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1 9 5 2 . ▁ ▁Several ▁domains ▁in ▁China ▁today ▁retain ▁the ▁same ▁structure ▁of ▁ge ographic ▁divisions ▁as ▁the ▁GA As . ▁Military ▁administrative ▁regions , ▁the ▁divisions ▁of ▁some ▁major ▁banks , ▁and ▁civilian ▁av iation ▁districts ▁are ▁still ▁divided ▁in ▁the ▁same ▁form ▁as ▁the ▁greater ▁administrative ▁areas . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁History ▁of ▁the ▁political ▁divisions ▁of ▁China ▁ ▁Category : Ad ministr ative ▁divisions ▁of ▁China ▁Category : F ederal ism ▁in ▁China <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Iran ian ▁peoples ▁or ▁the ▁Iran ic ▁peoples , ▁are ▁a ▁diverse ▁Ind o - Europe an ▁eth no - ling u istic ▁group . ▁ ▁The ▁Pro to - I ran ians ▁are ▁believed ▁to ▁have ▁emerged ▁as ▁a ▁separate ▁branch ▁of ▁the ▁Ind o - I ran ians ▁in ▁Central ▁Asia ▁in ▁the ▁mid - 2 nd ▁mill enn ium ▁B CE . ▁At ▁their ▁peak ▁of ▁expansion ▁in ▁the ▁mid - 1 st ▁mill enn ium ▁B CE , ▁the ▁territory ▁of ▁the ▁Iran ian ▁peoples ▁stretched ▁across ▁the ▁entire ▁E uras ian ▁Step pe ▁from ▁the ▁Great ▁Hung arian ▁Pl ain ▁in ▁the ▁west ▁to ▁the ▁Ord os ▁Pl ate au ▁in ▁the ▁east , ▁to ▁the ▁Iran ian ▁Pl ate au ▁in ▁the ▁south . ▁The ▁Western ▁Iran ian ▁em pires ▁of ▁the ▁south ▁came ▁to ▁dom inate ▁much ▁of ▁the ▁ancient ▁world ▁from ▁the ▁ 6 th ▁century ▁B CE , ▁leaving ▁an ▁important ▁cultural ▁legacy ; ▁and ▁the ▁Eastern ▁Iran ians ▁of ▁the ▁step |
pe ▁played ▁a ▁decis ive ▁role ▁in ▁the ▁development ▁of ▁E uras ian ▁nom ad ism ▁and ▁the ▁Sil k ▁Road . ▁ ▁The ▁ancient ▁Iran ian ▁peoples ▁who ▁emerged ▁after ▁the ▁ 1 st ▁mill enn ium ▁B CE ▁include ▁the ▁Al ans , ▁B act ri ans , ▁D ah ae , ▁Kh ware z mi ans , ▁Mass ag eta e , ▁Med es , ▁Par th ians , ▁Pers ians , ▁S ag art ians , ▁Sak as , ▁S arm at ians , ▁Sc y th ians , ▁S og d ians , ▁and ▁probably ▁C immer ians , ▁among ▁other ▁Iran ian - spe aking ▁peoples ▁of ▁Western ▁Asia , ▁Central ▁Asia , ▁Eastern ▁Europe , ▁and ▁the ▁Eastern ▁Step pe . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁ 1 st ▁mill enn ium ▁CE , ▁their ▁area ▁of ▁settlement , ▁which ▁was ▁mainly ▁concentrated ▁in ▁ste pp es ▁and ▁des erts ▁of ▁E uras ia , ▁was ▁reduced ▁as ▁a ▁result ▁of ▁Sl av ic , ▁German ic , ▁Turk ic , ▁and ▁Mong ol ▁expans ions ▁and ▁many ▁were ▁subject ed ▁to ▁Sl av ic isation ▁and ▁Turk ification . ▁Modern ▁Iran ian - spe aking ▁peoples ▁include ▁the ▁Bal och , ▁Gil aks , ▁Kur ds , ▁L urs , ▁Maz ander an is , ▁Os set ians , ▁Pam ir is , ▁Pas ht uns , ▁Pers ians , ▁T aj ik s , ▁the ▁T aly sh , ▁W ak his , ▁and ▁Y ag |
hn ob is . ▁Their ▁current ▁distribution ▁spread s ▁across ▁the ▁Iran ian ▁Pl ate au , ▁stret ching ▁from ▁the ▁C au cas us ▁in ▁the ▁north ▁to ▁the ▁Pers ian ▁Gulf ▁in ▁the ▁south ▁and ▁from ▁Eastern ▁Turkey ▁in ▁the ▁west ▁to ▁Western ▁X in ji ang ▁in ▁the ▁east — a ▁region ▁that ▁is ▁sometimes ▁called ▁the ▁Iran ian ▁Cultural ▁Cont inent , ▁representing ▁the ▁extent ▁of ▁the ▁Iran ian - spe akers ▁and ▁the ▁significant ▁influence ▁of ▁the ▁Iran ian ▁peoples ▁through ▁the ▁ge opol it ical ▁reach ▁of ▁Gre ater ▁Iran . ▁ ▁Name ▁ ▁The ▁term ▁Iran ▁der ives ▁directly ▁from ▁Middle ▁Pers ian ▁ Ē r ā n ▁() ▁and ▁Par th ian ▁A ry ā n . ▁The ▁Middle ▁Iran ian ▁terms ▁ ē r ā n ▁and ▁ar y ā n ▁are ▁ob lique ▁plural ▁forms ▁of ▁gent il ic ▁ ē r - ▁( in ▁Middle ▁Pers ian ) ▁and ▁ar y - ▁( in ▁Par th ian ), ▁both ▁der iving ▁from ▁Old ▁Pers ian ▁a ri ya - ▁( ), ▁A vest an ▁air i ia - ▁() ▁and ▁Pro to - I ran ian ▁* ary a -. ▁ ▁There ▁have ▁been ▁many ▁attempts ▁to ▁qualify ▁the ▁ver bal ▁root ▁of ▁ar - ▁in ▁Old ▁Iran ian ▁ar ya -. ▁The ▁following ▁are ▁according ▁to ▁ 1 9 5 7 ▁and ▁later ▁lingu ists : ▁ ▁Em manuel ▁Lar oche ▁( 1 9 5 7 ): ▁a ra - ▁" |
to ▁fit " ▁(" f itting ", ▁" pro per "). Old ▁Iran ian ▁ar ya - ▁being ▁desc ended ▁from ▁Pro to - Ind o - Europe an ▁, ▁meaning ▁"( skill fully ) ▁as sembl er ". ▁ ▁Georges ▁Dum é z il ▁( 1 9 5 8 ): ▁ar - ▁" to ▁share " ▁( as ▁a ▁union ). ▁ ▁Harold ▁Walter ▁Ba iley ▁( 1 9 5 9 ): ▁ar - ▁" to ▁be get " ▁(" born ", ▁" n urt uring "). ▁ ▁É mil ▁Ben ven iste ▁( 1 9 6 9 ): ▁ar - ▁" to ▁fit " ▁(" comp an ion able "). ▁ ▁Unlike ▁the ▁S ansk rit ▁ ▁( A ry an ), ▁the ▁Old ▁Iran ian ▁term ▁has ▁solely ▁an ▁ethnic ▁meaning . ▁Today , ▁the ▁Old ▁Iran ian ▁ar ya - ▁remains ▁in ▁eth no - ling u istic ▁names ▁such ▁as ▁Iran , ▁Alan , ▁Ir , ▁and ▁Iron .< ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁Iran ian ▁languages , ▁the ▁gent il ic ▁is ▁att ested ▁as ▁a ▁self - identifier ▁included ▁in ▁ancient ▁in scriptions ▁and ▁the ▁literature ▁of ▁A vest a . ▁The ▁earliest ▁ep ig raph ically ▁att ested ▁reference ▁to ▁the ▁word ▁ar ya - ▁occurs ▁in ▁the ▁B ist un ▁In scription ▁of ▁the ▁ 6 th ▁century ▁B CE . ▁The ▁in scription ▁of ▁B ist un ▁( or ▁Be hist un ; ▁) ▁describes ▁itself ▁to ▁have ▁been ▁composed ▁in ▁A ry a ▁[ |
language ▁or ▁script ]. ▁As ▁is ▁also ▁the ▁case ▁for ▁all ▁other ▁Old ▁Iran ian ▁language ▁usage , ▁the ▁ar ya ▁of ▁the ▁in scription ▁does ▁not ▁sign ify ▁anything ▁but ▁Iran ian . ▁ ▁In ▁royal ▁Old ▁Pers ian ▁in scriptions , ▁the ▁term ▁ar ya - ▁appears ▁in ▁three ▁different ▁context s : ▁ ▁As ▁the ▁name ▁of ▁the ▁language ▁of ▁the ▁Old ▁Pers ian ▁version ▁of ▁the ▁in scription ▁of ▁D arius ▁I ▁in ▁the ▁B ist un ▁In scription . ▁ ▁As ▁the ▁ethnic ▁background ▁of ▁D arius ▁the ▁Great ▁in ▁in scriptions ▁at ▁R ust am ▁Rel ief ▁and ▁Sus a ▁( D na , ▁D se ) ▁and ▁the ▁ethnic ▁background ▁of ▁X er x es ▁I ▁in ▁the ▁in scription ▁from ▁Per se pol is ▁( X ph ). ▁ ▁As ▁the ▁definition ▁of ▁the ▁God ▁of ▁Iran ians , ▁O hr maz d , ▁in ▁the ▁El am ite ▁version ▁of ▁the ▁B ist un ▁In scription . ▁In ▁the ▁D na ▁and ▁D se , ▁D arius ▁and ▁X er x es ▁describe ▁themselves ▁as ▁" an ▁A cha emen id , ▁a ▁Pers ian , ▁son ▁of ▁a ▁Pers ian , ▁and ▁an ▁A ry an , ▁of ▁A ry an ▁stock ". ▁Although ▁D arius ▁the ▁Great ▁called ▁his ▁language ▁ar ya - ▁(" I ran ian "), ▁modern ▁scholars ▁refer ▁to ▁it ▁as ▁Old ▁Pers ian ▁because ▁it ▁is ▁the ▁ancest or ▁of ▁the ▁modern ▁Pers ian ▁language . ▁ ▁The |
▁tr iling ual ▁in scription ▁ere cted ▁by ▁the ▁command ▁of ▁Sh ap ur ▁I ▁gives ▁a ▁more ▁clear ▁description . ▁The ▁languages ▁used ▁are ▁Par th ian , ▁Middle ▁Pers ian , ▁and ▁Greek . ▁In ▁Greek ▁in scription ▁says ▁" ego ▁... ▁tou ▁A rian on ▁eth n ous ▁desp otes ▁e imi ", ▁which ▁transl ates ▁to ▁" I ▁am ▁the ▁king ▁of ▁the ▁kingdom ▁( n ation ) ▁of ▁the ▁Iran ians ". ▁In ▁Middle ▁Pers ian , ▁Sh ap ur ▁says ▁" ē r ā n š ahr ▁x w ad ā y ▁h ē m " ▁and ▁in ▁Par th ian ▁he ▁says ▁" ary ā n š ahr ▁x w ad ā y ▁ah ē m ". ▁ ▁The ▁A vest a ▁clearly ▁uses ▁air i ia - ▁as ▁an ▁ethnic ▁name ▁( V ide v dat ▁ 1 ; ▁Y as ht ▁ 1 3 . 1 4 3 – 4 4 , ▁etc .), ▁where ▁it ▁appears ▁in ▁expressions ▁such ▁as ▁air y ā fi ▁dai ŋ <0xCB> <0x8A> h ā v ō ▁(" I ran ian ▁lands "), ▁air y ō ▁š ay an ə m ▁(" land ▁inhab ited ▁by ▁Iran ians "), ▁and ▁air yan ə m ▁va ē j ō ▁va ŋ h uy ā fi ▁d ā ity ay ā fi ▁(" I ran ian ▁stretch ▁of ▁the ▁good ▁D ā ity ā "). ▁In ▁the ▁late ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁A vest a ▁( V ide v dat ▁ |
1 ), ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁mentioned ▁hom el ands ▁was ▁referred ▁to ▁as ▁Air yan ' ə m ▁Va ē j ah ▁which ▁approximately ▁means ▁" ex pan se ▁of ▁the ▁Iran ians ". ▁The ▁hom eland ▁varied ▁in ▁its ▁ge ographic ▁range , ▁the ▁area ▁around ▁Her at ▁( Pl iny ' s ▁view ) ▁and ▁even ▁the ▁entire ▁exp anse ▁of ▁the ▁Iran ian ▁Pl ate au ▁( Str ab o ' s ▁design ation ). ▁ ▁The ▁Old ▁Pers ian ▁and ▁A vest an ▁evidence ▁is ▁confirmed ▁by ▁the ▁Greek ▁sources . ▁Her odot us , ▁in ▁his ▁Hist ories , ▁remarks ▁about ▁the ▁Iran ian ▁Med es ▁that ▁" Med es ▁were ▁called ▁ancient ly ▁by ▁all ▁people ▁Ari ans " ▁( 7 . 6 2 ). ▁In ▁Armen ian ▁sources , ▁the ▁Par th ians , ▁Med es ▁and ▁Pers ians ▁are ▁collect ively ▁referred ▁to ▁as ▁Iran ians . ▁E ud em us ▁of ▁Rh odes ▁( D ub itation es ▁et ▁Solution es ▁de ▁Prim is ▁Pr incip i is , ▁in ▁Pl aton is ▁P arm en id em ) ▁refers ▁to ▁" the ▁Mag i ▁and ▁all ▁those ▁of ▁Iran ian ▁( á re ion ) ▁line age ". ▁D iod orus ▁Sic ulus ▁( 1 . 9 4 . 2 ) ▁considers ▁Z oro aster ▁( Z ath ra ust ē s ) ▁as ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁Ari ano i . ▁ ▁Str ab o , ▁in ▁his ▁Ge ograph ica ▁( 1 |
st ▁century ▁CE ), ▁ment ions ▁of ▁the ▁Med es , ▁Pers ians , ▁B act ri ans ▁and ▁S og d ians ▁of ▁the ▁Iran ian ▁Pl ate au ▁and ▁Trans ox iana ▁of ▁ant iqu ity : ▁ ▁The ▁B act rian ▁( a ▁Middle ▁Iran ian ▁language ) ▁in scription ▁of ▁Kan ish ka ▁( the ▁founder ▁of ▁the ▁K ush an ▁Empire ) ▁at ▁Rab at ak , ▁which ▁was ▁discovered ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 3 ▁in ▁an ▁une xc av ated ▁site ▁in ▁the ▁Afghan ▁province ▁of ▁Bag h lan , ▁clearly ▁refers ▁to ▁this ▁Eastern ▁Iran ian ▁language ▁as ▁A ry a . ▁ ▁All ▁this ▁evidence ▁shows ▁that ▁the ▁name ▁A ry a ▁was ▁a ▁collective ▁definition , ▁den oting ▁peoples ▁who ▁were ▁aware ▁of ▁belonging ▁to ▁the ▁one ▁ethnic ▁stock , ▁speaking ▁a ▁common ▁language , ▁and ▁having ▁a ▁religious ▁tradition ▁that ▁centered ▁on ▁the ▁cult ▁of ▁O hr maz d . ▁ ▁The ▁academic ▁usage ▁of ▁the ▁term ▁Iran ian ▁is ▁distinct ▁from ▁the ▁state ▁of ▁Iran ▁and ▁its ▁various ▁citizens ▁( who ▁are ▁all ▁Iran ian ▁by ▁national ity ), ▁in ▁the ▁same ▁way ▁that ▁the ▁term ▁German ic ▁peoples ▁is ▁distinct ▁from ▁Germans . ▁Some ▁inhabitants ▁of ▁Iran ▁are ▁not ▁necessarily ▁ethnic ▁Iran ians ▁by ▁virtue ▁of ▁not ▁being ▁speakers ▁of ▁Iran ian ▁languages . ▁ ▁Some ▁scholars ▁such ▁as ▁John ▁Perry ▁prefer ▁the ▁term ▁Iran ic ▁as ▁the ▁anth rop ological ▁name ▁for ▁the ▁lingu istic ▁family ▁and ▁ethnic ▁groups |
▁of ▁this ▁category ▁( many ▁of ▁which ▁exist ▁outside ▁Iran ), ▁while ▁Iran ian ▁for ▁anything ▁about ▁the ▁country ▁Iran . ▁He ▁uses ▁the ▁same ▁analog ue ▁as ▁in ▁different i ating ▁German ▁from ▁German ic ▁or ▁different i ating ▁Turkish ▁and ▁Turk ic . ▁ ▁History ▁and ▁settlement ▁ ▁Ind o - Europe an ▁roots ▁ ▁Pro to - Ind o - I ran ians ▁ ▁The ▁Pro to - Ind o - I ran ians ▁are ▁commonly ▁identified ▁with ▁the ▁S int as ht a ▁culture ▁and ▁the ▁subsequent ▁And ron ovo ▁culture ▁within ▁the ▁broader ▁And ron ovo ▁horizon , ▁and ▁their ▁hom eland ▁with ▁an ▁area ▁of ▁the ▁E uras ian ▁step pe ▁that ▁borders ▁the ▁U ral ▁River ▁on ▁the ▁west , ▁the ▁T ian ▁Shan ▁on ▁the ▁east . ▁ ▁The ▁Ind o - I ran ians ▁interact ed ▁with ▁the ▁B act ria - Mag iana ▁Culture , ▁also ▁called ▁" B act ria - Mag iana ▁Arch ae ological ▁Complex ". ▁Pro to - Ind o - I ran ian ▁a rose ▁due ▁to ▁this ▁influence . ▁The ▁Ind o - I ran ians ▁also ▁borrow ed ▁their ▁distinctive ▁religious ▁beliefs ▁and ▁practices ▁from ▁this ▁culture . ▁ ▁The ▁Ind o - I ran ian ▁migrations ▁took ▁place ▁in ▁two ▁waves . ▁The ▁first ▁wave ▁consisted ▁of ▁the ▁Ind o - A ry an ▁migration ▁into ▁the ▁Lev ant , ▁founding ▁the ▁M itt ani ▁kingdom , ▁and ▁a ▁migration ▁south - east ward ▁of |
▁the ▁V ed ic ▁people , ▁over ▁the ▁Hindu ▁K ush ▁into ▁northern ▁India . ▁The ▁Ind o - A ry ans ▁split - off ▁around ▁ 1 8 0 0 – 1 6 0 0 ▁B CE ▁from ▁the ▁Iran ians , ▁where - after ▁they ▁were ▁defeated ▁and ▁split ▁into ▁two ▁groups ▁by ▁the ▁Iran ians , ▁who ▁dominated ▁the ▁Central ▁E uras ian ▁step pe ▁zone ▁and ▁" ch ased ▁[ the ▁Ind o - A ry ans ] ▁to ▁the ▁extrem ities ▁of ▁Central ▁E uras ia ." ▁One ▁group ▁were ▁the ▁Ind o - A ry ans ▁who ▁founded ▁the ▁Mit anni ▁kingdom ▁in ▁northern ▁Syria ; ▁( c . ▁ 1 5 0 0 – 1 3 0 0 ▁B CE ) ▁the ▁other ▁group ▁were ▁the ▁V ed ic ▁people . ▁Christopher ▁I . ▁Beck with ▁suggests ▁that ▁the ▁W us un , ▁an ▁Ind o - Europe an ▁C au cas ian ▁people ▁of ▁In ner ▁Asia ▁in ▁ant iqu ity , ▁were ▁also ▁of ▁Ind o - A ry an ▁origin . ▁ ▁The ▁second ▁wave ▁is ▁interpreted ▁as ▁the ▁Iran ian ▁wave , ▁and ▁took ▁place ▁in ▁the ▁third ▁stage ▁of ▁the ▁Ind o - Europe an ▁migrations ▁from ▁ 8 0 0 ▁B CE ▁on wards . ▁ ▁S int as ht a - Pet rov ka ▁culture ▁ ▁The ▁S int as ht a ▁culture , ▁also ▁known ▁as ▁the ▁S int as ht a - Pet rov ka ▁culture ▁or |
▁S int as ht a - Ar ka im ▁culture , ▁is ▁a ▁Bron ze ▁Age ▁archae ological ▁culture ▁of ▁the ▁northern ▁E uras ian ▁step pe ▁on ▁the ▁borders ▁of ▁Eastern ▁Europe ▁and ▁Central ▁Asia , ▁dated ▁to ▁the ▁period ▁ 2 1 0 0 – 1 8 0 0 ▁B CE . ▁It ▁is ▁probably ▁the ▁archae ological ▁manifest ation ▁of ▁the ▁Ind o - I ran ian ▁language ▁group . ▁ ▁The ▁S int as ht a ▁culture ▁emerged ▁from ▁the ▁interaction ▁of ▁two ▁ante ced ent ▁cultures . ▁Its ▁immediate ▁predecess or ▁in ▁the ▁U ral - T ob ol ▁step pe ▁was ▁the ▁Pol t av ka ▁culture , ▁an ▁off sh oot ▁of ▁the ▁cattle - her ding ▁Yam n aya ▁horizon ▁that ▁moved ▁east ▁into ▁the ▁region ▁between ▁ 2 8 0 0 ▁and ▁ 2 6 0 0 ▁B CE . ▁Several ▁S int as ht a ▁towns ▁were ▁built ▁over ▁older ▁Pol to v ka ▁settlement s ▁or ▁close ▁to ▁Pol to v ka ▁c em eter ies , ▁and ▁Pol to v ka ▁mot ifs ▁are ▁common ▁on ▁S int as ht a ▁pot tery . ▁S int as ht a ▁material ▁culture ▁also ▁shows ▁the ▁influence ▁of ▁the ▁late ▁Ab as he vo ▁culture , ▁a ▁collection ▁of ▁Cord ed ▁W are ▁settlement s ▁in ▁the ▁forest ▁step pe ▁zone ▁north ▁of ▁the ▁S int as ht a ▁region ▁that ▁were ▁also ▁predomin antly ▁past oral ist . ▁All ento ft ▁et |
▁al . ▁( 2 0 1 5 ) ▁also ▁found ▁close ▁aut os om al ▁genetic ▁relationship ▁between ▁peoples ▁of ▁Cord ed ▁W are ▁culture ▁and ▁S int as ht a ▁culture . ▁ ▁The ▁earliest ▁known ▁char i ots ▁have ▁been ▁found ▁in ▁S int as ht a ▁bur ials , ▁and ▁the ▁culture ▁is ▁considered ▁a ▁strong ▁candidate ▁for ▁the ▁origin ▁of ▁the ▁technology , ▁which ▁spread ▁throughout ▁the ▁Old ▁World ▁and ▁played ▁an ▁important ▁role ▁in ▁ancient ▁war fare . ▁S int as ht a ▁settlement s ▁are ▁also ▁remarkable ▁for ▁the ▁intensity ▁of ▁copper ▁mining ▁and ▁bronze ▁metall ur gy ▁carried ▁out ▁there , ▁which ▁is ▁unusual ▁for ▁a ▁step pe ▁culture . ▁ ▁Because ▁of ▁the ▁difficulty ▁of ▁identifying ▁the ▁remains ▁of ▁S int as ht a ▁sites ▁beneath ▁those ▁of ▁later ▁settlement s , ▁the ▁culture ▁was ▁only ▁recently ▁distinguished ▁from ▁the ▁And ron ovo ▁culture . ▁It ▁is ▁now ▁recognised ▁as ▁a ▁separate ▁entity ▁forming ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁' And ron ovo ▁horizon '. ▁ ▁And ron ovo ▁culture ▁ ▁The ▁And ron ovo ▁culture ▁is ▁a ▁collection ▁of ▁similar ▁local ▁Bron ze ▁Age ▁Ind o - I ran ian ▁cultures ▁that ▁flour ished ▁c . ▁ 1 8 0 0 – 9 0 0 ▁B CE ▁in ▁western ▁S iber ia ▁and ▁the ▁west ▁As i atic ▁step pe . ▁It ▁is ▁probably ▁better ▁term ed ▁an ▁archae ological ▁complex ▁or ▁archae ological ▁horizon . ▁The ▁name ▁der ives ▁from ▁the ▁village ▁of ▁And ron |
ovo ▁( ), ▁where ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 4 , ▁several ▁gr aves ▁were ▁discovered , ▁with ▁ske let ons ▁in ▁c rou ched ▁positions , ▁buried ▁with ▁rich ly ▁decorated ▁pot tery . ▁The ▁older ▁S int as ht a ▁culture ▁( 2 1 0 0 – 1 8 0 0 ), ▁formerly ▁included ▁within ▁the ▁And ron ovo ▁culture , ▁is ▁now ▁considered ▁separately , ▁but ▁regarded ▁as ▁its ▁predecess or , ▁and ▁accepted ▁as ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁wider ▁And ron ovo ▁horizon . ▁At ▁least ▁four ▁sub - c ult ures ▁of ▁the ▁And ron ovo ▁horizon ▁have ▁been ▁distinguished , ▁during ▁which ▁the ▁culture ▁exp ands ▁towards ▁the ▁south ▁and ▁the ▁east : ▁ ▁S int as ht a - Pet rov ka - Ar ka im ▁( S ou thern ▁Ur als , ▁northern ▁Kaz akh stan , ▁ 2 2 0 0 – 1 6 0 0 ▁B CE ) ▁ ▁the ▁S int as ht a ▁fort ification ▁of ▁ca . ▁ 1 8 0 0 ▁B CE ▁in ▁Che ly ab ins k ▁O bl ast ▁ ▁the ▁Pet rov ka ▁settlement ▁fort ified ▁settlement ▁in ▁Kaz akh stan ▁ ▁the ▁nearby ▁Ar ka im ▁settlement ▁dated ▁to ▁the ▁ 1 7 th ▁century ▁ ▁Al ak ul ▁( 2 1 0 0 – 1 4 0 0 ▁B CE ) ▁between ▁Ox us ▁and ▁J ax art es , ▁Ky zy l k um ▁desert ▁ ▁Ale k sey ev ka ▁( 1 |
3 0 0 – 1 1 0 0 ▁B CE ▁" final ▁Bron ze ") ▁in ▁eastern ▁Kaz akh stan , ▁contacts ▁with ▁N amaz ga ▁VI ▁in ▁Turk men ia ▁ ▁Ing ala ▁Valley ▁in ▁the ▁south ▁of ▁the ▁Ty umen ▁O bl ast ▁ ▁Fed or ovo ▁( 1 5 0 0 – 1 3 0 0 ▁B CE ) ▁in ▁southern ▁S iber ia ▁( ear liest ▁evidence ▁of ▁cre m ation ▁and ▁fire ▁cult ) ▁ ▁Bes h k ent - V akh sh ▁( 1 0 0 0 – 8 0 0 ▁B CE ) ▁ ▁The ▁ge ographical ▁extent ▁of ▁the ▁culture ▁is ▁vast ▁and ▁difficult ▁to ▁del ine ate ▁exactly . ▁On ▁its ▁western ▁f ring es , ▁it ▁overl aps ▁with ▁the ▁approximately ▁contempor aneous , ▁but ▁distinct , ▁S rub na ▁culture ▁in ▁the ▁Vol ga - U ral ▁inter fl uv ial . ▁To ▁the ▁east , ▁it ▁reaches ▁into ▁the ▁Min us ins k ▁depression , ▁with ▁some ▁sites ▁as ▁far ▁west ▁as ▁the ▁southern ▁U ral ▁Mountains , ▁overl apping ▁with ▁the ▁area ▁of ▁the ▁earlier ▁Af an ase vo ▁culture . ▁Additional ▁sites ▁are ▁scattered ▁as ▁far ▁south ▁as ▁the ▁K op pet ▁D ag ▁( Tur k men istan ), ▁the ▁Pam ir ▁( T aj ik istan ) ▁and ▁the ▁T ian ▁Shan ▁( K yr gy z stan ). ▁The ▁northern ▁boundary ▁v agu ely ▁corresponds ▁to ▁the ▁beginning ▁of ▁the ▁Ta iga . ▁In ▁the ▁Vol |
ga ▁bas in , ▁interaction ▁with ▁the ▁S rub na ▁culture ▁was ▁the ▁most ▁intense ▁and ▁prolong ed , ▁and ▁Feder ovo ▁style ▁pot tery ▁is ▁found ▁as ▁far ▁west ▁as ▁Vol g og rad . ▁ ▁Most ▁researchers ▁associate ▁the ▁And ron ovo ▁horizon ▁with ▁early ▁Ind o - I ran ian ▁languages , ▁though ▁it ▁may ▁have ▁overl apped ▁the ▁early ▁U ral ic - spe aking ▁area ▁at ▁its ▁northern ▁f ringe . ▁ ▁Sc y th ians ▁and ▁Pers ians ▁ ▁From ▁the ▁late ▁ 2 nd ▁mill enn ium ▁B CE ▁to ▁early ▁ 1 st ▁mill enn ium ▁B CE ▁the ▁Iran ians ▁had ▁expanded ▁from ▁the ▁E uras ian ▁Step pe , ▁and ▁Iran ian ▁peoples ▁such ▁as ▁Med es , ▁Pers ians , ▁Par th ians ▁and ▁B act ri ans ▁pop ulated ▁the ▁Iran ian ▁Pl ate au . ▁ ▁Sc y th ian ▁tribes , ▁along ▁with ▁C immer ians , ▁S arm at ians ▁and ▁Al ans ▁pop ulated ▁the ▁ste pp es ▁north ▁of ▁the ▁Black ▁Sea . ▁The ▁Sc y th ian ▁and ▁S arm at ian ▁tribes ▁were ▁spread ▁across ▁Great ▁Hung arian ▁Pl ain , ▁South - E astern ▁Ukraine , ▁Russ ias ▁S iber ian , ▁Southern , ▁Vol ga , ▁U ral ic ▁regions ▁and ▁the ▁B alk ans , ▁while ▁other ▁Sc y th ian ▁tribes , ▁such ▁as ▁the ▁S aka , ▁spread ▁as ▁far ▁east ▁as ▁X in ji ang , ▁China . |
▁Sc y th ians ▁as ▁well ▁formed ▁the ▁Ind o - S cy th ian ▁Empire , ▁and ▁B act ri ans ▁formed ▁a ▁Gre co - B act rian ▁Kingdom ▁founded ▁by ▁D iod ot us ▁I , ▁the ▁sat rap ▁of ▁B act ria . ▁The ▁K ush an ▁Empire , ▁with ▁B act rian ▁roots / conne ctions , ▁once ▁controlled ▁much ▁of ▁Pakistan , ▁Afghanistan , ▁and ▁T aj ik istan . ▁The ▁K ush an ▁elite ▁( who ▁the ▁Chinese ▁called ▁the ▁Y ue z hi ) ▁were ▁an ▁Eastern ▁Iran ian ▁language - spe aking ▁people . ▁ ▁Western ▁and ▁Eastern ▁Iran ians ▁The ▁division ▁into ▁an ▁" E astern " ▁and ▁a ▁" W estern " ▁group ▁by ▁the ▁early ▁ 1 st ▁mill enn ium ▁is ▁visible ▁in ▁A vest an ▁vs . ▁Old ▁Pers ian , ▁the ▁two ▁oldest ▁known ▁Iran ian ▁languages . ▁The ▁Old ▁A vest an ▁texts ▁known ▁as ▁the ▁G ath as ▁are ▁believed ▁to ▁have ▁been ▁composed ▁by ▁Z oro aster , ▁the ▁founder ▁of ▁Z oro ast rian ism , ▁with ▁the ▁Y az ▁culture ▁( c . ▁ 1 5 0 0 ▁B CE ▁– ▁ 1 1 0 0 ▁B CE ) ▁as ▁a ▁candidate ▁for ▁the ▁development ▁of ▁Eastern ▁Iran ian ▁culture . ▁ ▁Western ▁Iran ian ▁peoples ▁▁ ▁During ▁the ▁ 1 st ▁centuries ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 st ▁mill enn ium ▁B CE , ▁the ▁ancient ▁Pers ians ▁established ▁themselves ▁in ▁the ▁western |
▁portion ▁of ▁the ▁Iran ian ▁Pl ate au ▁and ▁appear ▁to ▁have ▁interact ed ▁considerably ▁with ▁the ▁El am ites ▁and ▁Bab ylon ians , ▁while ▁the ▁Med es ▁also ▁entered ▁in ▁contact ▁with ▁the ▁Ass y ri ans . ▁Rem n ants ▁of ▁the ▁Med ian ▁language ▁and ▁Old ▁Pers ian ▁show ▁their ▁common ▁Pro to - I ran ian ▁roots , ▁emphas ized ▁in ▁Str ab o ▁and ▁Her odot us ' ▁description ▁of ▁their ▁languages ▁as ▁very ▁similar ▁to ▁the ▁languages ▁spoken ▁by ▁the ▁B act ri ans ▁and ▁S og d ians ▁in ▁the ▁east . ▁Following ▁the ▁establishment ▁of ▁the ▁A cha emen id ▁Empire , ▁the ▁Pers ian ▁language ▁( re ferred ▁to ▁as ▁" F arsi " ▁in ▁Pers ian ) ▁spread ▁from ▁Pars ▁or ▁F ars ▁Province ▁to ▁various ▁regions ▁of ▁the ▁Empire , ▁with ▁the ▁modern ▁dialect s ▁of ▁Iran , ▁Afghanistan ▁( also ▁known ▁as ▁D ari ) ▁and ▁Central - As ia ▁( known ▁as ▁T aj iki ) ▁desc ending ▁from ▁Old ▁Pers ian . ▁ ▁At ▁first , ▁the ▁Western ▁Iran ian ▁peoples ▁in ▁the ▁Near ▁East ▁were ▁dominated ▁by ▁the ▁various ▁Ass y rian ▁em pires . ▁An ▁alliance ▁of ▁the ▁Med es ▁with ▁the ▁Pers ians , ▁and ▁reb elling ▁Bab ylon ians , ▁Sc y th ians , ▁Ch al de ans , ▁and ▁C immer ians , ▁helped ▁the ▁Med es ▁to ▁capture ▁N ine veh ▁in ▁ 6 1 2 ▁B CE , ▁which ▁resulted |
▁in ▁the ▁event ual ▁collapse ▁of ▁the ▁Ne o - Ass y rian ▁Empire ▁by ▁ 6 0 5 ▁B CE . ▁The ▁Med es ▁were ▁subsequently ▁able ▁to ▁establish ▁their ▁Med ian ▁kingdom ▁( with ▁E cb at ana ▁as ▁their ▁royal ▁centre ) ▁beyond ▁their ▁original ▁hom eland ▁and ▁had ▁eventually ▁a ▁territory ▁stret ching ▁roughly ▁from ▁nort he astern ▁Iran ▁to ▁the ▁Hal ys ▁River ▁in ▁An at olia . ▁After ▁the ▁fall ▁of ▁the ▁Ass y rian ▁Empire , ▁between ▁ 6 1 6 ▁B CE ▁and ▁ 6 0 5 ▁B CE , ▁a ▁un ified ▁Med ian ▁state ▁was ▁formed , ▁which , ▁together ▁with ▁Bab yl onia , ▁L yd ia , ▁and ▁Egypt , ▁became ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁four ▁major ▁powers ▁of ▁the ▁ancient ▁Near ▁East ▁ ▁Later ▁on , ▁in ▁ 5 5 0 ▁B CE , ▁Cyr us ▁the ▁Great , ▁would ▁over throw ▁the ▁leading ▁Med ian ▁rule , ▁and ▁con quer ▁Kingdom ▁of ▁L yd ia ▁and ▁the ▁Bab ylon ian ▁Empire ▁after ▁which ▁he ▁established ▁the ▁A cha emen id ▁Empire ▁( or ▁the ▁First ▁Pers ian ▁Empire ), ▁while ▁his ▁success ors ▁would ▁dramatically ▁extend ▁its ▁borders . ▁At ▁its ▁greatest ▁extent , ▁the ▁A cha emen id ▁Empire ▁would ▁en compass ▁sw ath s ▁of ▁territory ▁across ▁three ▁contin ents , ▁namely ▁Europe , ▁Africa ▁and ▁Asia , ▁stret ching ▁from ▁the ▁B alk ans ▁and ▁Eastern ▁Europe ▁proper ▁in ▁the ▁west , ▁to ▁the ▁Ind us ▁Valley |
▁in ▁the ▁east . ▁The ▁largest ▁empire ▁of ▁ancient ▁history , ▁with ▁their ▁base ▁in ▁Pers is ▁( although ▁the ▁main ▁capital ▁was ▁located ▁in ▁Bab ylon ) ▁the ▁A cha emen ids ▁would ▁rule ▁much ▁of ▁the ▁known ▁ancient ▁world ▁for ▁centuries . ▁This ▁First ▁Pers ian ▁Empire ▁was ▁equally ▁notable ▁for ▁its ▁successful ▁model ▁of ▁a ▁central ised , ▁bureau cr atic ▁administration ▁( through ▁sat rap s ▁under ▁a ▁king ) ▁and ▁a ▁government ▁working ▁to ▁the ▁profit ▁of ▁its ▁subjects , ▁for ▁building ▁infrastructure ▁such ▁as ▁a ▁post al ▁system ▁and ▁road ▁systems ▁and ▁the ▁use ▁of ▁an ▁official ▁language ▁across ▁its ▁territor ies ▁and ▁a ▁large ▁professional ▁army ▁and ▁civil ▁services ▁( in sp iring ▁similar ▁systems ▁in ▁later ▁em pires ), ▁and ▁for ▁em anc ip ation ▁of ▁slaves ▁including ▁the ▁Jewish ▁ex iles ▁in ▁Bab ylon , ▁and ▁is ▁noted ▁in ▁Western ▁history ▁as ▁the ▁ant agon ist ▁of ▁the ▁Greek ▁city ▁states ▁during ▁the ▁Gre co - Pers ian ▁Wars . ▁The ▁M aus ole um ▁at ▁Hal ic arn ass us , ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁Seven ▁W onders ▁of ▁the ▁Anc ient ▁World , ▁was ▁built ▁in ▁the ▁empire ▁as ▁well . ▁ ▁The ▁Gre co - Pers ian ▁Wars ▁resulted ▁in ▁the ▁Pers ians ▁being ▁forced ▁to ▁withdraw ▁from ▁their ▁European ▁territor ies , ▁setting ▁the ▁direct ▁further ▁course ▁of ▁history ▁of ▁Greece ▁and ▁the ▁rest ▁of ▁Europe . ▁More ▁than ▁a ▁century ▁later , ▁a ▁prince ▁of ▁M aced on ▁( which |
▁itself ▁was ▁a ▁subject ▁to ▁Pers ia ▁from ▁the ▁late ▁ 6 th ▁century ▁B CE ▁up ▁to ▁the ▁First ▁Pers ian ▁invasion ▁of ▁Greece ) ▁later ▁known ▁by ▁the ▁name ▁of ▁Alexander ▁the ▁Great , ▁over th rew ▁the ▁inc umb ent ▁Pers ian ▁king , ▁by ▁which ▁the ▁A cha emen id ▁Empire ▁was ▁ended . ▁ ▁Old ▁Pers ian ▁is ▁att ested ▁in ▁the ▁Be hist un ▁In scription ▁( c . ▁ 5 1 9 ▁B CE ), ▁recording ▁a ▁pro clam ation ▁by ▁D arius ▁the ▁Great . ▁In ▁south western ▁Iran , ▁the ▁A cha emen id ▁kings ▁usually ▁wrote ▁their ▁in scriptions ▁in ▁tr iling ual ▁form ▁( El am ite , ▁Bab ylon ian ▁and ▁Old ▁Pers ian ) ▁while ▁elsewhere ▁other ▁languages ▁were ▁used . ▁The ▁administrative ▁languages ▁were ▁El am ite ▁in ▁the ▁early ▁period , ▁and ▁later ▁Imperial ▁Ar ama ic , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁Greek , ▁making ▁it ▁a ▁widely ▁used ▁bureau cr atic ▁language . ▁Even ▁though ▁the ▁A cha emen ids ▁had ▁extensive ▁contacts ▁with ▁the ▁Gree ks ▁and ▁vice ▁vers a , ▁and ▁had ▁conqu ered ▁many ▁of ▁the ▁Greek - spe aking ▁area ' s ▁both ▁in ▁Europe ▁and ▁Asia ▁Minor ▁during ▁different ▁periods ▁of ▁the ▁empire , ▁the ▁native ▁Old ▁Iran ian ▁sources ▁provide ▁no ▁indication ▁of ▁Greek ▁lingu istic ▁evidence . ▁However , ▁there ▁is ▁plenty ▁of ▁evidence ▁( in ▁addition ▁to ▁the ▁accounts ▁of ▁Her odot us ) ▁that ▁Gree ks , ▁apart ▁from |
▁being ▁deployed ▁and ▁employed ▁in ▁the ▁core ▁regions ▁of ▁the ▁empire , ▁also ▁evident ly ▁lived ▁and ▁worked ▁in ▁the ▁heart land ▁of ▁the ▁A cha emen id ▁Empire , ▁namely ▁Iran . ▁For ▁example , ▁Gree ks ▁were ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁various ▁ethnic ities ▁that ▁constructed ▁D arius ' ▁palace ▁in ▁Sus a , ▁apart ▁from ▁the ▁Greek ▁in scriptions ▁found ▁nearby ▁there , ▁and ▁one ▁short ▁Per se pol is ▁tablet ▁written ▁in ▁Greek . ▁ ▁The ▁early ▁inhabitants ▁of ▁the ▁A cha emen id ▁Empire ▁appear ▁to ▁have ▁adopted ▁the ▁religion ▁of ▁Z oro ast rian ism . ▁The ▁Bal och ▁who ▁speak ▁a ▁west ▁Iran ian ▁language ▁relate ▁an ▁oral ▁tradition ▁regarding ▁their ▁migration ▁from ▁Ale ppo , ▁Syria ▁around ▁the ▁year ▁ 1 0 0 0 ▁CE , ▁whereas ▁lingu istic ▁evidence ▁links ▁Bal och i ▁to ▁Kur man ji , ▁Sor an î , ▁Gor ani ▁and ▁Z az aki ▁language . ▁ ▁Eastern ▁Iran ian ▁peoples ▁▁ ▁While ▁the ▁Iran ian ▁tribes ▁of ▁the ▁south ▁are ▁better ▁known ▁through ▁their ▁texts ▁and ▁modern ▁counter parts , ▁the ▁tribes ▁which ▁remained ▁largely ▁in ▁the ▁vast ▁E uras ian ▁exp anse ▁are ▁known ▁through ▁the ▁references ▁made ▁to ▁them ▁by ▁the ▁ancient ▁Gree ks , ▁Pers ians , ▁Chinese , ▁and ▁Ind o - A ry ans ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁by ▁archae ological ▁finds . ▁The ▁Greek ▁chronic ler , ▁Her odot us ▁( 5 th ▁century ▁B CE ) ▁makes ▁references ▁to ▁a ▁nom ad ic ▁people |
, ▁the ▁Sc y th ians ; ▁he ▁describes ▁them ▁as ▁having ▁dw elt ▁in ▁what ▁is ▁today ▁southern ▁European ▁Russia ▁and ▁Ukraine . ▁He ▁was ▁the ▁first ▁to ▁make ▁a ▁reference ▁to ▁them . ▁Many ▁ancient ▁S ansk rit ▁texts ▁from ▁a ▁later ▁period ▁make ▁references ▁to ▁such ▁tribes ▁they ▁were ▁witness ▁of ▁pointing ▁them ▁towards ▁the ▁sout he astern - most ▁edges ▁of ▁Central ▁Asia , ▁around ▁the ▁Hind uk ush ▁range ▁in ▁northern ▁Pakistan . ▁ ▁It ▁is ▁believed ▁that ▁these ▁Sc y th ians ▁were ▁conqu ered ▁by ▁their ▁eastern ▁cous ins , ▁the ▁S arm at ians , ▁who ▁are ▁mentioned ▁by ▁Str ab o ▁as ▁the ▁dominant ▁tribe ▁which ▁controlled ▁the ▁southern ▁Russian ▁step pe ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 st ▁mill enn ium ▁CE . ▁These ▁S arm at ians ▁were ▁also ▁known ▁to ▁the ▁Romans , ▁who ▁conqu ered ▁the ▁western ▁tribes ▁in ▁the ▁B alk ans ▁and ▁sent ▁S arm at ian ▁con scripts , ▁as ▁part ▁of ▁Roman ▁leg ions , ▁as ▁far ▁west ▁as ▁Roman ▁Britain . ▁These ▁Iran ian - spe aking ▁Sc y th ians ▁and ▁S arm at ians ▁dominated ▁large ▁parts ▁of ▁Eastern ▁Europe ▁for ▁a ▁mill enn ium , ▁and ▁were ▁eventually ▁absorbed ▁and ▁ass imil ated ▁( e . g . ▁Sl av ic isation ) ▁by ▁the ▁Pro to - Sl av ic ▁population ▁of ▁the ▁region . ▁ ▁The ▁S arm at ians ▁differ ed ▁from ▁the ▁Sc y th ians ▁in ▁their ▁v ener |
ation ▁of ▁the ▁god ▁of ▁fire ▁rather ▁than ▁god ▁of ▁nature , ▁and ▁women ' s ▁prominent ▁role ▁in ▁war fare , ▁which ▁possibly ▁served ▁as ▁the ▁inspiration ▁for ▁the ▁Amaz ons . ▁At ▁their ▁greatest ▁reported ▁extent , ▁around ▁the ▁ 1 st ▁century ▁CE , ▁these ▁tribes ▁r anged ▁from ▁the ▁V ist ula ▁River ▁to ▁the ▁mouth ▁of ▁the ▁Dan ube ▁and ▁east ward ▁to ▁the ▁Vol ga , ▁bord ering ▁the ▁sh ores ▁of ▁the ▁Black ▁and ▁Cas p ian ▁Se as ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁the ▁C au cas us ▁to ▁the ▁south . ▁Their ▁territory , ▁which ▁was ▁known ▁as ▁S arm at ia ▁to ▁Gre co - R oman ▁eth n ograph ers , ▁correspon ded ▁to ▁the ▁western ▁part ▁of ▁greater ▁Sc y th ia ▁( most ly ▁modern ▁Ukraine ▁and ▁Southern ▁Russia , ▁also ▁to ▁a ▁smaller ▁extent ▁north ▁eastern ▁B alk ans ▁around ▁M old ova ). ▁According ▁to ▁authors ▁Ar row smith , ▁Fellow es ▁and ▁Gr aves ▁Hans ard ▁in ▁their ▁book ▁A ▁Gram mar ▁of ▁Anc ient ▁Ge ography ▁published ▁in ▁ 1 8 3 2 , ▁S arm at ia ▁had ▁two ▁parts , ▁S arm at ia ▁Europe a ▁and ▁S arm at ia ▁As iat ica ▁covering ▁a ▁combined ▁area ▁of ▁ 5 0 3 , 0 0 0 ▁sq ▁mi ▁or ▁ 1 , 3 0 2 , 7 6 4 km 2 . ▁ ▁Throughout ▁the ▁ 1 st ▁mill enn ium ▁CE , ▁the |
▁large ▁presence ▁of ▁the ▁S arm at ians ▁who ▁once ▁dominated ▁Ukraine , ▁Southern ▁Russia , ▁and ▁sw ath s ▁of ▁the ▁Car path ians , ▁gradually ▁started ▁to ▁dimin ish ▁mainly ▁due ▁to ▁ass im ilation ▁and ▁absorption ▁by ▁the ▁German ic ▁G oth s , ▁especially ▁from ▁the ▁areas ▁near ▁the ▁Roman ▁front ier , ▁but ▁only ▁completely ▁by ▁the ▁Pro to - Sl av ic ▁peoples . ▁The ▁abund ant ▁East ▁Iran ian - der ived ▁to pon y ms ▁in ▁Eastern ▁Europe ▁proper ▁( e . g . ▁some ▁of ▁the ▁largest ▁rivers ; ▁the ▁D ni estr ▁and ▁D nie pr ), ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁loan words ▁adopted ▁predomin antly ▁through ▁the ▁Eastern ▁Sl av ic ▁languages ▁and ▁adopted ▁aspects ▁of ▁Iran ian ▁culture ▁amongst ▁the ▁early ▁Sl av s , ▁are ▁all ▁a ▁rem nant ▁of ▁this . ▁A ▁connection ▁between ▁Pro to - Sl av onic ▁and ▁Iran ian ▁languages ▁is ▁also ▁further more ▁proven ▁by ▁the ▁earliest ▁layer ▁of ▁loan words ▁in ▁the ▁former . ▁For ▁instance , ▁the ▁Pro to - Sl av onic ▁words ▁for ▁god ▁(* b og ъ ), ▁demon ▁(* div ъ ), ▁house ▁(* x ata ), ▁ax e ▁(* top or ъ ) ▁and ▁dog ▁(* s ob aka ) ▁are ▁of ▁Sc y th ian ▁origin . ▁ ▁A ▁further ▁point ▁on ▁behalf ▁of ▁the ▁extensive ▁contact ▁between ▁these ▁Sc y th o - S arm at ian ▁Iran ian ▁tribes ▁in ▁Eastern ▁Europe ▁and ▁the ▁( |
E arly ) ▁Sl av s ▁is ▁to ▁be ▁shown ▁in ▁matters ▁regarding ▁religion . ▁After ▁Sl av ic ▁and ▁Balt ic ▁languages ▁diver ged ▁– - ▁also ▁ev id enced ▁by ▁et ym ology ▁– - ▁the ▁Early ▁Sl av s ▁interact ed ▁with ▁Iran ian ▁peoples ▁and ▁merged ▁elements ▁of ▁Iran ian ▁spiritual ity ▁into ▁their ▁beliefs . ▁For ▁example , ▁both ▁Early ▁Iran ian ▁and ▁Sl av ic ▁sup reme ▁gods ▁were ▁considered ▁g ivers ▁of ▁wealth , ▁unlike ▁the ▁sup reme ▁thunder ▁gods ▁in ▁many ▁other ▁European ▁relig ions . ▁Also , ▁both ▁Sl av s ▁and ▁Iran ians ▁had ▁dem ons ▁– - ▁given ▁names ▁from ▁similar ▁lingu istic ▁roots , ▁Da ê va ▁( I ran ian ) ▁and ▁Div ŭ ▁( Sl av ic ) ▁– - ▁and ▁a ▁concept ▁of ▁dual ism , ▁of ▁good ▁and ▁evil . ▁ ▁The ▁S arm at ians ▁of ▁the ▁east , ▁based ▁in ▁the ▁Pont ic – C asp ian ▁step pe , ▁became ▁the ▁Al ans , ▁who ▁also ▁vent ured ▁far ▁and ▁wide , ▁with ▁a ▁branch ▁ending ▁up ▁in ▁Western ▁Europe ▁and ▁then ▁North ▁Africa , ▁as ▁they ▁accompanied ▁the ▁German ic ▁V and als ▁and ▁Sue bi ▁during ▁their ▁migrations . ▁The ▁modern ▁Os set ians ▁are ▁believed ▁to ▁be ▁the ▁direct ▁descend ants ▁of ▁the ▁Al ans , ▁as ▁other ▁rem n ants ▁of ▁the ▁Al ans ▁disappeared ▁following ▁German ic , ▁H unn ic ▁and ▁ultimately ▁Sl av ic ▁migrations ▁and ▁invas |
ions . ▁Another ▁group ▁of ▁Al ans ▁all ied ▁with ▁G oth s ▁to ▁defeat ▁the ▁Romans ▁and ▁ultimately ▁settled ▁in ▁what ▁is ▁now ▁called ▁Catal onia ▁( G oth - Al ania ). ▁ ▁Some ▁of ▁the ▁S aka - S cy th ian ▁tribes ▁in ▁Central ▁Asia ▁would ▁later ▁move ▁further ▁sout heast ▁and ▁inv ade ▁the ▁Iran ian ▁Pl ate au , ▁large ▁sections ▁of ▁present - day ▁Afghanistan ▁and ▁finally ▁deep ▁into ▁present ▁day ▁Pakistan ▁( see ▁Ind o - S cy th ians ). ▁Another ▁Iran ian ▁tribe ▁related ▁to ▁the ▁S aka - S cy th ians ▁were ▁the ▁P arn i ▁in ▁Central ▁Asia , ▁and ▁who ▁later ▁become ▁ind ist ingu ish able ▁from ▁the ▁Par th ians , ▁speakers ▁of ▁a ▁north west - I ran ian ▁language . ▁Many ▁Iran ian ▁tribes , ▁including ▁the ▁K hw ar az mi ans , ▁Mass ag eta e ▁and ▁S og d ians , ▁were ▁ass imil ated ▁and / or ▁displ aced ▁in ▁Central ▁Asia ▁by ▁the ▁migrations ▁of ▁Turk ic ▁tribes ▁em an ating ▁out ▁of ▁X in ji ang ▁and ▁S iber ia . ▁ ▁The ▁modern ▁Sar ik oli ▁in ▁southern ▁X in ji ang ▁and ▁the ▁Os set ians ▁of ▁the ▁C au cas us ▁( main ly ▁South ▁Os set ia ▁and ▁North ▁Os set ia ) ▁are ▁rem n ants ▁of ▁the ▁various ▁Sc y th ian - der ived ▁tribes ▁from ▁the ▁vast ▁far ▁and ▁wide ▁territory |
▁they ▁once ▁dwell ed ▁in . ▁The ▁modern ▁Os set ians ▁are ▁the ▁descend ants ▁of ▁the ▁Al ano - S arm at ians , ▁and ▁their ▁claims ▁are ▁supported ▁by ▁their ▁Nort heast ▁Iran ian ▁language , ▁while ▁cult ur ally ▁the ▁Os set ians ▁re semble ▁their ▁North ▁C au cas ian ▁neighbors , ▁the ▁Kab ard ians ▁and ▁Circ ass ians . ▁Var ious ▁ext inct ▁Iran ian ▁peoples ▁existed ▁in ▁the ▁eastern ▁C au cas us , ▁including ▁the ▁Az aris , ▁while ▁some ▁Iran ian ▁peoples ▁remain ▁in ▁the ▁region , ▁including ▁the ▁T aly sh ▁and ▁the ▁T ats ▁( including ▁the ▁J ude o - T ats , ▁who ▁have ▁rel oc ated ▁to ▁Israel ), ▁found ▁in ▁A zer ba ij an ▁and ▁as ▁far ▁north ▁as ▁the ▁Russian ▁republic ▁of ▁D ag est an . ▁A ▁rem nant ▁of ▁the ▁S og d ians ▁is ▁found ▁in ▁the ▁Y ag hn obi - spe aking ▁population ▁in ▁parts ▁of ▁the ▁Z er av sh an ▁valley ▁in ▁T aj ik istan . ▁ ▁Later ▁developments ▁ ▁Starting ▁with ▁the ▁reign ▁of ▁O mar ▁in ▁ 6 3 4 ▁CE , ▁Muslim ▁Ar abs ▁began ▁a ▁con quest ▁of ▁the ▁Iran ian ▁Pl ate au . ▁The ▁Ar abs ▁conqu ered ▁the ▁S ass an id ▁Empire ▁of ▁the ▁Pers ians ▁and ▁seized ▁much ▁of ▁the ▁By z antine ▁Empire ▁pop ulated ▁by ▁the ▁Kur ds ▁and ▁others . ▁Ult imately , ▁the ▁various ▁Iran |
ian ▁peoples , ▁including ▁the ▁Pers ians , ▁Pas ht uns , ▁Kur ds ▁and ▁Bal och is , ▁converted ▁to ▁Islam , ▁while ▁the ▁Al ans ▁converted ▁to ▁Christianity , ▁thus ▁laying ▁the ▁foundation ▁for ▁the ▁fact ▁that ▁the ▁modern - day ▁Os set ians ▁are ▁Christian . ▁The ▁Iran ian ▁peoples ▁would ▁later ▁split ▁along ▁sect arian ▁lines ▁as ▁the ▁Pers ians ▁adopted ▁the ▁Sh i ' a ▁sect . ▁As ▁ancient ▁tribes ▁and ▁ident ities ▁changed , ▁so ▁did ▁the ▁Iran ian ▁peoples , ▁many ▁of ▁whom ▁ass imil ated ▁foreign ▁cultures ▁and ▁peoples . ▁ ▁Later , ▁during ▁the ▁ 2 nd ▁mill enn ium ▁CE , ▁the ▁Iran ian ▁peoples ▁would ▁play ▁a ▁prominent ▁role ▁during ▁the ▁age ▁of ▁Islamic ▁expansion ▁and ▁empire . ▁Sal ad in , ▁a ▁noted ▁advers ary ▁of ▁the ▁Cr us aders , ▁was ▁an ▁ethnic ▁K urd , ▁while ▁various ▁em pires ▁centered ▁in ▁Iran ▁( including ▁the ▁Saf av ids ) ▁re - est ab lished ▁a ▁modern ▁dialect ▁of ▁Pers ian ▁as ▁the ▁official ▁language ▁spoken ▁throughout ▁much ▁of ▁what ▁is ▁today ▁Iran ▁and ▁the ▁C au cas us . ▁Iran ian ▁influence ▁spread ▁to ▁the ▁neighbour ing ▁Ott oman ▁Empire , ▁where ▁Pers ian ▁was ▁often ▁spoken ▁at ▁court ▁( though ▁a ▁heavy ▁Tur ko - Pers ian ▁basis ▁there ▁was ▁set ▁already ▁by ▁the ▁predecess ors ▁of ▁the ▁Ott om ans ▁in ▁An at olia , ▁namely ▁the ▁Sel ju ks ▁and ▁the ▁S ultan ate ▁of ▁Rum |
▁amongst ▁others ) ▁as ▁well ▁to ▁the ▁court ▁of ▁the ▁M ugh al ▁Empire . ▁All ▁of ▁the ▁major ▁Iran ian ▁peoples ▁re assert ed ▁their ▁use ▁of ▁Iran ian ▁languages ▁following ▁the ▁decline ▁of ▁Arab ▁rule , ▁but ▁would ▁not ▁begin ▁to ▁form ▁modern ▁national ▁ident ities ▁until ▁the ▁ 1 9 th ▁and ▁early ▁ 2 0 th ▁centuries ▁( just ▁as ▁many ▁European ▁communities , ▁such ▁as ▁Germany ▁and ▁Italy , ▁began ▁to ▁form ulate ▁national ▁ident ities ▁of ▁their ▁own ). ▁ ▁Dem ograph ics ▁▁ ▁There ▁are ▁an ▁estimated ▁ 1 5 0 ▁to ▁ 2 0 0 ▁million ▁native ▁speakers ▁of ▁Iran ian ▁languages , ▁the ▁six ▁major ▁groups ▁of ▁Pers ians , ▁L urs , ▁Kur ds , ▁T aj ik s , ▁Bal och , ▁and ▁Pas ht uns ▁accounting ▁for ▁about ▁ 9 0 % ▁of ▁this ▁number . ▁Currently , ▁most ▁of ▁these ▁Iran ian ▁peoples ▁live ▁in ▁Iran , ▁Afghanistan , ▁the ▁C au cas us ▁( main ly ▁Os set ia , ▁other ▁parts ▁of ▁Georgia , ▁D ag est an , ▁and ▁A zer ba ij an ), ▁Iraq i ▁K urd istan ▁and ▁K urd ish ▁majority ▁pop ulated ▁areas ▁of ▁Turkey , ▁Iran ▁and ▁Syria , ▁T aj ik istan , ▁Pakistan ▁and ▁U zb ek istan . ▁There ▁are ▁also ▁Iran ian ▁peoples ▁living ▁in ▁Eastern ▁Arabia ▁such ▁as ▁northern ▁O man ▁and ▁B ahr ain . ▁ ▁Due ▁to ▁recent ▁migrations , ▁there ▁are ▁also ▁large |
▁communities ▁of ▁speakers ▁of ▁Iran ian ▁languages ▁in ▁Europe , ▁the ▁Amer icas , ▁and ▁Israel . ▁ ▁Culture ▁▁ ▁Iran ian ▁culture ▁is ▁today ▁considered ▁to ▁be ▁centered ▁in ▁what ▁is ▁called ▁the ▁Iran ian ▁Pl ate au , ▁and ▁has ▁its ▁origins ▁tracing ▁back ▁to ▁the ▁And ron ovo ▁culture ▁of ▁the ▁late ▁Bron ze ▁Age , ▁which ▁is ▁associated ▁with ▁other ▁cultures ▁of ▁the ▁E uras ian ▁Step pe . ▁It ▁was , ▁however , ▁later ▁developed ▁distinguish ably ▁from ▁its ▁earlier ▁generations ▁in ▁the ▁Step pe , ▁where ▁a ▁large ▁number ▁of ▁Iran ian - spe aking ▁peoples ▁( i . e ., ▁the ▁Sc y th ians ) ▁continued ▁to ▁participate , ▁resulting ▁in ▁a ▁different iation ▁that ▁is ▁displayed ▁in ▁Iran ian ▁myth ology ▁as ▁the ▁contrast ▁between ▁Iran ▁and ▁Tur an . ▁ ▁Like ▁other ▁Ind o - Europe ans , ▁the ▁early ▁Iran ians ▁pract iced ▁ritual ▁sacrifice , ▁had ▁a ▁social ▁hierarchy ▁consisting ▁of ▁warriors , ▁cler ics , ▁and ▁farmers , ▁and ▁rec ount ed ▁their ▁de eds ▁through ▁poet ic ▁h ym ns ▁and ▁sag as . ▁Var ious ▁common ▁traits ▁can ▁be ▁disc ern ed ▁among ▁the ▁Iran ian ▁peoples . ▁For ▁instance , ▁the ▁social ▁event ▁of ▁Now ru z ▁is ▁an ▁ancient ▁Iran ian ▁festival ▁that ▁is ▁still ▁celebrated ▁by ▁nearly ▁all ▁of ▁the ▁Iran ian ▁peoples . ▁However , ▁due ▁to ▁their ▁different ▁environmental ▁adapt ations ▁through ▁migration , ▁the ▁Iran ian ▁peoples ▁embrace ▁some ▁degrees ▁of ▁diversity |
▁in ▁dialect , ▁social ▁system , ▁and ▁other ▁aspects ▁of ▁culture . ▁ ▁With ▁numerous ▁artistic , ▁scientific , ▁architect ural , ▁and ▁philosoph ical ▁achievements ▁and ▁numerous ▁kingdom s ▁and ▁em pires ▁that ▁br id ged ▁much ▁of ▁the ▁civil ized ▁world ▁in ▁ant iqu ity , ▁the ▁Iran ian ▁peoples ▁were ▁often ▁in ▁close ▁contact ▁with ▁people ▁from ▁various ▁western ▁and ▁eastern ▁parts ▁of ▁the ▁world . ▁ ▁Relig ion ▁▁ ▁The ▁early ▁Iran ian ▁peoples ▁pract iced ▁the ▁ancient ▁Iran ian ▁religion , ▁which , ▁like ▁that ▁of ▁other ▁Ind o - Europe an ▁peoples , ▁embr aced ▁various ▁male ▁and ▁female ▁de ities . ▁Fire ▁was ▁regarded ▁as ▁an ▁important ▁and ▁highly ▁sacred ▁element , ▁and ▁also ▁a ▁de ity . ▁In ▁ancient ▁Iran , ▁fire ▁was ▁kept ▁with ▁great ▁care ▁in ▁fire ▁tem ples . ▁Var ious ▁annual ▁fest ivals ▁that ▁were ▁mainly ▁related ▁to ▁agriculture ▁and ▁her ding ▁were ▁celebrated , ▁the ▁most ▁important ▁of ▁which ▁was ▁the ▁New ▁Year ▁( Now ru z ), ▁which ▁is ▁still ▁widely ▁celebrated . ▁Z oro ast rian ism , ▁a ▁form ▁of ▁the ▁ancient ▁Iran ian ▁religion ▁that ▁is ▁still ▁pract iced ▁by ▁some ▁communities , ▁was ▁later ▁developed ▁and ▁spread ▁to ▁nearly ▁all ▁of ▁the ▁Iran ian ▁peoples ▁living ▁in ▁the ▁Iran ian ▁Pl ate au . ▁Other ▁relig ions ▁that ▁had ▁their ▁origins ▁in ▁the ▁Iran ian ▁world ▁were ▁M ith ra ism , ▁Man ich ae ism , ▁and ▁Maz d ak ism , ▁among ▁others |
. ▁The ▁various ▁relig ions ▁of ▁the ▁Iran ian ▁peoples ▁are ▁believed ▁by ▁some ▁scholars ▁to ▁have ▁been ▁significant ▁early ▁philosoph ical ▁influences ▁on ▁Christianity ▁and ▁Jud a ism . ▁ ▁Cultural ▁ass im ilation ▁▁ ▁Iran ian ▁languages ▁were ▁and , ▁to ▁a ▁lesser ▁extent , ▁still ▁are ▁spoken ▁in ▁a ▁wide ▁area ▁compr ising ▁regions ▁around ▁the ▁Black ▁Sea , ▁the ▁C au cas us , ▁Central ▁Asia , ▁Russia ▁and ▁the ▁north west ▁of ▁China . ▁This ▁population ▁was ▁lingu istically ▁ass imil ated ▁by ▁smaller ▁but ▁dominant ▁Turk ic - spe aking ▁groups , ▁while ▁the ▁sed ent ary ▁population ▁eventually ▁adopted ▁the ▁Pers ian ▁language , ▁which ▁began ▁to ▁spread ▁within ▁the ▁region ▁since ▁the ▁time ▁of ▁the ▁S as an ian ▁Empire . ▁The ▁language - shift ▁from ▁Middle ▁Iran ian ▁to ▁Turk ic ▁and ▁New ▁Pers ian ▁was ▁predomin antly ▁the ▁result ▁of ▁an ▁" el ite ▁domin ance " ▁process . ▁Moreover , ▁various ▁Turk ic - spe aking ▁ethnic ▁groups ▁of ▁the ▁Iran ian ▁Pl ate au ▁are ▁often ▁convers ant ▁also ▁in ▁an ▁Iran ian ▁language ▁and ▁embrace ▁Iran ian ▁culture ▁to ▁the ▁extent ▁that ▁the ▁term ▁Tur ko - I ran ian ▁would ▁be ▁applied . ▁A ▁number ▁of ▁Iran ian ▁peoples ▁were ▁also ▁inter m ixed ▁with ▁the ▁Sl av s , ▁and ▁many ▁were ▁subject ed ▁to ▁Sl av ic isation . ▁ ▁The ▁following ▁either ▁partially ▁descend ▁from ▁or ▁are ▁sometimes ▁regarded ▁as ▁descend ants ▁of ▁the ▁Iran ian |
▁peoples . ▁ ▁Turk ic - spe akers : ▁ ▁A zer ba ij an is : ▁In ▁spite ▁of ▁being ▁native ▁speakers ▁of ▁a ▁Turk ic ▁language ▁( A zer ba ij ani ▁Turk ic ), ▁they ▁are ▁believed ▁to ▁be ▁primarily ▁desc ended ▁from ▁the ▁earlier ▁Iran ian - spe akers ▁of ▁the ▁region . ▁They ▁are ▁possibly ▁related ▁to ▁the ▁ancient ▁Iran ian ▁tribe ▁of ▁the ▁Med es , ▁aside ▁from ▁the ▁rise ▁of ▁the ▁subsequent ▁Pers ian ▁and ▁Turk ic ▁elements ▁within ▁their ▁area ▁of ▁settlement , ▁which , ▁prior ▁to ▁the ▁spread ▁of ▁Turk ic , ▁was ▁Iran ian - spe aking . ▁Thus , ▁due ▁to ▁their ▁historical , ▁genetic ▁and ▁cultural ▁ties ▁to ▁the ▁Iran ians , ▁the ▁A zer ba ij an is ▁are ▁often ▁associated ▁with ▁the ▁Iran ian ▁peoples . ▁Gen etic ▁studies ▁observed ▁that ▁they ▁are ▁also ▁gen et ically ▁related ▁to ▁the ▁Iran ian ▁peoples . ▁( See ▁also : ▁Old ▁A zer i ▁language ▁and ▁Origin ▁of ▁the ▁A zer ba ij an is ) ▁ ▁Tur km ens : ▁Gen etic ▁studies ▁show ▁that ▁the ▁Tur km ens ▁are ▁characterized ▁by ▁the ▁presence ▁of ▁local ▁Iran ian ▁mt D NA ▁line ages , ▁similar ▁to ▁the ▁eastern ▁Iran ian ▁populations , ▁but ▁modest ▁female ▁Mong ol oid ▁mt D NA ▁components ▁were ▁observed ▁in ▁Turk men ▁populations ▁with ▁the ▁frequencies ▁of ▁about ▁ 2 0 %. ▁This ▁likely ▁indicates ▁an ▁ancest ral ▁combination ▁of ▁Turk ic ▁and ▁Iran ian |
▁groups ▁that ▁the ▁modern ▁Tur km ens ▁have ▁inherited , ▁apparently ▁corresponding ▁to ▁the ▁historical ▁record ▁that ▁indicates ▁the ▁presence ▁of ▁various ▁Iran ian ▁tribes ▁in ▁the ▁region ▁prior ▁to ▁the ▁migration ▁of ▁Turk ic ▁tribes . ▁ ▁U zb eks : ▁The ▁unique ▁gram mat ical ▁and ▁ph on et ical ▁features ▁of ▁the ▁U zb ek ▁language , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁elements ▁within ▁the ▁modern ▁U zb ek ▁culture , ▁reflect ▁the ▁older ▁Iran ian ▁roots ▁of ▁the ▁U zb ek ▁people . ▁According ▁to ▁recent ▁genetic ▁gene al ogy ▁testing ▁from ▁a ▁University ▁of ▁Oxford ▁study , ▁the ▁genetic ▁ad mi xture ▁of ▁the ▁U zb eks ▁clusters ▁somewhere ▁between ▁the ▁Iran ian ▁peoples ▁and ▁the ▁Mong ols . ▁Prior ▁to ▁the ▁Russian ▁con quest ▁of ▁Central ▁Asia , ▁the ▁local ▁ancestors ▁of ▁the ▁Turk ic - spe aking ▁U zb eks ▁and ▁the ▁Iran ian - spe aking ▁T aj ik s , ▁both ▁living ▁in ▁Central ▁Asia , ▁were ▁referred ▁to ▁as ▁S arts , ▁while ▁U zb ek ▁and ▁Turk ▁were ▁the ▁names ▁given ▁to ▁the ▁nom ad ic ▁and ▁semi - nom ad ic ▁populations ▁of ▁the ▁area . ▁Still , ▁as ▁of ▁today , ▁modern ▁U zb eks ▁and ▁T aj ik s ▁are ▁known ▁to ▁their ▁Turk ic ▁neighbors , ▁the ▁Kaz ak hs ▁and ▁the ▁K yr gy z , ▁as ▁S arts . ▁Some ▁U zb ek ▁scholars ▁also ▁favor ▁the ▁Iran ian ▁origin ▁theory . ▁ ▁U y gh urs : |
▁Cont emporary ▁scholars ▁consider ▁modern ▁U y gh urs ▁to ▁be ▁the ▁descend ants ▁of , ▁apart ▁from ▁the ▁ancient ▁U y gh urs , ▁the ▁Iran ian ▁S aka ▁( Sch yt ian ) ▁tribes ▁and ▁other ▁Ind o - Europe an ▁peoples ▁who ▁inhab ited ▁the ▁Tar im ▁Bas in ▁before ▁the ▁arrival ▁of ▁the ▁Turk ic ▁tribes . ▁ ▁Sl av ic - spe akers : ▁ ▁Cro ats ▁and ▁Ser bs : ▁Some ▁scholars ▁suggest ▁that ▁the ▁Sl av ic - spe aking ▁Ser bs ▁and ▁Cro ats ▁are ▁desc ended ▁from ▁the ▁ancient ▁S arm at ians , ▁an ▁ancient ▁Iran ian ▁people ▁who ▁once ▁settled ▁in ▁most ▁of ▁southern ▁European ▁Russia ▁and ▁the ▁eastern ▁B alk ans , ▁and ▁that ▁their ▁eth n ony ms ▁are ▁of ▁Iran ian ▁origin . ▁It ▁is ▁proposed ▁that ▁the ▁S arm at ian ▁Ser bo i ▁and ▁alleged ▁Hor o ath os ▁tribes ▁were ▁ass imil ated ▁with ▁the ▁numer ically ▁superior ▁Sl av s , ▁passing ▁on ▁their ▁name . ▁Iran ian - spe aking ▁peoples ▁did ▁inhabit ▁parts ▁of ▁the ▁B alk ans ▁in ▁late ▁classical ▁times , ▁and ▁would ▁have ▁been ▁encountered ▁by ▁the ▁Sl av s . ▁However , ▁direct ▁lingu istic , ▁historical , ▁or ▁archae ological ▁proof ▁for ▁such ▁a ▁theory ▁is ▁lacking . ▁( See ▁also : ▁Origin ▁hypothes es ▁of ▁the ▁Ser bs ▁and ▁Origin ▁hypothes es ▁of ▁the ▁Cro ats ) ▁ ▁Sw ah ili - spe akers : ▁ ▁Shir |
az is : ▁The ▁Shir azi ▁are ▁a ▁sub - group ▁of ▁the ▁Sw ah ili ▁people ▁living ▁on ▁the ▁Sw ah ili ▁coast ▁of ▁East ▁Africa , ▁especially ▁on ▁the ▁islands ▁of ▁Z anz ib ar , ▁P em ba , ▁and ▁Com or os . ▁Local ▁traditions ▁about ▁their ▁origin ▁claim ▁they ▁are ▁desc ended ▁from ▁merchant ▁prin ces ▁from ▁Shir az ▁in ▁Iran ▁who ▁settled ▁along ▁the ▁Sw ah ili ▁coast . ▁ ▁Gen etics ▁▁ ▁Reg ue iro ▁et ▁al ▁( 2 0 0 6 ) ▁and ▁G rug ni ▁et ▁al ▁( 2 0 1 2 ) ▁have ▁performed ▁large - scale ▁sampling ▁of ▁different ▁ethnic ▁groups ▁within ▁Iran . ▁They ▁found ▁that ▁the ▁most ▁common ▁H ap log roups ▁were : ▁▁ ▁J 1 - M 2 6 7 ; ▁typical ▁of ▁Sem it ic - spe aking ▁people , ▁was ▁rarely ▁over ▁ 1 0 % ▁in ▁Iran ian ▁groups . ▁ ▁J 2 - M 1 7 2 : ▁is ▁the ▁most ▁common ▁H g ▁in ▁Iran ▁( ~ 2 3 % ); ▁almost ▁exclusively ▁represented ▁by ▁J 2 a - M 4 1 0 ▁sub cl ade ▁( 9 3 % ), ▁the ▁other ▁major ▁sub - cl ade ▁being ▁J 2 b - M 1 2 . ▁Apart ▁from ▁Iran ians , ▁J 2 ▁is ▁common ▁in ▁Ar abs , ▁Mediterranean ▁and ▁B alk an ▁peoples ▁( C ro ats , ▁Ser bs , ▁Gree ks , ▁Bos ni aks , ▁Alban ians |
, ▁Ital ians , ▁M aced on ians , ▁Bul g arians , ▁Tur ks ), ▁in ▁the ▁C au cas us ▁( Ar men ians , ▁Georg ians , ▁Che chen s , ▁Ing ush , ▁nort he astern ▁Turkey , ▁north / n orth western ▁Iran , ▁Kur ds , ▁Pers ians ); ▁whilst ▁its ▁frequency ▁drops ▁suddenly ▁beyond ▁Afghanistan , ▁Pakistan ▁and ▁northern ▁India . ▁In ▁Europe , ▁J 2 a ▁is ▁more ▁common ▁in ▁the ▁southern ▁Greece ▁and ▁southern ▁Italy ; ▁whilst ▁J 2 b ▁( J 2 - M 1 2 ) ▁is ▁more ▁common ▁in ▁The ss aly , ▁M aced onia ▁and ▁central ▁– ▁northern ▁Italy . ▁Thus ▁J 2 a ▁and ▁its ▁sub groups ▁within ▁it ▁have ▁a ▁wide ▁distribution ▁from ▁Italy ▁to ▁India , ▁whilst ▁J 2 b ▁is ▁mostly ▁conf ined ▁to ▁the ▁B alk ans ▁and ▁Italy , ▁being ▁rare ▁even ▁in ▁Turkey . ▁Wh ilst ▁closely ▁linked ▁with ▁An at olia ▁and ▁the ▁Lev ant ; ▁and ▁put ative ▁agricultural ▁expans ions , ▁the ▁distribution ▁of ▁the ▁various ▁sub - cl ades ▁of ▁J 2 ▁likely ▁represents ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁migr ational ▁hist ories ▁which ▁require ▁further ▁el uc id ation . ▁ ▁R 1 a - M 1 9 8 : ▁is ▁common ▁in ▁Iran , ▁more ▁so ▁in ▁the ▁east ▁and ▁south ▁rather ▁than ▁the ▁west ▁and ▁north ; ▁suggesting ▁a ▁migration ▁toward ▁the ▁south ▁to ▁India ▁then ▁a ▁secondary ▁west ward ▁spread ▁across ▁Iran . ▁Wh ilst ▁the |
▁Gr ong i ▁and ▁Reg ue iro ▁studies ▁did ▁not ▁define ▁exactly ▁which ▁sub - cl ades ▁Iran ian ▁R 1 a ▁h ap log rou ops ▁belong ▁to , ▁private ▁gene al ogy ▁tests ▁suggest ▁that ▁they ▁virtually ▁all ▁belong ▁to ▁" E uras ian " ▁R 1 a - Z 9 3 . ▁Indeed , ▁population ▁studies ▁of ▁neighbour ing ▁Indian ▁groups ▁found ▁that ▁they ▁all ▁were ▁in ▁R 1 a - Z 9 3 . ▁This ▁implies ▁that ▁R 1 a ▁in ▁Iran ▁did ▁not ▁descend ▁from ▁" Europe an " ▁R 1 a , ▁or ▁vice ▁vers a . ▁Rather , ▁both ▁groups ▁are ▁coll ateral , ▁sister ▁branches ▁which ▁descend ▁from ▁a ▁parent al ▁group ▁hypothes ized ▁to ▁have ▁initially ▁lived ▁somewhere ▁between ▁central ▁Asia ▁and ▁Eastern ▁Europe . ▁ ▁R 1 b ▁– ▁M 2 6 9 : ▁is ▁widespread ▁from ▁Ireland ▁to ▁Iran , ▁and ▁is ▁common ▁in ▁high land ▁West ▁Asian ▁populations ▁such ▁as ▁Armen ians , ▁Tur ks ▁and ▁Iran ians ▁– ▁with ▁an ▁average ▁frequency ▁of ▁ 8 . 5 %. ▁Iran ian ▁R 1 b ▁belongs ▁to ▁the ▁L - 2 3 ▁sub cl ade , ▁which ▁is ▁an ▁older ▁than ▁the ▁derivative ▁sub cl ade ▁( R 1 b - M 4 1 2 ) ▁which ▁is ▁most ▁common ▁in ▁western ▁Europe . ▁ ▁H ap log roup ▁G ▁and ▁sub cl ades : ▁most ▁concentrated ▁in ▁the ▁southern ▁C au cas us , ▁it ▁is ▁present ▁in ▁ 1 0 |
% ▁of ▁Iran ians . ▁ ▁H ap log roup ▁E ▁and ▁various ▁sub cl ades ▁are ▁mark ers ▁of ▁various ▁northern ▁and ▁eastern ▁African ▁populations . ▁They ▁are ▁present ▁in ▁less ▁than ▁ 1 0 % ▁of ▁Iran ians ▁( see ▁Af ro - I ran ians ). ▁ ▁Two ▁large ▁– ▁scale ▁papers ▁by ▁Hab er ▁( 2 0 1 2 ) ▁and ▁Di ▁Crist of aro ▁( 2 0 1 3 ) ▁analyzed ▁populations ▁from ▁Afghanistan , ▁where ▁several ▁Iran ian - spe aking ▁groups ▁are ▁native . ▁They ▁found ▁that ▁different ▁groups ▁( e . g . ▁Bal uch , ▁Haz ara , ▁Pas ht un ) ▁were ▁quite ▁diverse , ▁yet ▁overall : ▁ ▁R 1 a ▁( sub cl ade ▁not ▁further ▁analyzed ) ▁was ▁the ▁predomin ant ▁h ap log roup , ▁especially ▁amongst ▁Pas ht uns , ▁Bal och i ▁and ▁T aj ik s . ▁ ▁The ▁presence ▁of ▁" east ▁E uras ian " ▁h ap log roup ▁C 3 , ▁especially ▁in ▁H azar as ▁( 3 3 – 4 0 % ), ▁in ▁part ▁linked ▁to ▁Mong ol ▁expans ions ▁into ▁the ▁region . ▁ ▁The ▁presence ▁of ▁h ap log roup ▁J 2 , ▁like ▁in ▁Iran , ▁of ▁ 5 – 2 0 %. ▁ ▁A ▁relative ▁p auc ity ▁of ▁" Ind ian " ▁h ap l group ▁H ▁( < ▁ 1 0 % ). ▁ ▁Internal ▁diversity ▁and ▁distant ▁aff in ities ▁ ▁Overall , ▁Iran |
ian - spe aking ▁populations ▁are ▁characterized ▁by ▁high ▁internal ▁diversity . ▁For ▁Afghanistan , ▁" It ▁is ▁possibly ▁due ▁to ▁the ▁strategic ▁location ▁of ▁this ▁region ▁and ▁its ▁unique ▁harsh ▁ge ography ▁of ▁mountains , ▁des erts ▁and ▁ste pp es , ▁which ▁could ▁have ▁facil itated ▁the ▁establishment ▁of ▁social ▁organizations ▁within ▁expanding ▁populations , ▁and ▁helped ▁maintaining ▁genetic ▁boundaries ▁among ▁groups ▁that ▁have ▁developed ▁over ▁time ▁into ▁distinct ▁ethnic ities " ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁the ▁" high ▁level ▁of ▁end og amy ▁pract iced ▁by ▁these ▁groups ". ▁The ▁data ▁ultimately ▁suggests ▁that ▁Afghanistan , ▁like ▁other ▁northern - cent ral ▁Asian ▁regions , ▁has ▁continually ▁been ▁the ▁recipient ▁rather ▁than ▁a ▁source ▁of ▁gene ▁flow . ▁Although , ▁populations ▁from ▁Iran ▁proper ▁are ▁also ▁diverse , ▁J 2 a - M 5 3 0 ▁likely ▁spread ▁out ▁of ▁Iran , ▁and ▁const itutes ▁a ▁common ▁genetic ▁substr at um ▁for ▁all ▁Iran ian ▁populations , ▁which ▁was ▁then ▁modified ▁by ▁further ▁differential ▁gene ▁flows . ▁In ▁Iran , ▁language ▁was ▁a ▁greater ▁determin ant ▁of ▁genetic ▁similar ity ▁between ▁different ▁groups , ▁whereas ▁in ▁Afghanistan ▁and ▁other ▁areas ▁of ▁northern ▁central ▁Asia , ▁this ▁was ▁not ▁the ▁case . ▁ ▁Overall ▁in ▁Iran , ▁native ▁population ▁groups ▁do ▁not ▁form ▁tight ▁clusters ▁either ▁according ▁to ▁language ▁or ▁region . ▁Rather , ▁they ▁occup y ▁intermediate ▁positions ▁among ▁Near ▁Eastern ▁and ▁C au cas us ▁clusters . ▁Some ▁of ▁the ▁Iran ian ▁groups ▁lie ▁within ▁the ▁Near ▁Eastern ▁group ▁( |
o ften ▁with ▁such ▁as ▁the ▁Tur ks ▁and ▁Georg ians ), ▁but ▁none ▁fell ▁into ▁the ▁Arab ▁or ▁Asian ▁groups . ▁Some ▁Iran ian ▁groups ▁in ▁Iran , ▁such ▁as ▁the ▁Gil ak is ▁and ▁Maz and aran is , ▁have ▁p ater nal ▁gen etics ▁( Y - D NA ) ▁virtually ▁identical ▁to ▁South ▁C au cas us ▁ethnic ▁groups . ▁ ▁In ▁Afghanistan , ▁Iran ian ▁population ▁groups ▁such ▁as ▁the ▁Pas ht uns ▁and ▁T aj ik s ▁occup y ▁intermediate ▁positions ▁amongst ▁north western ▁South ▁Asian ▁ethnic ▁groups , ▁such ▁as ▁along ▁the ▁Bal och , ▁Bra hui , ▁K ash mir is ▁and ▁S ind his , ▁with ▁a ▁small ▁minor ▁pull ▁towards ▁West ▁Asia . ▁ ▁Iran ians ▁are ▁only ▁dist antly ▁related ▁to ▁Europe ans ▁as ▁a ▁whole , ▁predomin antly ▁with ▁southern ▁Europe ans ▁like ▁Gree ks , ▁Alban ians , ▁Ser bs , ▁Cro at ians , ▁Ital ians , ▁Bos ni aks , ▁Sp ani ards , ▁M aced on ians , ▁Portuguese , ▁and ▁Bul g arians , ▁rather ▁than ▁northern ▁Europe ans ▁like ▁Norweg ians , ▁Dan es , ▁Sw edes , ▁Irish , ▁Scottish , ▁Wel sh , ▁English , ▁Finn s , ▁Est on ians , ▁Lat v ians , ▁and ▁L ith uan ians . ▁Nevertheless , ▁Iran ian - spe aking ▁Central ▁As ians ▁do ▁show ▁closer ▁aff inity ▁to ▁Europe ans ▁than ▁do ▁Turk ic - spe aking ▁Central ▁As ians . ▁ ▁See |
▁also ▁▁ ▁Gre ater ▁Iran ▁ ▁Pan - I ran ism ▁ ▁Iran ian ▁di as por a ▁ ▁Tur ko - I ran ian ▁ ▁List ▁of ▁ancient ▁Iran ian ▁peoples ▁ ▁List ▁of ▁Iran ian ▁dyn ast ies ▁and ▁countries ▁ ▁List ▁of ▁ge ographic ▁names ▁of ▁Iran ian ▁origin ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Cit ations ▁ ▁S ources ▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁Ban u az izi , ▁Ali ▁and ▁We iner , ▁My ron ▁( eds .). ▁The ▁State , ▁Relig ion , ▁and ▁Eth nic ▁Politics : ▁Afghanistan , ▁Iran , ▁and ▁Pakistan ▁( Cont emporary ▁Iss ues ▁in ▁the ▁Middle ▁East ), ▁S yr ac use ▁University ▁Press ▁( Aug ust , ▁ 1 9 8 8 ). ▁. ▁▁▁▁ ▁Can field , ▁Robert ▁( ed .). ▁Tur ko - Pers ia ▁in ▁Historical ▁Pers pective , ▁Cambridge ▁University ▁Press , ▁Cambridge ▁( 2 0 0 2 ). ▁▁ ▁Cur zon , ▁R . ▁The ▁Iran ian ▁People ▁of ▁the ▁C au cas us . ▁. ▁ ▁Der akh sh ani , ▁Jah ans h ah . ▁Die ▁A rier ▁in ▁den ▁nah öst lichen ▁Qu ellen ▁des ▁ 3 . ▁und ▁ 2 . ▁Jahr ta us ends ▁v . ▁Ch r ., ▁ 2 nd ▁edition ▁( 1 9 9 9 ). ▁. ▁ ▁F ry e , ▁Richard , ▁Gre ater ▁Iran , ▁Maz da ▁Publish ers ▁( 2 0 0 5 ). ▁. ▁ ▁F ry e , ▁Richard . ▁Pers ia , ▁Sch ock en ▁Books |
, ▁Zur ich ▁( 1 9 6 3 ). ▁AS IN ▁B 0 0 0 6 BY X HY . ▁▁▁ ▁Kennedy , ▁Hugh . ▁The ▁Prop het ▁and ▁the ▁Age ▁of ▁the ▁Cal iph ates , ▁Long man , ▁New ▁York , ▁NY ▁( 2 0 0 4 ). ▁▁ ▁Kh our y , ▁Philip ▁S . ▁& ▁K ost iner , ▁Joseph . ▁Trib es ▁and ▁State ▁Form ation ▁in ▁the ▁Middle ▁East , ▁University ▁of ▁California ▁Press ▁( 1 9 9 1 ). ▁. ▁ ▁Mall ory , ▁J . P . ▁In ▁Search ▁of ▁the ▁Ind o - Europe ans , ▁Th ames ▁and ▁Hudson , ▁London ▁( 1 9 9 1 ). ▁. ▁▁▁ ▁Mc D ow all , ▁David . ▁A ▁Modern ▁History ▁of ▁the ▁Kur ds , ▁I . B . ▁T aur is , ▁ 3 rd ▁Rev ▁edition ▁( 2 0 0 4 ). ▁. ▁ ▁N ass im , ▁J . ▁Afghanistan : ▁A ▁Nation ▁of ▁Minor ities , ▁Minor ity ▁Rights ▁Group , ▁London ▁( 1 9 9 2 ). ▁. ▁ ▁R ias an ov sky , ▁Nicholas . ▁A ▁History ▁of ▁Russia , ▁Oxford ▁University ▁Press , ▁Oxford ▁( 2 0 0 4 ). ▁. ▁ ▁Sim s - Will iam s , ▁Nicholas . ▁Ind o - I ran ian ▁L anguages ▁and ▁People , ▁British ▁Academy ▁( 2 0 0 3 ). ▁. ▁ ▁Iran ▁N ama , ▁( I ran ▁Travel ogue ▁in ▁Ur du ) ▁by |
▁H ak im ▁Sy ed ▁Z ill ur ▁Rah man , ▁Tib bi ▁Academy , ▁Al ig ar h , ▁India ▁( 1 9 9 8 ). ▁ ▁Ch op ra , ▁R . ▁M . ," Ind o - I ran ian ▁Cultural ▁Rel ations ▁Through ▁The ▁A ges ", ▁Iran ▁Society , ▁Kol k ata , ▁ 2 0 0 5 . ▁ ▁Further ▁reading ▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁Iran ian ▁peoples ▁Category : Ind o - Europe an ▁peoples ▁Category : Mod ern ▁Ind o - Europe an ▁peoples ▁Category : E th nic ▁groups ▁in ▁the ▁Middle ▁East <0x0A> </s> ▁Ch ah - e ▁Ali ▁Ak bar ▁Shah ze hi ▁( , ▁also ▁Roman ized ▁as ▁Ch ā h - e ▁ ʿ Al ī ▁ Ā <0xE1> <0xB8> <0xB5> bar ▁Sh ā h ze h ī ; ▁also ▁known ▁as ▁Ch ā h - e ▁N ī ze h ▁G ā b ▁Do ) ▁is ▁a ▁village ▁in ▁D ore h ▁R ural ▁District , ▁in ▁the ▁Central ▁District ▁of ▁Sar bis he h ▁County , ▁South ▁K hor as an ▁Province , ▁Iran . ▁At ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁census , ▁its ▁population ▁was ▁ 8 7 , ▁in ▁ 2 2 ▁families . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁▁ ▁Category : Pop ulated ▁places ▁in ▁Sar bis he h ▁County <0x0A> </s> ▁In ▁the ▁F is ht ank ▁ 9 ▁is ▁an ▁album ▁of ▁songs ▁by ▁alternative ▁rock ▁bands ▁Son ic ▁Youth , ▁the ▁Inst ant ▁Com pos ers |
▁Pool ▁Orchestra , ▁and ▁the ▁Ex . ▁It ▁was ▁released ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 1 ▁on ▁the ▁Kon k ur rent ▁label . ▁ ▁Re ception ▁ ▁Thom ▁J ure k ▁of ▁All mus ic ▁praised ▁the ▁collaboration ▁as ▁" a ▁wonder ", ▁pra ising ▁the ▁fact ▁that ▁" every one ▁particip ates ▁in ▁creating ▁something ▁fresh ▁and ▁new , ▁without ▁anybody ▁getting ▁in ▁anybody ▁else ' s ▁way . ▁The ▁spirit ▁of ▁cooperation ▁and ▁the ▁excitement ▁of ▁discovery ▁here ▁are ▁both ▁presc ient . ▁The ▁result ▁is ▁neither ▁rock ▁nor ▁jazz , ▁but ▁a ▁free - form ▁music ▁that ▁disp enses ▁with ▁form ality ▁and ▁ego ▁and ▁goes ▁for ▁the ▁heart ▁of ▁the ▁thing ▁itself ." ▁He ▁concl udes : ▁" For ▁nearly ▁a ▁half - hour , ▁the ▁listener ▁gets ▁to ▁e aves drop ▁on ▁the ▁pure st ▁kind ▁of ▁music - making ▁by ▁those ▁dedicated ▁to ▁nothing ▁else ▁than ▁the ▁pursuit ▁of ▁its ▁creation ." ▁ ▁Track ▁listing ▁" III " ▁– ▁ 3 : 2 7 ▁" IV " ▁– ▁ 4 : 2 8 ▁" V " ▁– ▁ 2 : 4 5 ▁" VI " ▁– ▁ 3 : 0 3 ▁" V II " ▁– ▁ 4 : 1 4 ▁" V III " ▁– ▁ 2 : 1 6 ▁" IX " ▁– ▁ 3 : 2 4 ▁" X " ▁– ▁ 5 : 4 9 ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁Kon k ur rent ▁▁ 0 9 ▁Category : The |
▁Ex ▁( band ) ▁albums ▁Category : Split ▁EP s ▁Category : 2 0 0 2 ▁compilation ▁albums ▁Category : 2 0 0 2 ▁EP s ▁Category : S onic ▁Youth ▁compilation ▁albums ▁Category : K on k ur rent ▁compilation ▁albums <0x0A> </s> ▁Sh u ang q iao ▁() ▁may ▁refer ▁to ▁the ▁following ▁locations ▁in ▁China : ▁ ▁Sh u ang q iao ▁District , ▁Chen g de , ▁He be i ▁Sh u ang q iao ▁District , ▁Ch ong q ing ▁Sh u ang q iao ▁Station , ▁station ▁on ▁the ▁Bat ong ▁Line ▁Beijing ▁Sub way ▁Sh u ang q iao ▁Sub d istrict , ▁X u anc heng , ▁in ▁X u anz hou ▁District , ▁X u anc heng , ▁An hui ▁Sh u ang q iao ▁Sub d istrict , ▁Yang z hou , ▁in ▁Han ji ang ▁District , ▁Yang z hou , ▁Ji ang su ▁Town s ▁Sh u ang q iao , ▁An hui , ▁in ▁Sh ou ▁County ▁Sh u ang q iao , ▁Gu ang xi , ▁in ▁W uming ▁County ▁Sh u ang q iao , ▁T ang sh an , ▁in ▁Ka ip ing ▁District , ▁T ang sh an , ▁He be i ▁Sh u ang q iao , ▁Hun an , ▁in ▁Q id ong ▁County ▁Sh u ang q iao , ▁W anz ai ▁County , ▁in ▁W anz ai ▁County , ▁Ji ang xi ▁Sh u ang q iao , ▁Sha an xi , |
▁in ▁Z iy ang ▁County ▁Sh u ang q iao , ▁Sh and ong , ▁in ▁Y un chen g ▁County ▁Sh u ang q iao , ▁Dan l eng ▁County , ▁S ich uan ▁Sh u ang q iao , ▁N anch ong , ▁in ▁Sh un q ing ▁District , ▁N anch ong , ▁S ich uan ▁Sh u ang q iao , ▁Z h ous han , ▁in ▁D ing h ai ▁District , ▁Z h ous han , ▁Z he ji ang ▁ ▁Town ships ▁Sh u ang q iao ▁Township , ▁Hen an , ▁in ▁Y ong chen g ▁Sh u ang q iao ▁Township , ▁Ji ang su , ▁in ▁Han ji ang ▁District , ▁Yang z hou ▁Sh u ang q iao ▁Township , ▁Ji ang xi , ▁in ▁Su ich uan ▁County ▁Sh u ang q iao ▁Township , ▁S ich uan , ▁in ▁D ong x ing ▁District , ▁Ne iji ang ▁Sh u ang q iao ▁Township , ▁Z he ji ang , ▁in ▁Qu ji ang ▁District , ▁Qu z hou <0x0A> </s> ▁Gen ost ar ▁is ▁a ▁bio in format ics ▁provider ▁based ▁in ▁Gren ob le , ▁France . ▁The ▁company ▁was ▁founded ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 4 ▁following ▁the ▁" Gen ost ar ▁cons ort ium " ▁that ▁was ▁created ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 9 ▁as ▁a ▁public - private ▁cons ort ium ▁by ▁Gen ome ▁Express , ▁Hy br igen ics , ▁IN R IA ▁( |
Inst itut ▁National ▁de ▁Re cher che ▁en ▁In format ique ▁et ▁Autom atique ▁/ ▁French ▁National ▁Institute ▁for ▁Research ▁in ▁Computer ▁Science ▁and ▁Control ) ▁and ▁The ▁P aste ur ▁Institute . ▁ ▁Software ▁Met ab olic ▁Path way ▁Builder ▁is ▁a ▁bio in format ics ▁environment ▁dedicated ▁to ▁micro b ial ▁research . ▁This ▁covers ▁sequence ▁assembly , ▁mapping , ▁an notation ▁transfer ▁and ▁identification ▁of ▁protein ▁domains , ▁compar ative ▁genom ics , ▁structural ▁sear ches , ▁met ab olic ▁path way ▁analysis , ▁modeling ▁and ▁simulation ▁of ▁biological ▁networks . ▁Gen ost ar ' s ▁software ▁is ▁platform ▁independent ▁and ▁can ▁thus ▁be ▁used ▁for ▁both ▁Mac ▁OS ▁X , ▁Windows , ▁and ▁Linux . ▁ ▁Sequ ence ▁assembly ▁M apping ▁of ▁an ▁ensemble ▁of ▁sequences ▁on ▁a ▁reference ▁sequence ▁between ▁a ▁reference ▁sequence ▁and ▁cont igs , ▁between ▁two ▁sequences ▁or ▁between ▁two ▁sets ▁of ▁sequences ▁finding ▁of ▁exact ▁matches ▁with ▁minimum ▁length ▁using ▁M UM mer ▁detection ▁of ▁specific ▁regions ▁and ▁SN Ps ▁creation ▁of ▁an ▁assembled ▁sequence ▁relative ▁to ▁reference ▁sequences ▁ ▁Gen omic ▁an notation ▁ ▁Gene ▁prediction : ▁ab - init io ▁gene ▁prediction ▁using ▁a ▁H idden ▁Mark ov ▁model ▁based ▁method ▁ ▁Bl ast X ▁ ▁Autom atic ▁an notation ▁transfer ▁using ▁Bl ast P ▁ ▁Prote ic ▁an notation ▁Met ab olic ▁Path way ▁Builder ▁integr ates ▁several ▁methods ▁dedicated ▁to ▁prote ic ▁an notation : ▁ ▁Pf am ▁domain ▁prediction ▁using ▁H MM ER ▁ ▁Several ▁EM BO SS ▁methods |
▁( ant igen ic , ▁ 2 D ▁structure ▁prediction ) ▁ ▁Expression ▁Data ▁Solution ▁( ED S ) ▁Gen ost ar ' s ▁Expression ▁Data ▁Solution ▁( ED S ) ▁connect s ▁micro array ▁data ▁to ▁genes , ▁gene ▁products ▁and ▁bi oc hem ical ▁reactions , ▁based ▁on ▁keywords ▁and ▁an notations . ▁This ▁software ▁allows ▁to : ▁ ▁Ass ign ▁expression ▁values ▁to ▁the ▁gene ▁names ▁and ▁ID s ▁ ▁Ident ify ▁co - ex pressed ▁genes ▁and ▁vis ually ▁analyze ▁the ▁reactions ▁and ▁met ab olic ▁path ways ▁in ▁which ▁they ▁are ▁involved ▁ ▁Ident ify ▁and ▁perform ▁analysis ▁on ▁co - reg ulated ▁genes ▁in ▁terms ▁of ▁gen omic ▁local ization , ▁functional ▁an notation ▁and ▁met abol ism ▁ ▁Color ize ▁C DS s ▁of ▁interest ▁in ▁gen omic ▁maps ▁according ▁to ▁their ▁expression ▁values ▁and ▁highlight ▁the ▁corresponding ▁reactions ▁in ▁interactive ▁met ab olic ▁K E GG ▁maps ▁ ▁An aly ze ▁the ▁significance ▁of ▁functional ▁data ▁of ▁a ▁collection ▁or ▁sub - collection ▁of ▁C DS s ▁( GO , ▁K E GG ▁and ▁more ): ▁Fisher ▁test ▁ ▁Collect ▁and ▁visual ize ▁all ▁functional ▁data ▁in ▁export able ▁tables ▁and ▁maps ▁ ▁Database ▁Gen ost ar ' s ▁Micro B ▁database ▁is ▁constructed ▁of ▁perfectly ▁integrated ▁and ▁rig or ously ▁cross - checked ▁gen omic , ▁prote ic , ▁bi oc hem ical ▁and ▁met ab olic ▁data ▁approximately ▁ 1 1 0 0 ▁bacter ial ▁and ▁archae al ▁organ isms . ▁ ▁Industrial |
▁Part ners ▁ ▁Chem A x on ▁ ▁Path way ▁Solutions ▁ ▁K ori Log ▁ ▁Academ ic ▁Part ners ▁▁ ▁IN R IA ▁( Inst itut ▁National ▁de ▁Re cher che ▁en ▁In format ique ▁et ▁Autom atique ▁/ ▁French ▁National ▁Institute ▁for ▁Research ▁in ▁Computer ▁Science ▁and ▁Control ) ▁ ▁Swiss ▁Institute ▁of ▁Bio in format ics ▁ ▁Notes ▁and ▁references ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁▁ ▁Gen ost ar ▁Exp ands ▁Deal ▁with ▁Bi oph ar ma ▁Mer ial ▁To ▁Help ▁Hunt ▁Path ogen ic ▁Vir ul ence ▁F act ors ▁ ▁Gen ost ar ▁at ▁Bio ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁ ▁Category : Soft ware ▁companies ▁of ▁France ▁Category : Soft ware ▁companies ▁established ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 4 ▁Category : Bi ote chn ology ▁companies ▁of ▁France ▁Category : B io in format ics ▁companies ▁Category : Priv ately ▁held ▁companies ▁of ▁France ▁Category : S ci ence ▁and ▁technology ▁in ▁Gren ob le ▁Category : Bi ote chn ology ▁companies ▁established ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 4 ▁Category : 2 0 0 4 ▁establish ments ▁in ▁France <0x0A> </s> ▁Kim ▁E . ▁R udd ▁( born ▁ 1 9 5 7 ) ▁is ▁a ▁Canadian ▁politician ▁and ▁entrepreneur ▁elected ▁to ▁the ▁House ▁of ▁Commons ▁of ▁Canada ▁to ▁represent ▁the ▁riding ▁of ▁North umber land ▁- ▁Peter borough ▁South ▁in ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 5 ▁Canadian ▁federal ▁election . ▁She ▁ran ▁for ▁re election ▁and ▁was ▁defeated ▁in ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 9 ▁Canadian ▁federal |
▁election ▁by ▁more ▁than ▁ 2 , 5 0 0 ▁votes . ▁ ▁R udd ▁is ▁past ▁president ▁and ▁owner ▁of ▁Will is ▁College ▁in ▁Cob our g , ▁co - found er ▁of ▁Cook ▁School ▁Day ▁Care , ▁and ▁a ▁past ▁president ▁of ▁the ▁Cob our g ▁Chamber ▁of ▁Commerce . ▁ ▁Political ▁career ▁ ▁Kim ▁R udd ▁served ▁as ▁Parliament ary ▁Secretary ▁to ▁the ▁Minister ▁of ▁Natural ▁Resources ▁alongside ▁being ▁MP ▁for ▁North umber land - P eter borough ▁South ▁from ▁ 2 0 1 5 - 2 0 1 8 ▁when ▁she ▁announced ▁she ▁chose ▁to ▁step ▁down ▁to ▁better ▁represent ▁her ▁riding . ▁ ▁While ▁stepping ▁down ▁from ▁Parliament ary ▁Secretary , ▁R udd ▁declared ▁she ▁would ▁not ▁be ▁ruling ▁out ▁future ▁opportunities ▁for ▁more ▁responsibility ▁in ▁future ▁government . ▁ ▁On ▁October ▁ 1 , ▁ 2 0 1 9 , ▁Kim ▁R udd ▁was ▁named ▁the ▁chair ▁of ▁the ▁Parliament ary ▁Health ▁Research ▁C auc us ▁and ▁will ▁serve ▁as ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁standing ▁committee ▁on ▁finance . ▁ ▁Personal ▁life ▁ ▁R udd ▁has ▁stated ▁that ▁she ▁faced ▁several ▁challenges ▁during ▁her ▁childhood . ▁She ▁had ▁to ▁take ▁on ▁many ▁household ▁respons ibilities ▁while ▁she ▁was ▁about ▁ 9 – 1 0 ▁years ▁old ▁due ▁to ▁her ▁mother ▁taking ▁on ▁a ▁demanding ▁job ▁after ▁an ▁accident ▁caused ▁R udd ' s ▁alcohol ic ▁father ▁to ▁have ▁to ▁quit ▁his ▁job . ▁Her ▁mother ▁died ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 8 ▁and ▁had ▁run ▁for ▁the |
▁New ▁Democratic ▁Party ▁( ND P ) ▁in ▁Ontario ▁during ▁the ▁ 1 9 7 0 s . ▁R udd ▁is ▁currently ▁married ▁to ▁husband , ▁Tom ▁R udd , ▁with ▁whom ▁she ▁has ▁two ▁daughters , ▁Al ison ▁( ad opt ed ) ▁and ▁Ste f anie . ▁ ▁Before ▁becoming ▁involved ▁in ▁politics ▁as ▁a ▁career , ▁R udd ▁was ▁a ▁long - time ▁advocate ▁of ▁child care ▁and ▁previously ▁worked ▁on ▁the ▁creation ▁of ▁day ca res ▁in ▁Cob our g . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 1 , ▁R udd ▁was ▁among ▁six ▁award ▁recip ients ▁of ▁the ▁R BC ▁Canadian ▁Women ▁Entre pre neur ▁Award . ▁Contribut ions ▁to ▁econom ies ▁locally , ▁nation ally , ▁and ▁glob ally ▁were ▁among ▁the ▁criteria ▁for ▁winning ▁the ▁award . ▁ ▁E lector al ▁record ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : L iber al ▁Party ▁of ▁Canada ▁MP s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : Members ▁of ▁the ▁House ▁of ▁Commons ▁of ▁Canada ▁from ▁Ontario ▁Category : W omen ▁members ▁of ▁the ▁House ▁of ▁Commons ▁of ▁Canada ▁Category : 2 1 st - century ▁Canadian ▁politicians ▁Category : 2 1 st - century ▁Canadian ▁women ▁politicians ▁Category : 1 9 5 7 ▁birth s <0x0A> </s> ▁Cy to chrome ▁P 4 5 0 ▁ 2 A 1 3 ▁is ▁a ▁protein ▁that ▁in ▁humans ▁is ▁encoded ▁by ▁the ▁C YP 2 A 1 3 ▁gene . ▁ ▁This ▁gene ▁enc odes ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁cy to chrome |
▁P 4 5 0 ▁super family ▁of ▁en zym es . ▁The ▁cy to chrome ▁P 4 5 0 ▁prote ins ▁are ▁mon o oxy gen ases ▁which ▁catal y ze ▁many ▁reactions ▁involved ▁in ▁drug ▁met abol ism ▁and ▁synt hesis ▁of ▁ch oles ter ol , ▁ster oids ▁and ▁other ▁lip ids . ▁This ▁protein ▁local izes ▁to ▁the ▁end opl asm ic ▁ret ic ulum . ▁Although ▁its ▁end ogen ous ▁substr ate ▁has ▁not ▁been ▁determined , ▁it ▁is ▁known ▁to ▁met abol ize ▁ 4 -( m eth yl nit ros am ino )- 1 -( 3 - py rid yl )- 1 - but an one , ▁a ▁major ▁nit ros amine ▁specific ▁to ▁tobacco . ▁This ▁gene ▁is ▁part ▁of ▁a ▁large ▁cluster ▁of ▁cy to chrome ▁P 4 5 0 ▁genes ▁from ▁the ▁C YP 2 A , ▁C YP 2 B ▁and ▁C YP 2 F ▁sub f amil ies ▁on ▁chrom os ome ▁ 1 9 q . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁ ▁Further ▁reading <0x0A> </s> ▁D ense isha ▁( 電 <0xE7> <0x9B> <0x9B> 社 ) ▁is ▁a ▁Japanese ▁information ▁technology ▁Kab ush iki ▁ga isha ▁founded ▁by ▁Tak ashi ▁M iz awa ▁( 三 <0xE6> <0xBE> <0xA4> ▁ 隆 ) ▁in ▁October ▁ 1 9 2 0 . ▁Currently , ▁the ▁corporation ▁head qu arter ed ▁in ▁Kum am oto ▁em plo ys ▁ 2 7 1 ▁workers ▁at ▁the ▁seven ▁main ▁offices ▁ ▁the ▁headquarters , ▁IT |
▁and ▁ET ▁administration ▁in ▁Kum am oto , ▁ ▁the ▁system ▁engineering ▁technology ▁center ▁in ▁Kum am oto , ▁ ▁a ▁branch ▁office ▁in ▁F uk u oka , ▁ ▁the ▁" s olution ▁center " ▁in ▁F uk u oka , ▁ ▁the ▁" mobile ▁engineering ▁office " ▁in ▁F uk u oka ▁and ▁ ▁a ▁sales ▁office ▁in ▁U ras oe . ▁ ▁The ▁service ▁field ▁compris es ▁the ▁development ▁and ▁installation ▁of ▁enterprise ▁and ▁hospital ▁network ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁the ▁design ▁of ▁electric , ▁IT ▁and ▁personnel ▁communication ▁facilities . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : Te chn ology ▁companies ▁of ▁Japan ▁Category : Te chn ology ▁companies ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 0 ▁Category : 1 9 2 0 ▁establish ments ▁in ▁Japan <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Battle ▁of ▁Ang lon ▁took ▁place ▁in ▁ 5 4 3 ▁AD , ▁during ▁the ▁By z antine ▁invasion ▁of ▁S as an ian - r ul ed ▁Armen ia ▁(" Pers arm en ia ") ▁in ▁the ▁early ▁phase ▁of ▁the ▁L az ic ▁War . ▁ ▁After ▁receiving ▁information ▁about ▁a ▁rebell ion ▁in ▁Pers ia ▁and ▁an ▁epid emic ▁in ▁the ▁main ▁Pers ian ▁army , ▁the ▁By z antine ▁arm ies ▁in ▁the ▁East ▁under ▁the ▁orders ▁of ▁Emperor ▁Just inian ▁I ▁initiated ▁a ▁h asty ▁invasion ▁of ▁Pers arm en ia . ▁The ▁out number ed ▁Pers ian ▁forces ▁in ▁the ▁region ▁successfully ▁performed ▁a ▁met ic ulous ▁amb ush ▁at ▁Ang lon , ▁decis ively ▁ending |
▁the ▁By z antine ▁campaign . ▁ ▁Background ▁The ▁S as an ian ▁rul er ▁Kh os row ▁I ▁began ▁an ▁invasion ▁of ▁Comm ag ene ▁in ▁ 5 4 2 , ▁but ▁ret reated ▁to ▁Ad urb ad agan ▁and ▁halt ed ▁at ▁Ad h ur ▁G ush n asp , ▁int ending ▁to ▁begin ▁a ▁campaign ▁against ▁By z antine ▁Armen ia . ▁The ▁By z ant ines ▁approached ▁Kh os row ▁I ▁to ▁begin ▁negotiations , ▁but ▁in ▁the ▁middle ▁of ▁this ▁they ▁received ▁information ▁about ▁the ▁epid emic ▁of ▁the ▁so - called ▁Pl ague ▁of ▁Just inian ▁in ▁Kh os row ▁I ' s ▁force ▁and ▁a ▁rebell ion ▁in ▁Pers ia ▁by ▁the ▁prince ▁An osh az ad . ▁See ing ▁this ▁as ▁an ▁opportunity , ▁Emperor ▁Just inian ▁I ▁commanded ▁all ▁By z antine ▁forces ▁in ▁the ▁east ▁to ▁initi ate ▁an ▁invasion ▁of ▁Pers arm en ia . ▁ ▁By z antine ▁invasion ▁Martin ▁was ▁the ▁newly - appoint ed ▁mag ister ▁milit um ▁per ▁O rient em ▁at ▁the ▁time , ▁but ▁according ▁to ▁primary ▁sources ▁did ▁not ▁have ▁much ▁authority ▁over ▁other ▁gener als . ▁The ▁By z antine ▁invasion ▁force , ▁which ▁number ed ▁ 3 0 , 0 0 0 ▁in ▁total , ▁was ▁initially ▁scattered : ▁ ▁Martin ▁and ▁his ▁forces , ▁station ed ▁in ▁C ith ar iz um ▁with ▁I ld eg er ▁and ▁The oct ist us ▁ ▁Peter ▁and ▁Ad ol ius ▁and ▁their ▁forces ▁ |
▁Val er ian , ▁the ▁mag ister ▁milit um ▁per ▁Armen iam , ▁station ed ▁near ▁Theod osi opol is ; ▁joined ▁by ▁N ars es ▁( a ▁Pers arm en ian ) ▁and ▁his ▁reg iment ▁of ▁Her ules ▁( under ▁Ph ile mouth ▁and ▁Ber os ) ▁and ▁Armen ians ▁These ▁forces ▁united ▁only ▁after ▁crossing ▁the ▁Pers ian ▁border , ▁in ▁the ▁plain ▁of ▁D vin . ▁Just us , ▁Per an ius , ▁Dom n enti ol us , ▁John , ▁son ▁of ▁Nic et as , ▁and ▁John ▁the ▁Gl utton ▁stayed ▁at ▁Ph ison , ▁near ▁Mart y ropol is , ▁performing ▁minor ▁in curs ions ▁into ▁Pers ia . ▁ ▁S as an ian ▁forces ▁in ▁Pers arm en ia ▁number ed ▁ 4 , 0 0 0 ▁and ▁were ▁under ▁the ▁command ▁of ▁N ab edes . ▁They ▁concentrated ▁themselves ▁at ▁the ▁mountain ous ▁village ▁of ▁Ang lon ▁( pro bably ▁identical ▁to ▁An kes , ▁D s akh god n ▁C anton , ▁A yr ar at ▁Province , ▁Kingdom ▁of ▁Armen ia ) ▁which ▁featured ▁a ▁fort ress ▁and ▁was ▁located ▁near ▁the ▁D vin ▁plain . ▁They ▁prepared ▁a ▁defensive ▁position ▁for ▁an ▁elaborate ▁amb ush ▁by ▁blocking ▁the ▁entr ances ▁to ▁the ▁village , ▁digging ▁tren ches , ▁and ▁setting ▁up ▁amb ushes ▁in ▁the ▁houses ▁of ▁the ▁village ▁outside ▁the ▁fort ress , ▁while ▁mar shall ing ▁the ▁army ▁below . ▁According ▁to ▁Pro cop ius , ▁the ▁By z |
antine ▁gener als ▁lack ed ▁a ▁proper ▁union ▁among ▁themselves . ▁The ▁By z antine ▁forces ▁proceed ed ▁into ▁the ▁rough ▁terrain ▁of ▁Ang lon , ▁and ▁hast ily ▁formed ▁a ▁single - line ▁formation ▁after ▁the ▁command ers ▁were ▁informed ▁of ▁the ▁Pers ian ▁presence , ▁with ▁Martin ▁forming ▁the ▁center , ▁Peter ▁forming ▁the ▁right , ▁and ▁Val er ian ▁( pro bably ▁joined ▁by ▁N ars es ) ▁forming ▁the ▁left . ▁N ars es ▁and ▁his ▁regular s ▁and ▁Her ules ▁were ▁the ▁first ▁to ▁engage . ▁Apparently , ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁Pers ian ▁army ▁was ▁defeated , ▁and ▁the ▁Pers ian ▁caval ry ▁fe igned ▁retreat ▁toward ▁the ▁fort ress , ▁and ▁their ▁flight ▁was ▁followed ▁by ▁Her ules ▁and ▁others ▁as ▁k our so res . ▁The ▁Pers ians , ▁including ▁their ▁arch ers , ▁then ▁launched ▁their ▁amb ush ▁from ▁the ▁buildings ▁outside ▁the ▁fort ress , ▁easily ▁rout ing ▁the ▁lightly - arm ored ▁Her ules , ▁while ▁their ▁commander ▁N ars es ▁was ▁mort ally ▁hit ▁in ▁the ▁temple ▁in ▁close ▁combat . ▁A ▁general ▁Pers ian ▁counter - att ack ▁then ▁resulted ▁in ▁the ▁rout ing ▁of ▁the ▁By z ant ines . ▁The ▁Pers ians ▁did ▁not ▁pursue ▁them ▁beyond ▁the ▁rough ▁terrain ▁out ▁of ▁fear ▁of ▁an ▁amb ush . ▁Ad ol ius ▁was ▁among ▁those ▁killed ▁in ▁the ▁retreat . ▁ ▁Analysis ▁The ▁only ▁source ▁describing ▁the ▁battle ▁is ▁the ▁By z antine ▁historian ▁Pro cop ius , ▁whose ▁account |
▁is ▁especially ▁critical ▁of ▁the ▁By z antine ▁army ' s ▁performance ▁in ▁the ▁campaign . ▁However , ▁modern ▁sources ▁have ▁disput ed ▁his ▁assess ments . ▁ ▁The ▁force ▁in ▁the ▁battle ▁is ▁considered ▁an ▁example ▁of ▁the ▁" in ade qu acy " ▁of ▁many ▁of ▁the ▁recru ited ▁soldiers . ▁Others ▁note ▁the ▁lack ▁of ▁coord ination ▁between ▁the ▁By z antine ▁gener als . ▁According ▁to ▁J . ▁B . ▁B ury , ▁Pro cop ius ▁( who ▁was ▁a ▁companion ▁of ▁General ▁Bel is arius ) ▁has ▁exagger ated ▁the ▁in compet ence ▁of ▁the ▁By z antine ▁gener als ▁in ▁the ▁battle ▁and ▁the ▁sever ity ▁of ▁their ▁defeat . ▁Peters en ▁also ▁considered ▁aspects ▁of ▁Pro cop ius ' ▁description ▁of ▁the ▁battle — including ▁alleged ▁poor ▁organization ▁and ▁leadership ▁of ▁the ▁force , ▁and ▁By z antine ▁soldiers ▁march ing ▁in ▁dis array ▁and ▁" m ixed ▁in ▁with ▁the ▁bag gage ▁terrain "— to ▁be ▁a ▁dist orted ▁description ▁of ▁what ▁were ▁actually ▁intent ional ▁strategies ▁and ▁tactics . ▁Others ▁have ▁emphas ized ▁the ▁met ic ulous ▁amb ush ▁by ▁the ▁defend ers , ▁describing ▁it ▁as ▁" hero ic ". ▁ ▁Ang lon ▁is ▁an ▁example ▁of ▁the ▁less ▁common ▁form ▁of ▁defensive ▁fort ification ▁in ▁which ▁settlement s ▁are ▁outside ▁of ▁the ▁defensive ▁structures ; ▁this ▁is ▁sometimes ▁seen ▁in ▁the ▁C au cas us , ▁another ▁example ▁is ▁seen ▁in ▁the ▁sie ge ▁of ▁T z acher / S ider oun |
▁in ▁ 5 5 7 . ▁ ▁The ▁outcome ▁of ▁the ▁battle ▁gave ▁the ▁Pers ians ▁the ▁momentum ▁in ▁the ▁L az ic ▁War . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : L az ic ▁War ▁Category : S as an ian ▁Armen ia ▁Category : 5 4 0 s ▁conflicts ▁Category : 6 th ▁century ▁in ▁Armen ia ▁Category : In vas ions ▁of ▁Armen ia ▁Category : 5 4 3 ▁Ang lon ▁Category : A mb ushes ▁Category : 6 th ▁century ▁in ▁Iran ▁Category : 5 4 0 s ▁in ▁the ▁By z antine ▁Empire <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Gust ▁L ait uri ▁Hom est ead , ▁in ▁Valley ▁County , ▁Id aho ▁near ▁Lake ▁F ork , ▁Id aho , ▁was ▁listed ▁on ▁the ▁National ▁Register ▁of ▁Historic ▁Pl aces ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 2 . ▁ ▁It ▁was ▁built ▁by ▁ 1 9 0 6 ▁by ▁Gust ▁L ait uri , ▁who ▁died ▁in ▁ 1 9 0 6 . ▁ ▁It ▁is ▁a ▁Finn ish ▁Log ▁Str ucture ▁in ▁Long ▁Valley , ▁Id aho . ▁ ▁It ▁is ▁about ▁ ▁in ▁plan . ▁ ▁It ▁is ▁located ▁about ▁ ▁nort heast ▁of ▁Lake f ork , ▁Id aho ▁off ▁Pear son ▁Road . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : National ▁Register ▁of ▁Historic ▁Pl aces ▁in ▁Valley ▁County , ▁Id aho ▁Category : Build ings ▁and ▁structures ▁completed ▁in ▁ 1 9 0 5 <0x0A> </s> ▁Hel i oche il us ▁f erv ens ▁is ▁a ▁species ▁of |
▁m oth ▁of ▁the ▁family ▁No ct u idae . ▁It ▁is ▁found ▁in ▁China , ▁Japan , ▁the ▁Korean ▁Pen insula , ▁northern ▁India , ▁Pakistan ▁and ▁the ▁Russian ▁Far ▁East ▁( Prim ory e , ▁southern ▁K hab ar ov sk ▁and ▁the ▁southern ▁Am ur ▁region ) ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁ ▁Korean ▁insect s ▁ ▁Category : Hel i oche il us ▁Category : M oth s ▁of ▁Asia <0x0A> </s> ▁Spring water ▁may ▁refer ▁to ▁one ▁of ▁these ▁places : ▁▁ ▁Spring water , ▁New ▁York , ▁United ▁States ▁ ▁Spring water , ▁Ontario , ▁Canada ▁Spring water ▁( Bar rie ▁Air park ) ▁A er od rome , ▁located ▁near ▁Spring water , ▁Ontario , ▁Canada ▁ ▁Spring water , ▁Oregon , ▁United ▁States ▁Spring water ▁Cor rid or , ▁a ▁bicy cle ▁and ▁pedest rian ▁trail ▁named ▁for ▁Spring water , ▁Oregon , ▁United ▁States ▁ ▁Spring water , ▁Wisconsin , ▁United ▁States ▁Other ▁ ▁Spring water , ▁a ▁pseud onym ▁for ▁the ▁musician ▁Phil ▁Cord ell <0x0A> </s> ▁AD ▁( B ud ) ▁Craig , ▁Jr . ▁( born ▁August ▁ 3 1 , ▁ 1 9 5 1 ) ▁is ▁an ▁American ▁neuro an atom ist ▁and ▁neuro sc ient ist . ▁ ▁Career ▁Craig ▁attended ▁Michigan ▁State ▁University ▁from ▁which ▁he ▁earned ▁the ▁Bachelor ▁of ▁Science ▁degree ▁in ▁Mathemat ics ▁in ▁June ▁ 1 9 7 3 . ▁He ▁completed ▁his ▁doctor ate ▁degree ▁at ▁Corn ell ▁University , ▁I th aca , |
▁NY ▁in ▁neuro phys i ology , ▁neuro an at omy , ▁and ▁electrical ▁engineering ▁and ▁received ▁a ▁Ph . D . ▁in ▁January ▁ 1 9 7 8 . ▁He ▁worked ▁with ▁Daniel ▁N . ▁T ap per , ▁Ph . D . ▁on ▁electro phys i ology ▁of ▁som atos ens ory ▁processing ▁in ▁the ▁sp inal ▁cord . ▁The ▁title ▁of ▁his ▁thesis ▁was ▁" An atomic ▁and ▁Elect ro phys i olog ic ▁Studies ▁on ▁the ▁Later al ▁C erv ical ▁N uc le us ▁in ▁Cat ▁and ▁Dog ". ▁ ▁Research ▁Following ▁graduate ▁school , ▁Craig ▁spent ▁two ▁years ▁in ▁the ▁Department ▁of ▁Phys i ology ▁& ▁Bi oph ys ics , ▁Washington ▁University ▁School ▁of ▁Medicine ▁in ▁St . ▁Louis , ▁MO ▁as ▁a ▁post - do ctor al ▁fellow ▁and ▁one ▁year ▁in ▁the ▁Department ▁of ▁An at omy ▁& ▁Ne uro bi ology ▁as ▁Research ▁Associ ate . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 8 1 ▁he ▁moved ▁to ▁Germany ▁to ▁become ▁" W issenschaft licher ▁Ass istent " ▁( Res earch ▁Associ ate ) ▁in ▁the ▁Department ▁of ▁Phys i ology ▁at ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁K iel ▁and ▁then ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 3 ▁Ak adem ischer ▁Rat ▁auf ▁Zeit ▁( Res earch ▁Assistant ▁Professor ) ▁at ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁W ür z burg ▁in ▁the ▁Department ▁of ▁Phys i ology . ▁In ▁ 1 9 8 6 ▁Craig ▁joined ▁Bar row ▁Ne u rolog ical ▁Institute ▁( BN I ) ▁to ▁direct ▁the |
▁At kins on ▁Pain ▁Research ▁Labor atory ▁ ▁Rec ogn ition ▁Craig ▁is ▁a ▁recipient ▁of ▁the ▁National ▁Mer it ▁Sch olar ship ▁Award ▁( 1 9 6 8 - 1 9 7 3 ). ▁He ▁was ▁awarded ▁with ▁Doctor ▁of ▁Medicine ▁( MD ), ▁honor is ▁causa , ▁from ▁Link ö ping ▁University ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 1 . ▁He ▁received ▁the ▁Kenn eth ▁Cra ik ▁Award ▁in ▁Exper imental ▁Psych ology ▁from ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Cambridge ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 2 . ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 1 , ▁Craig ▁received ▁the ▁Freder ic ▁W . L . ▁K err ▁Award ▁from ▁the ▁American ▁Pain ▁Society ▁and ▁was ▁elected ▁to ▁be ▁a ▁foreign ▁member ▁of ▁Royal ▁Society ▁of ▁Sciences ▁and ▁Let ters ▁in ▁Got hen burg . ▁ ▁Craig ▁holds ▁appoint ments ▁as ▁Research ▁Professor ▁in ▁the ▁Department ▁of ▁Cell ▁Bi ology ▁and ▁An at omy ▁at ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Arizona ▁College ▁of ▁Medicine ▁and ▁in ▁the ▁Department ▁of ▁Psych ology ▁at ▁Arizona ▁State ▁University . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : American ▁neuro sc ient ists ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : C orn ell ▁University ▁al umn i ▁Category : 1 9 5 1 ▁birth s <0x0A> </s> ▁Can thon ▁ch al c ites ▁is ▁a ▁species ▁of ▁( former ly ▁can thon ini ) ▁in ▁the ▁be et le ▁family ▁Scar ab ae idae . ▁It ▁is ▁found ▁in ▁North ▁America . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Further ▁reading ▁▁▁▁ ▁Category : Del to ch il |
ini ▁Category : Art icles ▁created ▁by ▁Q bug bot ▁Category : Be et les ▁described ▁in ▁ 1 8 4 3 <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁P all ava ▁dyn asty ▁was ▁an ▁Indian ▁dyn asty ▁that ▁existed ▁from ▁ 2 7 5 ▁CE ▁to ▁ 8 9 7 ▁CE , ▁ruling ▁a ▁portion ▁of ▁southern ▁India . ▁They ▁gained ▁prom in ence ▁after ▁the ▁e clipse ▁of ▁the ▁Sat av ah ana ▁dyn asty , ▁whom ▁the ▁P all av as ▁served ▁as ▁fe ud ator ies . ▁ ▁P all av as ▁became ▁a ▁major ▁power ▁during ▁the ▁reign ▁of ▁Ma hend rav ar man ▁I ▁( 5 7 1 – 6 3 0 ▁CE ) ▁and ▁Nar as im hav ar man ▁I ▁( 6 3 0 – 6 6 8 ▁CE ) ▁and ▁dominated ▁the ▁Tel ugu ▁and ▁northern ▁parts ▁of ▁the ▁T amil ▁region ▁for ▁about ▁ 6 0 0 ▁years ▁until ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁ 9 th ▁century . ▁Throughout ▁their ▁reign ▁they ▁were ▁in ▁constant ▁conflict ▁with ▁both ▁Ch al uk y as ▁of ▁Bad ami ▁in ▁the ▁north ▁and ▁the ▁T amil ▁kingdom s ▁of ▁Ch ola ▁and ▁P andy as ▁in ▁the ▁south . ▁P all ava ▁was ▁finally ▁defeated ▁by ▁the ▁Ch ola ▁rul er ▁Ad ity a ▁I ▁in ▁the ▁ 9 th ▁century ▁CE . ▁ ▁P all av as ▁are ▁most ▁noted ▁for ▁their ▁patron age ▁of ▁architecture , ▁the ▁finest ▁example ▁being ▁the ▁Sh ore ▁Temple , ▁a ▁UN |
ES CO ▁World ▁Heritage ▁Site ▁in ▁Mam all ap ur am . ▁The ▁P all av as , ▁who ▁left ▁behind ▁magnificent ▁sculpt ures ▁and ▁tem ples , ▁established ▁the ▁found ations ▁of ▁medieval ▁South ▁Indian ▁architecture . ▁They ▁developed ▁the ▁P all ava ▁script ▁from ▁which ▁Gr anth a ▁ultimately ▁desc ended . ▁The ▁P all ava ▁script ▁gave ▁rise ▁to ▁several ▁other ▁sout heast ▁Asian ▁scripts . ▁Chinese ▁trav eller ▁X u anz ang ▁visited ▁K anch ip ur am ▁during ▁P all ava ▁rule ▁and ▁ext oll ed ▁their ▁ben ign ▁rule . ▁ ▁E ty m ology ▁ ▁The ▁word ▁P all ava ▁means ▁a ▁c ree per ▁or ▁branch ▁in ▁S ansk rit . ▁They ▁were ▁also ▁called ▁T ond ai yar ▁after ▁the ▁word ▁T ond ai , ▁meaning ▁c ree per ▁in ▁T amil . ▁ ▁Or ig ins ▁ ▁The ▁origins ▁of ▁the ▁P all av as ▁have ▁been ▁deb ated ▁by ▁scholars . ▁. The ▁available ▁historical ▁materials ▁include ▁three ▁copper - pl ate ▁grants ▁of ▁S iv ask and av ar man ▁in ▁the ▁first ▁quarter ▁of ▁the ▁ 4 th ▁century ▁CE , ▁all ▁issued ▁from ▁K anch ip ur am ▁but ▁found ▁in ▁various ▁parts ▁of ▁And h ra ▁Pr adesh , ▁and ▁another ▁in scription ▁of ▁Sim hav ar man ▁half ▁century ▁earlier ▁in ▁the ▁Pal an adu ▁area ▁of ▁the ▁western ▁G unt ur ▁district . ▁All ▁the ▁early ▁documents ▁are ▁in ▁Pr ak rit , ▁and ▁scholars ▁find |
▁similar ities ▁in ▁pale ography ▁and ▁language ▁with ▁the ▁Sat av ah anas ▁and ▁the ▁Ma ury as . ▁Their ▁early ▁coins ▁are ▁said ▁to ▁be ▁similar ▁to ▁those ▁of ▁Sat av ah anas . ▁Two ▁main ▁theories ▁of ▁the ▁origins ▁have ▁emerged ▁from ▁this ▁data : ▁one ▁that ▁the ▁P all av as ▁were ▁former ▁subs idi aries ▁of ▁Sat av ah anas ▁in ▁the ▁And hr ades a ▁( the ▁region ▁north ▁of ▁Pen na ▁River ▁in ▁modern ▁And h ra ▁Pr adesh ) ▁and ▁later ▁expanded ▁south ▁up ▁to ▁K anch i , ▁and ▁the ▁other ▁that ▁they ▁initially ▁rose ▁to ▁power ▁in ▁K anch i ▁and ▁expanded ▁north ▁up ▁to ▁the ▁Kr ish na ▁river . ▁ ▁The ▁pro ponents ▁of ▁the ▁And h ra ▁origin ▁theory ▁include ▁S . ▁Kr ish nas w ami ▁A iy ang ar ▁and ▁K . ▁A . ▁N il ak anta ▁S ast ri . ▁They ▁believe ▁that ▁P all av as ▁were ▁originally ▁fe ud ator ies ▁of ▁the ▁Sat av ah anas ▁in ▁the ▁south - e astern ▁part ▁of ▁their ▁empire ▁who ▁became ▁independent ▁when ▁the ▁Sat av ah ana ▁power ▁declined . ▁They ▁are ▁seen ▁to ▁be ▁" str angers ▁to ▁the ▁T amil ▁country ", ▁un related ▁to ▁the ▁ancient ▁lines ▁of ▁Cher as , ▁P andy as ▁and ▁Ch olas . ▁Since ▁Sim hav ar man ' s ▁grant ▁bears ▁no ▁reg al ▁titles , ▁they ▁believe ▁that ▁he ▁might ▁have ▁been ▁a ▁subs idi ary |
▁to ▁the ▁And h ra ▁I k sh v ak us ▁who ▁were ▁in ▁power ▁in ▁And hr ades a ▁at ▁that ▁time . ▁In ▁the ▁following ▁half - century , ▁the ▁P all av as ▁became ▁independent ▁and ▁expanded ▁up ▁to ▁K anch i . ▁ ▁Another ▁theory ▁is ▁prop ound ed ▁by ▁histor ians ▁R . ▁S ath ian ath a ier ▁and ▁D . ▁C . ▁Sir car , ▁with ▁endorse ments ▁by ▁Herm ann ▁K ul ke , ▁Diet mar ▁R other mund ▁and ▁Bur ton ▁Stein . ▁Sir car ▁points ▁out ▁that ▁the ▁family ▁leg ends ▁of ▁the ▁P all av as ▁speak ▁of ▁an ▁ancest or ▁desc ending ▁from ▁Ash w at th ama , ▁the ▁legendary ▁Bra h min ▁warrior ▁of ▁Mah ab har ata , ▁and ▁his ▁union ▁with ▁a ▁N aga ▁princess . ▁According ▁P to le my , ▁the ▁A ru van adu ▁region ▁between ▁the ▁northern ▁and ▁southern ▁Pen ner ▁rivers ▁( Pen na ▁and ▁P onna iy ar ) ▁was ▁ruled ▁by ▁a ▁king ▁Bas aron aga ▁around ▁ 1 4 0 ▁CE . ▁By ▁mar rying ▁into ▁this ▁N aga ▁family , ▁the ▁P all av as ▁would ▁have ▁acquired ▁control ▁of ▁the ▁region ▁near ▁k anch i . ▁While ▁Sir car ▁allows ▁that ▁P all av as ▁might ▁have ▁been ▁provincial ▁rul ers ▁under ▁the ▁later ▁Sat av ah anas ▁with ▁a ▁partial ▁northern ▁line age , ▁S ath ian ath a ier ▁sees ▁them ▁as ▁nat ives ▁of |
▁T ond aim andal am ▁( the ▁core ▁region ▁of ▁A ru van adu ). ▁He ▁arg ues ▁that ▁they ▁could ▁well ▁have ▁adopted ▁north ▁Indian ▁practices ▁under ▁the ▁Ma ury an ▁As oka ' s ▁rule . ▁He ▁rel ates ▁the ▁name ▁" P all ava " ▁to ▁Pul ind as , ▁whose ▁heritage ▁is ▁b orne ▁by ▁names ▁such ▁as ▁" P ulin adu " ▁and ▁" P ul iy ur k ott am " ▁in ▁the ▁region . ▁ ▁According ▁to ▁C . ▁V . ▁V aid ya , ▁the ▁P all av as ▁were ▁Mah ar as ht rian ▁A ry ans ▁who ▁spoke ▁Mah ar as ht ri ▁Pr ak rit ▁for ▁centuries ▁and ▁hence ▁retained ▁it ▁even ▁in ▁the ▁midst ▁of ▁surrounding ▁Dr avid ian ▁languages . ▁They ▁may ▁even ▁be ▁said ▁to ▁have ▁been ▁' Mar ath as ' ▁for ▁their ▁name ▁was ▁said ▁to ▁be ▁still ▁preserved ▁in ▁the ▁Mar ath a ▁family ▁name ▁of ▁' P ā l ave ' ▁( which ▁is ▁just ▁Pr ak rit ▁form ▁of ▁P all ava ). ▁And ▁a ▁further ▁cor ro bor ation ▁is ▁that ▁the ▁got ra ▁of ▁the ▁P ā l ave ▁Mar ath a ▁family ▁is ▁B har ad w aja , ▁same ▁as ▁the ▁one ▁which ▁P all av as ▁have ▁attributed ▁to ▁themselves ▁in ▁their ▁records . ▁ ▁Over la id ▁on ▁these ▁theories ▁is ▁another ▁hypothesis ▁of ▁S ath ian ath a ier ▁which ▁claims ▁that ▁" P all ava " |
▁is ▁a ▁derivative ▁of ▁P ahl ava ▁( the ▁S ansk rit ▁term ▁for ▁Par th ians ). ▁According ▁to ▁him , ▁partial ▁support ▁for ▁the ▁theory ▁can ▁be ▁derived ▁from ▁a ▁crown ▁shaped ▁like ▁an ▁ele phant ' s ▁scal p ▁depicted ▁on ▁some ▁sculpt ures , ▁which ▁seems ▁to ▁re semble ▁the ▁crown ▁of ▁Dem et ri us ▁I . ▁ ▁R ival ries ▁ ▁With ▁Ch olas ▁The ▁P all av as ▁captured ▁K anch i ▁from ▁the ▁Ch olas ▁as ▁recorded ▁in ▁the ▁Vel ur pal ai y am ▁Pl ates , ▁around ▁the ▁reign ▁of ▁the ▁fifth ▁king ▁of ▁the ▁P all ava ▁line ▁Kum ar av ish nu ▁I . ▁There after ▁K anch i ▁figures ▁in ▁in scriptions ▁as ▁the ▁capital ▁of ▁the ▁P all av as . ▁The ▁Ch olas ▁drove ▁the ▁P all av as ▁away ▁from ▁K anch i ▁in ▁the ▁mid - 4 th ▁century , ▁in ▁the ▁reign ▁of ▁V ish ug op a , ▁the ▁t enth ▁king ▁of ▁the ▁P all ava ▁line . ▁The ▁P all av as ▁re - c apt ured ▁K anch i ▁in ▁the ▁mid - 6 th ▁century , ▁possibly ▁in ▁the ▁reign ▁of ▁Sim hav ish nu , ▁the ▁four teenth ▁king ▁of ▁the ▁P all ava ▁line , ▁whom ▁the ▁Kas ak udi ▁plates ▁state ▁as ▁" the ▁lion ▁of ▁the ▁earth ". ▁There after ▁the ▁P all av as ▁held ▁on ▁to ▁K anch i ▁until ▁the ▁ 9 th |
▁century , ▁until ▁the ▁reign ▁of ▁their ▁last ▁king , ▁V ij aya - N ri pat ung av ar man . ▁ ▁With ▁K ad amb as ▁The ▁P all av as ▁were ▁in ▁conflict ▁with ▁major ▁kingdom s ▁at ▁various ▁periods ▁of ▁time . ▁A ▁contest ▁for ▁political ▁sup rem acy ▁existed ▁between ▁the ▁early ▁P all av as ▁and ▁the ▁K ad amb as . ▁N umer ous ▁K ad amba ▁in scriptions ▁provide ▁details ▁of ▁P all ava - K ad amba ▁host ilities . ▁ ▁K ad amba ▁dyn asty ' s ▁founder ▁May ur ash ar ma ▁first ▁succeeded ▁in ▁establishing ▁himself ▁in ▁the ▁forests ▁of ▁Sri par v at am ▁( poss ibly ▁modern ▁S ris ail am ▁in ▁And h ra ▁Pr adesh ) ▁by ▁defe ating ▁the ▁Anth ar ap al as ▁( gu ards ) ▁of ▁the ▁P all av as ▁and ▁sub du ing ▁the ▁Ban as ▁of ▁K olar ▁in ▁ 3 4 5 ▁CE . ▁The ▁P all av as ▁under ▁Sk and av ar man ▁were ▁unable ▁to ▁contain ▁May ur ash ar ma ▁and ▁recognised ▁him ▁as ▁a ▁sovere ign ▁in ▁the ▁regions ▁from ▁the ▁Am ara ▁Ocean ▁( W estern ▁Ocean ) ▁to ▁Pre h ara ▁( Mal ap rab ha ▁River ). ▁Some ▁histor ians ▁feel ▁that ▁May ur ash ar ma ▁was ▁initially ▁appointed ▁as ▁a ▁commander ▁( D and an ay aka ) ▁in ▁the ▁army ▁of ▁the ▁P all av as , ▁as |
▁the ▁in scription ▁uses ▁such ▁terms ▁as ▁Sen ani ▁and ▁calls ▁May ur ash ar ma ▁Sh ad an ana ▁( six - faced ▁god ▁of ▁war ). ▁After ▁a ▁period ▁of ▁time , ▁due ▁to ▁the ▁confusion ▁caused ▁by ▁the ▁defeat ▁of ▁P all ava ▁V ish n ug op a ▁by ▁Sam ud r agu pt a ▁( All ah abad ▁in scriptions ), ▁May ur ash ar ma ▁formed ▁his ▁kingdom ▁with ▁Ban av asi ▁( ne ar ▁Tal ag unda ) ▁as ▁his ▁capital . ▁ ▁With ▁Kal ab hr as ▁During ▁the ▁reign ▁of ▁V ish n ug op av ar man ▁II ▁( approx . ▁ 5 0 0 – 5 2 5 ), ▁political ▁conv ulsion ▁eng ulf ed ▁the ▁P all av as ▁due ▁to ▁the ▁Kal ab h ra ▁invasion ▁of ▁the ▁T amil ▁country . ▁Tow ards ▁the ▁close ▁of ▁the ▁ 6 th ▁century , ▁the ▁P all ava ▁Sim hav ish nu ▁stuck ▁a ▁blow ▁against ▁the ▁Kal ab hr as . ▁The ▁P andy as ▁followed ▁suit . ▁There after ▁the ▁T amil ▁country ▁was ▁divided ▁between ▁the ▁P all av as ▁in ▁the ▁north ▁with ▁K anch ip ur am ▁as ▁their ▁capital , ▁and ▁P andy as ▁in ▁the ▁south ▁with ▁Mad ur ai ▁as ▁their ▁capital . ▁ ▁Bir ud as ▁The ▁royal ▁custom ▁of ▁using ▁a ▁series ▁of ▁des cript ive ▁honor ific ▁titles , ▁Bir ud as , ▁was ▁particularly ▁preval ent ▁among ▁the ▁P |
all av as . ▁The ▁b ir ud as ▁of ▁Ma hend rav ar man ▁I ▁are ▁in ▁S ansk rit , ▁T amil ▁and ▁Tel ugu . ▁The ▁Tel ugu ▁b ir ud as ▁show ▁Ma hend rav ar man ' s ▁involvement ▁with ▁the ▁And h ra ▁region ▁continued ▁to ▁be ▁strong ▁at ▁the ▁time ▁he ▁was ▁creating ▁his ▁cave - t empl es ▁in ▁the ▁T amil ▁region . ▁The ▁suffix ▁" M alla " ▁was ▁used ▁by ▁the ▁P all ava ▁rul ers . ▁Ma hend rav ar man ▁I ▁used ▁the ▁b ir uda , ▁Sat rum alla , ▁" a ▁warrior ▁who ▁over throws ▁his ▁enemies ", ▁and ▁his ▁grand son ▁Param es var a ▁I ▁was ▁called ▁Ek am alla ▁" the ▁sole ▁warrior ▁or ▁wrest ler ". ▁P all ava ▁kings , ▁presumably ▁ex alt ed ▁ones , ▁were ▁known ▁by ▁the ▁title ▁Mah am alla ▁(" g reat ▁wrest ler "). ▁ ▁L anguages ▁used ▁ ▁All ▁early ▁P all ava ▁royal ▁in scriptions ▁were ▁either ▁in ▁S ansk rit ▁or ▁Pr ak rit , ▁considered ▁the ▁official ▁languages ▁of ▁the ▁dyn asty ▁while ▁the ▁official ▁scripts ▁were ▁P all ava ▁and ▁later ▁Gr anth a . ▁Similarly , ▁in scriptions ▁found ▁in ▁And h ra ▁Pr adesh ▁and ▁K arn at aka ▁State ▁are ▁in ▁S ansk rit ▁and ▁Pr ak rit . ▁The ▁phenomenon ▁of ▁using ▁Pr ak rit ▁as ▁official ▁languages ▁in ▁which ▁rul ers ▁left ▁their ▁in scriptions ▁and ▁ep |
ig raph ies ▁continued ▁till ▁the ▁ 6 th ▁century . ▁It ▁would ▁have ▁been ▁in ▁the ▁interest ▁of ▁the ▁ruling ▁elite ▁to ▁protect ▁their ▁privile ges ▁by ▁perpet u ating ▁their ▁he g emony ▁of ▁Pr ak rit ▁in ▁order ▁to ▁exclude ▁the ▁common ▁people ▁from ▁sharing ▁power ▁( M ah ade van ▁ 1 9 9 5 a : ▁ 1 7 3 – 1 8 8 ). ▁The ▁P all av as ▁in ▁their ▁T amil ▁country ▁used ▁T amil ▁and ▁S ansk rit ▁in ▁their ▁in scriptions . ▁ ▁T amil ▁came ▁to ▁be ▁the ▁main ▁language ▁used ▁by ▁the ▁P all av as ▁in ▁their ▁in scriptions , ▁though ▁a ▁few ▁records ▁continued ▁to ▁be ▁in ▁S ansk rit . ▁This ▁language ▁was ▁first ▁adopted ▁by ▁Ma hend rav ar man ▁I ▁himself ▁in ▁a ▁few ▁records ▁of ▁his ; ▁but ▁from ▁the ▁time ▁of ▁Param es var av ar man ▁I , ▁the ▁practice ▁came ▁into ▁v ogue ▁of ▁in scrib ing ▁a ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁record ▁in ▁S ansk rit ▁and ▁the ▁rest ▁in ▁T amil . ▁Almost ▁all ▁the ▁copper ▁plate ▁records , ▁v iz ., ▁Kas ak udi , ▁T and ant ott am , ▁P att att al m ang al m , ▁U day end ir am ▁and ▁Vel ur pal ai y am ▁are ▁composed ▁both ▁in ▁S ansk rit ▁and ▁T amil . ▁ ▁Writing ▁system ▁ ▁Under ▁the ▁P all ava ▁dyn asty , ▁a ▁unique ▁form ▁of ▁Gr |
anth a ▁script , ▁a ▁desc endant ▁of ▁P all ava ▁script ▁which ▁is ▁a ▁type ▁of ▁Bra h mic ▁script , ▁was ▁used . ▁Around ▁the ▁ 6 th ▁century , ▁it ▁was ▁export ed ▁east wards ▁and ▁influenced ▁the ▁gen esis ▁of ▁almost ▁all ▁Sout heast ▁Asian ▁scripts . ▁ ▁Relig ion ▁P all av as ▁were ▁followers ▁of ▁Hindu ism ▁and ▁made ▁gifts ▁of ▁land ▁to ▁gods ▁and ▁Bra hm ins . ▁In ▁line ▁with ▁the ▁preval ent ▁customs , ▁some ▁of ▁the ▁rul ers ▁performed ▁the ▁As w amed ha ▁and ▁other ▁V ed ic ▁sacrific es . ▁They ▁were , ▁however , ▁toler ant ▁of ▁other ▁faith s . ▁The ▁Chinese ▁mon k ▁X u anz ang ▁who ▁visited ▁K anch ip ur am ▁during ▁the ▁reign ▁of ▁Nar as im hav ar man ▁I ▁reported ▁that ▁there ▁were ▁ 1 0 0 ▁Budd hist ▁monaster ies , ▁and ▁ 8 0 ▁tem ples ▁in ▁K anch ip ur am . ▁ ▁P all ava ▁architecture ▁The ▁P all av as ▁were ▁instrumental ▁in ▁the ▁transition ▁from ▁rock - cut ▁architecture ▁to ▁stone ▁tem ples . ▁The ▁earliest ▁examples ▁of ▁P all ava ▁const ructions ▁are ▁rock - cut ▁tem ples ▁dating ▁from ▁ 6 1 0 – 6 9 0 ▁and ▁structural ▁tem ples ▁between ▁ 6 9 0 – 9 0 0 . ▁A ▁number ▁of ▁rock - cut ▁cave ▁tem ples ▁bear ▁the ▁in scription ▁of ▁the ▁P all ava ▁king , ▁Ma hend rav |
ar man ▁I ▁and ▁his ▁success ors . ▁ ▁Among ▁the ▁accomplish ments ▁of ▁the ▁P all ava ▁architecture ▁are ▁the ▁rock - cut ▁tem ples ▁at ▁Mam all ap ur am . ▁There ▁are ▁exc av ated ▁pill ared ▁h alls ▁and ▁mon ol ith ic ▁shr ines ▁known ▁as ▁R ath as ▁in ▁Mah ab al ip ur am . ▁Early ▁tem ples ▁were ▁mostly ▁dedicated ▁to ▁Sh iva . ▁The ▁K ail as an ath a ▁temple ▁in ▁K anch ip ur am ▁and ▁the ▁Sh ore ▁Temple ▁built ▁by ▁Nar as im hav ar man ▁II , ▁rock ▁cut ▁temple ▁in ▁Ma hend rav adi ▁by ▁Ma hend rav ar man ▁are ▁fine ▁examples ▁of ▁the ▁P all ava ▁style ▁tem ples . ▁The ▁temple ▁of ▁N al anda ▁G ed ige ▁in ▁K andy , ▁Sri ▁L anka ▁is ▁another . ▁The ▁famous ▁T ond es w aram ▁temple ▁of ▁Ten av ar ai ▁and ▁the ▁ancient ▁K ones w aram ▁temple ▁of ▁Tr in com ale e ▁were ▁patron ised ▁and ▁struct ur ally ▁developed ▁by ▁the ▁P all av as ▁in ▁the ▁ 7 th ▁century . ▁ ▁P all ava ▁society ▁The ▁P all ava ▁period ▁beginning ▁with ▁Sim hav ish nu ▁( 5 7 5 ▁AD 9 0 0 ▁AD ) ▁was ▁a ▁trans itional ▁stage ▁in ▁southern ▁Indian ▁society ▁with ▁monument ▁building , ▁foundation ▁of ▁dev ot ional ▁( bh ak ti ) ▁sect s ▁of ▁Al vars ▁and ▁N ay an ars |
, ▁the ▁flower ing ▁of ▁rural ▁bra h man ical ▁institutions ▁of ▁S ansk rit ▁learning , ▁and ▁the ▁establishment ▁of ▁ch ak rav art in ▁model ▁of ▁kings hip ▁over ▁a ▁territory ▁of ▁diverse ▁people ; ▁which ▁ended ▁the ▁pre - P all avan ▁era ▁of ▁territor ially ▁segment ed ▁people , ▁each ▁with ▁their ▁culture , ▁under ▁a ▁trib al ▁ch ie ft ain . ▁While ▁a ▁system ▁of ▁ranked ▁relationship ▁among ▁groups ▁existed ▁in ▁the ▁classical ▁period , ▁the ▁P all ava ▁period ▁ext oll ed ▁ranked ▁relationships ▁based ▁on ▁ritual ▁pur ity ▁as ▁enjo ined ▁by ▁the ▁sh astr as . ▁Bur ton ▁distingu ishes ▁between ▁the ▁ch ak rav atin ▁model ▁and ▁the ▁k sh atri ya ▁model , ▁and ▁lik ens ▁k sh atri y as ▁to ▁locally ▁based ▁warriors ▁with ▁ritual ▁status ▁sufficiently ▁high ▁enough ▁to ▁share ▁with ▁Bra hm ins ; ▁and ▁states ▁that ▁in ▁south ▁India ▁the ▁k sh atri ya ▁model ▁did ▁not ▁emerge . ▁As ▁per ▁Bur ton , ▁south ▁India ▁was ▁aware ▁of ▁the ▁Ind o - A ry an ▁var na ▁organ ised ▁society ▁in ▁which ▁decis ive ▁sec ular ▁authority ▁was ▁v ested ▁in ▁the ▁k sh atri y as ; ▁but ▁apart ▁from ▁the ▁P all ava , ▁Ch ola ▁and ▁V ij ay an ag ar ▁line ▁of ▁warriors ▁which ▁claimed ▁ch ak rav art in ▁status , ▁only ▁few ▁local ity ▁warrior ▁families ▁achieved ▁the ▁prest igious ▁kin - linked ▁organisation ▁of ▁northern ▁warrior ▁groups . |
▁ ▁Chron ology ▁ ▁S ast ri ▁chron ology ▁ ▁The ▁earliest ▁documentation ▁on ▁the ▁P all av as ▁is ▁the ▁three ▁copper - pl ate ▁grants , ▁now ▁referred ▁to ▁as ▁the ▁May id av olu , ▁H ire had ag ali ▁and ▁the ▁British ▁Museum ▁plates ▁( D ur ga ▁Pr as ad , ▁ 1 9 8 8 ) ▁belonging ▁to ▁Sk and av ar man ▁I ▁and ▁written ▁in ▁Pr ak rit . ▁Sk and av ar man ▁appears ▁to ▁have ▁been ▁the ▁first ▁great ▁rul er ▁of ▁the ▁early ▁P all av as , ▁though ▁there ▁are ▁references ▁to ▁other ▁early ▁P all av as ▁who ▁were ▁probably ▁predecess ors ▁of ▁Sk and av ar man . ▁Sk and av ar man ▁extended ▁his ▁domin ions ▁from ▁the ▁Kr ish na ▁in ▁the ▁north ▁to ▁the ▁Penn ar ▁in ▁the ▁south ▁and ▁to ▁the ▁Bell ary ▁district ▁in ▁the ▁West . ▁He ▁performed ▁the ▁As w amed ha ▁and ▁other ▁V ed ic ▁sacrific es ▁and ▁bore ▁the ▁title ▁of ▁" Sup reme ▁King ▁of ▁Kings ▁devoted ▁to ▁d har ma ". ▁ ▁The ▁Hir ah ad ag ali ▁copper ▁plate ▁( B ell ary ▁District ) ▁record ▁in ▁Pr ak rit ▁is ▁dated ▁in ▁the ▁ 8 th ▁year ▁of ▁S iv ask anda ▁Var man ▁to ▁ 2 8 3 ▁CE ▁and ▁conf ir ms ▁the ▁gift ▁made ▁by ▁his ▁father ▁who ▁is ▁described ▁merely ▁as ▁" B appa - dev a " ▁( re ver |
ed ▁father ) ▁or ▁B op pa . ▁It ▁will ▁thus ▁be ▁clear ▁that ▁this ▁dyn asty ▁of ▁the ▁Pr ak rit ▁char ters ▁beginning ▁with ▁" B appa - dev a " ▁were ▁the ▁historical ▁found ers ▁of ▁the ▁P all ava ▁domin ion ▁in ▁South ▁India . ▁ ▁The ▁Hir ah ad ag all i ▁Pl ates ▁were ▁found ▁in ▁H ire had ag ali , ▁Bell ary ▁district ▁and ▁is ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁earliest ▁copper ▁plates ▁in ▁K arn at aka ▁and ▁belongs ▁to ▁the ▁reign ▁of ▁early ▁P all ava ▁rul er ▁Sh iv ask anda ▁Var ma . ▁P all ava ▁King ▁S iv ask and av ar man ▁of ▁K anch i ▁of ▁the ▁early ▁P all av as ▁ruled ▁from ▁ 2 7 5 ▁to ▁ 3 0 0 ▁CE , ▁and ▁issued ▁the ▁char ter ▁in ▁ 2 8 3 ▁CE ▁in ▁the ▁ 8 th ▁year ▁of ▁his ▁reign . ▁ ▁V ij aya ▁Sk and av ar man ▁( S iv ask and av ar man ) ▁was ▁king ▁of ▁the ▁P all ava ▁kingdom ▁at ▁Bell ary ▁region ▁in ▁And h ra , ▁and ▁v icer oy ▁of ▁Sam ud r agu pt a ▁at ▁K anch ip ur am . ▁The ▁writer ▁of ▁the ▁grant ▁was ▁priv y ▁coun c ill or ▁Bh atti ▁Shar man ▁and ▁was ▁supposed ▁to ▁be ▁valid ▁for ▁ 1 0 0 , 0 0 0 ▁years . ▁ ▁As ▁per ▁the ▁Hir ah ad ag |
all i ▁Pl ates ▁of ▁ 2 8 3 ▁CE , ▁P all ava ▁King ▁S iv ask and av ar man ▁granted ▁an ▁imm unity ▁v iz ▁the ▁garden ▁of ▁Ch ill are k ak od um ka , ▁which ▁was ▁formerly ▁given ▁by ▁Lord ▁B appa ▁to ▁the ▁Bra hm ins , ▁free holders ▁of ▁Ch ill are k ak od um ka ▁and ▁inhabitants ▁of ▁Ap itt i . ▁Ch ill are k ak od um ka ▁has ▁been ▁identified ▁by ▁some ▁as ▁ancient ▁village ▁Ch ill ar ige ▁in ▁Bell ary , ▁K arn at aka . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁reign ▁of ▁Sim hav ar man ▁IV , ▁who ▁asc ended ▁the ▁throne ▁in ▁ 4 3 6 , ▁the ▁territor ies ▁lost ▁to ▁the ▁V ish n uk und ins ▁in ▁the ▁north ▁up ▁to ▁the ▁mouth ▁of ▁the ▁Kr ish na ▁were ▁recovered . ▁The ▁early ▁P all ava ▁history ▁from ▁this ▁period ▁on wards ▁is ▁furn ished ▁by ▁a ▁dozen ▁or ▁so ▁copper - pl ate ▁grants ▁in ▁S ansk rit . ▁They ▁are ▁all ▁dated ▁in ▁the ▁reg nal ▁years ▁of ▁the ▁kings . ▁▁ ▁The ▁following ▁chron ology ▁was ▁composed ▁from ▁these ▁char ters ▁by ▁N il ak anta ▁S ast ri ▁in ▁his ▁A ▁History ▁of ▁South ▁India : ▁ ▁Early ▁P all av as ▁▁ ▁Sim hav ar man ▁I ▁( 2 7 5 – 3 0 0 ) ▁ ▁Sk and av ar man ▁( unknown ) ▁ ▁Vis n ug |
op a ▁( 3 5 0 – 3 5 5 ) ▁ ▁Kum ar av ish nu ▁I ▁( 3 5 0 – 3 7 0 ) ▁ ▁Sk and av ar man ▁II ▁( 3 7 0 – 3 8 5 ) ▁ ▁Vir av ar man ▁( 3 8 5 – 4 0 0 ) ▁ ▁Sk and av ar man ▁III ▁( 4 0 0 – 4 3 6 ) ▁ ▁Sim hav ar man ▁II ▁( 4 3 6 – 4 6 0 ) ▁ ▁Sk and av ar man ▁IV ▁( 4 6 0 – 4 8 0 ) ▁ ▁N and iv ar man ▁I ▁( 4 8 0 – 5 1 0 ) ▁ ▁Kum ar av ish nu ▁II ▁( 5 1 0 – 5 3 0 ) ▁ ▁Budd hav ar man ▁( 5 3 0 – 5 4 0 ) ▁ ▁Kum ar av ish nu ▁III ▁( 5 4 0 – 5 5 0 ) ▁ ▁Sim hav ar man ▁III ▁( 5 5 0 – 5 6 0 ) ▁ ▁Later ▁P all av as ▁ ▁The ▁in curs ion ▁of ▁the ▁Kal ab hr as ▁and ▁the ▁confusion ▁in ▁the ▁T amil ▁country ▁was ▁broken ▁by ▁the ▁Pand ya ▁K ad ung on ▁and ▁the ▁P all ava ▁Sim hav ish nu . ▁Ma hend rav ar man ▁I ▁extended ▁the ▁P all ava ▁Kingdom ▁and ▁was ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁greatest ▁sovere ign s . ▁Some ▁of ▁the ▁most ▁or |
nate ▁mon uments ▁and ▁tem ples ▁in ▁southern ▁India , ▁carved ▁out ▁of ▁solid ▁rock , ▁were ▁introduced ▁under ▁his ▁rule . ▁He ▁also ▁wrote ▁the ▁play ▁Matt av il asa ▁Pra has ana . ▁ ▁The ▁P all ava ▁kingdom ▁began ▁to ▁gain ▁both ▁in ▁territory ▁and ▁influence ▁and ▁were ▁a ▁regional ▁power ▁by ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁ 6 th ▁century , ▁defe ating ▁kings ▁of ▁C ey lon ▁and ▁main land ▁T amil ak k am . ▁Nar as im hav ar man ▁I ▁and ▁Param es var av ar man ▁I ▁stand ▁out ▁for ▁their ▁achievements ▁in ▁both ▁military ▁and ▁architect ural ▁spher es . ▁Nar as im hav ar man ▁II ▁built ▁the ▁Sh ore ▁Temple . ▁▁ ▁Sim hav ish nu ▁( 5 7 5 – 6 0 0 ) ▁ ▁Ma hend rav ar man ▁I ▁( 6 0 0 – 6 3 0 ) ▁ ▁Nar as im hav ar man ▁I ▁( M am alla ) ▁( 6 3 0 – 6 6 8 ) ▁ ▁Ma hend rav ar man ▁II ▁( 6 6 8 – 6 7 2 ) ▁ ▁Param es var av ar man ▁I ▁( 6 7 0 – 6 9 5 ) ▁ ▁Nar as im hav ar man ▁II ▁( R aja ▁Sim ha ) ▁( 6 9 5 – 7 2 2 ) ▁ ▁Param es var av ar man ▁II ▁( 7 0 5 – 7 1 0 ) ▁ ▁Later ▁P all av as |
▁of ▁the ▁K ad ava ▁Line ▁ ▁The ▁kings ▁that ▁came ▁after ▁Param es var av ar man ▁II ▁belonged ▁to ▁the ▁coll ateral ▁line ▁of ▁P all av as ▁and ▁were ▁descend ants ▁of ▁Bh im av ar man , ▁the ▁brother ▁of ▁Sim hav ish nu . ▁They ▁called ▁themselves ▁as ▁K ad av as , ▁K ad aves a ▁and ▁K ad uv etti . ▁Hir any av ar man , ▁the ▁father ▁of ▁N and iv ar man ▁P all av am alla ▁is ▁said ▁to ▁have ▁belonged ▁to ▁the ▁K ad av ak ula ▁in ▁ep ig raph s . ▁N and iv ar man ▁II ▁himself ▁is ▁described ▁as ▁" one ▁who ▁was ▁born ▁to ▁raise ▁the ▁prest ige ▁of ▁the ▁K ad ava ▁family ". ▁N and iv ar man ▁II ▁( P all av am alla ) ▁( 7 3 2 – 7 9 6 ) ▁son ▁of ▁Hir any av ar man ▁of ▁K ad av ak ula ▁ ▁D ant iv ar man ▁( 7 9 5 – 8 4 6 ) ▁ ▁N and iv ar man ▁III ▁( 8 4 6 – 8 6 9 ) ▁ ▁A par aj it av ar man ▁( 8 7 9 – 8 9 7 ) ▁ ▁A iy ang ar ▁chron ology ▁ ▁According ▁to ▁the ▁available ▁in scriptions ▁of ▁the ▁P all av as , ▁historian ▁S . ▁Kr ish nas w ami ▁A iy ang ar ▁propos es ▁the ▁P all |
av as ▁could ▁be ▁divided ▁into ▁four ▁separate ▁families ▁or ▁dyn ast ies ; ▁some ▁of ▁whose ▁connections ▁are ▁known ▁and ▁some ▁unknown . ▁A iy ang ar ▁states ▁ ▁We ▁have ▁a ▁certain ▁number ▁of ▁char ters ▁in ▁Pr ak rit ▁of ▁which ▁three ▁are ▁important ▁ones . ▁Then ▁follows ▁a ▁dyn asty ▁which ▁issued ▁their ▁char ters ▁in ▁S ansk rit ; ▁following ▁this ▁came ▁the ▁family ▁of ▁the ▁great ▁P all av as ▁beginning ▁with ▁Sim ha ▁V ish nu ; ▁this ▁was ▁followed ▁by ▁a ▁dyn asty ▁of ▁the ▁us ur per ▁N and i ▁Var man , ▁another ▁great ▁P all ava . ▁We ▁are ▁over looking ▁for ▁the ▁present ▁the ▁dyn asty ▁of ▁the ▁G anga - P all av as ▁post ulated ▁by ▁the ▁Ep ig raph ists . ▁The ▁earliest ▁of ▁these ▁P all ava ▁char ters ▁is ▁the ▁one ▁known ▁as ▁the ▁May id av olu ▁ 1 ▁( G unt ur ▁district ) ▁copper - pl ates . ▁ ▁Based ▁on ▁a ▁combination ▁of ▁dyn astic ▁plates ▁and ▁grants ▁from ▁the ▁period , ▁A iy ang ar ▁proposed ▁their ▁rule ▁thus : ▁ ▁Early ▁P all av as ▁ ▁B app ade van ▁( 2 5 0 – 2 7 5 ) mar ried ▁a ▁N aga ▁of ▁M av il anga ▁( K anch i ) ▁– ▁The ▁Great ▁Found er ▁of ▁a ▁P all ava ▁line age ▁ ▁Sh iv ask and av ar man ▁I ▁( 2 7 5 – |
3 0 0 ) ▁ ▁Sim hav ar man ▁( 3 0 0 – 3 2 0 ) ▁ ▁Bh udd av ar man ▁( 3 2 0 – 3 3 5 ) ▁ ▁Bh ud dy ank ur an ▁( 3 3 5 – 3 4 0 ) ▁ ▁Middle ▁P all av as ▁ ▁Vis n ug op a ▁( 3 4 0 – 3 5 5 ) ▁( Y uv am ah ar aja ▁V ish n ug op a ) ▁ ▁Kum ar avis nu ▁I ▁( 3 5 5 – 3 7 0 ) ▁ ▁Sk anda ▁Var man ▁II ▁( 3 7 0 – 3 8 5 ) ▁ ▁V ira ▁Var man ▁( 3 8 5 – 4 0 0 ) ▁ ▁Sk anda ▁Var man ▁III ▁( 4 0 0 – 4 3 5 ) ▁ ▁Sim ha ▁Var man ▁II ▁( 4 3 5 – 4 6 0 ) ▁ ▁Sk anda ▁Var man ▁IV ▁( 4 6 0 – 4 8 0 ) ▁ ▁N and i ▁Var man ▁I ▁( 4 8 0 – 5 0 0 ) ▁ ▁Kum ar avis nu ▁II ▁( ▁ 5 0 0 – 5 1 0 ) ▁ ▁Budd ha ▁Var man ▁( ▁ 5 1 0 – 5 2 0 ) ▁ ▁Kum ar avis nu ▁III ▁( ▁ 5 2 0 – 5 3 0 ) ▁ ▁Sim ha ▁Var man ▁III ▁( ▁ 5 3 0 – 5 3 7 ) ▁ |
▁Later ▁P all av as ▁Sim hav ish nu ▁( 5 3 7 – 5 7 0 ) ▁Ma hend rav ar man ▁I ▁( 5 7 1 – 6 3 0 ) ▁Nar as im hav ar man ▁I ▁( M am alla ) ▁( 6 3 0 – 6 6 8 ) ▁Ma hend rav ar man ▁II ▁( 6 6 8 – 6 7 2 ) ▁Param es var av ar man ▁I ▁( 6 7 2 – 7 0 0 ) ▁Nar as im hav ar man ▁II ▁( R aja ▁Sim ha ) ▁( 7 0 0 – 7 2 7 ) ▁Param es var av ar man ▁II ▁( 7 0 5 – 7 1 0 ) ▁ ▁Later ▁P all av as ▁of ▁the ▁K ad ava ▁Line ▁ ▁N and iv ar man ▁II ▁( P all av am alla ) ▁( 7 3 2 – 7 9 6 ) ▁son ▁of ▁Hir any av ar man ▁of ▁K ad av ak ula ▁D ant iv ar man ▁( 7 7 5 – 8 2 5 ) ▁N and iv ar man ▁III ▁( 8 2 5 – 8 6 9 ) ▁N ir up ath ung an ▁( 8 6 9 – 8 8 2 ) ▁A par aj it av ar man ▁( 8 8 2 – 8 9 6 ) ▁ ▁Gene al ogy ▁of ▁M ā m all ap ur am ▁Pra ś ast i ▁ ▁The ▁gene al ogy ▁of |
▁P all av as ▁mentioned ▁in ▁the ▁M ā m all ap ur am ▁Pra ś ast i ▁is ▁as ▁follows : ▁ ▁V ish nu ▁ ▁Bra h ma ▁ ▁Un known ▁/ ▁und ec ipher able ▁ ▁Un known ▁/ ▁und ec ipher able ▁ ▁B har adv aja ▁ ▁D ron a ▁ ▁Ash v at th aman ▁ ▁P all ava ▁ ▁Un known ▁/ ▁und ec ipher able ▁ ▁Un known ▁/ ▁und ec ipher able ▁ ▁Sim hav ar man ▁I ▁( ▁ 2 7 5 ) ▁ ▁Un known ▁/ ▁und ec ipher able ▁ ▁Un known ▁/ ▁und ec ipher able ▁ ▁Sim hav ar man ▁IV ▁( 4 3 6 – ▁ 4 6 0 ) ▁ ▁Un known ▁/ ▁und ec ipher able ▁ ▁Un known ▁/ ▁und ec ipher able ▁ ▁Sk and ash ish ya ▁ ▁Un known ▁/ ▁und ec ipher able ▁ ▁Un known ▁/ ▁und ec ipher able ▁ ▁Sim hav is nu ▁( ▁ 5 5 0 – 5 8 5 ) ▁ ▁Ma hend rav ar man ▁I ▁( ▁ 5 7 1 – 6 3 0 ) ▁ ▁Mah a - m alla ▁Nar as im hav ar man ▁I ▁( 6 3 0 – 6 6 8 ) ▁ ▁Un known ▁/ ▁und ec ipher able ▁ ▁Param es var av ar man ▁I ▁( 6 6 9 – 6 9 0 ) ▁ ▁Raj as im ha ▁Nar as im hav aram ▁II |
▁( 6 9 0 – 7 2 8 ) ▁ ▁Un known ▁/ ▁und ec ipher able ▁ ▁P all av am alla ▁N and iv ar man ▁II ▁( 7 3 1 – 7 9 6 ) ▁ ▁Un known ▁/ ▁und ec ipher able ▁ ▁N and iv ar man ▁III ▁( 8 4 6 – 8 6 9 ) ▁ ▁Other ▁relationships ▁P all ava ▁royal ▁line ages ▁were ▁influential ▁in ▁the ▁old ▁kingdom ▁of ▁K ed ah ▁of ▁the ▁Mal ay ▁Pen insula ▁under ▁Rud rav ar man ▁I , ▁Ch ampa ▁under ▁B had rav ar man ▁I ▁and ▁the ▁Kingdom ▁of ▁the ▁Fun an ▁in ▁Camb od ia . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁List ▁of ▁T amil ▁mon arch s ▁K ad ava ▁dyn asty ▁ ▁Notes ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁Category : T amil ▁mon arch s ▁Category : History ▁of ▁T ir uch ir app all i ▁Category : States ▁and ▁territor ies ▁established ▁in ▁the ▁ 3 rd ▁century ▁Category : States ▁and ▁territor ies ▁dis est ab lished ▁in ▁the ▁ 9 th ▁century ▁Category : 3 rd - century ▁establish ments ▁in ▁India ▁Category : 9 th - century ▁dis est ablish ments ▁in ▁India ▁Category : T el ugu ▁mon arch s <0x0A> </s> ▁" And ▁Then ▁There ▁Was ▁Sil ence " ▁is ▁a ▁song ▁by ▁the ▁German ▁power ▁metal ▁band ▁Bl ind ▁Guard ian . ▁It ▁was ▁released ▁in ▁November ▁ 2 0 0 1 ▁as |
▁the ▁lead ▁single ▁from ▁their ▁album , ▁A ▁Night ▁at ▁the ▁Opera . ▁ ▁Wr itten ▁by ▁singer ▁Hans i ▁K ür sch ▁and ▁composed ▁by ▁K ür sch ▁and ▁guitar ist ▁André ▁Ol br ich , ▁the ▁song ▁is ▁based ▁on ▁The ▁I li ad ▁by ▁Hom er ▁and ▁on ▁the ▁A ene id ▁by ▁Vir g il , ▁and ▁narr ates ▁the ▁final ▁days ▁of ▁T roy , ▁as ▁fore seen ▁by ▁Cass andra , ▁daughter ▁of ▁the ▁king ▁of ▁the ▁destroyed ▁city ▁who ▁f ores aw ▁the ▁event . ▁ ▁The ▁song ▁is ▁so ▁intr icate ▁and ▁long ▁with ▁so ▁many ▁tracks ▁that ▁it ▁alone ▁required ▁as ▁much ▁production ▁time ▁as ▁the ▁rest ▁of ▁the ▁A ▁Night ▁at ▁the ▁Opera ▁album . ▁At ▁over ▁ 1 4 ▁minutes , ▁it ▁is ▁the ▁longest ▁track ▁recorded ▁by ▁Bl ind ▁Guard ian . ▁It ▁was ▁re - record ed ▁into ▁a ▁new ▁version ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁as ▁a ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁compilation ▁album ▁Mem ories ▁of ▁a ▁Time ▁to ▁Come . ▁ ▁Track ▁listing ▁ ▁" And ▁Then ▁There ▁Was ▁Sil ence " ▁ ▁– ▁ 1 4 : 0 6 ▁ ▁" Har vest ▁of ▁S orrow " ▁ ▁– ▁ 3 : 4 0 <0x09> ▁ ▁" B orn ▁in ▁a ▁M our ning ▁Hall " ▁( mult imedia ▁track ) ▁– ▁ 5 : 1 7 ▁ ▁Line up ▁ ▁Hans i ▁K ür sch ▁– ▁vocals ▁and ▁backing ▁vocals ▁ ▁André ▁Ol br ich ▁– |
▁lead , ▁rhythm ▁and ▁ac oustic ▁guitar ▁ ▁Marcus ▁Sie pen ▁– ▁rhythm ▁guitar ▁ ▁Th omen ▁St auch ▁– ▁drums ▁and ▁per cussion ▁ ▁Ch arts ▁ ▁Person nel ▁ ▁An ry ▁Nem o ▁– ▁cover ▁art ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : 2 0 0 1 ▁singles ▁Category : Bl ind ▁Guard ian ▁songs ▁Category : 2 0 0 1 ▁songs ▁Category : V ir gin ▁Records ▁singles ▁Category : S ongs ▁based ▁on ▁poems ▁Category : S ongs ▁written ▁by ▁Hans i ▁K ür sch ▁Category : S ongs ▁written ▁by ▁André ▁Ol br ich ▁Category : Work s ▁based ▁on ▁the ▁I li ad ▁Category : Work s ▁based ▁on ▁the ▁A ene id <0x0A> </s> ▁Tow ong ▁is ▁a ▁bounded ▁rural ▁local ity ▁of ▁the ▁Sh ire ▁of ▁Tow ong ▁local ▁government ▁area ▁in ▁Victoria , ▁Australia . ▁Tow ong ▁is ▁on ▁the ▁Murray ▁River ▁close ▁to ▁Cor ry ong . ▁At ▁the ▁, ▁Tow ong ▁had ▁a ▁population ▁of ▁ 2 8 1 . ▁ ▁History ▁Tow ong ▁Post ▁Office ▁opened ▁on ▁ 1 0 Jan uary ▁ 1 8 8 2 ▁and ▁closed ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 4 . ▁ ▁Tow ong ▁Tur f ▁Club ▁Tow ong ▁is ▁home ▁to ▁the ▁historic ▁Tow ong ▁Tur f ▁Club , ▁hosting ▁thorough b red ▁horse ▁racing ▁since ▁ 1 8 7 1 . ▁Currently ▁Country ▁Racing ▁Victoria ▁sched ules ▁two ▁race ▁meetings ▁per ▁year ▁at ▁the ▁venue , ▁the ▁Tow ong ▁Cup ▁meeting ▁( tr ad |
itionally ▁held ▁in ▁early ▁March ) ▁and ▁the ▁S qu iz zy ▁Taylor ▁D ash ▁meeting ▁( tr ad itionally ▁held ▁in ▁late ▁December ). ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁▁ ▁Tow ong ▁Tur f ▁Club ▁Website ▁ ▁Category : T own s ▁in ▁Victoria ▁( Austral ia ) <0x0A> </s> ▁S j ur ▁John sen ▁( 2 0 ▁June ▁ 1 8 9 1 ▁– ▁ 2 ▁October ▁ 1 9 7 8 ) ▁was ▁a ▁Norweg ian ▁wrest ler . ▁He ▁was ▁born ▁in ▁Vik . ▁He ▁competed ▁at ▁the ▁ 1 9 2 0 ▁Summer ▁Olympics ▁in ▁Ant werp ▁where ▁he ▁placed ▁fourth ▁in ▁Gre co - R oman ▁middle weight , ▁after ▁losing ▁the ▁bronze ▁match ▁to ▁Mas a ▁Per tt il ä . ▁He ▁was ▁a ▁national ▁champion ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 0 ▁and ▁ 1 9 2 2 . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : 1 8 9 1 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 9 7 8 ▁deaths ▁Category : People ▁from ▁Vik ▁Category : O lymp ic ▁wrest lers ▁of ▁Norway ▁Category : W rest lers ▁at ▁the ▁ 1 9 2 0 ▁Summer ▁Olympics ▁Category : N or weg ian ▁male ▁sport ▁wrest lers <0x0A> </s> ▁Dom ingo ▁C ull en ▁( 1 7 9 1 ▁– ▁ 2 1 ▁June ▁ 1 8 3 9 ) ▁was ▁the ▁governor ▁of ▁province ▁of ▁Santa ▁Fe , ▁Argentina ▁during ▁ 1 8 3 8 . ▁ ▁Biography ▁C ull en ▁was ▁born ▁in |
▁T ener ife , ▁Can ary ▁Islands , ▁but ▁moved ▁to ▁Argentina ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 8 2 0 s ▁after ▁establishing ▁commercial ▁activities ▁( linked ▁with ▁fl uv ial ▁trade ) ▁in ▁the ▁area . ▁He ▁met ▁Santa ▁Fe ' s ▁c aud illo ▁Est an is la o ▁L ó pez ▁when ▁serving ▁as ▁a ▁deputy ▁of ▁the ▁Cab ild o ▁of ▁Monte video . ▁After ▁being ▁involved ▁in ▁activ ism ▁related ▁to ▁the ▁independence ▁of ▁U rugu ay ▁and ▁the ▁resistance ▁against ▁Brazil ▁( see ▁C is pl at ine ▁War ), ▁he ▁returned ▁to ▁Santa ▁Fe , ▁settled ▁in ▁a ▁ranch , ▁and ▁married ▁Jo aqu ina ▁Rodr í gue z ▁del ▁F res no , ▁the ▁young ▁wid ow ▁of ▁Pedro ▁Ald ao ▁and ▁sister - in - law ▁of ▁L ó pez . ▁In ▁ 1 8 2 8 ▁he ▁became ▁a ▁counsel or ▁of ▁L ó pez , ▁and ▁his ▁Minister ▁of ▁Government ▁in ▁ 1 8 3 3 . ▁ ▁At ▁the ▁time ▁of ▁L ó pez ' s ▁death ▁on ▁ 1 5 ▁June ▁ 1 8 3 8 , ▁C ull en ▁was ▁in ▁Buenos ▁Aires ▁as ▁representative ▁of ▁Santa ▁Fe , ▁trying ▁to ▁find ▁a ▁peaceful ▁solution ▁to ▁the ▁ongoing ▁French ▁block ade ▁of ▁the ▁port ▁( c aus ed ▁by ▁a ▁law ▁of ▁ 1 8 2 1 ▁that ▁oblig ated ▁resident ▁foreign ▁citizens ▁of ▁the ▁province ▁of ▁Buenos ▁Aires ▁to ▁serve ▁in ▁con scription ). ▁C ull en ▁argued ▁that |
▁the ▁block ade ▁was ▁the ▁result ▁of ▁a ▁provincial ▁law ▁and ▁therefore ▁the ▁other ▁provin ces ▁were ▁not ▁bound ▁to ▁help ▁Buenos ▁Aires . ▁Juan ▁Manuel ▁de ▁Ros as , ▁the ▁powerful ▁governor ▁of ▁Buenos ▁Aires , ▁cont ended ▁that ▁this ▁viol ated ▁the ▁Federal ▁P act . ▁ ▁When ▁C ull en ▁returned ▁to ▁Santa ▁Fe , ▁he ▁became ▁governor , ▁but ▁his ▁election ▁was ▁not ▁acknowledged ▁by ▁Ros as ▁and ▁by ▁P asc ual ▁E ch ag ü e , ▁governor ▁of ▁the ▁neighbour ing ▁Entre ▁R í os ▁Province . ▁Without ▁L ó pez ' s ▁support , ▁he ▁faced ▁opposition ▁from ▁his ▁personal ▁enemies ▁in ▁the ▁province ▁and ▁from ▁those ▁l oy als ▁to ▁Ros as . ▁In ▁the ▁end , ▁all ▁provin ces ▁including ▁Santa ▁Fe ▁ended ▁up ▁supporting ▁Buenos ▁Aires ▁against ▁the ▁French , ▁and ▁C ull en ▁was ▁forced ▁to ▁resign ▁and ▁go ▁to ▁ex ile . ▁ ▁Acc used ▁of ▁con sp iring ▁with ▁the ▁Unit arians ▁( en em ies ▁of ▁Ros as ) ▁and ▁the ▁French , ▁he ▁sought ▁as yl um ▁in ▁Santiago ▁del ▁Est ero , ▁but ▁he ▁was ▁bet rayed ▁by ▁his ▁host ▁and ▁delivered ▁to ▁Ros as ' s ▁men , ▁to ▁be ▁tried ▁in ▁Buenos ▁Aires . ▁However , ▁right ▁after ▁crossing ▁the ▁Ar roy o ▁del ▁Med io ▁and ▁entering ▁the ▁territory ▁of ▁Buenos ▁Aires ▁Province , ▁his ▁capt ors ▁announced ▁they ▁had ▁orders ▁to ▁kill ▁him . ▁C ull en ▁was ▁assist ed ▁by ▁a ▁priest |
▁in ▁San ▁Nicol ás ▁de ▁los ▁Ar roy os ▁and ▁wrote ▁a ▁letter ▁to ▁his ▁wife ; ▁he ▁was ▁then ▁killed ▁by ▁a ▁firing ▁squad , ▁on ▁ 2 1 ▁June ▁ 1 8 3 9 . ▁He ▁was ▁buried ▁in ▁the ▁spot . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 8 4 0 ▁the ▁army ▁of ▁General ▁Juan ▁Lav alle ▁passed ▁by ▁the ▁place ▁on ▁its ▁way ▁to ▁Santa ▁Fe , ▁and ▁C ull en ' s ▁body ▁was ▁ex hum ed ▁at ▁the ▁request ▁of ▁Pedro ▁Rodr í gue z ▁del ▁F res no , ▁an ▁officer ▁of ▁Lav alle ' s ▁and ▁C ull en ' s ▁brother - in - law . ▁He ▁was ▁taken ▁to ▁the ▁Con vent ▁of ▁Saint ▁Domin ic ▁in ▁Santa ▁Fe , ▁where ▁they ▁remain ▁today , ▁next ▁to ▁the ▁bodies ▁of ▁his ▁son ▁Pat ric io ▁and ▁several ▁other ▁important ▁leaders . ▁ ▁Des cent ▁C ull en ' s ▁family ▁was ▁of ▁Irish ▁origin , ▁desc ended ▁from ▁Thomas ▁C ull en ▁Ma her , ▁who ▁em igr ated ▁from ▁Kil ken ny ▁to ▁the ▁Can ary ▁Islands ▁in ▁ 1 7 9 3 . ▁Dom ingo ▁C ull en ▁( full ▁name : ▁Dom ingo ▁Ale j andro ▁Loren zo ▁C ull en ▁y ▁Fer raz ), ▁born ▁in ▁T ener ife , ▁was ▁C ull en ▁Ma her ' s ▁third ▁grand son , ▁the ▁son ▁of ▁Gu ill ermo ▁Fel ipe ▁C ull en ▁and ▁Á ng ela ▁Is id ra ▁Fer |
raz ▁de ▁la ▁Guard ia . ▁ ▁C ull en ▁em igr ated ▁to ▁the ▁R ío ▁de ▁la ▁Pl ata ▁region , ▁first ▁sett ling ▁in ▁Monte video , ▁U rugu ay , ▁in ▁ 1 8 1 1 , ▁and ▁moving ▁then ▁to ▁Santa ▁Fe ▁in ▁ 1 8 2 3 . ▁This ▁Argent ine ▁branch ▁of ▁the ▁family ▁has ▁given ▁Santa ▁Fe ▁many ▁influential ▁characters ▁in ▁the ▁field ▁of ▁politics . ▁ ▁C ull en ▁had ▁seven ▁children . ▁José ▁María ▁C ull en , ▁his ▁first born , ▁and ▁Pat ric io ▁C ull en , ▁his ▁second ▁son , ▁both ▁served ▁as ▁govern ors ▁of ▁Santa ▁Fe ▁( Tom ás ▁C ull en , ▁his ▁last ▁son , ▁was ▁also ▁ad ▁inter im ▁governor ). ▁His ▁third ▁child , ▁Jo aqu ina , ▁was ▁the ▁wife ▁of ▁N icas io ▁O ro ño , ▁governor ▁and ▁political ▁chief ▁of ▁Ros ario , ▁and ▁the ▁fourth , ▁Jose fa , ▁was ▁married ▁to ▁Juan ▁María ▁G uti ér rez ▁Gran ados , ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁Const itutional ▁Assembly ▁that ▁craft ed ▁the ▁Argent ine ▁Constitution ▁of ▁ 1 8 5 3 . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : 1 7 9 1 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 8 3 9 ▁deaths ▁Category : G overn ors ▁of ▁Santa ▁Fe ▁Province ▁Category : Execut ed ▁Spanish ▁people ▁Category : People ▁executed ▁by ▁Argentina ▁by ▁firing ▁squad ▁Category : Ex tr aj ud icial ▁kill ings ▁Category : Execut ed ▁politicians |
▁Category : 1 9 th - century ▁execut ions ▁by ▁Argentina ▁Category : Arg ent ine ▁people ▁of ▁Irish ▁descent ▁Category : Arg ent ine ▁people ▁of ▁Spanish ▁descent ▁Category : People ▁from ▁T ener ife ▁Category : Execut ed ▁Argent ine ▁people ▁Category : People ▁of ▁the ▁Spanish ▁American ▁wars ▁of ▁independence ▁Category : People ▁of ▁the ▁Latin ▁American ▁wars ▁of ▁independence ▁Category : R ío ▁de ▁la ▁Pl ata <0x0A> </s> ▁Rub inal d ▁R of ino ▁P ron k ▁( born ▁ 1 7 ▁July ▁), ▁born ▁and ▁raised ▁in ▁The ▁H ague , ▁is ▁a ▁dan se ur ▁performing ▁with ▁the ▁Mor ph oses / The ▁Whe eld on ▁Company . ▁He ▁trained ▁at ▁the ▁Royal ▁( D utch ) ▁Conserv atory ▁of ▁Dance ▁and ▁joined ▁the ▁Dutch ▁National ▁B allet ▁at ▁age ▁ 1 6 ▁and ▁was ▁promoted ▁to ▁solo ist . ▁Rub inal d ▁performed ▁works ▁by ▁ch ore ograph ers ▁including ▁Sir ▁Frederick ▁As ht on , ▁George ▁Bal anch ine , ▁William ▁F ors y the , ▁Jac op o ▁God ani , ▁Martha ▁Graham ▁and ▁Kr z ysz to f ▁Past or . ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁he ▁joined ▁D w ight ▁Rh oden ▁and ▁Des mond ▁Richard son ' s ▁Complex ions ▁Cont emporary ▁B allet , ▁performing ▁works ▁by ▁Rh oden ▁and ▁U ly ss es ▁D ove . ▁He ▁is ▁a ▁guest ▁artist ▁with ▁Dutch ▁National ▁B allet ▁and ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 9 - 2 0 1 |
1 ▁with ▁Polish ▁National ▁B allet . ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁Facebook ▁page ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 7 9 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : D utch ▁male ▁bal let ▁d ancers ▁Category : M orph oses ▁d ancers ▁Category : People ▁from ▁The ▁H ague <0x0A> </s> ▁Mary ▁Dar ling ▁is ▁the ▁CEO ▁and ▁co - owner ▁of ▁West W ind ▁Pictures , ▁which ▁she ▁joined ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 9 . ▁She ▁helped ▁West W ind ▁ev olve ▁from ▁a ▁minor ▁to ▁a ▁major ▁player ▁in ▁Canada ' s ▁film ▁and ▁television ▁industry . ▁She ▁con ceived ▁of ▁the ▁hit ▁design ▁show , ▁Design er ▁Gu ys , ▁and ▁its ▁subsequent ▁rel a unch ▁with ▁new ▁hosts . ▁ ▁As ▁well ▁as ▁providing ▁West W ind ▁Pictures ▁overall ▁management , ▁creative ▁and ▁executive ▁producer ▁services ▁on ▁all ▁of ▁its ▁series , ▁Dar ling ▁heads ▁up ▁West W ind ▁Re le asing ▁which ▁develop s ▁and ▁distribut es ▁most ▁of ▁West W ind ' s ▁diverse ▁properties . ▁In ▁particular , ▁she ▁was ▁the ▁executive ▁producer ▁for ▁the ▁Canadian ▁television ▁comedy ▁Little ▁Mos que ▁on ▁the ▁Pra ir ie , ▁which ▁she ▁later ▁shop ped ▁to ▁American ▁broad cas ters . ▁ ▁Dar ling ▁was ▁the ▁recipient ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁Women ▁in ▁Film ▁and ▁Television ▁International ▁award ▁for ▁International ▁A chie vement ▁- ▁Excell ence ▁in ▁Innov ation ▁( Tele vision ) ▁an ▁award ▁she ▁claims ▁to ▁share ▁with ▁her ▁husband , |
▁Clark ▁Don nel ly , ▁even ▁though ▁it ▁sits ▁on ▁her ▁desk . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : Year ▁of ▁birth ▁missing ▁( l iving ▁people ) ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : Can ad ian ▁television ▁producers ▁Category : W omen ▁television ▁producers <0x0A> </s> ▁Aut ot rich ia ▁is ▁a ▁genus ▁of ▁m oth s ▁in ▁the ▁family ▁Ge omet r idae ▁described ▁by ▁Pr out ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 4 . ▁ ▁Spec ies ▁Aut ot rich ia ▁heter og yn oid es ▁( We hr li , ▁ 1 9 2 7 ) ▁Aut ot rich ia ▁l ys im eles ▁( Pr out , ▁ 1 9 2 4 ) ▁Aut ot rich ia ▁p ell uc ida ▁( St aud inger , ▁ 1 8 9 9 ) ▁Aut ot rich ia ▁sol an ik ovi ▁( I v ins k is ▁& ▁S ald ait is , ▁ 2 0 0 1 ) ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : G n oph ini ▁Category : Ge omet r idae ▁gener a <0x0A> </s> ▁Office ▁of ▁the ▁Aud itor ▁General ▁( O AG N ) ▁is ▁a ▁constitutional ▁body ▁and ▁the ▁sup reme ▁audit ▁institution ▁of ▁Nep al . ▁It ▁der ives ▁its ▁mand ate ▁from ▁Article ▁ 2 4 1 ▁of ▁the ▁Constitution ▁of ▁Nep al ▁and ▁Aud it ▁Act , ▁ 2 0 7 5 ▁( 2 0 1 9 ▁A . D .). ▁The ▁Aud itor ▁General ▁is ▁empower ed ▁to |
▁undert ake ▁aud its ▁of ▁Office ▁of ▁the ▁President ▁and ▁Vice - Pres ident , ▁Supreme ▁Court , ▁Federal ▁Parliament , ▁Provinc ial ▁As sembl ies , ▁Provinc ial ▁Govern ments , ▁Const itutional ▁bodies ▁or ▁their ▁offices , ▁courts , ▁the ▁Office ▁of ▁the ▁Attorney ▁General ▁and ▁the ▁Nep al ▁Army , ▁Nep al ▁Police ▁and ▁Ar med ▁Police ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁of ▁all ▁other ▁government ▁offices ▁and ▁courts ▁with ▁due ▁consideration ▁given ▁to ▁the ▁regular ity , ▁economy , ▁efficiency , ▁effectiveness ▁and ▁the ▁propri ety ▁of ▁government ▁expend it ures . ▁ ▁Aud itor ▁General ▁According ▁to ▁Article ▁ 2 4 0 ▁of ▁the ▁Constitution ▁of ▁Nep al , ▁the ▁Aud itor ▁General ▁is ▁appointed ▁by ▁the ▁President ▁on ▁the ▁recommendation ▁of ▁the ▁Const itutional ▁Council ▁for ▁a ▁single ▁term ▁of ▁six ▁years . ▁The ▁current ▁Aud itor ▁General , ▁T anka ▁Man i ▁Shar ma , ▁was ▁appointed ▁on ▁May ▁ 2 2 , ▁ 2 0 1 7 . ▁ ▁Organization ▁and ▁Str ucture ▁In ▁addition ▁to ▁the ▁Aud itor ▁General , ▁there ▁are ▁ 6 1 4 ▁staff ▁members ▁in ▁the ▁Office ▁of ▁the ▁Aud itor ▁General . ▁These ▁staff ▁members ▁are ▁ 4 ▁Deputy ▁Aud itor ▁General , ▁ 1 4 ▁Assistant ▁Aud itor ▁Gener als , ▁Direct ors , ▁Aud it ▁Off ic ers , ▁Aud it ▁super int end ents , ▁Aud it ▁In spect ors ▁and ▁support ▁staff . ▁The ▁majority ▁of ▁the ▁staff ▁are ▁members ▁of ▁the ▁Aud it ▁Service ▁of ▁the |
▁Nep al ▁Civil ▁Service ▁who ▁are ▁chosen ▁through ▁an ▁open ▁competitive ▁exam ▁of ▁the ▁Public ▁Service ▁Commission . ▁The ▁office ▁is ▁divided ▁into ▁four ▁divisions ▁each ▁headed ▁by ▁a ▁Deputy ▁Aud itor ▁General . ▁Under ▁the ▁divisions ▁are ▁ 1 4 ▁General ▁Director ates ▁which ▁is ▁further ▁divided ▁into ▁ 2 7 ▁sector ▁wise ▁Director ates . ▁ ▁Div isions ▁ ▁Organization ▁development ▁and ▁Management ▁Division ▁ ▁Economic ▁and ▁Social ▁Services ▁Division ▁ ▁In frastructure ▁Development ▁Division ▁ ▁Const itutional ▁ ▁Bod ies , ▁Security ▁and ▁Local ▁Development ▁Division ▁ ▁Annual ▁Report ▁The ▁Aud itor ▁General ▁subm its ▁an ▁annual ▁report ▁which ▁includes ▁an ▁opinion ▁regarding ▁the ▁financial ▁statements ▁of ▁the ▁Government ▁of ▁Nep al ▁to ▁the ▁President ▁as ▁per ▁Article ▁ 2 9 4 ▁of ▁the ▁Constitution ▁of ▁Nep al . ▁The ▁President ▁then ▁presents ▁the ▁report ▁for ▁discussion ▁to ▁the ▁Federal ▁Parliament , ▁through ▁the ▁Prime ▁Minister . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : G overn ment ▁of ▁Nep al ▁Nep al ▁Category : Sup reme ▁audit ▁institutions <0x0A> </s> ▁Kamp ung ▁Bar u ▁L RT ▁station ▁is ▁an ▁underground ▁rapid ▁transit ▁station , ▁named ▁after ▁and ▁serving ▁Kamp ung ▁Bar u , ▁K ual a ▁L ump ur , ▁in ▁Malaysia . ▁The ▁station ▁is ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁Kel ana ▁J aya ▁Line ▁( former ly ▁known ▁as ▁P UT RA ). ▁The ▁station ▁was ▁opened ▁on ▁June ▁ 1 , ▁ 1 9 9 9 , ▁as ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁line ' s ▁second ▁and ▁latest ▁extension , ▁which |
▁includes ▁the ▁addition ▁of ▁ 1 2 ▁stations ▁( not ▁including ▁Sri ▁R amp ai ▁station ), ▁and ▁an ▁underground ▁line ▁that ▁the ▁Kamp ung ▁Bar u ▁station ▁is ▁connected ▁to . ▁The ▁Kamp ung ▁Bar u ▁station ▁is ▁currently ▁one ▁of ▁only ▁five ▁underground ▁stations ▁in ▁the ▁Kel ana ▁J aya ▁Line . ▁ ▁Location ▁Loc ated ▁on ▁the ▁southern ▁edge ▁of ▁Kamp ung ▁Bar u , ▁the ▁Kamp ung ▁Bar u ▁station ▁is ▁located ▁directly ▁beside ▁the ▁A mp ang – K ual a ▁L ump ur ▁E lev ated ▁Highway ▁and ▁K lang ▁River . ▁The ▁ad join ing ▁K L CC ▁station , ▁as ▁is ▁the ▁K ual a ▁L ump ur ▁City ▁Centre ▁( K L CC ) ▁itself , ▁is ▁situated ▁across ▁the ▁K lang ▁River , ▁ 7 0 0 ▁metres ▁away . ▁The ▁station ▁is ▁primarily ▁intended ▁to ▁serve ▁the ▁Kamp ung ▁Bar u ▁area . ▁ ▁Layout ▁and ▁design ▁ ▁The ▁Kamp ung ▁Bar u ▁station , ▁like ▁all ▁other ▁underground ▁Kel ana ▁J aya ▁Line ▁stations , ▁is ▁of ▁a ▁simpl istic ▁construction ▁consisting ▁of ▁only ▁three ▁levels : ▁the ▁entrance ▁level ▁at ▁street ▁level , ▁and ▁the ▁conc ourse ▁and ▁platform ▁levels ▁underground . ▁All ▁levels ▁are ▁linked ▁via ▁escal ators ▁and ▁stair ways , ▁while ▁elev ators ▁are ▁additionally ▁provided ▁between ▁the ▁conc ourse ▁level ▁and ▁the ▁platform ▁level . ▁The ▁station ▁contains ▁only ▁one ▁island ▁platform ▁for ▁two ▁tracks ▁of ▁opposite ▁directions , ▁with ▁floor - to - ce iling |
▁platform ▁screen ▁doors ▁se aling ▁the ▁platform ▁from ▁the ▁tracks . ▁ ▁The ▁station ▁has ▁two ▁access ▁points ▁from ▁street ▁level , ▁of ▁which ▁one ▁is ▁larger ▁than ▁the ▁other ▁and ▁is ▁the ▁primary ▁entrance . ▁The ▁secondary ▁access ▁point ▁to ▁the ▁conc ourse ▁level , ▁just ▁ 4 0 ▁m ▁east ▁from ▁the ▁main ▁entrance , ▁is ▁closed ▁to ▁the ▁public . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁▁ ▁List ▁of ▁rail ▁transit ▁stations ▁in ▁K lang ▁Valley ▁ ▁Category : K el ana ▁J aya ▁Line ▁Category : R ail way ▁stations ▁opened ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 9 <0x0A> </s> ▁In ▁cel est ial ▁mechanics , ▁true ▁anom aly ▁is ▁an ▁angular ▁parameter ▁that ▁defines ▁the ▁position ▁of ▁a ▁body ▁moving ▁along ▁a ▁Ke pler ian ▁orbit . ▁ ▁It ▁is ▁the ▁angle ▁between ▁the ▁direction ▁of ▁per i aps is ▁and ▁the ▁current ▁position ▁of ▁the ▁body , ▁as ▁seen ▁from ▁the ▁main ▁focus ▁of ▁the ▁ell ip se ▁( the ▁point ▁around ▁which ▁the ▁object ▁or bits ). ▁ ▁The ▁true ▁anom aly ▁is ▁usually ▁denoted ▁by ▁the ▁Greek ▁letters ▁ ▁or ▁, ▁or ▁the ▁Latin ▁letter ▁, ▁and ▁is ▁usually ▁restricted ▁to ▁the ▁range ▁ 0 – 3 6 0 ° ▁( 0 – 2 π ). ▁ ▁As ▁shown ▁in ▁the ▁image , ▁the ▁true ▁anom aly ▁ ▁is ▁one ▁of ▁three ▁angular ▁parameters ▁( an om al ies ) ▁that ▁defines ▁a ▁position ▁along ▁an ▁orbit , ▁the ▁other ▁two ▁being ▁the ▁ecc entric ▁anom aly ▁and ▁the |
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