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▁mean ▁anom aly . ▁ ▁Form ulas ▁ ▁From ▁state ▁vectors ▁For ▁ elli ptic ▁or bits , ▁the ▁true ▁anom aly ▁ ▁can ▁be ▁calculated ▁from ▁orb ital ▁state ▁vectors ▁as : ▁ ▁( if ▁ ▁then ▁replace ▁ ▁by ▁) ▁ ▁where : ▁▁ ▁v ▁is ▁the ▁orb ital ▁velocity ▁vector ▁of ▁the ▁orbit ing ▁body , ▁ ▁e ▁is ▁the ▁ecc entric ity ▁vector , ▁ ▁r ▁is ▁the ▁orb ital ▁position ▁vector ▁( segment ▁F P ▁in ▁the ▁figure ) ▁of ▁the ▁orbit ing ▁body . ▁ ▁Cir cular ▁orbit ▁For ▁circular ▁or bits ▁the ▁true ▁anom aly ▁is ▁undefined , ▁because ▁circular ▁or bits ▁do ▁not ▁have ▁a ▁uniqu ely ▁determined ▁per i aps is . ▁Instead ▁the ▁argument ▁of ▁lat itude ▁u ▁is ▁used : ▁ ▁( if ▁ ▁then ▁replace ▁) ▁ ▁where : ▁ ▁n ▁is ▁a ▁vector ▁pointing ▁towards ▁the ▁asc ending ▁node ▁( i . e . ▁the ▁z - component ▁of ▁n ▁is ▁zero ). ▁ ▁r z ▁is ▁the ▁z - component ▁of ▁the ▁orb ital ▁position ▁vector ▁r ▁ ▁Cir cular ▁orbit ▁with ▁zero ▁incl ination ▁For ▁circular ▁or bits ▁with ▁zero ▁incl ination ▁the ▁argument ▁of ▁lat itude ▁is ▁also ▁undefined , ▁because ▁there ▁is ▁no ▁uniqu ely ▁determined ▁line ▁of ▁nodes . ▁One ▁uses ▁the ▁true ▁long itude ▁instead : ▁ ▁( if ▁ ▁then ▁replace ▁ ▁by ▁) ▁ ▁where : ▁ ▁rx ▁is ▁the ▁x - component ▁of ▁the ▁orb ital ▁position ▁vector ▁r ▁ ▁v |
x ▁is ▁the ▁x - component ▁of ▁the ▁orb ital ▁velocity ▁vector ▁v . ▁ ▁From ▁the ▁ecc entric ▁anom aly ▁The ▁relation ▁between ▁the ▁true ▁anom aly ▁ ▁and ▁the ▁ecc entric ▁anom aly ▁E ▁is : ▁ ▁or ▁using ▁the ▁s ine ▁and ▁tang ent : ▁ ▁or ▁equival ently : ▁ ▁so ▁ ▁An ▁equivalent ▁form ▁avoid s ▁the ▁singular ity ▁as ▁e → 1 , ▁however ▁it ▁does ▁not ▁produce ▁the ▁correct ▁value ▁for ▁: ▁ ▁or , ▁with ▁the ▁same ▁problem ▁as ▁e → 1 , ▁ ▁. ▁ ▁In ▁both ▁of ▁the ▁above , ▁the ▁function ▁ ▁arg ( x , y ) ▁is ▁the ▁polar ▁argument ▁of ▁the ▁vector ▁( x y ), ▁available ▁in ▁many ▁programming ▁languages ▁as ▁the ▁library ▁function ▁named ▁at an 2 ( y , x ) ▁( note ▁the ▁revers ed ▁order ▁of ▁x ▁and ▁y ). ▁ ▁From ▁the ▁mean ▁anom aly ▁The ▁true ▁anom aly ▁can ▁be ▁calculated ▁directly ▁from ▁the ▁mean ▁anom aly ▁via ▁a ▁Fou rier ▁expansion : ▁ ▁where ▁the ▁" big - O " ▁notation ▁means ▁that ▁the ▁om itted ▁terms ▁are ▁all ▁of ▁order ▁e 4 . ▁ ▁The ▁expression ▁ ▁is ▁known ▁as ▁the ▁equation ▁of ▁the ▁center . ▁ ▁Rad ius ▁from ▁true ▁anom aly ▁The ▁radius ▁( distance ▁from ▁the ▁focus ▁of ▁attraction ▁and ▁the ▁orbit ing ▁body ) ▁is ▁related ▁to ▁the ▁true ▁anom aly ▁by ▁the ▁formula ▁ ▁where ▁a ▁is ▁the |
▁orbit ' s ▁semi - major ▁axis . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁Ke pler ' s ▁laws ▁of ▁planet ary ▁motion ▁ ▁E cc entric ▁anom aly ▁ ▁Mean ▁anom aly ▁ ▁Ell ip se ▁ ▁Hy per bol a ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Further ▁reading ▁ ▁Murray , ▁C . ▁D . ▁& ▁D erm ott , ▁S . ▁F ., ▁ 1 9 9 9 , ▁Solar ▁System ▁D ynamics , ▁Cambridge ▁University ▁Press , ▁Cambridge . ▁▁ ▁Pl um mer , ▁H . ▁C ., ▁ 1 9 6 0 , ▁An ▁Int ro duct ory ▁Treat ise ▁on ▁D ynam ical ▁Astr onomy , ▁D over ▁Public ations , ▁New ▁York . ▁ ▁( Rep r int ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 9 1 8 ▁Cambridge ▁University ▁Press ▁edition .) ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁▁▁ ▁Federal ▁A vi ation ▁Administration ▁- ▁Desc rib ing ▁Or bits ▁ ▁Category : Or bits <0x0A> </s> ▁E the l ▁Hudson ▁( born ▁ 2 ▁February ▁ 1 9 7 0 ) ▁is ▁an ▁Indones ian ▁long - distance ▁runner . ▁He ▁competed ▁in ▁the ▁men ' s ▁mar athon ▁at ▁the ▁ 1 9 9 6 ▁Summer ▁Olympics . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 7 0 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : A thlet es ▁( track ▁and ▁field ) ▁at ▁the ▁ 1 9 9 6 ▁Summer ▁Olympics ▁Category : Ind ones ian ▁male ▁long - distance ▁run ners ▁Category : Ind ones ian ▁male ▁mar |
athon ▁run ners ▁Category : O lymp ic ▁athletes ▁of ▁Indonesia ▁Category : Place ▁of ▁birth ▁missing ▁( l iving ▁people ) ▁Category : Ind ones ian ▁male ▁cross ▁country ▁run ners <0x0A> </s> ▁Saint - C res pin - sur - M oine ▁is ▁a ▁former ▁commune ▁in ▁the ▁Maine - et - L oire ▁department ▁in ▁western ▁France . ▁ ▁History ▁ ▁On ▁ 1 5 ▁December ▁ 2 0 1 5 , ▁Le ▁Long eron , ▁Mont f au con - Mont ign é , ▁La ▁Rena ud ière , ▁R ous say , ▁Saint - And ré - de - la - Mar che , ▁Saint - C res pin - sur - M oine , ▁Saint - G erm ain - sur - M oine , ▁Saint - Mac aire - en - M au ges , ▁T ill i ères ▁and ▁Tor f ou ▁merged ▁becoming ▁one ▁commune ▁called ▁S è v rem oine . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁Commun es ▁of ▁the ▁Maine - et - L oire ▁department ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁IN SEE ▁commune ▁file ▁ ▁Saint c resp ins ur mo ine <0x0A> </s> ▁C ul bre ath ▁may ▁refer ▁to : ▁ ▁People : ▁Jim ▁C ul bre ath ▁( born ▁ 1 9 5 2 ), ▁former ▁American ▁football ▁running ▁back ▁Jordan ▁C ul bre ath , ▁former ▁running ▁back ▁Josh ▁C ul bre ath ▁( born ▁ 1 9 3 2 ), ▁American ▁ath lete ▁Lyn n ▁C ul bre ath |
▁No el ▁( born ▁ 1 9 2 6 ), ▁African - American ▁news ▁reporter ▁O amo ▁C ul bre ath ▁( born ▁ 1 9 8 7 ), ▁professional ▁Canadian ▁football ▁offensive ▁lin eman ▁ ▁Pl aces : ▁C ul bre ath ▁Bay ou , ▁neighborhood ▁within ▁the ▁city ▁limits ▁of ▁T ampa , ▁Florida ▁C ul bre ath ▁Is les , ▁neighborhood ▁within ▁the ▁South ▁T ampa ▁district ▁of ▁T ampa ▁ ▁Sh ips : ▁SS ▁Harry ▁C ul bre ath ▁ ▁SS ▁Harry ▁C ul bre ath ▁( 1 9 4 2 ) <0x0A> </s> ▁D rap et odes ▁mit aria ▁is ▁a ▁m oth ▁in ▁the ▁family ▁Dre pan idae . ▁It ▁was ▁described ▁by ▁Ach ille ▁Gu en ée ▁in ▁ 1 8 5 7 . ▁It ▁is ▁found ▁in ▁Hong ▁Kong ▁and ▁from ▁India ▁to ▁Singapore ▁and ▁in ▁Taiwan . ▁ ▁Adult s ▁are ▁on ▁wing ▁in ▁June ▁and ▁July . ▁ ▁The ▁l ar va e ▁feed ▁on ▁H edy ch ium ▁species . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : M oth s ▁described ▁in ▁ 1 8 5 7 ▁Category : D re pan ina e <0x0A> </s> ▁Bur iti ▁Br avo ▁is ▁a ▁municip ality ▁in ▁the ▁state ▁of ▁Mar an h ão ▁in ▁the ▁Nort heast ▁region ▁of ▁Brazil . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁List ▁of ▁municipal ities ▁in ▁Mar an h ão ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : M unicip al ities ▁in ▁Mar an h ão <0x0A> </s> ▁John ▁of ▁Alexand ria |
▁() ▁was ▁a ▁By z antine ▁medical ▁writer ▁who ▁lived ▁in ▁Alexand ria , ▁in ▁present - day ▁Egypt . ▁ ▁He ▁is ▁thought ▁to ▁be ▁the ▁author ▁of ▁a ▁comment ary ▁on ▁Gal en ' s ▁De ▁sect is , ▁a ▁Latin ▁version ▁of ▁which ▁surv ives ▁in ▁several ▁manuscript s . ▁He ▁wrote ▁a ▁comment ary ▁on ▁H ipp ocr ates ' ▁book ▁about ▁the ▁fo et us ▁( In ▁H ipp ocr atis ▁De ▁nat ura ▁p uer i ▁comment arium ), ▁which ▁surv ives ▁in ▁one ▁Greek ▁manuscript ▁and ▁in ▁a ▁ 1 3 th - century ▁Latin ▁version ▁made ▁for ▁King ▁Man fred ▁of ▁Sic ily . ▁He ▁also ▁wrote ▁a ▁comment ary ▁on ▁the ▁sixth ▁book ▁of ▁H ipp ocr ates ' ▁E pid em ics ▁( In ▁H ipp ocr atis ▁E pid em iar um ▁l ibr um ▁VI ▁comment ari i ▁fragment a ), ▁known ▁from ▁an ▁anonymous ▁Latin ▁translation ▁and ▁from ▁extract s ▁from ▁the ▁Greek ▁original , ▁entered ▁in ▁the ▁marg ins ▁of ▁a ▁Greek ▁translation ▁of ▁an ▁Arab ic ▁medical ▁text . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁▁ ▁Category : 7 th - century ▁deaths ▁Category : 7 th - century ▁By z antine ▁people ▁Category : By z antine ▁phys icians ▁Category : People ▁from ▁Alexand ria ▁Category : 7 th - century ▁phys icians ▁Category : 7 th - century ▁By z antine ▁scientists ▁Category : 7 th - century ▁By z antine ▁writers <0x0A> </s> ▁Y ach uli ▁is ▁a |
▁village ▁in ▁the ▁Indian ▁state ▁of ▁Ar un ach al ▁Pr adesh . ▁Lower ▁Sub ans iri ▁is ▁the ▁name ▁of ▁the ▁district ▁that ▁contains ▁village ▁Y ach uli . ▁ ▁Y ach uli ▁is ▁located ▁ ▁south ▁of ▁the ▁district ▁headquarters ▁of ▁Z iro . ▁It ▁is ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁ 6 0 ▁constitu encies ▁of ▁Legisl ative ▁Assembly ▁of ▁Ar un ach al ▁Pr adesh . ▁The ▁current ▁Member ▁of ▁the ▁Legisl ative ▁Assembly ▁for ▁this ▁constitu ency ▁() ▁is ▁L ik ha ▁Sa aya . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁List ▁of ▁constitu encies ▁of ▁Ar un ach al ▁Pr adesh ▁Legisl ative ▁Assembly ▁Ar un ach al ▁Pr adesh ▁Legisl ative ▁Assembly ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁ ▁Category : V ill ages ▁in ▁Lower ▁Sub ans iri ▁district ▁Category : Assembly ▁constitu encies ▁of ▁Ar un ach al ▁Pr adesh <0x0A> </s> ▁S as am oto ▁( written : ▁ <0xE7> <0xAC> <0xB9> 本 ) ▁is ▁a ▁Japanese ▁surn ame . ▁Not able ▁people ▁with ▁the ▁surn ame ▁include : ▁ ▁, ▁Japanese ▁artist ▁, ▁Japanese ▁sport ▁wrest ler ▁, ▁Japanese ▁photographer ▁, ▁Japanese ▁writer ▁, ▁Japanese ▁voice ▁actress ▁ ▁Category : J apan ese - language ▁surn ames <0x0A> </s> ▁African ▁femin ism ▁is ▁a ▁type ▁of ▁femin ism ▁innov ated ▁by ▁African ▁women ▁that ▁specifically ▁addresses ▁the ▁conditions ▁and ▁needs ▁of ▁contin ental ▁African ▁women ▁( A fr ican ▁women ▁who ▁res ide ▁on ▁the ▁African ▁continent ). ▁African ▁femin ism ▁includes ▁many ▁str ains ▁of |
▁its ▁own , ▁including ▁Mother ism , ▁Fem al ism , ▁Sn ail - s ense ▁Fem in ism , ▁Woman ism / w omen ▁p ala ver ing , ▁N ego - fem in ism , ▁ ▁and ▁African ▁Woman ism . ▁Because ▁Africa ▁is ▁not ▁a ▁mon ol ith , ▁these ▁femin isms ▁are ▁not ▁all ▁reflect ive ▁of ▁the ▁experiences ▁African ▁women ▁have . ▁Some ▁of ▁the ▁femin isms ▁are ▁more ▁specific ▁to ▁certain ▁groups ▁of ▁African ▁women . ▁African ▁femin ism ▁is ▁sometimes ▁aligned ▁with , ▁in ▁dialogue , ▁or ▁in ▁conflict ▁with ▁Black ▁Fem in ism ▁ ▁or ▁African ▁woman ism ▁( which ▁is ▁perceived ▁as ▁by ▁and ▁for ▁African ▁women ▁in ▁the ▁di as por a , ▁rather ▁than ▁African ▁women ▁on ▁or ▁recently ▁from ▁the ▁continent ) ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁other ▁femin isms ▁and ▁femin ist ▁movements , ▁including ▁nation ally ▁based ▁ones , ▁such ▁as ▁femin ism ▁in ▁Sweden , ▁femin ism ▁in ▁India , ▁femin ism ▁in ▁Mexico , ▁femin ism ▁in ▁Japan , ▁femin ism ▁in ▁Germany , ▁femin ism ▁in ▁South ▁Africa , ▁and ▁so ▁on . ▁ ▁Need ▁for ▁an ▁African ▁femin ism ▁ ▁Some ▁argue ▁that ▁African ▁women ▁are ▁the ▁first ▁femin ists , ▁were ▁already ▁deeply ▁engaged ▁at ▁the ▁ 1 9 8 5 ▁Women ' s ' ▁Conference , ▁and ▁have ▁long ▁been ▁recogn izing ▁each ▁other ' s ▁contributions . ▁Others ▁feel ▁African ▁femin ism ▁became ▁necessary ▁in ▁part ▁due ▁to ▁white ▁Western ▁femin ism ' s |
▁excl usion ▁of ▁the ▁experiences ▁of ▁the ▁black ▁woman ▁and ▁the ▁contin ental ▁African ▁woman . ▁White ▁Western ▁femin isms ▁does ▁not ▁take ▁into ▁account ▁the ▁particular ▁issues ▁black ▁women ▁face ▁at ▁the ▁intersection ▁of ▁both ▁their ▁black ness ▁and ▁their ▁woman hood . ▁Currently , ▁white ▁femin ism ▁often ▁class ifies ▁African ▁women ▁as ▁" w omen ▁of ▁color ," ▁which ▁groups ▁and ▁thereby ▁re press es ▁the ▁African ▁woman ' s ▁historical ▁traject ory ▁and ▁specific ▁experience . ▁Haz el ▁Car by ▁in ▁" White ▁Women ▁Listen ! ▁Black ▁Fem in ism ▁and ▁the ▁B ound aries ▁of ▁Sister hood " ▁notes ▁why ▁white ▁femin ism ▁is ▁considered ▁the ▁norm ative ▁experience ▁of ▁all ▁women . ▁She ▁writes , ▁" History ▁has ▁constructed ▁our ▁sexual ity ▁and ▁our ▁femin inity ▁as ▁dev i ating ▁from ▁those ▁qualities ▁with ▁which ▁white ▁women , ▁as ▁the ▁prize ▁of ▁the ▁Western ▁world , ▁have ▁been ▁end owed ." ▁However , ▁white ▁femin ism ▁cannot ▁continue ▁to ▁er ase ▁Africa ▁or ▁African ▁women ▁from ▁femin ist ▁theory ▁or ▁femin ist ▁advoc acy , ▁because ▁as ▁the ▁Mother ▁Cont inent ▁of ▁humanity , ▁the ▁narr atives ▁and ▁experiences ▁of ▁Africa ' s ▁women ▁will ▁always ▁be ▁relevant . ▁ ▁African ▁femin ism ▁was ▁not ▁wh olly ▁a ▁reaction ▁to ▁being ▁excluded ▁from ▁white ▁femin ists ' ▁vision ▁of ▁femin ism , ▁but ▁also ▁from ▁their ▁own ▁ing enu ity ▁and ▁desire ▁to ▁create ▁a ▁femin ism ▁that ▁embr aced ▁their ▁background s ▁and ▁experiences . ▁African |
▁femin ism ▁voices ▁the ▁real ities ▁of ▁women ▁in ▁varying ▁African ▁countries . ▁Women ' s ▁needs , ▁reality , ▁opp ression ▁and ▁empower ment ▁are ▁best ▁addressed ▁by ▁having ▁an ▁inclusive ▁and ▁accommod ating ▁understanding ▁of ▁the ▁generic ▁and ▁more ▁general ▁issues ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁the ▁peculiar ities ▁and ▁group ▁attitude ▁to ▁self - definition ▁as ▁women . ▁Na omi ▁N ke al ah ▁writes ▁that ▁African ▁femin ism ▁" st riv es ▁to ▁create ▁a ▁new , ▁liberal , ▁productive ▁and ▁self - re li ant ▁African ▁woman ▁within ▁the ▁heter ogeneous ▁cultures ▁of ▁Africa . ▁Fem in isms ▁in ▁Africa , ▁ultimately , ▁aim ▁at ▁mod ifying ▁culture ▁as ▁it ▁affects ▁women ▁in ▁different ▁societies ." ▁ ▁At ▁the ▁same ▁time , ▁Africa ▁is ▁not ▁a ▁mon ol ith ▁and ▁so ▁some ▁have ▁crit iqu ed ▁any ▁idea ▁of ▁" A fr ican ▁femin ism ." ▁There ▁exist ▁differences ▁region ally , ▁eth n ically , ▁polit ically , ▁and ▁in ▁religion , ▁which ▁all ▁work ▁to ▁impact ▁how ▁women ▁concept ual ize ▁what ▁femin ism ▁and ▁freedom ▁looks ▁like ▁for ▁them . ▁While ▁African ▁women ▁from , ▁for ▁example , ▁Egypt , ▁Kenya , ▁South ▁Africa ▁and ▁Sen eg al ▁will ▁have ▁some ▁common al ities , ▁there ▁will ▁be ▁variations ▁in ▁the ▁way ▁they ▁understand ▁gender ▁and ▁gender ▁struggles . ▁Therefore , ▁these ▁varying ▁cultures ▁alter ▁the ▁way ▁these ▁African ▁women ▁experience ▁the ▁world . ▁Thus , ▁one ▁cannot ▁simply ▁merge ▁all ▁woman ▁under ▁an ▁un real istic |
▁expectation ▁of ▁sister hood , ▁but ▁instead ▁to ▁recognize ▁and ▁respect ▁the ▁differences ▁that ▁exist ▁as ▁a ▁result ▁of ▁these ▁divers ities . ▁There ▁is ▁a ▁common ality ▁to ▁the ▁struggles ▁women ▁face ▁across ▁the ▁world ▁since ▁the ▁common ▁factor ▁is ▁male ▁privilege . ▁The ▁modern ▁African ▁woman ▁is ▁strong , ▁smart , ▁and ▁res il ient ▁and ▁has ▁w oken ▁up ▁to ▁the ▁options ▁she ▁has . ▁She ▁is ▁no ▁longer ▁satisfied ▁with ▁the ▁options ▁created ▁for ▁her , ▁but ▁seeks ▁to ▁create ▁new ▁options ▁and ▁choices ▁for ▁the ▁generation ▁of ▁other ▁African ▁women ▁that ▁will ▁come ▁after ▁her . ▁Gh ana ian ▁femin ists , ▁for ▁example , ▁contribute ▁to ▁this ▁by ▁using ▁social ▁media ▁to ▁change ▁the ▁public ▁disc ourse ▁around ▁femin ism . ▁ ▁Some ▁scholars ▁have ▁called ▁for ▁more ▁attention ▁in ▁African ▁femin ist ▁theory ▁to ▁sex ▁work , ▁the ▁white ▁sav ior ▁complex ▁and ▁violence ▁against ▁African ▁women , ▁women ▁in ▁the ▁military , ▁field work ▁with ▁African ▁women , ▁same - sex ▁intim acies , ▁contempor ane ity , ▁and ▁activ ists ' ▁thought . ▁ ▁African ▁femin ism ▁has ▁been ▁divided ▁around ▁issues ▁of ▁sexual ity : ▁" A fr ican ▁femin ists ▁are ▁sharply ▁divided , ▁with ▁the ▁bulk ▁of ▁the ▁majority ▁res istant ▁to ▁challenging ▁heter osex ism ▁and ▁hom oph ob ia ▁in ▁their ▁pra xis ▁against ▁patri archy . ▁... ▁Only ▁a ▁few ▁radical ▁African ▁femin ists ▁address ▁heter on orm ativity , ▁while ▁a ▁much ▁smaller ▁cor pus ▁of ▁individual |
▁que er ▁African ▁femin ists ▁incorporate ▁non - ess ential ist ▁fluid ▁and ▁dynamic ▁understand ings ▁of ▁gender ▁that ▁dig ress ▁the ▁fixed ▁binary ▁opposition ▁of ▁men ▁and ▁women , ▁male ▁and ▁female ." ▁ ▁Prin ciples ▁of ▁African ▁femin ism ▁ ▁African ▁femin isms ▁address ▁cultural ▁issues ▁that ▁they ▁feel ▁pert ain ▁to ▁the ▁complex ▁experiences ▁faced ▁by ▁all ▁women ▁of ▁all ▁cultures ▁on ▁the ▁African ▁continent . ▁In ▁regards ▁to ▁femin ist ▁the or izing , ▁many ▁of ▁the ▁authors ▁of ▁such ▁theories ▁orig inate ▁from ▁West ▁Africa ▁and ▁Nigeria ▁in ▁particular .[ 1 ] ▁ ▁In ▁her ▁article , ▁" West ▁African ▁Fem in isms ▁and ▁Their ▁Chall eng es ", ▁Na omi ▁N ke al ah ▁discuss es ▁the ▁various ▁forms ▁of ▁African ▁femin isms . ▁First , ▁she ▁points ▁to ▁woman ism , ▁which ▁she ▁arg ues ▁is ▁not ▁part ▁of ▁African ▁femin ism , ▁as ▁it ▁pert ains ▁to ▁African ▁women ▁of ▁the ▁di as por a ▁and ▁not ▁contin ental ▁African ▁women . ▁Second , ▁she ▁looks ▁at ▁st i wan ism , ▁which , ▁on ▁the ▁contrary , ▁places ▁African ▁women ▁at ▁the ▁center ▁of ▁the ▁disc ourse ▁because ▁st i wan ism ▁is ▁deeply ▁ro oted ▁in ▁the ▁experiences ▁and ▁real ities ▁African ▁women ▁face . ▁Third , ▁she ▁looks ▁at ▁Mother ism , ▁a ▁mater nal ▁form ▁of ▁femin ism ▁that ▁sees ▁rural ▁women ▁as ▁performing ▁the ▁necessary ▁task ▁of ▁n urt uring ▁society . ▁Fourth , ▁she ▁looks ▁at ▁fem al ism |
, ▁which ▁puts ▁the ▁woman ' s ▁body ▁at ▁the ▁center ▁of ▁femin ist ▁conversations . ▁Finally , ▁she ▁looks ▁at ▁ne go - fem in ism ▁and ▁sn ail - s ense ▁femin ism , ▁which ▁urge ▁the ▁inclusion ▁of ▁men ▁in ▁discussions ▁and ▁advoc acy ▁for ▁femin ism ▁and ▁both ▁argue ▁that ▁the ▁inclusion ▁of ▁men ▁is ▁necessary ▁to ▁the ▁freedom ▁of ▁women . ▁ ▁These ▁modes ▁of ▁femin isms ▁share ▁several ▁common al ities . ▁First , ▁they ▁all ▁challenge ▁the ▁term ▁" fem in ism ," ▁both ▁its ▁Western ▁term ▁and ▁roots , ▁because ▁they ▁bring ▁to ▁the ▁fore front ▁the ▁experiences ▁of ▁the ▁African ▁woman . ▁Second , ▁because ▁they ▁are ▁dependent ▁on ▁ind igenous ▁blue prints , ▁they ▁take ▁from ▁the ▁hist ories ▁and ▁cultures ▁of ▁African ▁peoples ▁in ▁order ▁to ▁create ▁the ▁necessary ▁tools ▁needed ▁to ▁emb old en ▁women ▁and ▁educ ate ▁men . ▁Third , ▁they ▁incorporate ▁" gender ▁inclusion , ▁collaboration ▁and ▁accommodation ▁to ▁ensure ▁that ▁both ▁women ▁and ▁men ▁contribute ▁( even ▁if ▁not ▁equally ) ▁to ▁improving ▁the ▁material ▁conditions ▁of ▁women ." ▁ ▁The ▁variety ▁in ▁femin isms ▁displays ▁the ▁African ▁woman ' s ▁active ▁engagement ▁with ▁gender ▁relations . ▁ ▁Vari ants ▁of ▁African ▁femin ism ▁ ▁Woman ism ▁▁ ▁Catherine ▁Ach ol on u ▁notes ▁that ▁femin ism ▁is ▁useful . ▁" F em in ism , ▁has ▁as ▁its ▁ultimate ▁goal ▁the ▁triumph al ▁em anc ip ation ▁of ▁the ▁woman ▁as ▁a ▁unique , ▁distinct ▁individual |
▁with ▁a ▁mind ▁un cl ut tered ▁by ▁patri arch al ▁beliefs ▁and ▁ab usive ▁submission ▁to ▁tradition ." ▁However , ▁though ▁the ▁general ▁notion ▁of ▁femin ism ▁aims ▁to ▁provide ▁women ▁with ▁political , ▁social , ▁and ▁econom ical ▁freed oms , ▁it ▁has ▁been ▁critic ized ▁as ▁excl uding ▁the ▁narr atives ▁and ▁experiences ▁of ▁women ▁of ▁color , ▁especially ▁black ▁women . ▁Because ▁of ▁this ▁excl usion ▁in ▁femin ism , ▁woman ism ▁has ▁emerged ▁as ▁the ▁African - American ▁and ▁African ▁variant . ▁ ▁African ▁Woman ism ▁addresses ▁femin ism ▁from ▁( 1 ) ▁an ▁African ▁perspective ; ▁( 2 ) ▁an ▁African ▁ge opol it ical ▁location ; ▁( 3 ) ▁and ▁an ▁African ▁ide ological ▁view point . ▁Woman ism ▁is ▁important ▁because ▁it ▁places ▁the ▁femin ist ▁vision ▁within ▁black ▁women ' s ▁experiences ▁with ▁culture , ▁colonial ism ▁and ▁many ▁other ▁forms ▁of ▁dom ination ▁and ▁sub j ug ation ▁that ▁impact ▁African ▁women ' s ▁lives . ▁ ▁Woman ism ▁" aim s ▁at ▁identifying ▁the ▁problems ▁relating ▁to ▁male ▁domin ance ▁in ▁society ▁while ▁seeking ▁solutions ▁to ▁women ’ s ▁marginal ization ▁by ▁looking ▁in ward ▁and ▁out ward ." ▁ ▁A ▁variant ▁of ▁Woman ism ▁put ▁forth ▁by ▁Cl en ora ▁Hudson - We ems ▁is ▁African a ▁Woman ism , ▁termin ology ▁which ▁she ▁co ined ▁in ▁the ▁mid - 1 9 8 0 s . ▁Her ▁use ▁of ▁the ▁term ▁" A fr ican a " ▁indicates ▁that ▁women - |
focus ed ▁activ ism ▁should ▁be ▁inclusive ▁of ▁women ▁on ▁the ▁African ▁continent ▁and ▁women ▁in ▁the ▁African ▁D ias por a . ▁She ▁arg ues ▁a ▁complete ▁break ▁from ▁white ▁femin ism , ▁a ▁movement ▁which ▁was ▁created ▁by ▁and ▁for ▁white ▁women ▁without ▁any ▁incorpor ation ▁of ▁the ▁African ▁experience . ▁She ▁also ▁arg ues ▁that ▁African a ▁men ▁and ▁women ▁have ▁more ▁in ▁common ▁than ▁African a ▁women ▁do ▁with ▁white ▁women , ▁further ▁reason ▁to ▁develop ▁a ▁new ▁kind ▁of ▁activ ism . ▁ ▁St i wan ism ▁ ▁Found ed ▁by ▁Om ol ara ▁Og und ipe - Les lie , ▁St i wan ism ▁focuses ▁more ▁on ▁the ▁structures ▁that ▁opp ress ▁women ▁and ▁the ▁way ▁women ▁react ▁to ▁these ▁institutional ized ▁structures . ▁Og und ipe - Les lie ▁arg ues ▁that ▁the ▁struggle ▁for ▁African ▁women ▁is ▁a ▁result ▁of ▁colonial ▁and ▁ne o - colon ial ▁structure ▁that ▁often ▁place ▁African ▁males ▁at ▁the ▁a pe x ▁of ▁social ▁strat ification . ▁Furthermore , ▁the ▁struggle ▁African ▁women ▁face ▁are ▁also ▁im part ▁to ▁the ▁way ▁they ▁have ▁internal ized ▁the ▁patri archy ▁and ▁have ▁come ▁to ▁endorse ▁the ▁system ▁themselves . ▁ ▁N ego - fem in ism ▁ ▁African ▁femin ist , ▁writer , ▁and ▁scholar ▁Ob i oma ▁N na em ek a ▁discuss es ▁and ▁defines ▁the ▁term ▁" N ego - fem in ism " ▁in ▁her ▁article ▁N ego - F em in ism : ▁The or izing |
, ▁Pract icing , ▁and ▁Pr uning ▁Africa ' s ▁Way ." ▁She ▁writes , ▁" N ego - fem in ism ▁is ▁the ▁femin ism ▁of ▁neg ot iation ; ▁second , ▁ne go - fem in ism ▁stands ▁for ▁' no ▁ego ' ▁femin ism ▁and ▁is ▁structured ▁by ▁cultural ▁imper atives ▁and ▁mod ulated ▁by ▁e vers h ifting ▁local ▁and ▁global ▁ex ig encies ." ▁Most ▁African ▁cultures ▁have ▁a ▁culture ▁of ▁neg ot iation ▁and ▁compromise ▁when ▁it ▁comes ▁to ▁reaching ▁agreements . ▁In ▁N ego - fem in ism , ▁negotiations ▁play ▁the ▁role ▁of ▁giving ▁and ▁taking . ▁For ▁African ▁femin ism , ▁in ▁order ▁to ▁win ▁challenges , ▁femin ists ▁must ▁negoti ate ▁and ▁sometimes ▁compromise ▁enough ▁in ▁order ▁to ▁gain ▁freed oms . ▁N na em ek a ▁writes ▁that ▁African ▁femin ism ▁works ▁by ▁knowing ▁" when , ▁where , ▁and ▁how ▁to ▁det on ate ▁and ▁go ▁around ▁patri arch al ▁land ▁mines ." ▁This ▁means ▁that ▁ne go - fem in ism ▁knows ▁how ▁to ▁utilize ▁the ▁culture ▁of ▁neg ot iation ▁in ▁order ▁to ▁de construct ▁the ▁patri archy ▁for ▁the ▁woman ' s ▁benefit . ▁ ▁Mother ism ▁ ▁In ▁her ▁book , ▁Mother ism : ▁The ▁Af ro cent ric ▁Altern ative ▁to ▁Fem in ism , ▁Catherine ▁Ob ian uj u ▁Ach ol on u ▁writes ▁that ▁Africa ' s ▁alternative ▁to ▁Western ▁femin ism ▁is ▁Mother ism ▁and ▁Mother ism ▁is ▁composed ▁of ▁mother hood , |
▁nature , ▁and ▁n urt ure . ▁When ▁defined , ▁Mother ism ▁is ▁a ▁mult id im ensional ▁theory ▁that ▁involves ▁the ▁" d ynamics ▁of ▁ordering , ▁re ord ering , ▁creating ▁structures , ▁building ▁and ▁re building ▁in ▁cooperation ▁with ▁mother ▁nature ▁at ▁all ▁levels ▁of ▁human ▁ende avor ." ▁A ▁mother ist ▁is ▁someone ▁who ▁is ▁committed ▁to ▁the ▁survival ▁and ▁maintenance ▁of ▁Mother ▁Earth ▁and ▁someone ▁who ▁embr aces ▁the ▁human ▁struggle . ▁Ach ol on u ▁makes ▁it ▁clear , ▁though , ▁that ▁a ▁mother ist ▁can ▁be ▁a ▁woman ▁or ▁a ▁man . ▁Mother ism ▁has ▁no ▁sex ▁barriers ▁because ▁at ▁the ▁core ▁of ▁mother ism ▁is ▁partnership , ▁cooperation , ▁tolerance , ▁love , ▁understanding , ▁and ▁patience . ▁ ▁In ▁order ▁for ▁mother ism ▁to ▁work , ▁there ▁must ▁be ▁a ▁male - fem ale ▁complement arity ▁that ▁ensures ▁the ▁wh olen ess ▁of ▁human ▁existence ▁in ▁a ▁balanced ▁ecosystem . ▁ ▁Fem al ism ▁The ▁fem al ist ▁model ▁was ▁developed ▁by ▁Chi oma ▁O para . ▁O para ▁describes ▁fem al ism ▁as ▁" A ▁h ue ▁of ▁African ▁femin ism , ▁is ▁a ▁so fter ▁tone ▁than ▁liberal ▁femin ism ▁and ▁highly ▁polar ized ▁from ▁radical ▁femin ism ." ▁At ▁its ▁core , ▁fem al ism ▁is ▁African ▁and ▁it ▁accent u ates ▁the ▁African ▁woman ' s ▁body . ▁ ▁Sn ail - s ense ▁femin ism ▁ ▁Sn ail - s ense ▁femin ism ▁is ▁a ▁theory ▁proposed ▁by ▁Ak |
achi ▁Ad im ora - E ze ig bo . ▁This ▁femin ism ▁encour ages ▁Niger ian ▁woman ▁to ▁work ▁slowly ▁like ▁a ▁sn ail ' s ▁movement ▁in ▁her ▁deal ings ▁with ▁men ▁in ▁the ▁" t ough ▁and ▁very ▁difficult ▁patri arch al ▁[ N iger ian ] ▁society ▁they ▁live ▁in ." ▁E ze ig bo ▁propos es ▁that ▁women ▁" must ▁learn ▁survival ▁strategies ▁to ▁be ▁able ▁to ▁overcome ▁the ▁imped iments ▁placed ▁before ▁her ▁and ▁live ▁a ▁good ▁life ." ▁ ▁Mis ov ir ism ▁femin ism ▁ ▁Mis ov ir ism ▁is ▁a ▁theory ▁In vent ed ▁by ▁Cam ero on ian ▁think er ▁Were were ▁L iking . ▁ ▁Cultural ▁femin ism ▁ ▁Cultural ▁femin ism ▁is ▁a ▁theory ▁invented ▁by ▁Niger ian ▁author ▁Buch i ▁E me che ta , ▁which ▁she ▁called ▁" fem in ism ▁with ▁a ▁small ▁f ." ▁ ▁Examples ▁of ▁African ▁femin ism ▁ ▁Fem in ism ▁in ▁Nigeria ▁ ▁Although ▁not ew orth y ▁femin ist ▁movements ▁have ▁spr out ed ▁across ▁the ▁African ▁continent , ▁the ▁femin ist ▁movement ▁in ▁Nigeria ▁serves ▁as ▁a ▁prime ▁example ▁of ▁African ▁femin ism . ▁Following ▁the ▁ 1 9 8 2 ▁national ▁conference , ▁the ▁inaug uration ▁of ▁the ▁organization ▁Women ▁in ▁Nigeria ▁( WIN ) ▁presented ▁femin ism ▁in ▁its ▁present ▁form ▁- ▁consistent , ▁organized , ▁with ▁clear ▁objectives ▁and ▁ide ology . ▁In ▁spite ▁of ▁rough ▁beg innings , ▁many ▁scholars ▁pay ▁t ribute ▁to ▁WIN ▁for ▁acting |
▁as ▁training ▁grounds ▁for ▁the ▁emer gence ▁of ▁organized ▁femin ist ▁struggles ▁in ▁Nigeria . ▁ ▁During ▁its ▁first ▁ten ▁years , ▁WIN ▁facil itated ▁the ▁development ▁of ▁many ▁of ▁the ▁self - ident ified ▁femin ists ▁in ▁Nigeria ▁today . ▁WIN ▁adopted ▁an ▁open ▁membership ▁policy ▁of ▁‘ come ▁one ▁- ▁come ▁all ’, ▁where ▁anyone , ▁male ▁or ▁female , ▁was ▁accepted ▁as ▁long ▁as ▁such ▁a ▁person ▁accepted ▁the ▁provisions ▁of ▁WIN ' s ▁Constitution . ▁WIN ' s ▁open ▁membership ▁policy ▁allowed ▁the ▁entry ▁of ▁many ▁persons ▁who ▁had ▁no ▁clue ▁about ▁the ▁core ▁values ▁of ▁femin ism ▁and ▁principles ▁of ▁gender ▁justice . ▁ ▁From ▁its ▁in ception , ▁Women ▁in ▁Nigeria ▁sponsored ▁research ▁projects ▁while ▁engaging ▁in ▁policy ▁advoc acy ▁and ▁activ ism ▁that ▁hol istically ▁aimed ▁towards ▁enh ancing ▁the ▁soc io econom ic ▁conditions ▁under ▁which ▁many ▁women ▁in ▁Nigeria ▁experienced . ▁Furthermore , ▁the ▁uniqu eness ▁of ▁WIN ▁der ives ▁from ▁its ▁consciousness ▁of ▁both ▁class ▁and ▁gender ▁in ▁relation ▁to ▁the ▁struggle ▁for ▁the ▁em anc ip ation ▁of ▁Niger ian ▁women . ▁Therefore , ▁WIN ▁recognized ▁the ▁Niger ian ▁female ▁experience ▁as ▁essentially ▁as ▁“ double ▁je op ard y ,” ▁where ▁explo itation ▁and ▁opp ression ▁of ▁women ▁marked ▁as ▁dual ▁forms ▁of ▁in just ices , ▁both ▁as ▁members ▁of ▁the ▁sub ord inate ▁class ▁and ▁as ▁women . ▁ ▁WIN ▁to ▁N FF ▁ ▁In ▁January ▁ 2 0 0 8 , ▁the ▁Niger ian ▁femin ist ▁movement ▁inaugur |
ated ▁the ▁Niger ian ▁Fem in ist ▁Forum ▁( N FF ) ▁- ▁which ▁established ▁a ▁larger ▁and ▁more ▁co herent ▁coalition ▁than ▁WIN . ▁In ▁the ▁early ▁ 2 0 0 0 s , ▁the ▁N FF ▁was ▁created ▁after ▁an ▁inc ub ation ▁period ▁that ▁started ▁with ▁the ▁launch ing ▁of ▁the ▁African ▁Fem in ist ▁Forum ▁( A FF ) ▁in ▁Acc ra , ▁Gh ana . ▁The ▁A FF ▁published ▁the ▁Ch arter ▁of ▁the ▁Fem in ist ▁Prin ciples ▁which ▁serves ▁as ▁an ▁inform ative ▁guide ▁for ▁African ▁Fem in ists ▁that ▁clearly ▁states ▁how ▁African ▁femin ists ▁define ▁themselves , ▁it ▁del ivers ▁the ▁understanding ▁of ▁Fem in ism ▁and ▁Patri archy , ▁and ▁ampl ifies ▁the ▁identity , ▁eth ics ▁and ▁proper ▁knowledge ▁of ▁femin ist ▁leadership ▁across ▁the ▁continent ▁of ▁Africa . ▁ ▁After ▁much ▁success ▁at ▁the ▁grass ro ots ▁level , ▁the ▁N FF ▁effectively ▁expanded ▁and ▁replaced ▁Women ▁in ▁Nigeria ▁( WIN ) ▁as ▁the ▁official ▁Niger ian ▁Fem in ist ▁Movement . ▁Furthermore , ▁these ▁newly ▁evolved ▁Niger ian ▁femin ist ▁movements ▁took ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁contin ental ▁( Pan ▁African ) ▁femin ist ▁movement , ▁where ▁thousands ▁of ▁femin ist ▁activ ists ▁from ▁all ▁over ▁the ▁region ▁were ▁brought ▁together ▁to ▁fight ▁against ▁the ▁Patri archy . ▁ ▁Chall eng es ▁ ▁The ▁soc io - econom ic ▁impacts ▁of ▁inequ ity ▁and ▁in just ice ▁towards ▁African ▁femin ist ▁movements ▁serve ▁as ▁det r imental ▁stress ors ▁that ▁inhib |
it ▁women ' s ▁rights , ▁which ▁t amp ers ▁with ▁their ▁overall ▁political ▁movement . ▁Overall , ▁most ▁women ▁are ▁unem ployed , ▁where ▁in ▁most ▁cases ▁even ▁if ▁they ▁are ▁employed , ▁women ▁are ▁often ▁employed ▁as ▁cas uals , ▁or ▁temps . ▁This ▁ultimately ▁h amp ers ▁women ' s ▁ability ▁to ▁organize , ▁mobil ize ▁and ▁collect ively ▁advocate . ▁Another ▁difficulty ▁is ▁how ▁strong ▁the ▁patri archy ▁is ▁in ▁both ▁urban ▁and ▁rural ▁African ▁communities . ▁This ▁influences ▁domestic ▁politics ▁within ▁the ▁household ▁and ▁ultimately ▁in ▁every ▁community , ▁which ▁s ways ▁women ▁to ▁act ▁against ▁their ▁own ▁beliefs ▁and ▁against ▁other ▁women ▁as ▁well . ▁ ▁South ▁Sud an ese ▁Fem in ism ▁ ▁Background ▁History ▁of ▁Sud an ese ▁Fem in ism ▁ ▁In ▁Sud an , ▁religion ▁is ▁an ▁integral ▁part ▁of ▁how ▁the ▁lives ▁of ▁women ▁are ▁governed ▁( Hal im ▁ 3 8 9 ). ▁Since ▁most ▁of ▁the ▁population ▁in ▁Sud an ▁follows ▁the ▁Islamic ▁faith , ▁they ▁ad here ▁to ▁Sh aria , ▁the ▁religious ▁law ▁en forced ▁through ▁the ▁lens ▁of ▁the ▁Q ur an ▁( H ale ▁ 9 0 ). ▁The ▁Sh aria ▁law ▁was ▁implemented ▁by ▁President ▁Ga af ar ▁Moh amed ▁N ime ir y ▁as ▁a ▁way ▁to ▁gain ▁support ▁in ▁a ▁time ▁of ▁inst ability ▁( Hal im ▁ 3 9 2 ). ▁It ▁creates ▁rules ▁for ▁the ▁Sud an ese ▁people ▁that ▁would ▁silence ▁the ▁un rest , ▁especially ▁concerning ▁the ▁control ▁over |
▁women ' s ▁conduct . ▁Although ▁this ▁regime ▁was ▁ended ▁by ▁a ▁brief ▁democracy , ▁it ▁did ▁nothing ▁to ▁combat ▁the ▁Sh aria ▁laws ▁( Hal im ▁ 3 9 0 ). ▁Many ▁reg imes ▁have ▁stated ▁the ▁equality ▁of ▁sex es ▁in ▁their ▁const itut ions , ▁still , ▁women ' s ▁rights ▁are ▁targets ▁during ▁times ▁of ▁inst ability ▁( Hal im ▁ 3 9 0 ). ▁ ▁Sud an ese ▁Fem in ist ▁G roups ▁ ▁The ▁Sud an ese ▁Women ' s ▁Union ▁( SW U ) ▁was ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁most ▁influential ▁organizations ▁during ▁the ▁ 1 9 4 0 s ▁when ▁Sud an ▁was ▁under ▁Ang lo - Europe an ▁rule ▁( Hal im ▁ 3 9 1 ). ▁The ▁creation ▁of ▁the ▁SW U ▁occurred ▁simultaneously ▁with ▁the ▁national ▁movement , ▁both ▁combined ▁their ▁efforts ▁to ▁separate ▁from ▁Ang lo - E gy pt ian ▁rule ▁( Hal im ▁ 3 9 1 ). ▁The ▁found ers ▁of ▁the ▁SW U , ▁Al ▁A min ▁and ▁Ah med ▁Ab del ▁M age id ▁explained ▁that ▁due ▁to ▁prejud ices ▁about ▁women ' s ▁participation ▁in ▁public ▁activities , ▁they ▁were ▁not ▁allowed ▁to ▁join ▁the ▁Grad u ates ▁congress ▁( Hal im ▁ 3 9 1 ). ▁The ▁union ▁was ▁seen ▁as ▁a ▁social ▁organization ▁that ▁was ▁concerned ▁with ▁women ▁in ▁the ▁domestic ▁sphere ▁( Hal im ▁ 3 9 1 ). ▁Progress ▁was ▁made ▁through ▁a ▁restricted ▁right ▁to ▁vote ▁under ▁the ▁pret ense , |
▁the ▁women ▁were ▁educated . ▁They ▁also ▁created ▁a ▁magazine ▁called ▁the ▁“ W omen ’ s ▁Voice ” ▁which ▁was ▁a ▁political ▁out let ▁encour agement ▁of ▁democracy ▁and ▁women ' s ▁rights ▁( Hal im ▁ 3 9 2 ). ▁Still , ▁women ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁SW U ▁denied ▁any ▁involvement ▁with ▁The ▁Sud an ese ▁Communist ▁party , ▁regardless ▁of ▁their ▁political ▁activity ▁( Hal im ▁ 3 9 2 ). ▁The ▁S CP ▁was ▁the ▁first ▁to ▁allow ▁women ▁to ▁join , ▁attract ing ▁educated ▁women ▁( Hal im ▁ 3 9 2 ). ▁The ▁idea ▁of ▁political ▁membership ▁is ▁what ▁divided ▁the ▁SW U , ▁and ▁created ▁the ▁Patri otic ▁women ' s ▁front ▁( Hal im ▁ 3 9 2 ). ▁The ▁SW U ▁women ▁were ▁left ▁very ▁suscept ible ▁to ▁imprison ment ▁and ▁harass ment ▁because ▁of ▁their ▁involvement ▁in ▁politics ▁( Bad ri ▁ 9 ). ▁The ▁N imer i ▁regime , ▁even ▁covered ▁up ▁the ▁SW U ' s ▁effort ▁by ▁putting ▁out ▁their ▁success es ▁like ▁first ▁woman ▁minister ▁and ▁woman ▁judges . ▁Then ▁he ▁implemented ▁the ▁September ▁laws ▁that ▁made ▁women ▁inferior ▁to ▁men . ▁In ▁the ▁late ▁ 1 9 8 0 s , ▁women ' s ▁femin ist ▁movement ▁was ▁at ▁a ▁halt ▁due ▁to ▁the ▁military ▁government , ▁still ▁the ▁Women ' s ▁voice ▁continued ▁to ▁highlight ▁the ▁in just ices ▁of ▁the ▁regime ▁( Hal im ▁ 3 9 3 ). ▁ ▁The ▁Republican ▁Sister s ▁ <0x09> |
▁This ▁women ' s ▁organization ▁was ▁based ▁on ▁the ▁Republican ▁party ▁of ▁brothers ▁based ▁on ▁the ▁battle ▁against ▁the ▁first ▁military ▁regime ▁in ▁Sud an ▁( Hal im ▁ 3 9 3 ). ▁They ▁were ▁supported ▁by ▁their ▁male ▁counter parts , ▁and ▁together ▁camp a igned ▁for ▁equal ▁rights . ▁The ▁brothers ▁were ▁a ▁huge ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁struggle ▁for ▁equality ▁and ▁supports ▁women ▁during ▁their ▁spe e ches ▁and ▁distribute ▁their ▁publications ▁( Hal im ▁ 3 9 5 ). ▁They ▁traveled ▁around ▁cities ▁and ▁held ▁campaigns ▁and ▁deb ates ▁to ▁question ▁attitudes ▁against ▁women ▁( Hal im ▁ 3 9 4 ). ▁Their ▁objective ▁was ▁to ▁spread ▁their ▁theories ▁and ▁encourage ▁a ▁new ▁perspective ▁about ▁women ' s ▁rights . ▁The ▁Republican ▁women ▁faced ▁grave ▁in just ices ▁by ▁the ▁security ▁bureau ▁and ▁ultimately ▁ended ▁in ▁the ▁leader ' s ▁death ▁( Hal im ▁ 3 9 5 ). ▁Us at dh ▁Mah m oud ▁started ▁the ▁party ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 5 ▁and ▁started ▁to ▁public ize ▁his ▁book ▁The ▁Second ▁Message ▁of ▁Islam , ▁he ▁wrote ▁about ▁the ▁rules ▁of ▁Islam ▁and ▁the ▁implementation ▁of ▁equality ▁of ▁sex es ▁( Hal im ▁ 3 9 3 ). ▁U stad h ▁published ▁motivation ▁for ▁women ' s ▁rights ▁through ▁lect ures , ▁discussions , ▁and ▁pushing ▁women ▁to ▁be ▁part ▁of ▁intellectual ▁spaces ▁( Hal im ▁ 3 9 5 ). ▁ ▁Go als ▁of ▁the ▁Sud an ese ▁Fem in ist ▁G roups ▁ ▁Women ▁groups ▁were |
▁seen ▁as ▁a ▁method ▁of ▁western izing ▁Muslim ▁life ▁( Hal im ▁ 3 9 5 ). ▁Women ▁in ▁the ▁Union ▁fought ▁hard ▁for ▁equal ▁pay ▁pension ▁and ▁the ▁access ibility ▁to ▁work ▁( Hal im ▁ 3 9 5 ). ▁They ▁argued ▁it ▁was ▁the ▁traditions ▁in ▁place ▁that ▁restricted ▁women ' s ▁rights ▁and ▁wanted ▁to ▁separate ▁religion ▁and ▁traditional ▁practices ▁( Hal im ▁ 3 9 6 ). ▁The ▁main ▁demands ▁of ▁the ▁SW U ▁were ▁the ▁em anc ip ation ▁of ▁women , ▁higher ▁status ▁through ▁education , ▁night - school s ▁to ▁teach ▁liter acy , ▁equal ▁pay , ▁and ▁fighting ▁against ▁traditional ist ▁practices . ▁The ▁Republican ▁Sister s ▁believed ▁equality ▁was ▁a ▁part ▁of ▁religion ▁that ▁was ▁a ▁natural ▁right ▁( Hal im ▁ 3 9 6 ). ▁They ▁took ▁their ▁goals ▁further ▁and ▁also ▁fought ▁against ▁laws ▁that ▁opp ressed ▁women . ▁The ▁women ' s ▁union ▁work ▁was ▁focused ▁on ▁creating ▁change ▁through ▁politics ▁and ▁Republic ation ▁st rived ▁for ▁legal ▁action ▁( Hal im ▁ 3 9 6 ). ▁ ▁Iss ues ▁and ▁Fem in ist ▁A ctions ▁in ▁Response : ▁ ▁Mar riage ▁& ▁Div or ce ▁ ▁Origin ally , ▁women ▁did ▁not ▁have ▁some ▁control ▁over ▁who ▁got ▁married ▁and ▁it ▁was ▁a ▁contract ▁between ▁the ▁father ▁and ▁husband . ▁This ▁caused ▁many ▁women ▁to ▁be ▁in ▁forced ▁mar riages , ▁the ▁Women ' s ▁union ▁made ▁it ▁aware ▁of ▁people ▁the ▁overwhelming ▁number ▁of ▁su ic ides ▁caused ▁by |
▁this ▁and ▁consent ▁was ▁en forced ▁( Hal im ▁ 3 9 8 ). ▁Dow ry ▁is ▁central ▁to ▁marriage , ▁yet ▁many ▁men ▁could ▁not ▁afford ▁to ▁pay ▁them , ▁so ▁the ▁Women ' s ▁Union ▁and ▁they ▁camp a igned ▁for ▁a ▁lower ▁amount ▁( Hal im ▁ 3 9 9 ). ▁Their ▁main ▁concern ▁was ▁to ▁make ▁sure ▁women ▁would ▁marry ▁who ▁they ▁wanted ▁to ▁marry ▁without ▁the ▁expensive ▁dow ries ▁( Hal im ▁ 3 9 9 ). ▁They ▁also ▁published ▁less ▁spending , ▁education ▁for ▁girls , ▁and ▁the ▁re inst at ement ▁of ▁marriage ▁as ▁a ▁peaceful ▁agreement ▁( Hal im ▁ 3 9 9 ). ▁Many ▁women ▁were ▁subject ed ▁to ▁the ▁d angers ▁of ▁ab usive ▁hus bands ▁because ▁of ▁the ▁law ▁that ▁women ▁had ▁to ▁be ▁returned ▁by ▁police ▁if ▁dis ob ed ient ▁and ▁ran ▁away ▁( Hal im ▁ 4 0 0 ). ▁The ▁Women ' s ▁Union ▁made ▁sure ▁that ▁the ▁idea ▁of ▁forcing ▁a ▁return ▁on ▁a ▁women ▁was ▁repe aled ▁( Hal im ▁ 4 0 0 ). ▁ <0x09> The ▁Republican ▁Sister s ▁took ▁a ▁different ▁path way ▁by ▁res h aping ▁the ▁perspective ▁on ▁women ▁about ▁respect ▁and ▁gender ▁roles . ▁They ▁released ▁the ▁book ▁called ▁Focus ▁on ▁Personal ▁Status ▁law , ▁it ▁talked ▁about ▁creating ▁change ▁from ▁Shar ’ ia ▁laws ▁( Hal im ▁ 4 0 1 ). ▁They ▁supported ▁a ▁return ▁to ▁simple ▁and ▁in exp ensive ▁wed dings ▁and ▁a ▁focus ▁on ▁no |
▁guard ians hip ▁in ▁marriage . ▁They ▁also ▁re impl anted ▁the ▁basic ▁right ▁to ▁divorce ▁women ▁and ▁handling ▁divor ces ▁outside ▁of ▁court ▁( Hal im ▁ 4 0 2 ). ▁Last , ▁they ▁camp a igned ▁for ▁the ▁ded uction ▁of ▁dow ry ▁to ▁be ▁put ▁into ▁value ▁as ▁dignity ▁for ▁women ▁( Hal im ▁ 4 0 2 ). ▁ ▁Present ▁Activ ism ▁ ▁Pro tests ▁ ▁Currently ▁in ▁Sud an , ▁Sud an ese ▁women ▁are ▁un iting ▁to ▁protest ▁against ▁the ▁Sud an ▁government ▁in ▁hopes ▁of ▁achieving ▁justice ▁and ▁equality ▁for ▁women ▁( S ar ai ). ▁There ▁are ▁large ▁groups ▁of ▁protest ▁that ▁have ▁taken ▁place ▁in ▁the ▁streets ▁of ▁Sud an ▁where ▁women ▁are ▁chant ing ▁and ▁holding ▁up ▁signs ▁demanding ▁for ▁a ▁new ▁government . ▁The ▁protest ing ▁women ▁are ▁fighting ▁for ▁a ▁ 5 0 % ▁representation ▁of ▁women ▁in ▁the ▁government . ▁However , ▁currently ▁the ▁qu ota ▁rate ▁is ▁ 3 0 %, ▁which ▁shows ▁the ▁lack ▁of ▁female ▁representation ▁in ▁the ▁government , ▁resulting ▁in ▁a ▁large ▁toll ▁on ▁the ▁lives ▁of ▁the ▁Sud an ese ▁women . ▁Although ▁the ▁Sud an ese ▁women ▁are ▁fighting ▁to ▁create ▁change , ▁the ▁protests ▁have ▁brought ▁great ▁danger ▁to ▁the ▁safety ▁of ▁women ▁( B h alla ). ▁The ▁government ' s ▁response ▁to ▁the ▁protests ▁have ▁been ▁several ▁cases ▁of ▁rape ▁on ▁the ▁protest ing ▁women ▁that ▁were ▁committed ▁by ▁security ▁forces ▁( B h alla ). ▁However , ▁there ▁has |
▁not ▁been ▁justice ▁done ▁for ▁the ▁cases , ▁which ▁has ▁further ▁driven ▁the ▁Sud an ese ▁women ▁to ▁protest ▁and ▁fight ▁for ▁their ▁rights . ▁Even ▁with ▁the ▁d angers ▁the ▁protests ▁bring ▁on ▁the ▁women , ▁the ▁women ▁continue ▁to ▁stri ve ▁and ▁fight ▁for ▁an ▁equal ▁representation ▁of ▁women ▁in ▁the ▁Sud an ▁government ▁and ▁to ▁achieve ▁equal ▁rights ▁and ▁justice ▁( B h alla ). ▁ ▁Facebook ▁G roups ▁In ▁addition ▁to ▁protests , ▁Sud an ese ▁women ▁have ▁made ▁private ▁Facebook ▁groups ▁to ▁find ▁police ▁officers ▁who ▁are ▁actively ▁pun ishing ▁the ▁women ▁in ▁the ▁protests ▁( Gr iff in ). ▁Their ▁goal ▁is ▁to ▁publicly ▁expose ▁the ▁police ▁officers ▁in ▁order ▁for ▁people ▁to ▁find ▁the ▁officer ' s ▁home ▁and ▁physically ▁attack ▁them . ▁Only ▁women ▁are ▁allowed ▁in ▁the ▁groups , ▁in ▁which ▁they ▁upload ▁pictures ▁of ▁the ▁officers ▁and ▁people ▁can ▁respond ▁with ▁his ▁information ▁so ▁that ▁people ▁can ▁locate ▁him . ▁The ▁Facebook ▁groups ▁have ▁pos ed ▁such ▁a ▁threat ▁to ▁the ▁officers , ▁that ▁it ▁has ▁made ▁it ▁difficult ▁for ▁them ▁to ▁show ▁their ▁faces ▁in ▁public ▁without ▁covering ▁them ▁( Gr iff in ) ▁. ▁It ▁is ▁evident ▁that ▁the ▁groups ▁have ▁given ▁the ▁Sud an ese ▁women ▁a ▁form ▁of ▁power ▁over ▁the ▁government ▁and ▁have ▁become ▁crucial ▁in ▁their ▁attempts ▁to ▁push ▁for ▁women ▁representation ▁in ▁the ▁government . ▁ ▁S over e ign ▁Council ▁ <0x09> In ▁attempts ▁to ▁female ▁representation ▁in ▁Sud an ' s ▁government , ▁on |
▁August ▁ 2 1 , ▁ 2 0 1 9 , ▁there ▁was ▁a ▁so lem n ▁ceremony ▁that ▁took ▁place ▁in ▁Kh art ou m , ▁Sud an ▁where ▁ 1 1 ▁people ▁were ▁sw orn ▁in ▁to ▁lead ▁the ▁country ▁( S ol omon ). ▁The ▁ 1 1 ▁people ▁sw orn ▁in ▁were ▁a ▁part ▁of ▁a ▁group ▁named ▁the ▁sovere ign ▁council , ▁in ▁which ▁two ▁of ▁them ▁were ▁women . ▁This ▁is ▁significant ▁in ▁bringing ▁more ▁female ▁representation ▁in ▁the ▁government , ▁which ▁will ▁allow ▁for ▁more ▁rights ▁given ▁to ▁the ▁women ▁and ▁an ▁opportunity ▁for ▁the ▁women ▁to ▁voice ▁their ▁opinions ▁more ▁freely . ▁R aja ▁Nic ola ▁Iss a ▁Abd ul - M asse h , ▁a ▁female ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁sovere ign ▁council , ▁states , ▁“ We ▁shall ▁try ▁to ▁re build ▁our ▁country , ▁we ▁shall ▁try ▁to ▁re build ▁our ▁economy , ▁we ▁shall ▁begin ▁to ▁stop ▁all ▁the ▁armed ▁movements ▁and ▁work ▁for ▁peace ▁and ▁justice ▁for ▁all ▁Sud an ese ▁on ▁an ▁equal ▁basis ▁regardless ▁of ▁race ▁or ▁religion ▁or ▁any ▁political ▁opinion ▁or ▁any ▁affili ation ” ▁( S ol omon ). ▁The ▁two ▁female ▁members ▁in ▁the ▁sovere ign ▁council ▁are ▁st riving ▁to ▁bring ▁more ▁equality ▁and ▁justice ▁for ▁women ▁in ▁Sud an . ▁ ▁Prom inent ▁Niger ian ▁femin ists ▁ ▁Ol uf un mil ay o ▁R ans ome - K uti ▁( 1 9 0 0 ▁- ▁ 1 9 7 8 ) ▁▁ |
▁Serv ing ▁as ▁a ▁teacher , ▁an ▁education ist , ▁and ▁a ▁women ' s ▁rights ▁activ ist , ▁Frances ▁Ab ig ail ▁Ol uf un mil ay o ▁R ans ome - K uti ▁is ▁widely ▁well ▁known ▁as ▁one ▁of ▁Nigeria ' s ▁earliest ▁and ▁fore most ▁champions ▁of ▁women ' s ▁rights ▁during ▁the ▁colonial ▁period . ▁At ▁a ▁time ▁where ▁most ▁girls ▁were ▁not ▁granted ▁access ▁to ▁Western ▁education , ▁Ol uf un mil ay o ▁had ▁the ▁distinction ▁of ▁being ▁the ▁first ▁female ▁student ▁of ▁St . ▁John ▁Primary ▁School , ▁A be ok uta , ▁from ▁ 1 9 0 6 ▁to ▁ 1 9 1 3 . ▁Being ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁first ▁set ▁of ▁girls ▁to ▁attend ▁school ▁in ▁Nigeria , ▁Ol uf un mil ay o ▁was ▁then ▁sent ▁to ▁study ▁abroad ▁in ▁England ▁to ▁finish ▁her ▁higher ▁education ▁at ▁Win ch am ▁Hall ▁College ▁in ▁York shire . ▁She ▁studied ▁Music , ▁Education , ▁Dom estic ▁Science ▁and ▁French , ▁where ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 3 , ▁she ▁returned ▁to ▁Nigeria ▁fully ▁equipped ▁for ▁a ▁teaching ▁career . ▁ ▁Although ▁she ▁participated ▁in ▁numerous ▁domestic ▁improvements ▁in ▁Nigeria , ▁Ol uf un mil ay o ▁manifest ed ▁remarkable ▁contributions ▁to ▁the ▁African ▁women ' s ▁movement ▁that ▁cred ited ▁her ▁the ▁most ▁fame . ▁In ▁ 1 9 4 4 , ▁Ol uf un mil ay o , ▁along ▁with ▁a ▁few ▁peers , ▁founded ▁the ▁A be ok uta ▁Lad ies ▁Club |
▁( AL C ), ▁essentially ▁“ des igned ▁as ▁a ▁social ▁club ▁made ▁up ▁of ▁educated ▁women ▁like ▁her ▁who ▁felt ▁comp elled ▁to ▁help ▁other ▁less ▁privile ged ▁women .” ▁In ▁this ▁club , ▁these ▁women ▁would ▁learn ▁some ▁voc ational ▁skills , ▁where ▁the ▁A LC ▁would ▁encourage ▁them ▁to ▁read ▁and ▁write . ▁With ▁other ▁femin ist ▁organizations ▁gradually ▁mer ging ▁with ▁the ▁A be ok uta ▁Women ' s ▁Union ▁( AW U ) ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 6 , ▁Mrs . ▁Ol uf un mil ay o ▁was ▁chosen ▁as ▁president ▁of ▁a ▁coalition ▁that ▁became ▁a ▁form id able ▁instrument ▁for ▁comb ating ▁against ▁all ▁forms ▁of ▁discrimination ▁towards ▁African ▁women . ▁ ▁During ▁the ▁colonial ▁era , ▁the ▁S ole ▁Native ▁Authority ▁( S NA ), ▁the ▁system ▁of ▁government ▁introduced ▁by ▁the ▁colonial ▁administration ▁in ▁A be ok uta , ▁were ▁the ▁main ▁pro ponents ▁behind ▁all ▁opp ression ▁towards ▁African ▁women . ▁All ▁power ▁res ided ▁at ▁the ▁hands ▁of ▁the ▁traditional ▁rul er ▁and ▁local ▁el ites . ▁Where ▁women ▁were ▁entirely ▁excluded ▁from ▁Niger ian ▁govern ance , ▁which ▁meant ▁no ▁female ▁participation ▁in ▁commun al ▁affairs ▁or ▁Niger ian ▁politics . ▁Under ▁colonial ism , ▁the ▁women ▁of ▁A be ok uta ▁naturally ▁believed ▁that ▁their ▁economic ▁and ▁commun al ▁roles ▁were ▁decl ining , ▁while ▁their ▁taxes ▁were ▁stead ily ▁increasing . ▁In ▁ 1 9 4 9 , ▁Ol uf un mil ay o ▁R ans ome - |
K uti ▁led ▁a ▁protest ▁against ▁the ▁S ole ▁Native ▁Authority ▁in ▁A be ok uta , ▁where ▁the ▁A W U ▁argued ▁for ▁representation ▁in ▁local ▁government ▁and ▁advoc ated ▁for ▁the ▁abol ition ▁of ▁the ▁separate ▁tax ▁rate ▁for ▁women . ▁As ▁a ▁result , ▁the ▁Eg ba ▁Inter im ▁Council ▁was ▁formed , ▁which ▁included ▁four ▁( 4 ) ▁women ▁representing ▁the ▁four ▁sections ▁of ▁A be ok uta ▁town . ▁ ▁Lady ▁K of ow or ola ▁A ina ▁Ad em ola ▁( 1 9 1 3 ▁- ▁ 2 0 0 2 ) ▁ ▁An ▁active ▁volunteer ▁and ▁energet ic ▁social ▁worker , ▁Lady ▁K of ow or ola ▁A ina ▁Ad em ola ▁has ▁notably ▁been ▁recognized ▁as ▁a ▁distinguished ▁women ' s ▁rights ▁activ ist ▁and ▁remarkable ▁education ist . ▁Com ing ▁from ▁a ▁rather ▁privile ged ▁background , ▁Lady ▁K of ow or ola ▁traveled ▁to ▁England ▁and ▁completed ▁her ▁secondary ▁school ▁education ▁at ▁Port way ▁College . ▁Soon ▁after , ▁she ▁was ▁granted ▁admission ▁to ▁University ▁of ▁Oxford , ▁where ▁she ▁graduated ▁with ▁a ▁b achelor ' s ▁degree ▁in ▁English . ▁Lady ▁K of ow or ola ▁has ▁the ▁honor ▁of ▁being ▁the ▁first ▁African ▁woman ▁to ▁be ▁admitted ▁to ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Oxford , ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 3 . ▁ ▁The ▁most ▁educated , ▁elite ▁women ▁coming ▁from ▁Lag os ▁were ▁members ▁of ▁prominent ▁Christian ▁families ▁of ▁nineteenth ▁and ▁twentieth - century ▁Nigeria . ▁Niger ian ▁pione ers ▁like ▁Charlotte |
▁Ol aj um oke ▁Ob asa , ▁O y ink an ▁Ab ay omi , ▁and ▁K of ow or ola ▁Ad em ola , ▁among ▁others , ▁completed ▁a ▁Western ▁education ▁in ▁an ▁array ▁of ▁subjects ▁ranging ▁from ▁music , ▁law , ▁social ▁science , ▁to ▁education , ▁nursing ▁and ▁journal ism ▁in ▁both ▁Nigeria ▁and ▁abroad . ▁Collect ively , ▁these ▁women ▁broke ▁notable ▁barriers ▁and ▁certain ▁tab o os ▁that ▁were ▁social ▁norm s ▁within ▁the ▁Victorian ▁and ▁post - V ict or ian ▁era . ▁ ▁With ▁a ▁Western ▁education ▁from ▁Oxford , ▁Lady ▁K of ow or ola ▁returned ▁to ▁Nigeria ▁and ▁briefly ▁taught ▁at ▁Queen ' s ▁College , ▁Lag os . ▁As ▁a ▁teacher , ▁K of ow or ola ▁encouraged ▁many ▁of ▁the ▁girls ▁to ▁work ▁hard ▁in ▁order ▁to ▁become ▁achie vers ; ▁her ▁famous ▁sl ogan ▁was ▁“ br ains ▁have ▁no ▁gender ”. ▁With ▁her ▁passion ▁towards ▁girls ’ ▁education , ▁Lady ▁K of ow or ola ▁encouraged ▁her ▁communities ▁to ▁establish ▁non - govern ment al ▁organizations ▁that ▁stim ulate ▁the ▁education ▁of ▁women . ▁With ▁grad ual ▁pace , ▁she ▁became ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁founding ▁members ▁of ▁the ▁Niger ian ▁Association ▁of ▁University ▁Women , ▁whose ▁sole ▁aim ▁was ▁the ▁ultimate ▁encour agement ▁of ▁girls ’ ▁education ▁in ▁Nigeria . ▁ ▁In ▁order ▁to ▁increase ▁the ▁rather ▁limited ▁opportunities ▁for ▁Niger ian ▁girls ▁in ▁secondary ▁education , ▁Lady ▁K of ow or ola ▁was ▁heavily ▁involved ▁in ▁founding ▁new ▁secondary |
▁schools ▁for ▁girls . ▁An ▁example ▁could ▁be ▁the ▁New ▁Era ▁Girls ’ ▁College , ▁a ▁secondary ▁school ▁where ▁she ▁served ▁as ▁the ▁Head m ist ress . ▁Lady ▁K of ow or ola ▁was ▁a ▁prominent ▁volunteer ▁for ▁the ▁Red ▁Cross ▁Society ▁where ▁she ▁served ▁as ▁the ▁first ▁Niger ian ▁Director ▁of ▁the ▁Western ▁Region ▁branch . ▁In ▁recognition ▁of ▁her ▁contribution ▁in ▁several ▁respected ▁fields , ▁Lady ▁K of ow or ola ▁was ▁best owed ▁with ▁many ▁hon ors . ▁In ▁ 1 9 5 9 , ▁she ▁became ▁a ▁Member ▁of ▁the ▁British ▁Empire ▁( MB E ), ▁where ▁she ▁was ▁later ▁granted , ▁Officer ▁of ▁the ▁Federal ▁Republic ▁of ▁Nigeria ▁( O FR ). ▁ ▁Role ▁of ▁men ▁in ▁African ▁femin ism ▁ ▁The ▁goal ▁of ▁femin ism ▁is ▁to ▁empower ▁women ▁so ▁as ▁to ▁ensure ▁equality ▁to ▁men . ▁For ▁some ▁people , ▁the ▁term ▁femin ism ▁incorrect ly ▁came ▁to ▁mean ▁a ▁movement ▁that ▁was ▁anti - m ale , ▁anti - c ulture ▁and ▁anti - rel ig ion . ▁For ▁purposes ▁of ▁inclusion , ▁some ▁women ▁prefer ▁to ▁engage ▁themselves ▁in ▁gender ▁theory ▁and ▁activ ism ▁by ▁including ▁men ▁into ▁the ▁discussion ▁because ▁it ▁prom otes ▁the ▁idea ▁that ▁femin ism ▁is ▁about ▁equality ▁among ▁all ▁g enders ▁and ▁it ▁is ▁important ▁to ▁note ▁that ▁they ▁also ▁face ▁hard ships ▁as ▁males . ▁Because ▁the ▁majority ▁of ▁policy - makers ▁in ▁many ▁African ▁countries ▁are ▁men , ▁some ▁believe ▁that ▁incl us ivity ▁is ▁important |
▁if ▁women ▁are ▁to ▁gain ▁ground ▁in ▁policy ▁changes ▁that ▁impact ▁them . ▁The ▁importance ▁that ▁many ▁women ▁place ▁on ▁commun al ism ▁and ▁family ▁results ▁in ▁their ▁desire ▁to ▁work ▁with ▁men ▁to ▁develop ▁an ▁inclusive ▁approach ▁to ▁solving ▁gender ▁issues . ▁In ▁order ▁to ▁er ad icate ▁the ▁opp ression ▁women ▁face ▁because ▁of ▁their ▁gender , ▁working ▁with ▁men ▁has ▁become ▁a ▁necessity . ▁The ▁role ▁of ▁African ▁men ▁in ▁femin ism ▁is ▁nu anced ▁and ▁depends ▁on ▁location , ▁environment , ▁and ▁personal ▁ide ology . ▁ ▁Not able ▁African ▁femin ist ▁critics ▁▁ ▁Mol ara ▁Og und ipe ▁▁ ▁Na omi ▁N ke al ah ▁▁ ▁Ak achi ▁E ze ig bo ▁▁ ▁Catherine ▁Ach ol on u ▁▁ ▁Mary ▁Mod u pe ▁K ola wo le ▁▁ ▁Ch ik wen ye ▁Ok on jo ▁O gun y emi ▁▁ ▁Ob i oma ▁N na em ek a ▁▁ ▁A med e ▁Ob ior a ▁ ▁Ch im am anda ▁N go zi ▁Ad ich ie ▁ ▁Sylv ia ▁Tam ale ▁ ▁Jos ina ▁M achel ▁ ▁Fun mil ay o ▁R ans ome - K uti ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁* <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Christian ization ▁of ▁Poland ▁() ▁refers ▁to ▁the ▁introduction ▁and ▁subsequent ▁spread ▁of ▁Christianity ▁in ▁Poland . ▁The ▁imp et us ▁to ▁the ▁process ▁was ▁the ▁Bapt ism ▁of ▁Poland ▁( ), ▁the ▁personal ▁bapt ism ▁of ▁M iesz ko ▁I , ▁the ▁first ▁rul er ▁of ▁the ▁future ▁Polish ▁state , ▁and |
▁much ▁of ▁his ▁court . ▁The ▁ceremony ▁took ▁place ▁on ▁the ▁Holy ▁Saturday ▁of ▁ 1 4 ▁April ▁ 9 6 6 , ▁although ▁the ▁exact ▁location ▁is ▁still ▁disput ed ▁by ▁histor ians , ▁with ▁the ▁cities ▁of ▁Poz na ń ▁and ▁G nie z no ▁being ▁the ▁most ▁likely ▁sites . ▁M iesz ko ' s ▁wife , ▁Dob raw a ▁of ▁Bo hem ia , ▁is ▁often ▁cred ited ▁as ▁a ▁major ▁influence ▁on ▁M iesz ko ' s ▁decision ▁to ▁accept ▁Christianity . ▁ ▁While ▁the ▁spread ▁of ▁Christianity ▁in ▁Poland ▁took ▁centuries ▁to ▁finish , ▁the ▁process ▁was ▁ultimately ▁successful , ▁as ▁within ▁several ▁decades ▁Poland ▁joined ▁the ▁rank ▁of ▁established ▁European ▁states ▁recognised ▁by ▁the ▁pap acy ▁and ▁the ▁Holy ▁Roman ▁Empire . ▁According ▁to ▁histor ians , ▁the ▁bapt ism ▁of ▁Poland ▁marks ▁the ▁beginning ▁of ▁Polish ▁state hood . ▁Nevertheless , ▁the ▁Christian ization ▁was ▁a ▁long ▁and ▁ar du ous ▁process , ▁as ▁most ▁of ▁the ▁Polish ▁population ▁remained ▁pag an ▁until ▁the ▁pag an ▁reaction ▁during ▁the ▁ 1 0 3 0 s . ▁ ▁Background ▁ ▁Before ▁the ▁adoption ▁of ▁Christianity ▁in ▁modern - day ▁Poland , ▁there ▁were ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁different ▁pag an ▁tribes . ▁S vet ov id ▁was ▁among ▁the ▁most ▁widespread ▁pag an ▁gods ▁worship ed ▁in ▁Poland . ▁Christianity ▁arrived ▁around ▁the ▁late ▁ 9 th ▁century , ▁most ▁likely ▁around ▁the ▁time ▁when ▁the ▁V ist ul an ▁tribe ▁encountered ▁the ▁Christian ▁r ite ▁in |
▁deal ings ▁with ▁their ▁neighbors , ▁the ▁Great ▁Mor avia ▁( Bo hem ian ) ▁state . ▁ ▁The ▁Mor av ian ▁cultural ▁influence ▁played ▁a ▁significant ▁role ▁in ▁the ▁spread ▁of ▁Christianity ▁onto ▁the ▁Polish ▁lands ▁and ▁the ▁subsequent ▁adoption ▁of ▁that ▁religion . ▁In ▁the ▁opinion ▁of ▁Dav ies , ▁the ▁Christian ization ▁of ▁Poland ▁through ▁the ▁Czech – Pol ish ▁alliance ▁represented ▁a ▁conscious ▁choice ▁on ▁the ▁part ▁of ▁Polish ▁rul ers ▁to ▁al ly ▁themselves ▁with ▁the ▁Czech ▁state ▁rather ▁than ▁the ▁German ▁one . ▁In ▁a ▁similar ▁fashion , ▁some ▁of ▁the ▁later ▁political ▁struggles ▁involved ▁the ▁Polish ▁Church ▁ref using ▁to ▁sub ord inate ▁itself ▁to ▁the ▁German ▁hierarchy ▁and ▁instead ▁being ▁directly ▁sub ord inate ▁to ▁the ▁V atic an . ▁ ▁Bapt ism ▁ ▁The ▁" B apt ism ▁of ▁Poland " ▁refers ▁to ▁the ▁ceremony ▁when ▁the ▁first ▁rul er ▁of ▁the ▁Polish ▁state , ▁M iesz ko ▁I ▁and ▁much ▁of ▁his ▁court , ▁converted ▁to ▁the ▁Christian ▁religion . ▁M iesz ko ' s ▁wife ▁Dob raw a ▁of ▁Bo hem ia , ▁a ▁ze alous ▁Christian , ▁played ▁a ▁significant ▁role ▁in ▁promoting ▁Christianity ▁in ▁Poland , ▁and ▁might ▁have ▁had ▁significant ▁influence ▁on ▁conver ting ▁M iesz ko ▁himself . ▁ ▁The ▁exact ▁place ▁of ▁M iesz ko ' s ▁bapt ism ▁is ▁disput ed ; ▁Most ▁histor ians ▁argue ▁that ▁G nie z no ▁or ▁Poz na ń ▁are ▁the ▁most ▁likely ▁sites . ▁However , ▁other ▁histor ians |
▁have ▁suggested ▁alternative ▁locations , ▁such ▁as ▁O str ów ▁Led nick i , ▁or ▁even ▁in ▁German ▁Reg ens burg . ▁The ▁date ▁of ▁M iesz ko ' s ▁bapt ism ▁was ▁on ▁the ▁Holy ▁Saturday ▁of ▁ 1 4 ▁April ▁ 9 6 6 . ▁ ▁The ▁ceremony ▁was ▁preced ed ▁by ▁a ▁week ▁of ▁oral ▁c ate ch ism ▁and ▁several ▁days ▁of ▁fast ing . ▁The ▁actual ▁ceremony ▁involved ▁pour ing ▁water ▁over ▁the ▁seg reg ated ▁groups ▁of ▁men ▁and ▁women , ▁although ▁it ▁is ▁possible ▁that ▁their ▁heads ▁were ▁imm ers ed ▁instead , ▁and ▁an oint ed ▁with ▁the ▁chr ism . ▁ ▁Christian ization ▁of ▁Poland ▁The ▁bapt ism al ▁mission ▁which ▁began ▁in ▁the ▁two ▁major ▁cities ▁of ▁G nie z no ▁and ▁Poz na ń ▁with ▁the ▁bapt ism ▁of ▁M iesz ko ▁and ▁his ▁court ▁spread ▁throughout ▁the ▁country . ▁During ▁the ▁ 1 0 th ▁and ▁ 1 1 th ▁centuries ▁various ▁ec cles i ast ical ▁org ans ▁were ▁established ▁in ▁Poland . ▁This ▁included ▁the ▁building ▁of ▁churches ▁and ▁the ▁appointment ▁of ▁cler gy . ▁The ▁first ▁Bishop ▁of ▁Poland , ▁Jordan , ▁was ▁appointed ▁by ▁Pope ▁John ▁XIII ▁in ▁ 9 6 8 . ▁M iesz ko ' s ▁son ▁B oles ław ▁I ▁Ch rob ry ▁supported ▁Christian ization ▁missions ▁to ▁neighbor ing ▁lands , ▁notably ▁the ▁mission ▁of ▁future ▁Saint ▁Ad al bert ▁of ▁Pr ague ▁to ▁Old ▁Pr uss ians , ▁and ▁established ▁the ▁Arch |
b ishop ric ▁of ▁G nie z no ▁in ▁the ▁year ▁ 1 0 0 0 . ▁ ▁Although ▁at ▁first ▁the ▁Christian ▁religion ▁was ▁" un pop ular ▁and ▁alien ", ▁M iesz ko ' s ▁bapt ism ▁was ▁highly ▁influential ▁but ▁needed ▁to ▁be ▁en forced ▁by ▁the ▁state , ▁and ▁ran ▁into ▁some ▁popular ▁opposition , ▁including ▁an ▁up r ising ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 0 3 0 s ▁( part icular ly ▁intense ▁in ▁the ▁years ▁of ▁ 1 0 3 5 – 1 0 3 7 ). ▁Non etheless , ▁by ▁that ▁time ▁Poland ▁had ▁won ▁recognition ▁as ▁a ▁proper ▁European ▁state , ▁both ▁from ▁the ▁pap acy ▁and ▁from ▁the ▁Holy ▁Roman ▁Empire . ▁ ▁Out ▁of ▁various ▁provin ces ▁of ▁today ' s ▁Poland , ▁Christianity ' s ▁spread ▁was ▁slow est ▁in ▁P omer ania , ▁where ▁it ▁gained ▁a ▁significant ▁following ▁only ▁around ▁the ▁ 1 2 th ▁century . ▁Init ially , ▁the ▁cler gy ▁came ▁from ▁the ▁Western ▁Christian ▁European ▁countries ; ▁native ▁Polish ▁cler gy ▁took ▁three ▁or ▁four ▁generations ▁to ▁emerge , ▁and ▁were ▁supported ▁by ▁the ▁monaster ies ▁and ▁f ri ars ▁that ▁grew ▁increasingly ▁common ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 2 th ▁century . ▁By ▁the ▁ 1 3 th ▁century ▁Roman ▁Catholic ism ▁had ▁become ▁the ▁dominant ▁religion ▁throughout ▁Poland . ▁ ▁In ▁ad op ting ▁Christianity ▁as ▁the ▁state ▁religion , ▁M iesz ko ▁sought ▁to ▁achieve ▁several ▁personal ▁goals . ▁He ▁saw ▁Poland ' s ▁bapt |
ism ▁as ▁a ▁way ▁of ▁strengthen ing ▁his ▁hold ▁on ▁power , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁using ▁it ▁as ▁a ▁un ifying ▁force ▁for ▁the ▁Polish ▁people . ▁It ▁replaced ▁several ▁smaller ▁cult s ▁with ▁a ▁single , ▁central ▁one , ▁clearly ▁associated ▁with ▁the ▁royal ▁court . ▁It ▁would ▁also ▁improve ▁the ▁position ▁and ▁respect ability ▁of ▁the ▁Polish ▁state ▁on ▁the ▁international , ▁European ▁scene . ▁The ▁Church ▁also ▁helped ▁to ▁strengthen ▁the ▁mon arch ' s ▁authority , ▁and ▁brought ▁to ▁Poland ▁much ▁experience ▁with ▁regard ▁to ▁state ▁administration . ▁Thus , ▁the ▁Church ▁organisation ▁supported ▁the ▁state , ▁and ▁in ▁return , ▁b ish ops ▁received ▁important ▁government ▁titles ▁( in ▁the ▁later ▁era , ▁they ▁were ▁members ▁of ▁the ▁Senate ▁of ▁Poland ). ▁ ▁Mill ennial ▁celebr ations ▁of ▁ 1 9 6 6 ▁ ▁The ▁prepar ations ▁for ▁the ▁mill ennial ▁celebr ations ▁begun ▁with ▁the ▁Great ▁Nov ena ▁of ▁ 1 9 5 7 , ▁which ▁marked ▁a ▁nine ▁years ▁period ▁of ▁fast ▁and ▁prayer . ▁In ▁ 1 9 6 6 , ▁the ▁People ' s ▁Republic ▁of ▁Poland ▁witnessed ▁large ▁fest iv ities ▁on ▁the ▁ 1 , 0 0 0 - year ▁anniversary ▁of ▁those ▁events , ▁with ▁the ▁Church ▁celebr ating ▁the ▁ 1 , 0 0 0 ▁years ▁of ▁Christianity ▁in ▁Poland , ▁while ▁the ▁Communist ▁government ▁celebrated ▁the ▁sec ular ▁ 1 , 0 0 0 ▁years ▁of ▁the ▁Polish ▁State , ▁cul min ated ▁in ▁twice ▁den ying ▁Pope ▁Paul |
▁VI ▁permission ▁to ▁visit ▁Poland ▁that ▁year . ▁The ▁desire ▁of ▁the ▁Communist ▁party ▁to ▁separate ▁religion ▁from ▁the ▁state ▁made ▁the ▁fest iv ities ▁a ▁culture ▁cl ash ▁between ▁the ▁state ▁and ▁the ▁Church . ▁While ▁the ▁Church ▁was ▁focusing ▁on ▁the ▁religious , ▁ec cles i ast ical ▁aspects ▁of ▁the ▁bapt ism , ▁with ▁sl og ans ▁( in ▁Latin ) ▁like ▁Sac rum ▁Pol onia e ▁Mill en ium ▁( Pol and ' s ▁Sac red ▁Mill enn ium ), ▁the ▁Communist ▁Party ▁was ▁fr aming ▁the ▁celebr ations ▁as ▁a ▁sec ular , ▁political ▁anniversary ▁of ▁the ▁creation ▁of ▁the ▁Polish ▁state , ▁with ▁sl og ans ▁( in ▁Polish ) ▁like ▁T ys ią cle cie ▁Pa ńst wa ▁Pol skiego ▁( A ▁Th ous and ▁Years ▁of ▁the ▁Polish ▁State ). ▁As ▁Norman ▁Dav ies ▁noted , ▁both ▁the ▁Church ▁and ▁the ▁Party ▁had ▁" riv al , ▁and ▁mut ually ▁exclusive , ▁interpret ations ▁of ▁[ Pol and ' s ▁bapt ism ] ▁significance ." ▁ ▁On ▁ 3 0 ▁July ▁ 1 9 6 6 , ▁the ▁U . S . ▁Bureau ▁of ▁Eng r aving ▁and ▁Print ing ▁issued ▁ 1 2 8 , 4 7 5 , 0 0 0 ▁comm emor ative ▁st amps ▁hon oring ▁the ▁mill enn ium ▁anniversary ▁of ▁the ▁adoption ▁of ▁Christianity ▁in ▁Poland . ▁ ▁An ▁anniversary ▁par ade ▁was ▁held ▁in ▁front ▁of ▁the ▁Palace ▁of ▁Culture ▁and ▁Science ▁on ▁Par ade ▁Square ▁on ▁ |
2 2 ▁July ▁to ▁coinc ide ▁with ▁the ▁annual ▁National ▁Day ▁of ▁the ▁Reb irth ▁of ▁Poland ▁celebr ations ▁( set ▁on ▁the ▁anniversary ▁of ▁the ▁signing ▁of ▁the ▁PK WN ▁Man ifest o ). ▁It ▁was ▁attended ▁by ▁W ład ys ław ▁G om u ł ka , ▁the ▁then ▁First ▁Secretary ▁of ▁the ▁Polish ▁United ▁Work ers ' ▁Party , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁members ▁of ▁the ▁P U WP ▁and ▁the ▁Polish ▁Council ▁of ▁State . ▁The ▁par ade ▁inspect or ▁was ▁Marshal ▁of ▁Poland ▁Marian ▁Sp ych als ki ▁while ▁it ▁was ▁commanded ▁by ▁the ▁commander ▁of ▁the ▁Wars aw ▁Military ▁District ▁Major ▁General ▁C zes ław ▁W ary sz ak ▁( 1 9 1 9 - 1 9 7 9 ). ▁Tro ops ▁of ▁the ▁Polish ▁People ' s ▁Army ▁were ▁on ▁par ade , ▁featuring ▁units ▁such ▁as ▁the ▁Represent ative ▁Honor ▁Guard ▁of ▁the ▁L WP , ▁the ▁Band ▁of ▁the ▁L WP ▁( led ▁by ▁Colonel ▁Lis zt ok ), ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁cad ets ▁of ▁military ▁academ ies ▁and ▁other ▁ceremon ial ▁units ▁dressed ▁in ▁Polish ▁historical ▁military ▁uniform s ▁dating ▁back ▁to ▁the ▁Pi ast ▁dyn asty . ▁The ▁par ade ▁is ▁today ▁regarded ▁as ▁the ▁largest ▁military ▁par ade ▁in ▁the ▁history ▁of ▁Poland . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁Le ch , ▁Czech , ▁and ▁Rus ▁ ▁Christian ization ▁of ▁Bo hem ia ▁ ▁Christian ization ▁of ▁K ie van ▁Rus ' ▁ ▁D ag ome ▁I ude x ▁ ▁History ▁of ▁Poland |
▁( 9 6 6 – 1 3 8 5 ) ▁ ▁List ▁of ▁arch b ish ops ▁of ▁G nie z no ▁and ▁prim ates ▁of ▁Poland ▁ ▁Northern ▁Cr us ades ▁ ▁Notes ▁ ▁Category : History ▁of ▁Christianity ▁in ▁Poland ▁Category : B apt ism ▁Category : 1 0 th - century ▁Christianity ▁Category : 9 6 6 ▁Category : 1 0 th ▁century ▁in ▁Poland ▁Category : Christ ian ization ▁of ▁Europe <0x0A> </s> ▁U lla ▁Mi il mann ▁( born ▁ 1 9 7 2 ) ▁is ▁a ▁Dan ish ▁fl aut ist . ▁Since ▁ 1 9 9 4 , ▁she ▁has ▁been ▁the ▁principal ▁fl aut ist ▁of ▁the ▁Dan ish ▁National ▁Sym phony ▁Orchestra . ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 6 , ▁she ▁was ▁nominated ▁for ▁a ▁Gram my ▁Award ▁in ▁the ▁category ▁Best ▁S olo ist ▁Performance ▁with ▁Orchestra . ▁ ▁Biography ▁Mi il mann ▁was ▁brought ▁up ▁in ▁V em med rup ▁near ▁K ø ge ▁in ▁the ▁south ▁of ▁Zealand . ▁Her ▁interest ▁in ▁the ▁fl ute ▁started ▁at ▁the ▁age ▁of ▁eight ▁when ▁she ▁the ▁saw ▁instrument ▁being ▁played ▁on ▁a ▁television ▁programme . ▁Two ▁years ▁later , ▁her ▁parents ▁gave ▁her ▁a ▁fl ute ▁for ▁her ▁birthday . ▁When ▁they ▁saw ▁how ▁interested ▁she ▁had ▁become ▁in ▁playing ▁it , ▁they ▁arranged ▁for ▁her ▁to ▁have ▁music ▁lessons ▁in ▁Hill er ø d , ▁driving ▁her ▁there ▁every ▁Saturday . ▁Her ▁parents ' ▁interest ▁in ▁her ▁progress ▁encouraged ▁her , ▁motiv |
ating ▁her ▁to ▁practice ▁for ▁several ▁hours ▁a ▁day . ▁She ▁progress ed ▁quickly , ▁winning ▁the ▁Ber lings ke ▁Music ▁Compet ition ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 8 ▁and ▁playing ▁as ▁a ▁solo ist ▁with ▁the ▁C open h agen ▁Phil harm onic ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 0 . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁ 1 9 8 0 s , ▁it ▁became ▁fashion able ▁for ▁teen agers ▁to ▁go ▁to ▁America ▁as ▁exchange ▁students . ▁Mi il mann ▁received ▁a ▁place ▁at ▁the ▁School ▁of ▁the ▁Arts ▁in ▁North ▁Carolina . ▁She ▁quickly ▁adapted ▁to ▁the ▁school ' s ▁int ensive ▁curriculum , ▁pract ising ▁every ▁day ▁from ▁ 5 ▁a . m ., ▁then ▁following ▁classes ▁until ▁late ▁in ▁the ▁afternoon . ▁She ▁remained ▁at ▁the ▁school ▁until ▁she ▁was ▁ 2 0 , ▁successfully ▁completing ▁her ▁education ▁with ▁a ▁b achelor ' s ▁degree ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 2 . ▁ ▁The ▁years ▁she ▁had ▁spent ▁there ▁had ▁however ▁been ▁quite ▁a ▁strain . ▁As ▁a ▁result , ▁when ▁she ▁returned ▁to ▁Denmark ▁at ▁the ▁age ▁of ▁ 2 0 , ▁she ▁took ▁on ▁a ▁job ▁as ▁a ▁post man . ▁But ▁when ▁she ▁saw ▁an ▁advertis ement ▁for ▁a ▁post ▁with ▁the ▁Royal ▁Dan ish ▁Orchestra , ▁she ▁immediately ▁started ▁to ▁pract ise ▁again , ▁gaining ▁admission ▁when ▁she ▁was ▁just ▁ 2 1 . ▁The ▁following ▁year , ▁she ▁became ▁solo ▁fl aut ist ▁with ▁the ▁Dan ish ▁National ▁Sym phony ▁Orchestra ▁attached ▁to ▁Dan marks ▁Radio |
, ▁a ▁position ▁she ▁still ▁holds ▁today . ▁ ▁Mi il mann ▁also ▁plays ▁in ▁the ▁Dan ish ▁Radio ▁Wood wind ▁Qu int et ▁which ▁she ▁helped ▁to ▁establish ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 9 . ▁She ▁has ▁appeared ▁as ▁a ▁solo ist ▁with ▁all ▁the ▁major ▁or chestr as ▁in ▁C open h agen ▁and ▁has ▁played ▁with ▁other ▁notable ▁solo ists ▁including ▁the ▁pian ist ▁K atr ine ▁G is ling e ▁and ▁the ▁viol in ist ▁G id on ▁Kre mer . ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 2 , ▁she ▁appeared ▁with ▁the ▁Phil harm onia ▁Mom ent ▁Mus ical ▁at ▁a ▁Dan ish ▁music ▁event ▁in ▁Tai pe i . ▁ ▁In ▁February ▁ 2 0 0 6 , ▁Mi il mann ▁received ▁a ▁Gram my ▁nom ination ▁for ▁" Best ▁S olo ist ▁Performance ▁with ▁Orchestra " ▁for ▁her ▁recording ▁of ▁O le ▁Sch midt ' s ▁Con cer to ▁for ▁Fl ute ▁and ▁Orchestra . ▁Although ▁she ▁did ▁not ▁win ▁the ▁award , ▁the ▁nom ination ▁and ▁her ▁treatment ▁at ▁the ▁event ▁in ▁Los ▁Angeles ▁encouraged ▁her ▁to ▁stick ▁to ▁playing ▁the ▁fl ute ▁at ▁a ▁time ▁when ▁she ▁had ▁been ▁considering ▁moving ▁into ▁another ▁profession . ▁ ▁In ▁January ▁ 2 0 1 4 , ▁Mi il mann ▁was ▁the ▁solo ist ▁in ▁Carl ▁N iel sen ' s ▁Fl ute ▁Con cer to ▁which ▁she ▁first ▁played ▁when ▁she ▁was ▁about ▁ 1 3 ▁years ▁old . ▁" It ' s ▁only ▁over ▁the ▁past |
▁four ▁or ▁five ▁years ▁that ▁I ▁have ▁really ▁begun ▁to ▁understand ▁it ... ▁The ▁older ▁I ▁get , ▁the ▁more ▁I ▁am ▁ready ▁to ▁follow ▁my ▁inner ▁feelings , ▁even ▁though ▁they ▁may ▁not ▁be ▁in ▁line ▁with ▁the ▁accepted ▁traditions . ▁In ▁this ▁way , ▁for ▁the ▁first ▁time ▁I ▁can ▁see ▁I ▁am ▁beginning ▁to ▁understand ▁Carl ▁N iel sen ' s ▁Fl ute ▁Con cer to ." ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁U lla ▁Mi il mann ' s ▁website ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 7 2 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : Dan ish ▁fl aut ists ▁Category : W omen ▁fl aut ists ▁Category : 2 1 st - century ▁women ▁musicians <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁top ▁end ▁fire tail ▁sk ink ▁( More th ia ▁stor ri ) ▁is ▁a ▁species ▁of ▁sk ink ▁found ▁in ▁Northern ▁Terr itory ▁and ▁Western ▁Australia . ▁ ▁E ty m ology ▁The ▁specific ▁name , ▁stor ri , ▁is ▁in ▁honor ▁of ▁her pet ologist ▁Glen ▁Mil ton ▁St orr . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : More th ia ▁Category : Re pt iles ▁described ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 1 ▁Category : Sk inks ▁of ▁Australia ▁Category : End emic ▁fa una ▁of ▁Australia ▁Category : Tax a ▁named ▁by ▁Allen ▁Edd y ▁Gre er <0x0A> </s> ▁ 5 lo ▁is ▁a ▁computer ▁virus ▁that ▁increases ▁file ▁size ▁and ▁does ▁little ▁more ▁than ▁re plicate . ▁Size : ▁ 1 , 0 3 2 |
▁bytes ▁ ▁In fection ▁ 5 lo ▁infect s ▁resident ▁. EX E ▁files ▁only . ▁When ▁it ▁infect s ▁a ▁file , ▁it ▁increases ▁the ▁file ▁size ▁by ▁about ▁ 1 0 0 0 - 1 1 0 0 ▁bytes ▁( though ▁a ▁typical ▁value ▁is ▁ 1 0 3 2 ▁bytes .) ▁At ▁the ▁file ' s ▁direct ▁end , ▁this ▁message ▁can ▁be ▁found ▁( result ing ▁in ▁the ▁virus ' s ▁name ): ▁▁ 9 2 . 0 5 . 2 4 . 5 lo . 2 . 2 3 M Z ▁▁ ▁Other ▁strings ▁can ▁be ▁found ▁in ▁the ▁virus ' s ▁code : ▁ ▁? ?? ?? ?? ?. EX E ▁and ▁* . EX E ▁▁ 5 lo ▁stays ▁resident . ▁Whenever ▁a ▁. EX E ▁file ▁is ▁run , ▁ 5 lo ▁will ▁infect ▁it ▁( and ▁another ▁. EX E ▁file ). ▁The ▁virus ▁also ▁changes ▁the ▁file ' s ▁timestamp ▁to ▁the ▁date ▁and ▁time ▁of ▁infection . ▁After ▁these ▁in fections , ▁a ▁counter ▁within ▁the ▁virus ▁starts . ▁However , ▁this ▁counter ▁is ▁never ▁checked , ▁so ▁the ▁virus ▁doesn ' t ▁activate . ▁ 5 lo ▁app ends ▁its ▁code ▁into ▁infected ▁files . ▁It ▁also ▁changes ▁the ▁field ▁ 0 Ch ▁in ▁the ▁. EX E ▁file ' s ▁header ▁to ▁F FA Ah . ▁The ▁virus ▁ident ifies ▁itself ▁from ▁memory ▁by ▁using ▁the ▁interrupt ▁INT ▁ 2 1 , ▁A X = 3 5 2 1 h |
▁which ▁it ▁has ▁hook ed . ▁All ▁the ▁checks ▁work ▁correctly ▁and ▁the ▁virus ▁won ' t ▁infect ▁files ▁multiple ▁times ▁and ▁it ▁install s ▁itself ▁to ▁memory ▁only ▁once . ▁ ▁When ▁ 5 lo ▁is ▁running ▁in ▁memory , ▁it ▁isn ' t ▁discover able ▁by ▁typing ▁in ▁M EM ▁/ C . ▁This ▁is ▁because ▁when ▁the ▁virus ▁install s , ▁it ▁ties ▁itself ▁to ▁the ▁operating ▁system . ▁Free ▁memory ▁decre ases ▁by ▁about ▁ 2 ▁K B . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁Sym ante c ' s ▁page ▁on ▁ 5 lo ▁ ▁Category : D OS ▁file ▁vir uses <0x0A> </s> ▁A ▁geometric ▁lat he ▁was ▁used ▁for ▁making ▁or nament al ▁patterns ▁on ▁the ▁plates ▁used ▁in ▁printing ▁bank ▁notes ▁and ▁post age ▁st amps . ▁It ▁is ▁sometimes ▁called ▁a ▁gu ill och é ▁lat he . ▁It ▁was ▁developed ▁early ▁in ▁the ▁nineteenth ▁century ▁when ▁efforts ▁were ▁introduced ▁to ▁combat ▁for gery , ▁and ▁is ▁an ▁adaptation ▁of ▁an ▁or nament al ▁turning ▁lat he . ▁The ▁lat he ▁was ▁able ▁to ▁generate ▁inter sect ing ▁and ▁inter l acing ▁patterns ▁of ▁fine ▁lines ▁in ▁various ▁shapes , ▁which ▁were ▁almost ▁impossible ▁to ▁for ge ▁by ▁hand - en gr aving . ▁They ▁were ▁used ▁by ▁many ▁national ▁mint s . ▁ ▁Further ▁reading ▁Peter ▁B ower , ▁' E conom ic ▁war fare : ▁Bank note ▁For gery ▁as ▁a ▁deliber ate ▁weapon ', ▁and ▁Ma ure en ▁Green land |
, ▁' Comp ound ▁plate ▁printing ▁and ▁nineteenth - century ▁bank ▁notes , ▁ ▁in ▁Virginia ▁He w itt , ▁ed . ▁The ▁Bank er ' s ▁Art : ▁Studies ▁in ▁paper ▁money , ▁pp ▁ 4 6 – 6 3 , ▁and ▁pp ▁ 8 4 – 8 7 , ▁The ▁British ▁Museum ▁Press , ▁ 1 9 9 5 , ▁() ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁Security ▁printing ▁ ▁Sp iro graph ▁▁ ▁G ear ▁▁ ▁T us i ▁couple ▁ ▁Gu ill och é ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁Or nament al ▁Turn ing ▁ ▁Category : M oney ▁for gery ▁Category : Autom atic ▁lat hes ▁( me chan ically ▁automated ) <0x0A> </s> ▁Dave ▁Brown ▁was ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁Mont ana ▁House ▁of ▁Represent atives . ▁ ▁Biography ▁Brown ▁was ▁born ▁on ▁November ▁ 2 0 , ▁ 1 9 4 8 ▁in ▁Pom pe y ' s ▁P ill ar , ▁Mont ana . ▁He ▁pl ed ▁guilty ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 4 ▁to ▁five ▁counts ▁of ▁failing ▁to ▁file ▁federal ▁income ▁tax ▁returns . ▁▁ ▁He ▁died ▁on ▁October ▁ 2 3 , ▁ 1 9 9 8 ▁in ▁Madison , ▁Wisconsin . ▁ ▁Career ▁Brown ▁was ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁House ▁of ▁Represent atives ▁from ▁ 1 9 8 1 ▁to ▁ 1 9 9 3 . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : Members ▁of ▁the ▁Mont ana ▁House ▁of ▁Represent atives ▁Category : 1 9 4 8 ▁birth s ▁Category : |
1 9 9 8 ▁deaths ▁Category : People ▁from ▁Yellow stone ▁County , ▁Mont ana ▁Category : 2 0 th - century ▁American ▁politicians <0x0A> </s> ▁Barry ▁Railway ▁Class ▁K ▁were ▁ 0 - 6 - 2 T ▁steam ▁tank ▁engines ▁of ▁the ▁Barry ▁Railway ▁in ▁South ▁Wales . ▁ ▁They ▁were ▁designed ▁by ▁J . ▁H . ▁H os good ▁and ▁built ▁by ▁an ▁American ▁company , ▁Co oke ▁Loc omot ive ▁and ▁Machine ▁Works ▁of ▁Pat erson , ▁New ▁Jersey . ▁ ▁At ▁the ▁time ▁the ▁Barry ▁wanted ▁to ▁order ▁these ▁loc omot ives , ▁British ▁manufacturers ▁already ▁had ▁a ▁full ▁order ▁book . ▁ ▁In ▁order ▁not ▁to ▁face ▁an ▁in def in ite ▁wait , ▁inv itations ▁to ▁tender ▁were ▁advert ised ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States . ▁ ▁H os good ' s ▁aim ▁was ▁to ▁have ▁a ▁tank ▁engine ▁equivalent ▁to ▁the ▁“ Class ▁B 1 ”. ▁ ▁However , ▁because ▁of ▁his ▁desire ▁for ▁a ▁speed y ▁delivery , ▁he ▁agreed ▁to ▁certain ▁comprom ises ▁in ▁the ▁design . ▁ ▁The ▁order ▁was ▁placed ▁in ▁April ▁ 1 8 9 9 ▁and ▁was ▁delivered ▁later ▁that ▁year . ▁ ▁Tra ffic ▁duties ▁Although ▁originally ▁intended ▁for ▁haul ing ▁main ▁line ▁mineral ▁traffic , ▁they ▁proved ▁to ▁be ▁very ▁heavy ▁on ▁coal ▁and ▁water ▁and ▁therefore ▁not ▁a ▁feas ible ▁prospect ▁for ▁this ▁kind ▁of ▁work . ▁ ▁They ▁were ▁therefore ▁assigned ▁other ▁duties . ▁ ▁Two ▁of ▁the ▁class ▁were ▁sent ▁to ▁H af od ▁shed ▁for |
▁banking ▁duties ▁on ▁trains ▁on ▁the ▁grad ients ▁between ▁Tre h af od ▁Jun ction ▁and ▁Pont y pr idd ▁and ▁between ▁Tre fore st ▁Jun ction ▁and ▁T onte g . ▁ ▁The ▁other ▁three ▁were ▁assigned ▁to ▁haul ing ▁coal ▁trains ▁between ▁C ado xt on ▁Y ard ▁and ▁Barry ▁D ocks . ▁ ▁Later ▁on , ▁two ▁of ▁these ▁were ▁assigned ▁to ▁H af od , ▁joining ▁the ▁first ▁two , ▁for ▁banking ▁duties ▁and ▁the ▁fifth ▁was ▁retained ▁at ▁Barry ▁as ▁shed ▁pilot . ▁ ▁Heavy ▁on ▁coal ▁and ▁water ▁When ▁tests ▁were ▁originally ▁carried ▁out , ▁it ▁was ▁found ▁necessary ▁to ▁stop ▁two ▁or ▁three ▁times ▁while ▁taking ▁empty ▁w ag ons ▁up ▁to ▁the ▁Rh on dd a . ▁ ▁According ▁to ▁one ▁driver , ▁it ▁was ▁not ▁advis able ▁to ▁pass ▁a ▁single ▁water ▁column ▁for ▁fear ▁of ▁running ▁short ▁before ▁the ▁next ▁one . ▁ ▁Special ▁train ▁Every ▁year , ▁on ▁Good ▁Friday , ▁the ▁Direct ors ▁would ▁organ ise ▁an ▁or chestr al ▁concert ▁in ▁Barry ▁and ▁arrange ▁a ▁special ▁train ▁from ▁Tre h af od ▁to ▁carry ▁the ▁company ' s ▁employees ▁and ▁their ▁families ▁to ▁the ▁concert . ▁ ▁As ▁the ▁“ K ▁Class ” ▁was ▁vacuum ▁fitted , ▁they ▁were ▁the ▁only ▁engines ▁station ed ▁at ▁H af od ▁shed ▁suit ably ▁equipped ▁to ▁haul ▁a ▁passenger ▁train . ▁ ▁This ▁tradition ▁took ▁place ▁in ▁the ▁early ▁ 1 9 0 0 s . ▁ ▁With draw al ▁The ▁loc omot |
ives ▁passed ▁to ▁the ▁Great ▁Western ▁Railway ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 2 ▁but ▁were ▁withd rawn ▁between ▁ 1 9 2 7 ▁and ▁ 1 9 3 2 . ▁ ▁None ▁survived ▁into ▁British ▁Rail ways ▁ownership ▁and ▁none ▁have ▁been ▁preserved . ▁ ▁Number ing ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁K ▁Category : 0 - 6 - 2 T ▁loc omot ives ▁Category : Co oke ▁loc omot ives ▁Category : R ail way ▁loc omot ives ▁introduced ▁in ▁ 1 8 9 9 ▁Category : Standard ▁gauge ▁steam ▁loc omot ives ▁of ▁Great ▁Britain ▁Category : Sc r apped ▁loc omot ives <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Ult imate ▁Collection ▁is ▁the ▁third ▁" best - of " ▁compilation ▁album ▁and ▁by ▁Bos n ian ▁rock ▁band ▁Z ab ran jen o ▁Pu š en je , ▁released ▁on ▁March ▁ 1 8 , ▁ 2 0 0 9 . ▁The ▁double - full - length ▁album ▁is ▁released ▁through ▁Cro at ia ▁Records . ▁ ▁Track ▁listing ▁Source : ▁Cro at ia ▁Records , ▁Disc ogs ▁ ▁Person nel ▁ ▁C red its ▁adapted ▁from ▁the ▁album ' s ▁l iner ▁notes . ▁ ▁Production ▁▁ ▁K la ud ija ▁Č ular ▁– ▁editing ▁( S ony ▁D ADC ▁in ▁Sal z burg , ▁Austria ) ▁ ▁Ž el imir ▁Bab og red ac ▁– ▁production ▁ ▁Design ▁I gor ▁Kel č ec ▁– ▁design ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : 2 0 0 9 ▁compilation ▁albums ▁Category : 2 0 0 |
9 ▁greatest ▁hits ▁albums ▁Category : Z ab ran jen o ▁Pu š en je ▁albums <0x0A> </s> ▁Being ▁Ian ▁is ▁a ▁Canadian ▁animated ▁series ▁produced ▁by ▁Studio ▁B ▁Produ ctions ▁and ▁Nel v ana ▁Limited ▁for ▁Y TV , ▁focusing ▁on ▁ 1 2 - year - old ▁Ian ▁Kel ley , ▁who ▁as pires ▁to ▁become ▁a ▁film maker . ▁It ▁originally ▁a ired ▁from ▁April ▁ 2 6 , ▁ 2 0 0 5 , ▁to ▁October ▁ 1 1 , ▁ 2 0 0 8 . ▁ ▁The ▁series ▁is ▁created ▁by ▁and ▁based ▁on ▁the ▁early ▁life ▁of ▁creator ▁Ian ▁James ▁Cor lett . ▁It ▁is ▁set ▁in ▁the ▁city ▁of ▁Burn aby , ▁British ▁Columbia . ▁Produ ced ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 4 , ▁it ▁debut ed ▁on ▁April ▁ 2 6 , ▁ 2 0 0 5 , ▁on ▁Y TV . ▁The ▁series ▁first ▁a ired ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁on ▁Jet ix ▁along ▁with ▁Carl ² ▁on ▁September ▁ 1 5 , ▁ 2 0 0 5 ▁until ▁November ▁ 1 4 , ▁ 2 0 0 7 . ▁The ▁series ▁also ▁a ired ▁on ▁Q ub o ▁from ▁September ▁ 1 9 ▁to ▁October ▁ 2 4 , ▁ 2 0 0 9 , ▁and ▁continued ▁to ▁air ▁on ▁Q ub o ' s ▁Night ▁O wl ▁block ▁until ▁March ▁ 2 5 , ▁ 2 0 1 8 . ▁However ▁it ▁returned ▁to ▁Q ub o ▁on ▁May ▁ 2 9 |
, ▁ 2 0 1 8 ▁as ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁network ' s ▁Night ▁O wl ▁Block ▁until ▁September ▁ 2 9 , ▁ 2 0 1 8 . ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 2 , ▁Y TV ▁stopped ▁air ing ▁r er uns ▁in ▁Canada . ▁Nick el ode on ▁Canada ▁a ired ▁r er uns ▁of ▁the ▁show ▁from ▁September ▁ 5 , ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁to ▁September ▁ 2 , ▁ 2 0 1 3 . ▁R er uns ▁continued ▁to ▁air ▁on ▁BBC ▁Kids ▁in ▁Canada ▁until ▁the ▁network ' s ▁closure ▁on ▁December ▁ 3 1 , ▁ 2 0 1 8 . ▁ ▁Char acters ▁ ▁Kel ley ▁family ▁Ian ▁Kel ley : ▁Vo iced ▁by ▁Richard ▁Ian ▁C ox . ▁The ▁protagon ist ▁of ▁the ▁series , ▁Ian ▁Kel ley ▁as pires ▁to ▁become ▁a ▁film maker . ▁Unfortunately , ▁his ▁family ▁is ▁mostly ▁ind ifferent ▁towards ▁his ▁creative ▁streak , ▁which ▁is ▁a ▁constant ▁source ▁of ▁frustration ▁for ▁him . ▁Ian ▁is ▁intelligent , ▁if ▁somewhat ▁na ive , ▁he ▁has ▁a ▁very ▁large ▁imagination , ▁and ▁often ▁gets ▁lost ▁in ▁day d ream s ▁( many ▁of ▁which ▁are ▁par od ies ▁of ▁famous ▁films ). ▁His ▁ultimate ▁dream ▁is ▁to ▁win ▁an ▁Academy ▁Award , ▁to ▁the ▁point ▁that ▁he ▁constantly ▁practices ▁his ▁acceptance ▁speech , ▁just ▁so ▁he ▁will ▁not ▁be ▁caught ▁speech less ▁if ▁and ▁when ▁it ▁ever ▁does ▁happen . ▁As ide ▁from ▁this , ▁Ian ▁is ▁a |
▁typical ▁sit com ▁child ; ▁most ▁pl ots ▁involve ▁him ▁either ▁failing ▁at ▁an ▁elaborate ▁scheme ▁or ▁trying ▁desperately ▁to ▁survive ▁in ▁a ▁world ▁that ▁does ▁not ▁seem ▁to ▁fit ▁his ▁ide als . ▁According ▁to ▁the ▁episode ▁" Be ing ▁Pr incipal ▁Bill ", ▁Ian ' s ▁middle ▁name ▁is ▁James , ▁a ▁reference ▁to ▁Ian ▁James ▁Cor lett , ▁whom ▁he ▁is ▁based ▁on . ▁He ▁has ▁a ▁crush ▁on ▁Sand i ▁as ▁seen ▁in ▁various ▁animated ▁thoughts . ▁ ▁Kenn eth ▁" K en " ▁Kel ley : ▁Vo iced ▁by ▁Louis ▁Ch ir illo . ▁Kenn eth ▁is ▁Ian ' s ▁father ; ▁he ▁owns ▁Kel ley ' s ▁Key boards , ▁a ▁local ▁music ▁store . ▁Ken , ▁while ▁a ▁loving ▁husband ▁and ▁father , ▁is ▁somewhat ▁cl uel ess , ▁easily ▁distract ed , ▁and ▁chron ically ▁unc ool . ▁While ▁he ▁tries ▁his ▁best ▁to ▁keep ▁his ▁household ▁in ▁check , ▁every ▁member ▁of ▁his ▁family ▁knows ▁exactly ▁how ▁to ▁get ▁their ▁way ▁with ▁him . ▁Ken ▁is ▁chron ically ▁dependent ▁on ▁his ▁wife ▁to ▁keep ▁his ▁life ▁in ▁check ; ▁when ▁she ▁temporarily ▁left ▁him , ▁it ▁only ▁took ▁a ▁few ▁days ▁for ▁him ▁to ▁reg ress ▁to ▁a ▁ne ander thal . ▁When ▁he ▁was ▁younger , ▁Ken ▁dream ed ▁of ▁becoming ▁a ▁recording ▁star ▁and ▁showing ▁up ▁to ▁all ▁of ▁the ▁" c ool " ▁kids ▁who ▁sn ub bed ▁him . ▁However , ▁his ▁recording ▁career ▁ended ▁the ▁same ▁day ▁it ▁began |
, ▁as ▁the ▁only ▁song ▁he ▁played ▁was ▁" I ' s ▁the ▁B ' y ". ▁While ▁often ▁used ▁for ▁comic ▁relief , ▁Ken ▁can ▁be ▁a ▁sym pathetic ▁character , ▁especially ▁when ▁he ▁seems ▁aware ▁of ▁how ▁unc ool ▁he ▁is . ▁Ken ▁is ▁a ▁work ah olic ▁and ▁has ▁a ▁very ▁g ung - ho ▁attitude ▁towards ▁volunteer ▁service , ▁seemingly ▁ob liv ious ▁to ▁the ▁fact ▁that ▁his ▁sons ▁do ▁not ▁share ▁his ▁attitude . ▁His ▁catch phrase ▁is ▁" H oly ▁M oli , ▁R avi oli ! ". ▁Victoria ▁" V icky " ▁Kel ley ▁( née ▁Mens ke ): ▁Vo iced ▁by ▁Pat ric ia ▁D rake . ▁Victoria ▁is ▁Ian ' s ▁mother ▁from ▁Poland . ▁She ▁div ides ▁her ▁time ▁as ▁a ▁homem aker ▁and ▁helping ▁Ken ▁run ▁the ▁music ▁store . ▁While ▁she ▁loves ▁her ▁husband ▁and ▁sons ▁very ▁de arly , ▁they ▁all ▁have ▁a ▁good ▁reason ▁to ▁fear ▁her ▁wr ath . ▁While ▁she ▁usually ▁is ▁the ▁most ▁level - headed ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁family , ▁V ick i ▁can ▁be ▁surprisingly ▁pet ty ▁and ▁selfish ▁when ▁she ▁does ▁not ▁get ▁her ▁own ▁way . ▁She ▁also ▁constantly ▁an no ys ▁her ▁family ▁with ▁odd ▁obs essions ▁she ▁develop s ▁( col lector ' s ▁spo ons , ▁organic ▁food , ▁de formed ▁animals , ▁etc .), ▁to ▁the ▁point ▁of ▁being ▁ob liv ious ▁to ▁anything ▁else . ▁Usually ▁her ▁husband ▁and ▁sons ▁are ▁at ▁her ▁wr ath , ▁while |
▁she ▁is ▁proud ▁of ▁their ▁achievements ▁and ▁they ▁care ▁about ▁each ▁other . ▁Kyle ▁Kel ley : ▁Vo iced ▁by ▁Ty ▁Ol sson . ▁Kyle ▁is ▁Ian ' s ▁brother ▁and ▁the ▁oldest ▁of ▁the ▁family . ▁A ▁laid - back , ▁somewhat ▁d olt ish ▁teenager , ▁Kyle ▁is ▁not ▁stupid ▁so ▁much ▁as ▁lazy ; ▁he ▁knows ▁how ▁to ▁get ▁his ▁way ▁around ▁the ▁house , ▁and ▁sees ▁no ▁reason ▁to ▁put ▁any ▁real ▁effort ▁into ▁anything . ▁Un known ▁to ▁most , ▁he ▁is ▁actually ▁very ▁intelligent ; ▁he ▁is ▁able ▁to ▁spell ▁highly ▁difficult ▁words ▁with ▁ease , ▁can ▁perform ▁complex ▁mathematical ▁equations ▁in ▁his ▁head , ▁and ▁can ▁memor ize ▁entire ▁science ▁text books . ▁The ▁only ▁thing ▁that ▁Kyle ▁is ▁really ▁interested ▁in ▁is ▁the ▁opposite ▁sex ; ▁he ▁readily ▁will ▁take ▁chase ▁after ▁any ▁attractive ▁female ▁that ▁cat ches ▁his ▁eye , ▁but ▁his ▁purs uits ▁sel dom ▁lead ▁to ▁anything ▁other ▁than ▁re jection . ▁As ▁with ▁Kore y , ▁Kyle ▁has ▁a ▁play fully ▁ant agon istic ▁relationship ▁with ▁the ▁well - be h aved ▁Ian ; ▁while ▁he ▁probably ▁cares ▁for ▁the ▁" do of us " ▁deep ▁down , ▁the ▁tempt ations ▁to ▁play ▁off ▁of ▁Ian ' s ▁g ull ibility ▁and ▁sensitivity ▁are ▁too ▁much ▁for ▁him ▁to ▁resist ▁most ▁of ▁the ▁time . ▁Kore y ▁Kel ley : ▁Vo iced ▁by ▁Matt ▁Hill . ▁Kore y ▁is ▁Ian ' s ▁brother ▁and ▁the ▁middle ▁child ▁of ▁the ▁three . |
▁Kore y ▁is ▁a ▁rather ▁id ios ync r atic ▁individual ▁- ▁not ▁even ▁his ▁own ▁family ▁understands ▁him ▁most ▁of ▁the ▁time . ▁Most ▁of ▁the ▁time ▁Kore y ▁seems ▁lost ▁in ▁his ▁own ▁world . ▁Despite ▁this , ▁Kore y ▁actually ▁has ▁a ▁sharp ▁mind ▁and ▁is ▁often ▁very ▁observ ant ▁- ▁it ▁seems ▁he ▁simply ▁cho oses ▁not ▁to ▁be ▁aware ▁of ▁his ▁surroundings ▁most ▁of ▁the ▁time . ▁C aught ▁in ▁the ▁middle ▁between ▁his ▁two ▁brothers , ▁as ▁being ▁the ▁middle ▁child ▁Kore y ▁comb ines ▁the ▁nic eness ▁and ▁sens it iveness ▁of ▁the ▁youngest ▁child ▁and ▁the ▁la z iness ▁of ▁the ▁oldest ▁to ▁form ▁his ▁own ▁personality . ▁Although ▁it ' s ▁not ▁shown ▁as ▁much , ▁Kore y ▁( s ometimes ▁openly ) ▁shows ▁affection ▁and ▁kindness ▁for ▁Ian ▁and ▁his ▁other ▁family ▁members ; ▁however , ▁this ▁is ▁overlook ed ▁quite ▁a ▁lot ▁as ▁he ▁is ▁often ▁playing ▁pr anks ▁with ▁Kyle ▁and ▁is ▁very ▁lazy ▁at ▁times . ▁A ▁running ▁g ag ▁is ▁that ▁Kore y ▁never ▁rem oves ▁his ▁cap , ▁even ▁when ▁he ▁sle eps . ▁Ch op in : ▁Vo iced ▁by ▁David ▁Kay e . ▁Ch op in ▁is ▁the ▁Kel ley ▁family ▁dog , ▁a ▁lap ▁dog ▁of ▁ind et erm inate ▁breed ▁who ▁is ▁missing ▁one ▁of ▁his ▁hind ▁legs . ▁Ian ▁received ▁him ▁as ▁a ▁gift ▁when ▁he ▁was ▁young , ▁and ▁it ▁has ▁since ▁come ▁out ▁that ▁V icky , ▁who ▁cares ▁deeply ▁for |
▁de formed ▁animals , ▁told ▁him ▁that ▁all ▁dogs ▁have ▁three ▁legs ▁at ▁the ▁time . ▁Ch op in ' s ▁role ▁is ▁mostly ▁limited ▁to ▁physical ▁comedy ▁- ▁an ▁often - used ▁g ag ▁is ▁the ▁fact ▁that ▁Ch op in ▁is ▁unable ▁to ▁stay ▁upright ▁when ▁he ▁lif ts ▁a ▁leg ▁to ▁ur inate . ▁ ▁Friends ▁and ▁relatives ▁T yr one ▁" Ty " ▁Washington : ▁Vo iced ▁by ▁D ex ter ▁Bell . ▁T yr one ▁is ▁Ian ' s ▁best ▁friend ▁from ▁the ▁United ▁States . ▁Consider ably ▁more ▁together ▁than ▁Ian , ▁T yr one ▁often ▁attempts ▁to ▁act ▁as ▁the ▁voice ▁of ▁reason , ▁although ▁he ▁is ▁usually ▁willing ▁to ▁go ▁along ▁with ▁whatever ▁schemes ▁his ▁friend ▁cook s ▁up . ▁T yr one ▁is ▁usually ▁the ▁one ▁to ▁pull ▁Ian ▁back ▁to ▁reality ▁when ▁one ▁of ▁his ▁fant as ies ▁goes ▁too ▁far . ▁His ▁father ▁is ▁a ▁ 6 ' 8 " ▁African - American ▁basketball ▁player . ▁His ▁mother ▁is ▁a ▁ 4 ' 3 " ▁Asian ▁nurse . ▁Sand ra ▁" S and i " ▁Cro cker : ▁Vo iced ▁by ▁Tab ith a ▁St . ▁Germ ain . ▁Sand i ▁is ▁Ian ' s ▁other ▁best ▁friend . ▁She ▁is ▁an ▁athlet ic , ▁short - t emper ed ▁tomb oy , ▁and ▁can ▁physically ▁dom inate ▁Ian ▁and ▁T yr one ▁easily . ▁Together ▁with ▁T yr one , ▁Sand i ▁often ▁acts ▁as ▁a ▁bem used ▁sort ▁of ▁Greek |
▁ch orus ▁to ▁Ian ' s ▁ant ics . ▁Her ▁relationship ▁with ▁the ▁boys ▁is ▁completely ▁plat onic , ▁although ▁she ▁once ▁accidentally ▁admitted ▁that ▁she ▁expects ▁Ian ▁and ▁T yr one ' s ▁friendship ▁to ▁be ▁str ained ▁by ▁fighting ▁for ▁her ▁aff e ctions ▁when ▁they ▁become ▁older . ▁There ▁is , ▁however , ▁a ▁slight ▁romance ▁hint ed ▁between ▁Ian ▁and ▁Sand i . ▁Grand ma ▁E lean or ▁Kel ley : ▁Vo iced ▁by ▁Pat ric ia ▁D rake . ▁Grand ma ▁Kel ley ▁is ▁Ken ' s ▁patri otic ▁mother ▁from ▁Scotland . ▁She ▁speaks ▁in ▁a ▁thick ▁bro gue ▁and ▁can ▁terror ize ▁her ▁entire ▁family ▁with ▁little ▁effort ▁- ▁no ▁member ▁of ▁her ▁family ▁is ▁willing ▁to ▁cross ▁her . ▁A ▁clever ▁joke ▁is ▁made ▁of ▁this ▁in ▁the ▁opening ▁theme ▁at ▁one ▁point ; ▁Ian ▁fant as izes ▁his ▁family ▁as ▁movie ▁mon sters , ▁but ▁Grand ma ▁Kel ley ▁stays ▁exactly ▁the ▁same . ▁Grand ma ▁Mary ▁Mens ke : ▁Vo iced ▁by ▁Christ ina ▁J astr zem b ska . ▁Grand ma ▁Mens ke ▁is ▁V icky ' s ▁mother ; ▁being ▁a ▁d oting ▁grandmother , ▁she ▁is ▁constantly ▁pam per ing ▁her ▁family ▁with ▁heart y ▁meals ▁and ▁tack y ▁hand - made ▁clothing . ▁She ▁never ▁approved ▁of ▁Ken ' s ▁marriage ▁to ▁V icky ; ▁she ▁rather ▁sees ▁it ▁as ▁a ▁result ▁of ▁a ▁Gy psy ▁curse ▁on ▁her ▁family . ▁Even ▁after ▁Ken ▁and ▁V icky ▁had ▁been |
▁married ▁for ▁two ▁decades , ▁she ▁still ▁held ▁out ▁on ▁hope ▁for ▁V icky ▁to ▁get ▁back ▁with ▁her ▁ex - boy friend ▁Lub om ir ▁W orm ch uk . ▁She ▁only ▁gave ▁her ▁blessing ▁to ▁the ▁marriage ▁when ▁she ▁discovered ▁that ▁Lub om ir ▁had ▁lost ▁his ▁teeth ▁( what ▁had ▁attracted ▁her ▁attention ▁in ▁the ▁first ▁place ). ▁O db ald : ▁Vo iced ▁by ▁Ian ▁James ▁Cor lett . ▁O db ald ▁is ▁Ken ' s ▁assistant ▁at ▁Kel ley ' s ▁Key boards . ▁A ▁rural ▁immigr ant ▁from ▁the ▁Netherlands , ▁he ▁moved ▁to ▁Canada ▁to ▁escape ▁a ▁life ▁of ▁" pol ishing ▁che es es ▁and ▁car ving ▁wooden ▁shoes ". ▁O db ald , ▁despite ▁being ▁an ▁adult , ▁is ▁very ▁imm ature ▁- ▁leaving ▁him ▁in ▁charge ▁of ▁the ▁Kel ley ▁boys ▁always ▁results ▁in ▁disaster . ▁O db ald ▁is ▁an ▁expert ▁in ▁key boards ▁of ▁all ▁kinds , ▁to ▁the ▁point ▁that ▁he ▁becomes ▁emotionally ▁attached ▁to ▁them . ▁O db ald ▁is ▁utterly ▁devoted ▁to ▁Ken ▁- ▁or ▁" M ish ter ▁Kel ley ", ▁as ▁he ▁calls ▁him ▁- ▁and ▁often ▁goes ▁out ▁of ▁his ▁way ▁to ▁aid ▁Ken ▁in ▁tasks ▁far ▁beyond ▁his ▁duties ▁in ▁Kel ley ' s ▁Key boards . ▁Whenever ▁Ken ▁accidentally ▁damages ▁something , ▁his ▁stock ▁response ▁is ▁to ▁say ▁" O db ald , ▁could ▁you ▁take ▁care ▁of ▁that ▁for ▁me ?" ▁O db ald ▁lives ▁in ▁the ▁back ▁room ▁of ▁Kel ley |
' s ▁Key boards ▁and ▁has ▁a ▁pro cl ivity ▁for ▁nod ding ▁off ▁at ▁in appropri ate ▁times ▁and ▁eating ▁mess ily . ▁ ▁Support ing ▁Pr incipal ▁Bill ▁McC am mon : ▁Vo iced ▁by ▁Richard ▁New man . ▁Mr . ▁McC am mon ▁is ▁Ian ' s ▁school ▁principal ▁at ▁C eline ▁D ion ▁Middle ▁School . ▁He ▁does ▁not ▁trust ▁Ian ▁sometimes ▁due ▁to ▁his ▁imagination , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁his ▁family . ▁Nevertheless , ▁he ▁does ▁his ▁best ▁to ▁set ▁forward ▁a ▁proper ▁education ▁for ▁the ▁entire ▁school . ▁Mr . ▁Gree ble : ▁Vo iced ▁by ▁Peter ▁Kel am is , ▁and ▁Ty ▁Ol sson ▁on ▁his ▁first ▁appearance . ▁Mr . ▁Gree ble ▁is ▁one ▁of ▁Ian ' s ▁teachers ▁at ▁C eline ▁D ion ▁Middle ▁School . ▁Like ▁Mr . ▁McC am mon , ▁he ▁does ▁not ▁trust ▁Ian ▁sometimes ▁due ▁to ▁his ▁imagination . ▁Ronald ▁Fle eman : ▁Vo iced ▁by : ▁Ian ▁James ▁Cor lett . ▁He ▁is ▁the ▁owner ▁of ▁a ▁smooth ie ▁shop ▁next ▁door ▁to ▁Kel ley ' s ▁Key boards ▁( and ▁Sp a ). ▁ ▁E pis odes ▁ ▁Season ▁ 1 ▁( 2 0 0 5 ) ▁Direct ed ▁By : ▁Andy ▁Bart lett , ▁Josh ▁M ep ham ▁ ▁Season ▁ 2 ▁( 2 0 0 5 – 0 6 ) ▁Direct ed ▁By : ▁Josh ▁M ep ham ▁ ▁Season ▁ 3 ▁( 2 0 0 7 - 2 0 0 8 ) ▁Direct ed |
▁By : ▁Ch ad ▁Van ▁De ▁Ke ere ▁ ▁International ▁broadcast ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁The ▁Being ▁Ian ▁website ▁on ▁Y TV . com ▁Ian ▁James ▁Cor lett ▁( see ▁Being ▁Ian ▁in ▁the ▁Original ▁Project s ▁section ) ▁ ▁Category : 2 0 0 5 ▁Canadian ▁television ▁series ▁debut s ▁Category : 2 0 0 7 ▁Canadian ▁television ▁series ▁end ings ▁Category : Can ad ian ▁children ' s ▁animated ▁comedy ▁television ▁series ▁Category : Tele vision ▁shows ▁set ▁in ▁British ▁Columbia ▁Category : Tele vision ▁series ▁produced ▁in ▁Vancouver ▁Category : Y TV ▁shows ▁Category : Q ub o ▁Category : Tele vision ▁series ▁by ▁Nel v ana ▁Category : Tele vision ▁series ▁by ▁D H X ▁Media ▁Category : Can ad ian ▁flash ▁animated ▁television ▁series ▁Category : 2 0 0 0 s ▁Canadian ▁animated ▁television ▁series ▁Category : Can ad ian ▁television ▁series ▁with ▁live ▁action ▁and ▁animation ▁Category : Anim ated ▁television ▁series ▁about ▁children ▁Category : Anim ated ▁television ▁series ▁about ▁families <0x0A> </s> ▁Paul ▁Vol pe ▁may ▁refer ▁to : ▁ ▁Paul ▁Vol pe ▁( mob ster ), ▁Italian - Can ad ian ▁mob ster ▁ ▁Paul ▁Vol pe ▁( p oker ▁player ), ▁American ▁poker ▁player <0x0A> </s> ▁Francisco ▁de ▁Tor al , ▁O . F . M . ▁( 1 5 0 2 – 1 5 7 1 ) ▁was ▁a ▁Francis can ▁mission ary ▁in ▁New ▁Spain , ▁and ▁the ▁first ▁Bishop ▁of ▁Y uc at án . ▁ ▁Biography |
▁De ▁Tor al ▁was ▁ord ained ▁a ▁priest ▁in ▁the ▁Order ▁of ▁F ri ars ▁Minor . ▁On ▁November ▁ 1 9 , ▁ 1 5 6 1 , ▁Francisco ▁de ▁Tor al ▁was ▁appointed ▁by ▁Pope ▁P ius ▁IV ▁the ▁first ▁b ishop ▁of ▁the ▁Di oc ese ▁of ▁Y uc at án ▁and ▁con sec rated ▁b ishop ▁on ▁May ▁ 2 4 , ▁ 1 5 6 2 ▁by ▁San cho ▁D í az ▁de ▁Tru j illo , ▁A ux iliary ▁Bishop ▁of ▁Pl as encia , ▁with ▁Fernando ▁de ▁Vill ag ó me z , ▁Bishop ▁of ▁T l ax cal a , ▁and ▁Juan ▁de ▁V aca , ▁Bishop ▁of ▁Pan am á , ▁serving ▁as ▁co - con sec r ators . ▁ ▁As ▁part ▁of ▁his ▁effort ▁to ▁Christian ize ▁the ▁Indians ▁of ▁New ▁Spain , ▁Tor al ▁learned ▁to ▁speak ▁the ▁N ahu at l ▁and ▁Pop ol oca ▁languages , ▁and ▁compiled ▁a ▁dictionary ▁and ▁gram mar ▁of ▁the ▁latter . ▁He ▁also ▁charged ▁Bernard ino ▁de ▁S ah ag ún ▁with ▁the ▁creation ▁of ▁the ▁Historia ▁General ▁de ▁las ▁Cos as ▁de ▁N ueva ▁España . ▁In ▁Y uc at án ▁he ▁led ▁an ▁investigation ▁into ▁the ▁alleged ▁ab uses ▁of ▁the ▁May a ▁by ▁Diego ▁de ▁Land a , ▁employ ing ▁Gas par ▁Antonio ▁Chi ▁as ▁his ▁inter preter ; ▁Land a ▁would ▁eventually ▁be ▁acqu itted , ▁and ▁follow ▁Tor al ▁as ▁Bishop ▁of ▁Y uc at án . ▁He |
▁claimed ▁that ▁cross es ▁were ▁being ▁burned , ▁and ▁human ▁sacrific es ▁were ▁made ▁in ▁church . ▁In ▁the ▁end , ▁May ans ▁were ▁considered ▁innocent , ▁based ▁on ▁the ▁lack ▁of ▁proof . ▁Francisco ▁de ▁Tor al ▁requested ▁his ▁permission ▁be ▁term inated , ▁but ▁his ▁request ▁was ▁denied . ▁Following ▁this ▁den ial , ▁he ▁moved ▁to ▁Mexico ▁City ▁and ▁lived ▁there ▁until ▁his ▁death ▁on ▁April ▁ 2 0 , ▁ 1 5 7 1 . ▁ ▁Exper iences ▁in ▁Y uc at án ▁ ▁Before ▁Tor al ▁arrived ▁in ▁the ▁Y uc at án , ▁Land a ▁arrived ▁in ▁ 1 5 4 9 ▁and ▁ordered ▁the ▁destruction ▁of ▁more ▁than ▁ 2 0 , 0 0 0 ▁May an ▁art ifacts ▁that ▁were ▁determined ▁to ▁be ▁cult ▁images ▁over ▁his ▁time ▁in ▁the ▁region . ▁In ▁addition ▁to ▁his ▁over see ing ▁of ▁these ▁art ifacts ’ ▁destruction , ▁he ▁actively ▁tort ured ▁May ans ▁in ▁order ▁to ▁produce ▁conf essions ▁of ▁id ol at ry . ▁May ans ▁that ▁conf essed ▁to ▁id ol ▁worship ▁faced ▁severe ▁pen alties , ▁ranging ▁from ▁fl og ging ▁to ▁ten ▁years ▁of ▁forced ▁labor ▁for ▁minor ▁off enses . ▁ ▁Tor al ▁arrived ▁in ▁ 1 5 6 2 ▁to ▁a ▁province ▁that ▁was ▁in ▁a ▁great ▁state ▁of ▁un rest . ▁There ▁was ▁a ▁large ▁controversy ▁among ▁May ans ▁and ▁sec ular ▁government ▁officials ▁with ▁regards ▁to ▁Land a ’ s ▁treatment ▁of ▁alleg edly ▁id ol at rous |
▁Indians . ▁Tor al ▁was ▁shocked ▁by ▁the ▁violent ▁behavior ▁of ▁the ▁Francis can ▁f ri ars . ▁He ▁believed ▁that ▁the ▁cler gy ▁had ▁both ▁a ▁right ▁and ▁duty ▁to ▁physically ▁pun ish ▁May ans ▁res isting ▁conversion , ▁but ▁Tor al ▁was ▁ske pt ical ▁that ▁the ▁conf essions ▁Land a ▁el ic ited ▁were ▁legitimate ▁and ▁the ▁resulting ▁pun ish ments ▁were ▁an ▁over re action ▁to ▁the ▁situation . ▁In ▁Tor al ’ s ▁eyes , ▁Land a ▁was ▁doing ▁work ▁outside ▁of ▁the ▁position ▁he ▁had ▁been ▁designated . ▁With ▁this ▁conflict ▁began ▁a ▁period ▁of ▁dist rust ▁between ▁Tor al ▁and ▁the ▁Francis c ans ▁of ▁the ▁Y uc at án . ▁ ▁In ▁response ▁to ▁these ▁events , ▁Tor al ▁forced ▁Land a ’ s ▁return ▁to ▁Spain ▁in ▁ 1 5 6 3 ▁in ▁order ▁to ▁answer ▁the ▁accus ations ▁that ▁were ▁being ▁drawn ▁against ▁him . ▁As ▁Tor al ▁began ▁to ▁exercise ▁his ▁authority , ▁he ▁freed ▁hundreds ▁of ▁May ans ▁that ▁Land a ▁had ▁imprison ed . ▁Under ▁his ▁super vision ▁only ▁the ▁most ▁extreme ▁cases ▁of ▁id ol at ry ▁were ▁investigated , ▁and ▁even ▁those ▁resulted ▁in ▁fairly ▁light ▁sentences . ▁In ▁addition ▁to ▁this , ▁Tor al ▁began ▁to ▁cooper ate ▁more ▁with ▁local ▁sec ular ▁authorities ▁in ▁order ▁for ▁his ▁religious ▁order ▁to ▁be ▁as ▁effective ▁as ▁possible . ▁He ▁removed ▁Francis can ▁mission ary ▁cler gy ▁from ▁the ▁administration ▁of ▁ec cles i ast ical ▁justice , ▁urg |
ing ▁his ▁sec ular ▁cler gy ▁to ▁use ▁ver bal ▁persu asion ▁to ▁draw ▁May ans ▁away ▁from ▁id ol at ry . ▁ ▁Tor al ’ s ▁dist rust ▁of ▁Francis c ans ▁and ▁his ▁in ability ▁to ▁control ▁the ▁f ri ars ▁still ▁holding ▁authority ▁resulted ▁in ▁a ▁large ▁amount ▁of ▁tension ▁between ▁himself , ▁the ▁Francis can ▁order , ▁and ▁local ▁government ▁authorities , ▁namely ▁Governor ▁Luis ▁de ▁C é sp edes ▁y ▁O v ied o . ▁Ch arg es ▁were ▁brought ▁against ▁him ▁by ▁Governor ▁C é sp edes ▁for ▁us ur ping ▁royal ▁juris diction ▁as ▁anim osity ▁towards ▁him ▁as ▁a ▁religious ▁leader ▁began ▁to ▁grow . ▁Land a ▁was ▁eventually ▁abs olved ▁of ▁his ▁charges ▁in ▁ 1 5 6 9 . ▁Following ▁this ▁and ▁his ▁ongoing ▁d ile mm as ▁in ▁Y uc at án , ▁Tor al ▁requested ▁he ▁be ▁rel oc ated ▁to ▁serve ▁in ▁Mexico ▁City ▁before ▁ultimately ▁ab d icating ▁his ▁position ▁in ▁ 1 5 7 0 ▁and ▁dying ▁in ▁Mexico . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁and ▁additional ▁sources ▁ ▁( for ▁Chron ology ▁of ▁B ish ops ) ▁▁ ▁( for ▁Chron ology ▁of ▁B ish ops ) ▁▁ ▁Category : 1 5 0 2 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 5 7 1 ▁deaths ▁Category : M ex ican ▁Francis c ans ▁Category : 1 6 th - century ▁Roman ▁Catholic ▁b ish ops ▁Category : M ission ary ▁lingu ists ▁Category : B ish |
ops ▁appointed ▁by ▁Pope ▁P ius ▁IV ▁Category : Fr anc is can ▁b ish ops <0x0A> </s> ▁E sm ail abad ▁or ▁Es ma e el abad ▁() ▁may ▁refer ▁to : ▁ ▁Al bor z ▁Province ▁E sm ail abad , ▁Al bor z ▁E sm ail abad ▁Sh ur ▁Q ale h - ye ▁B ala , ▁Al bor z ▁E sm ail abad ▁Sh ur ▁Q ale h - ye ▁Pain , ▁Al bor z ▁ ▁Ch ah ar ma hal ▁and ▁Bak ht i ari ▁Province ▁E sm ail abad , ▁Ch ah ar ma hal ▁and ▁Bak ht i ari , ▁a ▁village ▁in ▁Ku hr ang ▁County ▁ ▁East ▁A zer ba ij an ▁Province ▁E sm ail abad , ▁East ▁A zer ba ij an , ▁a ▁village ▁in ▁Sar ab ▁County ▁ ▁F ars ▁Province ▁E sm ail abad , ▁B avan at , ▁a ▁village ▁in ▁B avan at ▁County ▁E sm ail abad , ▁Dar ab , ▁a ▁village ▁in ▁Dar ab ▁County ▁E sm ail abad , ▁Jah rom , ▁a ▁village ▁in ▁Jah rom ▁County ▁E sm ail abad , ▁K har ame h , ▁a ▁village ▁in ▁K har ame h ▁County ▁E sm ail abad , ▁Mar vd as ht , ▁a ▁village ▁in ▁Mar vd as ht ▁County ▁E sm ail abad ▁( 3 0 ° 0 1 ′ ▁N ▁ 5 2 ° 3 6 ′ ▁E ), ▁Dor ud z an , ▁a ▁village ▁in |
▁Mar vd as ht ▁County ▁E sm ail abad ▁( 3 0 ° 0 7 ′ ▁N ▁ 5 2 ° 3 5 ′ ▁E ), ▁Dor ud z an , ▁a ▁village ▁in ▁Mar vd as ht ▁County ▁E sm ail abad , ▁Se yy ed an , ▁a ▁village ▁in ▁Mar vd as ht ▁County ▁E sm ail abad , ▁Shir az , ▁a ▁village ▁in ▁Shir az ▁County ▁E sm ail abad , ▁Z ar q an , ▁a ▁village ▁in ▁Shir az ▁County ▁ ▁Gil an ▁Province ▁E sm ail abad , ▁Gil an , ▁a ▁village ▁in ▁R as ht ▁County ▁ ▁Gol est an ▁Province ▁E sm ail abad , ▁Gol est an ▁ ▁K erman ▁Province ▁E sm ail abad , ▁Ar z ui ye h , ▁a ▁village ▁in ▁Ar z ui ye h ▁County ▁E sm ail abad - e ▁O ly a , ▁a ▁village ▁in ▁B aft ▁County ▁E sm ail abad , ▁B am , ▁a ▁village ▁in ▁B am ▁County ▁E sm ail abad , ▁B ards ir , ▁a ▁village ▁in ▁B ards ir ▁County ▁E sm ail abad , ▁F ah raj , ▁a ▁village ▁in ▁F ah raj ▁County ▁E sm ail abad , ▁K erman , ▁a ▁village ▁in ▁K erman ▁County ▁E sm ail abad , ▁Mah an , ▁a ▁village ▁in ▁K erman ▁County ▁E sm ail abad , ▁Raf san jan , ▁a ▁village ▁in ▁Raf san jan ▁County ▁E sm ail abad |
, ▁Ferd ows , ▁a ▁village ▁in ▁Raf san jan ▁County ▁E sm ail abad , ▁Rav ar , ▁a ▁village ▁in ▁Rav ar ▁County ▁E sm ail abad , ▁Z ar and , ▁a ▁village ▁in ▁Z ar and ▁County ▁ ▁K erm ans h ah ▁Province ▁E sm ail abad , ▁K erm ans h ah , ▁a ▁village ▁in ▁Sar pol - e ▁Z ah ab ▁County ▁ ▁Kh uz est an ▁Province ▁E sm ail abad , ▁Kh uz est an , ▁a ▁village ▁in ▁Got v and ▁County ▁ ▁L ore stan ▁Province ▁E sm ail abad , ▁L ore stan ▁ ▁Mark azi ▁Province ▁E sm ail abad , ▁Save h , ▁a ▁village ▁in ▁Save h ▁County ▁E sm ail abad , ▁Z ar and ie h , ▁a ▁village ▁in ▁Z ar and ie h ▁County ▁ ▁North ▁K hor as an ▁Province ▁E sm ail abad , ▁North ▁K hor as an ▁ ▁Q az vin ▁Province ▁E sm ail abad , ▁Q az vin ▁E sm ail abad , ▁Bu in ▁Z ah ra , ▁Q az vin ▁ ▁R az avi ▁K hor as an ▁Province ▁E sm ail abad , ▁B ard ask an , ▁a ▁village ▁in ▁B ard ask an ▁County ▁E sm ail abad , ▁Chen aran , ▁a ▁village ▁in ▁Chen aran ▁County ▁E sm ail abad , ▁J ow ay in , ▁a ▁village ▁in ▁J ow ay in ▁County ▁E sm ail abad ▁( 3 |
6 ° 2 1 ′ ▁N ▁ 5 9 ° 3 6 ′ ▁E ), ▁M ash had , ▁a ▁village ▁in ▁M ash had ▁County ▁E sm ail abad ▁( 3 6 ° 2 6 ′ ▁N ▁ 5 9 ° 3 1 ′ ▁E ), ▁M ash had , ▁a ▁village ▁in ▁M ash had ▁County ▁E sm ail abad , ▁Ah mad abad , ▁a ▁village ▁in ▁M ash had ▁County ▁E sm ail abad , ▁Tor bat - e ▁Jam , ▁a ▁village ▁in ▁Tor bat - e ▁Jam ▁County ▁E sm ail abad , ▁Pain ▁Jam , ▁a ▁village ▁in ▁Tor bat - e ▁Jam ▁County ▁E sm ail abad - e ▁Gor ji , ▁a ▁village ▁in ▁Tor bat - e ▁Jam ▁County ▁E sm ail abad , ▁Z ave h , ▁a ▁village ▁in ▁Z ave h ▁County ▁ ▁S istan ▁and ▁B alu che stan ▁Province ▁E sm ail abad ▁( 2 8 ° 2 0 ′ ▁N ▁ 6 0 ° 2 7 ′ ▁E ), ▁G ow har ▁K uh , ▁a ▁village ▁in ▁K hash ▁County ▁E sm ail abad ▁( 2 8 ° 3 7 ′ ▁N ▁ 6 0 ° 2 5 ′ ▁E ), ▁G ow har ▁K uh , ▁a ▁village ▁in ▁K hash ▁County ▁E sm ail abad ▁R ural ▁District ▁( S istan ▁and ▁B alu che stan ▁Province ) ▁ ▁South ▁K hor as an ▁Province ▁E sm ail abad , ▁D arm ian , |
▁a ▁village ▁in ▁D arm ian ▁County ▁E sm ail abad , ▁Ne h band an , ▁a ▁village ▁in ▁Ne h band an ▁County ▁E sm ail abad , ▁Q a en , ▁a ▁village ▁in ▁Q a en ▁County ▁E sm ail abad , ▁Tab as , ▁a ▁village ▁in ▁Tab as ▁County ▁ ▁Te hr an ▁Province ▁E sm ail abad , ▁Re y , ▁a ▁village ▁in ▁Re y ▁County ▁E sm ail abad , ▁V aram in , ▁a ▁village ▁in ▁V aram in ▁County ▁E sm ail abad - e ▁M oin ▁E sm ail abad ▁R ural ▁District ▁( Te hr an ▁Province ) ▁ ▁West ▁A zer ba ij an ▁Province ▁E sm ail abad , ▁West ▁A zer ba ij an , ▁a ▁village ▁in ▁P old as ht ▁County <0x0A> </s> ▁Franc ke ▁is ▁a ▁German ▁surn ame . ▁Not able ▁people ▁with ▁the ▁surn ame ▁include : ▁▁ ▁August ▁Herm ann ▁Franc ke ▁( 1 6 6 3 – 1 7 2 7 ), ▁German ▁Protest ant ▁the olog ian ▁Ar ne ▁Franc ke ▁( 1 9 0 4 – 1 9 7 3 ), ▁Swedish ▁horse ▁r ider ▁ ▁Gl oria ▁N iem ey er ▁Franc ke ▁( 1 9 2 2 – 2 0 0 8 ), ▁American ▁pharm ac ist ▁and ▁science ▁writer ▁ ▁K uno ▁Franc ke ▁( 1 8 5 5 – 1 9 3 0 ), ▁educ ator ▁and ▁historian ▁ ▁Mal colm ▁Franc ke ▁( |
born ▁ 1 9 3 9 ), ▁Australian ▁cr ick eter ▁ ▁Master ▁Franc ke ▁( c . 1 3 8 0 – 1 4 4 0 ), ▁German ▁painter ▁ ▁Michael ▁Franc ke ▁( 1 9 4 6 – 1 9 8 9 ), ▁Director ▁of ▁the ▁Oregon ▁Department ▁of ▁Cor re ctions ▁ ▁Paul ▁Franc ke ▁( arch itect ) ▁( c . 1 5 3 7 - 1 6 1 5 ), ▁German ▁architect ▁and ▁master ▁builder ▁ ▁Paul ▁Franc ke ▁( foot ball er ) ▁(† ▁ 1 9 1 4 - 1 9 1 8 ), ▁German ▁football ▁player ▁and ▁founder ▁member ▁of ▁Bay ern ▁Mun ich ▁ ▁Paul ▁Franc ke ▁( ge ologist ) ▁( 1 8 9 7 - 1 9 5 7 ), ▁German ▁ge ologist ▁ ▁Paul ▁Franc ke ▁( mus ician ) ▁( born ▁ 1 9 7 9 ), ▁American ▁musician ▁ ▁R end ▁al - R ah im ▁Franc ke ▁( born ▁ 1 9 4 9 ), ▁Iraq i ▁political ▁activ ist ▁and ▁amb assador ▁to ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁▁ ▁Fran ke ▁ ▁Fran cken ▁ ▁Fran ck ▁( dis ambigu ation ) ▁ ▁Category : G erman - language ▁surn ames <0x0A> </s> ▁Christopher ▁Sh ank ▁( born ▁June ▁ 3 0 , ▁ 1 9 7 2 ) ▁is ▁an ▁American ▁politician ▁from ▁H ager st own , ▁Maryland ▁who ▁has ▁served ▁as ▁the ▁Executive ▁Director ▁of ▁the ▁Maryland ▁Governor ' s ▁Office ▁of ▁Crime |
▁Control ▁and ▁Pre vention ▁since ▁ 2 0 1 5 . ▁He ▁has ▁previously ▁served ▁in ▁the ▁Maryland ▁Senate ▁representing ▁the ▁ 2 nd ▁District ▁in ▁Washington ▁County . ▁ ▁Education ▁Sh ank ▁graduated ▁from ▁South ▁H ager st own ▁High ▁School ▁in ▁H ager st own , ▁Maryland ▁and ▁later ▁attended ▁John s ▁Hop kins ▁University ▁where ▁he ▁received ▁his ▁B . A . ▁( history ) ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 4 . ▁He ▁graduated ▁a ▁Ph i ▁B eta ▁K appa . ▁He ▁later ▁att ained ▁his ▁M . A . ▁( polit ical ▁management ) ▁from ▁The ▁Grad uate ▁School ▁of ▁Political ▁Management ▁at ▁the ▁George ▁Washington ▁University ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 8 . ▁ ▁He ▁was ▁the ▁val ed ict or ian ▁and ▁received ▁the ▁Howard ▁P ale y ▁Academ ic ▁Excell ence ▁Award . ▁ ▁Career ▁ ▁After ▁college , ▁Sh ank ▁was ▁a ▁legisl ative ▁assistant ▁to ▁the ▁Washington ▁County ▁De leg ation . ▁ ▁He ▁served ▁in ▁this ▁role ▁from ▁ 1 9 9 4 - 9 8 . ▁Along ▁with ▁being ▁a ▁delegate ▁he ▁is ▁also ▁an ▁adj unct ▁professor ▁at ▁the ▁Grad uate ▁School ▁of ▁Political ▁Management ▁at ▁George ▁Washington ▁University . ▁ ▁He ▁is ▁also ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁Advis ory ▁Committee ▁of ▁the ▁Cold ▁We ather ▁Hom eless ▁Shel ter ▁of ▁Washington ▁County , ▁serving ▁since ▁ 1 9 9 7 . ▁ ▁He ▁was ▁formerly ▁on ▁the ▁Board ▁of ▁Direct ors ▁for ▁the ▁Washington ▁County ▁Chapter ▁of ▁the ▁American |
▁Cancer ▁Society . ▁Sh ank ▁is ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁American ▁Legisl ative ▁Exchange ▁Council ▁( AL EC ), ▁serving ▁as ▁Maryland ▁state ▁leader . ▁ ▁From ▁ 2 0 0 1 ▁to ▁ 2 0 0 5 , ▁Sh ank ▁served ▁as ▁on ▁the ▁staff ▁of ▁the ▁House ▁Science ▁Committee . ▁His ▁focus ▁topics ▁were ▁human ▁space fl ight ▁and ▁Earth ▁science . ▁ ▁During ▁the ▁Bush ▁presid ency , ▁Sh ank ▁served ▁as ▁special ▁assistant ▁to ▁NASA ▁administr ator ▁Mike ▁Griff in . ▁Following ▁that ▁role , ▁he ▁took ▁the ▁position ▁of ▁Director ▁of ▁Strateg ic ▁Invest ments ▁at ▁NASA . ▁There , ▁he ▁resolved ▁budget ing ▁with ▁Congress ▁and ▁the ▁White ▁House . ▁He ▁briefly ▁served ▁as ▁Chief ▁of ▁Strateg ic ▁Communications ▁at ▁NASA ▁as ▁well . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 8 , ▁Sh ank ▁was ▁given ▁a ▁teaching ▁post ▁in ▁George ▁Washington ▁University ' s ▁Summer ▁Sch ol ars ▁Program . ▁Sh ank ▁taught ▁a ▁course ▁on ▁election ▁politics . ▁During ▁the ▁ 1 0 - day ▁program ▁he ▁lect ured ▁on ▁his ▁experience ▁in ▁campaign ing ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁worked ▁with ▁students ▁to ▁sim ulate ▁a ▁mock ▁campaign . ▁ ▁In ▁January ▁ 2 0 1 0 , ▁Sh ank ▁announced ▁his ▁intention ▁to ▁challenge ▁long - serv ing ▁state ▁sen ator ▁Donald ▁Mun son ▁based ▁on ▁charges ▁that ▁Mun son ▁was ▁" too ▁liberal ." ▁ ▁On ▁September ▁ 1 4 , ▁ 2 0 1 0 , ▁Sh ank ▁defeated ▁Mun son ▁in ▁the |
▁Republican ▁primary ▁election , ▁winning ▁the ▁party ' s ▁nom ination . ▁Sh ank ▁received ▁ 5 7 . 0 5 % ▁of ▁the ▁vote ▁compared ▁to ▁Mun son ' s ▁ 4 2 . 0 5 %. ▁ ▁On ▁January ▁ 1 3 , ▁ 2 0 1 5 , ▁Sh ank ▁was ▁appointed ▁as ▁director ▁of ▁the ▁Governor ' s ▁Office ▁of ▁Crime ▁Control ▁and ▁Pre vention ▁and ▁resigned ▁his ▁state ▁sen ate ▁seat ▁eight ▁days ▁later . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 6 , ▁Sh ank ▁was ▁promoted ▁to ▁the ▁Deputy ▁Chief ▁of ▁Staff ▁of ▁Maryland . ▁ ▁President ▁Trump ▁presented ▁Sh ank ▁as ▁his ▁first ▁choice ▁to ▁head ▁the ▁NASA ▁transition ▁team ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 6 . ▁ ▁Legisl ative ▁notes ▁▁ 2 0 0 5 ▁- ▁voted ▁for ▁slots ▁( H B 1 3 6 1 ) ▁ ▁Pos itions ▁ ▁Sh ank ▁disput es ▁the ▁climate ▁consensus ▁that ▁climate ▁change ▁is ▁occurring ▁and ▁that ▁it ▁is ▁influenced ▁in ▁large ▁part ▁by ▁human ▁behavior . ▁At ▁a ▁ 2 0 1 5 ▁panel ▁on ▁science ▁communication , ▁Sh ank ▁crit iqu ed ▁the ▁goals ▁of ▁climate ▁policy ▁and ▁the ▁accuracy ▁of ▁scientific ▁measurements , ▁despite ▁rules ▁for ▁the ▁discussion ▁that ▁basic ▁facts ▁of ▁science ▁were ▁not ▁up ▁for ▁debate . ▁He ▁also ▁compared ▁climate ▁ske pt ics ▁to ▁Gal ile o , ▁a ▁tro pe ▁widely ▁der ided ▁by ▁science ▁histor ians . ▁ ▁E lection ▁results ▁▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁Race ▁for ▁Maryland |
▁House ▁Of ▁De leg ates – ▁District ▁ 2 B ▁V ot ers ▁to ▁choose ▁one : ▁{ | ▁class =" wik itable " ▁| - ▁! Name ▁! V otes ▁! Percent ▁! Out come ▁| - ▁| - ▁| Christ opher ▁B . ▁Sh ank , ▁Rep . ▁| 9 , 6 0 6 ▁| 9 9 % ▁| W on ▁| - ▁| - ▁| Other ▁Write - Ins ▁| 1 0 1 ▁| 1 . 0 % ▁| L ost ▁| } ▁▁ 2 0 0 2 ▁Race ▁for ▁Maryland ▁Maryland ▁House ▁Of ▁De leg ates ▁– ▁District ▁ 2 B ▁V ot ers ▁to ▁choose ▁one : ▁{ | ▁class =" wik itable " ▁| - ▁! Name ▁! V otes ▁! Percent ▁! Out come ▁| - ▁| - ▁| Christ opher ▁B . ▁Sh ank , ▁Rep . ▁| 7 , 7 4 9 ▁| 7 2 . 3 3 % ▁| W on ▁| - ▁| - ▁| David ▁M . ▁Rus so ▁| 2 , 9 5 4 ▁| 2 7 . 5 7 % ▁| L ost ▁| - ▁| - ▁| Other ▁Write - Ins ▁| 1 1 ▁| 0 . 1 0 % ▁| L ost ▁| } ▁▁ 1 9 9 8 ▁Race ▁for ▁Maryland ▁Maryland ▁House ▁Of ▁De leg ates ▁– ▁District ▁ 2 |
B ▁V ot ers ▁to ▁choose ▁one : ▁{ | ▁class =" wik itable " ▁| - ▁! Name ▁! V otes ▁! Percent ▁! Out come ▁| - ▁| - ▁| Christ opher ▁B . ▁Sh ank , ▁Rep . ▁| 4 , 8 7 3 ▁| 5 1 % ▁| W on ▁| - ▁| - ▁| D . ▁Bruce ▁Po ole ▁| 4 , 6 2 6 ▁| 4 9 % ▁| L ost ▁| - ▁| } ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁ ▁Official ▁bi ography ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 7 2 ▁birth s ▁Category : M ary land ▁state ▁sen ators ▁Category : Members ▁of ▁the ▁Maryland ▁House ▁of ▁De leg ates ▁Category : Pol it icians ▁from ▁H ager st own , ▁Maryland ▁Category : People ▁from ▁Washington ▁County , ▁Maryland ▁Category : John s ▁Hop kins ▁University ▁al umn i ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : The ▁Grad uate ▁School ▁of ▁Political ▁Management ▁al umn i ▁Category : M ary land ▁Republicans ▁Category : 2 1 st - century ▁American ▁politicians <0x0A> </s> ▁T ep hr in ops ▁is ▁a ▁genus ▁of ▁m oth s ▁of ▁the ▁family ▁No ct u idae . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁Natural ▁History ▁Museum ▁L ep id opter a ▁genus ▁database ▁ ▁Category : Cal p ina e <0x0A> </s> ▁, ▁sometimes ▁referred ▁to ▁with ▁or ▁without ▁sub title ▁as ▁, ▁is ▁a ▁ 1 9 9 |
3 ▁turn - based ▁traditional ▁game ▁developed ▁and ▁published ▁by ▁I rem ▁exclusively ▁in ▁Japan ▁for ▁the ▁Nintendo ▁Game ▁Boy ▁on ▁December ▁ 1 0 , ▁ 1 9 9 3 . ▁It ▁is ▁a ▁spin - off ▁of ▁I rem ' s ▁ 1 9 9 2 ▁beat ▁' em ▁up ▁arc ade ▁game ▁simply ▁titled ▁Under cover ▁C ops . ▁It ▁is ▁also ▁the ▁second - to - last ▁game ▁I rem ▁released ▁for ▁the ▁Game ▁Boy , ▁with ▁Da iku ▁no ▁Gen - san ▁- ▁Rob ot ▁Te ik oku ▁no ▁Y ab ō ▁being ▁the ▁last . ▁ ▁Game play ▁ ▁The ▁player ▁starts ▁by ▁choosing ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁three ▁Under cover ▁C ops : ▁Z an ▁Tak ah ara ▁( known ▁outside ▁Japan ▁as ▁Claude ), ▁Matt ▁G ables ▁( known ▁outside ▁Japan ▁as ▁B ub ba ) ▁and ▁Rosa ▁Fel mon de ▁( known ▁outside ▁Japan ▁as ▁Fl ame ). ▁After ▁that ▁the ▁player ▁will ▁move ▁through ▁the ▁map ▁in ▁a ▁board ▁game ▁pattern . ▁ ▁During ▁this ▁part , ▁the ▁player ▁will ▁select ▁one ▁of ▁two ▁options : ▁" S LOT " ▁or ▁" ITEM ". ▁To ▁move ▁through ▁the ▁pattern , ▁the ▁player ▁must ▁select ▁" S LOT ", ▁then ▁choose ▁one ▁out ▁of ▁five ▁numbers ▁he ▁or ▁she ▁has . ▁ ▁If ▁the ▁player ▁select s ▁a ▁" 2 " ▁or ▁higher , ▁the ▁player ▁will ▁play ▁a ▁slot ▁machine ▁game ▁( in flu enced ▁by ▁the ▁ones ▁seen ▁during ▁the ▁" Ass essment |
▁Day " ▁segments ▁after ▁each ▁stage ▁before ▁the ▁final ▁one ▁in ▁the ▁Under cover ▁C ops ▁arc ade ▁game ) ▁that ▁will ▁randomly ▁select ▁either ▁the ▁number ▁the ▁player ▁selected ▁or ▁any ▁other ▁number ▁lower . ▁ ▁For ▁instance , ▁if ▁the ▁highest ▁number ▁" 1 0 " ▁was ▁chosen , ▁the ▁slot ▁machine ▁will ▁select ▁between ▁" 1 0 " ▁and ▁" 1 ". ▁ ▁However , ▁if ▁the ▁player ▁cho oses ▁a ▁" 1 ", ▁the ▁slot ▁machine ▁will ▁not ▁be ▁played , ▁while ▁the ▁player ▁will ▁move ▁to ▁one ▁square . ▁If ▁the ▁player ▁select s ▁" ITEM ", ▁he ▁or ▁she ▁can ▁use ▁items ▁they ▁obtained ▁throughout ▁the ▁game . ▁ ▁There ▁are ▁several ▁different ▁kinds ▁of ▁squ ares ▁to ▁step ▁on . ▁ ▁White ▁squ ares ▁do ▁nothing , ▁brown ▁squ ares ▁give ▁money , ▁black ▁squ ares ▁start ▁either ▁a ▁battle ▁or ▁a ▁min ig ame , ▁" SH OP " ▁squ ares ▁allow ▁players ▁to ▁buy ▁items , ▁" IN N " ▁squ ares ▁allow ▁players ▁to ▁rest ▁and ▁gain ▁more ▁hearts ▁( or ▁health ), ▁" 7 7 7 " ▁squ ares ▁will ▁allow ▁players ▁to ▁play ▁a ▁casino - like ▁game ▁to ▁gam ble , ▁squ ares ▁with ▁mag icians ▁give ▁something ▁special , ▁squ ares ▁with ▁fighting ▁stick ▁figures ▁will ▁start ▁a ▁boss ▁battle , ▁squ ares ▁with ▁a ▁giant ▁man ▁on ▁them ▁will ▁start ▁a ▁battle ▁that ▁costs ▁money ▁to ▁learn ▁a ▁new ▁normal ▁attack ▁move ▁that ▁will ▁be ▁randomly ▁used ▁along |
▁with ▁the ▁one ▁the ▁player ▁already ▁has , ▁and ▁squ ares ▁with ▁pictures ▁of ▁either ▁city ▁buildings , ▁val le ys ▁or ▁other ▁environmental ▁areas ▁have ▁civ ilians ▁that ▁will ▁either ▁give ▁an ▁advice , ▁money , ▁items ▁or ▁other ▁stuff . ▁ ▁During ▁a ▁battle ▁after ▁stepping ▁either ▁on ▁a ▁black ▁square , ▁a ▁square ▁with ▁a ▁giant ▁man ▁( after ▁spending ▁money ) ▁or ▁a ▁square ▁with ▁a ▁fighting ▁stick ▁figure , ▁the ▁player ▁must ▁choose ▁the ▁highest ▁number ▁he ▁or ▁she ▁has ▁while ▁the ▁CPU - cont rolled ▁enemy ▁randomly ▁cho oses ▁a ▁number . ▁ ▁Who ever ▁has ▁the ▁higher ▁number ▁than ▁the ▁other ▁will ▁" ATT ACK ", ▁while ▁the ▁other ▁will ▁be ▁in ▁" DEF ENSE ". ▁If ▁both ▁have ▁an ▁equal ▁number , ▁they ' ll ▁have ▁to ▁select ▁another ▁number . ▁In ▁" DEF ENSE " ▁mode , ▁the ▁player ▁must ▁select ▁one ▁of ▁three ▁actions : ▁" GU ARD ", ▁" ITEM " ▁or ▁" RUN ▁A WAY ". ▁" GU ARD " ▁allows ▁the ▁player ▁to ▁choose ▁one ▁of ▁two ▁parts ▁of ▁his ▁or ▁her ▁chosen ▁Under cover ▁Cop ' s ▁body ▁part ▁to ▁make ▁him ▁or ▁her ▁protect , ▁before ▁choosing ▁a ▁number . ▁The ▁higher ▁the ▁number , ▁the ▁greater ▁the ▁player ' s ▁chance ▁at ▁blocking ▁or ▁dod ging ▁the ▁enemy ' s ▁attack ▁becomes ▁if ▁the ▁enemy ▁attacks ▁anywhere ▁in ▁the ▁body ▁part ▁the ▁player ▁def ends . ▁In ▁" ATT ACK " ▁mode , ▁while ▁the ▁enemy ▁will |
▁randomly ▁select ▁a ▁number , ▁the ▁player ▁will ▁first ▁select ▁one ▁of ▁three ▁actions : ▁" ATT ACK ", ▁" ITEM " ▁or ▁" SP " ▁( ab br . ▁for ▁" SPE CIAL "). ▁ ▁" ATT ACK " ▁allows ▁the ▁player ▁to ▁choose ▁one ▁of ▁five ▁of ▁the ▁enemy ' s ▁body ▁parts ▁to ▁attack ▁at . ▁After ▁that , ▁the ▁player ▁will ▁select ▁a ▁number , ▁the ▁higher ▁the ▁easier ▁he ▁or ▁she ▁will ▁successfully ▁hit ▁the ▁enemy . ▁ ▁In ▁both ▁" DEF ENSE " ▁and ▁" ATT ACK " ▁mode , ▁" ITEM " ▁allows ▁the ▁player ▁to ▁use ▁an ▁item ▁for ▁support . ▁" SP " ▁( or ▁" SPE CIAL ") ▁allows ▁the ▁player ▁to ▁send ▁a ▁special ▁move ▁that ▁will ▁hit ▁the ▁opponent ▁with ▁greater ▁damage ▁than ▁normal ▁attacks ▁without ▁selecting ▁the ▁enemy ' s ▁body ▁part ▁to ▁attack ▁at , ▁but ▁will ▁drain ▁the ▁player ' s ▁hearts ▁( or ▁health ). ▁" RUN ▁A WAY " ▁allows ▁the ▁player ▁to ▁either ▁successfully ▁fle e ▁from ▁the ▁enemy ▁or ▁be ▁attacked ▁by ▁the ▁enemy . ▁After ▁selecting ▁a ▁number ▁in ▁each ▁part ▁of ▁each ▁battle , ▁a ▁new ▁number ▁will ▁randomly ▁be ▁drawn ▁and ▁added ▁to ▁both ▁the ▁player ' s ▁and ▁enemy ' s ▁hands . ▁If ▁the ▁player ▁wins , ▁he ▁or ▁she ▁will ▁earn ▁a ▁certain ▁money ▁and ▁experiment ▁( pr ▁" EXP ") ▁points ▁and ▁return ▁to ▁the ▁map ▁screen . ▁If ▁the ▁player ▁los es , ▁the ▁game ▁is |
▁over . ▁In ▁battles ▁after ▁stepping ▁on ▁a ▁square ▁with ▁a ▁giant ▁man ▁on ▁it , ▁the ▁player ▁only ▁can ▁select ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁enemy ' s ▁body ▁parts ▁when ▁in ▁" ATT ACK " ▁mode , ▁which ▁means ▁no ▁" ITEM " ▁or ▁" SP " ▁allowed . ▁ ▁Plot ▁ ▁Re ception ▁ ▁F am its u ▁review ▁rated ▁it ▁ 1 8 ▁out ▁of ▁ 4 0 . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁ ▁Under cover ▁C ops : ▁H aka ish in ▁Gar um aa ▁at ▁Game FA Q s ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 9 3 ▁video ▁games ▁Category : Game ▁Boy ▁games ▁Category : Game ▁Boy - only ▁games ▁Category : I rem ▁games ▁Category : J apan - ex clusive ▁video ▁games ▁Category : Board ▁game - style ▁video ▁games ▁Category : Video ▁game ▁spin - offs ▁Category : Video ▁games ▁scored ▁by ▁Ken ji ▁Y amaz aki ▁Category : Video ▁games ▁developed ▁in ▁Japan ▁Category : Video ▁games ▁featuring ▁female ▁protagon ists ▁Category : Video ▁games ▁set ▁in ▁the ▁ 2 0 4 0 s ▁Category : Video ▁games ▁set ▁in ▁New ▁York ▁City <0x0A> </s> ▁Ron ▁Dow ling ▁( 2 7 ▁June ▁ 1 9 1 3 ▁– ▁ 5 ▁March ▁ 2 0 0 5 ) ▁was ▁an ▁Australian ▁rules ▁football er ▁who ▁played ▁with ▁Coll ing wood ▁in ▁the ▁Victorian ▁Football ▁League ▁( V FL ). ▁ ▁Dow ling , ▁an ▁engineer ▁by ▁profession , ▁played ▁as ▁an ▁amateur ▁during |
▁his ▁league ▁career . ▁He ▁was ▁on ▁the ▁wing ▁for ▁Coll ing wood ▁in ▁both ▁the ▁ 1 9 3 7 ▁and ▁ 1 9 3 8 ▁V FL ▁Grand ▁Fin als , ▁which ▁they ▁lost . ▁A ▁suspension ▁cost ▁an ▁appearance ▁in ▁a ▁third ▁success ive ▁grand ▁final ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 9 , ▁having ▁been ▁found ▁guilty ▁of ▁striking ▁Melbourne ▁player ▁Keith ▁Tr usc ott ▁in ▁the ▁semi ▁final . ▁ ▁Before ▁he ▁died , ▁at ▁the ▁age ▁of ▁ 9 1 ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 5 , ▁he ▁was ▁the ▁oldest ▁living ▁Coll ing wood ▁player . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 1 3 ▁birth s ▁Category : Austral ian ▁rules ▁football ers ▁from ▁Victoria ▁( Austral ia ) ▁Category : Coll ing wood ▁Football ▁Club ▁players ▁Category : I van ho e ▁Am ateurs ▁Football ▁Club ▁players ▁Category : 2 0 0 5 ▁deaths <0x0A> </s> ▁Pan ama ▁Sugar ▁is ▁a ▁ 1 9 9 0 ▁Italian ▁comedy ▁film ▁directed ▁by ▁Marc ello ▁Av all one ▁and ▁star ring ▁by ▁Scott ▁Pl ank ▁and ▁Oliver ▁Reed . ▁ ▁Plot ▁On ▁an ▁id yl lic ▁Caribbean ▁island , ▁Pan ama ▁Sugar ▁and ▁his ▁friends , ▁engage ▁a ▁battle ▁with ▁Fox ▁Perry , ▁the ▁wealthy ▁American ▁boss ▁who ▁would ▁like ▁to ▁purchase ▁the ▁island ▁to ▁make ▁a ▁Las ▁Vegas ▁exotic . ▁ ▁Cast ▁Scott ▁Pl ank ▁as ▁Pan ama ▁Sugar ▁Oliver ▁Reed ▁as ▁General ▁Lu cre z ia ▁L ante ▁della ▁R over e ▁as ▁L |
iza ▁V itt orio ▁Am and ola ▁as ▁Fox ▁Perry ▁Du ilio ▁Del ▁Pre te ▁as ▁Blue ▁Ball ▁Mem è ▁Per lin i ▁as ▁L t . ▁Gar cia ▁Francesco ▁Sc im emi ▁as ▁Moz art ▁Mass imil iano ▁U b ald i ▁as ▁Bad ▁twin ▁Jos ette ▁Mart ial ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁List ▁of ▁Italian ▁films ▁of ▁ 1 9 9 0 ▁ ▁Notes ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 9 0 ▁films ▁Category : It al ian ▁films ▁Category : 1 9 9 0 s ▁comedy ▁films ▁Category : It al ian ▁comedy ▁films ▁Category : Fil ms ▁set ▁in ▁the ▁Caribbean <0x0A> </s> ▁Mid night ▁University ▁is ▁a ▁Th ai ▁virtual ▁university ▁for ▁free ▁public ▁education . ▁It ▁contains ▁over ▁ 1 , 5 0 0 ▁schol arly ▁articles . ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁it ▁received ▁more ▁than ▁ 2 . 5 ▁million ▁visits ▁per ▁month ▁from ▁users ▁around ▁the ▁world . ▁Besides ▁providing ▁schol arly ▁articles , ▁the ▁Mid night ▁University ▁website ▁provides ▁space ▁for ▁the ▁public ▁to ▁discuss ▁social ▁and ▁political ▁issues . ▁It ▁is ▁based ▁in ▁Chi ang ▁Mai . ▁▁ ▁Following ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁Th ai ▁coup ▁d ' ét at , ▁Mid night ▁University ' s ▁website ▁was ▁shut ▁down ▁after ▁Chi ang ▁Mai ▁University ▁management ▁and ▁staff ▁protest ed ▁the ▁jun ta ' s ▁draft ▁inter im ▁char ter . ▁Kas ian ▁Te j ap ira ▁of ▁Th am mas at ▁University ▁claimed ▁the ▁website |
▁was ▁" the ▁fore most ▁free ▁and ▁critical ▁educational ▁and ▁public ▁intellectual ▁website ▁in ▁Thailand . ▁The ▁shut down ▁was ▁not ▁only ▁a ▁huge ▁loss ▁to ▁academic ▁and ▁intellectual ▁freedom ▁in ▁Th ai ▁society , ▁but ▁also ▁the ▁closure ▁of ▁a ▁free ▁forum ▁for ▁the ▁cont ention ▁of ▁ideas ▁so ▁as ▁to ▁find ▁a ▁peaceful ▁alternative ▁to ▁violent ▁conflict ▁in ▁Thailand ." ▁K rais orn ▁P orn s ut he e , ▁Ministry ▁of ▁Information ▁and ▁Commun ication ▁Technology ▁( MI CT ) ▁P erman ent ▁Secretary ▁claimed ▁ignorance ▁of ▁the ▁shut down ▁of ▁the ▁website ▁and ▁declined ▁to ▁give ▁his ▁r ationale ▁or ▁opinion ▁about ▁the ▁matter . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁ ▁Mid night ▁University ▁( arch ived ▁copy ) ▁ ▁Category : Th ai ▁educational ▁websites ▁Category : Pol it ics ▁of ▁Thailand <0x0A> </s> ▁Em press ▁Dow ager ▁Gu o ▁( <0xE9> <0x83> <0xAD> 太 后 , ▁personal ▁name ▁unknown ) ▁( d ied ▁June ▁ 2 5 , ▁ 8 4 8 ), ▁formally ▁Em press ▁Y i ' an ▁( <0xE6> <0x87> <0xBF> 安 皇 后 , ▁" the ▁ben ev olent ▁and ▁peaceful ▁em press "), ▁was ▁an ▁em press ▁dow ager ▁of ▁the ▁Chinese ▁dyn asty ▁T ang ▁D yn asty . ▁ ▁During ▁the ▁reign ▁of ▁her ▁husband ▁Emperor ▁X ian z ong , ▁she ▁was ▁commonly ▁regarded ▁as ▁his ▁wife ▁and ▁the ▁proper ▁em press ▁even ▁though ▁she ▁never ▁received ▁the ▁title ▁from ▁him , ▁and ▁she ▁subsequently ▁served ▁as |
▁em press ▁dow ager ▁during ▁the ▁reign ▁of ▁their ▁son ▁Emperor ▁M uz ong , ▁their ▁gr ands ons ▁Emperor ▁J ing z ong , ▁Emperor ▁W enz ong , ▁Emperor ▁W uz ong , ▁and ▁his ▁son ▁( by ▁a ▁conc ub ine ) ▁Emperor ▁X u ā n z ong . ▁ ▁Background ▁It ▁is ▁not ▁known ▁exactly ▁when ▁the ▁future ▁Em press ▁Dow ager ▁Gu o ▁was ▁born . ▁ ▁Her ▁father ▁was ▁the ▁official ▁Gu o ▁A i ▁( <0xE9> <0x83> <0xAD> <0xE6> <0x9B> <0x96> ), ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁sons ▁of ▁the ▁great ▁general ▁Gu o ▁Z iy i , ▁and ▁her ▁mother ▁was ▁Princess ▁S heng ping , ▁a ▁daughter ▁of ▁Emperor ▁Da iz ong . ▁ ▁In ▁ 7 9 3 — by ▁which ▁time ▁her ▁father ▁Gu o ▁A i ▁was ▁described ▁to ▁be ▁dece ased — she ▁married ▁Li ▁Ch un ▁the ▁Prince ▁of ▁Gu ang ling , ▁the ▁oldest ▁son ▁of ▁Li ▁Song ▁the ▁Crown ▁Prince , ▁son ▁of ▁then - re ign ing ▁Emperor ▁Dez ong ▁( Em peror ▁Da iz ong ' s ▁son ). ▁ ▁( She ▁was ▁therefore ▁mar rying ▁her ▁cousin ' s ▁son .) ▁ ▁She ▁thus ▁became ▁the ▁Princess ▁of ▁Gu ang ling . ▁ ▁It ▁was ▁said ▁that ▁because ▁her ▁mother ▁was ▁a ▁princess ▁and ▁her ▁grandfather ▁and ▁father ▁both ▁had ▁great ▁contributions ▁to ▁the ▁state , ▁she ▁was ▁much ▁fav ored ▁by ▁her ▁father - in - law ▁Li ▁Song . ▁ ▁In ▁ 7 |
9 5 , ▁she ▁gave ▁birth ▁to ▁Li ▁Ch un ' s ▁third ▁son ▁Li ▁You . ▁Later ▁she ▁gave ▁birth ▁to ▁Li ▁Ch un ' s ▁sixth ▁son ▁Li ▁Wu ▁and ▁a ▁daughter ▁Princess ▁Q iy ang . ▁ ▁As ▁imperial ▁cons ort ▁In ▁ 8 0 5 , ▁Emperor ▁Dez ong ▁died , ▁and ▁Li ▁Song ▁became ▁emperor ▁( as ▁Emperor ▁Sh un z ong ), ▁but ▁as ▁Emperor ▁Sh un z ong ▁was ▁seriously ▁ill ▁himself , ▁he ▁yield ed ▁the ▁throne ▁to ▁Li ▁Ch un ▁later ▁that ▁year , ▁and ▁Li ▁Ch un ▁took ▁the ▁throne ▁( as ▁Emperor ▁X ian z ong ). ▁ ▁Short ly ▁after ▁Emperor ▁X ian z ong ▁took ▁the ▁throne , ▁Princess ▁Gu o ' s ▁mother ▁Princess ▁S heng ping ▁offered ▁a ▁t ribute ▁of ▁ 5 0 ▁women ▁to ▁Emperor ▁X ian z ong , ▁but ▁Emperor ▁X ian z ong ▁declined ▁on ▁the ▁r ationale ▁that ▁if ▁Emperor ▁Sh un z ong ▁was ▁not ▁accepting ▁t ributes , ▁neither ▁could ▁he . ▁ ▁In ▁ 8 0 6 , ▁Emperor ▁X ian z ong ▁created ▁Princess ▁Gu o ▁Gu ife i ▁( 貴 <0xE5> <0xA6> <0x83> ) ▁— ▁the ▁highest ▁rank ▁for ▁imperial ▁cons orts ▁— ▁but ▁did ▁not ▁create ▁her ▁em press . ▁ ▁He ▁also ▁did ▁not ▁create ▁Li ▁You ▁crown ▁prince ; ▁rather , ▁he ▁only ▁created ▁Li ▁You ▁the ▁Prince ▁of ▁S ui , ▁instead ▁creating ▁Li ▁You ' s ▁older ▁brother ▁Li ▁N ing , |
▁the ▁son ▁of ▁his ▁conc ub ine ▁Cons ort ▁Ji , ▁crown ▁prince . ▁ ▁Only ▁after ▁Li ▁N ing ▁died ▁in ▁ 8 1 1 ▁was ▁Li ▁You ▁( who ▁was ▁renamed ▁Li ▁H eng ) ▁created ▁crown ▁prince , ▁by pass ing ▁another ▁older ▁brother , ▁Li ▁K uan ▁( 李 <0xE5> <0xAF> <0xAC> ) ▁the ▁Prince ▁of ▁Li . ▁ ▁Before ▁doing ▁so , ▁Emperor ▁X ian z ong ▁had ▁the ▁imperial ▁scholar ▁C ui ▁Q un ▁draft ▁a ▁petition ▁offering ▁to ▁yield ▁on ▁Li ▁K uan ' s ▁behalf , ▁but ▁C ui ▁pointed ▁out ▁that ▁Li ▁H eng ▁was ▁born ▁of ▁a ▁wife ▁— ▁and ▁in ▁doing ▁so , ▁recognized ▁Cons ort ▁Gu o ▁as ▁Emperor ▁X ian z ong ' s ▁wife ▁rather ▁than ▁conc ub ine ▁— ▁whereas ▁Li ▁K uan ▁was ▁born ▁of ▁a ▁conc ub ine , ▁and ▁argued ▁that ▁such ▁a ▁petition ▁would ▁be ▁unnecessary . ▁ ▁Emperor ▁X ian z ong ▁agreed ▁and ▁did ▁not ▁insist ▁on ▁such ▁a ▁petition . ▁ ▁It ▁was ▁said ▁that ▁the ▁officials , ▁throughout ▁the ▁years , ▁submitted ▁repeated ▁pet itions ▁that ▁Cons ort ▁Gu o ▁be ▁created ▁em press , ▁and ▁the ▁efforts ▁became ▁particularly ▁intense ▁in ▁ 8 1 3 . ▁However , ▁Emperor ▁X ian z ong , ▁who ▁had ▁many ▁favorite ▁conc ub ines , ▁was ▁concerned ▁that ▁due ▁to ▁Cons ort ▁Gu o ' s ▁hon ored ▁line age , ▁if ▁he ▁created ▁her ▁em press , ▁the ▁other ▁conc ub |
ines ▁would ▁not ▁be ▁able ▁to ▁have ▁sexual ▁relations ▁with ▁him . ▁ ▁He ▁therefore ▁declined ▁on ▁the ▁basis ▁that ▁the ▁times ▁were ▁not ▁fortunate ▁times . ▁ ▁In ▁ 8 2 0 , ▁Emperor ▁X ian z ong ▁died ▁suddenly ▁— ▁a ▁death ▁that ▁was ▁commonly ▁believed ▁to ▁have ▁been ▁a ▁murder ▁carried ▁out ▁by ▁the ▁e un uch ▁Chen ▁Hong z hi ▁( 陳 弘 志 ). ▁ ▁After ▁some ▁confusion , ▁in ▁which ▁the ▁powerful ▁e un uch ▁Tut u ▁Chen gc ui ▁apparently ▁tried ▁to ▁have ▁Li ▁K uan ▁( wh ose ▁name ▁had ▁been ▁changed ▁to ▁Li ▁Y un ▁( 李 <0xE6> <0x83> <0xB2> ) ▁by ▁this ▁point ) ▁made ▁emperor , ▁several ▁other ▁key ▁e un uch s ▁— ▁Li ang ▁Sh ou q ian ▁( <0xE6> <0xA2> <0x81> 守 <0xE8> <0xAC> <0x99> ), ▁Ma ▁J int an ▁( 馬 進 <0xE6> <0xBD> <0xAD> ), ▁L iu ▁Chen g j ie ▁( 劉 承 <0xE5> <0x81> <0x95> ), ▁We i ▁Yu ans u ▁( <0xE9> <0x9F> <0x8B> 元 素 ), ▁and ▁Wang ▁Sh ou chen g ▁— ▁had ▁Tut u ▁and ▁Li ▁Y un ▁killed , ▁and ▁they ▁supported ▁Li ▁H eng ▁to ▁be ▁emperor ▁( as ▁Emperor ▁M uz ong ). ▁ ▁Emperor ▁M uz ong ▁hon ored ▁Cons ort ▁Gu o ▁as ▁em press ▁dow ager . ▁ ▁( An other ▁son ▁of ▁Emperor ▁X ian z ong ' s , ▁Li ▁Y i , ▁would ▁later ▁suspect ▁Cons ort ▁Gu o ▁and ▁Li ▁H |
eng ▁of ▁being ▁com plicit ▁in ▁Emperor ▁X ian z ong ' s ▁murder , ▁although ▁there ▁was ▁no ▁particular ▁evidence ▁link ing ▁either ▁to ▁the ▁murder .) ▁ ▁As ▁em press ▁dow ager ▁and ▁grand ▁em press ▁dow ager ▁ ▁During ▁Emperor ▁M uz ong ' s ▁reign ▁ ▁After ▁Emperor ▁M uz ong ▁took ▁the ▁throne , ▁he ▁took ▁much ▁effort ▁to ▁post hum ously ▁honor ▁Em press ▁Dow ager ▁Gu o ' s ▁male ▁ancestors ▁and ▁her ▁mother , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁give ▁her ▁older ▁brothers ▁Gu o ▁Z ha o ▁( <0xE9> <0x83> <0xAD> <0xE9> <0x87> <0x97> ) ▁and ▁Gu o ▁Cong ▁( <0xE9> <0x83> <0xAD> <0xE9> <0x8F> <0xA6> ) ▁high ▁hon ors . ▁ ▁She ▁took ▁up ▁residence ▁at ▁X ing q ing ▁Palace ▁( <0xE8> <0x88> <0x88> <0xE6> <0x85> <0xB6> 宮 ), ▁and ▁he ▁visited ▁her ▁twice ▁a ▁month . ▁ ▁Whenever ▁it ▁was ▁her ▁birthday ▁or ▁a ▁particularly ▁special ▁day , ▁he ▁would ▁gre et ▁her ▁along ▁with ▁officials ▁in ▁grand ▁ceremon ies , ▁and ▁he ▁was ▁ex uber ant ▁in ▁providing ▁supplies ▁to ▁her ▁palace , ▁to ▁the ▁point ▁of ▁being ▁excessive ▁and ▁waste ful . ▁ ▁In ▁ 8 2 1 , ▁a ▁daughter ▁of ▁Em press ▁Dow ager ▁Gu o ' s , ▁Princess ▁Tai he , ▁was ▁sent ▁to ▁Hu igu ▁to ▁marry ▁its ▁Ch ong de ▁Khan . ▁ ▁On ▁an ▁occasion ▁in ▁ 8 2 2 , ▁when ▁Em press ▁Dow ager ▁Gu o ▁visited ▁H ua q ing ▁Palace |
▁( 華 清 宮 , ▁known ▁for ▁its ▁hot ▁spring s ), ▁Emperor ▁M uz ong ▁joined ▁her ▁there , ▁although ▁he ▁returned ▁to ▁the ▁capital ▁Ch ang ' an ▁after ▁just ▁one ▁day ▁and ▁she ▁spent ▁several ▁days ▁there ▁before ▁returning ▁to ▁Ch ang ' an . ▁ ▁In ▁ 8 2 4 , ▁Emperor ▁M uz ong ▁became ▁seriously ▁ill , ▁and ▁by ▁his ▁orders , ▁his ▁son ▁and ▁crown ▁prince ▁Li ▁Z han ▁was ▁made ▁reg ent . ▁ ▁The ▁e un uch s ▁suggested ▁that ▁Em press ▁Dow ager ▁Gu o ▁should ▁herself ▁assume ▁the ▁reg ency ▁— ▁to ▁which ▁she ▁responded : ▁ ▁Em press ▁Dow ager ▁Gu o ▁took ▁the ▁proposed ▁ed ict ▁in ▁which ▁she ▁is ▁named ▁reg ent ▁and ▁to re ▁it ▁up ▁herself . ▁ ▁Her ▁brother ▁Gu o ▁Z ha o ▁also ▁opposed ▁the ▁proposal , ▁and ▁the ▁proposal ▁was ▁not ▁carried ▁out . ▁ ▁That ▁evening , ▁Emperor ▁M uz ong ▁died , ▁and ▁Li ▁Z han ▁took ▁the ▁throne ▁( as ▁Emperor ▁J ing z ong ). ▁ ▁During ▁Emperor ▁J ing z ong ' s ▁reign ▁Emperor ▁J ing z ong ▁hon ored ▁Em press ▁Dow ager ▁Gu o ▁as ▁grand ▁em press ▁dow ager , ▁while ▁hon oring ▁his ▁mother ▁Cons ort ▁Wang ▁as ▁em press ▁dow ager . ▁ ▁Later ▁that ▁year , ▁when ▁a ▁disturb ance ▁led ▁by ▁two ▁common ers , ▁Su ▁X uan ming ▁( <0xE8> <0x98> <0x87> <0xE7> <0x8E> <0x84> 明 ) ▁and ▁Z |
hang ▁Sh ao ▁( 張 <0xE9> <0x9F> <0xB6> ), ▁caused ▁him ▁to ▁fle e ▁the ▁palace ▁briefly ▁and ▁fle e ▁to ▁the ▁S hen ce ▁Army ▁( 神 策 軍 ) ▁camps , ▁he ▁was ▁concerned ▁about ▁the ▁safety ▁of ▁the ▁two ▁em press es ▁dow ager ▁and ▁had ▁the ▁soldiers ▁escort ▁them ▁to ▁the ▁S hen ce ▁Army ▁camps ▁as ▁well . ▁ ▁Only ▁after ▁the ▁disturb ance ▁was ▁supp ressed ▁did ▁he ▁( and ▁presumably ▁they ) ▁return ▁to ▁the ▁palace . ▁ ▁In ▁ 8 2 6 , ▁Emperor ▁J ing z ong ▁was ▁assass inated ▁by ▁a ▁group ▁of ▁e un uch s ▁led ▁by ▁Su ▁Zu oming ▁( <0xE8> <0x98> <0x87> 佐 明 ). ▁ ▁Another ▁e un uch , ▁L iu ▁K em ing ▁( 劉 克 明 ), ▁wanted ▁to ▁support ▁Emperor ▁J ing z ong ' s ▁brother ▁Li ▁Wu ▁the ▁Prince ▁of ▁Ji à ng ▁as ▁emperor , ▁but ▁Wang ▁Sh ou chen g , ▁Yang ▁Chen g he ▁( <0xE6> <0xA5> <0x8A> 承 和 ), ▁We i ▁Cong j ian ▁( 魏 從 <0xE7> <0xB0> <0xA1> ), ▁and ▁Li ang ▁Sh ou q ian ▁instead ▁supported ▁another ▁brother ▁of ▁Emperor ▁J ing z ong ' s , ▁Li ▁Han ▁the ▁Prince ▁of ▁Ji ā ng ▁( note ▁different ▁tone ). ▁ ▁Their ▁troops ▁batt led ▁L iu ' s ▁and ▁prev ailed , ▁killing ▁L iu ▁and ▁Li ▁Wu . ▁ ▁An ▁ed ict ▁was ▁issued ▁in ▁Grand ▁Em press ▁Dow ager ▁Gu |
o ' s ▁name , ▁n aming ▁Li ▁Han ▁emperor ▁( as ▁Emperor ▁W enz ong ). ▁ ▁During ▁Emperor ▁W enz ong ' s ▁reign ▁Emperor ▁W enz ong ▁hon ored ▁his ▁mother ▁Cons ort ▁X iao ▁as ▁an ▁em press ▁dow ager ▁as ▁well ▁— ▁so ▁there ▁were ▁three ▁em press es ▁dow ager . ▁ ▁It ▁was ▁said ▁that ▁he ▁was ▁fil ially ▁p ious ▁toward ▁all ▁three , ▁and ▁that ▁whenever ▁he ▁received ▁precious ▁things , ▁he ▁would ▁first ▁offer ▁them ▁to ▁the ▁three ▁em press es ▁dow ager . ▁ ▁In ▁ 8 3 8 , ▁there ▁was ▁an ▁incident ▁that ▁shortly ▁after ▁two ▁daughters ▁of ▁Grand ▁Em press ▁Dow ager ▁Gu o ' s ▁uncle ▁Gu o ▁Min ▁( <0xE9> <0x83> <0xAD> <0xE6> <0x97> <0xBC> ) ▁arrived ▁at ▁the ▁palace ▁to ▁visit ▁her , ▁Gu o ▁Min ▁was ▁made ▁the ▁military ▁governor ▁( J ied ush i ) ▁of ▁Bin ning ▁Circ uit ▁( <0xE9> <0x82> <0xA0> <0xE5> <0xAF> <0xA7> , ▁head qu arter ed ▁in ▁modern ▁X ian y ang , ▁Sha an xi ). ▁ ▁The ▁imperial ▁scholar ▁L iu ▁G ong qu an ▁pointed ▁out ▁to ▁Emperor ▁W enz ong ▁that ▁the ▁people ▁came ▁to ▁believe ▁that ▁Gu o ▁Min ▁had ▁offered ▁his ▁two ▁daughters ▁to ▁be ▁Emperor ▁W enz ong ' s ▁conc ub ines , ▁and ▁in ▁exchange ▁was ▁made ▁a ▁military ▁governor . ▁ ▁At ▁L iu ' s ▁suggestion , ▁that ▁same ▁day , ▁Grand ▁Em press ▁Dow ager ▁Gu |
o ▁had ▁her ▁two ▁cous ins ▁leave ▁the ▁palace ▁and ▁return ▁to ▁Gu o ▁Min ' s ▁house . ▁ ▁During ▁Emperor ▁W uz ong ' s ▁reign ▁In ▁ 8 4 0 , ▁Emperor ▁W enz ong ▁died , ▁and ▁his ▁younger ▁brother ▁Li ▁Ch an ▁became ▁emperor ▁( as ▁Emperor ▁W uz ong ). ▁ ▁It ▁was ▁said ▁that ▁Emperor ▁W uz ong ▁fav ored ▁hunting ▁and ▁mart ial ▁games , ▁and ▁that ▁the ▁imperial ▁servants ▁known ▁as ▁the ▁W uf ang ▁Boys ▁( 五 <0xE5> <0x9D> <0x8A> 小 <0xE5> <0x85> <0x92> ) ▁were ▁allowed ▁to ▁enter ▁and ▁leave ▁the ▁palace ▁at ▁will ▁due ▁to ▁his ▁fav ors ▁for ▁them . ▁ ▁In ▁ 8 4 1 , ▁on ▁an ▁occasion ▁when ▁he ▁went ▁to ▁gre et ▁Grand ▁Em press ▁Dow ager ▁Gu o ▁and ▁asked ▁her ▁for ▁advice ▁on ▁governing ▁the ▁state , ▁she ▁suggested ▁that ▁he ▁listen ▁to ▁the ▁advice ▁of ▁the ▁officials . ▁ ▁Once ▁he ▁left ▁her ▁presence , ▁he ▁reviewed ▁the ▁pet itions ▁from ▁the ▁officials , ▁and ▁many ▁of ▁them ▁advised ▁him ▁against ▁hunting ▁and ▁games . ▁ ▁There after , ▁he ▁reduced ▁those ▁activities ▁and ▁the ▁awards ▁that ▁he ▁was ▁giving ▁the ▁W uf ang ▁Boys . ▁ ▁During ▁Emperor ▁X u ā n z ong ' s ▁reign ▁In ▁ 8 4 6 , ▁Emperor ▁W uz ong ▁died , ▁and ▁his ▁uncle ▁Li ▁Y i ▁( wh ose ▁name ▁was ▁then ▁changed ▁to ▁Li ▁Chen ) — Em peror ▁X ian z |
ong ' s ▁son ▁by ▁his ▁conc ub ine ▁Cons ort ▁Z heng — bec ame ▁emperor ▁( as ▁Emperor ▁X u ā n z ong ). ▁ ▁Grand ▁Em press ▁Dow ager ▁Gu o ▁continued ▁to ▁be ▁grand ▁em press ▁dow ager , ▁but ▁Emperor ▁X u ā n z ong ' s ▁mother ▁Cons ort ▁Z heng ▁was ▁hon ored ▁as ▁em press ▁dow ager . ▁Emperor ▁X u ā n z ong ’ s ▁brother , ▁the ▁late ▁Emperor ▁M uz ong , ▁was ▁the ▁son ▁of ▁then ▁crown ▁prince ▁Li ▁Ch un ’ s ▁Main ▁Cons ort ▁( L ady ▁Gu o ); ▁thus ▁in ▁the ▁her edit ary ▁mon archy , ▁he ▁inherited ▁the ▁most ▁legitimate ▁right ▁to ▁the ▁T ang ▁D yn asty ▁throne . ▁Although ▁Emperor ▁M uz ong ’ s ▁three ▁sons ▁( Em peror ▁J ing z ong , ▁ ▁Emperor ▁W enz ong ▁and ▁Emperor ▁W uz ong ) ▁had ▁all ▁produced ▁male ▁he irs , ▁X u ā n z ong ▁still ▁asc ended ▁to ▁the ▁throne ▁with ▁the ▁support ▁of ▁the ▁powerful ▁group ▁of ▁e un uch s . ▁As ▁a ▁consequence , ▁all ▁Grand ▁Em press ▁Dow ager ▁Gu o ' s ▁descend ants ▁lost ▁the ▁right ▁to ▁claim ▁the ▁T ang ’ s ▁crown . ▁To ▁add ▁insult ▁to ▁injury , ▁Cons ort ▁Z heng , ▁who ▁had ▁previously ▁been ▁a ▁servant ▁girl ▁of ▁Grand ▁Em press ▁Dow ager ▁Gu o ' s ▁before ▁she ▁became ▁an ▁imperial ▁cons |
ort , ▁res ented ▁Grand ▁Em press ▁Dow ager ▁Gu o , ▁Emperor ▁X u ā n z ong ▁did ▁not ▁treat ▁Grand ▁Em press ▁Dow ager ▁Gu o ▁with ▁great ▁respect . ▁ ▁On ▁June ▁ 2 5 , ▁in ▁year ▁ 8 4 8 ▁a . d ., ▁Grand ▁Em press ▁Dow ager ▁Gu o ▁attempted ▁to ▁commit ▁suicide ▁when ▁visiting ▁Q inz heng ▁Tower ▁( <0xE5> <0x8B> <0xA4> 政 <0xE6> <0xA8> <0x93> ), ▁by ▁throwing ▁herself ▁off ▁the ▁high ▁tower ; ▁only ▁to ▁be ▁stopped ▁by ▁her ▁attend ants . ▁ ▁Emperor ▁X u ā n z ong ▁was ▁fur ious ▁when ▁he ▁learned ▁about ▁the ▁incident . ▁Grand ▁Em press ▁Dow ager ▁Gu o ▁died ▁that ▁very ▁night , ▁no ▁cause ▁of ▁death ▁was ▁recorded . ▁ ▁As ▁Emperor ▁X u ā n z ong ▁wanted ▁to ▁reserve ▁for ▁his ▁mother ▁Em press ▁Dow ager ▁Z heng ▁the ▁honor ▁of ▁being ▁buried ▁with ▁Emperor ▁X ian z ong , ▁he ▁did ▁not ▁want ▁Grand ▁Em press ▁Dow ager ▁Gu o ▁to ▁be ▁buried ▁with ▁Emperor ▁X ian z ong . ▁ ▁The ▁officials ▁thus ▁suggested ▁that ▁she ▁be ▁buried ▁in ▁the ▁outer ▁per im eters ▁of ▁his ▁tomb ▁J ing ling ▁( 景 陵 ) ▁and ▁that ▁her ▁spirit ▁tablet ▁not ▁be ▁placed ▁inside ▁his ▁temple . ▁ ▁When ▁the ▁official ▁Wang ▁H ao ▁( 王 <0xE7> <0x9A> <0x9E> ) ▁earn estly ▁opposed ▁the ▁proposal ▁and ▁suggested ▁that ▁she ▁be ▁buried ▁with ▁Emperor ▁X ian z ong ▁and ▁be |
▁worship ped ▁in ▁his ▁temple , ▁Wang ▁off ended ▁both ▁Emperor ▁X u ā n z ong ▁and ▁the ▁ch ancell or ▁B ai ▁Min zh ong , ▁and ▁was ▁ex iled . ▁ ▁Still , ▁in ▁the ▁after math s ▁of ▁the ▁dispute , ▁she ▁was ▁buried ▁with ▁Emperor ▁X ian z ong , ▁although ▁she ▁was ▁still ▁not ▁worship ped ▁at ▁his ▁temple . ▁ ▁Only ▁during ▁the ▁reign ▁of ▁Emperor ▁X u ā n z ong ' s ▁son ▁Emperor ▁Y iz ong , ▁when ▁Wang ▁had ▁been ▁recalled ▁and ▁again ▁advoc ated ▁for ▁her ▁en sh rin ement , ▁was ▁she ▁en sh r ined ▁at ▁Emperor ▁X ian z ong ' s ▁temple . ▁ ▁St yles ▁ ▁Lady ▁Gu o ▁ ▁Princess ▁Cons ort ▁of ▁Gu ang ling ▁ <0xE5> <0xBB> <0xA3> 陵 王 <0xE5> <0xA6> <0x83> ▁ ▁Nob le ▁Cons ort ▁Gu o ▁ <0xE9> <0x83> <0xAD> 貴 <0xE5> <0xA6> <0x83> ▁( 8 0 6 – 8 2 0 ) ▁ ▁Em press ▁Dow ager ▁Gu o ▁( 8 2 0 – 8 2 4 ) ▁ ▁Grand ▁Em press ▁Dow ager ▁Gu o ▁( 8 2 4 – 8 4 8 ) ▁ ▁In ▁fiction ▁Play ed ▁by ▁Susan ▁T se , ▁a ▁fict ional ized ▁version ▁of ▁Em press ▁Dow ager ▁Gu o ▁was ▁port rayed ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁Hong ▁Kong ' s ▁TV B ▁television ▁series , ▁Beyond ▁the ▁Real m ▁of ▁Con science . ▁ ▁Notes ▁and ▁references ▁▁ |
▁Old ▁Book ▁of ▁T ang , ▁vol . ▁ 5 2 . ▁ ▁New ▁Book ▁of ▁T ang , ▁vol . ▁ 7 7 . ▁ ▁Z iz hi ▁T ong j ian , ▁vol s . ▁ 2 3 4 , ▁ 2 3 6 , ▁ 2 3 7 , ▁ 2 3 8 , ▁ 2 4 1 , ▁ 2 4 2 , ▁ 2 4 3 , ▁ 2 4 6 , ▁ 2 4 8 , ▁ 2 5 0 . ▁ ▁Category : 8 th - century ▁birth s ▁Category : 8 4 8 ▁deaths ▁Category : T ang ▁dyn asty ▁em press es ▁dow ager ▁Category : Ch inese ▁grand ▁em press es ▁dow ager <0x0A> </s> ▁Kar cz ow ice ▁may ▁refer ▁to ▁the ▁following ▁places ▁in ▁Poland : ▁Kar cz ow ice , ▁Lower ▁S iles ian ▁Vo iv odes hip ▁( s outh - west ▁Poland ) ▁Kar cz ow ice , ▁Lesser ▁Poland ▁Vo iv odes hip ▁( s outh ▁Poland ) <0x0A> </s> ▁Martha ▁V iolet ▁Ball ▁( May ▁ 1 7 , ▁ 1 8 1 1 ▁– ▁December ▁ 2 2 , ▁ 1 8 9 4 ) ▁was ▁an ▁American ▁educ ator , ▁phil anth rop ist , ▁activ ist , ▁writer , ▁and ▁editor . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 8 3 3 , ▁Ball ▁and ▁her ▁sister , ▁Lucy , ▁under to ok ▁the ▁un pop ular ▁work ▁of ▁opening ▁a ▁school ▁for ▁young ▁African ▁American |
▁girls ▁in ▁the ▁West ▁End ▁of ▁Boston . ▁In ▁the ▁same ▁year , ▁she ▁assist ed ▁in ▁the ▁organization ▁of ▁the ▁Boston ▁Fem ale ▁Anti - S la very ▁Society , ▁of ▁which ▁she ▁and ▁her ▁sister , ▁Lucy , ▁held ▁leadership ▁roles . ▁Her ▁work ▁among ▁unfortunate ▁women ▁and ▁girls ▁led ▁to ▁the ▁formation ▁of ▁the ▁New ▁England ▁Fem ale ▁Mor al ▁Re form ▁Society , ▁with ▁which ▁she ▁was ▁from ▁its ▁beginning ▁connected ▁as ▁Secretary ▁and ▁Manager . ▁For ▁twenty - five ▁years , ▁she ▁was ▁joint - editor ▁of ▁its ▁organ , ▁the ▁Home ▁Guard ian , ▁and ▁was ▁also ▁affili ated ▁in ▁its ▁department , ▁" The ▁Children ' s ▁F ires ide ". ▁She ▁was ▁a ▁constitu ent ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁Lad ies ' ▁Bapt ist ▁Bet hel ▁Society , ▁first ▁as ▁its ▁Secretary ▁and ▁for ▁thirty ▁years ▁its ▁President . ▁Ball ▁was ▁the ▁first ▁President ▁of ▁the ▁Woman ' s ▁Union ▁Mission ary ▁Society ▁of ▁America ▁for ▁Heat hen ▁L ands , ▁and ▁a ▁char ter ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁New ▁England ▁Woman ' s ▁Press ▁Association . ▁She ▁was ▁the ▁author ▁of ▁several ▁small , ▁popular ▁books . ▁ ▁Early ▁life ▁and ▁education ▁Martha ▁V iolet ▁Ball ▁was ▁born ▁in ▁Boston , ▁Massachusetts , ▁May ▁ 1 7 , ▁ 1 8 1 1 . ▁Her ▁parents ▁were ▁Joseph ▁T . ▁Ball ▁( born , ▁Jama ica , ▁West ▁Ind ies ) ▁and ▁Mary ▁Mont gomery ▁D rew ▁Ball . ▁There ▁were ▁at ▁least ▁five ▁siblings , |
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