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▁into ▁ex ile ▁in ▁France . ▁Glass ▁again ▁worked ▁as ▁a ▁producer , ▁but ▁ran ▁into ▁further ▁trouble ▁following ▁the ▁German ▁invasion ▁of ▁France ▁during ▁the ▁Second ▁World ▁War . ▁In ▁ 1 9 4 2 ▁the ▁collaboration ist ▁V ich y ▁Government ▁stripped ▁him ▁of ▁his ▁citizens hip . ▁Glass ▁and ▁Wer ner ▁then ▁went ▁to ▁Brazil ▁and ▁United ▁States ▁for ▁the ▁remainder ▁of ▁the ▁conflict , ▁only ▁returning ▁to ▁France ▁once ▁the ▁war ▁was ▁over . ▁They ▁finally ▁married ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 7 . ▁ ▁Se lected ▁film ography ▁ ▁Writer ▁▁ ▁Die ▁ent f ess elte ▁M ensch heit ▁( nov el ; ▁ 1 9 2 0 ▁- ▁that ▁year ▁the ▁novel ▁was ▁adapted ▁to ▁the ▁screen ▁to ▁a ▁film ▁by ▁the ▁same ▁name ) ▁ ▁Director ▁▁ ▁The ▁Man ▁in ▁the ▁Iron ▁Mask ▁( 1 9 2 3 ) ▁ ▁Bob ▁and ▁Mary ▁( 1 9 2 3 ) ▁ ▁La ▁re ine ▁des ▁res qu ille uses ▁( 1 9 3 7 ) ▁ ▁Le ▁che min ▁de ▁Dam as ▁( 1 9 5 2 ) ▁ ▁Screen writer ▁▁ ▁Human ity ▁Un le ashed ▁( 1 9 2 0 ) ▁ ▁Count ess ▁Mar it za ▁( 1 9 2 5 ) ▁ ▁The ▁Hum ble ▁Man ▁and ▁the ▁Ch ante use ▁( 1 9 2 5 ) ▁ ▁If ▁You ▁Have ▁an ▁Aunt ▁( 1 9 2 5 ) ▁ ▁Why ▁Get ▁a ▁Div or ce ? ▁( 1 9 2 6 ) |
▁ ▁The ▁Sea ▁Cad et ▁( 1 9 2 6 ) ▁ ▁Young ▁Blood ▁( 1 9 2 6 ) ▁ ▁Vienna ▁- ▁Berlin ▁( 1 9 2 6 ) ▁ ▁The ▁Man ▁Without ▁Sleep ▁( 1 9 2 6 ) ▁ ▁The ▁Three ▁Man ne qu ins ▁( 1 9 2 6 ) ▁ ▁Sv eng ali ▁( 1 9 2 7 ) ▁ ▁Big am ie ▁( 1 9 2 7 ) ▁ ▁The ▁Tr aged y ▁of ▁a ▁Lost ▁Soul ▁( 1 9 2 7 ) ▁ ▁Hom es ick ▁( 1 9 2 7 ) ▁ ▁Le ont ine ' s ▁H usb ands ▁( 1 9 2 8 ) ▁ ▁Love ▁in ▁the ▁Ring ▁( 1 9 3 0 ) ▁ ▁R as put in ▁( 1 9 3 8 ) ▁ ▁Ent ente ▁cord iale ▁( 1 9 3 9 ) ▁ ▁Le ▁che min ▁de ▁Dam as ▁( 1 9 5 2 ) ▁ ▁Produ cer ▁▁ ▁The ▁Man ▁Who ▁Sold ▁Him self ▁( 1 9 2 5 ) ▁ ▁Give ▁My ▁Reg ards ▁to ▁the ▁Bl onde ▁Child ▁on ▁the ▁Rh ine ▁( 1 9 2 6 ) ▁ ▁Sv eng ali ▁( 1 9 2 7 ) ▁ ▁Hom es ick ▁( 1 9 2 7 ) ▁ ▁Queen ▁Louise ▁( 1 9 2 7 ) ▁ ▁The ▁Ship ▁of ▁Lost ▁Soul s ▁( 1 9 2 9 ) ▁ ▁Zwe i ▁K raw atten ▁( 1 9 3 0 ) ▁ ▁The ▁So |
aring ▁M aid en ▁( 1 9 3 1 ) ▁ ▁The ▁F irm ▁Gets ▁Mar ried ▁( 1 9 3 1 ) ▁ ▁R as put in ▁( 1 9 3 8 ) ▁ ▁Bl onde ▁( 1 9 5 0 ) ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Bibli ography ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁▁▁▁▁ ▁Category : 1 8 8 1 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 9 6 5 ▁deaths ▁Category : A ust rian ▁film ▁producers ▁Category : A ust rian ▁screen writ ers ▁Category : M ale ▁screen writ ers ▁Category : People ▁from ▁Jar os ław ▁Category : A ust rian ▁Jews ▁Category : J ew ish ▁em igr ants ▁from ▁Nazi ▁Germany <0x0A> </s> ▁Li ▁S hen ▁( 李 <0xE7> <0xB4> <0xB3> ) ▁( d ied ▁July ▁ 2 9 , ▁ 8 4 6 ), ▁courtesy ▁name ▁G ong ch ui ▁( 公 垂 ), ▁formally ▁Duke ▁W ens u ▁of ▁Z ha o ▁( <0xE8> <0xB6> <0x99> 文 <0xE8> <0x82> <0x85> 公 ), ▁was ▁an ▁official ▁of ▁the ▁Chinese ▁dyn asty ▁T ang ▁D yn asty , ▁serving ▁as ▁a ▁ch ancell or ▁during ▁the ▁reign ▁of ▁Emperor ▁W uz ong . ▁He ▁was ▁also ▁noted ▁as ▁a ▁poet . ▁ ▁Background ▁ ▁It ▁is ▁not ▁known ▁when ▁Li ▁S hen ▁was ▁born . ▁ ▁His ▁family ▁claimed ▁ancest ry ▁from ▁the ▁southern ▁branch ▁of ▁the ▁prominent ▁Li ▁clan ▁of ▁Z ha o ▁Command ery ▁( <0xE8> <0xB6> <0x99> 郡 , ▁roughly ▁modern ▁Sh ij iaz hu ang |
, ▁He be i ), ▁but ▁was ▁only ▁able ▁to ▁trace ▁its ▁ancest ry ▁back ▁to ▁the ▁Northern ▁We i ▁official ▁Li ▁Shan qu an ▁( 李 善 權 ) ▁and ▁Li ▁Shan qu an ' s ▁descend ants ▁who ▁served ▁as ▁officials ▁of ▁Northern ▁We i ▁and ▁S ui ▁D yn asty . ▁ ▁Li ▁S hen ' s ▁great - grand father ▁Li ▁J ing x uan ▁served ▁as ▁a ▁ch ancell or ▁during ▁the ▁reign ▁of ▁Emperor ▁Ga oz ong , ▁and ▁his ▁great - grand un cle ▁Li ▁Yu ans u ▁served ▁as ▁a ▁ch ancell or ▁during ▁the ▁reign ▁of ▁Emperor ▁Ga oz ong ' s ▁wife ▁Wu ▁Z et ian . ▁ ▁Both ▁Li ▁S hen ' s ▁grandfather ▁Li ▁Sh ou y i ▁( 李 守 一 ) ▁and ▁father ▁Li ▁Wu ▁( 李 <0xE6> <0x99> <0xA4> ) ▁served ▁as ▁county ▁mag istr ates . ▁ ▁In ▁Li ▁Wu ' s ▁case , ▁he ▁served ▁three ▁times ▁at ▁J int an ▁( 金 <0xE5> <0xA3> <0x87> , ▁in ▁modern ▁Ch ang z hou , ▁Ji ang su ), ▁W uc heng ▁( <0xE7> <0x83> <0x8F> 程 , ▁in ▁modern ▁H uz hou , ▁Ji ang su ), ▁and ▁Jin ling ▁( <0xE6> <0x99> <0x89> 陵 , ▁in ▁modern ▁Ch ang z hou ▁as ▁well ). ▁ ▁He ▁therefore ▁settled ▁his ▁family ▁in ▁the ▁region , ▁at ▁W ux i . ▁ ▁Li ▁S hen ▁was ▁five ▁years ▁old ▁when ▁Li ▁Wu ▁died , ▁and ▁he ▁therefore |
▁was ▁raised ▁by ▁his ▁mother ▁Lady ▁Lu , ▁who ▁taught ▁him ▁the ▁Conf uc ian ▁class ics . ▁ ▁It ▁was ▁said ▁that ▁Li ▁S hen ▁was ▁short ▁in ▁stat ure ▁but ▁energet ic , ▁and ▁was ▁capable ▁in ▁songs ▁and ▁poetry . ▁ ▁The ▁year ▁that ▁he ▁submitted ▁himself ▁to ▁the ▁local ▁pre liminary ▁round ▁of ▁the ▁imperial ▁exam inations , ▁his ▁poems ▁became ▁well ▁known ▁in ▁the ▁region . ▁ ▁During ▁Emperor ▁X ian z ong ' s ▁reign ▁ ▁Early ▁in ▁the ▁Y uan he ▁era ▁( 8 0 6 - 8 2 1 ) ▁of ▁Emperor ▁X ian z ong , ▁Li ▁S hen ▁passed ▁the ▁imperial ▁exam inations , ▁and ▁he ▁was ▁there ▁made ▁an ▁assistant ▁professor ▁at ▁the ▁imperial ▁university ▁( 國 子 助 教 , ▁Gu oz i ▁Z h uj iao ). ▁ ▁He ▁did ▁not ▁like ▁his ▁role , ▁however , ▁and ▁subsequently ▁resigned ▁and ▁returned ▁to ▁his ▁home ▁region . ▁ ▁The ▁war lord ▁Li ▁Q i , ▁who ▁then ▁ruled ▁the ▁region ▁as ▁the ▁military ▁governor ▁( J ied ush i ) ▁of ▁Z hen h ai ▁Circ uit ▁( <0xE9> <0x8E> <0xAE> 海 , ▁head qu arter ed ▁in ▁modern ▁Z hen ji ang , ▁Ji ang su ), ▁was ▁impressed ▁with ▁his ▁talent ▁and ▁invited ▁him ▁to ▁serve ▁on ▁staff ▁as ▁a ▁secretary . ▁ ▁According ▁to ▁the ▁Old ▁Book ▁of ▁T ang , ▁Li ▁S hen ▁rejected ▁Li ▁Q i ' s ▁invitation ; ▁Li ▁Q i ▁subsequently ▁wanted |
▁to ▁kill ▁him , ▁so ▁he ▁fled ▁and ▁hid ▁until ▁Li ▁Q i ▁was ▁eventually ▁defeated ▁and ▁killed . ▁ ▁The ▁New ▁Book ▁of ▁T ang ▁gave ▁a ▁different ▁account ▁— ▁that ▁Li ▁S hen ▁accepted ▁the ▁invitation ▁and ▁served ▁under ▁Li ▁Q i , ▁but ▁subsequently , ▁when ▁Li ▁Q i ▁refused ▁an ▁imperial ▁sum mons ▁to ▁pay ▁hom age ▁to ▁Emperor ▁X ian z ong ▁in ▁ 8 0 7 , ▁he ▁ordered ▁Li ▁S hen ▁to ▁draft ▁his ▁petition ▁ref using ▁the ▁sum mons ; ▁Li ▁S hen ▁initially ▁pret ended ▁to ▁be ▁unable ▁to ▁write ▁due ▁to ▁extreme ▁shock , ▁but ▁eventually ▁told ▁Li ▁Q i ▁that ▁he ▁would ▁rather ▁die ▁than ▁to ▁draft ▁such ▁a ▁petition ; ▁Li ▁Q i ▁there after ▁threw ▁him ▁into ▁jail , ▁and ▁he ▁was ▁only ▁released ▁after ▁Li ▁Q i ▁was ▁defeated . ▁ ▁During ▁Emperor ▁M uz ong ' s ▁reign ▁ ▁As ▁of ▁the ▁asc ension ▁of ▁reign ▁of ▁Emperor ▁X ian z ong ' s ▁son ▁Emperor ▁M uz ong , ▁Li ▁S hen ▁was ▁serving ▁as ▁You ▁Sh iy i ▁( 右 <0xE6> <0x8B> <0xBE> <0xE9> <0x81> <0xBA> ), ▁a ▁low - level ▁advis ory ▁official ▁at ▁the ▁legisl ative ▁bureau ▁of ▁government ▁( 中 書 省 , ▁Z h ong sh u ▁S heng ), ▁when ▁Emperor ▁M uz ong ▁also ▁made ▁him ▁an ▁imperial ▁scholar ▁( <0xE7> <0xBF> <0xB0> 林 學 士 , ▁Han lin ▁X ues hi ). ▁ ▁He ▁and ▁his ▁colleagues ▁Y uan |
▁Z hen ▁and ▁Li ▁De y u ▁were ▁known ▁for ▁their ▁talent ▁and ▁friendship . ▁ ▁He ▁was ▁also ▁promoted , ▁in ▁his ▁legisl ative ▁bureau ▁position , ▁from ▁You ▁Sh iy i ▁to ▁the ▁higher ▁rank ▁of ▁You ▁B uj ue ▁( 右 <0xE8> <0xA3> <0x9C> <0xE9> <0x97> <0x95> ). ▁ ▁In ▁ 8 2 1 , ▁he ▁was ▁made ▁Six un ▁Y uan w ail ang ▁( 司 <0xE5> <0x8B> <0x9B> 員 外 郎 ), ▁a ▁low - level ▁official ▁at ▁the ▁ministry ▁of ▁civil ▁service ▁affairs ▁( <0xE5> <0x90> <0x8F> 部 , ▁Lib u ), ▁and ▁put ▁in ▁charge ▁of ▁draft ing ▁ed icts . ▁ ▁He ▁was ▁also ▁involved ▁in ▁an ▁incident ▁that ▁was ▁tradition ally ▁considered ▁a ▁cause ▁of ▁the ▁later ▁N iu - Li ▁F action al ▁Str ug gles . ▁ ▁Both ▁Li ▁S hen ▁and ▁the ▁former ▁ch ancell or ▁Du an ▁W en ch ang ▁had ▁submitted ▁a ▁list ▁of ▁examine es ▁that ▁they ▁hoped ▁would ▁be ▁passed ▁to ▁Q ian ▁H ui ▁( 錢 <0xE5> <0xBE> <0xBD> ), ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁officials ▁in ▁charge ▁of ▁the ▁exam inations ▁that ▁season , ▁but ▁once ▁the ▁results ▁were ▁published , ▁the ▁examine es ▁that ▁Du an ▁and ▁Li ▁S hen ▁recommended ▁did ▁not ▁pass , ▁while ▁those ▁who ▁passed ▁included ▁the ▁several ▁relatives ▁of ▁other ▁officials ▁— ▁Z heng ▁Tan ' s ▁brother ▁Z heng ▁Lang ; ▁Pe i ▁Du ' s ▁son ▁Pe i ▁Z h uan ▁( <0xE8> <0xA3> <0xB4> <0xE8> <0xAD> <0x94> |
); ▁Li ▁Z ong min ' s ▁son - in - law ▁Su ▁Ch ao ▁( <0xE8> <0x98> <0x87> <0xE5> <0xB7> <0xA2> ); ▁and ▁Yang ▁Y in sh i ▁( <0xE6> <0xA5> <0x8A> <0xE6> <0xAE> <0xB7> 士 ), ▁brother ▁to ▁the ▁other ▁official ▁in ▁charge ▁of ▁the ▁exam inations ▁that ▁year , ▁Yang ▁R ush i ▁( <0xE6> <0xA5> <0x8A> <0xE6> <0xB1> <0x9D> 士 ). ▁ ▁Du an ▁complained ▁to ▁Emperor ▁M uz ong ▁that ▁the ▁exam inations ▁that ▁year ▁were ▁not ▁fair . ▁ ▁When ▁Emperor ▁M uz ong ▁consult ed ▁imperial ▁scholars , ▁several ▁imperial ▁scholars ▁who ▁were ▁political ▁enemies ▁of ▁Li ▁Z ong min , ▁including ▁Li ▁De y u ▁and ▁Y uan , ▁and ▁Li ▁S hen , ▁all ▁agreed ▁with ▁Du an . ▁ ▁Emperor ▁M uz ong ▁thus ▁ordered ▁a ▁re ex amination , ▁while ▁dem oting ▁Q ian , ▁Li ▁Z ong min , ▁and ▁Yang ▁R ush i , ▁along ▁with ▁ 1 0 ▁examine es ▁who ▁passed ▁based ▁on ▁perceived ▁influence . ▁ ▁When ▁Q ian ' s ▁friends ▁subsequently ▁suggested ▁that ▁he ▁submit ▁Du an ' s ▁and ▁Li ▁S hen ' s ▁letters ▁trying ▁to ▁influence ▁the ▁exam inations ▁to ▁the ▁emperor ▁to ▁show ▁that ▁they ▁were ▁the ▁ones ▁trying ▁to ▁influence ▁results , ▁Q ian , ▁who ▁believed ▁that ▁revealing ▁these ▁private ▁letters ▁was ▁in appropri ate , ▁burned ▁them . ▁ ▁( L ater ▁histor ians ▁have ▁typically ▁regarded ▁Li ▁S hen ▁as ▁a ▁leader ▁of ▁the ▁Li ▁F action |
▁— ▁named ▁after ▁Li ▁De y u , ▁not ▁him ▁— ▁during ▁the ▁N iu - Li ▁F action al ▁Str ug gles .) ▁ ▁In ▁ 8 2 2 , ▁Li ▁S hen ▁was ▁made ▁Z h ong sh u ▁Sher en ▁( 中 書 <0xE8> <0x88> <0x8D> 人 ), ▁a ▁mid - level ▁official ▁at ▁the ▁legisl ative ▁bureau , ▁and ▁continued ▁to ▁be ▁in ▁charge ▁of ▁draft ing ▁ed icts . ▁ ▁Soon ▁there after , ▁Y uan ▁was ▁made ▁ch ancell or ▁but ▁only ▁served ▁a ▁short ▁time ▁before ▁he ▁was ▁removed , ▁alleg edly ▁at ▁the ▁mach ination ▁of ▁his ▁fellow ▁ch ancell or ▁Li ▁F eng ji . ▁ ▁It ▁was ▁further ▁said ▁that ▁Li ▁F eng ji ▁wanted ▁N iu ▁S eng ru ▁to ▁be ▁ch ancell or , ▁and ▁believed ▁that ▁Li ▁De y u ▁and ▁Li ▁S hen ▁would ▁opp ose , ▁and ▁therefore ▁had ▁Li ▁De y u ▁sent ▁out ▁of ▁Ch ang ' an ▁to ▁serve ▁as ▁the ▁governor ▁( <0xE8> <0xA7> <0x80> 察 使 , ▁Gu anch ashi ) ▁of ▁Z he xi ▁Circ uit ▁( <0xE6> <0xB5> <0x99> 西 , ▁i . e ., ▁Z hen h ai ). ▁ ▁However , ▁he ▁could ▁not ▁think ▁of ▁a ▁way ▁to ▁remove ▁Li ▁S hen ▁initially . ▁ ▁In ▁ 8 2 3 , ▁the ▁position ▁of ▁deputy ▁chief ▁imperial ▁c ensor ▁( 御 史 中 <0xE4> <0xB8> <0x9E> , ▁Y ush i ▁Z h ong chen g ) ▁was ▁open |
, ▁and ▁Li ▁F eng ji ▁recommended ▁Li ▁S hen ▁for ▁the ▁post ▁— ▁and ▁then ▁manufactured ▁a ▁conflict ▁between ▁Li ▁S hen ▁and ▁Han ▁Yu ▁the ▁mayor ▁of ▁J ing z ha o ▁Municip ality ▁( 京 <0xE5> <0x85> <0x86> , ▁i . e ., ▁the ▁Ch ang ' an ▁region ). ▁ ▁( Per ▁regulations , ▁to ▁honor ▁the ▁cens ors , ▁the ▁mayor ▁of ▁J ing z ha o ▁was ▁supposed ▁to ▁pay ▁t ribute ▁by ▁visiting ▁the ▁Office ▁of ▁the ▁Imperial ▁C ensors , ▁but ▁as ▁Han ▁was ▁best owed ▁an ▁honor ary ▁title ▁as ▁chief ▁imperial ▁c ensor , ▁Li ▁F eng ji ▁ordered ▁that ▁he ▁did ▁not ▁have ▁to ▁carry ▁out ▁that ▁regulation , ▁leading ▁to ▁mutual ▁accus ations ▁between ▁Li ▁S hen ▁and ▁Han ▁of ▁dis respect .) ▁ ▁Li ▁F eng ji ▁thus ▁reported ▁to ▁Emperor ▁M uz ong ▁that ▁the ▁two ▁could ▁not ▁work ▁with ▁each ▁other . ▁ ▁As ▁a ▁result , ▁Emperor ▁M uz ong ▁made ▁Han ▁the ▁deputy ▁minister ▁of ▁defense ▁( 兵 部 <0xE4> <0xBE> <0x8D> 郎 , ▁B ing bu ▁Sh il ang ) ▁and ▁Li ▁S hen ▁the ▁governor ▁of ▁Ji ang xi ▁Circ uit ▁( 江 西 , ▁head qu arter ed ▁in ▁modern ▁N anch ang , ▁Ji ang xi ). ▁ ▁However , ▁when ▁Han ▁and ▁Li ▁S hen ▁went ▁to ▁visit ▁Emperor ▁M uz ong ▁to ▁thank ▁him ▁for ▁the ▁comm issions , ▁he ▁questioned ▁them ▁as ▁to ▁the ▁nature ▁of ▁their ▁conflict , |
▁and ▁realized ▁that ▁Li ▁F eng ji ▁had ▁manufactured ▁it . ▁ ▁He ▁thus ▁kept ▁Li ▁S hen ▁at ▁Ch ang ' an ▁as ▁the ▁deputy ▁minister ▁of ▁census ▁( 戶 部 <0xE4> <0xBE> <0x8D> 郎 , ▁Hub u ▁Sh il ang ). ▁ ▁During ▁Emperor ▁J ing z ong ' s ▁reign ▁ ▁In ▁ 8 2 4 , ▁Emperor ▁M uz ong ▁died ▁and ▁was ▁succeeded ▁by ▁his ▁son ▁Emperor ▁J ing z ong . ▁ ▁Li ▁F eng ji , ▁who ▁remained ▁powerful ▁after ▁the ▁transition , ▁continued ▁to ▁resent ▁Li ▁S hen , ▁and ▁soon ▁there after ▁his ▁al ly , ▁the ▁e un uch ▁Wang ▁Sh ou chen g , ▁told ▁Emperor ▁J ing z ong ▁that ▁Li ▁S hen ▁and ▁the ▁former ▁ch ancell or ▁Du ▁Yu any ing ▁had ▁supported ▁Emperor ▁M uz ong ' s ▁brother ▁Li ▁Cong ▁( 李 <0xE6> <0x82> <0xB0> ) ▁the ▁Prince ▁of ▁S hen ▁as ▁emperor , ▁rather ▁than ▁Emperor ▁J ing z ong . ▁ ▁As ▁a ▁result , ▁Li ▁S hen ▁was ▁ex iled ▁and ▁dem oted ▁to ▁be ▁the ▁military ▁advis or ▁to ▁the ▁pre fect ▁of ▁Du an ▁P ref ect ure ▁( 端 州 , ▁in ▁modern ▁Z ha o q ing , ▁Gu ang d ong ). ▁ ▁Emperor ▁J ing z ong ▁further ▁agreed ▁to ▁put ▁Li ▁S hen ▁to ▁death , ▁but ▁after ▁a ▁defense ▁of ▁Li ▁S hen ▁submitted ▁by ▁the ▁imperial ▁scholar ▁We i ▁Ch uh ou , ▁Emperor ▁J |
ing z ong ▁discovered ▁past ▁pet itions ▁in ▁which ▁Li ▁S hen ▁had ▁sought ▁to ▁have ▁him ▁made ▁crown ▁prince . ▁ ▁Emperor ▁J ing z ong , ▁while ▁not ▁recall ing ▁Li ▁S hen ▁back ▁to ▁Ch ang ' an , ▁did ▁not ▁further ▁carry ▁out ▁actions ▁against ▁Li ▁S hen . ▁ ▁In ▁ 8 2 5 , ▁when ▁Emperor ▁J ing z ong ▁issued ▁a ▁general ▁p ardon , ▁the ▁text ▁of ▁the ▁general ▁p ardon ▁initially ▁indicated ▁that ▁those ▁ex iled ▁officials ▁who ▁had ▁been ▁moved ▁closer ▁to ▁Ch ang ' an ▁previously ▁could ▁be ▁again ▁moved ▁closer ▁— ▁without ▁stating ▁that ▁those ▁who ▁had ▁not ▁been ▁could ▁be ▁as ▁well . ▁ ▁We i ▁submitted ▁an ▁ob jection , ▁pointing ▁out ▁that ▁the ▁text ▁had ▁been ▁written ▁in ▁the ▁way ▁that ▁it ▁was ▁because ▁Li ▁F eng ji ▁was ▁app re hens ive ▁that ▁Li ▁S hen ▁would ▁be ▁moved ▁closer ▁to ▁the ▁capital . ▁ ▁Emperor ▁J ing z ong ▁had ▁the ▁text ▁re written ▁so ▁that ▁those ▁who ▁had ▁not ▁been ▁moved ▁closer ▁to ▁Ch ang ' an ▁before ▁could ▁be ▁moved , ▁and ▁Li ▁S hen ▁was ▁there after ▁made ▁the ▁secretary ▁general ▁of ▁Ji ang ▁P ref ect ure ▁( 江 州 , ▁in ▁modern ▁J iu ji ang , ▁Ji ang xi ). ▁ ▁He ▁was ▁eventually ▁made ▁the ▁pre fect ▁of ▁Ch u ▁P ref ect ure ▁( <0xE6> <0xBB> <0x81> 洲 , ▁in ▁modern ▁Ch uz hou , ▁An hui ) |
▁and ▁then ▁of ▁Sh ou ▁P ref ect ure ▁( <0xE5> <0xA3> <0xBD> 州 , ▁in ▁modern ▁Lu ' an , ▁An hui ), ▁and ▁then ▁advis or ▁to ▁the ▁crown ▁prince , ▁with ▁his ▁office ▁at ▁the ▁eastern ▁capital ▁Lu oy ang . ▁ ▁During ▁Emperor ▁W enz ong ' s ▁reign ▁ ▁In ▁ 8 3 3 , ▁during ▁the ▁reign ▁of ▁Emperor ▁J ing z ong ' s ▁brother ▁and ▁success or ▁Emperor ▁W enz ong , ▁when ▁Li ▁De y u ▁was ▁ch ancell or , ▁Li ▁S hen ▁was ▁made ▁the ▁governor ▁of ▁Z hed ong ▁Circ uit ▁( <0xE6> <0xB5> <0x99> 東 , ▁head qu arter ed ▁in ▁modern ▁Sha ox ing , ▁Z he ji ang ) ▁and ▁the ▁pre fect ▁of ▁its ▁capital ▁Y ue ▁P ref ect ure ▁( 越 州 ). ▁ ▁In ▁ 8 3 5 , ▁with ▁their ▁political ▁advers ary ▁Li ▁Z ong min ▁as ▁ch ancell or ▁as ▁well , ▁Li ▁De y u ▁was ▁removed ▁from ▁his ▁ch ancell or ▁position ▁due ▁to ▁the ▁collaboration ▁between ▁Li ▁Z ong min ▁and ▁Emperor ▁W enz ong ' s ▁close ▁associ ates ▁Li ▁X un ▁and ▁Z heng ▁Z hu ; ▁Li ▁S hen ▁was ▁subsequently ▁made ▁an ▁advis or ▁to ▁Emperor ▁W enz ong ' s ▁son ▁and ▁crown ▁prince ▁Li ▁Y ong , ▁again ▁with ▁his ▁office ▁at ▁Lu oy ang . ▁ ▁In ▁ 8 3 6 , ▁with ▁the ▁Li ▁F action ▁figure ▁Z heng ▁Tan |
▁as ▁ch ancell or , ▁Li ▁S hen ▁was ▁made ▁the ▁mayor ▁of ▁Hen an ▁Municip ality ▁( 河 南 , ▁i . e ., ▁the ▁Lu oy ang ▁region ). ▁ ▁Later ▁in ▁the ▁year , ▁he ▁was ▁made ▁the ▁military ▁governor ▁of ▁X uan w u ▁Circ uit ▁( 宣 武 , ▁head qu arter ed ▁in ▁modern ▁Ka if eng , ▁Hen an ) ▁and ▁the ▁pre fect ▁of ▁its ▁capital ▁B ian ▁P ref ect ure ▁( <0xE6> <0xB1> <0xB4> 州 ). ▁ ▁In ▁ 8 3 7 , ▁when ▁the ▁realm ▁suffered ▁a ▁great ▁loc ust ▁inf est ation , ▁X uan w u ▁Circ uit ▁was ▁somehow ▁not ▁affected , ▁and ▁as ▁Emperor ▁W enz ong ▁considered ▁this ▁to ▁be ▁due ▁to ▁the ▁virt ues ▁of ▁Li ▁S hen , ▁he ▁issued ▁an ▁ed ict ▁pra ising ▁Li ▁S hen . ▁ ▁During ▁Emperor ▁W uz ong ' s ▁reign ▁ ▁Emperor ▁W enz ong ▁died ▁in ▁ 8 4 0 ▁and ▁was ▁succeeded ▁by ▁his ▁brother ▁Emperor ▁W uz ong . ▁ ▁Soon ▁there after , ▁Li ▁De y u ▁became ▁the ▁leading ▁ch ancell or , ▁and ▁Li ▁S hen ▁was ▁made ▁the ▁acting ▁military ▁governor ▁of ▁Hu ain an ▁Circ uit ▁( <0xE6> <0xB7> <0xAE> 南 , ▁head qu arter ed ▁in ▁modern ▁Yang z hou , ▁Ji ang su ). ▁ ▁Li ▁S hen ▁was ▁the ▁military ▁governor ▁when ▁he , ▁in ▁ 8 4 2 , ▁went ▁to ▁Ch ang ' an |
▁to ▁pay ▁hom age ▁to ▁Emperor ▁W uz ong , ▁and ▁there after ▁was ▁made ▁Z h ong sh u ▁Sh il ang ▁( 中 書 <0xE4> <0xBE> <0x8D> 郎 ), ▁the ▁deputy ▁head ▁of ▁the ▁legisl ative ▁bureau , ▁and ▁a ▁ch ancell or ▁de ▁fact o ▁with ▁the ▁design ation ▁T ong ▁Z h ong sh u ▁Men x ia ▁P ing zh ang sh i ▁( 同 中 書 門 下 平 章 事 ). ▁ ▁He ▁was ▁also ▁made ▁the ▁acting ▁director ▁of ▁the ▁tre asury . ▁ ▁There after , ▁he ▁was ▁created ▁the ▁Duke ▁of ▁Z ha o . ▁ ▁In ▁ 8 4 4 , ▁Li ▁S hen ▁suffered ▁a ▁stroke ▁that ▁made ▁it ▁difficult ▁for ▁him ▁to ▁walk . ▁ ▁He ▁therefore ▁offered ▁to ▁resign . ▁ ▁Emperor ▁W uz ong ▁made ▁him ▁the ▁military ▁governor ▁of ▁Hu ain an , ▁carrying ▁the ▁T ong ▁Z h ong sh u ▁Men x ia ▁P ing zh ang sh i ▁title ▁as ▁an ▁honor ary ▁title . ▁ ▁In ▁ 8 4 5 , ▁Li ▁S hen ▁accused ▁one ▁of ▁his ▁sub ord inates , ▁the ▁mag istr ate ▁of ▁Ji ang du ▁( 江 都 , ▁in ▁modern ▁Yang z hou ), ▁Wu ▁X i ang ▁( <0xE5> <0x90> <0xB3> <0xE6> <0xB9> <0x98> ), ▁whose ▁uncle ▁Wu ▁W ul ing ▁( <0xE5> <0x90> <0xB3> 武 陵 ) ▁had ▁long ▁had ▁an ▁advers ar ial ▁relationship ▁with ▁Li ▁De y u , ▁of ▁em be zz |
lement ▁and ▁for c ibly ▁mar rying ▁the ▁daughter ▁of ▁a ▁common er , ▁Yan ▁Y ue ▁( <0xE9> <0xA1> <0x8F> <0xE6> <0x82> <0x85> ). ▁ ▁Many ▁advis ory ▁officials ▁pointed ▁out ▁that ▁the ▁evidence ▁against ▁Wu ▁X i ang ▁was ▁weak , ▁and ▁Emperor ▁W uz ong ▁sent ▁the ▁cens ors ▁C ui ▁Y uan za o ▁( <0xE5> <0xB4> <0x94> 元 <0xE8> <0x97> <0xBB> ) ▁and ▁Li ▁Ch ou ▁( 李 <0xE7> <0xA8> <0xA0> ) ▁to ▁review ▁the ▁case . ▁ ▁C ui ▁and ▁Li ▁Ch ou ▁reported ▁that ▁Wu ▁X i ang ▁did ▁em be zz le ▁funds , ▁but ▁that ▁his ▁father - in - law ▁Yan ▁was ▁not ▁a ▁common er , ▁nor ▁was ▁the ▁marriage ▁forced . ▁ ▁Li ▁De y u , ▁despite ▁C ui ' s ▁and ▁Li ▁Ch ou ' s ▁report , ▁nevertheless ▁had ▁Wu ▁X i ang ▁executed , ▁and ▁further , ▁ret ali ating ▁against ▁C ui ▁and ▁Li ▁Ch ou ▁for ▁their ▁contrary ▁reports , ▁had ▁them ▁dem oted ▁and ▁ex iled . ▁ ▁During ▁Emperor ▁X u ā n z ong ' s ▁reign ▁ ▁Li ▁S hen ▁died ▁in ▁ 8 4 6 , ▁by ▁which ▁time ▁Emperor ▁W uz ong ▁had ▁died ▁and ▁been ▁succeeded ▁by ▁his ▁uncle ▁Emperor ▁X u ā n z ong . ▁ ▁Emperor ▁X u ā n z ong ▁desp ised ▁Li ▁De y u ' s ▁hold ▁on ▁power , ▁and ▁soon ▁after ▁Emperor ▁X u ā n z ong ' |
s ▁asc ension , ▁Li ▁De y u ▁was ▁removed ▁from ▁his ▁ch ancell or ▁post . ▁ ▁In ▁ 8 4 7 , ▁Wu ▁X i ang ' s ▁brother ▁Wu ▁R una ▁( <0xE5> <0x90> <0xB3> <0xE6> <0xB1> <0x9D> 納 ) ▁submitted ▁a ▁petition ▁arguing ▁that ▁Wu ▁X i ang ▁was ▁impro per ly ▁executed ▁and ▁acc using ▁Li ▁S hen ▁and ▁Li ▁De y u ▁of ▁causing ▁the ▁impro per ▁execution . ▁ ▁Emperor ▁X u ā n z ong ▁recalled ▁C ui ▁Y uan za o ▁from ▁ex ile ▁and ▁had ▁him ▁give ▁an ▁account ▁of ▁the ▁case ▁to ▁the ▁Office ▁of ▁the ▁Imperial ▁C ensors , ▁which ▁subsequently ▁submitted ▁a ▁report ▁agree ing ▁that ▁Wu ▁X i ang ▁was ▁impro per ly ▁executed . ▁ ▁As ▁a ▁result , ▁Li ▁De y u ▁was ▁repeatedly ▁dem oted ▁and ▁ex iled , ▁eventually ▁dying ▁in ▁ex ile , ▁while ▁Li ▁S hen ▁was ▁post hum ously ▁stripped ▁of ▁three ▁commission ▁cert ificates . ▁ ▁Notes ▁and ▁references ▁▁▁ ▁Old ▁Book ▁of ▁T ang , ▁vol . ▁ 1 7 3 . ▁ ▁New ▁Book ▁of ▁T ang , ▁vol . ▁ 1 8 1 . ▁ ▁Z iz hi ▁T ong j ian , ▁vol s . ▁ 2 4 1 , ▁ 2 4 3 , ▁ 2 4 6 , ▁ 2 4 8 . ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁ ▁Books ▁of ▁the ▁Qu an ▁T ang sh i ▁that ▁include ▁collected ▁poems ▁of ▁Li ▁S hen |
▁at ▁the ▁Chinese ▁Text ▁Project : ▁Book ▁ 4 8 0 ▁Book ▁ 4 8 1 ▁Book ▁ 4 8 3 ▁Book ▁ 4 8 3 ▁ ▁Category : 8 th - century ▁birth s ▁Category : 8 4 6 ▁deaths ▁Category : Ch ancell ors ▁under ▁Emperor ▁W uz ong ▁of ▁T ang ▁Category : May ors ▁of ▁Lu oy ang ▁Category : T ang ▁dyn asty ▁j ied ush i ▁of ▁X uan w u ▁Circ uit ▁Category : T ang ▁dyn asty ▁j ied ush i ▁of ▁Hu ain an ▁Circ uit ▁Category : T ang ▁dyn asty ▁histor ians ▁Category : Pol it icians ▁from ▁W ux i ▁Category : Three ▁H undred ▁T ang ▁Po ems ▁po ets ▁Category : Writ ers ▁from ▁W ux i ▁Category : T ang ▁dyn asty ▁politicians ▁from ▁Ji ang su ▁Category : T ang ▁dyn asty ▁gener als ▁from ▁Ji ang su ▁Category : 9 th - century ▁Chinese ▁po ets ▁Category : Po ets ▁from ▁Ji ang su ▁Category : Hist or ians ▁from ▁Ji ang su <0x0A> </s> ▁H ip pe astr um ▁pet i ol at um ▁is ▁a ▁flower ing ▁per ennial ▁her b ace ous ▁bul b ous ▁plant , ▁in ▁the ▁family ▁Am ary ll id aceae , ▁native ▁to ▁Venezuela , ▁Bol ivia , ▁Peru ▁and ▁Brazil . ▁ ▁Description ▁ ▁Tax onomy ▁ ▁Desc ribed ▁by ▁Carl ▁Lin na e us ▁in ▁ 1 7 5 9 , ▁as ▁Am ary ll is |
▁reg ina e , ▁it ▁was ▁the ▁type ▁species ▁for ▁the ▁genus . ▁It ▁was ▁transferred ▁to ▁H ip pe astr um ▁by ▁William ▁Herbert . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁S ources ▁▁▁▁ ▁GB IF : ▁H ip pe astr um ▁pet i ol at um ▁ ▁Pacific ▁Bul b ▁Society : ▁H ip pe astr um ▁pet i ol at um ▁▁▁ ▁International ▁Bul b ▁Society : ▁H ip pe astr um ▁pet i ol at um ▁( image ) ▁ ▁Category : Fl ora ▁of ▁South ▁America ▁reg ina e ▁Category : G arden ▁plants ▁of ▁South ▁America ▁Category : Pl ants ▁described ▁in ▁ 1 7 5 9 <0x0A> </s> ▁Events ▁from ▁the ▁year ▁ 1 9 7 2 ▁in ▁Pakistan . ▁ ▁Inc umb ents ▁ ▁Federal ▁government ▁President : ▁Z ulf ik ar ▁Ali ▁Bh ut to ▁Chief ▁Justice : ▁Ham ood ur ▁Rah man ▁ ▁Events ▁ ▁Kar achi ▁labour ▁un rest ▁of ▁ 1 9 7 2 ▁ ▁January ▁▁ 2 0 ▁January ▁- Pres ident ▁( l ater ▁Prime ▁minister ▁Z ulf ik ar ▁Ali ▁Bh ut to ▁publicly ▁announ ces ▁that ▁Pakistan ▁will ▁immediately ▁begin ▁a ▁nuclear ▁weapons ▁programme . ▁ ▁July ▁▁ 2 ▁July ▁– ▁India ▁and ▁Pakistan ▁sign ▁the ▁Sim la ▁Acc ord ▁in ▁Sim la , ▁India , ▁following ▁the ▁surrender ▁of ▁the ▁Pakistan ▁military ▁to ▁Indian ▁forces ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 1 ▁and ▁the ▁subsequent ▁emer gence ▁of ▁former ▁East ▁Pakistan ▁as ▁the ▁independent ▁nation ▁of ▁Bangl adesh . |
▁▁ 7 ▁July ▁– ▁S ind h ▁Assembly ▁passed ▁the ▁S ind ▁Te aching , ▁Prom otion ▁and ▁Use ▁of ▁S ind hi ▁Language ▁Bill , ▁ 1 9 7 2 ▁which ▁established ▁S ind hi ▁language ▁as ▁the ▁sole ▁official ▁language ▁of ▁the ▁province ▁resulting ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 2 ▁Language ▁violence ▁in ▁S ind h . ▁ ▁August ▁▁ 1 4 ▁August ▁– ▁Pakistan ▁celebr ates ▁ 2 5 ▁years ▁as ▁an ▁independent ▁nation . ▁ ▁Birth s ▁ 2 6 ▁April ▁– ▁S ana ▁N aw az , ▁actress ▁ 5 ▁August ▁– ▁A a q ib ▁J aved , ▁cr ick eter ▁and ▁coach ▁ 3 ▁October ▁– ▁A ij az ▁As lam , ▁actor ▁ ▁Death s ▁ 2 8 ▁May ▁– ▁Az iz ▁ul ▁Ha q , ▁Chairman ▁of ▁the ▁Young ▁People ' s ▁Front , ▁a ▁Marx ist ▁group ▁ 2 9 ▁May ▁– ▁Pr ith vir aj ▁Kap oor , ▁actor ▁and ▁director ▁ 1 ▁October ▁– ▁R iaz ▁Shah id , ▁film ▁writer ▁and ▁director ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁▁ 1 9 7 1 ▁in ▁Pakistan ▁ ▁Other ▁events ▁of ▁ 1 9 7 2 ▁▁ 1 9 7 3 ▁in ▁Pakistan ▁ ▁Tim eline ▁of ▁Pak ist ani ▁history ▁▁▁ ▁Category : 1 9 7 2 ▁in ▁Asia <0x0A> </s> ▁Pl acent ia ▁is ▁a ▁planned ▁Met rol ink ▁rail ▁station ▁located ▁in ▁the ▁city ▁of ▁the ▁same ▁name . ▁It ▁will ▁be ▁served ▁by ▁Met rol ink ' s ▁ 9 1 |
/ P err is ▁Valley ▁Line . ▁▁ ▁Orange ▁County ▁Transport ation ▁Authority ▁started ▁discussing ▁the ▁station ▁as ▁early ▁as ▁ 2 0 1 2 . ▁A ▁station ▁planned ▁for ▁neighbor ing ▁Y or ba ▁Linda ▁was ▁rejected ▁by ▁its ▁local ▁city ▁council ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 4 . The ▁project ▁was ▁approved ▁by ▁the ▁city ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 6 , ▁with ▁construction ▁planned ▁to ▁begin ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 8 . ▁Construction ▁of ▁the ▁station ▁and ▁parking ▁structure ▁is ▁planned ▁to ▁conclude ▁in ▁ 2 0 2 2 , ▁where up on ▁it ▁is ▁expected ▁to ▁enter ▁revenue ▁service . ▁A ▁former ▁packing ▁house ▁was ▁demol ished ▁on ▁the ▁site ▁to ▁make ▁way ▁for ▁the ▁station . ▁ ▁construction ▁was ▁delayed , ▁o wing ▁to ▁negotiations ▁between ▁Met rol ink ▁and ▁the ▁track ' s ▁owners , ▁B NS F . ▁In ▁January ▁ 2 0 2 0 , ▁it ▁was ▁announced ▁that ▁construction ▁of ▁the ▁Pl acent ia ▁Met rol ink ▁station ▁would ▁begin ▁later ▁in ▁the ▁year , ▁and ▁the ▁station ▁is ▁expected ▁to ▁be ▁open ▁by ▁June ▁ 2 0 2 2 . ▁ ▁The ▁cost ▁of ▁the ▁project ▁is ▁due ▁at ▁$ 3 4 . 8 ▁million , ▁of ▁which ▁the ▁city ▁pl ed ged ▁$ 5 . 4 ▁million . ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 4 , ▁the ▁project ▁was ▁peg ged ▁at ▁an ▁estimated ▁$ 2 3 . 4 2 ▁million , ▁while ▁a ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁estimate ▁was ▁between |
▁$ 7 . 5 – 9 ▁million . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : Pl acent ia , ▁California ▁Category : Future ▁Met rol ink ▁( Cal ifornia ) ▁stations ▁Category : R ail way ▁stations ▁scheduled ▁to ▁open ▁in ▁ 2 0 2 2 <0x0A> </s> ▁St ▁Just inian ▁( or ▁St ▁Just inian ' s ▁or ▁St ▁Just ini ans ) ▁is ▁a ▁coastal ▁location ▁in ▁P em bro k esh ire , ▁Wales , ▁in ▁the ▁community ▁of ▁St ▁Dav ids ▁and ▁the ▁Cat hedral ▁Close . ▁It ▁is ▁named ▁for ▁Just inian ▁of ▁Ram sey ▁Island . ▁There ▁is ▁a ▁small ▁har bour ▁housing ▁the ▁St ▁Dav ids ▁Life boat ▁Station , ▁and ▁a ▁private ▁residence . ▁The ▁har bour ▁is ▁used ▁for ▁boat ▁trips ▁to ▁Ram sey ▁Island , ▁and ▁for ▁k ay aking ▁and ▁speed boat ▁trips . ▁ ▁It ▁is ▁a ▁popular ▁access ▁point ▁for ▁the ▁P em bro k esh ire ▁Coast al ▁Path . ▁ ▁The ▁ruined ▁chap el ▁of ▁St ▁Just inian ▁is ▁nearby ▁and ▁is ▁a ▁Grade ▁I ▁listed ▁building . ▁ ▁The ▁ 1 8 7 0 s ▁old ▁life boat ▁house , ▁ 1 9 1 1 ▁life boat ▁house , ▁St ▁Just inian ' s ▁Well ▁( 1 9 th ▁century ▁over ▁an ▁ancient ▁spring ), ▁and ▁an ▁early ▁ 2 0 th ▁century ▁watch t ower ▁are ▁all ▁Grade ▁II ▁listed ▁buildings . ▁ ▁The ▁bay ▁on ▁which ▁St ▁Just inian ▁stands ▁is ▁known ▁as ▁P orth st |
inian . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : Ge ography ▁of ▁P em bro k esh ire ▁Category : St ▁Dav ids <0x0A> </s> ▁May field ▁is ▁a ▁village ▁in ▁F ult on ▁County , ▁New ▁York , ▁ ▁United ▁States . ▁As ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁census , ▁the ▁village ▁population ▁was ▁ 8 3 2 . ▁It ▁is ▁located ▁in ▁the ▁center ▁of ▁the ▁town ▁of ▁May field ▁and ▁is ▁nort heast ▁of ▁G lo vers ville . ▁Current ▁Mayor ▁is ▁Mayor ▁Jamie ▁Ward . ▁ ▁Ge ography ▁According ▁to ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Census ▁Bureau , ▁the ▁village ▁has ▁a ▁total ▁area ▁of ▁, ▁of ▁which ▁ ▁is ▁land ▁and ▁, ▁or ▁ 1 6 . 3 7 %, ▁is ▁water . ▁ ▁May field ▁is ▁at ▁the ▁south west ▁end ▁of ▁Great ▁Sac and aga ▁Lake ▁and ▁at ▁the ▁south ▁edge ▁of ▁the ▁Ad ir ond ack ▁Park . ▁The ▁village ▁is ▁located ▁on ▁the ▁north ▁side ▁of ▁May field ▁Lake , ▁where ▁May field ▁Creek ▁enters ▁the ▁lake . ▁ ▁New ▁York ▁State ▁Route ▁ 3 0 ▁passes ▁the ▁west ▁side ▁of ▁the ▁village , ▁leading ▁nort heast ▁ ▁to ▁North ville ▁and ▁south ▁ ▁to ▁Amsterdam . ▁New ▁York ▁State ▁Route ▁ 3 0 A ▁branches ▁off ▁just ▁west ▁of ▁the ▁village ▁limits , ▁leading ▁south west ▁ ▁to ▁G lo vers ville ▁and ▁ ▁to ▁John st own , ▁the ▁F ult on ▁County ▁seat . ▁ ▁History ▁▁ ▁The ▁village ▁was ▁incorporated ▁in |
▁ 1 8 9 6 . ▁ ▁Dem ograph ics ▁ ▁As ▁of ▁the ▁census ▁of ▁ 2 0 0 0 , ▁there ▁were ▁ 8 0 0 ▁people , ▁ 3 0 7 ▁households , ▁and ▁ 2 2 1 ▁families ▁res iding ▁in ▁the ▁village . ▁ ▁The ▁population ▁density ▁was ▁ 8 9 6 . 9 ▁people ▁per ▁square ▁mile ▁( 3 4 7 . 1 / km ² ). ▁ ▁There ▁were ▁ 3 4 9 ▁housing ▁units ▁at ▁an ▁average ▁density ▁of ▁ 3 9 1 . 3 ▁per ▁square ▁mile ▁( 1 5 1 . 4 / km ² ). ▁ ▁The ▁racial ▁makeup ▁of ▁the ▁village ▁was ▁ 9 8 . 3 8 % ▁White , ▁ 0 . 5 0 % ▁Black ▁or ▁African ▁American , ▁ 0 . 7 5 % ▁Native ▁American , ▁and ▁ 0 . 3 8 % ▁from ▁two ▁or ▁more ▁races . ▁His panic ▁or ▁Lat ino ▁of ▁any ▁race ▁were ▁ 0 . 7 5 % ▁of ▁the ▁population . ▁ ▁There ▁were ▁ 3 0 9 ▁households ▁out ▁of ▁which ▁ 3 7 . 5 % ▁had ▁children ▁under ▁the ▁age ▁of ▁ 1 8 ▁living ▁with ▁them , ▁ 5 1 . 1 % ▁were ▁married ▁couples ▁living ▁together , ▁ 1 6 . 5 % ▁had ▁a ▁female ▁house holder ▁with ▁no ▁husband ▁present , ▁and ▁ 2 8 . 2 % ▁were ▁non - f amil ies . ▁ 2 2 . 0 % |
▁of ▁all ▁households ▁were ▁made ▁up ▁of ▁individuals ▁and ▁ 1 0 . 0 % ▁had ▁someone ▁living ▁alone ▁who ▁was ▁ 6 5 ▁years ▁of ▁age ▁or ▁older . ▁ ▁The ▁average ▁household ▁size ▁was ▁ 2 . 5 9 ▁and ▁the ▁average ▁family ▁size ▁was ▁ 3 . 0 0 . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁village , ▁the ▁population ▁was ▁spread ▁out ▁with ▁ 2 9 . 5 % ▁under ▁the ▁age ▁of ▁ 1 8 , ▁ 8 . 0 % ▁from ▁ 1 8 ▁to ▁ 2 4 , ▁ 2 9 . 6 % ▁from ▁ 2 5 ▁to ▁ 4 4 , ▁ 1 7 . 8 % ▁from ▁ 4 5 ▁to ▁ 6 4 , ▁and ▁ 1 5 . 1 % ▁who ▁were ▁ 6 5 ▁years ▁of ▁age ▁or ▁older . ▁ ▁The ▁median ▁age ▁was ▁ 3 6 ▁years . ▁For ▁every ▁ 1 0 0 ▁females , ▁there ▁were ▁ 8 6 . 5 ▁males . ▁ ▁For ▁every ▁ 1 0 0 ▁females ▁age ▁ 1 8 ▁and ▁over , ▁there ▁were ▁ 8 4 . 9 ▁males . ▁ ▁The ▁median ▁income ▁for ▁a ▁household ▁in ▁the ▁village ▁was ▁$ 3 5 , 7 8 1 , ▁and ▁the ▁median ▁income ▁for ▁a ▁family ▁was ▁$ 3 9 , 7 9 2 . ▁M ales ▁had ▁a ▁median ▁income ▁of ▁$ 3 0 , 1 3 9 ▁versus ▁$ 2 1 , 6 2 0 ▁for ▁females . ▁The ▁per |
▁cap ita ▁income ▁for ▁the ▁village ▁was ▁$ 1 5 , 6 0 4 . ▁ ▁About ▁ 8 . 7 % ▁of ▁families ▁and ▁ 1 0 . 8 % ▁of ▁the ▁population ▁were ▁below ▁the ▁poverty ▁line , ▁including ▁ 1 4 . 1 % ▁of ▁those ▁under ▁age ▁ 1 8 ▁and ▁ 6 . 3 % ▁of ▁those ▁age ▁ 6 5 ▁or ▁over . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : V ill ages ▁in ▁New ▁York ▁( state ) ▁Category : V ill ages ▁in ▁F ult on ▁County , ▁New ▁York <0x0A> </s> ▁about ▁ 9 3 0 0 ▁species ▁of ▁v ascular ▁plant ▁were ▁known ▁to ▁grow ▁in ▁Turkey . ▁By ▁comparison , ▁Europe ▁as ▁a ▁whole ▁contains ▁only ▁about ▁ 2 4 % ▁more ▁species ▁( about ▁ 1 1 5 0 0 ), ▁despite ▁having ▁thirteen ▁times ▁the ▁area . ▁ ▁The ▁most ▁important ▁reasons ▁for ▁the ▁high ▁plant ▁b iod ivers ity ▁are ▁believed ▁to ▁be ▁the ▁relatively ▁high ▁proportion ▁of ▁end em ics , ▁together ▁with ▁the ▁high ▁variety ▁of ▁so ils ▁and ▁climate ▁of ▁Turkey . ▁ ▁End em ism ▁▁ ▁A ▁third ▁of ▁Turkish ▁plant ▁species ▁are ▁end emic ▁to ▁Turkey : ▁one ▁reason ▁there ▁are ▁so ▁many ▁is ▁because ▁the ▁surface ▁of ▁An at olia ▁is ▁both ▁mountain ous ▁and ▁quite ▁fragment ed . ▁In ▁fact ▁the ▁An at ol ian ▁mountains ▁re semble ▁arch ip el ag os ▁like ▁the ▁famous ▁Gal ap ag os ▁Islands . ▁Since |
▁Darwin ▁we ▁know ▁that ▁ge ographic ▁isolation ▁between ▁islands ▁or ▁separated ▁mountains ▁is ▁an ▁important ▁means ▁of ▁spec iation , ▁leading ▁to ▁high ▁spatial ▁diversity . ▁For ▁An at olia ▁this ▁assumption ▁is ▁confirmed ▁by ▁concentr ations ▁of ▁ ▁end em ism ▁on ▁highly ▁isolated ▁and ▁relatively ▁old ▁mass ifs ▁such ▁as ▁Ul uda ğ ▁and ▁Il g az ▁Da ğ , ▁whereas ▁very ▁young ▁vol can ic ▁con es ▁such ▁as ▁E rc yes ▁Da ğ ▁and ▁Hass an ▁Da ğ ▁are ▁surprisingly ▁poor ▁in ▁end em ics . ▁As ▁local ▁end em ics ▁take ▁a ▁long ▁time ▁to ▁ev olve , ▁we ▁also ▁have ▁to ▁compare ▁the ▁history ▁of ▁the ▁central ▁and ▁north ▁European ▁mountains ▁with ▁the ▁An at ol ian ▁ones . ▁During ▁each ▁of ▁the ▁gl ac ial ▁periods ▁the ▁former ▁were ▁covered ▁by ▁thick ▁shield s ▁of ▁permanent ▁ice , ▁which ▁destroyed ▁most ▁pre - gl ac ial ▁end em ism ▁and ▁hind ered ▁ne o - end em ics ▁from ▁forming . ▁Only ▁less ▁gl aci ated , ▁peripher al ▁areas , ▁the ▁so - called ▁“ mass ifs ▁de ▁refuge ”, ▁offered ▁suitable ▁conditions ▁for ▁the ▁survival ▁of ▁local ▁end em ics ▁during ▁gl ac ial ▁periods . ▁ ▁In ▁An at olia ▁the ▁Ple ist oc ene ▁gl aci ations ▁only ▁covered ▁the ▁highest ▁peaks , ▁so ▁there ▁are ▁many ▁species ▁with ▁small ▁ranges . ▁In ▁other ▁words : ▁An at olia ▁as ▁a ▁whole ▁is ▁a ▁big ▁“ mass if ▁de ▁refuge ”, ▁showing |
▁all ▁degrees ▁of ▁past ▁and ▁recent ▁spec iation . ▁ ▁Ec olog ic ▁diversity ▁▁ ▁For ▁a ▁visitor ▁from ▁Central ▁Europe ▁clim atic ▁diversity ▁within ▁Turkey ▁is ▁quite ▁aston ishing . ▁All ▁clim atic ▁zones ▁present ▁in ▁Europe ▁can ▁be ▁found ▁in ▁Turkey ▁on ▁a ▁somewhat ▁smaller ▁scale . ▁The ▁Black ▁Sea ▁coast ▁is ▁hum id ▁all ▁year ▁round , ▁with ▁the ▁highest ▁rain fall ▁between ▁R ize ▁and ▁Hop a . ▁South ▁of ▁the ▁Pont ic ▁Range ▁there ▁is ▁much ▁less ▁rain ▁so ▁Central ▁An at olia ▁is ▁dry ; ▁also ▁it ▁is ▁cold ▁in ▁the ▁winter . ▁Appro aching ▁the ▁southern ▁and ▁western ▁coast s , ▁the ▁climate ▁turns ▁more ▁and ▁more ▁Mediterranean , ▁with ▁mild ▁but ▁very ▁rain y ▁win ters ▁and ▁dry , ▁hot ▁sum mers . ▁This ▁simple ▁scheme ▁is ▁complicated ▁a ▁lot ▁by ▁the ▁mountain ous ▁surface ▁of ▁An at olia . ▁On ▁the ▁high ▁mountains ▁harsh ▁clim atic ▁conditions ▁pers ist ▁all ▁the ▁year ▁round ▁and , ▁, ▁there ▁are ▁gl ac iers ▁in ▁Turkey , ▁for ▁example ▁on ▁Mount ▁Ar ar at . ▁ ▁Also ▁An at olia ’ s ▁diversity ▁of ▁so ils ▁is ▁aston ishing ly ▁high . ▁Sal ine ▁so ils ▁are ▁quite ▁common ▁in ▁the ▁dri est ▁parts ▁of ▁central ▁An at olia : ▁and ▁also ▁the ▁Ar as ▁valley ▁between ▁Ka ğ ı z man ▁and ▁Armen ia ▁is ▁full ▁of ▁impressive ▁salt ▁out lets , ▁some ▁pour ing ▁directly ▁out ▁of ▁the ▁mountains ▁and ▁thus ▁re sem bling ▁snow |
▁patches ▁from ▁a ▁distance . ▁South ▁of ▁S ivas ▁and ▁around ▁G ür ün ▁there ▁are ▁extensive ▁gy ps um ▁hills ▁with ▁a ▁very ▁special ▁fl ora . ▁A ▁further ▁lot ▁of ▁end em ics ▁have ▁been ▁described ▁from ▁the ▁extensive ▁ser pent ine ▁areas ▁in ▁South - West ▁An at olia , ▁especially ▁Sand ras ▁Da ğ ▁( C ice kb aba ▁D .) ▁near ▁Kö y ce ğ iz . ▁ ▁The ▁An at ol ian ▁diagonal ▁is ▁an ▁ec ological ▁divid ing ▁line ▁which ▁runs ▁sl ant - wise ▁across ▁central ▁and ▁eastern ▁Turkey ▁from ▁the ▁nort he astern ▁corner ▁of ▁the ▁Mediterranean ▁Sea ▁to ▁the ▁sout he astern ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁Black ▁Sea . ▁Many ▁species ▁of ▁plant ▁that ▁exist ▁west ▁of ▁the ▁diagonal ▁are ▁not ▁present ▁to ▁the ▁east , ▁while ▁others ▁found ▁to ▁the ▁east ▁are ▁not ▁in ▁the ▁west . ▁Of ▁ 5 5 0 ▁species ▁analys ed , ▁ 1 3 5 ▁were ▁found ▁to ▁be ▁" e astern " ▁and ▁ 2 2 8 ▁" western ". ▁ ▁Besides ▁the ▁An at ol ian ▁diagonal ▁forming ▁a ▁barrier ▁to ▁fl oral ▁b iod ivers ity , ▁about ▁four ▁hundred ▁species ▁of ▁plant ▁are ▁end emic ▁to ▁the ▁diagonal ▁itself . ▁ ▁Main ▁components ▁of ▁the ▁Turkish ▁fl ora ▁▁▁▁▁ ▁With ▁almost ▁ 4 0 0 ▁species ▁the ▁genus ▁Astr ag al us ▁( mil k - v etch , ▁go at ' s - th orn ; ▁Fab aceae ) ▁has ▁by ▁far ▁the |
▁most ▁species ▁of ▁the ▁Turkish ▁fl ora ; ▁as ▁histor ically ▁humans ▁have ▁dramatically ▁expanded ▁its ▁fav ored ▁tre eless , ▁dry ▁and ▁heavily ▁graz ed ▁habit ats . ▁But ▁not ▁as ▁many ▁as ▁Central ▁Asia : ▁the ▁former ▁USS R ▁has ▁twice ▁as ▁many . ▁The ▁plastic ity ▁of ▁this ▁genus ▁is ▁aston ishing ly ▁high . ▁Dep ending ▁on ▁environmental ▁conditions ▁a ▁big ▁variety ▁of ▁life - forms ▁evolved , ▁ranging ▁from ▁tiny ▁annual s ▁to ▁small ▁wood y ▁and ▁th orn y ▁bus hes . ▁Spec iation ▁seems ▁to ▁be ▁in ▁plain ▁progress ▁in ▁Astr ag al us . ▁Near ly ▁all ▁of ▁its ▁different ▁sections ▁consists ▁of ▁clusters ▁of ▁closely ▁related ▁species ▁whose ▁determination ▁is ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁hard est ▁tasks ▁in ▁a ▁closer ▁study ▁of ▁the ▁An at ol ian ▁fl ora . ▁One ▁of ▁the ▁most ▁successful ▁growth ▁forms ▁of ▁Turkish ▁Astr ag ali ▁is ▁the ▁th orn ▁cush ion , ▁which ▁is ▁very ▁characteristic ▁of ▁the ▁dry ▁mountains ▁of ▁inner ▁An at olia . ▁Such ▁th orn ▁cush ions ▁were ▁not ▁exclusively ▁invented ▁by ▁many ▁Astr ag ali . ▁Really ▁striking ▁examples ▁of ▁conver gent ▁evolution ▁are ▁the ▁impressive ▁th orn ▁cush ions ▁of ▁On ob ry ch is ▁corn uta , ▁also ▁belonging ▁to ▁the ▁Fab aceae . ▁But ▁there ▁are ▁a ▁lot ▁of ▁th orn ▁cush ions ▁also ▁in ▁A can th ol im on ▁( Pl umb ag in aceae ). ▁Even ▁some ▁A ster aceae ▁( in ▁Turkey ▁e . g . |
▁Cent a ure a ▁ur ville i , ▁C . ▁i ber ica ) ▁and ▁ ▁C ary oph yll aceae ▁( e . g . ▁Min uart ia ▁jun iper ina ) ▁evolved ▁in ▁that ▁direction . ▁ ▁Second ▁in ▁importance ▁comes ▁Ver b asc um ▁( Sc ro ph ular i aceae ) ▁and ▁third ▁is ▁Cent a ure a ▁( A ster aceae ). ▁For ▁Ver b asc um ▁Turkey ▁evident ly ▁is ▁the ▁centre ▁of ▁distribution . ▁Of ▁approximately ▁ 3 6 0 ▁species ▁worldwide ▁no ▁less ▁than ▁ 2 3 2 ▁are ▁to ▁be ▁found ▁in ▁Turkey , ▁almost ▁ 8 0 % ▁of ▁them ▁being ▁An at ol ian ▁end em ics ! ▁Most ▁Ver b asc um ▁species ▁are ▁protected ▁against ▁water ▁loss ▁and ▁hungry ▁cattle ▁by ▁a ▁dense ▁cover ▁of ▁tree - shaped ▁micro ▁h airs . ▁Cent a ure a ▁species ▁rarely ▁have ▁wool ly ▁h airs , ▁but ▁in ▁defence ▁against ▁heavy ▁graz ing ▁developed ▁th orn y ▁ph yll aries , ▁or ▁evolved ▁to ▁have ▁no ▁visible ▁stem ▁or ▁a ▁very ▁short ▁one . ▁ ▁Ve get ation ▁▁ ▁The ▁Pont ic ▁mountain ▁range ▁along ▁the ▁north ▁An at ol ian ▁coast ▁is ▁a ▁more ▁or ▁less ▁continuous ▁barrier ▁against ▁hum id ▁air ▁from ▁the ▁Black ▁Sea , ▁causing ▁high ▁precip itation ▁on ▁the ▁northern ▁sl opes ▁of ▁the ▁Pont us ▁all ▁year . ▁Cl im atic ▁conditions ▁on ▁the ▁northern ▁coast ▁therefore ▁re semble ▁those ▁in ▁central ▁Europe ▁and ▁so ▁does |
▁the ▁veget ation . ▁A ▁limited ▁Mediterranean ▁influence ▁is ▁notice able ▁only ▁on ▁a ▁very ▁narrow ▁coastal ▁strip , ▁but ▁almost ▁completely ▁missing ▁in ▁the ▁north - east . ▁In ▁the ▁lower ▁forest ▁zone ▁often ▁Horn be am ▁( C arp inus ▁bet ulus ) ▁prev ails , ▁frequently ▁inter ming led ▁with ▁Sweet ▁Che st nut ▁( Cast ane a ▁sat iva ). ▁Further ▁up ▁Ori ental ▁Be ech ▁( F ag us ▁orient alis ) ▁and / or ▁Nord mann ▁F ir ▁( Ab ies ▁nord mann iana ) ▁form ▁extensive ▁forests . ▁Hum idity ▁becomes ▁extremely ▁high ▁in ▁L az istan , ▁where ▁the ▁Pont ic ▁barrier ▁cul min ates ▁in ▁the ▁nearly ▁ 4 0 0 0 ▁m ▁high ▁Ka ç kar ▁Mountains . ▁East ▁of ▁Tr ab zon ▁therefore ▁veget ation ▁becomes ▁somewhat ▁sub - t ropic , ▁with ▁a ▁lot ▁of ▁ever gre ens ▁in ▁the ▁forest ▁and ▁tea ▁plant ations ▁everywhere ▁on ▁the ▁sl opes . ▁ ▁South ▁of ▁the ▁Pont ic ▁waters hed ▁the ▁climate ▁immediately ▁gets ▁dri er . ▁In ▁the ▁mountains ▁first ▁Ab ies ▁nord mann iana , ▁but ▁then ▁soon ▁Pin us ▁becomes ▁dominant . ▁In ▁the ▁western ▁parts ▁of ▁An at olia ▁this ▁is ▁often ▁Black ▁P ine ▁( Pin us ▁n ig ra ), ▁in ▁the ▁east ▁nearly ▁exclusively ▁Scot ts ▁P ine ▁( Pin us ▁s yl vest ris ). ▁Pen etr ating ▁further ▁into ▁the ▁central ▁parts ▁of ▁inner ▁An at olia ▁leads ▁to ▁still ▁dry er , |
▁winter c old ▁conditions . ▁Today ▁the ▁lower ▁parts ▁of ▁central ▁An at olia ▁are ▁virtually ▁tre eless . ▁Field s ▁on ▁deep ▁all uv ial ▁so ils ▁alternate ▁with ▁step pe ▁on ▁the ▁dry er ▁hills . ▁But ▁it ▁is ▁still ▁an ▁open ▁question ▁where ▁and ▁to ▁what ▁degree ▁this ▁central ▁An at ol ian ▁step pe ▁is ▁due ▁to ▁ar idity ▁or ▁to ▁human ▁def orest ation . ▁Ar idity ▁is ▁most ▁pronounced ▁around ▁T uz ▁G öl ü ▁south ▁of ▁An k ara ▁and ▁in ▁the ▁Ar as - val ley ▁near ▁the ▁Armen ian ▁border . ▁Between ▁Ka ğ iz man ▁and ▁T uz l uc a ▁this ▁valley ▁is ▁so ▁dry , ▁that ▁here ▁and ▁there ▁pure ▁salt ▁depos its ▁gl itter ▁like ▁white ▁snow fields ▁on ▁the ▁bare ▁sl opes . ▁ ▁The ▁T aurus ▁Mountains ▁form ▁the ▁southern ▁edge ▁of ▁the ▁central ▁An at ol ian ▁Pl ate au ▁and ▁are ▁already ▁very ▁influenced ▁by ▁the ▁Mediterranean , ▁with ▁a ▁lot ▁of ▁snow ▁in ▁winter , ▁but ▁dry ▁and ▁warm ▁sum mers . ▁Cl im ax ▁forests ▁are ▁formed ▁by ▁Black ▁P ine , ▁C il ician ▁F ir ▁( Ab ies ▁c il ic ica ) ▁and ▁Leb anon ▁C ed ar ▁( C ed rus ▁lib ani ). ▁Unfortunately ▁there ▁has ▁been ▁a ▁lot ▁of ▁def orest ation ▁in ▁the ▁T aurus , ▁most ▁grav ely ▁affecting ▁the ▁stands ▁of ▁C ed rus . ▁On ▁the ▁A e ge an ▁and ▁Mediterranean ▁coast s |
▁pronounced ▁Mediterranean ▁conditions ▁prev ail , ▁with ▁very ▁hot ▁and ▁dry ▁sum mers ▁and ▁very ▁rain y ▁win ters . ▁Ant al ya ▁Province ▁has ▁considerably ▁more ▁total ▁precip itation ▁than , ▁for ▁example , ▁the ▁south ▁of ▁England ▁( 1 0 7 1 mm ▁versus ▁ 7 5 9 mm ), ▁but ▁its ▁season al ▁distribution ▁is ▁completely ▁different ▁and ▁average ▁temperature ▁is ▁of ▁course ▁much ▁higher ▁( 1 8 . 3 ° C ▁versus ▁ 9 . 7 ° ). ▁Such ▁conditions ▁favour ▁the ▁growth ▁of ▁hard - le aved ▁ever green ▁trees ▁such ▁as ▁K erm es ▁Oak ▁( Qu erc us ▁coc c if era ) ▁and ▁Turkish ▁P ine ▁( Pin us ▁brut ia ). ▁But ▁due ▁to ▁massive ▁forest ▁destruction ▁hills ▁and ▁sl opes ▁in ▁coastal ▁West ▁and ▁South ▁An at olia ▁are ▁now adays ▁mostly ▁covered ▁with ▁mac chie . ▁Where ▁fert ile ▁all uv ial ▁so ils ▁prev ail , ▁e . g . ▁in ▁the ▁C il ician ▁Pl ain ▁around ▁Ad ana , ▁there ▁is ▁intense ▁agriculture . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁Cl imate ▁change ▁in ▁Turkey ▁Fl ora ▁of ▁Turkey , ▁Ap oc yn aceae ▁Fl ora ▁of ▁Turkey , ▁Bet ul aceae ▁Fl ora ▁of ▁Turkey , ▁F ag aceae ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁▁ ▁AV CI . ▁M . ▁ 2 0 0 5 . ▁" Ç e ş it l il ik ▁Ve ▁End em iz m ▁A ç ı s ı nd an ▁T ür ki ye |
’ n in ▁Bit ki ▁Ö rt ü s ü - D ivers ity ▁and ▁end em ism ▁in ▁Turkey ' s ▁Ve get ation ", ▁ İ stan bul ▁Ü n ivers ites i ▁E de bi y at ▁F ak ül tes i ▁Co ğ raf ya ▁B öl ü m ü ▁Co ğ raf ya ▁Der g isi ▁ 1 3 : 2 7 - 5 5 . ▁ ▁Information ▁for ▁this ▁article ▁was ▁taken ▁mainly ▁from : ▁Flow ers ▁of ▁Turkey ▁- ▁a ▁photo ▁guide .- ▁ 4 4 8 ▁pp . – ▁E igen ver lag ▁Ger hard ▁P ils ▁( 2 0 0 6 ). ▁ ▁Further ▁basic ▁literature ▁about ▁Turkish ▁Fl ora ▁and ▁Ve get ation : ▁ ▁D AV IS , ▁P . ▁H . ▁ed . ▁ 1 9 6 5 - 1 9 8 8 : ▁Fl ora ▁of ▁Turkey ▁and ▁the ▁East ▁A e ge an ▁Islands , ▁ 1 0 ▁vol s . − ▁Edinburgh : ▁University ▁Press . ▁ ▁G Ü NER , ▁A . ▁& ▁al . ▁ 2 0 0 0 : ▁Fl ora ▁of ▁Turkey ▁Supp lement ▁ 2 ▁[ = ▁vol ▁ 1 1 ]. − ▁Edinburgh : ▁University ▁Press . ▁ ▁K RE UT Z , ▁D . A . J . ▁ 1 9 9 8 : ▁Die ▁Or ch ide en ▁der ▁T ür ke i , ▁ 7 6 6 ▁pp . − ▁Land gra af ▁( NL ): ▁Sel bst ver |
lag . ▁ ▁M AY ER , ▁H . ▁& ▁A K SO Y , ▁H . ▁ 1 9 8 6 : ▁W ä ld er ▁der ▁T ür ke i . – ▁St utt gart ▁& ▁New ▁York : ▁G . ▁F ischer ▁Ver lag . ▁Cont ents ▁as ▁pdf ▁ ▁K Ü RS CH NER , ▁H ., ▁R A US , ▁T . ▁& ▁V ENTER , ▁J . ▁ 1 9 9 5 : ▁P fl an zen ▁der ▁T ür ke i . ▁Ä g ä is ▁- ▁T aurus ▁- ▁In ner an at ol ien . − ▁W ies b aden : ▁Qu elle ▁& ▁Mey er . ▁Cont ents ▁as ▁pdf ▁ ▁P IL S , ▁G ., ▁ 2 0 1 3 : ▁End em ism ▁in ▁Main land ▁Reg ions ▁– ▁Case ▁Studies : ▁Turkey .- ▁p . 2 4 0 - 2 5 5 ▁in : ▁HO BO H M , ▁C . ▁( Ed . ): ▁End em ism ▁in ▁V ascular ▁Pl ants .- ▁Spring er ▁Ver lag ▁▁ ▁S OR GER , ▁F . ▁ 1 9 9 4 : ▁Bl umen ▁der ▁T ür ke i . − ▁St ap f ia ▁( L inz ) ▁ 3 4 . ▁[ pdf , ▁ 2 1 , 5 4 M b ] ▁ ▁T UR K ISH ▁JO URN AL ▁OF ▁B OT ANY ▁▁▁ ▁Category : B iod ivers ity <0x0A> </s> ▁I gre ja |
▁Met od ista ▁Un ida ▁is ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁largest ▁Protest ant ▁denom inations ▁in ▁Moz amb ique . ▁It ▁is ▁a ▁Method ist ▁church . ▁▁ ▁The ▁church ▁lost ▁about ▁ 4 0 % ▁of ▁its ▁members ▁from ▁ 1 9 7 5 ▁to ▁ 1 9 8 0 . ▁ ▁Category : Ch urches ▁in ▁Moz amb ique ▁Category : Method ist ▁denom inations <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁ 2 0 1 7 ▁Road ▁to ▁the ▁Kentucky ▁O aks ▁is ▁a ▁points ▁system ▁by ▁which ▁three - year - old ▁fill ies ▁qualified ▁for ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 7 ▁Kentucky ▁O aks , ▁held ▁on ▁May ▁ 5 . ▁The ▁point ▁system ▁replaced ▁a ▁previous ▁qual ifying ▁system ▁which ▁was ▁based ▁on ▁grad ed ▁st akes ▁earnings . ▁ ▁Churchill ▁Down s ▁announced ▁the ▁schedule ▁for ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 7 ▁Road ▁to ▁the ▁Kentucky ▁O aks ▁on ▁September ▁ 1 3 , ▁ 2 0 1 6 . ▁The ▁only ▁change ▁from ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁season ▁is ▁that ▁the ▁M azar ine ▁St akes ▁is ▁no ▁longer ▁included , ▁bringing ▁the ▁total ▁number ▁of ▁races ▁down ▁to ▁ 3 0 . ▁ ▁Stand ings ▁The ▁following ▁table ▁shows ▁the ▁points ▁earned ▁in ▁the ▁eligible ▁races . ▁Far rell ▁qualified ▁first ▁with ▁ 1 7 0 ▁points , ▁earned ▁by ▁winning ▁the ▁Golden ▁Rod , ▁Silver bullet day , ▁Rachel ▁Alex andra ▁and ▁Fair ▁Ground s ▁O aks . ▁The ▁Kentucky ▁O aks ▁was ▁won ▁by ▁Ab |
el ▁T as man , ▁who ▁qualified ▁with ▁ 7 0 ▁points ▁by ▁finishing ▁second ▁in ▁the ▁Santa ▁Y s abel ▁and ▁Santa ▁An ita ▁O aks . ▁▁ ▁W inner ▁of ▁Kentucky ▁O aks ▁in ▁bold ▁ ▁En tr ants ▁for ▁Kentucky ▁O aks ▁in ▁pink ▁ ▁" Al so ▁eligible " ▁for ▁Kentucky ▁O aks ▁in ▁green ▁▁ ▁S idel ined / In active / O aks ▁no ▁longer ▁under ▁consideration ▁in ▁gray ▁ ▁Race ▁Results ▁ ▁Pre p ▁season ▁ ▁Championship ▁Series ▁ ▁Notes ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ 2 0 1 7 ▁Road ▁to ▁the ▁Kentucky ▁Der by ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : K ent ucky ▁O aks ▁Road ▁to ▁the ▁Kentucky ▁O aks ▁Road ▁to ▁the ▁Kentucky ▁O aks <0x0A> </s> ▁Ar no ▁Su isle p ▁( born ▁ 6 ▁May ▁ 1 9 8 0 ) ▁is ▁an ▁Est on ian ▁musician . ▁ ▁Career ▁▁ ▁Ar no ▁Su isle p ▁is ▁best ▁known ▁from ▁the ▁Est on ian ▁local ▁spin ▁off ▁from ▁Pop ▁Id ol ▁called ▁E est i ▁o ts ib ▁super sta ari , ▁where ▁he ▁got ▁second ▁place ▁after ▁J ana ▁K ask . ▁He ▁got ▁ 4 7 . 1 % ▁of ▁points ▁in ▁a ▁tight ▁competition . ▁ ▁He ▁plays ▁bass ▁guitar ▁in ▁the ▁band ▁Mel ot rap . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁▁ ▁Category : 1 9 8 0 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : E ston ian ▁male ▁sing ers ▁Category : E ston ian - language |
▁sing ers ▁Category : E ston ian ▁pop ▁sing ers ▁Category : Id ols ▁( fr anch ise ) ▁participants ▁Category : 2 1 st - century ▁Est on ian ▁sing ers ▁Category : 2 1 st - century ▁Est on ian ▁musicians ▁Category : 2 1 st - century ▁male ▁sing ers <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁League ▁of ▁Extra ord inary ▁Gent le men : ▁Black ▁D oss ier ▁is ▁an ▁original ▁graphic ▁novel ▁in ▁the ▁comic ▁book ▁series ▁The ▁League ▁of ▁Extra ord inary ▁Gent le men , ▁written ▁by ▁Alan ▁Moore ▁and ▁illustrated ▁by ▁Kevin ▁O ' Ne ill . ▁It ▁was ▁the ▁last ▁volume ▁of ▁the ▁series ▁to ▁be ▁published ▁by ▁DC ▁Com ics . ▁Although ▁the ▁third ▁book ▁to ▁be ▁published , ▁it ▁was ▁not ▁intended ▁to ▁be ▁the ▁third ▁volume ▁in ▁the ▁series . ▁Moore ▁has ▁stated ▁that ▁it ▁was ▁intended ▁to ▁be ▁" a ▁sort ▁of ▁ingen ious ▁source book ", ▁and ▁not ▁a ▁regular ▁volume . ▁ ▁Black ▁D oss ier ▁was ▁released ▁on ▁November ▁ 1 4 , ▁ 2 0 0 7 . ▁ ▁Background ▁and ▁format ▁ ▁Origin ally ▁referred ▁to ▁as ▁The ▁Dark ▁D oss ier ▁during ▁early ▁announce ments ▁of ▁its ▁existence , ▁The ▁League ▁of ▁Extra ord inary ▁Gent le men : ▁Black ▁D oss ier ▁diff ers ▁from ▁the ▁other ▁regular ▁volumes , ▁as ▁it ▁is ▁a ▁self - cont ained ▁graphic ▁novel ▁designed ▁to ▁be ▁a ▁" source book " ▁for ▁the ▁series . ▁While ▁the ▁first ▁two |
▁volumes ▁included ▁pro se ▁stories ▁as ▁backup ▁features , ▁the ▁majority ▁of ▁Black ▁D oss ier ▁consists ▁of ▁non - com ic ▁pieces , ▁taking ▁the ▁form ▁of ▁pro se ▁stories , ▁letters , ▁maps , ▁guide books , ▁magazines ▁and ▁even ▁a ▁lost ▁Shakespeare ▁fol io . ▁Also ▁included ▁is ▁a ▁' T ijuana ▁Bible ' ▁insert ▁and ▁a ▁ 3 - D ▁section ▁complete ▁with ▁custom ▁glasses . ▁However , ▁these ▁pro se ▁pieces ▁and ▁in serts ▁are ▁fr amed ▁by ▁a ▁comic ▁story , ▁in ▁which ▁M ina ▁H ark er ▁and ▁All an ▁Qu ater main ▁obtain ▁the ▁Black ▁D oss ier ▁itself ▁and ▁are ▁then ▁purs ued ▁by ▁government ▁forces . ▁ ▁All ▁illustr ations ▁are ▁done ▁by ▁Kevin ▁O ' Ne ill , ▁the ▁artist ▁on ▁the ▁first ▁two ▁volumes . ▁Alan ▁Moore ▁also ▁recorded ▁a ▁vin yl ▁record ▁of ▁him ▁singing ▁an ▁original ▁song ▁that ▁would ▁be ▁released ▁with ▁the ▁book , ▁but ▁DC ▁did ▁not ▁include ▁it . ▁ ▁After ▁many ▁changed ▁shipping ▁dates , ▁the ▁Abs olute ▁Edition ▁was ▁released ▁with ▁no ▁vin yl ▁record , ▁no ▁script / sk etch ▁companion ▁book ▁( something ▁that ▁had ▁shipped ▁with ▁Abs olute ▁" Le ague " ▁volumes ▁ 1 ▁& ▁ 2 ), ▁and ▁a ▁price ▁point ▁of ▁$ 9 9 ▁– ▁$ 2 4 ▁higher ▁than ▁the ▁two ▁previous ▁Abs olute ▁" Le ague " ▁volumes . ▁ ▁Bill ▁Oak ley ▁died ▁halfway ▁through ▁designing ▁the ▁book , ▁so ▁the ▁last ▁half ▁was ▁designed |
▁by ▁Todd ▁Klein . ▁ ▁The ▁book ▁is ▁dedicated ▁to ▁Oak ley ' s ▁memory . ▁▁▁ ▁The ▁vin yl ▁record ▁was ▁eventually ▁produced ▁in ▁the ▁UK . ▁ ▁Development ▁According ▁to ▁Moore ▁the ▁Black ▁D oss ier ▁was ▁created ▁because ▁Moore ▁was ▁uncomfortable ▁with ▁the ▁idea ▁of ▁O ' Ne ill ▁being ▁unem ployed ▁during ▁the ▁planned ▁hi atus ▁between ▁Vol umes ▁II ▁and ▁III ▁of ▁The ▁League ▁of ▁Extra ord inary ▁Gent le men . ▁Want ing ▁to ▁do ▁a ▁source ▁book ▁for ▁The ▁League ▁of ▁Extra ord inary ▁Gent le men ▁Moore ▁began ▁writing ▁the ▁Black ▁D oss ier . ▁ ▁Exp and ing ▁the ▁original ▁idea ▁to ▁including ▁numerous ▁different ▁pro se ▁sections ▁of ▁different ▁styles ▁from ▁a ▁F anny ▁Hill ▁" sequ el " ▁to ▁a ▁beat nik ▁style ▁story ▁and ▁a ▁comic ▁narrative ▁that ▁frames ▁the ▁D oss ier ▁sections . ▁ ▁Moore ▁and ▁O ' Ne ill ▁also ▁took ▁the ▁main ▁characters ▁M ina ▁Murray ▁and ▁All an ▁ 6 0 ▁years ▁in ▁the ▁future ▁out ▁of ▁fear ▁that ▁the ▁Victorian ▁era ▁was ▁already ▁w aning ▁in ▁interest . ▁ ▁Because ▁many ▁of ▁the ▁characters ▁used ▁in ▁the ▁Black ▁D oss ier ▁are ▁not ▁in ▁the ▁public ▁domain , ▁Moore ▁became ▁more ▁creative ▁in ▁all uding ▁to ▁the ▁characters ▁ident ities ▁but ▁never ▁directly ▁revealing ▁who ▁they ▁were , ▁thus ▁avoiding ▁legal ▁issues ▁with ▁the ▁owners ▁of ▁those ▁characters . ▁For ▁example , ▁the ▁character ▁of ▁" J im my " ▁is ▁a ▁thin ly ▁ve |
iled ▁reference ▁to ▁James ▁Bond ; ▁hint s ▁to ▁this ▁include ▁own ing ▁Camp ion ▁Bond ' s ▁cigarette ▁case ▁and ▁lighter , ▁his ▁preference ▁for ▁V od ka ▁Martin is , ▁having ▁a ▁scar ▁from ▁the ▁novels , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁own ing ▁James ▁Bond ▁trad emark ▁Wal ther ▁P PK ▁with ▁ 0 0 7 ▁en gr aved ▁on ▁it . ▁The ▁names ▁of ▁other ▁characters ▁are ▁short ened ▁or ▁otherwise ▁changed ▁to ▁mask ▁their ▁origins : ▁Mrs . ▁Pe el ▁from ▁the ▁Av engers ▁uses ▁her ▁maid en ▁name ▁throughout ▁the ▁graphic ▁novel ▁( here ▁sp elled ▁" N ight " ▁instead ▁of ▁" K night "), ▁and ▁Billy ▁B unter ▁is ▁only ▁referred ▁to ▁by ▁his ▁first ▁name . ▁ ▁A ▁DC ▁press ▁release ▁confirmed ▁it ▁would ▁not ▁be ▁released ▁outside ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁" due ▁to ▁international ▁copyright ▁concerns ▁and ▁related ▁issues ". ▁This ▁was ▁not ▁an ▁issue ▁with ▁previous ▁volumes , ▁as ▁the ▁Victorian ▁setting ▁meant ▁that ▁the ▁majority ▁of ▁characters ▁that ▁were ▁used ▁were ▁from ▁works ▁no ▁longer ▁under ▁copyright . ▁However , ▁the ▁book ▁is ▁available ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁Kingdom ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁in ▁Canada . ▁ ▁Plot ▁Unlike ▁earlier ▁volumes , ▁the ▁comic ▁book ▁portions ▁of ▁Black ▁D oss ier ▁are ▁not ▁set ▁in ▁the ▁Victorian ▁era ; ▁rather , ▁they ▁are ▁set ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 8 , ▁after ▁the ▁fall ▁of ▁the ▁Big ▁Brother ▁government ▁from ▁Nin ete en ▁Eight y ▁Four ▁( the ▁explanation ▁for ▁this ▁discre p ancy ▁is |
▁that ▁Or well ' s ▁book ▁was ▁originally ▁set ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 8 , ▁but ▁the ▁dates ▁were ▁changed ▁by ▁the ▁publisher ). ▁The ▁frame ▁story ▁sees ▁M ina ▁H ark er ▁and ▁All an ▁Qu ater main ▁- ▁now ▁imm ort al ▁after ▁bath ing ▁in ▁the ▁fire ▁of ▁youth ▁from ▁She : ▁A ▁History ▁of ▁Advent ure ▁- ▁on ▁their ▁quest ▁to ▁recover ▁the ▁Black ▁D oss ier , ▁which ▁contains ▁the ▁secret ▁history ▁of ▁the ▁now - dis band ed ▁League ▁of ▁Extra ord inary ▁Gent le men . ▁ ▁The ▁book ▁starts ▁with ▁M ina ▁Murray ▁( going ▁by ▁the ▁name ▁Od ette ▁O ' qu im ) ▁at ▁a ▁bar ▁in ▁London , ▁where ▁MI 5 ▁Agent ▁James ▁" J im my " ▁Bond ▁( grand son ▁of ▁Camp ion ▁Bond ) ▁attempts ▁to ▁sed uce ▁her , ▁taking ▁her ▁to ▁the ▁decay ing ▁remains ▁of ▁the ▁" Min istry ▁of ▁Love ", ▁once ▁one ▁of ▁Big ▁Brother ' s ▁government ▁departments . ▁Jimmy ▁attempts ▁to ▁rape ▁M ina ▁but ▁is ▁sub du ed ▁by ▁a ▁brick ▁hidden ▁in ▁M ina ' s ▁hand bag . ▁All an ▁quickly ▁arrives ▁and ▁the ▁two ▁retrieve ▁the ▁D oss ier . ▁Harry ▁L ime , ▁the ▁new ▁M , ▁teams ▁Jimmy ▁up ▁with ▁Emma ▁Night ▁and ▁her ▁uncle , ▁an ▁aged ▁Hugo ▁Dr um mond , ▁to ▁hunt ▁down ▁M ina ▁and ▁All an , ▁who ▁are ▁believed ▁to ▁be ▁heading ▁North . ▁ ▁M ina ▁and ▁All |
an ▁take ▁a ▁det our ▁to ▁Grey f ri ars ▁School ▁in ▁Kent ▁which ▁houses ▁The ▁Th irty - N ine ▁Ste ps ▁and ▁was ▁attended ▁by ▁Harold ▁Wh art on , ▁a . k . a . ▁Big ▁Brother . ▁The ▁care t aker , ▁William , ▁reveals ▁that ▁many ▁British ▁sp ies ▁were ▁groom ed ▁at ▁the ▁school ▁and ▁that ▁Bob ▁Cher ry ▁is ▁Harry ▁L ime . ▁M ina ▁and ▁All an ▁agree ▁to ▁visit ▁a ▁space port ▁on ▁their ▁det our ▁- ▁space - tr avel ▁technology ▁has ▁flour ished ▁since ▁the ▁Mart ian ▁invasion ▁of ▁Volume ▁II . ▁At ▁the ▁space port , ▁Jimmy , ▁Emma ▁and ▁Hugo ▁find ▁All an ▁and ▁M ina , ▁who ▁escape ▁via ▁a ▁robot - p il oted ▁rock et ▁that ▁references ▁Ger ry ▁Anderson ' s ▁Fire ball ▁X L 5 . ▁ ▁The ▁two ▁escape ▁the ▁cr ashing ▁rock et ▁by ▁par ach ute ▁and ▁land ▁in ▁the ▁Scottish ▁countryside ▁to ▁find ▁a ▁castle ▁they ▁were ▁heading ▁for . ▁Gal ley - W ag ▁resc ues ▁them ▁from ▁Jimmy ▁and ▁esc orts ▁them ▁into ▁the ▁castle . ▁Hugo ▁follows ▁them ▁inside , ▁where ▁M ina ▁reveals ▁that ▁they ▁are ▁the ▁same ▁M ina ▁Murray ▁and ▁All an ▁Qu ater main ▁who ▁fought ▁off ▁Professor ▁Mor i art y ▁and ▁the ▁Mart ians . ▁They ▁also ▁reveal ▁that ▁Jimmy ' s ▁career ▁is ▁mostly ▁fabric ated , ▁that ▁he ▁is ▁a ▁double ▁agent ▁for ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁and ▁that ▁he ▁killed |
▁John ▁Night , ▁Emma ' s ▁father ▁and ▁Hugo ' s ▁brother . ▁Hugo ▁lets ▁them ▁leave ▁and ▁tries ▁to ▁kill ▁Jimmy ▁for ▁his ▁actions , ▁but ▁he ▁is ▁shot ▁by ▁Jimmy ▁at ▁point - blank ▁range . ▁ ▁M ina ▁and ▁All an ▁successfully ▁return ▁to ▁the ▁mysterious , ▁ut op ian ▁universe ▁of ▁The ▁Bl az ing ▁World , ▁where ▁they ▁are ▁reun ited ▁with ▁their ▁mutual ▁lover ▁Or lando ▁and ▁have ▁safely ▁hidden ▁the ▁d oss ier . ▁ ▁The ▁Black ▁D oss ier ▁As ▁Murray ▁and ▁Qu ater main ▁read ▁the ▁d oss ier , ▁the ▁contents ▁of ▁the ▁d oss ier ▁interrupt ▁the ▁narrative ▁in ▁different ▁sections . ▁Stories ▁include : ▁ ▁" On ▁the ▁Des cent ▁of ▁the ▁God s " ▁an ▁account ▁of ▁the ▁God s ▁of ▁the ▁League ▁universe , ▁as ▁written ▁by ▁Oliver ▁H add o ; ▁ ▁a ▁twenty - five ▁page ▁Life ▁of ▁Or lando ▁comic ▁strip ▁which ▁tells ▁the ▁entire ▁life ▁of ▁Or lando ▁from ▁his ▁birth ▁in ▁the ▁City ▁of ▁The bes ▁in ▁ 1 2 6 0 ▁B . C ., ▁up ▁to ▁the ▁Second ▁World ▁War ▁told ▁in ▁the ▁style ▁the ▁ 1 9 5 0 s ▁British ▁comic ▁Trump .; ▁ ▁a ▁f aux ▁William ▁Shakespeare ▁play ▁detail ing ▁the ▁foundation ▁of ▁the ▁League ▁by ▁Pro s per o ▁from ▁The ▁Temp est ; ▁ ▁an ▁imaginary ▁sequ el ▁to ▁John ▁Cle land ' s ▁F anny ▁Hill ▁with ▁full - page ▁illustr ations ▁a kin ▁to |
▁those ▁that ▁Mar quis ▁Von ▁Bay ros ▁illustrated ▁for ▁the ▁book ; ▁ ▁a ▁Bert ie ▁Wo oster ▁and ▁Je eves ▁pro se ▁story ▁involving ▁one ▁of ▁Great ▁Old ▁On es ▁from ▁the ▁stories ▁of ▁H . P . ▁Love craft ; ▁ ▁and ▁" The ▁C razy ▁W ide ▁Fore ver ," ▁a ▁short ▁story ▁written ▁in ▁the ▁style ▁of ▁Jack ▁Ker ou ac . ▁ ▁Other ▁features ▁include : ▁ ▁a ▁picture ▁map ▁of ▁the ▁Bl az ing ▁World ▁and ▁its ▁location , ▁ ▁a ▁cut - away ▁of ▁Nem o ' s ▁N aut il us ▁Mark ▁II ▁submar ine , ▁ ▁a ▁series ▁of ▁post cards ▁M ina ▁and ▁All an ▁sent ▁between ▁the ▁years ▁ 1 8 9 9 ▁and ▁ 1 9 1 3 , ▁ ▁and ▁profiles ▁of ▁the ▁second ▁twentieth ▁century ▁le agues ▁and ▁the ▁group ' s ▁French ▁and ▁German ▁counter parts . ▁ ▁Re ception ▁Time ▁magazine ' s ▁Lev ▁G ross man ▁named ▁it ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁Top ▁ 1 0 ▁Graph ic ▁Nov els ▁of ▁ 2 0 0 7 , ▁ranking ▁it ▁at ▁# 2 , ▁and ▁pra ising ▁it ▁as ▁" eff ing ▁genius ." ▁Jesse ▁Sche de en ▁of ▁I GN ▁gave ▁Black ▁D oss ier ▁a ▁ 9 . 5 ▁rating ▁pra ising ▁the ▁complex ▁detail ▁of ▁Kevin ▁O ' Ne il ' s ▁artwork ▁and ▁the ▁literary ▁quality ▁of ▁Moore ' s ▁writing , ▁whilst ▁critic ising ▁the ▁quality ▁of ▁the ▁paper , ▁printing ▁style ▁of |
▁the ▁hard cover ▁version ▁and ▁some ▁aspects ▁of ▁the ▁story t elling . ▁ ▁Awards ▁▁ 2 0 0 7 : ▁Won ▁the ▁" F av our ite ▁Original ▁Graph ic ▁Nov el " ▁E agle ▁Award ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁S ources ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁About ▁Black ▁D oss ier ▁Black ▁D oss ier ▁An notations ▁by ▁Jess ▁Nev ins ▁The ▁DC ▁Com ics ▁Message ▁Board ▁for ▁The ▁League ▁of ▁Extra ord inary ▁Gent le men ▁Pre view ▁of ▁Black ▁D oss ier , ▁Entertainment ▁Week ly ▁ ▁Inter views ▁Alan ▁Moore : ▁Inside ▁" The ▁Black ▁D oss ier ", ▁Com ic ▁Book ▁Resources , ▁November ▁ 1 4 , ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁ ▁Kevin ▁O ' Ne ill ▁Talk s ▁" The ▁Black ▁D oss ier ", ▁Com ic ▁Book ▁Resources , ▁November ▁ 2 0 , ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁ ▁Category : 2 0 0 7 ▁com ics ▁debut s ▁Category : Com ics ▁by ▁Alan ▁Moore ▁Category : F iction ▁set ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 8 <0x0A> </s> ▁Charl ton ▁Howard ▁( born ▁ 1 6 ▁August ▁ 2 0 0 3 ), ▁known ▁profession ally ▁as ▁The ▁Kid ▁Lar oi ▁( st yl ised ▁as ▁The ▁Kid ▁L AR O I ), ▁is ▁an ▁Australian ▁rap per , ▁singer , ▁and ▁song writer . ▁Born ▁in ▁Sydney , ▁but ▁growing ▁up ▁in ▁rural ▁Australia , ▁he ▁is ▁best ▁known ▁for ▁his ▁single ▁" D iva ", ▁which ▁received ▁over ▁ 2 |
1 ▁million ▁views ▁on ▁YouTube ▁just ▁two ▁weeks ▁after ▁its ▁release . ▁The ▁music ▁video ▁was ▁upload ed ▁on ▁Cole ▁Bennett ' s ▁L yr ical ▁L emon ade ▁channel ▁on ▁ 3 1 ▁January ▁ 2 0 2 0 . ▁He ▁originally ▁am ass ed ▁a ▁small ▁following ▁from ▁his ▁associations ▁with ▁rap per ▁Ju ice ▁Wr ld , ▁who ▁ment ored ▁him ▁while ▁he ▁was ▁on ▁tour ▁in ▁Australia . ▁ ▁Early ▁life ▁Charl ton ▁Howard ▁was ▁born ▁on ▁ 1 6 ▁August ▁ 2 0 0 3 , ▁in ▁Water lo o , ▁Sydney , ▁Australia . ▁He ▁then ▁moved ▁to ▁W ool lo om ool oo ▁at ▁the ▁age ▁of ▁two , ▁before ▁moving ▁to ▁Bro ken ▁Hill ▁at ▁the ▁age ▁of ▁ 7 . ▁When ▁he ▁was ▁ 1 1 , ▁he ▁moved ▁to ▁Red fer n , ▁New ▁South ▁Wales ▁and ▁ 2 ▁years ▁later ▁he ▁started ▁his ▁music ▁career . ▁From ▁a ▁young ▁age , ▁his ▁mother ▁would ▁play ▁him ▁music ▁by ▁the ▁F uge es , ▁E ry k ah ▁Bad u ▁and ▁T up ac . ▁The ▁kid ▁Lar oi ▁was ▁a ▁poor ▁kid ▁from ▁Western ▁Australia , ▁beginning ▁his ▁career ▁with ▁a ▁producer ▁named ▁Marcus . ▁Marcus ▁was ▁post ▁high - school ▁and ▁helped ▁him ▁make ▁his ▁early ▁tracks . ▁After ▁getting ▁a ▁small ▁bit ▁of ▁steam , ▁The ▁Kid ▁Lar oi ▁dit ched ▁Marcus ▁in ▁order ▁to ▁basically ▁become ▁an ▁extremely ▁successful ▁industry ▁plant . ▁Howard ▁was ▁a ▁great ▁public ▁speaker ▁in |
▁Bro ken ▁Hill ▁when ▁he ▁threw ▁all ▁of ▁that ▁away , ▁including ▁friends ▁to ▁pursue ▁music . ▁L ying ▁to ▁cover ▁up ▁his ▁past ▁to ▁make ▁up ▁a ▁sad ▁story ▁to ▁gain ▁sympathy . ▁ ▁Career ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 8 , ▁Charl ton ▁gar ner ed ▁attention ▁after ▁becoming ▁a ▁final ist ▁in ▁the ▁Tri ple ▁J ▁Une art hed ▁high ▁competition . ▁He ▁later ▁signed ▁a ▁record ▁deal ▁with ▁American ▁rap per ▁Lil ▁B ib by ' s ▁record ▁label ▁Grade ▁A ▁Produ ctions ▁and ▁Columbia ▁Records ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 9 . ▁Lar oi ▁was ▁ment ored ▁by ▁rap per ▁Ju ice ▁Wr ld ▁while ▁he ▁supported ▁him ▁on ▁his ▁Australian ▁national ▁tours ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 8 ▁and ▁ 2 0 1 9 . ▁Charl ton ▁is ▁currently ▁res iding ▁in ▁Los ▁Angeles , ▁California ▁with ▁his ▁mother ▁and ▁younger ▁brother ▁A uz the k id . ▁ ▁Disc ography ▁ ▁Ext ended ▁plays ▁ ▁Singles ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : Austral ian ▁hip ▁hop ▁musicians ▁Category : Austral ian ▁male ▁sing ers ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : Pop ▁rapp ers <0x0A> </s> ▁Nic omed es ▁ ▁may ▁refer ▁to : ▁Nic omed es ▁( mat hem atic ian ), ▁ancient ▁Greek ▁mat hem atic ian ▁who ▁discovered ▁the ▁con ch oid ▁Nic omed es , ▁uncle ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 9 th ▁Ag i ad ▁Sp art an ▁king ▁Ple isto an ax , ▁commanded ▁the ▁Sp art an ▁army ▁at ▁the |
▁Battle ▁of ▁Tan agra ▁Saint ▁Nic omed es , ▁Mart yr ▁of ▁unknown ▁era , ▁whose ▁fe ast ▁is ▁observed ▁ 1 5 ▁September ▁ ▁Four ▁kings ▁of ▁B ith yn ia ▁in ▁An at olia , ▁ 3 rd – 1 st ▁century ▁BC : ▁Nic omed es ▁I ▁of ▁B ith yn ia , ▁ruled ▁ 2 7 8 – 2 5 5 ▁BC ▁Nic omed es ▁II ▁of ▁B ith yn ia , ▁ 1 4 9 – 1 2 7 ▁BC ▁Nic omed es ▁III ▁of ▁B ith yn ia , ▁ 1 2 7 – 9 4 ▁BC ▁Nic omed es ▁IV ▁of ▁B ith yn ia , ▁ 9 4 – 7 4 ▁BC <0x0A> </s> ▁Che il inus ▁ab ud j ub be , ▁the ▁Ab ud j ub be ▁wr asse , ▁is ▁a ▁species ▁of ▁ray - f inned ▁fish ▁from ▁the ▁family ▁Lab r idae , ▁the ▁wr ass es . ▁It ▁is ▁found ▁in ▁the ▁western ▁Indian ▁Ocean ▁and ▁the ▁Red ▁Sea . ▁This ▁species ▁was ▁formally ▁described ▁by ▁Edu ard ▁R ü pp ell ▁in ▁ 1 8 3 5 , ▁no ▁type ▁local ity ▁was ▁given ▁but ▁it ▁is ▁though ▁to ▁have ▁been ▁Jed d ah . ▁This ▁tax on ▁is ▁regarded ▁as ▁a ▁syn onym ▁of ▁the ▁tri plet ail ▁wr asse ▁( Che il inus ▁tr il ob atus ) ▁by ▁some ▁authorities . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁ab ud j ub be ▁Category : F ish ▁described |
▁in ▁ 1 8 3 5 <0x0A> </s> ▁is ▁a ▁railway ▁station ▁in ▁S ait ama ▁P ref ect ure , ▁Japan , ▁operated ▁by ▁the ▁Ch ich ib u ▁Railway . ▁ ▁L ines ▁H ag ure ▁Station ▁is ▁served ▁by ▁the ▁Ch ich ib u ▁Main ▁Line ▁from ▁ ▁to ▁, ▁and ▁is ▁located ▁ 3 7 . 7 ▁km ▁from ▁H any ū . ▁ ▁Station ▁layout ▁The ▁station ▁is ▁staff ed ▁and ▁consists ▁of ▁a ▁single ▁island ▁platform ▁serving ▁two ▁tracks , ▁with ▁an ▁additional ▁bid irection al ▁track ▁adjacent ▁to ▁track ▁ 2 ▁for ▁use ▁by ▁fre ight ▁services . ▁ ▁Platform s ▁ ▁Ad j acent ▁stations ▁ ▁History ▁H ag ure ▁Station ▁opened ▁on ▁ 1 ▁April ▁ 1 9 0 3 . ▁ ▁Pass enger ▁statistics ▁In ▁fiscal ▁ 2 0 0 0 , ▁the ▁station ▁was ▁used ▁by ▁an ▁average ▁of ▁ 4 6 8 ▁passengers ▁daily . ▁ ▁Sur round ing ▁area ▁ ▁Ar ak awa ▁River ▁ ▁Tam ay odo ▁Dam ▁ ▁National ▁Route ▁ 1 4 0 ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁▁ ▁H ag ure ▁Station ▁information ▁( S ait ama ▁P ref ect ural ▁Government ) ▁▁ ▁H ag ure ▁Station ▁tim et able ▁▁ ▁Category : R ail way ▁stations ▁opened ▁in ▁ 1 9 0 3 ▁Category : R ail way ▁stations ▁in ▁S ait ama ▁P ref ect ure <0x0A> </s> ▁Dor ▁Hug i ▁is ▁an ▁Israeli ▁football ▁player ▁who ▁plays ▁for ▁M acc |
abi ▁Pet ah ▁T ik va ▁in ▁the ▁Israeli ▁National ▁League . ▁ ▁Club ▁career ▁ ▁Youth ▁career ▁After ▁playing ▁for ▁H ap o el ▁and ▁M acc abi ▁Pet ah ▁T ik va , ▁at ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁moved ▁to ▁M acc abi ▁Ha ifa ▁youth ▁team . ▁Both ▁in ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 2 – 1 3 ▁and ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 3 – 1 4 ▁seasons ▁he ▁led ▁the ▁M acc abi ▁Ha ifa ▁youth ▁team ▁to ▁be ▁champions ▁of ▁the ▁Israeli ▁Youth ▁Premier ▁League ▁and ▁hold ers ▁of ▁the ▁Israeli ▁Youth ▁State ▁Cup ▁what ▁is ▁called ▁a ▁" Double " ▁( when ▁a ▁team ▁wins ▁both ▁the ▁league ▁and ▁the ▁cup ). ▁M acc abi ▁Ha ifa ▁became ▁in ▁that ▁year ▁the ▁only ▁club ▁in ▁the ▁Israeli ▁History ▁which ▁had ▁managed ▁to ▁win ▁a ▁" Double " ▁two ▁years ▁in ▁a ▁row . ▁In ▁that ▁year ▁Hug i ▁was ▁the ▁top ▁goal ▁sc orer ▁of ▁the ▁League ▁with ▁ 1 9 ▁goals . ▁ ▁Senior ▁career ▁On ▁ 1 7 ▁May ▁ 2 0 1 4 , ▁he ▁made ▁hid ▁debut ▁for ▁the ▁senior ▁team , ▁at ▁the ▁ 1 – 1 ▁draw ▁against ▁H ap o el ▁Be ' er ▁She va ▁at ▁Vas erm il ▁Stadium . ▁On ▁ 2 0 ▁June ▁ 2 0 1 4 , ▁on ▁loan ed ▁to ▁H ap o el ▁Pet ah ▁T ik va . ▁On ▁ 1 8 ▁October ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁he |
▁scored ▁his ▁debut ▁goal ▁at ▁the ▁senior ▁career , ▁at ▁the ▁ 4 – 1 ▁win ▁against ▁H ap o el ▁A cre . ▁He ▁finish ▁the ▁season ▁with ▁ 7 ▁goals ▁at ▁ 2 4 ▁games . ▁ ▁On ▁ 1 ▁July ▁ 2 0 1 5 ▁loan ed ▁to ▁the ▁urban ▁rival ▁M acc abi ▁Pet ah ▁T ik va . ▁ ▁International ▁career ▁Hug i ▁played ▁at ▁the ▁Israel ▁U - 1 9 ▁football ▁team , ▁he ▁was ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁team ▁first ▁increase ▁to ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁UEFA ▁European ▁Under - 1 9 ▁Championship . ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁▁▁ ▁Category : 1 9 9 5 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : M acc abi ▁Ha ifa ▁F . C . ▁players ▁Category : H ap o el ▁Pet ah ▁T ik va ▁F . C . ▁players ▁Category : M acc abi ▁Pet ah ▁T ik va ▁F . C . ▁players ▁Category : H ap o el ▁Ra ' an ana ▁A . F . C . ▁players ▁Category : H ap o el ▁Tel ▁Av iv ▁F . C . ▁players ▁Category : Is rael i ▁Premier ▁League ▁players ▁Category : People ▁from ▁B ne i ▁Br ak ▁Category : Is rael ▁under - 2 1 ▁international ▁football ers ▁Category : Associ ation ▁football ▁for wards ▁Category : Is rael i ▁football ers <0x0A> </s> ▁Anton is ▁Pap as av vas ▁( , ▁born ▁ 2 0 ▁March ▁ 1 9 |
9 5 ) ▁is ▁a ▁Greek ▁football er ▁who ▁plays ▁for ▁Australian ▁club ▁Ac acia ▁Ridge ▁as ▁a ▁mid f iel der . ▁ ▁Career ▁Anton is ▁Pap as av vas ' ▁first ▁team ▁was ▁Ker av nos ▁The s prot ik ou . ▁ Η is ▁transfer ▁to ▁Olymp iac os ▁was ▁made ▁when ▁he ▁was ▁ 1 3 ▁years ▁old , ▁making ▁him ▁a ▁product ▁of ▁the ▁Olymp iac os ▁youth ▁system . ▁Pap as av vas ▁made ▁his ▁debut ▁with ▁the ▁first ▁team ▁on ▁ 3 0 ▁October ▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁in ▁a ▁Greek ▁Football ▁Cup ▁() ▁away ▁match ▁against ▁F ok ik os ▁F . C . ▁as ▁a ▁substitute ▁in ▁the ▁ 4 6 th ▁minute . ▁He ▁managed ▁to ▁score ▁with ▁a ▁powerful ▁shot ▁from ▁outside ▁the ▁penalty ▁area ▁in ▁the ▁ 8 6 th ▁minute . ▁ ▁Pap as av vas ▁was ▁released ▁from ▁Olymp iac os ▁the ▁following ▁summer . ▁ ▁On ▁ 3 0 ▁August ▁ 2 0 1 7 , ▁he ▁signed ▁for ▁Ach arna ik os . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁▁▁ ▁Category : 1 9 9 5 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : People ▁from ▁Ar ta , ▁Greece ▁Category : G reek ▁football ers ▁Category : O lymp iac os ▁F . C . ▁players ▁Category : Associ ation ▁football ▁mid field ers <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁men ' s ▁high ▁jump ▁event ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 2 ▁African ▁Championships ▁in |
▁Athlet ics ▁was ▁held ▁in ▁Rad ès , ▁Tun is ia ▁on ▁August ▁ 7 . ▁ ▁Results ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : 2 0 0 2 ▁African ▁Championships ▁in ▁Athlet ics ▁Category : High ▁jump ▁at ▁the ▁African ▁Championships ▁in ▁Athlet ics <0x0A> </s> ▁Gust ave ▁Sol omon ▁( Oct ober ▁ 2 7 , ▁ 1 9 3 0 ▁– ▁January ▁ 3 1 , ▁ 1 9 9 6 ) ▁was ▁an ▁American ▁mat hem atic ian ▁and ▁electrical ▁engineer ▁who ▁was ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁found ers ▁of ▁the ▁algebra ic ▁theory ▁of ▁error ▁detection ▁and ▁correction . ▁He ▁completed ▁his ▁Ph . D . ▁in ▁mathemat ics ▁at ▁the ▁Massachusetts ▁Institute ▁of ▁Technology ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 6 ▁under ▁direction ▁of ▁Ken k ichi ▁I was awa . ▁ ▁Sol omon ▁was ▁best ▁known ▁for ▁developing , ▁along ▁with ▁Ir ving ▁S . ▁Reed , ▁the ▁algebra ic ▁error ▁correction ▁and ▁detection ▁codes ▁named ▁the ▁Reed – S ol omon ▁codes . ▁These ▁codes ▁protect ▁the ▁integrity ▁of ▁digital ▁information , ▁and ▁they ▁have ▁had ▁widespread ▁use ▁in ▁modern ▁digital ▁storage ▁and ▁communications , ▁ranging ▁from ▁deep ▁space ▁communications ▁down ▁to ▁the ▁digital ▁audio ▁compact ▁disc . ▁ ▁Sol omon ▁was ▁also ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁co - creat ors ▁of ▁the ▁Matt son – S ol omon ▁polynomial ▁and ▁the ▁Sol omon – Mc E lie ce ▁weight ▁form ulas . ▁He ▁received ▁I EEE ▁Mas aru ▁I bu ka ▁Award ▁along ▁with ▁Ir ving ▁Reed ▁in |
▁ 1 9 9 5 . ▁ ▁Sol omon ▁was ▁survived ▁by ▁one ▁daughter . ▁ ▁A ne cd otes ▁ ▁In ▁his ▁later ▁years , ▁Sol omon ▁consult ed ▁at ▁the ▁Jet ▁Prop ulsion ▁Labor atory ▁near ▁Pas ad ena , ▁California . ▁He ▁was ▁very ▁interested ▁in ▁opera ▁and ▁in ▁theater , ▁and ▁he ▁even ▁wanted ▁to ▁get ▁minor ▁acting ▁parts ▁himself , ▁perhaps ▁in ▁television ▁commercial s . ▁Between ▁his ▁assignments ▁in ▁the ▁Communications ▁Research ▁Section ▁at ▁J PL , ▁he ▁taught ▁foreign - born ▁engineers ▁and ▁scientists ▁English ▁by ▁expos ing ▁them ▁to ▁music ▁from ▁American ▁musical ▁produ ctions . ▁He ▁believed ▁in ▁enh ancing ▁health ▁and ▁the ▁feelings ▁of ▁well - being ▁through ▁breathing ▁exercises , ▁and ▁he ▁was ▁a ▁practition er ▁of ▁the ▁Fel den k rais ▁method . ▁Sol omon ▁used ▁the ▁mind - body ▁connection ▁philosophy ▁of ▁the ▁Fel den k rais ▁method ▁to ▁teach ▁voice ▁lessons . ▁He ▁had ▁a ▁strong ▁love ▁for ▁music , ▁and ▁was ▁a ▁composer ▁as ▁well . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁ ▁New ▁York ▁Times ▁ob it uary ▁Gust ave ▁Sol omon ▁ ▁I EEE ▁Information ▁Theory ▁Society ▁ob it uary ▁G us ▁Sol omon , ▁ 1 9 3 0 – 1 9 9 6 ▁by ▁Robert ▁Mc E lie ce ▁▁▁ ▁Category : 1 9 3 0 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 9 9 6 ▁deaths ▁Category : 2 0 th - century ▁American ▁mat hem atic ians ▁Category : American ▁computer ▁scientists ▁Category |
: The oret ical ▁computer ▁scientists ▁Category : American ▁information ▁the or ists ▁Category : Mass achusetts ▁Institute ▁of ▁Technology ▁al umn i <0x0A> </s> ▁In ▁statistics , ▁unit - weight ed ▁reg ression ▁is ▁a ▁simpl ified ▁and ▁robust ▁version ▁( W ainer ▁& ▁Th issen , ▁ 1 9 7 6 ) ▁of ▁multiple ▁reg ression ▁analysis ▁where ▁only ▁the ▁inter cept ▁term ▁is ▁estimated . ▁ ▁That ▁is , ▁it ▁fits ▁a ▁model ▁ ▁where ▁each ▁of ▁the ▁ ▁are ▁binary ▁variables , ▁perhaps ▁multi plied ▁with ▁an ▁arbitrary ▁weight . ▁ ▁Con tr ast ▁this ▁with ▁the ▁more ▁common ▁multiple ▁reg ression ▁model , ▁where ▁each ▁predict or ▁has ▁its ▁own ▁estimated ▁coefficient : ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁social ▁sciences , ▁unit - weight ed ▁reg ression ▁is ▁sometimes ▁used ▁for ▁binary ▁classification , ▁i . e . ▁to ▁predict ▁a ▁yes - no ▁answer ▁where ▁ ▁indicates ▁" no ", ▁ ▁" yes ". ▁It ▁is ▁easier ▁to ▁interpret ▁than ▁multiple ▁linear ▁reg ression ▁( known ▁as ▁linear ▁discrim in ant ▁analysis ▁in ▁the ▁classification ▁case ). ▁ ▁Unit ▁weights ▁ ▁Unit - weight ed ▁reg ression ▁is ▁a ▁method ▁of ▁robust ▁reg ression ▁that ▁proceed s ▁in ▁three ▁steps . ▁ ▁First , ▁predict ors ▁for ▁the ▁outcome ▁of ▁interest ▁are ▁selected ; ▁ide ally , ▁there ▁should ▁be ▁good ▁emp irical ▁or ▁theoretical ▁reasons ▁for ▁the ▁selection . ▁Second , ▁the ▁predict ors ▁are ▁converted ▁to ▁a ▁standard ▁form . ▁ ▁Finally , ▁the ▁predict ors ▁are |
▁added ▁together , ▁and ▁this ▁sum ▁is ▁called ▁the ▁vari ate , ▁which ▁is ▁used ▁as ▁the ▁predict or ▁of ▁the ▁outcome . ▁ ▁Burg ess ▁method ▁ ▁The ▁Burg ess ▁method ▁was ▁first ▁presented ▁by ▁the ▁soci ologist ▁Ernest ▁W . ▁Burg ess ▁in ▁a ▁ 1 9 2 8 ▁study ▁to ▁determine ▁success ▁or ▁failure ▁of ▁in mates ▁placed ▁on ▁par ole . ▁ ▁First , ▁he ▁selected ▁ 2 1 ▁variables ▁believed ▁to ▁be ▁associated ▁with ▁par ole ▁success . ▁ ▁Next , ▁he ▁converted ▁each ▁predict or ▁to ▁the ▁standard ▁form ▁of ▁zero ▁or ▁one ▁( B urg ess , ▁ 1 9 2 8 ). ▁ ▁When ▁predict ors ▁had ▁two ▁values , ▁the ▁value ▁associated ▁with ▁the ▁target ▁outcome ▁was ▁c oded ▁as ▁one . ▁ ▁Burg ess ▁selected ▁success ▁on ▁par ole ▁as ▁the ▁target ▁outcome , ▁so ▁a ▁predict or ▁such ▁as ▁a ▁history ▁of ▁theft ▁was ▁c oded ▁as ▁" yes " ▁= ▁ 0 ▁and ▁" no " ▁= ▁ 1 . ▁ ▁These ▁c oded ▁values ▁were ▁then ▁added ▁to ▁create ▁a ▁predict or ▁score , ▁so ▁that ▁higher ▁scores ▁predicted ▁a ▁better ▁chance ▁of ▁success . ▁ ▁The ▁scores ▁could ▁possibly ▁range ▁from ▁zero ▁( no ▁predict ors ▁of ▁success ) ▁to ▁ 2 1 ▁( all ▁ 2 1 ▁predict ors ▁scored ▁as ▁predict ing ▁success ). ▁ ▁For ▁predict ors ▁with ▁more ▁than ▁two ▁values , ▁the ▁Burg ess ▁method ▁select s ▁a ▁cut off ▁score ▁based ▁on ▁subject |
ive ▁judgment . ▁ ▁As ▁an ▁example , ▁a ▁study ▁using ▁the ▁Burg ess ▁method ▁( G ott fred son ▁& ▁S ny der , ▁ 2 0 0 5 ) ▁selected ▁as ▁one ▁predict or ▁the ▁number ▁of ▁complaints ▁for ▁del in qu ent ▁behavior . ▁ ▁With ▁failure ▁on ▁par ole ▁as ▁the ▁target ▁outcome , ▁the ▁number ▁of ▁complaints ▁was ▁c oded ▁as ▁follows : ▁" zero ▁to ▁two ▁complaints " ▁= ▁ 0 , ▁and ▁" three ▁or ▁more ▁complaints " ▁= ▁ 1 ▁( G ott fred son ▁& ▁S ny der , ▁ 2 0 0 5 . ▁p . 1 8 ). ▁ ▁Ker by ▁method ▁ ▁The ▁Ker by ▁method ▁is ▁similar ▁to ▁the ▁Burg ess ▁method , ▁but ▁diff ers ▁in ▁two ▁ways . ▁ ▁First , ▁while ▁the ▁Burg ess ▁method ▁uses ▁subject ive ▁judgment ▁to ▁select ▁a ▁cut off ▁score ▁for ▁a ▁multi - val ued ▁predict or ▁with ▁a ▁binary ▁outcome , ▁the ▁Ker by ▁method ▁uses ▁classification ▁and ▁reg ression ▁tree ▁( C ART ) ▁analysis . ▁ ▁In ▁this ▁way , ▁the ▁selection ▁of ▁the ▁cut off ▁score ▁is ▁based ▁not ▁on ▁subject ive ▁judgment , ▁but ▁on ▁a ▁statistical ▁crit er ion , ▁such ▁as ▁the ▁point ▁where ▁the ▁chi - square ▁value ▁is ▁a ▁maximum . ▁ ▁The ▁second ▁difference ▁is ▁that ▁while ▁the ▁Burg ess ▁method ▁is ▁applied ▁to ▁a ▁binary ▁outcome , ▁the ▁Ker by ▁method ▁can ▁apply ▁to ▁a ▁multi - val ued |
▁outcome , ▁because ▁C ART ▁analysis ▁can ▁identify ▁cut off ▁scores ▁in ▁such ▁cases , ▁using ▁a ▁crit er ion ▁such ▁as ▁the ▁point ▁where ▁the ▁t - value ▁is ▁a ▁maximum . ▁ ▁Because ▁C ART ▁analysis ▁is ▁not ▁only ▁binary , ▁but ▁also ▁recurs ive , ▁the ▁result ▁can ▁be ▁that ▁a ▁predict or ▁variable ▁will ▁be ▁divided ▁again , ▁yield ing ▁two ▁cut off ▁scores . ▁ ▁The ▁standard ▁form ▁for ▁each ▁predict or ▁is ▁that ▁a ▁score ▁of ▁one ▁is ▁added ▁when ▁C ART ▁analysis ▁creates ▁a ▁partition . ▁ ▁One ▁study ▁( K er by , ▁ 2 0 0 3 ) ▁selected ▁as ▁predict ors ▁the ▁five ▁traits ▁of ▁the ▁Big ▁five ▁personality ▁traits , ▁predict ing ▁a ▁multi - val ued ▁measure ▁of ▁su ic idal ▁ide ation . ▁ ▁Next , ▁the ▁personality ▁scores ▁were ▁converted ▁into ▁standard ▁form ▁with ▁C ART ▁analysis . ▁ ▁When ▁the ▁C ART ▁analysis ▁yield ed ▁one ▁partition , ▁the ▁result ▁was ▁like ▁the ▁Burg ess ▁method ▁in ▁that ▁the ▁predict or ▁was ▁c oded ▁as ▁either ▁zero ▁or ▁one . ▁ ▁But ▁for ▁the ▁measure ▁of ▁neuro t icism , ▁the ▁result ▁was ▁two ▁cut off ▁scores . ▁ ▁Because ▁higher ▁neuro t icism ▁scores ▁cor related ▁with ▁more ▁su ic idal ▁thinking , ▁the ▁two ▁cut off ▁scores ▁led ▁to ▁the ▁following ▁coding : ▁" low ▁Ne uro t icism " ▁= ▁ 0 , ▁" mod er ate ▁Ne uro t icism " ▁= ▁ 1 |
, ▁" high ▁Ne uro t icism " ▁= ▁ 2 ▁( K er by , ▁ 2 0 0 3 ). ▁ ▁z - score ▁method ▁ ▁Another ▁method ▁can ▁be ▁applied ▁when ▁the ▁predict ors ▁are ▁measured ▁on ▁a ▁continuous ▁scale . ▁ ▁In ▁such ▁a ▁case , ▁each ▁predict or ▁can ▁be ▁converted ▁into ▁a ▁standard ▁score , ▁or ▁z - score , ▁so ▁that ▁all ▁the ▁predict ors ▁have ▁a ▁mean ▁of ▁zero ▁and ▁a ▁standard ▁dev iation ▁of ▁one . ▁ ▁With ▁this ▁method ▁of ▁unit - weight ed ▁reg ression , ▁the ▁vari ate ▁is ▁a ▁sum ▁of ▁the ▁z - sc ores ▁( e . g ., ▁Daw es , ▁ 1 9 7 9 ; ▁Bob ko , ▁Roth , ▁& ▁B uster , ▁ 2 0 0 7 ). ▁ ▁Liter ature ▁review ▁ ▁The ▁first ▁emp irical ▁study ▁using ▁unit - weight ed ▁reg ression ▁is ▁widely ▁considered ▁to ▁be ▁a ▁ 1 9 2 8 ▁study ▁by ▁soci ologist ▁Ernest ▁W . ▁Burg ess . ▁ ▁He ▁used ▁ 2 1 ▁variables ▁to ▁predict ▁par ole ▁success ▁or ▁failure , ▁and ▁the ▁results ▁suggest ▁that ▁unit ▁weights ▁are ▁a ▁useful ▁tool ▁in ▁making ▁decisions ▁about ▁which ▁in mates ▁to ▁par ole . ▁ ▁Of ▁those ▁in mates ▁with ▁the ▁best ▁scores , ▁ 9 8 % ▁did ▁in ▁fact ▁succeed ▁on ▁par ole ; ▁and ▁of ▁those ▁with ▁the ▁worst ▁scores , ▁only ▁ 2 4 % ▁did ▁in ▁fact ▁succeed ▁( |
B urg ess , ▁ 1 9 2 8 ). ▁ ▁The ▁mathematical ▁issues ▁involved ▁in ▁unit - weight ed ▁reg ression ▁were ▁first ▁discussed ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 8 ▁by ▁Samuel ▁Stanley ▁Wil ks , ▁a ▁leading ▁stat istic ian ▁who ▁had ▁a ▁special ▁interest ▁in ▁mult iv ari ate ▁analysis . ▁ ▁Wil ks ▁described ▁how ▁unit ▁weights ▁could ▁be ▁used ▁in ▁practical ▁settings , ▁when ▁data ▁were ▁not ▁available ▁to ▁estimate ▁beta ▁weights . ▁ ▁For ▁example , ▁a ▁small ▁college ▁may ▁want ▁to ▁select ▁good ▁students ▁for ▁admission . ▁ ▁But ▁the ▁school ▁may ▁have ▁no ▁money ▁to ▁gather ▁data ▁and ▁conduct ▁a ▁standard ▁multiple ▁reg ression ▁analysis . ▁ ▁In ▁this ▁case , ▁the ▁school ▁could ▁use ▁several ▁predict ors — high ▁school ▁grades , ▁S AT ▁scores , ▁teacher ▁ratings . ▁ ▁Wil ks ▁( 1 9 3 8 ) ▁showed ▁mat hem atically ▁why ▁unit ▁weights ▁should ▁work ▁well ▁in ▁practice . ▁ ▁Frank ▁Sch midt ▁( 1 9 7 1 ) ▁conducted ▁a ▁simulation ▁study ▁of ▁unit ▁weights . ▁ ▁His ▁results ▁showed ▁that ▁Wil ks ▁was ▁indeed ▁correct ▁and ▁that ▁unit ▁weights ▁tend ▁to ▁perform ▁well ▁in ▁simulations ▁of ▁practical ▁studies . ▁ ▁Rob yn ▁Daw es ▁( 1 9 7 9 ) ▁discussed ▁the ▁use ▁of ▁unit ▁weights ▁in ▁applied ▁studies , ▁referring ▁to ▁the ▁robust ▁beauty ▁of ▁unit ▁weight ed ▁models . ▁ ▁Jacob ▁Cohen ▁also ▁discussed ▁the ▁value ▁of ▁unit ▁weights ▁and ▁noted ▁their ▁practical ▁utility . ▁ ▁Indeed , |
▁he ▁wrote , ▁" As ▁a ▁practical ▁matter , ▁most ▁of ▁the ▁time , ▁we ▁are ▁better ▁off ▁using ▁unit ▁weights " ▁( Co hen , ▁ 1 9 9 0 , ▁p . 1 3 0 6 ). ▁ ▁Dave ▁Ker by ▁( 2 0 0 3 ) ▁showed ▁that ▁unit ▁weights ▁compare ▁well ▁with ▁standard ▁reg ression , ▁doing ▁so ▁with ▁a ▁cross ▁validation ▁study — that ▁is , ▁he ▁derived ▁beta ▁weights ▁in ▁one ▁sample ▁and ▁applied ▁them ▁to ▁a ▁second ▁sample . ▁ ▁The ▁outcome ▁of ▁interest ▁was ▁su ic idal ▁thinking , ▁and ▁the ▁predict or ▁variables ▁were ▁broad ▁personality ▁traits . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁cross ▁validation ▁sample , ▁the ▁correlation ▁between ▁personality ▁and ▁su ic idal ▁thinking ▁was ▁slightly ▁stronger ▁with ▁unit - weight ed ▁reg ression ▁( r ▁= ▁. 4 8 ) ▁than ▁with ▁standard ▁multiple ▁reg ression ▁( r ▁= ▁. 4 7 ). ▁ ▁Gott fred son ▁and ▁S ny der ▁( 2 0 0 5 ) ▁compared ▁the ▁Burg ess ▁method ▁of ▁unit - weight ed ▁reg ression ▁to ▁other ▁methods , ▁with ▁a ▁construction ▁sample ▁of ▁N ▁= ▁ 1 , 9 2 4 ▁and ▁a ▁cross - validation ▁sample ▁of ▁N ▁= ▁ 7 , 5 5 2 . ▁ ▁Using ▁the ▁Pear son ▁point - b iser ial , ▁the ▁effect ▁size ▁in ▁the ▁cross ▁validation ▁sample ▁for ▁the ▁unit - weights ▁model ▁was ▁r ▁= ▁. 3 9 2 , ▁which ▁was ▁somewhat ▁larger ▁than ▁for ▁log |
istic ▁reg ression ▁( r ▁= ▁. 3 6 8 ) ▁and ▁predict ive ▁attribute ▁analysis ▁( r ▁= ▁. 3 8 7 ), ▁and ▁less ▁than ▁multiple ▁reg ression ▁only ▁in ▁the ▁third ▁decimal ▁place ▁( r ▁= ▁. 3 9 7 ). ▁ ▁In ▁a ▁review ▁of ▁the ▁literature ▁on ▁unit ▁weights , ▁Bob ko , ▁Roth , ▁and ▁B uster ▁( 2 0 0 7 ) ▁noted ▁that ▁" unit ▁weights ▁and ▁reg ression ▁weights ▁perform ▁similarly ▁in ▁terms ▁of ▁the ▁magnitude ▁of ▁cross - valid ated ▁multiple ▁correlation , ▁and ▁emp irical ▁studies ▁have ▁confirmed ▁this ▁result ▁across ▁several ▁decades " ▁( p . 6 9 3 ). ▁ ▁Andre as ▁Gra efe ▁applied ▁an ▁equal ▁weight ing ▁approach ▁to ▁nine ▁established ▁multiple ▁reg ression ▁models ▁for ▁forecast ing ▁U . S . ▁presidential ▁elections . ▁Ac ross ▁the ▁ten ▁elections ▁from ▁ 1 9 7 6 ▁to ▁ 2 0 1 2 , ▁equally ▁weight ed ▁predict ors ▁reduced ▁the ▁forecast ▁error ▁of ▁the ▁original ▁reg ression ▁models ▁on ▁average ▁by ▁four ▁percent . ▁An ▁equal - weights ▁model ▁that ▁includes ▁all ▁variables ▁provided ▁cal ibr ated ▁forecast s ▁that ▁reduced ▁the ▁error ▁of ▁the ▁most ▁accurate ▁reg ression ▁model ▁by ▁ 2 9 % ▁percent . ▁ ▁Example ▁ ▁An ▁example ▁may ▁clar ify ▁how ▁unit ▁weights ▁can ▁be ▁useful ▁in ▁practice . ▁ ▁Bren na ▁Bry ▁and ▁colleagues ▁( 1 9 8 2 ) ▁addressed ▁the ▁question ▁of ▁what ▁causes ▁drug ▁use ▁in ▁adoles c |
ents . ▁ ▁Pre vious ▁research ▁had ▁made ▁use ▁of ▁multiple ▁reg ression ; ▁with ▁this ▁method , ▁it ▁is ▁natural ▁to ▁look ▁for ▁the ▁best ▁predict or , ▁the ▁one ▁with ▁the ▁highest ▁beta ▁weight . ▁ ▁Bry ▁and ▁colleagues ▁noted ▁that ▁one ▁previous ▁study ▁had ▁found ▁that ▁early ▁use ▁of ▁alcohol ▁was ▁the ▁best ▁predict or . ▁ ▁Another ▁study ▁had ▁found ▁that ▁alien ation ▁from ▁parents ▁was ▁the ▁best ▁predict or . ▁ ▁Still ▁another ▁study ▁had ▁found ▁that ▁low ▁grades ▁in ▁school ▁were ▁the ▁best ▁predict or . ▁ ▁The ▁failure ▁to ▁re plicate ▁was ▁clearly ▁a ▁problem , ▁a ▁problem ▁that ▁could ▁be ▁caused ▁by ▁b oun cing ▁bet as . ▁ ▁Bry ▁and ▁colleagues ▁suggested ▁a ▁different ▁approach : ▁instead ▁of ▁looking ▁for ▁the ▁best ▁predict or , ▁they ▁looked ▁at ▁the ▁number ▁of ▁predict ors . ▁ ▁In ▁other ▁words , ▁they ▁gave ▁a ▁unit ▁weight ▁to ▁each ▁predict or . ▁ ▁Their ▁study ▁had ▁six ▁predict ors : ▁ 1 ) ▁low ▁grades ▁in ▁school , ▁ 2 ) ▁lack ▁of ▁affili ation ▁with ▁religion , ▁ 3 ) ▁early ▁age ▁of ▁alcohol ▁use , ▁ 4 ) ▁psychological ▁distress , ▁ 5 ) ▁low ▁self - este em , ▁and ▁ 6 ) ▁alien ation ▁from ▁parents . ▁ ▁To ▁convert ▁the ▁predict ors ▁to ▁standard ▁form , ▁each ▁risk ▁factor ▁was ▁scored ▁as ▁absent ▁( sc ored ▁as ▁zero ) ▁or ▁present ▁( sc ored ▁as ▁one ). ▁ ▁For ▁example , ▁the |
▁coding ▁for ▁low ▁grades ▁in ▁school ▁were ▁as ▁follows : ▁" C ▁or ▁higher " ▁= ▁ 0 , ▁" D ▁or ▁F " ▁= ▁ 1 . ▁ ▁The ▁results ▁showed ▁that ▁the ▁number ▁of ▁risk ▁factors ▁was ▁a ▁good ▁predict or ▁of ▁drug ▁use : ▁adoles c ents ▁with ▁more ▁risk ▁factors ▁were ▁more ▁likely ▁to ▁use ▁drugs . ▁ ▁The ▁model ▁used ▁by ▁Bry ▁and ▁colleagues ▁was ▁that ▁drug ▁users ▁do ▁not ▁differ ▁in ▁any ▁special ▁way ▁from ▁non - d rug ▁users . ▁ ▁Rather , ▁they ▁differ ▁in ▁the ▁number ▁of ▁problems ▁they ▁must ▁face . ▁ ▁" The ▁number ▁of ▁factors ▁an ▁individual ▁must ▁cope ▁with ▁is ▁more ▁important ▁than ▁exactly ▁what ▁those ▁factors ▁are " ▁( p . 2 7 7 ). ▁ ▁Given ▁this ▁model , ▁unit - weight ed ▁reg ression ▁is ▁an ▁appropriate ▁method ▁of ▁analysis . ▁ ▁B eta ▁weights ▁ ▁In ▁standard ▁multiple ▁reg ression , ▁each ▁predict or ▁is ▁multi plied ▁by ▁a ▁number ▁that ▁is ▁called ▁the ▁beta ▁weight , ▁reg ression ▁weight ▁or ▁weight ed ▁reg ression ▁coefficients ▁( den oted ▁▁ β W ▁or ▁B W ). ▁The ▁prediction ▁is ▁obtained ▁by ▁adding ▁these ▁products ▁along ▁with ▁a ▁constant . ▁When ▁the ▁weights ▁are ▁chosen ▁to ▁give ▁the ▁best ▁prediction ▁by ▁some ▁crit er ion , ▁the ▁model ▁referred ▁to ▁as ▁a ▁proper ▁linear ▁model . ▁Therefore , ▁multiple ▁reg ression ▁is ▁a ▁proper ▁linear ▁model . ▁By ▁contrast , ▁unit - weight ed ▁reg ression |
▁is ▁called ▁an ▁impro per ▁linear ▁model . ▁ ▁Model ▁spec ification ▁ ▁Standard ▁multiple ▁reg ression ▁h ing es ▁on ▁the ▁assumption ▁that ▁all ▁relevant ▁predict ors ▁of ▁the ▁outcome ▁are ▁included ▁in ▁the ▁reg ression ▁model . ▁ ▁This ▁assumption ▁is ▁called ▁model ▁spec ification . ▁ ▁A ▁model ▁is ▁said ▁to ▁be ▁specified ▁when ▁all ▁relevant ▁predict ors ▁are ▁included ▁in ▁the ▁model , ▁and ▁all ▁irrelevant ▁predict ors ▁are ▁excluded ▁from ▁the ▁model . ▁In ▁practical ▁settings , ▁it ▁is ▁rare ▁for ▁a ▁study ▁to ▁be ▁able ▁to ▁determine ▁all ▁relevant ▁predict ors ▁a ▁prior i . ▁In ▁this ▁case , ▁models ▁are ▁not ▁specified ▁and ▁the ▁estimates ▁for ▁the ▁beta ▁weights ▁suffer ▁from ▁om itted ▁variable ▁bias . ▁That ▁is , ▁the ▁beta ▁weights ▁may ▁change ▁from ▁one ▁sample ▁to ▁the ▁next , ▁a ▁situation ▁sometimes ▁called ▁the ▁problem ▁of ▁the ▁b oun cing ▁bet as . ▁ ▁It ▁is ▁this ▁problem ▁with ▁b oun cing ▁bet as ▁that ▁makes ▁unit - weight ed ▁reg ression ▁a ▁useful ▁method . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁Line ar ▁reg ression ▁Reg ression ▁analysis ▁Rob ust ▁reg ression ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁▁ ▁Bob ko , ▁P ., ▁Roth , ▁P . ▁L ., ▁& ▁B uster , ▁M . ▁A . ▁( 2 0 0 7 ). ▁" The ▁useful ness ▁of ▁unit ▁weights ▁in ▁creating ▁composite ▁scores : ▁A ▁literature ▁review , ▁application ▁to ▁content ▁valid ity , ▁and ▁meta - analysis ". ▁Organ iz ational ▁Research ▁Method s , |
▁volume ▁ 1 0 , ▁pages ▁ 6 8 9 - 7 0 9 . ▁▁ ▁Burg ess , ▁E . ▁W . ▁( 1 9 2 8 ). ▁" Fact ors ▁determining ▁success ▁or ▁failure ▁on ▁par ole ". ▁In ▁A . ▁A . ▁Bruce ▁( Ed .), ▁The ▁Work ings ▁of ▁the ▁Ind et erm inate ▁S ent ence ▁Law ▁and ▁Par ole ▁in ▁Illinois ▁( pp . 2 0 5 – 2 4 9 ). ▁Spring field , ▁Illinois : ▁Illinois ▁State ▁Par ole ▁Board . ▁Google ▁books ▁Cohen , ▁Jacob . ▁( 1 9 9 0 ). ▁" Th ings ▁I ▁have ▁learned ▁( so ▁far ) ". ▁American ▁Psych ologist , ▁volume ▁ 4 5 , ▁pages ▁ 1 3 0 4 - 1 3 1 2 . ▁ ▁Daw es , ▁Rob yn ▁M . ▁( 1 9 7 9 ). ▁" The ▁robust ▁beauty ▁of ▁impro per ▁linear ▁models ▁in ▁decision ▁making ". ▁American ▁Psych ologist , ▁volume ▁ 3 4 , ▁pages ▁ 5 7 1 - 5 8 2 . ▁ ▁. ▁ ▁arch ived ▁pdf ▁ ▁Gott fred son , ▁D . ▁M ., ▁& ▁S ny der , ▁H . ▁N . ▁( J uly ▁ 2 0 0 5 ). ▁The ▁mathemat ics ▁of ▁risk ▁classification : ▁Ch anging ▁data ▁into ▁valid ▁instruments ▁for ▁ju ven ile ▁courts . ▁Pittsburgh , ▁Penn .: ▁National ▁Center ▁for ▁Ju ven ile ▁Justice . ▁NC J ▁ 2 0 9 1 5 8 |
. ▁Eric . ed . gov ▁pdf ▁Ker by , ▁Dave ▁S . ▁( 2 0 0 3 ). ▁" C ART ▁analysis ▁with ▁unit - weight ed ▁reg ression ▁to ▁predict ▁su ic idal ▁ide ation ▁from ▁Big ▁Five ▁traits ". ▁Person ality ▁and ▁Individual ▁D if ferences , ▁volume ▁ 3 5 , ▁pages ▁ 2 4 9 - 2 6 1 . ▁ ▁Sch midt , ▁Frank ▁L . ▁( 1 9 7 1 ). ▁" The ▁relative ▁efficiency ▁of ▁reg ression ▁and ▁simple ▁unit ▁predict or ▁weights ▁in ▁applied ▁differential ▁psychology ". ▁Educ ational ▁and ▁Psych ological ▁Me asure ment , ▁volume ▁ 3 1 , ▁pages ▁ 6 9 9 - 7 1 4 . ▁ ▁W ainer , ▁H ., ▁& ▁Th issen , ▁D . ▁( 1 9 7 6 ). ▁Three ▁steps ▁toward ▁robust ▁reg ression . ▁Psych omet rika , ▁volume ▁ 4 1 ( 1 ), ▁pages ▁ 9 – 3 4 . ▁ ▁Further ▁reading ▁ ▁D ana , ▁J ., ▁& ▁Daw es , ▁R . ▁M . ▁( 2 0 0 4 ). ▁" The ▁superior ity ▁of ▁simple ▁alternatives ▁to ▁reg ression ▁for ▁social ▁science ▁predictions ". ▁Journal ▁of ▁Educ ational ▁and ▁Be havior al ▁Statistics , ▁volume ▁ 2 9 ( 3 ), ▁pages ▁ 3 1 7 - 3 3 1 . ▁ ▁Daw es , ▁R . ▁M ., ▁& ▁Cor r igan , ▁B . ▁( 1 9 7 4 ). ▁Line ar ▁models ▁in |
▁decision ▁making . ▁Psych ological ▁Bul let in , ▁volume ▁ 8 1 , ▁pages ▁ 9 5 – 1 0 6 . ▁ ▁Ein horn , ▁H . ▁J ., ▁& ▁H og arth , ▁R . ▁M . ▁( 1 9 7 5 ). ▁Unit ▁weight ing ▁schemes ▁for ▁decision ▁making . ▁Organ iz ational ▁Be havior ▁and ▁Human ▁Performance , ▁volume ▁ 1 3 ( 2 ), ▁pages ▁ 1 7 1 - 1 9 2 . ▁ ▁H ake em , ▁M . ▁( 1 9 4 8 ). ▁The ▁valid ity ▁of ▁the ▁Burg ess ▁method ▁of ▁par ole ▁prediction . ▁American ▁Journal ▁of ▁Soci ology , ▁volume ▁ 5 3 ( 5 ), ▁pages ▁ 3 7 6 - 3 8 6 . ▁J ST OR ▁New man , ▁J . ▁R ., ▁Se aver , ▁D ., ▁Edwards , ▁W . ▁( 1 9 7 6 ). ▁Unit ▁versus ▁differential ▁weight ing ▁schemes ▁for ▁decision ▁making : ▁A ▁method ▁of ▁study ▁and ▁some ▁pre liminary ▁results . ▁Los ▁Angeles , ▁CA : ▁Social ▁Science ▁Research ▁Institute . ▁arch ived ▁pdf ▁Raj u , ▁N . ▁S ., ▁Bil g ic , ▁R ., ▁Edwards , ▁J . ▁E ., ▁Fle er , ▁P . ▁F . ▁( 1 9 9 7 ). ▁Method ology ▁review : ▁Est imation ▁of ▁population ▁valid ity ▁and ▁cross - valid ity , ▁and ▁the ▁use ▁of ▁equal ▁weights ▁in ▁prediction . ▁Ap plied ▁Psych ological ▁Me asure ment , ▁volume |
▁ 2 1 ( 4 ), ▁pages ▁ 2 9 1 - 3 0 5 . ▁ ▁Re e , ▁M . ▁J ., ▁Car rett a , ▁T . ▁R ., ▁& ▁E ar les , ▁J . ▁A . ▁( 1 9 9 8 ). ▁" In ▁top - down ▁decisions , ▁weight ing ▁variables ▁does ▁not ▁matter : ▁A ▁consequence ▁of ▁Wil k ' s ▁theorem ." ▁Organ iz ational ▁Research ▁Method s , ▁volume ▁ 1 ( 4 ), ▁pages ▁ 4 0 7 - 4 2 0 . ▁ ▁arch ived ▁pdf ▁W ainer , ▁H . ▁( 1 9 7 8 ). ▁On ▁the ▁sensitivity ▁of ▁reg ression ▁and ▁reg ress ors . ▁Psych ological ▁Bul let in , ▁volume ▁ 8 5 ( 2 ), ▁pages ▁ 2 6 7 - 2 7 3 . ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁Ch is ▁St uc chio ▁blog ▁- ▁Why ▁a ▁pro / con ▁list ▁is ▁ 7 5 % ▁as ▁good ▁as ▁your ▁fancy ▁machine ▁learning ▁algorithm ▁ ▁Category : Reg ression ▁analysis <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁cant on ▁of ▁Ga ill ard ▁is ▁an ▁administrative ▁division ▁of ▁the ▁H aute - S avo ie ▁department , ▁sout he astern ▁France . ▁It ▁was ▁created ▁at ▁the ▁French ▁cant on ▁re organ isation ▁which ▁came ▁into ▁effect ▁in ▁March ▁ 2 0 1 5 . ▁Its ▁seat ▁is ▁in ▁Ga ill ard . ▁ ▁It ▁consists ▁of ▁the ▁following ▁communes : ▁ ▁Ar th az - P ont - |
Not re - D ame ▁Bon ne ▁Cr an ves - S ales ▁Ét rem bi ères ▁Ga ill ard ▁J uv ign y ▁Luc ing es ▁Mach illy ▁Saint - C erg ues ▁V é tr az - Month oux ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : C ant ons ▁of ▁H aute - S avo ie <0x0A> </s> ▁Wilson ▁Mar cy ▁Pow ell ▁Sr . ▁( May ▁ 7 , ▁ 1 8 7 2 ▁– ▁August ▁ 1 7 , ▁ 1 9 3 5 ) ▁was ▁a ▁prominent ▁Harvard ▁lawyer , ▁president ▁of ▁New ▁York ▁Hospital ▁and ▁vice - pres ident ▁of ▁the ▁Bar ▁Association ▁of ▁the ▁City ▁of ▁New ▁York . ▁ ▁Hospital ▁Work ▁▁ ▁For ▁ 2 0 ▁years , ▁Pow ell ▁was ▁counsel ▁for ▁New ▁York ▁Hospital . ▁He ▁became ▁governor ▁and ▁vice - pres ident ▁of ▁the ▁Hospital ▁for ▁three ▁years ▁and ▁President ▁for ▁one ▁year . ▁He ▁was ▁also ▁president ▁of ▁the ▁L ying - In ▁Hospital , ▁the ▁New ▁York ▁Nur ser y ▁and ▁Child ' s ▁hospital ▁and ▁vice - pres ident ▁of ▁the ▁Manhattan ▁M atern ity ▁and ▁Dis p ens ary . ▁Pow ell ▁was ▁instrumental ▁in ▁bringing ▁together ▁New ▁York ▁Hospital ▁and ▁these ▁other ▁health ▁care ▁organizations ▁into ▁a ▁medical ▁center ▁and ▁un ified ▁program ▁for ▁the ▁care ▁of ▁the ▁ill , ▁research ▁and ▁teaching . ▁ ▁Public ▁Service ▁▁ ▁Pow ell ▁was ▁recognized ▁as ▁a ▁leader ▁in ▁his ▁profession , ▁and ▁served ▁for ▁seven ▁years ▁as ▁tre as urer |
▁of ▁the ▁Bar ▁Association ▁of ▁the ▁City ▁of ▁New ▁York ▁and ▁then ▁its ▁vice ▁president ▁for ▁two ▁years . ▁After ▁his ▁death , ▁the ▁Association ' s ▁resolution ▁declared ▁" Our ▁loss ▁in ▁the ▁circle ▁of ▁the ▁wis est ▁coun s ell ors ▁of ▁the ▁Association ▁is ▁well - n igh ▁im me as urable ." ▁ ▁Serv ing ▁on ▁several ▁commit te es ▁for ▁his ▁Al ma ▁M ater , ▁Harvard ▁University , ▁Pow ell ▁served ▁as ▁chairman ▁of ▁a ▁committee ▁to ▁raise ▁an ▁end ow ment ▁for ▁the ▁law ▁school . ▁In ▁ 1 9 0 6 , ▁Sw arth more ▁College ▁invited ▁Pow ell ▁to ▁serve ▁on ▁its ▁Board ▁of ▁Man agers . ▁From ▁ 1 9 1 4 ▁to ▁ 1 9 2 0 , ▁he ▁was ▁vice - pres ident ▁of ▁the ▁Board ▁and ▁then ▁president ▁until ▁ 1 9 3 3 ▁when ▁poor ▁health ▁forced ▁him ▁to ▁step ▁down . ▁ ▁From ▁ 1 9 2 8 ▁to ▁ 1 9 3 5 , ▁Pow ell ▁was ▁chairman ▁of ▁the ▁Committee ▁on ▁Cir cul ation ▁for ▁the ▁New ▁York ▁Public ▁Library . ▁He ▁made ▁the ▁effort ▁to ▁know ▁all ▁of ▁the ▁employees ▁at ▁the ▁Main ▁Library ▁on ▁Fifth ▁Avenue ▁by ▁sight . ▁ ▁Following ▁his ▁father ' s ▁work , ▁Pow ell ▁served ▁as ▁legal ▁adv iser ▁to ▁the ▁Women ' s ▁Pr ison ▁Association ▁of ▁the ▁City ▁of ▁New ▁York , ▁which ▁was ▁founded ▁by ▁his ▁great - grand father ▁and ▁Qu aker ▁abol ition ist |
▁Isaac ▁Hop per . ▁He ▁also ▁served ▁on ▁the ▁Board ▁of ▁Direct ors ▁for ▁the ▁NA AC P , ▁the ▁Col ored ▁Or phan ▁As yl um ▁and ▁the ▁Association ▁for ▁the ▁Benef it ▁of ▁Col ored ▁Children ▁in ▁the ▁City ▁of ▁New ▁York . ▁ ▁Pow ell ▁was ▁a ▁rally ing ▁spirit ▁among ▁the ▁Friends ▁of ▁New ▁York ▁City ▁and ▁State . ▁For ▁more ▁than ▁ 2 5 ▁years , ▁he ▁served ▁both ▁the ▁New ▁York ▁Year ly ▁and ▁New ▁York ▁Month ly ▁Meeting ▁as ▁its ▁Tre as urer . ▁His ▁daughter , ▁Els ie ▁Kn app ▁Pow ell , ▁don ated ▁their ▁country ▁estate , ▁the ▁Pow ell ▁House , ▁to ▁the ▁New ▁York ▁Society ▁of ▁Friends . ▁ ▁Biography ▁▁ ▁Pow ell ▁was ▁born ▁in ▁New ▁York ▁City ▁on ▁May ▁ 7 , ▁ 1 8 7 2 . ▁Upon ▁gradu ating ▁from ▁Harvard ▁University ▁and ▁Harvard ▁Law ▁School , ▁he ▁married ▁Els ie ▁Kn app ▁in ▁ 1 9 0 2 . ▁Res iding ▁at ▁ 1 3 0 ▁East ▁ 7 0 th ▁Street , ▁they ▁had ▁three ▁children , ▁Wilson ▁Mar cy ▁Pow ell , ▁Els ie ▁K . ▁Pow ell ▁and ▁Sarah ▁Pow ell ▁( M rs . ▁Pres cott ▁B . ▁Hun ting ton ). ▁Pow ell ▁came ▁from ▁a ▁Qu aker ▁family ▁devoted ▁to ▁social ▁justice ▁initiatives . ▁His ▁great - grand father , ▁Isaac ▁Hop per , ▁assist ed ▁more ▁than ▁a ▁thousand ▁slaves ▁escape ▁to ▁freedom , ▁and ▁left ▁his ▁mark ▁on |
▁several ▁ben ev olent ▁activities ▁in ▁New ▁York . ▁His ▁father , ▁Wilson ▁Pow ell , ▁was ▁a ▁Harvard ▁lawyer ▁of ▁high ▁standing ▁and ▁devoted ▁his ▁energies ▁to ▁the ▁improvement ▁of ▁hospitals ▁and ▁libraries ▁in ▁New ▁York . ▁Among ▁his ▁great ▁grand children ▁are ▁May an ▁archae ologist ▁Christopher ▁Pow ell ▁and ▁writer - produ cer ▁J ▁Dakota ▁Pow ell . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁▁ ▁Category : 1 8 7 2 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 9 3 5 ▁deaths ▁Category : American ▁lawyers ▁Category : Har vard ▁Law ▁School ▁al umn i ▁Category : Har vard ▁University ▁al umn i <0x0A> </s> ▁T anc r ède ▁is ▁a ▁contemporary ▁French ▁singer ▁born ▁in ▁Paris . ▁ ▁Biography ▁ ▁At tract ed ▁early ▁to ▁music , ▁T anc r ède ▁wrote ▁his ▁first ▁song ▁when ▁he ▁was ▁nine . ▁He ▁never ▁stopped ▁writing ▁there after , ▁and ▁sang ▁on ▁the ▁classical ▁air s ▁he ▁learned ▁at ▁the ▁Music ▁school ▁in ▁Paris . ▁He ▁graduated ▁with ▁piano ▁as ▁a ▁major . ▁ ▁In ▁parallel , ▁he ▁studied ▁Law ▁and ▁graduated ▁from ▁the ▁Law ▁School ▁in ▁Paris . ▁ ▁On ▁the ▁very ▁evening ▁of ▁his ▁o ath - t aking ▁as ▁a ▁lawyer , ▁he ▁performed ▁on ▁the ▁S ent ier ▁des ▁Hall es ▁in ▁Paris . ▁For ▁two ▁years ▁he ▁led ▁this ▁double ▁life , ▁and ▁as ▁the ▁number ▁of ▁conc erts ▁were ▁increasing , ▁he ▁decided ▁to ▁leave ▁his ▁court ▁dress ▁and ▁move ▁on ▁with ▁music . ▁▁ 1 st ▁Album ▁ ▁T |
anc r ède ' s ▁first ▁album ▁( T anc r ède ) ▁was ▁released ▁ ▁in ▁September ▁ 2 0 0 5 ▁by ▁U LM - Univers al , ▁a ▁Universal ▁Music ▁Group ▁label . ▁Direct ed ▁by ▁Roland ▁Roman elli , ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁band ▁Space , ▁and ▁the ▁arr anger ▁and ▁musician ▁of ▁Barbara . ▁On ▁its ▁release , ▁the ▁album ▁was ▁greeted ▁by ▁critics ▁with ▁enthusiasm . ▁Many ▁conc erts ▁followed ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁and ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁in ▁the aters ▁such ▁as ▁La ▁C ig ale ▁and ▁le ▁T rian on . ▁ ▁Aud imat ! ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 8 , ▁T anc r ède ▁wrote ▁his ▁first ▁musical , ▁Aud imat ! ▁which ▁received ▁good ▁critics ▁▁▁ ▁for ▁the ▁challenge ▁of ▁a ▁Broadway - style ▁musical ▁written ▁entirely ▁in ▁French . ▁Per form ances ▁were ▁held ▁at ▁la ▁C ig ale , ▁with ▁St é phan ▁Dru et ▁as ▁stage ▁director . ▁Amb ian ced ▁in ▁the ▁r uth less ▁world ▁of ▁television , ▁Aud imat ▁dep icts ▁two ▁competing ▁channels ▁struggling ▁to ▁win ▁the ▁attention ▁of ▁the ▁stay - at - home ▁mom s . ▁ ▁End orph ine ▁At ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁ 2 0 1 2 , ▁T anc r ède ▁will ▁release ▁his ▁new ▁album ▁called ▁End orph ine . ▁ ▁Disc ography ▁▁ ▁T anc r ède , ▁ 2 0 0 5 ▁( U lm ▁- ▁Universal ▁Music ) ▁ ▁Aud imat |
! , ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁( Univers al ▁Classic ) ▁ ▁End orph ine , ▁late ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁▁▁ ▁Category : F rench ▁male ▁sing ers ▁Category : F rench ▁singer - s ong writ ers ▁Category : Sing ers ▁from ▁Paris ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : Year ▁of ▁birth ▁missing ▁( l iving ▁people ) <0x0A> </s> ▁E lections ▁to ▁Le eds ▁City ▁Council ▁were ▁held ▁on ▁Thursday , ▁ 6 ▁May ▁ 1 9 8 2 , ▁with ▁one - third ▁of ▁the ▁council ▁to ▁be ▁elected . ▁As ▁well ▁as ▁that , ▁there ▁was ▁a ▁vac ancy ▁to ▁fill ▁after ▁the ▁defe ction ▁of ▁Wh in mo or ▁inc umb ent ▁Edward ▁He w itt ▁to ▁the ▁newly ▁formed ▁Alliance ▁between ▁the ▁Liberal ▁Party ▁and ▁the ▁Labour - break away ▁Social ▁Democratic ▁Party ▁in ▁February , ▁following ▁his ▁colle ague ▁and ▁He ading ley ▁coun c ill or , ▁Ernest ▁Mil let , ▁who ▁had ▁also ▁defect ed ▁to ▁the ▁SD P ▁two ▁months ▁prior . ▁ ▁The ▁first ▁election ▁featuring ▁the ▁Alliance ▁seen ▁their ▁support ▁increase ▁by ▁a ▁third ▁upon ▁the ▁previous ▁election , ▁mostly ▁at ▁the ▁expense ▁of ▁the ▁Labour ▁vote , ▁but ▁also ▁helped ▁by ▁the ▁compar ative ▁absence ▁of ▁minor ▁parties ▁this ▁election . ▁The ▁Alliance ▁surge ▁resulted ▁in ▁Le eds ▁first ▁three - way ▁race ▁for ▁the ▁popular ▁vote , ▁with ▁the ▁Conserv atives ▁p ipping ▁Labour ▁by ▁less ▁than ▁ |
3 , 0 0 0 ▁votes . ▁ ▁The ▁large ▁sw ings ▁from ▁Labour ▁to ▁Alliance ▁produced ▁gains ▁in ▁Bur m anto ft s ▁and ▁Richmond ▁Hill , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁allowing ▁Conservative ▁gains ▁in ▁Bar wick ▁& ▁K ipp ax , ▁Gar for th ▁& ▁Sw illing ton , ▁Mor ley ▁North ▁and ▁P ud sey ▁South . ▁There ▁was ▁also ▁an ▁Alliance ▁gain ▁from ▁the ▁Conserv atives ▁in ▁the ▁already ▁marginal ▁H ors for th , ▁but ▁with ▁the ▁Ec ologist ▁absence ▁playing ▁a ▁bigger ▁role ▁there . ▁Despite ▁the ▁inferior ▁vote ▁and ▁near - hal ving ▁of ▁their ▁majority ▁by ▁six ▁losses , ▁Labour ▁still ▁won ▁a ▁plural ity ▁of ▁the ▁seats ▁fought , ▁and ▁gained ▁back ▁the ▁He ading ley ▁and ▁Wh in mo or ▁seats ▁they ' d ▁lost ▁through ▁defe ctions . ▁ ▁E lection ▁result ▁ ▁This ▁result ▁has ▁the ▁following ▁consequences ▁for ▁the ▁total ▁number ▁of ▁seats ▁on ▁the ▁council ▁after ▁the ▁elections : ▁ ▁Ward ▁results ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 8 2 ▁English ▁local ▁elections ▁ 1 9 8 2 ▁Category : 1 9 8 0 s ▁in ▁Le eds ▁Category : May ▁ 1 9 8 2 ▁events ▁in ▁Europe <0x0A> </s> ▁Paul ▁Dean ▁( born ▁ 1 9 6 6 ▁in ▁Br is b ane ) ▁is ▁an ▁Australian ▁composer ▁and ▁clar inet ist . ▁ ▁Career ▁A ▁graduate ▁of ▁the ▁Queensland ▁Conserv ator ium ▁where ▁he ▁received ▁the ▁Medal ▁of ▁Excell ence , ▁Dean ▁won ▁the ▁Australian |
▁Clar inet ▁Compet ition , ▁the ▁Matt ara ▁National ▁Con cer to ▁Compet ition , ▁the ▁Cole man ▁Chamber ▁En semble ▁Compet ition ▁in ▁Los ▁Angeles ▁( as ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁Mov ellan ▁Wind ▁Qu int et ). ▁ ▁He ▁often ▁performs ▁together ▁with ▁his ▁brother , ▁the ▁Australian ▁composer ▁Bre tt ▁Dean . ▁ ▁Paul ▁Dean ▁is ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁members ▁of ▁the ▁Southern ▁Cross ▁S olo ists , ▁based ▁in ▁Br is b ane . ▁As ▁solo ist , ▁rec ital ist ▁and ▁chamber ▁musician , ▁Paul ▁Dean ▁has ▁performed ▁in ▁Norway , ▁England , ▁Japan , ▁the ▁USA ▁and ▁Canada . ▁ ▁Between ▁ 1 9 8 7 ▁and ▁ 2 0 0 0 ▁he ▁was ▁Pr incipal ▁Clar inet ▁with ▁the ▁Queensland ▁Sym phony ▁Orchestra . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 3 ▁Dean ▁was ▁a ▁solo ist ▁with ▁the ▁Ad ela ide ▁Sym phony ▁Orchestra ▁and ▁The ▁Queensland ▁Orchestra . ▁He ▁tou red ▁nation ally ▁with ▁the ▁Australian ▁String ▁Qu art et , ▁playing ▁the ▁Bra h ms ▁Qu int et , ▁Op . 1 1 5 , ▁and ▁tou red ▁New ▁Zealand ▁and ▁the ▁US ▁with ▁the ▁Southern ▁Cross ▁S olo ists ▁in ▁the ▁same ▁year . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 4 ▁he ▁was ▁a ▁guest ▁artist ▁at ▁the ▁Sydney ▁Festival ▁and ▁the ▁Australian ▁String ▁Qu art et ’ s ▁Bridge water ▁Mill ▁Series , ▁tou red ▁nation ally ▁with ▁the ▁Mac qu ar ie ▁T rio ▁and ▁performed ▁over ▁ 5 0 |
▁conc erts ▁throughout ▁Australia ▁with ▁the ▁Southern ▁Cross ▁S olo ists . ▁ ▁Desc ribed ▁by ▁London ’ s ▁The ▁Sunday ▁Times ▁as ▁" the ▁excellent ▁Paul ▁Dean ", ▁he ▁has ▁tou red ▁extens ively ▁throughout ▁USA , ▁Asia , ▁Europe ▁and ▁New ▁Zealand . ▁His ▁performance ▁of ▁the ▁Frank el ▁Clar inet ▁Qu int et , ▁Op . 2 8 , ▁at ▁the ▁ 1 9 9 7 ▁International ▁Clar inet f est ▁in ▁Lub b ock , ▁Texas ▁won ▁him ▁a ▁standing ▁ov ation . ▁ ▁Currently ▁Dean ▁invest s ▁his ▁time ▁and ▁artistic ▁expression ▁as ▁the ▁Art istic ▁Director ▁of ▁Southern ▁Cross ▁S olo ists , ▁the ▁Sun Water ▁& ▁Stan well ▁Winter ▁Music ▁School ▁and ▁the ▁Bang al ow ▁Music ▁Festival , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁making ▁regular ▁appearances ▁at ▁fest ivals ▁throughout ▁Australia . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁he ▁was ▁Art istic ▁Director ▁of ▁the ▁B ony i ▁International ▁Youth ▁Music ▁Festival ▁in ▁Br is b ane . ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁he ▁will ▁be ▁the ▁Art istic ▁Director ▁for ▁" t ut ti ▁world ▁youth ▁music ▁Beijing , ▁an ▁international ▁youth ▁music ▁festival ▁dedicated ▁to ▁music ▁education . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 0 , ▁Paul ▁Dean ▁was ▁appointed ▁as ▁Art istic ▁Director ▁of ▁the ▁Australian ▁National ▁Academy ▁of ▁Music ▁in ▁Melbourne , ▁succeed ing ▁his ▁brother ▁Bre tt ▁Dean ▁in ▁that ▁post . ▁ ▁As ▁a ▁composer , ▁his ▁works ▁include ▁Tur mo il , ▁Peace ▁and ▁Cele br ation |
▁for ▁cell o ▁and ▁piano ▁( 2 0 1 4 ). ▁ ▁Disc ography ▁ 1 9 9 0 : ▁From ▁Fire ▁by ▁Fire , ▁Queensland ▁Wind ▁S olo ists ▁ 1 9 9 6 : ▁Frank el : ▁Chamber ▁Works , ▁Queensland ▁Sym phony ▁Chamber ▁players ▁ 2 0 0 9 : ▁Sub l ime ▁Moz art : ▁Works ▁for ▁Clar inet , ▁Paul ▁Dean , ▁the ▁Gra inger ▁Qu art et , ▁The ▁Queensland ▁Orchestra , ▁Gu illa ume ▁Tour nia ire ▁( con du ctor ): ▁Moz art : ▁Clar inet ▁Con cer to , ▁K . 6 2 2 ; ▁Clar inet ▁Qu int et , ▁K . 5 8 1 ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁ ▁Category : Austral ian ▁clar inet ists ▁Category : Austral ian ▁compos ers ▁Category : Mus icians ▁from ▁Br is b ane ▁Category : 1 9 6 6 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : People ▁educated ▁at ▁Br is b ane ▁State ▁High ▁School ▁Category : 2 1 st - century ▁clar inet ists <0x0A> </s> ▁This ▁is ▁a ▁list ▁of ▁brew eries ▁in ▁Tennessee , ▁a ▁U . S . ▁state . ▁ ▁Micro bre wer ies ▁and ▁regional ▁brew eries ▁Micro bre wer ies ▁< ▁ 1 5 , 0 0 0 ▁barrel s ▁per ▁ann um ▁and ▁Regional ▁Brew eries ▁are ▁ 1 5 , 0 0 0 ▁to ▁ 6 , 0 0 0 , 0 0 0 ▁barrel s ▁per |
▁ann um . ▁ ▁Ch att ano oga ▁area ▁▁ ▁Big ▁F rog ▁Brew ing ▁Company ▁– ▁Ch att ano oga ▁ ▁Big ▁River ▁Gr ille ▁& ▁Brew ing ▁Works ▁– ▁Ch att ano oga ▁▁ ▁Ch att ano oga ▁Brew ing ▁Company ▁– ▁Ch att ano og ▁ ▁Five ▁W its ▁Brew ing ▁Company ▁- ▁Ch att ano oga ▁ ▁Heaven ▁& ▁Ale ▁Brew ing ▁Company ▁- ▁Ch att ano oga ▁ ▁H utton ▁& ▁Smith ▁Brew ing ▁Company ▁– ▁Ch att ano oga ▁ ▁Mad ▁Knight ▁Brew ing ▁Company ▁– ▁Ch att ano oga ▁ ▁M oc cas in ▁B end ▁Brew ing ▁Company ▁– ▁Ch att ano oga ▁ ▁Mc H ale ' s ▁Brew ▁House ▁– ▁Ch att ano oga ▁ ▁N aked ▁River ▁Brew ing ▁Company ▁– ▁Ch att ano oga ▁ ▁O dd St ory ▁Brew ing ▁Company ▁– ▁Ch att ano oga ▁ ▁Term inal ▁Brew ▁House ▁– ▁Ch att ano oga ▁ ▁Cl arks ville ▁area ▁▁ ▁Black hor se ▁Pub ▁& ▁Brew ery ▁- ▁Cl arks ville , ▁Kn ox ville ▁ ▁Co oke ville ▁area ▁▁ ▁H ix ▁Farm ▁Brew ery ▁– ▁Co oke ville ▁ ▁J ig ▁Head ▁Brew ing ▁Company ▁– ▁Co oke ville ▁ ▁Red ▁Sil o B rew ing ▁Company ▁– ▁Co oke ville ▁ ▁Cross ville ▁area ▁▁▁ ▁Creek side ▁Brew ing ▁Company - Cross ville ▁ ▁Franklin ▁area ▁▁ ▁Cool ▁Springs ▁Brew ing ▁ ▁– ▁Franklin ▁ ▁G arr ' s ▁Be er ▁Company ▁– ▁Franklin ▁ |
▁Kn ox ville ▁area ▁▁ ▁Alliance ▁Brew ing ▁Company ▁– ▁Kn ox ville ▁ ▁Bal ter ▁Be er works ▁– ▁Kn ox ville ▁ ▁Black hor se ▁Pub ▁& ▁Brew ery ▁- ▁Kn ox ville , ▁Cl arks ville ▁ ▁Ch ish ol m ▁T aver n ▁Brew ery ▁ ▁– ▁Kn ox ville ▁ ▁Cl inch ▁River ▁Brew ing ▁– ▁Kn ox ville , ▁Nor ris ▁▁▁ ▁Craft y ▁Bast ard ▁Brew ing ▁ ▁– ▁Kn ox ville ▁ ▁El km ont ▁Exchange ▁Brew ery ▁& ▁E ating ▁House ▁– ▁Kn ox ville ▁ ▁El st ▁Brew ing ▁Company ▁– ▁Kn ox ville ▁ ▁F an atic ▁Brew ing ▁– ▁ ▁Kn ox ville ▁ ▁Ge ez ers ▁Brew ery ▁– ▁Kn ox ville ▁ ▁He x agon ▁Brew ing ▁Company ▁ ▁– ▁Kn ox ville ▁ ▁Last ▁Days ▁of ▁Aut umn ▁Brew ery ▁ ▁– ▁Kn ox ville ▁ ▁P ret ent ious ▁Be er ▁Company ▁– ▁Kn ox ville ▁ ▁Print shop ▁Be er ▁Company ▁– ▁Kn ox ville ▁ ▁Saw ▁Works ▁Brew ing ▁Company ▁– ▁Kn ox ville ▁ ▁Schul z ▁Br ä u ▁Brew ing ▁– ▁Kn ox ville ▁ ▁Sc ru ff y ▁City ▁Brew ery ▁– ▁Kn ox ville ▁ ▁Sm ok y ▁Mountain ▁Brew ery ▁– ▁Kn ox ville , ▁G at lin burg , ▁Mary ville , ▁Oak ▁Ridge , ▁P ige on ▁For ge , ▁Sev ier ville ▁ ▁Wood ru ff ▁Brew ing ▁Company ▁ ▁– ▁Kn ox ville , ▁▁ ▁World |
' s ▁Fair ▁Be er ▁– ▁Kn ox ville ▁ ▁Mem ph is ▁area ▁▁ ▁Bos co ' s ▁Restaur ant ▁and ▁Brew ing ▁Company ▁– ▁Mem ph is ▁ ▁C ros st own ▁Brew ing ▁Company ▁– ▁Mem ph is ▁ ▁Ghost ▁River ▁Brew ing ▁– ▁Mem ph is ▁ ▁High ▁Cot ton ▁Brew ing ▁Company – ▁Mem ph is ▁ ▁Mem ph is ▁Made ▁Brew ing ▁Company ▁– ▁Mem ph is ▁ ▁Rock ’ n ▁D ough ▁P izza ▁& ▁Brew ▁Company ▁Company ▁– ▁Mem ph is ▁ ▁W ise acre ▁Brew ing ▁Company ▁– ▁Mem ph is ▁ ▁Mur f rees bor o ▁area ▁▁ ▁Green ▁Dragon ▁Pub ▁and ▁Brew ery ▁– ▁Mur f rees bor o ▁ ▁May day ▁Brew ery ▁– ▁Mur f rees bor o ▁ ▁Steel ▁Bar rel ▁Brew ery ▁– ▁Mur f rees bor o ▁ ▁Nash ville ▁area ▁▁ ▁Be arded ▁I ris ▁Brew ing ▁Company ▁– ▁Nash ville ▁ ▁Black ▁Ab bey ▁Brew ing ▁Company ▁– ▁Nash ville ▁ ▁Black stone ▁Brew ing ▁Company - ▁Nash ville ▁ ▁C ors air ▁Art isan ▁Dist illery ▁– ▁Nash ville ▁ ▁Cz ann ' s ▁Brew ing ▁Company ▁– ▁Nash ville ▁ ▁D isk in ▁C ider ▁– ▁Nash ville ▁ ▁East ▁Nash ville ▁Be er ▁Works ▁– ▁Nash ville ▁ ▁Fat ▁B ottom ▁Brew ing ▁Company ▁– ▁Nash ville ▁ ▁H ap ▁& ▁Harry ' s ▁ ▁– ▁Nash ville ▁ ▁Hard ing ▁House ▁Brew ing ▁Company ▁– ▁Nash ville ▁ ▁Hon ky ▁Ton |
k ▁Brew ing ▁Company ▁– ▁Nash ville ▁ ▁Jack al ope ▁Brew ing ▁Company ▁– ▁Nash ville ▁ ▁J ub ile e ▁Craft ▁Be er ▁Company ▁– ▁Nash ville ▁▁▁ ▁Little ▁Har p eth ▁Brew ing ▁– ▁Nash ville ▁ ▁Music ▁City ▁Be er ▁Company ▁– ▁Nash ville ▁ ▁Nash ville ▁Brew ing ▁Company ▁– ▁Nash ville ▁ ▁New ▁He ights ▁Brew ing ▁Company ▁– ▁Nash ville ▁ ▁Smith ▁& ▁L ent z ▁Brew ing ▁– ▁Nash ville ▁ ▁Southern ▁Gr ist ▁Brew ing ▁Company ▁– ▁Nash ville ▁ ▁Rock ▁B ottom ▁Restaur ant ▁& ▁Brew ery ▁– ▁Nash ville ▁ ▁T ail Gate ▁Brew ing ▁– ▁Nash ville ▁ ▁Tennessee ▁Brew ▁Works ▁– ▁Nash ville ▁ ▁T urt le ▁An archy ▁Brew ing ▁Company ▁– ▁Nash ville ▁ ▁Wild ▁G inger ▁Brew ing ▁Company ▁– ▁Nash ville ▁ ▁Y az oo ▁Brew ing ▁Company ▁– ▁Nash ville ▁ ▁Tri - C ities ▁area ▁( B rist ol / John son ▁City / K ings port ) ▁▁ ▁Brist ol ▁Station ▁Brew s ▁& ▁T ap room ▁ ▁– ▁Brist ol , ▁VA ▁ ▁Eld er ▁Brew ▁ ▁– ▁Brist ol , ▁T N ▁ ▁Great ▁Oak ▁Brew ing ▁– ▁Johnson ▁City ▁ ▁Gy psy ▁Circ us ▁C ider ▁Company ▁▁ ▁– ▁Kings port ▁ ▁Hol ston ▁River ▁Brew ing ▁Company ▁– ▁Brist ol , ▁T N ▁ ▁Johnson ▁City ▁Brew ing ▁Company ▁– ▁Johnson ▁City ▁ ▁J R H ▁Brew ing ▁– ▁Johnson ▁City ▁ ▁Little ▁Anim als ▁Brew ery ▁– ▁Johnson |
▁C I ty ▁ ▁Sleep y ▁O wl ▁Brew ery ▁– ▁Kings port ▁ ▁State ▁Street ▁Brew ing ▁– ▁Brist ol , ▁VA ▁ ▁Studio ▁Brew – ▁Brist ol , ▁VA ▁ ▁Y ee - H aw ▁Brew ing ▁Company ▁– ▁Johnson ▁City ▁ ▁Other ▁areas ▁ ▁East ▁Tennessee ▁ ▁Cl inch ▁River ▁Brew ing ▁– ▁Nor ris , ▁Kn ox ville ▁▁ ▁Dep ot ▁Street ▁Brew ing ▁ ▁– ▁Jones borough ▁ ▁Mon key ▁Town ▁Brew ing ▁Company ▁ ▁– ▁Day ton ▁ ▁Round ▁ 6 ▁Brew ing ▁ ▁– ▁Mary ville ▁ ▁Sm ok y ▁Mountain ▁Brew ery ▁– ▁G at lin burg , ▁Mary ville , ▁Oak ▁Ridge , ▁P ige on ▁For ge , ▁Sev ier ville , ▁Kn ox ville ▁ ▁Tri - H op ▁Brew ery ▁– ▁Mary ville ▁ ▁W yl ie ' s ▁C ider ▁Mill ▁– ▁Sev ier ville ▁ ▁Middle ▁Tennessee ▁ ▁As g ard ▁Brew ing ▁Company ▁– ▁Columbia ▁Bad ▁Ide a ▁Brew ing ▁ ▁- ▁Columbia ▁▁ ▁B ri ar scr atch ▁Brew ery ▁– ▁C ott ont own ▁C alf k iller ▁Brew ing ▁Company ▁- ▁Sp arta ▁ ▁Half ▁B atch ▁Brew ing ▁Company ▁ ▁– ▁Hend erson ville ▁ ▁Happy ▁Tra ils ▁Brew ing ▁Co . ▁– ▁Sp arta ▁ ▁Mill ▁Creek ▁Brew ing ▁Company ▁– ▁N ol ens ville ▁ ▁O le ▁S hed ▁Brew ing ▁Company ▁– ▁T ull ahoma ▁ ▁West ▁Tennessee ▁ ▁Med d les ome ▁Brew ing ▁Company ▁– ▁Cord ova ▁ ▁Perry |
l od g ic ▁Brew ing ▁Company ▁– ▁Paris ▁ ▁Hub ▁City ▁Brew ing ▁– ▁Jackson ▁ ▁Former ▁brew eries ▁ ▁Tennessee ▁Brew ery , ▁Mem ph is ▁ 1 8 8 7 - 1 9 5 4 ▁ ▁Nash ville ▁Brew ing ▁Company , ▁Nash ville ▁ 1 8 5 9 - 1 8 9 0 ▁ ▁Mo er le in - G erst ▁Brew ing ▁Co ., ▁Nash ville ▁ 1 8 9 0 - 1 8 9 3 ▁ ▁William ▁Ger st ▁Brew ing ▁Co ., ▁Nash ville ▁ 1 8 9 3 - 1 9 5 4 ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁▁ ▁Be er ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁ ▁List ▁of ▁brew eries ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁ ▁List ▁of ▁micro bre wer ies ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁* ▁Tennessee ▁Category : T ennessee - related ▁lists <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Church ▁of ▁Saint ▁Cl are ▁() ▁is ▁a ▁Roman ▁Catholic ▁place ▁of ▁worship ▁located ▁in ▁the ▁city ▁of ▁Tur in , ▁Italy . ▁ ▁History ▁▁ ▁Origin ally ▁a ▁g oth ic ▁monaster y ▁belonging ▁to ▁the ▁Order ▁of ▁the ▁Poor ▁Cl ares ▁built ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 3 th ▁century , ▁Saint ▁Cl are ▁was ▁re built ▁and ▁rep or posed ▁as ▁a ▁church , ▁of ▁an ▁overall ▁smaller ▁size , ▁in ▁a ▁bar o que ▁style , ▁between ▁ 1 7 4 2 ▁and ▁ 1 7 4 5 ▁under ▁the ▁direction ▁of ▁architect ▁Bern ardo ▁Antonio ▁V itt one , ▁himself ▁brother ▁of ▁two ▁n uns ▁of |
▁the ▁Order . ▁The ▁Poor ▁Cl ares ▁would ▁continue ▁to ▁res ide ▁in ▁the ▁church ▁until ▁ 1 8 1 4 , ▁when ▁they ▁were ▁transferred ▁to ▁Car ign ano . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁▁ ▁Category : 1 8 th - century ▁Roman ▁Catholic ▁church ▁buildings ▁Category : R oman ▁Catholic ▁churches ▁completed ▁in ▁ 1 7 4 5 ▁Category : 1 7 4 5 ▁establish ments ▁in ▁Italy ▁Category : R oman ▁Catholic ▁churches ▁in ▁Tur in ▁Category : Bar o que ▁architecture ▁in ▁P ied mont ▁Category : B ern ardo ▁Antonio ▁V itt one ▁buildings <0x0A> </s> ▁T rent ▁Man ley ▁Ford ▁( born ▁January ▁ 1 5 , ▁ 1 9 7 9 ) ▁is ▁an ▁American ▁actor ▁and ▁model . ▁ ▁Life ▁and ▁career ▁Ford ▁was ▁born ▁in ▁Ak ron , ▁Ohio , ▁to ▁a ▁US ▁Navy ▁test ▁pilot ▁father ▁and ▁an ▁English ▁st eward ess ▁mother , ▁from ▁Birmingham , ▁West ▁Mid lands . ▁He ▁moved ▁to ▁the ▁United ▁Kingdom ▁at ▁the ▁age ▁of ▁one ▁with ▁his ▁parents ▁and ▁grew ▁up ▁in ▁C rad ley ▁and ▁Mal vern ▁with ▁his ▁brother ▁and ▁two ▁sisters . ▁He ▁studied ▁English ▁at ▁Cl are ▁College , ▁Cambridge ▁University . ▁ ▁Ford ▁star red ▁in ▁the ▁feature ▁films : ▁Deep ly , ▁G os ford ▁Park , ▁Sl ap ▁Her ... ▁She ' s ▁French ▁( re leased ▁in ▁the ▁U . S . ▁as ▁She ▁Gets ▁What ▁She ▁W ants ), ▁How ▁to ▁Deal , ▁and ▁September ▁Da wn . |
▁Ford ▁port rayed ▁Jean ▁Paul , ▁the ▁French ▁boyfriend ▁of ▁Z o ey ▁Bart let ▁( El is abeth ▁M oss ' s ▁character ) ▁in ▁six ▁episodes ▁of ▁the ▁fourth ▁season ▁of ▁the ▁television ▁drama ▁The ▁West ▁Wing , ▁and ▁Super man ' s ▁future ▁enemy , ▁Mr . ▁M xy z pt l k , ▁in ▁the ▁fourth ▁season ▁episode ▁of ▁Small ville ▁titled ▁" J inx ". ▁Ford ▁appeared ▁as ▁Steve ▁in ▁one ▁episode ▁of ▁the ▁FO X / W B ▁sit com ▁Ground ed ▁for ▁Life , ▁opposite ▁Don al ▁Log ue ▁and ▁Meg yn ▁Price . ▁Ford ▁played ▁Benjamin ▁Ch ow , ▁the ▁boyfriend ▁of ▁Kat ▁War bler ▁( L iz zy ▁Cap lan ' s ▁character ) ▁in ▁five ▁episodes ▁of ▁the ▁CBS ▁sit com ▁The ▁Class . ▁In ▁the ▁first ▁season ▁of ▁the ▁NBC ▁series ▁Life , ▁Ford ▁played ▁Jeff rey ▁Far mer , ▁opposite ▁Dam ian ▁Lewis . ▁ ▁Ford ▁was ▁the ▁leading ▁man ▁in ▁the ▁global ▁advertising ▁campaign ▁for ▁Cal vin ▁Klein ▁perf ume ▁" E tern ity ▁Mom ent " ▁opposite ▁Scar lett ▁Joh ans son , ▁shot ▁by ▁Peter ▁Lind ber gh . ▁Ford ▁has ▁also ▁appeared ▁in ▁advertising ▁campaigns ▁for ▁G ap , ▁Aber c rom bie ▁& ▁F itch , ▁and ▁Valent ino . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 8 , ▁Ford ▁star red ▁in ▁the ▁love ▁story / th r iller ▁Re z ▁Bomb ▁about ▁a ▁L ak ota ▁girl ▁and ▁a ▁white ▁boy ▁who ▁are ▁very ▁much |
▁in ▁love , ▁but ▁get ▁themselves ▁into ▁trouble ▁with ▁a ▁brutal ▁money ▁l ender . ▁ ▁Ford ▁played ▁a ▁vamp ire ▁named ▁T rev or ▁in ▁three ▁episodes ▁of ▁The ▁C W ▁super natural ▁drama ▁The ▁V amp ire ▁Di aries . ▁In ▁November ▁ 2 0 1 1 , ▁Ford ▁appeared ▁in ▁one ▁episode ▁of ▁the ▁C W ▁drama ▁ 9 0 2 1 0 . ▁In ▁March ▁ 2 0 1 2 , ▁Ford ▁fil med ▁J . J . ▁A br ams ' ▁C W ▁TV ▁pilot ▁Shel ter , ▁port ray ing ▁a ▁British ▁rock ▁star ▁named ▁Tyler ▁Dean . ▁ ▁In ▁May ▁ 2 0 1 2 , ▁Ford ▁played ▁the ▁lead ▁role , ▁Alex , ▁in ▁a ▁short ▁film ▁titled ▁Sh oot ' er , ▁opposite ▁Nik ki ▁Six x , ▁directed ▁by ▁P . R . ▁Brown . ▁ ▁On ▁September ▁ 2 9 , ▁ 2 0 1 3 , ▁Ford ▁appeared ▁in ▁the ▁Season ▁ 6 ▁premi ere ▁episode ▁of ▁The ▁M ental ist ▁on ▁CBS . ▁ ▁Ford ▁star red ▁in ▁Burn ing ▁Blue , ▁a ▁military ▁drama ▁about ▁two ▁Navy ▁fighter ▁pilots ▁who ▁find ▁themselves ▁in ▁the ▁midst ▁of ▁a ▁for bidden ▁relationship , ▁throwing ▁their ▁lives ▁and ▁careers ▁into ▁dis array . ▁L ions gate ▁released ▁the ▁film ▁on ▁June ▁ 6 , ▁ 2 0 1 4 . ▁ ▁On ▁August ▁ 6 , ▁ 2 0 1 4 , ▁Six x : A . M . ▁premier ed ▁their |
▁music ▁video ▁for ▁the ▁single ▁" G otta ▁Get ▁It ▁Right " ▁off ▁their ▁Modern ▁V intage ▁album , ▁featuring ▁Ford . ▁ ▁On ▁January ▁ 9 , ▁ 2 0 1 5 , ▁Ford ▁began ▁film ing ▁Des ert ed ▁( 2 0 1 6 ▁film ), ▁a ▁thr iller ▁about ▁a ▁road ▁trip ▁out ▁to ▁Death ▁Valley ▁that ▁results ▁in ▁getting ▁hop eless ly ▁lost ▁in ▁the ▁most ▁stunning , ▁but ▁un for g iving ▁top ographical ▁terrain ▁on ▁the ▁planet . ▁The ▁film ▁also ▁stars ▁M isch a ▁Bart on . ▁ ▁Ford ▁star red ▁in ▁Super ior , ▁a ▁short ▁film ▁about ▁a ▁stranger ▁passing ▁through ▁town ▁who ▁sp arks ▁a ▁teen age ▁girl ' s ▁desire ▁to ▁distinguish ▁herself ▁from ▁her ▁identical ▁twin ▁sister . ▁The ▁film ▁premier ed ▁at ▁Sund ance ▁Film ▁Festival ▁on ▁January ▁ 2 3 , ▁ 2 0 1 5 . ▁ ▁He ▁is ▁in ▁a ▁relationship ▁with ▁American ▁actress ▁and ▁model ▁Natal ie ▁Cohen ▁as ▁of ▁March ▁ 2 0 1 1 . ▁ ▁Film ography ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁ ▁Storm ▁Mod els ▁London : ▁T rent ▁Ford ▁Port folio ▁ ▁T rent ▁Ford ▁Film : ▁Burn ing ▁Blue ▁T rent ▁Ford ▁Film : ▁Re z ▁Bomb ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 7 9 ▁birth s ▁Category : Al umn i ▁of ▁Cl are ▁College , ▁Cambridge ▁Category : American ▁male ▁film ▁actors ▁Category : American ▁male ▁television ▁actors ▁Category : American ▁em igr ants ▁to ▁England ▁Category |
: American ▁people ▁of ▁English ▁descent ▁Category : English ▁male ▁film ▁actors ▁Category : English ▁male ▁models ▁Category : English ▁male ▁television ▁actors ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : M ale ▁actors ▁from ▁Ak ron , ▁Ohio ▁Category : Mil itary ▁br ats ▁Category : People ▁from ▁C rad ley , ▁West ▁Mid lands ▁Category : People ▁from ▁Mal vern , ▁Wor cester shire <0x0A> </s> ▁Frederick ▁August us ▁of ▁An halt - D ess au ▁() ▁( 2 3 ▁September ▁ 1 7 9 9 ▁– ▁ 4 ▁December ▁ 1 8 6 4 ), ▁was ▁a ▁German ▁prince ▁of ▁the ▁House ▁of ▁Asc ania ▁from ▁the ▁An halt - D ess au ▁branch . ▁ ▁Birth ▁and ▁family ▁Frederick ▁was ▁born ▁in ▁D ess au ▁on ▁ 2 3 ▁September ▁ 1 7 9 9 ▁as ▁the ▁fourth ▁( but ▁third ▁surviving ▁son ) ▁of ▁Frederick , ▁H ered itary ▁Prince ▁of ▁An halt - D ess au , ▁by ▁his ▁wife ▁Land grav ine ▁Am alie ▁of ▁H esse - H omb urg , ▁daughter ▁of ▁Frederick ▁V , ▁Land gr ave ▁of ▁H esse - H omb urg . ▁ ▁Mar riage ▁and ▁issue ▁In ▁R ump en heim ▁Palace ▁in ▁Off en bach ▁am ▁Main ▁on ▁ 1 1 ▁September ▁ 1 8 3 2 , ▁Frederick ▁August us ▁married ▁Princess ▁Marie ▁Lu ise ▁Charlotte ▁of ▁H esse - K ass el ▁( b . ▁C open h agen , ▁ 9 ▁May ▁ 1 8 1 |
4 ▁- ▁d . ▁Sch loss ▁Ho hen burg , ▁ 2 8 ▁July ▁ 1 8 9 5 ). ▁She ▁was ▁a ▁daughter ▁of ▁Prince ▁William ▁of ▁H esse - K ass el ▁by ▁his ▁wife ▁Princess ▁Louise ▁Charlotte ▁of ▁Denmark , ▁a ▁sister ▁of ▁King ▁Christian ▁VIII ▁of ▁Denmark . ▁Marie ▁was ▁an ▁older ▁sister ▁of ▁the ▁later ▁Queen ▁Louise , ▁wife ▁of ▁King ▁Christian ▁IX ▁of ▁Denmark . ▁ ▁Frederick ▁and ▁Marie ▁had ▁three ▁daughters : ▁Ad ela ide ▁Marie ▁( b . ▁D ess au , ▁ 2 5 ▁December ▁ 1 8 3 3 ▁- ▁d . ▁Sch loss ▁König stein , ▁ 2 4 ▁November ▁ 1 9 1 6 ), ▁married ▁on ▁ 2 3 ▁April ▁ 1 8 5 1 ▁to ▁Ad ol p he , ▁last ▁Duke ▁of ▁N ass au ▁and ▁first ▁Grand ▁Duke ▁of ▁Luxem bourg . ▁The ▁current ▁Grand ▁Duke ▁of ▁Luxem bourg , ▁Henri , ▁is ▁her ▁direct ▁desc endant . ▁Bath ild is ▁Am alg unde ▁( b . ▁D ess au , ▁ 2 9 ▁December ▁ 1 8 3 7 ▁- ▁d . ▁Sch loss ▁Nach od , ▁Bo hem ia , ▁ 1 0 ▁February ▁ 1 9 0 2 ), ▁married ▁on ▁ 3 0 ▁May ▁ 1 8 6 2 ▁to ▁Prince ▁William ▁of ▁Sch a umb urg - L ip pe . ▁Her ▁el dest ▁daughter , ▁Charlotte , ▁was ▁the ▁wife ▁of ▁William ▁II , ▁the ▁last ▁King ▁of ▁W ür tt |
ember g ▁and , ▁through ▁one ▁of ▁her ▁younger ▁daughters , ▁Ad ela ide , ▁she ▁was ▁the ▁grandmother ▁of ▁the ▁last ▁head ▁of ▁the ▁W ett in ▁branch ▁of ▁Sax e - Al ten burg , ▁George ▁Mor itz . ▁H ilda ▁Charlotte ▁( b . ▁D ess au , ▁ 1 3 ▁December ▁ 1 8 3 9 ▁- ▁d . ▁D ess au , ▁ 2 2 ▁December ▁ 1 9 2 6 ). ▁ ▁Death ▁Prince ▁Frederick ▁died ▁on ▁ 4 ▁December ▁ 1 8 6 4 ▁in ▁D ess au . ▁Princess ▁Marie ▁survived ▁him ▁by ▁ 3 0 ▁years ▁and ▁died ▁on ▁ 2 8 ▁July ▁ 1 8 9 5 ▁in ▁Sch loss ▁Ho hen burg ▁in ▁L eng g ries ▁in ▁B av aria . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : 1 7 9 9 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 8 6 4 ▁deaths ▁Category : People ▁from ▁D ess au - Ro ß l au ▁Category : Pr in ces ▁of ▁An halt - D ess au <0x0A> </s> ▁Be aver ▁Har bour ▁is ▁a ▁har bour ▁or ▁bay ▁on ▁northern ▁Vancouver ▁Island , ▁British ▁Columbia , ▁Canada , ▁located ▁to ▁the ▁east ▁of ▁the ▁town ▁of ▁Port ▁Hard y . ▁ ▁Be aver ▁Har bour ▁Provinc ial ▁Park ▁was ▁located ▁on ▁the ▁west ▁side ▁of ▁the ▁bay ▁but ▁was ▁transferred ▁to ▁local ▁govern ance ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 0 . ▁ ▁History ▁and ▁name ▁origin ▁Spanish ▁command ers ▁Gal iano ▁and ▁Val |
de z ▁con ferred ▁the ▁name ▁Puerto ▁de ▁Gu em es ▁after ▁the ▁V icer oy ▁of ▁Mexico . ▁ ▁The ▁har bour ▁was ▁lab elled ▁" Da ed al us ▁Har bour " ▁on ▁an ▁ 1 8 5 0 ▁sketch ▁by ▁a ▁Mr . ▁D illon ▁of ▁the ▁Royal ▁Navy , ▁after ▁; ▁the ▁name ▁" Be aver ▁Har bour " ▁first ▁appeared ▁on ▁Lieutenant ▁Mans ell ' s ▁ 1 8 5 1 ▁plan ▁of ▁the ▁har bour . ▁ ▁Be aver ▁Har bour , ▁like ▁Be aver ▁C ove , ▁was ▁named ▁for ▁, ▁the ▁first ▁steam ▁vessel ▁on ▁the ▁Pacific ▁North west ▁Coast , ▁which ▁was ▁in ▁service ▁to ▁the ▁Hudson ' s ▁Bay ▁Company ▁for ▁many ▁decades ▁until ▁wreck ed ▁at ▁Pro spect ▁Point ▁in ▁Stanley ▁Park , ▁Vancouver , ▁in ▁ 1 8 8 8 . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁Be aver ▁Har bour ▁( dis ambigu ation ) ▁Be aver ▁( dis ambigu ation ) ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : Port s ▁and ▁har b ours ▁of ▁British ▁Columbia ▁Category : B ays ▁of ▁British ▁Columbia ▁Category : N or thern ▁Vancouver ▁Island <0x0A> </s> ▁" John ▁Jacob ▁J ingle heimer ▁Sch midt " ▁is ▁a ▁traditional ▁children ' s ▁song ▁that ▁origin ates ▁from ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁of ▁America . ▁The ▁song ▁consists ▁of ▁one ▁verse ▁repeated ▁over ▁and ▁over ▁again ▁while ▁increasing ▁in ▁volume ▁( or ▁decre asing , ▁except ▁for ▁the ▁closing ▁" da ▁da ▁da ..." ▁phrase ) ▁for ▁each ▁iteration |
, ▁although ▁there ▁have ▁also ▁been ▁versions ▁where ▁it ▁also ▁speeds ▁up . ▁There ▁are ▁other ▁ways ▁of ▁singing ▁this ▁song ▁such ▁as ▁increasing ▁( ac cel er ando ) ▁or ▁decre asing ▁( rit ard ando ) ▁in ▁tempo ▁after ▁each ▁repet ition . ▁The ▁lyrics ▁of ▁the ▁song ▁depend ▁on ▁who ▁is ▁singing . ▁ ▁L yrics ▁and ▁mel ody ▁There ▁are ▁various ▁lyrics ▁to ▁the ▁song ; ▁for ▁example , ▁the ▁following ▁is ▁one ▁version , ▁which ▁is ▁repeated ▁several ▁times , ▁often ▁while ▁alter ing ▁the ▁tempo ▁or ▁pitch : ▁ ▁Origin ▁While ▁the ▁origins ▁of ▁the ▁song ▁are ▁obsc ure , ▁some ▁evidence ▁places ▁its ▁roots ▁with ▁v au dev ille ▁and ▁theatre ▁acts ▁of ▁the ▁late ▁ 1 9 th ▁century ▁and ▁early ▁ 2 0 th ▁century ▁popular ▁in ▁immigr ant ▁communities . ▁Some ▁v au dev ille ▁acts ▁during ▁the ▁era , ▁such ▁as ▁the ▁work ▁of ▁Joe ▁We ber ▁and ▁Lew ▁Field s , ▁often ▁gave ▁voice ▁to ▁shared ▁frustr ations ▁of ▁German - American ▁immigrants ▁and ▁heavily ▁leaned ▁on ▁mal ap rop isms ▁and ▁difficulties ▁with ▁the ▁English ▁language ▁as ▁a ▁vehicle ▁for ▁its ▁humor . ▁Further , ▁" John ▁Jacob ▁J ingle heimer ▁Sch midt " ▁shares ▁many ▁characteristics ▁with ▁" My ▁Name ▁Is ▁Jan ▁J ans en ", ▁a ▁song ▁that ▁can ▁trace ▁its ▁origin ▁to ▁Swedish ▁v au dev ille ▁in ▁the ▁late ▁ 1 9 th ▁century . ▁ ▁By ▁the ▁mid - 2 0 th ▁century , ▁the |
▁song ▁appears ▁to ▁have ▁already ▁become ▁widely ▁known . ▁In ▁ 1 9 3 1 , ▁the ▁El m ira ▁Star ▁Gaz ette , ▁a ▁newspaper ▁in ▁up state ▁New ▁York , ▁reported ▁that ▁at ▁a ▁Boy ▁Sc out ▁gathering ▁at ▁Sen eca ▁Lake , ▁as ▁sc outs ▁entered ▁the ▁mess ▁hall ▁" T ro op ▁ 1 8 ▁soon ▁burst ▁into ▁the ▁first ▁camp ▁song , ▁' John ▁Jacob ▁J ingle heimer ▁Smith ' ." ▁A ▁ 1 9 4 1 ▁Mil w au kee ▁Journal ▁article ▁also ▁refers ▁to ▁the ▁song , ▁with ▁the ▁same ▁alternate ▁sp elling ▁of ▁" John ▁Jacob ▁J ingle heimer ▁Smith ". ▁ ▁The ▁song ▁is ▁in def initely ▁repet itive , ▁like ▁" The ▁Song ▁That ▁Never ▁End s ", ▁" My ▁Name ▁Is ▁Jan ▁J ans en " ▁or , ▁" M ichael ▁Fin ne gan ". ▁ ▁Vers ions ▁of ▁this ▁song ▁also ▁appear ▁in ▁other ▁languages , ▁such ▁as ▁the ▁Spanish ▁rend ition , ▁" J uan ▁Pac o ▁Pedro ▁de ▁la ▁Mar ". ▁ ▁Not able ▁appearances ▁ ▁Daddy ▁D ew drop ▁released ▁a ▁version ▁of ▁the ▁song , ▁entitled ▁" John ▁Jacob ▁J ingle heimer ▁Smith ", ▁as ▁the ▁B - side ▁to ▁his ▁ 1 9 7 1 ▁single , ▁" Ch ick - A - Bo om ▁( Don ' t ▁Ya ▁Jes ' ▁Love ▁It ) ". ▁ ▁Com edy ▁sc i - fi ▁movie ▁R ocket Man ▁( 1 9 9 7 ) ▁ ▁Fant asy |
▁comedy - dr ama ▁Disney ' s ▁The ▁Kid ▁( 2 0 0 0 ) ▁Disney ▁animated ▁movie ▁Rec ess : ▁School ' s ▁Out ▁( 2 0 0 1 ) ▁ ▁The ▁Andy ▁Griff ith ▁Show ▁episode ▁" Back ▁to ▁Nature " ▁( 1 9 6 4 , ▁season ▁ 4 , ▁episode ▁ 3 1 ). ▁ ▁The ▁song ▁is ▁the ▁first ▁thing ▁heard ▁in ▁a ▁late ▁ 1 9 7 0 ' s ▁commercial ▁for ▁a ▁mail ▁order ▁record ▁called ▁Children ' s ▁F avor ites ; ▁the ▁group ▁singing ▁it ▁and ▁the ▁other ▁songs ▁on ▁the ▁record ▁is ▁even ▁named ▁after ▁the ▁third ▁name ▁of ▁the ▁title , ▁the ▁J ingle heim ers . ▁ ▁The ▁song ▁is ▁featured ▁in ▁a ▁scene ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 9 9 4 ▁film ▁In ▁The ▁Army ▁Now ▁star ring ▁P au ly ▁Sh ore , ▁David ▁Alan ▁G rier , ▁Andy ▁Dick , ▁and ▁L ori ▁Pet ty . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁TV ▁show ▁Psych ▁episode ▁“ R ome o ▁and ▁Jul iet ▁and ▁Jul iet ” ▁( 2 0 1 0 , ▁season ▁ 5 , ▁episode ▁ 1 ), ▁Sh awn ▁uses ▁the ▁closely ▁related ▁" J on athan ▁Jacob ▁J ingly ▁Smith " ▁as ▁he ▁introdu ces ▁G us , ▁only ▁to ▁be ▁challenged ▁by ▁the ▁character ' s ▁incred ulous ▁“ You ' re ▁saying ▁his ▁name ▁is ▁John ▁Jacob ▁J ingle heimer ▁Sch midt ?” ▁ ▁“ John ▁Jacob ▁J ingle heimer ▁Sch midt ” ▁is ▁the |
▁name ▁of ▁Robin ▁Williams ’ ▁ ▁character ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 9 5 ▁movie , ▁To ▁W ong ▁F oo , ▁Thanks ▁for ▁Everything ! ▁Julie ▁New mar . ▁ ▁This ▁song ▁was ▁featured ▁in ▁various ▁episodes ▁of ▁Bar ney ▁& ▁Friends . ▁ ▁Joel ▁Robinson , ▁Tom ▁Serv o , ▁and ▁Crow ▁T . ▁Rob ot , ▁frequently ▁sing ▁the ▁song ▁during ▁the ▁Mon ster ▁a ▁Go - Go ▁episode ▁of ▁Myst ery ▁Science ▁Theater ▁ 3 0 0 0 . ▁ ▁Dave ▁Ch app elle ▁sub t ly ▁refer enced ▁the ▁song ▁and ▁its ▁lyrics ▁in ▁his ▁Netflix ▁special , ▁Dave ▁Ch app elle : ▁Equ anim ity . ▁ ▁Holly ▁Gib ney ▁( play ed ▁by ▁Just ine ▁Lu pe ) ▁is ▁found ▁mut ter ing ▁the ▁song ▁as ▁a ▁cal ming ▁technique ▁for ▁a ▁panic ▁attack ▁in ▁Season ▁ 3 ▁Episode ▁ 6 ▁of ▁Mr . ▁Mercedes . ▁ ▁Note ▁and ▁references ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁Music ▁and ▁lyrics ▁on ▁www . many th ings . org ▁ ▁Category : D addy ▁D ew drop ▁songs ▁Category : English ▁children ' s ▁songs ▁Category : Tr ad itional ▁children ' s ▁songs ▁Category : S ongs ▁about ▁fict ional ▁male ▁characters <0x0A> </s> ▁At ▁least ▁six ▁special ▁routes ▁of ▁U . S . ▁Route ▁ 1 8 ▁have ▁existed . ▁ ▁Ex isting ▁ ▁Hot ▁Springs ▁by pass ▁ ▁U . S . ▁Route 1 8 ▁B yp ass ▁( US 1 8 ▁B yp .) |
▁is ▁a ▁by pass ▁around ▁the ▁Hot ▁Springs , ▁South ▁Dakota , ▁city ▁center . ▁It ▁begins ▁on ▁the ▁west ▁side ▁of ▁Hot ▁Springs ▁at ▁an ▁intersection ▁with ▁US 1 8 ▁and ▁travels ▁in ▁a ▁sout he aster ly ▁direction . ▁It ▁sk irts ▁the ▁western ▁and ▁southern ▁edges ▁of ▁the ▁city ▁and ▁meets ▁South ▁Dakota ▁Highway 7 1 ▁( SD 7 1 ) ▁close ▁to ▁the ▁point ▁where ▁the ▁route ▁turns ▁east . ▁It ▁ends ▁at ▁US 1 8 / US 3 8 5 ▁in ▁the ▁sout he astern ▁corner ▁of ▁the ▁city . ▁ ▁Mason ▁City ▁business ▁loop ▁ ▁U . S . ▁Highway 1 8 ▁Business ▁( US 1 8 ▁Business ) ▁begins ▁at ▁a ▁diamond ▁inter change ▁with ▁Inter state 3 5 ▁( I - 3 5 ) ▁on ▁the ▁eastern ▁edge ▁of ▁Clear ▁Lake . ▁The ▁route , ▁overl apped ▁by ▁Iowa ▁Highway 1 2 2 ▁( I owa 1 2 2 ), ▁begins ▁as ▁a ▁four - lane ▁divided ▁highway , ▁serving ▁the ▁Mason ▁City ▁Municipal ▁Airport ▁before ▁entering ▁Mason ▁City ▁proper . ▁Between ▁Eisen h ower ▁and ▁Jefferson ▁A ven ues ▁in ▁Mason ▁City , ▁the ▁highway ▁is ▁und iv ided . ▁This ▁road ▁is ▁the ▁primary ▁east – west ▁ar tery ▁through ▁Mason ▁City . ▁At ▁Jefferson ▁Avenue , ▁US 1 8 ▁Business ▁/ ▁Iowa 1 2 2 ▁separate ▁into ▁a ▁pair ▁of ▁one - way ▁streets , ▁remaining ▁in ▁this ▁configuration ▁through |
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