁with ▁The ▁Wall ▁Street ▁Journal , ▁Ed g ert on ▁stated ▁that ▁he ▁declined ▁trying ▁to ▁meet ▁with ▁the ▁actual ▁Con n olly , ▁reasoning ▁that ▁Con n olly ▁" has ▁one ▁version ▁of ▁events ▁and ▁the ▁film ▁has ▁a ▁different ▁version ". ▁Ed g ert on ▁originally ▁dropped ▁out ▁of ▁the ▁project ▁when ▁De pp ▁agreed ▁to ▁return , ▁and ▁Tom ▁Hard y ▁was ▁in ▁early ▁talks ▁for ▁the ▁role . ▁However , ▁Ed g ert on ▁returned ▁in |
▁the ▁role . ▁ ▁In ▁preparing ▁for ▁his ▁role , ▁De pp ▁similarly ▁studied ▁surveillance ▁and ▁police ▁audio ▁footage ▁involving ▁Bul ger . ▁The ▁actor ▁was ▁ad am ant ▁in ▁dep ict ing ▁the ▁Boston ▁gang ▁leader ' s ▁criminal ▁and ▁personal ▁life ▁as ▁would ▁be ▁ultimately ▁port rayed ▁in ▁the ▁film . ▁To ▁achieve ▁that , ▁De pp ▁attempted ▁to ▁meet ▁with ▁Bul ger ▁himself , ▁but ▁was ▁declined ▁a ▁meeting ▁and ▁instead ▁consult ed ▁Jay ▁Car ney , ▁Bul ger ' s ▁attorney . ▁Car ney ▁appeared ▁on ▁set ▁a ▁few ▁times , ▁to ▁provide ▁feedback ▁on ▁De pp ' s ▁performance . ▁ ▁Fil ming ▁Pr incipal ▁photography ▁comm enced ▁on ▁May ▁ 1 9 , ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁in ▁Boston ; ▁actors ▁were ▁seen ▁film ing ▁scenes ▁in ▁Dor chester . ▁On ▁May ▁ 2 3 , ▁some ▁shots ▁were ▁also ▁fil med ▁at ▁Polish ▁American ▁Club ▁( al tered ▁to ▁rec reate ▁West ▁Broadway ' s ▁Tri ple ▁O ' s ▁L ounge , ▁White y ' s ▁inf amous ▁South ▁Boston ▁hang out ), ▁on ▁Cambridge ▁Street ▁in ▁Cambridge . ▁On ▁May ▁ 2 7 , ▁film ing ▁was ▁taking ▁place ▁in ▁East ▁Boston , ▁where ▁Johnny ▁De pp ▁and ▁Jesse ▁P lem ons ▁were ▁seen ▁together ▁on ▁the ▁set . ▁Next ▁day ▁on ▁May ▁ 2 8 , ▁Joel ▁Ed g ert on ▁was ▁seen ▁during ▁film ing ▁of ▁a ▁scene ▁on ▁Silver ▁Street ▁in ▁South ▁Boston . ▁On ▁June ▁ 4 , ▁De |
pp ▁was ▁spotted ▁in ▁Lyn n ▁during ▁a ▁rec reation ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 9 8 2 ▁mur ders ▁of ▁Brian ▁Hall or an ▁and ▁Michael ▁Don ah ue ▁by ▁Bul ger . ▁On ▁June ▁ 6 – 7 , ▁De pp ▁was ▁seen ▁film ing ▁scenes ▁at ▁C ople y ▁Square ▁in ▁Boston . ▁ ▁On ▁June ▁ 9 , ▁De pp ' s ▁ 5 1 st ▁birthday , ▁he ▁was ▁film ing ▁scenes ▁on ▁location ▁in ▁Qu inc y , ▁where ▁actress ▁Dakota ▁Johnson ▁was ▁in ▁Back ▁Bay , ▁playing ▁White y ▁Bul ger ' s ▁long time ▁former ▁girlfriend , ▁Lind sey ▁Cyr . ▁On ▁June ▁ 1 1 , ▁shooting ▁was ▁under way ▁in ▁Lyn n , ▁where ▁the ▁crew ▁was ▁film ing ▁scenes ▁in ▁which ▁Bul ger ▁and ▁Stephen ▁F lem mi ▁pick ▁up ▁a ▁prost itute ▁named ▁Deb or ah ▁Hus sey ▁( play ed ▁by ▁Jun o ▁Temple ) ▁from ▁the ▁police ▁station . ▁Temple ▁was ▁seen ▁on ▁the ▁set . ▁On ▁June ▁ 1 6 , ▁De pp ▁and ▁P lem ons ▁were ▁spotted ▁on ▁the ▁set ▁of ▁the ▁film ▁in ▁South ▁Boston . ▁ ▁On ▁June ▁ 2 0 , ▁news ▁posted ▁some ▁photos ▁from ▁the ▁set ▁of ▁the ▁film , ▁which ▁features ▁classic ▁cars ▁from ▁the ▁film ▁set ▁in ▁South ▁Boston . ▁On ▁June ▁ 2 3 , ▁C umber batch ▁and ▁De pp ▁were ▁spotted ▁during ▁a ▁re - cre ation ▁of ▁Saint ▁Patrick ' s ▁Day ▁par ade ▁scenes ▁in |
▁Lyn n . ▁On ▁June ▁ 2 4 , ▁scenes ▁were ▁shot ▁at ▁the ▁Harvard ▁Club ▁in ▁Boston . ▁On ▁June ▁ 2 6 , ▁C umber batch ▁was ▁spotted ▁with ▁crew ▁while ▁film ing ▁around ▁Ash mont ▁Gr ill ▁in ▁Dor chester . ▁On ▁June ▁ 2 9 , ▁the ▁p ave ment ▁outside ▁South ▁Boston ▁High ▁School ▁had ▁gra ff iti ▁read ings ▁of ▁" Stop ▁For ced ▁Bus ing " ▁and ▁" Press ▁Print ▁the ▁Truth ." ▁ ▁On ▁July ▁ 2 , ▁De pp ▁and ▁C umber batch ▁were ▁together ▁film ing ▁some ▁scenes ▁in ▁Boston . ▁On ▁July ▁ 7 – 8 , ▁film ing ▁was ▁set ▁to ▁take ▁place ▁on ▁Gil son ▁Road ▁in ▁Qu inc y . ▁A ▁four - story ▁building ▁on ▁ 6 ▁Gil son ▁Road ▁was ▁transformed ▁to ▁re semble ▁the ▁Princess ▁Eug en ia ▁apartments ▁in ▁Santa ▁Mon ica , ▁California , ▁where ▁FBI ▁agents ▁arrested ▁Bul ger ▁on ▁June ▁ 2 2 , ▁ 2 0 1 1 . ▁Ar rest ▁scenes ▁were ▁fil med ▁there ▁on ▁July ▁ 7 ▁and ▁ 8 , ▁and ▁S ien na ▁Miller ▁was ▁spotted ▁dressed ▁as ▁Catherine ▁Gre ig . ▁From ▁July ▁ 8 – 1 0 , ▁scenes ▁were ▁fil med ▁on ▁Re vere ▁Beach , ▁so ▁that ▁a ▁portion ▁of ▁Re vere ▁Beach ▁remained ▁closed . ▁Between ▁July ▁ 1 1 – 1 2 , ▁Re vere ▁Beach ▁Bou lev ard ▁remained ▁closed ▁for ▁shooting . ▁Re vere ▁Beach ▁was ▁transformed ▁into |
▁Miami ▁Beach , ▁Florida , ▁as ▁live ▁palm ▁trees ▁had ▁been ▁planted ▁in ▁the ▁sand ▁and ▁a ▁pizza ▁restaurant ▁was ▁transformed ▁into ▁a ▁Cub an ▁ca fe ▁on ▁Re vere ▁Beach ▁Bou lev ard ▁across ▁the ▁street ▁from ▁Beach . ▁De pp ▁as ▁White y ▁Bul ger ▁and ▁Miller ▁as ▁Catherine ▁Gre ig ▁were ▁spotted ▁on ▁the ▁Black ▁Mass ▁set ▁on ▁the ▁Re vere ▁Beach ▁on ▁July ▁ 1 0 , ▁ 2 0 1 4 . ▁ ▁On ▁July ▁ 1 5 , ▁C umber batch ▁wrapped ▁film ing ▁for ▁his ▁part ▁in ▁Boston . ▁On ▁July ▁ 2 1 , ▁De pp ▁fil med ▁some ▁scenes ▁at ▁the ▁former ▁Anthony ' s ▁Haw th orne ▁restaurant , ▁located ▁at ▁Oxford ▁Street ▁and ▁Central ▁Avenue ▁in ▁Lyn n . ▁De pp ' s ▁wife ▁A mber ▁He ard ▁visited ▁De pp ▁on ▁the ▁set ▁of ▁the ▁film ▁on ▁July ▁ 2 1 , ▁the ▁last ▁day ▁of ▁film ing ▁for ▁De pp ' s ▁role . ▁ ▁In ▁July , ▁director ▁Cooper ▁told ▁The ▁Boston ▁Gl obe ▁that ▁film ing ▁had ▁to ▁take ▁place ▁for ▁two ▁more ▁weeks ▁in ▁Boston , ▁focusing ▁on ▁the ▁FBI ' s ▁role ▁in ▁the ▁Bul ger ▁story . ▁On ▁July ▁ 2 5 , ▁Kevin ▁B acon ▁was ▁in ▁Boston , ▁film ing ▁some ▁remaining ▁scenes ▁for ▁the ▁film . ▁According ▁to ▁The ▁Boston ▁Gl obe , ▁film ing ▁for ▁Black ▁Mass ▁wrapped ▁up ▁on ▁Friday , ▁August ▁ 1 , ▁ 2 0 1 4 |
, ▁in ▁Boston . ▁ ▁Post - production ▁S ien na ▁Miller ▁was ▁cast ▁and ▁fil med ▁scenes ▁as ▁Catherine ▁Gre ig , ▁Bul ger ' s ▁companion ▁while ▁a ▁f ug itive , ▁but ▁her ▁scenes ▁ended ▁up ▁getting ▁cut ▁from ▁the ▁film ▁due ▁to ▁" n arr ative ▁choices ". ▁Er ica ▁Mc D erm ott ▁was ▁cast ▁as ▁Mary ▁Bul ger , ▁wife ▁of ▁Billy ▁Bul ger , ▁but ▁the ▁majority ▁of ▁her ▁scenes ▁were ▁cut ▁out . ▁ ▁Release ▁On ▁June ▁ 3 0 , ▁ 2 0 1 4 , ▁Warner ▁B ros . ▁set ▁the ▁film ▁for ▁a ▁September ▁ 1 8 , ▁ 2 0 1 5 ▁worldwide ▁release . ▁It ▁was ▁selected ▁to ▁be ▁shown ▁in ▁the ▁" F u ori ▁Con cor so " ▁section ▁of ▁the ▁Ven ice ▁Film ▁Festival . ▁It ▁was ▁also ▁shown ▁at ▁the ▁Tell ur ide ▁Film ▁Festival ▁the ▁next ▁day , ▁and ▁in ▁the ▁Special ▁P resentation ▁section ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 5 ▁Toronto ▁International ▁Film ▁Festival . ▁ ▁Marketing ▁On ▁April ▁ 2 3 , ▁ 2 0 1 5 , ▁the ▁first ▁trailer ▁for ▁the ▁film ▁was ▁released , ▁followed ▁by ▁a ▁second ▁trailer ▁on ▁May ▁ 2 2 . ▁A ▁third ▁trailer ▁was ▁released ▁on ▁July ▁ 3 0 . ▁ ▁Home ▁media ▁Black ▁Mass ▁was ▁released ▁on ▁DVD ▁and ▁Bl u - ray ▁on ▁February ▁ 1 6 , ▁ 2 0 1 6 . ▁ ▁Re ception ▁ ▁Box ▁office ▁Black |
▁Mass ▁gross ed ▁$ 6 2 . 6 ▁million ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁and ▁Canada , ▁and ▁$ 3 7 . 2 ▁million ▁in ▁other ▁territor ies , ▁for ▁a ▁worldwide ▁total ▁of ▁$ 9 9 . 8 ▁million , ▁against ▁a ▁production ▁budget ▁of ▁$ 5 3 ▁million . ▁ ▁In ▁its ▁opening ▁weekend , ▁the ▁film ▁was ▁projected ▁to ▁earn ▁around ▁$ 2 6 ▁million ▁from ▁ 3 , 1 8 8 ▁the aters . ▁It ▁gross ed ▁$ 8 . 8 ▁million ▁on ▁its ▁first ▁day , ▁including ▁$ 1 . 4 ▁million ▁from ▁its ▁early ▁Thursday ▁show ings . ▁It ▁ended ▁up ▁debut ing ▁to ▁$ 2 2 . 6 ▁million , ▁finishing ▁second ▁at ▁the ▁box ▁office ▁behind ▁fellow ▁new com er ▁M aze ▁Run ner : ▁The ▁Sc or ch ▁Tri als ▁($ 3 0 . 3 ▁million ). ▁It ▁dropped ▁ 5 1 % ▁in ▁its ▁second ▁weekend , ▁making ▁$ 1 1 ▁million ▁and ▁finishing ▁ 5 th . ▁ ▁Crit ical ▁response ▁On ▁Rot ten ▁Tom atoes ▁the ▁film ▁has ▁an ▁approval ▁rating ▁of ▁ 7 3 % ▁based ▁on ▁ 2 8 4 ▁reviews ▁and ▁an ▁average ▁rating ▁of ▁ 6 . 7 / 1 0 . ▁The ▁site ' s ▁critical ▁consensus ▁reads , ▁" Black ▁Mass ▁sp ins ▁a ▁gri pping ▁y arn ▁out ▁of ▁its ▁fact - based ▁story ▁– ▁and ▁leaves ▁audiences ▁with ▁one ▁of ▁Johnny ▁De pp ' s ▁most ▁compelling ▁performances ▁in ▁years ." ▁On ▁Met ac |
rit ic , ▁the ▁film ▁has ▁a ▁rating ▁of ▁ 6 8 ▁out ▁of ▁ 1 0 0 , ▁based ▁on ▁ 4 3 ▁critics , ▁indicating ▁" gener ally ▁favor able ▁reviews ". ▁A udi ences ▁poll ed ▁by ▁Cin ema Score ▁gave ▁the ▁film ▁an ▁average ▁grade ▁of ▁" B " ▁on ▁an ▁A + ▁to ▁F ▁scale . ▁ ▁De pp ' s ▁port ray al ▁of ▁Bul ger ▁received ▁critical ▁ac claim . ▁Crit ics ▁from ▁The ▁Hollywood ▁Rep orter , ▁Var iety , ▁and ▁The Wrap ▁called ▁it ▁one ▁of ▁his ▁best ▁performances ▁to ▁date . ▁The ▁Hollywood ▁Rep orters ▁Todd ▁McC arth y , ▁in ▁addition ▁to ▁pra ising ▁the ▁film , ▁called ▁De pp ' s ▁performance ▁" fully ▁conv incing ▁and ▁fright ening ", ▁saying ▁it ▁is ▁" very ▁welcome ▁at ▁this ▁point ▁in ▁his ▁career ▁and ▁one ▁of ▁his ▁best ." ▁ ▁Similarly , ▁Ind ie ▁W ires ▁Eric ▁K ohn ▁praised ▁the ▁cast ▁and ▁highlighted ▁De pp ' s ▁performance ▁and ▁Cooper ' s ▁director ial ▁efforts ▁to ▁dep ict ▁" the ▁ha unting ▁legacy ▁of ▁Bul ger ' s ▁criminal ▁de eds , ▁and ▁the ▁ling ering ▁sense ▁that ▁no ▁justice ▁can ▁er ase ▁their ▁impact ." ▁Adm iring ▁Black ▁Mass ▁as ▁an ▁" ele g antly ▁under st ated ▁crime ▁drama ", ▁Var iet ys ▁Scott ▁Found as ▁posit ively ▁compared ▁De pp ' s ▁performance ▁in ▁the ▁film ▁to ▁his ▁earlier ▁roles ▁with ▁Tim ▁Bur ton . ▁ ▁The Wrap |
s ▁Al onso ▁D ural de ▁praised ▁De pp ' s ▁performance , ▁but ▁was ▁less ▁positive ▁towards ▁the ▁film ' s ▁p acing ▁and ▁short ▁on screen ▁appearances ▁of ▁some ▁supporting ▁characters . ▁BBC ▁Culture ' s ▁Nicol as ▁Bar ber ▁found ▁some ▁of ▁the ▁sub pl ots ▁to ▁be ▁unnecessary ▁( specific ally ▁mention ing ▁Bened ict ▁C umber batch ▁as ▁Billy ▁Bul ger ), ▁and ▁argued ▁that ▁" the ▁film ▁is ▁never ▁bad , ▁but , ▁given ▁the ▁gob - sm acking ▁true ▁story , ▁it ' s ▁disappoint ing ▁that ▁it ' s ▁not ▁great ". ▁In ▁a ▁negative ▁review , ▁Cr ave On line ' s ▁Fred ▁Top el ▁labeled ▁Black ▁Mass ▁as ▁a ▁" black ▁mess ". ▁He ▁critic ized ▁the ▁screen writing ▁and ▁argued ▁that ▁the ▁film ▁bor rows ▁too ▁heavily ▁from ▁Good f ell as , ▁writing : ▁" ... it ' s ▁clear ▁that ▁the ▁film makers ▁wanted ▁to ▁turn ▁this ▁into ▁Good f ell as ▁and ▁tried ▁to ▁shoe horn ▁this ▁story ▁into ▁a ▁similar ▁kind ▁of ▁sed uct ive , ▁funny , ▁shock ing ▁gang ster ▁tale . ▁... S ever al ▁scenes ▁seem ▁to ▁want ▁to ▁be ▁like ▁the ▁' how ▁am ▁I ▁funny ?' ▁scene ▁in ▁Good f ell as , ▁but ▁it ' s ▁bl at ant ". ▁ ▁Response ▁by ▁the ▁subjects ▁White y ▁Bul ger ▁himself ▁dis appro ved ▁of ▁the ▁film ▁and ▁refused ▁to ▁see ▁it , ▁while ▁his ▁associate ▁Kevin ▁Week s , ▁while ▁adm |
itting ▁the ▁kill ings ▁took ▁place , ▁otherwise ▁called ▁the ▁movie ▁" p ure ▁fiction ", ▁comprehens ively ▁disput ing ▁most ▁of ▁the ▁film ' s ▁dep iction ▁of ▁events .</ block quote > ▁ ▁Most ▁cru c ially ▁he ▁also ▁dis av owed ▁the ▁character is ations ▁of ▁the ▁key ▁figures : ▁ ▁The ▁only ▁re sembl ance ▁to ▁White y ' s ▁character ▁was ▁the ▁hair line . ▁[...] ▁The ▁manner isms ▁— ▁the ▁way ▁that ▁White y ▁talked ▁to ▁us ▁— ▁he ▁never ▁sw ore ▁at ▁us . ▁In ▁all ▁the ▁years ▁I ▁was ▁with ▁that ▁man , ▁he ▁never ▁sw ore ▁at ▁me ▁once . ▁We ▁never ▁yelled ▁at ▁each ▁other . ▁[...] ▁The ▁language ▁is ▁all ▁wrong ▁[...] ▁and ▁White y ▁never ▁would ' ve ▁ber ated ▁Ste v ie , ▁either . ▁Ste v ie ▁was ▁a ▁psych opath . ▁Ste v ie ▁would ' ve ▁killed ▁him . ▁[...] ▁Ste v ie ▁wasn ' t ▁all ▁sym pathetic , ▁mour ning , ▁and ▁sor row ful ▁like ▁he ▁is ▁in ▁the ▁movie . ▁Ste v ie ▁enjoyed ▁murder . ▁ ▁Week s ▁also ▁disag rees ▁completely ▁with ▁his ▁port ray al ▁in ▁the ▁film , ▁for ▁instance , ▁the ▁suggestion ▁the ▁loss ▁of ▁his ▁son ▁had ▁any ▁impact ▁on ▁his ▁behavior , ▁or ▁that ▁Bul ger ▁ever ▁once ▁discussed ▁business ▁at ▁home ▁or ▁with ▁his ▁brother . ▁ ▁Acc ol ades ▁ ▁Many ▁people ▁believed ▁De pp ▁deserved ▁an ▁Academy ▁Award ▁nom ination ▁for ▁his ▁performance |
▁as ▁Bul ger ▁and ▁were ▁surprised ▁when ▁his ▁name ▁was ▁left ▁off ▁the ▁list ▁of ▁nom ine es . ▁ ▁Sound track ▁The ▁sound track , ▁written ▁and ▁composed ▁by ▁Tom ▁Hol ken borg , ▁was ▁released ▁on ▁September ▁ 1 1 , ▁ 2 0 1 5 ▁at ▁Water T ower ▁Music ▁ ▁Track ▁listing ▁" Black ▁Mass ▁Open ing ▁Title " ▁" B oston ▁Crime ▁Lord " ▁" John ▁Con n olly " ▁" Bul ger ▁Bur ial ▁Ground " ▁" My ▁Boy " ▁" Don ' t ▁W ake ▁Him ▁Up " ▁" You ▁Got ▁Two ▁Min utes " ▁" Asp ir in " ▁" No ▁Dru gs , ▁No ▁Mur der " ▁" I ▁Will ▁Pull ▁the ▁Pl ug ▁M ys elf " ▁" When ▁You ▁W ake ▁Up ▁In ▁the ▁Morning " ▁" It ' s ▁Just ▁the ▁Begin ning " ▁" Mart or ano " ▁" Did ▁You ▁Ever ▁See ▁White y ▁Bul ger ▁Mur der ▁Anyone ?" ▁" Thanks ▁to ▁White y " ▁" J im my ▁and ▁Marian ne " ▁" You ' ll ▁Be ▁Sorry " ▁" B oston ▁Gl obe " ▁" Val h alla " ▁" Str ict ly ▁Crim inal " ▁" Take ▁Care ▁Kid " ▁▁ 2 0 1 5 ▁Water t ower ▁Music ▁( 6 1 : 2 6 ) ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁▁ ▁Category : 2 0 1 5 ▁films ▁Category : 2 0 1 0 s ▁bi ographical ▁drama ▁films ▁Category : |
2 0 1 0 s ▁crime ▁drama ▁films ▁Category : 2 0 1 0 s ▁crime ▁thr iller ▁films ▁Category : American ▁films ▁Category : American ▁bi ographical ▁drama ▁films ▁Category : American ▁crime ▁drama ▁films ▁Category : American ▁crime ▁thr iller ▁films ▁Category : Cr ime ▁films ▁based ▁on ▁actual ▁events ▁Category : Cross ▁Creek ▁Pictures ▁films ▁Category : Inf init um ▁N ih il ▁films ▁Category : War ner ▁B ros . ▁films ▁Category : Dr ama ▁films ▁based ▁on ▁actual ▁events ▁Category : English - language ▁films ▁Category : Fil ms ▁scored ▁by ▁J unk ie ▁X L ▁Category : Fil ms ▁about ▁the ▁Irish ▁M ob ▁Category : Fil ms ▁about ▁organized ▁crime ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Category : Fil ms ▁based ▁on ▁non - f iction ▁books ▁about ▁organized ▁crime ▁Category : Fil ms ▁directed ▁by ▁Scott ▁Cooper ▁Category : Fil ms ▁produced ▁by ▁Brian ▁Oliver ▁Category : Fil ms ▁set ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 5 ▁Category : Fil ms ▁set ▁in ▁Boston ▁Category : Fil ms ▁set ▁in ▁California ▁Category : Fil ms ▁set ▁in ▁Florida ▁Category : Fil ms ▁set ▁in ▁Massachusetts ▁Category : Fil ms ▁set ▁in ▁Miami ▁Category : Fil ms ▁set ▁on ▁be aches ▁Category : Fil ms ▁shot ▁in ▁Boston ▁Category : Fil ms ▁shot ▁in ▁Massachusetts ▁Category : Th r iller ▁films ▁based ▁on ▁actual ▁events ▁Category : W inter ▁Hill ▁G ang ▁Category : Fil ms ▁with ▁screen pl ays ▁by ▁Je z ▁Butter worth <0x0A> </s> ▁Robert ▁Fly |
nn ▁( né ▁Robert ▁L ope z ▁Fly nn ; ▁born ▁ 1 2 ▁April ▁ 1 9 3 2 , ▁in ▁Ch ill ic othe , ▁Texas ) ▁is ▁an ▁author ▁and ▁professor ▁emer it us ▁at ▁Tr inity ▁University . ▁ ▁St yles ▁and ▁themes ▁Fly nn ' s ▁early ▁fame ▁came ▁with ▁the ▁novel , ▁North ▁to ▁Yes terday , ▁which ▁was ▁a ▁national ▁best s eller . ▁In ▁Don ▁Qu ix ote ▁fashion , ▁it ▁m ocked ▁the ▁legend ▁of ▁the ▁cow boy ▁in ▁Western ▁novels ▁while ▁paying ▁hom age ▁to ▁it ▁at ▁the ▁same ▁time ▁( ant icip ating ▁Larry ▁Mc M ur try ' s ▁L ones ome ▁D ove ). ▁Later ▁works ▁focused ▁on ▁more ▁modern ▁themes : ▁rural ▁life , ▁going ▁to ▁war , ▁religion ▁in ▁modern ▁times ▁and ▁conflicts ▁between ▁" small ▁town ▁mor ality " ▁and ▁mass ▁media / pop ▁culture . ▁ ▁Nov els ▁like ▁In ▁the ▁House ▁of ▁the ▁Lord ▁explored ▁more ▁religious / sp irit ual ▁themes . ▁W ander er ▁Springs ▁adopted ▁the ▁gently ▁sat irical ▁tone ▁of ▁his ▁earlier ▁works ▁while ▁also ▁exam ining ▁the ▁inter connected ness ▁between ▁people ▁and ▁families ▁in ▁a ▁small ▁Texas ▁town ▁( inv iting ▁comparison ▁to ▁writers ▁like ▁El mer ▁Kel ton ▁or ▁G arr ison ▁Ke ill or ). ▁ ▁The ▁Last ▁K lick ▁touches ▁upon ▁themes ▁of ▁his ▁service ▁in ▁the ▁Vietnam ▁War ▁( re min is cent ▁of ▁novel ist ▁Tim ▁O ' B rien ). ▁In ▁his ▁latest |
▁novel ▁T ie - Fast ▁Country , ▁Fly nn ▁returns ▁to ▁earlier ▁themes , ▁dep ict ing ▁a ▁grandmother ▁ranch er ▁with ▁a ▁check ered ▁past ▁who ▁is ▁out ▁of ▁sync ▁with ▁contemporary ▁life . ▁( The ▁narr ator , ▁on ▁the ▁other ▁hand , ▁is ▁a ▁TV ▁news ▁producer ▁who ▁has ▁to ▁confront ▁her ). ▁ ▁Fly nn ' s ▁short ▁stories ▁touch ▁upon ▁more ▁serious ▁themes ▁and ▁are ▁written ▁perhaps ▁with ▁a ▁more ▁l yr ical ▁style . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁and ▁ 2 0 1 1 , ▁Fly nn ▁ ▁published ▁two ▁novels ▁through ▁Jo S ara ▁Me D ia , ▁J ade : Out law ▁and ▁its ▁sequ el , ▁J ade : ▁the ▁Law . ▁Both ▁novels ▁port ray ▁the ▁grim ▁real ities ▁of ▁living ▁in ▁west ▁Texas ▁in ▁the ▁late ▁ 1 9 th ▁century ▁where ▁sett lers / Ind ians / M ex icans ▁frequently ▁cl ash . ▁J ade , ▁the ▁protagon ist , ▁is ▁hired ▁as ▁an ▁ ▁escort ▁for ▁cattle , ▁guard ing ▁property ▁and ▁ch asing ▁after ▁rust lers . ▁He ▁quickly ▁disco vers ▁that ▁just ▁to ▁do ▁his ▁job ▁means ▁getting ▁involved ▁in ▁brutal ▁situations ▁that ▁trouble ▁his ▁conscience . ▁J ade ▁ends ▁up ▁falling ▁in ▁love ▁with ▁Crow ▁Po ison , ▁an ▁Indian ▁woman ▁whose ▁husband ▁he ▁had ▁killed . ▁Eventually ▁he ▁real izes ▁that ▁both ▁sides ▁have ▁cul p ability . ▁His ▁outrage ▁transl ates ▁into ▁a ▁desire ▁to ▁fight ▁for ▁the ▁sake ▁of ▁justice |
▁( even ▁if ▁it ▁results ▁in ▁tragedy ). ▁At ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁novel , ▁J ade ▁( with ▁the ▁support ▁of ▁his ▁wife ) ▁agrees ▁to ▁serve ▁as ▁sh er iff ▁for ▁his ▁town ▁( which ▁becomes ▁the ▁basis ▁for ▁the ▁sequ el , ▁J ade : ▁The ▁Law ). ▁Of ▁this ▁e book , ▁San ▁Antonio ▁Express ▁News ▁book ▁review er ▁Ed ▁Con roy ▁writes : ▁" F ly nn ▁brilliant ly ▁em plo ys ▁a ▁directly ▁simple , ▁subtle ▁and ▁at ▁times ▁s ard onic ▁narrative ▁voice ▁to ▁tell ▁this ▁tale . ▁It ▁is ▁altern ately ▁tough ▁and ▁tender , ▁succ inct ▁and ▁sweet , ▁cad enced ▁to ▁the ▁clip - cl op ▁of ▁a ▁horse ▁tro tt ing ▁down ▁Main ▁Street , ▁the ▁h ull ab al oo ▁of ▁a ▁steam ▁loc omot ive ▁triumph antly ▁making ▁its ▁way ▁into ▁town ▁amid ▁a ▁j ub il ant ▁crowd ' s ▁ho op la , ▁and , ▁of ▁course , ▁to ▁the ▁shots ▁of ▁guns ▁of ▁many ▁kinds ▁fired ▁in ▁self - def ense , ▁anger , ▁tre ach ery ▁and ▁has te .... Th rough ▁chronic ling ▁J ade ' s ▁struggles ▁to ▁bring ▁some ▁ordinary ▁order ▁into ▁what ▁eventually ▁becomes ▁J ade ▁Town , ▁Fly nn ▁makes ▁clear ▁that ▁the ▁cost ▁of ▁many ▁of ▁our ▁male ▁ancestors ' ▁gen oc idal ▁policies ▁toward ▁Indians , ▁systematic ▁abuse ▁of ▁women ▁and ▁fears ▁of ▁the ▁" mong rel ization " ▁of ▁the ▁" white ▁race " ▁was ▁massive ▁social ▁trauma |
▁of ▁imm ens ely ▁tragic ▁proport ions ." ▁ ▁Fly nn ▁was ▁indu cted ▁into ▁the ▁Texas ▁Liter ary ▁Hall ▁of ▁Fame ▁in ▁October ▁ 2 0 1 2 . ▁ ▁Fly nn ▁taught ▁writing ▁to ▁college ▁students ▁over ▁four ▁decades . ▁In ▁a ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁audio ▁interview , ▁he ▁said , ▁ ▁" You ▁can ▁read ▁any ▁book ▁on ▁writing ▁fiction ▁for ▁example , ▁and ▁they ▁will ▁tell ▁you ▁the ▁same ▁thing . ▁Someone ▁may ▁say ▁it ▁in ▁a ▁different ▁way ▁that ▁gives ▁you ▁better ▁insight , ▁but ▁there ▁are ▁ ▁no ▁secrets ▁in ▁writing ; ▁it ' s ▁just ▁a ▁matter ▁of ▁doing ▁it ." ▁ ▁Early ▁life ▁and ▁education ▁Fly nn ▁joined ▁the ▁Mar ines ▁and ▁served ▁for ▁two ▁years ▁during ▁the ▁Korea ▁War ▁era . ▁In ▁ 1 9 5 4 , ▁he ▁received ▁drama ▁degree ▁from ▁Bay lor ▁University . ▁In ▁ 1 9 7 0 , ▁during ▁the ▁Vietnam ▁War , ▁Fly nn ▁embedded ▁with ▁Golf ▁Company , ▁ 2 nd ▁Batt alion , ▁ 5 th ▁Mar ines ▁as ▁a ▁civilian ▁war ▁correspond ent ▁for ▁two ▁months . ▁ ▁Bibli ography ▁ ▁Nov els ▁North ▁To ▁Yes terday ▁In ▁the ▁House ▁of ▁the ▁Lord ▁The ▁Sounds ▁of ▁Res c ue , ▁The ▁Sign s ▁of ▁Hope ▁W ander er ▁Springs ▁The ▁Last ▁K lick ▁The ▁Dev il ' s ▁T iger , ▁with ▁Dan ▁Kle p per ▁T ie - Fast ▁Country ▁J ade : ▁The ▁Out law ▁( ebook ▁+ ▁pb ) |
▁Jo S ara ▁Me D ia ▁( Se ptember ▁ 1 , ▁ 2 0 1 0 ) ▁J ade : ▁The ▁Law ▁( ebook ▁+ ▁pb ) ▁Jo S ara ▁Me D ia ▁( Oct ober ▁ 2 0 1 1 ) ▁ ▁Vietnam ▁Mem oir ▁A ▁Personal ▁War ▁In ▁Vietnam ▁ ▁Short ▁story ▁collections ▁Living ▁with ▁the ▁Hy enas ▁Season al ▁Rain ▁Sl ouch ing ▁towards ▁Z ion ▁ ▁Ess ays ▁When ▁I ▁was ▁Just ▁Your ▁Age , ▁oral ▁hist ories , ▁edited ▁with ▁Susan ▁Russell ▁Grow ing ▁Up ▁a ▁Sull en ▁Bapt ist ▁Paul ▁Baker ▁and ▁the ▁Integr ation ▁of ▁Ab ilities ▁ ▁Relig ious / social ▁essays ▁The ▁Most ▁F amous ▁Christian ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 0 th ▁century ? ▁For ▁the ▁love ▁of ▁Ag ape ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Further ▁reading ▁Art ▁at ▁Our ▁Door step : ▁San ▁Antonio ▁Writ ers ▁and ▁Art ists ▁featuring ▁Robert ▁Fly nn . ▁Ed ited ▁by ▁N an ▁Cuba ▁and ▁R iley ▁Robinson ▁( Tr inity ▁University ▁Press , ▁ 2 0 0 8 ). ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁ ▁Inter view ▁with ▁Robert ▁Fly nn ( about ▁his ▁book ▁Grow ing ▁Up ▁a ▁Sull en ▁Bapt ist ). ▁ ▁The ▁Door : ▁The ▁World ' s ▁Pretty ▁Much ▁Only ▁Magazine ▁of ▁Relig ious ▁Sat ire . ▁Ess ay ▁by ▁Robert ▁Fly nn . ▁Robert ▁Fly nn ' s ▁Author ▁Website ▁▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁Inter view ▁with ▁Texas ▁Author ▁Robert ▁Fly nn ▁( audio ) ▁ 2 0 1 9 |
▁hum orous ▁reading ▁ ▁at ▁ ▁Pe cha K uch a ▁San ▁Antonio ▁Vol . ▁ 3 6 . ▁Subject ▁was ▁growing ▁up ▁as ▁a ▁ ▁Southern ▁Bapt ist ▁from ▁the ▁small ▁town ▁of ▁Ch ill ic othe , ▁Texas . ▁( video ) ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 3 2 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : 2 0 th - century ▁American ▁novel ists ▁Category : 2 1 st - century ▁American ▁novel ists ▁Category : American ▁male ▁novel ists ▁Category : American ▁war ▁correspond ents ▁of ▁the ▁Vietnam ▁War ▁Category : W estern ▁( gen re ) ▁writers ▁Category : Writ ers ▁from ▁San ▁Antonio ▁Category : N ov el ists ▁from ▁Texas ▁Category : People ▁from ▁Ch ill ic othe , ▁Texas ▁Category : Un ited ▁States ▁Mar ines <0x0A> </s> ▁Ort olan us ▁( fl . ▁ 1 3 0 0 ), ▁also ▁known ▁as ▁H ort ul an us , ▁was ▁a ▁medieval ▁al chem ist . ▁Little ▁information ▁exists ▁about ▁his ▁life ▁and ▁identity . ▁He ▁is ▁best ▁known ▁for ▁his ▁influential ▁comment ary ▁on ▁The ▁Emer ald ▁Table t ▁entitled ▁Liber ▁super ▁text um ▁Herm et is . ▁It ▁was ▁composed ▁before ▁ 1 3 2 5 , ▁and ▁the ▁original ▁work ▁has ▁two ▁sections . ▁ ▁The ▁first ▁is ▁entitled ▁Spirit us ▁qu inte ▁ess ent ie ▁et ▁in ▁qu o ▁element o ▁habitat . ▁It ▁is ▁dedicated ▁to ▁making ▁a ▁pro dig ious ▁substance , ▁the ▁qu int ess ence , |
▁from ▁a ▁mysterious ▁material ▁called ▁arg ento ▁v ivo , ▁which ▁happens ▁to ▁be ▁wine . ▁Orth olan ▁is ▁the ▁first ▁author ▁to ▁relate ▁alcohol ▁and ▁qu int ess ence , ▁half ▁a ▁century ▁before ▁Jean ▁de ▁Ro qu eta ill ade . ▁According ▁to ▁his ▁view , ▁the ▁qu int ess ence ▁would ▁have ▁a ▁universal ▁presence , ▁but ▁is ▁best ▁obtained ▁of ▁some ▁sub stances ; ▁ide ally ▁the ▁wine . ▁ ▁The ▁second ▁part ▁is ▁a ▁theoretical ▁text . ▁It ▁is ▁written ▁as ▁a ▁comment ▁to ▁the ▁Emer ald ▁Table t ▁attributed ▁to ▁Herm es . ▁Its ▁theme ▁revol ves ▁around ▁the ▁prim ord ial ▁heat , ▁praised ▁by ▁Herm es ▁as ▁a ▁universal ▁substr ate ▁that ▁gives ▁dynam ism ▁to ▁the ▁whole ▁cos mos . ▁Ort olan us ▁believes ▁alcohol ▁or ▁qu int ess ence ▁is ▁the ▁hidden ▁prim ord ial ▁heat ▁in ▁all ▁material ▁things . ▁This ▁second ▁part ▁was ▁published ▁in ▁the ▁al chem ical ▁compilation ▁In ▁h oc ▁vol um ine ▁de ▁al chem ia ▁continent ur ▁h æ c ▁( 1 5 4 1 ). ▁ ▁It ▁was ▁printed ▁again ▁in ▁ 1 5 4 5 . ▁A ▁ 1 5 6 0 ▁edition ▁appeared ▁under ▁the ▁name ▁Com pend ium ▁al ch im ia e ▁and ▁was ▁attributed ▁to ▁Johannes ▁de ▁Gar land ia ▁( ph il ologist ). ▁Another ▁edition ▁followed ▁in ▁ 1 5 7 1 . ▁With ▁this ▁widespread ▁publishing , ▁the ▁second ▁section ▁became ▁very ▁popular ▁among ▁al chem ists |
▁of ▁the ▁Early ▁modern ▁period . ▁The ▁first ▁part , ▁which ▁was ▁never ▁published , ▁was ▁forgotten ▁and ▁no ▁one ▁related ▁Ort olan us ▁to ▁the ▁development ▁of ▁the ▁concept ▁of ▁qu inta ess encia . ▁ ▁Identity ▁The ▁true ▁identity ▁of ▁Ort olan us ▁is ▁unknown . ▁His ▁works ▁have ▁been ▁fals ely ▁attributed ▁to ▁Johannes ▁de ▁Gar land ia ▁( ph il ologist ) ▁( fl . ▁ 1 2 0 5 - 1 2 5 5 ), ▁and ▁more ▁probably ▁to ▁Jak ob ▁Or tle in ▁of ▁N örd ling en ▁( fl . ▁ 1 2 7 5 - 1 3 2 5 ), ▁who ▁may ▁have ▁been ▁a ▁Domin ican ▁f ri ar . ▁He ▁has ▁also ▁been ▁given ▁the ▁names ▁Martin ▁Ort olan ▁or ▁L orth ol ain ▁in ▁later ▁sources . ▁ ▁The ▁pre face ▁of ▁his ▁famous ▁comment ary ▁gives ▁a ▁hint ▁to ▁his ▁identity : ▁" I ▁H ort ul an us , ▁so ▁called ▁from ▁the ▁Gard ens ▁bord ering ▁upon ▁the ▁sea ▁coast , ▁wrapped ▁in ▁a ▁I ac ob in ▁skin ne , ▁un worthy ▁to ▁be ▁called ▁a ▁Disc iple ▁of ▁Philosoph ie ..." . ▁ ▁Works ▁ ▁Ros arius ▁minor . ▁Can ▁be ▁found ▁in ▁the ▁M ell on ▁Collection , ▁pp Y ale ▁University ▁Library ]] ▁MS . ▁ 5 . ▁ ▁Text us ▁al kim ie . ▁ ▁Liber ▁super ▁text um ▁Herm et is ▁or ▁Comment ary ▁on ▁the ▁emer ald ▁tablet ▁of ▁Herm es . |
▁Ort olan us ▁interpreted ▁the ▁text ▁of ▁the ▁Emer ald ▁Table t ▁as ▁an ▁alleg or ical ▁phys ico - chem ical ▁recipe ▁for ▁the ▁Phil os opher ' s ▁Stone . ▁ ▁There ▁is ▁a ▁later ▁comment ary ▁by ▁an ▁al chem ist ▁called ▁John ▁B umb les ▁or ▁D omb el ay : ▁Pract ica ▁ver a ▁al chem ica . ▁It ▁was ▁completed ▁in ▁ 1 3 8 6 ▁and ▁dedicated ▁to ▁K uno ▁II ▁von ▁F alk en stein . ▁This ▁work ▁claims ▁to ▁be ▁based ▁on ▁a ▁practice ▁done ▁by ▁the ▁author ▁himself ▁or ▁someone ▁else ▁in ▁ 1 3 5 8 . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : Med ieval ▁al chem ists ▁Category : 1 4 th - century ▁people <0x0A> </s> ▁In ▁tax onomy , ▁a ▁group ▁is ▁par aph y let ic ▁if ▁it ▁consists ▁of ▁the ▁group ' s ▁last ▁common ▁ancest or ▁and ▁ ▁all ▁descend ants ▁of ▁that ▁ancest or ▁excl uding ▁a ▁few — typ ically ▁only ▁one ▁or ▁two — mon oph y let ic ▁sub groups . ▁The ▁group ▁is ▁said ▁to ▁be ▁par aph y let ic ▁with ▁respect ▁to ▁the ▁excluded ▁sub groups . ▁The ▁arrangement ▁of ▁the ▁members ▁of ▁a ▁par aph y let ic ▁group ▁is ▁called ▁a ▁par aph y ly . ▁The ▁term ▁is ▁commonly ▁used ▁in ▁ph y log en etics ▁( a ▁sub field ▁of ▁bi ology ) ▁and ▁in ▁lingu istics . ▁▁ ▁The ▁term ▁was ▁co ined ▁to |
▁apply ▁to ▁well - known ▁tax a ▁like ▁Re pt ilia ▁( re pt iles ) ▁which , ▁as ▁commonly ▁named ▁and ▁tradition ally ▁defined , ▁is ▁par aph y let ic ▁with ▁respect ▁to ▁mamm als ▁and ▁birds . ▁Re pt ilia ▁contains ▁the ▁last ▁common ▁ancest or ▁of ▁re pt iles ▁and ▁all ▁descend ants ▁of ▁that ▁ancest or , ▁including ▁all ▁ext ant ▁re pt iles ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁the ▁ext inct ▁syn aps ids , ▁except ▁for ▁mamm als ▁and ▁birds . ▁ ▁Other ▁commonly ▁recognized ▁par aph y let ic ▁groups ▁include ▁fish , ▁mon keys , ▁and ▁l iz ards . ▁ ▁If ▁many ▁sub groups ▁are ▁missing ▁from ▁the ▁named ▁group , ▁it ▁is ▁said ▁to ▁be ▁poly par aph y let ic . ▁A ▁par aph y let ic ▁group ▁cannot ▁be ▁a ▁cl ade , ▁or ▁mon oph y let ic ▁group , ▁which ▁is ▁any ▁group ▁of ▁species ▁that ▁includes ▁a ▁common ▁ancest or ▁and ▁all ▁of ▁its ▁descend ants . ▁Form ally , ▁a ▁par aph y let ic ▁group ▁is ▁the ▁relative ▁complement ▁of ▁one ▁or ▁more ▁sub cl ades ▁within ▁a ▁cl ade : ▁removing ▁one ▁or ▁more ▁sub cl ades ▁leaves ▁a ▁par aph y let ic ▁group . ▁ ▁E ty m ology ▁ ▁The ▁term ▁par aph y ly , ▁or ▁par aph y let ic , ▁der ives ▁from ▁the ▁two ▁Anc ient ▁Greek ▁words ▁ ▁( ), ▁meaning ▁" bes ide , ▁near ", ▁and |
▁ ▁( ), ▁meaning ▁" gen us , ▁species ", ▁and ▁refers ▁to ▁the ▁situation ▁in ▁which ▁one ▁or ▁several ▁mon oph y let ic ▁sub groups ▁of ▁organ isms ▁( e . g ., ▁gener a , ▁species ) ▁are ▁left ▁apart ▁from ▁all ▁other ▁descend ants ▁of ▁a ▁unique ▁common ▁ancest or . ▁ ▁Con vers ely , ▁the ▁term ▁mon oph y ly , ▁or ▁mon oph y let ic , ▁builds ▁on ▁the ▁Anc ient ▁Greek ▁prefix ▁ ▁( ), ▁meaning ▁" alone , ▁only , ▁unique ", ▁and ▁refers ▁to ▁the ▁fact ▁that ▁a ▁mon oph y let ic ▁group ▁includes ▁organ isms ▁consisting ▁of ▁all ▁the ▁descend ants ▁of ▁a ▁unique ▁common ▁ancest or . ▁ ▁By ▁comparison , ▁the ▁term ▁poly phy ly , ▁or ▁poly phy let ic , ▁uses ▁the ▁Anc ient ▁Greek ▁prefix ▁ ▁( ), ▁meaning ▁" many , ▁a ▁lot ▁of ", ▁and ▁refers ▁to ▁the ▁fact ▁that ▁a ▁poly phy let ic ▁group ▁includes ▁organ isms ▁ar ising ▁from ▁multiple ▁ancest ral ▁sources . ▁ ▁Ph y log en etics ▁ ▁In ▁cl ad istics ▁▁ ▁G roups ▁that ▁include ▁all ▁the ▁descend ants ▁of ▁a ▁common ▁ancest or ▁are ▁said ▁to ▁be ▁mon oph y let ic . ▁A ▁par aph y let ic ▁group ▁is ▁a ▁mon oph y let ic ▁group ▁from ▁which ▁one ▁or ▁more ▁subs idi ary ▁cl ades ▁( mon oph y let ic ▁groups ) ▁are ▁excluded ▁to ▁form ▁a ▁separate ▁group . |
▁E res he f sky ▁has ▁argued ▁that ▁par aph y let ic ▁tax a ▁are ▁the ▁result ▁of ▁an agen esis ▁in ▁the ▁excluded ▁group ▁or ▁groups . ▁ ▁A ▁group ▁whose ▁identifying ▁features ▁evolved ▁conver g ently ▁in ▁two ▁or ▁more ▁line ages ▁is ▁poly phy let ic ▁( G reek ▁ π ο λ ύ ς ▁[ pol ys ], ▁" many "). ▁More ▁broad ly , ▁any ▁tax on ▁that ▁is ▁not ▁par aph y let ic ▁or ▁mon oph y let ic ▁can ▁be ▁called ▁poly phy let ic . ▁ ▁These ▁terms ▁were ▁developed ▁during ▁the ▁deb ates ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 9 6 0 s ▁and ▁ 1 9 7 0 s ▁accompanying ▁the ▁rise ▁of ▁cl ad istics . ▁ ▁Par aph y let ic ▁group ings ▁are ▁considered ▁problem atic ▁by ▁many ▁tax onom ists , ▁as ▁it ▁is ▁not ▁possible ▁to ▁talk ▁precisely ▁about ▁their ▁ph y log en etic ▁relationships , ▁their ▁characteristic ▁traits ▁and ▁literal ▁ext inction . ▁Related ▁termin ology ▁that ▁may ▁be ▁encountered ▁are ▁stem ▁group , ▁chron os pec ies , ▁ ▁bud ding ▁cl ad ogen esis , ▁an agen esis , ▁or ▁' grade ' ▁group ings . ▁Par aph y let ic ▁groups ▁are ▁often ▁a ▁re lic ▁from ▁previous ▁err one ous ▁assess ments ▁about ▁ph y log en ic ▁relationships , ▁or ▁from ▁before ▁the ▁rise ▁of ▁cl ad istics . ▁ ▁Examples ▁▁ ▁The ▁pro k ary otes ▁( single - cell |
ed ▁life ▁forms ▁without ▁cell ▁nucle i ), ▁because ▁they ▁exclude ▁the ▁e uk ary otes , ▁a ▁desc endant ▁group . ▁B acter ia ▁and ▁Arch ae a ▁are ▁pro k ary otes , ▁but ▁archae a ▁and ▁e uk ary otes ▁share ▁a ▁common ▁ancest or ▁that ▁is ▁not ▁ancest ral ▁to ▁the ▁bacteria . ▁The ▁pro k ary ote / e uk ary ote ▁distinction ▁was ▁proposed ▁by ▁Ed ou ard ▁Ch att on ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 7 ▁and ▁was ▁generally ▁accepted ▁after ▁being ▁adopted ▁by ▁Roger ▁Stan ier ▁and ▁C . B . ▁van ▁N iel ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 2 . ▁The ▁bot an ical ▁code ▁( the ▁IC BN , ▁now ▁the ▁I CN ) ▁abandoned ▁consideration ▁of ▁bacter ial ▁nom en cl ature ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 5 ; ▁currently , ▁pro k ary otic ▁nom en cl ature ▁is ▁reg ulated ▁under ▁the ▁I CN B ▁with ▁a ▁starting ▁date ▁of ▁ 1 ▁January ▁ 1 9 8 0 ▁( in ▁contrast ▁to ▁a ▁ 1 7 5 3 ▁start ▁date ▁under ▁the ▁IC BN / IC N ). ▁ ▁Among ▁plants , ▁dic ot y led ons ▁( in ▁the ▁traditional ▁sense ) ▁are ▁par aph y let ic ▁because ▁the ▁group ▁excl udes ▁mon oc ot y led ons . ▁" D ic ot y led on " ▁has ▁not ▁been ▁used ▁as ▁a ▁bot an ic ▁classification ▁for ▁decades , ▁but ▁is ▁allowed ▁as ▁a ▁syn onym ▁of |
▁Magn oli ops ida . ▁Ph y log en etic ▁analysis ▁indicates ▁that ▁the ▁mon oc ots ▁are ▁a ▁development ▁from ▁a ▁dic ot ▁ancest or . ▁Ex cl uding ▁mon oc ots ▁from ▁the ▁dic ots ▁makes ▁the ▁latter ▁a ▁par aph y let ic ▁group . ▁ ▁Among ▁animals , ▁several ▁familiar ▁groups ▁are ▁not , ▁in ▁fact , ▁cl ades . ▁The ▁order ▁Art iod act y la ▁( even - to ed ▁un g ulates ) ▁is ▁par aph y let ic ▁because ▁it ▁excl udes ▁C et ace ans ▁( wh ales , ▁dol ph ins , ▁etc .). ▁In ▁the ▁IC Z N ▁Code , ▁the ▁two ▁tax a ▁are ▁orders ▁of ▁equal ▁rank . ▁M ole cular ▁studies , ▁however , ▁have ▁shown ▁that ▁the ▁C et ace a ▁descend ▁from ▁art iod act yl ▁ancestors , ▁although ▁the ▁precise ▁ph y log eny ▁within ▁the ▁order ▁remains ▁uncertain . ▁Without ▁the ▁C et ace an ▁descend ants ▁the ▁Art iod act yl s ▁must ▁be ▁par aph y let ic . ▁The ▁class ▁Re pt ilia ▁as ▁tradition ally ▁defined ▁is ▁par aph y let ic ▁because ▁it ▁excl udes ▁birds ▁( class ▁A ves ) ▁and ▁mamm als . ▁In ▁the ▁IC Z N ▁Code , ▁the ▁three ▁tax a ▁are ▁classes ▁of ▁equal ▁rank . ▁However , ▁mamm als ▁h ail ▁from ▁the ▁syn aps ids ▁( which ▁were ▁once ▁described ▁as ▁" m amm al - like ▁re pt iles ") ▁and |
▁birds ▁are ▁desc ended ▁from ▁the ▁din osa urs ▁( a ▁group ▁of ▁Di aps ida ), ▁both ▁of ▁which ▁are ▁re pt iles . ▁Altern atively , ▁re pt iles ▁are ▁par aph y let ic ▁because ▁they ▁gave ▁rise ▁to ▁( only ) ▁birds . ▁Bird s ▁and ▁re pt iles ▁together ▁make ▁Sau ro ps ids . ▁O ste ich th yes , ▁b ony ▁fish , ▁are ▁par aph y let ic ▁when ▁they ▁include ▁only ▁Act in opter yg ii ▁( ray - f inned ▁fish ) ▁and ▁S arc opter yg ii ▁( lung fish , ▁etc .), ▁excl uding ▁t et rap od s ; ▁more ▁recently , ▁O ste ich th yes ▁is ▁treated ▁as ▁a ▁cl ade , ▁including ▁the ▁t et rap od s . ▁The ▁was ps ▁are ▁par aph y let ic , ▁consisting ▁of ▁the ▁narrow - wa isted ▁Ap oc rit a ▁without ▁the ▁an ts ▁and ▁be es . ▁The ▁saw fl ies ▁( Sym phy ta ) ▁are ▁similarly ▁par aph y let ic , ▁forming ▁all ▁of ▁the ▁H ym en opter a ▁except ▁for ▁the ▁Ap oc rit a , ▁a ▁cl ade ▁deep ▁within ▁the ▁saw fly ▁tree . ▁Cr ust ace ans ▁are ▁not ▁a ▁cl ade ▁because ▁the ▁He x ap oda ▁( in sect s ) ▁are ▁excluded . ▁The ▁modern ▁cl ade ▁that ▁sp ans ▁all ▁of ▁them ▁is ▁the ▁T etr acon ata . ▁ ▁Par aph y ly |
▁in ▁species ▁▁ ▁Spec ies ▁have ▁a ▁special ▁status ▁in ▁system at ics ▁as ▁being ▁an ▁observ able ▁feature ▁of ▁nature ▁itself ▁and ▁as ▁the ▁basic ▁unit ▁of ▁classification . ▁The ▁ph y log en etic ▁species ▁concept ▁requires ▁species ▁to ▁be ▁mon oph y let ic , ▁but ▁par aph y let ic ▁species ▁are ▁common ▁in ▁nature . ▁Par aph y ly ▁is ▁common ▁in ▁spec iation , ▁where by ▁a ▁mother ▁species ▁( a ▁paras pec ies ) ▁gives ▁rise ▁to ▁a ▁daughter ▁species ▁without ▁itself ▁becoming ▁ext inct . ▁Research ▁indicates ▁as ▁many ▁as ▁ 2 0 ▁percent ▁of ▁all ▁animal ▁species ▁and ▁between ▁ 2 0 ▁and ▁ 5 0 ▁percent ▁of ▁plant ▁species ▁are ▁par aph y let ic . ▁Account ing ▁for ▁these ▁facts , ▁some ▁tax onom ists ▁argue ▁that ▁par aph y ly ▁is ▁a ▁trait ▁of ▁nature ▁that ▁should ▁be ▁acknowledged ▁at ▁higher ▁tax onom ic ▁levels . ▁ ▁Us es ▁for ▁par aph y let ic ▁groups ▁▁ ▁When ▁the ▁appearance ▁of ▁significant ▁traits ▁has ▁led ▁a ▁sub cl ade ▁on ▁an ▁evolution ary ▁path ▁very ▁diver gent ▁from ▁that ▁of ▁a ▁more ▁inclusive ▁cl ade , ▁it ▁often ▁makes ▁sense ▁to ▁study ▁the ▁par aph y let ic ▁group ▁that ▁remains ▁without ▁considering ▁the ▁larger ▁cl ade . ▁For ▁example , ▁the ▁Ne ogene ▁evolution ▁of ▁the ▁Art iod act y la ▁( even - to ed ▁un g ulates , ▁like ▁deer ) ▁has ▁taken ▁place ▁in ▁an ▁environment ▁so |
▁different ▁from ▁that ▁of ▁the ▁C et ace a ▁( wh ales , ▁dol ph ins , ▁and ▁por po ises ) ▁that ▁the ▁Art iod act y la ▁are ▁often ▁studied ▁in ▁isolation ▁even ▁though ▁the ▁cet ace ans ▁are ▁a ▁desc endant ▁group . ▁The ▁pro k ary ote ▁group ▁is ▁another ▁example ; ▁it ▁is ▁par aph y let ic ▁because ▁it ▁excl udes ▁many ▁of ▁its ▁desc endant ▁organ isms ▁( the ▁e uk ary otes ), ▁but ▁it ▁is ▁very ▁useful ▁because ▁it ▁has ▁a ▁clearly ▁defined ▁and ▁significant ▁distinction ▁( abs ence ▁of ▁a ▁cell ▁nucle us , ▁a ▁pl esi omorph y ) ▁from ▁its ▁excluded ▁descend ants . ▁ ▁Also , ▁par aph y let ic ▁groups ▁are ▁involved ▁in ▁evolution ary ▁transitions , ▁the ▁development ▁of ▁the ▁first ▁t et rap od s ▁from ▁their ▁ancestors ▁for ▁example . ▁Any ▁name ▁given ▁to ▁these ▁ancestors ▁to ▁distinguish ▁them ▁from ▁t et rap od s —" fish ", ▁for ▁example — necess arily ▁picks ▁out ▁a ▁par aph y let ic ▁group , ▁because ▁the ▁desc endant ▁t et rap od s ▁are ▁not ▁included . ▁ ▁The ▁term ▁" ev olution ary ▁grade " ▁is ▁sometimes ▁used ▁for ▁par aph y let ic ▁groups . ▁Moreover , ▁the ▁concepts ▁of ▁mon oph y ly , ▁par aph y ly , ▁and ▁poly phy ly ▁have ▁been ▁used ▁in ▁ded uc ing ▁key ▁genes ▁for ▁bar c oding ▁of ▁diverse ▁group ▁of ▁species . ▁ |
▁Independ ently ▁evolved ▁traits ▁▁ ▁Viv ip arity , ▁the ▁production ▁of ▁off spring ▁without ▁the ▁laying ▁of ▁a ▁fert il ized ▁egg , ▁developed ▁independently ▁in ▁the ▁line ages ▁that ▁led ▁to ▁humans ▁( H omo ▁s api ens ) ▁and ▁southern ▁water ▁sk inks ▁( E ul amp us ▁tym pan um , ▁a ▁kind ▁of ▁l izard ). ▁Put ▁another ▁way , ▁at ▁least ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁line ages ▁that ▁led ▁to ▁these ▁species ▁from ▁their ▁last ▁common ▁ancest or ▁contains ▁non viv ip ar ous ▁animals , ▁the ▁p ely c osa urs ▁ancest ral ▁to ▁mamm als ; ▁viv ip ary ▁appeared ▁subsequently ▁in ▁the ▁mamm al ▁line age . ▁ ▁Independ ently - develop ed ▁traits ▁like ▁these ▁cannot ▁be ▁used ▁to ▁distinguish ▁par aph y let ic ▁groups ▁because ▁par aph y ly ▁requires ▁the ▁excluded ▁groups ▁to ▁be ▁mon oph y let ic . ▁P ely c osa urs ▁were ▁desc ended ▁from ▁the ▁last ▁common ▁ancest or ▁of ▁sk inks ▁and ▁humans , ▁so ▁viv ip ary ▁could ▁be ▁par aph y let ic ▁only ▁if ▁the ▁p ely c osa urs ▁were ▁part ▁of ▁an ▁excluded ▁mon oph y let ic ▁group . ▁Because ▁this ▁group ▁is ▁mon oph y let ic , ▁it ▁contains ▁all ▁descend ants ▁of ▁the ▁p ely c osa urs ; ▁because ▁it ▁is ▁excluded , ▁it ▁contains ▁no ▁viv ip ar ous ▁animals . ▁This ▁does ▁not ▁work , ▁because ▁humans ▁are ▁among ▁these ▁descend ants . |
▁Viv ip ary ▁in ▁a ▁group ▁that ▁includes ▁humans ▁and ▁sk inks ▁cannot ▁be ▁par aph y let ic . ▁ ▁Not ▁par aph y ly ▁▁▁ ▁Am ph ib ious ▁fish ▁are ▁poly phy let ic , ▁not ▁par aph y let ic . ▁Although ▁they ▁appear ▁similar , ▁several ▁different ▁groups ▁of ▁am ph ib ious ▁f ishes ▁such ▁as ▁mud skip pers ▁and ▁lung f ishes ▁evolved ▁independently ▁in ▁a ▁process ▁of ▁conver gent ▁evolution ▁in ▁distant ▁relatives ▁faced ▁with ▁similar ▁ec ological ▁circumstances . ▁ ▁Flight less ▁birds ▁are ▁poly phy let ic ▁because ▁they ▁independently ▁( in ▁parallel ) ▁lost ▁the ▁ability ▁to ▁fly . ▁ ▁Anim als ▁with ▁a ▁d ors al ▁fin ▁are ▁not ▁par aph y let ic , ▁even ▁though ▁their ▁last ▁common ▁ancest or ▁may ▁have ▁had ▁such ▁a ▁fin , ▁because ▁the ▁Mes oz o ic ▁ancestors ▁of ▁por po ises ▁did ▁not ▁have ▁such ▁a ▁fin , ▁whereas ▁pre - M es oz o ic ▁fish ▁did ▁have ▁one . ▁ ▁Qu ad ru ped al ▁arch osa urs ▁are ▁not ▁a ▁par aph y let ic ▁group . ▁B ip ed al ▁din osa urs ▁like ▁E or apt or , ▁ancest ral ▁to ▁quad ru ped al ▁ones , ▁were ▁descend ants ▁of ▁the ▁last ▁common ▁ancest or ▁of ▁quad ru ped al ▁din osa urs ▁and ▁other ▁quad ru ped al ▁arch osa urs ▁like ▁the ▁cro cod ilians . ▁ ▁Non - ex haust ive ▁list ▁of |
▁par aph y let ic ▁groups ▁ ▁The ▁following ▁list ▁rec ap it ulates ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁par aph y let ic ▁groups ▁proposed ▁in ▁the ▁literature , ▁and ▁provides ▁the ▁corresponding ▁mon oph y let ic ▁tax a . ▁ ▁L ingu istics ▁▁ ▁The ▁concept ▁of ▁par aph y ly ▁has ▁also ▁been ▁applied ▁to ▁historical ▁lingu istics , ▁where ▁the ▁methods ▁of ▁cl ad istics ▁have ▁found ▁some ▁utility ▁in ▁comparing ▁languages . ▁For ▁instance , ▁the ▁Form os an ▁languages ▁form ▁a ▁par aph y let ic ▁group ▁of ▁the ▁Aust ron esian ▁languages ▁because ▁they ▁consist ▁of ▁the ▁nine ▁branches ▁of ▁the ▁Aust ron esian ▁family ▁that ▁are ▁not ▁Mal ay o - Pol yn esian ▁and ▁are ▁restricted ▁to ▁the ▁island ▁of ▁Taiwan . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁▁ ▁Gl oss ary ▁of ▁scientific ▁n aming ▁ ▁Notes ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Bibli ography ▁▁▁▁▁ ▁Par aph y let ic ▁groups ▁as ▁natural ▁units ▁of ▁biological ▁classification ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁▁▁▁▁ ▁Category : Ph y log en etics ▁Category : Par aph y let ic ▁groups <0x0A> </s> ▁Pu ig aude au ▁is ▁a ▁surn ame . ▁Not able ▁people ▁with ▁the ▁surn ame ▁include : ▁▁ ▁Ferd inand ▁du ▁Pu ig aude au ▁( 1 8 6 4 – 1 9 3 0 ), ▁French ▁painter ▁Od ette ▁du ▁Pu ig aude au ▁( 1 8 9 4 – 1 9 9 1 ), ▁French ▁eth n ologist <0x0A> </s> ▁Jeff ▁Hart ▁and ▁the ▁Ru ins |
▁were ▁a ▁four - piece ▁American a ▁and ▁alt . country - sty led ▁power ▁pop ▁band ▁composed ▁of ▁Jeff ▁Hart ▁( mus ician ), ▁Brian ▁Yam am oto , ▁Sym en ▁Bl umen feld ▁and ▁John ▁Flow ers . ▁After ▁ 2 3 ▁years ▁under ▁that ▁name , ▁they ▁became ▁Jefferson ▁Hart ▁& ▁The ▁Ghost s ▁of ▁the ▁Old ▁North ▁State ▁in ▁January ▁ 2 0 1 3 . ▁ ▁Career ▁Jeff ▁Hart ▁and ▁the ▁Ru ins ▁was ▁formed ▁in ▁January ▁ 1 9 9 0 ▁by ▁Jeff ▁Hart , ▁along ▁with ▁bass ist ▁Ch ip ▁Robinson ▁and ▁drum mer ▁John ▁Flow ers . ▁ ▁As ▁with ▁musical ▁predecess ors ▁The ▁By r ds , ▁Tom ▁Pet ty , ▁and ▁The ▁K inks ▁( Mus well ▁Hill b ill ies ▁era ) ▁and ▁contempor aries ▁like ▁Paul ▁W ester berg ▁and ▁The ▁Jay h aw ks , ▁the ▁music ▁of ▁the ▁band ▁str ays ▁into ▁both ▁the ▁" alt . country " ▁and ▁power ▁pop ▁styles ▁of ▁rock ▁and ▁roll . ▁Don ▁Ba iley ▁later ▁joined ▁the ▁original ▁three ▁to ▁round ▁out ▁the ▁first ▁era ▁of ▁the ▁band . ▁ ▁Jeff ▁Hart : ▁The ▁Singles ▁ 1 9 6 0 - 1 9 9 0 ▁Their ▁debut ▁CD ▁was ▁released ▁in ▁November ▁ 1 9 9 0 ▁and ▁entitled ▁Jeff ▁Hart : ▁The ▁Singles ▁ 1 9 6 0 - 1 9 9 0 ▁( B omb ay ▁Records ▁A BR - 0 0 1 ). ▁Though ▁Jeff ▁Hart ▁and ▁the ▁Ru |
ins ▁played ▁live ▁in ▁support ▁of ▁the ▁CD , ▁the ▁record ings ▁were ▁essentially ▁a ▁solo ▁anth ology ▁of ▁studio ▁material ▁that ▁Hart ▁wrote ▁and ▁sang ▁from ▁his ▁previous ▁bands . ▁ ▁This ▁consisted ▁of ▁se lections ▁from ▁the ▁North ▁Carolina ▁alt . country ▁pione ers ▁The ▁H anks , ▁The ▁R ag d ads ▁and ▁some ▁ac oustic ▁sessions ▁at ▁D uck ▁K ee ▁Studio ▁with ▁Jerry ▁K ee , ▁Ron ▁Bar th ol ome w , ▁Ch ip ▁Robinson , ▁Danny ▁Moses ▁and ▁Steve ▁How ell . ▁ ▁Gl ances ▁From ▁a ▁N erv ous ▁G room ▁Following ▁the ▁departure ▁of ▁Robinson , ▁Ba iley ▁and ▁Flow ers ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 1 , ▁numerous ▁members ▁( not ably ▁Dave ▁Bar th ol ome w ▁of ▁T res ▁Ch icas ▁and ▁Danny ▁Kurt z ▁of ▁Wh is key town ▁and ▁The ▁Back sl iders ) ▁and ▁bass ist ▁Thomas ▁Wilson ▁filled ▁their ▁roles ▁in ▁the ▁short ▁term . ▁ ▁Begin ning ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 4 , ▁a ▁core ▁line up ▁of ▁Brian ▁Yam am oto ▁on ▁guitar ▁and ▁vocals , ▁Glen n ▁Jones ▁on ▁bass ▁and ▁vocals ▁and ▁Bryan ▁S od em ann ▁on ▁drums ▁and ▁vocals ▁held ▁steady ▁until ▁ 1 9 9 6 . ▁ ▁The ▁next ▁CD , ▁Gl ances ▁From ▁a ▁N erv ous ▁G room ▁( B omb ay ▁Records ▁A BR - 0 0 2 ), ▁was ▁released ▁in ▁December ▁ 1 9 9 5 ▁and ▁recorded ▁with ▁this ▁new ▁line up |
. ▁ ▁It ▁was ▁the ▁first ▁( and ▁to ▁date ▁only ) ▁CD ▁cred ited ▁to ▁Jeff ▁Hart ▁and ▁the ▁Ru ins . ▁ ▁Eric ▁Mid k iff ▁replaced ▁Glen n ▁Jones ▁in ▁the ▁band ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 6 ▁and ▁played ▁guitar ▁while ▁Hart ▁moved ▁to ▁bass . ▁ ▁After ▁Mid k iff ' s ▁departure ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 6 , ▁Steve ▁His ada ▁replaced ▁him ▁on ▁guitar ▁and ▁occasional ▁bass ▁while ▁Hart ▁split ▁bass ▁and ▁guitar ▁duties ▁with ▁His ada . ▁ ▁Jeff ▁Hart ▁and ▁the ▁Ru ins ▁dis band ed ▁in ▁July ▁ 1 9 9 8 . ▁ ▁Re union ▁After ▁a ▁five - year ▁hi atus , ▁Mid k iff ▁rejo ined ▁the ▁band ▁for ▁their ▁re union ▁in ▁April ▁ 2 0 0 3 ▁with ▁Sym en ▁Bl umen feld ▁on ▁bass ▁along ▁with ▁previous ▁members ▁Hart , ▁Yam am oto ▁and ▁S od em ann . ▁Mid k iff ▁took ▁time ▁off ▁again ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 8 . ▁Original ▁drum mer ▁John ▁Flow ers ▁rejo ined ▁briefly ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁and ▁upon ▁his ▁departure , ▁he ▁was ▁replaced ▁by ▁Jim ▁Mc Ph ail . ▁Mc Ph ail ▁depart ed ▁in ▁July ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁and ▁Flow ers ▁re - jo ined . ▁The ▁Ru ins ▁also ▁appear ▁on ▁ 7 ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 4 ▁songs ▁( Good bye ▁Anne ▁Sh ore ▁Good bye , ▁All ▁Along ▁the ▁Wall fl ower , ▁View ▁Ye ▁Living , |
▁Love ▁in ▁Return , ▁Better ▁Days , ▁Marg ar ite ▁and ▁Walk ing ▁Between ▁Rain dro ps ) on ▁Hart ' s ▁December ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁CD ▁release ▁" G host s ▁of ▁the ▁Old ▁North ▁State ". ▁The ▁Hart , ▁Yam am oto , ▁Bl umen feld ▁and ▁Flow ers ▁line up ▁continues ▁to ▁be ▁active ▁today . ▁ ▁" You ▁and ▁Your ▁Kind ", ▁a ▁song ▁Hart ▁wrote ▁while ▁with ▁The ▁H anks , ▁but ▁played ▁for ▁the ▁better ▁part ▁of ▁a ▁decade ▁with ▁The ▁Ru ins , ▁was ▁featured ▁in ▁the ▁" Bet ty ▁and ▁Ver on ica " ▁episode ▁in ▁the ▁first ▁season ▁of ▁the ▁W B ▁Network ▁show ▁Ver on ica ▁Mars . ▁The ▁recording ▁used ▁was ▁from ▁a ▁ 2 0 0 3 ▁live ▁CD ▁by ▁The ▁Brown ▁Mountain ▁L ights , ▁Late ▁Show ▁at ▁the ▁C ave ▁( AB R - 0 0 3 ). ▁ ▁Jeff ▁Hart ' s ▁songs ▁" Love ▁In ▁Return " ▁and ▁" So ▁Old " ▁have ▁also ▁been ▁covered ▁live ▁by ▁Chris ▁St ame y ▁and ▁Ch ip ▁Robinson ▁in ▁the ▁V ib ek ill ers ▁respectively . ▁ ▁Jefferson ▁Hart ▁& ▁The ▁Ghost s ▁of ▁the ▁Old ▁North ▁State ▁ ▁The ▁band ▁renamed ▁itself ▁after ▁ 2 3 ▁years ▁as ▁Jeff ▁Hart ▁and ▁the ▁Ru ins ▁to ▁Jefferson ▁Hart ▁and ▁The ▁Ghost s ▁of ▁the ▁Old ▁North ▁State ▁( after ▁the ▁album ▁of ▁the ▁same ▁name ) ▁in ▁February ▁ 2 0 1 3 . ▁Jeff ▁has |
▁also ▁been ▁playing ▁solo ▁under ▁the ▁name ▁Jefferson ▁Hart ▁since ▁early ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 3 . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 4 , ▁Jefferson ▁Hart ▁and ▁The ▁Ghost s ▁of ▁the ▁Old ▁North ▁State ▁released , ▁Cor oll a ▁P on ies ▁In ▁The ▁Snow , ▁which ▁was ▁the ▁cul min ation ▁of ▁a ▁ 1 2 - week ▁song ▁writing ▁project ▁in ▁which ▁Jeff ▁wrote ▁a ▁song ▁a ▁week ▁for ▁ 1 2 ▁weeks ▁and ▁posted ▁them ▁to ▁Sound Cloud . ▁The ▁title ▁track ▁was ▁inspired ▁by ▁a ▁YouTube ▁video ▁of ▁pon ies ▁running ▁on ▁the ▁North ▁Carolina ▁Out er ▁B anks ▁during ▁a ▁snow ▁storm . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁S ources ▁▁ ▁No ▁Dep ression ▁issue ▁ ▁Another ▁No ▁Dep ression ▁issue ▁ ▁[ ▁All mus ic . com ] ▁ ▁P ais le yp op . com ▁ ▁Ind y week . com ▁ 5 ▁January ▁ 2 0 0 5 ▁ ▁Ind y week . com ▁ 1 2 ▁February ▁ 2 0 0 3 ▁ ▁Ind y week . com ▁ 1 3 ▁February ▁ 2 0 0 2 ▁ ▁Drive mag azine . net ▁ ▁Ind y week . com ▁ 1 6 ▁January ▁ 2 0 0 2 ▁ ▁Ver on ica ▁Music ▁ ▁TV . com ▁Ver on ica ▁Mars ▁ ▁U PN . com ▁Ver on ica ▁Mars ▁ ▁Sm irk ing Ch imp . com ▁ ▁M eb t el . net ▁( St udio ) ▁ ▁M eb |
t el . net ▁ ▁i Pass . net ▁Comp ilation ▁of ▁print - only ▁reviews ▁from ▁ 1 9 9 5 ▁- ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁from ▁No ▁Dep ression , ▁J em ▁( J apan ), ▁Big ▁Take over ▁( NY C ), ▁Circ us ▁( B rit ain ), ▁Mid western ▁Sk ies ▁( Sw eden ), ▁Not ▁L ame ▁( Den ver , ▁Co .), ▁P ais ley ▁Pop ▁( Port land , ▁OR ), ▁News ▁and ▁Ob server ▁( R ale igh , ▁NC ), ▁The ▁Independent ▁( D ur ham , ▁NC ). ▁ ▁Jeff ▁Hart , ▁The ▁Brown ▁Mountain ▁L ights , ▁The ▁Fro sted ▁Sugar ▁B om bs , ▁Chris ▁St ame y , ▁Ar rog ance , ▁Ver on ica ▁Mars . ▁ ▁Category : American ▁alternative ▁country ▁groups <0x0A> </s> ▁" Th ose ▁Sex y ▁Sau cer ▁G als ▁( We Have Love ▁Rem ix )" ▁is ▁the ▁fourth ▁single ▁by ▁The ▁Super ions , ▁a ▁side ▁project ▁of ▁Fred ▁Sch ne ider ▁of ▁The ▁B - 5 2 s . ▁ ▁From ▁April – J une ▁ 2 0 1 0 , ▁The ▁Super ions ▁held ▁a ▁rem ix ▁contest ▁for ▁their ▁song ▁" Th ose ▁Sex y ▁Sau cer ▁G als ", ▁the ▁Swedish ▁band ▁We Have Love ▁was ▁chosen ▁as ▁the ▁winner ▁and ▁" Th ose ▁Sex y ▁Sau cer ▁G als ▁( We Have Love ▁Rem ix )" ▁was ▁released ▁as ▁a ▁digital ▁single ▁on ▁i T unes |
▁on ▁August ▁ 2 4 , ▁ 2 0 1 0 . ▁The ▁song ▁was ▁later ▁included ▁on ▁the ▁digital ▁" Bon us ▁Track ▁Version " ▁of ▁The ▁Super ions ▁EP ▁released ▁on ▁March ▁ 1 , ▁ 2 0 1 1 . ▁ ▁Track ▁listing ▁ ▁" Th ose ▁Sex y ▁Sau cer ▁G als ▁( We Have Love ▁Rem ix )" ▁ 3 : 5 6 ▁ ▁Person nel ▁▁ ▁Production ▁ ▁Additional ▁Rem ix ▁and ▁Production ▁by ▁We Have Love ▁ ▁Art work : ▁Dan ▁Marshall ▁ ▁Music ▁video ▁A ▁music ▁video ▁by ▁Tom ▁Y az ▁star ring ▁the ▁bur les que ▁group ▁The ▁At omic ▁B om bs hell s ▁was ▁released ▁on ▁YouTube ▁on ▁August ▁ 2 7 , ▁ 2 0 1 0 . ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁ ▁Those ▁Sex y ▁Sau cer ▁G als ▁( We Have Love ▁Rem ix ) ▁- ▁Single ▁on ▁i T unes ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : The ▁Super ions ▁songs ▁Category : S ongs ▁written ▁by ▁Fred ▁Sch ne ider ▁Category : 2 0 1 0 ▁songs <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Trans - S ah aran ▁Coun ter ter ror ism ▁Part nership ▁( TS CT P ) ▁is ▁an ▁inter ag ency ▁plan ▁by ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁government , ▁combining ▁efforts ▁by ▁both ▁civil ▁and ▁military ▁agencies , ▁" to ▁combat ▁terror ism ▁in ▁Trans - S ah aran ▁Africa . ▁The ▁military ▁component ▁of ▁T S CT I ▁compris es ▁the ▁U . S . ▁efforts ▁of |
▁Operation ▁End uring ▁Freedom ▁- ▁Trans ▁S ah ara . ▁The ▁goal ▁of ▁T S CT I ▁is ▁to ▁counter ▁terrorist ▁influences ▁in ▁the ▁region ▁and ▁assist ▁governments ▁to ▁better ▁control ▁their ▁territory ▁and ▁to ▁prevent ▁huge ▁tr acts ▁of ▁largely ▁desert ed ▁African ▁territory ▁from ▁becoming ▁a ▁safe ▁haven ▁for ▁terrorist ▁groups ." ▁The ▁first ▁partner ▁nations ▁in ▁the ▁program ▁included ▁Al ger ia , ▁Ch ad , ▁Mal i , ▁Maur it ania , ▁Mor oc co , ▁Niger , ▁Sen eg al , ▁Nigeria ▁and ▁Tun is ia . ▁ ▁Current ▁membership ▁includes ▁eleven ▁African ▁countries : ▁Al ger ia , ▁Bur k ina ▁F as o , ▁Lib ya , ▁Mor oc co , ▁Tun is ia , ▁Ch ad , ▁Mal i , ▁Maur it ania , ▁Niger , ▁Nigeria , ▁and ▁Sen eg al . ▁The ▁goal ▁of ▁the ▁alliance ▁is ▁not ▁to ▁fight ▁in ▁hot ▁spots , ▁but ▁to ▁provide ▁prevent ive ▁training ▁and ▁engagement ▁with ▁governments ▁to ▁help ▁prevent ▁the ▁growth ▁of ▁terrorist ▁organizations ▁in ▁the ▁partner ▁countries . ▁Ex ercise ▁Fl int lock ▁ 2 0 0 5 , ▁a ▁joint ▁military ▁exercise ▁first ▁held ▁in ▁June ▁ 2 0 0 5 , ▁was ▁the ▁first ▁result ▁of ▁the ▁new ▁program . ▁ ▁The ▁Congress ▁approved ▁$ 5 0 0 ▁million ▁for ▁the ▁T S CT I ▁over ▁six ▁years ▁to ▁support ▁countries ▁involved ▁in ▁counter ter ror ism ▁against ▁threats ▁of ▁Al ▁Q a eda ▁operating ▁in ▁central ▁African ▁countries . ▁In ▁February |
▁ 2 0 0 7 , ▁President ▁George ▁W . ▁Bush ▁also ▁authorized ▁the ▁creation ▁of ▁a ▁new ▁Africa ▁Command ▁to ▁be ▁established ▁by ▁September ▁ 2 0 0 7 , ▁under ▁which ▁future ▁African ▁contin ental ▁operations ▁would ▁be ▁conducted . ▁T S CT I ▁followed ▁the ▁Pan ▁Sa hel ▁Init iative ▁( P SI ), ▁which ▁began ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 2 ▁by ▁training ▁soldiers ▁from ▁Mal i , ▁Maur it ania , ▁Niger ▁and ▁Ch ad ▁and ▁concluded ▁operations ▁in ▁December ▁ 2 0 0 4 . ▁ ▁Crit ics ▁of ▁the ▁initiative ▁have ▁questioned ▁of ▁the ▁extent ▁and ▁presence ▁of ▁Islamic - ext rem ist ▁terror ism ▁in ▁the ▁region ▁and ▁the ▁actions ▁and ▁past ▁behavior ▁of ▁some ▁of ▁the ▁partner ▁governments , ▁who ▁may ▁be ▁using ▁the ▁program ▁to ▁gain ▁training , ▁equipment ▁and ▁funds ▁in ▁order ▁to ▁effectively ▁control ▁and ▁re press ▁legitimate ▁democratic ▁movements ▁in ▁member ▁states , ▁or ▁to ▁fuel ▁wars ▁between ▁neighbor ing ▁African ▁countries . ▁ ▁Similar ▁questions ▁were ▁raised ▁about ▁the ▁T S CT I ' s ▁predecess or , ▁the ▁Pan ▁Sa hel ▁Init iative . ▁ ▁Transfer ▁to ▁Afr ic om ▁On ▁October ▁ 1 , ▁ 2 0 0 8 , ▁ ▁responsibility ▁was ▁transferred ▁from ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Central ▁Command ▁( C ENT COM ) ▁and ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁European ▁Command ▁( E U COM ) ▁to ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Africa ▁Command ▁( AF R IC OM ) ▁as ▁it ▁assumed ▁authority ▁over ▁the ▁African ▁theater ▁of |
▁operations . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Further ▁reading ▁ ▁( 1 4 - Aug - 2 0 0 9 ) ▁▁▁ ▁Category : War ▁on ▁T error ▁Category : Counter - ter ror ism ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Category : Counter - ter ror ism <0x0A> </s> ▁" What ' s ▁New ▁P ussy cat ?" ▁is ▁the ▁theme ▁song ▁for ▁the ▁e pon ym ous ▁movie , ▁sung ▁by ▁Wel sh ▁singer ▁Tom ▁Jones , ▁and ▁written ▁by ▁B urt ▁Bach ar ach ▁and ▁Hal ▁David . ▁Nom inated ▁for ▁the ▁Academy ▁Award ▁for ▁Best ▁Original ▁Song ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 6 , ▁it ▁lost ▁to ▁" The ▁Shadow ▁of ▁Your ▁Sm ile ". ▁It ▁was ▁Jones ' ▁third ▁UK ▁top ▁ 3 0 ▁record , ▁and ▁pe aked ▁at ▁number ▁ 1 1 . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁US , ▁" What ' s ▁New ▁P ussy cat ?" ▁pe aked ▁at ▁number ▁ 3 , ▁and ▁was ▁Jones ' ▁second ▁entry ▁on ▁the ▁Top ▁ 4 0 . ▁ ▁The ▁original ▁single ▁included ▁a ▁ 1 3 - second ▁instrumental ▁introduction , ▁ending ▁in ▁the ▁sound ▁of ▁sh attering ▁glass , ▁but ▁later ▁issues ▁om itted ▁this ▁introduction . ▁ ▁It ▁has ▁also ▁been ▁performed ▁by ▁Bobby ▁Dar in , ▁Steve ▁Lawrence , ▁An ita ▁K err , ▁The ▁W ail ers ▁and ▁The ▁Four ▁Se asons . ▁Bar bra ▁Stre is and ▁performed ▁several ▁lines ▁in ▁her ▁" Color ▁Me ▁Bar bra ▁Med ley " ▁from ▁the ▁TV ▁special |
▁and ▁album ▁Color ▁Me ▁Bar bra . ▁ ▁In ▁popular ▁culture ▁and ▁cover ▁versions ▁The ▁song ▁was ▁covered ▁by ▁Al vin ▁and ▁the ▁Ch ip m unk s ▁in ▁their ▁ 1 9 6 5 ▁album ▁Ch ip m unk s ▁à ▁Go - Go . ▁ ▁The ▁song ▁was ▁used ▁in ▁the ▁films ▁Paul ie ▁( 1 9 9 8 ) ▁and ▁the ▁end ▁credits ▁of ▁C ats ▁& ▁Dog s ▁( 2 0 0 1 ) ▁and ▁Fl ushed ▁A way ▁( 2 0 0 6 ). ▁ ▁It ▁has ▁also ▁been ▁refer enced ▁in ▁John ▁Mul an ey ’ s ▁popular ▁segment ▁“ The ▁Salt ▁and ▁P epper ▁D iner ,” ▁the ▁last ▁segment ▁in ▁his ▁stand ▁up ▁routine ▁The ▁Top ▁Part . ▁ ▁A ▁metal ▁version ▁of ▁the ▁song ▁was ▁recorded ▁by ▁Leo ▁Mor ac chi oli ▁for ▁his ▁YouTube ▁channel , ▁F rog ▁Le ap ▁Studios . ▁ ▁The ▁song ▁was ▁also ▁heard ▁at ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁British ▁computer - anim ated ▁Dream Work s ▁An imation ▁film ▁Fl ushed ▁A way ▁and ▁at ▁the ▁episode ▁of ▁The ▁Sim ps ons ▁where ▁Mil o ▁( vo iced ▁by ▁Jack ▁Black ) ▁plays ▁the ▁Korean - language ▁version . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : Bar bra ▁Stre is and ▁songs ▁Category : S ongs ▁about ▁cats ▁Category : Tom ▁Jones ▁( s inger ) ▁songs ▁Category : 1 9 6 5 ▁singles ▁Category : S ongs ▁written ▁for ▁films ▁Category : S |
ongs ▁with ▁music ▁by ▁B urt ▁Bach ar ach ▁Category : S ongs ▁with ▁lyrics ▁by ▁Hal ▁David ▁Category : R PM ▁Top ▁Singles ▁number - one ▁singles ▁Category : 1 9 6 5 ▁songs ▁Category : De cca ▁Records ▁singles <0x0A> </s> ▁Nik ola ▁Mand ić ▁( born ▁ 1 9 ▁March ▁ 1 9 9 5 ) ▁is ▁a ▁Cro at ian ▁professional ▁football er ▁currently ▁plays ▁for ▁F K ▁K ru pa ▁as ▁a ▁forward . ▁ ▁Club ▁career ▁A ▁native ▁of ▁D ren ov ci , ▁Mand ić ▁started ▁his ▁career ▁at ▁the ▁local ▁N K ▁Bor ac , ▁before ▁moving ▁on ▁early ▁to ▁the ▁better - known ▁N K ▁Gr ani č ar ▁in ▁the ▁nearby ▁Ž up an ja . ▁He ▁joined ▁the ▁N K ▁Os ij ek ▁academ y ▁aged ▁ 1 3 , ▁and ▁progress ed ▁through ▁the ▁ranks ▁and ▁through ▁Cro at ian ▁youth ▁football ▁national ▁team ▁categories . ▁He ▁made ▁his ▁first ▁team ▁debut ▁in ▁the ▁ 8 9 th ▁minute ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 – 1 ▁home ▁win ▁against ▁G N K ▁Din amo ▁Zag reb ▁on ▁ 1 0 ▁February ▁ 2 0 1 3 , ▁aged ▁ 1 7 . ▁After ▁altern ating ▁between ▁the ▁U 1 9 ▁and ▁the ▁senior ▁side ▁for ▁the ▁following ▁year ▁and ▁a ▁half , ▁Mand ić ▁was ▁loan ed ▁to ▁the ▁Dru ga ▁H NL ▁side ▁H N K ▁C ib alia . ▁He ▁returned ▁to ▁Os ij ek ▁during ▁the ▁winter ▁break , |
▁but ▁was ▁loan ed ▁back ▁again ▁to ▁C ib alia ▁in ▁late ▁February . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁▁▁▁▁ ▁Category : 1 9 9 5 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : Associ ation ▁football ▁for wards ▁Category : C ro at ian ▁football ers ▁Category : N K ▁Os ij ek ▁players ▁Category : H N K ▁C ib alia ▁players ▁Category : N K ▁D ug opol je ▁players ▁Category : N K ▁Kr š ko ▁players ▁Category : F K ▁K ru pa ▁players ▁Category : Sl oven ian ▁Pr va L iga ▁players ▁Category : P rem ier ▁League ▁of ▁Bos nia ▁and ▁Herz eg ov ina ▁players ▁Category : C ro at ian ▁First ▁Football ▁League ▁players ▁Category : C ro at ian ▁Second ▁Football ▁League ▁players ▁Category : C ro at ian ▁exp atri ate ▁football ers ▁Category : C ro at ian ▁exp atri ate ▁sports people ▁in ▁Sl oven ia ▁Category : Ex pat ri ate ▁football ers ▁in ▁Sl oven ia ▁Category : C ro at ia ▁youth ▁international ▁football ers <0x0A> </s> ▁Val eri ya ▁Serge ev na ▁K oz l ova ▁( R ussian : ▁Ва ле рия ▁Сер ге ев на ▁Ко з лова ) ▁( born ▁January ▁ 2 2 , ▁ 1 9 8 8 ▁in ▁Moscow ) ▁better ▁known ▁as ▁L era ▁K oz l ova ▁is ▁a ▁Russian ▁musician ▁most ▁famous ▁for ▁her ▁work ▁with ▁the ▁pop - rock ▁band ▁Ran et |
ki ▁where ▁she ▁provided ▁the ▁vocals ▁and ▁played ▁the ▁drums . ▁After ▁a ▁three ▁year ▁st int ▁in ▁the ▁band ▁with ▁one ▁full ▁album ▁and ▁a ▁live ▁album , ▁she ▁was ▁forced ▁to ▁leave ▁the ▁band ▁during ▁the ▁recording ▁of ▁the ▁second ▁album ▁by ▁the ▁band ' s ▁producer ▁Serge y ▁Mil nic hen ko . ▁ ▁She ▁then ▁started ▁a ▁solo ▁career ▁under ▁the ▁name ▁Le R a ▁( Л е P а ). ▁She ▁is ▁currently ▁working ▁on ▁her ▁first ▁album ▁which ▁has ▁been ▁given ▁the ▁tent ative ▁title ▁" My ▁Summer ▁Rain ". ▁ ▁Ran et ki ▁Girls ▁L era ▁formed ▁the ▁band ▁Ran et ki ▁girls ▁with ▁school ▁friends ▁Anna ▁Rud ne va , ▁Ev gen i ya ▁Og ur ts ova , ▁Natal ya ▁Sche l k ova ▁and ▁the ▁first ▁bass ▁player ▁Al ina ▁Z ub its ka . ▁Al ina ▁quickly ▁left , ▁to ▁be ▁replaced ▁by ▁El ena ▁Tre ty ak ova . ▁The ▁first ▁album ▁" R an et ki " ▁was ▁released ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 6 . ▁The ▁song ▁" O ▁Te be " ▁found ▁its ▁way ▁to ▁the ▁world ▁as ▁a ▁part ▁of ▁Vlad iv ost ok ▁FM , ▁a ▁mock ▁Russian ▁radi ost ation ▁in ▁Grand ▁The ft ▁Auto ▁IV . ▁This ▁gave ▁the ▁band ▁initial ▁worldwide ▁recognition . ▁ ▁In ▁November ▁ 2 0 0 8 , ▁it ▁was ▁revealed ▁that ▁L era ▁had ▁left ▁Ran et ki , ▁under ▁pressure ▁of ▁former ▁boyfriend , ▁producer ▁Serge y |
▁Mil nic hen ko . ▁▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 1 , ▁after ▁performing ▁ 3 ▁songs ▁for ▁the ▁magazine ▁O OP S , ▁L era ▁announced ▁the ▁closure ▁of ▁project ▁L ER A ▁and ▁her ▁departure ▁from ▁the ▁scene . ▁Rum ors ▁cir cl ed ▁in ▁June ▁about ▁the ▁res um ption ▁of ▁conc erts , ▁however ▁L era ▁herself ▁denied ▁the ▁statements , ▁the ▁girl ▁wants ▁a ▁personal ▁life . ▁ ▁Television ▁Since ▁ 2 0 0 6 , ▁L era ▁has ▁star red ▁in ▁the ▁TV ▁show ▁Ran et ki ▁on ▁the ▁Russian ▁channel ▁ST S ▁( CT C ) ▁following ▁a ▁fict ional ▁story ▁on ▁the ▁formation ▁of ▁Ran et ki . ▁After ▁her ▁departure ▁from ▁the ▁band , ▁it ▁was ▁noted ▁that ▁she ▁would ▁also ▁slowly ▁leave ▁the ▁TV ▁show . ▁A ▁story line ▁was ▁written ▁about ▁L era ▁being ▁invited ▁to ▁study ▁overseas ▁in ▁London , ▁which ▁she ▁would ▁accept . ▁Recently , ▁L era ▁has ▁returned ▁to ▁the ▁show . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁On ▁some ▁sites ▁the ▁last ▁name ▁of ▁actress ▁is ▁indicated ▁as ▁V od nik ova . ▁However ▁on ▁conf ession ▁of ▁actress , ▁it ▁did ▁not ▁change ▁the ▁last ▁name ▁is ▁simply ▁error , ▁which ▁is ▁often ▁circul ated ▁in ▁the ▁internet ▁at ▁pointing ▁of ▁list ▁of ▁actors , ▁playing ▁in ▁a ▁serial . ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁▁▁ ▁Official ▁website ▁of ▁L era ▁K oz l ova ▁( R ussian ) ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 8 8 ▁birth s |
▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : R ussian ▁female ▁sing ers ▁Category : R ussian ▁pop ▁sing ers ▁Category : Sing ers ▁from ▁Moscow ▁Category : 2 1 st - century ▁Russian ▁sing ers ▁Category : 2 1 st - century ▁women ▁sing ers <0x0A> </s> ▁D ried ▁sh red ded ▁squ id ▁is ▁a ▁dried , ▁sh red ded , ▁season ed , ▁sea food ▁product , ▁made ▁from ▁squ id ▁or ▁cut tle fish , ▁commonly ▁found ▁in ▁coastal ▁Asian ▁countries , ▁Russia , ▁and ▁Hawaii . ▁The ▁sn ack ▁is ▁also ▁referred ▁to ▁as ▁dried ▁sh red ded ▁cut tle fish . ▁ ▁History ▁and ▁origins ▁Histor ically , ▁squ id ▁is ▁common ▁in ▁Pacific ▁coastal ▁regions ▁of ▁East ▁Asia ▁and ▁Sout heast ▁Asia . ▁After ▁the ▁pack aged ▁form ▁began ▁shipping ▁to ▁English - spe aking ▁regions , ▁the ▁Japanese ▁word ▁sur ume ▁and ▁y ó u ▁y ú ▁s ī ▁in ▁Chinese ▁for ▁this ▁form ▁of ▁sea food ▁was ▁translated ▁as ▁" d ried ▁sh red ded ▁squ id " ▁and ▁im print ed ▁on ▁packages . ▁The ▁sn ack ▁was ▁popular ized , ▁sold , ▁and ▁consumed ▁regularly ▁in ▁Hong ▁Kong ▁during ▁the ▁ 1 9 7 0 s . ▁Sh red ded ▁squ id ▁began ▁being ▁sold ▁in ▁Mac au ▁as ▁an ▁addition ▁to ▁their ▁al mond ▁bis c uit . ▁In ▁China , ▁it ▁is ▁usually ▁considered ▁to ▁be ▁a ▁light ▁sn ack , ▁sold ▁in ▁bags ▁in ▁many ▁department ▁stores ▁in ▁major ▁cities |
. ▁In ▁Japan , ▁dried ▁sh red ded ▁squ id ▁is ▁popular ly ▁served ▁as ▁an ▁o ts um ami ▁( sn ack ▁consumed ▁while ▁drinking ▁alcohol ). ▁In ▁Korean ▁cu isine , ▁dried ▁sh red ded ▁squ id ▁is ▁eaten ▁as ▁an ju ▁( food ▁to ▁eat ▁while ▁drinking ) ▁and ▁as ▁b anch an ▁( small ▁side ▁dishes ), ▁such ▁as ▁the ▁dish ▁o j inge och ae ▁b ok ke um , ▁which ▁is ▁made ▁by ▁stir - f rying ▁dried ▁sh red ded ▁squ id ▁season ed ▁with ▁a ▁mixture ▁of ▁go ch uj ang ▁( ch ili ▁pepper ▁paste ), ▁garlic s , ▁and ▁mul ly e ot ▁( c orn ▁sy rup - like ▁cond iment ). ▁In ▁Singapore , ▁it ▁was ▁also ▁popular ▁amongst ▁the ▁older ▁generation ▁when ▁it ▁was ▁sold ▁in ▁a ▁Mama ▁shop . ▁It ▁was ▁market ed ▁as ▁the ▁Che wing ▁g um ▁of ▁the ▁O rient als ▁by ▁the ▁food ▁manufacturing ▁company ▁Ken ▁Ken ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 7 0 s , ▁way ▁before ▁the ▁che wing ▁g um ▁ban ▁in ▁Singapore ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 2 . ▁ ▁Pre par ation ▁ ▁Northern ▁Pacific ▁squ id ▁is ▁separated ▁into ▁different ▁parts ▁and ▁sk inned ; ▁cooked ▁at ▁ 6 5 – 8 0 ° C ▁for ▁ 3 – 5 ▁minutes ; ▁and ▁cool ed , ▁gr ated ▁and ▁season ed ▁at ▁a ▁temperature ▁below ▁ 2 0 ° C ▁for ▁more ▁than ▁four ▁hours . ▁Sugar |
, ▁salt , ▁sor bit ol , ▁sweet en ers , ▁organic ▁acid , ▁and ▁MS G ▁are ▁typical ▁add it ives . ▁They ▁are ▁then ▁dried ▁at ▁ 4 0 – 4 5 ° C ▁for ▁ 1 2 – 2 0 ▁hours ▁until ▁it ▁reaches ▁a ▁moisture ▁level ▁of ▁ 4 0 %. ▁It ▁is ▁then ▁aged ▁in ▁a ▁cold ▁room ▁for ▁two ▁weeks ▁or ▁longer ▁and ▁dried ▁at ▁a ▁higher ▁temperature ▁of ▁ 1 1 0 – 1 2 0 ° C ▁for ▁ 3 – 5 ▁minutes . ▁It ▁is ▁then ▁machine ▁sh red ded ▁and ▁season ed ▁for ▁a ▁second ▁time ▁and ▁dried ▁again ▁to ▁a ▁reduced ▁moisture ▁level ▁of ▁ 2 5 – 2 7 %. ▁At ▁this ▁phase , ▁the ▁color ▁is ▁yellow ▁or ▁brown ish . ▁The ▁am ino ▁ac ids ▁on ▁the ▁squ id ▁are ▁revealed ▁by ▁the ▁increase ▁in ▁brown ▁color ▁over ▁prolong ed ▁storage ▁time . ▁V ac uum ▁packaging ▁or ▁nit rogen - filled ▁packaging ▁also ▁increase ▁brow ning . ▁Cons um ers ▁generally ▁do ▁not ▁want ▁excessive ▁brow ning . ▁ ▁Pack aging ▁The ▁most ▁common ▁distribution ▁method ▁in ▁today ' s ▁Asian ▁countries ▁is ▁the ▁pre pack aged ▁format . ▁The ▁bags ▁are ▁usually ▁sealed ▁a irt ight ▁to ▁keep ▁the ▁squ id ▁che wy ▁and ▁tough . ▁ ▁Dep ending ▁on ▁the ▁company ▁doing ▁the ▁packaging ▁or ▁preparation , ▁each ▁brand ▁usually ▁has ▁its ▁own ▁ratio ▁of ▁MS G ▁added . ▁ ▁Un pack aged ▁versions |
▁are ▁much ▁r ar er ▁than ▁tradition ally ▁available ▁in ▁certain ▁special ty ▁shops , ▁usually ▁sold ▁next ▁to ▁beef ▁jer ky . ▁ ▁Cultural ▁significance ▁" Che wing ▁g um ▁of ▁the ▁O rient als " ▁is ▁the ▁tag line ▁for ▁a ▁Singapore an ▁sn ack , ▁P on ▁P on , ▁season ed ▁and ▁prepared ▁dried ▁sh red ded ▁squ id . ▁It ▁was ▁sold ▁in ▁the ▁early ▁ 1 9 6 0 s ▁in ▁Singapore ▁as ▁P on ▁P on , ▁and ▁later ▁as ▁Ken ▁Ken , ▁before ▁the ▁ban ▁on ▁che wing ▁g um ▁in ▁Singapore ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 2 . ▁The ▁concept ▁stuck ▁with ▁Singapore ans . ▁Many ▁older ▁Singapore ans ▁grew ▁up ▁eating ▁this ▁cut tle fish ▁sn ack ▁before ▁the ▁advent ▁of ▁modern - day ▁sn acks ▁such ▁as ▁ch ocol ates ▁and ▁chips . ▁Ken ▁Ken ▁C utt le fish ▁is ▁still ▁available ▁in ▁all ▁the ▁major ▁super mark ets ▁in ▁Singapore . ▁ ▁The ▁Ken ▁Ken ▁prepared ▁cut tle fish ▁“ Che wing ▁g um ▁of ▁the ▁O rient als ” ▁is ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁nost alg ic ▁sn acks ▁which ▁older ▁Singapore ans ▁remember , ▁like ▁White ▁Rab bit ▁( c andy ) ▁and ▁h aw ▁fl akes . ▁The ▁sn ack ▁was ▁sold ▁in ▁m am ak ▁shops ▁along ▁the ▁streets ▁in ▁Singapore . ▁These ▁were ▁little ▁provision ▁stores ▁that ▁provided ▁daily ▁amen ities ▁and ▁sn acks ▁to ▁the ▁community ▁in ▁old en ▁Singapore . ▁This ▁was ▁before ▁the ▁entrance |
▁of ▁large ▁chain ▁super mark ets ▁that ▁caused ▁rising ▁competition ▁towards ▁the ▁m am ak ▁shop ' s ▁survival . ▁Sn acks ▁like ▁prepared ▁cut tle fish ▁that ▁were ▁popular ▁amongst ▁the ▁older ▁generation ▁are ▁slowly ▁being ▁ph ased ▁out . ▁The ▁younger ▁generation ▁of ▁Singapore ans ▁is ▁more ▁western ised ▁and ▁less ▁likely ▁to ▁form ▁a ▁taste ▁for ▁the ▁traditional ▁sn ack . ▁The ▁sn ack ▁with ▁its ▁icon ic ▁green ▁and ▁white ▁packaging ▁was ▁show c ased ▁in ▁the ▁Images ▁of ▁Singapore ▁museum ▁in ▁S ent osa . ▁ ▁T aste ▁and ▁texture ▁Joe ▁Dist ef ano ▁from ▁The ▁Village ▁Voice ▁describes ▁it ▁as ▁“ The ▁fib rous ▁bits ▁are ▁just ▁che wy ▁enough ▁to ▁give ▁your ▁j aws ▁a ▁slight ▁work ▁out . ▁A ▁good ly ▁amount ▁of ▁sugar , ▁ch ili ▁pepper , ▁and ▁salt ▁help ▁round ▁out ▁the ▁fun ky ▁fish iness .” ▁ ▁Cont amination ▁News ▁reports ▁have ▁claimed ▁that ▁ar sen ic ▁and ▁other ▁toxic ▁met als ▁have ▁been ▁found ▁in ▁D SS ▁pack aged ▁in ▁Hong ▁Kong . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁Jer ky ▁ ▁List ▁of ▁dried ▁foods ▁ ▁List ▁of ▁sea food ▁dishes ▁ ▁R ous ong ▁ ▁Salt ed ▁squ id ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : D ried ▁fish ▁Category : Sn ack ▁foods ▁Category : S qu id ▁dishes ▁Category : Ch inese ▁cu isine ▁Category : J apan ese ▁cu isine ▁Category : K ore an ▁cu isine ▁Category : T ai wan ese ▁cu isine ▁Category : Mac |
au ▁cu isine ▁Category : H ong ▁Kong ▁cu isine <0x0A> </s> ▁John ▁Bar ron ▁( 1 9 3 4 – 2 0 0 8 ) ▁was ▁an ▁Irish ▁sports man . ▁ ▁He ▁played ▁hur ling ▁with ▁his ▁local ▁club ▁De ▁La ▁S alle ▁and ▁with ▁the ▁Water ford ▁senior ▁inter - count y ▁team ▁from ▁ 1 9 5 4 ▁until ▁ 1 9 6 4 . ▁ ▁Play ing ▁career ▁ ▁Club ▁ ▁Bar ron ▁played ▁his ▁club ▁hur ling ▁with ▁his ▁local ▁De ▁La ▁S alle ▁club . ▁ ▁He ▁never ▁won ▁a ▁senior ▁county ▁title . ▁ ▁Inter - count y ▁ ▁Bar ron ▁first ▁came ▁to ▁prom in ence ▁on ▁the ▁inter - count y ▁scene ▁in ▁the ▁late ▁ 1 9 5 0 s ▁as ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁Water ford ▁senior ▁hur ling ▁team . ▁ ▁At ▁this ▁time , ▁however , ▁Tip per ary ▁and ▁C ork ▁were ▁the ▁king p ins ▁of ▁Mun ster ▁hur ling , ▁with ▁all ▁the ▁other ▁count ies ▁only ▁providing ▁a ▁supporting ▁role . ▁ ▁All ▁this ▁changed ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 7 ▁when ▁Bar ron ▁won ▁his ▁first ▁Mun ster ▁title ▁following ▁a ▁victory ▁over ▁reign ing ▁champions ▁C ork . ▁ ▁Water ford ▁later ▁played ▁Kil ken ny ▁in ▁the ▁All - I re land ▁final , ▁however , ▁victory ▁went ▁to ▁the ▁men ▁from ▁Le in ster ▁on ▁that ▁occasion . ▁ ▁Water ford ▁were ▁leading ▁by ▁six ▁points ▁with ▁fifteen ▁minutes ▁left , |
▁however , ▁the ▁game ▁ended ▁ 4 – 1 0 ▁to ▁ 3 – 1 2 . ▁ ▁Two ▁years ▁later ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 9 ▁Bar ron ▁won ▁a ▁second ▁provincial ▁title . ▁ ▁Once ▁again ▁Water ford ▁lined ▁out ▁in ▁the ▁championship ▁dec ider ▁and ▁once ▁again ▁Kil ken ny ▁provided ▁the ▁opposition . ▁ ▁The ▁game ▁ended ▁in ▁a ▁draw , ▁however , ▁when ▁the ▁two ▁sides ▁met ▁for ▁the ▁re play ▁the ▁men ▁from ▁Water ford ▁made ▁no ▁mistake ▁in ▁defe ating ▁their ▁near ▁riv als ▁and ▁Bar ron ▁collected ▁an ▁All - I re land ▁medal . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 6 3 ▁he ▁added ▁a ▁National ▁Hur ling ▁League ▁medal ▁to ▁his ▁collection ▁before ▁winning ▁a ▁third ▁Mun ster ▁title . ▁ ▁For ▁the ▁third ▁success ive ▁time ▁Kil ken ny ▁were ▁Water ford ' s ▁opponents ▁in ▁the ▁All - I re land ▁final , ▁however , ▁the ▁men ▁from ▁the ▁Dé ise ▁came ▁back ▁from ▁an ▁ 1 1 - point ▁def icit ▁but ▁were ▁still ▁beaten ▁by ▁' the ▁C ats '. ▁ ▁Bar ron ▁retired ▁from ▁inter - count y ▁hur ling ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 4 . ▁ ▁Inter - prov inc ial ▁ ▁Bar ron ▁also ▁lined ▁out ▁with ▁Mun ster ▁in ▁the ▁inter - prov inc ial ▁hur ling ▁competition . ▁ ▁He ▁captured ▁four ▁success ive ▁Railway ▁Cup ▁med als ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 8 , ▁ 1 9 5 9 , ▁ 1 9 |
6 0 ▁and ▁ 1 9 6 1 . ▁ ▁Post - play ing ▁career ▁ ▁John ▁Bar ron ▁died ▁on ▁ 2 8 ▁April ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁aged ▁ 7 4 . ▁ ▁Te ams ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁John ▁Bar ron ' s ▁ob it uary ▁on ▁H ogan stand . com ▁ ▁Mun ster ▁final ▁winning ▁teams ▁ ▁Water ford ▁G AA ▁hon ours ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 3 4 ▁birth s ▁Category : 2 0 0 8 ▁deaths ▁Category : D ual ▁players ▁Category : De ▁La ▁S alle ▁h url ers ▁Category : De ▁La ▁S alle ▁G ael ic ▁football ers ▁Category : Water ford ▁inter - count y ▁h url ers ▁Category : M un ster ▁inter - prov inc ial ▁h url ers ▁Category : H ur ling ▁goal keep ers ▁Category : All - I re land ▁Senior ▁Hur ling ▁Championship ▁winners <0x0A> </s> ▁Chase ▁Ko ep ka ▁( born ▁January ▁ 3 0 , ▁ 1 9 9 4 ) ▁is ▁an ▁American ▁professional ▁gol fer . ▁He ▁is ▁the ▁younger ▁brother ▁of ▁Brook s ▁Ko ep ka , ▁who ▁is ▁also ▁a ▁professional ▁gol fer . ▁His ▁great ▁uncle ▁is ▁Major ▁League ▁Base ball ▁player ▁Dick ▁Gro at . ▁ ▁Ko ep ka ▁attended ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁South ▁Florida ▁from ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁to ▁ 2 0 1 6 , ▁winning ▁four ▁tour naments ▁in ▁his ▁college ▁career . ▁ ▁Ko ep ka ▁turned ▁professional ▁in ▁the |
▁middle ▁of ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁and ▁played ▁on ▁the ▁Challenge ▁Tour ▁in ▁the ▁latter ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁year ▁with ▁little ▁success . ▁He ▁played ▁on ▁the ▁tour ▁again ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 7 ▁and ▁had ▁much ▁more ▁success . ▁He ▁finished ▁in ▁the ▁top - 1 0 ▁on ▁five ▁occasions , ▁including ▁being ▁runner - up ▁in ▁the ▁Italian ▁Challenge ▁and ▁the ▁Kaz akh stan ▁Open , ▁and ▁finished ▁the ▁season ▁ 9 th ▁in ▁the ▁Order ▁of ▁Mer it ▁to ▁earn ▁a ▁place ▁on ▁the ▁European ▁Tour ▁for ▁ 2 0 1 8 . ▁He ▁team ed ▁with ▁his ▁brother ▁Brook s ▁in ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 7 ▁Zur ich ▁Classic ▁of ▁New ▁Orleans , ▁the ▁pair ▁finishing ▁tied ▁for ▁ 5 th . ▁ ▁Ko ep ka ▁started ▁ 2 0 1 8 ▁well , ▁finishing ▁tied ▁for ▁ 7 th ▁place ▁in ▁the ▁BM W ▁SA ▁Open ▁but ▁there after ▁failed ▁to ▁finish ▁in ▁the ▁top ▁ 2 0 ▁of ▁any ▁European ▁Tour ▁event ▁and ▁finished ▁ 1 8 2 nd ▁in ▁the ▁Order ▁of ▁Mer it . ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 9 , ▁Ko ep ka ▁played ▁on ▁the ▁Challenge ▁Tour ▁but ▁only ▁made ▁the ▁cut ▁three ▁times ▁in ▁ 1 2 ▁events . ▁He ▁also ▁made ▁an ▁attempt ▁to ▁qualify ▁for ▁the ▁ 2 0 2 0 ▁K orn ▁F erry ▁Tour . ▁ ▁Am ateur ▁wins ▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁Re es ▁Jones ▁Inv itational , ▁Auto Tr ader . com |
▁Col leg iate ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁Inv itational ▁at ▁the ▁Ocean ▁Course ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁Mission ▁Inn ▁Spring ▁Spect acular ▁ ▁Play off ▁record ▁ ▁Challenge ▁Tour ▁play off ▁record ▁( 0 – 1 ) ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ 2 0 1 7 ▁Challenge ▁Tour ▁gradu ates ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁ ▁Category : American ▁male ▁golf ers ▁Category : Europe an ▁Tour ▁golf ers ▁Category : G olf ers ▁from ▁Florida ▁Category : Univers ity ▁of ▁South ▁Florida ▁al umn i ▁Category : People ▁from ▁West ▁Palm ▁Beach , ▁Florida ▁Category : People ▁from ▁J upiter , ▁Florida ▁Category : 1 9 9 4 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people <0x0A> </s> ▁S iv uch ▁( R ussian ▁- ▁Си ву ч ; ▁" se alion ") ▁was ▁a ▁G ily ak - class ▁gun boat ▁of ▁the ▁Imperial ▁Russian ▁Navy . ▁During ▁World ▁War ▁I , ▁she ▁was ▁s unk ▁in ▁the ▁Gulf ▁of ▁R iga ▁during ▁the ▁Battle ▁of ▁the ▁Gulf ▁of ▁R iga ▁on ▁ 1 9 ▁August ▁ 1 9 1 5 ▁by ▁the ▁German ▁battles hip s ▁N ass au ▁and ▁P osen . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Bibli ography ▁C hes ne au , ▁Roger , ▁and ▁Eug ene ▁M . ▁K oles nik , ▁ed s ., ▁Con way ′ s ▁All ▁the ▁World ′ s ▁Fight ing ▁Sh ips ▁ 1 8 6 0 - 1 9 0 5 , ▁New ▁York : ▁May fl ower |
▁Books , ▁ 1 9 7 9 , ▁. ▁Gray , ▁Rand al , ▁ed ., ▁Con way ′ s ▁All ▁the ▁World ′ s ▁Fight ing ▁Sh ips ▁ 1 9 0 6 - 1 9 2 1 , ▁Ann apolis , ▁Maryland : ▁Naval ▁Institute ▁Press , ▁ 1 9 8 5 , ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁Мо ре ход ная ▁ка но нер ская ▁ло д ка ▁" С и ву ч " ▁( R ussian ) ▁ ▁Category : G un bo ats ▁of ▁the ▁Imperial ▁Russian ▁Navy ▁Category : World ▁War ▁I ▁gun bo ats ▁Category : World ▁War ▁I ▁naval ▁ships ▁of ▁Russia ▁Category : World ▁War ▁I ▁ship w re cks ▁in ▁the ▁Balt ic ▁Sea ▁Category : Mar itime ▁incidents ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 5 ▁Category : 1 9 0 7 ▁ships <0x0A> </s> ▁Soph ia ▁College ▁for ▁Women ▁is ▁an ▁under graduate ▁women ' s ▁college ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 1 ▁by ▁Society ▁of ▁the ▁Sac red ▁Heart ▁of ▁Jesus . ▁It ▁is ▁affili ated ▁to ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁M umb ai . ▁The ▁governing ▁body ▁of ▁The ▁Society ▁for ▁the ▁Hig her ▁Education ▁of ▁Women ▁in ▁India ▁runs ▁the ▁college . ▁The ▁Relig ious ▁Sister s ▁of ▁the ▁Sac red ▁Heart ▁of ▁Jesus ▁and ▁lay ▁staff ▁form ▁the ▁staff ▁of ▁the ▁college . ▁Soph ia , ▁as ▁the ▁name ▁suggests , ▁stands ▁for ▁Wis dom ▁in ▁Greek ▁ Σ ο φ ί α . ▁ ▁History ▁The ▁Society ▁of ▁the |
▁Sac red ▁Heart , ▁a ▁Roman ▁Catholic ▁religious ▁order ▁was ▁founded ▁in ▁France ▁in ▁ 1 8 0 0 , ▁by ▁St . ▁Made le ine ▁Sophie ▁Bar at , ▁a ▁young ▁French woman . ▁Mother ▁Catherine ▁Anders son ▁brought ▁the ▁Society ▁to ▁India ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 9 . ▁ ▁The ▁Soph ia ▁College ▁campus ▁area ▁and ▁the ▁land ▁in ▁the ▁vic inity ▁belonged ▁to ▁the ▁British ▁East ▁India ▁Company , ▁and ▁was ▁later ▁sub div ided ▁and ▁sold . ▁The ▁property ▁changed ▁several ▁hands ▁before ▁it ▁was ▁acquired ▁by ▁the ▁Society ▁of ▁the ▁Sac red ▁Heart ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 0 ▁from ▁the ▁Mah ar aja ▁of ▁B hav n ag ar . ▁A ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁property ▁was ▁given ▁to ▁the ▁P arsi ▁family ▁of ▁Ash burn er ▁in ▁the ▁early ▁ 1 9 th ▁century . ▁The ▁b ung al ow ▁which ▁is ▁now ▁the ▁main ▁building ▁was ▁named ▁Som erset ▁House ▁after ▁Sir ▁Henry ▁Som erset , ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁command ers - in - ch ief ▁of ▁the ▁Bomb ay ▁Pres id ency . ▁In ▁ 1 8 8 2 , ▁the ▁property ▁was ▁acquired ▁by ▁the ▁Hon our able ▁Bad ru dd in ▁Ty abi . ▁He ▁built ▁Som erset ▁Anne xe , ▁the ▁nucle us ▁of ▁the ▁present ▁science ▁building . ▁In ▁ 1 9 1 7 , ▁H orm us ji ▁N os her wan je e ▁V ake el ▁bought ▁the ▁property ▁and ▁added ▁the ▁east - west ▁wing . ▁In |
▁ 1 9 2 3 , ▁the ▁house ▁was ▁occupied ▁by ▁the ▁Mah ar aja ▁of ▁Ind ore ▁before ▁the ▁Mah ar aja ▁of ▁B hav n ag ar ▁bought ▁the ▁house ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 7 . ▁In ▁ 1 9 3 9 , ▁Arch b ishop ▁Thomas ▁Roberts ▁S . ▁J . ▁of ▁Bomb ay ▁invited ▁the ▁Sac red ▁Heart ▁n uns ▁to ▁start ▁a ▁women ' s ▁college ▁in ▁Bomb ay ▁and ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 0 , ▁The ▁Society ▁bought ▁the ▁property . ▁The ▁Home ▁and ▁Social ▁Culture ▁centre ▁was ▁formally ▁opened ▁by ▁Arch b ishop ▁Roberts ▁and ▁the ▁name ▁adopted ; ▁Mother ▁Anders son ▁became ▁the ▁first ▁principal . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 4 1 , ▁the ▁Arts ▁Fac ulty ▁was ▁started . ▁The ▁University ▁of ▁Bomb ay ▁granted ▁temporary ▁affili ation ▁to ▁the ▁college ▁for ▁first ▁year ▁and ▁intermediate ▁classes . ▁In ▁ 1 9 4 2 ▁the ▁extension ▁of ▁affili ation ▁was ▁granted ▁for ▁Bachelor ▁of ▁Arts ▁classes . ▁In ▁ 1 9 4 5 , ▁the ▁Soph ia ▁mot to , ▁cre st ▁and ▁colours ▁were ▁adopted . ▁In ▁ 1 9 5 0 , ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Bomb ay ▁granted ▁permanent ▁affili ation ▁to ▁the ▁college . ▁In ▁ 1 9 5 2 , ▁the ▁Science ▁Fac ulty ▁was ▁started ▁with ▁classes ▁up ▁to ▁the ▁Inter mediate ▁Science ▁level . ▁Kar una ▁Mary ▁Br agan za , ▁who ▁would ▁later ▁receive ▁the ▁Indian ▁civilian ▁honour ▁of ▁the ▁Pad ma ▁Sh ri |
, ▁took ▁over ▁as ▁the ▁Pr incipal ▁of ▁the ▁college ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 5 . ▁In ▁ 1 9 6 6 , ▁the ▁Inter mediate ▁Science ▁course ▁was ▁extended ▁ ▁into ▁a ▁Bachelor ▁of ▁Science ▁degree . ▁In ▁ 1 9 7 0 , ▁Soph ia ▁Poly techn ic ▁was ▁introduced . ▁In ▁ 1 9 7 5 , ▁the ▁Junior ▁college ▁was ▁introduced . ▁In ▁ 1 9 7 8 , ▁the ▁post graduate ▁Di pl oma ▁Course ▁in ▁Clin ical ▁Analysis ▁was ▁started . ▁In ▁ 1 9 9 3 , ▁the ▁post ▁graduate ▁di pl oma ▁course ▁in ▁Quality ▁Ass urance ▁in ▁the ▁Food ▁and ▁Ph arm aceut ical ▁Indust ries ▁was ▁introduced . ▁At ▁the ▁start ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 1 st ▁century , ▁the ▁Soph ia ▁Centre ▁for ▁Women ' s ▁Studies ▁and ▁Development ▁and ▁Soph ia ▁Anders son ▁Anne xe ▁was ▁inaugur ated . ▁Later ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 3 , ▁the ▁Bachelor ▁of ▁Mass ▁Media ▁was ▁introduced . ▁ ▁In ▁July ▁ 2 0 1 8 , ▁the ▁University ▁Gr ants ▁Commission ▁( U GC ) ▁granted ▁the ▁status ▁of ▁aut onomy ▁to ▁Soph ia ▁College ▁for ▁Women . ▁ ▁Soph ia ▁Poly techn ic ▁Soph ia ▁Poly techn ic ▁is ▁a ▁further ▁education ▁college ▁in ▁M umb ai , ▁India . ▁It ▁is ▁predomin antly ▁a ▁women ’ s ▁poly techn ic , ▁but ▁male ▁students ▁are ▁admitted ▁to ▁the ▁courses ▁of ▁the ▁Hospital ity ▁Studies ▁( HA FT ) ▁Department ▁as |
▁well ▁as ▁in ▁the ▁Social ▁Communications ▁Media ▁( SC M ) ▁course . ▁Since ▁its ▁in ception ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 0 , ▁Soph ia ▁Poly techn ic ▁has ▁been ▁committed ▁to ▁women ’ s ▁education , ▁which ▁is ▁perceived ▁by ▁the ▁institution ▁to ▁be ▁the ▁means ▁for ▁both ▁personal ▁and ▁societ al ▁transformation . ▁Through ▁the ▁‘ S oph ia ▁Co over ji ▁H orm us ji ▁Program me ▁in ▁Eth ics ▁and ▁Spirit ual ity ’, ▁Soph ia ▁Poly techn ic ▁provides ▁the ▁opportunity ▁for ▁students ▁to ▁focus ▁on ▁values , ▁ethical ▁living ▁and ▁concern ▁for ▁the ▁under priv ile ged . ▁The ▁institution ▁considers ▁itself ▁fortunate ▁in ▁having ▁a ▁highly ▁qualified ▁and ▁motivated ▁teaching ▁faculty ▁and ▁dedicated ▁non - te aching ▁and ▁support ▁staff . ▁ ▁Dep art ments ▁Dep art ments ▁include ▁Hospital ity ▁Studies ▁( HA FT ), ▁Art ▁and ▁Design , ▁D ress ▁Design ing ▁and ▁Gar ment ▁Manufact uring , ▁and ▁Social ▁Communications ▁Media . ▁ ▁Hospital ity ▁Studies ▁HA FT ▁ ▁The ▁HA FT ▁programme ▁is ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁oldest ▁and ▁most ▁prest igious ▁courses ▁in ▁hospital ity ▁in ▁the ▁city . ▁This ▁Deg ree ▁is ▁recognized ▁by ▁all ▁del ux e ▁hotel ▁chains ▁in ▁India . ▁HA FT ▁provides ▁ 3 ▁state - of - the - art ▁kitchen s ▁and ▁a ▁b ak ery ▁with ▁the ▁latest ▁equipment , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁two ▁training ▁restaurants ▁to ▁facilitate ▁learning ▁in ▁a ▁professional ▁environment . ▁ ▁The ▁HA FT ▁tradition ▁of ▁' learning ▁to |
▁look ▁after ' ▁continues ▁beyond ▁the ▁academic ▁hor iz ons . ▁ ▁Art ▁& ▁Design ▁The ▁Department ▁of ▁Art ▁and ▁Design , ▁which ▁is ▁recognised ▁by ▁the ▁Director ate ▁of ▁Art , ▁Government ▁of ▁Mah ar as ht ra , ▁conduct s ▁the ▁following ▁courses : ▁Foundation ▁Art , ▁Di pl oma ▁in ▁Ap plied ▁Art , ▁and ▁Di pl oma ▁in ▁Text ile ▁Design ing ▁ ▁Department ▁of ▁D ress ▁Design ing ▁and ▁Gar ment ▁Manufact uring ▁ ▁The ▁D ress ▁Design ing ▁& ▁Gar ment ▁Manufact uring ▁courses ▁covers ▁virtually ▁the ▁entire ▁gam ut ▁of ▁the ▁fashion ▁business . ▁The ▁aim ▁of ▁these ▁courses ▁is ▁to ▁prepare ▁students ▁for ▁the ▁industry . ▁Several ▁al umn i ▁are ▁highly ▁placed ▁professionals . ▁ ▁Social ▁Communications ▁Media ▁The ▁Social ▁Communications ▁Media ▁Department ▁( SC M ▁Soph ia ), ▁conduct s ▁a ▁one - year , ▁full - time , ▁integrated ▁post - graduate ▁di pl oma ▁course ▁in ▁social ▁communications ▁media ▁that ▁is ▁open ▁to ▁forty ▁bright ▁young ▁women ▁and ▁men . ▁The ▁course ▁is ▁affili ated ▁to ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁M umb ai ’ s ▁Gar ware ▁Institute ▁of ▁Career ▁Education ▁and ▁Development . ▁The ▁course ▁offers ▁documentary ▁film ▁production , ▁photography , ▁journal ism , ▁corporate ▁communication ▁and ▁advertising . ▁Al umn i ▁of ▁this ▁degree ▁include ▁Deep a ▁B hat ia , ▁Re ema ▁K ag ti , ▁Rich a ▁Ch ad ha , ▁An ub ha ▁Bh os le ▁ ▁College ▁cre st ▁and ▁mot to ▁The ▁design ▁of |
▁the ▁cre st ▁draws ▁upon ▁Indian ▁artistic ▁traditions . ▁On ▁the ▁outer ▁edge ▁is ▁a ▁row ▁of ▁pear ls ; ▁inside , ▁a ▁lot us ▁bl oss om ▁design . ▁In ▁the ▁centre ▁is ▁a ▁tree , ▁a ▁traditional ▁Indian ▁symbol . ▁ ▁The ▁lot us ▁symbol ises ▁pur ity ▁and ▁goodness . ▁The ▁lot us ▁flower , ▁which ▁has ▁its ▁roots ▁in ▁st agn ant ▁water ▁and ▁mud , ▁press es ▁up ▁through ▁the ▁water ▁towards ▁the ▁light ▁and ▁emer ges ▁in ▁full ▁blo om ▁above ▁the ▁refuse ▁and ▁m uck ▁beneath . ▁It ▁represents ▁a ▁seek er ▁of ▁wisdom , ▁who ▁conqu ers ▁the ▁problems ▁surrounding ▁them . ▁The ▁tree ▁is ▁a ▁symbol ▁of ▁life ▁and ▁unity , ▁growth ▁and ▁expansion , ▁strength ▁and ▁shelter . ▁ ▁Not able ▁people ▁ ▁Kar una ▁Mary ▁Br agan za , ▁Pad ma ▁Sh ri ▁ ▁for ▁social ▁contributions ▁ ▁Vas und h ara ▁R aje , ▁ 1 3 th ▁Chief ▁Minister ▁of ▁Raj as than ▁ ▁Sh r add ha ▁Sh ash id har , ▁Miss ▁D iva ▁- ▁ 2 0 1 7 ▁ ▁Am rit a ▁R ao , ▁Bol ly wood ▁Act ress ▁ ▁R ash mi ▁B ans al , ▁Author ▁ ▁Kir an ▁R ao , ▁Fil mm aker ▁ ▁N iti ▁Taylor , ▁Indian ▁television ▁actress ▁ ▁Pri ya ▁D utt ▁ ▁Re ema ▁K ag ti , ▁Indian ▁film ▁director ▁ ▁Sh w eta ▁Sal ve , ▁Indian ▁television ▁actress ▁ ▁An ita ▁R au |
▁Bad ami , ▁writer ▁ ▁Pre et ika ▁R ao , ▁Indian ▁model , ▁actress ▁ ▁Shah ana ▁G os w ami , ▁Indian ▁actress ▁▁ ▁Man j iri ▁Pr ab hu , ▁Indian ▁author ▁ ▁Kar is ma ▁Kap oor , ▁Bol ly wood ▁Act ress ▁N ish ita ▁N irm al ▁M hat re , ▁Act ing ▁chief ▁justice ▁of ▁High ▁Court ▁ ▁K art ika ▁R ane , ▁Indian ▁television ▁▁ ▁D h ru vi ▁Ach ary a , ▁Indian ▁Pain ter ▁/ ▁Artist ▁V init a ▁Co el ho , ▁Indian ▁Writer , ▁Director ▁and ▁Artist ▁Rich a ▁Ch add a , ▁Indian ▁actress ▁ ▁Victoria ▁D ' S ou za , ▁Professor ▁of ▁M ole cular ▁and ▁Cell ular ▁Bi ology , ▁Harvard ▁University ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁Soph ia ▁College , ▁M umb ai ▁al umn i ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁ ▁Soph ia ▁College ▁for ▁Women , ▁M umb ai , ▁website ▁ ▁Category : S ac red ▁Heart ▁universities ▁and ▁colleges ▁Category : C ath olic ▁universities ▁and ▁colleges ▁in ▁India ▁Category : Col leg es ▁in ▁India ▁Category : W omen ' s ▁universities ▁and ▁colleges ▁in ▁Mah ar as ht ra ▁Category : Univers ities ▁and ▁colleges ▁in ▁M umb ai ▁Category : Aff ili ates ▁of ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁M umb ai ▁Category : E duc ational ▁institutions ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 1 ▁Category : 1 9 4 1 ▁establish ments ▁in ▁India <0x0A> </s> ▁Z ooth |
am n ium ▁n ive um ▁is ▁a ▁species ▁of ▁c ili ate ▁proto zo an ▁which ▁forms ▁fe ather - shaped ▁colon ies ▁in ▁marine ▁coastal ▁environments . ▁The ▁c ili ates ▁form ▁a ▁sym b ios is ▁with ▁sul fur - ox id izing ▁che mos y nt hetic ▁bacteria ▁of ▁the ▁species ▁" C andid atus ▁Th i ob ios ▁z ooth am nic oli ", ▁which ▁live ▁on ▁the ▁surface ▁of ▁the ▁colon ies ▁and ▁give ▁them ▁their ▁unusual ▁white ▁color . ▁ ▁Character istics ▁ ▁The ▁con sp ic u ously ▁white ▁and ▁fe ather - shaped ▁colon ies ▁are ▁composed ▁of ▁individual ▁bell - shaped ▁cells ▁known ▁as ▁zo oids . ▁The ▁stalk s ▁of ▁individual ▁cells ▁grow ▁from ▁a ▁single ▁central ▁stalk . ▁Col on ies ▁can ▁reach ▁a ▁length ▁of ▁up ▁to ▁ 1 5 mm , ▁formed ▁from ▁hundreds ▁of ▁single ▁zo oids , ▁each ▁with ▁a ▁length ▁of ▁only ▁ 1 2 0 µ m . ▁An ▁entire ▁colony ▁can ▁contract ▁into ▁a ▁ball - shaped ▁bunch ▁through ▁the ▁contr action ▁of ▁my on em es ▁in ▁their ▁stalk s . ▁ ▁The ▁white ▁color ▁is ▁produced ▁by ▁chem ol ith o aut ot ro ph ic ▁sul fur - ox id izing ▁bacteria , ▁which ▁cover ▁the ▁entire ▁surface ▁of ▁the ▁Z . ▁n ive um ▁colony . ▁In ▁most ▁other ▁species ▁of ▁Z ooth am n ium , ▁bacteria ▁are ▁only ▁known ▁to ▁cover ▁the ▁stalk s . ▁The |
▁bacteria ▁contain ▁element al ▁sul fur , ▁which ▁appear ▁white . ▁Z . ▁n ive um ▁appears ▁color less ▁when ▁the ▁bacteria ▁are ▁absent . ▁ ▁Like ▁in ▁other ▁c ili ates , ▁a ▁contract ile ▁vac u ole ▁maint ains ▁o sm otic ▁balance ▁for ▁the ▁cell , ▁and ▁allows ▁it ▁to ▁survive ▁the ▁salt ▁concentr ations ▁in ▁both ▁marine ▁and ▁br ack ish ▁water . ▁The ▁vac u ole ▁is ▁located ▁in ▁Z . ▁n ive um ▁directly ▁below ▁the ▁lip ▁of ▁the ▁per ist ome . ▁ ▁Pol ym orph ism ▁ ▁Most ▁c ili ates ▁live ▁as ▁single - cell ed ▁organ isms ▁in ▁aqu atic ▁environments , ▁and ▁the ▁single ▁cell ▁carries ▁out ▁all ▁functions ▁of ▁life , ▁such ▁as ▁nutrition , ▁met abol ism , ▁and ▁reprodu ction . ▁Col on ies ▁of ▁Z . ▁n ive um ▁are ▁composed ▁of ▁numerous ▁individual ▁cells ▁that ▁form ▁a ▁fe ather - like ▁colonial ▁unit , ▁with ▁several ▁different ▁cell ▁types . ▁Old ▁branches ▁of ▁the ▁colony ▁illustr ate ▁the ▁pol ym orph ism ▁of ▁the ▁zo oids ▁when ▁viewed ▁under ▁the ▁micro scope . ▁Three ▁different ▁forms ▁of ▁the ▁individual ▁c ili ate ▁cells ▁are ▁present , ▁which ▁are ▁distinct ▁in ▁both ▁form ▁and ▁function . ▁The ▁large ▁macro zo oids ▁can ▁transform ▁into ▁sw arm ers ▁and ▁leave ▁the ▁colony . ▁They ▁settle ▁on ▁suitable ▁surfaces ▁and ▁develop ▁into ▁new ▁colon ies . ▁The ▁micro zo oids ▁are ▁small ▁cells ▁specialized ▁for ▁feeding , ▁which ▁the ▁colony |
▁does ▁by ▁consumption ▁of ▁their ▁sym bi otic ▁bacteria ▁and ▁other ▁organic ▁particles . ▁At ▁the ▁terminal ▁ends ▁of ▁the ▁colony ▁are ▁specialized ▁zo oids ▁that ▁can ▁el ong ate ▁and ▁facilitate ▁the ▁a sex ual ▁reprodu ction ▁of ▁the ▁colony . ▁ ▁The ▁bacteria ▁on ▁different ▁parts ▁of ▁a ▁host ▁have ▁different ▁shapes ▁despite ▁belonging ▁to ▁the ▁same ▁species ▁( pol ym orph ism ). ▁Those ▁on ▁the ▁stalk s ▁are ▁shaped ▁like ▁ro ds , ▁but ▁those ▁in ▁the ▁region ▁of ▁the ▁c ili ated ▁oral ▁appar atus ▁of ▁the ▁micro zo oids ▁are ▁shaped ▁like ▁small ▁spher es ▁( c occ oid ). ▁Inter mediate ▁forms ▁are ▁also ▁found ▁in ▁between . ▁ ▁Distribution ▁and ▁habitat ▁ ▁The ▁s ess ile ▁colon ies ▁of ▁Z . ▁n ive um ▁were ▁first ▁described ▁from ▁the ▁shallow ▁waters ▁of ▁the ▁Red ▁Sea . ▁They ▁were ▁later ▁also ▁found ▁in ▁the ▁Florida ▁Ke ys ▁in ▁the ▁Gulf ▁of ▁Mexico , ▁and ▁at ▁the ▁Bel ize ▁Bar rier ▁Re ef ▁in ▁the ▁Caribbean ▁Sea . ▁ ▁The ▁colon ies ▁settle ▁in ▁environments ▁that ▁contain ▁sul f ide . ▁H ydro gen ▁sul f ide , ▁sul f ide , ▁and ▁related ▁sul fur - cont aining ▁comp ounds ▁like ▁th ios ulf ate ▁are ▁produced ▁during ▁the ▁decomposition ▁and ▁rem iner al ization ▁of ▁organic ▁material . ▁For ▁example , ▁plant ▁material ▁like ▁the ▁torn - off ▁leaves ▁of ▁Pos id onia ▁ocean ica ▁in ▁se ag rass ▁me adows ▁of ▁the ▁Mediterranean ▁accum |
ulate ▁in ▁depress ions ▁of ▁rock y ▁led ges ▁and ▁de comp ose . ▁In ▁m ang ro ve ▁forests ▁of ▁the ▁Caribbean , ▁organic ▁material ▁can ▁form ▁pe at ▁and ▁release ▁sul f ide . ▁H ydro gen ▁sul f ide ▁can ▁also ▁orig inate ▁from ▁ge ological ▁phen omena ▁such ▁as ▁at ▁under water ▁hydro ther mal ▁v ents , ▁e . g . ▁off ▁the ▁Can ary ▁Islands . ▁ ▁Ec ological ▁conditions ▁ ▁Ext reme ▁ec ological ▁conditions ▁prev ail ▁at ▁these ▁sources ▁of ▁sul f ide ▁close ▁to ▁which ▁colon ies ▁of ▁Z . ▁n ive um ▁settle . ▁Because ▁there ▁is ▁little ▁water ▁current ▁under ▁m ang ro ve ▁roots ▁and ▁at ▁se ag rass ▁depos its ▁under ▁rock ▁led ges , ▁these ▁decomposition ▁hot - sp ots ▁are ▁extremely ▁poor ▁in ▁oxygen ▁and ▁rich ▁in ▁sul f ide . ▁In ▁m ang ro ve ▁forests ▁off ▁the ▁coast ▁of ▁Bel ize , ▁they ▁have ▁been ▁found ▁around ▁small ▁holes ▁in ▁the ▁m ang ro ve ▁pe at ▁which ▁form ▁when ▁the ▁m ang ro ve ▁root lets ▁de comp ose . ▁These ▁open ings ▁have ▁been ▁called ▁sul f ide ▁" m icro vent [ s ]", ▁because ▁they ▁re semble ▁in ▁mini ature ▁the ▁hydro ther mal ▁v ents ▁of ▁the ▁deep ▁sea , ▁the ▁so - called ▁black ▁sm ok ers , ▁although ▁the ▁temperatures ▁in ▁shallow ▁waters ▁are ▁much ▁lower ▁( 2 8 ° C ▁in ▁the ▁Caribbean , ▁ 2 1 |
° C - 2 5 ° C ▁in ▁the ▁Mediterranean ▁( sum mer )), ▁compared ▁to ▁the ▁gradient ▁between ▁> 3 0 0 ° C ▁and ▁ 2 ° C ▁in ▁the ▁deep ▁sea ▁because ▁of ▁vol can ic ▁activity . ▁The ▁Z ooth am n ium ▁colon ies ▁do ▁not ▁settle ▁directly ▁over ▁the ▁decom posing ▁material , ▁but ▁nearby ▁e . g . ▁on ▁over h anging ▁rocks , ▁leaves ▁of ▁se ag rass ▁or ▁sea we ed , ▁or ▁m ang ro ve ▁roots . ▁ ▁Sym b ios is ▁ ▁The ▁sym bi otic ▁benefits ▁provided ▁by ▁the ▁colon ies ▁of ▁Z . ▁n ive um ▁for ▁its ▁attached ▁bacteria ▁C andid atus ▁Th i ob ios ▁z ooth am nic oli ▁( a ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁Gam map rote ob acter ia ) ▁are ▁its ▁active ▁altern ation ▁between ▁oxygen - rich ▁and ▁sul f ide - rich ▁conditions . ▁This ▁altern ation ▁can ▁occur ▁through ▁the ▁regular ▁contr action ▁and ▁extension ▁of ▁the ▁colon ies ▁and ▁through ▁the ▁water ▁current s ▁set ▁up ▁by ▁the ▁beating ▁of ▁the ▁c ilia ▁in ▁the ▁region ▁of ▁the ▁oral ▁opening ▁of ▁the ▁c ili ates . ▁ ▁The ▁rapid ▁contr action ▁and ▁slow ▁re - extension ▁of ▁the ▁colon ies ▁causes ▁a ▁flow ▁of ▁both ▁sul f ide - rich ▁water ▁for ▁the ▁feeding ▁of ▁the ▁bacteria ▁and ▁normal ▁oxygen ated ▁se aw ater ▁for ▁the ▁resp iration ▁of ▁Z . ▁n ive um . ▁Through |
▁the ▁beating ▁of ▁its ▁c ilia ▁at ▁the ▁oral ▁appar atus ▁of ▁Z ooth am n ium ▁is ▁the ▁mixing ▁reg ulated . ▁When ▁there ▁is ▁a ▁low ▁supply ▁of ▁sul fur ▁comp ounds , ▁the ▁bacteria ▁use ▁the ▁sul fur ▁that ▁is ▁stored ▁inside ▁their ▁cells . ▁They ▁eventually ▁appear ▁pale ▁and ▁transparent ▁after ▁four ▁hours ▁because ▁the ▁stored ▁sul fur ▁has ▁been ▁consumed . ▁However , ▁if ▁the ▁sul f ide ▁concentration ▁is ▁too ▁high , ▁it ▁can ▁be ▁toxic ▁to ▁the ▁Z ooth am n ium ▁colon ies ▁and ▁kill ▁the ▁c ili ates ▁despite ▁the ▁bacteria . ▁ ▁B acter ia ▁close ▁to ▁the ▁oral ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁micro zo oids ▁have ▁a ▁coc c oid ▁form , ▁a ▁larger ▁volume , ▁and ▁a ▁higher ▁division ▁rate ▁than ▁the ▁rod - shaped ▁bacteria ▁on ▁the ▁stalk s , ▁despite ▁both ▁belonging ▁to ▁the ▁same ▁species . ▁This ▁is ▁because ▁the ▁mixing ▁of ▁water ▁by ▁the ▁beating ▁of ▁the ▁oral ▁c ilia ▁result ▁in ▁a ▁more ▁optimal ▁concentration ▁of ▁both ▁oxygen ▁and ▁sul f ide ▁in ▁the ▁water ▁there . ▁The ▁bacteria ▁at ▁the ▁oral ▁region ▁can ▁thus ▁be ▁used ▁as ▁a ▁food ▁source ▁and ▁are ▁sw ir led ▁into ▁the ▁mouth ▁( cy t ost ome ) ▁of ▁the ▁c ili ate ▁and ▁dig ested . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Liter ature ▁▁ ▁Christian ▁R in ke , ▁J ör g ▁A . ▁Ott ▁und ▁Mon ika ▁Bright : ▁" N ut r itional ▁processes ▁in ▁the ▁che mo |
aut ot ro ph ic ▁Z ooth am n ium ▁n ive um ▁sym b ios es ", ▁Sym pos ium ▁of ▁the ▁Bi ology ▁of ▁T rop ical ▁Sh allow ▁Water ▁Hab it ats , ▁L un z , ▁Ö sterreich , ▁Oktober ▁ 2 0 0 1 , ▁S . ▁ 1 9 - 2 1 ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁▁ ▁Smith son ian ▁Marine ▁Station ▁at ▁Fort ▁Pier ce ▁- ▁Z ooth am n ium ▁n ive um ▁▁▁ ▁Category : C hem os y nt hetic ▁sym b ios is ▁Category : O lig oh ym en oph ore a <0x0A> </s> ▁Am os ▁P ie per ▁( born ▁ 1 7 ▁January ▁ 1 9 9 8 ) ▁is ▁a ▁German ▁professional ▁football er ▁who ▁plays ▁as ▁a ▁def ender ▁for ▁Ar min ia ▁B iele feld . ▁ ▁Career ▁On ▁ 2 8 ▁January ▁ 2 0 1 9 , ▁P ie per ▁moved ▁from ▁Bor ussia ▁Dort mund ▁II ▁to ▁ 2 . ▁Bundes liga ▁club ▁Ar min ia ▁B iele feld . ▁He ▁made ▁his ▁professional ▁debut ▁for ▁B iele feld ▁in ▁the ▁ 2 . ▁Bundes liga ▁on ▁ 8 ▁February ▁ 2 0 1 9 , ▁coming ▁on ▁as ▁a ▁half - time ▁substitute ▁for ▁Brian ▁Be h rend t ▁in ▁the ▁ 3 – 0 ▁away ▁win ▁against ▁Jah n ▁Reg ens burg . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁ ▁Profile ▁at ▁D FB . de ▁ ▁Profile ▁at ▁kick |
er . de ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 9 8 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : People ▁from ▁L ü ding hausen ▁Category : Foot ball ers ▁from ▁North ▁Rh ine - West ph alia ▁Category : G erman ▁football ers ▁Category : G erm any ▁youth ▁international ▁football ers ▁Category : Associ ation ▁football ▁defend ers ▁Category : B or ussia ▁Dort mund ▁II ▁players ▁Category : Ar min ia ▁B iele feld ▁players ▁Category : 2 . ▁Bundes liga ▁players ▁Category : Region all iga ▁players <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Moon ▁has ▁been ▁the ▁subject ▁of ▁many ▁works ▁of ▁art ▁and ▁literature ▁and ▁the ▁inspiration ▁for ▁numerous ▁others . ▁It ▁is ▁a ▁mot if ▁in ▁the ▁visual ▁arts , ▁the ▁performing ▁arts , ▁poetry , ▁pro se , ▁and ▁music . ▁ ▁Fant asy ▁In ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 0 ▁video ▁game ▁The ▁Legend ▁of ▁Zel da : ▁Major a ' s ▁Mask ▁( as ▁well ▁as ▁its ▁ 2 0 1 5 ▁ 3 DS ▁rem ake ), ▁the ▁Moon ▁possess es ▁a ▁face ▁with ▁an ▁o min ous ▁expression , ▁and ▁is ▁set ▁to ▁crash ▁into ▁Term ina ▁and ▁end ▁the ▁world ▁after ▁ 3 ▁days . ▁The ▁player ▁controls ▁Link ▁as ▁he ▁races ▁to ▁prevent ▁this . ▁ ▁Liter ary ▁The ▁T ale ▁of ▁the ▁B amb oo ▁C utter , ▁a ▁ 1 0 th - century ▁Japanese ▁fol kt ale , ▁tells ▁of ▁a ▁mysterious ▁Moon ▁Princess ▁growing ▁up ▁on ▁Earth ▁as ▁the |
▁adopted ▁daughter ▁of ▁a ▁bamb oo ▁cut ter ▁and ▁his ▁wife , ▁d azz ling ▁human ▁Prin ces ▁and ▁the ▁Emperor ▁himself ▁with ▁her ▁beauty , ▁and ▁finally ▁going ▁back ▁to ▁her ▁people ▁at ▁" The ▁Capital ▁of ▁the ▁Moon " ▁( T su ki - no - M iy ako ▁ 月 の 都 ), ▁leaving ▁many ▁broken ▁hearts ▁on ▁Earth . ▁It ▁is ▁among ▁the ▁first ▁texts ▁of ▁any ▁culture ▁assuming ▁the ▁Moon ▁to ▁be ▁an ▁inhab ited ▁world ▁and ▁describing ▁travel ▁between ▁it ▁and ▁the ▁Earth . ▁John ▁Hey wood ' s ▁Pro ver bes ▁( 1 5 4 6 ) ▁co ined ▁the ▁famous ▁phrase ▁that ▁" The ▁moon ▁is ▁made ▁of ▁a ▁gre ene ▁cheese ", ▁" gre ene " ▁meaning ▁" not ▁aged ", ▁but ▁Hey wood ▁was ▁probably ▁being ▁sar cast ic . ▁ ▁One ▁of ▁the ▁earliest ▁fict ional ▁flights ▁to ▁the ▁Moon ▁took ▁place ▁on ▁the ▁pages ▁of ▁Lud ov ico ▁Ari osto ' s ▁well - known ▁Italian ▁epic ▁poem ▁Or lando ▁Fur ioso ▁( 1 5 1 6 ). ▁The ▁protagon ist ▁Or lando , ▁having ▁been ▁th wart ed ▁in ▁love , ▁goes ▁mad ▁with ▁despair ▁and ▁ramp ages ▁through ▁Europe ▁and ▁Africa , ▁destroying ▁everything ▁in ▁his ▁path . ▁The ▁English ▁kn ight ▁Ast ol fo , ▁seeking ▁to ▁find ▁a ▁cure ▁for ▁Or lando ' s ▁mad ness , ▁flies ▁up ▁to ▁the ▁Moon ▁in ▁E lij ah ' s ▁fl aming ▁char iot . ▁In ▁this ▁dep iction |
, ▁the ▁Moon ▁is ▁where ▁everything ▁lost ▁on ▁Earth ▁is ▁to ▁be ▁found , ▁including ▁Or lando ' s ▁w its , ▁and ▁Ast ol fo ▁brings ▁them ▁back ▁in ▁a ▁bottle ▁and ▁makes ▁Or lando ▁sniff ▁them , ▁thus ▁rest oring ▁him ▁to ▁san ity . ▁ ▁Pan ▁T ward owski , ▁a ▁sor cer er ▁who ▁made ▁a ▁deal ▁with ▁the ▁Dev il ▁ ▁in ▁Polish ▁fol kl ore ▁and ▁literature , ▁is ▁depicted ▁as ▁having ▁escaped ▁from ▁the ▁Dev il ▁who ▁was ▁taking ▁him ▁to ▁Hell ▁and ▁ending ▁up ▁living ▁on ▁the ▁Moon , ▁his ▁only ▁companion ▁being ▁a ▁sp ider ; ▁from ▁time ▁to ▁time ▁T ward owski ▁lets ▁the ▁sp ider ▁descend ▁to ▁Earth ▁on ▁a ▁thread ▁and ▁bring ▁him ▁news ▁from ▁the ▁world ▁below . ▁ ▁Edward ▁Young ' s ▁poem ▁entitled ▁The ▁Com pl aint , ▁and ▁the ▁Cons olation ; ▁or , ▁Night ▁Thought s ▁( 1 7 4 2 - 1 7 4 5 ), ▁was ▁a ▁favorite ▁of ▁po ets ▁and ▁pain ters ▁of ▁Rom antic ism ▁including ▁William ▁Blake ▁and ▁Samuel ▁Pal mer . ▁▁▁▁▁ ▁" The ▁Gal os hes ▁of ▁Fort une " ▁( 1 8 3 8 ) ▁by ▁Hans ▁Christian ▁Anders en . ▁A ▁watch man ▁un know ingly ▁fits ▁on ▁a ▁pair ▁of ▁magic ▁gal os hes ▁that ▁can ▁grant ▁people ' s ▁wishes . ▁As ▁he ▁wishes ▁he ▁could ▁visit ▁the ▁Moon ▁the ▁shoes ▁send ▁him ▁flying ▁there . ▁There ▁he ▁meets ▁several ▁Moon ▁men ▁who ▁all |
▁wonder ▁whether ▁Earth ▁is ▁inhab ited ▁and ▁decide ▁this ▁must ▁be ▁impossible . ▁Back ▁on ▁Earth ▁the ▁lif eless ▁body ▁of ▁the ▁watch man ▁is ▁found ▁and ▁he ▁is ▁brought ▁to ▁a ▁hospital , ▁where ▁they ▁take ▁his ▁shoes ▁off , ▁breaking ▁the ▁spell ▁again . ▁He ▁aw ak ens ▁and ▁decl ares ▁it ▁to ▁have ▁been ▁the ▁most ▁terrible ▁night ▁he ▁had ▁ever ▁experienced . ▁The ▁Princess ▁of ▁the ▁Moon : ▁A ▁Confeder ate ▁Fair y ▁Story ▁( 1 8 6 9 ) ▁by ▁" A ▁Lady ▁of ▁War rent on , ▁Va " ▁( C ora ▁Sem mes ▁I ves ) ▁has ▁the ▁" F airy ▁of ▁the ▁Moon " ▁descend ▁to ▁Earth ▁to ▁save ▁a ▁Confeder ate ▁soldier ▁from ▁his ▁grief ▁after ▁the ▁U . S . ▁Civil ▁War . ▁She ▁gifts ▁him ▁with ▁a ▁Peg as us ▁ste ed ▁that ▁can ▁fly ▁him ▁anywhere . ▁After ▁surve ying ▁the ▁South ▁and ▁the ▁Union , ▁he ▁flies ▁to ▁the ▁Moon , ▁meets ▁the ▁king ▁of ▁the ▁Moon ▁and ▁his ▁people , ▁falls ▁in ▁love ▁with ▁the ▁princess , ▁and ▁helps ▁their ▁kingdom ▁fight ▁off ▁an ▁invasion ▁of ▁Union ▁soldiers ▁arriving ▁in ▁ball oons . ▁In ▁Li ud my la ▁St ary ts ka - C her ni akh iv ska ' s ▁Living ▁Gr ave : ▁A ▁Ukrain ian ▁Legend ▁[ Z hy va ▁Moh y la : ▁Ukrain ska ▁Le hend a ], ▁first ▁published ▁in ▁ 1 8 8 9 , ▁the ▁Moon ▁is ▁often ▁referred ▁as ▁the |
▁' k oz ak ▁( c oss ack ) ▁sun '. ▁Johnny ▁Gru elle ' s ▁ 1 9 2 2 ▁children ' s ▁book , ▁The ▁Mag ical ▁Land ▁of ▁No om , ▁rel ates ▁the ▁adventures ▁of ▁two ▁Earth ▁children ▁among ▁the ▁inhabitants ▁of ▁the ▁far ▁side ▁of ▁the ▁Moon . ▁R over andom ▁by ▁J . ▁R . ▁R . ▁Tol k ien ▁was ▁written ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 5 ▁to ▁console ▁his ▁son ▁Michael , ▁then ▁four ▁years ▁old , ▁for ▁the ▁loss ▁of ▁a ▁beloved ▁toy ▁dog . ▁In ▁the ▁story , ▁the ▁dog ▁has ▁fl own ▁to ▁the ▁Moon ▁and ▁had ▁a ▁whole ▁series ▁of ▁am using ▁adventures ▁there . ▁The ▁story ▁was ▁only ▁published ▁post hum ously . ▁In ▁addition , ▁Is il ▁and ▁the ▁guides man ▁T il ion ▁in ▁J . ▁R . ▁R . ▁Tol k ien ' s ▁fict ional ▁Middle - ear th ▁cosm ology ▁are ▁based ▁in ▁Tol k ien ' s ▁familiar ity ▁with ▁Nor se ▁and ▁G ael ic ▁myth s ▁of ▁the ▁Moon . ▁Doctor ▁Dol ittle ▁in ▁the ▁Moon ▁( 1 9 2 8 ) ▁was ▁intended ▁to ▁be ▁the ▁last ▁of ▁Hugh ▁Lo ft ing ' s ▁Doctor ▁Dol ittle ▁books . ▁The ▁Doctor , ▁with ▁his ▁unique ▁ability ▁to ▁communicate ▁with ▁animals , ▁arrived ▁in ▁the ▁Moon ▁on ▁the ▁back ▁of ▁a ▁giant ▁m oth ▁and ▁finds ▁a ▁considerably ▁different ▁kind ▁of ▁fa una ▁( for ▁example , ▁Moon ▁insect s ▁are ▁far |
▁bigger ▁than ▁the ▁local ▁birds ), ▁and ▁more ▁start ling ly , ▁intelligent ▁plants ▁whose ▁language ▁he ▁learn s ▁( as ▁he ▁never ▁did ▁with ▁earth ly ▁plants ). ▁He ▁also ▁meets ▁the ▁Moon ' s ▁single ▁human ▁inhabit ant , ▁a ▁pre hist oric ▁man ▁who ▁has ▁grown ▁into ▁an ▁enormous ▁giant ▁due ▁to ▁lun ar ▁foods ▁and ▁conditions ▁( which ▁soon ▁happens ▁to ▁the ▁doctor ▁himself ). ▁But ▁it ▁is ▁doubt ful ▁whether ▁he ▁would ▁ever ▁be ▁allowed ▁to ▁return ▁to ▁Earth . ▁Good night ▁Moon ▁( 1 9 4 7 ) ▁by ▁Margaret ▁W ise ▁Brown , ▁illustrated ▁by ▁C lement ▁H urd . ▁Winter ▁Moon , ▁a ▁poem ▁ ▁by ▁Lang ston ▁Hughes . ▁Rab bit ▁and ▁the ▁Moon ▁( 1 9 9 8 ) ▁by ▁Douglas ▁Wood , ▁how ▁Rab bit ▁reached ▁the ▁Moon . ▁ ▁Cloud ▁Atl as . ▁In ▁a ▁future ▁Korea , ▁a ▁project or ▁on ▁Mount ▁Fu ji ▁be ams ▁pro jections ▁of ▁advertis ements ▁onto ▁the ▁Moon ' s ▁face . ▁The ▁Boy ▁Who ▁Cl im bed ▁Into ▁the ▁Moon ▁( 2 0 1 0 ) ▁by ▁David ▁Al mond , ▁about ▁a ▁boy ▁who ▁clim bs ▁a ▁ladder ▁to ▁the ▁Moon ▁and ▁goes ▁inside . ▁ ▁Theater ▁Frau ▁L una , ▁an ▁ 1 8 9 9 ▁oper etta ▁by ▁Paul ▁L inc ke , ▁dep icts ▁a ▁fantastic ▁Moon ▁which ▁the ▁protagon ist , ▁amateur ▁invent or ▁Ste pp ke , ▁comes ▁to ▁visit . ▁The ▁End ▁of ▁the ▁Moon ▁by |
▁La ur ie ▁Anderson ▁is ▁a ▁ 9 0 - minute ▁mon olog ue ▁created ▁as ▁part ▁of ▁Anderson ' s ▁two ▁years ▁as ▁NASA ▁artist - in - res idence . ▁It ▁premier ed ▁in ▁a ▁two - week ▁run ▁at ▁the ▁Brooklyn ▁Academy ▁of ▁Music ' s ▁Harvey ▁Theater ▁in ▁March ▁ 2 0 0 5 . ▁Far ▁Side ▁of ▁the ▁Moon ▁by ▁Robert ▁L ep age , ▁a ▁theatre ▁creator / per former ▁from ▁Qu é bec . ▁ ▁Science ▁fiction ▁ ▁Liter ature ▁ ▁Early ▁stories ▁Luc ian ' s ▁I car omen ipp us ▁and ▁True ▁History , ▁written ▁in ▁the ▁ 2 nd ▁century ▁AD , ▁deal ▁with ▁imaginary ▁voy ages ▁to ▁the ▁Moon ▁such ▁as ▁on ▁a ▁f ount ain ▁after ▁going ▁past ▁the ▁P ill ars ▁of ▁Her cules . ▁The ▁theme ▁did ▁not ▁become ▁popular ▁until ▁the ▁ 1 7 th ▁century , ▁however , ▁when ▁the ▁invention ▁of ▁the ▁teles cope ▁hast ened ▁the ▁popular ▁acceptance ▁of ▁the ▁concept ▁of ▁" a ▁world ▁in ▁the ▁Moon ", ▁that ▁is , ▁that ▁the ▁Moon ▁was ▁an ▁inhab itable ▁planet , ▁which ▁might ▁be ▁reached ▁via ▁some ▁sort ▁of ▁a ë rial ▁carriage . ▁The ▁concept ▁of ▁another ▁world , ▁close ▁to ▁our ▁own ▁and ▁capable ▁of ▁looking ▁down ▁at ▁it ▁from ▁a ▁distance , ▁provided ▁am ple ▁scope ▁for ▁sat irical ▁comments ▁on ▁the ▁man ners ▁of ▁the ▁Earth ly ▁world . ▁Among ▁the ▁early ▁stories ▁dealing ▁with ▁this ▁concept ▁are : ▁Som n |
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