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▁the ▁Confeder ates ▁of ▁Sch wy z ▁conducted ▁a ▁raid ▁on ▁the ▁monaster y . ▁The ▁Hab sburg ▁response ▁to ▁the ▁raid , ▁led ▁to ▁the ▁Battle ▁of ▁M org arten ▁in ▁ 1 3 1 5 ▁where ▁the ▁Confeder ate ▁army , ▁including ▁some ▁troops ▁from ▁U ri , ▁destroyed ▁the ▁Hab sburg ▁army . ▁A ▁few ▁months ▁after ▁the ▁victory ▁at ▁M org arten , ▁the ▁three ▁Forest ▁Cant ons ▁met ▁at ▁Brun nen ▁to ▁re aff irm ▁their ▁alliance ▁in ▁the ▁P act ▁of ▁Brun nen . ▁In ▁the ▁following ▁forty ▁years , ▁the ▁alliance ▁expanded ▁as ▁other ▁cant ons ▁( Luc erne ▁in ▁ 1 3 3 2 ▁and ▁Z ür ich ▁in ▁ 1 3 5 1 , ▁Gl ar us ▁and ▁Z ug ▁in ▁ 1 3 5 2 ▁and ▁Bern ▁in ▁ 1 3 5 3 ) ▁joined ▁the ▁alliance . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 3 8 6 ▁U ri ▁participated ▁in ▁the ▁victory ▁over ▁the ▁Aust ri ans ▁at ▁the ▁Battle ▁of ▁S emp ach . ▁Following ▁the ▁victory ▁at ▁S emp ach , ▁U ri ▁began ▁a ▁program ▁of ▁territor ial ▁expansion ▁to ▁allow ▁them ▁to ▁control ▁the ▁entire ▁Got th ard ▁route . ▁As ▁a ▁first ▁step , ▁U ri ▁an nex ed ▁the ▁lands ▁of ▁Ur ser en ▁in ▁ 1 4 1 0 . ▁The ▁Ur ser en ▁was ▁allowed ▁to ▁retain ▁its ▁own ▁mayor ▁and ▁assembly , ▁and ▁its ▁own ▁courts ▁under ▁those ▁of ▁U ri . ▁It ▁was ▁not |
▁fully ▁incorporated ▁till ▁ 1 8 8 8 . ▁In ▁ 1 4 0 3 , ▁with ▁the ▁help ▁of ▁Ob wal den , ▁it ▁won ▁the ▁L event ina ▁valley ▁from ▁the ▁du ke ▁of ▁Milan , ▁but ▁lost ▁it ▁in ▁ 1 4 2 2 . ▁Though ▁in ▁ 1 4 4 0 ▁U ri ▁alone ▁recon qu ered ▁it ▁and ▁kept ▁it ▁until ▁ 1 7 9 8 . ▁Between ▁ 1 4 1 0 ▁and ▁ 1 4 1 8 , ▁U ri ▁occupied ▁the ▁Val ▁d ' ▁O ss ola ▁in ▁Italy . ▁In ▁ 1 4 1 9 , ▁with ▁Ob wal den , ▁U ri ▁conqu ered ▁Bell inz ona , ▁but ▁lost ▁it ▁at ▁the ▁Battle ▁of ▁Ar bed o ▁in ▁ 1 4 2 2 . ▁In ▁ 1 4 7 8 , ▁U ri ▁mar ched ▁into ▁the ▁L event ina ▁valley , ▁south ▁of ▁the ▁Got th ard ▁pass . ▁The ▁citizens ▁of ▁the ▁valley ▁welcomed ▁U ri ' s ▁troops ▁as ▁liber ators ▁from ▁the ▁Duke ▁of ▁Milan . ▁They ▁then ▁attempted ▁to ▁bes ie ge ▁Bell inz ona , ▁but ▁gave ▁up ▁after ▁ 1 4 ▁days , ▁when ▁the ▁Duke ▁sent ▁ 1 0 , 0 0 0 ▁troops ▁to ▁drive ▁them ▁out . ▁About ▁ 6 0 0 ▁men ▁of ▁the ▁Confeder ate ▁rear ▁guard ▁defeated ▁the ▁Milan ese ▁army ▁at ▁the ▁Battle ▁of ▁Gi orn ico ▁and ▁drove ▁Milan ▁out ▁of ▁the ▁L event ina ▁valley ▁but |
▁did ▁not ▁take ▁Bell inz ona . ▁In ▁ 1 5 0 0 , ▁with ▁Sch wy z ▁and ▁N id wal den , ▁it ▁captured ▁Bell inz ona ▁again ▁and ▁held ▁it ▁until ▁ 1 7 9 8 . ▁By ▁ 1 5 0 3 , ▁U ri , ▁N id wal den ▁and ▁Sch wy z ▁joint ly ▁controlled ▁the ▁bail iw icks ▁of ▁B len io , ▁Bell inz ona ▁and ▁R iv iera . ▁In ▁ 1 5 1 2 ▁U ri ▁shared ▁in ▁the ▁con quest ▁of ▁L ug ano ▁with ▁the ▁rest ▁of ▁the ▁Confeder ation . ▁Together ▁with ▁the ▁rest ▁of ▁the ▁Confeder ation , ▁U ri ▁shared ▁in ▁the ▁con quest ▁and ▁rule ▁over ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁subject ▁territor ies ▁under ▁the ▁administration ▁of ▁several ▁cant ons ▁including ; ▁ 1 4 1 5 – 1 7 1 2 ▁B aden , ▁ 1 4 6 0 – 1 7 9 8 ▁Th urg au , ▁ 1 4 8 2 – 1 7 9 8 ▁S arg ans , ▁ 1 4 9 1 – 1 7 9 8 ▁Rhe int al , ▁ 1 5 1 2 – 1 7 9 8 ▁Loc arn o , ▁the ▁Mag g ia ▁valley , ▁L ug ano ▁and ▁Mend ris io ▁and ▁ 1 5 3 2 – 1 7 1 2 ▁the ▁Fre iam t ▁including ▁the ▁Upper ▁Fre iam t ▁between ▁ 1 7 1 2 – 9 8 . ▁ ▁Re formation |
▁and ▁early ▁modern ▁era ▁ ▁The ▁region ▁res isted ▁the ▁Protest ant ▁Re formation ▁and ▁remained ▁Roman ▁Catholic . ▁In ▁ 1 5 2 4 – 2 5 ▁the ▁Land amm ann ▁Ber old ingen ▁of ▁Jos ue ▁asked ▁the ▁cant onal ▁sc ribe ▁Valent in ▁Compar ▁to ▁write ▁a ▁pole mic ▁against ▁the ▁reform er ▁H uld ry ch ▁Z wing li , ▁which ▁was ▁read ▁to ▁the ▁cant onal ▁congress ▁and ▁approved . ▁As ▁the ▁Re formation ▁spread ▁through ▁the ▁Swiss ▁Confeder ation , ▁the ▁five ▁central , ▁c ath olic ▁cant ons ▁felt ▁increasingly ▁isolated ▁and ▁they ▁began ▁to ▁search ▁for ▁allies . ▁After ▁two ▁months ▁of ▁negotiations , ▁the ▁Five ▁Cant ons ▁formed ▁die ▁Christ liche ▁Verein igung ▁( the ▁Christian ▁Alliance ) ▁with ▁Ferd inand ▁of ▁Austria ▁on ▁ 2 2 ▁April ▁ 1 5 2 9 . ▁T ensions ▁continued ▁to ▁rise ▁between ▁the ▁Protest ant ▁and ▁Catholic ▁cant ons . ▁After ▁numerous ▁minor ▁incidents ▁and ▁provoc ations ▁from ▁both ▁sides , ▁a ▁Catholic ▁priest ▁was ▁executed ▁in ▁the ▁Th urg au ▁in ▁May ▁ 1 5 2 8 , ▁and ▁the ▁Protest ant ▁past or ▁J . ▁Key ser ▁was ▁burned ▁at ▁the ▁stake ▁in ▁Sch wy z ▁in ▁ 1 5 2 9 . ▁The ▁last ▁straw ▁was ▁the ▁installation ▁of ▁a ▁Catholic ▁re eve ▁at ▁B aden , ▁and ▁Z ür ich ▁declared ▁war ▁on ▁ 8 ▁June , ▁occupied ▁the ▁Th urg au ▁and ▁the ▁territor ies ▁of ▁the ▁Ab bey ▁of ▁St |
. ▁Gall ▁and ▁mar ched ▁to ▁K app el ▁at ▁the ▁border ▁to ▁Z ug . ▁ ▁By ▁med iation ▁of ▁the ▁Federal ▁T ags atz ung , ▁blood s hed ▁in ▁what ▁was ▁known ▁as ▁the ▁First ▁War ▁of ▁K app el ▁was ▁barely ▁avoided . ▁The ▁peace ▁agreement ▁( Er ster ▁Land fried e ) ▁was ▁not ▁exactly ▁favour able ▁for ▁the ▁Catholic ▁party , ▁who ▁had ▁to ▁diss olve ▁its ▁alliance ▁with ▁the ▁Aust rian ▁Hab sbur gs . ▁The ▁Protest ant ▁cant ons ▁also ▁demanded ▁that ▁the ▁c ath olic ▁cant ons ▁allow ▁Protest ant ▁pre achers ▁into ▁them , ▁and ▁imposed ▁a ▁trade ▁embargo ▁to ▁try ▁to ▁force ▁them ▁to ▁agree . ▁In ▁late ▁September ▁ 1 5 3 1 , ▁about ▁ 8 , 0 0 0 ▁soldiers ▁from ▁the ▁Five ▁Cant ons ▁( including ▁U ri ) ▁mar ched ▁against ▁Zur ich ▁and ▁Z wing li ▁to ▁lift ▁this ▁embargo . ▁When ▁they ▁met ▁Z wing li ' s ▁forces ▁on ▁ 1 1 ▁October ▁ 1 5 3 1 ▁at ▁the ▁Second ▁War ▁of ▁K app el , ▁the ▁c ath olic ▁forces ▁were ▁vict orious ▁and ▁Z wing li ▁was ▁killed . ▁The ▁peace ▁treat y ▁after ▁the ▁Second ▁War ▁of ▁K app el ▁established ▁that ▁each ▁cant on ▁could ▁choose ▁which ▁religion ▁to ▁follow , ▁and ▁U ri ▁remained ▁Catholic . ▁ ▁During ▁the ▁early ▁modern ▁era , ▁the ▁population ▁of ▁U ri ▁increased ▁slowly . ▁The ▁limited ▁ar able ▁land ▁in ▁mountain |
▁val le ys , ▁disease ▁and ▁crop ▁failures ▁all ▁reduced ▁population ▁growth . ▁The ▁pl ague ▁broke ▁out ▁in ▁the ▁cant on ▁in ▁ 1 3 4 8 – 4 9 , ▁ 1 5 1 7 – 1 8 , ▁ 1 5 7 4 – 7 5 ▁and ▁ 1 6 2 9 . ▁In ▁ 1 7 4 2 – 4 3 ▁and ▁again ▁ 1 7 7 0 – 7 1 , ▁crop ▁failures ▁combined ▁with ▁cattle ▁diseases ▁led ▁to ▁star v ation ▁and ▁mass ▁em igration . ▁The ▁consequences ▁for ▁the ▁population ▁were ▁severe , ▁in ▁ 1 7 4 3 ▁U ri ▁had ▁ 9 , 8 2 8 ▁inhabitants , ▁but ▁by ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 8 th ▁Century ▁there ▁were ▁only ▁ 9 , 4 6 4 ▁people . ▁ ▁Modern ▁history ▁ ▁Napole onic ▁period ▁ ▁The ▁government ▁of ▁U ri ▁spoke ▁out ▁against ▁the ▁ide als ▁of ▁the ▁French ▁Revolution ▁and ▁opposed ▁any ▁attempt ▁to ▁inst itute ▁changes ▁in ▁Switzerland . ▁In ▁ 1 7 9 7 , ▁pro - rev olution ary ▁propaganda ▁from ▁France ▁was ▁inter cept ed ▁and ▁burned ▁in ▁U ri . ▁In ▁January ▁ 1 7 9 8 , ▁French ▁revolutionary ▁forces ▁inv aded ▁Switzerland . ▁On ▁ 2 8 ▁January ▁ 1 7 9 8 , ▁U ri ▁sent ▁troops ▁to ▁support ▁Bern ▁against ▁the ▁inv aders . ▁However , ▁in ▁early ▁March ▁it ▁advised ▁the ▁Bern ese ▁authorities ▁to ▁make ▁con cess ions ▁to |
▁the ▁French ▁government . ▁Then ▁on ▁ 4 ▁and ▁ 5 ▁March , ▁U ri ' s ▁troops ▁refused ▁to ▁join ▁the ▁battle ▁and ▁instead ▁withd rew . ▁At ▁the ▁conference ▁in ▁Brun nen ▁on ▁ 1 1 ▁March ▁U ri , ▁Sch wy z , ▁N id wal den , ▁Gl ar us ▁and ▁Z ug ▁decided ▁to ▁negoti ate ▁a ▁separate ▁peace ▁with ▁General ▁Gu illa ume ▁Br une . ▁In ▁preparation ▁for ▁these ▁talks ▁the ▁council ▁diss olved ▁their ▁prote ctor ate ▁over ▁the ▁L event ina ▁valley ▁on ▁ 1 4 ▁March . ▁In ▁the ▁following ▁days , ▁the ▁negotiations ▁fell ▁through ▁because ▁the ▁French ▁insisted ▁on ▁creating ▁an ▁ind iv isible ▁Swiss ▁republic . ▁On ▁ 1 1 ▁April ▁the ▁vict orious ▁French ▁announced ▁the ▁creation ▁of ▁the ▁Hel vet ic ▁Republic ▁and ▁gave ▁the ▁cant ons ▁twelve ▁days ▁to ▁accept ▁the ▁new ▁constitution . ▁On ▁ 2 0 ▁April , ▁the ▁council ▁voted ▁to ▁defend ▁the ▁traditional ▁constitution ▁and ▁to ▁join ▁the ▁rebell ious ▁cant ons ▁of ▁Sch wy z , ▁N id wal den , ▁Gl ar us ▁and ▁Z ug . ▁The ▁up r ising ▁was ▁quickly ▁supp ressed ▁and ▁on ▁ 5 ▁May ▁U ri ▁agreed ▁to ▁accept ▁the ▁Hel vet ic ▁Republic . ▁The ▁cant onal ▁army ▁was ▁dis armed ▁in ▁September ▁and ▁the ▁cant on ▁was ▁occupied ▁by ▁French ▁troops ▁in ▁October . ▁ ▁During ▁the ▁Hel vet ic ▁Republic , ▁U ri ▁was ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁C anton ▁of ▁Wald st |
ätt en , ▁along ▁with ▁Z ug , ▁Ob wal den , ▁N id wal den ▁and ▁the ▁inner ▁portions ▁of ▁Sch wy z . ▁The ▁L event ina ▁valley ▁was ▁given ▁to ▁the ▁C anton ▁of ▁T ic ino , ▁which ▁stripped ▁U ri ▁of ▁its ▁lands ▁south ▁of ▁the ▁Got th ard ▁pass . ▁U ri ▁was ▁divided ▁into ▁two ▁districts , ▁And erm att ▁and ▁Al td orf . ▁The ▁government ▁of ▁And erm att ▁district ▁supported ▁the ▁new , ▁liberal ▁constitution , ▁while ▁the ▁government ▁and ▁people ▁of ▁Al td orf ▁district ▁opposed ▁it . ▁In ▁April ▁and ▁May ▁ 1 7 9 9 , ▁Franz ▁V inc enz ▁Sch mid ▁led ▁an ▁up r ising ▁against ▁the ▁occup ying ▁French ▁army . ▁This ▁revol t , ▁which ▁gained ▁support ▁from ▁the ▁L event ina ▁and ▁Val ais ▁val le ys , ▁failed ▁because ▁they ▁were ▁unable ▁to ▁coordinate ▁simultane ous ▁up ris ings ▁in ▁the ▁other ▁al p ine ▁cant ons . ▁After ▁the ▁up r ising ▁was ▁put ▁down , ▁the ▁vict orious ▁General ▁Nicol as ▁Jean - de - D ieu ▁Sou lt ▁granted ▁the ▁people ▁of ▁U ri ▁cle m ency ▁for ▁the ▁rebell ion . ▁ ▁From ▁June ▁until ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁September ▁ 1 7 9 9 , ▁troops ▁of ▁the ▁Second ▁Coal ition ▁fought ▁the ▁French ▁in ▁U ri . ▁In ▁connection ▁with ▁the ▁up r ising , ▁Aust rian ▁troops ▁inv aded ▁the ▁Ur ser en ▁and ▁Re uss ▁Val le |
ys ▁in ▁late ▁May ▁and ▁early ▁June . ▁The ▁Aust ri ans , ▁together ▁with ▁a ▁Cap uch in ▁f ri ar ▁named ▁Paul ▁St y ger , ▁attempted ▁to ▁restore ▁the ▁old ▁cant onal ▁government . ▁However , ▁in ▁August ▁the ▁French ▁position ▁in ▁the ▁war ▁began ▁to ▁improve . ▁With ▁the ▁defeat ▁of ▁the ▁Russian ▁general ▁Alexander ▁K ors akov ▁at ▁the ▁Second ▁Battle ▁of ▁Zur ich , ▁the ▁only ▁other ▁Coal ition ▁army , ▁under ▁Alexander ▁Su vor ov , ▁was ▁forced ▁to ▁retreat ▁out ▁of ▁Switzerland ▁though ▁the ▁al ps ▁in ▁winter , ▁a ▁feat ▁un he ard ▁of ▁since ▁the ▁time ▁of ▁Hann ib al . ▁While ▁he ▁is ▁considered ▁a ▁folk ▁hero ▁in ▁Switzerland , < ref ▁name =" B Z ▁ 2 0 0 9 "> {{ cite ▁news | url = http :// www . ber ner zeit ung . ch / sch we iz / standard / W ie - e in - r uss ischer - General - z um - sch we izer ischen - Vol ks held en - w ur de / story / 2 3 9 7 8 4 6 5 | title = W ie ▁ein ▁russ ischer ▁General ▁zum ▁sch we izer ischen ▁Vol ks held en ▁wurde ▁(' How ▁A ▁Russian ▁General ▁B ec ame ▁A ▁Swiss ▁Fol k ▁Hero )| last = N uss ba umer | first = H ann es | work = Ber ner ▁Zeit ung | language = G erman | |
access date = 1 9 ▁September ▁ 2 0 0 9 }} </ ref > ▁his ▁army ▁stripped ▁the ▁villages ▁of ▁U ri ▁bare ▁of ▁food ▁and ▁cattle . ▁The ▁damage ▁from ▁fighting , ▁Su vor ov ' s ▁retreat ▁and ▁other ▁dis asters ▁( including ▁a ▁fire ▁that ▁destroyed ▁much ▁of ▁Al td orf ▁in ▁ 1 7 9 9 ) ▁caused ▁a ▁fam ine ▁in ▁U ri . ▁Although ▁the ▁government ▁commission er , ▁Heinrich ▁Z sch ok ke , ▁organized ▁a ▁relief ▁effort ▁to ▁prevent ▁star v ation , ▁it ▁took ▁years ▁for ▁U ri ▁to ▁repair ▁the ▁damage ▁to ▁the ▁villages ▁and ▁towns . ▁ ▁In ▁October ▁ 1 8 0 1 , ▁a ▁new ▁government ▁came ▁to ▁power ▁in ▁the ▁Hel vet ic ▁Republic ▁and ▁in ▁early ▁November ▁the ▁C anton ▁of ▁Wald st ätt en ▁was ▁diss olved ▁and ▁U ri ▁became ▁a ▁cant on ▁again . ▁The ▁governor , ▁Josef ▁Anton ▁von ▁Ber old ingen , ▁attempted ▁un success fully ▁to ▁bring ▁the ▁L event ina ▁valley ▁back ▁into ▁U ri . ▁Half ▁a ▁year ▁later , ▁on ▁ 1 7 ▁April ▁ 1 8 0 2 , ▁the ▁Un itarian ▁party ▁took ▁power ▁back ▁in ▁the ▁Republic ▁and ▁rev ised ▁the ▁constitution ▁once ▁again . ▁In ▁early ▁June , ▁U ri ▁rejected ▁the ▁newest ▁constitution ▁while ▁at ▁the ▁same ▁time ▁French ▁troops ▁withd rew ▁from ▁Switzerland . ▁Without ▁the ▁French ▁army ▁to ▁suppress ▁them , ▁U ri ▁and ▁other ▁rural ▁populations ▁successfully ▁reb elled ▁against |
▁the ▁government ▁in ▁the ▁Ste ck lik rieg . ▁In ▁response ▁to ▁the ▁collapse ▁of ▁the ▁Hel vet ic ▁Republic , ▁Napoleon ▁issued ▁the ▁Act ▁of ▁Med iation ▁in ▁ 1 8 0 3 . ▁As ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁Act ▁of ▁Med iation , ▁U ri ▁reg ained ▁its ▁independence ▁and ▁all ▁attempts ▁towards ▁religious ▁or ▁constitutional ▁reform ▁were ▁res isted . ▁ ▁Tow ard ▁the ▁federal ▁state ▁ ▁After ▁the ▁invasion ▁of ▁the ▁Six th ▁Coal ition ▁into ▁Switzerland ▁on ▁ 2 9 ▁December ▁ 1 8 1 3 , ▁the ▁Act ▁of ▁Med iation ▁lost ▁its ▁power . ▁While ▁the ▁neighbour ing ▁cant ons ▁of ▁Sch wy z ▁and ▁N id wal den ▁wanted ▁to ▁return ▁to ▁the ▁organization ▁of ▁the ▁Old ▁Swiss ▁Confeder ation , ▁U ri ▁was ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁Zur ich - led ▁party , ▁which ▁sought ▁to ▁re organ ize ▁the ▁ 1 9 ▁cant ons ▁created ▁by ▁the ▁Act . ▁U ri ▁also ▁attempted , ▁un successful , ▁to ▁re inc or por ate ▁the ▁L event ina ▁valley , ▁but ▁was ▁only ▁able ▁to ▁receive ▁the ▁rights ▁to ▁one - half ▁of ▁the ▁taxes ▁on ▁all ▁trade ▁over ▁Monte ▁Pi ott ino ▁into ▁the ▁L event ina . ▁On ▁ 5 ▁May ▁ 1 8 1 5 ▁the ▁L ands geme inde ▁approved ▁the ▁federal ▁constitution . ▁U ri ▁then ▁medi ated ▁between ▁the ▁T ags atz ung ▁and ▁N id wal den , ▁which ▁had ▁refused ▁to ▁recognize ▁the ▁treat y . ▁ ▁U |
ri ▁remained ▁without ▁an ▁official ▁constitution ▁until ▁ 1 8 2 0 . ▁The ▁document ▁included ▁only ▁six ▁principles ▁that ▁were ▁based ▁on ▁traditional ▁practice ▁and ▁existing ▁state ▁laws . ▁The ▁government ▁remained ▁deeply ▁conservative ▁during ▁the ▁Rest oration ▁period . ▁Dis content ▁with ▁the ▁cant onal ▁government ▁collected ▁until ▁ 1 8 3 4 ▁when ▁a ▁reform ▁party ▁demanded ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁liberal ▁constitutional ▁changes . ▁The ▁L ands geme inde , ▁however , ▁rejected ▁these ▁calls ▁for ▁reform . ▁In ▁the ▁ 1 8 4 0 s , ▁urban , ▁Protest ant ▁liber als ▁gained ▁the ▁majority ▁in ▁the ▁T ags atz ung ▁and ▁proposed ▁a ▁new ▁constitution . ▁To ▁protect ▁their ▁traditional ▁religion ▁and ▁power ▁structure , ▁the ▁seven ▁conservative , ▁c ath olic ▁cant ons ▁formed ▁a ▁separate ▁alliance ▁or ▁Son der bund ▁in ▁ 1 8 4 3 . ▁In ▁ 1 8 4 7 , ▁the ▁Son der bund ▁broke ▁with ▁the ▁Federal ▁Government ▁and ▁the ▁Son der bund ▁War ▁broke ▁out . ▁During ▁the ▁conflict , ▁U ri ▁sent ▁troops ▁to ▁participate ▁in ▁the ▁fighting ▁along ▁the ▁Re uss - Em me ▁defensive ▁line ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁on ▁the ▁for ay ▁over ▁the ▁Got th ard ▁into ▁T ic ino . ▁After ▁the ▁defeat ▁of ▁the ▁Son der bund ▁troops ▁in ▁G is ik on ▁on ▁ 2 3 ▁November ▁ 1 8 4 7 ▁U ri ▁withd rew ▁from ▁the ▁alliance ▁and ▁sur rend ered ▁on ▁ 2 8 ▁November ▁ 1 8 4 7 |
. ▁Two ▁days ▁later ▁federal ▁troops ▁moved ▁into ▁U ri . ▁ ▁Within ▁modern ▁Switzerland ▁After ▁the ▁defeat ▁of ▁the ▁Son der bund , ▁U ri ▁supported ▁the ▁new ▁Swiss ▁Federal ▁Constitution . ▁They ▁established ▁a ▁cant onal ▁constitution ▁that ▁included ▁some ▁liberal ▁changes ▁including ; ▁the ▁abol ition ▁of ▁lifetime ▁al der man ▁positions , ▁elim inating ▁the ▁priv y ▁council ▁and ▁secret ▁council ▁meetings ▁and ▁the ▁establishment ▁of ▁a ▁prov is ional ▁executive ▁council . ▁The ▁L ands geme inde ▁was ▁the ▁sup reme ▁sovere ign ▁power . ▁The ▁Cant onal ▁Council , ▁which ▁included ▁the ▁pres iding ▁government ▁coun c ils ▁and ▁the ▁Cant onal ▁Court ▁President , ▁and ▁the ▁eleven - member ▁Executive ▁Council ▁formed ▁the ▁legisl ative ▁and ▁executive ▁branches . ▁Ec cles i ast ical ▁and ▁school ▁matters ▁were ▁under ▁the ▁Di oc es an ▁and ▁Education ▁Commit te es . ▁The ▁Catholic ▁Church ▁continued ▁to ▁enjoy ▁privile ges , ▁but ▁freedom ▁of ▁worship ▁was ▁now ▁available ▁for ▁other ▁faith s . ▁The ▁overall ▁structure ▁of ▁the ▁state ▁remained ▁cum bers ome , ▁because ▁of ▁the ▁numerous ▁comm issions ▁and ▁the ▁poor ▁separation ▁of ▁powers . ▁ ▁The ▁new ▁Federal ▁Constitution ▁of ▁ 1 8 7 4 , ▁which ▁was ▁rejected ▁by ▁the ▁voters ▁of ▁U ri , ▁led ▁to ▁a ▁total ▁revision ▁of ▁the ▁cant onal ▁constitution ▁in ▁ 1 8 8 8 . ▁The ▁new ▁constitution ▁stream lined ▁the ▁government ▁and ▁addressed ▁many ▁of ▁the ▁issues ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 8 4 8 ▁cant onal |
▁constitution . ▁The ▁L ands geme inde '' ▁continued ▁to ▁meet ▁on ▁a ▁local ▁level ▁until ▁the ▁last ▁one ▁was ▁held ▁in ▁B öt z ling en ▁in ▁the ▁municip ality ▁of ▁Sch att dorf ▁on ▁ 6 ▁May ▁ 1 9 2 8 . ▁The ▁Christian ▁Democratic ▁Party ▁( C VP ) ▁and ▁the ▁Free ▁Democratic ▁Party ▁( F DP ) ▁have ▁dominated ▁politics ▁in ▁U ri ▁during ▁the ▁ 2 0 th ▁Century . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : C anton ▁of ▁U ri ▁U ri <0x0A> </s> ▁Moon ▁Bay ▁is ▁a ▁bay ▁ ▁wide ▁which ▁rec edes ▁ ▁between ▁Edinburgh ▁Hill ▁and ▁Ren ier ▁Point , ▁on ▁the ▁east ▁side ▁of ▁Living ston ▁Island , ▁in ▁the ▁South ▁She t land ▁Islands ▁off ▁Ant ar ct ica . ▁The ▁gl ac iers ▁S op ot ▁Ice ▁P ied mont , ▁I sk ar , ▁Hur on , ▁Str uma , ▁K ali ak ra , ▁Pan ega ▁and ▁Deb elt ▁feed ▁the ▁bay . ▁ ▁The ▁bay ▁was ▁known ▁to ▁seal ers ▁in ▁the ▁area ▁as ▁early ▁as ▁ 1 8 2 1 . ▁It ▁was ▁re chart ed ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 5 ▁by ▁Dis covery ▁Invest ig ations ▁personnel ▁on ▁the ▁Dis covery ▁II , ▁and ▁probably ▁named ▁by ▁them ▁for ▁nearby ▁Half ▁Moon ▁Island , ▁which ▁lies ▁in ▁the ▁entrance ▁to ▁the ▁bay . ▁ ▁M aps ▁ ▁South ▁She t land ▁Islands . ▁Sc ale ▁ 1 : 2 0 0 0 0 0 |
▁top ographic ▁map . ▁D OS ▁ 6 1 0 ▁She et ▁W ▁ 6 2 ▁ 6 0 . ▁Tol worth , ▁UK , ▁ 1 9 6 8 . ▁ ▁South ▁She t land ▁Islands . ▁Sc ale ▁ 1 : 2 0 0 0 0 0 ▁top ographic ▁map . ▁D OS ▁ 6 1 0 ▁She et ▁W ▁ 6 2 ▁ 5 8 . ▁Tol worth , ▁UK , ▁ 1 9 6 8 . ▁ ▁Is las ▁Living ston ▁y ▁De cep ción . ▁ ▁Map a ▁top ográ fico ▁a ▁escal a ▁ 1 : 1 0 0 0 0 0 . ▁ ▁Madrid : ▁Serv icio ▁Ge ográ fico ▁del ▁E j ército , ▁ 1 9 9 1 . ▁ ▁L . L . ▁Ivan ov ▁et ▁al . ▁Ant ar ct ica : ▁Living ston ▁Island ▁and ▁Green wich ▁Island , ▁South ▁She t land ▁Islands . ▁Sc ale ▁ 1 : 1 0 0 0 0 0 ▁top ographic ▁map . ▁Sof ia : ▁Ant ar ctic ▁Place - names ▁Commission ▁of ▁Bulgar ia , ▁ 2 0 0 5 . ▁ ▁L . L . ▁Ivan ov . ▁Ant ar ct ica : ▁Living ston ▁Island ▁and ▁Green wich , ▁Robert , ▁Snow ▁and ▁Smith ▁Islands . ▁Sc ale ▁ 1 : 1 2 0 0 0 0 ▁top ographic ▁map . ▁ ▁T roy an : ▁Man fred ▁W ör ner ▁Foundation , ▁ 2 0 0 9 . ▁▁▁ |
▁Ant ar ctic ▁Digital ▁Database ▁( ADD ). ▁Sc ale ▁ 1 : 2 5 0 0 0 0 ▁top ographic ▁map ▁of ▁Ant ar ct ica . ▁Scient ific ▁Committee ▁on ▁Ant ar ctic ▁Research ▁( SC AR ), ▁ 1 9 9 3 – 2 0 1 6 . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁▁ ▁SC AR ▁Com posite ▁Gaz ette er ▁of ▁Ant ar ct ica ▁ ▁Category : B ays ▁of ▁Living ston ▁Island <0x0A> </s> ▁N an ban ▁() ▁is ▁a ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁Indian ▁T amil - language ▁coming - of - age ▁comedy ▁drama ▁film ▁directed ▁by ▁Sh ank ar . ▁It ▁is ▁a ▁rem ake ▁of ▁Raj k um ar ▁Hir ani ' s ▁ 3 ▁I di ots ▁( 2 0 0 9 ). ▁The ▁film ▁features ▁an ▁ensemble ▁cast ▁that ▁includes ▁V ij ay , ▁Ji iva , ▁S rik anth , ▁I le ana ▁D ' C ru z , ▁S ath yan ▁and ▁S ath yar aj . ▁ ▁The ▁plot ▁of ▁the ▁film ▁illustr ates ▁the ▁emb ark ment ▁of ▁two ▁friends ▁on ▁a ▁quest ▁for ▁a ▁lost ▁buddy , ▁who ▁was ▁once ▁an ▁optim istic ▁and ▁successful ▁student . ▁On ▁their ▁journey , ▁they ▁rec ount ▁their ▁college ▁life ▁and ▁special ▁moments ▁that ▁the ▁three ▁shared ▁up ▁until ▁their ▁lost ▁friend ▁secret ly ▁part ed ▁ways ▁after ▁conv ocation . ▁During ▁their ▁quest , ▁the ▁two ▁encounter ▁a ▁rival ▁class mate ▁who ▁once ▁made ▁a ▁long ▁forgotten ▁bet ▁with |
▁them , ▁a ▁funeral ▁that ▁goes ▁im poss ibly ▁out ▁of ▁control , ▁and ▁a ▁wedding ▁they ▁must ▁crash . ▁▁ ▁The ▁film ' s ▁sound track ▁and ▁background ▁score ▁were ▁composed ▁by ▁Harris ▁Jay ar aj ▁and ▁cin emat ography ▁was ▁handled ▁by ▁Man oj ▁Param ah am sa . ▁The ▁film ▁was ▁produced ▁by ▁Gem ini ▁Film ▁Circ uit . ▁A ▁length y ▁and ▁controversial ▁delay ▁in ▁casting ▁delayed ▁film ing ▁by ▁a ▁year . ▁Fil ming ▁took ▁place ▁for ▁a ▁total ▁of ▁eight ▁months ▁in ▁various ▁locations ▁in ▁Europe ▁and ▁India . ▁The ▁film ▁was ▁released ▁on ▁ 1 2 ▁January ▁ 2 0 1 2 . ▁Its ▁dub bed ▁version ▁in ▁Tel ugu , ▁S neh ith ud u , ▁released ▁on ▁ 2 6 ▁January ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁in ▁And h ra ▁Pr adesh . ▁The ▁film ▁was ▁also ▁screen ed ▁at ▁the ▁Melbourne ▁Film ▁Festival . ▁ ▁Plot ▁▁▁ ▁Ven kat ▁Ram ak r ish nan , ▁Sev ark odi ▁S enth il ▁and ▁P anch avan ▁Par iv end an ▁alias ▁P ari ▁are ▁three ▁first ▁year ▁engineering ▁students ▁who ▁share ▁a ▁room ▁in ▁the ▁host el ▁of ▁Ide al ▁Engineering ▁College ▁( IE C ), ▁Chen na i . ▁While ▁Ven kat ▁and ▁S enth il ▁are ▁average ▁students ▁who ▁come ▁from ▁a ▁modern ▁background , ▁P ari ▁is ▁from ▁a ▁rich ▁family . ▁Ven kat ▁studies ▁engineering ▁as ▁per ▁his ▁father ' s ▁wishes , ▁over ▁his ▁own ▁wish ▁– ▁to ▁become |
▁a ▁wildlife ▁photographer , ▁while ▁S enth il , ▁whose ▁family ▁is ▁poor , ▁studies ▁engineering ▁to ▁improve ▁his ▁family ' s ▁financial ▁situation ▁and ▁get ▁his ▁sister ▁married . ▁P ari , ▁however , ▁studies ▁engineering ▁for ▁his ▁simple ▁passion ▁for ▁machines ▁and ▁devices . ▁He ▁believes ▁that ▁one ▁should ▁follow ▁excell ence , ▁not ▁success , ▁as ▁success ▁will ▁take ▁care ▁of ▁itself ▁if ▁excell ence ▁is ▁followed . ▁This ▁approach ▁to ▁studies ▁is ▁sne ered ▁upon ▁by ▁the ▁de an ▁of ▁the ▁college , ▁Professor ▁Vir um and i ▁" V irus " ▁San than am ▁. ▁Vir us ▁and ▁the ▁faculty ▁favour ▁P ari ' s ▁class mate ▁S riv ats an ▁alias ▁Sil encer ▁who ▁believes ▁in ▁mind less ▁ro te ▁learning ▁over ▁understanding ▁to ▁reach ▁his ▁goals ▁of ▁corporate ▁status . ▁P ari ▁constantly ▁sp ars ▁with ▁Vir us ▁and ▁Sil encer ▁due ▁to ▁their ▁differences ▁in ▁their ▁educational ▁approaches . ▁ ▁P ari ▁falls ▁in ▁love ▁with ▁Vir us ' ▁daughter ▁R ia , ▁a ▁medical ▁student ▁when ▁he , ▁Ven kat ▁and ▁S enth il ▁accidentally ▁gate cr ash ▁her ▁elder ▁sister ▁Sw eth a ' s ▁wedding ▁reception ▁to ▁obtain ▁a ▁free ▁meal . ▁R ia ▁is ▁not ▁impressed ▁with ▁P ari ' s ▁ant ics ▁and ▁compl ains ▁to ▁her ▁father ▁about ▁them . ▁Vir us ▁becomes ▁fur ious ▁with ▁P ari ▁and ▁his ▁friends ▁and ▁tries ▁to ▁break ▁their ▁friendship ▁by ▁claiming ▁that ▁the ▁" rich " ▁P ari ▁is ▁a ▁bad |
▁influence ▁on ▁the ▁" less ▁privile ged " ▁Ven kat ▁and ▁S enth il . ▁While ▁Ven kat ▁ref uses ▁to ▁break ▁his ▁friendship ▁with ▁P ari , ▁S enth il ▁believes ▁Vir us ▁and ▁distances ▁himself ▁from ▁P ari , ▁though ▁they ▁reconc ile ▁when ▁P ari ▁saves ▁the ▁life ▁of ▁S enth il ' s ▁par al ys ed ▁father , ▁who ▁had ▁suffered ▁a ▁heart ▁attack , ▁by ▁taking ▁him ▁to ▁hospital ▁on ▁R ia ' s ▁sc oot er ▁when ▁the ▁amb ul ance ▁had ▁not ▁arrived ▁on ▁time . ▁R ia ▁too ▁appreci ates ▁P ari ' s ▁practical ity ▁and ▁concern ▁for ▁others ▁and ▁recip roc ates ▁P ari ' s ▁feelings . ▁In ▁the ▁year ly ▁exam , ▁P ari ▁stands ▁first ▁in ▁his ▁class , ▁while ▁both ▁Ven kat ▁and ▁S enth il ▁come ▁last . ▁ ▁Three ▁years ▁later , ▁during ▁their ▁final ▁year , ▁P ari , ▁Ven kat ▁and ▁S enth il ▁break ▁into ▁Vir us ' s ▁house ▁drunk ▁one ▁night ▁to ▁allow ▁P ari ▁to ▁propose ▁to ▁R ia . ▁Ven kat ▁and ▁S enth il , ▁who ▁are ▁both ▁drunk , ▁cause ▁a ▁r uck us ▁and ▁ur inate ▁on ▁the ▁front ▁door ▁before ▁fle eing . ▁Vir us ▁not ices ▁S enth il ▁and ▁the ▁next ▁day , ▁he ▁threat ens ▁to ▁exp el ▁him ▁unless ▁he ▁sn itches ▁on ▁P ari . ▁Not ▁wanting ▁to ▁betray ▁his ▁friend ▁or ▁let ▁down ▁his ▁family , ▁S enth il |
▁attempts ▁suicide ▁by ▁jumping ▁from ▁Vir us ' ▁office ▁window ▁and ▁ends ▁up ▁in ▁a ▁com a . ▁However , ▁S enth il ▁soon ▁rec o vers ▁and ▁following ▁his ▁recovery , ▁he ▁disc ards ▁his ▁fear ▁of ▁the ▁future . ▁His ▁frank ness ▁impress es ▁the ▁interview ers ▁from ▁a ▁company ▁during ▁a ▁campus ▁placement ▁drive ▁and ▁they ▁hire ▁him . ▁Meanwhile , ▁Ven kat ▁successfully ▁convin ces ▁his ▁parents ▁to ▁allow ▁him ▁to ▁pursue ▁his ▁wildlife ▁photography ▁dream . ▁ ▁Vir us , ▁en r aged ▁at ▁S enth il ' s ▁success , ▁sets ▁an ▁extremely ▁hard ▁final ▁exam ▁to ▁fail ▁S enth il , ▁as ▁the ▁job ▁offer ▁is ▁conting ent ▁on ▁gradu ation . ▁When ▁R ia ▁learn s ▁of ▁her ▁father ' s ▁plan , ▁she ▁helps ▁P ari ▁and ▁Ven kat ▁to ▁leak ▁the ▁question ▁paper ▁by ▁providing ▁them ▁with ▁the ▁keys ▁to ▁her ▁father ' s ▁office . ▁However , ▁Vir us ▁cat ches ▁them ▁and ▁exp els ▁them ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁S enth il ▁on ▁the ▁spot . ▁R ia ▁an gr ily ▁confront s ▁her ▁father , ▁revealing ▁that ▁her ▁late ▁brother ▁committed ▁suicide ▁because ▁he ▁was ▁unable ▁to ▁get ▁into ▁I EC ▁as ▁his ▁father ▁had ▁desired , ▁despite ▁having ▁amb itions ▁of ▁becoming ▁a ▁writer . ▁Meanwhile , ▁Sw eth a , ▁who ▁is ▁pregnant , ▁goes ▁into ▁labour . ▁A ▁heavy ▁thunder storm ▁cuts ▁all ▁power ▁and ▁flood s ▁the ▁streets , ▁making ▁it ▁impossible ▁for ▁the ▁amb ul ance |
▁to ▁reach ▁Sw eth a . ▁P ari , ▁Ven kat ▁and ▁S enth il ▁deliver ▁the ▁baby ▁using ▁available ▁equipment ▁and ▁an ▁in verter ▁developed ▁by ▁P ari , ▁with ▁R ia ▁instruct ing ▁him ▁via ▁Vo IP . ▁After ▁the ▁new born ▁baby ▁is ▁apparently ▁still born , ▁P ari ▁man ages ▁to ▁res usc itate ▁the ▁baby . ▁Vir us ▁forg ives ▁P ari ▁and ▁his ▁friends ▁and ▁gives ▁the ▁ast rom ical ▁inventory ▁pen ▁to ▁him , ▁which ▁was ▁given ▁to ▁Vir us ▁by ▁his ▁former ▁director , ▁and ▁allows ▁them ▁to ▁write ▁their ▁final ▁exam s . ▁After ▁the ▁conv ocation ▁however , ▁P ari ▁disappe ars ▁and ▁goes ▁into ▁se clusion . ▁ ▁Ten ▁years ▁later , ▁Ven kat , ▁who ▁is ▁now ▁a ▁successful ▁wildlife ▁photographer ▁and ▁S enth il , ▁who ▁is ▁married , ▁has ▁a ▁good ▁middle ▁class ▁life , ▁and ▁works ▁as ▁a ▁software ▁engineer ▁in ▁the ▁company ▁he ▁was ▁ten ▁years ▁ago ▁set ▁out ▁on ▁a ▁journey ▁to ▁O ot y ▁to ▁find ▁P ari , ▁since ▁he ▁is ▁last ▁claimed ▁to ▁be ▁found ▁there ▁by ▁Sil encer . ▁They ▁are ▁joined ▁by ▁Sil encer , ▁who ▁is ▁now ▁a ▁wealthy ▁and ▁successful ▁professional ▁business man , ▁who ▁is ▁a ▁vice - pres ident ▁in ▁his ▁own ▁company , ▁while ▁also ▁being ▁married ▁and ▁having ▁kids ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States , ▁who ▁is ▁looking ▁to ▁seal ▁a ▁deal ▁with ▁Kos ak si ▁Pas ap ug az h , ▁a ▁famous ▁scientist ▁and |
▁prospect ive ▁business ▁associate . ▁Sil encer ' s ▁main ▁intention ▁in ▁finding ▁P ari ▁is ▁to ▁see ▁whether ▁P ari ▁is ▁more ▁successful ▁than ▁him ; ▁they ▁had ▁made ▁a ▁bet ▁in ▁their ▁first ▁year ▁of ▁engineering ▁on ▁who ▁would ▁be ▁more ▁successful ▁with ▁their ▁study ▁approaches . ▁However , ▁when ▁they ▁reach ▁P ari ' s ▁house ▁in ▁O ot y , ▁they ▁find ▁a ▁completely ▁different ▁man : ▁the ▁real ▁P anch avan ▁Par iv end an . ▁ ▁Con front ing ▁Par iv end an , ▁Ven kat ▁and ▁S enth il ▁learn ▁that ▁their ▁friend ▁was ▁actually ▁a ▁dest itute ▁servant ▁boy ▁nick named ▁P app u . ▁P app u , ▁who ▁worked ▁in ▁Par iv end an ' s ▁household , ▁loved ▁learning , ▁while ▁Par iv end an ▁dis lik ed ▁studies . ▁ ▁After ▁not icing ▁the ▁boy ' s ▁intelligence , ▁Par iv end an ' s ▁father ▁agreed ▁to ▁allow ▁P app u ▁to ▁study ▁in ▁his ▁place ▁instead ▁of ▁working ▁as ▁a ▁servant . ▁In ▁return , ▁Par iv end an ▁would ▁pocket ▁P app u ' s ▁qual ifications ▁and ▁after ▁gradu ating , ▁P app u ▁should ▁ce ase ▁all ▁contact ▁with ▁him ▁and ▁his ▁family . ▁Par iv end an ▁reveals ▁that ▁P app u ▁is ▁now ▁a ▁school te acher ▁in ▁D han ush k odi . ▁Later , ▁Ven kat ▁and ▁S enth il ▁discover ▁that ▁as ▁" P ari " ▁had ▁disappeared , ▁R ia |
▁had ▁decided ▁to ▁marry ▁her ▁former ▁boyfriend ▁– ▁a ▁price ▁obs essed ▁bank er ▁R akes h ▁whom ▁she ▁had ▁dump ed ▁when ▁" P ari " ▁made ▁her ▁realise ▁that ▁he ▁loves ▁his ▁expensive ▁items ▁more ▁than ▁her . ▁Ven kat ▁and ▁S enth il ▁rescue ▁R ia ▁from ▁her ▁wedding ▁in ▁Co im bat ore ▁and ▁they , ▁along ▁with ▁Sil encer , ▁drive ▁to ▁D han ush k odi . ▁ ▁At ▁" P ari ' s " ▁school , ▁Ven kat ▁and ▁S enth il ▁reun ite ▁with ▁their ▁long - l ost ▁friend , ▁R ia ▁and ▁" P ari " ▁re kind le ▁their ▁romance , ▁and ▁Sil encer ▁m ocks ▁" P ari " ▁for ▁becoming ▁a ▁low ly ▁school te acher . ▁He ▁asks ▁him ▁to ▁sign ▁a ▁" Declaration ▁of ▁Def e at " ▁document ▁for ▁losing ▁the ▁bet . ▁He ▁also ▁sees ▁the ▁virus ' s ▁given ▁pen ▁on ▁his ▁hand ▁while ▁signing ▁and ▁d umbs ▁him ▁by ▁telling ▁that ▁he ▁is ▁a ▁los er ▁and ▁v ats an ▁is ▁a ▁winner . ▁On ▁seeing ▁" P ari " ' s ▁signature , ▁Sil encer ▁real ises ▁that ▁" P ari " ▁is ▁actually ▁Kos ak si ▁Pas up ug az h , ▁and ▁he ▁accepts ▁defeat . ▁ ▁Cast ▁▁ ▁V ij ay ▁as ▁Kos ak si ▁Pas ap ug az h ▁/ ▁P anch avan ▁Par iv ent han ▁ ▁Je eva ▁as ▁Sev ark odi ▁S enth il ▁▁ ▁S |
rik anth ▁as ▁Ven kat ▁Ram ak r ish nan ▁ ▁I le ana ▁D ' C ru z ▁as ▁R i ya ▁ ▁S ath yar aj ▁as ▁Vir um and i ▁San than am ▁(' V irus ') ▁ ▁S ath yan ▁as ▁S riv ats an ▁alias ▁Sil encer ▁▁ ▁An uy a ▁Bh ag v ath ▁as ▁Sw eth a ▁San than am ▁ ▁S . ▁J . ▁S ury a ▁as ▁P anch avan ▁Par iv ent han ▁ ▁V ij ay ▁Vas anth ▁as ▁P ane er ▁Sel v am ▁ ▁T . ▁M . ▁K arth ik ▁as ▁R akes h ▁▁ ▁Man obal a ▁as ▁L ibr arian ▁B ose ▁ ▁Shan m ug as und aram ▁as ▁Kal vi ▁Minister ▁ ▁A j ay ▁R ath nam ▁as ▁P anch avan ' s ▁father ▁ ▁U ma ▁Pad man ab han ▁as ▁Mrs . ▁Ram ak r ish nan ▁ ▁A ad uk al am ▁N aren ▁as ▁Ram ak r ish nan ▁ ▁S ree ja ▁R avi ▁as ▁Doctor ▁ ▁R ani ▁as ▁S enth il ' s ▁sister ▁ ▁Ind r ans ▁as ▁G ov ind an ▁ ▁Bal aj i ▁Ven ug op al ▁as ▁R ag ging ▁Senior < ref ▁name ▁= ▁" End ▁credits "> N an ban ▁( D VD ): ▁End ▁credits ▁from ▁ 3 : 0 5 : 1 4 ▁to ▁ 3 : 0 5 : 1 8 </ ref > ▁ ▁Ven kat |
▁Sund ar ▁as ▁R ag ging ▁Senior ▁ ▁R inson ▁Simon ▁as ▁younger ▁Man im aran , ▁nick named ▁" Mill imet re " ▁ ▁Vik as ▁as ▁older ▁Man im aran , ▁nick named ▁" Cent imet re " ▁ ▁Sh ank ar ▁Sund aram ▁as ▁Ex am iner ▁ ▁Sh ank ar ▁in ▁a ▁special ▁appearance ▁as ▁Director ▁in ▁As ku ▁L aska ▁song ▁▁ ▁At lee ▁in ▁a ▁special ▁appearance ▁as ▁Assistant ▁Director ▁in ▁As ku ▁L aska ▁song ▁▁ ▁Sh obi ▁in ▁a ▁special ▁appearance ▁in ▁As ku ▁L aska ▁song ▁▁ ▁Production ▁Development ▁ ▁Following ▁Gem ini ▁Film ▁Circ uit ' s ▁purchase ▁of ▁the ▁rem ake ▁rights ▁for ▁ 3 ▁I di ots ▁in ▁January ▁ 2 0 1 0 , ▁there ▁was ▁much ▁spec ulation ▁in ▁regards ▁to ▁the ▁three ▁title ▁roles ▁played ▁by ▁A am ir ▁Khan , ▁R . ▁Mad hav an ▁and ▁Shar man ▁Jos hi ▁in ▁the ▁original . ▁Gem ini ▁Film ▁Circ uit ▁approached ▁noted ▁directors ▁Sh ank ar , ▁V ish nu vard han ▁and ▁S . ▁D har ani ▁to ▁replace ▁Raj k um ar ▁Hir ani ▁as ▁the ▁director , ▁with ▁the ▁approval ▁from ▁Sh ank ar ▁leading ▁to ▁him ▁being ▁signed . ▁Despite ▁spec ulation ▁that ▁he ▁was ▁set ▁to ▁pull ▁out ▁from ▁direct ing ▁his ▁first ▁rem ake ▁as ▁it ▁would ▁be ▁a ▁step ▁down ▁from ▁his ▁previous ▁film , ▁En th ir an , ▁Sh ank ar ▁stated ▁his ▁commitment ▁in ▁October ▁ 2 0 |
1 0 . ▁He ▁later ▁added ▁that , ▁" he ▁came ▁across ▁ 3 ▁I di ots ▁during ▁the ▁making ▁of ▁End hir an , ▁and ▁it ▁was ▁that ▁moment ▁he ▁decided ▁to ▁break ▁his ▁self - im posed ▁rule ▁– ▁making ▁only ▁original ▁movies ▁– ▁and ▁decided ▁to ▁direct ▁his ▁first ▁rem ake ▁venture ." ▁Harris ▁Jay ar aj ▁and ▁Y uv an ▁Sh ank ar ▁R aja ▁were ▁approached ▁to ▁comp ose ▁the ▁sound track , ▁with ▁Sh ank ar ▁sett ling ▁for ▁the ▁former ▁with ▁whom ▁he ▁had ▁worked ▁in ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 5 ▁action ▁film ▁An ni yan ▁earlier . ▁Meanwhile , ▁Man oj ▁Param ah am sa , ▁whose ▁work ▁in ▁Vin na ith a and i ▁Var u va ay aa ▁and ▁E er am ▁had ▁been ▁crit ically ▁ac claimed , ▁was ▁signed ▁on ▁as ▁the ▁cin emat ographer . ▁Sound ▁designer ▁Res ul ▁P ook ut ty ▁and ▁visual ▁effects ▁designer ▁V . ▁S rin ivas ▁Moh an ▁joined ▁the ▁crew , ▁following ▁a ▁successful ▁collaboration ▁in ▁En th ir an . ▁ ▁Cast ing ▁ ▁For ▁the ▁lead ▁role , ▁played ▁in ▁ 3 ▁I di ots ▁by ▁A am ir ▁Khan , ▁initial ▁reports ▁suggested ▁that ▁Sur i ya , ▁Ma he sh ▁Bab u ▁and ▁P aw an ▁Kal yan ▁were ▁the ▁front ▁runner , ▁who ▁however ▁dismissed ▁the ▁link ▁c iting ▁that ▁his ▁commit ments ▁had ▁left ▁him ▁busy . ▁A ▁special ▁screening ▁for ▁the ▁film ▁industry ▁included ▁V |
ij ay , ▁who ▁expressed ▁his ▁desire ▁to ▁work ▁in ▁the ▁film , ▁and ▁was ▁subsequently ▁signed ▁up ▁by ▁Gem ini ▁Film ▁Cir cu its ▁to ▁port ray ▁the ▁lead ▁role . ▁However , ▁by ▁mid - De cember ▁ 2 0 1 0 , ▁soon ▁after ▁trial ▁shoot s ▁were ▁held , ▁V ij ay ▁walked ▁out ▁the ▁film ▁following ▁disput es ▁over ▁his ▁dates , ▁with ▁Sur i ya ▁being ▁lab elled ▁as ▁his ▁likely ▁replacement . ▁Re ports ▁claimed ▁that ▁talks ▁with ▁Sur i ya ▁failed , ▁since ▁the ▁actor ▁had ▁demanded ▁salary ▁increase ▁and ▁dub bing ▁rights ▁for ▁the ▁Tel ugu - version ▁of ▁the ▁film . ▁Sur i ya ' s ▁reasons ▁for ▁ref using ▁the ▁offer ▁was ▁later ▁confirmed ▁not ▁to ▁be ▁true , ▁with ▁Sur i ya ▁himself ▁revealing ▁that ▁he ▁had ▁opt ed ▁out ▁only ▁because ▁of ▁other ▁film ▁commit ments ▁and ▁" did ▁not ▁want ▁to ▁keep ▁Sh ank ar ▁waiting ". ▁As ▁a ▁result , ▁V ij ay ▁was ▁once ▁again ▁final ised ▁for ▁the ▁role . ▁ ▁The ▁roles ▁of ▁the ▁other ▁two ▁title ▁characters ▁took ▁considerably ▁longer ▁to ▁confirm . ▁R . ▁Mad hav an ▁was ▁initially ▁approached ▁to ▁re prise ▁his ▁role ▁from ▁the ▁original ▁but ▁made ▁it ▁clear ▁that ▁he ▁was ▁unw illing ▁to ▁be ▁a ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁rem ake , ▁c iting ▁the ▁film ▁had ▁already ▁" g one ▁down ▁in ▁history ". ▁Early ▁indic ations ▁suggested ▁that ▁U dh ay an id hi ▁Stalin ▁had ▁replaced |
▁him ▁but ▁the ▁claims ▁were ▁false . ▁In ▁November ▁ 2 0 1 0 , ▁reports ▁emerged ▁that ▁Vin ay ▁R ai ▁or ▁Nak ul ▁were ▁set ▁to ▁play ▁the ▁role , ▁however ▁Vin ay ▁cited ▁that ▁he ▁refused ▁the ▁project ▁as ▁the ▁role ▁was ▁not ▁as ▁meat y ▁as ▁the ▁other ▁two ▁characters . ▁Con sequently , ▁the ▁production ▁house ▁signed ▁S rik anth ▁to ▁play ▁the ▁role , ▁after ▁seeing ▁his ▁performance ▁in ▁D ro hi , ▁which ▁had ▁come ▁after ▁several ▁box - off ice ▁failures ▁for ▁him . ▁Shar man ▁Jos hi ' s ▁role ▁was ▁originally ▁offered ▁to ▁Sil amb ar as an , ▁but ▁after ▁discussions , ▁it ▁was ▁revealed ▁that ▁Sil amb ar as an ▁could ▁not ▁do ▁as ▁he ▁felt ▁he ▁didn ' t ▁suit ▁the ▁character . ▁Sub sequently , ▁the ▁role ▁was ▁offered ▁to ▁S idd h arth , ▁a ▁prote ge ▁of ▁Sh ank ar , ▁who ▁also ▁went ▁on ▁to ▁refuse ▁the ▁project . ▁Despite ▁further ▁reports ▁that ▁A ry a ▁and ▁Ji iva ▁were ▁being ▁considered , ▁the ▁latter ▁signed ▁on ▁and ▁agreed ▁with ▁Sh ank ar ▁that ▁he ▁would ▁play ▁Jos hi ' s ▁role ▁instead ▁of ▁Mad hav an ' s . ▁The ▁role ▁played ▁by ▁K are ena ▁Kap oor ▁in ▁the ▁original ▁was ▁reported ▁to ▁be ▁played ▁by ▁either ▁Sh r uti ▁Ha as an ▁or ▁As in . ▁However ▁I le ana ▁D ' C ru z ▁was ▁signed ▁on ▁for ▁the ▁film ▁after ▁attempts |
▁to ▁cast ▁K atr ina ▁Ka if ▁in ▁the ▁film ▁had ▁failed . ▁The ▁college ▁professor ' s ▁role ▁was ▁given ▁to ▁S ath yar aj , ▁despite ▁early ▁indic ations ▁that ▁Pr ak ash ▁Raj ▁would ▁be ▁approached . ▁O mi ▁V aid ya ▁was ▁unable ▁to ▁re prise ▁his ▁role ▁from ▁the ▁original ▁and ▁comed ian ▁S ath yan ▁S iv ak um ar ▁was ▁signed ▁on ▁to ▁essay ▁his ▁role ▁after ▁attempts ▁to ▁sign ▁S rich aran ▁of ▁Pay an am ▁fame ▁has ▁failed , ▁while ▁S . ▁J . ▁S ury a ▁signed ▁on ▁to ▁appear ▁in ▁a ▁guest ▁role , ▁port ray ing ▁the ▁role ▁en act ed ▁by ▁J aved ▁J aff rey . ‘ B illa ▁ 2 , ▁a ▁learning ▁experience ’. ▁New ind ian express . com . ▁Ret riev ed ▁on ▁ 1 ▁June ▁ 2 0 1 5 . ▁An uy a ▁Bh ag v ath ▁was ▁signed ▁up ▁for ▁a ▁supporting ▁role . ▁Stage ▁artist ▁S reed ev i ▁G eng iah ▁was ▁selected ▁to ▁play ▁Je eva ' s ▁sister . ▁ ▁Fil ming ▁ ▁The ▁first ▁schedule ▁of ▁film ing ▁was ▁held ▁in ▁O ot y , ▁where ▁scenes ▁involving ▁I le ana , ▁S rik anth ▁and ▁Ji iva ▁were ▁shot . ▁During ▁the ▁second ▁schedule ▁scenes ▁involving ▁the ▁lead ▁cast ▁were ▁can ned ▁at ▁Forest ▁Research ▁Institute , ▁De hr ad un ▁and ▁a ▁car ▁chase ▁at ▁various ▁places ▁in ▁Chen na i , ▁while ▁two ▁songs |
▁were ▁fil med ▁in ▁London ▁and ▁Buck ingham ▁during ▁the ▁third ▁schedule . ▁Some ▁significant ▁parts ▁of ▁the ▁film ▁were ▁shot ▁in ▁Chen na i ▁at ▁Sun ▁Studios , ▁K oth and apan i ▁Studios ▁and ▁the ▁A mp a ▁Sky walk ▁Mall , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁in ▁the ▁K oy amb edu ▁water ▁tank ▁for ▁three ▁days , ▁for ▁which ▁an ▁Ak ila ▁cr ane ▁was ▁used . ▁Further ▁film ing , ▁including ▁the ▁clim ax , ▁was ▁held ▁at ▁various ▁locations ▁in ▁Europe , ▁And am ans ▁and ▁Co im bat ore . ▁Fil ming ▁was ▁wrapped - up ▁in ▁October ▁with ▁a ▁song ▁featuring ▁V ij ay ▁and ▁I le ana , ▁which ▁was ▁ch ore ograp hed ▁by ▁Far ah ▁Khan . ▁The ▁film ing ▁process ▁lasted ▁for ▁eight ▁months . ▁ ▁Sh ank ar ▁wanted ▁to ▁paint ▁a ▁train ▁for ▁the ▁song ▁sequence , ▁so ▁the ▁team ▁decided ▁to ▁stick ▁paper ▁and ▁then ▁paste ▁the ▁painting ▁on ▁it . ▁Art ▁director ▁M uth ur aj ▁hired ▁some ▁ 2 5 0 ▁artists ▁from ▁various ▁states ▁who ▁were ▁well ▁vers ed ▁in ▁folk ▁drawings ▁and ▁finished ▁the ▁entire ▁job ▁at ▁break ne ck ▁speed ▁and ▁returned ▁the ▁train ▁in ▁time . ▁ ▁The mes ▁and ▁influences ▁The ▁film ▁is ▁a ▁rem ake ▁of ▁Raj k um ar ▁Hir ani ' s ▁ 3 ▁I di ots ▁( 2 0 0 9 ), ▁which ▁itself ▁was ▁adapted ▁from ▁the ▁novel ▁Five ▁Point ▁Someone ▁– ▁What ▁not ▁to ▁do ▁at ▁I |
IT ! ▁by ▁C het an ▁Bh ag at . ▁The ▁film ▁deals ▁with ▁the ▁theme ▁that ▁one ▁shouldn ' t ▁run ▁behind ▁success ▁and ▁rather ▁pursue ▁his / her ▁own ▁interests . ▁If ▁one ▁develop s ▁right ▁skill ▁anything ▁is ▁possible . ▁According ▁to ▁G aut ham an ▁Bh ask aran ▁of ▁Hind ust an ▁Times , ▁" N an ban ’ s ▁message ▁is ▁profound ▁[ .. ] ▁given ▁India ’ s ▁explo itative ▁and ▁un imag in ative ▁education ▁system . ▁The ▁film ▁l amb asts ▁book ish ness , ▁the ▁mad ▁chase ▁for ▁marks , ▁[ .. ] ▁the ▁joy ▁of ▁discover ing . ▁Parent al ▁and ▁peer ▁pressure ▁and ▁the ▁fright fully ▁huge ▁fees ▁for ▁professional ▁courses ▁push ▁boys ▁and ▁girls ▁into ▁performing ▁pupp ets . ▁The ▁higher ▁your ▁grades , ▁the ▁closer ▁you ▁are ▁to ▁secur ing ▁a ▁cent um , ▁the ▁br ighter ▁become ▁your ▁chances ▁of ▁making ▁it ▁in ▁life ". ▁ ▁The ▁film ▁shows ▁characters ▁having ▁various ▁interests . ▁The ▁character ▁P ari ▁is ▁against ▁the ▁educational ▁system ▁and ▁ins ists ▁his ▁class mates ▁not ▁to ▁run ▁behind ▁grades ▁rather ▁derive ▁pleasure ▁by ▁understanding ▁and ▁ass imil ating ▁things ▁while ▁his ▁principal ▁Vir um and i ▁Sand han am ▁a ka ▁Vir us ▁( S ath yar aj ) ▁wants ▁students ▁to ▁become ▁a ▁book ▁worm ▁to ▁exc el ▁in ▁academ ics . ▁Ven kat ▁is ▁interested ▁in ▁wildlife ▁photography ▁but ▁his ▁parents ▁comp el ▁him ▁to ▁study ▁engineering . ▁S enth il ▁h |
ails ▁from ▁a ▁poor ▁family ▁and ▁is ▁comp elled ▁to ▁study ▁professional ▁course ▁only ▁to ▁bail ▁out ▁his ▁family ▁from ▁all ▁troubles . ▁ ▁The ▁film ▁also ▁uses ▁real ▁invent ions ▁by ▁little - known ▁people ▁in ▁India ' s ▁back y ards . ▁The ▁brains ▁behind ▁the ▁innov ations ▁were ▁Rem ya ▁Jose , ▁a ▁student ▁from ▁Ker ala , ▁who ▁created ▁the ▁exercise - b icy cle / w ashing - machine ; ▁Moh amm ad ▁I dr is , ▁a ▁bar ber ▁from ▁Me er ut ▁district ▁in ▁U tt ar ▁Pr adesh , ▁who ▁invented ▁a ▁bicy cle - powered ▁horse ▁clip per ; ▁and ▁Jah ang ir ▁Pain ter , ▁a ▁painter ▁from ▁Mah ar as ht ra , ▁who ▁made ▁the ▁sc oot er - powered ▁flour ▁mill ▁which ▁was ▁featured ▁in ▁the ▁original ▁Hind i ▁film . ▁▁ ▁Sound track ▁▁ ▁The ▁sound track ▁and ▁background ▁score ▁was ▁composed ▁by ▁Harris ▁Jay ar aj , ▁collabor ating ▁with ▁Sh ank ar ▁for ▁the ▁second ▁time ▁after ▁An ni yan ▁( 2 0 0 5 ). ▁This ▁film ▁also ▁marks ▁V ij ay ' s ▁first ▁collaboration ▁with ▁Harris ▁Jay ar aj . ▁The ▁album ▁features ▁six ▁tracks , ▁with ▁lyrics ▁being ▁provided ▁by ▁Pa . ▁V ij ay , ▁V ive ka , ▁Na . ▁M uth uk um ar ▁and ▁Mad han ▁K ark y , ▁the ▁latter ▁two ▁pen ning ▁lyrics ▁for ▁two ▁songs ▁each . ▁Not ably , ▁K ark y ' s |
▁lyrics ▁in ▁" A sk u ▁L aska " ▁include ▁more ▁than ▁ 1 6 ▁different ▁languages . ▁The ▁full ▁sound track ▁album ▁was ▁released ▁on ▁ 2 3 ▁December ▁ 2 0 1 1 . ▁▁ ▁Tel ugu ▁version ▁▁ ▁The ▁release ▁of ▁the ▁Tel ugu ▁version ▁album ▁S neh ith ud u ▁was ▁held ▁on ▁ 1 9 ▁January ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁in ▁Hy der abad . ▁L yrics ▁are ▁Penn ed ▁by ▁Sir iv enn ela ▁S it aram as ast ri , ▁Van am ali , ▁Ram aj og ay ya ▁S as try . ▁It ▁was ▁attended ▁by ▁Ram ▁Char an ▁Te ja , ▁V ij ay , ▁S . ▁Sh ank ar , ▁I le ana , ▁S rik anth , ▁Harris ▁Jay ar aj , ▁S ath yar aj , ▁S . ▁J . ▁S ury a , ▁S ath yan ▁and ▁D il ▁Raj u . ▁Raj k um ar ▁Hir ani , ▁V id hu ▁Vin od ▁Ch op ra ▁and ▁Shar man ▁Jos hi , ▁who ▁were ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁original ▁film ▁ 3 ▁I di ots , ▁were ▁also ▁present ▁at ▁the ▁event . Ind ia Gl itz . com ▁wrote ▁that ▁the ▁music ▁album ▁is ▁" ready ▁to ▁mes mer ize ▁you ". ▁Behind wood s . com ▁lab elled ▁it ▁a ▁" w inner ▁all ▁the ▁way ", ▁adding ▁that ▁it ▁had ▁" good ▁variety ▁all ▁through ▁the ▁album ▁[...] ▁and ▁am ple ▁scope ▁for ▁fest iv ities |
▁in ▁the ▁theater ". ▁Top 1 0 cin ema . com ▁wrote ▁that ▁it ▁had ▁three ▁songs ▁that ▁" st rike ▁spectacular ly ▁with ▁its ▁rich ▁music ▁and ▁comm end able ▁lyrics ", ▁calling ▁it ▁a ▁" good ▁work ▁by ▁Harris ". ▁K olly T alk . com ▁called ▁it ▁" Y outh ful ▁and ▁refres hing ". ▁On ▁the ▁contrary , ▁Pav ith ra ▁S rin ivas an ▁from ▁Red iff ▁wrote ▁that ▁there ▁was ▁" n othing ▁new ▁about ▁the ▁music ▁in ▁N an ban ", ▁concl uding ▁that ▁Harris ▁Jay ar aj ▁had ▁" ob viously ▁taken ▁the ▁safe ▁route , ▁sticking ▁to ▁his ▁usual ▁template ▁for ▁most ▁of ▁the ▁songs ▁in ▁this ▁album ". ▁ ▁Release ▁Prior ▁to ▁the ▁release , ▁N an ban ▁was ▁voted ▁the ▁" most ▁expected ▁film " ▁of ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁through ▁an ▁online ▁public ▁poll ▁conducted ▁by ▁Vik atan . ▁The ▁film ▁was ▁released ▁on ▁ 1 2 ▁January ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁for ▁P ong al ▁in ▁ 9 2 5 ▁screens ▁worldwide . N an ban ▁advance ▁booking ▁opened ▁well ▁in ▁Chen na i ▁city ▁and ▁subur bs . ▁It ▁had ▁the ▁highest ▁number ▁of ▁ 7 7 ▁shows ▁in ▁a ▁single ▁day ▁at ▁May aja al ▁multip lex ▁in ▁Chen na i ▁at ▁that ▁time . ▁The ▁film ▁opened ▁in ▁nearly ▁ 6 2 5 ▁screens ▁in ▁T amil ▁Nad u . ▁It ▁was ▁released ▁in ▁ 5 0 ▁screens ▁in ▁Chen na i ▁and ▁ 3 |
1 ▁screens ▁in ▁Hy der abad . ▁It ▁released ▁simultaneously ▁in ▁UK , ▁the ▁US , ▁Malaysia ▁and ▁Singapore . ▁N an ban ▁became ▁the ▁first ▁T amil ▁film ▁to ▁be ▁released ▁with ▁French ▁sub tit les ▁in ▁France . ▁It ▁also ▁became ▁the ▁first ▁film ▁to ▁get ▁ex empt ed ▁from ▁the ▁ 3 0 ▁percent ▁entertainment ▁tax ▁in ▁T amil ▁Nad u ▁by ▁the ▁new ▁scheme ▁introduced ▁by ▁the ▁Government ▁of ▁T amil ▁Nad u . ▁ ▁Distribution ▁Tel ugu ▁film ▁distribut or ▁D il ▁Raj u ▁bought ▁the ▁the atr ical ▁rights ▁of ▁S neh itud u , ▁the ▁Tel ugu ▁dub bed ▁version ▁of ▁N an ban ▁for ▁And h ra ▁Pr adesh ▁market . ▁S neh itud u ▁was ▁released ▁on ▁ 2 6 ▁January ▁ 2 0 1 2 . ▁ ▁Home ▁Media ▁The ▁Television ▁broadcast ing ▁was ▁sold ▁for ▁a ▁record ▁sum ▁to ▁ST AR ▁V ij ay ▁for ▁ ▁. ▁Indian ▁DVD ▁were ▁market ed ▁by ▁Mos er ▁Ba er . ▁O verse as ▁DVD ▁were ▁market ed ▁by ▁Su ara ▁DVD . ▁ ▁Re ception ▁Crit ical ▁response ▁S ify ▁called ▁it ▁an ▁" eng aging ▁film ▁with ▁noble ▁intentions . ▁It ▁deserves ▁viewing ▁because ▁films ▁like ▁this ▁are ▁hard ▁to ▁find ". ▁Behind wood s . com ▁rated ▁the ▁film ▁ 3 . 5 / 5 ▁and ▁wrote : ▁" N an ban ▁has ▁got ▁more ▁than ▁something ▁for ▁everyone . ▁It ▁is ▁very ▁unlikely ▁that ▁a ▁person ▁finds ▁such ▁a ▁wholes ome |
▁package ▁uns atisf ying . ▁All ▁is ▁absolutely ▁well !" ▁Pav ith ra ▁S rin ivas an ▁from ▁Red iff . com ▁gave ▁the ▁film ▁ 3 / 5 ▁stars , ▁describing ▁it ▁as ▁" the ▁perfect ▁feel - good ▁fare ▁for ▁the ▁fest ive ▁season , ▁despite ▁minor ▁gl itches ". ▁Mal ath i ▁Rang ar aj an ▁from ▁The ▁Hindu ▁wrote : ▁" N an ban ▁is ▁an ▁enjoyable ▁cock tail ▁of ▁hum our ▁with ▁some ▁sentiment ▁and ▁sad ness ▁thrown ▁in ▁for ▁that ▁extra ▁appeal . ▁Once ▁again ▁Sh ank ar ▁proves ▁the ▁master ▁craft s man ▁that ▁he ▁is ". ▁An up ama ▁Sub ram an ian ▁from ▁De cc an ▁Chron icle ▁gave ▁the ▁film ▁ 3 / 5 ▁stars , ▁while ▁lab elling ▁it ▁as ▁a ▁" fe el - good ▁film ▁with ▁a ▁larger ▁message ▁and ▁a ▁brilliant ▁feat ▁by ▁V ij ay ▁which ▁makes ▁the ▁film ▁a ▁not - to - be - miss ed ▁one !" ▁Ven k ates war an ▁Nar ay an an ▁from ▁Times ▁of ▁India ▁noted ▁several ▁an ach ron isms ▁in ▁the ▁film ▁( such ▁as ▁YouTube ▁being ▁used ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 2 ▁when ▁it ▁was ▁actually ▁launched ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 5 ) ▁but ▁wrote : ▁" Such ▁minor ▁c rib bing ▁apart , ▁all ▁is ▁well ▁with ▁N an ban ▁because ▁Sh ank ar ' s ▁ret elling ▁of ▁ 3 ▁I di ots ▁ret ains ▁its ▁soul ▁and ▁has ▁its ▁heart ▁in ▁the |
▁right ▁place ". ▁Z ee ▁News ▁wrote : ▁" N an ban ▁is ▁a ▁must ▁watch , ▁grab ▁your ▁tickets ▁now . ▁It ’ s ▁the ▁best ▁gift ▁V ij ay ▁could ▁have ▁given ▁to ▁his ▁die hard ▁fans ▁this ▁P ong al ". ▁India Gl itz . com ▁named ▁it ▁a ▁" clear ▁entertain er ", ▁" a ▁wh iff ▁of ▁fresh ▁air ▁from ▁the ▁mind less ▁mas ala ▁movies " ▁and ▁a ▁welcome ▁change ". ▁Roh it ▁Ram ach and ran ▁of ▁now running . com ▁rated ▁it ▁ 3 / 5 ▁stating ▁that ▁" N an ban ▁is ▁Raj k um ar ▁Hir ani ' s ▁ 3 ▁I di ots ▁st aged ▁and ▁presented ▁by ▁Sh ank ar ▁in ▁a ▁different ▁language ▁with ▁grand eur . ▁The ▁base ▁material ▁is ▁solid ▁and ▁Sh ank ar ▁ob ed ient ly ▁traces ▁it . ▁Out ▁comes ▁an ▁u pl ifting ▁entertain er ▁that ▁will ▁draw ▁r aves ▁from ▁viewers ▁of ▁all ▁kinds ". ▁One ind ia . in ▁gave ▁a ▁positive ▁ver dict ▁and ▁wrote , ▁" All ▁is ▁well . ▁It ▁is ▁a ▁Sh ank ar ' s ▁S ank r ath i ▁fe ast ▁for ▁the ▁audience ! ▁Do ▁not ▁hes itate ▁to ▁watch ▁N an ban ▁even ▁if ▁you ▁have ▁seen ▁ 3 ▁I di ots ". ▁CNN - IB N ▁said ▁that ▁it ▁was ▁" s weet ▁and ▁satisfying ". ▁Ac claimed ▁actor ▁Kam al ▁Hass an ▁appreciated ▁V ij ay ' s ▁performance ▁in ▁the ▁movie |
▁and ▁la uded ▁the ▁team ' s ▁effort ▁in ▁making ▁such ▁a ▁good ▁entertain er . ▁At ▁the ▁Internet ▁Movie ▁Database ▁the ▁film ▁stands ▁up ▁with ▁a ▁rating ▁of ▁ 7 . 8 ▁out ▁of ▁ 1 0 ▁stars . ▁Je ev i ▁from ▁Id le br ain . com ▁with ▁regards ▁to ▁the ▁Tel ugu ▁dub bed ▁version ▁S neh ith ud u ▁commented ▁that ▁" the ▁magic ▁of ▁ 3 ▁idi ots ▁is ▁missing ", ▁and ▁gave ▁ 3 / 5 ▁stars . ▁Ind i ag l itz ▁stated ▁that ▁S neh ith ud u ▁was ▁a ▁" pass able ▁rem ake ". ▁On ▁Rot ten ▁Tom atoes , ▁the ▁film ▁holds ▁an ▁audience ▁rating ▁of ▁ 9 6 % ▁based ▁on ▁nearly ▁ 1 2 0 0 ▁votes . ▁ ▁Box ▁office ▁India ▁In ▁Chen na i ▁city , ▁the ▁film ▁net ted ▁ ▁in ▁its ▁first ▁weekend ▁and ▁ 6 4 % ▁of ▁the ▁tak ings , N an ban ▁opened ▁at ▁No . 1 ▁in ▁Chen na i . ▁Behind wood s . com . ▁Ret riev ed ▁on ▁ 2 ▁June ▁ 2 0 1 4 . ▁and ▁ ▁at ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁first ▁week , ▁staying ▁at ▁first ▁rank . ▁The ▁film ▁account ed ▁for ▁ 6 6 % ▁of ▁the ▁tak ings ▁at ▁the ▁Chen na i ▁box ▁office ▁on ▁its ▁second ▁weekend ▁and ▁ 6 4 % ▁on ▁its ▁third ▁weekend . ▁The ▁film ▁gross ed ▁around ▁ ▁in ▁Chen na i ▁after |
▁seven ▁weeks , ▁out ▁of ▁which ▁about ▁ ▁came ▁from ▁S ath y am ▁Cin em as ▁multip lex . ▁In ▁Co im bat ore ▁and ▁N il g ir is ▁area , ▁N an ban ▁opened ▁in ▁ 7 0 ▁screens ▁and ▁net ted ▁ ▁in ▁the ▁first ▁week . ▁It ▁also ▁got ▁a ▁great ▁opening ▁at ▁the ▁Bang al ore ▁box - off ice , ▁where ▁it ▁was ▁still ▁featured ▁in ▁Top ▁ 5 ▁even ▁one ▁month ▁after ▁its ▁release . ▁The ▁film ' s ▁gross ▁collection ▁after ▁its ▁first ▁week ▁from ▁ 4 ▁circ uits ▁of ▁Co im bat ore ▁was ▁around ▁, ▁the ▁highest ▁yield ▁since ▁End hir an . ▁ ▁O verse as N an ban '' ▁was ▁released ▁in ▁ 7 ▁screens ▁in ▁Australia ▁and ▁gross ed ▁$ 7 6 , 5 8 0 ▁in ▁its ▁first ▁weekend . ▁Overall ▁it ▁had ▁gross ed ▁$ 1 1 0 , 4 2 2 . ▁In ▁UK , ▁it ▁collected ▁$ 1 7 3 , 7 8 9 ▁in ▁its ▁first ▁week ▁with ▁a ▁per ▁screen ▁average ▁of ▁$ 7 , 2 4 1 ▁in ▁ 2 4 ▁the at res . ▁After ▁its ▁ 4 - week ▁run ▁the ▁film ▁collected ▁£ ▁( 1 6 . 6 mill ion ) ▁and ▁became ▁the ▁ 4 th ▁highest ▁g ros ser ▁in ▁UK . ▁It ▁also ▁secured ▁the ▁first ▁place ▁in ▁the ▁Malays ian ▁box - off ice ▁in ▁the ▁first ▁week ▁released ▁in ▁ 3 7 ▁screens |
, ▁and ▁collected ▁a ▁total ▁of ▁$ 8 7 1 , 9 5 9 ▁after ▁a ▁six - week ▁run . ▁It ▁collected ▁a ▁sum ▁of ▁ ▁after ▁ 1 8 ▁days ▁at ▁the ▁Australian ▁box ▁office , ▁whereas ▁it ▁had ▁collected ▁ ▁at ▁the ▁Malays ian ▁box ▁office ▁within ▁the ▁same ▁period . ▁ ▁Awards ▁and ▁nom inations ▁ ▁Notes ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁Category : 2 0 1 2 ▁films ▁Category : 2 0 1 0 s ▁T amil - language ▁films ▁Category : 2 0 1 0 s ▁buddy ▁films ▁Category : 2 0 1 0 s ▁comedy - dr ama ▁films ▁Category : Fil ms ▁about ▁the ▁education ▁system ▁in ▁India ▁Category : Fil ms ▁directed ▁by ▁S . ▁Sh ank ar ▁Category : T amil ▁film ▁scores ▁by ▁Harris ▁Jay ar aj ▁Category : Fil ms ▁shot ▁in ▁O ot y ▁Category : Fil ms ▁shot ▁in ▁London ▁Category : Fil ms ▁shot ▁in ▁Mad ur ai ▁Category : Fil ms ▁shot ▁in ▁U tt ar ak hand ▁Category : Fil ms ▁shot ▁in ▁Him ach al ▁Pr adesh ▁Category : Ind ian ▁films ▁Category : Ind ian ▁buddy ▁films ▁Category : Ind ian ▁comedy ▁films ▁Category : Ind ian ▁comedy - dr ama ▁films ▁Category : Ind ian ▁coming - of - age ▁films ▁Category : T amil ▁rem akes ▁of ▁Hind i ▁films ▁Category : Ind ian ▁non linear ▁narrative ▁films ▁Category : Fil ms ▁set ▁in ▁universities ▁and ▁colleges ▁Category : |
Fil ms ▁shot ▁in ▁Spain ▁Category : Fil ms ▁set ▁in ▁Chen na i <0x0A> </s> ▁Edward ▁F ien nes ▁de ▁Clinton , ▁ 1 st ▁Earl ▁of ▁Lincoln , ▁K G ▁( 1 5 1 2 1 6 ▁January ▁ 1 5 8 4 / 8 5 ) ▁was ▁an ▁English ▁noble man ▁and ▁Lord ▁High ▁Admiral . ▁He ▁rendered ▁valuable ▁service ▁to ▁four ▁of ▁the ▁T ud or ▁mon arch s . ▁ ▁Family ▁Edward ▁Clinton ▁was ▁born ▁at ▁Sc riv els by ▁in ▁Lincoln shire , ▁the ▁son ▁of ▁Thomas ▁Clinton , ▁ 8 th ▁Baron ▁Clinton ▁( 1 4 9 0 – 1 5 1 7 ), ▁by ▁Jane ▁( or ▁Joan ) ▁P oy nings , ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁seven ▁il leg it imate ▁children ▁of ▁Sir ▁Edward ▁P oy nings ▁( 1 4 5 9 – 1 5 2 1 ) ▁of ▁West enh anger , ▁Kent . ▁She ▁was ▁the ▁sister ▁of ▁Thomas ▁P oy nings , ▁ 1 st ▁Baron ▁P oy nings ▁( d ied ▁ 1 5 4 5 ), ▁Edward ▁P oy nings ▁( d ied ▁ 1 5 4 6 ), ▁and ▁Sir ▁Ad rian ▁P oy nings . ▁After ▁the ▁death ▁of ▁the ▁ 8 th ▁Baron ▁Clinton ▁in ▁ 1 5 1 7 , ▁Jane ▁P oy nings ▁married , ▁as ▁his ▁second ▁wife , ▁Sir ▁Robert ▁Wing field ▁( d ied ▁ 1 5 3 9 ) .. ▁▁ ▁Clinton ▁succeeded ▁his ▁father ▁as ▁ 9 th ▁Baron |
▁Clinton ▁in ▁ 1 5 1 7 . ▁As ▁he ▁was ▁only ▁ 5 ▁years ▁old ▁when ▁his ▁father ▁died ▁he ▁was ▁made ▁a ▁royal ▁ward ▁and ▁by ▁ 1 5 3 0 ▁had ▁been ▁married ▁off ▁to ▁the ▁King ' s ▁ex - m ist ress , ▁the ▁ 3 0 - year - old ▁B ess ie ▁Bl ount . ▁ ▁Career ▁ ▁France ▁He ▁joined ▁the ▁ret in ue ▁of ▁King ▁Henry ▁VIII ▁at ▁Bou log ne ▁and ▁Cal ais ▁in ▁ 1 5 3 2 . ▁He ▁sat ▁in ▁the ▁House ▁of ▁L ords ▁in ▁ 1 5 3 6 ▁and ▁later ▁served ▁in ▁the ▁Royal ▁Navy ▁against ▁French ▁and ▁Scottish ▁naval ▁forces ▁from ▁ 1 5 4 4 ▁to ▁ 1 5 4 7 . ▁He ▁was ▁kn ight ed ▁in ▁Edinburgh ▁by ▁Edward ▁Se ym our , ▁ 1 st ▁Earl ▁of ▁H ert ford ▁for ▁his ▁role ▁in ▁the ▁capture ▁of ▁that ▁city ▁in ▁ 1 5 4 4 . ▁He ▁also ▁took ▁part ▁in ▁the ▁Sie ge ▁of ▁Bou log ne ▁in ▁September ▁ 1 5 4 4 . ▁Under ▁John ▁D ud ley , ▁Vis count ▁Lis le ▁he ▁saw ▁action ▁against ▁the ▁French ▁at ▁the ▁Battle ▁of ▁Sp it head ▁in ▁ 1 5 4 5 ▁and ▁was ▁sent ▁as ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁peace ▁commission ers ▁to ▁France ▁the ▁following ▁year . ▁ ▁Scotland ▁In ▁August ▁ 1 5 4 7 ▁he ▁was ▁sent ▁to ▁Scotland ▁with ▁ 1 2 ▁ships ▁to ▁the |
▁Sie ge ▁of ▁St ▁Andrew s ▁Castle ▁to ▁prevent ▁a ▁French ▁intervention , ▁but ▁arrived ▁too ▁late . ▁He ▁captured ▁B rought y ▁Castle ▁on ▁ 2 4 ▁September , ▁ref ort ified ▁it ▁with ▁the ▁aid ▁of ▁an ▁Italian ▁military ▁engineer , ▁and ▁installed ▁Andrew ▁D ud ley ▁as ▁its ▁captain , ▁leaving ▁him ▁three ▁ships , ▁the ▁Mary ▁Hamb orough , ▁the ▁Bar que ▁E ger , ▁and ▁the ▁Phoenix . ▁ ▁He ▁commanded ▁the ▁English ▁fleet ▁during ▁the ▁invasion ▁of ▁Scotland ▁by ▁Edward ▁Se ym our ▁and ▁ ▁provided ▁naval ▁artillery ▁support ▁at ▁the ▁Battle ▁of ▁Pink ie ▁on ▁ 1 5 ▁September ▁ 1 5 4 7 . ▁In ▁August ▁ 1 5 4 8 ▁he ▁s ailed ▁into ▁the ▁F irth ▁of ▁For th ▁and ▁scattered ▁French ▁and ▁Scottish ▁ships ▁near ▁Le ith . ▁He ▁then ▁landed ▁ 5 0 0 ▁men ▁to ▁bur nt ▁the ▁ships ▁in ▁the ▁har bour ▁of ▁Bur nt is land , ▁and ▁contempl ated ▁fort ifying ▁the ▁har bour ▁for ▁English ▁use . ▁He ▁was ▁aboard ▁the ▁Great ▁Bar que . ▁ ▁Governor ▁of ▁Bou log ne ▁App oint ed ▁Governor ▁of ▁Bou log ne ▁in ▁ 1 5 4 7 , ▁he ▁successfully ▁def ended ▁the ▁city ▁against ▁a ▁French ▁sie ge ▁from ▁ 1 5 4 9 ▁to ▁ 1 5 5 0 . ▁That ▁same ▁year , ▁with ▁Henry ▁Mann ers , ▁ 2 nd ▁Earl ▁of ▁R ut land , ▁he ▁was ▁appointed ▁Lord ▁Lieutenant ▁of ▁Lincoln shire |
▁and ▁of ▁Not ting ham shire ▁and ▁served ▁as ▁Lord ▁High ▁Admiral ▁under ▁King ▁Edward ▁VI ▁from ▁ 1 5 5 0 ▁to ▁ 1 5 5 3 , ▁and ▁again ▁from ▁ 1 5 5 9 ▁to ▁ 1 5 8 5 . ▁He ▁was ▁a ▁ ▁Priv y ▁Coun s ell or ▁from ▁ 1 5 5 0 ▁to ▁ 1 5 5 3 , ▁and ▁briefly ▁served ▁as ▁an ▁env oy ▁to ▁France ▁in ▁ 1 5 5 1 . ▁After ▁appointment ▁as ▁ ▁Lord - L ie utenant ▁of ▁Lincoln shire ▁in ▁ 1 5 5 2 , ▁Clinton ▁later ▁took ▁part ▁in ▁the ▁defeat ▁of ▁Wy att ' s ▁Reb ell ion ▁in ▁Kent ▁in ▁ 1 5 5 4 . ▁▁ ▁He ▁was ▁a ▁commander ▁of ▁the ▁expedition ▁of ▁William ▁Herbert , ▁ 1 st ▁Earl ▁of ▁P em bro ke ▁to ▁support ▁the ▁Spanish ▁forces ▁at ▁the ▁Battle ▁of ▁Saint ▁Qu entin ▁in ▁northern ▁France ▁on ▁ 1 0 ▁August ▁ 1 5 5 7 , ▁but ▁arrived ▁after ▁the ▁battle ▁was ▁largely ▁won . ▁Upon ▁his ▁return ▁to ▁England , ▁Clinton ▁took ▁command ▁of ▁the ▁English ▁fleet , ▁ra ided ▁the ▁French ▁coast ▁and ▁in ▁ 1 5 5 8 ▁bur nt ▁the ▁town ▁of ▁Le ▁Con quet ▁and ▁the ▁surrounding ▁area . ▁ ▁N other n ▁Reb ell ion ▁He ▁was ▁a ▁joint ▁commander ▁with ▁Amb rose ▁D ud ley , ▁ 3 rd ▁Earl ▁of ▁War wick ▁of ▁a ▁large ▁army ▁during ▁the |
▁Northern ▁Reb ell ion ; ▁however ▁the ▁army ▁was ▁still ▁being ▁assembled ▁when ▁the ▁rebell ion ▁was ▁defeated ▁in ▁January ▁ 1 5 7 0 . ▁He ▁was ▁created ▁Earl ▁of ▁Lincoln ▁in ▁ 1 5 7 2 , ▁and ▁served ▁as ▁amb assador ▁to ▁France , ▁during ▁which ▁time ▁he ▁under to ok ▁several ▁comm issions ▁from ▁Queen ▁Elizabeth ▁I ▁until ▁his ▁death ▁in ▁London ▁on ▁ 1 6 ▁January ▁ 1 5 8 5 . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 5 4 1 - 4 2 ▁following ▁the ▁diss olution ▁of ▁the ▁monaster ies , ▁Clinton ▁and ▁his ▁wife , ▁Urs ula , ▁were ▁granted ▁the ▁lands ▁of ▁the ▁earlier ▁As l ack by ▁Pre cept ory ▁of ▁the ▁Kn ights ▁T empl ar — l ater ▁belonging ▁to ▁the ▁Kn ights ▁H osp it aller — at ▁As l ack by ▁in ▁Lincoln shire . ▁ ▁Mar riage ▁and ▁pro gen y ▁▁ ▁He ▁married ▁three ▁times : ▁First ly ▁to ▁Elizabeth ▁Bl ount , ▁Henry ▁VIII ' s ▁former ▁mist ress , ▁by ▁whom ▁he ▁produced ▁three ▁daughters : ▁Lady ▁Br idget ▁Clinton ▁( born ▁c . ▁ 1 5 3 6 ), ▁married ▁Robert ▁D ym oke ▁( D ym ock ▁or ▁D ym oc ke ), ▁of ▁Sc riv els by , ▁Lincoln shire , ▁c . ▁ 1 5 5 6 ▁and ▁had ▁ten ▁children . ▁He ▁was ▁a ▁dev out ▁Catholic ▁and ▁was ▁declared ▁a ▁mart yr ▁after ▁his ▁death . ▁Lady ▁K atherine ▁Clinton ▁( |
c . ▁ 1 5 3 8 1 4 ▁August ▁ 1 6 2 1 ), ▁married ▁William ▁Bur gh , ▁ 2 nd ▁Baron ▁Bur gh ▁of ▁G ains borough ▁( c . ▁ 1 5 2 2 1 0 ▁October ▁ 1 5 8 4 ), ▁son ▁of ▁Thomas ▁Bur gh , ▁ 1 st ▁Baron ▁Bur gh . ▁They ▁had ▁two ▁children ▁which ▁included ▁Thomas ▁Bur gh , ▁ 3 rd ▁Baron ▁Bur gh . ▁Lady ▁Margaret ▁Clinton ▁( born ▁c . ▁ 1 5 3 9 ), ▁married ▁Charles ▁Will ough by , ▁ 2 nd ▁Baron ▁Will ough by ▁of ▁Par ham ▁( d ied ▁ 1 6 0 3 ), ▁and ▁had ▁five ▁children . ▁Second ly ▁to ▁Urs ula ▁St our ton , ▁daughter ▁of ▁William ▁St our ton , ▁ 7 th ▁Baron ▁St our ton ▁by ▁whom ▁he ▁produced ▁six ▁children : ▁Henry ▁Clinton , ▁ 2 nd ▁Earl ▁of ▁Lincoln , ▁el dest ▁son ▁and ▁he ir . ▁William ▁Clinton ▁Thomas ▁Clinton ▁( 1 5 4 8 – 1 6 1 0 ); ▁he ▁married ▁Mary ▁Ty rell . ▁Lady ▁Frances ▁Clinton ▁( 1 5 5 2 1 2 ▁September ▁ 1 6 2 3 ). ▁She ▁was ▁born ▁at ▁Sc riv els by , ▁Lincoln shire ▁and ▁died ▁at ▁W ob urn ▁Ab bey , ▁Bed ford shire . ▁She ▁married ▁G iles ▁Bry d ges , ▁ 3 rd ▁Baron ▁Chand os . ▁Anne ▁Clinton ▁( 1 5 5 3 – |
1 6 2 9 ) ▁Elizabeth ▁Clinton ▁( 1 5 5 4 – 1 6 3 4 ) ▁ ▁Third ly ▁on ▁ 1 ▁October ▁ 1 5 5 2 ▁to ▁Elizabeth ▁Fitz G er ald ▁(" the ▁fair ▁Ger ald ine "), ▁daughter ▁of ▁Ger ald ▁Fitz G er ald , ▁ 9 th ▁Earl ▁of ▁K ild are ▁and ▁the ▁wid ow ▁of ▁Sir ▁Anthony ▁Brow ne . ▁The ▁marriage ▁was ▁child less . ▁ ▁Death ▁He ▁died ▁in ▁London ▁on ▁ 1 6 ▁January ▁ 1 5 8 5 . ▁ ▁Further ▁reading ▁Charles ▁William ▁Ch ad wick ▁O man , ▁A ▁History ▁in ▁the ▁Art ▁of ▁War ▁in ▁the ▁Six teenth ▁Century , ▁New ▁York , ▁ 1 9 3 7 ▁Michael ▁Sand erson , ▁Sea ▁Batt les , ▁London , ▁ 1 9 7 5 ▁ ▁Notes ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁ ▁Edward ▁CL INT ON ▁FI EN N ES ▁( 1 ▁E . ▁Lincoln ) ▁ ▁| - ▁ ▁Category : 1 5 1 2 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 5 8 5 ▁deaths ▁Edward ▁Category : L ord ▁High ▁Ad mir als ▁of ▁England ▁Category : People ▁from ▁Sc riv els by ▁Category : L ord - L ie uten ants ▁of ▁Lincoln shire ▁Category : English ▁people ▁of ▁the ▁R ough ▁W oo ing ▁Category : K n ights ▁of ▁the ▁G arter ▁Category : 1 6 th - century ▁English ▁nob ility ▁Category : 1 6 th - century ▁Royal ▁Navy |
▁personnel ▁Category : People ▁of ▁the ▁T ud or ▁period ▁Edward <0x0A> </s> ▁Cher up uz ha ▁may ▁refer ▁to : ▁▁ ▁Cher up uz ha ▁( K ann ur ), ▁a ▁village ▁in ▁the ▁state ▁of ▁Ker ala , ▁India ▁ ▁Cher up uz ha ▁( K ar ul ai ), ▁Ker ala , ▁a ▁river ▁ ▁Cher up uz ha ▁( M av oor ), ▁Ker ala , ▁a ▁river ▁ ▁Cher up uz ha ▁( A reek ode ), ▁Ker ala , ▁a ▁river <0x0A> </s> ▁Pul chell id in ▁( Pl ) ▁is ▁an ▁O - m eth yl ated ▁anth oc yan id in . ▁It ▁is ▁a ▁blue - red ▁plant ▁pig ment . ▁It ▁can ▁be ▁found ▁in ▁Pl umb ago ▁pul che lla . ▁ ▁G ly cos ides ▁ ▁Pul chell id in ▁ 3 - r ham nos ide ▁( m ole cular ▁formula ▁: ▁C 2 2 H 2 3 O 1 1 , ▁exact ▁mass ▁: ▁ 4 6 3 . 1 2 4 0 3 6 5 7 8 ) ▁is ▁reported ▁in ▁Pl umb ago ▁co er ule a ▁whereas ▁pul chell id in ▁ 3 - gl uc os ide ▁( C 2 2 H 2 3 O 1 2 , ▁exact ▁mass ▁: ▁ 4 7 9 . 1 1 8 9 5 1 2 ) ▁is ▁reported ▁in ▁Pl umb ago ▁pul che lla ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁▁▁▁ ▁Category : O - M eth yl ated |
▁anth oc yan id ins ▁Category : Py rog all ols <0x0A> </s> ▁Private ▁Part s ▁& ▁P ie ces ▁VII : ▁Slow ▁W aves , ▁Soft ▁Stars ▁is ▁the ▁tw elf th ▁studio ▁album ▁by ▁English ▁multi - in strument al ist ▁and ▁composer ▁Anthony ▁Phillips . ▁It ▁was ▁released ▁in ▁August ▁ 1 9 8 7 ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁by ▁Aud ion ▁Rec ording ▁as ▁the ▁seventh ▁inst al ment ▁in ▁his ▁Private ▁Part s ▁& ▁P ie ces ▁album ▁series . ▁The ▁album ▁sees ▁Phillips ▁explore ▁amb ient ▁and ▁new - age ▁music ▁with ▁synt hesis ers ▁and ▁gu it ars . ▁ ▁Background ▁and ▁recording ▁Following ▁the ▁release ▁of ▁his ▁previous ▁album , ▁Private ▁Part s ▁and ▁P ie ces ▁VI : ▁Iv ory ▁Moon , ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 6 , ▁Phillips ▁found ▁himself ▁in ▁a ▁situation ▁where ▁he ▁was ▁" pl od ding ▁along ▁doing ▁the ▁same ▁kind ▁of ▁things " ▁until ▁a ▁lack ▁of ▁comm issions ▁for ▁television ▁music ▁had ▁created ▁a ▁gap ▁of ▁free ▁time . ▁He ▁was ▁un available ▁to ▁produce ▁an ▁album ▁of ▁a ▁large ▁scale ▁due ▁to ▁ins ufficient ▁funds ▁and ▁resources ▁available , ▁but ▁wished ▁for ▁his ▁next ▁release ▁to ▁be ▁" something ▁with ▁a ▁more ▁interesting ▁and ▁wider ▁canvas ". ▁Having ▁focused ▁Private ▁Part s ▁& ▁P ie ces ▁V : ▁Tw elve ▁( 1 9 8 5 ) ▁on ▁guitar ▁pieces ▁and ▁Iv ory ▁Moon ▁on ▁piano ▁pieces , ▁Phillips ▁turned ▁to ▁a ▁synt hes iser - |
based ▁album ▁for ▁Slow ▁W aves , ▁Soft ▁Stars , ▁an ▁early ▁working ▁title ▁for ▁which ▁was ▁Fl ights ▁of ▁F ancy . ▁Its ▁amb ient ▁and ▁New - age ▁style ▁marked ▁a ▁change ▁in ▁musical ▁direction ▁for ▁Phillips , ▁as ▁his ▁previous ▁released ▁focused ▁more ▁on ▁ac oustic ▁instruments . ▁He ▁was ▁not ▁influenced ▁by ▁New - age ▁albums ▁at ▁the ▁time . ▁The ▁album ▁contains ▁a ▁mixture ▁of ▁arranged ▁and ▁" ad apt ed ▁impro vis ations "; ▁Phillips ▁reason ed ▁the ▁latter ▁style ▁down ▁to ▁" the ▁strong ▁atmosphere ▁of ▁these ▁tracks ▁compens ates ▁for ▁any ▁def ici encies ▁in ▁the ▁form ▁or ▁development ". ▁Phillips ▁noted ▁the ▁fact ▁that ▁Slow ▁W aves , ▁Soft ▁Stars ▁broke ▁the ▁tradition ▁of ▁each ▁album ▁in ▁the ▁Private ▁Part s ▁& ▁P ie ces ▁series ▁having ▁at ▁least ▁one ▁song ▁with ▁a ▁vocal ▁track . ▁He ▁felt ▁that ▁one ▁with ▁vocals ▁would ▁not ▁have ▁fit ▁the ▁overall ▁style ▁of ▁Slow ▁W aves , ▁Soft ▁Stars . ▁ ▁The ▁album ▁was ▁recorded ▁between ▁July ▁ 1 9 8 3 ▁and ▁March ▁ 1 9 8 7 ▁at ▁Eng le wood ▁Studios , ▁the ▁name ▁of ▁Phillips ' s ▁home ▁studio ▁in ▁Cl aph am , ▁south ▁London . ▁Its ▁front ▁cover ▁was ▁phot ograp hed ▁by ▁Phillips ▁in ▁Portugal ▁using ▁the ▁wrong ▁exposure , ▁" but ▁that ▁shows ▁that ▁sometimes ▁good ▁things ▁can ▁come ▁out ▁of ▁mistakes ". ▁The ▁photo ▁was ▁not ▁his ▁original ▁idea ▁as ▁he ▁wished ▁for ▁it ▁to ▁be ▁the ▁back |
▁cover , ▁but ▁when ▁the ▁record ▁label ▁gained ▁enthusiasm ▁over ▁its ▁New - age ▁theme ▁Phillips ▁felt ▁it ▁was ▁necessary ▁to ▁put ▁it ▁on ▁the ▁front . ▁The ▁back ▁cover ▁photo ▁was ▁taken ▁by ▁T if ▁Hunter ▁using ▁a ▁fis he ye ▁lens ▁on ▁a ▁boat ▁trip ▁to ▁France ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 1 ▁for ▁a ▁friend ' s ▁stag ▁party . ▁ ▁Music ▁Phillips ▁recorded ▁the ▁five - part ▁" I ce ▁Flight " ▁suite ▁with ▁a ▁Roland ▁J upiter - 8 ▁keyboard ▁loan ed ▁to ▁him . ▁He ▁did ▁not ▁write ▁any ▁of ▁the ▁settings ▁down ; ▁instead , ▁he ▁searched ▁for ▁sounds ▁he ▁liked ▁and ▁played ▁them . ▁" Be ach runner " ▁and ▁" End ▁of ▁the ▁Aff air " ▁feature ▁Argent ine ▁musician ▁En rique ▁Ber ro ▁Gar cia , ▁who ▁Phillips ▁had ▁collabor ated ▁with ▁on ▁Private ▁Part s ▁and ▁P ie ces ▁III : ▁Ant iques ▁( 1 9 8 2 ) ▁before ▁Gar cia ▁returned ▁to ▁Argentina . ▁Gar cia ▁arrived ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁Kingdom ▁in ▁early ▁ 1 9 8 6 . ▁Both ▁tracks ▁orig inate ▁from ▁much ▁longer ▁pieces ▁that ▁they ▁had ▁dev ised ▁during ▁a ▁spont aneous ▁session ▁in ▁April ▁ 1 9 8 6 . ▁" S osp ir ando " ▁origin ates ▁from ▁a ▁demo ▁that ▁Phillips ▁had ▁assembled ▁in ▁his ▁pitch ▁to ▁score ▁the ▁drama ▁film ▁The ▁Honor ary ▁Cons ul ▁( 1 9 8 3 ). ▁" V an ishing ▁Stre ets " ▁and ▁" Sl ow |
▁W aves , ▁Soft ▁Stars " ▁are ▁impro vised ▁pieces ▁that ▁were ▁played ▁on ▁a ▁Cas io ▁C Z - 5 0 0 0 ▁synt hes iser , ▁which ▁Phillips ▁does ▁not ▁rate ▁highly ▁but ▁noted ▁its ▁useful ness ▁for ▁only ▁certain ▁sounds . ▁He ▁was ▁particularly ▁impressed ▁by ▁its ▁ability ▁to ▁create ▁" A ▁constant ▁series ▁of ▁rising ▁and ▁falling ▁en velop es ▁and ▁the ▁characteristics ▁of ▁those ▁pieces ▁was ▁that ▁you ▁got ▁long , ▁sustained ▁notes ▁d ipping ▁and ▁before ▁they ▁dip , ▁another ▁one ▁comes ▁in ". ▁" The ▁Golden ▁Path way " ▁origin ates ▁from ▁the ▁ 1 9 8 6 ▁television ▁film ▁God ' s ▁Ch osen ▁Car ▁Park ▁which ▁Phillips ▁had ▁scored ▁music ▁for ▁in ▁the ▁summer ▁of ▁ 1 9 8 6 . ▁ ▁Release ▁The ▁album ▁was ▁released ▁in ▁August ▁ 1 9 8 7 ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁by ▁Aud ion ▁Rec ording . ▁It ▁remained ▁unre leased ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁Kingdom ▁until ▁Virgin ▁Records ▁put ▁it ▁out ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 1 . ▁The ▁album ▁was ▁re iss ued ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 6 ▁and ▁ 2 0 1 0 , ▁the ▁latter ▁as ▁a ▁double ▁release ▁with ▁Private ▁Part s ▁& ▁P ie ces ▁VIII : ▁New ▁England ▁( 1 9 9 2 ). ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 6 , ▁the ▁album ▁was ▁included ▁in ▁the ▁Private ▁Part s ▁& ▁P ie ces ▁V – V III ▁box ▁set . ▁ ▁Track ▁listing ▁All ▁titles ▁composed , ▁performed , |
▁and ▁produced ▁by ▁Anthony ▁Phillips , ▁except ▁" Be ach runner " ▁and ▁" End ▁of ▁the ▁Aff air " ▁composed ▁by ▁Phillips ▁and ▁En rique ▁Ber ro ▁Gar cia . ▁ ▁Person nel ▁C red its ▁taken ▁from ▁the ▁album ' s ▁ 1 9 8 7 ▁l iner ▁notes . ▁ ▁Music ▁Anthony ▁Phillips ▁– ▁Roland ▁J upiter - 8 , ▁Cas io ▁C Z - 5 0 0 0 , ▁AR P ▁ 2 6 0 0 , ▁Pol ym o og , ▁Y ari ▁classical ▁guitar , ▁Rud lo ff ▁ 8 - string ▁guitar , ▁Al vare z ▁ 1 2 - string ▁guitar ▁on ▁" Good bye ▁Ser en ade ", ▁Tom ▁drum ▁machine , ▁Tibet an ▁b ells ▁and ▁ch imes , ▁z ither ▁on ▁" Be hind ▁the ▁Water fall " ▁En rique ▁Ber ro ▁Gar cia ▁– ▁classical ▁guitar ▁on ▁" Fl ight ▁of ▁the ▁Wh ale - B ird s : ▁Bl izz ard ▁Mountain " ▁and ▁" Fl ight ▁of ▁the ▁Al bat ross : ▁Ice ▁Island " ▁ ▁Production ▁Anthony ▁Phillips ▁( aka ▁" V ic ▁St en ch ▁of ▁Th rom b osis ") ▁– ▁production , ▁back ▁cover ▁photography ▁Paul ▁Gr aves ▁– ▁technical ▁super vision ▁John ▁Lee ▁– ▁inspiration ▁T if ▁Hunter ▁– ▁front ▁cover ▁photo ▁Murray ▁Bren man ▁– ▁design ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 8 7 ▁albums ▁Category : An th ony ▁Phillips ▁albums <0x0A> </s> ▁Miles ▁Anderson ▁( born ▁ 2 3 |
▁October ▁ 1 9 4 7 ) ▁is ▁a ▁Z imb ab we an ▁stage ▁and ▁television ▁actor , ▁who ▁has ▁appeared ▁in ▁television ▁serial s ▁both ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁Kingdom , ▁and ▁North ▁America . ▁He ▁recently ▁appeared ▁as ▁Al ist air ▁the ▁photographer ▁in ▁the ▁film ▁La ▁La ▁Land . ▁ ▁Born ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 7 ▁in ▁Rh odes ia , ▁now ▁Z imb ab we , ▁Anderson ▁was ▁educated ▁at ▁Prince ▁Edward ▁School . ▁His ▁father ▁commanded ▁the ▁Rh odes ian ▁Army ▁and ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 4 ▁was ▁dismissed ▁for ▁his ▁opposition ▁to ▁the ▁Government . ▁His ▁mother , ▁D aph ne , ▁wrote ▁' The ▁To er ags ' ▁a ▁mem oir ▁of ▁her ▁difficult ▁childhood ▁in ▁Rh odes ia . ▁He ▁has ▁appeared ▁in ▁the ▁US ▁television ▁series , ▁Crim inal ▁Mind s , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁the ▁ongoing ▁show ▁Ult imate ▁Force ▁in ▁which ▁he ▁played ▁Colonel ▁A iden ▁D emp sey ▁for ▁the ▁entire ty ▁of ▁its ▁production . ▁He ▁had ▁previously ▁played ▁L t . ▁Col . ▁Dan ▁Fort une ▁in ▁IT V ' s ▁Sold ier ▁Sold ier ▁( series ▁ 1 ▁and ▁ 2 ▁only , ▁ 1 9 9 1 – 9 2 ). ▁ ▁He ▁was ▁awarded ▁the ▁ 1 9 8 2 ▁London ▁Crit ics ' ▁Circle ▁Dr ama ▁Theatre ▁Award ▁for ▁Best ▁Support ing ▁A ctor ▁of ▁ 1 9 8 1 ▁for ▁his ▁performances ▁in ▁The ▁T win ▁R ivals ▁and ▁The ▁W itch |
▁of ▁Ed mont on and ▁an ▁Ol iv ier ▁Nom ination ▁for ▁his ▁performance ▁as ▁Sig ism und ▁in ▁Cal der on ' s ▁Life ' s ▁A ▁Dream ▁at ▁the ▁Royal ▁Shakespeare ▁Company . ▁His ▁numerous ▁performances ▁for ▁television ▁include ▁Fall ▁of ▁E agles , ▁Z - C ars , ▁The ▁S ween ey . ▁Camp ion , ▁House ▁of ▁C ards , ▁Oliver ' s ▁Tr av els , ▁Every ▁Woman ▁Know s ▁a ▁Secret ▁and ▁Hol by ▁City . ▁Anderson ▁has ▁also ▁appeared ▁in ▁two ▁episodes ▁of ▁M ids omer ▁Mur ders ▁entitled ▁" De ath ▁In ▁Dis gu ise " ▁and ▁" Last ▁Year ' s ▁Model ", ▁and ▁was ▁the ▁voice ▁of ▁P ose id on ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 9 7 ▁TV ▁adaptation ▁of ▁The ▁Od ys sey . ▁ ▁Anderson ▁was ▁seen ▁as ▁Major ▁March b anks ▁in ▁the ▁BBC ▁adaptation ▁of ▁Philip ▁Pull man ' s ▁The ▁Ruby ▁in ▁the ▁Sm oke ▁and ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 7 , ▁he ▁appeared ▁in ▁the ▁sixth ▁series ▁of ▁the ▁crime - dr ama ▁W aking ▁the ▁Dead . ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 8 , ▁he ▁made ▁a ▁brief ▁appearance ▁as ▁Edward ▁T unst all ▁in ▁the ▁BBC ' s ▁East End ers . ▁He ▁also ▁narr ated ▁the ▁Sky 1 ▁version ▁of ▁the ▁New ▁Zealand ▁documentary ▁The ▁Lion ▁Man ▁and ▁appeared ▁in ▁an ▁episode ▁of ▁A ▁Touch ▁of ▁Fro st . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 0 , ▁Anderson ▁appeared ▁as ▁the ▁title |
▁character ▁in ▁The ▁Mad ness ▁of ▁George ▁III ▁mounted ▁by ▁director ▁Ad rian ▁Nob le ▁at ▁San ▁Diego ' s ▁Old ▁Gl obe ▁Theatre . ▁He ▁won ▁the ▁San ▁Diego ' s ▁Crit ics ' ▁Circle ▁award ▁for ▁Best ▁A ctor . ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 1 , ▁he ▁played ▁Pro s per o ▁in ▁The ▁Temp est ▁and ▁Sal ieri ▁in ▁Am ade us , ▁both ▁directed ▁by ▁Nob le . ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 3 , ▁he ▁again ▁won ▁the ▁San ▁Diego ▁Crit ic ' s ▁Circle ▁Award ▁for ▁his ▁Sh y lock ▁in ▁Ad rian ▁Nob le ' s ▁production ▁of ▁Shakespeare ' s ▁The ▁Mer chant ▁of ▁Ven ice . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 5 , ▁Anderson ▁appeared ▁as ▁Ren ard ▁in ▁the ▁BBC ▁TV ▁series ▁The ▁Mus k ete ers ▁( ep is ode ▁ 2 . 5 ▁" The ▁Return "). ▁His ▁film ▁credits ▁include ▁roles ▁in ▁The ▁Th irty ▁N ine ▁Ste ps ▁( 1 9 7 8 ), ▁The ▁Sh illing bury ▁Bl ow ers ▁( 1 9 8 0 ), ▁Sky ▁Band its ▁( 1 9 8 6 ) ▁and ▁Cry ▁Freedom . ▁ ▁Anderson ▁is ▁an ▁associate ▁member ▁of ▁R AD A . ▁He ▁is ▁the ▁father ▁of ▁actor ▁Joe ▁Anderson ▁and ▁chef ▁Max ▁Anderson . ▁ ▁Film ography ▁ ▁The ▁Th irty ▁N ine ▁Ste ps ▁( 1 9 7 8 ) ▁The ▁Sh illing bury ▁Bl ow ers ▁( 1 9 8 0 ) ▁Sky ▁Band its |
▁( 1 9 8 6 ) ▁Cry ▁Freedom ▁( 1 9 8 7 ) ▁A ▁Far ▁Off ▁Place ▁( 1 9 9 3 ) ▁The ▁Od ys sey ▁( 1 9 9 7 ) ▁( voice ▁role ) ▁Fast ▁Food ▁( 1 9 9 9 ) ▁The ▁King ▁Is ▁Al ive ▁( 2 0 0 0 ) ▁The ▁Sil ent ▁Fall ▁( 2 0 0 7 ) ▁Nin ja ▁( 2 0 0 9 ) ▁V ish war oop am ▁( 2 0 1 3 ) ▁La ▁La ▁Land ▁( 2 0 1 6 ) ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 4 7 ▁birth s ▁Category : English ▁male ▁television ▁actors ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : Al umn i ▁of ▁Prince ▁Edward ▁School ▁Category : Al umn i ▁of ▁the ▁Royal ▁Academy ▁of ▁Dr am atic ▁Art ▁Category : R h odes ian ▁em igr ants ▁to ▁the ▁United ▁Kingdom <0x0A> </s> ▁Is aria ▁is ▁a ▁genus ▁of ▁fun gi ▁mostly ▁in ▁the ▁order ▁H yp oc re ales ▁and ▁family ▁Cl av icip it aceae , ▁or ▁by ▁some ▁authorities ▁the ▁Cord y cip it aceae . ▁ ▁It ▁includes ▁a ▁large ▁number ▁of ▁ent om opath ogen ic ▁species , ▁some ▁of ▁them ▁explo ited ▁as ▁bi op estic ides ▁( e . g . ▁I . ▁f um os or ose a ): ▁often ▁previously ▁assigned ▁to ▁the ▁genus ▁Pa ec il omy ces . ▁▁▁ ▁The ▁tele omorph ▁of ▁this ▁genus |
▁appears ▁to ▁be ▁O phi oc ord y ce ps . ▁ ▁Spec ies ▁The ▁En cycl op a edia ▁of ▁Life ▁lists ▁the ▁following ▁species : ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁▁▁▁ ▁Category : Cl av icip it aceae ▁Category : Bi ological ▁p est ▁control <0x0A> </s> ▁Edward ▁Richard ▁Bu xt on ▁Sh anks ▁( 1 1 ▁June ▁ 1 8 9 2 ▁– ▁ 4 ▁May ▁ 1 9 5 3 ) ▁was ▁an ▁English ▁writer , ▁known ▁as ▁a ▁war ▁poet ▁of ▁World ▁War ▁I , ▁then ▁as ▁an ▁academic ▁and ▁journalist , ▁and ▁literary ▁critic ▁and ▁bi ographer . ▁He ▁also ▁wrote ▁some ▁science ▁fiction . ▁ ▁He ▁was ▁born ▁in ▁London , ▁and ▁educated ▁at ▁Mer chant ▁Tay l ors ' ▁School ▁and ▁Tr inity ▁College , ▁Cambridge . ▁He ▁passed ▁his ▁B . A . ▁in ▁History ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 3 . ▁He ▁was ▁editor ▁of ▁Gr anta ▁from ▁ 1 9 1 2 – 1 3 . ▁He ▁served ▁in ▁World ▁War ▁I ▁with ▁the ▁British ▁Army ▁in ▁France , ▁but ▁was ▁in val ided ▁out ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 5 , ▁and ▁did ▁administrative ▁work ▁until ▁war ' s ▁end . ▁ ▁He ▁was ▁later ▁a ▁literary ▁review er , ▁working ▁for ▁the ▁London ▁Mer cury ▁( 1 9 1 9 – 2 2 ) ▁and ▁for ▁a ▁short ▁while ▁a ▁lect urer ▁at ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Liverpool ▁( 1 9 2 6 ). ▁He ▁was ▁the ▁chief ▁leader - writer ▁for ▁the |
▁Even ing ▁Standard ▁from ▁ 1 9 2 8 ▁to ▁ 1 9 3 5 . ▁ ▁The ▁People ▁of ▁the ▁Ru ins ▁( 1 9 2 0 ) ▁was ▁a ▁science - f iction ▁novel ▁in ▁which ▁a ▁man ▁w akes ▁after ▁being ▁put ▁into ▁suspended ▁animation ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 4 , ▁to ▁discover ▁a ▁devast ated ▁Britain ▁ 1 5 0 ▁years ▁in ▁the ▁future . ▁ ▁The ▁People ▁of ▁the ▁Ru ins ▁has ▁an ▁anti - commun ist ▁sub text ▁( the ▁future ▁ 1 9 2 4 ▁is ▁devast ated ▁by ▁Marx ist ▁revolution aries ). ▁ ▁Awards ▁and ▁hon ors ▁He ▁was ▁the ▁first ▁recipient ▁of ▁the ▁Haw th or nd en ▁Prize ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 9 . ▁ ▁Works ▁Songs ▁( 1 9 1 5 ) ▁poems ▁Hil aire ▁Bell oc , ▁the ▁man ▁and ▁his ▁work ▁( 1 9 1 6 ) ▁with ▁C . ▁Cre ight on ▁Mand ell ▁Po ems ▁( 1 9 1 6 ) ▁The ▁Queen ▁of ▁China ▁and ▁Other ▁Po ems ▁( 1 9 1 9 ) ▁poems ▁The ▁Old ▁Ind isp ens ables ▁( 1 9 1 9 ) ▁novel ▁The ▁People ▁of ▁the ▁Ru ins ▁( 1 9 2 0 ) ▁novel ▁Text ▁at ▁Project ▁G uten berg ▁Australia ▁The ▁Island ▁of ▁Youth ▁and ▁Other ▁Po ems ▁( 1 9 2 1 ) ▁poems ▁The ▁R iche st ▁Man ▁( 1 9 2 3 ) ▁novel ▁First ▁Ess ays ▁on ▁Liter ature ▁( 1 9 |
2 3 ) ▁criticism ▁F ête ▁Gal ante ▁( 1 9 2 3 ) ▁opera ▁lib ret to ▁Bernard ▁Shaw ▁( 1 9 2 4 ) ▁criticism ▁The ▁Shadow graph ▁and ▁Other ▁Po ems ▁( 1 9 2 5 ) ▁Col lected ▁Po ems ▁( 1 9 0 0 – 1 9 2 5 ) ▁( 1 9 2 6 ) ▁The ▁Beg gar ' s ▁R ide ▁( 1 9 2 6 ) ▁drama ▁Second ▁Ess ays ▁on ▁Liter ature ▁( 1 9 2 7 ) ▁criticism ▁( W . Coll ins ▁S ons ▁& ▁Co . ▁Ltd ., ▁London ) ▁Que er ▁Street ▁( 1 9 3 3 ) ▁The ▁En ch anted ▁Village ▁( 1 9 3 3 )( A ▁sequ el ▁" Que er ▁Street ", ▁however , ▁this ▁one ▁more ▁un common ) Po ems ▁ 1 9 1 2 – 1 9 3 2 ▁( 1 9 3 3 ) Tom ▁T idd ler ' s ▁Ground ▁( 1 9 3 4 ) Old ▁King ▁Cole ▁( 1 9 3 6 ) ▁novel Ed gar ▁All an ▁P oe ▁( 1 9 3 7 ) My ▁England ▁( 1 9 3 9 ) R ud yard ▁Ki pling ▁– ▁A ▁Study ▁in ▁Liter ature ▁and ▁Political ▁Ide as ▁( 1 9 4 0 ) Po ems ▁ 1 9 3 9 – 1 9 5 2 ▁( 1 9 5 3 ) ▁ ▁Notes ▁ ▁Further ▁reading ▁ ▁Ross , ▁Robert ▁H . ▁( 1 9 6 |
5 ). ▁The ▁Georg ian ▁Rev olt , ▁ 1 9 1 0 – 1 9 2 2 ▁: ▁R ise ▁and ▁Fall ▁of ▁a ▁Po etic ▁Ide al ' ', ▁Car b ond ale ▁: ▁Southern ▁Illinois ▁University ▁Press . ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁▁▁▁▁ ▁Category : 1 8 9 2 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 9 5 3 ▁deaths ▁Category : English ▁science ▁fiction ▁writers ▁Category : English ▁male ▁journalists ▁Category : People ▁educated ▁at ▁Mer chant ▁Tay l ors ' ▁School , ▁North wood ▁Category : Art ists ' ▁R if les ▁soldiers ▁Category : B rit ish ▁male ▁po ets ▁Category : English ▁male ▁novel ists ▁Category : 2 0 th - century ▁English ▁po ets ▁Category : 2 0 th - century ▁English ▁novel ists ▁Category : 2 0 th - century ▁British ▁male ▁writers <0x0A> </s> ▁Polish ▁ 1 9 th ▁Infan try ▁Division ▁was ▁formed ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 3 , ▁from ▁three ▁reg iments ▁of ▁the ▁divisions ▁that ▁had ▁previously ▁formed ▁armed ▁forces ▁of ▁the ▁Republic ▁of ▁Central ▁L ith u ania . ▁Origin ally , ▁it ▁consisted ▁of ▁the ▁following ▁inf antry ▁reg iments : ▁▁ 8 5 th ▁Wil no ▁Regiment ▁( former ly ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 st ▁L ith uan ian - Bel ar us ian ▁Division ), ▁▁ 8 6 th ▁M ins k ▁Regiment ▁( former ly ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 st ▁L ith uan ian - Bel ar us ian ▁Division ), ▁▁ 7 7 |
th ▁K own o ▁Regiment ▁( former ly ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 nd ▁L ith uan ian - Bel ar us ian ▁Division ). ▁ ▁During ▁the ▁inter bell um ▁period , ▁the ▁division ▁was ▁station ed ▁in ▁the ▁city ▁of ▁Wil no , ▁which ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 2 – 1 9 3 9 ▁was ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁Second ▁Polish ▁Republic . ▁Until ▁ 1 9 2 7 , ▁it ▁was ▁commanded ▁by ▁General ▁Mich al ▁Tok arz ew ski - K ar asz ew icz , ▁who ▁was ▁replaced ▁by ▁General ▁T ade usz ▁Kas pr zy ck i ▁( 1 9 2 7 – 1 9 3 1 ). ▁For ▁most ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 9 3 0 s , ▁the ▁division ▁was ▁commanded ▁by ▁General ▁Eug en ius z ▁God z iej ew ski , ▁who ▁in ▁mid - Apr il ▁ 1 9 3 6 ▁was ▁replaced ▁by ▁its ▁last ▁inter bell um ▁command ant , ▁General ▁J oz ef ▁K w ac isz ew ski . ▁The ▁ 1 9 th ▁I . D . ▁fought ▁in ▁the ▁September ▁ 1 9 3 9 ▁German ▁Inv asion ▁of ▁Poland , ▁as ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁Pr us y ▁Army . ▁Later ▁it ▁was ▁rec reated ▁as ▁a ▁Home ▁Army ▁unit , ▁taking ▁part ▁in ▁the ▁Operation ▁O stra ▁Br ama ▁in ▁the ▁summer ▁of ▁ 1 9 4 4 . ▁ ▁The ▁ 1 9 th ▁I . D . ▁under ▁General ▁J oz ef ▁K |
w ac isz ew ski ▁belonged ▁to ▁northern ▁group ▁of ▁Pr us y ▁Army , ▁under ▁General ▁Stefan ▁D ą b - B ier n ack i . ▁On ▁September ▁ 5 , ▁ 1 9 3 9 , ▁the ▁division ▁was ▁sent ▁to ▁the ▁area ▁of ▁P iot r ków ▁Try b un als ki , ▁where ▁it ▁faced ▁the ▁ 1 st ▁Pan zer ▁Division ▁of ▁the ▁We h rm acht . ▁Under ▁German ▁pressure , ▁it ▁had ▁to ▁withdraw ▁on ▁September ▁ 6 , ▁and ▁on ▁the ▁same ▁day , ▁the ▁Germans ▁captured ▁General ▁K w ac isz ew ski . ▁On ▁September ▁ 7 ▁in ▁the ▁evening , ▁units ▁of ▁the ▁division ▁scattered , ▁trying ▁to ▁break ▁through ▁German ▁lines ▁and ▁escape ▁east wards , ▁towards ▁the ▁V ist ula . ▁ ▁On ▁September ▁ 8 ▁Colonel ▁T ade usz ▁Pel cz yn ski ▁began ▁reconstruction ▁of ▁the ▁division , ▁with ▁two ▁inf antry ▁reg iments ▁( 7 7 th , ▁ 8 6 th ), ▁and ▁some ▁artillery , ▁which ▁managed ▁to ▁cross ▁the ▁V ist ula . ▁Following ▁the ▁order ▁of ▁General ▁D ab - B ier n ack i , ▁its ▁name ▁was ▁changed ▁to ▁the ▁ 1 9 th ▁Infan try ▁Brigade . ▁The ▁unit ▁took ▁part ▁in ▁the ▁Battle ▁of ▁Tom asz ów ▁Lub els ki , ▁capit ulating ▁on ▁September ▁ 2 7 . ▁ ▁Reserve ▁center ▁of ▁the ▁division ▁was ▁station ed ▁in ▁L ida . ▁On ▁September ▁ 1 7 , |
▁ 1 9 3 9 , ▁when ▁news ▁of ▁the ▁Soviet ▁Inv asion ▁of ▁Poland ▁reached ▁the ▁town , ▁an ▁assault ▁company ▁of ▁ 1 5 0 ▁men ▁was ▁formed ▁in ▁L ida , ▁with ▁the ▁task ▁of ▁breaking ▁through ▁the ▁adv ancing ▁Red ▁Army , ▁and ▁reaching ▁Wil no . ▁The ▁plan ▁was ▁changed , ▁and ▁the ▁company ▁headed ▁for ▁Gro d no , ▁where ▁it ▁took ▁place ▁in ▁the ▁Battle ▁of ▁Gro d no . ▁ ▁S ources ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁Polish ▁army ▁order ▁of ▁battle ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 9 ▁ ▁Polish ▁contribution ▁to ▁World ▁War ▁II ▁ ▁List ▁of ▁Polish ▁divisions ▁in ▁World ▁War ▁II ▁▁ 1 9 th ▁Category : Mil itary ▁units ▁and ▁form ations ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 3 ▁ ▁pl : 1 9 ▁Dy w iz ja ▁P ie ch ot y ▁( II ▁R P ) <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁K ı l ı ç ▁Ali ▁P asha ▁Complex ▁() ▁is ▁a ▁mos que ▁complex ▁designed ▁and ▁built ▁between ▁ 1 5 8 0 ▁and ▁ 1 5 8 7 ▁by ▁M im ar ▁Sin an , ▁who ▁at ▁the ▁time ▁was ▁in ▁his ▁ 9 0 s . ▁The ▁mos que ▁itself ▁was ▁constructed ▁in ▁ 1 5 7 8 - 1 5 8 0 . ▁ ▁The ▁complex ▁is ▁located ▁in ▁the ▁T oph ane ▁neighbour hood ▁of ▁the ▁Bey o ğ lu ▁district ▁of ▁I stan bul , ▁Turkey . ▁It ▁is ▁named ▁after ▁K ı l ı |
ç ▁Ali ▁P asha . ▁ ▁It ▁consists ▁of ▁a ▁mos que , ▁a ▁med re se , ▁a ▁ham am , ▁a ▁t ür be , ▁and ▁a ▁f ount ain . ▁Origin ally , ▁it ▁had ▁been ▁on ▁the ▁coast line , ▁but ▁since ▁the ▁sea ▁in ▁front ▁of ▁it ▁has ▁been ▁filled ▁again , ▁it ▁is ▁now ▁surrounded ▁by ▁other ▁buildings . ▁The ▁complex ▁was ▁built ▁on ▁the ▁orders ▁of ▁the ▁Kap ud an - i ▁D ery a ▁( Gr and ▁Admiral ) ▁K ı l ı ç ▁Ali ▁P asha . ▁When ▁the ▁P asha ▁was ▁told ▁to ▁build ▁the ▁complex ▁on ▁the ▁sea ▁for ▁being ▁the ▁Chief ▁Captain , ▁he ▁had ▁the ▁mos que ▁built ▁on ▁the ▁land ▁re claimed ▁from ▁the ▁sea . ▁ ▁Architect ure ▁ ▁There ▁are ▁two ▁chron ogram s ▁that ▁date ▁the ▁mos que , ▁both ▁yield ing ▁the ▁year ▁ 9 8 8 ▁in ▁the ▁Hij ri ▁( I sl amic ) ▁calendar ▁( 1 5 8 0 ▁in ▁the ▁Julian ▁calendar ). ▁ ▁One ▁of ▁the ▁two ▁in scriptions , ▁at ▁the ▁outer ▁entrance ▁of ▁the ▁complex , ▁features ▁a ▁ 4 - verse ▁poem ▁in ▁j ali ▁th ul uth ▁call ig raph ic ▁script ▁in ▁Ott oman ▁Turkish ▁by ▁the ▁poet ▁Ul v î ▁and ▁written ▁by ▁call ig rap her ▁Dem ir c ik ulu ▁Y us uf : ▁M î r - i ▁b ahr ▁â ’ n î ▁K ı l ı ç ▁Pa ş |
a ▁Kap ud an - ı ▁z em ân ▁Y apt ı ▁ ç ün ▁bu ▁cam ii ▁o la ▁y eri ▁Dar üss el â m ▁H ât if - i ▁k ud s î ▁g ör ü p ▁Ul v î ▁ded i ▁t ari h ini ▁E hl - i ▁im â na ▁ib â det g â h ▁o ls un ▁bu ▁m ak am ▁The ▁letters ▁in ▁the ▁final ▁line , ▁“ May ▁this ▁be ▁a ▁house ▁of ▁worship ▁for ▁people ▁of ▁the ▁faith ,” ▁add ▁up ▁to ▁the ▁number ▁ 9 8 8 . ▁ ▁All ▁three ▁doors ▁of ▁the ▁cour tyard ▁are ▁or nament ed . ▁The ▁cour tyard ▁also ▁has ▁a ▁marble ▁f ount ain ▁for ▁ab l ution ▁before ▁prayer ▁with ▁eight ▁columns ▁and ▁a ▁d ome . ▁The ▁outer ▁porch ▁has ▁a ▁sl oping ▁roof ▁supported ▁by ▁twelve ▁columns ▁on ▁the ▁west ▁faç ade ▁and ▁three ▁on ▁each ▁side , ▁all ▁with ▁rh omb us - shaped ▁cap itals . ▁In ▁the ▁center ▁is ▁a ▁marble ▁portal . ▁ ▁At ▁the ▁outer ▁cour tyard ▁in ▁the ▁grave yard ▁stands ▁an ▁oct agonal ▁t ür be ▁with ▁a ▁d ome ▁also ▁made ▁by ▁M im ar ▁Sin an . ▁Its ▁wooden ▁doors ▁are ▁in la id ▁with ▁mother - of - pe arl . ▁K ı l ı ç ▁Ali ▁P asha ' s ▁tomb ▁lies ▁inside ▁the ▁t ür be . ▁ ▁The ▁med re se , ▁opposite ▁the ▁sout heast ▁corner ▁of |
▁the ▁mos que , ▁is ▁almost ▁square . ▁This ▁structure ▁might ▁not ▁be ▁constructed ▁by ▁M im ar ▁Sin an ▁as ▁it ▁is ▁not ▁in ▁the ▁official ▁list ▁of ▁his ▁works , ▁the ▁T az kir at - al - Ab ni ya . ▁ ▁To ▁the ▁right ▁of ▁the ▁mos que ▁is ▁the ▁ham am , ▁of ▁which ▁the ▁construction ▁was ▁completed ▁in ▁ 1 5 8 3 . ▁The ▁glass ▁doors ▁lead ▁into ▁two ▁separate ▁so ğ uk lu ks ▁( c ool ▁rooms ) ▁that ▁are ▁placed ▁on ▁either ▁sides ▁of ▁the ▁har aret ▁( cal d arium - hot ▁room ) ▁which ▁is ▁hex agonal ▁in ▁plan ▁with ▁open ▁bath ing ▁places ▁in ▁four ▁of ▁its ▁six ▁ar ched ▁rec ess es , ▁the ▁other ▁two ▁opening ▁to ▁the ▁so ğ uk lu ks . ▁The ▁placement ▁of ▁the ▁so ğ uk lu ks ▁and ▁the ▁plan ▁of ▁the ▁har aret ▁differ ▁from ▁the ▁usual ▁application ▁carried ▁out ▁by ▁Sin an ▁in ▁his ▁other ▁ext ant ▁ham ams . ▁ ▁Mos que ▁The ▁central ▁d ome ▁of ▁the ▁mos que ▁is ▁ ▁in ▁diameter , ▁carried ▁on ▁p endent ives ▁on ▁gran ite ▁p iers ▁and ▁two ▁half - dom es ▁on ▁the ▁Q ib la ▁axis . ▁Tow ards ▁the ▁entrance , ▁on ▁two ▁sides , ▁there ▁is ▁a ▁two - story ▁gallery . ▁The ▁d ome ▁is ▁placed ▁at ▁the ▁center ▁with ▁two ▁ex ed ra e ▁similar ▁to ▁a ▁By z antine ▁bas il ica , |
▁thus ▁the ▁re sembl ance ▁to ▁H ag ia ▁Soph ia . ▁ ▁Above ▁the ▁prayer ▁hall ▁are ▁five ▁small ▁dom es ▁carried ▁on ▁six ▁marble ▁columns . ▁The ▁tile ▁panels ▁placed ▁high ▁in ▁the ▁prayer ▁hall ▁are ▁in scribed ▁with ▁ay ats ▁( vers es ) ▁from ▁the ▁Q ur an . ▁The ▁mos que ▁has ▁only ▁one ▁min aret ▁with ▁one ▁gallery . ▁There ▁are ▁ 2 4 7 ▁windows ▁including ▁the ▁ 2 4 ▁of ▁the ▁central ▁d ome . ▁The ▁mi hr ab ▁is ▁in ▁a ▁square ▁project ing ▁ap se . ▁▁ ▁A ▁ 1 6 th - century ▁ship ▁lamp ▁that ▁used ▁to ▁hang ▁from ▁the ▁central ▁d ome ▁was ▁taken ▁off ▁to ▁be ▁displayed ▁at ▁the ▁Museum ▁of ▁Ott oman ▁and ▁Turkish ▁Naval ▁History ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 8 . ▁ ▁Gallery ▁ ▁Rum ours ▁The ▁Turkish ▁research er ▁R as ih ▁N uri ▁ İ ler i ▁claimed ▁during ▁his ▁examination ▁of ▁the ▁complex ' s ▁foundation ▁documents ▁that ▁Spanish ▁writer ▁Miguel ▁de ▁C erv antes ▁was ▁a ▁forced ▁worker ▁at ▁the ▁construction ▁of ▁the ▁complex ▁during ▁his ▁en slave ment , ▁like ▁the ▁Capt ive ▁character ▁in ▁his ▁novel ▁Don ▁Qu ix ote . ▁ ▁It ▁is ▁said ▁that ▁when ▁K ı l ı ç ▁Ali ▁P asha ▁decided ▁to ▁end ow ▁a ▁mos que ▁toward ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁his ▁life , ▁he ▁applied ▁to ▁the ▁state ▁for ▁a ▁grant ▁of ▁land ▁( since ▁all ▁land ▁belonged ▁to ▁the ▁state ▁in ▁the ▁Ott |
oman ▁Empire ). ▁He ▁and ▁Grand ▁V iz ier ▁R ü st em ▁P asha ▁shared ▁a ▁strong ▁dis like ▁for ▁each ▁other , ▁so ▁the ▁V iz ier ▁reported ly ▁said : ▁" Since ▁he ▁is ▁the ▁adm iral , ▁let ▁him ▁build ▁his ▁mos que ▁on ▁the ▁sea ." ▁Und eter red , ▁K ı l ı ç ▁Ali ▁P asha ▁had ▁tons ▁of ▁rocks ▁brought ▁from ▁all ▁over ▁the ▁region ▁and ▁built ▁the ▁mos que ▁on ▁an ▁artificial ▁island ▁connected ▁to ▁the ▁main land ▁by ▁a ▁narrow ▁cause way . ▁The ▁mos que ▁is ▁now ▁well ▁in land , ▁since ▁the ▁sea ▁was ▁filled ▁during ▁the ▁construction ▁of ▁a ▁modern ▁port . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁List ▁of ▁Friday ▁mos ques ▁designed ▁by ▁M im ar ▁Sin an ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁ ▁Interior ▁pictures ▁of ▁K ı l ı ç ▁Ali ▁P asha ▁Mos que ▁ ▁a ▁map ▁and ▁a ▁short ▁guide ▁for ▁Sin an ' s ▁works ▁in ▁I stan bul ▁▁ ▁Outside ▁exterior ▁photos ▁of ▁K ı l ı ç ▁Ali ▁P asha ▁Mos que ▁ ▁K ı l ı ç ▁Ali ▁P asha ▁Mos que ▁ ▁Over ▁ 5 0 ▁pictures , ▁mainly ▁of ▁the ▁interior ▁ ▁Category : Rel igious ▁buildings ▁and ▁structures ▁completed ▁in ▁ 1 5 8 0 ▁Category : 1 6 th - century ▁mos ques ▁Category : M im ar ▁Sin an ▁buildings ▁Category : O tt oman ▁mos ques ▁in ▁I stan bul ▁Category : Rel igious ▁buildings |
▁and ▁structures ▁with ▁dom es ▁Category : B ey o ğ lu <0x0A> </s> ▁Albert ▁Green ▁( also ▁known ▁as ▁A . ▁B . ▁Green ) ▁was ▁an ▁American ▁record ▁industry ▁executive , ▁and ▁founder ▁and ▁president ▁of ▁National ▁Records . ▁ ▁Biography ▁Green ▁was ▁born ▁in ▁Chicago ▁where ▁he ▁worked ▁as ▁a ▁union ▁organ izer ▁for ▁the ▁Pain ters ▁Union . ▁He ▁moved ▁to ▁Phillips burg , ▁New ▁Jersey ▁where ▁he ▁owned ▁a ▁plastic ▁pressing ▁plant . ▁During ▁World ▁War ▁II , ▁his ▁factory ▁switched ▁from ▁producing ▁toilet ▁seat ▁covers ▁to ▁producing ▁plastic ▁records ▁- ▁which ▁had ▁previously ▁been ▁made ▁from ▁shell ac . ▁See ing ▁that ▁the ▁real ▁money ▁was ▁in ▁producing ▁records ▁and ▁not ▁knowing ▁anything ▁about ▁the ▁business , ▁he ▁hired ▁Sylv ia ▁Lang ler ▁( l ater ▁his ▁wife ), ▁who ▁had ▁experience ▁in ▁the ▁industry . ▁In ▁ 1 9 4 4 , ▁he ▁founded ▁National ▁Records ▁and ▁hired ▁Her b ▁A br am son , ▁a ▁friend ▁of ▁his ▁wife , ▁as ▁his ▁A & R ▁man . ▁As ▁the ▁business ▁grew , ▁he ▁brought ▁in ▁more ▁A & R ▁men ▁including ▁Lee ▁Mag id , ▁Bob ▁Sh ad , ▁and ▁Jesse ▁Stone . ▁ ▁Personal ▁life ▁He ▁married ▁his ▁secretary , ▁Sylv ia ▁Lang ler . ▁His ▁son ▁is ▁Ir ving ▁Green . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : Bus iness people ▁from ▁Chicago ▁Category : American ▁Jews ▁Category : American ▁record ▁producers <0x0A> </s> ▁K uni y oshi ▁( written : ▁ 国 吉 |
▁or ▁ 國 吉 ) ▁is ▁a ▁Japanese ▁surn ame . ▁Not able ▁people ▁with ▁the ▁surn ame ▁include : ▁ ▁, ▁Japanese ▁football er ▁, ▁American ▁painter ▁and ▁photographer ▁, ▁Japanese ▁baseball ▁player ▁ ▁K uni y oshi ▁( written : ▁ <0xE9> <0x82> <0xA6> 嘉 , ▁ <0xE9> <0x82> <0xA6> 佳 , ▁ <0xE9> <0x82> <0xA6> <0xE6> <0xA0> <0x84> , ▁ 國 義 ▁or ▁ 國 <0xE8> <0x8A> <0xB3> ) ▁is ▁also ▁a ▁mascul ine ▁Japanese ▁given ▁name . ▁Not able ▁people ▁with ▁the ▁name ▁include : ▁ ▁, ▁Japanese ▁mixed ▁mart ial ▁artist ▁, ▁Japanese ▁painter , ▁illustr ator ▁and ▁photographer ▁, ▁Japanese ▁educational ▁the or ist ▁and ▁publisher ▁, ▁Japanese ▁scientist ▁, ▁Japanese ▁da im y ō ▁, ▁Japanese ▁artist ▁in ▁wood block ▁printing ▁and ▁painting ▁ ▁Prince ▁K uni ▁K uni y oshi ▁( 1 8 7 3 – 1 9 2 9 ), ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁Japanese ▁imperial ▁family ▁and ▁field ▁mar shal ▁in ▁the ▁Imperial ▁Japanese ▁Army ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : J apan ese - language ▁surn ames ▁Category : J apan ese ▁mascul ine ▁given ▁names <0x0A> </s> ▁Under ▁Con T roll ▁a ka ▁G ob lin ▁- ▁Das ▁ist ▁e cht ▁T roll ▁/ ▁G ob lin ▁- ▁Out ▁of ▁Con T roll ▁is ▁a ▁German ▁horror ▁film ▁by ▁director ▁Eric ▁Dean ▁H ord es . ▁The ▁film ▁is ▁based ▁on ▁the ▁legend ▁of ▁Bur k art ▁K eller , ▁a ▁kn ight ▁from ▁ ▁B aden - B aden , ▁Germany |
. ▁It ▁was ▁partially ▁funded ▁through ▁a ▁successful ▁crow df und ing ▁campaign . ▁ ▁Plot ▁ ▁Hab erm ann ▁Version ▁ ▁Based ▁on ▁a ▁legend ▁from ▁the ▁Black ▁Forest ▁of ▁Germany , ▁Under ▁Con T RO LL ▁follows ▁an ▁evil ▁t roll ▁who ▁was ▁cast ▁into ▁stone ▁and ▁sealed ▁inside ▁a ▁statue ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 5 th ▁century . ▁He ▁is ▁in ad vert ently ▁brought ▁back ▁to ▁life ▁in ▁the ▁present ▁day ▁and ▁is ▁hell - b ent ▁on ▁getting ▁revenge ▁for ▁ 7 0 0 ▁years ▁of ▁imprison ment . ▁To ▁stay ▁und et ect ed , ▁the ▁t roll ▁possess es ▁the ▁body ▁of ▁a ▁beautiful , ▁sexy ▁local ▁vill ager , ▁and ▁sets ▁his ▁s ights ▁on ▁opening ▁a ▁portal ▁to ▁the ▁under world ▁which ▁would ▁un le ash ▁an ▁army ▁of ▁t roll s ▁to ▁help ▁him ▁take ▁over ▁the ▁world . ▁ ▁Only ▁a ▁prominent ▁scientist , ▁a ▁nos y ▁neighbor , ▁and ▁the ▁woman ' s ▁teen age ▁daughter ▁suspect ▁that ▁something ▁is ▁am iss , ▁and ▁desperately ▁try ▁to ▁stop ▁the ▁t roll ▁from ▁destroying ▁man kind . ▁ ▁H ord es ▁Version ▁▁ ▁During ▁construction ▁work ▁in ▁B aden - B aden , ▁Germany , ▁an ▁evil ▁t roll , ▁who ▁was ▁turned ▁into ▁stone ▁by ▁a ▁mag ician ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 5 th ▁century , ▁is ▁accidentally ▁brought ▁back ▁to ▁life . ▁The ▁t roll ▁tries ▁to ▁free ▁his ▁demon ic ▁companions ▁from ▁another ▁dimension . ▁Therefore ▁he ▁needs ▁the |
▁Great ▁Book ▁of ▁Sp ells ▁and ▁the ▁blood ▁of ▁a ▁vir gin . ▁In ▁order ▁not ▁to ▁be ▁discovered , ▁the ▁t roll ▁takes ▁the ▁form ▁of ▁Van essa ▁Maj er ▁and ▁turns ▁her ▁cousin ▁Hel ga ▁into ▁his ▁invol unt ary ▁slave . ▁Under ▁the ▁influence ▁of ▁the ▁spell , ▁Hel ga ▁ass ists ▁the ▁t roll ▁in ▁his ▁attempt ▁to ▁catch ▁Charlie , ▁the ▁vir gin ▁boyfriend ▁of ▁Van essa ' s ▁daughter ▁Natal ja . ▁The ▁plan ▁of ▁the ▁t roll ▁seems ▁to ▁come ▁true ▁if ▁it ▁wasn ' t ▁for ▁the ▁writer ▁Dr . ▁F ischer , ▁the ▁un successful ▁mag ician ▁R umb ur ak , ▁and ▁the ▁nos y ▁neighbor ▁B é atrice , ▁who ▁want ▁to ▁expose ▁the ▁t roll . ▁ ▁Cast ▁ ▁Hel mut ▁K ra uss ▁– ▁Dr . ▁F ischer ▁ ▁Kat y ▁Kar ren b auer ▁– ▁Hel ga ▁Wolf ▁ ▁Ji ří ▁L á bus ▁– ▁R umb ur ak ▁ ▁D és ir ée ▁Nick ▁– ▁Kath ar ina ▁von ▁B aden ▁ ▁Cec ilia ▁P ill ado ▁– ▁B é atrice ▁ ▁Nad ir ▁S is man ▁– ▁Charlie ▁ ▁George ▁Hard y ▁– ▁Michael ▁Wait s ▁ ▁R alf ▁B auer ▁– ▁Beng el h art ▁K eller ▁ ▁Bill ie ▁Z ö ck ler ▁– ▁Tip i ▁ ▁Santiago ▁Z ies mer ▁– ▁C és ar ▁ ▁Br itta ▁S elling ▁– ▁Mad ame ▁P im èle ▁ ▁Eva ▁Hab erm ann ▁– ▁Van essa ▁Maj |
er ▁ ▁Des ire e ▁Alt ig ▁– ▁Natal ja ▁Maj er ▁ ▁Production ▁Under ▁Con T RO LL ▁a ka ▁G ob lin ▁- ▁That ▁is ▁really ▁T roll ▁is ▁the ▁first ▁feature ▁film ▁produced ▁by ▁the ▁production ▁company ▁Mer k ur film ▁G mb H . ▁Eric ▁Dean ▁H ord es ▁and ▁Alexander ▁König ▁wrote ▁the ▁script ▁inspired ▁by ▁the ▁B ▁horror ▁film ▁T roll ▁ 2 ▁and ▁the ▁French ▁comedy ▁Les ▁Vis ite urs . ▁They ▁were ▁supported ▁by ▁screen writer ▁Simon ▁Haus child ▁and ▁Kat y ▁Kar ren b auer . ▁The ▁book ▁capt ures ▁the ▁K eller ▁S aga ▁and ▁transform s ▁the ▁historic ▁notes ▁into ▁a ▁story ▁set ▁in ▁the ▁present ▁time ▁set ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 8 0 s . ▁The ▁original ▁story ▁is ▁centered ▁around ▁the ▁legendary ▁figure ▁Bur k art ▁K eller . ▁It ▁del ivers ▁a ▁mot if ▁that ▁goes ▁back ▁into ▁the ▁late ▁Middle ▁A ges ▁which ▁can ▁be ▁found ▁in ▁the ▁Tr ink h alle , ▁diverse ▁cross es , ▁the ▁B atter t ▁Rock , ▁and ▁various ▁other ▁old ▁sources . ▁ ▁Creat ure ▁Artist ▁J ör g ▁Ste eg m üll er ▁became ▁co - produ cer ▁from ▁the ▁very ▁beginning ▁and ▁provided ▁a ▁mon etary ▁value ▁of ▁ 1 3 0 , 0 0 0 ▁e uros . ▁Act ress ▁Eva ▁Hab erm ann ▁later ▁took ▁on ▁a ▁role ▁as ▁co - produ cer . ▁ ▁Public ▁dispute ▁Des ire e ▁Nick ▁claimed , ▁Hab erm ann |
▁offered ▁her ▁€ 5 0 0 ▁to ▁sign ▁a ▁paper ▁that ▁states ▁Hab erm ann ▁owns ▁the ▁movie ▁rights . ▁Hab erm ann ▁now ▁wants ▁to ▁ban ▁the ▁film . ▁Eva ▁Hab erm ann ' s ▁production ▁company ▁Fant om film ▁G mb H ▁bought ▁the ▁film ▁rights ▁from ▁the ▁bankrupt cy ▁estate ▁of ▁Mer k ur film . ▁On ▁October ▁ 2 5 , ▁ 2 0 1 9 ▁the ▁German ▁newspaper ▁B ILD ▁announced ▁to ▁show ▁the ▁film ▁in ▁the ▁H ord es ▁version ▁for ▁ 4 8 ▁hours ▁on ▁their ▁website ▁for ▁sub scrib ers . ▁That ▁announcement ▁was ▁deleted ▁one ▁day ▁later . ▁ ▁Under ▁Cont roll ▁a ka ▁G ob lin - ▁That ▁is ▁really ▁T roll ▁and ▁T roll ▁ 2 ▁After ▁reaching ▁an ▁agreement ▁with ▁T roll ▁ 2 ▁director ▁Cl audio ▁Fr ag asso , ▁Eric ▁Dean ▁H ord es ▁was ▁allowed ▁to ▁integrate ▁the ▁T roll ▁ 2 ▁character ▁Michael ▁Wait s ▁into ▁G ob lin ▁- ▁That ▁is ▁really ▁T roll . ▁They ▁engaged ▁the ▁original ▁actor , ▁George ▁Hard y , ▁to ▁re prise ▁his ▁role ▁as ▁Michael ▁Wait s ▁and ▁establish ▁G ob lin ▁- ▁That ▁is ▁really ▁T roll ▁as ▁a ▁film ▁c ros so ver ▁that ▁draws ▁on ▁Michael ▁Wait s ’ ▁events ▁and ▁mix es ▁them ▁with ▁the ▁story . ▁In ▁G ob lin ▁- ▁That ▁is ▁really ▁T roll , ▁it ' s ▁the ▁other ▁way ▁around : ▁the ▁main ▁character ▁is ▁a ▁T roll ▁and ▁there |
▁are ▁no ▁G ob l ins . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁ ▁G ob lin ▁- ▁Das ▁ist ▁e cht ▁T roll ▁on ▁I MD b ▁Start next ▁( de utsch ) ▁ ▁Category : G erman ▁films ▁Category : 2 0 1 0 s ▁monster ▁movies ▁Category : Intern et ▁mem es ▁Category : 2 0 1 9 ▁films <0x0A> </s> ▁K orn ily ev sk aya ▁Sl ob oda ▁() ▁is ▁a ▁rural ▁local ity ▁( a ▁village ) ▁in ▁R ost il ov sk oy e ▁R ural ▁S ett lement , ▁G ry az ov et sky ▁District , ▁V olog da ▁O bl ast , ▁Russia . ▁The ▁population ▁was ▁ 1 4 ▁as ▁of ▁ 2 0 0 2 . ▁ ▁Ge ography ▁ ▁The ▁distance ▁to ▁G ry az ov ets ▁is ▁ 4 km , ▁to ▁R ost il ovo ▁is ▁ 6 km . ▁G ork a ▁is ▁the ▁nearest ▁rural ▁local ity . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁▁ ▁Category : R ural ▁local ities ▁in ▁V olog da ▁O bl ast ▁Category : R ural ▁local ities ▁in ▁G ry az ov et sky ▁District <0x0A> </s> ▁George ▁Richard son ▁C ott rel le ▁( M arch ▁ 2 , ▁ 1 8 7 9 ▁– ▁January ▁ 1 , ▁ 1 9 5 3 ) ▁was ▁born ▁and ▁raised ▁in ▁the ▁former ▁Township ▁of ▁Es ques ing , ▁which ▁is ▁now ▁the ▁Town ▁of ▁Mil ton . ▁After |
▁gradu ating ▁from ▁the ▁Ontario ▁Agricult ural ▁College , ▁he ▁spent ▁some ▁years ▁working ▁for ▁the ▁Department ▁of ▁Agricult ure , ▁before ▁joining ▁the ▁Canadian ▁Bank ▁of ▁Commerce ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 5 , ▁where ▁he ▁became ▁a ▁Bank ▁Director ▁from ▁ 1 9 3 8 ▁to ▁ 1 9 5 3 . ▁ ▁C ott rel le ▁served ▁on ▁several ▁boards ▁including : ▁Map le ▁Le af ▁Gard ens , ▁Ab it ib i ▁Power ▁and ▁Paper ▁Company ▁and ▁the ▁Royal ▁Agricult ural ▁Winter ▁Fair . ▁He ▁was ▁an ▁executive ▁with ▁the ▁Toronto ▁Map le ▁Le af s ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 3 0 s ▁and ▁ 1 9 4 0 s , ▁and ▁helped ▁to ▁finance ▁the ▁building ▁of ▁Map le ▁Le af ▁Gard ens ▁in ▁Dow nt own ▁Toronto ▁( on ▁the ▁north west ▁corner ▁of ▁Carl ton ▁Street ▁and ▁Church ▁Street ) ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 1 . ▁His ▁name ▁is ▁in scribed ▁on ▁the ▁Stanley ▁Cup ▁with ▁the ▁Map le ▁Le af s ▁for ▁their ▁victory ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 2 . ▁He ▁was ▁a ▁bank er ▁by ▁profession ▁and ▁was ▁appointed ▁Oil ▁Controller ▁for ▁Canada ▁on ▁June ▁ 2 9 , ▁ 1 9 4 0 ▁by ▁the ▁w art ime ▁government ▁of ▁Mac K enz ie ▁King ▁on ▁the ▁recommendation ▁of ▁his ▁Minister ▁of ▁Transport ▁C . ▁D . ▁How e . ▁ ▁This ▁was ▁described ▁as ▁" the ▁tou g hest ▁of ▁all ▁jobs ▁during ▁the ▁war ," ▁but ▁C ott |
rel le ▁was ▁awarded ▁the ▁Order ▁of ▁the ▁British ▁Empire ▁for ▁his ▁service ▁to ▁Canada ▁through ▁his ▁position . ▁On ▁February ▁ 2 2 , ▁ 2 0 1 4 , ▁George ▁R . ▁C ott rel le ▁was ▁indu cted ▁into ▁the ▁Mil ton ▁Walk ▁Of ▁Fame . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁Picture ▁of ▁George ▁C ott rel le ' s ▁Name ▁on ▁the ▁ 1 9 4 2 ▁Stanley ▁Cup ▁Pl aque ▁George ▁C ott rel le ▁App oint ed ▁National ▁Oil ▁Controller ▁June ▁ 2 9 , ▁ 1 9 4 0 ▁▁ ▁Category : 1 8 7 9 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 9 5 3 ▁deaths ▁Category : Tor onto ▁Map le ▁Le af s ▁execut ives ▁Category : St an ley ▁Cup ▁champions <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁ 1 9 8 8 ▁Brist ol ▁City ▁Council ▁election ▁took ▁place ▁on ▁ 5 ▁May ▁ 1 9 8 8 ▁to ▁elect ▁members ▁of ▁Brist ol ▁City ▁Council ▁in ▁England . ▁This ▁was ▁on ▁the ▁same ▁day ▁as ▁other ▁local ▁elections . ▁One ▁third ▁of ▁seats ▁were ▁up ▁for ▁election . ▁This ▁was ▁the ▁first ▁election ▁following ▁the ▁mer ger ▁of ▁the ▁Liberal ▁Party ▁and ▁SD P ▁to ▁form ▁the ▁Social ▁& ▁Liberal ▁Democrats . ▁There ▁were ▁also ▁several ▁candidates ▁representing ▁the ▁continuing ▁SD P . ▁There ▁was ▁a ▁general ▁small ▁swing ▁to ▁Labour . ▁ ▁Ward ▁results ▁ ▁The ▁change ▁is ▁calculated ▁using ▁the ▁results ▁when ▁these ▁actual ▁seats ▁were ▁last ▁cont ested , ▁i . |
e . ▁the ▁ 1 9 8 4 ▁election . ▁ ▁Av on mouth ▁ ▁The ▁Conserv atives ▁won ▁Av on mouth ▁in ▁a ▁by - election ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 7 ▁and ▁lost ▁the ▁seat ▁back ▁to ▁Labour ▁at ▁this ▁election . ▁ ▁Bishop ston ▁ ▁Bishop sw orth ▁ ▁Br is lington ▁East ▁ ▁Br is lington ▁West ▁ ▁Cl if ton ▁ ▁C oth am ▁ ▁Hart cl iffe ▁ ▁Hen bury ▁ ▁H eng ro ve ▁ ▁Hen le aze ▁ ▁Hor field ▁ ▁Kings west on ▁ ▁Know le ▁ ▁Red land ▁ ▁St ▁George ▁East ▁ ▁St ▁George ▁West ▁ ▁South m ead ▁ ▁Stock wood ▁ ▁Sto ke ▁Bishop ▁ ▁West bury - on - Try m ▁ ▁Wh itch urch ▁Park ▁ ▁Wind mill ▁Hill ▁ ▁S ources ▁ ▁Brist ol ▁Even ing ▁Post ▁ 6 ▁May ▁ 1 9 8 8 ▁▁ 1 9 8 8 ▁Category : 1 9 8 8 ▁English ▁local ▁elections ▁Category : 1 9 8 0 s ▁in ▁Brist ol <0x0A> </s> ▁was ▁a ▁professional ▁Go ▁player . ▁ ▁Biography ▁ ▁Oh ira ▁was ▁born ▁in ▁G if u , ▁Japan . ▁T aken ▁under ▁the ▁wing ▁of ▁the ▁pro l ific ▁Kit ani ▁Minor u ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 1 , ▁Oh ira ▁quickly ▁rose ▁in ▁rank . ▁By ▁ 1 9 4 7 , ▁he ▁had ▁obtained ▁professional ▁ 1 ▁dan , ▁being ▁promoted ▁to ▁ 2 ▁dan ▁in ▁the ▁same ▁year . ▁By ▁ |
1 9 5 5 ▁he ▁was ▁ 6 ▁dan , ▁and ▁by ▁ 1 9 6 3 ▁he ▁reached ▁the ▁peak ▁of ▁ 9 ▁dan . ▁His ▁first ▁big ▁break ▁came ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 6 ▁when ▁he ▁won ▁the ▁N ih on ▁Ki - in ▁Championship , ▁and ▁def ended ▁it ▁for ▁ 3 ▁years . ▁Along ▁with ▁Tak ag awa ▁K aku , ▁Sak ata ▁E io , ▁and ▁I sh ida ▁Y osh io , ▁Oh ira ▁was ▁the ▁only ▁player ▁to ▁win ▁this ▁title . ▁In ▁ 1 9 7 7 , ▁he ▁won ▁his ▁first ▁major ▁title ▁by ▁winning ▁the ▁Hay ago ▁Championship . ▁Ten ▁years ▁later ▁her ▁set ▁a ▁new ▁record ▁of ▁success ive ▁wins , ▁with ▁ 1 7 . ▁During ▁his ▁time , ▁he ▁was ▁an ▁active ▁player ▁in ▁the ▁Me ij in ▁and ▁Hon in bo ▁le agues . ▁He ▁lived ▁in ▁Y ok oh ama , ▁Japan ▁before ▁he ▁died . ▁ ▁Tit les ▁& ▁run ners - up ▁▁ ▁Category : 1 9 3 0 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 9 9 8 ▁deaths ▁Category : J apan ese ▁Go ▁players <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Tor res – B anks ▁languages ▁form ▁a ▁link age ▁of ▁Southern ▁Ocean ic ▁languages ▁spoken ▁in ▁the ▁Tor res ▁Islands ▁and ▁B anks ▁Islands ▁of ▁northern ▁Van u atu . ▁ ▁L anguages ▁François ▁( 2 0 1 1 ) ▁recogn izes ▁ 1 7 ▁languages ▁spoken ▁by ▁ 9 , 4 0 0 ▁people ▁in |
▁ 5 0 ▁villages , ▁including ▁ 1 6 ▁living ▁( 3 ▁of ▁which ▁are ▁mor ib und ) ▁and ▁one ▁ext inct ▁language . ▁ ▁The ▁ 1 7 ▁languages , ▁ranked ▁from ▁north west ▁to ▁sout heast , ▁are : ▁ ▁{ | ▁class =" wik itable ▁sort able " ▁! ▁Language ▁!! ▁Number ▁of ▁speakers ▁!! ▁ISO ▁ 6 3 9 - 3 ▁code ▁!! ▁Island ( s ) ▁spoken ▁| - ▁| ▁H iw ▁|| ▁ 2 8 0 ▁|| ▁ ▁|| ▁H iw ▁| - ▁| ▁Lo - T oga ▁|| ▁ 5 8 0 ▁|| ▁ ▁|| ▁T eg ua , ▁Lo , ▁T oga ▁| - ▁| ▁Le h ali ▁|| ▁ 2 0 0 ▁|| ▁ ▁|| ▁U re par ap ara ▁| - ▁| ▁L ö y ö p ▁|| ▁ 2 4 0 ▁|| ▁ ▁|| ▁U re par ap ara ▁| - ▁| ▁Vol ow ▁|| ▁ext inct ▁|| ▁ ▁|| ▁M ota ▁L ava ▁| - ▁| ▁M w ot lap ▁|| ▁ 2 1 0 0 ▁|| ▁ ▁|| ▁M ota ▁L ava ▁| - ▁| ▁Lem er ig ▁|| ▁ 2 ▁( mor ib und ) ▁|| ▁ ▁|| ▁Van ua ▁L ava ▁| - ▁| ▁V era ' a ▁|| ▁ 5 0 0 ▁|| ▁ ▁|| ▁Van ua ▁L ava ▁| - ▁| ▁V ur ë s ▁|| ▁ 2 0 0 0 ▁|| ▁ ▁|| ▁Van ua ▁L ava ▁| - ▁| ▁M w esen ▁|| |
▁ 1 0 ▁( mor ib und ) ▁|| ▁ ▁|| ▁Van ua ▁L ava ▁| - ▁| ▁M ota ▁|| ▁ 7 5 0 ▁|| ▁ ▁|| ▁M ota ▁| - ▁| ▁N ume ▁|| ▁ 7 0 0 ▁|| ▁ ▁|| ▁G au a ▁| - ▁| ▁D orig ▁|| ▁ 3 0 0 ▁|| ▁ ▁|| ▁G au a ▁| - ▁| ▁K oro ▁|| ▁ 2 5 0 ▁|| ▁ ▁|| ▁G au a ▁| - ▁| ▁Ol rat ▁|| ▁ 3 ▁( mor ib und ) ▁|| ▁ ▁|| ▁G au a ▁| - ▁| ▁L ak on ▁|| ▁ 8 0 0 ▁|| ▁ ▁|| ▁G au a ▁| - ▁| ▁M wer lap ▁|| ▁ 1 1 0 0 ▁|| ▁ ▁|| ▁Mer el ava ▁| } ▁ ▁C od ring ton ▁( 1 8 8 5 ) ▁also ▁lists ▁the ▁A lo - T eq el ▁language , ▁long ▁since ▁ext inct . ▁ ▁Compar ative ▁studies ▁A . ▁François ▁has ▁published ▁several ▁studies ▁comparing ▁various ▁features ▁of ▁the ▁Tor res – B anks ▁languages : ▁ ▁François ▁( 2 0 0 5 ): ▁In vent ories ▁of ▁v ow el ▁systems , ▁and ▁their ▁historical ▁development ; ▁ ▁François ▁( 2 0 0 7 ): ▁Systems ▁of ▁n oun ▁articles , ▁and ▁their ▁historical ▁development ; ▁ ▁François ▁( 2 0 0 9 ): ▁How ▁several ▁languages ▁gram mat ical ized ▁a ▁set ▁of ▁light ▁personal ▁pron oun s ▁into ▁mark ers ▁for ▁“ |
a or ist ” ▁aspect ; ▁ ▁François ▁( 2 0 1 1 ): ▁How ▁Tor res – B anks ▁languages ▁tend ▁to ▁show ▁structural ▁is omorphism , ▁yet ▁le x ical ▁diversity ; ▁ ▁François ▁( 2 0 1 3 ): ▁E ty m ological ▁reconstruction ▁of ▁spiritual ▁terms ▁in ▁Tor res – B anks ▁languages ; ▁ ▁François ▁( 2 0 1 5 ): ▁Systems ▁of ▁ge oc entric ▁space ▁direction als , ▁and ▁their ▁historical ▁development ; ▁ ▁François ▁( 2 0 1 6 ): ▁Historical ▁morph ology ▁of ▁personal ▁pron oun s . ▁ ▁François ▁( 2 0 1 2 ) ▁is ▁a ▁soci ol ingu istic ▁study ▁of ▁the ▁area . ▁ ▁Gene al og ical ▁structure ▁of ▁the ▁Tor res – B anks ▁link age ▁The ▁internal ▁structure ▁of ▁the ▁Tor res – B anks ▁link age ▁was ▁assess ed ▁based ▁on ▁the ▁Compar ative ▁method , ▁and ▁presented ▁in ▁the ▁framework ▁of ▁historical ▁gl ott ometry ▁( Fr anç ois ▁ 2 0 1 4 , ▁ 2 0 1 7 ; ▁Kal yan ▁& ▁François ▁ 2 0 1 8 ). ▁ ▁Kal yan ▁& ▁François ▁( 2 0 1 8 : ▁ 8 1 ) ▁identified ▁the ▁following ▁best - supported ▁sub groups ▁( in ▁decre asing ▁order ▁of ▁gene al og ical ▁clos eness ): ▁ ▁M w ot lap ▁– ▁Vol ow ▁ ▁H iw ▁– ▁Lo - T oga ▁ ▁V ur ë s ▁– ▁M w esen ▁ ▁Lem er |
ig ▁– ▁V era ' a ▁ ▁K oro ▁– ▁Ol rat ▁– ▁L ak on ▁ ▁D orig ▁– ▁K oro ▁– ▁Ol rat ▁– ▁L ak on ▁ ▁Ol rat ▁– ▁L ak on ▁ ▁Le h ali ▁– ▁L ö y ö p ▁– ▁M w ot lap ▁– ▁Vol ow ▁▁ 1 5 ▁B anks ▁languages ▁together ▁( Le h ali ▁– ▁L ö y ö p ▁– ▁M w ot lap ▁– ▁Vol ow ▁– ▁Lem er ig ▁– ▁V era ' a ▁– ▁V ur ë s ▁– ▁M w esen ▁– ▁M ota ▁– ▁N ume ▁– ▁D orig ▁– ▁K oro ▁– ▁Ol rat ▁– ▁L ak on ▁– ▁M wer lap ) ▁ ▁etc . ▁ ▁Notes ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁C od ring ton , ▁Robert ▁Henry ▁( 1 8 8 5 ). ▁The ▁Mel anes ian ▁L anguages . ▁Oxford : ▁Cl are nd on ▁Press ▁( full ▁text ▁from ▁the ▁Internet ▁Arch ive ). ▁▁ ▁. ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁ ▁Map ▁and ▁information ▁on ▁the ▁ 1 7 ▁Tor res ▁& ▁B anks ▁languages . ▁ ▁Category : L anguages ▁of ▁Van u atu ▁* <0x0A> </s> ▁Fre ight d ynamics ▁is ▁a ▁subs idi ary ▁of ▁South ▁Africa ' s ▁state - owned ▁transport ▁giant ▁Trans net . ▁▁▁ ▁The ▁company ▁operates ▁four ▁main ▁termin als : ▁Johannes burg , ▁Cape ▁Town , ▁Port ▁Elizabeth ▁and ▁Dur ban . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁Inter modal ▁fre ight ▁transport ▁ ▁Ex |
ternal ▁links ▁Fre ight d ynamics ▁ ▁Category : Com pan ies ▁based ▁in ▁Johannes burg ▁Category : Transport ▁operators ▁of ▁South ▁Africa <0x0A> </s> ▁End ▁of ▁Everything ▁are ▁a ▁Progress ive ▁death ▁metal ▁band ▁from ▁Glasgow , ▁Scotland , ▁United ▁Kingdom . ▁Their ▁album ▁Three ▁is ▁out ▁now ▁and ▁received ▁a ▁ 7 / 1 0 ▁from ▁Metal ▁Ham mer . ▁They ▁have ▁supported ▁F ear ▁Factory ▁and ▁recently ▁played ▁the ▁T aste ▁of ▁Cha os ▁Festival . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁ ▁Official ▁website ▁with ▁samples ▁from ▁album ▁ ▁M ys pace ▁page ▁for ▁the ▁band ▁ ▁Category : B rit ish ▁progressive ▁metal ▁musical ▁groups ▁Category : Sc ott ish ▁death ▁metal ▁musical ▁groups <0x0A> </s> ▁All ied ▁Air ▁Command ▁ İ z mir ▁was ▁a ▁component ▁command ▁within ▁NAT O . ▁ ▁History ▁Pre viously ▁designated ▁A IR SO UT H ▁and ▁located ▁in ▁Italy , ▁the ▁Head quarters ▁of ▁the ▁All ied ▁Air ▁Component ▁Command ▁for ▁Southern ▁Europe ▁was ▁established ▁in ▁ İ z mir , ▁Turkey , ▁on ▁ 1 1 ▁August ▁ 2 0 0 4 . ▁The ▁command , ▁which ▁was ▁renamed ▁the ▁All ied ▁Air ▁Command ▁ İ z mir ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 0 , ▁reported ▁to ▁the ▁All ied ▁J oint ▁Force ▁Command ▁Nap les ▁based ▁in ▁Nap les , ▁Italy . ▁The ▁last ▁commander ▁of ▁the ▁NAT O ▁All ied ▁Air ▁Component ▁Command ▁ İ z mir ▁was ▁Lieutenant ▁General ▁Ralph ▁J od ice . ▁It ▁was |
▁de activ ated ▁on ▁ 1 ▁June ▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁when ▁All ied ▁Air ▁Command ▁at ▁Ram stein ▁became ▁the ▁sole ▁all ied ▁air ▁component ▁command . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : Form ations ▁of ▁the ▁NAT O ▁Military ▁Command ▁Str ucture ▁ 1 9 9 4 – present ▁Category : Mil itary ▁units ▁and ▁form ations ▁established ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 4 ▁Category : Mil itary ▁in ▁ İ z mir ▁Province <0x0A> </s> ▁S incl air ▁House ▁was ▁a ▁ 1 9 th - century ▁hotel ▁which ▁stood ▁at ▁ 7 5 4 ▁Broadway ▁ ▁His ▁New ▁York ▁Times ▁ob it uary ▁described ▁him ▁as ▁" one ▁of ▁the ▁best - known ▁hotel ▁keep ers ▁in ▁this ▁country ." ▁▁▁ ▁After ▁Ash man ▁died , ▁his ▁wid ow ▁there after ▁operated ▁the ▁hotel ▁until ▁it ▁closed ▁on ▁April ▁ 4 , ▁ 1 9 0 8 , ▁the ▁same ▁day ▁that ▁the ▁Fifth ▁Avenue ▁Hotel ▁closed . ▁ ▁Vis itors ▁to ▁S incl air ▁House ▁included ▁Hor ace ▁Gree ley , ▁William ▁C ull en ▁Bry ant , ▁Gro ver ▁Cleveland , ▁and ▁Sam ▁Ward , ▁the ▁names ake ▁for ▁the ▁hotel ▁restaurant ' s ▁" Sam ▁Ward ▁Ste ak ." ▁▁ ▁The ▁restaurant ▁in ▁the ▁hotel ▁was ▁well ▁known , ▁described ▁by ▁one ▁New ▁York ▁paper ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 0 ▁as ▁" ce le br ated ▁for ▁its ▁tooth some ▁terr ap in , ▁its ▁canvas back ▁d ucks , ▁its ▁t urt le |
▁soup , ▁its ▁o yster ▁and ▁tri pe ▁st ew s , ▁no ▁less ▁than ▁for ▁its ▁more ▁ple be ian ▁cor ned ▁beef ▁and ▁cab bage ." ▁ ▁Francis ▁Mar ion ▁Craw ford ' s ▁novel ▁Kath ar ine ▁La ud erd ale ▁was ▁partially ▁written ▁while ▁he ▁stayed ▁there , ▁and ▁its ▁events ▁are ▁laid ▁out ▁in ▁the ▁same ▁neighborhood . ▁ ▁Henry ▁C uy ler ▁Bun ner ▁stayed ▁there ▁while ▁writing ▁Short ▁Six es ▁and ▁his ▁Washington ▁Square ▁stories . ▁ ▁Other ▁well - known ▁guests ▁included ▁play wright ▁Paul ▁Pot ter ▁and ▁expl orer ▁Paul ▁Du ▁Cha ill u . ▁▁ ▁The ▁S incl air ▁House ▁hosted ▁many ▁events . ▁ ▁For ▁example , ▁in ▁November ▁ 1 8 6 3 ▁it ▁hosted ▁a ▁meeting ▁of ▁the ▁may oral ty ▁convention ▁of ▁New ▁York ▁City ▁and ▁the ▁County ▁of ▁New ▁York , ▁organized ▁by ▁the ▁Democratic ▁Party ▁general ▁committee . ▁ ▁The ▁same ▁month ▁the ▁establishment ▁was ▁the ▁location ▁of ▁delegate ▁selection ▁of ▁several ▁convent ions ▁pert inent ▁to ▁the ▁ 5 th ▁Ward ▁Union ▁Association . ▁ ▁Re placement ▁building ▁ ▁The ▁hotel ▁was ▁demol ished ▁shortly ▁after ▁closing ▁in ▁April ▁ 1 9 0 8 ▁to ▁make ▁way ▁for ▁an ▁office ▁building . ▁ ▁A ▁ 1 2 - story ▁building ▁was ▁constructed ▁in ▁ 1 9 0 8 – 0 9 , ▁a ka ▁" The ▁S incl air ▁Building ", ▁and ▁is ▁still ▁standing ▁as ▁of ▁ 2 0 1 5 . ▁ ▁See ▁also |
▁ ▁List ▁of ▁former ▁hotels ▁in ▁Manhattan ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁▁ 1 8 9 5 ▁photo ▁at ▁New ▁York ▁Heritage ▁digital ▁collections ▁▁ 1 9 0 0 ▁Menu ▁for ▁S incl air ▁House , ▁New ▁York ▁Public ▁Library ▁( note ▁ste aks ▁with ▁more ▁expensive ▁" a ▁la ▁Sam ▁Ward " ▁option ) ▁ ▁S incl air ▁House ▁records ▁( 1 8 9 3 – 1 9 0 8 ) ▁information , ▁New ▁York ▁Public ▁Library ▁Archives ▁& ▁Man us cript s ▁ ▁Category : Def unct ▁hotels ▁in ▁Manhattan ▁Category : History ▁of ▁New ▁York ▁City ▁Category : 1 9 0 8 ▁dis est ablish ments ▁in ▁New ▁York ▁( state ) ▁Category : 1 9 th - century ▁establish ments ▁in ▁New ▁York ▁( state ) ▁Category : Dem ol ished ▁buildings ▁and ▁structures ▁in ▁Manhattan ▁Category : Build ings ▁and ▁structures ▁demol ished ▁in ▁ 1 9 0 8 ▁Category : Broad way ▁( Man hattan ) <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁rod ent ▁family ▁Di at omy idae , ▁found ▁in ▁Asia , ▁is ▁represented ▁by ▁a ▁single ▁known ▁living ▁species , ▁La on ast es ▁a en ig m am us . ▁ ▁" L azar us ▁effect " ▁ ▁Before ▁La on ast es ▁was ▁discovered , ▁the ▁family ▁Di at omy idae ▁was ▁known ▁only ▁from ▁foss ils . ▁ ▁The ▁family ▁has ▁a ▁nearly ▁continuous ▁foss il ▁range ▁from ▁Early ▁O lig oc ene ▁foss ils ▁of ▁Fall om us ▁from ▁the ▁Lower |
▁Ch itar w ata ▁Form ation ▁( 3 2 . 5 ▁million ▁years ▁ago , ▁Bug ti ▁Member , ▁Bug ti ▁Hills , ) ▁in ▁Bal och istan , ▁Pakistan , ▁to ▁Middle / L ate ▁Mi oc ene ▁foss ils ▁( 1 1 ▁My a ) ▁of ▁Di atom ys . ▁ ▁Jen kins ▁et ▁al . ▁reported ▁the ▁discovery ▁of ▁a ▁wh olly ▁unique ▁new ▁species ▁of ▁rod ent , ▁La on ast es ▁a en ig m am us , ▁for ▁which ▁they ▁created ▁a ▁new ▁family , ▁La on ast idae . ▁ ▁They ▁suggested ▁it ▁was ▁a ▁h yst ric ogn ath ▁rod ent , ▁but ▁bas al ▁to ▁all ▁other ▁h yst ric ogn ath s . ▁Daw son , ▁et ▁al , ▁re - evalu ated ▁the ▁ph y log en etic ▁position ▁of ▁La on ast es ▁based ▁on ▁morph ology ▁and ▁included ▁foss il ▁tax a ▁in ▁their ▁analysis . ▁ ▁They ▁determined ▁ ▁La on ast es ▁is ▁actually ▁sc i uro gn ath ous ▁and ▁belongs ▁to ▁the ▁Di at omy idae . ▁They ▁also ▁described ▁the ▁Di at omy idae ▁as ▁a ▁L azar us ▁tax on ▁due ▁to ▁the ▁ 1 1 - mill ion - year ▁gap ▁between ▁the ▁most ▁recent ▁di at omy id ▁in ▁the ▁foss il ▁record ▁and ▁the ▁existence ▁of ▁La on ast es ▁today . ▁ ▁The ▁only ▁other ▁comparable ▁length ▁of ▁time ▁for ▁a ▁mamm al ▁L azar us ▁tax on ▁is ▁the |
▁mon ito ▁del ▁mon te , ▁which ▁is ▁part ▁of ▁a ▁family ▁( M icro bi other i idae ), ▁also ▁most ▁recently ▁known ▁from ▁Mi oc ene ▁depos its . ▁▁ ▁Mary ▁Daw son ▁described ▁La on ast es ▁as ▁the ▁" co el ac anth ▁of ▁rod ents " ▁. ▁ ▁Character istics ▁ ▁The ▁Di at omy idae ▁are ▁similar ▁to ▁both ▁the ▁C ten od act yl idae ▁and ▁the ▁An om al ur om or pha ▁in ▁being ▁simultaneously ▁h yst ric omorph ous ▁and ▁sc i uro gn ath ous . ▁ ▁The ▁mass eter ic ▁foss a ▁in ▁di at omy ids ▁is ▁en larg ed ▁and ▁extends ▁to ▁below ▁the ▁first ▁cheek ▁tooth . ▁ ▁The ▁en am el ▁on ▁inc is ors ▁is ▁mult iser ial ▁( sim ilar ▁to ▁the ▁spring h are , ▁g und is , ▁and ▁H yst ric ogn ath i ). ▁ ▁The ▁single ▁prem olar ▁on ▁both ▁the ▁upper ▁and ▁lower ▁tooth ▁rows ▁is ▁en larg ed ▁( un like ▁the ▁reduced ▁state ▁in ▁C ten od act yl idae ). ▁ ▁Most ▁di at omy ids ▁have ▁cheek ▁teeth ▁with ▁four ▁roots ▁except ▁for ▁the ▁first . ▁In ▁La on ast es , ▁the ▁lower ▁mol ars ▁have ▁four ▁roots , ▁but ▁upper ▁cheek ▁teeth ▁have ▁three ▁roots ▁including ▁a ▁U - shaped ▁anterior ▁root ▁that ▁may ▁be ▁derived ▁from ▁the ▁mer ging ▁of ▁two ▁roots . ▁ ▁Living ▁di at omy ids ▁are ▁only ▁represented |
▁by ▁the ▁La ot ian ▁rock ▁rat ▁from ▁the ▁K ham m ou an ▁region ▁of ▁La os . ▁ ▁F oss il ▁di at omy ids ▁have ▁been ▁recovered ▁in ▁Pakistan , ▁India , ▁Thailand , ▁China , ▁Japan , ▁and ▁Saudi ▁Arabia . ▁ ▁Rel ationship ▁to ▁other ▁rod ents ▁ ▁The ▁uniqu eness ▁of ▁the ▁La ot ian ▁rock ▁rat ▁was ▁clear ▁upon ▁its ▁initial ▁discovery . ▁ ▁The ▁results ▁of ▁the ▁ph y log en etic ▁analys es ▁were ▁somewhat ▁incon clusive ▁and ▁contrad ict ory . ▁ ▁Both ▁morph ological ▁and ▁molecular ▁studies ▁suggested ▁La on ast es ▁is ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁rod ent ▁sub order ▁H yst ric ogn ath i . ▁ ▁The ▁morph ological ▁analysis ▁suggested ▁it ▁is ▁the ▁most ▁bas al ▁h yst ric ogn ath . ▁F oss il ▁tax a ▁were ▁not ▁included ▁in ▁the ▁morph ological ▁analysis . ▁ ▁Analysis ▁of ▁mt D NA ▁ 1 2 S ▁r R NA ▁and ▁cy to chrome ▁b ▁sequence , ▁however , ▁suggested ▁La on ast es ▁might ▁be ▁related ▁to ▁living ▁African ▁h yst ric ogn ath s ▁such ▁as ▁the ▁dass ie ▁rat ▁and ▁the ▁naked ▁mole ▁rat . ▁ ▁Another ▁type ▁of ▁analysis ▁on ▁the ▁cy to chrome ▁b ▁sequence ▁data ▁produced ▁the ▁same ▁result ▁as ▁morph ology . ▁ ▁Neither ▁analysis , ▁however , ▁showed ▁entirely ▁robust ▁statistical ▁support ▁for ▁the ▁position ▁of ▁La on ast es ▁within ▁the ▁h yst ric ogn ath s ; ▁altogether , |
▁it ▁appeared ▁to ▁belong ▁among ▁the ▁bas al ▁African ▁radiation . ▁ ▁Daw son ▁et ▁al . ▁also ▁ref ut ed ▁the ▁notion ▁that ▁La on ast es ▁is ▁a ▁h yst ric ogn ath ▁and ▁instead ▁argued ▁that ▁the ▁mand ible ▁is ▁sc i uro gn ath ous . ▁ ▁They ▁evaluated ▁La on ast es ▁in ▁comparison ▁to ▁several ▁foss il ▁rod ents ▁and ▁determined ▁it ▁is ▁closely ▁related ▁to ▁the ▁di at omy ids , ▁particularly ▁Di atom ys . ▁ ▁Their ▁results ▁suggested ▁the ▁Di at omy idae ▁are ▁a ▁sister ▁group ▁to ▁the ▁C ten od act yl idae , ▁and ▁ ▁this ▁di at omy id / ct en od act yl id ▁cl ade ▁( al ong ▁with ▁the ▁Yu omy idae ) ▁is ▁sister ▁to ▁the ▁H yst ric ogn ath i . ▁ ▁Besides ▁La on ast es , ▁other ▁di at omy ids ▁have ▁also ▁been ▁placed ▁in ▁different ▁families . ▁ ▁Some ▁ ▁placed ▁Di atom ys ▁in ▁the ▁family ▁Ped et idae ▁( spring ha res ). ▁Others ▁considered ▁Fall om us ▁to ▁belong ▁to ▁the ▁Chap att im y idae ▁( a ▁completely ▁foss il ▁group ). ▁ ▁The ▁family ▁Di at omy idae ▁was ▁ere cted ▁and ▁considered ▁to ▁be ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁super family ▁C ten od act y lo idea . ▁ ▁Mar iv aux ▁et ▁al . ▁united ▁the ▁two ▁into ▁a ▁single ▁family ▁( Di at omy idae ), ▁but ▁also ▁suggested ▁this ▁family |
▁might ▁be ▁related ▁to ▁the ▁Ped et idae . ▁ ▁Daw son ' s ▁foss il ▁study ▁was ▁cor ro bor ated ▁by ▁more ▁comprehensive ▁DNA ▁sequence ▁analys es , ▁which ▁suggested ▁a ▁roughly ▁L ut et ian ▁( about ▁ 4 4 ▁My a , ▁Early / M iddle ▁E oc ene ) ▁diver gence ▁date ▁between ▁the ▁ancestors ▁of ▁the ▁La ot ian ▁rock ▁rat ▁and ▁the ▁African ▁g und is , ▁which ▁are ▁each ▁other ' s ▁closest ▁living ▁relatives . ▁Consider ing ▁the ▁present - day ▁distribution , ▁the ▁foss il ▁record , ▁and ▁E oc ene ▁pale oge ography , ▁this ▁diver gence ▁probably ▁took ▁place ▁in ▁one ▁of ▁three ▁regions . ▁Either ▁the ▁line ages ▁split ▁in ▁E uras ia , ▁somewhere ▁in ▁today ' s ▁Zag ros ▁Mountains ▁or ▁adjacent ▁ranges ▁of ▁the ▁Al p ide ▁belt . ▁These ▁at ▁that ▁time ▁formed ▁a ▁rug ged ▁and ▁broken ▁coast line ▁with ▁many ▁off shore ▁islands , ▁as ▁they ▁emerged ▁from ▁the ▁shr inking ▁T eth ys ▁Sea . ▁Altern atively , ▁the ▁entire ▁C ten od act y lo idea ▁might ▁be ▁of ▁African ▁origin , ▁or ▁the ▁line age ▁split ▁took ▁place ▁on ▁India ▁as ▁it ▁joined ▁the ▁Asian ▁main land , ▁with ▁the ▁g und is ▁reaching ▁Africa ▁via ▁the ▁M asc are ne ▁Pl ate au ' s ▁arch ip el ag os ▁and ▁island ▁contin ents . ▁Each ▁hypothesis ▁would ▁un ite ▁the ▁pale ont ological , ▁an atom ical , ▁and |
▁molecular ▁findings ▁into ▁a ▁robust ▁model . ▁Which ▁one ▁is ▁preferred ▁depends ▁on ▁whether ▁the ▁H yst ric om or pha ▁were ▁La uras ian ▁or ▁G ond wan an ▁in ▁origin . ▁ ▁Spec ies ▁▁ ▁† Fall om us ▁ ▁† Fall om us ▁raz ae ▁ ▁† Fall om us ▁g ins burg i ▁ ▁† Fall om us ▁q ura ish y i ▁ ▁† Di atom ys ▁ ▁† Di atom ys ▁sh ant ung ensis ▁ ▁† Di atom ys ▁li ensis ▁ ▁† Di atom ys ▁ch it ap ar wal ensis ▁ ▁† M ary mus ▁ ▁† M ary mus ▁dal ana e ▁ ▁† P ier rem us ▁ ▁† P ier rem us ▁expl or ator ▁ ▁† P ier rem us ▁lad ak hens is ▁ ▁† Will mus ▁ ▁† Will mus ▁maxim us ▁ ▁† In op in at ia ▁ ▁† In op in at ia ▁b alk an ica ▁ ▁La on ast es ▁ ▁La on ast es ▁a en ig m am us ▁- ▁La ot ian ▁rock ▁rat ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁▁ ▁Car ne gie ▁Museum ▁Press ▁Release : ▁" New ▁family ▁of ▁mamm al ▁really ▁living ▁foss il " ▁with ▁images ▁ ▁Det ailed ▁article ▁on ▁finding ▁that ▁La on ast es ▁is ▁a ▁di at omy id ▁ ▁Another ▁article ▁on ▁finding ▁that ▁La on ast es ▁is ▁a ▁di at omy id ▁ ▁Category : R od |
ent ▁families ▁Category : Ext ant ▁R up el ian ▁first ▁appearances <0x0A> </s> ▁Sir ▁Ger ald ▁Gro ve , ▁ 3 rd ▁Baron et ▁( 1 8 ▁December ▁ 1 8 8 6 ▁– ▁ 3 ▁March ▁ 1 9 6 2 ) ▁was ▁a ▁British ▁military ▁leader ▁and ▁film maker . ▁He ▁was ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁Gro ve ▁Baron ets . ▁ ▁Life ▁and ▁career ▁He ▁was ▁educated ▁at ▁Sher borne ▁School ▁in ▁Sher borne , ▁Dor set . ▁Gro ve ▁joined ▁the ▁British ▁South ▁Africa ▁Police ▁in ▁Rh odes ia ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 1 ▁and ▁served ▁during ▁World ▁War ▁I ▁in ▁the ▁South - West ▁Africa ▁Campaign ▁and ▁East ▁African ▁Campaign ▁and ▁with ▁the ▁King ' s ▁African ▁R if les , ▁rising ▁to ▁rank ▁of ▁lieutenant . ▁ ▁He ▁was ▁co - direct or ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 9 2 9 ▁film ▁A ▁D anger ous ▁Woman ▁and ▁served ▁in ▁technical ▁advis ory ▁roles ▁in ▁Tower ▁of ▁London , ▁Christopher ▁Strong , ▁and ▁the ▁ 1 9 3 0 ▁version ▁of ▁R aff les . ▁ ▁After ▁holding ▁several ▁government ▁positions , ▁he ▁succeeded ▁to ▁his ▁title ▁on ▁ 9 ▁February ▁ 1 9 3 2 ▁and ▁died ▁un mar ried ▁ 3 0 ▁years ▁later . ▁He ▁had ▁inherited ▁the ▁man or ▁of ▁S edge hill , ▁W ilt shire , ▁which ▁was ▁sold ▁after ▁his ▁death . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁ ▁Category : 1 8 8 6 ▁birth s ▁Category : |
1 9 6 2 ▁deaths ▁Category : B rit ish ▁South ▁Africa ▁Police ▁officers ▁Category : King ' s ▁African ▁R if les ▁officers ▁Category : B rit ish ▁military ▁personnel ▁of ▁World ▁War ▁I ▁Category : People ▁educated ▁at ▁Sher borne ▁School ▁Category : B aron ets ▁in ▁the ▁Baron et age ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁Kingdom <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Fox ▁Oak land ▁Theatre ▁is ▁a ▁ 2 , 8 0 0 - se at ▁concert ▁hall , ▁a ▁former ▁movie ▁theater , ▁located ▁at ▁ 1 8 0 7 ▁Tele graph ▁Avenue ▁in ▁Dow nt own ▁Oak land . ▁It ▁originally ▁opened ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 8 , ▁running ▁films ▁until ▁ 1 9 7 0 . ▁Des igned ▁by ▁Week s ▁and ▁Day , ▁the ▁theatre ▁is ▁listed ▁on ▁the ▁National ▁Register ▁of ▁Historic ▁Pl aces . ▁It ▁was ▁ref urb ished ▁in ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 0 s ▁and ▁re op ened ▁as ▁a ▁concert ▁venue ▁on ▁February ▁ 5 , ▁ 2 0 0 9 . ▁ ▁History ▁Origin ally ▁intended ▁to ▁be ▁named ▁" The ▁Bag d ad " ▁because ▁of ▁its ▁Middle ▁Eastern ▁influenced ▁architecture , ▁the ▁theater ▁instead ▁displayed ▁the ▁name ▁" The ▁Oak land " ▁on ▁the ▁mar que e , ▁with ▁the ▁word ▁" O ak land " ▁forming ▁the ▁main ▁portion ▁of ▁the ▁vertical ▁blade ▁sign ▁above ▁the ▁mar que e . ▁It ▁was ▁also ▁known ▁as ▁the ▁" West ▁Coast ▁Oak land ". ▁The ▁Oak land ▁became ▁the ▁ 2 |
5 1 st ▁theater ▁to ▁open ▁in ▁the ▁West ▁Coast ▁Theater ▁chain . ▁Open ing ▁day ▁was ▁October ▁ 2 7 , ▁ 1 9 2 8 , ▁after ▁two ▁years ▁of ▁construction . ▁The ▁opening ▁celebration ▁was ▁highly ▁anticipated ▁by ▁the ▁Bay ▁Area ▁residents , ▁as ▁the ▁theater ' s ▁ 3 , 2 0 0 ▁seats ▁made ▁it ▁the ▁largest ▁in ▁Oak land , ▁more ▁than ▁the ▁nearby ▁Or p he um ▁Theatre ▁in ▁San ▁Francisco ▁which ▁held ▁ 2 , 5 6 1 , ▁and ▁more ▁than ▁the ▁new ▁ 1 , 0 7 5 - se at ▁D uf win ▁which ▁had ▁opened ▁three ▁weeks ▁earlier . ▁The ▁first ▁film ▁shown ▁at ▁the ▁Oak land ▁was ▁Fox ' s ▁The ▁Air ▁Circ us , ▁an ▁early ▁sound ▁film . ▁Live ▁performances ▁took ▁place ▁on ▁stage ▁between ▁films ▁and ▁news re els , ▁including ▁" King ▁of ▁the ▁Ban jo " ▁Eddie ▁Pe ab ody . ▁House ▁Music ▁was ▁provided ▁by ▁the ▁Herm ie ▁King ▁band ▁with ▁ 2 0 ▁members , ▁and ▁by ▁an ▁organ ist ▁playing ▁the ▁house ▁organ , ▁a ▁W url itzer ▁Op us ▁ 1 9 6 0 ▁with ▁ 3 ▁man uals ▁and ▁ 1 5 ▁ranks ▁of ▁p ipes . ▁A ▁staff ▁of ▁ 1 5 0 ▁was ▁required ▁to ▁run ▁the ▁theater . ▁ ▁In ▁March ▁ 1 9 2 9 , ▁the ▁theater ▁was ▁renamed ▁the ▁" F ox ▁Oak land " ▁when ▁William ▁Fox ▁bought ▁the ▁West ▁Coast ▁The at |
res ▁chain ▁and ▁merged ▁it ▁with ▁his ▁Fox ▁The at res ▁chain . ▁The ▁launch ▁of ▁the ▁Fox ▁was ▁expected ▁to ▁earn ▁high ▁earnings ▁in ▁the ▁downtown ▁district . ▁Re est ablish ing ▁the ▁movie ▁industry , ▁the ▁Fox ▁offered ▁the ▁opportunity ▁to ▁st ray ▁from ▁the ▁silent ▁films ▁and ▁helped ▁introduce ▁the ▁“ talk ies ” ▁by ▁having ▁a ▁live ▁stage ▁show . ▁ ▁Years ▁of ▁Cl os ure ▁Attendance ▁significantly ▁dropped ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 6 0 s ▁and ▁on ▁September ▁ 1 4 , ▁ 1 9 6 5 ▁the ▁Fox ▁closed , ▁" t empor arily ," ▁according ▁to ▁the ▁San ▁Francisco ▁Chron icle , ▁" The ▁movie ▁... ▁which ▁will ▁be ▁shown ▁on ▁the ▁Fox ▁Oak land ' s ▁last ▁day ▁is ▁the ▁Mar lon ▁Br ando ▁spy ▁melod r ama , ▁Mor it uri ". ▁During ▁the ▁next ▁seven ▁years ▁the ▁theater ▁opened ▁sp or ad ically ▁for ▁movies ▁and ▁special ▁events , ▁but ▁never ▁found ▁a ▁market ▁that ▁could ▁support ▁the ▁required ▁overhead ▁and ▁maintenance . ▁In ▁ 1 9 7 3 ▁the ▁theater ▁building ▁was ▁twice ▁the ▁victim ▁of ▁ar son ▁after ▁the ▁owner ▁refused ▁to ▁hire ▁a ▁qu ota ▁of ▁Black ▁Pan thers ▁and ▁pay ▁for ▁their ▁" prote ction ". ▁In ▁ 1 9 7 7 ▁the ▁theater ▁was ▁used ▁during ▁the ▁film ing ▁of ▁the ▁horror ▁film ▁Night mare ▁in ▁Blood ▁directed ▁by ▁John ▁Stanley . ▁In ▁ 1 9 8 3 ▁and ▁ 1 9 8 4 ▁the ▁Dick ens |
▁Fair ▁used ▁the ▁theater ▁for ▁Victorian ▁England ▁re en act ments , ▁setting ▁up ▁a ▁mock ▁village . ▁ ▁By ▁ 1 9 7 5 ▁the ▁building ▁was ▁in ▁such ▁dis rep air ▁that ▁the ▁City ' s ▁Public ▁Works ▁Department ▁presented ▁a ▁plan ▁for ▁the ▁City ▁to ▁purchase ▁the ▁property , ▁demol ish ▁the ▁building , ▁and ▁create ▁a ▁parking ▁lot . ▁However , ▁their ▁plans ▁fl ound ered ▁and ▁on ▁Jan . ▁ 2 4 ▁ 1 9 7 8 ▁the ▁Mann ▁Theater ▁Group ▁sold ▁the ▁theater ▁at ▁auction ▁to ▁Mario ▁and ▁Er ma ▁De Luc chi ▁for ▁$ 3 4 0 , 0 0 0 . ▁A ▁few ▁months ▁after ▁the ▁purchase , ▁Mr . ▁De Luc chi ▁died ▁of ▁a ▁heart ▁attack ▁and ▁plans ▁for ▁a ▁restoration ▁of ▁the ▁theater ▁never ▁took ▁off . ▁With ▁the ▁support ▁of ▁then - O ak land ▁Mayor ▁Lion el ▁Wilson ▁the ▁building ▁was ▁designated ▁an ▁Oak land ▁City ▁Land mark ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 8 ▁and ▁was ▁listed ▁on ▁the ▁National ▁Register ▁of ▁Historic ▁Pl aces ▁the ▁following ▁year . ▁ ▁Rest oration ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 9 6 , ▁the ▁Oak land ▁Red evel op ment ▁Agency ▁bought ▁the ▁building ▁for ▁$ 3 ▁million . ▁In ▁ 1 9 9 9 ▁a ▁group ▁of ▁concerned ▁citizens ▁formed ▁the ▁Friends ▁of ▁The ▁Oak land ▁Fox ▁and ▁some ▁badly ▁needed ▁restoration ▁work ▁began . ▁In ▁December ▁ 2 0 0 4 , ▁the ▁Oak land ▁Red evel op ment ▁Agency ▁received |
▁a ▁$ 2 . 9 ▁million ▁grant ▁for ▁further ▁restoration ▁of ▁the ▁theater . ▁ ▁When ▁mayor ▁Jerry ▁Brown ▁needed ▁to ▁find ▁a ▁new ▁home ▁for ▁the ▁Oak land ▁School ▁for ▁the ▁Arts , ▁a ▁char ter ▁high ▁school ▁dedicated ▁to ▁the ▁arts , ▁the ▁task ▁fell ▁to ▁the ▁Red evel op ment ▁Staff ▁who ▁con ceived ▁of ▁the ▁idea ▁of ▁placing ▁the ▁school ▁in ▁the ▁retail ▁and ▁office ▁space ▁that ▁surrounded , ▁and ▁were ▁part ▁of , ▁the ▁Fox ▁Theatre ▁building . ▁ ▁Rest oring ▁and ▁re op ening ▁the ▁theater ▁in ▁a ▁shared ▁use ▁plan ▁with ▁the ▁school ▁was ▁quickly ▁champion ed ▁by ▁local ▁developer ▁Phil ▁Tag ami . ▁Friends ▁of ▁the ▁Oak land ▁Fox ▁played ▁a ▁role ▁with ▁the ▁Oak land ▁Red evel op ment ▁Agency ▁in ▁raising ▁funding ▁for ▁the ▁elaborate ▁$ 7 5 ▁million ▁restoration ▁process . ▁ ▁Re op ening ▁ ▁February ▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁marked ▁the ▁beginning ▁of ▁a ▁new ▁era ▁for ▁the ▁Fox . ▁After ▁being ▁neg lected ▁for ▁forty ▁years , ▁the ▁once ▁gl am orous ▁theater ▁made ▁its ▁com eb ack ▁as ▁a ▁ 2 , 8 0 0 - se at ▁concert ▁hall . ▁Acc ent u ating ▁its ▁rev ival , ▁the ▁theater ' s ▁grand ▁opening ▁night ▁featured ▁a ▁“ ro aring ▁tw enties ” ▁theme ▁celebr ating ▁the ▁newly ▁renov ated ▁theater ▁MC ' ed ▁by ▁Oak land ▁native , ▁comed ian ▁Don ▁Reed ▁( E ast ▁ 1 4 th , ▁The ▁Ton ight ▁Show ▁with |
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